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 ILLINOSS HISTORICAL SURVEY
 
 THE WORLD'S FAIR 
 
 AS SEEN IN 
 
 Hundred 
 
 CONTAINING A 
 
 COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSI- 
 
 TION ; CAPTIVATING DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MAGNIFI- 
 
 CENT BUILDINGS AND MARVELOUS EXHIBITS, 
 
 SUCH AS 
 
 WORKS OF ART, TEXTILE FABRICS, MACHINERY, NATURAL 
 
 PRODUCTS, THE LATEST INVENTIONS, DISCOVERIES, 
 
 ETC., ETC., INCLUDING A FULL 
 
 Description of Chicago, itg Wonderful Building?, fai 1 ^, etc, 
 By H. D. NORTHROP, 
 
 THE WELL-KNOWN HISTORIAN. 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 ' By MRS. POTTER PALMER, 
 
 President of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's 
 Columbian Exposition. 
 
 INCLUDING 
 A CHAPTER ON THE WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT, 
 
 By MRS. NANCY HUSTON BANKS, 
 
 Member of the Board of Lady Managers and its Official Representative 
 on the Editorial Staff of the Exposition. 
 
 Embellished with Hundreds of Beautiful Engrauings. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA: 
 
 ARIEL BOOK COMPANY, 
 
 mi & 1 1 13 MARKET STREET.
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1893, by 
 
 HENRY DAVENPORT NORTHROP, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
 
 c| 07 .1*773 II ? ft 
 
 PRBFACB. 
 
 OUR aim has been to make this volume worthy of the grandest 
 event in history. It contains a complete description of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition. It pictures the triumphs 
 of human genius, the achievements of civilization and the 
 resplendent glories of America. The crowned heads of Europe, the 
 governments of all the famous nations of the globe, the lands of the 
 Orient and the Islands of the Sea have all co-operated in the Great Ex- 
 position. Its magnitude and marvelous character can only be described 
 by saying that it comprises all the rarest products of land and sea, the 
 most dazzling wonders of nature, and the grandest productions of human 
 genius. 
 
 This gorgeous display is vividly portrayed in our Pictorial History ot 
 the World's Columbian Exposition. This volume is a brilliant pano- 
 rama of the Great Fair which has awakened a world-wide interest. The 
 work treats of the Exposition Grounds ; giving a complete description 
 of them ; their attractive location on the shores of Lake Michigan ; the 
 artistic manner in which they are laid off; their charming combination 
 of water-ways and spacious avenues, beautiful lakes, fountains and floral 
 beauties, and the location of every object of interest in them. 
 
 The Manufactures' and Liberal Arts' Building is fully described 
 that superb palace of iron and glass ; its immense spaces and beautiful 
 decorations ; its gateways designed like triumphal arches ; its projecting 
 balconies ; its sculptured eagles ; the multitude of rare and charming 
 exhibits displayed within it ; the rich jewels, laces, silks and manufac- 
 tures of all kinds which are here spread out in a manner surpassing the 
 wildest flights of romance. 
 
 The work fully describes Machinery Hall, the Grand Temple of the Me- 
 chanic Arts ; containing a graphic description of the great engines, the 
 beautiful products of human genius, and the thousands of machines 
 which exhibit the industries and show the mechanical skill of the world. 
 This is a wonderful building, showing how everything is made, from a 
 pen to a printing press, and from a pin to a locomotive. Here the great 
 inventions which have made our age superior to all others, astonish all 
 visitors and illustrate the almost miraculous achievements of human 
 ingenuity. 
 
 iii
 
 if PREFACE. 
 
 A full account is given of the Agricultural Building, where all the 
 farm products from all climes are shown in lavish profusion. Every 
 farmer can spend days in this building alone and be interested and pro- 
 fited at every step. Agricultural implements of every description show 
 the great advance~wllic1v has been made in labor-saving machinery. A 
 glowing picture is given of H' [cultural Hall, the fairy -like palace in 
 which are displayed the How --1*5 of uie v Tld ; its more than rainbow 
 beauties, exquisite perfumeo and rarest varieties of floral wonders. 
 
 The work treats of the Woman's Building, which is a noble monu- 
 ment to the genius of woman, showing her marvelous successes in 
 Sculpture, Painting, Fancy Work, and in all the occupations to which 
 she has devoted her time and energies. This department of the Great 
 Exposition has special interest to women of all nations. It shows that 
 woman's achievements are among the most dazzling that give fame and 
 glory to the nineteenth century. 
 
 Ample space is afforded to the Electrical Building, giving a vivid il- 
 lustration of the startling discoveries in the science of Electricity, the 
 brilliant lights that turn night to day ; the telegraph, telephone, phono- 
 graph and myriad other uses to which the lightnings have been yoked 
 by the great inventors of America and other nations. 
 
 The work also treats of the Mines and Mining Building, showing rich 
 specimens of all the precious metals and all others, with the ingenious 
 machinery used in gold-washing, excavating, smelting, etc. 
 
 A graphic description is given of the Fisheries Building. This is one 
 of the most attractive spots in the Exposition. The wonders of the sea 
 are here brought together. A vast aquarium contains the rarest and 
 most beautiful, as well as the most hideous specimens of the finny 
 tribes. 
 
 All visitors are interested in the Palace of Fine Arts. This is a grand 
 display of world-renowned sculptures and paintings. It shows the most 
 charming productions of the chisel and the brush. The admirers of 
 Works of Art here find their paradise. 
 
 Descriptions are given of the State Buildings. The various States 
 have erected buildings for their special displays and for the comfort and 
 convenience of their visitors. These are shown and fully described. 
 
 Large space is devoted to the Buildings of Foreign Countries ; giving 
 descriptions of the stately mansions of all Nations, and the handsome 
 pavilions and curious bazaars of the Japanese, Turks, Chinese and all 
 Oriental people. A vivid picture is furnished of Midway Plaisance, the 
 magnificent " Street of Nations," where the glories ot world-renowned 
 kingdoms and Oriental countries are fully described.
 
 MRS POTTER PALMER
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 BY MRS. FOTTKR 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS OF THE 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 THE W@rld's Columbian Exposition is the gradual evolution of 
 a popular idea crystallized under Government action. No 
 more fitting celebration of the four centuries of Americau ex- 
 istence could have been conceived. The only ideal republic 
 that has ever existed, the most perfect, the most powerful, in spreading 
 her achievements in the industries, sciences and arts before the nations 
 of the earth, has said in the most forceful of possible ways : " See what 
 we have done in our short life ! See the result of our little more than 
 a hundred years of liberty ! " 
 
 The original plan of the World's Fair was stupendous ; and its speci- 
 fications when first announced created mingled amazement and incre- 
 dulity, especially abroad. Europe seemed unable to grasp the pub- 
 lished statement that the site of our Exposition comprised six hundred 
 and thirty-three acres, and that we would actually have under roof a 
 larger territory than was occupied by the entire grounds of the Paris 
 Exposition. Laughing allusions were made by the foreign press to the 
 exaggeration which has been called an American trait. Yet grand as 
 was this first incredible scheme, it proved inadequate when the time of 
 exploitation came. Many buildings not included in the original plan 
 were imperatively demanded, annexes to those which had been deemed 
 sufficiently spacious became absolutely necessary, and so the giant en- 
 terprise grew from day to day far beyond the first estimates. 
 
 It should be borne in mind that a considerable portion of the vast 
 site was an undrained swamp when World's Fair preparations began. 
 Yet from this difficulty came the inspiration of the most unique and 
 beautifying single feature of the landscape effect. In draining the 
 swamp lagoons leading out from the lake were cut, and picturesque 
 bridges, richly ornamented with sculpture, soon spanned them, and later 
 brilliant craft of infinite variety plied between the grassy flower- 
 fringed banks. Nothing need be said of the indescribable grandeur of
 
 vi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the great lake laving the east front of the grounds, nor of the emerald 
 background supplied by the towering trees of South Park. So, from 
 the mud of an undrained swamp on the outskirts of an immense town 
 of yesterday, there arose over night as it were "A City of Aladdin's 
 Palaces." * 
 
 The Exposition Buildings are the realization, in what seems marble, 
 of architectural dreams. They are enriched beyond description by 
 sculptural decorations, designed by celebrated artists, by gilding, by the 
 colors of all nations, and by every device that genius could suggest and 
 money supply. The State Buildings are of absorbing interest, many of 
 them being reproductions of historical structures. Near the State 
 Buildings, and almost on the brink of Lake Michigan's blue billows, 
 stand the characteristic buildings of Foreign Governments. On the 
 Midway Plaisance may be found less imposing, but most strange and 
 interesting specimens of quaint European and Oriental architecture. 
 
 When the international character of the World's Columbian Com- 
 mission had become established beyond question, by the official ac- 
 ceptance by most of the important Foreign Governments of the Presi- 
 dent's invitation to participate, the possibility of the formation of com- 
 mittees of women in these countries to co-operate with the Board of 
 Lady Managers was considered. When the suggestion was first sub- 
 mitted to Mr. Blaine, then our Secretary of State, the original idea was, 
 that each American Minister should name such a committee in the 
 country to which he was accredited. This plan ultimately developed, 
 however, into the far stronger and more efficacious one of inviting the 
 foreign Governments to appoint these committees for us. This admira- 
 ble second thought was a veritable inspiration, since it not only pro- 
 vided the committee thus formed with money to work with, but it also 
 gave them an official standing most helpful and strengthening to the 
 women of these countries. 
 
 The scheme was a splendidly daring one of dazzling possibilities, but 
 needed to be executed with the greatest circumspection, as do most 
 innovations. There could be no reason against it except the fact that 
 it was unprecedented, and our State Department might well have hesi- 
 tated to place itself in a position to receive a rebuff from conservative 
 governments. But with due caution and firm and strong support from 
 the Secretary, our idea was carried into brilliant execution, without 
 encountering at any point the slightest opposition. The formation of 
 these co-operative foreign committees was, it is true, much slower than 
 we hoped for. In France it was retarded by political complications, a 
 change of ministry occuring just at that time.
 
 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.
 
 INTRODUCTION. vii 
 
 Government machinery moves deliberately in all countries. Yet 
 although our eagerly desired committees were not immediately 
 appointed, our work went swiftly forward in Europe. The very fact of 
 the creation of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian 
 Commission was sufficiently extraordinary to attract and hold the at- 
 tention of foreign women of the best thought. Consequently our 
 invitation was at once understood and received as an expression of our 
 wish to extend the unprecedented privilege thus placed within our grasp 
 to the women of the whole world. It met with universal reception of 
 the warmest cordiality ; and letters from the principal women sov- 
 ereigns of Europe and Asia, forwarded to the Board through the State 
 Department, signified official acceptance of the invitation, and announced 
 the intention to appoint the co-operative committees. 
 
 The movement thus inaugurated spread rapidly, and soon seemed to 
 pervade all ranks of women in all countries. While the choice for 
 appointment upon these committees naturally fell upon the most distin- 
 guished women of the highest rank, the interest in World's Fair work 
 extended to the humblest artisan. The lists of our foreign committees 
 represent not only royalty and the influence of the government, but 
 include also many women who have risen to the positions which they 
 occupy by their own unaided talents, who, without titles or wealth to 
 assist them, are recommended only by their evident ability to carry on 
 the important lines of work intrusted to their hands. 
 
 Among the first to advocate the carrying out of our plan were well 
 known writers, such as Madame Adam, and Madame Martin in France, 
 Madame Morgenstern in Germany, and Madame Olive-Crona of Sweden, 
 with many others of different nationalities, and great influence. The 
 intellectual women of every nation, regardless of special interests, 
 avocation or social position, at once perceived in this a supreme oppor- 
 tunity for the advancement of their sex. The rulers of empires saw in 
 it a wonderful chance to open a world-wide market for the wares of 
 their subjects. Her Imperial Highness, the Empress of Russia, person- 
 ally organized the Russian Women's Committee, forming it of the most 
 exalted and influential personages of that vast empire. Previous to that 
 made by this Committee, no comprehensive collection of the work of 
 Russian women had ever been attempted ; it was minutely inspected by 
 the Empress herself before its shipment from St. Petersburg to the 
 Exposition. 
 
 Her Majesty, the Queen of England, from the first, expressed the 
 deepest interest in the purposes of the Board, and included in the 
 British exhibit specimens of her own handiwork. With it she sent the
 
 viu INTRODUCTION. 
 
 message that while she usually felt no interest in Expositions, she gave 
 this special token of sympathy with the work of the Board of Lady 
 Managers, because of its efforts for women. In the list of the English- 
 women Committee are some of the greatest names of the kingdom, 
 wijth that of the much loved Princess Christian at the head. As a 
 further indication of the strength and efficiency of this Committee, 
 mention need only be made of such names as those of the Duchess of 
 Abercorn, the Marchioness of Salisbury, the Countess of Aberdeen, 
 Lady Henry Somerset, Lady Brassey, Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Lady 
 Knutsford, Lady Jeune, Mrs. Bedford-Fen wick, and Mrs. Fawcett. 
 
 The Queen of the Belgians herself is the President of that country's 
 committee, and is actively aided by the Countess of Flanders. The 
 Countess de Denterghem, celebrated for her enlightened philanthropy, 
 was also prominent in arranging the Belgian woman's exhibit, and 
 nowhere was more intelligent cordiality shown toward the work of our 
 Board than in Belgium. 
 
 After once declining, Madam Carnot was finally induced to accept 
 the active presidency of the French Committee, and has secured the 
 co-operation of most earnest, efficient and influential women to assist 
 her. In Germany the committee is presided over by the Princess 
 Friedrich Carl, the widow of an uncle of the Emperor. Frauline 
 Lange, Frau Morgenstern, and other noted leaders of modern thought 
 are members of this committee. 
 
 Italy was almost the first to announce its Committee, under the special 
 patronage of Queen Marghuerita, who personally directed the work j 
 and who sent her marvelous collection of historical laces, some of which 
 date back 1000 years before Christ, having been taken from Egyptian 
 and Etruscan tombs. These are both personal and Crown property, 
 and have never before left Italy. This royally generous response to 
 our appeal was doubly welcome, for the promise of it came when diplo- 
 matic relations between the two countries were severed, and it was 
 intended as a special mark of friendship. Accompanying this lace exhibit 
 is a comprehensive collection of the work of the Italian women of 
 to-day, a prominent feature of which is the lace made by the peasant 
 women in the societies organized by, and under the direction of the 
 Queen. This exhibit forms one of the noted features of the Women's 
 Building, and was sent to us in charge of the Countess de Brazza, Lady 
 in waiting to -the Queen of Italy. As an American formerly Miss 
 Cheatem, of New Orleans the Countess naturally felt a strong 
 patriotic interest in the Exposition, in addition to her loyalty to the 
 country of her adoption.
 
 INTRODUCTION. u 
 
 The Queen Regent of Spain made prompt and cordial response to 
 our invitation, and the exhibit of the work of Spanish women is among 
 the most complete. Austria, after some hesitation, came also into line 
 and this victory was particularly gratifying and encouraging, as Austria 
 is one of the most conservative strongholds of Europe. 
 
 Yet notwithstanding Austria's extreme conservatism many of her 
 largest and most important institutions and industries have been 
 founded by women, notably the embroidery school of Frau Bach, which 
 attained such celebrity, that upon her death it was given a government 
 grant and was continued as a national school of embroidery and design. 
 Many Austrian ladies of rank and wealth have themselves studied the 
 arts and industries until proficient for the noble purpose of teaching 
 them to the peasants on their estates. When their pupils have become 
 experts, these ladies find a market for their work, under arrangements 
 corresponding somewhat to our women's exchange, but free of cost. 
 
 Such organizations as this exist everywhere in Europe. In fact the 
 representative American women composing the Board of Lady Man- 
 agers have found it difficult to come up to the expectation formed of us 
 abroad. We are considered very advanced, especially in the matter of 
 organization, and in having the courage to plan and execute on a grand 
 scale. Among English women, and European women generally, the 
 great complaint seemed everywhere to be, the lack of organization and 
 cohesion ; there each woman carries on her own work by the impetus 
 she individually gives it, and when she dies, or drops out, the work falls 
 to pieces. She is not helped nor supported by other women. 
 
 Yet while we may have the advantage of our European sisters in the 
 matter of organization along industrial, philanthropic and professional 
 lines, in other respects they are in advance of us. The foreign co- 
 operative movement has brought surprise from several sources ; for 
 example Russia, which is usually regarded as being far behind the aver- 
 age modern thought, has numerous colleges and higher institutions of 
 learning for its women. They have a medical college for training women 
 physicians, and six hundred of the latter are successfully practicing their 
 profession. One of their learned astronomers of our own sex has been 
 for many years professor of astronomy in a man's college in Denmark, 
 and is celebrated in the scientific world for her attainments. The Italian 
 women of to-day are not only alert and keenly intelligent, but we find 
 that during the " golden cinquecento," women were professors in colleges, 
 doctors, lawyers and ministers of the highest distinction. 
 
 Madam Diaz has been notably active in the representation from Mexico, 
 and to her personal efforts the Board is deeply indebted for the interesting
 
 x INTRODUCTION. 
 
 showing of the work of the women of that country. The only European 
 government which positively declined the invitation for its women to 
 participate, was Denmark. This was doubly singular from the fact of 
 the widely recognized progressiveness of the Queen, and the enthusi- 
 astic interest taken in World's Fair work by her Majesty's daughters in 
 other countries. It is pleasant to record, however, that this refusal was 
 reconsidered, and Danish women have participated most creditably in 
 the Exposition, the patronesses of this committee being two princesses 
 of the Royal family. The women of Japan proved themselves especially 
 interested, for even before our invitation was addressed to their sove- 
 reign, they had formed a committee and were working unofficially to 
 collect an exhibit to send us. 
 
 When the Empress received our request she responded most gener- 
 ously, and offered us immediate assurances of her warm sympathy. She 
 consented to become the head of the committee which had already made 
 such a courageous effort, and under her kindly patronage was collected 
 the exceedingly unique and beautiful exhibit of the work of Japanese 
 women displayed in our Building. 
 
 In China our Board worked at great disadvantage, owing to the keen 
 humiliation felt there at the Exclusion Laws. We, however, did all that 
 we could in influencing the passage of the Act of Congress allowing the 
 admission of Chinese exhibitors. The Queen of Siam sent a special 
 delegate to the Exposition, with directions to place herself under our 
 guidance in order to learn what educational and industrial advantages 
 are open to the women of other countries, so that Siam may adopt such 
 measures to advance the condition of her women. 
 
 The work of the Siamese women, although not large in variety, is 
 particularly rich and effective, attracting much admiring attention. 
 Another exhibit by women whose opportunities have been almost as 
 meagre as those of Siam, comes from Bohemia. Bohemian women have 
 sent us their handiwork, distinct from the Austrian exhibit, and make a 
 unique and most creditable showing. Indeed Bohemia has evinced most 
 cordial sympathy with the work of our Board throughout its progress, 
 and early announced the patriotic intention, so successfully carried out > 
 of making a display distinct from the Austrian exhibit. 
 
 The present powerful organization secured by the Board extends round 
 the world, and stands with perfect solidarity for the purpose of serving 
 the interests of our sex, and making the industrial conditions easier for 
 women. We have such an organization as has never before existed of 
 women for women. That this work is needed is evidenced by the 
 pathetic answers from some of the countries where our invitation has
 
 INTRODUCTION. xi 
 
 been declined. For instance, a letter from the Government of Tunis 
 states that a commission of women cannot be formed in that country 
 because local prejudice will not allow the native women to take part 
 in public affairs. Syrian correspondents write that it will be impossible 
 to secure the official appointment of a committee of women in that 
 country, as custom prevents women from taking hold of such work, and 
 the government will lend no aid ; but a successful effort was made to 
 send a small exhibit, unofficially. Other Oriental countries make the 
 same reports no schools women not intelligent enough to undertake 
 the work public prejudice, etc. It seems incredible that the govern- 
 ments of these countries would be willing to make admissions which 
 reflect so discreditably upon themselves, or that they would allow these 
 shameful conditions to continue. 
 
 The oppressive bonds laid upon women, both by religion and custom, 
 are in some cases so strong as to be unsurmountable, probably, during 
 the present generation. A lady, eminent for her work on behalf of the 
 women in India, has said that the difficulty in doing anything for them is 
 their complete mental inactivity and their lack of desire to change their 
 condition ; they are so bound by the prevailing laws of caste and the 
 prejudices that exist, that they have no wish for different surroundings; 
 the desire for something better must be created before anything can be 
 done to help them. We trust that the movement for the advancement 
 of women, inaugurated in connection with the World's Columbian Expo- 
 sition, and which has steadily and swiftly progressed in its develop- 
 ment, may create such a desire in the hearts of all women of all nations. 
 Could we have the women of the Orient with us in large numbers, we 
 might feel a happier surety of this. Yet there is the hopeful fact to re- 
 cord, that even where the night has seemed the darkest, we have received 
 letters from native women to whom the dawn of a brighter day is visi- 
 ble, showing a full comprehension of the situation, and an awakened 
 intelligence. These women have worked in their feeble way to send us, 
 unofficially, such an exhibit as they were able to get together, notwith- 
 standing official refusals. 
 
 Without touching upon politics, suffrage, or other irrelevant issues^ 
 this unique organization for women, the Board of Lady Managers, has 
 devoted itself to the promotion of their industrial interests. It has 
 addressed itself to the formation of a public sentiment, which will favor 
 woman's industrial equality, and her receiving just compensation for 
 services rendered. It has earnestly endeavored to secure for her work 
 the consideration and respect which it deserves, and to establish her 
 importance as an economic factor. To this end it has collected and
 
 xii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 installed in these buildings exhibits, showing the value of her contribu- 
 tions to the industries, sciences and arts, as well as statistics giving the 
 proportionate amount of her work in every country. 
 
 For the first time in history, women of all nations and of almost every 
 condition, are working towards a common purpose along a firmly estab- 
 lished line of co-operation, encircling the universe. This extraordinary 
 international organization has the official recognition of the various gov- 
 ernments represented, and that representation is of the majority of the 
 important nations of the earth. These co-operative committees of 
 women, acting with executive powers conferred by their respective gov- 
 ernments, are also sustained in this great undertaking by governmental 
 funds. From such conditions important results must be evolved. 

 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS 17 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE OF 1871 35 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO 54 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO 70 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST 117 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS 145 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK 162 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES 178 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING 210 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 MACHINERY HALL 229 
 
 xiii
 
 *iv CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 ELECTRICITY BUILDING 239 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING 255 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 HORTICULTURAL BUILDING 271 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 ART PALACE 289 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING 308 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING 336 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 FISHERIES BUILDING 358 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 / 
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING 370 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 MINES AND MINING BUILDING 390 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR 402 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 SOUTHERN STATES AT THE FAIR 426 * 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. ... 437
 
 CONTENTS. xv 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 PAGE. 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR (Continued) 462 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES 490 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 i 
 
 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM 506 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE 521 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS EXHIBITS 539 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS 559 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 CURIOSITIES FROM JAPAN 580 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES 593 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 FORESTRY BUILDING AND WOODED ISLAND 603 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 i 
 
 CHILDREN'S BUILDING 616 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 UNITED STATES NAVAL EXHIBIT 625
 
 xvi CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 PAGE. 
 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS 632 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 CURIOUS SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE 651 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE 675 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST 690 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST (Continued) 707
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 FULL PAGE PHOTOTYPE ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 MRS. POTTER PALMER. 
 
 MRS. NANCY HUSTON BANKS. 
 
 THE MACMONNIES COLUMBIAN FOUNTAIN. 
 
 STATUE OF THE REPUBLIC SHOWING THE PERISTYLE. 
 
 THE DOLL EXHIBIT IN THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 
 
 VIEW OF THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING FROM THE LAGOON. 
 
 THE CANADA BUILDING. 
 
 WEDDING PROCESSION IN THE STREETS OF CAIRO. MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 INTERIOR VIEW OF THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 
 
 GROUP OF STAFF WORKERS. 
 
 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 
 
 COLUMBUS SIGHTING LAND. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 
 
 MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 
 
 MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 
 
 ART INSTITUTE. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 ELECTRICAL BUILDING. 
 
 FISH AND FISHERIES BUILDING. 
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 
 
 HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 THE ART PALACE.
 
 xviii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Columbus Headpiece 17 
 
 The Ensign of the City of Chicago 17 
 
 Fort Dearborn 19 
 
 Map of Chicago in 1812 21 
 
 General Anthony Wayne 23 
 
 Massacre by Indians at Fort Dearborn 24 
 
 The Old Kinzie House 27 
 
 Coat of Arms of Illinois 28 
 
 Map of Chicago in 1830 29 
 
 Chicago in 1833 30 
 
 Black Hawk 31 
 
 Green Tree House, the First Hotel in Chicago 33 
 
 Lake Street in 1870 40 
 
 The Burning of Chicago 43 
 
 The Day after the Fire 46 
 
 Map of the Burned District 49 
 
 A Prairie Farm Scene Near Chicago 52 
 
 Union Stock Yards . . . 55 
 
 Chicago River and Grain Elevators 60 
 
 Interior of Pullman Sleeping Car 64 
 
 Interior of Pullman Parlor Car 65 
 
 The Auditorium 71 
 
 Board of Trade Exterior 74 
 
 Board of Trade Interior 74 
 
 Libby Prison and War Museum 78 
 
 Siegel and Cooper's Retail Store 79 
 
 Chicago Post-Office 81 
 
 Union League Club 83 
 
 Ashland Building 84 
 
 Interstate Industrial Exposition Building 85 
 
 Presidential Nomination in Industrial Building 87 
 
 The County Court House 89 
 
 Adams and La Salle Streets 91 
 
 State Street from Randolph 93 
 
 La Salle Street looking North from the Board of Trade 97 
 
 Lincoln Tomb at Springfield 99 
 
 Michigan Avenue from the Lake Front 100 
 
 The Pullman Building 102 
 
 The Temple , 104 
 
 Masonic Temple 105 
 
 The Palmer House, Chicago 107 
 
 Great Northern Hotel 108 
 
 Leland Hotel, Chicago 109 
 
 South Park Avenue M. E. Church no 
 
 South Congregational Church, Hyde Park in 
 
 The Art Institute of Chicago 112 
 
 Grand Central Depot 114 
 
 Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Depot 115 
 
 Schiller Theatre 116 
 
 Hon. John A. Logan 118 
 
 The Late John A. Logan's Residence in Chicago 119
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xix 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Boat House and Restaurant, Lincoln Park 120 
 
 Lake Shore Drive, Lincoln Park 122 
 
 Grant Monument in Lincoln Park 123 
 
 Skating in Lincoln Park 124 
 
 Pavilion in Humboldt Park 125 
 
 Grand Boulevard I2 7 
 
 Drexel Boulevard I2 9 
 
 The Haymarket Monument . . - I3 1 
 
 Drexel Fountain J 3 2 
 
 Race Track, Washington Park 133 
 
 Douglas Monument . 134 
 
 Stephen A. Douglas 135 
 
 Chicago Water Works 1 3& 
 
 Engines of the North Side Water Works 138 
 
 Water Works Crib 139 
 
 West Approach to Washington Street Tunnel 141 
 
 Entrance to Chicago Harbor 142 
 
 Head of Columbus 144 
 
 Ex-President Harrison 147 
 
 Thomas W. Palmer 149 
 
 Harlow N. Higginbotham 158 
 
 George R. Davis 159 
 
 Moses P. Handy 160 
 
 Map of the City of Chicago 164 
 
 Mrs. Potter Palmer 167 
 
 Hon. Levi P. Morton 179 
 
 Great Parade Passing the Palmer House 182 
 
 Chauncey M. Depew 184 
 
 Dedication of the World's Fair Buildings 187 
 
 The Ships of Columbus 190 
 
 President Cleveland 191 
 
 United States Dispatch Boat "Dolphin" 192 
 
 Group of War Vessels at the Naval Review in New York Harbor 194 
 
 United States Cruiser "Chicago" 195 
 
 Map of Jackson Park 198 
 
 Series of Tickets of Admission 202 
 
 Columbus Chariot Surmounting Entrance to the Lake . 203 
 
 View of the Opening Ceremonies 207 
 
 An Artistic Exhibit in Manufactures Building 225 
 
 Christopher Columbus 230 
 
 Figure on Bridge over the Lagoon 232 
 
 Medal Presented to the Designers of the Exposition Buildings 234 
 
 Edison's Phonograph 244 
 
 Statue of the Republic . , 247 
 
 The Rolling Chair 251 
 
 Equestrian Statue in the Agricultural Pavilion 256 
 
 Group on the Agricultural Building 258 
 
 Group on the Agricultural Building . 261 
 
 The Horoscope Group on the Agricultural Building 263 
 
 A Beer Pavilion in Agricultural Building 265 
 
 Statue of Plenty 267
 
 xx LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Replica of the Old Mill 268 
 
 Ornamental Vase and Flowers 273 
 
 Group of Palm Trees . 275 
 
 Folding Flower Stand and Fernery 277 
 
 Statue of Art 297 
 
 Reception in the Art Palace 299 
 
 Statue of Music 301 
 
 Group of Decoration on Woman's Building 310 
 
 Group of Decoration on Woman's Building 312 
 
 Model of a Leper's Home 328 
 
 The Souvenir Quarter of a Dollar 332 
 
 Meeting at the Opening of the Woman's Congress 334 
 
 Band Concert on Administration Plaza 345 
 
 Columbian Guards 346 
 
 Exhibit of Tobacco 349 
 
 Figure Symbolizing Transportation 374 
 
 Locomotive "John Bull" and Railroad Train 378 
 
 Models of War Vessels Transportation Building 384 
 
 Statue Representing Capital Mines and Mining Building 390 
 
 Missouri's Mineral Pavilion Mines and Mining Building 396 
 
 California Pavilion in the Mines Building 399 
 
 Massachusetts State Building 404 
 
 Rhode Island State Building 407 
 
 New Hampshire State Building 408 
 
 Maine State Building 409 
 
 Vermont State Building 412 
 
 Connecticut State Building 413 
 
 Pennsylvania State Building 414 
 
 Old Bell of Independence Hall 416 
 
 New Jersey State Building 419 
 
 New York State Building 421 
 
 Delaware State Building 423 
 
 Maryland State Building 425 
 
 Florida State Building 428 
 
 Texas State Building 430 
 
 Virginia State Building 431 
 
 West Virginia State Building 435 
 
 Illinois State Building 439 
 
 The Dancers Decoration in Illinois Building 441 
 
 The Drama Decoration in Illinois Building 441 
 
 Ohio State Building j\^ 
 
 Michigan State Building 447 
 
 Indiana State Building 453 
 
 Missouri State Building 455 
 
 Kansas State Building , 457 
 
 Iowa State Building 463 
 
 Nebraska State Building 465 
 
 Wisconsin State Building 467 
 
 Wisconsin Mineral Exhibit . f . . . 468 
 
 Minnesota State Building 470 
 
 Colorado State Building 474
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xxi 
 
 PAGE 
 
 North Dakota State Building 477 
 
 South Dakota State Building 478 
 
 Wyoming State Building 479 
 
 Idaho State Building 480 
 
 Washington State Building 483 
 
 Montana State Building 484 
 
 California State Building 486 
 
 Territorial Building 487 
 
 Utah Building 488 
 
 Walker Fearn Chief of Foreign Exhibits 491 
 
 Victoria House 495 
 
 Elizabethan Fireplace Victoria House 496 
 
 Central Court of East Indian Pavilion 501 
 
 British Guiana's Exhibit 504 
 
 Germany's Building 508 
 
 The Germania Group of Decoration , , 513 
 
 Krupp's Great Cannon on its Way to the Exposition '-517 
 
 Statue of a Great Norman Draught Horse 526 
 
 Convent of Santa Maria de La Rabida 540 
 
 The Rolling-Chair Stand 544 
 
 Monument to Columbus at Genoa 550 
 
 The Infanta Eulalia of Spain 553 
 
 The Columbus Statue 556 
 
 Grand Rotunda of the World's Fair Terminal Station 561 
 
 Norway's Building 565 
 
 Norsemen Marching to Festival Hall 566 
 
 The Swedish Building 571 
 
 The Columbian Tower 575 
 
 Address of Welcome 577 
 
 Japanese Building 584 
 
 Japanese Tea House 586 
 
 Columbus Monument in Mexico 594 
 
 Venezuela Building 598 
 
 Guatemala Building 601 
 
 Forestry Building 605 
 
 Brazil's Pavilion in the Forestry Building 608 
 
 Venetian Gondolas at Jackson Park 611 
 
 Hunter's Cabin on Wooded Island 612 
 
 Children's Building at the World's Fair 617 
 
 In the Babies' Room 619 
 
 A Corner of the Nursery 622 
 
 United States Battle-Ship " Illinois " 627 
 
 The Great Ferris Wheel 652 
 
 View in Midway Plaisance 654 
 
 The Irish Village 656 
 
 View in Midway Plaisance 658 
 
 German Village in Midway Plaisance 660 
 
 Some Old German Figures . . * 662 
 
 View in Midway Plaisance 664 
 
 Entrance to Old Vienna Midway Plaisance 666 
 
 L.ibby Glass Company's Building 667
 
 xxii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 New England Ceremony of Hanging the Crane 672 
 
 Joss and his Supporters 677 
 
 Festivities in the Chinese Joss House 679 
 
 Chinese Theatre and Joss House 680 
 
 View in Midway Plaisance 682 
 
 Dedicating the Turkish Mosque ... 686 
 
 An Egyptian Mosque . 688 
 
 The Crystal Palace London Exhibition, 1851 692 
 
 Interior View of the Transept of Crystal Palace 694 
 
 Crystal Palace New York Exhibition, 1853 . . 696 
 
 Palace of Industry Paris Exhibition, 1855 698 
 
 London Exhibition, 1862 700 
 
 Paris Exposition Building and Grounds, 1867 702 
 
 Grand Vestibule of the Paris Exhibition Building, 1867 703 
 
 Entrance to the Paris Exhibition, 1867 705 
 
 Rotunda of the Vienna Exposition Building, 1873 78 
 
 Central Dome of the Vienna Exposition Building, 1873 710 
 
 Bird's-Eye View of Centennial Grounds, International Exhibition, Philadelphia 712 
 
 View of the Main Building of the Centennial Exhibition 714 
 
 Obverse of Centennial Medal 715 
 
 Reverse of Centennial Medal 715 
 
 Memorial Hall, Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia 716 
 
 The Eiffel Tower .718
 
 
 Story of Chicago. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 From a Log Hut to a Metropolis. 
 
 SIXTY years ago the spot where Chicago now stands was a 
 marsh. No one would then have dreamed that to-day 3 
 great city of more than a million people would stand 01 
 the southwest shore of Lake Michigan, and that hei "i 
 would be located the grandest Exposition the world has ever seen. 
 Then a few Indian trails crossed the moorland ; to-day there 
 are wide streets and boulevards, immense buildings devoted to 
 business, and palatial residences which have all the requirements 
 of wealth and refinement. Chicago has grown as by magic, and 
 no other city has made such rapid strides. It has added to its 
 glory by the vast preparations made for celebrating the four 
 hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by 
 Columbus. 
 
 The early history of Chicago and the surrounding country is 
 quite as interesting as that of any other part of the United 
 States. Here was the home of famous Indian tribes, and their strug- 
 gles with the white settlers form a thrilling story which will never 
 cease to be read. 
 
 Jacques Marquette was a celebrated French missionary and discoverer. 
 He travelled and labored several years in Canada and in other parts of 
 North America. Louis Joliet was another French traveller and one of 
 2 17
 
 18 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 
 
 the first white men that explored the Mississippi River. In 1673 Father 
 Marquette and Joliet conducted a small exploring party from Quebec. 
 Entering the great Mississippi River at the mouth of the Wisconsin, 
 they descended in canoes nearly to the mouth of the Arkansas, They 
 were prevented from pursuing the voyage by reports that the river below 
 was infested by armed savages, and they returned in canoes to the mouth 
 of the Illinois, which they ascended. These and other missionaries, in 
 letters and records, often speak of the " Checagua River," but they do 
 not speak of any fort, cabin, or habitation of any description on the spot 
 where Chicago now stands. 
 
 For a long time the wilderness of the great Northwest remained unex- 
 plored. An interesting character, however, appeared upon the scene in 
 the spring of 1779. He was from the Island of San Domingo, and was 
 said to have been a slave named Baptiste Point de Sable. There were 
 French settlements at this time in Louisiana, and from these Point de Sable 
 visited the shores of Lake Michigan for the purpose of carrying on a 
 trade in furs. His rude log hut was the first building on the shore of the 
 lake, and was the beginning of our great Western Metropolis. This has 
 led to the humorous remark that " the first white settler of Chicago was 
 a black man." 
 
 Indians and Trappers. 
 
 Our government was anxious then, as it always has been, to obtain 
 lands from the Indians by treaty or otherwise. The trade in furs rend- 
 ered it desirable that the Indians should " move on " and leave the trap- 
 pers to pursue their avocation in peace. By the treaty made with the 
 Indians in August, 1795, " six miles square at the mouth of the Chicago 
 River" were ceded to the United States. The locality is described as the 
 place where an old fort stood. No tradition or recollection of this, how- 
 ever, existed among the Indians at that time. If any such building 
 ever stood there it must have been a rude structure for the storing of 
 provisions, and no traces of it remained when the treaty was formed. 
 Point de Sable lived in his log cabin for seventeen years, and in 1796 sold 
 out his business to a Frenchman named Le Mai, and soon afterward died 
 at Peoria. Le Mai became an important personage, pushed the fur busi- 
 ness with remarkable energy, attracted other traders to the locality, and 
 soon there was a settlement on the present site of Chicago. 
 
 The next chapter in this early history relates to Fort Dearborn, the 
 tragic story of which shows the sacrifices made by the settlers and the 
 dangers they encountered.
 
 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 
 
 19 
 
 " The fort," says A. T. Andrews, in his " History of Early Chicago," 
 "stood on the south side of the Chicago River, where the stream turned 
 to enter the lake. It had two block-houses, one on the southwest corner, 
 the other on the northwest. On the north side a subterranean passage 
 led from the parade ground to the river, designed as a way of escape in 
 case of emergency or for supplying the garrison with water in time of 
 siege. The whole was inclosed by a strong palisade of wooden pickets. 
 At the west of the fort and fronting north on the river was a two-story 
 log building, covered with split oak siding. This was the United States 
 
 FORT DEARBORN. 
 
 agency house. On the shores of the river, between the fort and the 
 agency, were the root-houses, or cellars of the garrison. The ground 
 on the south side was inclosed and cultivated as a garden. Three pieces 
 of light artillery comprised the commandment of the fort." 
 
 The builder and first commander of Fort Dearborn was Captain John 
 Whistler. He was an excellent officer, and under his command, which 
 lasted for seven years, the little garrison was undisturbed. Gradually, 
 American settlers were drawn to the place and the French element disap- 
 peared. Fort Dearborn was fast becoming an important trading post. 
 To maintain it was considered a risky undertaking, for the reason that it
 
 20 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 
 
 was far removed from the borders of civilization, and its safety depended 
 upon the friendship of the Illinois and Pottawatomie Indians. 
 
 The first family to settle in Chicago was that of John Kinzie, who 
 came from St. Joseph, across the lake, while the fort was being built in 
 1803. He took up his residence with Le Mai, the prosperous trader, 
 and has been styled the " Father of Chicago." He was a valuable man 
 in a new settlement. His business was that of silversmith, but having 
 been a trader for a number of years, he was well acquainted with the 
 Indian tribes, and was so familiar with their dialects that he could act as 
 interpreter between them and the English. In the little settlement were 
 all the phases of social life found in larger places; there were tea- 
 parties, dances and weddings. Life upon the frontier was .romantic, and 
 the little hamlet had its social events and happenings as if it were the 
 capital of an empire. 
 
 Captain Whistler was succeeded in iSioby Captain Nathan Heald, who 
 was born in New Hampshire in 1/75. His wife, Rebecca, was a native 
 of Kentucky, and. the daughter of Captain Samuel Wells, the famous 
 Indian fighter. Soon after he took command of the fort, our country 
 was involved in the second war with Great Britain. The Indians around 
 Chicago, who had hitherto been friendly, began to show a restless spirit, 
 and it was not long before startling news came of a dreadful massacre 
 at Fort Dearborn. Many tribes that had before shown no hostility to 
 the United States went over to the English. 
 
 Battle of " Tippecanoe." 
 
 The brave and powerful Indian chief, Tecumseh, was the principal 
 leader in stirring up strife. He visited all the tribes south and west of 
 Chicago, appeared in their councils, made eloquent speeches, inflamed 
 the bloodthirsty warriors, and planned a general slaughter of all the 
 white settlers in the vicinity. It will be remembered that the name of 
 Tecumseh comes out prominently in the battle of the Thames, or, as it 
 is sometimes called, the battle of " Tippecanoe," and that in this bloody 
 contest William Henry Harrison, afterward President of the United 
 States, achieved the proud distinction which helped to make him a can- 
 didate for the highest position in the gift of the nation. This able and 
 daring commander showed himself competent to deal with the hostiles, 
 and by his good generalship and great courage soon settled the Indian 
 question. 
 
 As Fort Dearborn was far removed from civilization it was in constant 
 danger. On the 5th of August, 1812, Captain Heald received a dis- 
 patch from General Hull, then in command at Detroit, ordering him to
 
 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 
 
 21 
 
 evacuate the fort and proceed with his forces to Detroit. Captain Heald, 
 who was a very brave officer, was unwilling to abandon his position 
 before any effort had been made to hold it. He relied also upon the 
 friendship of the Pottawatomies, who promised him a safe escort when- 
 ever he wished to leave. Under these circumstances it is not surprising 
 that he raised decided objections to abandoning his position. It would 
 doubtless have been better if he had acted at once instead of delaying 
 his departure six days. The fort, although comparatively defenceless, 
 had remained so long without being attacked by any foe that he doubt- 
 less underestimated the danger that threatened him. Sixty-six soldiers 
 comprised the garrison, a mere handful compared with the number of 
 savages, who were watching their opportunity. A small number of resi- 
 
 CHICAGO, IN 1812. 
 
 MAP OF CHICAGO IN I 8 12. 
 
 dents had their houses in the vicinity of the fort, among whom was the 
 leading citizen, John Kinzie. Five women dwelt inside the fort ; these 
 were the wives of Captain Heald and Sargeant Holt, the wife of a French 
 trader, her sister, and the wife of a soldier. 
 
 When the news came of the second war with England, which was 
 unknown before the order of General Hull to evacuate the fort, there 
 was consternation among the settlers and the garrison. On the I2th ot 
 August a council of Pottawatomies was called by order of Captain 
 Heald, and he and Mr. Kinzie met the Indians outside the palisades.
 
 22 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 
 
 At this interview certain promises were made to the Indians. The sur- 
 plus supplies of the garrison were to be distributed among them, includ- 
 ing arms and ammunition, also a gift of money. The council broke up 
 with apparent satisfaction to all parties concerned. Soon the Indians 
 heard, through the wily Tecumseh, that the Americans had suffered 
 defeat in some important engagements with the British, and they were 
 told that the time had come to rise in their wrath, avenge the wrongs 
 they had suffered, and drive the white people forever from their hunting 
 grounds. The effect of this was electric, and the slumbering hostility of 
 the red man burst into a lurid flame. 
 
 Captain Heald had committed the great mistake of promising to dis- 
 tribute the surplus arms and ammunition, and knew if he kept his prom- 
 ise he would be in a poor condition to defend the fort. He therefore 
 resolved to distribute the provisions only, and destroy the arms and 
 ammunition in order that they might not fall into the hands of the enemy. 
 The secret, however, leaked out, for as the Indians were prowling about 
 they discovered in an old well, and other hiding-places, canteens, flint- 
 locks, powder-flasks, and broken muskets. They were not long in guess- 
 ing what had taken place, and rinding that Captain Heald had broken his 
 part of the agreement they were greatly enraged. They considered 
 themselves victims of the white man's treachery. Nothing now remained 
 but a bloody combat, and it was certain that this would come sooner or 
 later, and would be attended with loss of life. 
 
 Remarkable Speech of an Indian Chief. 
 
 The Chief, Black Partridge, who had always been very friendly with 
 the settlers now turned to a bitter foe. He had received a medal pre- 
 sented to him by Gen. Wayne when the treaty was signed which deeded 
 Chicago to the government. In a very dignified way he returned the 
 medal to Captain Heald with these words : " My young men say that 
 they have been betrayed. You have destroyed the arms and ammuni- 
 tion which you promised to leave here for us. My braves are resolved 
 upon taking your lives. I cannot restrain them. I return you the 
 token of peace, for I will not wear it while I am compelled to act as an 
 enemy." This was nothing less than a declaration of war. The situ- 
 ation of Fort Dearborn and its occupants was critical in the extreme. 
 
 Captain Wells, a brother of Mrs. Heald, was Indian Agent at Fort 
 Wayne. He understood well the Indian character, for he had lived 
 among the Miamis, by whom he was stolen when he was a lad twelve 
 years old. He grew up with this tribe, saw many examples of Indian 
 cunning and heroism, and had even joined the Indians in some of their
 
 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 
 
 23 
 
 attacks upon the white settlers. The famous chief of the Miamis, Little 
 Turtle, adopted him as an own son, and we have in the history of this 
 man an instance of the romance of Indian life, and at the same time an 
 example of the permanent character of early teachings and associations. 
 One might say he grew up an Indian and still was a white man. He had 
 been for years in captivity, but at the proper time his love for his own 
 kindred caused him to seek the welfare of the white settlers and to 
 espouse their cause. 
 
 On the evening of the 1 3th of August, Captain Wells arrived at the 
 fort, bringing with him thirty friendly Miamis. The great question now 
 was how to escape. There was no hope for the garrison except by a 
 sudden departure, 
 and this bold move 
 was speedily deter- 
 mined upon. Prep- 
 arations were made 
 to carry it out, with 
 the perfect under- 
 standing that it 
 would possibly 
 result in the death 
 of the entire com- 
 mand. The fam- 
 ily of John Kinzie 
 was left in charge 
 of some friendly 
 Indians, and he 
 resolved to accom- 
 pany the troops in 
 the hope that hav- 
 ing great influence 
 with the Indians he 
 would be able to -prevent an attack. The garrison left the fort on 
 the morning of the I5th. A strange premonition of their impending 
 doom cast a gloom over the entire company. Before they marched 
 out of the fort the band played the " Dead March." Outside was the 
 trackless forest, filled with lurking foes ; far beyond was the destination 
 of the garrison, and not one of them expected to reach it alive. Captain 
 Wells, with his little band, led the way, and it is said had blackened his 
 face in token of his impending fate. The reader may well pause here 
 before the thrilling scene and learn at what a cost the early pioneers pur- 
 
 GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE.
 
 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 25 
 
 chased the territory which now waves with golden harvests and lifts 
 toward heaven the spires of its busy cities. 
 
 The lurking foe was not far distant ; as the garrison moved southward 
 along the shore of the lake five hundred Indians lay in ambush over a 
 ridge but a short distance away. Their scouts had brought them news 
 of what was going on, and having been betrayed as they believed, and 
 having declared war, they were ready for the massacre. The troops had 
 not proceeded more than a mile and a half from the fort before they were 
 attacked. What was a mere handful of men, though brave as lions, when 
 confronted by such overwhelming odds ? The battle was not a long one. 
 It was short, sharp and bloody. The troops believed that to surrender 
 meant death, and having nothing to hope for they fought with desperation. 
 
 Inhuman Butchery. 
 
 While the battle was in progress one of the most dastardly and inhu- 
 man deeds ever recorded was committed by a young Indian. Twelve 
 defenceless children were among the occupants in the fort, and these were 
 brought out with the garrison and placed in a wagon by themselves in 
 the hope that their lives at least might be spared. The young Indian 
 leaped into the wagon and tomahawked every one of them. Brutal 
 savagery of Indian warfare had done its worst. Right and left on every 
 side the troops were slain. Captain Wells, who fought with such 
 bravery as might have been expected from a man who knew his last 
 hour was at hand, at last fell, and his body was cut to pieces. 
 
 Captain Heald was wounded early in the fight, but with a few of his 
 men succeeded in gaining a little knoll, there made a stand and sent a 
 half-breed boy to Chief Blackbird with an offer to surrender on condition 
 that their lives were spared. Savage ferocity was partially satisfied, and 
 the terrible scenes of the massacre were over. 
 
 This struggle occurred on the very spot where some of the streets of 
 Chicago intersect one another to-day. It is related that at the beginning 
 of the massacre the Miamis who were led by Captain Wells fled 
 for their lives, while the Captain started for the tent where the Indians had 
 left their squaws and children, pursued closely by the Pottawatomies. 
 
 Daring Deeds of "Women. 
 
 " He laid himself flat on the neck of his horse, loading and firing in 
 that position, as he would occasionally turn on his pursuers. At length 
 his horse was killed under him, and he was seriously wounded. While 
 a couple of friendly Indians were trying to drag him to a place of safety 
 he was stabbed in the back and killed. It is said the Indians took out
 
 28 
 
 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 
 
 and Mr. Astor was laying the foundations of the fortune, which has 
 made his family one of the wealthiest in the world. 
 
 Only once a year did the Government send provisions and other nec- 
 essary supplies to the fort. These were brought in a small schooner. 
 On Mr. Hubbard's arrival in 1818 he found only two families at Chicago 
 besides the troops. The residents were Mr. John Kinzie, on the north 
 side of the river on a line with what is now Michigan Avenue, and the 
 family of a French trader who had married an Indian woman and lived 
 but a short distance from Mr. Kinzie. It was not until 1823 that another 
 white family made its appearance. The new resident was Archibald 
 Claybourne, who lived in Chicago continuously until his death in 1872. 
 His business was that of butcher for the fort. 
 
 Thus in i827,when Chicago was visited by Major Long, on a Govern- 
 ment exploring expedition, the residents comprised only three families. 
 Major Long was very unfavorably impressed with the place and so 
 reported to the Government. Like all others at this early period he 
 failed to foresee the importance of the point, and had no thought that 
 here would one day stand the greatest city in the West. 
 
 He said in his reports that 
 Chicago presented no cheering 
 prospects, and " contained but a 
 few huts inhabited by a miser- 
 able race of men scarcely equal 
 to the Indians from whom 
 they had descended, while" 
 their "houses were low, 
 not the least trace of corn- 
 affording no inducement to 
 
 COAT OF ARMS OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 as 
 
 filthy, and disgusting, displaying 
 fort." He spoke of the place 
 the settler, " the whole amount of trade on the lake not exceeding the 
 cargoes of five or six schooners, even at the time when the garrison 
 received its supplies from the Macinac." This gloomy picture stands 
 to-day in striking contrast with the changes which have been wrought 
 by a few brief years. Our country's marvelous growth has been the 
 wonder of the world, and in no locality has it been more clearly seen 
 than in the vicinity of Chicago. 
 
 Special mention should be made of the important part enacted by 
 John Kinzie, whose old log house stood for many years unmolested by 
 the Indians. It was free from the attacks made upon homes of other 
 settlers, and its occupants seemed to have a special exemption from the 
 bloody raids inflicted upon other residents, and accompanied by the des- 
 truction of life and property. This shows plainly the esteem in which
 
 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 
 
 29 
 
 the silversmith was held by the savages. During the year of his death, 
 which occurred in 1828, the Pottawatomies made a treaty with the gov- 
 ernment and inserted a provision which gave to Eleanor Kinzie, and her 
 four children by the late John Kinzie, $3,500, in consideration of the 
 attachment of the Indians to her deceased husband. 
 
 Meanwhile the settlement grew after Kinzie's death. Some of the 
 more powerful Indian tribes had been swept away, their wigwams had 
 been burned, their villages were blotted out, the smoke of their council 
 
 MAP MADE IN 1830, SHOWING MOUTH OF CHICAGO RIVER 
 WITH PIERS FOR IMPROVING THE HARBOR. 
 
 fires no longer ascended, the forests were turned into fruitful farms, 
 prairies gave signs of a new life, and new dwellings and villages sprang up 
 in all directions. The Indians pursued the policy of peace ; their chiefs 
 visited the fort and by the firesides of former acquaintances talked over the 
 tragedies in which they had been equal sufferers with the white settlers. 
 Among these warriors was Black Partridge, whose name at one time was
 
 80 
 
 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 
 
 a tower of strength, but who now was a sad and broken-hearted old man. 
 The tide of emigration flowed strongly towards the West. A 
 Homestead Act was passed by the government which invited settlers from 
 far and near. The State of Illinois was admitted into the Union in 1818. 
 Ever since it has been a very prosperous state, and its rich lands have 
 yielded abundant reward to those who have tilled them. During all 
 the time, Chicago was becoming more important as a centre of trade and 
 business. In short its growth has been like that of all our western towns, 
 situated upon navigable waters with fertile sections of country lying back 
 of them. It is interesting to mark the rapid changes which have taken 
 place. The first log cabin gave way to a more costly and congenial resi 
 
 CHICAGO IN 1833. 
 
 dence. Farms were pushed farther and farther into the wilderness, villages 
 with schools, churches, stores and public libraries sprang up, and our 
 country, which but a little time ago was uncivilized and uninhabited by 
 white men, has taken its high rank among the nations of the earth, largely 
 through the toils and sacrifices, the energy and thrift of the sturdy race 
 that has been constantly planting itself along our frontiers. 
 
 From time to time public improvements were sanctioned, among which 
 in 1829 was the Illinois and Michigan Canal. In 1831 the County of 
 Cook was organized and Chicago was made the county seat. The town 
 was incorporated in 1833 with twenty-eight voters. Its first trustees 
 were:^ T. J. V. Owen, George W. Dole, Madore B. Beaubien, John 
 Miller and I-:. S. Kimberly. Four years later when the first census was
 
 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 
 
 31 
 
 taken there was a population of 4,170. This included '140 sailors belong- 
 ing to vessels owned by residents of the place. Thus early do we 
 discover the rapid growth which has always distinguished Chicago, and 
 we also see that it was fast becoming a place of commercial importance. 
 
 This history is darkened all along by border warfare, the Indians 
 resisting every attempt to displace them. Blacfe Hawk was a famous 
 chief of the Sac and Fox Indians and was born in 1767. He joined the 
 British in 1812 and, opposing the removal west of his tribe, fought 
 against the United States in 1832. This is known as the year of the 
 Black Hawk War, the year that General Scott's army arrived, bringing 
 with it that terrible 
 scourge, the Asiatic chol- 
 era, which was its first 
 appearance in America. 
 
 In Hurlbut's work en- 
 titled, " Chicago and its 
 Antiquities," we find this 
 statement : 
 
 " It will be proper to 
 say that the spring of 
 that year had not passed 
 without finding Chicago 
 in a condition of unusual 
 excitement. Several 
 murders had been com- 
 mitted by Indians (tli2 
 Sauks, from the west side 
 of the Mississippi) amon j 
 the whites of Northern 
 Illinois, and the scat- 
 tered settlers had flocked 
 in from various locali- 
 ties to Fort Dearborn, BLACK HAWK. 
 which they believed to be the only place of available security. No 
 United States soldiers had occupied the Fort during the past winter, and 
 Chicago, it is said, numbered then only about fifty residents. But the 
 dangers and alarms referred to had sent in a crowd of refugees, and the 
 forepart of the month of May found Fort Dearborn peopled with some six 
 or seven hundred persons. But Illinois and Michigan troops, organized 
 for protection against the foe, and General Scott, who arrived in the 
 month of July with U. S. soldiers, though his force was more than
 
 82 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 
 
 decimated by the cholera, marched after the red-skins, and the settlers 
 returned to their homes on the prairie." 
 
 An early comer tells of a cholera incident of 1833 as related to him 
 by a sergeant in Fort Dearborn whose name was Carpenter. It was 
 after General Scott's arrival and the stricken troops were fast dying with 
 the dreadful disease. Sergeant Carpenter was on duty one morning 
 when two soldiers apparently dead were ordered to be taken out and 
 thrown into the dead-pit. This grave or pit was a large excavation 
 near Wabash Avenue, not far from the river. The stretchers were 
 brought and the bodies were taken out to the hole and one of them 
 thrown in. When they moved towards the other to put him in, the man 
 turned his head and shoulders showing plainly that he was alive. The 
 sergeant gave utterance to the sensible remark, " This man is not ready 
 to be buried yet," and ordered him to be taken back. The fresh air had 
 revived him and given to the supposed dead man a new lease of life, for 
 he afterwards recovered. 
 
 The troops were permanently withdrawn from Fort Dearborn, Decem- 
 ber 29, 1836; the military post was forever abandoned and the stirring 
 events connected with it passed into history. The last drum had been 
 beaten, the last bugle blast had been blown, the last gun had been fired, 
 and the famous old fort was no longer to be associated with frontier war- 
 fare. A great City was struggling for existence on this historic spot. 
 
 A Mail Once in Two Weeks. 
 
 With the tons of mail matter now emptied into Chicago every week, 
 it seems almost beyond belief that sixty years ago the place was without 
 a post office, and no mail matter was received except once in two weeks, 
 when it was brought by a half-breed Indian from Niles, Michigan. The 
 year 1833 is memorable from the fact that the first newspaper was then 
 established, to which was given the name of the " Chicago Democrat." 
 Looking at its columns now we find descriptions of bear and wolf hunts 
 which took place within the limits of the town. One would have to 
 travel hundreds of miles now to find any such sport as that which was 
 obtained by the early settlers at their very doors. Work at this time was 
 going on in the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and the 
 necessity of pushing it forward was urged in the columns of the news- 
 paper. 
 
 The arrival of a schooner was so important an event that it was duly 
 chronicled. Special mention is made of the fact that during 1834 a 
 schooner arrived every week from Lake Frie and was unloaded outside 
 the bar, but a freshet swept away the bar that had prevented vessels from
 
 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 33 
 
 entering the mouth of the river and the schooner " Illinois " sailed up 
 into the town. This was the little pioneer which led the way for hund- 
 reds of vessels that now arrive every year. The Northern lakes are 
 alive with craft sailing either to or from Chicago. 
 
 Even before this time the various religious denominations had made 
 their appearance. It has been already stated that the first white man to 
 visit the locality was a Jesuit missionary, and as soon as a resident 
 population was planted the religious sects began to build their houses of 
 worship. So that in 1834 the Catholic, Baptist, Methodist and Presby- 
 terian churches were all represented. One of the chief occurrences 
 
 
 GREEN TREE HOUSE, THE FIRST HOTEL BUILT IN CHICAGO. 
 
 during the year 1836 was the building and launching of a ship. In addi- 
 tion to this, steps were taken to incorporate Chicago as a city. 
 
 It is interesting to observe that at this early period speculation in real 
 estate made men as crazy as it has at any time within recent years. 
 Large transactions were carried on, sudden sales were made, men grew 
 rich with startling rapidity, and there were times when the business por- 
 tion of the town was greatly excited over the rise in building lots and 
 the opportunities thus afforded for making sudden fortunes. There 
 came a panic in 1837 and the " boom " collapsed. The prosperty of the 
 place appeared to be checked for the time being, but there was no loss 
 in the end, as false business methods were corrected, the weak places
 
 34 FROM A LOG HUT TO A METROPOLIS. 
 
 were found out and strengthened, and, instead of trusting to fictitious 
 values, the commercial transactions of the city were placed upon a sub- 
 stantial and better basis. The vast increase in Chicago real estate is 
 shown from the fact that in 1832 two lots which were worth $102.00 
 sold in 1853 for $108,000. During this latter year the Kinzies sold a 
 plot of ground for $540,000, which in 1832 was valued at $346. Probably 
 no such rise in the value of property has ever been recorded in any other 
 city of the United States. 
 
 Chicago continued to grow and enjoyed unexampled prosperity until 
 the year 1849, when it was visited by a disastrous flood. It will be seen 
 that the place was not exempt from those great and sudden freshets 
 which are common in the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. In the South 
 Branch of the Chicago River an ice gorge had been formed. This was 
 suddenly broken up by an overflow in the Desplaines River. With irre- 
 sistible force the great mass swept onward toward the lake. The only 
 bridge the city had at this time was carried away, and more than forty 
 vessels that had win'cred in the lake were crushed and totally wrecked.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Rapid Growth of Chicago and the Great Fire of 1871. 
 
 NO man can go into an uninhabited territory, drive down stakes, 
 mark out streets, and say," Here- is to be a great city." Such 
 manufactured towns generally prove to be failures. Cities 
 spring up and grow where they will, and the laws that govern 
 their rise and progress are not in any one man's mind, nor are they 
 written among the statutes of state legislatures. Often it has happened 
 that the site on which a metropolis was expected to stand has been over- 
 grown with weeds, the dreams of land speculators have vanished into 
 empty air ; and on the other hand, the log cabin and the little village of 
 which no one took account, have multiplied and grown until they have 
 developed into towns of immense wealth and vast population. 
 
 The first houses of Chicago had very insecure foundations. They 
 were built on piles ; they were houses on stilts, as it were ; they were 
 without cellars, for the reason that the ground was swampy. The low 
 marshland had to be conquered and drained before any buildings could 
 be erected with basements or secure foundations. In those early days it 
 was nothing unusual while passing along the miry streets to see a post 
 erected with the inscription on it, " No bottom here." Along the roadside 
 might frequently be seen stagnant pools of water and ditches whose depth 
 was very suspicious. Then came the era of plank walks and roads, but 
 when heavy rains flooded the district the whole place was turned into a 
 quagmire, teams and loaded vehicles were often stuck in the mud, and 
 no one would at that time have imagined that the marsh could ever be 
 utilized as it has been for the foundation of substantial buildings. What 
 was called "canal cholera "was prevalent, malaria was common, and 
 life was a constant fight against diseases which were developed by the 
 peculiar surroundings, which were a constant menace to settlers. 
 
 A Troublesome Sand-Bar. 
 
 The great obstacle to a commodious harbor was the sand-bar which 
 closed up the mouth of the Chicago River. There were times of low 
 water in the lake when none flowed over this bar. Ships were compelled 
 to anchor outside and unload as quickly as possible, for if a storm were to 
 
 sweep down the lake they would be driven on the shore. 
 
 35
 
 36 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. 
 
 At a very early period remonstrances were made to the government 
 agai'nst allowing this bar to remain, one having been sent by an Indian 
 agent in 1 805 , urging the opening of the mouth of the river so as to allow 
 the vessels to come in from the lake. This lack of harbor facilities was 
 a problem which puzzled the inhabitants of Chicago, and for many years 
 their efforts to induce the government to take some action were unvail- 
 ing. Finally, in 1833, Congress did appropriate $2 5,000 for the improve- 
 ment of the harbor, and the work was immediately commenced. By degrees 
 the sand-bar was removed, but the great lake rolling in its waters was a 
 stubborn thing to resist, for as soon as one bar was removed others began 
 forming farther out. Up to 1844 about $250,000 had been expended, yet 
 with very little practical benefit to the city. 
 
 In 1846 a proposition for a new appropriation was made in Congress, 
 was strongly advocated by Daniel Webster, and was passed, but was 
 vetoed by President Polk. The unexpected opposition of the President 
 produced great excitement among all classes of citizens. 
 
 The People Up In Arms. 
 
 This action of Congress was bitterly resented in the northwest, and 
 the incident is interesting as showing the resolute spirit which even at 
 that time animated the people of Chicago. The improvements in their 
 harbor became almost a national question, and they determined to carry 
 their point. A great River and Harbor Convention was held on the 5th 
 of July, 1847, at which delegates were present from all parts of the coun- 
 try, as if it were important to the whole United States that the little 
 town on the shore of Lake Michigan should have a harbor. The 
 broader question was that of internal improvements and the policy of the 
 government respecting them. Twenty thousand people assembled on 
 this occasion and the convention lasted for three days. A very strong 
 demand was embodied in the resolutions which were forwarded to Con- 
 gress, yet, although the younger states of the West were unanimous in 
 their demand, no additional appropriation was made for harbor improve- 
 ments until 1852. Since 1866 repeated appropriations have been made 
 and the liberal policy of the government has been a great commercial 
 advantage to many of our inland cities. 
 
 The enterprising people of Chicago did not wait for relief to come 
 from Washington, but began at once to carry out as far as they could 
 the object in view. They provided for the dredging of the river, the 
 widening of it in several places, and the building of wharves, which at 
 the present time have a length of not less than fifteen miles. All the 
 labor and money expended must be considered as well invested, for
 
 X
 
 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. 37 
 
 Chicago has a harbor which affords ample accommodations for ships in 
 stormy weather. 
 
 These improvements have been a great commercial advantage and one 
 secret of the rapid growth of the city. As already stated, in 1837 the 
 population was a little over 4,000; in eleven years from that time it had 
 grown to 20,000, while in the next seventeen years it increased to 
 178,000, this being the number in 1865. The great civil war having 
 ended, Chicago started on a new career of prosperity, and since has 
 shown such rapid strides as almost to defy computation. 
 
 How to Keep the City Clean. 
 
 Another problem, and one concerning very materially the health of 
 the city, was the matter of sewage. For a long time this was emptied 
 into the river, the filthy condition of which became more abominable as 
 the population increased. Stagnant water black, oily and breeding 
 disease threatened continually the health and well-being of the town. 
 The fish could not live in the water ; the stench in the summer season 
 was outrageous, and it became evident that something must be done. 
 The only way to remedy the evil was to deepen the Canal in order to 
 bring a flow of water from this and the Chicago River into the Illinois 
 River. The city began this work in 1865 and completed it in 1871, just 
 before the great fire broke out. 
 
 No sooner were the conditions of health made favorable than the ter- 
 rible calamity occurred which destroyed almost untold millions of prop- 
 erty. While it is true that scarcely ever did a city suffer more from 
 misfortunes of one kind or another, it is equally true that no other has 
 ever shown greater ability to overcome them. Chicago is not only a 
 marvel of growth, but of energy and enterprise. Its schemes are broad 
 and great like the vast country around it and the immense lakes which 
 feed its commerce. 
 
 A Growth Hard to Account For. 
 
 This rapid sketch showing the rise and growth of the Metropolis of 
 the West recalls the language of Mr. Parton, who, in speaking of the 
 influx of population, says : 
 
 " The motive must have been powerful which could induce such large 
 numbers of people to settle upon that most uninviting shore. A new 
 town on a flat prairie, as seen from car windows, has usually the aspect 
 which is described as God-forsaken. Wagon-w heels had obliterated the 
 only beauty the prairie ever had, and streaked it wi:h an excellent article 
 of blacking. There may have been twenty little wooden houses in the 
 place ; but it is ' laid out ' with all the rigor of mathematics ; and every
 
 38 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE, 
 
 visible object, whether animate or inanimate the pigs that root In the 
 soft, black, prairie mire, the boys, the horses, the wagons, the houses, the 
 fences, the school- houses, the steps of the stores, the railroad platform, 
 are all powdered or plastered with disturbed prairies. If, filled with 
 compassion for the unhappy beings whom stern fate seems to have cast 
 out upon that dismal plain, far from the abodes of men, the traveller 
 enters into conversation with them, he finds them all hope and animation, 
 and disposed to pity him because he neither owns any corner lots in that 
 future metropolis, nor has intellect enough to see what a speculation it 
 would be to buy a few. What a pity ! You might; as well pity the 
 Prince of Wales because he is not yet king." 
 
 Mud and "Water. 
 
 But, for all the hope and animation of the inhabitants, for many 
 years, in all prairie towns it was shunned the most by those who were 
 looking for the pleasant and the beautiful and no wonder, if there be 
 any truth in the following quotation also from Mr. Parton : " The prairie 
 on that part of the shore of Lake Michigan appears to the eye as flat as 
 the lake itself, and its average height above the lake is about six feet. A 
 gentleman, who arrived at Chicago from the South in 1833, reports that 
 he waded the last eight miles of his journey in water from one to three 
 feet deep a sheet of water extending as far as the eye would reach over 
 what is now the most fashionable quarter of Chicago. 
 
 Another traveler records that, in 1831, in riding about what is now 
 the very center and heart of the business portion of the city, he often felt 
 the water swashing through his stirrups. Even in dry summer weather 
 that part of the prairie was very wet, and during the rainy season no one 
 attempted to pass over it on foot. " I would not have given sixpence an 
 acre for the whole of it," said a gentleman, speaking of land much of 
 which is now held at one thousand dollars a foot. It looked so unprom- 
 ising to farmers' eyes, that Chicago imported a considerable part of its 
 provisions from the eastern shores of Lake Michigan as late as 1838. 
 This Chicago now feeds States and Kingdoms.' 
 
 The question has often been asked why the growth of Chicago was 
 so rapid. We do not look for an inland city far away from the ocean 
 front to show such a miracle of expansion. We can understand why 
 New York has grown, and the same may be said of Boston, Baltimore, 
 and other eastern cities. They have a water front which invites ships 
 and cargoes from all parts of the world. They are also beginning to be 
 venerable with age, and to-day they show the effects of a long period of 
 commercial enterprise.
 
 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. C9 
 
 The harbor of New York is one of the finest in the world. A stranger 
 sailing up the bay finds that all he has read and dreamed concerning our 
 country's growth falls short of the reality, as standing on the deck of his 
 ship he gazes out upon Long Island, Staten Island, the magnificent City 
 of Brooklyn, the islands which dot the bay, the historic Hudson, rolling 
 its waters and floating its vessels, and finally the splendid metropolis 
 whose name and fame are world-wide. Out beyond the harbor is the 
 Atlantic, and beyond the Atlantic are the old nations of the globe. New 
 York is the child of the world's commerce and of its own natural advan- 
 tages. It may also be said that Chicago never could have had such an 
 unparalleled growth except for the commerce of the great lakes. The 
 mineral and lumber regions of the North seem to have made a pet child 
 of the city and have smiled upon it with constant favor. Something is 
 doubtless due to the sturdy character and vigorous enterprise of the first 
 settlers and those who followed them, but all the brain, genius, thrift and 
 energy of the whole country could not build a great city on a site where 
 there are no conditions of natural growth. 
 
 Chicago is also the great market for a vast region lying south, west, 
 and northwest. The vast prairies, with their harvests waving in the wind, 
 are like the billows of a golden sea. Immense products of wheat, corn, 
 and other cereals, are clamoring for a market. Away in the southwest 
 are immense ranches where herds of cattle a million strong are getting 
 ready to help supply the wants of half a world. Chicago affords the 
 best facilities for passing on these products. Its great pork-packing estab- 
 lishments have grown only as there was a demand. These have been 
 the marvel of Europeans who have visited the place. Nothing to equal 
 them can be found in either hemisphere. It is pretty certain that a large 
 part of humanity pays little heed to the old command given to the Hebrews 
 not to eat pork. The immense trade in this product is a source of large 
 revenue and has added greatly to the wealth of the city. 
 
 Thousands of Miles of Railroad. 
 
 Along with this growth the great railway system which early began to 
 center in Chicago has increased, the belts of steel have extended farther 
 toward all points of the compass, the hiss of the steam has been con- 
 stantly heard in new territories, along fertile valleys, over fruitful, rolling 
 lands, until now the railroad facilities for transportation are unrivalled. 
 Where there is growth, where all the signs of prosperity are discovered, 
 capital is sure to flow in, and the "sinews of war " help on the rapid 
 expansion. Not only has Chicago a direct and open waterway to the 
 sea, but it is to-day the center of a country which supports 10,000,000
 
 40 
 
 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. 
 
 people. It has grown no more rapidly than the vast region around it, 
 which twenty-five years ago was sparsely settled compared with what it 
 is at the present time. 
 
 Moreover, something is doubtless due to the climate of the place. 
 Even a "Windy City" has its advantages, for the atmosphere is not likely 
 to be dead and unhealthful, as it is in many tropical places. Whatever 
 else may be said of the climate around the southern shore of Lake 
 Michigan, it has a certain bracing vigor. Fresh breezes blow in from the 
 
 LAKE STREET IN 1 8^0. 
 
 lake during the summer months, and the winter season is milder than in 
 many other parts of the West. There is a snap and go in the very atmos- 
 phere. Health is braced up by it and energies which in a softer climate 
 would be relaxed are here nerved for effort and endurance. 
 
 These conditions are favorable for mental and physical labor. If dust 
 at certain seasons flies through the streets and all the elements of nature 
 seem to be wide-awake, in like manner men, too, are wide-wake and far 
 removed from stagnation. Notwithstanding the location of the city, the 
 swamp upon which it is built and the malaria which formerly troubled 
 it, it is one of the healthiest cities in the world.
 
 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. 41 
 
 There are many advantages in a town which has its elevations and 
 broken surfaces. Boston, for example, has its high points ; the Bos- 
 tonian must know how to go up and down. Such a place has special 
 advantages for getting rid of the sewage which, if not conducted freely, 
 would become a breeder of disease. 
 
 Yet some of the largest and healthiest cities in the world are built on 
 i level sities. This is especially true of Philadelphia where the death rate 
 is nearly as low as that of any other city in the country. Much, then, 
 depends upon the way in which a town is built and the provisions made 
 for the health and comfort of its inhabitants. For a long time the 
 sewage question puzzled the people of Chicago, but knowing that the 
 welfare and prosperity of the town were at stake, they grappled with the 
 problem and found a satisfactory solution. The river, which at one 
 time was ridiculed as being little better than a ditch, has been turned 
 into a useful servant and made to work for the benefit of a million 
 people. It forms a natural channel, and being divided into two branches, 
 it is the outlet to a large extent of territory. 
 
 Erection of Pumping Works. 
 
 Formerly the river was very slow in its movements, and a plan was 
 devised for quickening its current. Chicago is satisfied with nothing 
 that is sluggish. Pumping works were built at Bridgeport and Fuller- 
 ton Avenue. At the former of these, in the southwestern part of the 
 city, the water is thrown out of the river into the Illinois and Michigan 
 Canal at the rate of 40,000 cubic feet per minute. The other pumping 
 station, in the northeastern part of the city, supplies fresh water in suffi- 
 cient quantities to turn the current of the river from the lake. Improve- 
 ments have been carried on in this system, and the recent construction 
 of a gravity channel helps to cleanse the city and relieve it from all 
 danger of any widespread epidemic. It is possible that in the near future, 
 by the aid of the National Government, the canal will be made navigable 
 from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. 
 
 A good deal of ingenuity has been displayed in furnishing the city 
 with an ample supply of pure fresh water. Previous to the year 1854, 
 water had been pumped out of the lake close to the shore. Water, 
 however, next to the shore was polluted at this time by the filth from the 
 city ; and the question was how to overcome and remedy the difficulty. 
 A few piles were driven around the inlet at the pumping station " about 
 close enough together," as one observes, "to exclude a young whale. 
 The small fry of the finny tribes passed freely inward, and if they were 
 lucky, they passed out again ; if unlucky, they were sucked up by the
 
 42 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. 
 
 pumps and driven into the pipes where they made their way into the 
 faucets of private houses ; even the hot- water faucets, in which they came 
 out cooked, and one's bath tub apt to be filled with what squeamish 
 citizens called chowder." This was not considered a satisfactory method 
 of procuring fish for breakfast. 
 
 Humorous Statement of the Case. 
 
 While the water supply was being agitated a racy article appeared in 
 one of the daily journals gravely charging the people of Chicago with 
 being cannibals and eating their ancestors. It asserted that as the ceme- 
 tery was situated on the shore of the lake, the drainings from it flowed 
 into tli2 water, fish were nourished by them, and these, having been 
 pumped into the pipes, became the food of the living, who in this way 
 were devouring the remains of the dead. This was exquisite sarcasm, 
 but sarcasm is always a powerful weapon and proved to be in this case. 
 
 Some genius suggested that a big tunnel might be run out a couple 
 of miles in the lake, beyond the filthy water along the shore, and so a 
 fresh and abundant supply of the pure article might be obtained. This 
 was an undertaking unknown in the annals of engineering. Nothing 
 like it had ever been attempted before, but the novelty of it was not suf- 
 ficient to condemn it in the estimation of people who were not in the 
 habit of clinging to a thing merely because it is old, or rejecting a plan 
 merely because it is new. Chicago said : " Let the experiment be 
 tried." It was tried and has proved a complete success. The water for 
 the city is obtained a long distance from the shore, where it is perfectly 
 pure, and by this device of Yankee ingenuity the great city is as well 
 furnished with water as that of any other in the land. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that Chicago has overcome its natural disadvan- 
 tages and has removed the obstacles to its growth and success as a com- 
 mercial centre. Its location, its water front, its thousands of miles of 
 railroad, its bracing climate, its provision for health and comfort, its 
 water supply, drawn from the great lake these are among the condi- 
 tions which account for the city's unparalleled growth. 
 
 It is useless to predict what the future has in store. The great West 
 need not busy itself with dreams and visions ; it has enough to do to 
 take care of realities. Whether Chicago will ever rival London, whether 
 she will outstrip the great metropolis on the eastern coast, or become 
 the largest city of the world, as some have predicted, is a question that 
 may well be left to cranks and dreamers. It is enough to say that men 
 are now living, who remember the place when it started with its twenty- 
 eight voters. What the boy will see who draws his first breath to-day
 
 44 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. 
 
 from the lively air of the so-called " Windy City " no one can predict. 
 
 No better proof of the unconquerable spirit and energy of Chicago 
 could be afforded than was seen in. her recovery from the great fire in 
 1871, by which property valued at $190,000,000 was destroyed, accord- 
 ing to the best estimates. An old woman's cow kicked over a lamp one 
 day and 20,000 buildings vanished in smoke. The fire occurred on the 
 night of October 8th, and it forms the most thrilling episode in the his- 
 tory of Chicago. It is needless to say that the entire country was greatly 
 excited by the event. The same maybe said of foreign countries, as was 
 shown by their messages of sympathy and offers of assistance. The 
 calamity proved that misfortune makes the whole world akin, and has for 
 its compensation the sympathy and kindness which always hasten to the 
 
 rescue. 
 
 Tinder Boxes in Flames. 
 
 The reader will be interested in the following vivid account of the fire 
 taken from the work entitled " Chicago and the Great Conflagration," by 
 Messrs. Colbert and Chamberlain : 
 
 " There had been on the previous evening (that of Saturday, the /th of 
 October,) an extensive conflagration, which the journals had recorded in 
 many columns, devoting to it their most stunning head-lines, their most 
 ponderous superlatives, and their most graphic powers of description. 
 The location of this fire was in the West Division, between Clinton Street 
 and the river, and running north from Van Buren Street, where it caught, 
 to Adams Street, where, fortunately, it was checked rather by the lack of 
 combustible material than by any ability of the fire department to obtain 
 the mastery. The damage by this fire was nearly a million dollars. 
 
 "A little' while after nine o'clock on Sunday evening the lamp was upset 
 which was to kindle the funeral pyre of Chicago's pristine splendor. 
 The little stable, with its contents of hay, was soon ablaze. By the time 
 the alarm could be sounded at the box several blocks away, two or three 
 other little buildings tinder boxes to the leeward had been ignited, 
 and in five minutes the poor purlieu in the vicinity of De Koven and 
 Jefferson streets was blazing like a huge bonfire. 
 
 " The first vault across the river was made at midnight from Van 
 Buren Street, lighting in a building of the South Division Gas Works 
 on Adams Street. This germ of the main fire was not suppressed, and 
 from that moment the doom of the commercial quarter was sealed, 
 though no man could have foretold that the raging element would make 
 such complete havoc of the proudest and strongest structures in that 
 quarter. The axis of the column as it had progressed from the starting 
 point in the southwestern purlieu had varied hardly a point from due

 
 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. 45 
 
 northeast. Having gained a foothold upon the South Division, its 
 march naturally lay through two or three blocks of pine rookeries, 
 known as ' Conley's Patch,' and so on for a considerable space through 
 the abodes of squalor and vice. 
 
 "Through these it set out at double-quick, the main column being 
 flanked by another on each side and nearly an hour to the rear. That 
 at the right was generated by a separate brand from the western burn- 
 ing ; that at the left was probably created by some of the eddies, which 
 were by this time whirling through the streets toward the flame below 
 and from it above. The rookeries were quickly disposed of. Beyond 
 them, however, along La Salle Street, was a splendid double row of 'fire- 
 proof mercantile buildings, the superior of which did not exist in the 
 land. It was supposed they would resist the march of the flames. 
 
 Public Buildings Reduced to Ashes. 
 
 " One after another they went as the column advanced ; and the col- 
 umn was spreading fearfully debouching to right and left, according as 
 opportunities of conquest offered themselves. It was not long after one 
 o'clock before the Chamber of Commerce was attacked and fell a prey 
 to the advancing force. Soon the Court House was seized upon; 
 but it did not surrender until near three o'clock, when the great bell 
 went down, down, and pealed a farewell, dying groan as it went. The 
 hundred and fifty prisoners in the basement story were released to save 
 their lives. They evinced their gratitude by pillaging a jewelry store 
 near by. 
 
 " From the Court House the course of the main column seemed to 
 tend eastward, and Hooley's Opera House, the Times building, and 
 Crosby's fine Opera House (to have been reopened that very night) fell 
 rapidly before it. Pursuing its way more slowly onward, the fiery 
 invader laid waste some buildings to the northeast, and, preparatory to 
 attacking the magnificent wholesale stores at the foot of Randolph 
 Street, and the great Union Depot adjoining, joined forces with the other 
 branch of the main column which had lingered to demolish the Sher- 
 man House a grand seven-story edifice of marble the Tremont House, 
 and the other fine buildings lying between Randolph and Lake Streets. 
 
 " The left column had meantime diverged to pass down La Salle 
 Street and attack all buildings lying to the west of that noble avenue 
 the Oriental and Mercantile buildings, the Union Bank, the Merchants' 
 Insurance building, where were General Sheridan's headquarters, arid 
 the offices of the Western Union Telegraph, and, in fact, an unbroken 
 row of the stone palaces of trade which had already made La Salle Street
 
 46 
 
 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. 
 
 a monument of Chicago's business architecture, to which her citizens 
 pointed with glowing pride, and of which admiring visitors wrote and 
 published warm panegyrics in all quarters of the globe. 
 
 " The column of the left did its mission but too well, however, and by 
 daylight scarcely a stone was left upon another in all that stately thor- 
 oughfare. But one building was standing in this division of the city a 
 large brick structure, with iron shutters, known as Lind's Block. This 
 was saved by its isolated location, being on the shore of the river, and 
 separated by an exceptionally wide street from the seething furnace, 
 
 THE DAY AFTER THE FIRE. 
 
 which consumed all else in its vicinity. Naturally this building was an 
 object of great curiosity after the fire, and was visited by crowds of 
 sight-seers. 
 
 " The right column started from a point near the intersection of Van 
 Buren Street and the river, where some wooden buildings were ignited 
 by brands from the West Side, in spite of the efforts of the inhabitants 
 of that quarter to save their homes by drenching their premises with 
 water from their hydrants, and we need hardly add, in spite of the 
 desultory though desperate efforts of the Fire Department. The right 
 column had also the advantage of a large area of wooden buildings on
 
 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. 47 
 
 which to ration and arm itself for its march of destruction. Thus fed 
 and equipped, it swept down upon the remaining portion of the best- 
 built section of the town. It gutted the Michigan Southern Depot and 
 the Grand Pacific Hotel, and the tornado soon made them shapeless 
 ruins. It spared not the unfinished building of the Lakeside Publishing 
 Company, which had already put on a very sightly front, and which had 
 scarcely anything to burn but brick and stone. It licked up the fine 
 new buildings on Dearborn Street near the Postoffice. 
 
 " The Postoffice was seized upon and gutted like the rest, some two 
 millions of treasure being destroyed in its vaults, which proved to have 
 been of flimsy construction. It swept down upon the new Bigelow 
 House fc a massive and elegant hotel which had never yet been occupied, 
 and demolished that, together with the Honore Block, a magnificent new 
 building, with massive walls, adorned with hundreds of stately colon- 
 nades of marble. It reached out to the left, and took McVicker's new 
 theatre in its grasp for a moment with the usual disastrous result. It 
 assaulted the noble Tribune building, which the people had been declar- 
 ing, even up to that terrible hour, would withstand all attacks, being 
 furnished with all known safeguards against destruction by fire; but the 
 enemy was wily as well as strong. It surrounded the fated structure 
 and ruined it too. It threw a red-hot brick wall upon the building's 
 weaker side, a shower of brands upon the roof, a subterranean fire under 
 the sidewalk and into the basement, and an atmosphere of furnace heat 
 all around. 
 
 The March of a Conqueror. 
 
 " It conquered and destroyed the Tribune building at half-past seven 
 in the evening. It marched on and laid waste Booksellers' Row, the 
 finest row of book stores in the world. It fell upon Potter Palmer's store 
 of Massachusetts marble, for which Field, Leiter & Co., dry goods 
 importers, were paying the owner $25,000 a year rent. This splendid 
 building, with such of its contents as had not been removed in wagons, 
 went like all the rest. It deployed to the right, in spite of its ally, the 
 wind, and destroyed the spendid churches and residences which adorned 
 the lower or town end of Wabash and Michigan Avenues. Among 
 these were the First and Second Presbyterian Churches, Trinity (Episco- 
 pal) Church, and the palatial row of residences known as 'Terrace Row.' 
 Finally, its course southward was stayed at Congress Street by the blow- 
 ing up of a building. The southern line of the fire was for the most 
 part, however, along Harrison Street, which is one square further to the 
 south.
 
 48 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. 
 
 " This is a brief sketch of the operations of the fire in the West and 
 South Divisions. It effected a foothold in the North Division as early 
 as half-past three in the morning ; and it is remarkable that almost the 
 first building to be attacked on the north side of the river was the engine 
 house of the Water-works ; as if the terrible marauder had, with deadly 
 strategy, thrown out a swifter brand than all others to cut off the only 
 reliance of his victims the water supply. The Water-works are nearly 
 a mile from the point where the burning brands must have crossed the 
 river. The denizens of the North Division were standing in their doors 
 and gazing at the blazing splendor of the Court House dome, when they 
 discovered, to their horror, that the fire was already raging behind them, 
 and that the Water-works had gone. A general stampede to the sands 
 of the Lake shore, or to the prairies west of the city, was the result. 
 
 " Besides its foothold at the Water-works, from which the fire spread 
 rapidly in every direction, it soon made a landing in two of the elevators 
 near the river, and organized an advance which consumed everything left 
 by the scores of separate irruptions which the flames were constantly 
 making in unexpected places. This was the system by which the North 
 Division was wiped out : blazing brands and scorching heat sent ahead 
 to kindle many scattering fires, and the grand general conflagration fol- 
 lowing and finishing up. 
 
 Elegant Residences Consumed. 
 
 " Within the limits shown upon the appended map nothing was spared ; 
 not any of the elegant residences of the patricians not even those 
 isolated by acres of pleasure grounds; not even the ' fire-proof Histori- 
 cal Hall, with its thousand precious relics; not even the stone churches 
 of the Rev. Robert Collyer and Mr. Chamberlain, protected by a park 
 in front; not even the cemetery to the north, whither many people 
 removed a few of their most necessary effects only to see them con- 
 sumed before their eyes ; not even Lincoln Park, whose scattering oaks 
 were burned to dismal pollards by the all-consuming flames nothing 
 but one lone house, the Ogden residence, as the sole survivor of the 
 scourged district. The loss of life and the sufferings of those who 
 managed to escape with life were most severe in this quarter of the city. 
 They will be long remembered by all our people, the human element of 
 the tragedy having been purposely omitted from this as far as practicable. 
 Only at the lake and the northern limits of the city was the conflagration 
 stayed, or rather, spent, for lack of anything to consume. 
 
 " The sensations conveyed to the spectator of this unparalleled event, 
 either through the eye, the ear, or other senses or sympathies, cannot be
 
 60 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. 
 
 adequately described, and any attempt to do it but shows the poverty of 
 language. 
 
 "The total area burned over, including streets, was nearly three and a 
 third square miles. The number of buildings destroyed was 17,450; 
 persons rendered homeless, 98,500 ; persons killed, about 200. Not 
 including depreciation of real estate or loss of business it is estimated 
 that the total loss occasioned by the fire was $ 1 90,000,000, of which about 
 $44,000,000 was recovered on insurance, though one of the first results 
 of the fire was to bankrupt many of the insurance companies all over the 
 country. The business of the city was interrupted but a short time, how- 
 ever. Before the winter many of the merchants were doing business in 
 extemporized wooden structures and the rest in private dwellings. In a 
 year after the fire a large part of the burnt district had been rebuilt, and 
 at present there is scarcely a trace of the terrible disaster, save in the 
 improved character of the new buildings over those destroyed, and the 
 general better appearance of the city now architecturally the finest in 
 
 the world." 
 
 Another Great Conflagration. 
 
 On July 14, 1874, within three years, as if the demon of destruc- 
 tion were not yet satiated, still another great fire swept over the devoted 
 city, destroying eighteen blocks, or sixty acres, in the heart of the city, 
 and about $4,000,000 worth of property. Over 600 houses were con- 
 sumed ; but fortunately by far the larger number of these were wooden 
 shanties. Nearly all the magnificent structures of the rebuilt section 
 escaped. 
 
 The greatness of the calamity of 1871 was only exceeded by the 
 greatness of the relief afforded. It is worth recording that within a very 
 short time subscriptions amounting to $7,000,000 flowed in, bringing 
 with them a new heart and new hope to the stricken sufferers. The 
 desolation of the town was frightful. Streets were obliterated, million- 
 aires were homeless, paupers were as rich as many who a little time 
 before had been accounted men of wealth, and the savings of half a life- 
 time in many instances had been swept away in an hour. 
 
 Ghastly ruins covered the spot where magnificent buildings had reared 
 their imposing fronts; the tall spires of churches which had been 
 land-marks were no longer to be seen ; palatial hotels that had shel- 
 tered hundreds of guests now looked like the ruins of ancient buildings 
 gone to decay; great business blocks which just before had been noisy 
 with traffic were now laid low ; and in fact, if an earthquake like that whicli 
 visited ill-fated Lisbon had upheaved the city and toppled over its edifices 
 the desolation could not have been more complete.
 
 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. 51 
 
 By this awful conflagration, the fiery pang of which was felt through- 
 out the world, the spirit of the people of Chicago was put to the test. 
 As soon as the first dreadful blow was over, as soon as the shock which 
 made the city stagger had passed, people addressed themselves to the 
 great question of repairing the dreadful wastes and rebuilding their 
 homes and places of business. Chicago was not to be left to its fiery fate ; 
 it was to rise from the ashes like the phoenix of old with a stronger and 
 a bolder wing. The real history of that lurid night and terrible day will 
 never be written. Fears, alarms, disappointments, sense of losses can 
 never be expressed in words. 
 
 "Fire-proof Buildings," Good Fuel. 
 
 And to think that a considerable part of the buildings which were 
 destroyed were " absolutely fire-proof!" No fear that Chicago would 
 burn ! Iron fronts, iron walls, iron floors, everything iron what chance 
 was there for fire to get in ? But the flames hissed and laughed at fire- 
 proof structures, swept on like a mad cyclone, burned not only houses 
 of wood, but dashing through windows and up stairways and elevators, 
 licked with their hot tongues merchandise of every description, and in 
 the seething furnace, this very hell of flame, iron melted like snowflakes 
 and destruction reigned supreme. 
 
 One thing had been gained : buildings " absolutely fire-proof" were 
 very suspicious structures. Yet as a large part of the disaster had come 
 from wooden buildings, such as are common in all western towns, it was 
 decided that in the reconstruction they should be left out as far as possi- 
 ble. Edifices of a more substantial character were put up. Few towns 
 to-day have more fire-proof structures than Chicago, and there can be 
 no doubt but the appearance of the city was greatly improved by the fire 
 that reduced to ashes so many buildings which otherwise would have 
 stood for many years, but which now are replaced by structures of finer- 
 proportions. In this view of the case the fire was not an unmixed 
 calamity. The city to-day has more attractive specimens of architec- 
 ture, more spacious business palaces, and more beautiful dwellings by 
 reason of the direful work of the little lamp kicked over by an old 
 woman's cow. 
 
 Whatever check was put upon the prosperity of Chicago by the fire 
 was only temporary. She was soon on her feet again and ready for the 
 race. Insurance companies settled their losses, available capital was 
 utilized, fresh capital was offered from distant places, and it was not 
 long before a new and finer city began to rise out of the ruins and frag- 
 ments of the old. The great lake was still there; the site^on which the
 
 52
 
 RAPID GROWTH OF CHICAGO AND THE GREAT FIRE. 53 
 
 metropolis stood was not burned up; the vast resources of the Northwest 
 were not consumed, and, best of all, the spirit and courage of the peo- 
 ple had not died with the smouldering embers. Nothing, therefore, 
 remained but to look forward to a greater Chicago, which was sure to 
 come within the next generation. 
 
 A City Without Houses. 
 
 Although the homes of 98,500 persons were burned up, and to a con- 
 siderable extent this vast number of people were thrown upon public 
 charity, yet that resolute determination which masters emergencies did 
 not forsake the sufferers. Of the immense loss sustained only $44,000, 
 OOO was covered by insurance. It is estimated that two hundred persons 
 lost their lives in the conflagration, a fact more to be deplored than the 
 destruction of banks, warehouses, wholesale and commission houses, 
 railroad depots and much else that had drawn t > Chicago the trade of 
 the Northwest and made it a great commercial centre. 
 
 One of the incidents of the terrible scene was the plundering which 
 was carried on by the criminal classes. Suddenly they waked up from 
 their hiding places and like pirates on the high seas began to seize what- 
 ever they could lay their hands on. General Phil Sheridan took com- 
 mand of the situation, and on request of the Mayor ordered eight com- 
 panies of United States regulars to the city to act as police. This had a 
 wholesome effect upon the marauders and checked the wholesale plunder 
 that had been going on. Tents outside the crowded portion of the town 
 were erected for the accommodation of the homeless, and for a long time 
 the locality looked like a vast military camp. 
 
 Yet already the great fire has passed into history, and many leaves of 
 the book have since been turned down upon that which contains tjie 
 lurid record.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Great Industries of Chicago. 
 
 TO some extent Chicago is a manufacturing city, but in this re- 
 spect it does not compare with other towns, especially Philadel- 
 phia, which is one of the greatest manufacturing centres in the 
 world. Business of other kinds, however, is carried on at 
 Chicago to an almost unlimited extent, and even the manufacturing 
 interests can have much placed to their credit. 
 
 One of the busiest spots is the Union Stock Yards. These are 
 located about five and a half miles southwest of the City Hall. The 
 Union Stock Yards date back to 1865, when the company was organ- 
 ized, purchased four hundred acres of land, and began operations at 
 once on a large scale. About half of the ground is occupied by the 
 yards, the remainder being used for railroad connections. A large num- 
 ber of tracks run into the yards, affording ample conveniences for trans- 
 portation. 
 
 The plant of the Union Stock Yards Company cost $4,000,000, and it is 
 needless to say has been a profitable investment. By visiting the ground 
 one can realize the truth of Mr. Parton's statement that " Chicago feeds 
 States and Kingdoms." It used to be said that cotton was king ; some 
 of the northwest states say that corn is king ; but from the amount of 
 business done in the great packing establishments of Chicago it would 
 seem to be more nearly correct to say that pork is king. Here at the 
 yards are twenty miles of streets, twenty miles of water-troughs, fifty 
 miles of feeding-troughs, and about seventy-five miles of water and 
 drainage pipes. This gives one some idea of the vast magnitude of the 
 business carried on. The visitor wonders where all the immense product 
 can find a market. 
 
 The yards have an excellent supply of water, some of which is 
 brought in by pipes, while a considerable part is procured by a number 
 x>f artesian wells, having an average depth of 1,230 feet. 
 
 Numbers Accommodated. 
 
 The yards can accommodate at one time 50,000 sheep, 20,000 cattle 
 and 120,000 hogs, yet the conveniences are so ample that this vast num- 
 ber can be well cared for and supplied with food and water. Great pains 
 are taken to keep the yards in good condition, and a small army of men 
 is employed for this purpose and in looking after the stock. 
 54
 
 50 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO. 
 
 Of course, the business is reduced to a system ; there is no disorder, 
 no confusion, no hopeless tangle at any time, and as the company owns 
 150 miles of railroad tracks, with any number of switches and shipping 
 places, the vast multitude of sheep, cattle and hogs can be handled with 
 comparative ease. Trains are constantly rolling in with their living 
 freight, which is received by the company and taken in charge for the 
 commission men and dealers or salesmen, who occupy premises assigned 
 them in the yard, and who aim to have all their cattle located in one 
 place. The whole yard is divided into pens, and these are so numbered 
 and situated that the business is expedited and easily carried on. Each 
 pen has a water-trough, and there are hay-racks in those used for cattle 
 and sheep. All the pens are made of wood and very strongly con- 
 structed, the floors being of the same material. The alleys that intersect 
 the yard are macadamized. Feed stores and weighing scales are placed 
 at convenient points. The Stock Yards Company is responsible to the 
 railroad companies for the freight due on each shipment, and in turn the 
 owners of the stock and the commission men are responsible to the com- 
 pany. It would be impossible to collect the freight on every carload as 
 it comes in, and so settlements are made twice a week, the commission 
 men being required to furnish to the company a bond of $i 0,000 to 
 secure the amounts that may, at any time, accumulate. 
 
 Hours for Buying and Selling. 
 
 The arrivals of trains at the yards are frequent between four and eight 
 o'clock in the morning, yet the trains come in at all hours of the day. 
 Buying and selling are constantly going on. The hog market opens 
 early and the transactions are generally over by ten o'clock. Most of 
 the buying in the sheep market is done in the morning, while trading in 
 cattle begins at nine o'clock and continues until three. 
 
 The number of employees at the Stock Yards is about 1,000, and there 
 are 120 commission men who employ 1,000 assistants ; to these must be 
 added about 300 buyers, while there are hundreds of sight-seers and 
 owners of stock who are looking on. It will be seen that the yard is a 
 very busy place, and the vast magnitude of the business may be esti- 
 mated from the fact that during five days of the week about 10,000 
 cattle arrive every day in addition to the great number of sheep and 
 hogs. The troughs are filled with water, and hay is provided for the 
 cattle, which are sorted and classed, and then the preparations for buying 
 and selling are complete. 
 
 In another part of the town is located the Exchange Building, where 
 the Stock Yards Company, commission men, buyers and railroad com-
 
 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO. 57 
 
 panics have their offices. A bank is also located in the same building. 
 One interesting feature of the business is the weighing of the live stock. 
 For this purpose immense scales are provided, with a capacity of 1 00,000 
 pounds. A vast number of cattle can be placed on the scales in a single 
 day. Everybody is at liberty to examine the scales, and this precau- 
 tionary measure prevents all disputes concerning the weights. As the 
 cattle pass from the scales they become the property of the buyer. A 
 scale ticket is furnished from which the weight is determined and the 
 amount of the purchase is made up. It is not necessary here to enter 
 into all the details of sorting the stock and separating it according to its 
 condition and value. The whole business is so systematized that the 
 best results are obtained. 
 
 Helping to Feed the World. 
 
 Standing in the Stock Yards one is led to inquire what becomes of the 
 vast product which is handled daily. Where does it come from and 
 where does it go ? The movement is always toward the East ; it does 
 not stop even this side of the Atlantic. The borders of the Gulf of 
 Mexico, the great ranches of Texas and the Southwest, the valleys of 
 Montana and Nevada, and the wide plains of Arizona, all help to feed 
 the Stock Yards of Chicago. The animals are gathered at various points 
 and then collected at some convenient place for shipment, and are hurried 
 on to their destination. The whole world must eat, and Chicago helps 
 to solve the all-important problem of supplying food for millions of human 
 mouths. 
 
 One of the latest improvements in transportation is the construction of 
 " palace stock-cars " by which cattle can be easily supplied with food 
 and water on their journey. This provision has not only a commercial 
 aspect, but it is also humane and reasonable ; for it is useless to boast of 
 high attainments in civilization when there is constant abuse of the ani- 
 mal creation and a cruelty which places man on the level of the brute. 
 It frequently happens that the sufferings of animals transported a long 
 distance are pitiful and inhumar 
 
 The Famous Packing-Houses. 
 
 Just here we may give a brief description of the packing-houses, some 
 of the largest of which in the world are located at Chicago. Among 
 these may be mentioned the " Big- Four" packers, namely, Armour and 
 Company, the Anglo-American Packing Company, Nelson Morris and 
 Company and Swift and Company. These firms have shown their enter- 
 prise by organizing a new Stock Yard Company, in order to keep pace with
 
 53 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO. 
 
 the rapid increase of business. As early as 1870, Mr. George II. Ham- 
 mond, of Detroit, conceived the idea of dressing beef and shipping it to 
 distant points. His untimely death prevented him from carrying out his 
 great project to the fullest extent, but others took it up, and it is now an 
 important part of the packing industry of Chicago. Slaughter-houses, 
 with all the best appliances and contrivances for carrying on the busi- 
 ness, have been erected, where every part of the animal is utilized, and 
 the meat is made ready to be packed in the refrigerator cars and thus 
 sent all over the country. Europe wants whatever America does, and 
 the product of the packing-houses is not confined to our own country 
 for its market. 
 
 The slaughter-house is an interesting place to visit, that is, if one can 
 forget for the moment that helpless animals are giving up their own lives 
 to maintain the lives of human beings. The place is kept scrupulously 
 neat and clean, and scarcely a speck of dirt can be discovered on the 
 floors where the process is completed. One discovers no noise nor con- 
 fusion; the rapidity with which the work goes on and the dexterity of 
 the butchers are amazing ; and the mechanical contrivances and the sys- 
 tem employed impress every visitor. 
 
 A Typical Guide. 
 
 For the very moderate sum of twenty-five cents anyone who wishes 
 to visit the Stock Yards and packing establishments can obtain a guide 
 familiar with all the mysteries of the place and able to describe the 
 interesting sights with as much enthusiasm as if he were a Congressman 
 advocating the admission of a new state into the Union and picturing 
 its wonderful resources. He will conduct you from point to point, 
 answer all questions with the greatest affability, tell you the names of all 
 the streets and avenues, for it must be understood that all the narrow 
 passages are named as pompously as a Michigan Avenue, and when you 
 have heard all he has to say, and seen how the business is done, you are 
 fortunate if you are not so completely bewildered that you know quite 
 as little as you did before you paid your twenty-five cents. 
 
 Yet a visit to these places will at least give one a general idea of one 
 of the great industries of Chicago. You will see important officials who, 
 from having once driven cows down the old country lane, have risen to 
 be moguls and are reputed to be millionaires. The outside dress and 
 appearance may not indicate that they are money kings, yet it is not 
 important that a man who can draw his check for half a million or a 
 million should carry around on his person a placard to let the world 
 know it.
 
 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO. 59 
 
 There is one particular guide at the stock yards frequently pointed 
 out as an extremely interesting fellow. This is " Old Bill," the bunko 
 steer. He is perhaps the most depraved animal in existence. There is 
 no element of brotherly love or patriotism in his nature. His duty at 
 the yards is to guide droves of cattle to the slaughter-houses. He has 
 mastered his little act and reduced steering steers to a science. Every 
 day he takes his post near one of Armour's packing houses and waits 
 until it is necessary to drive a herd of cattle up the viaduct to the killing- 
 rooms. He then joins the drove, ingratiates himself into their good-will, 
 and tells them that he knows of a good pasture not far away. At his 
 suggestion the cattle think about it and finally resolve to let him lead 
 them there. Bill, the bunko steer, laughs softly and a cruel look lights 
 his eyes. He lopes off through the mud toward a large gate not far 
 away. Following after him are a hundred or more cattle, every one 
 entertaining a vision of gently-swelling hills covered with long, wavy 
 blue-grass and sweet-clover blossoms. Bill leads them to this gate and 
 allows the herd to go through it, while he steps aside and avoids the rush. 
 As the dust of the rush clears off a little a familiar figure is observed 
 slowly strolling away from the gate. It is " Bill." On his face is no 
 remorse as he saunters back Jto his post of duty near a tall fence. He is 
 then ready to betray a couple hundred more of his unsuspecting rela- 
 tives. 
 
 Grain Elevators. 
 
 One of the largest transportation vessels on the lakes is the propeller 
 "America." Her first cargo consisted of 95,000 bushels of corn. To 
 load this vast bulk in the old way would consume a vast amount of time 
 and require the labor of many men. The vessel received her cargo of 
 95,000 bushels of corn in one hour and twenty-five minutes and was 
 ready for sailing. This simple fact shows the practical advantages of 
 the grain elevator. 
 
 An immense quantity of grain is handled at Chicago, and this has 
 necessitated the construction of elevators on a large scale. One of these 
 huge buildings, put up in first-class style, costs about $500,000. The 
 height and length are each about 155 feet. There is an outside brick 
 wall sixteen or eighteen inches thick; a fire wall two feet thick com- 
 monly divides the building in the middle. Tanks and barrels of water 
 are located at convenient points and chemical fire extinguishers are ready 
 for emergency. Iron ladders extend to the top as a precaution against 
 fire, and electric signals are so placed that an instant alarm can be given. 
 
 The machinery is of the best construction, including a Corliss engine 
 O f 1,000 horse-power. The diameter of the main shaft is eighteen inches
 
 60
 
 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO. 61 
 
 and that of the drive-wheel is twenty feet. A rubber belt 2OO feet long 
 and five feet wide is among the curiosities of the establishment. The 
 chimney of the furnaces is about the height of the building, and fourteen 
 feet in diameter at the base. The labor of 100 men is required to run an 
 elevator of this size. 
 
 How the Loading and Unloading Are Done. 
 
 The cars containing the grain are run alongside the building for the 
 purpose of conveniently unloading. The grain falls through an iron 
 grating into the hopper under the floor. There it is caught by buckets 
 and carried to the top of the building, where it is emptied into scale hop- 
 pers, each of which is capable of holding 2,000 bushels. Hundreds of 
 bins are partitioned off for the storage of the grain. Spouts and funnels 
 are provided through which the grain is conducted to cars or vessels for 
 transportation. 
 
 When grain is to be shipped it is drawn from the bins into a hopper 
 on the ground floor and thence it is carried by the elevators into storage 
 places above the scales, where it is weighed in qtianities of 500 bushels at 
 a time. Being then emptied into a shipping bin, which is amply provided 
 with spouts, it can be easily conveyed to the vessel waiting for its cargo. 
 Cars are loaded much in the same way. The grain elevator is a remark- 
 able device and is a great saving of time and labor. 
 
 Chicago is an immense depot for wheat and corn. Some of the wild- 
 est speculations of recent times have been in these products. Through 
 the newspapers the reading public hears of" corners in wheat " and the 
 fortunes which are made or lost by the great operators. The vast 
 prairies of the West must have an outlet for their products. Chicago 
 stretches out its hands toward the great agricultural districts ; the very 
 wheat seems to nod its head towards Chicago. The transactions in 
 grain are so large that this business must be considered one of the most 
 important of the western metropolis. 
 
 The Lumber Business. 
 
 Next must be mentioned the trade in lumber, which began with the 
 growth of the city and has increased from year to year. It is useless to 
 give the reader the figures of this vast business. These would convey 
 but little idea of the amount of lumber received and shipped to other 
 points. Fortunately the regions around the upper lakes are heavily 
 timbered. Nature has provided fine growths and has been lavish with 
 her products. An army of men has been employed for many years in 
 cutting down the forests and turning them into material for the con 
 struction of buildings and furniture.
 
 62 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO. 
 
 The lumber district is in the southwestern part of the city, from five to 
 seven miles from the Postoffice. The yards extend over a wide area, and 
 like a town, are laid out in streets and alleys. Here the boards and 
 planks are received from the vessels, and thousands of men are employed 
 in unloading them and placing them in position to be seasoned and made 
 ready for the market. Some of the largest planing mills and sash, door 
 and blind factories in the world are located here. In fact a whole house 
 can be built in these factories, except merely putting it together. All 
 the various parts are prepared and made ready for shipment, and all the 
 builder has to do is to fit them together. A man can send an order by 
 letter for a house and might get it by the next train. 
 
 A considerable part of the foreign labor employed in Chicago is con- 
 nected with the lumber yards. The turbulent element in the foreign 
 population has sometimes turned this district into a pandemouium. 
 Riots on a small scale have been of frequent occurrence, yet recently a 
 more peaceful spirit has prevailed and the lumber district has a much 
 better reputation than formerly. 
 
 The Celebrated McCormick Reaper. 
 
 Among the individual enterprises which have given Chicago fame 
 must be mentioned the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company. 
 
 It is claimed that the works of this company produce more grass and 
 grain-cutting machines than any other establishment in the world. 
 Formerly harvesting was done by hand, but the old scythe and cradle 
 were too slow, and now it would seem ludicrous to attempt to use them' 
 for the vast crops, which grow upon our western prairies. As long ago 
 as 183! a McCormick reaper was in use in Virginia. By a process of 
 evolution it has been brought to its present state of perfection and is one 
 of our most famous American inventions. 
 
 The works of the company are on the outskirts of the city and are situ- 
 ated on the south branch of the Chicago River. They appear to form 
 almost a town by themselves. The spacious yards, the large buildings, 
 the perpetual hum of machinery, the resounding hammer strokes, the 
 hurried clatter, which may be heard in the distance, the hundreds of 
 employes scattered through the works, reminding one of a swarm of bees, 
 convey to the mind of the visitor some idea of the magnitude of this very 
 successful manufacturing establishment. Until within a recent period 
 Cyrus H. McCormick, the inventor, was the leading spirit, and gave his 
 personal attention to the manufacture of his far-famed reaper. His suc- 
 cess is proved from the fact that one-third of all the grain and grass-cut- 
 ting machines in the world are manufactured at Chicago.
 
 \
 
 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO. 63 
 
 There are other establishments in Chicago, where large quantities of 
 agricultural implements, such as reapers, mowers, corn-planters, etc., are 
 manufactured ; so that this industry has become one of the most 
 
 important. 
 
 McCormick Machines for the Continent. 
 
 These go everywhere. Figures show that in one season the number 
 of machines sold reached the amazing total of 105,468. This stupend- 
 ous achievement can be fully estimated only when we consider that each 
 of these is to be drawn by horses and has a weight of 650 to 1,300 
 pounds. Only the most effective machinery, employed with the greatest, 
 skill, could produce such enormous results. The transportation facilities 
 of the place are unsurpassed. There are covered sheds extending over 
 railroad tracks where fifty cars can be loaded at once, and the facilities for 
 bringing in the raw material are equally great. Except for the tmst 
 complete system in all the various departments, the work could not be 
 done ; every official knows his place, so does every other man ; and so 
 apparently do every axle and every cog and every wheel. 
 
 This gigantic business has long been growing; new improvements from 
 time to time have been made in the reapers, keeping fully up with the 
 times, and as the country has been settled and new furrows have been 
 turned, the click of the McCormick reaper has been heard over half the 
 continent. The company has in its possession a curiosity well worth 
 visiting the place to see. It is the first and original reaper invented by 
 Cyrus H. McCormick. It is old and quaint, worn and rusty, but is the 
 embodiment of an idea. It is interesting to compare this with the 
 superb machine which has grown out of it. When we think of the old 
 hand-sickle and the slow process of harvesting common among our easy- 
 going ancestors, a process which was harder and more laborious than 
 the one which has taken its place, we need not wonder that human 
 ingenuity set itself to work to provide a more expeditious method and 
 one that would be easier. There has been great improvement in all 
 kinds of agricultural implements. These have been an important aid in 
 farm labor, and among them all probably none is more highly prized 
 than the reaper we have briefly described. 
 
 Pullman Palace Cars. 
 
 In the immediate vicinity of Chicago the works of the Pullman Palace 
 Car Company are located. These can easily be reached by visitors from 
 the heart of the city. The Pullman palace car is known to all travellers 
 upon our great railroads. Its popularity has been abundantly proved, 
 and the fact that it survives all tests and is in constant use is sufficient 
 evidence of its convenience and value.
 
 64 
 
 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO. 
 
 The works of the Company are located at Pullman on the shore of 
 Lake Calumet, ten miles south of the business part of the city. 
 The town takes its name from its founder, who located it on as high 
 ground as could be obtained in order to secure healthful surround- 
 ings. The principal industry is, of course, the manufacture of Pullman 
 cars. The population is 15,000, while a much larger number occupy 
 the immediate vicinity. Ground was broken for the Palace Car 
 Works on May 25, 1881. No place has awakened greater interest and 
 none apparently has been more prosperous. 
 
 INTERIOR OF PULLMAN SLEEPING CAR. 
 
 About 4,000 men are employed in the works of the Car Company, which 
 are confined not merely to palace cars, but extend their operations to 
 the manufacture of freight, passenger, sleeping and street cars. The 
 intention of the founder of the place was to make this a model town. 
 Care was taken in lying out the streets, building the residences, provid- 
 ing for parks and gardens, and obtaining a good supply of water. Neat- 
 ness and thrift are evident on all sides, and the employes of the works 
 seem to appreciate their advantages. 
 
 Industries of various descriptions are connected with the car workc, 
 affording employment to a large number of people. The success of this
 
 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO. 
 
 65 
 
 enterprise is what might be expected from the brain and energy that have 
 been put into it. Strict business principles are laid down and resolutely 
 carried out. Every two weeks wages are paid, and these are sufficient 
 to enable almost any man, with economy, not only to live comfortably 
 but to lay up something ahead. Much has been written in magazines and 
 newspapers concerning this place, for the reason that when it was started 
 it was considered an experiment. It cannot be regarded in this light 
 to-day, for the experimental stage was passed long ago. 
 
 INTERIOR OF A PULLMAN PARLOR CAR. 
 
 One of the largest industries of Chicago is that of the Illinois Steel 
 Company. Of the nineteen coke-blast furnaces in the city, seventeen 
 are owned by this company. "The Illinois Steel Company" is a cor- 
 poration formed by the consolidation of the North Chicago Rolling Mill 
 Company, the Joliet Steel Company and the Union Steel Company. The 
 consolidation was effected May I, 1889, and brought under one control 
 and management five plants as follow: North Chicago Works, South 
 Chicago Works and Milwaukee Works, the North Chicago Rolling Mill 
 5
 
 66 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO. 
 
 Company, Joliet Steel Company's Works, at Joliet ; Union Steel Com- 
 pany's Works, at Chicago. Other property, such as coal lands and coke 
 ovens, etc., belonging to the separate companies, was also included, the 
 whole comprising a property which is capitalized at $50,000,000. The 
 five plants of the company occupy over 500 acres of ground, and the 
 coal lands consist of 4,500 acres, on which there are 1,150 coke ovens. 
 The company owns 1,500 cars used in the coke trade, and the internal 
 transportation at the different plants requires the use of 500 cars and 
 forty-two locomotives of standard gauge, besides seventeen narrow-gauge 
 locomotives hauling special truck. There are sixty miles of standard 
 gauge and seventeen miles of narrow-gauge railroads in the track. 
 
 The first intention was to use these works in making rails, and this 
 object has been carried out with great success. The company has helped 
 to belt the continent with steel. From time to time, however, a demand 
 for other forms of iron and steel work has sprung up, so that the com- 
 pany is now a very extensive manufacturer of rods, beams, billets and 
 other products which find a ready market. New blast-furnaces have 
 been provided as they were required. Pennsylvania boasts of some of 
 the largest iron and steel works in the country, but this plant at Chicago 
 is a successful rival of all the industries of this description in this or any 
 other part of the world. The rich mines of Lake Superior and Iron 
 Ridge in Wisconsin furnish ores, and the various mills are kept running 
 to their fullest capacity. So varied are the products of the company 
 that it may be said in a general way these comprise almost everything 
 that is required of the iron and steel industry. 
 
 Piano and Organ Factories. 
 
 There are few American homes in which there is not some musical 
 instrument. The newer parts of the country in this respect are not 
 one whit behind the older communities of the East. The grim Puritan 
 sang psalms in church without any organ, but his descendants indulge 
 in livelier music accompanied by all sorts of instruments. Sometimes we 
 wonder where all the Family Bibles go, hundreds of thousands of which 
 are manufactured every year ; " where do all the pianos go," is a question 
 equally interesting and hard to answer. Evidently the people of our 
 country are lovers of music ; they sing, they play, they attend concerts 
 and operas, they have excellent schools for the cultivation of musical 
 talent. 
 
 The great piano and organ factories of the W. W. Kimball Company 
 are among the attractions of Chicago, and will interest the visitor about 
 as much as any that can be pointed out. The buildings composing the
 
 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO. 67 
 
 factories are two in number, each being the counterpart of the other, five 
 stories high, with a frontage of eighty feet and a depth of 250 feet. 
 Together they have a floorage of 200,000 square feet. They are located 
 on the Chicago River, and near the junction of two railroads, with a 
 private switch leading into the premises. The grounds comprise over 
 seven acres of land, the most of which is used as a lumber yard. The 
 company always have some 4,000,000 square feet of lumber on hand. 
 The six large dry-houses hold 150,000 square feet. 
 
 Where the "Work is Done. 
 
 As soon as the lumber is sufficiently dried it is placed on little cars 
 made expressly for that purpose, and wheeled directly into the mill-room 
 where it is cut up into proper shapes for both pianos and organs. For 
 this purpose the company have all the latest improved machines. The 
 work is divided between the two factories, the organs being made in one, 
 while the other is devoted exclusively to pianos. All the mill work, 
 however, is done in the organ factory. These factories give employment 
 to between five and six hundred men. Each factory is divided by a 
 thick fire wall into three parts. There are thirty of these rooms, besides 
 the office in the front of the piano factory. The company ships about 
 loo pianos every week, or about 5,000 per annum. Permission to visit 
 the factories may be obtained at the Wabash Avenue salesroom. 
 
 The building occupied by the offices of this co:npany is considered 
 one of the finest edifices in the country. It is made of chocolate-colored 
 brick, has a frontage of eighty feet and is seven stories high. The 
 trimmings are brown stone, and particular attention has been paid to the 
 strength and durability of the materials. The floors are double and the 
 air-chambers are padded with cement. Within the building is a concert 
 hall which holds six hundred people, and by opening folding doors a 
 larger number can be accommodated. The floors above the first, contain- 
 ing upwards of fifty rooms, are furnished for offices and studios, and are 
 occupied by artists, teachers and musicians. The building is lighted 
 throughout with electricity, the ventilation is the best that can be 
 obtained, and elevators obviate the necessity of climbing long flights of 
 stairs. Electric motors are the power used for the elevators. All the 
 latest improvements have been introduced and the building is a model of 
 its kind. 
 
 Western Electric Company. 
 
 The manufacture of electric apparatus is another of the great indus- 
 tries of Chicago. The Western Electric Company's Works are situated 
 on Clinton Street; they have a frontage of 312 feet and a depth of 150
 
 68 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO. 
 
 feet. The building has six stories and five acres of floor space. About 
 eleven hundred hands are employed, whose weekly wages amount to 
 something like $n,ooo. The value of the product annually turned out 
 readies the grand total of $2,500,000. This company manufactures 
 all kinds of electrical apparatus such as lamps, motors, telephones, tele- 
 graph wires, insulated wires, electric light cables, multiple switch-boards, 
 magnetic bells, etc. 
 
 Marvelous Discoveries in Electricity. 
 
 A visit to this establishment will give one a vivid idea of the marvel- 
 ous discoveries in electricity and the ingenious contrivances employed 
 for lighting dwellings, stores, factories, theatres and the streets of our 
 large cities. It is remarkable that the untamed lightning should be 
 brought into our very houses, affording us an opportunity to read our 
 newspapers by its brilliant light. It is also remarkable, considering the 
 really dangerous nature of electricity, that so few accidents by its use 
 have been reported. 
 
 It may be said that the science of electricity is as yet only in its 
 infancy. In all probability great discoveries will yet be made, parti- 
 cularly in the application of this agent as a motive power. Past dis- 
 coveries are remarkable and interesting as showing that nature's 
 resources are ample for the wants of man. No sooner do men who have 
 a passion for dealing with figures begin to predict that our mountains of 
 coal will one day be exhausted, cutting off the supply for the manu- 
 facture of gas, than we hear of the electric light which does not require 
 the consumption of coal and which is as free as the air we breathe, the 
 only expense being in utilizing the electric element that burns and hisses 
 in the world around us. 
 
 It is not surprising that there should be large electric works at Chicago, 
 for the West is particularly prompt in welcoming new discoveries and 
 improvements. The old tallow candle has had its day. The oil lamp, 
 like that which set fire to Chicago, is not equal to the requirements of 
 dwellings and cities, and as the years go on electricity will come more 
 and more into use, and the company whose plant we have been describ- 
 ing may find that its present business is only like the acorn out of which 
 comes the towering oak. 
 
 California Fruit Transportation Company. 
 
 The business of this company is one of the most interesting in the 
 city. For a long time it was a difficult matter to get the rich fruits of 
 California in our eastern markets. The company was organized in 1889,
 
 GREAT INDUSTRIES OF CHICAGO. 69 
 
 after it had been discovered by repeated tests that all kinds of fruit suf- 
 fer by being placed in refrigerator cars and transported long distances. 
 They keep very well by the half- freezing process, yet their flavor is not 
 improved, and when they are suddenly transferred from the refrigerators 
 into the warm air they become very perishable and decay so rapidly that 
 great loss is likely to be occasioned thereby. 
 
 The object of this company has been to obviate these difficulties and 
 prevent the losses following the old method of transportation. Various 
 improvements have been made in fruit cars, so that a revolution has 
 taken place in the California fruit industry within a short time. It has 
 been found that the most tender fruits can be carried two or three times 
 as far as formerly, and that they come out in a very satisfactory state. 
 This has led to the opening up of new markets whereby the business has 
 been greatly increased. A man now, in one of our eastern towns, on 
 his way home from business, can carry with him a supply of delicious 
 fruits from the Pacific coast, two or three thousand miles away, and they 
 will prove to be almost as fresh and palatable as if he plucked them from 
 their native trees or vines. 
 
 The company has constructed its own cars, merely employing the 
 railroads for doing its business. Its appliances are unquestionably a 
 great improvement over the antiquated methods of obtaining fruits from 
 California.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Public Buildings and Institutions of Chicago. 
 
 A GREAT improvement in architecture has lately been displayed 
 in all our American cities. When the early settlers built houses 
 for themselves they could pay but little attention to the style. 
 The easiest and cheapest structure was the log hut with a big 
 fireplace and unplastered walls. When the old log-house of our fore- 
 fathers was intended to be something very fine it had a second floor, acces- 
 sible by a ladder. The front door opened into the living room and the 
 house was innocent of anything in the shape of a hall. No porch sur- 
 rounded it and its outside ornaments were the rough ends of the logs of 
 which it was built. 
 
 Yet, as the man who lived in the house was the pioneer of a thrifty 
 race that was to follow him, so the old log cabin was the germ out of 
 which have grown the palatial residences of Fifth Avenue. In a new 
 country but little attention can be paid to architecture. The family must 
 be sheltered this is the principal thing. After a while, when the land 
 has been cleared up and hard labor has gained a competency, the house 
 can have a hall, a stairway, a furnace in the cellar, fine cornices outside 
 and, if it shall please the occupant, a cupola perched on top. 
 
 The same growth is observed in the architecture of public buildings. 
 The first old post-office in New York was hardly the suggestion of the 
 spacious granite building, erected a few years ago at the lower point of 
 the City Hall Park, from which is now distributed the mails for a conti- 
 nent. As the country has grown so have our public edifices, and 
 America to-day can boast of some of the finest buildings in the world. 
 Quite a number of these are located in Chicago. Brains of architects 
 have been busy, the amount of money furnished has grown to large pro- 
 portions, investments of this description have been profitable, and the 
 result is seen in those magnificent structures which line the streets of the 
 western metropolis. 
 
 The "Sky-Scrapers." 
 
 Since the great fire of 1871 an effort has been made to make the build- 
 ings more substantial and if possible fire-proof. The height of some of 
 these amazes the visitor. " Sky-scrapers " they have been appropriately 
 called ; they remind one of the old accounts of the Tower of Babel by 
 
 which the people tried to reach heaven, as if they were very doubtful 
 70
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 71 
 
 about being able to do it in -any other way. In the large buildings of 
 Chicago best materials are used and special attention is paid to the con- 
 struction. The iron and steel are tested in order that every flaw may be 
 discovered. Large use is made of fire-clay with which the metals are 
 covered, forming air-chambers that render it difficult for the metals to be 
 over-heated by even the hottest fire. 
 
 The rapidity with which the largest edifices are built is surprising, and ' 
 could only be done by the use of steam and machinery. The ingenuity 
 of man and his inventions enable him to work almost miracles. It was 
 
 THE AUDITORIUM. 
 
 once said by one of our popular orators that a block of buildings ten 
 stories high could be run up in four months by an enterprising man, but 
 it took the world four thousand years to run 'him up so that he could 
 do it. 
 
 Perhaps the most famous building is the Auditorium. Its vast size, 
 its convenient arrangements, and the many uses to which it is devoted, 
 have given it a great celebrity. The building is said to have cost 
 $3,200,000, exclusive of the ground. It is the property of a corporation 
 and is the pride of the city. The theatre which occupies one part of the 
 building is a wonder by itself. Its proportions are such that it can 
 accommodate an immense number of people. 
 
 The main object in building the Auditorium was to furnish a theatre 
 where the great celebrities of the stage could make their appearance ;
 
 72 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 especially where the greatest of the world's musical productions, 
 rendered by the most famous singers and musicians, could be heard by the 
 admirers of the oratorio and the opera. But a theatre of this description 
 occupying one building was likely to be too expensive, so it was resolved 
 to erect the Auditorium, which could be devoted to many additional pur- 
 poses. The stock is owned by a few wealthy, public spirited citizens, yet 
 the poorest man in the city may consider himself a sharer in the advan- 
 tages afforded. The Auditorium has been adopted by the town, and is 
 regarded as its common property. It is located on Congress Street, 
 Michigan and Wabash Avenues. The dimensions are as follows: The 
 total street frontage is 710 feet; the height of the main building, ten 
 stories, is 145 feet ; tower above main building (8 floors), 95 feet ; lantern 
 tower above main (2 floors), 30 feet. Total height, 270 feet : weight of 
 entire building, 110,000 tons. Exterior of building, granite and Bedford 
 stone ; interior, iron, brick, terra cotta, marble, and hardwood finish. 
 
 Vast Quantities of Building Materials. 
 
 There are 17,000,000 brick, 50,000 square feet of Italian marble, Mosaic 
 floors containing 5 0,000,000 pieces of marble, 800,000 square feet of terra 
 cotta, 175,000 square feet of wire lath, 60,000 square feet of plate glass, 
 25 miles of gas and water pipes, 230 miles of electric wire and cables, 
 10,000 electric lights, n dynamos, 13 electric motors for driving venti- 
 lating apparatus, 4 hydraulic motors for driving machinery, 1 1 boilers, 
 21 pumping engines, 13 elevators, and 26 hydraulic lifts for moving 
 stage platforms. Ground was broken January, 1887, and it was com- 
 pleted Feoruary, 1890. It may be stated that the permanent seating 
 capacity of the Audatorium is over 4,000; for conventions, etc. (for which 
 the stage is utilized), about 8,000. This department of the building con- 
 tains the most complete and costly stage and organ in the world. Recita. 
 Hall seats 500. The business portion consists of stores and 136 offices, 
 part of which are in the tower. United States Signal Service occupies 
 part of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth floors of the tower. 
 These departments of the building are managed by the Chicago Audito- 
 rium Association. The Auditorium hotel has 400 guest rooms. The 
 grand dining-room (175 feet long) and the kitchen are on the top floor. 
 One of the principal features of this superb building is the tower, from 
 which a fine view is obtained of the city and its environs. Express 
 elevators run up to the seventeenth story in the tower, and thence 
 a short climb brings you to the top. From this commanding point 
 the first look of the visitor upon the dense mass of buildings below, 
 the net-work of streets, the green and beautiful parks, the lake stretching
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 73 
 
 away like an inland sea, and the open country on the oposite side, is 
 thrilling. It is needless to say that the top of the tower is a very attrac- 
 tive point. Thousands make a visit to it in order to obtain one of the 
 most striking views upon which the eye ever rested. The view from this 
 lofty summit reminds one of the saying of Daniel Webster, that God from 
 His high eminence looking down upo-n hu nan beings must consider them 
 as little less than microscopic insects, and of very small account. Believ- 
 ing, however, in the dignity of man, he did not claim that this view was 
 correct. And certainly, one looking down from the tower of the Audito- 
 rium would not be likely to forget that the men thronging the streets, 
 who seem to be nothing more than itsects, have yet built the Auditorium 
 and all the grand edifices of the city, and are not after all the insignificant 
 creatures they appear to be. 
 
 On a clear day the Michigan and Indiana shores are plainly visible 
 across the lake. Perhaps even a more impressive sight is that witnessed 
 at night. The great vault of heaven is hung with starry lamps, while far 
 below myriads of gas lights and electric flames dazzle the eye, surpass- 
 ing all the wonders pictured in the fables of Arabian Nights. Below is 
 the great, throbbing city, whose noisy clatter is muffled by the distance, 
 yet reminding one that the hum and roar of its busy activities never 
 
 cease. 
 
 Board of Trade Building. 
 
 This is one of the most imposing buildings in Chicago. It dates back 
 to 1882, its foundations having been laid in that year although it was not 
 completed until 1885. The cost was $1,800,000. The width is 175 
 feet, the depth 225 feet, and the materials granite. It is located at the 
 south end of La Salle Street, in the square bounded by Pacific Avenue 
 and Jackson and Sherman Streets. One of its principal features is the 
 main hall 144 feet wide and 161 feet deep. The height of the ceiling 
 is eighty feet, and that of the tower 322 feet. The largest clock in the 
 United States is located in this tower. The building contains a visitors' 
 gallery for ladies and gentlemen, and a separate gallery for ladies who 
 visit the place without an escort. 
 
 The Chicago Board of Trade is a powerful organization, its transac- 
 tions have always been on a large scale, yet its history had a humble 
 beginning and some of the incidents related are very amusing. In 1853 
 there seemed to be a feeling that the Board would not be successful 
 unless some special inducements were offered to the members to attend. 
 It was consequently ordered, after long and eloquent harangues, that ale, 
 cheese and crackers should be provided daily by the Secretary. It has 
 generally been supposed that the prospect of making money was
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 75 
 
 sufficient to induce men to attend upon any ordinary board of trade, yet 
 in those early days there was a prevailing impression that, although men 
 might overcome the temptation to make money, they could not resist 
 ale, cheese and crackers. 
 
 These proved to be extremely popular, so that after they were discon- 
 tinued for a time on account of some ridicule by the outside public, the 
 refreshments were again ordered in 1855, and the fortunes of the Board 
 were considered to be no longer in danger. Most men are willing to 
 eat a free lunch, and as many outsiders were ready to accept the hospi- 
 tality of the Board, it was necessary to station a man at the door to keep 
 out the hungry public, who were willing to eat cheese and crackers but 
 were not willing to become members of the Board and pay the modest 
 dues. 
 
 The history of the Board of Trade is interesting. Although at the 
 start the organization did not give any great promise, and could not be 
 carried on apart from the daily picnic, yet it very soon assumed a high 
 degree of dignity and importance. The idea of organic trade grew 
 rapidly and the leading live stock dealers, grain dealers, commission 
 merchants, jobbers and manufacturers, came to believe that a combina- 
 tion would be greatly to their advantage and a place of exchange would 
 not only be convenient but profitable. Figures could hardly express 
 now the amount of business done in the Board of Trade Building. 
 Suffice it to say that the annual footing-up of the transactions reaches 
 
 into the billions. 
 
 The Newberry Library. 
 
 Chicago has had noble benefactors ; Phil Armour is one ; Cyrus H. 
 McCormick was another, and a third was Walter L. Newberry. Mr. 
 Newberry left a large bequest for founding a library, which already con- 
 tains 70,000 volumes besides many thousands of pamphlets and other 
 important documents. 
 
 The bequest was made in 1858, and at that time was upwards of 
 $1,000,000. This, by careful investments, has been trebled, so that the 
 library is one of the richest in the United States. A magnificent struc- 
 ture costing $500,000 has been erected on North Clark Street opposite 
 Washington Park. The appreciation of the public is shown by the large 
 patronage already bestowed, which will doubtless increase with the 
 growth of the institution and the increasing provision made for meeting 
 the demands of the reading community. 
 
 The Public Library occupies the fourth floor of the City Hall. It has 
 become the third among the great libraries of the United States, having 
 on its shelves a total of 179,640 volumes. This number is being
 
 76 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 increased at the rate of 10,000 volumes per year. The total circulation 
 in one year was 1,220,479; 843,971 volumes of which were taken for 
 home reading. The number of visitors to the reading room was 436,41 2, 
 and those to the several reference departments, not including the reading 
 room, was 113,531. 
 
 The eighteen branch, or delivery stations, located in distant parts ol 
 the city, have had an aggregate yearly issue of 201,257 volumes. The 
 library quarters are frequently visited by as many as 7,000 persons in one 
 day. The great need of this valuable institution is a suitable building ot 
 adequate proportions to meet its growing wants, and better adapted to 
 public access and convenience than the fourth floor of the City Hall. 
 However, this want will soon cease to exist, as the City Council, by ordi- 
 nance, has granted the right to use Dearborn Park as a site for a Public 
 Library building. This has been supplemented by an act of the General 
 Assembly of Illinois authorizing the proper authorities to erect and 
 maintain a public library on Dearborn Park. 
 
 By its provisions the Soldiers' Home is also authorized to transfer to 
 the City of Chicago its interest in the northeast quarter of the park, on 
 condition that a memorial hall be built in the library building, for the 
 use of non-partisan soldier organizations of Cook County, for fifty years. 
 The site of the new library building, which will be in every respect an 
 ornament to the city, generally known as Dearborn Park, is bounded on 
 the north by Randolph Street, on the east by Michigan Avenue, on the 
 south by Washington Street and on the west by an alley known as Dear- 
 born Place. The Directors of the Public Library have taken possession 
 of the ground, have made the plans, and the new building is an accom- 
 plished fact. The Chicago Public Library was the recipient of a gold 
 medal from the Paris Exposition as an award for a display of the best 
 system of conducting library affairs. The principal libraries of the East 
 were competitors for the honor. Thus Chicago, in this, as in most 
 things, leads all competitors. 
 
 The Academy of Sciences. 
 
 This institution was founded in 1857, and like many others was a 
 sufferer in the great fire, its fine collection being at that time destroyed 
 together with the building it occupied. The Academy holds high rank 
 among scientific institutions, while its collection is said to rank fifth at 
 the present time among the museums of the world. A visit to this place 
 will repay anyone who is interested in the natural sciences. Few learned 
 bodies are more enterprising and few have been more successful in scien- 
 tific research.
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 77 
 
 We may also mention here the Chicago Historical Society which was 
 organized in 1856. It was a very flourishing institution at the time of 
 the fire, with a large library and a valuable collection, occupying a build- 
 ing of generous dimensions at the northwest corner of Dearborn Avenue 
 and Ontario Street. Among its valuable papers was the original draft 
 of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. This was destroyed 
 by the fire, with over 100,000 books and valuable manuscripts, and a 
 number of paintings that were highly prized. The institution has par- 
 tially recovered from this very severe loss and is now one of the central 
 points of interest to all interested in historical subjects. 
 
 Chicago is alive to the importance of preserving historical records, 
 and although the 'oss of the Historical Library by fire can never be fully 
 repaired the institution is making every effort to carry out the object it 
 has in view. The value of correct history is always seen with the lapse 
 of time, and as our country grows older the necessity of having accu- 
 rate records will become more apparent. The future historian who 
 would write for succeeding generations will find our historical libraries 
 treasure houses of rich and valuable information. In providing these, 
 Chicago does not mean to be behind any of the sister cities. 
 
 Libby Prison and "War Museum. 
 
 Next to Andersonville, Libby Prison, the palace prison of the Con- 
 federates, was the most famous of any during the Civil War. It was 
 located at Richmond, Va., and at one time and another more than 40.000 
 Union officers and enlisted men were lodged within its walls. Many are 
 living to-day who have vivid recollections of the place, and who do not 
 need a sight of the original structure to recall its history. 
 
 The project was formed to remove old Libby bodily to Chicago, and 
 erect it there as a historic relic, making it a War Museum to contain all 
 sorts of mementoes of the great struggle. The undertaking was a very 
 great one. The contract for hauling the material was given to the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company. It required 132 cars, each of 
 twenty tons capacity, to convey the building to its present site. The 
 building was carefully taken apart and every beam, brace, board, stick of 
 timber, in short, all the parts were carefully numbered, so that the old 
 prison could be re-erected just as it was built at first. As soon as one 
 car was loaded and ready for shipment it was closed and sealed and 
 immediately forwarded to Chicago. 
 
 The work of removal began In December, 1888, and the Museum was 
 open to the public September 21, 1889. It has been visited by crowds 
 of interested sight-seers, and the success of the enterprise shows the
 
 78 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 discernment of the business men who planned it, while at the same time the 
 Museum serves an important use in preserving the relics and memorials 
 of the war. New objects of interest are constantly added, and the 
 Museum contains not only the best collections of Union relics but of 
 Confederate, also. In carrying out the undertaking there was no inten- 
 tion of keeping alive sectional animosities. Every part of the country is 
 interested in Libby Prison and the War Museum, and here the man who 
 fought for the South and the man who fought for the North can meet, 
 and in the presence of the old flags, guns, bayonets and bullets, they can 
 shake hands and thank God for the end of the bloody strife. 
 
 LIBBY PRISON AND WAR MUSEUM. 
 
 The Unity Office Building is located on east side of Dearborn Street, 
 between Washington and Randolph Streets. It is sixteen stories high, 
 is fire -proof, and cost about $1,000,000. The main frame-work of the 
 building is of iron and steel, and is so arranged as to make the edifice as 
 strong as possible. Of the outer walls, the lower two and one-half 
 stories are of Bay of Fundy red granite, and the remainder are of the 
 finest quality of buff-colored, pressed brick and terra-cotta. All the 
 floors are constructed of strong tile arches, supported by steel beams. 
 The partitions are of hollow tile and crystalline glass. The floors in 
 the office are of hard wood. The halls are lined with white Italian 
 marble, and have mosaic ornamental tile floors. The wood trimmings 
 in the offices are of antique oak. The stairway is of steel Avith marble 
 treads. 
 
 There are six high-speed hydraulic passenger elevators and a freight 
 elevator reached by separate entrances. The building is heated with 
 steam and lighted with electricity. Especial attention has been paid to
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 79 
 
 the vaults. Instead of a simple hollow tile vault usually found in fire- 
 proof buildings, the building has steel vaults covered with tile, and the 
 company supplies these vaults with as many boxes made of Japanned 
 tin, and having locks, as the tenants may need. The management con- 
 sults the wishes of the tenants in everything, and is attentive to all their 
 wants. The office fittings of the building are complete in every detail. 
 The Phcenix Insurance Building is ten stories high, the uppermost being 
 22 feet in height. The building was erected at a cost of $7,000,000. The 
 ground area is 50 by 214 feet. It is located on Pacific Avenue and faces 
 the Board of Trade Building. Brown stone was brought from Vert 
 Island for the lower three stories, the remainder being constructed of red 
 pressed brick and terra-cotta. The woodwork throughout is mahogany, 
 while all the halls and stairways are made entirely of white marble, the 
 
 SIEGEL AND COOPER S RETAIL STORE. 
 
 latter being furnished with bronze rails. No expense was spared upon 
 the interior which is one of the handsomest in the United States. Five 
 express elevators run from the ground to the upper floors. 
 
 The general western offices of the Phcenix Insurance Company are 
 located in this building, the apartments being conspicuous for their 
 elegance and convenience. These cover a floor space of fifty feet by two 
 hundred and ten, are twenty-two feet high, and the entire area is unbroken 
 by columns, thus affording offices whose palatial appearance impresses 
 every visitor. A vast amount of business is carried on in this building 
 which is one of the attractions of Chicago. 
 
 On State Street, extending from Van Buren to Congress Street, is the 
 magnificent store of Siegel, Cooper and Co. The length is 402 feet, the 
 depth 143, and the height 133, comprising eight stories with basement
 
 80 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 and attic. Every effort was made to render the building fire-proof, iron 
 and steel being mainly used in its construction. 
 
 The business of this great establishment is divided into sixty-one 
 departments, thus providing for a thorough and systematic management. 
 It would be difficult to find any commodity which the store does not 
 contain. The departments of dry goods, hardware, clothing, etc., are as 
 complete and attractive as if each occupied a building by itself and formed 
 a separate business. A force of 1, 800 clerks is required to attend to the 
 customers who throng the place. The area of the different floors is about 
 fifteen acres, and all the available space is occupied. This is one of the 
 largest retail stores in the world. Everything required for household 
 use may be purchased. If you want a paper of pins or a sideboard, a 
 spool of thread or a party dress, an ounce of tea or a barrel of 
 flour, you can obtain them here. The comfort of the great 
 shopping community is considered by providing waiting rooms, a 
 well-appointed restaurant, a drinking fountain, and counters for the sale 
 of confectionery. 
 
 The principle upon which the establishment is conducted is the very 
 liberal one of supplying whatever the public wants, and it is needless to 
 add that the store is a place of popular resort. It is somewhat remark- 
 able that the credit system has not been allowed to come into general 
 use. You buy what you want and pay for what you get. The manage- 
 ment claims that by doing a cash business it is able to make better terms 
 to its customers. Purchases that are not entirely satisfactory can be 
 returned in ten days. The store is easy of access by cable cars and other 
 modes of conveyance, and is within easy distance of the principal rail- 
 way depots and hotels which will account in some measure for its 
 
 success. 
 
 The Post-office. 
 
 Located in the square bounded by Adams Street on the north, Dear- 
 born Street on the east, Jackson Street on the south and Clark Street on 
 the west, this building is, properly speaking, in the very heart of the 
 South Side business district. The site is all that could be desired, and 
 cost the government $1,000,000 at the time the building was com- 
 menced, immediately after the great fire of 1871. This site, like other 
 real estate in that vicinity has at least doubled in value since that 
 time. For the building the government appropriated $4,000,000. 
 The dimensions of the structure are 243 by 211 feet, and its utmost 
 height 197 feet. The building is in the Florentine-Romanesque style 
 of architecture and of the Buena Vista, Ohio, sandstone a very fine 
 grained stone of rich but gray-brown color.
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 81 
 
 It was supposed that it would furnish sufficient facilities for at least 
 fifty years. As a matter of fact the business outgrew the structure in ten 
 years. A new postoffice building to cost about $6,000,000 will soon be 
 erected on the same site. The upper floors of the old building are occu- 
 pied by the Government offices, also the United States courts and cus- 
 torn house. The first floor and basement are occupied as the postoffice. 
 About i, 600 men are employed in the collection, sorting and delivery of 
 letters, newspapers, etc. The annual increase of business done by the 
 
 CHICAGO POST-OFFICE. 
 
 Chicago Postoffice is \2 l / 2 per cent. During the year of the World's 
 Fair (1893) it is estimated that the receipts of this office will exceed 
 $6,000,000. 
 
 Besides the general postoffice there are eleven carrier stations and 
 twenty-two sub-postal stations. The jurisdiction of the postmaster of the 
 Chicago Postoffice covers less than one-third of the area of the city 
 
 proper ; the outlying postoffices number fifty-three. In time, no doubt, 
 6
 
 82 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 these offices in the new annexations will be abolished, and all this vast 
 business will be under one head. Mails are received' and dispatched at 
 the general postoffice at all hours during week days, and several times 
 during the night. There is scarcely a point of any importance in the 
 United States for which a mail is not made up at least twice a day, and 
 in some instances more frequently. Foreign mails are dispatched in time 
 to catch the out-going steamers from New York and San Francisco. 
 The time of closing these mails is posted at the general office and stations. 
 Letters are delivered in all parts of the city by carriers at almost 
 hourly intervals, from 8 A. M. to 7 P. M. during week-days. On Sure- 
 days there are no deliveries, but two collections are made from the lamp- 
 post boxes. The general postoffice is open at all hours during the day 
 and night on week-days. Certain departments, however, are closed' 
 after 9 P. M. It is also open from 9 to 1 1 A. M. on Sundays. Stamps, 
 may be bought at the general office or sub-stations. 
 
 The First Post-office. 
 
 The old Kinzie house appears to have served among its multifarious 
 and successive uses, as Chicago's first postoffice. Anyway, when, in 
 1831, this city was given a place among the postal towns, Jonathan N. 
 Bailey was appointed postmaster ; and, as there is no record of any 
 special office being secured, it is probable that the mails were distributed 
 from the new official's residence, the old Kinzie house. At this time 
 Niles, Mich., was the nearest distributing office, and from that place the 
 mails came fortnightly by horseback to Chicago. But by 1833 the 
 horseback mail service from Niles had doubled in frequency, while the 
 office had risen to the dignity of occupying half a log cabin, 20 by 45 
 feet in extent, near the corner of Lake and South Water Streets, the 
 portion on the opposite side of the official partition being occupied as a 
 store by Brewster, Hogan and Co., the second member of which firm 
 John S. C. Hogan was then postmaster. 
 
 From this date until 1860, when the Government Building was com- 
 pleted, seven or more different removes were made to accommodate the 
 growing business of the office. This first Federal building stood on the 
 northwest corner of Dearborn and Monroe Streets, and was burnt out in 
 the fire of 1871, the mails, however, having been saved. The building 
 was afterward repaired and became the new Adelphi, afterward Haverly's 
 Theatre, until 1881, when it was torn down, and replaced by the First 
 National Bank Building, which now occupies the site. 
 
 After the fire, the postoffice occupied successively, Burlington Hall, 
 corner of Sixteenth and State Streets, and the Wabash Avenue Methodist
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 83 
 
 Church building, northwest corner of Wabash Avenue and Harrison 
 Street, until that building was destroyed in the conflagration of 1874. 
 
 UNION LEAGUE CLUB. 
 
 After this, it was located in turn at Washington and Halstead Streets 
 (now the West-Division sub-office); the Honore building, northwest 
 corner Dearborn and Adams Streets, where it was again burnt out; the
 
 84 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 basement of the Singer building corner of State and Washington 
 Streets ; and finally, since April 29, 1879, the new Government Building, 
 at the southeast corner of Clark and Adams Streets, where it is perman- 
 ently located. 
 
 Union League Club. 
 
 This building stands at the corner of Jackson Street and Custom 
 House Place, opposite the postoffice, and has a central, convenient loca- 
 tion. Its height is seven stories, with a basement, and is surmounted by 
 a circular tower with a cupola at the corner. The material is red brick, 
 with terra cotta trimmings ; the interior is beautiful and finely finished, 
 and the arrangement of apartments is such as to leave nothing to be 
 desired. The Chicago Club was organized in 1879 and forms a part of 
 r _. ai _ the Union League of America. The con- 
 
 dition of membership in all the Union 
 League clubs of the United States is absolute 
 loyalty to the Government. Thus the 
 League is a national organization and is not 
 confined to any political party, although it 
 may be said that in its membership the two 
 great parties are not equally represented. 
 The Chicago Club, like the Union Leagues 
 elsewhere, is social in its character, afford- 
 ing a pleasant place of resort for reading, 
 discussions and social intercourse. 
 
 The Ashland Building is situated at the 
 northeast corner of Clark and Randolph 
 Streets on each of which there is a 
 spacious entrance. On account of its great 
 height it was thought best to put in heavy 
 wind-bracing in order to afford absolute security against the gales which 
 have given Chicago the name of the " Windy City." The columns, beams 
 and girders are made of the strongest steel, which was amply tested 
 before it was used. The floors of the halls are mosaic work and richly 
 inlaid. Elsewhere they are made of maple-finished wood. 
 
 The offices on the upper floors are well ventilated, spacious and invit- 
 ing. The building is sixteen stories high and the top of the cornice is 
 200 feet from the ground. The walls of red pressed brick, with terra- 
 cotta trimmings, give the building an attractive appearance. Seven 
 elevators are in constant use. The entire cost of this splendid building 
 was $650,000. The introduction of the automatic steam governor ther- 
 mometer by which the ventilation can be regulated, together with the 
 
 ASHLAND BUILDING.
 
 86 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 temperature, adds greatly to the comfort of the occupants of the 
 building. 
 
 Nothing is wanting to make this one of the most magnificent struc- 
 tures ever used for business purposes. It is massive without presenting 
 a heavy appearance. The skill of the designer has been displayed in all 
 the details; the heating, ventilating and electric lighting apparatus is the 
 best to be obtained ; the marble used in the halls gives them a light and 
 cheerful aspect ; the large open court inside the structure furnishes an 
 abundance of light to the offices adjacent to it ; the entrances are 
 spacious ; the plumbing arrangements are perfect, and the building rep- 
 resents the most recent improvements and attractive architecture. 
 
 The first three floors are designed for large business establishments, 
 while the other floors are used for offices. Every effort has been made 
 to render the building fire-proof, and this object has been realized as far 
 as it can be in any building. It is not safe to make our statements too 
 strong, since it was found in the great fire in 1871 that "fire-proof" 
 structures made excellent fuel and burned like pine chips. 
 
 Title and Trust Building. 
 
 The Chicago Title and Trust Company was formed to insure titles to 
 real estate. Its business is of such a nature that it requires the most 
 skillful management, by the most conservative methods. This company 
 understands very well the value of county records. 
 
 It has an imposing building situated upon Washington Street. The 
 superb structure is seventeen stories high, and its cost, including that of 
 the ground, was $1,300,000. This is an immense sum of money to be 
 put into one building, but the success of the company and its ample 
 resources warranted its erection. Of course, it is to a very great extent 
 an investment, and there is every reason to believe that it will prove to be 
 profitable. The company's offices occupy the first floor and basement 
 for the trust, title, insurance and abstract departments ; for the company 
 not only insures titles to real estate, but a part of its business consists in 
 issuing abstracts of titles. 
 
 The books and papers of the concern are extremely valuable, hence 
 fire-proof vaults, made as strong and secure as possible, are provided for 
 storing records. The construction of these vaults involved a great cost, 
 and they are among the best known. The floors above are used for 
 offices. There is a large number of these, all of which are well ventilated 
 and have an abundance of light. An artesian well on the premises sup- 
 plies plenty of water for the use of the tenants and for running the eleva- 
 tors. The management is very careful as to how its business is
 
 87
 
 88 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 conducted, the wants of the occupants of the building are always con- 
 sulted, and this office building is one of the best of its kind in the city. 
 
 No other building in Chicago is so familiar to the people of the 
 country as the Interstate Industrial Building. Beneath its spacious 
 roof, year after year, have been exhibited the rich products of field, 
 forest and mine, together with the ingenious and useful contrivances of 
 man, from the tiny puzzle-maker to the mammoth thresher. The hum of 
 machinery, softened by the music of playing fountains, has filled the air, 
 while people of every state and nation touched elbows about the display 
 stands. Here, too, the voices of Conkling, and Garfield, and Logan 
 have been heard in impassioned oratory. High ambitions have been 
 crushed and modest worth exalted in the numerous conventions, national 
 and state, religious and secular, that have been held within its walls. 
 The building is nearly 800 feet in length, by 240 feet in width. It has 
 three lofty towers, and its roof is supported without the aid of pillar and 
 column. The view of the entire interior is thus unobstructed. It will 
 readily accommodate 20,000 people. 
 
 City Hall and Court House. 
 
 Nearly all of the fine buildings in Chicago at the present time stand 
 upon ground that was burned over by the fire. The hot flames of the 
 great conflagration swept away old rookeries, tumble-down edifices, 
 rattle-trap structures that ought to have been burned up long before they 
 were. That fire was Chicago's great cleaning-up spell. It swept the 
 ground and prepared the way for better buildings, finer architecture, and 
 a new city which is far superior to the old. Still it must not be sup- 
 posed that there were no costly public buildings before the fire. Even at 
 that time Chicago compared favorably in this respect with other cities. 
 
 The original County Court House and City Hall, forming one build- 
 ing, was completed in 1870, and was not by any means an inferior struc- 
 ture. Marble was brought from Lockport, New York, and sandstone 
 from Lemont, Illinois, thus affording the very best of materials in its 
 construction. It was located in the middle of a square where the fire 
 overtook it. It had a tower and an eleven thousand-pound bell, which 
 rang out the alarm of fire, and continued the peal until the tower top- 
 pled and fell. Temporary accommodations were procured at the corner 
 of La Salle and Adams Streets, where the famous " Rookery Building " 
 now stands. Here for a time the city offices were located, and the quar- 
 ters have been pronounced the shabbiest of any ever occupied as a City 
 Hall. At that time, however, no great amount of picking and choosing 
 could be done, for there was nothing to choose from except mountainous
 
 90 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 piles of brick, stone, iron, steel, and all the debris and rubbish left 
 by the fiery storm that swept the city. These quarters, known as the 
 old " Rookery," were given up in 1885, and the offices of the county and 
 city were located in the fine building now occupied. 
 
 This is situated at Clark and Washington Streets, and is complete in 
 all its appointments. The City Hall and Court House have been called 
 twin structures, for they are built upon one plan, and are connected by a 
 central rotunda. The style of architecture chosen for the edifice was 
 modern French renaissance. The interiors of the buildings differ in 
 arrangement and appearance, that of the City Hall being finished in 
 white oak with much coloring, while that of the Court House is more 
 subdued and rich. The building has four stories and a basement, or 
 ground floor, which in the design are treated in three divisions, the 
 ground floor and first story forming the sub-structure, or basement, of 
 the building, the second and third stories a peristyled superstructure, 
 while the fourth story, with its pediments, forms the attic loft. The 
 facades of the building are principally of Bedford sandstone, while the 
 thirty- five feet Corinthian columns of the peristyle are of polished Maine 
 granite. The basement supports a heavy entablature, massive rather 
 than ornate; but the architrave, frieze and cornice of the entablature sur- 
 mounting the peristyle are quite elaborate, and in the County Building 
 the attic story is lavishly decorated with caryatides and other ornamen- 
 tal devices ; in the City Building it is plainer. 
 
 The public library, already described, occupies the fifth floor. The far- 
 famed apartments of the high and mighty council are on the fourth floor, 
 while the sub-basement is used for an engine room. There are elevators 
 at both ends of the main corridor and in the rotunda. This magnificent 
 building cost $4,400,000, an expenditure which seems somewhat lavish, 
 yet it has given to the county and city a building which is at once an 
 ornament to Chicago and a convenient place for the transaction of public 
 business. 
 
 Rookery Building. 
 
 After the great fire of 1871 th* municipality erected for temporary use 
 a two-story brick building on the half block bounded by La Salle, Adams 
 and Quincy Streets, and the alley between La Salle and Clark Streets, 
 and called it the City Hall. It was also occupied by the Courts. The 
 structure was put up in great haste and without regard to architectural 
 beauty. It is stated that pigeons used to flock to the building, induced 
 thither by a glass roof which surmounted a disused water tank which occu- 
 pied the centre of the structure and by the oats which fell from the feed-bags 
 which the fire marshals used for their horses on the Ouincv Street side.
 
 
 
 
 ADAMS AND LA SALLE STREETS SHOWING THE ROOKERY 
 
 AND BOARD OF TRADE BUILDINGS. 
 
 91
 
 92 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 The story goes that one day a gentleman marched into Mayor Medill's 
 office to complain of the pigeon nuisance and spoke of the building as a 
 " rookery." Whether this was the real origin of the term or not. the 
 newspaper reporters got into the habit of calling the building the " rook- 
 ery," and it was generally understood that they alluded to the dilapidated 
 condition of the structure, which from the day it was finished began to 
 fall to pieces. At any rate the name clung to it as long as the building 
 stood, and when the present magnificent structure took its place its 
 owners decided to retain it. 
 
 Chicago people are not exactly settled in their minds as to whether 
 the "Rookery" or the "Chamber of Commerce" is the finest office 
 building in the city. The Rookery is the larger, however, and in many 
 respects the most elegant of the office structures. It cost, exclusive of 
 the ground upon which it stands (the property of the municipality), very 
 nearly $1,500,000. It is finished in the most expensive fashion through- 
 out. There isn't a cheap feature connected with it. The grand rotunda 
 is in itself a beautiful bit of architecture, but the building to be properly 
 appreciated must be taken as a whole. There is not a commercial struc- 
 ture in the world that compares with it in size, in elegance or in 
 convenience. 
 
 There are three distinct groups of elevators, two on the La Salle Street 
 and one on the Monroe Street side, and the people occupying the top 
 floors are practically as well situated, so far as accessibility is concerned, 
 as those on the first floor. The mosaic work in the structure is superb. 
 Like the Chamber of Commerce and Home Insurance buildings, the 
 wainscoting is all of Italian marble. Every room in the building is lighted 
 perfectly. There is not the slightest jar felt here, and those in the upper 
 stories are practically removed from the noise and bustle of the streets 
 below. There are over 600 offices here, all occupied, the tenants being 
 principally Board of Trade men, agents of Eastern and foreign mercantile 
 houses, agents of manufacturing concerns, real-estate dealers, brokers 
 and lawyers. You should go through the building, beginning at the 
 top. It will consume an hour or two, perhaps, but it will be time well 
 spent. 
 
 Marshall Field and Co.'s Building. 
 
 This company has a building devoted to its wholesale trade and 
 another is used for its retail business. The wholesale warehouse is built 
 of granite and brown stone, and has eight floors, each covering a space of 
 about an acre and a half, thus containing in all a floor space of about 
 twelve acres. Notwithstanding these vast accommodations they are 
 none too great for the immense business done by the company, the
 
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 94 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 success of which affords one of many striking illustrations of individual 
 enterprise, so noticeable in our western cities. This magnificent struc- 
 ture covers the entire square bounded by Fifth Avenue, Adams, Quincy 
 and Franklin Streets. The central portion comprises a large room about 
 175 feet square, which is occupied by the executive department and its 
 offices. Two parallel fire walls extending through the entire building 
 divide it into three sections. There is a very spacious counting room, 
 affording accommodations for 190 clerks and bookkeepers. Adjacent to 
 these are the private offices of the members of the firm. The business is 
 divided into thirty-four departments, and is carried on by a force of 1,700 
 men. So rapid are the fluctuations of business in Chicago, so great the 
 increase in prosperous times, that it is difficult to give reliable statistics 
 of the amount of sales. Suffice it to say that every week nearly one 
 million dollars worth of merchandise is shipped from the establishment. 
 
 A Magnificent Retail Store. 
 
 The retail department of the company is located at the corner of State 
 and Washington Streets. This large, convenient and attractive building 
 is scarcely adequate to the wants of the concern. It is a very busy 
 place at all hours of the day. The interior of the main building is pure 
 white, and an open quadrangle, constructed for the purpose of obtaining 
 light, is one of the main features of the structure. Around the four 
 sides of this quadrangle are resting places for ladies, and waiting rooms 
 where, during the intervals of shopping, they can chat with friends' 
 study the faces and the dresses of the crowd, write letters or figure up the 
 amounts of their purchases. There is also an attractive tea-room for 
 ladies, situated on one of the upper floors and providing a great variety 
 of refreshments. Everything has the appearance of neatness and com- 
 fort and the service is prompt and efficient. On an average about 1,500 
 persons visit the tea-room daily. 
 
 During the last decade the facilities of street cars and great numbers 
 of suburban trains have favored the growth of department stores in con- 
 nection with the retail dry goods and notion stores in the business center 
 on State Street and Wabash Avenue. Thirteen firms employ about 
 10,000 persons in the busy season within the walls of thirteen retail 
 establishments, in the proportion of two males to three females, and 
 including a great proportion of boys and girls. The department stores 
 are crowded at all hours of the day, which proves that a large proportion 
 of female housekeepers have an abundance of time to buy their supplies 
 at a great distance from their dwelling places. Clothing, wearing 
 apparel, furniture^ jewelry, books, and other goods are sold in immense
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 95 
 
 quantities in a comparatively small territory of the business center, 
 furnishing employment for one-fifth of the total number who work for 
 retail trade in the whole city. 
 
 The thirteen-story high Chamber of Commerce Building on La Salle 
 and Washington Streets was completed in January, 1891. Its total cost 
 was in the neighborhood of $2,000,000. The building is notable for its 
 magnificent interior court, reaching from the main floor to the skylight. 
 Around the court are the galleries upon which the offices open. The 
 interior is finished in marble and iron work of ornamental design. Nine 
 passenger and freight elevators are provided and kept constantly busy 
 with the thousand or more tenants. Brick, stone of a light color, iron, 
 and steel were used in the construction of this magnificent structure. 
 The site is historical as that of the old Chamber of Commerce Building, 
 so long occupied by the Board of Trade. It is immediately opposite the 
 City Hall and Court House. The trio of buildings form a massive, grand 
 and imposing scene that is hard to equal in any city. 
 
 Chicago Mechanics' Institute. 
 
 This, next to the Rush Medical College, is the oldest organization in 
 the city. It was chartered in 1843. Its object is the diffusion of knowl- 
 edge among the mechanic classes, by means of lectures, class instruction, 
 and a circulating library. It had a valuable library which was destroyed 
 by fire in 1871. For the past number of years it has done all its educa- 
 tional work through the Chicago Athenaeum. The course of instruction 
 includes reading, penmanship, arithmetic, algebra, geometry and book- 
 keeping, and a complete course in freehand and mechanical drawing. 
 Ample testimony is borne to the useful service which this institute ren- 
 ders the working classes. It deserves the friendly support of all manu- 
 facturers, and of architects, builders, and lithographers who seek 
 skilled draughtsmen. 
 
 Asylums and Benevolent Institutions. 
 
 Chicago has never been niggardly in its charities. The voluntary sub- 
 scriptions in charity and charitable institutions in this city annually is 
 estimated at over three million dollars. This does not, however, include 
 hospitals nor reformatory institutions. 
 
 AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL AND AID ASSOCIATION. This is better 
 known as the Children's Home Society of Chicago. The churches in the 
 city all have local boards. These are in constant communication, 
 through the Superintendent of the Association, with a thousand other 
 local boards throughout the country. A needy or homeless child is
 
 90 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 reported at once to the executive, and, if necessary, is received in the 
 temporary home at Englewood or Aurora, and remains there until some 
 home needing a child can be found, to which the waif is transferred. 
 Voluntary contributions cover the whole expense. The cost per child of 
 assisting in the work of making a good citizen is less than $50. Several 
 thousand children have found thus good homes during the last ten years. 
 They are now averaging a child per day. 
 
 Armour Mission. 
 
 
 
 This grand charity is due to the bequest of $100,000 from the late 
 Joseph F. Armour. It was established in November, 1886, at the corner 
 of Butterfield and Thirty- third Streets. It can be reached by State 
 Street cable cars. Philip D. Armour was designated by his brother as 
 trustee of this fund, and he has given it the same energetic management 
 which has so prospered his own business. Whatever was needed to 
 make it a success in every respect he has added from his own 
 resources. The present institution represents $1,000,000. The Armour 
 Mission is a legal corporation, which owns not only the Mission itself, 
 but 194 flats, called the Armour Mission Flats. The income from the 
 renting is devoted to the maintenance of the Mission. 
 
 The last addition to this institute is a manual training school. Neither 
 race, creed, nor any other distinction is a bar to admission into the 
 Mission. It is a part of Mr. Armour's creed that as the " twig is trained 
 so is the tree inclined." He expresses the utmost satisfaction at the out- 
 come of this work, so peculiarly his own. The Mission building is con- 
 structed solidly and thoroughly of pressed brick and brown stone. The 
 woodwork is of polished oak. A creche, or day nursery, is fitted up on 
 the first floor, which contains also the kitchen, day room, kindergarten 
 room, reading room, dispensary rooms, of which there are four; coal and 
 furnace cellar, bath rooms and closets. The second floor has the main 
 audience room, pastor's study, officers' room, library, spacious halls, and 
 two large side rooms, used for Sunday-school purposes or for small 
 gatherings. The third floor is taken up by a large, handsomely-fitted 
 lecture room. 
 
 The main audience room, with its adjuncts, will accommodate about 
 2,500 persons. There is a large pipe-organ here, and every accessory 
 from stained-glass windows to admirable, acoustic properties combine to 
 make this the most beautiful room of its kind in the city. The school 
 has enrolled 2,000 members, with an average attendance of over 1,400, 
 an increase over last year of about 200. Nothing has been left undone 
 that could conduce to the success of the enterprise. This includes the
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 97 
 
 publishing of a monthly paper, called the Visitor, used for gratuitous 
 distribution. 
 
 Even Chicago's busy journalists find time to do much for their unfor- 
 
 LA SALLE STREET, LOOKING NORTH, FROM THE BOARD OF TRADE. 
 
 tunate fellows. The beneficent work under the charge of the Chicago 
 Daily News Fund is one that meets with much deserved favor from all 
 7
 
 98 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 classes of citizens from the laboring man who freely gives his dime, o 
 the millionaire who donates his hundreds. In 1889 a great step was 
 taken in the erection of a permanent sanitarium for the special benefit of 
 infants and young children, at Lincoln Park, which can be reached by the 
 Clark or Wells Street cables. The design of the building was intended 
 for solidity and endurance, no money was spent on ornamentation or 
 elaboration, every point conduces to the main feature use. The build- 
 ing is wholly over the water, standing on a large floor, supported by 
 piling ninety feet wide and extending into the lake 200 feet. The great 
 roof, and its projecting eaves cover almost eighteen thousand square 
 feet. Over all this space, swing infants' hammocks, they being the chief 
 beneficiaries of this charity. Broad verandas and an extensive court 
 opening to the air and lake, supply accommodations for older children and 
 the attendants or mothers. All the necessary offices are at the shore end. 
 
 From a large reception room the guests pass to the office of the physi- 
 cian-in-charge, for examination, and such medical attention as may be 
 needed. They are then registered* and -the matron assigns them to 
 trained nurses who see they have '"he necessary floor-space, hammocks, 
 chairs, food, etc. The room of the matron communicates with both the 
 office and the surgeon's quarters. Critical cases that sometimes must 
 be kept over night, find in the matron's room a suitable dormitory. This 
 group of rooms are all on the right .of the entrance. On the left we find 
 the kitchen, pantries, state rooms, and north of these are bath rooms and 
 closets. The connection with the park is by a broad bridge, with an 
 easy slope for the baby carriages. Older children can find plenty of 
 amusement in the park, while their younger brothers and sisters are 
 drinking in the life-giving breezes of Lake Michigan. 
 
 Sanitarium for Children. 
 
 The South Side Sanitarium is, at the present, a summer resort for the 
 babies, located at the foot of Twenty-second Street. A huge pavilion 
 tent, 54 by 84 feet, covers the hammocks in which the little ones swing, 
 and fill themselves with the bracing oxygen of the blue expanse of 
 waters. A kindergarten is also carried on to relieve the mothers from 
 the care of the second or third size of the children they cannot leave at 
 home alone. In connection with these expressions of thoughtful ness for 
 the poor we always have with us, there is still another branch of summer 
 work known as " The Country Week," in which co-operative human 
 sympathy is made available to permit the toiling poor the children first 
 to enjoy a few days in the country during the heated term. In this move- 
 ment are combined the contributions of citizens, the reductions of railway
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 99 
 
 fares, and the generous hospitality of the " country cousins," in Indiana, 
 Illinois and Wisconsin. This charity ^n'ves over a thousand persons, a 
 chance yearly, to escape the horrors of the " heated term " in the slums."" 
 It has also often happened that children going into the country thus, 
 have been adopted into homes of plenty and health. 
 
 Home for Incurables. 
 
 Mrs. Clarissa C. Peck filled her life full of noble deeds, and in her will 
 left $500,000 for the founding of this institution, which is for her an 
 enduring monu- 
 ment, living in the 
 hearts and lives of 
 those whom it bene- 
 fits and blesses. A 
 board of trustees 
 from some of the 
 most active and 
 honorable business 
 men in the city has 
 carried the work 
 on to its present 
 completeness. For 
 six years, in which 
 interest accumula- 
 ted, the action of 
 the trustees was de- 
 layed. The build- 
 ings and grounds 
 cost $107,000, and 
 there was 1 e f t 
 $600,000, the in- 
 come from which 
 is more than suffi- 
 cient to meet all 
 runnin"- expenses LINCOLN'S TOMB AT SPRINGFIELD. 
 
 and to increase the building fund, to be ready when additional facilities 
 for its work shall be needed. The full capacity is 125. It started with 
 thirty-three inmates from a similar home at Lake View, which was then 
 closed. It is unsectarian in its invitation to the suffering, receiving 
 them without distinction of race, creed, or color. When possible the 
 friends are asked to pay a monthly stipend, but from the destitute 
 nothing is asked. 
 

 
 100 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 A candidate for admission must be incurably afflicted with some dis- 
 ease of which the trustees are final referees. The ailments most frequent 
 are paralysis and rheumatism, the majority of the former. If not able to 
 
 MICHIGAN AVENUE, FROM THE LAKE FRONT. 
 
 walk, invalid chairs are provided, by which they can change place and 
 position at will, in their own rooms or through the long corridors and 
 wide verandas, where bright glimpses of sunshine upon the green lawn 
 anJ r->y parterres of bright flowers bring momentary surcease of pain to
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF* CHICAGO. 101 
 
 Weakened limbs and dimmed eyes. Visitors are always welcome at the 
 visiting hours. 
 
 Newsboys' and Bootblacks' Home. 
 
 At the present this is located at 1418 Wabash Avenue, and can be 
 reached by the Wabash Avenue cable. This charity began as the Chicago 
 Industrial School. It was not long, however, before it assumed its pres- 
 ent purpose and name. It was the very first organized effort to aid the 
 helpless children of this city. It is intended to provide a comfortable 
 Christian home for newsboys, bootblacks and other homeless, unprotected 
 boys, and, if possible, to find them homes in the country, or employment 
 in the city. The doors of the home are never closed to anyone request- 
 ing shelter or food, but to cultivate independence and foster self-help 
 fifteen cents is the price of breakfast, supper and lodging. This the boys 
 call paying their " banner." Provision is made by which destitute boys 
 may earn immediate living expenses by selling the Newsboys' Appeal^ a 
 small paper published in the interests of the home, or else they are loaned 
 funds to buy a small stock of daily papers. 
 
 The Studebaker Building. 
 
 This great carriage factory stands near the Auditorium and Art Insti- 
 tute on Michigan Avenue. The location of all the buildings in this 
 immediate vicinity is very pleasant, and the Studebaker Building occu- 
 pies one of the best. The dimensions of the building are as follows : 
 It has a frontage of 107 feet, a depth of 170 feet, and comprises eight 
 stories besides the basement ; the height is 135 feet, indicating plainly by 
 its upward growth that the ground in this vicinity is extremely valuable, 
 and as any man who owns a lot owns above it clear to the sky he can 
 build as high as he likes provided he does not violate any of the city 
 ordinances. 
 
 The material of this immense structure is red syenite granite and buff 
 Bedford stone. Immense spaces are required for the business of the 
 concern, and the first four floors are used as sales-rooms. These have 
 a storage capacity for 2,000 vehicles. The remaining floors are devoted 
 to the manufacture of fine carriages of every style and grade. The first 
 floor is nineteen feet in the clear, and the remaining floors are graduated 
 until the top floor is reached where the height is twelve feet. Very fine 
 granite columns are placed at the main entrances, highly polished, and 
 said to be the best in the United States. These bear a striking resem- 
 blance to the granite columns in the City Hall of Philadelphia. Granite 
 columns are scattered throughout the building, giving it a very substan- 
 tial and attractive appearance.
 
 102 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO, 
 
 Skilled mechanics are employed, and the best machinery with all the 
 newest improvements has been introduced, so that it may be said this 
 factory is one of the best equipped in the world. The stock not only 
 contains vehicles of every description, but also comprises a vast supply 
 
 THE PULLMAN BUILDING. 
 
 of horse-furnishing goods. Special attention is given to carriage 
 repairs, and here many of the finest equipages in Chicago are made, and 
 kept in the very best order, so that when they appear upon the streets 
 and boulevards the display is dazzling. Fine horses and carriages
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 103 
 
 abound in Chicago and the drives along the pleasant lake shore are 
 unsurpassed. 
 
 The Pullman Building. 
 
 This stands at the southwest corner of Michigan Avenue and Adams 
 Street. It is named after the celebrated inventor and manufacturer of the 
 Pullman Palace Car, who is also the owner of this building. It is a solid 
 ten-story structure of granite and brick. 
 
 Although the walls are smooth and the ornamentation is centred upon 
 a small part, yet the variously shaped windows, open spaces and large 
 hallways, divide up the masses so as to produce a pleasing effect. 
 Without having a pronounced style of architecture the edifice suggests 
 some of the old buildings of the North German cities. 
 
 An Imposing Structure. 
 
 The basement is constructed of heavy squares of gray granite with 
 rough surface. All the remaining part of the building is of brick with 
 sparse terra-cotta ornaments. On the main facade on Adams Street the 
 granite squares in the basement are replaced by nine beautiful but rather 
 low pillars of polished granite which support on their palmetto capitals, 
 eleven round arches, thus forming pretty arcades. These arcades and 
 the whole fagade are in the middle interrupted by the interior court, 
 which here opens into the street. The two halves are, however, con- 
 nected with each other by the vestibule which is entered through a 
 massive semi-circular arch reaching from one wall to the other. Another 
 very effective part of the building is the four rows of loggias placed above 
 one another and showing partly simple, partly interlaced arches. They 
 begin on the fourth and fifth stories and are most effective on the fagade 
 on Michigan Avenue where they form the upper half of the central section. 
 
 The lower part is chiefly occupied by the entrance, a spacious flat arch 
 on massive pillars which is, at the level of the first story, overtopped by 
 a fine semi-circular arch. On the same side are, besides, two small 
 balconies on the ninth story. 
 
 The large arches over the entrance, which make an imposing impres- 
 sion, with its heavy crowning richly decorated with terra-cotta, rest on 
 massive pyramidic granite blocks. The ante-room is coated half way up 
 with dull, grayish green granite slabs ; the remaining part is decorated 
 with fine terra-cotta ornaments. The double staircase of white marble, 
 showing sculptures at various places, is set off effectively from that dark 
 material. The interior is decorated in the rich and solid manner charac- 
 teristic of this class of new buildings.
 
 104 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 The Temple. 
 
 This is sometimes called the Temperance Temple, and was built by the 
 Woman's Temperance Building Association. It affords one of the finest 
 specimens of architecture in the city. 
 
 THE TEMPLE. 
 
 Its depth is 96 feet and it has a frontage of 190 feet on La Salle Street. 
 The building cost $1,100,000, and the ground is said to be equally valu- 
 able. The structure is a noble monument to the enterprise of the Temper- 
 ance Women of the United States, who showed great enthusiasm in its 
 erection and in procuring the amount of money necessary to warrant 
 them in going ahead with their undertaking.
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 105 
 
 The first two stories are faced with red granite, while the stories above 
 these have a facing of red brick to correspond. On the La Salle Street 
 side a lofty and imposing stone arch forms the main entrance, and the 
 four corners presented to La Salle Street are rounded so as to suggest 
 turrets. The building has two immense wings, which are united by a 
 middle section called the vinculum. There are large interior courts for 
 '.the admission of light and air, so that the building in this respect is simi- 
 lar to other costly structures in which the matter of light and ventilation 
 is carefully studied. The roof is steep and broken into terraces, forming 
 three stories above the cornice. The style of architecture is French Gothic. 
 
 The main part of the building is used for business purposes. On the 
 first floor is a large hill adorned with a beautiful fountain, paintings and 
 statues. There are large and convenient 
 side rooms for holding meetings and 
 furnishing accommodations to commit- 
 tees. On this floor there are impressive 
 suggestions of the great temperance 
 struggle which has for years been car- 
 ried on. The building is a central point 
 of interest to visitors not only from the 
 city itself but from all parts of the 
 country. 
 
 Masonic Temple. 
 
 This is built in the modern style of 
 architecture and has a frontage on State 
 Street of 170 feet and 1 14 feet on Ran- 
 dolph Street. It is one of the tallest 
 buildings in the country, being twenty 
 stories high and soaring to the height of 
 265 feet above the ground. For the 
 first three stories Wisconsin granite is used, the upper stories being 
 built of a gray fire-brick. Particular attention should be paid by the 
 visitor to the main entrance which is much admired. A twelve-foot 
 corridor on every floor runs around the interior of the building. The 
 first sixteen stories are used for stores and offices, and the seventeenth 
 and eighteenth stories are occupied by the Masonic Fraternity. 
 
 The apartments of the Masonic Order are very costly and magnifi- 
 cently furnished. A splendor suggestive of oriental royalty is exhibited in 
 the furnishings. There are spacious parlors, banqueting halls and apart- 
 ments for the Apollo Commandery to which the founders of the Temple 
 belong. There are sixteen elevators running from the ground to the 
 
 MASONIC TEMPLE.
 
 106 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 upper stories, thus rendering all parts of the immense building easy of 
 access. There is an inner court with marble slabs of various colors, 
 tasteful mosaic floors throughout, a profusion of onyx and oakvvood, 
 and beautiful bronze work on the staircases. 
 
 Steam heat and electric lights are provided, while on the ground floor 
 there is a large cafe and all accessories. The cost of the building and 
 ground is said to have been $3,500,000, affording another example of the 
 liberal expenditure made on public buildings in Chicago. 
 
 Palmer House. 
 
 The external appearance of this remarkable building is such that it is 
 a wonder to strangers and a "joy forever" to the citizens. Its con- 
 struction was commenced in July, 1871. The plan of the Palmer House 
 was only evolved after several plans had been submitted to the proprie- 
 tor, Mr. Potter Palmer, by the best Chicago architects, and after he had, 
 with the architect selected for the purpose, traveled over Europe and 
 availed himself not only of the hints of the architects there but of the 
 ideas to be gathered from the finest hotels in that center of civilization 
 and luxury. 
 
 The best hotels in Europe at that time were the Grand, at Paris, and 
 the Beau Rivage d'Angleterre at Geneva. Mr. Palmer's determination 
 was to eclipse them all, and the unanimous opinion of travelers is that 
 he has done it. The substantial points characteristic of this hotel are 
 the massiveness and solidity with which it is built. The edifice contains 
 17,000,000 bricks, of which over 1,000,000 go into partition walls. There 
 are about 90,000 square feet of marble tiling in the floors of the build- 
 ing, and all the flooring is laid upon massive beds of cement, supported by 
 beams brought from Belgium, with intervening arches of corrugated iron. 
 The precautions against fire are, in all respects, very complete. There 
 are also about this hotel many novel and exceptionally thorough arrange- 
 ments for admitting light liberally everywhere, avoiding unpleasant 
 kitchen and closet odors, etc., which cannot be particularized here. The 
 dimensions of the building are, on State Street, 254 feet ; on Monroe 
 Street, 250 feet, and on Wabash Avenue, 131 feet. Total area covered, 
 72,500 square feet. This is necessarily divided up by courts, and of 
 these, the carriage court, entered by porles cocheres from three streets, is 
 90 by 1 20 feet in dimensions. The facings of the several fronts are of 
 gray sandstone, with the first story and entresol of massive iron castings 
 which alone cost $100,000. Of the facing stone, 160,000 cubic feet were 
 used. 
 
 The peculiarity which, after all, most impresses the visitor, is the more 
 than palatial richness of the interior finish. The immense office of the
 
 107
 
 10$ 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 hotel, 64 by io6feet and 24 feet in height, is wainscoted everywhere with 
 Italian marble, studded with panels of remarkably rich rose brocatello 
 marble, many of the natural mosaics exhibited in these panels being of 
 rare and curious beauty. The wainscoting of the counter is the same. 
 The next feature on which the wealth of the builder has been most con- 
 spicuously lavished is the grand staircase of Carrara marble, springing 
 from the ground to the uppermost floor, and constructed upon that won- 
 derful self-supporting plan, whereby each step has only to be fixed at one 
 end the whole stretching outward from the wall, with apparently no 
 support at all. The principle is a variation of the keystone, and is applied 
 in only one other instance in America Girard College. 
 
 Some idea of the startling 
 weight thus suspended in mid air 
 may be conjectured from the 
 fact that at each landing (of 
 4> which there are several to each 
 story) there is a square block 
 weighing 5,200 pounds. The 
 intermediate stairs are of solid 
 blocks, and weigh perhaps 1,200 
 pounds each. The total cost of 
 the edifice is $2,000,000. The 
 style of the furnishings is corre- 
 spondingly elegant, and the bill 
 for that item was not less than 
 $500,000. All the front rooms, 
 up to the fourth or fifth floor, are 
 furnished with satin or velvet 
 upholstery, Wilton or moquette 
 carpets, and have elegantly 
 clocks of bronze, gilt or ormolu, 
 dining room and other sallcs 
 contiguously to each other, 
 The principal dining room, 
 
 GREAT NORTHERN HOTEL. 
 
 carved mantels, on which stand 
 
 with other ornaments to match. The 
 
 a manger, five in number, are located 
 
 and have a total area of 12,033 square feet. 
 
 64 by 76 feet in size, is arranged so as to suggest an open Italian court, 
 
 the sweep of the eye being relieved by massive fluted columns extending 
 
 around the room as if supporting piazzas. 
 
 There are 708 rooms in the Palmer House, and the electric apparatus 
 by which the occupants of each communicate with the office, includes 
 nearly 100 miles of wire. From 1,000 to 2,400 guests are usually accom- 
 modated in this, one of the largest and costliest hotels in the world. The
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO, 
 
 109 
 
 new Palmer House was opened in the year 1873 by Mr. Potter Palmer, 
 who was then, and is now, the sole proprietor and manager. The traveler 
 can have his choice of plans while stopping at the Palmer either the 
 American or European. In connection with the Palmer House are the 
 famous bath house and barber shop, said to surpass anything of the kind in 
 the United States, if not in the world. They merit a visit of inspection by 
 strangers who desire to see the highest style of art bestowed on such 
 
 places of convenience. 
 
 The Leland Hotel. 
 
 This building has six stories, besides the basement and contains 216 
 rooms. The reputation of the house is such that it enjoys an extensive 
 patronage. The situation is all that could be desired. Fronting on 
 
 LELAND HOTEL, CHICAGO. 
 
 Michigan Boulevard, the fashionable drive of the city, within full view 
 of the lake and Lake Park, it could hardly be better located. It is under 
 excellent management ; the interior is more than comfortable, many of 
 the apartments being fitted up luxuriously, and the popularity of the 
 place is fully established. The guests receive polite attention, are well 
 cared for and are very apt to return when business or pleasure calls them 
 to the city. 
 
 South Park Avenue M. E. Church. 
 
 This is a beautiful structure, built of square stone. It has a fine spire, 
 and the architecture shows a free use of Norman and Romanesque 
 forms. The entrance, a low semi-circular arch, is on the main facade
 
 110 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 on South Park Avenue. Another entrance is on Thirty-third Street, in 
 an additional structure placed before the tower and crowned with a bal- 
 cony. The ten large semi-circular windows in the side walls are orna- 
 mented with stained glass and separated by strong buttresses reaching to 
 the roof. The tower on the northeast corner, with its unique finial, 
 
 SOUTH PARK AVENUE M. E. CHURCH. 
 
 reminds one of the barbicans of the mediaeval castles and boroughs. Ris- 
 ing from the angles at the top are four round turrets which are at their 
 base encircled by a common wall. Each of the walls between has two lower 
 windows in front of which is a balustrade of open work masonry. The 
 pinnacle of the tower is a low quadrangular pyramid with rounded corners.
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AMU INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 Ill 
 
 The interior has 1,500 seats rising as in an amphitheatre, and a beauti- 
 ful gallery. The wainscoting of the ceiling and the woodwork of the 
 
 SOUTH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, HYDE PARK. 
 
 seats, etc., is of oak and California cedar. The walls show simple decora- 
 tions on a ground of light terra-cotta, producing an excellent effect.
 
 312 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 The South Congregational Church stands in an excellent location and 
 is one of the finest church edifices in Chicago. A considerable 
 part of its beauty is due to its architecture, which is Romanesque. 
 Another part of its attractive appearance is due to the material with 
 which it is made ; this is gray, prairie stone with a rough surface. It is 
 well situated in one of the best portions of the city. The shape of the 
 ground on which it stands being irregular, the plan of the building is also 
 irregular, so that the main audience room is a rectangle with a right- 
 angle vestibule attached to it. 
 
 The front facing the boulevard has a tower at each corner, between 
 which is a semi-circular arched entrance with heavy canopy. Above this 
 a fine Romanesque window adds to the beauty of the structure. The 
 most impressive part of the building is the tower in the southeast 
 corner. The first oart of it is in the shape of a drum and contains five 
 
 THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO. 
 
 semi-circular arched windows. Above this, in their proper places, are 
 massive buttresses which enlarge toward their bases and extend into 
 free round columns on which are placed four wide arches, forming the 
 spacious belfry. This has a balustrade of stone in open-work. The 
 pinnacle is a slated pyramid and from the corners of the base rise four 
 small cones. The northern tower is simpler in style and lower. It is 
 all the way cylindrical and ends in a cone. The interior of the church 
 is simple, and at the same time elegant and imposing. The wood_ 
 carving of the pews, doors and rafters is a special feature. The interior 
 is beautifully ornamented with stained glass windows in the transept. 
 
 The Art Institute. 
 
 This building has sprung up from the ruins of the Old Exposition 
 Building, which, for so many years, was a landmark in the City of Chicago.
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 113 
 
 It is delightfully located, having an uninterrupted view of the 
 lake on the east and facing Michigan Avenue on the west. It has a 
 frontage of 320 feet, and the main body measures 175 feet, which, with 
 projections, approximates 208 feet. 
 
 The main entrance faces Adams Street, and is built in white marble. 
 The grand staircase, together with the central wing, is the most striking 
 feature, being in a case of about 50 feet square and of most beautiful 
 workmanship. The vestibule is in marble and mosaic, and the entrance 
 hall in marble with mosaic floors and ceiling. Arched openings connect 
 this with the galleries on either side. There are two galleries, the first 
 devoted to plaster casts, sculpture, busts and models, and the second to 
 pictures. The main galleries are 27 feet wide, the second 12 feet wide 
 The lecture room is one side of the grand staircase and seats i.ooo per- 
 sons ; the other side is the library. 
 
 It is fire-proof of course, arrangements being made to cover the fire- 
 proof partitions with planks of suitable thickness, so that pictures can be 
 hung wherever taste and good judgment may dictate. It is classic in 
 design and, exclusive ofr land, cost between $600,000 and. $800,000. 
 
 Grand Central Depot. 
 
 The site of this building is Fifth Avenue and Harrison Street. The 
 station is used by the Northern Pacific Depot, Chicago and Great West- 
 ern, Baltimore and Ohio and Wisconsin Central. It is the largest and 
 finest station in Chicago, and one of the largest in the country. At all 
 hours of the day and night it is thronged with passengers and the con- 
 venience of having a central depot for a number of roads is indicated by 
 the immense traffic. 
 
 The exterior of the station is plain and unpretentious. It is the prop- 
 erty of the Chicago and Northern Pacific Railroad, which is the only 
 road having a through track of its own from Chicago to the Pacific 
 Coast. The building was begun in October, 1888, and was opened for 
 business December 8th, 1890. It has a frontage of 680 feet on Fifth 
 Avenue and 226 feet on Harrison Street. It covers three and a half 
 acres of ground, yet is none too spacious for the amount of business 
 done. Part of the building is seven stories high and the remaining part 
 is four stories. There is a tower 212 feet high containing a clock, and a 
 bell which is larger than any other in the United States with one excep- 
 tion. The weight of its hammer is 706 pounds. The dial of the tower 
 clock is thirteen and one-half feet in diameter. 
 
 The main waiting room is 207 feet long by 71 wide, and the ceiling is 
 supported by two rows of massive marble columns. The floors and
 
 114 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 some parts of the facings are also of marble. The station is provided 
 with ladies' parlors, dining-rooms, smoking room, reading room, barber 
 shop, etc. Every possible arrangement is made for the comfort of trav- 
 elers. The basement of the tower, which has entrances from both streets, 
 serves as a vestibule for the waiting room. 
 
 The train-shed is 560 feet long. It is vaulted by one wide arch, and 
 being mainly covered with glass it is well lighted and pleasant. Only 
 one train-shed in the country is larger, and that is the one connected 
 with the Grand Central Depot in New York. The particular feature of 
 
 GRAND CENTRAL DEPOT. 
 
 the station is the electric plant under the platform which furnishes elec- 
 tricity for regulating the switches, and closing the bars at a distance. 
 Each of the roads using the station has its separate track, offices, etc., 
 thus preventing all confusion in the arrival or departure of the trains. 
 The cost of the depot was about $1,000,000. 
 
 Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Depot. 
 
 The history of this magnificent trunk line is practically the history of 
 railroad construction in the United States. Its inception dates back to 
 1833, the commencement of the railroad building period in this country,
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 115 
 
 and every rail that has been added in the extension of the original road 
 since that time has its own story to tell of the westward and onward pro- 
 gress of civilization, the settlement of the waste places, the birth and 
 growth of villages and towns, the peopling of great cities and the pros- 
 perity of half a continent The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern 
 railway may well be called the great east and west artery of the nation, 
 as it has done more toward infusing the blood of life into the immense 
 stretch of territory that is washed by the great inland seas than any 
 other force employed by man during the past century. The Lake Shore 
 and Michigan Southern Railroad Company, as it exists to-day, was 
 
 LAKE SHORE AND MICHIGAN SOUTHERN DEPOT. 
 
 organized in 1869. The road is part of, and one of the most important 
 links in, the famous " Vanderbilt system." 
 
 The site of the building is between Van Buren, Harrison, Sherman 
 Streets and Pacific Avenue. The material is yellow stone with a rough 
 surface and the front, facing Van Buren Street, is flanked by two seven- 
 story towers. The structure is complete in all conveniences for the 
 travelling public. 
 
 Chicago is well supplied with places of entertainment. These include 
 concert halls, theatres and cycloramas. Some years ago an attempt was 
 made to locate a permanent dramatic company in the city. Judged by
 
 116 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS OF CHICAGO. 
 
 the receipts at the box office the effort did not meet with any great 
 encouragement. Money rules the world, and as no individual or dram- 
 atic association in Chicago felt under obligation to provide entertain- 
 ments that did not pay for themselves the attempt was given up. 
 
 Still Chicago has always had its first-class theatres, and the great actors 
 and actresses of the world have achieved here some of their most signal 
 triumphs. Of late years travelling plays have taken the place of the 
 
 old stock companies, 
 an arrangement which 
 undoubtedly fur- 
 nishes a better class of 
 entertainments than 
 was formerly offered 
 to the public. 
 
 It is interesting to 
 note as matter of his- 
 tory that the first per- 
 formance in Chicago 
 at which an admit- 
 tance fee was charged 
 was given on Feb- 
 ruary 24, 1834, by a 
 certain Bowers, who 
 fed upon fire, drank 
 soup of melted lead, 
 which he ladled into 
 his mouth with a red- 
 hot spoon, and did 
 various other wonder- 
 ful things that must 
 have appeared to his 
 audience very startling in their character, for the reason that he did not 
 take the trouble to explain his tricks and tell how they were done. '' To 
 such introduction, there could be but one sequence ; having once tasted 
 the mysterious and thrilling pleasures of fire-eating, ventriloquism and 
 the itinerant circus, with speckled clown and sawdust arena in all their 
 fabled glory how could search for pleasure stop short of the real dram- 
 atic stage itself?" 
 
 The names of the standard theatres are well known, and it is only 
 necessary here to mention the new Schiller Theatre, which has all mod- 
 ern improvements and is a very attractive place of amusement.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Parks, Boulevards and Other Points of Interest. 
 
 M 
 
 ORE than twenty years ago a grand system of parks was laid 
 out which has given to Chicago the name of the " Garden 
 City." It is well that this system was planned long ago, for 
 if it had been left until the present time the great value of 
 land would have persuaded a large number of citizens that Chicago could 
 do without parks, and that, instead of being necessaries, they would be 
 superfluous luxuries. 
 
 Although the air of Chicago is fresh from the great lake on the 
 one side and the open prairies on the other, yet every large city 
 needs its patches of green, affording as it were a taste of the 
 country and furnishing breathing places for all classes of people. 
 London calls her parks the lungs of the city. Chicago is well 
 supplied with lungs, and her system of parks when completed will 
 afford some of the finest drives and boulevards in the world. At the 
 present time the parks include 1,879 acres f land, and the connecting 
 boulevards when finished will have a total length of twenty miles. This 
 does not include the considerable number of small parks and squares in 
 various parts of the city which are patronized extensively by the resi- 
 dents of the neighborhoods in which they are located. 
 
 Commissioners appointed by the State have charge of the park 
 system, the funds needed by them being furnished principally by direct 
 tax upon the city. Thus, Lincoln Park and the West Shore drive are 
 under control of a separate commission, as are other parks situated on the 
 west and south sides respectively. Of course, a constant growth and 
 improvement are observed in these inviting patches of country planted 
 in the heart of the great city. They appear more attractive from year to 
 year. Taste is displayed in the arrangement of walks, flower-beds and 
 fountains, while all the choice varieties of trees, plants and flowering 
 shrubs which will grow in this climate are cultivated. 
 
 Lincoln Park. 
 
 The visitor will guess at once how this park obtained its name, 
 although it is only one of many objects of interest which Chicago has 
 to remind one of the martyred president. The southern portion of the 
 
 present park was formerly occupied by the old Chicago Cemetery ; this 
 
 117
 
 118 fARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 Was at length condemned on account of being so near the thickly set- 
 tled portion of the city and the bodies were removed. In 1869, a com- 
 mission was appointed to turn this ground into a park and make 
 improvements by additional territory. The space occupied is about 250 
 acres, the park being about half a mile wide by one and one-half miles 
 long. The great charm of it is that it is bounded on the east by the lake. 
 Lincoln Park is the most complete of the entire system. Twenty 
 acres of lakes within the park afford fine landscape views ; beautiful 
 lawns stretch away in all directions ; flower beds, enriched with all the 
 colors of the rainbow, charm the eye ; bronze statues of celebrities 
 occupy well chosen sites ; winding drives conduct the visitor from point 
 
 to point, showing him all the attrac- 
 tions of noble trees, verdant .shrub- 
 bery, walks and avenues, which com- 
 bined may be said to form a 
 panorama of the beauties of nature 
 made effective by the art of the land- 
 scape gardener. 
 
 This popular place of resort is also 
 furnished with a refreshment pavilion 
 which stands near the shore of the 
 largest lake, where a supply of boats 
 is always provided. There is also an 
 interesting zoological collection, very 
 attractive to the little people who 
 never tire of watching the 'antics 
 of the various animals. In the 
 summer season entertainments are 
 furnished by donations from the liberal citizens residing in the neighbor- 
 hood. Among the bronze statues is one of Schiller, erected by the Ger- 
 man citizens in 1886 on the anniversary of the great poet's death. It 
 stands at the south end of the large flower beds. The bronze Indian 
 group of life size erected on a massive granite pedestal is well worth 
 inspecting. A statue of Lincoln above life size stands near the entrance 
 at Clark Street and North Avenue. Passing along the shore of the lake 
 the visitor sees the Grant Monument, an imposing granite structure from 
 the base of which may be obtained a fine view of the lake. This is an 
 equestrian monument to General Grant and was erected by the city in 
 1891. These statues, together with the residence of the late General 
 John A. Logan, are points of great interest to strangers and are visited 
 by throngs of sight-seers. 
 
 HON. JOHN A. LOGAN.
 
 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER fOINTS OF INTEREST. 119 
 
 Perhaps the chief attraction is the electric fountain, better called the 
 " Luminous Fountain," which, when it is in operation, is a miracle of 
 light and beauty. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 had a fountain of this 
 description, which was one of the great attractions. The Visitor perceives 
 an immense basin at Lincoln Park with pipes in the centre. The" bronze 
 plate on one side shows the name of the donator Charles E. Yerkds. We' 
 will not attempt to explain here the arrangement of the pipes and rnachiri* 
 cry by which the effect is produced. The illuminating apparatus Is Irigeri^ 
 iously constructed and has been made to work successfully. A room" 
 forty-five feet square is under the basin, and here the electric light is 
 produced. 
 
 THE LATE JOHN A. LOGAN'S RESIDENCE IN CHICAGO. 
 
 Five colors red, blue, purple, green and yellow are used either 
 separately or together, producing by their skillful combinations a great 
 variety of wonderful effects. When the fountain plays a powerful central 
 jet often rises to a height of eighty feet. A large number of lofty jets, 
 rising half that distance, surround it, and these at the top are combined 
 in a cloud of vapors which exhibit all the colors of the rainbow. Some- 
 times the smaller jets have colors different from that of the central jet, 
 and in this case the sight is especially fine. Thus the central jet may 
 appear flaming red, shooting up like a column of liquid fire, while the
 
 120
 
 PARKS. BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 121 
 
 other jets have the various colors of the prism, forming a combination of 
 tints and sparkling jets of water that is very striking. Then the colors 
 are made to change; the outside jets are silvery, resembling a fountain 
 of diamonds, while the central jet is turned to magnificent gold. The 
 combinations of light, color and beauty seem to be endless, and the eye 
 is constantly entranced with the variations. The visitor can stand for 
 hours before this superb spectacle, which is one of the most attractive on 
 which the eye ever gazed. 
 
 Popular Sports. 
 
 One of the most remarkable improvements of late years and a real 
 ornament to the city is the Lincoln Park sea-wall. Heavy waves having 
 several years ago damaged the strand of the park and the carriage road 
 running alongside it and flooded parts of the park, the repetition of such 
 an occurrence was prevented by constructing a quay. 
 
 Next to this is a splendid promenade sixteen feet wide, covered with 
 large slabs of cement and bordered by a few stone steps twelve feet above 
 the surface of the water. The remaining part of the quay is occupied by 
 the macadamized carriage road, forty- five feet wide, and bordered by 
 flower-beds toward the inland water. This sheet of water, about 175 feet 
 wide, and extending between the park shore and the quay, is intended 
 to serve for rowing as well as for steamboat landing, for which latter pur- 
 pose there is, opposite to the Yerkes fountain, an opening through the 
 quay to Lake Michigan. 
 
 Chicago oarsmen hold their annual regattas here, and the occasion is 
 one of the noted events of the year. Enthusiastic adherents of the naval 
 clubs, admiring personal friends, fond relatives and anxious sweethearts 
 encourage the sparsely clad oarsmen with their presence, and the contests 
 are generally close and very exciting. 
 
 In the winter season when the lakes of Lincoln Park are frozen over 
 they attract crowds of skaters and present a very animated scene. It 
 frequently happens that the ice is in excellent condition, and if this 
 should happen on a Saturday when the public schools are not in session, 
 or on a holiday when the factories and places of business are closed, 
 thousands of persons visit the lakes to take part in the sport. The skat- 
 ing facilities are ample in the vicinity of Chicago and afford one of the 
 most popular out-door amusements. 
 
 Humboldt Park. 
 
 This is the most northerly park in the system and has a greater eleva- 
 tion than any of the others. It comprises about two hundred acres of 
 open prairie land. It has many natural advantages, being well wooded
 
 122
 
 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 123 
 
 and is furnished with lawns, avenues, walks and drives, which render the 
 place very attractive. There is a large lake front that affords ample 
 facilities for rowing, and this park is a popular resort for oarsmen. One 
 of the features of the place is a celebrated artesian well 1,155 feet in 
 depth, from which is derived an excellent grade of mineral water abound- 
 ing in sulphates, chlorides and carbonates. 
 
 GRANT MONUMENT IN LINCOLN PARK. 
 
 Another feature is the conservatory. Having a warm and cold side 
 a great variety of plants can be cultivated, including both the 
 hardy growths and tropical flowers. There is also a cupola for palms 
 and tropical plants. The visitor is struck with the beauty of the lawns 
 which are fine specimens of landscape gardening. The endeavor to
 
 124 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 make the park appear as if all its points of interest were natural and not 
 artificial has been quite successful, and the visitor is very liable while 
 walking or riding through it to be under the illusion that nature has 
 done the work which has been really performed by man. The pavilion 
 is the chief point of attraction and is a place of constant resort. 
 
 What are known as the South Parks comprise Washington and Jack- 
 son and Midway Plaisance, which connects the two former. Already 
 these parks have become popular, and are frequented by multitudes, who 
 are eager to get a glimpse of something in the town, which has the fresh 
 
 ness and beauty of 
 the country. The 
 liberal spirit of the 
 city was shown in pur- 
 chasing the grounds 
 for these parks at an 
 expense of $3,208,000 
 and the improvements 
 swelled this to a 
 much larger sum. 
 Washington Park lies 
 nearly six miles south 
 and east from the 
 City Hall, and is 
 bounded by Fifty-first 
 Street, Kankakee 
 Avenue, Sixtieth St. 
 and Cottage Grove 
 Avenue, a space of 
 371 acres, somewhat 
 over a mile west from 
 the lake. The extent 
 of the grounds has 
 given an opportunity for breadth of treatment which the landscape 
 artists have not neglected. 
 
 Among the most attractive features are the " Meadow," a famous 
 stretch of sward, covering 100 acres; the " Mere," a meandering sheet 
 of picturesquely distributed water, thirteen acres in extent; the conserva- 
 tory, a handsome building 40 by 120 feet, comprising nine propagating 
 houses and a cactus house, and containing an interesting collection of 
 tropical plants the artesian well, 1,643 feet deep, which furnishes a 
 mineral water ; and the stable, built of stone, in the shape of a Greek 
 
 SKATING IN LINCOLN PARK.
 
 125
 
 126 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 cross, to accommodate over 100 horses, the stalls being arranged circu- 
 larly about a central space, into which the phaetons with their loads are 
 driven when horses are to be changed. This stable covers a space of 
 325 by 200 feet, measured through its greatest diameters, and shelters 
 the 130 fine Norman blooded horses owned by the Commission. Flow- 
 ers are tastefully distributed at the most effective points throughout the 
 park, 170,000 plants being propagated and set out annually. Boats may 
 be hired for rowing on the Mere, and lunches maybe had at the " Retreat," 
 in which is also the superintendent's office. Finally there is a zoological 
 collection well worth seeing, and afternoon concerts are usually given at 
 frequent intervals through the summer months during the season, from 
 about June I to the middle of October, or later. 
 
 Phaetons leave the cottage, corner of Drexel and Oakwood Boule- 
 vards, every twenty minutes, from 9 A. M. to 7 P. M., except on Sun- 
 days, when the service is increased to every ten minutes, from I to 8 
 P. M. Fare for the round trip (about seven miles) is 30 cents ; children 
 under ten years of age, 1 5 cents. 
 
 One objective point is the park Retreat ; but the round trip is made 
 through Drexel, Grand and Oakwood Boulevards and Washington Park. 
 The park Retreat, like the phaeton service, is under the immediate charge 
 of the Park Commissioners. It is conducted as a cafe, not as a restaur- 
 ant, and the prices are the same as in the city. 
 
 The race track of Washington Park is said to be one of the finest 
 in the world, and in all probability few are better patronized. 
 
 Grand Boulevard. 
 
 Few modern cities are so favored as Chicago in spacious streets and 
 fine driveways. A commendable foresight, which took into account the 
 rapid growth of the city and the splendid proportions it was destined to 
 assume, provided for boulevards which are now among the chief 
 attractions. Paris is not more famous for its Triumphal Arch, its Louvre 
 and magnificent Churches than it is for its avenues. Chicago has been 
 learning a lesson from the famous cities of the Old World. 
 
 The Grand Boulevard is the western entrance to Washington Park. 
 It is 200 feet wide, and is bordered by a double colonnade of elms and 
 strips of green turf, rendering it a fine avenue for promenaders which 
 they fully appreciate, as is shown by the thousands who on a pleasant 
 day may be seen along the thoroughfare. There is an excellent roadbed 
 for driving and on the western side a strip is reserved for equestrians. 
 One part is, by common consent, used for speeding fast horses. It is 
 one of the most fashionable drives in the city, and the expectations of
 
 128 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 the Commissioner have been much more than realized by the eagerness 
 with which the public have sought the Grand Boulevard as a place for 
 recreation. It is crowded sometimes for a space of two miles with 
 carriages three abreast. Beautiful residences, churches and other public 
 buildings stand on each side. 
 
 Drexel Boulevard. 
 
 Like the boulevard already described the Drexel is 200 feet wide, 
 divided as follows : Fifteen feet of side-walk, forty feet of roadway at 
 the side of the planting place in the centi;e,which is ninety feet wide. It is 
 modelled after one of the most celebrated avenues in Paris. Only plea- 
 sure carriages are admitted, heavy vehicles of every description being 
 excluded. 
 
 The first steps for constructing this boulevard were taken in 1870; 
 purchases were made and the work of construction was soon after com- 
 menced. Much taste is shown in laying out flower gardens and walks. 
 There is an absence of monotony, and the care bestowed upon the 
 planting surface which is considerably above the road grade, is seen in 
 the great variety of beautiful effects. There are rustic seats and bowers, 
 fountains and circular spaces. Hard blue clay forms the material for 
 the walks, and the drives are gravel on a graded surface. In short, what- 
 ever will add to the beauty of the avenue has been carefully thought of, 
 and the result is one of the most charming avenues in the country. One 
 of the interesting features is the line of stately elms which the owners of 
 the property on each side of the street have planted four feet inside the 
 building lines. These are already suggestive of those famous New 
 England villages and cities, such as New Haven, where the elms are a 
 most attractive ornament. No villages more beautiful are to be found 
 anywhere. 
 
 At the intersection of Drexel Avenue is a magnificent bronze fountain 
 presented by the Misses Drexel, of Philadelphia, in memory of their 
 father, after whom the boulevard was named. This is a conspicuous 
 ornament, and is not only costly and beautiful, but is useful in furnishing 
 a supply of water for the multitudes who throng the place. Time will 
 improve this very pretty boulevard ; in fact, all great avenues must have 
 time in which to perfect them. Thi work is not done in a day, the trees 
 do not grow in one season, the palatial residences are not erected between 
 two suns. The only wonder is that in a town so new as Chicago, one 
 that is really but little more than fifty years old, there should be so many 
 full-grown improvements and attractions that are commonly found only 
 in the older cities,
 
 129
 
 130 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 Some of the well-known features of the Grand Boulevard are the 
 " Mound," in which are displayed the most elaborate designs and con- 
 trasts of floral coloring ; the " Sphinxes " and " Monument," wrought in 
 fine detail from the growing cacti ; the " Sun Dial," formed of the same 
 plant and showing the correct solar time ; the " Elephant," also wrought 
 from cacti ; the American Flag in correct colors of coleus and other 
 foliage plants; with many other tasteful and beautiful designs. 
 
 Haymarket Monument. 
 
 On the West Side on Randolph Street, in Chicago's early years, stood 
 the West Side market house, one portion of which was used as a police 
 station. But for many years the square has been entirely open, and the 
 Randolph Street cars pass through it from east to west. Approaching 
 this, the celebrated Haymarket Square, from the east, the traveler per- 
 ceives directly at the intersection of Randolph and Desplaines streets, 
 the figure of a bronze policeman in full uniform, with the right hand 
 upraised, and in letters of gold, on the polished granite pedestal, this 
 inscription : " In the name of the people of Illinois, I command peace." 
 
 This monument was erected by the grateful citizens of Chicago in 
 memory of the brave officers who sacrificed their lives and health in 
 defense of the law, and whose cruel and cowardly murder sounded the 
 death knell of anarchy in this city and country. The tragedy did not 
 really take place in the square itself, but the mob covered the whole 
 northeast corner of the square, and extended north along Desplaines 
 Street, encircling a wagon in front of Crane Brothers' steps, between the 
 alley runing east from Desplaines Street and Randolph Street. On this 
 wagon, about ten feet from the alley, the anarchist speakers stood when 
 they addressed the crowd. 
 
 On the night of May 4, 1886, six companies of policemen were detailed 
 from the police station on Desplaines Street, south of Randolph, to 
 disperse the mob, because inflammatory speeches and unreasoning 
 accusations of those in authority were fast ripening the mob for violence 
 and worse. The police came on at quickstep, in close order, by com- 
 panies. When close to the wagon they halted, and the commanding 
 officer ordered their dispersion in the memorable words upon the monu- 
 ment. Hardly had he finished, when, as if in answer of defiance, a 
 dynamite bomb whizzed through trie air from the mouth of the alley. 
 Falling between the second and third companies of policemen, it 
 performed its awful mission, killing outright, or wounding fatally, seven 
 policemen. Many others were seriously injured. The method of attack 
 showed the dastardly cowardice of the sneaking thrower, who endangered
 
 THE HAYMARKET MONUMENT. 
 
 131
 
 132 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 his friends, and women who were in the crowd, in his effort to demon- 
 strate his cruel power. 
 
 It is supposed, with good reason, that he went east to a blind alley 
 running to Randolph Street, thence south to Randolph, and there 
 mingling with the crowd, disappeared effectually from public view. It 
 is not known how many of the mob were slain by the bomb, or the 
 return fire of the police, for their friends, following the customs of the 
 savages whose blood-thirstiness they manifested, carried away their 
 dead and wounded, and quietly buried the former, and such of the latter 
 
 as afterwards died, lest 
 testimony should accu- 
 mulate against them. 
 
 The ringleaders, 
 Fielden, Spies, Engel, 
 Lingg, Neebe, Schwab, 
 and Fisher were arrest- 
 ed. The Arbeiter Zd- 
 tuiig office near Wash- 
 ington Street, on the 
 east side of Fifth Avenue, 
 was searched. An im- 
 mense supply of dyna- 
 mite, aims, bombs, and 
 infernal machines was 
 found there. Bombs 
 were discovered in other 
 parts of the city, in lum- 
 ber yards, under side- 
 walks, and in the homes 
 of anarchists. Parsons, 
 like the coward he was, 
 got away from the city; for a while he successfully concealed 
 himself, and then, in a sensational hurrah, he surrendered, in the idea 
 that he could bulldoze the people of the great State of Illinois into an 
 acquittal. Then came the long trial, in which justice gave ample 
 opportunity to these traitors to the country which had given them the 
 "apostles of unrest," and refugees from the laws of their native lands 
 a home, to prove any extenuating circumstances whatever. Nothing 
 could be offered but an infernal desire for blood, and an insane craving 
 for notoriety. The records exist in the archives of the courts, of the 
 speeches; of the finding of the jury; the sentence, which voiced the 
 
 DREXEL FOUNTAIN.
 
 134 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 sentiment of the whole American people who love order and respect 
 law ; of the appeal to the Supreme Court, and its refusal to interfere. 
 
 Then came frantic efforts to have the death sentence commuted, but 
 nothing stayed the hand of justice, nor the coming of the eleventh day 
 of November, 1887, the day of execution. The "tiger anarchist," 
 Lingg, to escape the gallows, inserted a small dynamite cartridge in his 
 mouth and blew his head off. Parsons, Spies, Engel, and Fisher died on 
 the gallows, but Fielden, Schwab, and Neebe went to the penitentiary, 
 the first two for life. The popular excitement hardly quieted a moment 
 
 for the whole eighteen 
 months. The executed 
 anarchists lie in Wald- 
 heim Cemetery, where 
 those who desire 
 chaos, and dislike 
 peace and harmony, 
 make pilgrimages to 
 air their obstinacy. 
 The cell in which 
 Lingg commited sui- 
 cide is in " murderers' 
 row," directly opposite 
 the " cage," in the 
 county jail. The rest 
 of the condemned 
 anarchists occupied 
 cells along this row. 
 
 Some years ago a 
 valuable plot of 
 ground was present- 
 ed to Chicago by the 
 Hon. Stephen A. Douglas. Mr. Douglas was one of the most 
 distinguished men cf the country, and received from Illinois the honor 
 of a seat in the United States Senate. At his death it was felt that his 
 name should be honored by some permanent memorial, both on account 
 of his gift to the city and the distinguished services he had rendered to 
 the State. Groveland and Woodlawn parks adjoin each other, and face 
 the grounds of the old Chicago University. The parks lie between 
 Cottage Grove Avenue and the lake beyond Thirty-third Street. These 
 with the University grounds were the gift of Mr. Douglas, and here was 
 built the monument to commemorate his name and deeds. The 
 
 DOUGLAS MONUMENT.
 
 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 135 
 
 mausoleum containing his remains is of granite, and the magnificent shaft 
 rising above it to the height of 104 feet is also of granite. Surmounting 
 the shaft is a life-like bronze statue of Mr. Douglas, while four-corner 
 pedestals are occupied by figures representing " Illinois," " History," 
 " Justice " and " Eloquence." The marble sarcophagus in the crypt 
 bears on its side the following inscription: " Stephen A. Douglas, born 
 April 23, 1813 ; died June 3, 1861. * Tell my children to obey the law? 
 and uphold the Constitution.' " This imposing memorial of the great 
 Senator was erected at a cost of $100,000. 
 
 The ingenious method for obtaining a good supply of fresh water for 
 the city has already been 
 referred to. At the outset it 
 was not supposed that the 
 site of Chicago, which was 
 really a swamp, was the most 
 healthful location for a city, 
 and therefore additional atten- 
 tion was paid to the water 
 supply. It is one of the 
 simplest facts in the science 
 of hygiene that impure water 
 means disease and death. 
 But for a long time it was a 
 problem as to how the city 
 could obtain pure water. The 
 early settlers could go to the 
 lake or river; at length the 
 lake shore became filthy, and 
 so did the river. In 1 834 the 
 Board of Trustees paid $95.50 STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. 
 
 for digging a well, and this was the first expenditure of money 
 toward meeting the wants of the town. As late as 1842 water-peddlers 
 used to come through the streets, and those who were particularly fas- 
 tidious could procure their supply by buying it. During this year the 
 Chicago Hydraulic Works were completed and began to pump water 
 from the lake into the houses. A reservoir was attached to the works, 
 about two miles of wood pipe were laid, and a tvventy-five-horse power 
 engine drew the water from the lake. This clumsy method, which was 
 not really adequate to the wants of the town, especially in case of fire, 
 could not long survive, for the reason that it was anything but the 
 " fittest."
 
 136 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 New works were commenced in 1854. Improved machinery was 
 introduced, yet the growth of the city finally rendered the works inade- 
 quate to the demands, and it was found necessary in 1863 to take active 
 measures for procuring an increased supply. The plan which was adopted 
 was successful, and the water supply of the city is now brought from a 
 point in the lake several miles distant from the shore. In 1887, a con- 
 
 CHICAGO WATER WORKS. 
 
 tract was entered into for the construction of a new tunnel to be eight 
 feet in diameter and to extend four miles out into the lake. Thus it will 
 be seen that unless Lake Michigan fails the water supply will not. It is 
 simply a question of engines, pumps and water pipes. There is no 
 reason why the city should not be well furnished the year 
 round.
 
 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 137 
 
 What is known as the Waterworks Crib is an interesting place to 
 visit. Allusion has already been made to the plan for obtaining water, 
 which embraced the construction of the tunnel two miles long to be dug 
 out from the shore under the bottom of Lake Michigan, through which 
 the pure water of the lake was to be brought into the city. The favor 
 with which the plan was received was offset by the doubts and protests 
 of many who did not consider it feasible, but the Legislature, in 1863, 
 sanctioned it, and a year later it was approved by Congress. The first 
 spade was put into, the ground March 17, 1864, with appropriate 
 ceremonies. 
 
 A Wonderful Piece of Engineering. 
 
 Near the lake shore a shaft nine feet in diameter was sunk and secured 
 by an iron cylinder. This was lowered to a depth of sixty-nine feet, 
 and then the tunnel was started in a horizontal direction into the lake. 
 This tunnel has a length of 10.587 feet. Fortunately the material 
 encountered was tough clay, and the work of excavation was interrupted 
 by but few layers of sand. The form of the tunnel is nearly round ; 
 the masonry consists of an eight-inch thickness of brick. At the same 
 time was begun, at the North Pier, at the mouth of the Chicago River, 
 the construction of the Crib, which was to be let down into the water 
 at the outer end of the tunnel, to contain and protect the receiving pipe. 
 It was built very strong and water-tight, in the form of a low five- 
 cornered column, forty feet high and ninety-eight and one-half feet in 
 circumference, of twelve-inch oak and spruce beams. The five corners 
 were heavily plated with iron for the purpose of strengthening the Crib 
 and protecting it against ice. 
 
 In July, 1 865, the completed monster was launched amid great rejoicing, 
 piloted to ks destination, brought into position, and sunk by letting water 
 into the flood gates. Then its wall-chambers were well filled with stone, 
 and anchored to the ground by means of Mitchell's marine mooring 
 screws, such as were used in the Thames tunnel. After the central divi- 
 sion had been pumped clear of water, the lake shaft was dug, from the 
 bottom cf the Crib, to the necessary depth of twenty-seven feet. The 
 shaft was lined with an iron cylinder two and one-half inches thick and 
 nine feet in diameter, and on January i, 1866, the other end of the tunnel 
 was begun from its bottom. 
 
 The work progressed from both ends by day and night, and after four- 
 fifths of the distance had been dug from the shore, and one-fifth from the 
 Crib, the two parts met November 30, 1866. This completed a work 
 which the London Times called the greatest of modern times. At the
 
 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 Paris Exposition of 1867, the great work was distinguished by the award 
 of a medal. Tunnel and Crib were cemented within, and a light-tower 
 and a watchman's dwelling were erected on the latter. The Crib was 
 then protected by a break-water erected around it. The internal finish- 
 ing of the tunnel was so well done, that when examined in 1882, not the 
 slightest rent was found. 
 
 London has her tunnel under the river Thames, and why should there 
 not be tunnels under the river in Chicago ? With the growth of the 
 city the river has become a waterway of great importance; at the same 
 time it has been a pro- 
 blem as to how the 
 river could be used and 
 a sufficient number of 
 bridges could be pro- 
 vided for the accom- 
 modation of the people. 
 Finally it was said: 
 " Why should bridges 
 alone be used ? Why 
 not dig down and go 
 under the river as well 
 as over it ? If the river 
 will not accommodate 
 itself to man, man must 
 outwit the river. It 
 a pity if one little stream 
 must interrupt free com- 
 munication between the 
 different parts of the 
 city." 
 
 To a wide-awake 
 Chicagoan, hurrying to 
 per cent., with visions 
 
 WATERWORKS CRTB. 
 
 business, bent on making a hundred 
 of a fortune floating before his eyes, it 
 makes very little difference how he gets from one side of a river to 
 the other. If he cannot go over he would willingly crawl under. 
 
 And so the city began to talk about making tunnels, digging out holes 
 under the river and arching them, so that foot passengers and vehicles 
 could go through without being in danger of having the river overhead 
 come through. 
 
 The average citizen of Chicago believes nothing to be impossible, and 
 is fully persuaded that he will yet cross the river in a flying machine, and
 
 140 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 will have no use for either tunnels or bridges The idea of boring 
 holes in the ground, thus connecting the different parts of the city, did 
 not stagger him in the least. The work was commenced and carried 
 forward. Two tunnels were constructed, one at Washington Street 
 and the other at La Salle Street. These were the first, and it was 
 understood that if they were a success others would follow. The two 
 tunnels, however, did not come into general use, for the reason that 
 the swing bridges were so constructed that they could be handled quickly. 
 
 Turning the Tunnels into Thoroughfares. 
 
 Still the western man does not like to be interrupted ; if he is going 
 anywhere he is averse to standing still, even for an instant. To be com- 
 pelled to stop just as he gets to a bridge and see it swing around, so that 
 if he should attempt to go forward he would land in the river, by which 
 his appearance would be spoiled and his business interfered with, was 
 not a thing that afforded him any special satisfaction. Some inconveni- 
 ence, however, must be put up with, for the reason that rivers are likely 
 to take their own course, and nature is not always ready to accommo- 
 date herself to the traveling public. 
 
 When the cable-car system was adopted it was immediately seen that 
 the two tunnels already built could be turned to good account. These 
 tunnels were constructed for the city, and before the cable-car company 
 secured the privilege of using them they were mere holes in the ground 
 and represented the waste of so much money. The old saying of 
 "putting money into a hole in the ground" was literally realized in this 
 case. In consideration of the city allowing the Cable Car Company to 
 use the La Salle Street tunnel, the company built and donated to the 
 city two double, steel, steam bridges across the river, one at Wells and 
 the other at Clark Street at a cost of over $300,000. 
 
 The Washington Street tunnel was in a much worse condition than 
 the other, in fact, had been abandoned, and before it could be used had 
 to be rebuilt at a cost of nearly $200,000. Both tunnels are now totally 
 unlike what they were a few years ago, and the public not only recog- 
 nizes the wisdom of their present use, but finds in them a remedy for 
 the interruption to travel and the vexatious delays at the swing-bridges, 
 which is worth additional hundreds of thousands of dollars to the city 
 every year. These holes in the ground that remained for a long time 
 unused are now helping to solve the problem of rapid transit. Indeed, 
 they are a suggestion of the underground system of railways, such as 
 in London have proved to be a great success, fur there, while the larger 
 part of the city is above ground, another considerable part is always
 
 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 141 
 
 travelling underneath, and at such a rate as renders it possible to pass 
 
 from one part of the great metropolis to another in a short space of time. 
 
 For the use of the cable-car system, one of the power-houses is 
 
 located at the corner of Jefferson and Washington Streets. This station 
 
 WEST APPROACH TO WASHINGTON STREET TUNNEL. 
 
 is furnished with two 5OO-horse-power Wetherell-Corliss engines, which 
 are used to operate the Washington Street tunnel loop. The cars of 
 both the Madison Street and Milwaukee Avenue lines are delivered to 
 the cable at this station, and by it they are drawn through the tunnel
 
 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 143 
 
 and around the loop. The service of this particular cable is very exact- 
 ing. At times the heavily loaded trains are but a few seconds apart, 
 yet there is seldom, if ever, any cause for complaint, so perfect are all 
 the details and so elaborate the machinery and appliances. 
 
 The dynamos for lighting the tunnel are also located at this point, as 
 is also the base of an electric signal system which extends along the 
 several cable lines. By this system the conductor or gripman can com- 
 municate with the power-houses and offices at any time, which is an 
 adjunct of almost incalculable advantage in keeping the tracks clear and 
 promptly stopping the machinery in case of accidents from any cause. 
 
 Harbor of Chicago. 
 
 Chicago is a commercial town, and has a larger commerce than one 
 would suppose possible to any town not situated on the seaboard. It 
 must be borne in mind, that our great inland lakes form an ocean by 
 themselves, and perhaps there is no water surface in the world the same 
 size as that of Lake Michigan, on which is done a larger business. 
 
 The necessity for a convenient and commodious harbor of Chicago 
 was made apparent many years ago, and the necessary steps were taken 
 to secure it. All river and harbor improvements go on slowly, both on 
 account of the vast amount of work to be done, and the inevitable delays 
 in obtaining appropriations. The present intention is to provide for 
 Chicago a harbor which will be a safe home for her shipping. The 
 sheltered area is sixteen, feet in depth, and the surface is about 270 acres. 
 Communicating slips along the lake front, with an area of 185 acres, 
 make the grand total about 455 acres. This, it will be understood, is in 
 addition to the river with which the harbor communicates. 
 
 There is also an exterior breakwater, one-third of a mile north of the 
 end of the North Pier, so situated as to protect vessels entering the 
 mouth of the river. The length of this outer breakwater is 5,500 feet. 
 Other breakwaters have been constructed so as to afford as much pro- 
 tection as possible to the vessels required for the commercial trans- 
 actions of the great city. 
 
 Nearly every vessel that enters this port seeks the piers along the 
 various branches of the river. The river branches have their ramifica- 
 tion through the city, and in consequence the shipping is strung out for 
 many miles, presenting an insignificant appearance, but in the aggregate 
 it is said to be greater than that of any other port in America. The 
 river is cramped and totally inadequate for the vast commerce that 
 threads its way through the murky, filthy channel. The proper place for 
 the shipping interests is within the harbor, and sooner or later it must
 
 144 PARKS, BOULEVARDS AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 come to this. When this revolution is effected, Chicago will present a 
 harbor scene that can scarcely be rivaled in any part of the world. The 
 irritating nuisance of swinging bridges would be abated and, while it 
 would make the lake front portion of the city undesirable for elegant 
 hotels and aristocratic residences, the property would be enhanced in value 
 for purposes of shipping and commerce. 
 
 The foregoing description of Chicago, comprising the history of the 
 city and the chief points of interest, will serve as a guide to the visitor 
 who will be struck with the exceedingly rapid growth of the town, its 
 extraordinary enterprise, and the brilliant future before it, of which 
 there are many indications. Undoubtedly Chicago is in its infancy. An 
 immense and fruitful territory feeds its markets, and the great chain of 
 lakes is the highway of its commerce. The city has felt great pride in 
 the World's Columbian Exposition. The outlay of time, money and 
 brain work and energy required in this vast undertaking is beyond all 
 conception. The Great Fair found a suitable home, and its magnificent 
 success is only what might have been expected from the interest taken 
 in it by the leading citizens of the Western Metropolis.
 
 The World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Celebration of the Discovery of America by 
 Columbus. 
 
 NO Exposition so imposing and magnificent as that at Chicago 
 has ever before been held. The foremost nations of the world 
 were interested in it, and by large appropriations and splendid 
 exhibits contributed to the success of the vast undertaking. 
 The discovery of America by Columbus is the most important event of 
 modern times. After four hundred years the new world is the rival of 
 the old. Greece and Rome had their glory which is now buried in the 
 fragments of their ruins and lives only in history. Here in the new 
 world was to spring up a brilliant civilization destined to eclipse that of 
 ancient nations. The progress of America in science, art, agriculture, 
 material and moral achievements, is the miracle of history. 
 
 By common consent the 4<DOth anniversary of the discovery of 
 America was to be celebrated on a magnificent scale. It was considered 
 appropriate that other nations should be invited to participate in the 
 great event intended to commemorate the birth of the new world. All 
 classes of citizens in the United States accepted with enthusiasm the 
 proposition to hold in 1893 an International Exposition. It is of little 
 consequence to whom belongs the honor of having suggested a World's 
 Fair, but it may be said that as early as November, 1885, at a meeting 
 of the Directors of the Interstate Exposition Company at Chicago, Mr. 
 George Mason introduced resolutions in favor of such a celebration 
 Nothing definite was done at this time, yet the proposition was not for- 
 gotten, and soon after the newspapers of the Eastern States brought it to 
 the attention of the people. It was received with universal favor and 
 action was taken toward a permanent organization to carry out the 
 proposed object. 
 
 The People Enthusiastic for a Celebration. 
 
 In Massachusetts a Board of Promotion was organized, with ex-Gov 
 ernor Claflin as President, to secure the co-operation of Congress. On 
 July 31, 1886, Hon. George R. Hoar introduced into the Senate a reso- 
 lution for the appointment of a Congressional Committee of fourteen to 
 10 145
 
 146 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 consider the advisability of such an undertaking. After due deliberation 
 the Committee reported favorably. The Board of Promotion went to 
 work zealously ; the matter was widely discussed by the newspaper 
 press ; it became evident that the project would be welcomed by the 
 whole country, and that there would be no difficulty in securing the 
 large amount of money required for such an Exposition. There was 
 substantial unanimity everywhere concerning the project. 
 
 The Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876 was a remarkable 
 success, and gave a strong impulse to all our industrial arts, while at the 
 same time it served the higher end of bringing us into closer frater- 
 nal relations with the other nations of the globe. The success of the 
 Exhibition of 1876 gave strength to the feeling that another of larger pro- 
 portions could be held,which would show the progress of the United States 
 from the beginning of our history down to the present time. In London, 
 Paris, Vienna and other parts of Europe similar expositions have been 
 held, and each of these was an important event, not only showing the 
 resources and achievements of the nations participating, but also bring- 
 ing them together and strengthening international ties. 
 
 A Home for the Exposition. 
 
 A hot rivalry at once sprang up between a number of cities, each of 
 which was eager to obtain the honor of furnishing a site for the World's 
 Fair. The friendly strife finally narrowed itself down to New York and 
 Chicago, but the difficulty of obtaining a convenient site for the exhibi- 
 tion operated strongly as a barrier against the former city. 
 
 The Act of Congress, which definitely selected Chicago as the city in 
 which the Exposition should be held and which fixed the dates of the 
 celebration to be held in 1892 and the formal opening and closing of the 
 Exposition in 1893, was approved by the President of the United States, 
 April 25, 1890. 
 
 The preamble of the Act was as follows : 
 
 " WHEREAS, It is fit and appropriate that the four hundredth anniversary 
 of the discovery of America be commemorated by an exhibition of the 
 resources of the United States of America, their development, and of the 
 progress of civilization in the New World ; and 
 
 " WHEREAS, Such an exhibition should be of a national and inter- 
 national charater, so that not only the people of our Union and this con- 
 tinent, but those of all nations as well, can participate, and should there- 
 fore have the sanction of the Congress of the United States: Therefore 
 
 " Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That an exhibition of arts,
 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 147 
 
 industries, manufactures, and products of the soil, mine, and sea shall 
 be inaugurated in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-two, in the city 
 of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, as hereinafter provided." 
 
 The Act provided : 
 
 " That the President is hereby empowered and directed to hold a 
 naval review in New York Harbor, in April, eighteen hundred and 
 ninety- three, and to extend to foreign nations an invitation to send ships 
 of war to join the United States Navy in rendezvous at Hampton Roads 
 and proceed thence to said review : 
 
 " That said commission shall provide for the dedication of the build- 
 ings of the World's 
 Columbian Expo- 
 sition in said city 
 of Chicago on the 
 twelfth dayof Octo- 
 ber, eighteen hun- 
 dred and ninety- 
 two, with appro. 
 priate ceremonies, 
 andsaid Exposition 
 shall be open to 
 visitors no later 
 than the first day 
 
 ty-three, and shall 
 be closed at such a 
 time as the Com- 
 mission may deter- 
 
 i . i , EX-PRESIDENT HARRISON. 
 
 mine, but not later 
 
 than the thirtieth day of October thereafter." The Act provided : 
 
 "That whenever the President of the United States shall be notified 
 by the Commission that provision has been made for the grounds and 
 buildings for the uses herein provided for, and there has also been filed 
 with him by the said corporation, known as ' The World's Exposition 
 of eighteen hundred and ninety-two,' satisfactory proof that a sum not 
 less than ten million dollars, to be used and expended for the purposes 
 of the Exposition herein authorized, has in fact been raised or provided 
 for by subscription or other legally binding means, he shall be authorized, 
 through the Department of State, to make proclamation of the same, 
 setting forth the time at which the Exposition will open and close, and
 
 148 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 the place at which it will be held ; and he shall communicate to the 
 diplomatic representatives of foreign nations copies of the same, together 
 with such regulations as may be adopted by the Commission, for publica- 
 tion in their respective countries, and he shall, on behalf of the govern- 
 ment and people, invite foreign nations to take part in the said Exposition 
 and appoint representatives thereto : 
 
 " That all articles which shall be imported from foreign countries for 
 the sole purpose of exhibition at said Exposition, upon which there shall 
 be a tariff or customs duty, shall be admitted free of payment of duty, 
 customs fees, or charges under such regulations as the Secretary of the 
 Treasury shall prescribe; but it shall be lawful at any ime during the 
 Exhibition to sell for delivery at the close of the Exposition any goods 
 or property imported for and actually on exhibition in the Exposition 
 buildings or on its grounds, subject to such regulations for the security 
 of the revenue and the collection of the import duties as the Secretary 
 of the Treasury shall prescribe : Provided, That all such articles when 
 sold or withdrawn for consumption in the United States shall be subject 
 to the duty, if any, imposed upon such articles by the revenue laws in 
 force at the date of importation, and all penalties prescribed by law 
 shall be applied and enforced against such articles, and against the 
 persons who may by guilty of any illegal sale or withdrawal." 
 
 In accordance with the provisions of the Act, the task of raising the 
 required $5,000,000 was proceeded with. Pending the action of Con- 
 gress prominent citizens of Chicago had formed the Exposition Company 
 and invited subscriptions at the rate of $10 per share. The responses 
 were quick and generous, and 29, 374 shareholders subscribed $5,467,350. 
 The Legislature of the State authorized the city of Chicago to bond 
 itself for $5,000,000 in aid of the Fair, the bonds to be available as soon 
 as $3,000,000 of the capital stock had been paid in. 
 
 A Proclamation. 
 
 In view of these facts the President of the United States issued the 
 following proclamation, December 24, 1890: 
 
 " By the President of the United States of America : 
 
 "WHEREAS, satisfactory proof has been presented to me that provisior 
 has been made for adequate grounds and buildings for the uses of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition, and that a sum not less than $10,000,000, 
 to be used and expended for the purposes of said Exposition, has been 
 provided in accordance with the conditions and requirements of Section 
 IO of an Act entitled ' An Act to provide for celebrating the four
 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 149 
 
 hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Chiristopher 
 Columbus by holding an International Exhibition of arts, industries, 
 manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, and sea in the city of 
 Chicago, in the State of Illinois/ approved April 25, 1890; 
 
 " Now, THEREFORE, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United 
 States, by virtue of the authority vested in me by said Act, do hereby 
 
 THOMAS W. PALMER. 
 
 declare and proclaim that such International Exhibition will be opened 
 on the first day of May, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-three, 
 in the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, and will not be closed 
 before the last Thursday in October of the same year. 
 
 "And in the name of the Government and of the People of the United 
 States, I do hereby invite all the nations of the earth to take part in the
 
 150 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 commemoration of an event that is pre-eminent in human history and 
 of lasting interest to mankind by appointing representatives thereto, and 
 sending such exhibits to the World's Columbian Exposition as will most 
 fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their industries, and their progress 
 in civilization. 
 
 " IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused 
 the seal of the United States to be affixed. 
 
 " Done at the city of Washington, this twenty-fourth day of December, 
 in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety, 
 and the Independence of the United States the one hundred and 
 fifteenth. 
 
 " By the President : 
 
 " BENJ. HARRISON. 
 ** JAMES G. ELAINE, 
 
 41 Secretary of State " 
 
 The Organization. 
 
 The management of the World's Columbian Exposition was divided 
 as follows : 
 
 I. National Commission (authorized by Act of Congress). 2. World's 
 Columbian Exposition (organized under laws of the State of Illinois). 
 3. Board of Lady Managers (authorized by Act of Congress). 4. World's 
 Congress Auxiliary. 
 
 The Director-General was made the chief executive officer of the 
 Exposition, and the work was divided into the following great depart- 
 ments : 
 
 A Agriculture, Food, and Food Products, Farming Machinery and 
 Appliances. 
 
 B Viticulture, Horticulture, and Floriculture. 
 
 C Live Stock, Domestic and Wild Animals. 
 
 D Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products, and Apparatus of Fishing. 
 
 E Mines, Mining, and Metallurgy 
 
 F Machinery. 
 
 C Transportation Exhibits Railways, Vessels, Vehicles. 
 
 H Manufactures. 
 
 J Electricity and Electrical Appliances. 
 
 K Fine Arts Pictorial, Plastic, and Decorative. 
 
 L Liberal Arts, Education, Engineering, Public Works, Architecture, 
 Music, and the Drama. 
 
 M Ethnology, Archaeology, Progress of Labor and Invention Iso- 
 lated and Collective Exhibits.
 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 151 
 
 N Forestry and Forest products. 
 
 O Publicity and Promotion. 
 
 P Foreign Affairs. 
 
 Lyman J. Gage, of the first National Bank of Chicago, was president 
 of the Exposition Company during its first year. In his report, made 
 April I, 1891, he estimated the resources of the company at $21,000,000, 
 and the expenditures at $17,625,453. It was impossible at that time, 
 however, to form an accurate estimate, as the various State appropriations 
 had not been made, nor the National appropriation by Congress of i 
 $2,500,000. 
 
 World's Fair Commission. 
 
 A commission was provided for by Congress, consisting of two com- 
 missioners and two alternates from each State and Territory and the 
 District of Columbia, and eight commissioners and eight alternates at 
 large, all of whom were commissioned by the President of the United 
 States. 
 
 This Commission and the corporation organized under the laws of the 
 State of Illinois, were charged jointly with the task of making all needful 
 preparations for the Exposition, and conducting it to a successful termi- 
 nation. The officers of the National Commission as provided for above, 
 and of the Columbian Exposition, or local board, are given in the 
 following directory : 
 
 Officers of the World's Columbian Commission. 
 
 ~HOS. W. PALMER, Michigan, President. 
 THOS. M. WALLER, Connecticut, First Vice-President. 
 M. H. DE YOUNG, California, Second Vice-President. 
 DAVIDSON B. PENN, Louisiana, Third Vice-President. 
 GORTON W. ALLEN, New York, Fourth Vice-President. 
 ALEX. B. ANDREWS, North Carolina, Fifth Vice-President. 
 JOHN T. DICKINSON, Texas, Secretary. 
 
 JAMES A. McKENZiE, Kentucky, Vice-Chairman Ex. Com. 
 GEORGE R. DAVIS, Illinois, Director General. 
 
 Commissioners of the District of Columbia. 
 
 Commissioners. Alternates. 
 
 Alexander T. Britton, Washington. E. Kurtz Johnson, Washington. 
 
 Albert A. Wilson, Washington. Dorsey Clagett, Washington. 
 
 Commisioners of the States. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Frederick G. Bromberg, Mobile. Gotthold L. Werth, Montgomery. 
 
 Oscar R. Hundley, Huntsville. William S. Hull, Sheffield.
 
 152 
 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 Commissioners. 
 
 John D. Adams, Little Rock. 
 J. H. Clendening, Fort Smith. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 Alternates. 
 
 J. T. W. Tillar, Little Rock. 
 Thomas H. Leslie, Stuttgar' 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Michael H. de Young, San Francisco. George Hazleton, San Francisco. 
 William Forsyth, Fresno. Russ D. Stephens, Sacramento. 
 
 Roswell E. Goodell, Leadville. 
 Joseph H. Smith, Denver. 
 
 Leverett Brainard, Hartford. 
 Thomas M. Waller, New London. 
 
 George V. Massey, Dover. 
 Willard Hall Porter, Wilmington. 
 
 C. F. A. Bielby, De Land. 
 Richard Turnbull, Monticello. 
 
 Lafayette McLaws, Savannah. 
 Charlton H. Way, Savannah. 
 
 George A. Manning, Post Falls. 
 John E. Stearns, Nampa. 
 
 Charles H. Deere, Moline. 
 Adlai T. Ewing, Chicago. 
 
 Thomas E. Garvin, Evansville, 
 Elijah B. Martindale, Indianapolis. 
 
 Joseph Eiboeck, Des Moines. 
 William F. King, Mt. Vernon. 
 
 Charles K. Holliday, Jr., Topeka. 
 Reese E. Price, Hutchinson. 
 
 John Bennett, Richmond. 
 James A. McKenzie, Oak Grove. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 Henry B. Gillespie, Aspen. 
 O. C. French, New Windsor. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Charles F. Brooker, Torrington. 
 Charles R. Baldwin, Waterbury. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Charles F. Richards, Georgetown. 
 William Saulsbury, Dover. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Dudley W. Adams, Tangerine. 
 Jesse T. Bernard, Tallahasse. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 James Longstreet, Gainesville. 
 John W. Clark, Augusta. 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 A. J. Crook, Hailey. 
 John M. Burke, Wardner. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 La Fayette Funk, Shirley. 
 De Witt Smith, Springfield. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 William E. McLean, Terre Haute. 
 Charles M. Travis, Crawfordsville. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 Charles N. Whiting, Whiting. 
 John Hayes, Red Oak. 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 M. D. Henry, Independence. 
 Frank -W. Lanyon, Pittsburg. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 David N. Comingore, Covington. 
 John S. Morris, Louisiville.
 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 153 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 Commissioners. Alternates. 
 
 Davidson B. Penn, Newelton. Alphonse Le Due, New Orleans. 
 
 Thomas J. Woodward, New Orleans. P. J. McMahon, Tangipahoa. 
 
 Augustus R. Bixby, Skowhegan. 
 William G. Davis, Portland. 
 
 James Hodges, Baltimore. 
 Lloyd Lowndes, Cumberland. 
 
 Francis W. Breed, Lynn. 
 Thomas E. Proctor, Boston. 
 
 M. Henry Lane, Kalamazoo. 
 George H. Barbour, Detroit. 
 
 H. B. Moore, Duluth. 
 
 Orson V. Tousley, Minneapolis. 
 
 Joseph M. Bynum, Rienzi. 
 Robert L. Saunders, Jackson. 
 
 Thomas B. Bullene, Kansas City. 
 Charles H. Jones, St. Louis. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 James A. Boardman, Bangor. 
 Clark S. Edwards, Bethel. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 George M. Upshur, Snow Hill. 
 Daniel E. Conkling, Baltimore. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 George P. Ladd, Spencer. 
 
 Chas. E. Adams, Lowell. 
 
 ^ 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Ernest B. Fisher, Grand Rapids. 
 L. D. Norris, Grand Rapids. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Thomas C. Kurtz, Moorhead. 
 Muret N. Leland, Wells. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Fred W. Collins, Summit. 
 Joseph H. Brinker, West Point. 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 O. H. Picher, Joplin. 
 
 R. L. McDonald, St. Joseph. 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 Lewis H. Hershfield, Helena. Benjamin F. White, Dillon. 
 
 Ar mislead H. Mitchell, Deer Lodge City. Timothy E. Collins, Great Falls. 
 
 Euclid Martin, Omaha. 
 Albert G. Scott, Kearney. 
 
 James W. Haines, Genoa. 
 George Russell, Elko. 
 
 Walter Aiken, Franklin. 
 
 Charles D. McDuffie, Manchester. 
 
 William J. Sewell, Camden. 
 Thomas Smith, Newark. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 William L. May, Fremont. 
 John Lauterbach, Fairbury. 
 
 NEVADA 
 
 Enoch Strother, Virginia City. 
 Richard Ryland, Reno. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 George VanDyke, Lancaster. 
 Frank E. Kaley, Milford. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Frederick S. Fish, Newark. 
 Edwin A. Stevens, Hoboken.
 
 154 
 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 Commissioners. 
 
 Chauncey M. Depew, New York. 
 John Boyd Thacher, Albany. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Alternates. 
 
 James H. Breslin, New York. 
 James Roosevelt, Hyde Park. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Alexander B. Andrews, Raleigh. Elias Carr, Old Sparta. 
 
 Thomas B. Keogh, Greensboro. G. A. Bingham, Salisbury. 
 
 H. P. Rucker, Grand Forks. 
 Martin Ryan, Fargo. 
 
 Harvey P. Platt, Toledo. 
 William Ritchie, Hamilton. 
 
 Henry Kippel, Jacksonville. 
 Martin Wilkins, Eugene City 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Charles H. Stanley, Steele. 
 Peter Cameron, Tyner. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Lucius C. Cron, Piqua. 
 Adolph Pluemer, Cincinnati. 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 J. L. Morrow, Heppner. 
 W. T. Wright, Union. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 R. Bruce Ricketts, Wilkesbarre. G. A. Macbeth, Pittsburg. 
 
 John W. Woodside, Philadelphia. John L. Hallock, Erie. 
 
 Lyman B. Goff, Pawtucket. 
 Gardiner C. Sims, Providence. 
 
 A. P. Butler, Columbia. 
 John R. Cochran, Anderson. 
 
 Merritt H. Day, Rapid City. 
 William Mclntyre, Watertown. 
 
 Louis T. Baxter, Nashville. 
 Thomas L. Williams, Knoxville. 
 
 Archelaus M. Cochran, Dallas. 
 John T. Dickinson, Austin. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Jeffrey Hazard, Providence. 
 Lorillard Spencer, Newport. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 E. L. Roche, Charleston. 
 J. W. Tindell, Sumter. 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 S. A. Ramsey, Woonsocket. 
 L. S. Bullard. Pierre. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Rush Strong, Nashville. 
 A. B. Hurt, Chattanooga. 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 Lock McDaniel, Anderson. 
 Henry B. Andrews, San Antonio. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Henry H. Mclntyre, West Randolph. Aldace F. Walker, Rutland. 
 Bradley B. Smalley, Burlington. Hiram Atkins, Montpelier. 
 
 Virginius D. Groner, Norfolk. 
 John T. Harris, Harrisonburg. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Charles A. Heermans, Christiansburg. 
 Alexander McDonald, Lynchburg.
 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 155 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 Commissioners. Alternates. 
 
 Henry Drum, Tacoma. Geo. F. Cummin, Cheney. 
 
 Charles B. Hopkins, Spokane Falls. Clarence B. Bagley, Seattle. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 James D. Butt, Harper's Ferry. John Corcoran, Wheeling. 
 
 J. W. St. Clair, Fayetteville. Wellington Vrooman, Parkersourg. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Philip Allen, Jr., Mineral Point. David W. Curtis, Fort Atkinson. 
 
 John N. Coburn, La Crosse. Myron Reed, Superior. 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 Asahel C. Beckwith, Evanston, Asa S. Mercer, Cheyenne, 
 
 Henry G. Hay, Cheyenne. John J. McCormick, Sheridan. 
 
 Commissioners of the Territories. 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 Edward de Groff, Sitka. Carl Spuhn, Killisnoo. 
 
 Louis L. Williams, Juneau. N. A. Fuller, Juneau. 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 George F. Coats, Phoenix. W. L. Van Horn, Flagstaff. 
 
 W. K. Meade, Tombstone. Herbert H. Logan, Phcenix. 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Thomas C. Gutierres, Albuquerque. Louis C. Tetard, East Las Vegas. 
 
 Richard Mansfield White, Hermosa. Charles B. Eddy, Eddy. 
 
 OKLAHOMA. 
 
 Othniel Beeson, Reno City. John Wallace, Oklahoma City. 
 
 Frank B. Gammon, Guthrie. Joseph W. McNeal, Guthrie. 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 Frederick J. Kiesel, Ogden. William M. Ferry, Park City. 
 
 Patrick H. Lannon, Salt Lake City. Charles Crane, Kanosh. 
 
 \ 
 
 Executive Committee of World's Columbian Commission. 
 
 PRESIDENT, T. W. PALMER, Michigan, Chairman. 
 JAMES A. McKENZiE, Kentucky, Vice-Chairman. 
 JNO. T. DICKINSON, Texas, Secretary. 
 
 M. L. MCDONALD, Commissioner-at-Large. 
 R. W. FURNAS, Commissioner-at-Large. 
 
 HENRY EXALL, Commissioner-at-Large. 
 
 P. A. B. WIDENER, Commissioner-at-Large.
 
 156 
 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 John T. Harris, Virginia, 
 B. B. Smalley, Vermont, 
 John Boyd Thacher, New York, 
 Euclid Martin, Nebraska, 
 Adlai T. Ewing, Illinois, 
 H. P. Platt, Ohio, 
 T. L. Williams, Tennessee, 
 R. L. Saunders, Mississippi, 
 R. E. Goodell, Colorado, 
 
 William J. Sewell, New Jersey, 
 
 E. B. Martindale, Indiana, 
 
 Francis W. Breed, Massachusetts, 
 
 James D. Butt, West Virginia, 
 
 William F. King, Iowa, 
 
 L. McLaws, Georgia, 
 
 C. F. A. Bielby, Florida, 
 
 L. H. Hershfield, Montana, 
 
 A. T. Britton, District of Columbia. 
 
 World's Columbian Exposition Association. 
 
 GEORGE R. DAVIS, Director-General. 
 
 HARLOW N. HIGINBOTHAM, President. 
 
 FERD. W. PECK, First Vice-President 
 
 ROBERT A. WALLER, Second Vice-President. 
 HOWARD O. EDMONDS, Secretary. 
 
 ANTHONY F. SEEBERGER, Treasurer. 
 WILLIAM K. ACKERMAN, Auditor. 
 WILLIAM K. CARLISLE, Attorney, 
 
 D. H. BURNHAM, Chief of Construction. 
 E. E. JAYCOX, Traffic Manager. 
 
 William T. Baker, 
 Thomas G. Bryan, 
 Benjamin Butterworth, 
 William J. Chalmers, 
 Charles H. Chappell, 
 Arthur Dixon, 
 George P. Englehard, 
 Charles Henrotin, 
 Charles L. Hutchinson, 
 William D. Kerfoot, 
 Milton W. Kirk, 
 Theis J. Lefens, 
 Adolph Nathan, 
 John J. P. Odell, 
 Eugene S. Pike, 
 Alexander H. Revell, 
 A. M. Rothschild, 
 Charles H. Schwab, 
 Henry B. Stone, 
 Edwin Walker, 
 Hempstead Washburne, 
 Frederick S. Winston, 
 
 Directors. 
 
 C. K. C. Billings, 
 Edward B. Butler, 
 Isaac N. Camp, 
 Robert C. Clowry, 
 George R. Davis, 
 James W. Ellsworth, 
 Lyman J. Gage, 
 H. N. Higinbotham, 
 Elbridge G. Keith, 
 William P. Ketcham, 
 Edward F. Lawrence, 
 Andrew McNally, 
 Robert Nelson, 
 Ferd. W. Peck, 
 Washington Porter, 
 Edward P. Ripley, 
 George Schneider, 
 Paul O. Stensland, 
 Charles H. Wacker, 
 Robert A. Waller, 
 John C. Welling. 
 G. H. Wheeler, 
 
 Charles T. Yerkes.
 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 157 
 
 Executive Committee of Exposition Association. 
 
 HARLOW N. HIGINBOTHAM, President. 
 
 FERD. W. PECK, First Vice-President. 
 
 ROBERT A. WALLER, Second Vice-President. 
 HENRY B. STONE, EDWIN WALKER, 
 
 WILLIAM D. KERFOOT, CHARLES H. SCHWAB, 
 
 ALEXANDER H. REVELL, EDWARD P. RIPLEY, 
 
 GEORGE R. DAVIS, CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, 
 
 JAMES W. ELLSWORTH, ROBERT C. CLOWRY, 
 
 JOHN J. P. ODELL, EDWARD B. BUTLER, 
 
 THIES J. LEFENS, LYMAN J. GAGE, 
 
 WILLIAM T. BAKER. 
 
 Chairmen of Standing Committees. 
 
 Finance Ferd. W. Peck. Mines, Mining and Fish Charles H. 
 
 Apiculture William D. Kerfoot. Schwab. 
 
 Press and Printing Alexander H. Revell; Transportation Edward P. Ripley. 
 
 R. J. Murphy, secretary. Liberal Arts James W. Ellsworth. 
 
 Fine Arts Charles L. Hutchinson. Manufactures and Machinery John J. P. 
 
 Electricity, Electrical and Pnetimatic Ap- Odell. 
 
 pliances Robert C. Clowry. Ways and Means Edward B. Butler ; 
 
 Foreign Exhibits Thies J. Lefens ; R. L. Samuel A. Crawford, secretary. 
 
 Fearn, secretary. Special Committee on Ceremonies Edward 
 
 Legislation Edwin Walker. F. Lawrence; E. C. Gulp, secretary. 
 
 / 
 
 Department Chiefs. 
 
 Agriculture William I. Buchanan. Horticulture John M. Samuels. 
 
 Live Stock E. W. Cottrell. Fish and Fisheries John W. Collins. 
 
 Mines and Mining Frederick J. V. Skiff. Machinery Lewis W. Robinson . 
 
 Transportation Willard A. Smith. Manufactures James Allison. 
 
 Electricity John P. Barrett, Fine Arts Halsey C. Ives. 
 
 Liberal Arts Selim H. Peabody. Ethnology Frederick W. Putnam. 
 
 Forestry Chief Buchanan, of the Depart- Publicity and Promotion Moses P. Handy. 
 
 ment of Agriculture. Secretary of Installation Joseph Hirst. 
 Foreign Affairs Walter Fearn. 
 
 Appropriations by the Government, States and Territories. 
 
 The greatest interest shown by foreign nations in the Exposition was 
 emulated on a broad scale by the United States Government and the 
 States and Territories of the Union. The United States Government 
 erected a grand structure in and around which to display such articles 
 and materials as illustrate the function and administrative faculty of the 
 government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, tending 
 to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the 
 wants of the people. For this purpose and for other necessary expenses 
 Congress appropriated $1,500,000.
 
 158 
 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 The various States and Territories also made appropriations in amounts 
 ranging from $10,000 to $800,000, the latter sum being contributed by 
 the State of Illinois in consideration of the fact that her metropolis was 
 the home of the Fair. The Legislatures of some of the States did not 
 make appropriations, but from some of these States large amounts were 
 furnished by voluntary subscriptions. The voluntary gifts of some of 
 
 HARLOW N. HIGINBOTHAM. 
 
 the States exceeded their appropriations, while in those States and Terri- 
 tories from which there were few voluntary subscriptions the Legislative 
 appropriations were large. 
 
 The great Exposition was the affair of the whole country, and every 
 part of the country was represented. This points to a patriotic pride 
 felt by all classes in our nation and its progress. While there was a 
 friendly rivalry between the various States, and some showed larger
 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 159 
 
 exnioits than others, no commonwealth appeared to a disadvantage. 
 The glory of the entire nation blossomed out before the admiring eyes 
 of the myriads who thronged the spacious buildings and avenues of the 
 " White City " by the waters of Lake Michigan. 
 
 Foreign Nations at the Exposition. 
 
 Equally gratifying was the enthusiasm shown by foreign nations in 
 the great celebration. From Europe and Asia and the Islands of the Sea 
 
 GEORGE R. DAVIS. 
 
 the richest products were sent to indicate the good will felt for the 
 United States and to illustrate the customs, history and achievements of 
 the various peoples of the globe. Forty-nine nations and tl irty-eight 
 colonies and provinces were among the exhibitors. Some of these made 
 large appropriations of money as follows: France, $733,000; Brazil, 
 $600,000 ; Great Britain and the Colonies, $892,500 ; Germany, $690, 
 OOO ; Argentine Republic, $100,000 ; Peru, $140,000. These were some
 
 160 
 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 of the larger amounts, and the grand total of appropriations by foreign 
 nations was $5,379,505. These figures are eloquent; they tell more 
 plainly than words can the great interest awakened by the celebration at 
 Chicago. 
 
 The World's Congress Auxiliary. 
 
 The objects of this organization were to provide for the proper pre- 
 sentation of the world's intellectual and moral progress, with the assist- 
 
 MOSES P. HANDY. 
 
 ance of the leaders in all the chief departments of human achievement; 
 to provide places of meeting and other facilities for kindred organizations 
 to unite in congresses in Chicago during the Exposition season, for the 
 consideration of questions in their respective departments ; to conduct 
 popular congresses for presenting summaries of the progress made and 
 the most important results attained in the several departments of civil- 
 ized life ; to provide for the proper publication of the congress proceed-
 
 CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 161 
 
 ings as the most valuable and enduring memorial of the Exposition ; 
 and to bring all the departments of human progress into harmonious 
 relation in the Exposition. 
 
 Accordingly a central organization was formed which was authorized 
 for the Exposition Directory and recognized by the Federal Govern- 
 ment ; a local committee of arrangements for each congress ; an 
 advisory council for each committee ; general honorary and correspond- 
 ing members and committees of co-operation appointed by particular 
 organizations and recognized by the Auxiliary as representatives of socie- 
 ties or institutions. 
 
 The Woman's Branch of the Auxiliary consisted of committees of 
 women appointed to co-operate with the corresponding committees of 
 men in making arrangements for congresses appropriate for the partici- 
 pation of women. 
 
 Great Variety of Exhibits. 
 
 The exhibits at the Exposition covered a wider range and were far 
 more numerous than were ever before gathered together. The whole 
 world was interested and all the Nations of the earth participated with 
 the grandest and most creditable characteristic exhibits of their arts, 
 sciences, natural resources, customs, condition and progress of their 
 people. From far-away India, Burmah, Siam, China, Japan, Persia, 
 Islands of the Pacific, Australia, Tasmania, Egypt, Turkey and the 
 strange lands of mysterious and almost unknown Africa came attractions 
 of interesting character. All the European nations displayed great 
 interest in the Exposition, and all gave assurances of their unqualified 
 support and co-operation. Their finest collections of art were gathered 
 here, and each country displayed in the most complete manner its varied 
 resources. All of the countries of South and Central America with 
 Mexico made the most elaborate preparation for an extensive exhibition 
 of their splendid resources and products. 
 
 Millions of money were expended by these foreign countries, and the 
 beauty of the Exposition was enhanced thereby to a greater degree. 
 The plans of many of these countries included the construction ot 
 buildings of the finest character in which to make headquarters. The 
 style of architecture was characteristic of the country represented. It 
 will thus be seen that in addition to the beautiful buildings erected by the 
 Exposition there was also a grand display of architecture from every 
 part of the world, making the variety of design so extensive as to be 
 bewildering in its outlines. 
 
 11
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Board of Lady Managers and Its World 
 
 NONE were more active than women in making the World's 
 Columbian Exposition worthy of the great event it commem- 
 orates. The undertaking was so vast that it was necessary to 
 combine all available agencies in united and harmonious 
 action toward one result. It was foreseen that the women of our coun- 
 try could do a work which could be performed by no others, and in co- 
 operation with the National Commission and the Exposition Association 
 would form a branch of service of great value. 
 
 The women throughout the coyntry having entered enthusiastically 
 into the project of a World's Fair were ready to organize and render 
 effective service. As soon as the opportunity was given a spontaneous 
 response came from all the States and Territories. By unanimous con- 
 sent it was agreed that woman should have her own department in the 
 Exposition, should erect a building, make exhibits, and participate in 
 the management of the enterprise. The interests of the women of 
 America and other countries were placed in excellent hands, and no 
 part of the management of the Exposition was conducted with greater 
 zeal, more wisely, with more patient attention to details, or more effec- 
 tively. A woman was the architect of the Woman's Building, and it is 
 worthy of note that the erection of this building was commenced before 
 that of any other on the Exhibition grounds. 
 
 There seemed to be a bold resolve to place the Woman's Department 
 at the front, while a feeling of pride animated the managers, who repre- 
 sented the intelligence, culture, wealth and refinement of the land. No 
 such exhibition of woman's influence has ever before been seen. Hav- 
 ing within the last generation entered successfully many of the pursuits 
 which formerly were carried on by men exclusively she now participates 
 in the grandest event of the age, and crowns herself with a glory as 
 well deserved as it is bright. 
 
 Congress Creates the Board. 
 
 The Act of Congress authorizing the holding of the Exposition also 
 created a Board of Lady Managers, consisting of two members with 
 alternates from every State and Territory, eight members and alternates 
 
 at-large, and nine from the City of Chicago. Recognizing as its first 
 162
 
 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 163 
 
 duty, the promotion of the general interests of the Exposition, the Board 
 rendered valuable assistance to the National Commissioners, in influen- 
 cing favorable State legislation, in arousing enthusiasm and in formula- 
 ting plans for the development of local resources. In addition, it held the 
 guardianship of women's special interests. There was no separate exhibit 
 of women's work, the Board having decided that to be inexpedient ; but 
 in the Woman's Building, which was designed for administrative and 
 other purposes, was a showing of such things as women are particularly 
 and vitally interested in, and which did not properly belong to the gen- 
 eral competitive classification. Every department of the entire Exposi- 
 tion was as open to women as to men, and the Act of Congress gave the 
 Board the right to representation on all juries of award where women's 
 work was concerned. 
 
 A Novel Feature of the Exposition. 
 
 The Lady Managers invited the women of all countries to participate 
 in the Exposition. Numerous foreign committees, comprised of women? 
 were formed and brou ght into successful co-operation with the offiical Board. 
 
 This Board instituted in connection with the model Hospital of 
 the Woman's Building, a Department of Public Comfort, which became 
 a novel and excellent feature of the Exposition. This was intended to 
 be supplementary to the Hospital, and to provide for such cases of slight 
 illness or accidents as do not require regular medical attendance. The 
 main room was in the Woman's Building, but branch rooms were estab- 
 lished in every division of the Exposition, and all of them were under 
 the supervision of the Lady Managers. 
 
 The reader will be interested here in some extracts from one of the 
 leaflets sent out by the Board of Lady Managers at the beginning of its 
 operations. These are valuable as showing the high aim of the mana- 
 gers and their comprehensive plans. They did not look upon the Expo- 
 sition as a commercial enterprise for advertising wares. It was to be a 
 great celebration of art and industry, science and religion, material 
 resources and intellectual achievements. Animated by noble purposes 
 they entered upon their work, and the world has admired the success 
 with which it was performed. Their statement was as follows : 
 
 " The Board wishes to mark the first participation of women in an 
 important national enterprise, by preparing an object lesson to show 
 their progress made in every country of the world, during the century in 
 which educational, and other priviledges have been granted them, and 
 to show the increased usefulness that has resulted from the enlargement 
 of their opportunities.
 
 MAP OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO, 
 
 164
 
 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 165 
 
 " It is of the first importance that such a representative collection be 
 secured from every country as will give an adequate idea of the extent 
 and value of what is being done by women in the arts, sciences, and 
 industries. We shall thus aim to show to the breadwinners, who are 
 fighting unaided the battle of life, the new avenues of employment that 
 are constantly being opened to women, and in which of these their 
 work will be of the most distinct value by reason of their natural adapt- 
 ability, sensative and artistic temperaments, and individual tastes ; what 
 education will best enable them to enjoy the wider opportunities await- 
 ing them, and make their work of the greatest worth, not only to them- 
 selves but to the world. 
 
 " The Board of Lady Managers, therefore, invite the women of all 
 countries to participate in this great exhibit of woman's work, to the end 
 that it may be made not only national but universal, and that all may 
 profit by a free comparison of methods, agencies and results. 
 
 " The Board has decided that in the general Exposition buildings, 
 where the competitive exhibits will be placed, it will not separate the 
 exhibits of woman's work from that of men, for the reason that as 
 women are working side by side with men in all the factories of the world, 
 it would be practically impossible, in most cases, to divide the finished 
 result of their combined work ; nor would women be satisfied with prizes 
 unless they were awarded without distinction as to sex, and as the 
 result of fair competition with the best work shown. They are striving 
 for excellence, and desire recognition only for demonstrated merit. In 
 order, however, that the enormous amount of work being done by 
 women may be appreciated, a tabulated statement will be procured and 
 shown with every exhibit, stating the proportion of woman's work that 
 
 enters into it. 
 
 Women on the Juries of Awards. 
 
 " The Board of Lady Managers has been granted by Act of Congress, 
 the great and unusual privilege of appointing members of each jury 
 to award prizes for articles into which women's work enters. The num- 
 ber of women on each jury will be proportioned to the amount of work 
 done by women in the corresponding department of classification. The 
 statement as to the amount of their work will therefore be of double 
 significance, for in addition to the impressive showing of how large a 
 proportion of the heavy labor of the world is being performed by the 
 weaker sex, it will also determine the amount of jury representation to 
 which the Board is entitled. 
 
 " Besides the foregoing extensive exhibit, women will have another 
 opportunity of displaying work of superior excellence in a very advan-
 
 166 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 
 
 tageous way, in the Woman's Building, over which the Board of Lady 
 Managers will exercise complete control. 
 
 " Commissions of women organized in all countries, as auxiliaries to 
 the Board of Lady Managers, will be asked to recommend objects 
 of special excellence produced by women, and producers of such success- 
 ful work will be invited to place specimens in the gallery of the Woman's 
 Building. 
 
 " In order to disprove the frequently made statement that women do 
 not possess creative minds, it is desired that we show (what archaeolo- 
 gists concede to be true) that the industrial arts among all primitive 
 peoples, were almost exclusively invented and carried on by women. 
 
 " When these arts became profitable they were appropriated by men. 
 It is desirable, therefore, that we show the chronological history of the 
 origin, development and progress of the industries carried on by women 
 from the earliest time down to the present day. 
 
 Woman's Best Work. 
 
 "Not only has woman become an immense, although generally 
 unrecognized factor in the industrial world, but hers being essentially the 
 arts of peace and progress, her best work is shown in the numberless 
 charitable, reformatory, educational and other beneficent institutions, 
 which she has had the courage and ideality to establish for the 
 alleviation of suffering, for the correction of many forms of social 
 injustice and neglect, and for the reformation of long established 
 wrongs. 
 
 "All organizations of women must be impressed with the necessity of 
 making an effective showing of the noble work which each is carrying 
 on. We especially desire to have represented, in the rooms reserved for 
 that purpose, the educational work originated or carried on by women, 
 from the kindergarten organizations up to the highest branches of educa- 
 tion, including all schools of applied science and art, such as training 
 schools for nurses, manual training, industrial, art and cooking schools, 
 domestic economy, sanitation, etc. When not practically exhibited, the 
 work of all such organizations should be shown by maps, charts, photo- 
 graphs, relief models, etc.; but it is earnestly hoped that one, at least, 
 the most representative institution in each of these branches, will be 
 shown from every country, in order that a comparison may be made of 
 methods and results." 
 
 Such were the purposes of the Ladies' Board of Managers at the 
 outset and such the view they took of the work placed in their hands. 
 When the matter of a Ladies' Board was brought before the World's
 
 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 
 
 167 
 
 Fair Committee of Congress, Mr. Springer of Illinois wrote and 
 inserted the clause authorizing the creation of the Board of Women, and 
 became its champion in the committee before the House, where it met 
 with no serious objection. This was a recognition of woman such as 
 she had never received before. If the World's Columbian Commission 
 were to carry forward its vast enterprise and furnish an Exposition worthy 
 
 MRS. POTTER PALMER. 
 
 of the discovery of the New World, Congress deemed it essential that 
 the Commission should have the hearty co-operation and help of the 
 women of the country. 
 
 The Board was created by the organic law of Congress and is the first 
 recognition of woman in this country by the Congress of the United 
 States. They have been allowed to appear in the lobby of the Capitol,
 
 1C3 
 
 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 
 
 to make speeches before committees, to present petitions, to hang upon 
 the fringes of legislation and use a certain personal influence, but by this 
 action of Congress they have been placed in official positions. 
 
 With this authority and by recommendation of members of Congress 
 from the several States and Territories, the Commissioners appointed the 
 members of the Board of Lady Managers. 
 
 Directory. 
 
 Officers of the Board of Lady Managers. 
 
 MRS. POTTER PALMER, of Chicago, President. 
 MRS. RALPH TRAUTMANN, of New York, First Vice-President. 
 MRS. EDWIN C. BURLEIGH, of Maine, Second Vice-President. 
 MRS. CHARLES PRICE, of North Carolina, Third Vice-President. 
 Miss KATHARINE L. MINER, of Louisiana, Fourth Vice-President. 
 MRS. BERIAH WILKINS, of the District of Columbia, 
 
 Fifth Vice-President. 
 
 MRS. SUSAN R. ASHLEY, of Colorado, Sixth Vice-President. 
 MRS. FLORA BEALL GINTY, of Wisconsin, Seventh Vice-President. 
 MRS. MARGARET BLAINE SALISBURY, of Utah, 
 
 Eighth Vice-President. 
 MRS. RUSSELL B. HARRISON, of Montana. 
 
 Vice-President-at-Large. 
 
 MRS. SUSAN GALE COOK, of Tennessee, Secretary. 
 
 Appointed by the President From Chicago. 
 
 Lady Managers. 
 Mrs. Potter Palmer. 
 Mrs. Walter Q. Gresham. 
 Mrs. J. S. Lewis. 
 VIrs. M. A. Mulligan. 
 Miss Frances Dickinson. 
 Mrs. M. R. M. Wallace. 
 Mrs. Myron B. Bradell. 
 Mrs. Clara M. Doolittle. 
 Mrs. Matilda R. Carse. 
 
 Lady Alternates. 
 Miss Sara T. Hallowell. 
 Mrs. Sol. Thatcher, Jr. 
 Miss Julia B. Shattuck. 
 Mrs. Anna C. Meyers. 
 Mrs. A. H. TenEyck. 
 Mrs. M. J. Sandes. 
 Mrs. Leander Stone. 
 Mrs. Gen. Arthur H. Chetlain. 
 Miss Frances Willard. 
 
 Appointed at Large. 
 
 Mrs. D. F. Verdenal, 
 
 New York City. 
 Mrs. Mary Cecil Cantrill, 
 
 Georgetown, Kentucky. 
 Miss Mary S. Lockwood, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 Mrs. John J. Bagley, 
 
 Detroit, Michigan. 
 Miss Ellen A. Ford, 
 
 New York City. 
 
 Mrs. Ben C. Truman, 
 
 Los Angeles, California. 
 Mrs. Nancy Houston Banks, 
 
 Morganfield, Kentucky. 
 Mrs. James B. Stone, 
 
 Worcester, Massachusetts 
 Mrs. Schuyler Colfax, 
 
 South Bend, Indiana. 
 Mrs. Helen A. Peck, 
 
 Kansas City, Missouri.
 
 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 169 
 
 Lady Managers. Lady A Itet nates. 
 
 Mrs. Mary S. Harrison, Miss Caroline E. Dennis, 
 
 Washington, D. C. Auburn, New York. 
 
 Mrs. Ida A. Elkins Tyler, Mrs. Geo. R. Yarrow, 
 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mrs. Rosine Ryan, Mrs. L. C. Baxter, 
 
 Austin, Texas. Navasota, Texas. 
 
 Appointed from the States. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Miss Hattie Toney Hundley, Miss Sallie Talula Smith, 
 
 Mooresville, Birmingham. 
 
 Mrs. AnnaM. Fosdick, Mobile. Mrs. Louise L. Werth, Montgomery. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 Mrs. James P. Eagle, Little Rock. Mrs. John H. Rogers, Fort Smith. 
 
 Mrs. R. A. Edgerton, Little Rock. Mrs. William B. Empie, Newport. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Mrs. Parthenia P. Rue, Santa Rosa. Mrs. Theresa Fair, San Francisco. 
 
 Mrs. James R. Deane, San Francisco. Mrs. Walter Turnbull, San Francisco. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 Miss Mary A. Samson, eulo. Mrs. Robert J. Coleman, Buena Vista. 
 
 Mrs. E. M. Ashley, Denver. Mrs. M. D. Thatcher, Pueblo. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Miss Frances S. Ives, New Haven. Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman, Stevenson. 
 
 Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker, Mrs. Virginia T. Smith, Hartford. 
 
 Hartford. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Mrs. Mary Richards Kinder, Milford. Mrs. Mary E. Torbert, Milford. 
 Miss Ida M. Ball, Wilmington. Mrs. Amelia E. Armstrong, Newar^ 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Mrs. M. C. Bell, Gainesville. Mrs. Chloe M. Reed, So. Jacksonville. 
 
 Miss E. Nellie Beck, Tampa. Mrs. H. K. Ingram, Jacksonville. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Mrs.W. H. Felton, Centerville. Miss Meta T. McLaws, Augusta. 
 
 Mrs. Chas. H. Olmstead, Savannah. Mrs. Geo. W. Lamar, Savannah. 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 Mrs. Anna E. M. Farnum, Post Falls. Mrs. Louise L. Barton, Moscow. 
 Mrs. Jos. C. Straughan, Boise City. Mrs. Ella Ray Miller, Blackfoot. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Mrs. Richard J. Oglesby, Elkhart. Mrs. Frank W. Gould, Moline. 
 
 Mrs. Henry M. Shepard, Chicago. Mrs. Isaac N. Phillips, Bloomington. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Miss Wilhelmine Reitz, Evansville. Miss Sue Ball, Terre Hautg. 
 
 Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith, Cam- Miss Mary H. Krout, Crawfordsville. 
 
 bridge City.
 
 170 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 
 
 Lady Managers. Lady Alternates. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 Mrs Whitney S. Clark, Des Moines. Mrs. Ira M. Fredericks, Council Bluffs. 
 
 Miss Ora Elizabeth Miller, Cedar Miss Mary B. Hancock, Dubuque. 
 
 Rapids. 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 Mrs. Jennie S. Mitchell, Fort Scott. Mrs. Sara Blair Lynch, Leavenworth. 
 
 Mrs. Hester A. Hanback, Topeka. Mrs. Jane H. Haynes, Fort Scott. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Miss Jean W. Faulkner, Lancaster. Miss Sarah F. Holt, Frankfort. 
 
 Miss Cora D. Payne, Henderson. Mrs. Alice B. Castleman, Louisville. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 Miss Katherine L. Minor, Houma. Mrs. Bowling S. Leathers, 
 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Miss Josephine Shakespeare, Mrs. Belle Hamilton Perkins, 
 
 New Orleans. New Orleans. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh, Augusta. Mrs. Sarah H. Bixby, Skowhegan. 
 
 Mrs. L. M. N. Stevens, Portland. Miss Kate Hutchins Locke, Bethel. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Mrs. William Reed, Baltimore. Mrs. J. Wilson Patterson, Baltimore. 
 
 Mrs. E. S. Thomson, Mount Savage. Miss Eloise Roman, Cumberland. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 Mrs. Rufus S. Frost, Chelsea. Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, 
 
 Cambridge. 
 Mrs. Jonas H. French, Boston. Miss Mary Crease Sears, Boston. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 Mrs. Eliza J. Pendry Howes, Mrs. Francis P. Burrows, Kalamazoo. 
 
 Battle Creek. 
 Mrs. Sarah S. C. Angell, Ann Arbor. Miss Anna M. Cutcheon, Detroit. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Mrs. Francis B. Clarke, St. Paul. Mrs. P. B. Winston, Minneapolis. 
 
 Mrs. H. F. Brown, Minneapolis. Mrs. M. M. Williams, Little Falls. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Mrs. James W. Lee, Aberdeen. Mrs. George M. Buchanan, Holly 
 
 Springs. 
 Mrs. John M. Stone, Jackson. Miss Varina Davis, Beauvoir. 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Miss Phcebe Cousins, St. Louis. Miss Patti Moore, Kansas City. 
 
 Miss Lillian Mason Brown, Mrs. Annie L. Y. Swart, St. Louis. 
 
 Kirkwood.
 
 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 171 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 Lady Managers. Lady Alternates. 
 
 Mrs. Eliza Rickards, Butte City. Mrs. Frank L. Worden, Missoula. 
 
 Mrs. Lily Rosencrans Toole, Helena. Mrs. Mariam D. Cooper, Bozeman. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Mrs. John S. Briggs, Omaha. Mrs. M. A. B. Martin, Lincoln. 
 
 Mrs. E. C. Langworthy, Seward. Mrs. Lana A. Bates, Aurora. 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 Miss Eliza M. Russell, Elko. Miss Mary E. Davies, Genoa. 
 
 Mrs. Ellen M. Stevenson, Carson City. Mrs. M. D. Foley, Reno. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Mrs. Mira B. F. Ladd, Lancaster. Mrs. Frank H. Daniell, Franklin Falls. 
 
 Mrs. Daniel Hall, Dover. Miss Ellen J. Cole, Lake Village. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Miss Mary E. Busselle, Newark. Mrs. Amanda M. Smith, Newark. 
 
 Mrs. Martha B. Stevens, Hoboken. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, New Mrs. John Pope, New York City. 
 
 York City. 
 Mrs. W. C. Whitney, New York City. Mrs. A. M. Palmer, New York City. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 Mrs. George Wilson Kidder, Mrs. Sallie S. Gotten, Falkland. 
 
 Wilmington. 
 
 Mrs. Charles Price, Salisbury. Miss Virginia Stella Divine, 
 
 Wilmington. 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Mrs. S. W. McLaughlin, Grand Forks. Mrs. Alice Vineyard Brovn, Lisbon. ' 
 Mrs. W. B. McConnell, Fargo. Mrs. Frances C. Holley, Bismarck. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Mrs. Mary A. Hart, Cincinnati. Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, Warren. 
 
 Mrs. Walter Hartpence, Harrison. Mrs. Asa S. Bushnell, Springfield, 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Mrs. E. W. Allen, Portland. Mrs. Anna R. Riggs, Portland. 
 
 Mrs. Mary Payton, Salem. Mrs. Hattie E. Sladden, Eugene City. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Miss Mary E. McCandless, Pittsburg. Mrs. Samuel Plumer, Franklin. 
 
 Mrs. Harriet Anne Lucas, Philadelphia. Mrs. W. S. Elkins, Philadelphia. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Mrs. Amey M. Starkweather, Pawtucket. Mrs. George A. Mumford, Pawtucket. 
 Miss Charlotte Field Dailey, Providence. Miss Loraine Pearce Bucklin, Providence. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 V've J. S. R. Thomson, Spartanburg. Miss Florida Cunningham, Charleston. 
 
 Mrs. Ellery M. Brayton, Columbia. Miss Carrie A. Perry, Walhalla.
 
 172 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 Lady Managers. Lady Alternates. 
 
 Mrs. John R. Wilson, Deadwood. Mrs. Minnie Daniels, Watertown. 
 
 Mrs. Helen Morton Barker, Huron. Mrs. Marie J. Gaston, Deadwood. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Mrs. Laura Gillespie, Nashville. Mrs. Carrington Mason, Memphis. 
 
 Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke, Knoxville. Mrs. Charles J. McClung, Knoxville. 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 Mrs. Ida Loving Turner, Fort Worth. Miss Hallie Earle Harrison, Waco. 
 Mrs. Mary A. Cochran, Dallas. Mrs. Kate Cawthon McDaniel, Anderson. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Mrs. Ellen M. Chandler, Pomfret. Mrs. Minna G. Hooker, Brattleboro. 
 
 Mrs. Elizabeth V. Grinnell, Burlington. Mrs. Theresa J. Cochrane, Groton. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Mrs. John Sergeant Wise, Richmond. Miss Mattie P. Harris, Staunton. 
 Mrs. K. S. G. Paul, Harrisonburg. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 Mrs. Melissa D. Owings, Olympia. Mrs. Chauncey Wright Griggs, Tacoma. 
 
 Mrs. Alice Houghton, Spokane Falls. Mrs. Josephine Ettinger, Palouse. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 Mrs. W. Newton Linch, Martinsburg. Mrs. George W. Z. Black, Halltown. 
 
 Miss Lily Irene Jackson, Parkersburg. Miss Annie M. Mahan, Fayetteville. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Mrs. Flora Beall Ginty, Chippewa Falls. Mrs. Sam S. Fifield, Ashland. 
 Mrs. Wm. P. Lynde, Milwaukee. Mrs. J. Montgomery Smith, Mineral Point. 
 
 , WYOMING. 
 
 Mrs. F. H. Harrison, Evanston. Mrs. Elizabeth A. Stone, Evanston. 
 
 Mrs. Frances E. Hale, Cheyenne. Miss Gertrude M. Huntington, Saratoga. 
 
 By Commissioners from the Territories. 
 
 ALASKA. 
 Mrs. A. K. Delaney. Juneau. Miss Maxwell Stevenson, Juneau. 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 Mrs. Thomas J. Butler, Prescott. Mrs. George Hoxworth, Flagstaff. 
 
 Miss Laurette Lovell, Tucson. Mrs. H. J. Peto, Tombstone. 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Mrs. Frank Luse Albright, Albuquerque. Miss Lucia Perea, Albuquerque. 
 Mrs. Edward L. Bartlett, Santa Fe. Mrs. Louise Dakin Campbell, Eddy. 
 
 OKLAHOMA. 
 
 Mrs. Marie P. Harmon Beeson, Reno City. Mrs. Julia Wallace, Oklahoma City. 
 Mrs. Lucy D. Miles, Kingfisher. Mrs. Mary S. McNeal, Guthrie.
 
 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 173 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 Lady Managers Lady Alternates. 
 
 Mrs. Thomas A. Whalen, Ogden. Mrs. Susie B. Emery, Park City. 
 
 Mrs. Margaret Blaine Salisbury, Salt Miss Maggie Keogh, Salt Lake City. 
 Lake City. 
 
 By Commissioners from the District of Columbia. 
 
 Lady Managers. 
 Mrs. John A. Logan, Washington. 
 
 Mrs. Beriah Wilkins, Washington. 
 
 Lady Alternates. 
 Mrs. Emma Dean Powell, Washington. 
 
 Miss Emma C. Wimsatt, Washington. 
 
 Standing Committees. 
 
 Thechairmen only of the Standing Committees on Classification are here 
 given, as the full list is too long for the space that can be devoted to it. 
 Agriculture Mrs. William H. Felton, Georgia. 
 Breads Mrs Mary Pay ton, Oregon. 
 Viticulture, etc. Mrs. Anna M. Fosdick, Alabama. 
 Live Stock, etc. Mrs. Melissa D. Owings, Washington. 
 Bees and Bee Culture Mrs. Charles H. Olmstead, Georgia. 
 Mines and Mining Mrs. D. F. Verdenal, New York. 
 Machinery and Transportation Mrs. Alice Houghton, Washington. 
 Manufactures (chemists' materials, etc.] Mrs. John M. Stone, Mississippi. 
 Photographs Mrs. Frank L. Albright, New Mexico. 
 
 Manufactures {furniture and fabrics.'] Mrs.Richard J. Oglesby, Illinois. 
 Manufactures {ceramics, etc ) Mrs. Mary A. Hart, Ohio. 
 Manufactures (decorative and needle work.} Mrs. John J. Bagley, Michigan. 
 Mamifactures (silk and silk culture.} Mrs. Harriet A. Lucas, Pennsylvania. 
 Electricity. Mrs. John S. Wise, Virginia. 
 
 Fine Art (sculpture and catving) Mrs. Rufus S. Frost, Massachusetts. 
 Fine Art {painting?) Miss Charlotte F. Daily, Rhode Island. 
 Fine Art (engraving, etc.} Miss Lilian M. Brown, Missouri. 
 Fine Arts (private collections ) Mrs.Martha B. Stevens, Maine. 
 Liberal Arts (athletics, etc.) Mrs. H. F. Brown, Minnesota. 
 Liberal Arts (charities, etc?) Mrs. Elizabeth V. Grinnell, Vermont. 
 Liberal Arts (manual training, etc.) Mrs. Daniel Hall, New Hampshire. 
 Liberal Arts (kindergartens, etc) Mrs. Jennie S.Mitchell, Kansas. 
 Liberal Arts {higher eduction.) Mrs. James R. Dean, California. 
 Liberal Arts {literature.) Mrs. Mary S. Lockwood, Washington, D. C. 
 Liberal Arts (architecture, surveying, etc) Mrs. Frances E. Hale, Wyoming. 
 Liberal Arts {government) Mrs. Myra Bradwell, Chicago. 
 Liberal Arts { pr.'sons, etc ) Mrs. Whiting S. Clark, Iowa. 
 Liberal Ar.'s (industrial associations.) Mrs. J. Frank Ball, Delaware. 
 Liberal Arts {music, etc) Mrs. Rollin A. Edgarton, Arkansas. 
 Ethnology, Archceology, etc. Mrs. Ellery M. Brayton, South Carolina. 
 Ethnology, Archceology, etc. Mrs. Laura Gillespie, Tennessee. 
 Ethnology, Archceology, etc. Mrs. James. A. Mulligan, Chicago.
 
 174 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 
 
 A resolution of the Directory required approval of the Board of 
 Lady Managers in all matters pertaining to exhibits from women. It 
 provided : " That said Board of Lady Managers shall have charge and 
 management of all the interests of women in connection with the Expo- 
 sition, and will be the official channel of communication through which 
 all women, or organizations of women, may be brought into relation 
 with the Exposition, and through which all applications for space shall 
 be made for the exclusive use of women or their exhibits in the build- 
 ings, or for the construction of buildings intended exclusively for 
 women's use in the Exposition, and that in respect to these and all simi- 
 lar matters connected with the preparation for and the management of 
 the Exposition, in so far as the same relates to women's work, women's 
 exhibits and women's interests in general ; that the direction and ap- 
 proval of the Board of Lady Managers, through its president, shall be 
 necessary before final and conclusive action is taken." They also gave 
 power" to decide upon the design of the device to designate those exhibits 
 at the Exposition, that are in whole or in part produced by female labor." 
 
 Every clause that could convey full and complete authority to the 
 Board, or that was necessary to prevent misunderstanding or abrasion of 
 t by others, was employed to give them jurisdiction over all interests of 
 women at the Fair. 
 
 Gov. Joseph W. Fifer, of Illinois, said : " I note with mingled pride 
 and satisfaction the measures which have been wisely adopted to bring 
 into the joint management of this Exposition a large and representative 
 body of American women, who are expected to give special attention to 
 whatever appertains to the part and work of their own sex in the activi- 
 ties and civilization of the world. There is in this a peculiar propriety. 
 If America enjoys one distinction more creditable to her than any of 
 the other numerous points of her departure from Old World ideas, that 
 distinction is found in the universal respect here paid to the character of 
 women, and the liberal share here accorded them in shaping the thought, 
 the morals and the institutions of our Republic. It is only necessary 
 to add that every such broadening of women's activity has been thrice 
 justified by results." 
 
 First Meeting of the Board of Lady Managers. 
 
 The first session of the Board of Lady Managers convened Novem- 
 ber 19, 1890. There were present eight members-at-large, two from the 
 District of Columbia, nine from the City of Chicago, two from each 
 State and Territory, and nine alternates not representing members. 
 
 Hon. Thomas W. Palmer, President of the World's Columbian Com- 
 mission, according to resolutions passed October 21, 1890, called the
 
 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 175 
 
 meeting to order, and Hon. John T. Dickinson, Secretary, officiated till 
 the Board of Lady Managers elected their officers. After invocation by 
 Rev. Florence Kalloch, President Palmer addressed the Board, and 
 expressed his pleasure in welcoming them to a participation in the man- 
 agement of the World's Columbian Exposition. He admonished them 
 that they were an integral part of the Commission; that hitherto no- 
 thing had been conceded to woman save a right to promote philanthropic 
 and sentimental enterprises. "It is not necessary to commence with 
 Semiramis or Helen of Troy, and come down through recorded history 
 to Dorothy Dix, Florence Nightingale, Annie Carroll, to illustrate what 
 women can do ; not necessary to mention Zenobia, Queens Phillippa, 
 Isabella, Elizabeth, Joan of Arc, Catharine of Russia, Maria Theresa, 
 Mrs. Somerville, and hundreds now living, to show woman's capacity in 
 statecraft, war, social reforms or practical affairs. Hitherto woman has 
 been found as equal to the exigencies of her situation, and when respon- 
 sibility has been placed upon her, she has developed under it, as well as 
 man. This is the first time in the history of our government, however, 
 that woman has been fully recognized in the administration of a great 
 public trust like this, and the action of Congress in passing the bill with 
 this feature has met the general approval of the people. This shows the 
 growth of civilization and the part woman is taking in the activities of 
 life." 
 
 He said, also, that in entering upon their duties he would not advert 
 to the fact that as the work progressed new vistas of activity and effort 
 would open before them. . And further : " All that American women 
 ever lacked opportunity is here, and from every State and Territory 
 the women of the hour are here to take advantage thereof." " You 
 have before you," he added, " the organic law of Congress commanding 
 the creation of the Board to which you belong, and prescribing the 
 method of your convening your organization, your rights, duties and 
 compensations." And so the ship was launched forth. 
 
 Recognition of Woman's Services. 
 
 A quorum being present, the Board elected for temporary chairman, 
 Mrs. William H. Felton, of Georgia, and Miss Cora D. Payne, of Ken- 
 tucky, temporary secretary, by a unanimous vote. 
 
 Mrs. Felton, upon assuming the chair, among other good things, said: 
 " It is the first time in the history of the Republic that women have 
 been recognized as competent to attend to any sort of public business by 
 the National Government. It is the first recognition of woman's services 
 as a citizen and a taxpayer by Congress ; therefore, I feel the necessity.
 
 176 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 
 
 as an individual, of making haste very slowly in all matters concerning 
 our permanent organization. This is the grand opportunity to show 
 that we can be relied upon for effective, faithful, devoted work in all 
 departments connected with the World's Fair Commission." 
 
 November 20, 1890: After preliminary work, Mrs. Lynde, of Wis- 
 consin, moved that " we proceed to the election of president by ballot." 
 Mrs. Cantrill, of Kentucky, in a nominating speech, presented Mrs. 
 Potter Palmer, seconded by Mrs. Deane, of California. Mrs. Traut- 
 mann, of New York, nominated Mrs. John A. Logan, of the District of 
 Columbia, who declined in favor of Mrs. Potter Palmer, whom she 
 heartily seconded. There being no other nominations, the Chair directed 
 the secretary to call the roll. The ballot being taken, the Chair 
 announced a unanimous vote for Mrs. Potter Palmer, 108 votes having 
 been cast. Mrs. Cantrill and Mrs. Logan were appointed as a committee 
 to escort Mrs. Palmer to the chair. 
 
 Mrs. Palmer's Address. 
 
 Mrs. Palmer, with grace and dignity, accepted the honor and addressed 
 the women convened as follows : 
 
 " Ladies, I feel deeply the honor of being called upon to preside over 
 this commission. My humility never asserted itself more strongly than 
 now as I stand among so many distinguished women of national fame 
 whose brilliant careers have been a matter of pride to the entire country. 
 One friend has flatteringly put me in nomination, and another, Mrs. 
 Logan, who seconded me in so cordial a manner, is one whose life has 
 been largely passed in the fierce glare of public life, and whose fine qual- 
 ities have therefore been rendered the more apparent. She has shown 
 by her words, not my worth, but the qualities of her own generous heart. 
 When she speaks she is necessarily eloquent, and in this case I am the 
 fortunate gainer. The kindness expressed to me personally by the ladies 
 of the Commission, also, in placing this great responsibility in my hands, 
 has greatly touched me. 
 
 " My position differs slightly from that of your temporary chairman 
 in this, that while I have no enemies to punish, I have many friends to 
 reward all of this commission. I regret, after such a mark of confi- 
 dence, that I have to ask the indulgence of the ladies for my inexperi- 
 ence in presiding. I hope that when we have been holding meetings as 
 long as the other sex, a knowledge of parliamentary law will be taken 
 as a matter of course in every woman's training. In the meantime, we 
 may amend an amendment just a few times too often, or be put to con- 
 fusion by some inexperienced and wily tactician suddenly springing ' the
 
 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS AND ITS WORK. 177 
 
 previous question ; ' we may surprise Roberts and Gushing by proving 
 that motions down in their manuals as undebatable present no difficulties 
 in that line to us. 
 
 " We must, however, seriously realize the greatness of the opportunity 
 which has been given us. I felt, yesterday, as the ladies met in this room, 
 and the North shook hands with the South, the East with the West, 
 that this first meeting in sympathetic intercourse of women from all parts 
 of the country and their learning to work with and to understand each 
 other must result in a great broadening of the horizon of all concerned. 
 
 " The full benefit of this intermingling will not be felt, however, unless 
 we, each and all, are generously willing to leave for a time the narrow 
 boundaries in which our individual lives are passed, to give our minds 
 and hearts an airing by entering into the thoughts and aspirations ol 
 others, and enjoying the alluring vistas which open before us. In this 
 fresh, breezy atmosphere, brightened by the warm sunshine of sympathy, 
 we will be surprised to find that many of our familiar old conventional 
 truths look very queer in some of the sudden side lights thrown upon 
 them. Above all things else, harmonious action is necessary. That is 
 the foundation which we must have for the superstructure that is to be 
 gradually erected and which we trust will be the successful result of our 
 work together. 
 
 " Ladies, again I thank you most heartily." 
 12
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Dedication and Opening Ceremonies. 
 
 AS the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America 
 by Columbus approached, -preparations were made in all parts 
 of the country for the celebration of the great event. In every 
 city, town and hamlet, flags floated, public festivities were held, 
 and upon all sides there was an evident recognition of the day. 
 
 The celebration in New York extended over several days, ending on 
 the twelfth of October, and consisted of a magnificent military and naval 
 parade. Vast numbers of people flocked to the metropolis from sur- 
 rounding towns and even distant localities, and participated in the fes- 
 tivities. The greatest celebration, however, was in Chicago, occupying 
 several days and attended by multitudes of people. Vice-President 
 Morton was present, also the governors of a number of the States, 
 together with distinguished persons from all parts of the country, 
 including President Harrison's Cabinet, army and navy officers, and 
 Members of Congress. 
 
 The public exercises began on the nineteenth of October with the 
 celebration of" Columbus Day" by the children of the public schools. 
 The rooms in the various school-buildings throughout the city where 
 the exercises took place were all decorated in a way appropriate to the 
 occasion. 
 
 The first exercise was the reading of President Harrison's proclama- 
 tion. This was followed by a flag raising, and the pupils saluted the 
 colors. They also pledged their allegiance to the flag in concert and 
 sang " America." The next feature of the programme was reading of 
 the scriptures or some acknowledgment of the Divine Being. The 
 school then joined in singing "Columbus Day," after which the 
 programme was varied according to the grade. In primary grades the 
 little ones recited patriotic verses and sang little songs, Avhile in the gram- 
 mar and high school grades historical essays were read, declamations 
 delivered, and there was also singing. 
 
 The reception and ball, given in the great hall of the Auditorium in 
 the,evening, was a brilliant affair. Four thousand prominent citizens of 
 various States were invited to. participate in a reception tendered to t!i 
 President, Vice-President and ex-rfresidents of the United States, th 
 178
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 179 
 
 representatives of foreign Governments, Governors of States and Terri- 
 tories, and other distinguished guests. 
 
 Thousands of electric lamps glowed brightly from the fa9ade of the 
 towering building on the lake front. Along the broad pavements of 
 Michigan Avenue dense crowds of people were content to stand closely 
 packed for hours, viewing the notabilities as they arrived to attend the 
 reception. About nine o'clock the rumble and flash of glistening equipages 
 began, which announced the arrival of lady managers and patronesses. 
 
 The invited guests followed in rapid succession. Once within the 
 great Auditorium the first 
 impression was that re- 
 sulting from a flood of 
 light diffused, almost 
 dazzling to the unaccus- 
 tomed eye, and yet it 
 was the soft, aggregated 
 glowing of myriads of in- 
 candescent lamps. There 
 seemed no lack of light 
 in any quarter of the 
 great hall, so equally 
 were the lamps distri- 
 buted. 
 
 The great steel fire 
 curtain of the stage had I 
 
 been lifted and the stage 
 flooring had been ex- 
 tended over the entire 
 orchestra pit. Behind the 
 proscenium arch, the lower tier of boxes had been extended in a circle 
 around the rear of the stage. Above this temporary circle of boxes at 
 the centre were four other boxes, which were occupied by an orchestra, 
 discoursing patriotic airs. 
 
 A silken banner of the Spanish royalty was suspended directly over 
 the centre of the stage. On each side, and directly over the boxes, 
 there were ten banners in bunting, each containing the initials of the 
 King and Queen of Spain in the time of Columbus. The panel in front 
 of the organ and between the boxes and the proscenium arch was deco- 
 rated with a large United States shield, surrounded by a stand of colprs, 
 the stars and stripes in the middle, flanked on each side by the flags 
 of all the American Republics, 
 
 HON. LEVI P. MORTON.
 
 180 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 The corresponding panel on the south side bore the shield of Spain, 
 also surmounted by the Spanish colors. In this was shown the flags 
 of every nation in the Old World, the colors of Spain and Italy being 
 given the preference in the arrangement. 
 
 Graceful Festoons of Smilax. 
 
 From Alabama smilax had been brought, a carload in all, to festoon 
 the faces of balcony and gallery. Wild smilax was hung in graceful 
 festoons in front of all the boxes and along the balcony and gallery 
 front. This was caught up with alternate rosettes of red and yellow 
 ribbon extended around the improvised boxes on the stage. % 
 
 Above the panels on each side of the proscenium arch were banks 
 of palms and ferns within the centre section of the main balcony, entirely 
 hidden from the view of the guests by ferns and. other potted plants. 
 
 On the twentieth the celebration was continued, and the demonstra- 
 tions of enthusiasm were in keeping with the great event, which was 
 commemorated. Chicago, bedecked in bunting and evergreens, aban- 
 doned the cares of business for the monster civic parade, which was 
 participated in and witnessed by the Vice-President of the United States, 
 members of the Cabinet, governors and members of their staffs from 
 over a score of States and distinguished visitors from all over the country. 
 
 Every building, from the one story on the outskirts to the sky- 
 scraping structures in the city proper, observed the event by the display 
 of colors and the portraits of Columbus and famous Americans. Along 
 the main streets the decorations were on a grand scale, some of the 
 buildings being literally covered with flags and streamers artistically 
 arranged. 
 
 Several times, at the junction of streets, the crowds were so great that 
 they broke through the cordons of patrolmen, but the break was only 
 temporary, for the people, screaming and fighting, were forced back 
 again and kept there during the passage of the parade. Stands had been 
 erected along the route, which was not over three miles, and these were 
 occupied to their limit. The main reviewing stand was outside the 
 Post-office Building. Here Vice-President Morton, ex- President Hayes, 
 members of the Cabinet and other distinguished guests viewed the 
 procession. 
 
 At the main reviewing stand, on Jackson Street, were over two hundred 
 school girls, dressed in red, white and blue, and arranged in their seats to 
 form a monster American flag. It was a beautiful sight, and was 
 
 *j o 
 
 exceedingly picturesque, when the girls waved smaller flags in unison, 
 while they sang patriotic songs.
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 181 
 
 At the head of the parade, to hold in check the dense crowd which 
 thronged the sidewalk and forced itself into the streets, came police 
 mounted. These were followed by the a detachment of police on foot. 
 
 The Chicago Hussars, in black, with white trimmings, headed by 
 their bugle corps, which filled the air with stirring martial notes, was the 
 escort to the Mayor of Chicago. The City Council, in carriages, fol- 
 lowed, and then came the Governors of the different States, each of 
 whom was surrounded by a brilliant staff. As Governor after Governor 
 went by, each was greeted with cheers. 
 
 The second grand division was led by the Independent Order of For- 
 esters, twelve thousand strong, who made a fine appearance as they 
 swept down the street. The dark green of Italy flowed behind the 
 crimson regalia of the Foresters, and the numerous Italian societies were 
 cheered to the echo as they went by. In their rear was a gigantic float, 
 representing " Columbus discovering America," showing the " Santa 
 Maria " approaching a rock-bound coast, upon which a number of Indians 
 stood, eagerly scanning the approaching vessel. 
 
 Behind the float tramped three hundred Grecians, wearing the decora- 
 tions of their nation's flag blue and white. 
 
 Eight thousand men of the Patriotic Order Sons of America were over 
 an hour in going past, their ranks being broken at frequent intervals by 
 bands, which worked industriously at America's national music. 
 
 Then came the descendants of the men who had won the battle of the 
 Boyne, their persons and banners bearing knots of their favorite orange 
 ribbons. 
 
 The Chicago Badge. 
 
 Three thousand five hundred men of the Chicago Turners' Society, 
 headed by the National Commission of their Order, looked exceedingly 
 well in their neat uniforms of gray shirts, trousers and hats. Each man 
 bore upon his left breast the white and terra-cotta Chicago badge. They 
 were followed by 700 men of the Bohemian Turners' Societies, and these 
 by five hundred German veterans, who marched proudly beneath the red, 
 white and blue of their adoption, and the red, white and black under 
 which they had marched in less peaceful times. 
 
 There was a strong reminder of the heather as 1,200 bonnie Scots hove 
 in sight. Every man wore the tartan. The bagpipes, which were many 
 throughout the column, shrieked shrilly as the Scots marched on. Two 
 hundred and fifty men of the Royal Scots' Regiment, clad in the royal 
 Stuart plaid, called forth loud cheers of approval. The black and gold 
 of the sons of St. George followed the Highlanders. Then came rank 
 after rank of Croatian and Polish societies, consisting in all of about two
 
 182
 
 DEDICATION A^D OPENING CEREMONIES. 183 
 
 thousand men. After them came ten times as many ranks, and with the 
 proportionate number of men, and every man a Swede. In four carnages 
 were sixteen pretty girls, representing in their attire the various national 
 female costumes of Sweden and Norway. 
 
 School Boys in Line. 
 
 The next division was made up of two thousand boys from the 
 grammar and high schools of Chicago, who were clad in various styles 
 of uniform, and gave vent every now and then to lusty lunged expres- 
 sions of their " yells." Then tramped eight representatives of every 
 Grand Army post in Chicago and Cook County, reinforced by numerous 
 delegations from neighboring cities. The veterans were not above eight 
 hundred strong, and in their rear was a float representing the famous old 
 " Monitor " as she appeared before fighting the " Merrimac." The Sons of 
 Veterans, Modern Woodmen of America, Uniformed Rank of the Royal 
 Arcanum and Knights of Pythias, two thousand men in all, closed the 
 division. 
 
 In the rear of the Catholic Order of Foresters was a magnificent float 
 Columbus, drawn by eight handsome dapple-gray horses. The lower 
 platform was embellished with the coat-of-arms of the Order, and on the 
 main platform stood forty-four columns, each surmounted by a gilt star 
 representing the States of the Union. In the centre was a huge globe, 
 above which rested a bust of Columbus. Three young ladies, represent- 
 ing Friendship, Love and Truth, were on the same platform. 
 
 Probably no display was so keenly appreciated as that of the Indian 
 boys from the Industrial School of Carlisle, Pa. There were three hun- 
 dred in line, dressed in light cadet uniforms, headed by their own brass 
 band. Each boy carried on a stick a tool or article manufactured by 
 them in their school. The first line showed the educational features, 
 and those in that line carried slates, books, globes, etc. 
 
 Oration by Hon. Chauncey M. Depew. 
 
 The climax of the preliminary fete days of the Columbian Fair was 
 reached in the exercises attending the dedication of the Exposition build- 
 ings. The day was faultless. A parade of fifteen thousand Federal 
 and State soldiers escorted Vice-President Morton, and the officials of 
 the Fair, the Supreme Court Judges, Senators and Representatives and 
 diplomats to the great Machinery Hall, at Jackson Park, where one 
 hundred and twenty-five thousand people were assembled. The features 
 ofthe occasion here were the orations of Henry Watterson and Chauncey 
 M. Depew. At night, Archbishop Ireland inaugurated the World's
 
 184 
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 Fair Congress Auxiliary, and a pyrotechnic display, witnessed by nearly 
 one million people, closed the scene. The orations could be heard by 
 only a small part of the throng, yet their patriotic sentiments awakened 
 enthusiasm. 
 
 In the course of his brilliant and eloquent address, Mr. Depew said : 
 
 CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. 
 
 "The grandeur and beauty of this spectacle are the eloquent witnesses 
 of peace and progress. The Parthenon and the cathedral exhausted the 
 genius of the ancient and the skill of the mediaeval architects in housing 
 the statute or spirit of Deity. In their ruins or antiquity they are mute 
 protests against the merciless enmity of nations, which forced art to flee 
 to the altar for protection. The United States welcome the sister repub-
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 185 
 
 lies of the Southern and Northern Continents and the nations and peoples 
 of Europe and Asia, of Africa and Australia, with the products of their 
 lands, of their skill and of their industry to this city of yesterday, yet 
 clothed with royal splendor as the Queen of the Great Lakes. 
 
 " The artists and architects of the country have been bidden to design 
 and erect the buildings which shall fitly illustrate the height of our 
 civilization and the breadth of our hospitality. The peace of the world 
 permits and protects their efforts in utilizing their powers for men's 
 temporal welfare. The result is this Park of Palaces. The originality 
 and boldness of their conceptions, and the magnitude and harmony of 
 their creations, are the contributions of America to the oldest of the 
 Arts, and the cordial bidding of America to the people of the earth to 
 come and bring the fruitage of their age to the boundless opportunities 
 of this unparalleled exhibiton. 
 
 Romance and Reality of Human Development. 
 
 " If interest in the affairs of this world are vouchsafed to those who 
 have gone before, the spirit of Columbus hovers over us to-day. Only 
 by celestial intelligence can it grasp the full signifiance of this spectacle 
 and ceremonies. 
 
 " From the first century to the fifteenth counts for little in the history 
 of progress, but in the period between the fifteenth and the twentieth is 
 crowded the romance and reality of human development. Life has been 
 prolonged and its enjoyment intensified. The powers of the air and the 
 water, the resistless forces of the elements, which in the time of the 
 discoverer were the visible terrors of the wrath of God, have been 
 subdued to the service of man. Art and luxuries, which could be 
 possessed and enjoyed only by the rich and noble, the works of genius 
 which were read and understood only by the learned few, domestic 
 comforts and surroundings beyond the reach of lords or bishops, now 
 adorn and illumine the homes of our citizens. Serfs are sovereigns and 
 the people are kings. The trophies and splendors of their reign are 
 Commonwealths, rich in every attribute of great States and united in a 
 Republic whose power and prosperity and liberty and enlightenment are 
 the wonder and admiration of the world. 
 
 "All hail, Columbus, discoverer, dreamer, hero and apostle. We, here, 
 of every race and country, recognize the horizon which bounded his 
 vision and the infinite scope of his genius. The voice of gratitude and 
 praise for all the blessings which have been showered upon mankind by 
 his adventure is limited to no language, but is uttered in every tongue. 
 Neither marble nor brass can fitly form his statue. Continents are his
 
 186 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 monument and unnumbered millions, past, present and to come, who 
 enjoy in their liberties and and happiness the fruits of his faith, will 
 reverently guard and preserve from century to century his name and 
 fame." 
 
 Oration of Hon. Henry Watterson. 
 
 Mr. Watterson closed his highly patriotic address as follows : 
 
 " We have come here, not so much to recall bygone sorrows and 
 glories, as to bask in the sunshine of present prosperity and happiness, 
 to interchange patriotic greetings and indulge good auguries, and, above 
 all, to meet upon the threshold the stranger within our gate, not as a 
 foreigner, but as a guest and friend, for whom nothing that we have is 
 too good. 
 
 " From wheresoever he cometh we welcome him with all our hearts ; 
 the son of the Rhone and Garonne ; our God-mother, France, to whom 
 we owe so much, he shall be our Lafayette ; the son of the Rhine and the 
 Moselle, he shall be our Goethe and Wagner ; the son of the Campagna 
 and the Vesuvian Bay, he shall be our Michael Angelo and our Garibaldi ; 
 the son of Aragon and the Indies, he shall be our Christopher Columbus, 
 fitly honored at last throughout the world. 
 
 " Our good Cousin, of England, needs no words of special civility and 
 courtesy from us. For him, the latchstring is ever on the outer side ; 
 though whether it be or not, we are sure that he will enter and make 
 himself at home. A common language enables us to do full justice to 
 one another, at the festive board, or in the arena of debate ; warning both 
 of us in equal tones against further parley on the field of arms. All 
 nations and all creeds be welcome here; from the Bosphorus and the 
 Black Sea, the Viennese woods and the Danubian plains ; from the Hol- 
 land dyke to Alpine crag ; from Belgrade and Calcutta, and round to 
 China seas and the busy marts of Japan, the isles of the Pacific and the 
 far-away Capes of Africa Armenian, Christian and Jew the American, 
 loving no country except his own, but loving all mankind as his brother, 
 bids you enter'and fear not ; bids you partake with us of these fruits of 
 four hundred years of American civilization and development, and behold 
 these trophies of one hundred years of American independence and 
 freedom . 
 
 Our Crown Jewels. 
 
 " At this moment, in every part of the American Union, the children 
 are taking up the wondrous tale of the discovery, and from Boston to Gal- 
 veston, from the little log school-house in the wilderness to the towering 
 academy in the city and the town, may be witnessed the unprecedented
 
 DEDICATION OF THE WORLD'S FAIR BUILDINGS. 
 
 187
 
 188 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 spectacle of a powerful nation captured by an army of Liliputians, of 
 embryo men and women, of topling boys and girls, and tiny, elves scarce 
 big enough to lisp the numbers of the national anthem; scarce strong 
 enough to lift the miniature flags that make of arid street and autumn 
 wood an emblematic garden, to gladden the sight and to glorify the 
 red, white and blue. See 
 
 ' Our young barbarians all at play,' 
 
 for better than these we have nothing to exhibit. They, indeed, are our 
 crown jewels; the truest though the inevitable offspring of our civili- 
 zation and development ; the representatives of a manhood vitalized and 
 invigorated by toil and care, of a womanhood elevated and inspired by 
 liberty and education. God bless the children and their mothers ! God 
 bless our country's flag ! And God be with us now and ever, God in 
 the roof-tree's shade, and God in the highway, God on the winds and 
 waves, and God in all our hearts ! " 
 
 Commemoration Ode. 
 
 The commemoration ode read and sung at the dedicatory services of 
 the World's Fair buildings at Chicago was from the pen of Miss Harriet 
 F. Monroe, a young lady of Chicago. The ode was written by her to 
 order, the commission being given to her by the World's Fair Directory. 
 Certain lyrical passages of the ode were set to music, and these passages 
 were sung by a well-trained chorus of five thousand voices. The 
 remainder of the ode was read before the assembled multitude. 
 
 The apostrophe, with which it is concluded, and which was a part of 
 the portion set to music and sung, was as follows : 
 
 Columbia ! Men beheld thee rise 
 A goddess from the misty seas. 
 Lady of joy, sent from the skies, 
 
 The nations worshipped thee. 
 The brows were flushed with dawn's first light ; 
 By foamy waves with stars bedight 
 
 Thy blue robe floated free. 
 
 Now let the sun ride high o'erhead, 
 
 Driving the day from shore to shore ; 
 His burning tread we do not dread, 
 
 For thou art evermore. 
 Lady of love, whose smile shall bless, 
 Whom brave deeds win to tenderness, 
 
 Whose tears the lost restore.
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 189 
 
 Lady of hope thou art. We wait 
 
 With courage thy serene command, 
 Through unknown seas, toward undreamed fate, 
 
 We ask thy guiding hand. 
 On ! though sails quiver in the gale ! 
 Thou at the helm, we cannot fail. 
 
 On to God's time-veiled strand ! 
 
 Lady of beauty ! thou shall win 
 
 Glory and power and length of days ; 
 The sun and moon shall be thy kin, 
 
 The stars shall sing thy praise. 
 All hail ; we bring thee vows most sweet 
 To strew before thy winged feet. 
 
 Now onward be thy ways ! 
 
 Great Naval Review at New York. 
 
 Among the imposing ceremonies which celebrated the opening of the 
 Exposition was a naval display in the harbor of New York. Provision 
 for this was made by act of Congress, and an invitation by the President 
 of the United States was issued to all the leading nations of the world 
 to participate. 
 
 The international review in honor of Columbus culminated on April 
 27th, 1893, in a demonstration more spectacular, more noisy and more 
 remarkable in many other respects than anything of the kind recorded 
 in modern history. There have been naval reviews of international 
 character before, but none so striking as this. There was one at Genoa, 
 Columbus' birthplace, in 1892, at which vessels representing thirteen 
 nations participated, and in which Admiral Benham, of the Newark, took 
 part for the United States, but there were only twenty-seven vessels in all 
 in line on that occasion, and these mostly second class. The iron-clads of 
 Great Britain, France and Germany have made imposing demonstrations 
 of force in the English Channel and off Spithead, and have been passed 
 in review before the crowned heads of England and Germany, and the 
 powerful Russian fleet has more than once flocked by itself in the Baltic 
 in view of the Emperor of all the Russias, in a manner to excite the 
 apprehension of the other powers, but as a peaceful demonstration the 
 New York naval review eclipsed all in interest. 
 
 The Caravels Have the Post of Honor. 
 
 It was peculiarly a manifestation of sentiment, not of force, yet some 
 of the fleetest and most formidable naval vessels in the world were there. 
 And the quaintest part of the day's proceedings was that the post of
 
 190 
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 honor at the head of the reviewed columns was given to the apparently 
 unseaworthy reproductions of the Columbus caravels, the" Santa Maria," 
 " Pinta " and " Nina," which, with infinite care, had been towed over from 
 Cadiz to, Cuba by our own Admiral Benham, and from Cuba escorted to 
 Hampton Roads and New York by the Spanish war ships. These pigmy 
 boats, high pooped, and lateen rigged, cut away amidship like a Roman 
 galley, were anchored opposite Ninety-third street, and formed practically 
 the turning point of the review. The contrast of four centuries of naval 
 development could not have been more strongly and picturesquely 
 marked. 
 
 The line of vessels reviewed was over three miles in length, stretching 
 in two columns from the foot of Twenty-third street to about Ninety-fifth 
 street, where the reviewing ship, the "' Dolphin," anchored. 
 
 The foreign vessels were most of them stationed on the New York side 
 of the Hudson River. The American fleet, with the German, Dutch and 
 
 THE SHIPS OF COLUMBUS 
 
 Argentina cruisers, occupied the New Jersey side. The ships were 
 anchored three hundred yards apart, and a space of four hundred yards 
 was left between the two columns. 
 
 Thousands of visitors poured into the city to witness the sight. By 
 act of the Legislature and proclamation of the Governor the day was 
 made a public holiday. Business was generally suspended. Flags were 
 displayed from all the shipping and from many public and private build- 
 ings. Hundreds of thousands of spectators lined the water's edge on 
 both shores of the majestic river, perched upon the roofs and upper 
 stories of the tall buildings, and climbed the palisades or the slopes of the 
 riverside. Every point of vantage from which a view of the scene could 
 be obtained was occupied. The United States, by authority of law, took 
 full possession of the waters of the harbor for this day. A cordon was 
 tightly drawn round the reviewing vessels and the reviewed, and until 
 the actual ceremonies of the review were over no unauthorized boat was.
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 191 
 
 allowed to pass the line. Notwithstanding the temporary restriction 
 nearly every tugboat and excursion steamer in the harbor was engaged 
 for the day and crowded with sight-seers, awaiting their chance to review 
 the warships on their own account. 
 
 The proceedings began early. At 8 A. M. the vessels of Spain, 
 France, Brazil and Argentina dressed ship. All of the other foreign 
 vessels hoisted colors with the Stars and Stripes at the main. The 
 American ships hoisted colors, but did not dress the yards until ten 
 o'clock, at which hour the British, Russian and Italian ships also dressed 
 yards. At 9.30 all the steam launches of the American men-of-war were 
 dropped and manned, 
 ready to go to the 
 assistance of the patrol 
 fleet should any bold 
 intruders seek to pass 
 through the lines. 
 Their services were 
 not needed. The 
 respect which the 
 American people 
 never fail on great 
 occasions to pay to 
 authority was abund- 
 antly manifested, and 
 would have been had 
 it not been enforced 
 with such overwhelm- 
 ing demonstration of 
 power. 
 
 The embarkation of 
 the Presidential party on board of the reviewing boat "Dolphin," was a 
 gorgeous affair. A handsome special landing place had been erected for 
 the purpose at the foot of Twenty-third street, the approach to which 
 was carpeted and draped in bunting. 
 
 The President was escorted by his naval aides and accompanied by 
 Mrs. Cleveland and the members of the Cabinet with their wives. No 
 representatives of the press or of the general public were permitted on 
 board the Presidential yacht. Even the Duke of Veragua, the nation's 
 specially invited guest, the lineal descendant of Columbus, was brought 
 along in a separate vessel, the army boat " General Meigs." The "Dol- 
 phin," John Roach's latest achievement for the government, long accused 
 
 PRESIDENT CLEVELAND.
 
 192 
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 of *' structural weakness," had been specially fortified for the occasion by 
 having a great cabin built clean across the ship, and covering one-fourth 
 of her entire length, constituting a finer dining saloon than that possessed 
 by any yacht that rides the waters. The saloon and the after-cabin had 
 been elegantly decorated, carpeted and refurnished in hand-carved 
 mahogany, especially designed. The members of the Diplomatic Corps 
 had previously gone on board the coast survey steamer " Blake," which 
 was moored alongside the " Monmouth " at the Thirty-fourth street dock. 
 
 Noisy Honors to the President. 
 
 It was about two o'clock when the signal was given for the start. As 
 soon as the President stepped on board the " Dolphin " the vessel tripped 
 her anchor and fired one gun as a signal. This was responded to by a 
 
 UNITED STATES DISPATCH BOAT " DOLPHIN." 
 
 boom which seemed to shake the whole city. The double turreted 
 monitor " Miantonomah," lying at the rear of the port column, fired for 
 the first time in port one of her huge ten-inch guns, charged with nearly 
 two hundred and fifty pounds of powder. 
 
 Almost before the reverberations of the twenty-five guns had died 
 away in the distant echoes the whole fleet was called to quarters, yards 
 were manned and every preparation made to receive the President of the 
 United States with becoming respect. Seen at this moment, and before 
 the enveloping clouds of gunpowder smoke from the subsequent salutes 
 had obscured the air, the scene was as pretty as well could be imagined. 
 As the " Dolphin's " bow came in line with each man-of-war, " present
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 193 
 
 arms " was sounded on the bugle, officers and crew saluted, the bands 
 struck up the national air, and a national salute of twenty-one guns was 
 fired by each ship. 
 
 Titanic Roar of Cannonading. 
 
 During the half hour or more that the Presidential progress lasted this 
 cannonading never ceased, until in the whole more than 1,600 guns had 
 been fired. Towards the close of their booming separate identity had 
 been merged in one titanic roar, while flashes of red flame and dense 
 sulphurous clouds of smoke were all the spectators on shore could dis- 
 tinguish. The firing began with the German flagship " Kaiserin Augusta" 
 and the Brazilian battleship "Aquidaban." It was taken up in more pon- 
 derous manner by the Dutch " Van Speyk " and the Spanish " Infanta 
 Isabel ; " it was followed by the Argentine " Neuvo de Julio " and the 
 Italian " Etna ; " was continued by the American " Charleston " and the 
 French " Arethuse," followed by the flagship " Newark " and the Rus- 
 sian Admiral's ship " Dimitri Donskoi," and closed by Admiral Ghe^- 
 rardi, in the " Philadelphia," and Admiral Sir John Hopkins, in the noble 
 " Blake." 
 
 The intervals between the artillery exercises of the flagships were 
 filled up by similar exercises on the part of other vessels of the squad- 
 ron. Following close in the wake of the" Dolphin," and getting the full 
 benefit of the salutes came the army steamer "General Meigs," bearing the 
 honored foreign guest of the day, the Duke ofVeragua, attended by 
 General Schofield, of the army, and Rear Admiral Belknap, of the navy. 
 
 The only other steamer permitted within the sacred limits during the 
 brief progress of the Presidential review was the "Monmouth," upon 
 which were Senators and members of Congress, Governors of States, 
 newspaper representatives and other invited guests. 
 
 Reception of the Foreign Admirals. 
 
 When the " Dolphin " reached the end of the line, in the neighbor- 
 hood of Ninty-fifth Street, she dropped anchor and made preparations 
 to receive the commanding officers of the foreign squadrons. 
 
 Duly attired in full ceremonial uniform, with cocked hats and swords, 
 the distinguished officers entered their barges and pulled off for the 
 Presidential yacht. Sir John Hopkins, the British Admiral, was first 
 received. Next came Vice Admiral Koznakoff, the Russian Admiral. 
 Rear Admiral De Libran, of France, was third. Then followed Rear 
 Admiral Magnaghi, of Italy. 
 
 The Spanish Admiral, Senor y Leno, though an invalid, did not fail 
 to pay this ceremonial mark of respect to the Chief Executive, and was 
 13
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 195 
 
 followed by Rear Admiral Howard, of Argentina; Rear Admiral Nor- 
 hona, of the Brazilian fleet, and the blonde-haired and blue-eyed Captains 
 of the German and Dutch steamers. These visits formed one of the 
 most interesting features of the day. As nearly all the foreign officers 
 spoke or understood English, the ceremonies were attended by no stiff 
 formalities, but, it is said, were marked by cordiality and some degree 
 of conviviality also. 
 
 Fifteen minutes before the reception ended, and when the President 
 was preparing to land, an admonitory signal was given from the " Dol- 
 phin," and as he left the vessel and entered his barge at the foot of Ninty- 
 
 UNITED STATES CRUISER " CHICAGO. 
 
 sixth Street every vessel in the fleet again manned yards and rails, and 
 once more fired a salute of twenty-one guns, following the " Dolphin's" 
 lead. Then the President's flag was lowered from the " Dolphin," and 
 the public ceremonies of the day were considered over. 
 / 
 
 A Memorable Scene. 
 
 The flagships and squadrons courteously returned the innumerable 
 salutes tendered by the private steamers, and their officers seemed to 
 heartily appreciate the interest their appearance created. Nor was the 
 spectacle one which they themselves would be likely to forget. The 
 view they had of New York's magnificent harbor and of the vast con-
 
 196 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 course gathered to honor the event in which they participated could not 
 fail to make an impression. 
 
 Even with the restrictions which naval discipline imposed, the oppor- 
 tunity for viewing at close range the crack ships of the ten nations 
 formed a leading feature in a day which will be memorable for its spec- 
 tacular effects, for the deafening roar which the simultaneous discharge 
 of 840 guns at once can produce, and for the evidence of international 
 friendship which the peaceful presence of the war ships of so many 
 foreign powers in American waters afforded. 
 
 The names and description of the vessels participating in the review 
 
 were as follows : 
 
 Americans. 
 
 Name of Ship. Type. Tons. Guns. 
 
 Philadelphia Pro. cruiser 4,324 12 
 
 Gushing Torpedo boat 116 . . 
 
 Newark (flag) Pro. cruiser 41833 12 
 
 Atlanta P. pro. cruiser 5, 189 8 
 
 San Francisco Pro. cruiser 4.083 12 
 
 Bancroft Gunboat 838 4 
 
 Bennington Cruiser 1,700 6 
 
 Baltimore Pro. cruiser , 4,600 10 
 
 Chicago (flag) P. Pro. Cruiser 4,500 14 
 
 Yorktown Cruiser 1,700 6 
 
 Charlstown Pro. cruiser 4,040 8 
 
 Vesuvius Dyn. gunboat 930 3 
 
 Concord Cruiser 1,700 6 
 
 Miantonomah D. T. monitor 3>99 4 
 
 Foreigners. 
 
 ARGENTINA. 
 Name of Ship. Class. Tons. 
 
 Neuve de Julio Pro. cruiser 35o 
 
 BRAZIL. 
 
 Aquidaban Battle ship 4,950 
 
 Tiradontes Gun vessel 800 
 
 Republica Pro. cruiser i ,300 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 Blake Armored cruiser 9,000 
 
 Australia . . Armored cruiser 5,6oo 
 
 Magicienne Pro. cruiser 2 ,95 
 
 Tartar Par. pro. cruiser I.77O 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Jean Bart Pro. cruiser 4,160 
 
 Arethuse Unpro. cruiser, wood 3.600 
 
 Husard Unpro. cruiser 880
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 197 
 
 Name of Ship. Class. * Tons. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 Kaiserin Augusta Pro. cruiser 6,052 
 
 Seeadler Unpro. cruiser 1, 880 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 Van Speyk Unpro. cruiser 3,400 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Etna Pro. cruiser 3.53 
 
 Giovanni Bausan Par. pro. cruiser 3, 130 
 
 Dogali Pro. cruiser 2,088 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 Dimitri Donskoi Armored cruiser, barbette 5,796 
 
 General Admiral Armored cruiser, barbette 4,604 
 
 Rynda Par. pro. cruiser 2,965 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 Reina Regente Pro. cruiser 4-755 
 
 Infanta Isabel Unpro. cruiser 1,152 
 
 Nueva Espana Torpedo vessel 570 
 
 The Exposition Opened. 
 
 On Monday, the first day of May, 1893, in the presence of 300,000 
 people, Grover Cleveland, President of the United States, surrounded by 
 the members of his Cabinet, by a distinguished representation from lands 
 across the seas, and a mighty throng of American citizens, pressed the 
 electric button which set in motion the miles of shafting, the innumerable 
 engines and machines, and the labyrinth of belting and gearing which 
 made up the machinery of the World's Columbian Exposition. At the 
 same moment, a National salute pealed forth from the gun, the "Andrew 
 Johnson," lying off the Exposition grounds, in Lake Michigan; 700 flags 
 released from their " stops " at a concerted signal, swung loose, and 
 streamed out under the sky in scarlet, yellow, and blue. Over in 
 Machinery Hall a great roar arose, and the turrets of the building 
 nodded as the wheels began to turn, and a greater volume of sound arose 
 from the throats of a concourse of people who thus acclaimed the 
 opening of the grandest achievement of American pluck, enterprise, and 
 generosity. 
 
 From the center of the platform proper, there radiated a special 
 stand, and upon this were chairs for President Cleveland, Vice- President 
 Stevenson, the Duke of Veragua and his party, and the higher National 
 and local officers of the Fair. Immediately in the rear were the sections 
 assigned to the members of the Diplomatic Corps, while to their right
 
 198
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 199 
 
 and left, the guests of the occasion were arranged; behind these were 
 placed the orchestra. In front of all, occupying the two wings on the 
 right and left of the speakers' stands was provision for some 300 repre* 
 sentatives of the press, whore presented nearly every civilized nation on 
 the face of the globe. 
 
 Prayer was offered by Rev. W. H. Milburn, D. D., Chaplain of the 
 United States Senate, after which the following poem, written by Mr. 
 
 W. A. Croffut, was read : 
 
 The Poem. 
 
 Sadly Columbus watched the nascent moon 
 
 Drown in the gloomy ocean's western deeps. 
 
 Strange birds that day had fluttered in the sails 
 
 And strange flowers floated 'round the wandering keel. 
 
 And yet no land. And now, when, through the dark 
 
 The Santa Maria leaped before the gale 
 
 And angry billows tossed the caravels 
 
 As to destruction, Gomez Rascon came, 
 
 With Captain Pinzon, through the frenzied seas, 
 
 And to the Admiral brought a parchment scroll, 
 
 Saying : " Good master, read this writing here 
 
 An earnest prayer it is from all on board ; 
 
 The crew would fain turn back in utter fear. 
 
 No longer to the pole the compass points 
 
 Into the zenith crops the Northern Star ; 
 
 You saw but yesterday an albatross 
 
 Drop dead on deck beneath the flying scud. 
 
 The devil's wind blows madly from the East 
 
 Into the land of nowhere, and the sea 
 
 Keeps sucking us adown the maelstrom's maw. 
 
 Francisco says the edge of earth is near 
 
 And off to Erebus we slide unhelmed. 
 
 Last Sunday night Diego saw a witch 
 
 Dragging the Nina by her forechains West 
 
 And wildly dancing on a dolphin's back ; 
 
 And as she danced the brightest star in heaven 
 
 Slipped from its leash and sprang into the sea 
 
 Like Lucifer, and left a trail of blood. 
 
 I pray thee, Master, turn again to Spain 
 
 Obedient to the omens, or, perchance, 
 
 The terror-stricken crew, to escape their doom, 
 
 May mutiny and " "Gomez Rascon, peace ! " 
 
 Exclaimed the Admiral; "Thou hast said enough. 
 Now, prithee, leave me ; I would be alone." 
 
 Then eagerly Columbus sought a sign 
 In sea and sky and in his lonely heart, 
 Finding, instead of presages of hope, 
 The black and ominous portents of despair.
 
 200 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 As thus he mused he paced the after deck 
 
 And gazed upon the luminous waves astern. 
 
 Strange life was in the phosphorescent foam. 
 
 And through the goblin glow there came and went, 
 
 Like elfin shadows on an opal sea, 
 
 Prophetic pictures of the land he sought. 
 
 He saw the end of his victorious quest. 
 
 He saw a blaze on Isabella's breast, 
 
 A string of Antillean jewels rest 
 
 The islands of the West. 
 
 He saw invading plenty dispossess 
 Old poverty, the land with bounty bless, 
 And through the wretched caverns of distress 
 Walk star-eyed happiness. 
 
 He saw the Bourbon and Braganza prone, 
 For ancient error tardy to atone, 
 Giving the plundered people back their own 
 And flying from the throne. 
 
 He saw an empire radiant as the day, 
 Harnessed to law, but under freedom's sway 
 Proudly arise, resplendent in array, 
 To show the world the way. 
 
 He saw celestial peace in mortal guise, 
 
 And, filled with hope and thrilled with high emprise, 
 
 Lifting its tranquil forehead to the skies, 
 
 A vast republic rise. 
 
 He saw beyond the hills of golden corn, 
 
 Beyond the curve of autumn's opulent horn, 
 
 Ceres and Flora laughingly adorn 
 
 The bosom of the morn. 
 
 He saw the cloth of gold across the gloom, 
 
 An arabesque from evolution's loom. 
 
 And from the barren prairies' driven spume 
 
 Imperial cities bloom. 
 
 He saw an iron dragon dashing forth 
 
 Along an iron thoroughfare South, North, 
 
 East, West, uniting in beneficent girth 
 
 Remotest ends of earth. 
 
 He saw the lightning run an elfin race 
 
 Where trade, love, grief and pleasure interlace, 
 
 And absent ones annihilate time and space, 
 
 Communing face to face. 
 
 He saw relief through deadly dungeons grope ; 
 
 Foes turned to brothers, black despair to hope. 
 
 And cannon rust upon the grass grown slope, 
 
 And rot the gallows rope. 

 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 201 
 
 He saw the babes on labor's cottage floor; 
 The bright walls hung with luxury more and more, 
 And comfort, radiant with abounding store. 
 Wave welcome to the door. 
 
 He saw the myriad spindles flutter round, 
 The myriad homes where jocund joy is found, 
 And love is throned and crowned. 
 
 He saw exalted ignorance under ban, 
 Though panoplied in force since time began. 
 And science, consecrated, lead the van, 
 The providence of man. 
 
 The picture came and paled and passed away, 
 And then he said to Pinzon in the gloom, 
 " Now, Martin, to thy waiting helm again. 
 Haste to the Pinta ; westward keep her prow, 
 For I have had a vision full of light. 
 Keep her prow westward in the sunset's wake 
 From this hour hence, and let no man look back." 
 
 Inspiring music for the great occasion was furnished by an orchestra 
 under the direction of Mr. Theodore Thomas. 
 
 Director-General Davis then arose from his seat, and, after bowing to 
 the Chief Magistrate and those surrounding him, faced the assemblage. 
 Time and again was the applause renewed, and the man who had done 
 so much toward bringing about the successful consummation of the great 
 enterprise was for the moment embarrassed by the heartiness of his 
 greeting. Finally, when the cheering commenced to die away, he turned 
 again to the President and commenced his address. This is what he 
 said : 
 
 Address of Director-General Davis. 
 
 " The dedication of these grounds and buildings for the purposes of 
 an International Exhibition took place on the 2ist of last October, at 
 which time they were accepted for the objects to which they were 
 destined by the action of the Congress of the United States. This is 
 not the time nor place, neither will it be expected of me, to give a 
 comprehensive resume of the strenuous efforts which have been put 
 forth to complete the work to which we invite your inspection 
 to-day. 
 
 " I may be permitted, however, to say a word in praise of and in grati- 
 tude to my co-officers and official staff who form the great organization 
 which made this consummation possible. 
 
 " This Exposition is not the conception of any single mind, it is not 
 the result of any single effort, but it is the grandest conception of all the
 
 202 
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 minds arid the best obtainable result of all the efforts put forth by all the 
 people who have in any manner contributed to it. 
 
 The National Commission. 
 
 " The great commanding agencies, through which the Government has 
 authorized this work to proceed, are the National Commission, consisting 
 of 108 men and their alternates, selected from the several States and 
 Territories, presided over by the Hon. Thomas W. Palmer cf Michigan ; 
 the corporation of the State of Illinois, known as the World's Columbian 
 
 SERIES OF TICKETS OF ADMISSION. 
 
 Exposition, consisting of forty-five Directors, presided over by Mr. H. N. 
 Higinbotham, of Chicago, and the Board of Lady Managers, consisting 
 of 115 women and their alternates, selected from the several States, 
 presided over by Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago. To these great 
 agencies, wisely selected by Congress, each performing its special func- 
 tion, the gratitude of the people of this country, and the cordial recogni- 
 tion of all these friendly foreign representatives are due. 
 
 "To perfect from these agencies an efficient organization was our first 
 duty, and it was successfully accomplished at the outset through com- 
 mittees subsequently by great executive departments, and through these 
 departments the systematic, vigorous and effective work has progressed. 
 Through the Department of Administration, the Department of Finance, 
 the Department of Works and the great exhibit departments, the plan 
 and scope of a grand International Exposition have been worked out.
 
 u 
 
 O 
 
 u 
 
 u
 
 204 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 Department of Finance. 
 
 " The Department of Finance, composed of members of the Illinois 
 corporation, has, with disinterestedness remarkable, and with courage 
 undaunted, successfully financed the Exposition, and has provided for 
 the great work upwards of $20,000,000. 
 
 " The Department of Works, and its many bureaus of artists, archi- 
 tects, engineers and builders have transformed these grounds, which, 21 
 months ago were an unsightly, uninviting and unoccupied stretch of 
 landscape, into the beauty and splendor of to-day. They have conspicu- 
 ously performed their functions, and these grand avenues, these Venetian 
 waterways, the finished landscape, the fountains and sculptures and 
 colonnades, and these grand palaces stand out a monument to their 
 genius and skill supplemented by labor, of that great army of skilled 
 artisans and workmen, all citizens of this Republic. 
 
 " The chiefs of the great departments, who have exploited this mighty 
 enterprise, and gathered here the exhibits forming the picture that is set 
 in this magnificent frame, have confirmed the wisdom of their selection. 
 No State or Territory of the Union has escaped their voice ; no land on 
 the globe that has a language but has been visited, and the invitation of 
 the President of the United States personally presented. Fortunately, 
 at the inception of this enterprise our Government was and still is at 
 peace with the whole world. Commissioners were sent to Europe, to 
 Asia, to Australia, British North America and to the islands of the seas, 
 so that to-day the whole world knows and is familiar with the signifi- 
 cance of the great peace festival we are about to inaugurate upon this 
 campus, and all the nations join in it, celebrating the event which it 
 commemorates. 
 
 Grounds and Buildings. 
 
 " This enclosure, containing nearly 700 acres, covered by more than 400 
 structures, from the small State pavilion, occupying an ordinary building 
 site, to the colossal structure of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts 
 Building, covering over 30 acres, is filled and crowded with a display of 
 the achievements and products of the mind and hand of man such as has 
 never before been presented to mortal vision. 
 
 "The habits, customs and life of the peoples of our own and foreign 
 lands are shown in the variegated Plaisance; those stately buildings on 
 the north are filled with the historical treasures and natural products of 
 our several States. The artistic, characteristic and beautiful edifices, the 
 headquarters of foreign commissions, surrounding the gallery of the fine 
 arts, which in itself will be an agreeable surprise to the American
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 205 
 
 beholder, constitutes the grand central zone of social and friendly 
 amenities among the different peoples of the earth. 
 
 Resources and Products of the World. 
 
 " Surrounding this grand plaza where we land, and reaching from the 
 north pond to the extreme south, is the great mechanical, scientific, 
 industrial and agricultural exhibition of the resources and products of 
 the world. 
 
 "These have been secured from the four quarters of the globe and 
 placed in systematic order under the supervision of these great depart- 
 ments ; and while all the material upon the grounds is not yet in place, 
 I am gratified to be able to present to the President of the United States 
 at this time the official catalogue containing a description and location of 
 the exhibits of 4,000 participants in the Exhibition. The number of 
 exhibitors will exceed 60,000 when everything is in place. 
 
 "The citizens of our country are proud, and always will be proud, of 
 the action of the Congress of the United States of America in authorizing 
 and directing this celebration to take place, for the appropriations of 
 more than $5,000,000 in its aid, and for the unswerving support and 
 encouragement of the officers of the Government. 
 
 " To the States of the Union we are largely indebted for active and 
 substantial support. A sum in excess of $6,000,000 has been raised and 
 expended by the States and Territories for their official use in promoting 
 their own interests conjointly with the general success of the Exhibition. 
 
 " The great nations of Europe and their dependencies are all repre- 
 sented upon these grounds. The governments of Asia and of Africa and 
 the republics of the Western Hemisphere, with but few exceptions, are 
 here represented. 
 
 " To the citizens and corporation of the City of Chicago, who have 
 furnished $i 1,000,000 as a contribution, and in addition have loaned the 
 management $5,000,000 more, are due the grateful acknowledgment of 
 our own people, and of all the honored guests who share with us the 
 advantages of this great international festival. 
 
 " To the women of Chicago and our great land, whose prompt, 
 spontaneous and enthusiastic co-operation in our work turned the eyes 
 of the world toward the Exposition as toward a new star of the East 
 an inspiration for womanhood everywhere we extend our cordial and 
 unstinted recognition. 
 
 " It is our hope that this great Exposition may inaugurate a new era 
 of moral and national progress, and our fervent aspiration that the asso- 
 ciation of the nations here may secure not only warmer and stronger
 
 206 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 friendships, but lasting peace throughout the world. The grand con- 
 certed illustration of modern progress which is here presented 
 encouragement of art, science, of industry, of commerce has necessi- 
 tated an expenditure, including the outlay of our exhibitors, largely in 
 excess of $100,000,000. 
 
 "We have given it our constant thought, our most devoted service, 
 our best energy, and now in this central city of this great Republic, on 
 the continent discovered by Columbus, whose distinguished descendants 
 are present as the honored guests of our Nation, it only remains for you, 
 Mr. President, if in your opinion the Exposition here presented is com- 
 mensurate in dignity with what the world should expect of our great 
 country, to direct that it shall be opened to the public, and when you 
 touch this magic key the ponderous machinery will start in its revolu- 
 tions and the activities of the Exposition will begin." 
 
 President Cleveland's Speech. 
 
 " I am here to join my fellow-citizens in the congratulations which 
 befit this occasion. Surrounded by the stupendous results of American 
 enterprise and activity, and in view of the magnificent evidences of 
 American skill and intelligence, we need not fear that these congratula- 
 tions will be exaggerated. We stand to-day, in the presence of the 
 oldest nations of the world, and point to the achievements we here 
 exhibit, asking no allowance on the score of youth. 
 
 "The enthusiasm with which we contemplate our work intensifies the 
 warmth of the greeting we extend to those who have come from foreign 
 lands to illustrate with us the growth and progress of human endeavor 
 in the direction of a higher civilization. 
 
 "We who believe that popular education and the stimulation of the 
 best impulses of our citizens lead, the way to a realization of the proud 
 national destiny which our faith promises, gladly welcome the oppor- 
 tunity here afforded us to see the results accomplished by efforts which 
 have been exerted longer than ours in the field of man's improvements, 
 while, in appreciative return, we exhibit the unparalleled advancement 
 and wonderful accomplishments of a young nation, and present the tri- 
 umphs of a vigorous, self-reliant and independent people. We have 
 built these splendid edifices, but we have also built the magnificent 
 fabric of a popular government, whose grand proportions are seen 
 throughout the world. We have made and here gather together objects 
 of use and beauty, the products of American skill and invention ; but 
 we have also made men who rule themselves, 
 
 " It is an exalted mission in which we and our guests from other
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 207 
 
 lands are engaged, as we co-operate in the inauguration of an enterprise 
 devoted to human enlightenment, and in the undertaking we here 
 enter upon we exemplify in the noblest sense the brotherhood of 
 nations. 
 
 " Let us hold fast to the meaning that underlies this ceremony, and 
 
 VIEW OF THE OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 let us not lose the impressiveness of this moment. As by a touch the 
 machinery that gives life to this vast Exposition is now set in motion, so 
 at the same instant let our hopes and aspirations awaken forces which, 
 in all time to come, shall influence the welfare, the dignity and the, 
 freedom of mankind."
 
 208 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 
 
 The Machinery Started. 
 
 As the President was concluding the final sentence his eyes wan- 
 dered to the table that was close at his left hand. Upon this was the 
 button, the pressure upon which was to start the machinery and make 
 the opening of the Exposition an accomplished fact. It was an ordinary 
 form of Victor telegraph key, such as is in use in most telegraph offices, 
 except that it was of gold, instead of steel, and a button of ivory, instead 
 of rubber. It rested upon a pedestal upholstered in navy blue and golden 
 yellow plush, and on the sides of the lower tier, in silver letters, were the 
 significant dates, 1492 and 1893. As the last words fell from the Presi- 
 dent's lips he pressed his finger upon the button. 
 
 This was the signal for a demonstration, in fact, difficult of imagina- 
 tion, and infinitely more so of description. At one and the same instant 
 the audience burst into a thundering shout, the orchestra pealed forth 
 the strains of the Hallelujah Chorus, the wheels of the great Ellis engine 
 in Machinery Hall commenced to revolve, the electric fountains in the 
 lagoon threw their torrents toward the sky, a flood of water gushed 
 from the McMonnies Fountain and rolled back again into the basin, the 
 thunder of artilery came from the vessels in the lake, the chimes in 
 Manufactures Hall and on the German Building rang out a merry peal, 
 and, overhead, the flags at the tops of the poles in front of the platform 
 fell apart and revealed two gilded models of the ships in which Colum- 
 bus first sailed to American shores. 
 
 Flags of All Nations. 
 
 At the same moment also hundreds of flags, of all nations and all 
 colors, were unfurled within sight of the platform. The largest was a 
 great " Old Glory," which fell into graceful folds from the top of the 
 centre staff in front of the stand. The roof of the Manufactures Build- 
 ing was gorgeous in red gonfalons, while the Agricultural Building was 
 dressed in ensigns of orange and white. It was a wonderful scene of 
 transformation, and amid it all cannon continued to thunder and the 
 crowd to cheer. It was fully ten minutes before the demonstration 
 subsided. Then the band played " America " and the exercises were at 
 an end. The Columbian Exposition was open to the nations of the 
 world. It was precisely the hour of noon when Grover Cleveland 
 touched the button and thus declared the opening an accomplished 
 fact. 
 
 The most satisfactory feature of the day's proceedings, from a femi- 
 nine standpoint, was the formal dedication of the Woman's Building. 
 Women who stood in the great throng at the Administration Building,
 
 DEDICATION AND OPENING CEREMONIES. 209 
 
 indifferent to the eloquence of the Chief Magistrate, breathlessly fought 
 their way through the masses to reach their own Mecca. Women from 
 every corner of the land crowded into the building, endeavoring to 
 adjust their torn dresses and crushed bonnets while waiting for the 
 ceremonies set for -2.30 to be begun. 
 
 Queen Victoria Represented. 
 
 Shortly after this the Ceremonies Committee began to gather on the 
 platform, and soon from behind the curtain of palms and flowers sweet 
 strains of music arose, the grand march of Jean Jngeborg Von Bronsart, 
 followed by prayer by Miss Ida Hullin. Miss Frances Ellicott, of 
 London, Eng., favored the assembled women with a dramatic overture, 
 after which Mrs. Potter Palmer arose and delivered an address, in the 
 course of which she said : 
 
 " Her Majesty the Queen of England has kindly sent an exhibit of the 
 work of her own hands, with the message that, while she usually feels 
 no interest in expositions, she gives this special token of sympathy with 
 the work of the Board of Lady Managers because of its efforts for 
 women. That the English Commitee has included in its exhibit and in 
 its catalogue a plea for the higher education of women is, in itself, a 
 significant fact. Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain has kindly 
 promised to gratify our desire by sending some relics of the great 
 Isabella, whose name is so closely associated with that of the discoverer 
 of our continent. 
 
 " The Orient has not been behind in its efforts to co-operate with us ? 
 although it has succeeded in doing so only on a limited scale, and in 
 many cases unofficially. 
 
 " Japan, under the guidance of its liberal and intelligent Empress, has 
 promptly and cordially promoted our plans. 
 
 " Her Majesty the Queen of Siam, has sent a special delegate with 
 directions that she put herself under our leadership and learn what 
 industrial and educational advantages are open to women in other 
 countries, so that Siam may adopt such measures as will elevate the 
 condition of her women. 
 
 " We rejoice in the possession of this beautiful building in which we 
 meet to-day in its delicacy, symmetry and strength. The eloquent 
 President of the Commission last October dedicated the great Exposition 
 Buildings to humanity: we now dedicate the Woman's Building to an 
 elevated womanhood, knowing that by so doing we shall best serve the 
 cause of humanity. "
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. 
 
 THIS was the largest building of the Exposition. It had the 
 appearance of being four separate buildings, yet connected and 
 grouped around a large interior court. It was located on the 
 eastern side of the park near the^ lake shore. There was a 
 waterway on the south and west sides. Figures can convey but little 
 idea of the size of this structure, which was the largest ever built for an 
 Exposition. It was 1,688 feet in length, and 788 feet in width. The 
 floor space comprised an area of about thirty acres, to which must be 
 added ten acres of floor space in the galleries. 
 
 Four buildings were under one roof, which had an unbroken span 
 through the centre of the building 388 feet wide and 1400 feet long. 
 Running through the centre north and south was an avenue fifty feet 
 wide, appropriately named Columbia Avenue. Another avenue of the 
 same widtl] crossed the building from one side to the other. The arched 
 roof was 1 50 feet high. This gigantic structure was symmetrical, although 
 its immense and shapely proportions did not at first impress the visitor 
 looking from the outside, because of other buildings in the immediate 
 vicinity. 
 
 In order to give an idea of its size, it has been estimated that an 
 ordinary ten-story building could be carried through the main hall 
 without touching the top or sides ; that the largest church in the world, 
 St. Peter's at Rome, would occupy only one-third of the space ; that six 
 buildings like the Chicago Auditorium, minus the towers, could easily 
 stand inside the central hall. The immensity of the structure and the 
 wonder of its completion grew upon the observer until he was almost 
 overwhelmed with the magnitude of the edifice and the task of erecting 
 it. 
 
 The simplicity of the design was apparent at every step, and all the 
 spaces were fully utilized. The classic feature of architecture was 
 displayed here more fully and in a manner more attractive than in any 
 other part of the Exposition grounds. The interior of the building was 
 covered with " staff," which gave it the appearance of white marble. 
 This material, while capable of being made ornamental, was less 
 expensive than any other that could have been used and was capable of 
 
 being wrought into every shape designed by the architect or artist. For 
 210
 
 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 211 
 
 the floor 3,000,000 feet of lumber were used and seven car loads of nails. 
 The galleries were approached by thirty staircases twelve feet in width, 
 and the gallery itself was fifty feet wide and extended around the entire 
 building. 
 
 Spacious "Windows and Aisles. 
 
 From this gallery fine views were obtained of the myriads of exhibits 
 below and the vast throngs of visitors. The decorations, both exterior 
 and interior, were elaborate and carefully arranged. The roof was 
 constructed of iron and glass, and the windows on the four sides were of 
 such dimensions as to afford an abundance of light. 
 
 The aisles, which were arranged at right angles like the streets of a 
 city, were twenty miles in length, and the immense spaces overhead 
 were illuminated by groups of arc electric lights. 
 
 The building had four main entrances, one on each of its sides, in the 
 form of triumphal arches. These grand arches were 85 feet high, 
 and each was supported by four columns, two on each side of the 
 portal, 65 feet high. Sculptured eagles, each 20 feet in height, 
 were placed above the cornices of the four entrances. In addition 
 to the four main^entrances, there was a pavillion at each corner of the 
 building, with a smaller arch over the entrance, having seven Corinthian 
 columns instead of four. A series of arches was placed along each of 
 the four sides of the structure, the upper parts of which were occupied 
 by windows. There was an air of simple grandeur about the building, 
 and its proportions could not have been better studied if the design had 
 been to make it permanent, instead of using it for only the six months of 
 the Exposition. 
 
 Symbolical Ornaments. 
 
 The long array of columns and arches on the sides was relieved from 
 monotony by elaborate ornamentation, in which female figures, symbolical 
 of the various arts and sciences, formed a conspicuous and very attrac- 
 tive part. There were also designs showing in relief the seals of the 
 different States of the Union and the various foreign nations. These 
 were of vast size and in keeping with the magnitude of the other parts of 
 the building. The square pillars that supported the arches of the facades 
 between the windows were the only exterior parts without decoration. 
 The idea of strength and solidity was apparent everywhere. 
 
 Over the great arches of the doorways were the figures of Cupids 
 holding long fluttering festoons. The upper cornices were decorated 
 with ornamental vases, in which were planted flag-poles for displaying 
 the flags of various nations. The fluttering of these in the winds, show-
 
 212 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 
 
 ing a combination of the gayest colors, gave to the immense building a 
 holiday appearance, and at the same time suggested that within its vast 
 enclosures were condensed the treasures of the world. 
 
 The architect of the building was Mr. Geo. B. Post, of New York, who 
 succeeded admirably in combining beauty with massive strength and 
 dignity. The sculptures of the interior were the work of Karl Bitter, of 
 New York. These represented many of the arts and industries whose 
 products were on exhibition. Never before under one roof was gathered 
 such an illustration of the world's progress and the triumphs of civiliza- 
 tion. The Exposition represented the grandest achievements of the 
 human mind in every department of industry, in all the Arts and Sciences, 
 in Education and Religion. Here were the finest products of the loom, 
 the sculptor's chisel, the painter's brush, and here the most wonderful 
 discoveries in all the industrial arts stood before the admiring gaze of 
 multitudes drawn from all parts of the globe to witness the triumphs of 
 America and share in her glory. 
 
 Superb Achievements. 
 
 And while threading the twenty miles of streets in this vast building, 
 and gazing upon the profusion of exhibits worth untold millions of 
 money, one could realize the saying, that "the grandest effect of the 
 Exposition would be educational in its character." Here the world 
 would see what the world had done. Here monarchs would learn that 
 there are uncrowned monarchs whose achievements are no less magnifi- 
 cent than those of the minds that rule nations and the swords that win 
 battles. All this was worth the time, toil and money required for the 
 Columbian celebration. 
 
 All observers were impressed, not merely with the greatness of the 
 Exposition, but with the quality of it. The finest handicraft, the gems 
 and fabrics wrought by the most consummate skill, the master paintings 
 of artistic genius, the choicest products of the earth, marked the 
 grandeur of the age and the point which the human mind has reached in 
 every department of its activity 
 
 The Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building cost $1,500,000, yet 
 what is money in comparison with the objects gained ? Although 
 Americans have been charged with being lovers of the "Almighty 
 Dollar," they do not love it any more than other nations love their 
 typical coins, for money rules the world, and within certain limits money 
 ought to rule. Yet when America resolved upon an Exposition such as 
 never was known before, she did not consider that money would be 
 uselessly expended. The nation endorsed the undertaking, the separate
 
 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 213 
 
 States bore their part, and private and public enterprise marshalled their 
 forces and led the way to the sublime triumph. The Nation felt a pride 
 in her great celebration, and although the Exposition, it was hoped, 
 would pay for itself, yet this was a secondary consideration. To 
 commemorate the great discovery of Columbus and show the progress 
 of America and the world down to the present time, was the one lofty 
 aim and noble purpose. 
 
 Wonders of Invention. 
 
 The Department of Manufactures was divided into thirty-three groups, 
 sub-divided into more than two hundred classes, and included the varied 
 industries which employ the countless machines in present use, and every 
 form of handicraft. In this department the United States holds a high 
 place, for this has been a Century of Invention, and the needs of this new 
 country have called for many ingenious devices for the saving of labor. 
 The wonders of Oriental skill, the treasures of European industry, the 
 skill of American inventions and processes, were all set in order behind 
 the gleaming facades of a classic temple, under a sky which little more 
 than a half century ago looked down on a great lake without a sail and 
 a waste of marsh land peopled only by wandering savages. 
 
 The Department of Liberal Arts gave the chief honor and prominence 
 to education, and it acted wisely, for it includes all arts. Music, science, 
 literature, physical science, in short, all things that educate and uplift, 
 that ease the downward tension, that broaden the faith and the under- 
 standing, had place and illustration in this department. It included the 
 newest deductions of physiology and science, and the most remote find- 
 ings of archaeological research. It proclaimed the universality of 
 knowledge and stretched full hands to the wide world. 
 
 Superb Exhibits. 
 
 The Hall of Manufactures and Liberal Arts naturally contained the 
 most comprehensive classification of all the exhibit halls. Its contents 
 were limited to the finished material in each line of industry represented, 
 and no machinery was allowed within its doors except the light shafting 
 and incidental apparatus connected with some of the small displays, 
 where the proper exhibition of a certain line demanded a working 
 exhibit. In every other case the rule was enforced against anything like 
 an infringement on the province of the machinery classification. 
 
 Just at the corner of Columbia Avenue, which was the main aisle run- 
 ning north and south where it crosses the main east and west aisles, was 
 the great clock tower furnished by the Self- Winding Clock Company, of
 
 214 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 
 
 New York. This was a beautiful piece of architecture worthy of the 
 great building. It towered above its surroundings and served very well 
 to accentuate the Empire State's prominence, both in an artistic and 
 manufacturing sense. The entire northwest quarter of the building, 
 beginning at this clock tower, and a section across the northern end of 
 the main floor are given over to domestic exhibits, as well as a large part 
 of the gallery above the main floor space. 
 
 A Wonderful Clock. 
 
 The Waterbury Clock Company installed a timepiece that in the 
 diversity of its accomplishments was unrivalled. It was the original 
 intention of the company to complete its clock so that it might be placed 
 on exhibition at the Paris Exposition in 1889, but the scope of the under- 
 taking assumed greater proportions as the work progressed, and it was 
 completed only a few weeks before the Fair opened. 
 
 The timepiece stands 1 6 feet in height, with a six-foot base. It is 
 made of black walnut, highly polished and handsomely carved with 
 scenes representing American history from the landing of Columbus to 
 the present time. At the lower part of the clock and on each side is an 
 allegorical scene, representing mechanical progress during the last century, 
 every figure in each group being in motion. 
 
 The largest scene is in the center of the clock. It represents the " train 
 room " of the Waterbury Clock Company, with all the shafting and 
 machinery in operation and twenty-five operatives at work. The figures 
 go through every motion of work in that department. 
 
 American Inventions Remembered. 
 
 / 
 
 Four scenes are represented on the sides of the clock. The subjects 
 are, first, a cotton gin in full operation in a cotton field, with the negroes 
 carrying the cotton in from the fields and placing it on the cotton gin, 
 while Eli Whitney, who stands by, is explaining the working of the 
 machinery to a planter. A second scene shows the old method of manu- 
 facturing cloth. The operatives are at work beating the flax and prepar- 
 ing it for the looms and spinning wheels. A third scene represents a coal , 
 mine with the cage working and the miners digging into the banks of 
 coal. 
 
 In a fourth scene is a representation of the improvement in sewing 
 machines. Elias Howe is watching the work of one of his machines 
 while close by modern machines are plying, and in another adjacent group 
 are a number of women laboriously sewing by hand. The fifth group 
 indicates the advance in the electrical world. Electrician Daft is repre-
 
 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 215 
 
 sented operating a dynamo. The sixth shows the interior of a telephone 
 and telegraph office with operators at work and messenger boys running 
 in and out. 
 
 Illustrations of Watch-Making. 
 
 Scene seven contrasts the old and new methods of manufacturing 
 watches, showing the improved factories of the present day and a kitchen 
 in Switzerland, where watches were made by hand a century ago. The 
 last is an old-fashioned saw-mill with the saw running, logs moving and 
 children playing near by. 
 
 The figures are all operated by an electric motor and are constantly in 
 motion. The centre of the clock is occupied by a beautiful water color 
 of the buildings of the clock company, while just above is the handsome 
 dial of the clock. It is three feet in diameter and indicates the days of 
 the week, month and year, the hours, minutes and seconds of the day. 
 and the moon's phases and the tides. Each figure represented is an 
 exact likeness, and the whole is complete in every respect. At the top 
 of the clock is a handsome carving of the " Declaration of Independ- 
 ence " with a reproduction of the famous old Liberty Bell. 
 
 Gems Rich and Rare. 
 
 The most conspicuous exhibits, situated as they were at the crossing 
 of the main aisles, were from New York. The corner pavilion was furn- 
 ished and decorated by Tiffany & Co., the Tiffany Glass and Decorative 
 Company and the Gorham Manufacturing Company, whose combined 
 exhibits were estimated by the Department Chief to be worth very nearly 
 $5,000,000. 
 
 Tiffany's exhibit contained over a thousand pieces, some of which 
 required two years for preparation. The firm displayed a collection of 
 unmounted precious and semi-precious stones, including almost every 
 stone used in fine arts manufacture. The gems were shown in the crude 
 state, cut and highly polished, the polished stones showing very marked 
 progress by American lapidaries within the last few years. Brolette, 
 roundelle, faceted, diamond beads and table cut stones were features. A 
 great variety of American pearls of unique form and varying tints were 
 also of considerable interest. All of the jewelry was shown in an ebony 
 room on a dais covered with maroon velvet. The designs were most 
 artistic, running from specimens of fourteenth and fifteenth century 
 Italian work, including the Russian, French, Egyptian, Japanese and 
 East Indian forms, down to latter day designs of almost innumerable 
 varieties. One piece alone contained a thousand diamonds, a thousand
 
 216 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 
 
 emeralds and several yellow sapphires, while two sets of jewelry, com- 
 prising a tiara, necklace and pendant brooch were credited with contain- 
 ing two thousand stones in each set. The sterling silver productions 
 were suggestive of forms familiar to ancient civilization taken from the 
 Aztecs, the Persians, Egyptians and the Syrians, all very effective. There 
 were cups of all sorts, bowls, trophies and special designs in solid silver of 
 
 great value. 
 
 A Pavilion of Solid Mahogany. 
 
 One of the most magnificent and unique pavilions constructed within 
 the Manufactures Building was that which housed the exhibit of the 
 Meriden Britannia Company. This pavilion was little more than 20 feet 
 square, and yet cost about $40,000. It was constructed of solid mahogany 
 and plate glass. It fronted on Columbia Avenue, opposite the pavilion 
 erected by Germany. 
 
 The Waltham Watch Company made a very attractive exhibit, and 
 then came a large section occupied by the collective exhibit of cotton, 
 silk and woollen goods, all fronting Columbia Avenue. These textile 
 exhibits were shown in peculiar fashion by the use of very simple cases 
 installed diagonally on the space allotted and presenting an irregularity 
 of aisle frontage almost labyrinthine. In the section extending across 
 the north end, beginning at the western side, there are good pottery dis- 
 plays from New Jersey and Ohio manufacturers. 
 
 Fine Displays. 
 
 There was an excellent display by the United States Potteries' Asso- 
 ciation, with magnificent features from New Jersey and Ohio potteries, 
 glass exhibits from the Pennsylvania and Indiana factories, then varnish 
 and paint in a group by themselves. 
 
 Across from the potteries exhibit on Columbia Avenue was the 
 chemical and pharmaceutical group, magnificent from a technical stand- 
 point and of considerable interest to the general public as showing what 
 can be done in competition with the great manufacturers of foreign 
 countries installed in the different government displays. This included 
 the perfumery group, in which New Yorkers held first place, both by 
 the extent of their display and the beauty of the installation. Next to 
 them was one of the curiosities of the building, a thirty thousand pound 
 piece of crysolite from the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company. 
 The huge block was hollowed out and lit up by incandescent lights 
 inside. Next, proceeding east, were the scales and measures, in which 
 Buffalo manufacturers and New York city men were very conspicuous ; 
 then came the wire goods, hardware and hardware lines, in which some
 
 
 INTERIOR VIEW OF THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING.
 
 (r*
 
 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 217 
 
 twenty New York firms had a good representation. In the heating and 
 lighting apparatus a Troy foundry was most prominent, and a Rochester 
 lamp concern made the most comprehensive showing in its section of the 
 
 group. 
 
 Sewing Machines and Clothing. 
 
 In the gallery over this space were the sewing machines, clothing, uphol- 
 stery, toys, stationery and stained glass. As to sewing machines, as 
 might be expected, the New York concerns almost monopolized the best 
 locations. With unusual wisdom, all of the companies have agreed upon 
 uniform treatment of their space, using very simple pavilions with the 
 plainest decorations and massing differences of effect inside the pavilions. 
 In clothing, the large manufacturers of New York and Chicago were 
 installed next to each other and made a very strong showing, considered 
 commercially, though the environment was not as attractive as the 
 French manufacturers of similar goods provided. 
 
 The last, and one of the strongest groups in the whole building, was 
 that devoted to manufacturers of typewriters and stationery, who com- 
 bined to utilize their space very effectively, with a showing that repre- 
 sented some millions of capital and the products of the best typewriter 
 factories and paper mills in the country. 
 
 Japanese Exhibits 
 
 The Japanese, with their $1,500,000 worth of exhibits in the Manufac- 
 tures Building, declared that they were very willing to compete with any 
 nation of the globe in their most exquisite designs and elaborate 
 processes, the result of .hereditary traditions and experiences of many 
 hundred years, descending from their forefathers. 
 
 Among the Japanese lacquer works shown there was evidence of its 
 extraordinary imperviousness to the common solvents. Moreover, the 
 specimens can be kept for many hundred years without changing color 
 or lustre, which it retains perfectly. 
 
 Among the lacquer work the Osaka Exhibiting Association presented 
 one of the finest exhibits. It was a set of parlor chairs and small parlor 
 table en suite. The value of this set was about $7,000. The woods used 
 for the works were cut down over two hundred years ago and have been 
 kept until manufactured for the Exposition. 
 
 These chairs and table were elaborately lacquered. The color was 
 black, with the flying cherry flowers sprinkled all over, and in the corners 
 were golden colored stripes about one-fourth of an inch in width. Every 
 leg of this set was clothed with pure silver, not moulded, of the thickness 
 of one-eighth of an inch. The upholsterings of the chairs were made of
 
 218 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 
 
 the silken cloth " donsu," having the round marks of the maple leaves. 
 The silk was as thick as the canvas in common use here. 
 
 A Rare Bookcase. 
 
 Another exhibit made by the Tokio Exhibiting Association worthy of 
 special mention was a bookcase. This was about six feet in height, four 
 feet in width and one foot in thickness. It was commenced in .November, 
 1891, and even then it was hard to complete the whole design in time 
 for the Exposition. The wood used had been cut down more than one 
 hundred years ago and tested in several ways. The pictures on the 
 bookcase were made by three of the most famous artists of Japan. 
 
 A feature of the exhibit was the porcelain and earthen wares; 
 among these Mr. Kozan Miyagawashad a pair of vases of rare beauty. 
 They were valued at $5,000. The height of the vases was three feet 
 each and they were dark brown in color, and the ornaments around 
 them were made in imitation of famous and valuable old Japanese and 
 Chinese wares of different clays. These valuable treasures were exactly 
 imitated in material, colors and everything, and all the different wares 
 were put together around the vases with great difficulty. The work was 
 commenced on them more than forty years ago by Mr. Miyagawas' father. 
 
 Valuable Wares. 
 
 The collections of Satsuma and hizen ware were almost invaluable. The 
 exhibitors have been at work on them ever since the government pro- 
 claimed its acceptance of the invitation to participate in the Exposition. 
 One of the Satsuma vases alone was invoiced for customs entry at $ 10,000, 
 and a number of fine pieces, such as umbrella stands, flower bowls 
 and ornamental vases were appraised among the thousands. 
 
 In addition to the pottery display there was a costly collection of silks; 
 carvings in ivory and wood, dainty sets for " my lady's " boudoir, and a 
 thousand and one artistic screens, fans, shawls and gowns in embroidered 
 designs and costly fabrics. 
 
 The whole Japanese exhibit was arrayed in cases enclosed on all sides 
 with glass and forming a great hollow square, of which the quaint little 
 pagoda on Columbia Avenue was the front and main portal. 
 
 The British Section. 
 
 In some lines the British section ranks with the best in the department. 
 The burden of art illustration as applied to manufactures naturally fell 
 upon the makers of ceramics and mosaics, and they furnished without 
 question the finest group in the British section. Possibly in some details
 
 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 219 
 
 of design and in the general artistic effect it may be doubted whether 
 the Britons quite equalled the French with their magnificent collection 
 of Sevres ware or the Germans with their Imperial pottery from Berlin 
 and Meissen. However that may be, the Doulton, Coalport, Cauldon 
 and Worcester potteries sent a magnificent display. The Royal Worces- 
 ter collection included an extensive variety of both the useful and orna- 
 mental designs. The finest special pieces were of ivory porcelain with 
 encrusted gold and colored decorations, ivory and coral rose, Pompeiian 
 green, colored grounds, decorative floor painting, lamps, candelabra, 
 jardinieres, table decorations, figures and statues in stained ivories, a 
 collection of tea, breakfast and dessert services in china and Royal 
 Worcester and vitreous dinner sets. 
 
 China and Earthenwares. 
 
 The Doultons contributed china and earthenware, the familiar Lam- 
 beth salt glazed Doulton, marquetry ware, Crown Lambeth and decorated 
 stained ware, ceramic ware decorations. Mention should also be made 
 of a great group of "America," executed in terra cotta, for the fountain 
 in the Victoria House garden ; also two terra cotta panels by George 
 Tinworth, " The Prodigal Son " and " Pharaoh at the Red Sea," in the 
 vestibule of Victoria House. Daniell & Sons sent a good display of fine 
 porcelain and earthenware and all the china and glass for Victoria House. 
 One of the best things in the section was the collection of tiles and 
 mosaics of every description for pavements, walls, bathrooms and fire- 
 places from Maw & Co. The student of ceramics had an excellent 
 opportunity to make interesting comparisons between the paste, model- 
 ling and gilt of the Worcester porcelain and the Doulton china and the 
 soft porcelain and vellum service of the Burslem potteries, the brilliant 
 glaze of the Coalport and the rich ruby of the Maw factories. Of course 
 the exhibit included the coarser wares. Some good pieces of art work 
 in encaustic tiles were shown, and the Carrara enamelled stoneware also 
 commanded attention. 
 
 Marble and stone monuments occupied but a small space, and it is a 
 curious fact that the best of them came from Dublin, with a baptismal 
 font of Russian marble, a statue of the Redeemer and a Celtic cross in 
 County Donegal sandstone, copied from the ancient cross of Kilkilispeen, 
 County Kilkenny. Another curious commentary on some branches of 
 English art work was afforded by the fact that only one English firm 
 was represented in the bronze group, while a number of the East Indian 
 firms made beautiful exhibits in the section devoted to that colony. 
 
 In the carvings Home & Sons, of Exeter, showed a carved rood beam
 
 220 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 
 
 for the chancel arch of a church and other samples of church furniture. 
 The Goldsmiths and Silversmiths' Company, of London, assumed the 
 leading place in the gold and silverware group with a great collection of 
 jewelery, diamonds and other gem ornaments, dessert services, tea, coffee 
 sets, coffee trays, toilet service, electrical plate cutlery, ships' chrono- 
 meters, watches, clocks, dressing bags and toilet articles. John Wells 
 showed an interesting series of old English, Irish and Scotch silver plate 
 and historical objects. 
 
 Choice Silk Fabrics. 
 
 Seven exhibitors showed in the group of silk fabrics, and these were 
 limited to silk carpets, fancy silk gauzes and colors with costume of the 
 same damasks, brocades, gold and silver tissues, velvets and embroid- 
 eries. It may be that the growing strength of the American silk manu- 
 factures deprived the Englishmen of a reason for exhibiting. 
 
 But if the silk display was not large there can be no doubt that makers 
 of the other textile fabrics, cotton, linen and vegetable fabrics, afforded 
 some compensation by the extent and quality of their collection. Omit- 
 ting East Indian exhibitors there were eighteen large firms gathered in 
 this one group. Everything in the way of table and bed linen, linen lace, 
 embroidery and the ornamental designs in linen was shown by each of 
 the firms. A brief glance at the classification showed that it included 
 everything from counterpanes and toilet covers to fishing thread and 
 salmon net twines. Makers of wool and wool net goods also seemed to 
 think this their opportunity to secure an extension of trade as well as 
 make a display of their power in competition with the world. Both 
 Scotland and Ireland showed their patriotic instincts in exhibits of cheviot 
 tweeds, serges and homespun from the Shannon and Branbrook mills, 
 Clan tartans, Scotch tweeds, Highland cloaks, plaids, rugs and shawls 
 from the Argyleshire, Perthshire and Glasgow factories. 
 
 Rich Apparel and Costumes. 
 
 In clothing and costumes there were sixteen concerns represented, 
 with the usual variety of styles in design and make for everything that 
 pertains to the costuming of man or woman. Next to these was shown 
 a good display of laces, embroidery and trimmings, most of which came 
 from Nottingham, Coventry and Redditch factories, England. The most 
 interesting of the lace exhibits probably was taken out of the Manufac- 
 tures Building and placed with the Irish industries exhibited in the 
 Midway Plaisance. Next in order came the groups devoted to hair 
 work, traveling equipments, rubber goods, toys, and manufacturers' 
 leather, which had comparatively little of spectacular interest.
 
 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 221 
 
 The manufacturers of ordnance and ammunition were limited by insur- 
 ance regulations. Five firms were represented, and they only by such 
 material as may be seen in any high grade gun store in New York. In 
 lighting apparatus and appliances were seen what is a comparative novelty 
 to people outside of the American metropolis the foot warmers and 
 invalid lamps so largely used by the English in their sick rooms, and 
 which contribute no little to the comfort both of the patient and watcher 
 
 in night vigils. 
 
 Treasures From India. 
 
 The display made in the Indian section was small, though very rare 
 and valuable. Such exhibits as were sent were evidently to be placed 
 on the market and were limited to the wares that find ready sale 
 wherever connoisseurs may be found. Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, Simla 
 Benares, Ahmedabad, Naini Tal, Bengal, Agra, Shahabad, Dinapore and 
 Delhi made the principal contributions. They sent Indian silver and 
 inlaid work, gold and silver jewelry, fabrics of silk and cotton, shawls, 
 Indian carpets, embroidery, pottery or metal work, carved sandal wood, 
 ivory, carved blackwood furniture, vases and trays, khimkhat, gown cloth 
 of pure gold, silver and silk, handkerchiefs, turbans of silver, silk and 
 money bags, laces, fans, mats, chowgas, art embroidery, silver utensils, 
 perfumeries, antiquities and fancy goods. One of the most beautiful 
 single exhibits was made by DeForrest Lockwood, of Ahmedabad and 
 New York. It comprised a complete room in carved teak wood. Another 
 group that interested a great many people, particularly the children, 
 came from Rauproyag, Bengal, and was a complete series of mechanical 
 dolls representing the various phases and costumes of Hindoo life to 
 which the general public has little access. 
 
 Germany's Fine Exhibit. 
 
 A comprehensive survey of the installation of manufactures made by 
 the government of Germany and exhibitors under its jurisdiction showed 
 in a marked way the painstaking methods and scientific accuracy that 
 characterize that people in all their undertakings. It might be said of the 
 German section that it showed more sentiment, allied with the greatest 
 energy and public spirit, than any one of the foreign government sections 
 in the building. Herr Wermuth, the Imperial German Commissioner, 
 unhesitatingly attributed the success of this display, and, indeed, of all 
 others shown by Germany at the Exposition, to the personal interest and 
 co-operation of the Emperor William. The representation of the most 
 prominent industries of the Empire was most satisfactory. The artistic 
 side was emphasized by the wares from the royal potteries at Berlin and
 
 222 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 
 
 Meissen, by the trophies from the Hohenzollern Museum, which com- 
 prise the finest specimens of the engravers' art in Germany, and by the 
 extensive display of jewelry and wrought gold and silverware. The 
 tapestries and furniture from the Bavarian palace and Bavaria* artisans 
 showed the possibilities of art in decoration. 
 
 Germany occupied the northwestern corner where the two main aisles 
 met. The front and side facades of the building of the pavilion were 
 broken by a tower at either end of the space along the main aisle, sur- 
 mounted by the imperial eagles. Entrance to the court was under three 
 great arches of wrought iron made by Ambruster, of Frankfort, in artistic 
 design, while in the centre of the pavilion rose another tower with the 
 great statue of Germania, which is to crown the Reichstag. The court 
 was further beautified by a fountain with a giant figure of Neptune. The 
 decoration of the pavilion proper was in plaster of Paris, with groups 
 of statuary on either side of the entrance to the court, and ornate designs 
 along both aisles. The decoration throughout was thoroughly harmo- 
 nious and pleasing. 
 
 Bavarian Art Industry. 
 
 In installation, as in decoration, the German Commission followed a 
 carefully preconceived plan to its ultimate conclusion. The most con- 
 spicuous place was given to the Bavarian group representing Bavarian 
 art industry. It was situated at the corner of the main aisles, with an 
 entrance from the side aisle, and occupied the half of a large salon deco- 
 rated throughout with gobelin tapestries from the palace of the late 
 Bavarian King, and furniture in designs of the eighteenth century. On 
 the side aisle, in an equally conspicuous group, was the section devoted 
 to wares from the royal Berlin potteries at Meissen, in Saxony, and the 
 royal Prussian manufactory at Scharlottenberg. Perhaps the most beau- 
 tiful feature of this exhibit certainly the most striking was a single 
 painting on porcelain, running the whole length of the room devoted to 
 the exhibit, fifty feet, and reaching a height of about four feet. 
 
 The Royal Prussian factory was also given a space on the main aisle, 
 where was shown a great collection of table ware, magnificent vases, some 
 of them sixteen feet high, candelabra and other wares, all painted and 
 intended to show the supreme development of ceramic art. While the 
 Meissen factory is the older and more famous of the two factories, the 
 display of royal Prussian wares was calculated to shov^ tremendous pro- 
 gress in a very few years, and to compare very favorably with its older 
 rival. The Meissen wares were more conspicuously placed that the Prus- 
 sian, but that was a matter of choice with them, because their represen- 
 tatives believed the light would be better in the space allotted to them-
 
 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 223 
 
 Next to the Saxony wares was a fine collection of gold, silver, and 
 jewelry, which embrace specimens of inlaid figures, wrought silver and 
 wrought gold, cups, brooches, etc., etc. 
 
 Historic Souvenirs. 
 
 More interesting than these, however, and of a greater value in a his- 
 torical sense, were the trophies from the Hohenzollern Museum, loaned 
 to the State Department of the United States Government for exhibition 
 in this section. They were sent over in the custody of Captain Rogers, 
 of the United States Navy, and the State Department assumed the res- 
 ponsibility for their safe keeping and safe return at the close of the 
 Fair. Some idea of their tremendous value historically may be inferred 
 from the fact that Von Moltke's baton as Field Marshal, which was given 
 him at the close of the war of 1866, and carried through the war of 1870, 
 was in the collection, as well as the case for the baton presented by the 
 general staff at the close of the Franco-Prussian war. Bismarck was rep- 
 resented by twenty pieces, consisting of engraved pieces presented by 
 Berlin, Cologne, Augsburg, Leipsic, and other German seats, and the 
 magnificent table service given him by the old Kaiser Wilhelm on the 
 occasion of his Prime Minister's seventieth birthday. The Bismarck col- 
 lection alone was insured for $60,000. 
 
 There were trophies from the Emperor himself, such as the yacht 
 medals, prizes given in competitions of various kinds, some relics 
 of the Emperor Frederick loaned by the Empress Dowager, a number of 
 valuable drinking cups and trophies from Prince Henry, brother of the 
 present Emperor, and a series of invaluable decorations conferred upon the 
 old Kaiser, the Emperor Frederick, and the present Emperor. Altogether 
 there were seventy-eight of these, valued at $150,000, and they were 
 accepted as the finest possible collective representation of the jeweler's 
 and engraver's art. 
 
 Along the front of the pavilions on the main aisle were cabinets illus- 
 trating the different styles and tastes in furniture decoration of the differ- 
 ent provinces. These were from North Germany, Schleswig-Holstein. 
 The Rhine Provinces, Baden and Bavaria, were also represented. 
 
 Textile Fabrics. 
 
 In the smaller rooms beneath the arches of the gallery under which 
 the space extended were grouped bijou cabinets containing smaller 
 detailed exhibits, such as brasses, clocks and watches. Between this and 
 the front pavilion in the interior of the court were grouped the textile 
 fabrics. On one side \yas 3 co.mprehensive display from Crefeld, incluq)-
 
 224 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 
 
 ing fabrics showing every stage of progress in the manufacture from the 
 half finished silk to the embroidery material. Our silk was excluded 
 because it was intended to show only the processes of manufacture after 
 the raw silk or half finished product reaches Germany. Velvets and 
 plushes were also well represented, the whole product coming from the 
 Crefeld district, which was taken as the best representative of the indus- 
 try in Germany. Most of the space devoted to cotton and woollen goods 
 was occupied by the factories of Saxony, which sent all sorts of embroi- 
 dery and laces and finished products in every form possible. They also 
 took the precaution to send an artist with the exhibit to see that it was 
 effectively installed. 
 
 Industrial Exhibits. 
 
 What are known as the industrial groups were massed about the cor- 
 ner of the aisle at the western entrance of the Manufactures Building. 
 They were what the German Commission denominated " export groups." 
 The most complete single group in the section was from the chemical 
 manufactures. It included a full representation of all the manufactured 
 products from every large commercial laboratory in the Empire. Next to 
 the chemical group were the new Nuremburg and Furth installations, 
 which were, as might have been expected, almost altogether of the lighter 
 manufactures looking- glasses, toys and fancy articles. Sonnenberg, in 
 Thuringia, also had a good showing in the toy department. Germany, 
 like all the other foreign nations, acquired title to the space in the gallery 
 immediately over its main floor exhibits, and here were placed the single 
 exhibitors who did not properly come under large collective groups. 
 The one very beautiful exhibit was the series of stained glass windows 
 by notable artists of the Empire, who were fortunate enough to have a 
 very effective western light, adding considerably to the beauty of the 
 gallery installation. 
 
 Decorations in the Belgium Pavilion. 
 
 Belgium's pavilion fronts on Columbia Avenue, and the main entrance 
 is through a great arch fifty feet high, draped with rich tapestries and sur- 
 mounted by the national colors. On either side are smaller arched 
 entrances, separated by marble pillars. Directly in front of and within 
 the main entrance stands a bronze statue of Leonidas, representing him 
 at Thermopylae. It was cast by the lost wax process, which signifies that 
 only one statue can exist, since the mold of wax is destroyed in the cast- 
 ing. The figure is marvelously energetic, but too small to show to good 
 advantage in the high and broad space in which it stands. 
 
 Belgium prides herself first on her laces, which are marvelously deli-
 
 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 
 
 225 
 
 cate and beautiful. There are Mechlin round point, Valenciennes, black 
 Belgian thread, dentelle, Louis XV., Venetian point, point de Bruges, 
 point applique, duchesse, and as many other kinds of lace as ever were 
 known to the modern world, made up in collars, handkerchiefs, trim- 
 mings, covers, fans, and even a bride's veil. It is a sufficiently explicit 
 
 AN ARTISTIC EXHIBIT IN MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 
 
 description of the last to say that its price at home is 75,000 francs, or 
 $15,000. 
 
 Next in importance, in Belgium's mind, is the exhibit of porcelain, of 
 which there are numerous beautiful specimens. Much attention is given 
 to the display of native marbles. In one exhibit there is shown an 
 entrance to a hall, a staircase, mantel, dado, paneling, semi-Corinthian 
 
 15
 
 226 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 
 
 pillars, an elaborate inlaid floor and beautiful chimney pieces. The white 
 marbles are good rivals of the celebrated Parian marbles, and the blocks, 
 delicately carved and remarkably pure in color, are rare specimens in 
 this part of the world. 
 
 Some Wonderful Specimens of Skill. 
 
 Native plate glass manufacturers feel like hiding their products when 
 they see a plate some 12 by 18 feet in size and an inch thick, which the 
 Belgians show. It is apparently without the least flaw, so clear that visi- 
 tors would scarcely even see it without a label. 
 
 The Belgians are such lovers of the chase that they have brought the 
 art of gunmaking to a high degree of perfection. If they make lace that 
 costs a great deal of money, they also manufacture guns that almost any 
 person can afford to buy. A large assortment is on exhibition, and a good 
 one among them can be bought at home for $i. This is warranted to 
 kill anything worth hunting. 
 
 Belgium raises no wool worth mentioning, but she imports a great deal 
 of it from the Argentine states, and manufactures some of the finest cloths 
 ever woven in a loom. An extensive exhibit of textile fabrics is shown, 
 every piece of which was sold to an enterprising Bostonian immediately 
 on arrival. The processes of spinning are fully shown. 
 
 Hammered iron-work is quite the fashion in foreign countries, an 
 elaborate example of which is found in the great iron door in front of 
 Germany's pavilion. The Belgians have not exerted themselves to make 
 anything ponderous in this line, but they have produced a few specimens 
 of small size that are unequaled for intricacy and delicacy. One repro- 
 duces the branch of a tree, with flowers, birds and leaves complete in the 
 
 smallest detail. 
 
 Pianos Two Hundred Years Old. 
 
 Among the rare exhibits is the Steinert collection of musical 
 instruments. Mr. Steinert is a resident of New Haven, Conn., but 
 his treasures are known wherever music is studied. They were exhibited 
 at Vienna and attracted general attention by their completeness and by 
 the fact that the instruments were in perfect condition for use. The 
 owner gave daily recitals at the Exhibition, and was afterward invited to 
 repeat his program in the various capitals of Europe. Chief among the 
 collections are the harpsichords and clavichords, made iifthe seven- 
 teenth and eighteenth centuries. All of the instruments are finished in 
 the most artistic fashion. 
 
 At the north end of the west gallery in the department of Liberal 
 Arts are the exhibits of the leading American publishers. The booth
 
 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 227 
 
 inside is fitted up as a library, with copies of all the firms' publications 
 neatly arranged on shelves. An open fire-place, with antique-cushioned 
 settees around it, a round table, with comfortable looking chairs, and 
 several busts of eminent men artistically arranged around the tops of the 
 bookcases, give the room the air of a comfortable library. 
 
 A specialty is made of the works of the great American authors, 
 Holmes, ' Longfellow, Emerson, Hawthorne, Whittier, and Lowell. 
 Busts of these celebrated authors, together with that of Mrs. Harriet 
 Beecher Stowe, are arranged around the top of the bookcases, and sample 
 copies of their works in uniform cloth binding. 
 
 In the Liberal Arts department forty collegiate institutions are repre- 
 sented. The amount of space in this department assigned for educational 
 purposes alone is 225,000 feet ; 100,000 feet are assigned for commercial 
 exhibits. In the Anthropological Building 30,000 feet are assigned. In 
 addition to the collegiate and commercial exhibits in the Liberal Arts 
 department there are exhibits from forty different states. A series of 
 thirty-five screens on the west balcony illustrates the work of the art 
 schools of the country, and there are ten or twelve exhibits of the manual 
 training schools. One of the most interesting of this series is from 
 Hampton, Va- Near by is the booth containing the industrial exhibit 
 of the Indian school at Carlylef-Pa. 
 
 The educational exhibit from abroad is beyond the expectations of the 
 directory. The Minister of Education of the German Empire has con- 
 tributed most liberally. Ten thousand square feet were assigned for this 
 exhibit, but owing to the exhibit being much larger than was anticipated 
 the booth of the German Empire had an additional story placed on 
 it, thus giving it what is equal to 20,000 square feet. The other foreign 
 countries represented in the educational line are Russia, Austria, 
 England, Brazil, Italy, Japan, New South Wales and Mexico. 
 
 
 
 Catholic School Exhibit. 
 
 On the same balcony with the Carlyle exhibit is one which will interest 
 the American public. This exhibit is in charge of Brother Maurelian 
 and covers 25,000 square feet, divided into three sections, one for the 
 diocese of Chicago, one for the dioceses of the United States outside 01 
 Chicago, and the third for the schools of Europe. One thousand 
 Catholic schools in the United States and one hundred and twenty-five 
 in Europe are represented. The European schools are represented by 
 France, Spain and England and the St. Nicholas School of Paris. The 
 University of Notre Dame sends a collection from its museum and 
 library and a valuable collection of books relating to historical events in
 
 228 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 
 
 Catholic history. The American Catholic Historical Society of Phila- 
 delphia sends its valuable collections, which it has taken years of labor 
 and research to collect. 
 
 Natural History Display. 
 
 . Around the gallery are arranged the exhibits of natural history, 
 including stuffed birds and mammals, taxidermy, birds' egg-shells, insects 
 and fossils. The largest exhibit to be seeji is that known as Ward's 
 Natural Science Establishment, a complete museum of natural history. 
 The State exhibits are made up of the mammals and the land and fresh 
 water shells of New York and the birds of Pennsylvania, Missouri and 
 Ohio and mammals of Maine and North Dakota. 
 
 Here, also, is the exhibit of general natural history by the Agassiz 
 Association and a display of mounted birds and mammals and general 
 taxidermy by private individuals. The northern end of the gallery is 
 given over to the laboratory of physical anthropology and neurology. 
 On the west side of the gallery are the historical exhibits, comprising a 
 large collection of ancient fire arms, coins and postage stamps. The 
 outdoor exhibit is composed of live Indians from the northern portion of 
 Vancouver Island, a few from the Iroquois tribe, an Esquimau family, 
 three families from Penobscot, who bring their wigwams with them, 
 Navajos and Apaches. The mat house of the Winnebago, the buffalo 
 hide tepee of the Sioux, the sod house of the Omaha and several other 
 types of habitation are set up on the grounds. There are representatives 
 of the Flatheads, Black Feet, Pend de Oreille, Nez Perces and Tootenai, 
 all of whom appear in their tepees. From South America are repre- 
 sentatives of three tribes from British Guiana. All these tribes are 
 engaged in their native manufactures of pottery making, basket making 
 and other occupations illustrative of their customs.
 
 M 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 Machinery Hall. 
 
 ACHINERY Hall was a palace of the mechanic arts. Next 
 to the Building of Manufactures and Liberal Arts it was to 
 the majority of people the most interesting structure on the 
 grounds. It was especially constructed for exhibiting machi- 
 nery in motion, the power for this purpose being supplied from an 
 adjoining building. 
 
 Machinery Hall, as it was populary called, furnished a floor space of 
 \7]/2 acres. Its dimensions were 846 by 492 feet ; to this must be added 
 the Annex, 490 by 550 feet, and the Machinery Power House, 490 by 
 461 feet. There was also a spacious Machine Shop. The Power House, 
 Machine Shop and Pumping Works were included in one structure. 
 
 The building had three arched trusses, while in the interior there were 
 three naves crossed midway by a great transept. As the original 
 intention was to sell this building for railway purposes, it was so con- 
 structed that the trusses could be taken down and used for railroad 
 train-houses. The main building appeared to have three divisions placed 
 side by side. 
 
 Extending around the main hall inside were two galleries and two 
 exterior arcades with a width of fifty feet. The main entrance was 75 
 feet high, located in the centre of the north side and opposite the south 
 entrance^of the Administration Building. This entrance had a semi- 
 circular portico with Corinthian columns sixty feet in height. The idea 
 of ornamentation was not lost sight of, and so the portico was furnished 
 with a dome and balustrade, while above each column was a statue. 
 
 Pavilions were built at the corners of the main structure fifty feet 
 square and surmounted by domes. One of the main features was the 
 'east portico facing the Agricultural Building, which stood across the 
 canal. This portico was square, with Corinthian columns and a pedi- 
 ment containing an emblematic design in relief, in which Chicago was 
 represented as introducing to the nations a company of inventors and 
 mechanics who were showing their various mechanical achievements. 
 The exterior of the building was covered with " staff," which was a 
 composition of plaster of Paris, Portland cement and jute from New 
 Zealand. This material was used in the construction of nearly all the 
 buildings, for the reason that it can be moulded into any shape, while at 
 
 229
 
 230 
 
 MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 the same time it possesses great strength. It is easily colored in imita- 
 tion of marble, and this circumstance gave to the great cluster of build- 
 ings at Jackson Park the name of the " White City." 
 Celebrated Symbolic Figures. 
 
 On the top of Machinery Hall were placed eight symbolic figures of 
 immense size. One represented Victory holding a wreath in her hand, 
 the symbol of triumph. Another was typical of Fire, and the figure 
 was represented as holding in her right hand thunderbolts, and in her 
 left a burning brand, the one suggesting the fire of the skies and the 
 other the fire of earth. Above the windows were spaces occupied by 
 cherubs and curious little genii holding in their hands the tools and 
 implements of the various mechanical industries. 
 
 Spires rising to a height of 102 feet surmounted the two open towers 
 above each of the porticoes. The 
 Columbus idea was shown in the 
 architecture which was Spanish in its 
 features, presenting beautiful arches 
 and columns in double rows upon 
 which were displayed as decorations 
 the arms of Spain and the portrait 
 of Columbus. Immense pieces of 
 machinery were scattered throughout 
 the building, not the least interesting 
 of which was the elevated traveling 
 crane located in each of the three naves 
 for moving machinery. These cranes 
 were also used for transporting visitors 
 fromoneend'ofthebuildingtotheother. 
 
 Machinery Hall contained within its spacious walls the most remark- 
 able triumphs of invention. It would require a skilled machinist to 
 understand many of the intricate and complicated devices there exhi- 
 bited. The exhibits comprised inventions of world-wide fame, and were 
 studied by throngs of people constantly expressing their amazement at 
 the achievements of mechanical ingenuity. Not only was the visitor 
 impressed with the great variety of machinery, embracing all sorts of 
 inventions for all sorts of purposes, but the mechanical construction of 
 it, its accuracy and perfection of detail were none the less apparent. 
 There were machines which seemed to be able to do almost everything 
 except talk. What an amount of thought, patient contrivance, steady 
 and intricate working of brain and hand, were represented in this marve- 
 lous building ! 
 
 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.
 
 MACHINERY HALL. 231 
 
 The artisans of Europe and America here studied that which con- 
 cerns them most the development of labor-saving devices. Capital and 
 labor here found the true ground of mutual confidence, the one in dimin- 
 ished cost of production, the other in higher wages as the result of 
 skillful training in the mechanical arts. 
 
 In the great Machinery Hall every labor-saving device known to 
 modern science was represented. The development of- motors for the 
 transmission of power was illustrated by the most magnificent engines, 
 boilers and pumps ever constructed. The modern science of fire fight- 
 ing had its demonstration in every variety of fire engines, hose carts, 
 escapes, stand-pipes and chemical apparatus that has been evolved by 
 the brain of veteran fire fighters. Machinists' small tools and the 
 immense steam hammers and trip hammers for forging and working 
 metals were shown in all the more recent devices. Wonderful machines 
 for the manufacture of textile fabrics and clothing were shown. 
 
 Marvelous appliances for turning wood and all kinds of steam, electric 
 and hand power sawing and planing machines were among the exhibits. 
 The most recent inventions in typesetting machines, printing, stamping 
 and embossing and book-making machines were shown. Lithography, 
 zincography and color printing, photo-mechanical and other mechanical 
 processes of illustrating were represented in a large variety of modern 
 inventions. In machinery for working stone, clay and other minerals, 
 for the preparation of food, and for use in all the mechanical arts the 
 machinery exhibit was prodigal in its displays. 
 
 Marks of the World's Progress. 
 
 The progress of invention is the progress of the world to the popular 
 mind. Mechanical arts have developed in this century, and especially 
 in the latter half, not by strides, but by leaps and bounds. Hard work 
 has been relegated to the effete nations. Europe and America have 
 substituted brain for brawn in the application of machinery to all the 
 wants of human production. Between these two countries there is a 
 constantly growing rivalry in the creation of new devices for saving 
 manual labor. In the mammoth corridors of Machinery Hall at the 
 World's Fair the zenith of nineteenth century progress in the mechanical 
 arts was reached, and the artisans of every civilized clime learned some- 
 thing of practical benefit from the unfolded genius of the world's 
 greatest inventors. 
 
 The department of machinery was also a live exhibit, differing in this 
 respect from almost every other department. Within its massive walls 
 was the ceaseless hum of machinery in motion. From the leviathan
 
 232 
 
 MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 power plant at the south of the main building radiated the energy that 
 set in motion the wheels of the entire Exposition. Within Machinery 
 Hall itself miles of shafting, pulleys and belting connected with the 
 thousands of exhibits that were in motion every day during the Fair. 
 
 The fascination of moving machinery is more than an attraction to the 
 skilled artisan merely. It draws the general public, and, as at the 
 Centennial Exhibition in 1876, Machinery Hall was the center of the 
 largest and most continuous crowds. Its situation on the grounds was 
 favorable to its being a popular display, as it was near the main entrance 
 and immediately adjacent to the great railroad terminal within the 
 grounds. 
 
 Surprises of Invention. 
 
 The Centennial Exposition created an epoch in machinery exhibits at 
 international fairs. Compared with the Centennial Exposition the 
 
 machinery exhi- 
 bit of the 
 World's Fair 
 was full of sur- 
 prises. While 
 the area for ex- 
 hibits of machin- 
 ery was incre- 
 ased it was 
 about fourteen 
 acres at the Cen- 
 tennial and 
 about sixteen 
 
 acres at Chicago the amount of available space for domestic exhibits 
 was somewhat less. At the Centennial there were 337,000 square feet 
 devoted to American exhibits. At the World's Fair the space given 
 to American exhibitors was only about 220,000 square feet. 
 
 But while domestic exhibits were curtailed in space, the World's Fair 
 management was generous to foreign exhibitors. At Philadelphia the 
 various foreign governments occupied, all told, about 83,000 square feet 
 of space. At Jackson Park they had a gross space of about 175,000 
 square feet. 
 
 Other comparisons with 1876 are still more striking. At the Centen- 
 nial Machinery Hall the main power plant was a Corliss engine, 50 by 
 50 feet. At Jackson Park there was an electric power plant of 20,000 
 horse-power, covering an area of 1 1 2,000 square feet. At the Centennial 
 there were a number of annexes outside of the regular machinery 
 
 FIGURE ON BRIDGE OVER THE LAGOON.
 
 MACHINERY HALL. 233 
 
 exhibit whtch contained many exhibits of machinery in operation. At 
 Jackson Park the entire machinery exhibit was massed together, and the 
 limited space made it a more select exhibit than that of any previous 
 fair. Between three and four hundred applicants for space were turned 
 away, although their exhibits would have been more than up to the 1876 
 
 standard. 
 
 Selection of Exhibits. 
 
 While the area for mechanical exhibits at the World's Fair was 
 limited, the general display, taking all the groups, showed not only a 
 more advanced character of machinery but finer workmanship in details. 
 The number of firms making the same kind of machinery has vastly 
 increased since 1876, and the competition is greater. In 1876 there 
 was only one firm besides Corliss, in America, manufacturing those great 
 engines that were then a marvel. To-day there are nearly sixty firms 
 making them. In 1876 there were only four or five firms making steam 
 pumps, including Worthington, Knowles, Blake and others, and these 
 were mostly east of the Alleghanies. To-day there are hundreds of 
 firms making steam pumps in almost every State and Territory. Chief 
 Robinson had applications from seventy-four pump builders for space, 
 of which forty-three assignments were made. 
 
 The comparison of progress is true as to woodworking and machine 
 tools and printing presses. The average space for individual exhibits 
 at the Centennial was 244 square feet. At the World's Fair the assign- 
 ments of space were less in number, but the space to each exhibitor was 
 greater, nearly an average of 500 square feet. All the leading machines 
 that were entered at the World's Fair were much larger than those made 
 in 1876, and their variety was greater. To make a comparative exhibit 
 between them a much larger space is required. The largest exhibits at 
 Philadelphia occupied from 1,200 to 1,600 square feet. At the World's 
 Fair Machinery Hall the largest exhibits occupied from 2,000 to 3,000 
 
 square feet. 
 
 Foreign Machinists Stand High. 
 
 The general plan of the World's Fair machinery exhibit was simple. 
 The whole exhibit was on the floor of the main building and annexes. 
 The only gallery space was given up to restaurants, offices and 
 lavatories. Foreign governments had the choicest location on the 
 main floor. The foreign exhibits began with those of Great Britain and 
 Canada at the east end of the building and extended west nearly its full 
 length. 
 
 In the German exhibit the Siemans & Halske Company, of Berlin, 
 constructed a 1,000 horse power engine and electric dynamo which
 
 234 
 
 MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 furnished additional light for the Machinery Building. The countries 
 from which the most prominent foreign exhibits came are Canada, Bel- 
 gium, Great Britain, Mexico, Russia, France, Spain, New South Wales, 
 Italy, Sweden, Austria and Brazil. 
 
 The domestic exhibits were from firms or individuals, there being no 
 groupings by States in this department. The domestic exhibits were 
 located in the annex and a portion of the west end of the main building. 
 They were grouped, as far as possible, in classes, so that a visitor in one 
 part of the building might see in a single department the principal 
 
 devices in which he was interested. 
 Thus the machine tools, the machinery 
 for fabrics and clothing, the wood- 
 working machines, the printing and 
 type-setting machines and all the 
 other special classes of machinery 
 were located by themselves. 
 
 Of the unique exhibits in Machin- 
 ery Hall it would take a volume to 
 tell the story. There was a superb 
 display of machines for the manu- 
 facture of paper boxes and kindred 
 exhibits. In the manufacture of textile 
 fabrics the cotton, woolen and silk 
 looms were of wondrous variety and 
 nicety of detail. The leading exhibit- 
 ors in this department were the 
 Knowles loom works, the Lowell 
 machine shops and the Crompton 
 loom works. These concerns showed 
 the actual process of making cotton 
 
 MEDAL PRESENTED TO THE DESIGNERS and WOO len goods. Silk looms in 
 OF THE EXPOSITION BUILDINGS. fu]l operation were shown by the 
 
 Atwood Machine Company, Schaum & Ullinger and others, the machines 
 being operated by the Phoenix Manufacturing Company, of Philadelphia. 
 
 There was a fine display of Jacquard looms, which wove intricate 
 designs of the World's Fair buildings and portraits of prominent men 
 on silk. J. J. Mannion, of Pittsburg, and John Best & Co., of Paterson, 
 N. J., who displayed these looms, had a concession for selling the pro- 
 duct to visitors. 
 
 Speaking of concessions, there was a vast product from the hundreds 
 of machines in daily operation in Machinery Hall. Quite a number
 
 MACHINERY HALL. 235 
 
 of concessions for the sale of the more unique products were given. 
 Those firms that had not obtained concessions removed their products 
 from Machinery Hall at the close of each day during the Exposition. 
 
 There was an interesting exhibit of sewing machines by the Singer 
 Manufacturing Company, the Standard, American and other works. 
 
 The Operator on Wheels. 
 
 There were also shown some special machines of this character, such 
 as a carpet-sewing machine, where the operator rides a velocipede for 
 one hundred feet and guides an electric motor, which sews the carpet 
 together as he moves along. There were also machines for sewing wood 
 and leather with wire thread, some of the product being fine enough for 
 a kid glove. Devices of this kind were shown by J. H. Sternberg & Co., 
 of Reading, Pa. Several exhibitions showed the latest varieties of 
 knitting machines and cloth-cutting machines. 
 
 In the northwest corner of the building was a large display of flouring 
 machines from the works of E. P. Allis & Co., Milwaukee ; Barnhart & 
 Leese, Moline, 111., and Nordyke & Marmon, Indianapolis. Flour mill 
 machinery was shown in full operation. The display of wood-working 
 machinery included exhibits by J. A. Fay & Co., Egan & Co., S. A. 
 Woods Machine Company, Greenlee Brothers and others, and were the 
 largest display of turning and planing machinery ever shown. There 
 were carving and molding machines. One machine carved out from 
 wood intricate designs and statuettes in groups. In ancient times this 
 kind of work was laboriously performed by hand, and months were spent 
 on a single group. A machine exhibited by C. L. Goehring, of Alle- 
 ghany City, would turn out four or five groups of wood statuary in the 
 space of a few minutes. 
 
 There was a great variety of machines for geometrical moldings 
 which are now adopted in the manufacture of furniture and house 
 decoration. These machines have only been on the market for two or 
 three years and some have recently been sold in Europe for $25,000 
 each. Large exhibits of machine tools were made by the Pond Machine 
 Tool Works, William Sellers & Co., Niles Tool Works and many 
 others. 
 
 Measures and Weighs Coffee. 
 
 There was shown a machine for measuring out and weighing coffee. 
 This machine takes coffee from the hopper and fills one-pound paper 
 bags, seals them, and does all this at the rate of several tons of coffee per 
 day. This exhibit was from Arbuckle, of New York city. There was 
 another machine that manufactured tags and labels. It takes the paper
 
 236 MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 from the roll, cuts the tags, prints the labels, punches the eyelets 
 and then inserts the wire for fastening. Another machine makes 
 different sizes of nails from wire. In 1876 the wire nail industry had not 
 begun in this country. There were four or five crude machines shown at 
 the Centennial by French exhibitors. These were purchased by Ameri- 
 cans, and since 1876 the manufacture of wire nails has become general 
 all over the United States. 
 
 Among the exhibits were machines for expanding metal for use in rai' 
 ings and galleries. A bar of steel goes in at one end and comes out a broad 
 network at the other. This material often takes the place of lath in the 
 construction of modern buildings. There were machines for making 
 hooks and eyes, steel fence posts, sections of telegraph poles and 
 chains. There was an exhibit of machines for polishing lenses, so that 
 persons who wear eye-glasses may have lenses polished and mounted 
 while they wait. The C. W. B. Sheridan Company made a fine display 
 of wood-embossing machines that produced wooden medals, with 
 impressions of World's Fair buildings for souvenir purposes. 
 
 Ornamental Features. 
 
 At the junction of the main hall and annex was a tank of water 150 by 
 50 feet. Grouped around this tank was the pump exhibit. Scores of 
 modern pumps took the water from the tank and threw it back again. 
 The De La Vergne Refrigerator Company built an ice grotto over the 
 tank as an ornamental feature, this being one of the most spectacular 
 features of the whole exhibit. 
 
 Some exhibitors combined to make a collective exhibit. One instance 
 was on the south side of the Annex, where a large paper mill was in full 
 operation. About twenty individual exhibitors were included. Wood 
 pulp was put through all the processes of a complete paper mill. This 
 exhibit was managed by the Paper Trade Club, of Chicago, under the 
 personal direction of Chief Robinson. 
 
 Another collective exhibit was the great display of printing presses that 
 turned out the morning and evening papers for sale on the World's Fair 
 grounds. Hoe, Scott, Potter, Goss and all the other great press-makers 
 were represented. There was also a large exhibit of lithograph printing 
 machinery and job printing machinery, bookbinding machines and 
 
 linotypes. 
 
 Stupendous Mechanical Energy. 
 
 The great power plant in the South Annex was a stupendous exhibition 
 of mechanical energy. There were about forty-three steam engines, with 
 a total of from 18,000 to 20,000 horse power. These operated one hun-
 
 MACHINERY HALL. 237 
 
 dred and twenty-seven dynamos, which in turn produced electric light 
 and power for all the other World's Fair buildings. For the power in 
 Machinery Hall alone there were ten or twelve engines, representing a 
 total of about 3,000 horse power. One engine alone in this gigantic 
 power plant was nearly a third larger than the famous Corliss engine of 
 1876. The largest engine in the World's Fair power plant was built by 
 E. P. Allis & Co., of Milwaukee, and was of 2,000 horse power, as 
 against the 1,400 horsepower of the Corliss. The Allis quadruple com- 
 pound expansion engine has never had a parallel, but grouped around it 
 were seen many engines nearly as big as the old Corliss. One thousand 
 horse power engines in the World's Fair plant were numerous, one being 
 furnished by Fraser & Chalmers, of Chicago. 
 
 The dynamos in the power plant, including Edison and all the leading 
 makers, were classed in the electricity exhibit. The boilers were a part 
 of the machinery exhibit, all the leading American makers being repre- 
 sented. There were about eighteen or twenty feed pumps in connection 
 with the boilers, and these with the large circulating pumps, were also 
 
 classed as exhibits. 
 
 Boiler Plant Interesting. 
 
 The boiler plant was another interesting feature of the Exposition. 
 The plant contains fifty boilers, all of large size, and especially constructed 
 for that service. They are arranged in a long tier in the sheet-iron annex 
 adjoining the building on the south, and it is the aim of the chief of that 
 department to keep the boiler-room so clean that a woman may go in 
 dressed in light summer fabric, and do it with as little fear of soot and 
 smoke as she would have in her boudoir. Anthracite coal is used exclu- 
 sively, and the Society for the Prevention of Smoke does not need an 
 inspector about the premises. The floor space in front of the boilers is 
 bricked, and it is scrubbed as often as there is occasion for it. Venti- 
 lators have been put in to keep the air always pure and cool, and the 
 firemen wear a distinctive uniform, which, while not of white duck, is 
 neat looking and always clean. 
 
 In the way of forgings and castings the exhibit will be particularly 
 complete. Some of the brass valves and tubings show clever workman- 
 ship, and are polished to a degree that they resemble mirrors. One firm, 
 which manufactures safety valves for engines, has included in its display 
 a huge valve made of wood and tin and painted to resemble iron,which is 
 titanic in size. It towers above other exhibits in the neighborhood and 
 looks large enough to provide safety for every boiler on the grounds. 
 
 Connecting the boilers with the engines and other machinery in the 
 Main Building are huge steam pipes, asbestos-covered, and opened and
 
 238 MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 closed by valves which are reached from the balcony overlooking the 
 boiler plant. Power is furnished exhibitors gratuitously up to a certain 
 amount, after which a moderate charge is made. Half way between 
 each aisle shafting is run at an elevation of fifteen feet, and belts from these 
 connect with the machinery of the exhibitors. The shafting is divided into 
 sections, each running by a separate engine, so that in the event of any 
 accident to the machinery it will necessitate the stopping of only a small 
 portion while repairs are being made. The system is so arranged also 
 that there are spare engines and power can be changed from one to the 
 other. 
 
 Machines for Very Delicate Work. 
 
 The delicate machinery which turns out the various completed por- 
 tions of a watch, machines for making clocks, watch cases and jewelry, 
 is shown along with the pin and needle-making machines, which are 
 said to be so nearly human that they can do almost everything but 
 think. By some strange fate there has been included in the same group 
 with these delicate machines the apparatus used in steam laundries, and 
 those used for the making of capsules and other pharmaceutical products, 
 street rollers, sprinklers and sweepers, steam gauges, machines for the 
 testing of materials, and all the machines used in the various manufac- 
 turing industries which are not especially mentioned. Stone sawing and 
 planing machines, sand blasts, glass-grinding machines, brick, pottery and 
 artificial stone machines go in the same class with rolling-mills and 
 forges, roll trains, heating apparatus, and machines for the manufacture 
 of nails and horseshoes. 
 
 The last group in the list is that of mills for the preparation of the 
 various cereals, sugar-refining and confectioners' machinery, stills and 
 evaporating machinery for condensing milk.
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 Electricity Building. 
 
 THE Electrical Building cost about $60,000 and covered about five 
 acres. The architects were Van Brunt & Howe, of Boston and 
 Kansas City. The building had its major axis running north 
 and south. The south front was on the great quadrangle or 
 court ; the north faced the lagoon. The general scheme of the plan was 
 based on a longitudinal nave, 115 feet wide and 114 feet high, crossed 
 in the middle by a transept of the same width and hight. The nave 
 and transept had a pitched roof, with a range of skylights at the bottom 
 of the pitch and clear-story windows. The rest of the building was 
 covered with a flat roof averaging 62 feet in height and provided with 
 skylights. 
 
 The second story was composed of a series of galleries connected 
 across the nave by two bridges, with access by four grand staircases. 
 There were subordinate staircases in the four corners of the building. 
 The area of the galleries in the second story was 118,543 feet, or 2.7 
 acres, but there was capacity for an extension of this- area if necessary. 
 
 The exterior walls of this building were composed of a continuous 
 Corinthian order of pilasters, 3 feet 6 inches wide and 42 feet high, sup- 
 porting a full entablature and resting upon a stylobate 8 feet 6 inches 
 high. Above was an attic story 8 feet high, the total height of the walls 
 from the grade outside being 68 feet 6 inches. This order was divided 
 into bays 23 feet wide, this dimension serving as the measure of propor- 
 tion for the plan of the whole building. 
 
 In the center of each of the four sides was an entrance pavilion, against 
 which the higher roof of the nave or transept abutted. The north pavil- 
 ion was placed between the two great apsidal or semi-circular projections 
 of the building." It was flanked by two towers 195 feet high. The cen- 
 tral feature was a great semi-circular window, above which, 102 feet from 
 the grade, was a colonnade forming an open loggia or gallery, command- 
 ing a view over the lagoon and all the north part of the grounds. Access 
 to the loggia was obtained by elevators. 
 
 At each of the four corners of the building there was a pavilion, above 
 which rose a light, open spire or tower, 169 feet high. Intermediate 
 between these corner pavilions and the central pavilion on the east and 
 
 west sides, there was a subordinate pavilion bearing a low, square dome 
 
 239
 
 240 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 
 
 upon an open lantern. There were thus ten spires and four domes, which 
 combined to give to the otherwise rigid horizontal lines of the building 
 an effect of lightness and animation in accord with the purposes of the 
 building. All these towers were composed of one or more orders of 
 architecture, with open arches, interior domes and balustrades. The 
 entablature of the great Corinthian order broke around each of the pilas- 
 ters of the four fronts, and above each pilaster in the Attic order was a 
 pedestal bearing a lofty mast for the display of banners by day and 
 electric lights by night. Of these masts there were in all fifty-four. 
 
 Beautiful and Suggestive Decorations. 
 
 According to agreement among the architects of the buildings around 
 the quadrangle, the Electricity Building, like the rest, had an open portico 
 extending along the whole of the south facade, the lower or Ionic order 
 forming an open screen in front of it. The various subordinate pavilions 
 were treated with windows and balconies. The details of the exterior 
 orders were richly decorated, and the pediments, friezes, panels and span- 
 drils received a decoration of figures in relief, with architectural motifs, 
 the general tendency of which was to illustrate the purposes of the 
 building. The friezes of the Ionic order bore in each bay the name of a 
 discoverer or inventor associated with the development of the science of 
 electricity, thus setting forth a biographical history of the science. 
 
 The color of the exterior was marble, but the walls of the hemicycle 
 and of the various porticoes and loggias were highly enriched with 
 color, the pilasters in these places being decorated with scagliola and the 
 capitals with metallic effects in bronze. 
 
 Each great exposition has furnished a sort of milestone to mark the 
 progress of man in the arts and sciences. America made two revelations 
 to the world at Chicago in her art and electrical displays. Out of the 
 myriad forms of beauty will come no new school of art. The people 
 of the Western world have simply proved their right to rank with the 
 older nations. 
 
 It was the fundamental aim of Chief Electrician Barrett, and his assist- 
 ant, Dr. Hornsby, to prove that electricity is not a " mysterious force " 
 the well-worn excuse for ignorance that it is not in its infancy, and 
 that it is not " a dangerous thing to tamper with." They strained every 
 point to prove that it is as certain a quantity as steam, quite as easily 
 made and far more easily controlled. 
 
 'Twas Franklin first who caught the horse, 
 He was harnessed by Professor Morse.
 
 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 241 
 
 
 
 From the great battery of boilers in Machinery Hall came primarily 
 the force that the dynamos applied to the operation of arc and incandes- 
 cent lights, power motors for various industrial purposes, the charging 
 of storage batteries for the working of vehicles on land and water, the 
 supply of search lights, the intermural railway, electric fountains, giant 
 cranes, and for almost every conceivable purpose. 
 
 All Underground Wires. 
 
 Not a wire was allowed above the ground, the circuits being all estab- 
 lished by means of wooden tunnels laid to every part of the grounds and 
 buildings, and through these subways the wires were carried on insulators 
 fastened to the two sides, having a space in the middle large enough for 
 attendants to pass. This whole system was a miniature of the subway 
 system which Professor Barrett, who is also chief electrician of Chicago, 
 has developed for the city. 
 
 There were seven thousand arc lights for service, twenty-five hundred 
 of which were about the grounds and the balance inside of the buildings. 
 The lamps on the grounds were placed upon ornamental iron posts 
 12 feet high at intervals of about 50 feet. They were located with 
 special reference to the landscape arrangement and the lines of the build- 
 ings. As the World's Fair was a small city within itself, a fair idea was 
 given of arc light service for municipal lighting. No attempts at outside 
 arc decoration were made, excepting in the cases of a few of the State 
 buildings, where they lighted up the statuary for night views. 
 
 Brilliant Illuminations. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to say that the interior lighting of the great 
 buildings was far more brilliant than anything of the kind in the past, the 
 general idea being to have a 2,ooo-candle power lamp for every 1,000 
 square feet of space. In the great Manufactures Building only was there 
 an attempt at artistic decoration in arc lighting. 
 
 In that massive building there were five big chandeliers of arc lights. 
 Four of them carried sixty lamps each, and the fifth supported seventy- 
 five. These were all suspended from the steel arches. Workmen 
 reached them by climbing up the arch to a ladder against the rods which 
 supported the chandeliers, descending this ladder 70 feet to the chande- 
 lier. They were then 140 feet above the floor. The lamps were hung 
 in pairs and sustained by cords which passed over insulated pulleys, each 
 lamp balancing the weight of its mate. Between them, in the rim of the 
 chandelier, the workmen walked securely about their work, or crossed 
 from one side to the other on the great bridge. 
 16
 
 242 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 
 
 There were twelve hundred arc lights in this building. There were 
 five hundred in the Agricultural, three hundred and fifty in the Trans- 
 portation, two hundred and fifty in the Horticultural, two hundred in 
 the Mines, fifty in the Fisheries and seventy-seven in the Illinois State. 
 This, it must be remembered, was aside from the exterior service 
 the arc lamps that lighted the grounds. 
 
 Dreams Surpassed. 
 
 The incandescent lighting was, of course, the great feature of attraction 
 in lighting, almost all the decorative lighting being of that style. Visitors 
 observed one fact at night which, perhaps, not one in, ten thousand 
 would discover by day. There was a uniform cornice level on all the 
 buildings 60 feet from the ground. This line was marked at night by 
 lines of incandescent light. The little bulbs were placed at narrow inter- 
 vals, seemingly only a few inches when viewed from the ground. The 
 Administration Building in particular was studded with lamps from 
 foundation to dome. All about the grand canal and in the basin a row 
 of lamps like a living line of light, set just above the water service, lent a 
 splendor that no dream could excel. Each light was repeated in the 
 water by a dancing counterpart, and both lent a charm to handsome 
 gondolas and water craft of every form. 
 
 About the Wooded Island and on the borders of flower beds every- 
 where incandescent lights brought out the beauties of flower and foliage 
 as in the radiance of the sun. Every point of importance was so 
 clustered about with light as to command attention and win admiration. 
 On the dome of the Agricultural Building the great golden figure of 
 "Diana" stood, poised and free of movement to every point of the compass. 
 Below her was a sunken space the corona of the dome and in this 
 circle, hidden from view, was arranged a multitude of lights which 
 revealed her splendid figure as in the very eye of a calcium reflector. 
 The absence of other lights near, together with her height, produced the 
 effect of a gold goddess swinging in midair, but inside the buildings the 
 work was even more elaborate. One of the most striking features of the 
 Fair was the sixteen thousand incandescent lights in the Fine Arts 
 Building, where there were two miles of reflecting screens. There were 
 no arc lamps in this building, but the flood of incandescent light 
 searched out every beauty in the pictures. 
 
 Like a Fairy Realm. 
 
 One of the daintiest bits of lighting in all the Fair was the Wooded 
 Island, where the Japanese had their pavilion. The Frenchmen of the 
 Orient themselves contributed to the happiness of the inspiration by
 
 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 243 
 
 bringing with them shades and reflectors for use in preparing the various 
 effects, and the result was extremely beautiful. Quaint gables of the 
 Hooden or Phoenix Palace were studded with prettily shaded colored 
 lights, the graceful curves that accentuate the Japanese architecture were 
 brought into relief by clusters here and there, and the gorgeous colors 
 of the building were emphasized in the same way. 
 
 Exhibitors in all the departments exhausted their resources in the 
 preparation of their booths and pavilions, fantastic lighting being no 
 small factor in their success. Some of the most beautiful lighting in the 
 Exposition was done in the various State and foreign buildings, the 
 1,760 lights in the New York building being arranged to make the effect 
 worthy of special distinction. 
 
 Interesting Demonstrations. 
 
 Within the Electrical Building was the exhibit proper of the new 
 things in electricity. Here was followed out the plan laid down for the 
 balance of the Exposition, to demonstrate in a practical way the every- 
 day uses of electricity. The visitor was able to see not only that elec- 
 tricity can be useful to him in almost all phases of life, whether social 
 or commercial, but he was brought so closely in contact with the "deadly 
 fluid " and saw so plainly all its workings that he was able to judge for 
 himself whether it is to be still called " deadly " and " dangerous," or 
 whether it is only one of the giant forces of the universe, brought to its 
 knees before the great intellect of man and made to do his bidding 
 The visitor was allowed to lay his hands on the " deadly trolley " 
 without ill effects. He saw one hundred thousand volts of current, more 
 than thirty thousand times as much as New York uses to electrocute 
 criminals, completely under the control of the operator and handled by 
 him so carefully and expeditiously as to suggest no danger whatever to 
 human life. He was on the best of terms with the electric current, and 
 the lesson taught was that this deadly agent was perfectly harmless when 
 confined to its appropriate mechanism, and that there is no need of its 
 getting the upper hand. So visitors were given a knowledge of the 
 p:inciples of electricity much as Hermann acquaints his audiences with 
 legerdemain, but in this case the trick was followed by the rational 
 explanation. 
 
 As the great machines whirred and spit and sparkled in the brilliantly 
 lighted hall it was interesting to make a tour with an official of the 
 department and have explanations of the things to be seen. 
 
 The key to the exhibit was found in the inscription in great gilt letters 
 written over the statue of Franklin, around the hemicycle that formed
 
 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 245 
 
 the main entrance, eripuit ccelo fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis, which, being 
 liberally interpreted, means that the wild lightnings have been caught 
 
 and tamed. 
 
 Telephone Marvels. 
 
 Entering the building, whose interior was of a light blue color, to 
 admit of both day and night lighting, the visitor saw a pure white Greek 
 pavilion, made to contain the exhibit of the American Bell Telephone 
 Company, an exhibit most interesting in view of the expiration of the 
 primary patents on the telephone. Although it was the strongest 
 monopoly in the world, to-day the Bell Company has deemed it necessary 
 to show the world that notwithstanding the expiration of its funda- 
 mental patents it has auxiliary patents that will enable it to give a 
 service that cannot be met by outsiders. Models of more than five 
 hundred patents were in the pavilion. These patents embraced the 
 Edison transmitter, the Blake receiver, the Berliner patents on transmis- 
 sion, insulating apparatus, the new switchboard mechanism, long 
 distance attachments and many other familiar things. 
 
 Booths for actual telephone service in experiments were a part of the 
 pavilion. These included a long distance line direct to New York, 
 Boston and outlying territory, with microphone attachments for hearing 
 the most delicate sound, such as the walking of a fly. Other telephones 
 in these booths connected with concert and opera houses in the East, 
 and still others were used in connection with the phonograph, by which 
 the user could hear phonograph music or songs, or by which a letter 
 could be dictated to the phonograph over long distances. 
 
 Beauties of the Incandescent Lighting. 
 
 Next to the telephone, the incandescent lamp is the most interest- 
 ing thing electrically just now, mainly because of the declaration by the 
 Courts upholding the Edison patents. The incandescent lamp is con- 
 trolled by the General Electric Company, the result of the consolidation 
 of the Edison and Thomson-Houston companies. The crowning feature 
 of the General Electric Company's exhibit was the " glorification of the 
 Edison lamp," a shaft of staff work 85 feet in height, in white and gold, 
 on which were 3,500 incandescent lamps, arranged in spirals, the colors 
 being separated, so that one switch turned on a spiral of red lights 
 around the shaft, from bottom to top, white, yellow, blue and other 
 colored lights being used in the same way. On the top of the shaft was 
 an incandescent lamp six feet high, made up of 30,000 pieces of crystal, 
 each piece a small prism. 
 
 Below, in a sort of pagoda, was the exhibit of the Phoenix Glass
 
 246 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 
 
 Company, a collection of cut crystal for all purposes, candelabra, electro- 
 liers and fancy globes for arc and incandescent lamp service. 
 
 This was a fine central figure for the building, but did not form a 
 part of the magnificent commercial exhibit. A great i,5oo-horse power 
 generator was one of the finest features of the exhibit. Heavy mining 
 machinery, drills, hoists, pumps, crushers, separators, tramways and so 
 on, took a large part of the space. 
 
 "The Deadly Trolley Wire." 
 
 In the railway department of the company there was a revelation. 
 Here people were asked to put out their hands and grasp the " deadly 
 trolley" wire, while it was charged to operate a full load. The new gear- 
 ess motor for railway service, in which the motor turns the axle directly 
 without recourse to cogs, chains or other intermediaries, was given 
 special prominence. 
 
 One of the greatest steps made in the development of the electrical 
 science in recent years is in the handling and transmission of currents 
 for power over longer distances. At the Frankfort Exposition of 1891, 
 the Germans transmitted 3OO-horse power over a distance of one hundred 
 and twenty-five miles, and claimed an efficiency of sixty per cent. The 
 trials were not satisfactory, and little else than enthusiasm grew out of 
 them. 
 
 Professor Thomson showed what he has done since then. He 
 made some high potential demonstrations which showed wonderful 
 progress in operating machinery electrically over long distances. For 
 his purposes he used a current of one hundred thousand volts, trans- 
 formed down to a point where it can be made available say one hun- 
 dred and ten volts. 
 
 The next exhibitor to be met in the Electricity Building was the 
 Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. This company 
 was most prominent of all in connection with the Exposition as a whole, 
 having a contract to furnish one hundred and twenty thousand incan- 
 descent lamps in the buildings and about the grounds. In the Electricity 
 Building its prominence was due to the exhibition of the new Westing- 
 house incandescent lamp and the efficiency tests relating to it, and to the 
 demonstrations of Professor Nikola Tesla, whose patents on the regula- 
 tion and transmission of the electrical current are owned by the West- 
 inghouse Company. In the lamp the company offers what it holds to be 
 free from the claims made in the patents of the Edison lamp a one-piece 
 carbon filament lamp burning in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas, instead 
 of a two-piece carbon filament lamp burning in a vacuum.
 
 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 
 
 247 
 
 The sixteen thousand light machines installed in Machinery Hall were, 
 of course, the largest ever made, and the electrical world is eagerly 
 watching to see if large units are wise for building large plants. There 
 has been much dispute on this 
 point in the past. 
 
 The Western Electric Com- 
 pany's exhibit showed quality 
 rather than quantity. They 
 did not display big machinery 
 nor try experiments. Their 
 model theatre was their most in- 
 teresting thing from the stand- 
 point of the public. 
 
 All the scenery of this little 
 theatre was simple. One picture 
 was a mountain scene, another 
 a country scene, and a third a 
 water scene. In each view, 
 which was shown every hour, 
 there was a representation of 
 the twenty-four hours of the day, 
 beginning with the dawn the 
 glow in the eastern sky the 
 scene gradually growing brigh- 
 ter, the sky redder,as the sun 
 approaches the horizon sunrise 
 and the ushering in of the day 
 the enlivened scene midday, 
 with the glow and glare of the 
 sun, the haziness of a hot sum- 
 mer noon then the evening, 
 with the long shadows, the re- 
 flected light against the hillside, 
 the subdued glow of the decli- 
 ning sun the sunset and the 
 fall of night the rise of the moon 
 faint light in the east, but 
 growing lighter the moon rising out of the water or over the hillside 
 and one begins to dream of such a night and bring back some 
 happy event and presently the scene is gone and you are once 
 more out in a glaring aisle, listening to the monotonous roar 
 
 STATUE OF THE REPUBLIC
 
 248 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 
 
 of the heavy machines. It was worth a long trip to see the model 
 theatre. 
 
 Taking a careful look, we notice that this company has also some 
 exceedingly interesting things in time signals, fire alarm apparatus, artis- 
 tic lighting for the home and house equipment for all purposes. 
 
 Lightning Outdone. 
 
 One of the best spectacular pieces in the building is the column of 
 light in the space of the Western Electric Company. A post in the 
 centre of the space seemed unattractive to the electricians who had charge 
 of the preparations, and to get rid of it a round plaster column was built 
 in white and gold, covered or nearly so with small colored lamps, run in 
 spirals from bottom to top. 
 
 At the top of the pillar, which serves to hold up the gallery, are four 
 shoulders branching out from a point six feet below the gallery floor and 
 extending to the gallery. These in the rough were very unsightly. They 
 serve a pretty purpose, however. The lights running up the post are 
 made to reach the top of these shoulders as well, one series for each 
 shoulder! At the top of the shoulders are fireballs which, when the 
 lights flash up to them along the posts, apparently burst with a great 
 noise. The whole spectacle is a very pretty representation of lightning. 
 
 Two great forging and welding companies from Boston the Thom- 
 son Welding Company and the Electrical Forging Company have very 
 attractive exhibits. The forging display is more popular, because it is a 
 live exhibit operating under 250 horse-power of electric current. This 
 machinery is capable of welding bar iron or steel of a thickness of six 
 inches. 
 
 Professor Elisha Gray's tetantograph is also on view, and the experi- 
 ments are very exhaustive, although the wire coils, representing miles of 
 distance, are merely theoretical devices, and it is pretty certain that the 
 inventor will not dare to attempt to send a drawing by telegraph from 
 Chicago to New York. But in the Electrical Building handwriting and 
 simple pictures are transmitted by wire constantly. In sending a mes- 
 sage an ordinary lead pencil is used, near the point of which two silk 
 cords are fastened at right angles to each other. These cords connect 
 with the instrument, and following the motion of the pencil regulate the 
 current impulses which control the receiving pen at a distant station 
 This writing is done on ordinary paper, five inches wide, conveniently 
 arranged on a roll attached to the machine. A lever at the left is moved 
 by hand, shifting the paper forward mechanically at the transmitter and 
 electrically at the receiver.
 
 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 249 
 
 Magnificent Illuminations. 
 
 Let us now step out into the Park. The electric illumination within 
 the World's Fair grounds at night is something far more comprehensive 
 than has ever before been attempted. Thousands of dollars were expended 
 in preparing for night displays that far eclipse anything the world has 
 ever seen. With all the great buildings ablaze, the water in the lagoon 
 a sea of light, and the magnificent MacMonnies fountain in front of the 
 Administration Building throwing out in watery jets all the colors of the 
 rainbow, a grand spectacle is presented. 
 
 Endless rows of incandescent bulbs are arranged along the shores 
 of the lagoon, canals and inlets; all the buildings surrounding the Grand 
 Court, as it is called, including the peristyle, casino and music hall, blaze 
 with the glare of arc and incandescent lamps, arranged in effective and 
 tasteful designs, while powerful search-lights on the towers of the larger 
 structures more than turn night into day on the grounds. Projected 
 upon a scale of unparalleled splendor, the illumination of the Exposition 
 palaces and grounds easily promises to surpass all other sights at Jackson 
 Park. 
 
 A Fountain of Fire. 
 
 The main feature of the illumination, the central factor of it all, is the 
 MacMonnies fountain. It is the most striking piece of ornamentation on 
 the grounds. By day and night it is the great attraction for visitors, and 
 its beauty and attractiveness are augmented by two electric fountains of 
 mammoth size, the largest ever constructed. These are located on either 
 side of the MacMonnies group, and consist of two circular basins, each 
 sixty feet in diameter, the bottoms of which are four feet below the level 
 of the water in the grand canal or basin. 
 
 Water for the jets is furnished through twenty four-inch mains 
 branching from a thirty-six-inch pipe connected with the gigantic pumps 
 in Machinery Hall, just across the way. Eighteen water jets are grouped 
 in a circle on the outer edge of each basin about the main central orifice, 
 by which it throws a two-inch stream to the height of 150 feet. Imme- 
 diately about this are seven jets of less than an inch in diameter, and fur- 
 ther to the outside, describing a larger circle, is a row of six i^-inch jets 
 intermingled with still another of ^-inch pipes. Individual jets, so 
 arranged as to get the best artistic effect, make a total of 152 streams in 
 each fountain, every one of which can be thrown into action at the same 
 time. 
 
 These fountains are illuminated by thirty-eight arc lamps, each using 
 one hundred amperes, and their rays, of varying colors, are deflected by
 
 250 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 
 
 parabolic reflectors. The mechanism used to change the combinations 
 of water, light and coldr is located in the basin, and the operators in 
 charge are directed by electric signals from one of the high towers on 
 Machinery Hall. 
 
 The Fountain Looks Like an Immense Bouquet. 
 
 When these fountains are playing the effects produced are startling. 
 The combinations possible, because of the large number of jets and 
 lights provided, are practically innumerable. What interests the spec- 
 tators more than anything else is the " set pieces," as they are known. 
 These are on the same style as set pieces in a fireworks display. 
 
 These set pieces are sometimes huge flowers, lilies outlined in clear 
 white water, with the slender stamen indicated by the central jet, sheaves 
 of wheat, criss-cross fences of gold, showers of rubies and other precious 
 stones ; and other similar effects can be produced by an ingenious com- 
 bination of colored light Jthrown upon the risnig and falling streams of 
 water. It cost at least $100,000 to erect these fountains and get them 
 ready for work and from $500 to $1,000 per night to operate them. 
 
 Statue of Ben Franklin. 
 
 At the southern entrance to the World's Fair Electricity Building 
 stands a statue of Benjamin Franklin. Above and around the entrance 
 is this inscription : Eripuit caelofulmen sceptrumque tyrannis, which is 
 nothing more than ancient Caesar's way of saying that Mr. Franklin sent 
 up a kite and brought down from heaven a thing that tyrants even of 
 Nero's stripe dare not fool with. And yet good old " Uncle Ben " never 
 dreamed of the uses to which his discovery would be put. 
 
 The pose selected by the sculptor for the figure of Franklin is admir- 
 able. Franklin stands firmly planted upon his feet, his coat with full 
 skirts blown back by the wind in which he is flying the historic kite. 
 His head in an attitude of expectancy, is inclined backward, while his 
 face absorbed in thought is watching the experimental flight. One 
 hand holds the key, the other the silken string of the kite. Across the 
 great space in front of the Administration Building the effect is admir- 
 able, particularly in its proportion with the magnificent buildings and 
 columns. 
 
 The scientists says that electricity is life. Then Jackson Park is of a 
 truth a living thing. The darkness and gloom of its forests are pene- 
 trated and dispelled by the electric light, and their stillness is broken by 
 the noise of the electric railway. Its mammoth white buildings gleam and 
 glisten with electric lights, while upon the placid bosom of its waters
 
 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 
 
 251 
 
 glide electric launches. Everywhere is the presence of the great dis- 
 covery felt. The electrical exhibit is infinitely larger and greater 
 than anything of the kind ever before attempted. It would awe Frank- 
 lin, Ohm, Morse and all the rest of the great discoverers who imagined 
 they knew a deal about electricity. 
 
 Electricity Building is full of electrical apparatus of every known des- 
 cription. Machinery Hall has a goodly share, and so have some of the 
 other buildings. The 
 vesselson Lake Michi- 
 gan that form a part 
 of the Exposition are 
 also supplied. Every- 
 thing from a miniature 
 incandescent light to 
 a complete railway 
 train is seen in this 
 exhibit. There are 
 meters, motors, gene- 
 rators, trucks, and 
 brakes for railways 
 in one portion of 
 the building ; mining 
 pumps, hoists, pres- 
 sure blowers, air com- 
 pressors, centrifugal 
 fans, and mining loco- 
 motives in another, 
 and engines, dynamos 
 and complete lighting 
 systems elsewhere. 
 Then there are com- 
 plete battleship equip- 
 ments, electric foun- 
 tains and columns, 
 and lastly an intramural road run with power furnished by electricity. 
 
 Then there is a railway and motor exhibit that attracts attention. It 
 contains all the modern railway work for street car and street railroad 
 practice. There is one elevated railway locomotive that is built for high 
 speed railway work. It has the latest form of electric controllers, air- 
 brakes, whistle, and automatic safety devices. Its gross weight is thirty 
 tons, and it is designed for a maximum speed of fifty miles per hour. 
 
 THE ROLLING CHAIR.
 
 252 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 
 
 The engine was used on the Boston and Maine Railroad, hauling trains 
 from Lynn to seaside resorts a distance of four miles. 
 
 From the Wizard's Workshop. 
 
 Inventor Edison has his goods well represented. There is a display of 
 no mean proportions of the Edison low potential three-wire system, 
 including Edison tubing, Edison machines, and the Edison lamp. As a 
 center-piece to his exhibit there is an Edison Jumbo machine. At the 
 time of its construction this concern was the marvel of the age. It 
 was the first machine to be constructed on the modern principle of engine 
 and dynamos being directly connected on the same shaft, and for eleven 
 years it ran continuously in the Pearl Street station of the New York 
 Illuminating Company. The three -wire system might with propriety be 
 placed in the collection of curiosities, as it is one of the very few of 
 Edison's inventions upon which there has been no infringement of patent. 
 It is regarded as one of his great inventions, second, in fact, only to the 
 lamp. 
 
 The machinery that supplies arc light to the Electricity Building is 
 situated in the southeast part of the main floor. There are two hundred 
 and seventy-five such lights, and when they are all turned on night is 
 turned into day. Right in the centre of the general electric exhibit is an 
 exhibit unique and beautiful. It is called the Edison tower of light. It 
 is an exact reproduction of the German Tower of Victory, and the 
 designs received the approval of Mr. Atwood, the architect of the gallery 
 of fine arts. The lower portion of the structure is a colonnade 30 feet 
 in diameter, occupied with a display of crystal for electrical uses. The 
 shaft for the colonnade, to a total height of 78 feet, is studded with 
 myriads of miniature incandescent lights, so arranged as to flash in various 
 figures and colors. These little lights are each only an inch and a half 
 long. The whole structure is surmounted with a mammoth incan- 
 descent lamp, composed of almost innumerable pieces of crystal. The 
 lamp is eight feet in length and contains no less than 3,000 pieces of 
 
 crystal. 
 
 Marvellous Ocean Cable. 
 
 W. R. Brixey, whose Insulated Cable factory is at Seymour, Conn., 
 exhibits the famous " Kerite " cables. His space was finely located at 
 the head of the main stairway in the Electrical Building, and it was 28 by 
 40 in size. It is enclosed with heavy brass railing in the form of a cable, 
 and just inside the railing stand handsome cabinet showcases with plate- 
 glass windows, in which are placed various parts of the output of the 
 factory. About the enclosure are fifty large spools made of white ash
 
 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 253 
 
 finished in its natural state, and wound with all sizes and kinds of sub- 
 marine, underground and aerial cables, which form the greater part of 
 the work turned out. 
 
 An attractive and excellent feature of the exhibit is a cosy parlor in the 
 centre of the space. Just in the centre is a post, and around this is built 
 a room 10 by 12 feet. The interior is of beautifully-grained sycamore in 
 its natural state, and handsomely carved. Running from the post to 
 each corner are arches of the same wood, and filled with spindle work. 
 The post itself is enclosed in sycamore boxing and from the arches are 
 suspended incandescent lights, while about the space on the outside are 
 several arc lights. 
 
 A Great Telegraph Company. 
 
 The Western Union has its pavilion in the east gallery, and displays 
 the instruments used in its first revolutionizing application of electricity 
 the telegraphic tools that Prof. Morse used when the message, " What 
 God hath wrought," was flashed to the world, announcing the success of 
 telegraphic communication. All the improvements are shown down to 
 the perfected appliances used in modern telegraphic services. A model of 
 the " Great Eastern " and other vessels used in connecting the continents 
 by cable, with many relics and mementos of that grand enterprise, are 
 near by. The Postal Company makes a grand exhibition of modern 
 appiiances, while the Bennett-Mackey Company shows everything that is 
 new and valuable in the operation of sub-marine telegraphic communi- 
 cation. 
 
 Cyrus W. Field, whose determination made the dream of interconti- 
 nental telegraphic communication a reality, is remembered. All the 
 decorations and other tokens that grateful and admiring nations show- 
 ered on him form an interesting display. 
 
 The possibilities of electricity as a domestic force are given ample 
 illustration by thermo-electric appliances. In the cafe of the Electric 
 Building the cooking is done by electricity. It bastes its meat, and is 
 altogether an accommodating sort of fuel. With an electric plant in a 
 kitchen one can rig it out so that it will broil a beefsteak and turn an ice- 
 cream freezer, pare potatoes, scrub, sweep, and wash clothes. It would 
 not be a much greater expense to make a connection with the nursery 
 and keep the baby sufficiently rocked with the same machine. One 
 drawback to the use of electricity for such purposes is that it is an expen- 
 sive fuel, but it is among the expectations that Edison has supplied 
 means that will revolutionize the commercial use of electric and mag- 
 netic power. And expense would figure in the revolution.
 
 254 ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 
 
 The field of the electrical department does not end with the walls of 
 the beautiful building which is its home. The great switchboard for the 
 park lighting system is on another part of the grounds. The application 
 of the power is displayed on the lagoons, in the launches that ply on 
 their waters to eclipse in speed, if not romance, the gondoliers who pad- 
 dle about on the shaded canals. It is seen on the intramural railways 
 and in the production of power for many purposes in different buildings. 
 The department is also in charge of the illumination of the buildings as 
 to the spectacular efforts in that direction at least. 
 
 In discussing the lessons taught by the exhibition in his department 
 Chief Barrett said : " It will show that America, which naturally has the 
 largest exhibit, leads in the general application of electricity ; that the 
 foreign countries excel in workmanship. The artists from Germany and 
 France show exquisite workmanship. What they do by hand we do by 
 machinery, and, of course, the work is inferior. America leads in the 
 extent of its exhibit, Germany comes second, with France third, and 
 England last of the countries that are making large exhibits."
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 Agricultural Building. 
 
 TO the average mind an agricultural display suggests bushels of 
 corn, stacks of oats, sheaves of wheat and the other naked pro- 
 ducts of the field. Primarily this idea is correct, but the world 
 is far advanced beyond the primary stage. Every combination 
 into which the food products enter or of which they can by any possi- 
 bility form a part ; every invention which tends to make the work of man 
 easier in inducing the soil to yield up its favors ; the liquids as well 
 as the solids, which are the result of man's ingenuity in compounding 
 and mixing were shown in the Agricultural Building, with the result 
 that effects were produced ami combinations made that were bewilder- 
 ing. 
 
 Taste and artistic sense were shown in the general arrangement of the 
 displays in this structure, which was in itself a beautiful object and 
 worthy of close and critical study. Its interior was marred in a measure 
 in consequence of the demands made upon it for space in which to 
 arrange exhibits, galleries having been thrown across for the accommo- 
 dation of displays for which there was no room on the main floor. 
 
 The structure was the work of McKim, Meade & White, and was in 
 the style of the classic renaissance. It was almost surrounded by the 
 lagoons that lead into Jackson Park from the 'lake, and was admirably 
 situated, standing directly to the south and across the great basin from 
 the Manufactures Building. 
 
 Its general design was at once bold and heroic. On either side of the 
 main entrance were mammoth Corinthian pillars fifty feet in height, while 
 on each corner and from the center of the building pavilions were reared. 
 The corner pavilions were connected by curtains, forming a continuous 
 arcade around the top of the structure. The rotunda was surrounded by 
 a mammoth glass dome 1 30 feet in height. All through the main vesti- 
 bule statuary was placed illustrative of the industry of agriculture, while 
 similar designs were grouped all around the grand entrances in the most 
 elaborate manner. 
 
 At first sight of the interior of the building, owing to the great variety 
 of displays made, the visitor gained the impression of a mighty jumble 
 of colors a vast fair in which each exhibitor had sought to outdo his 
 
 neighbor in the matter of brightness or adornment. The world had been 
 
 255
 
 256 
 
 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 ransacked for every imaginable article of food stuffs, and more than half 
 the space under the great roof was taken up with the contribution of 
 foreign nations. 
 
 Everywhere there was a sense of crowding, of things put together in 
 the very smallest space possible, but this was owing to the desire of the 
 chief of the department to get all he could inside the walls. Symmetry 
 of form was sacrificed to this requirement, but such a defect was hardly 
 noticed by the average visitor. His desire for something huge was grati- 
 
 EQUESTRIAN STATUTE IN THE AGRICULTURAL PAVILION. 
 
 fied ; he saw great stacks of product piled all around him and reaching 
 high into the air; mountains of food stuffs on all sides. All varieties of 
 taste were catered to in the individual displays, but the ensemble was 
 not altogether pleasing. It was only from the east and west galleries 
 that the visitor obtained an idea of the immensity of the general 
 display. 
 
 If harmony was not obtained, however, there could surely be no 
 complaint as to variety. The designers of the pavilions, booths and
 
 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 257 
 
 other structures upon the main floor and in the galleries gave full vent 
 to their imaginations. Mosques, towers, castles, temples, pagodas and 
 structures embracing every known variety of architecture crowded upon 
 each other in pleasing confusion, and offered to the beholder a vision of 
 what has been in the building line since the world began, and what 
 may be expected in years to come where the laws and regulations regard- 
 ing such things are lax. 
 
 Europe's Contributions. 
 
 The main floor of the great hall was divided between foreign countries 
 and the States composing the great American Union. Other nations 
 than the United States occupied the space north of the grand or central 
 aisle, which ran east from the main entrance, and the various States were 
 to the south of it. There was no reason why the visitor should be 
 dazzled by the multiplicity of displays if he kept the plan of arrange- 
 ment in his head. When he reached the galleries it was somewhat 
 different, for there he came across exhibits of every conceivable kind, 
 representing the work of thousands of private individuals and presenting 
 a bewildering array. 
 
 Naturally enough the Agricultural Building was nothing more than a 
 sample room for Mother Earth. It was essentially a business place. In 
 the Horticultural Building was displayed nature's fripperies and gewgaws, 
 her ball gowns and reception dresses, but here was what is necessary to 
 the life of man ; the substantiate, the foundations of his health and pros- 
 perity. Sweetness and light, however, were imparted to the display by 
 the trimming of its component parts into artistic forms, but on the whole 
 the man who entered the Agricultural Building did so with the idea that 
 it was the place with which the life of the country was most closely con- 
 nected, and hence was more representative of the country than any other 
 structure on the grounds. 
 
 But as to the displays of the nations from over the sea. The mighty 
 countries of the European continent were here prepared to assert them- 
 selves and claim the attention they consider their due. Great Britain, 
 France, Russia, the wheat field of Europe, and Germany were given the 
 largest areas, and these were divided to the best advantage. 
 
 Manufacturers of Beverages. 
 
 England's exhibit was in a measure a disappointment to those who 
 formed their own ideas as to what the showing of the mistress of the seas 
 should be, but what the parent island lacked the colonies amply atoned 
 for. Great Britain made a magnificent whiskey showing, no less than 
 sixteen manufacturers of alcoholic beverages having obtained good posi- 
 
 17
 
 238 
 
 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 tions for the display of their wares. If the British exhibit only included 
 sugar and lemons nothing more could possibly have been wanting. As 
 to cereals, there was the usual arrangement, together with preparations 
 of fruits, which were tastefully shown. 
 
 Cheese curios, which formed an important part of the British exhibit, 
 and one cheese in particular, from Cheddar, made in 1845, were for 
 reasons apparent and obvious even to the unthinking, confined closely 
 in a glass, case which was not opened. 
 
 GROUP ON THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 Brightness was a characteristic of the English section, gaud}' show- 
 cases of every description abounding, bearing in gilt letters the names 
 of exhibitors and the wares displayed. A feature, however, that did not 
 come under the head of shopkeeping exhibits Was the model of the stud 
 farm of the husband of the Baroness Burdett-Coutts, at Highgate, not far 
 from London. Every detail in the model, from the clock tower over the 
 stable to the horses in the stalls, was faithfully reproduced. This farm is 
 one of the largest of the kind in the world, and breeders viewed the 
 model with much more than ordinary interest
 
 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 259 
 
 Australia and Canada. 
 
 Australia and Canada come to the front most aggressively and with a 
 determination to be both seen and heard. The greater part of the space 
 allotted to the former was appropriated by New South Wales, which 
 constructed a pavilion almost entirely of bales of wool. This structure 
 claimed no particular originality of design, its chief merit being the 
 unique character of the material composing it. It was appropriate, 
 however, as New South Wales is a famous sheep-raising country. Inside 
 of this woolen rampart there was an exhibit, tastefully arranged, of all 
 the agricultural products of the most advanced of the great divisions of 
 the island continent. A feature of the pavilion was a large and solid ox 
 wagon, constructed for.travel in the bush. It was built especially for the 
 exhibit here by a firm in Sidney. 
 
 Canada's pavilion was rather an imposing edifice, being topped by a 
 mammoth stuffed deer,whose many branched antlers stretched out far and 
 wide. Beside this monarch of the glen stood the plough. In the centre 
 the Dominion trophy rose to a height of 24 feet, with the Canadian 
 arms emblazoned on the front. There was a lavish use of bunting, which 
 tended to give the pavilion a very gay and picturesque appearance. At the 
 sides were rows of shelves upon which stood long lines of sample jars 
 containing the products of the Canadian soil. Each province in the 
 Dominion was represented, the showing in each instance being a creditable 
 one. 
 
 Like the parent country Canada had something in the cheese line 
 itself, consisting of a cheese weighing twenty-six thousand pounds. 
 The milk of ten thousand cows made up the bulk of this monster, and 
 it was neccessary to strengthen that part of the floor upon which it rested. 
 Canada boasted that all cheeses in the history of the world must give 
 way to this. It stands alone in point of size and weight and acknowl- 
 edges no rival whatever. 
 
 Ontario, Quebec and the North-western provinces of the Dominion 
 erected trophies in the large pavilion, which was filled with the products 
 of the various districts. 
 
 Germany Does Well. 
 
 No European nation displayed a more complete or representative col- 
 lection of its agricultural products than Germany. The pavilion in which 
 her exhibits were shown was a huge affair, the design being that of a quad- 
 ruple arch. Elaborate mouldings lent an effect of lightness, and so well 
 porportioned was the structure and so well adapted to the exhibits that it 
 did not seem to be out of place among the lighter and more flimsy pavilions
 
 260 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 around it. The Germans, apparently, had not built for the few months of 
 the Exposition, but for years to come. The German position was a fine one, 
 being almost immediately under the great dome, over which the scantily 
 draped and golden Diana so daintily hovered. 
 
 Cereals and fruits of every kind grown within the boundaries of the Ger- 
 man Empire were displayed in all forms, and as in every other department 
 of the Exposition, Germany made a showing of which the people of the 
 Empire have no reason to be ashamed. There was one feature of the 
 exhibit, though, that struck one as somewhat strange. As each foreign 
 country made a special feature of its chief staple, one would naturally 
 associate Germany with the brewing industry. Yet Germany did not 
 vaunt her beer, but made a special feature of her mineral waters. Her 
 malt liquors were properly displayed, as a matter of course, but for 
 every gallon of beer, she offered two gallons of water from her famous 
 springs. 
 
 Wheat in all forms was the prevailing characteristic of the Russian 
 display, although her other cereals and her fruits made an excellent show- 
 ing. The interest taken by the Empire of the Czar in the Exposition was 
 clearly shown in this department, where it entered as a competitor of the 
 United States as a wheat growing country. The Russian pavilion was not 
 so gaudy as some others, but it was filled with interesting material for 
 those who wished to study closely the differences existing between the pro- 
 ducts of this country and those of its great rival. 
 
 Beautiful French Pavilion. 
 
 France had a beautiful pavilion, for her Commissioners could not bear 
 the thought that Germany should surpass her in anything. It was 
 complete in every detail and most elaborate in finish, while the manner 
 of the arrangement of the exhibits was decidedly artistic. 
 
 The Island of Ceylon had one of the most elaborate and ornate pavil- 
 ions in the building, situated near the corner at the left of the main en- 
 trance from the west. A dozen dark-skinned carpenters spent weeks of 
 patient labor upon it, and it was indeed a thing of beauty, being fashioned 
 in the highest style of the joiner's art. There was a time when Ceylon 
 was famous for her coffees. Now she claims special distinction because 
 of her teas and hardwoods. The latter were shown by the timbers in her 
 pavilion curiously carved pillars of ebony, satinwood, kumbuk, pallu, 
 margosa, and other native woods. Some of the carvings represented 
 high gods, others were leaf tracings, while yet others seemed the out- 
 come of the weirdness of Oriental fancy. Ceylon's merchants looked 
 for great results from this display.
 
 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 261 
 
 Brazil, now a sister republic, sent the entire national display from the 
 Exhibition at Rio Janeiro, in 1892. Coffee was naturally the staple of 
 the exhibit, and was in evidence from the berry to the liquid in the 
 breakfast cup. The entire process of its production from first to last was 
 elaborately illustrated, and a series of samples showed the different varie- 
 ties. It was the most complete showing Brazil has ever made. 
 
 Now, the stunted, little considered Kaffir comes to the front from Cape 
 Colony, but his display is more of an ethnological, than an agricultural 
 character. Ornaments that deck the persons of the dark-skinned savages 
 
 GROUP ON THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 on saints' and fast days, as well as state occasions, are shown in the greatest 
 profusion, together with necklaces that form a combined gown and crino- 
 line for the maids or matrons who wear them. Such a toilet, however, 
 would hardly be considered ample enough in this country, even in these 
 days of decollete dressing. In fact, South Africa comes up with a fasci- 
 nating exhibit, but not one intended to convey a very strong idea of the 
 progress made by the Kaffirs in the particular line of agriculture. 
 
 Products from Denmark. 
 
 The stork of Denmark took his roost hard by the South African ostrich 
 perched on the roof of one of the two cottages that formed the Danish 
 pavilion. In contrast to the showy and elaborate edifices on every side
 
 262 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 of them, these cottages, whose quaint roofs were covered with thatch 
 and whose windows contained picturesque diamond-shaped panes of 
 glass, presented quite an old time appearance and diffused an atmosphere 
 of the long ago. In fact, such dwellings as these were a grateful relief 
 from the brilliancy and garishness that was the characteristic of so 
 many of the pavilions. Denmark's display was a very complete one. 
 
 Ornamental Mexican Pavilion. 
 
 Mexico, being immediately to the south of us, felt it her bounden duty 
 to give to the people of this country a correct idea of what she really is 
 and can do, and, therefore, for the purpose of housing her display, erected 
 a pavilion more solid and substantial than that of any other country. 
 Ornamental iron gateways formed the entrances, and the same metal 
 furnished the material for much of the interior furnishing. Since 
 American enterprise invaded the land of the Montezumas, Mexico has 
 made great progress in both agriculture and mining. 
 
 France's colonies, Anam and Tonquin, had a pavilion of their own, and 
 did not make their display with the home government. This pavilion 
 was in the form of a huge dome, surmounted by a star and crescent. 
 
 So far as taste was concerned Holland was not behind any of her big 
 sisters in the design of her pavilion. Its front was a broad archway, 
 with Columbus on either side, creating an effect that was pleasing. 
 
 Italy, although she came in late, made the best of the time afforded 
 her, and was well represented, and the same may be said of Greece, 
 Paraguay, Honduras and numerous other countries. 
 
 Japan had a clever display, consisting chiefly of teas and the methods 
 used in that country for the cultivation of the silkworm. The kingdom 
 of the Mikado was better represented in other buildings than in this, 
 although her exhibit in this was extremely creditable as far as it went. 
 Japan's contribution to the exhibit of silk culture was a valuable one. 
 
 The best illustration of silk culture was made by the Woman's Silk 
 Culture Association, of Philadelphia. This association has been respon- 
 sible in a great degree for the general interest taken in this country in 
 the raising of silk worms and the production of raw silk. Silk worms 
 were shown in their different conditions, together with all the appliances 
 used for reeling silk from the cocoons and preparing it for the manu- 
 facturer. France and Spain, also, made fine showings. 
 
 Fine Display of New York State. 
 
 In a style no less magnificent than that which characterized the dis- 
 plays of foreign nations the various States of American Union came for- 
 ward with exhibits. New York, properly enough, was given the greatest
 
 AGRiCf LTURAL 
 
 amount of space, and, while the Empire State' did not See fit to erect a 
 pavilion that vied in gorgeousness with those of some of the Western 
 States, her showing was a remarkably good one, and a compreherJsive 1 
 one also. The State exhibit included grain, grasses, cereals, animal and 
 vegetable fibres, root crops, tobacco, hops and honey* She also had d. 
 handsome display in the dairy department; Of individual exhibits therg 
 were agricultural machinery in the 
 annex, food preparations, canned 
 goods, tobacco, cigars, liquors, con- 
 fectionery, chocolates and numerous 
 other articles. In fact, New York 
 made herself felt and was apparent all 
 over the big building. The location 
 of the New York State exhibit was 
 a very favorable one, being at the east 
 end of the main avenue and having 
 a frontage on the avenue of nearly 60 
 feet. 
 
 Nearly every State had its pavilion, 
 although the Western States, naturally 
 enough, made the most complete exhi- 
 bits. To visitors from abroad these 
 combined exhibits were a revelation, 
 illustrating as they did the infinite 
 variety of soil capacities between 
 Maine and California and Canada and 
 the Gulf. 
 
 Missouri, for instance, was at some 
 pains to make a striking display. 
 She produced the great St. Louis 
 bridge in miniature, made of corn ear 
 and wheat straw. The massive piers 
 were of golden corn, the supports of 
 cane, and the model was faithful to THE HOROSCOPE GROUP 
 
 the very last straw. Louisiana had ON THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 a complete exhibit that attracted attention. The New Orleans Cot- 
 ton Exchange sent cotton enough to supply a province. Louisiana's 
 other staple products, rice and sugar, were not forgotten. The rice 
 exhibit was a peculiarly handsome one. 
 
 Kentucky boasts of producing more than half of the tobacco of this 
 country, and it was to be expected that the weed would occupy a promi-
 
 264 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 nent place in her exhibit. This expectation was not disappointed, for the 
 " weed divine " indeed occupied the post of honor. Tobacco leaves 
 drooped from the cornices and columns of the pavilion, and were utilized 
 in every possible way for purposes of decoration. 
 
 Nebraska imported a corn castle, and corn was king there. Exalted 
 on a pedestal in the centre of the pavilion was the genial goddess of the 
 corn plant. Cornucopias, showing the products of the State, adorned the 
 walls, and the eight pointed arches of the pavilion were covered with corn 
 in the ear. 
 
 The Green Mountain State. 
 
 Vermont runs to maple sugar, and she showed this toothsome article 
 in every variety and shape. Her building was one of the sights of the 
 group of State structures. The Green Mountain State had her agricul- 
 tural display, of course, but her main attraction was her sugar. 
 
 Wisconsin had a pavilion that was a marvel. It was of Moorish 
 architecture, and has more gaudy domes and pinnacles than could well 
 be counted. It is a maze of embellishments crowded into a small area. 
 Corn halved, quartered and cut into slits and fashioned into stars, dia- 
 monds, hearts, clubs and spades, all standing out in relief from a colored 
 background, confront the visitor at all points. 
 
 Illinois has a huge pavilion with wheat, corn and oats fancifully 
 arranged in all parts of it. Ohio has a gable-ended building in which to 
 show her products, while Pennsylvania has occupied the space allotted to 
 her with a dome-covered edifice. In making the rounds of the State 
 pavilions, however, there is more or less monotony, even in the variety 
 offered, unless the visitor cares to make a careful study of the displays 
 made by the different States. The wheat-growing, corn-producing States 
 in the main, present the same features, although differently arranged and 
 put together, perhaps; the tobacco and cotton States, and all the others 
 which have a specialty, offer a surfeit. 
 
 Agricultural Machinery. 
 
 In the southern annex to the Agricultural Building is a display of 
 machinery representing the advances made from the time when men dug 
 into the earth with sticks to prepare it for the reception of crops. The 
 primitive plough is there, and by its side is the latest product of the 
 inventive genius of man. There are also machines which gather up the 
 grain, thrash it, bind it and do everything else save make it into bread. 
 No one can readily understand what has been done in the way of im- 
 provement of agricultural machinery until he has seen and studied this 
 exhibit.
 
 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 265 
 
 The galleries are devoted entirely to the display of American food 
 products in the manufactured form, and in the north-east section can be 
 found an unusally comprehensive display of cereal, starches, canned goods, 
 phosphates and the like. As individual firms furnish the bulk of the 
 exhibits in this section many of the displays are of the most elaborate 
 description. The spirit of rivalry is very keen indeed, this being shown 
 by the character of the various booths erected, and this business com- 
 petition has led to the expenditure of hundreds of thousands of dollars 
 in ornamentation and adornment. Money has been lavishly, if not fool- 
 ishly, spent in many cases in the fitting up of some the booths. There 
 
 A BEER PAVILION IN AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 are no spaces in the gallery that are not filled. Honeys, spices, flours 
 and dairy fittings and appliances test the capacity of this section and the 
 displays made of these products are both unique and tasteful. 
 
 The Bitter and Sweet. 
 
 The south-west section of the gallery is devoted to the exhibits of 
 tobaccos, mineral waters and liquors. Biscuits, sugars and confections 
 make a toothsome display in the northwest section of the gallery 
 Louisiana has a fine showing of cane sugars, and Vermont, Ohio and 
 Wisconsin vie with each other in setting before the world the merits of 
 their maple sugars. The display of American beet sugar is nothing
 
 266 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 worth bragging about. This sugar is produced principally in France and 
 Germany, whose displays are on the main floor. It may interest some 
 people to know that Hawaii has no exhibit of sugar, although it is the 
 main product of the island. 
 
 Makers of confectionery come out very strongly in this section and 
 have displays that make the mouths of the feminine and juvenile visitors 
 water copiously. The candy men have from the very first shown their 
 eager desire to make a creditable display of their wares, and in that por* 
 tion of the gallery set apart for them is to be found sweetness in every 
 conceivable form. Chocolate manufacturers have been especially active 
 in their preparations, and one New York firm exhibits a colossal statue of 
 Columbus, weighing seventeen hundred pounds, made entirely of choco- 
 late. 
 
 Pavilions For Malt Liquors. 
 
 The brewers of malt liquors have not been behind in their demands, 
 as is evidenced from the fact that they occupy the entire west gallery for 
 their display. Some of the pavilions here are veritable works of art, the 
 great brewers of St. Louis, Milwaukee, Chicago and Cincinnati having 
 entered keenly into the competition. Malt liquors of all grades are 
 shown here, principally in bottled form, while the majority of the firms 
 represented indulge in a general distribution of samples put up in attractive 
 forms. 
 
 This west gallery is a most attractive spot. The various processes 
 and appliances for fermenting, distilling, bottling and storing beverages, 
 both malt and alcoholic, are found in the implement annex to the build- 
 ing to the south. This includes model cellars, vats, stills and rectifying 
 apparatus of every kind. 
 
 Of more than passing interest to the public at large, is the agricultural 
 experimental station on the main floor in the south-west corner of the 
 building, constructed upon the plans adopted by the United States 
 government for its stations throughout the country. Almost next to it 
 the French Republic has erected an agricultural teaching station similar 
 to those found at every agricultural college in that country. These two 
 stations constitute one of the most valuable exhibits in the agricultural 
 department. 
 
 The model station of the United States is the suggestion of the 
 National Association of Agricultural Colleges, and is under the personal 
 supervision of Professor Henry E. Alford, chairman of the Executive 
 Committee of the National Association. It is complete in every detail. 
 There is a fully equipped laboratory where daily tests are made to deter- 
 mine the fertility of soils left for analysis. The milk and butter tests in
 
 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 267 
 
 connection with the dairy exhibit are also conducted within the laboratory. 
 This country borrowed the idea of scientific farming from France, and 
 her teaching station will undoubtedly be the means of giving us still 
 further information. The laboratory is the main feature of the French 
 station. Photographs and drawings serve to illustrate the methods of 
 tilling the soil in France, as well as the harvesting of crops. A wooden 
 model, 10 feet in width by 14 feet in length, occupies a conspicuous posi- 
 tion in the station, and shows a properly 
 equipped French farm to the minutest 
 detail. 
 
 While but little attention has been paid 
 to the exhibits on the second floor of the 
 Agricultural Building there is material on 
 exhibition there which is of the greatest in- 
 terest to all who visit the Fair. It is the 
 exhibit of manufactured food products, and 
 a few others which are not absolutely 
 essential to the sustaining of human life. 
 
 The great majority of the booths are of 
 symbolic and artistic design. A firm from 
 Cairo, Egypt, which manufactures cigar- 
 ettes, has a handsome booth modeled on 
 the architectural plan of an Egyptian tem- 
 ple, with sphinx and pyramids grouped 
 about in artistic style. The panels of both 
 the interior and exterior of the temple are 
 covered with the hieroglyphics of ancient 
 Egypt, but which, translated into English, 
 are merely common, everyday advertising. 
 They simply tell that Mr. So and So's 
 cigarettes are the best on earth, and 
 that life can never be fully appreciated 
 without having inhaled some of the smoke STATUE OF PLENTY. 
 from the delicate weed of which they are manufactured. Further east a 
 New York firm of tobacco manufacturers has an exhibit which is striking 
 in its artistic effect. The booth is modeled after the Corinthian style 
 of architecture, except that the pillars are square instead of round. 
 This was done in order that the pillars might have glass put in, so 
 as to show the many-colored varieties of smoking tobacco with which 
 the columns are filled. The rest of the material of which the booth is 
 constructed is of red mahogany, highly polished and with gold trimmings.
 
 268 
 
 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 A cigar-manufacturing firm has a case which is made of a combination 
 of highly-polished mahogany and rosewood, constructed in the form of a 
 truncated pyramid, with a globe resting on top with a miniature caravel, 
 representing the " PintaV mounted on the globe. Two statues of Columbus 
 carved in mahogany represent him first as peering over a chart, and in 
 the second pose as just having sighted land. A third statue, in wood, 
 represents an American Indian in the attitude of a hunter. Around the 
 main pyramid are small pillars of highly-polished and beautifully- veined 
 marble, with gold mounted caps. Around the entire exhibit is a velvet 
 rope stayed by polished brass posts. 
 
 Coming to the more necessary products of tlie soil which have been 
 put into more convenient form for use through the agency of machinery 
 one of the first to attract attention is 
 an old-fashioned country mill with 
 water wheel and millstones. The 
 exhibit is made by a Duluth milling 
 company which has a very fine exhibit 
 of flour made by modern roller pro- 
 cess. The millstones are only twenty- 
 four inches in diameter, but show the 
 marks of use as well as age. 
 
 Probably the most interesting 
 exhibit on this floor, and one worth 
 going many miles to see, is a choco- 
 late exhibit from New York. In a 
 large, handsomely-constructed booth, 
 Mr. Maillard has set up statues of 
 Venus, Minerva and Christopher Col- 
 umbus, all cast in chocolate. There 
 are two statues each of Venus and Minerva. The statue of Venus is 
 modeled after the celebrated statue found at Milo. Both it and the 
 statue of Minerva are wonderfully exact reproductions, the facial expres- 
 sion being brought out as well as in the best reproductions in marble. 
 
 Another unique exhibit is a star-shaped pyramid of soap made by a 
 Philadelphia firm. The pyramid rests on a thirteen-sided base which 
 rises about two feet above the floor. On the faces of this pedestal are 
 carved the names of the original thirteen States. On top of the pyramid 
 is a statue in soap of the woman who made the original stars and stripes. 
 She is represented in the attitude of sewing on the flag. On the base 
 upon which the statue rests is the following explanation in raised letters: 
 " Birth of Our Nation's Flag." 
 
 REPLICA OF THE OLD MILL.
 
 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 269 
 
 One cereal company has a booth of handsome design, representing a 
 sort of mediaeval castle with turret-like projection at the corners. In 
 these turrets are miniature statues of Ceres. Their display of the various 
 products which they turn out is large and attractively arranged. 
 
 Chief Buchanan, of the Agricultural Building, said yesterday that, 
 while the second floor of his building had not received the attention its 
 merits deserve, he thought it would eventually come in for even a greater 
 share of attention than the floor below. 
 
 Passengers on the intramural railroad can step from the car to a plat- 
 form which leads to this floor of the building. 
 
 For Horse Fanciers. 
 
 In the Agricultural Building there is a model of the famous Brookfield 
 stud, owned by E. Burdett-Coutts, Member of Parliament for Westmin- 
 ster, London, which is known as the " Pioneer Stud of the New Era in 
 Horse Breeding." The model stands under the dome of the building 
 and covers a plot of about 8 by 12 feet. It is intended to show the 
 arrangements of one of the finest horse-breeding farms in England, and 
 great expense has been incurred in making the model an exact repre- 
 sentation of the famous stud in Highgate road, London. 
 
 Mr. Burdett-Coutts started out in his peculiar line of horse breeding 
 partly from philanthropic motives. He considered that the hackney, 
 carriage or cab horse had been sadly neglected in England, and he 
 determined to devote most of the time he had to spare, outside of his 
 Parliamentary duties, to breeding such horses. The spot which he chose 
 in London for this purpose is almost in the centre of the city and covers 
 a large area. 
 
 The boxes have mangers especially shaped to avoid injury to the 
 horses. All the shoeing of the establishment is done at one corner of 
 this circle. Connecting with it are five straw yards used for exercise. 
 The buildings shown on the model represent stabling for about seventy- 
 five horses. Outlining part of the grounds are separate constructions 
 accommodating about thirty. 
 
 Brought Hackneys Into Popularity. 
 
 Mr. Burdett-Coutts started out with the idea of preserving and devel- , 
 oping certain old English breeds of harness and riding horses, such as 
 the hackney Cleveland bay, the Yorkshire coach horse and pony. His 
 success has been undoubted. He considered that some of the most val- 
 uable strains were in danger of disappearing from England, owing to the 
 constant demand of foreigners and the fact that the attention of English
 
 270 AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 breeders was almost absorbed in the production of hunters, race horses 
 and cart horses. 
 
 At that time there was no demand for English hackneys. The novelty 
 of the enterprise, however, attracted much attention, and the value of the 
 breeds was demonstrated in a remarkable manner. Mr. Burdett-Coutts 
 would never admit foreign horses into Brookfield from the belief that the 
 finest stepping horses came from certain defined and hereditary but 
 hitherto unrecognized home breeds, and this has gone a long way to 
 restore the English market for high-priced harness horses entirely to the 
 English breeder. 
 
 On a screen near the model of the stud are ranged a series of oil 
 paintings of the famous horses owned by Mr. Burdett-Coutts. The first 
 one is the well-known Candidate. Then comes an oil portrait, by S. 
 Carter, of Beau Lyons, the young colt that swept the board at the three 
 greatest English shows of 1889, winning first prizes at the Hackney, the 
 Royal and the great Yorkshire shows. He wai> subsequently sold to go 
 to America, where he won first prize for hackneys over 1 5 hands high 
 in 1891.
 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 Horticultural Exhibit. 
 
 WE will now conduct the reader through the Exposition 
 grounds, and point out the magnificent floral display. The 
 reader is supposed to be visiting the Fair, and is 'here 
 presented with a charming view of the world's most ex- 
 quisite flowers and beautiful shrubs. Loveliest of all that the world offers 
 to the memory of Columbus in the city of white palaces is the splendid 
 horticultural display. Mr. John Thorpe, who, it has been humorously 
 remarked, can make a dry stick blossom, is the real head of this depart- 
 ment. He presides over a vast building, from the middle of which rises 
 a glass dome 122 feet high and 180 feet in diameter. 
 
 But the most notable point in horticulture is the outdoor exhibition. 
 Right in front of the huge building is a wooded island in the lagoon. 
 From its shores trail aquatic plants in curious patterns. At the southern 
 end is a garden of fifty thousand roses laid out in a labyrinthal design 
 and surrounded by a garlanded fence of roses eight feet high. In the 
 centre rises a pagoda covered with clematis of all hues. This garden 
 contains over sixteen thousand varieties of the roses. 
 
 The Old Favorites are Here. 
 
 There are forty-eight exhibitors, and they have revived many of the 
 roses that were once fashionable but have been forgotten. Two-thirds of 
 the roses are hardy, and the rest are tender, like tea roses and other 
 varieties that need the protection of hothouses as a rule. The finest dis- 
 play comes from Belfast, Ireland, but California, Holland and Germany 
 are close competitors. The beauty and fragance of this spot may be 
 imagined by the fact that the margin of each group of roses is made up 
 of flowering honeysuckles trailing on the ground. 
 
 Just south of the rose garden are the rhododendrons of England, Hol- 
 land, Belgium and America grouped for effects of massed color, and 
 scattered among them are hundreds of Japanese, European and Ameri- 
 can lilies. 
 
 Turning northward on the little island the visitor comes to a plateau 
 of old-fashioned English garden flowers, the sort of things Lord Bacon 
 mentions in his quaint plan of a perfect garden. Here are marigolds> 
 Sweet Williams, primroses, larkspurs, Michaelmas daisies and scores of 
 
 other sentimental suggestions, 
 
 271
 
 272 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 Then comes a large group of trees and shrubs gathered together for 
 strange contrasts of leaves and showing departures from normal types. 
 There are quivering aspens, tall poplars, beeches, birches, willows, maples, 
 elms, ashes and similar trees, all leading toward a dainty, sweet-smelling 
 garden of annual flowering plants like sweet peas and mignonette. 
 
 Floral Loveliness. 
 
 Beyond this are to be found all manner of flowering shrubs spirea 
 dutzia, hydrangea, Rose of Sharon and still further on the German 
 group of evergreens, among them rare cedars, junipers, arbor vitae and 
 tameracks. Rising in the green confusion are clusters of dahlias. 
 
 Here the Japanese village, surrounded by its native garden, comes into 
 view. This garden is one of the most interesting sights on the island. 
 It is cared for by Japanese gardeners in costume, and working with prim- 
 itive apparatus. All sorts of dwarfed pines, cedars and other growths 
 mingle their fantastic shapes in the general plan, from which the visitor 
 can at a glance see the origin of much that is wild and grotesque in the 
 decorative art of Japan. There are many wonderful palms and stunted 
 trees that have grown for centuries and are still vigorous. The Eastern 
 effect is heightened by rockwork and tinkling, murmuring waterfalls. 
 
 Coming back from the island by a graceful bridge one stands in the 
 roadway facing the east fa9ade of the Horticultural Building, and sees 
 spread out before him a gorgeous, spectacular display of massed crim- 
 son, scarlet, orange and salmon-colored French cannas displayed by New 
 York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. This magnificent field of color is a 
 thousand feet long and eighty feet deep. It contains over twenty thou- 
 sand plants in bloom. And behind this royal scarlet pomp, in the 
 recesses between the main entrance and the wings, are planted over a 
 hundred thousand pansies. Thirty-seven thousand of them, selected for 
 the beauty of their tints, are combined in one vast scroll-like design. 
 There are in this exhibit six hundred and forty varieties of pansies, rep- 
 resenting the growers of the whole world. The cannas and pansies are 
 out of doors, and form a striking base for the fine architecture of the 
 monster building. 
 
 On the west side of the building is an outdoor exhibition of small 
 greenhouses and gardens, showing how easily and cheaply they may be 
 obtained and kept. This display is intended to encourage amateurs to 
 go further than potted plants placed in sunny windows, and to inspire 
 garden building among the common people. 
 
 Inside of the building under the vast dome is a tropical forest covering 
 a mountain, at the base of which are arranged the most beautiful plants
 
 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 273 
 
 known. New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania each have a third of 
 the space at the foot of the mountain. Here are to be found the late Jay 
 
 ORNAMENTAL VASE AND FLOWERS. 
 
 Gould's costliest palms, A. J. Drexel's rare growths, George W. Childs' 
 
 sago palms and tree ferns in fact, the bulk of his fine collection and 
 18
 
 274 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 remarkable specimens from the conservatories of J. B. Colgate and Eras^ 
 tus Corning. In the tropical forest are six or eight century plants, and 
 they have been selected so that there will always be one in bloom during 
 the Fair. Mr. Thorpe has scoured the country for specimens of the 
 night-blooming cereus and has secured over two hundred. This will 
 enable him to show two or three in bloom every evening by electric 
 light. 
 
 Under the tangled growth of the forest is a crystal cave. The walls 
 and roof contain four carloads of crystals and stalactites brought from 
 Deadwood. The cave is lit by electricity. Water drips from the stalac- 
 tites and flashes into crystal pools. In this glittering space, the Horti- 
 cultural department make seed tests, and keep growing plants in order to 
 learn how long they wIH live under a strong electric light. 
 
 Australia's Floral Wonders. 
 
 Australia leads all other countries in the range and character of her 
 display. The Australians have explored the wilderness in search of hor- 
 ticultural wonders, and have sent to Chicago specimens so rare and won- 
 derful that the senders themselves may never again see their equals 
 Think of tree ferns thirty feet high, with their fairylike branches 
 spreading out over your head like vast green plumes. Horticulturists, 
 who have traveled far and wide, look with amazement at these extraordi- 
 nary ferns, and examine them for hours. 
 
 Then there are birds'-nest ferns, with a spread of ten feet, rising to a 
 height of eight feet. The staghorn ferns, which attach themselves to 
 teakwood trees and in time suffocate them, are monsters. Nothing like 
 them has ever been seen before. Some of them are from six to eight feet 
 high and seven to eight feet in diameter. They are perched on teak- 
 wood stumps and overgrown with vines, illustrating the conditions in 
 
 which they thrive. 
 
 Japanese Beauties. 
 
 In one of the wings, the Japanese have built an indoor garden, with lit- 
 tle fish ponds, bridges, lighthouses, pillar lanterns and a well. The odd 
 groupings of small flowers are surrounded by spaces filled with sand of 
 various colors, on which are traced patterns, which change every day. 
 The sand takes the place of grass in a Japanese indoor garden. In order 
 not to disturb these traceries the visitor steps on stones laid in an irregu- 
 lar pathway. This garden is entirely the work of the Japanese, and no one 
 else is permitted to touch it. A glance reveals the fact that they are con- 
 tent with flowers as they find them, and make no attempt at hybridiza- 
 tion or cross-culture of any kind. They have no double roses. There
 
 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 275 
 
 never was a simpler or more certain evidence of the influences that have 
 governed Japanese decorative art from time immemorial. 
 
 Germany has an exhibition of azaleas, palms and rhododendrons with- 
 out a touch of grace or imagination about it. Belgium's section is filled 
 up with bay laurels and handsome tree peonies. Great Britain has a 
 superb array of orchids from Kew Gardens and other conservatories. 
 
 A Horticultural Museum. 
 
 All through the British exhibit can be found proof that England is the 
 country for rare and costly plants, and that in spite of American million- 
 aires a higher price will be paid in London for a really unique plant than 
 in any other place. There seems to have been an understanding among 
 the British exhibitors that no 
 ordinary plants should be sent, 
 so that their section is really a 
 sort of horticultural museum. 
 
 Mexico has a good showing 
 of orchids and cacti, Costa 
 Rica displays coffee plants and 
 Guatemala illustrates all her 
 peculiar native growths. 
 
 In the big American sec- 
 tion are to be seen all the 
 notable plants of commerce, 
 such as sugar-canes, coffees, 
 teas and dyes. The famous 
 anthurium from the White 
 House is there to be seen with 
 its long, slender leaves and 
 scarlet flower. Missouri is con- 
 spicuous for its yuccas, century plants and india-rubber trees. Massachu- 
 setts furnishes rare palms, and among them is the fine Cocus Australus ? 
 from the conservatory of Professor Sargeant, of Harvard University. 
 
 Beautiful curtains of blooming Copea scandens hang from every con- 
 ceivable point of the beams and ceiling. The whole interior of the 
 building is draped in this delicate greenery, touched with purple blossoms. 
 The vines have been so skillfully arranged that at times they seem to be 
 part of a woven fabric through which the light softly filters from above. 
 Here and there in unexpected nooks are pitcher-plants, ice-plants, sensi- 
 tive plants and Venus' fly-traps. Visitors are allowed under proper 
 supervision to experiment with some of the curious growths. 
 
 GROUP OF PALM TREES.
 
 276 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 In order to heighten the general effect of the horticultural display 
 there will be masses of begonias and other brilliant flowers grouped 
 about in the green spaces from time to time. Sixty-five huge bushes of 
 Marguerites and a similar number of scarlet sages are mingled together 
 in one effect for the opening day. 
 
 The cut-flower show consists principally of roses, hyacinths, tulips, 
 lilies and carnations. They are followed by peonies, ivies, and contem- 
 poraneous blossoms. To the west of the Horticultural Building are the 
 great greenhouses, in which delicate or miniature plants are kept ready 
 for exhibition. Between the greenhouses are situated the furnaces and 
 the room in which seeds are planted. 
 
 How the Flowering Plants Were Obtained. 
 
 It surprises visitors to know that most of the lovely flowering plants 
 which bear the names of distant countries were not brought to America 
 in pots. The horticultural department simply received the dry seeds 
 with brief descriptions of the plant and the names of the exhibitors. 
 A majority of these seeds were planted in boxes in 1892 by Mr. Thorpe's 
 assistants and were developed during the winter. 
 
 The horticultural department found that outside of New York State 
 and one or two points in other Eastern States there is no real floriculture 
 worth speaking of. This exhibition will have a wonderful effect in stim- 
 ulating a love for rare growths, and just as sculptures in the art section 
 will soon begin to appear in the architecture of the Western towns and 
 cities, so the marvelous flowers and leaves brought from the famous 
 conservatories of the world will take their places in thousands of Western 
 conservatories. 
 
 Five acres were set apart for a nursery exhibit at the western entrance 
 to Midway Plaisance. Chief Samuels made every arrangement for a 
 complete display of the native plants, flowers and fruits of all nations, and 
 the display is of interest as well as instructive. Germany has taken a full 
 acre, while France occupies half as much space. The display of fruit trees 
 seeds and vines in these two sections rivals the exhibit from the Pacific slope 
 Michigan has an acre to show what a peach orchard can do, while cran- 
 berry plants from the marshes of Wisconsin bear fruit in a nursery marsh 
 constructed on scientific principles. An acre is set apart for orange trees, 
 part of a semi-tropical display made by a Californian. Evergreens are 
 here, too, in every variety, and trees and shrubs from all quarters of the 
 globe. Nurserymen from Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri and 
 other States fill the gaps with splendid displays. 
 
 Cut flowers are the special features on certain dates. On these days
 
 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 277 
 
 blossoms of orchids, roses, carnations, pansies, cannas, lilies, tulips, hya- 
 cinths, store and greenhouse flowers, and hardy herbaceous or bulbous 
 flowers are placed in jardinieres for inspection. 
 
 The May exhibit of orchids attracted great attention on account of the 
 variety, beauty and value of the specimens. There were eighty-five dis- 
 
 FOLDING FLOWER STAND AND FERNERY. 
 
 tinct species in one collection, a specimen orchid which was perfected 
 with extraordinary care for the event, and a general collection, embracing 
 many hundred varieties. Each of the specimens was remarkable for rarity 
 or perfection of form and coloring. 
 
 Every Tuesday during the Fair a display of cut flowers is made. The 
 triangular spaces under the galleries on the east side of the dome are
 
 278 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 fitted up as boudoirs, in which are shown cut flowers and ornamental 
 receptacles for plants, such as flower pots, plant boxes, fern cases, jardi- 
 nieres and flower stands, which come under the scope of the floricultu- 
 ral bureau. 
 
 The Roses in Bloom. 
 
 June is the month in which the island blossoms at its best. Roses 
 have the prestige and flower in reckless profusion along every path upon 
 it. Fifty thousand plants, embracing every species and of every color, 
 offer their tributes of blossom, and fill the air with fragrance. Many of 
 the plants have been arranged so as not to be disturbed in order to make 
 room for the other outdoor displays of the month. These remain fixtures 
 during the summer. The roses are principally grown in the vicinity of 
 the Japanese temple, and cluster so thick in that section of the island as to 
 give it the appearance of one of the rose valleys of Asia Minor. This 
 display is not only pleasant to the visitor, but replete with good results 
 in forwarding the industry of rose cultivation in this country and in 
 Europe. 
 
 Next to the rose exhibit the most interesting and brilliant display is 
 the cannas. Red, crimson and yellow varieties of these tall flaglike 
 plants with vividly green leaves adorn the beds, chiefly around the Horti- 
 cultural Building. The greater number of the cannas are planted upon 
 the east slope, where there are forty beds. These beds which slope to 
 the lagoon show alternate masses of brilliant colors, as if some giant 
 had dipped a brush in blood, or ochre, and plastered up the bright 
 contrasts. 
 
 During June are transplanted to the island pyrethums, iris, lilies, cle- 
 matis, flowering shrubs and hardy flowering greenhouse plants to add 
 to the wilderness of color already furnished by the roses. 
 
 July continues the outdoor rose exhibit as far as possible, and in addi- 
 tion has special displays of gladiolus, cannas, flowering annuals, old-fash- 
 ioned hollyhocks and miscellaneous annuals, such as the phlox, zinnias, 
 begonias, and sweet peas. These last named have special attention. 
 Seeds from nearly all prominent seedmen have been received, including 
 many newly-discovered varieties. 
 
 The Novel Elkhorn Plant. 
 
 One of the largest parasitical plants known is the elkhorn of Australia, 
 so called from the peculiar form of its leaves. The plant, of which a 
 number of specimens are shown, grows around the trunks of trees, its 
 leaves growing close together in the form of an immense cup from three 
 to five feet in diameter. This cup forms a sort of cemetery for bodies of
 
 HORTICULTURAL EXHItfif. 279 
 
 small animals which may fall into it and which serve to manure the plant. 
 The bones oflizards and small rodents were found in several of the plants 
 brought to Chicago. 
 
 Over sixty different species of palms were shown, with several hundred 
 specimens collected in the East and West Indies, South America and the 
 Orient. The hardy varieties were added to the landscape effects of 
 wooded island, as were almost innumerable plants of the fern species. 
 Other varieties which help to make the island a botanical paradise are 
 the cacti, ornamental leaf plants, aquatics and exotics. The leaf plants 
 are serviceable as borders, while the shrubbery begonias in flower are the 
 contribution of the exotic kingdom. All along the water front the col- 
 lection of hardy aquatics is placed until the island appears to be simply a 
 mass of verdure, reaching to the water's edge. 
 
 Blossoms on the Lagoon. 
 
 The aquatics along the lagoon have been augmented by arrivals from 
 abroad and less hardy plants that can only stand exposure in the warm- 
 est weather. August adds to the quota of the wooded island's treasure, 
 verbenas, climbing plants, asters, ornamental grasses, flax and hydrangeas. 
 During this month the Japanese make a display of bamboos, which are 
 particularly beautiful as ornamental shrubs. September has much the 
 same display as the previous month. In October comes the chrysan- 
 themum show. 
 
 In arranging the different species from foreign nations Mr. Thorpe had 
 the assistance of the foreign representatives to the horticultural depart- 
 ment, so that the Japanese section was from the hands of a native artist, 
 and the tulip fields bear a close resemblance to those of Holland because 
 of the assistance of a Dutch enthusiast. 
 
 Choice Varieties of Apples. 
 
 When the Fair opened there was a pomological display of early fruit 
 in the northwestern and southwestern curtains of the Horticultural 
 Building. It made a beautiful and tempting array and did great credit to 
 California and Florida, the great American rivals in the production of 
 citrus and other semi-tropical fruits. A large number of the States also 
 made excellent exhibits of pomaceous and other deciduous fruits fresh, 
 preserved and in jar. In the northern end of the southwestern curtain 
 Los Angeles County, California, was represented by a tower of oranges 
 32 feet high and 5 feet in diameter at its base, graduating up to 4 feet and 
 capped in an ornamental way. The base was 14 feet square, and the 
 placing of the golden fruit was artistically done. Upon entering the
 
 280 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 north door of this curtain the visitor first saw as handsome a lot of apples 
 from Maine as ever came out of a cold-storage process, seemingly pos- 
 sessing all the bloom and freshness which characterize this pomological 
 staple when plucked from the tree. There were thirty-five varieties in 
 this exhibit, nicely arranged on one hundred and eighteen plates. 
 
 The visitor next came right upon the tower of oranges, and the 
 impression was pleasant and surprising. At a little distance, going 
 south, there was a long centre-table, containing splendid varieties of 
 Malta bloods, Mediterranean sweets, Wilson seedlings, Joppas, St. 
 Michaels, Konahs, and Australian and Washington navels the latter 
 being the aristocrat of the orange family. There were also fine displays 
 of Lisbon, Sicily, Villa Franca, Bonnie Brae and Eureka lemons, shad- 
 docks, pomelos, grapefruit and China lemons, citron of commerce, 
 Mexican limes and apples, representing San Diego, Orange, Los Ange- 
 les, San Bernardino and Ventura counties. There were two shelved 
 tables on each side of the centre one, containing fruits in jar and on 
 plate, representing the above-named California counties. 
 
 Liberty Bell in Oranges. 
 
 At the other end of this curtain is a large platform of oranges and 
 lemons, in the centre of which is a fine effigy of Independence Bell in 
 oranges and lemons. All around this are large and small pyramids of 
 oranges and every variety of lemons, shaddocks, and grape fruit, which 
 have been arranged by San Diego people with selected fruit from their 
 county. 
 
 On the eastern side table is a splendid exhibit of oranges from Ventura 
 County and on the western table are unsurpassed arrangements of citrus 
 fruits from San Bernardino County, conspicuously from Redlands and 
 Riverside. On the left side of the south door, going out, is an excellent 
 exhibit of olives, olive oil, and preserved limes by Frank A. Kimball, of 
 National City, and oranges and lemons from Pomona and Pasadena. 
 There is also a miscellaneous collection of Sultana grapes in jars and 
 Sultana raisins in boxes. 
 
 s 
 
 Besides their effigies of fruit the Californians have 1, 600 plates, con- 
 taining seven varieties of oranges, five of lemons and two of limes. They 
 also show twenty-seven varieties of fruits and seven of vegetables in jars. 
 There is also an exhibit of asparagus from Delaware and a German 
 exhibit of artificial fruits. 
 
 Canadian Cold-Storage Display. 
 
 Upon entering the south door of the northwest curtain the immense 
 Canada display of fresh fruits that have been preserved 'in cold storage
 
 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 281 
 
 and fruit in solution is seen. This space consists of two long centre and 
 two sidetables, occupying one-fourth of the entire curtain, upon which 
 the agents of the Dominion have placed eighteen varieties of fruits and 
 eight of berries (900 plates and over 4,000 jars), representing exhibits 
 from the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. It is one of the largest dis- 
 plays in the department. In the centre of this space are four pagodas, 
 tane on each side and two in the middle, which are enlivened with splen- 
 'did specimens in jars, much of which is from the Central Experimental 
 Farm of Canada. Some of the finest of these fruits are from Nova 
 Scotia and Prince Edward's Island. At the north end of this space are 
 four small pagodas, upon which are jars of miscellaneous fruits artistically 
 placed. 
 
 The next display in this curtain, moving south, is made by Idaho, 
 comprising a long row of shelves against the wall, containing 400 jars of 
 fruit and vegetables of surprising size and beauty. On the right is a dis- 
 play of immense fruits and vegetables in jars, and a display of apples in 
 jars and on plates, the latter numbering 800, and which is admitted to be 
 the finest display of fresh apples in the hall. There are Blue Pearmains 
 that weigh nearly two pounds, and " Baby Ruths " that cannot kick the 
 beam at two ounces. Among the best-known apples in this exhibit are the 
 Newtown Pippin, White Pippin, Blue Pearmain, Red Cheek, Ben Davis, 
 Janiette, Swaar, and a number of others, some of which have been in cold 
 storage as an experiment since 1891. 
 
 Washington's Marvelous Display. 
 
 Idaho also exhibits hard and soft-shell almonds, Malaga and Sultana 
 raisins, and a fine lot of preserves. There are also thirty boxes of silver 
 prunes, which look as fine as any French or German prunes ever brought 
 to this country, except that they are much larger. 
 
 Upon the right are two long tables extending through one-third of the 
 hall, which contain 800 plates of fresh apples and 800 jars of miscella- 
 neous fruits, exhibited by the State of Missouri. 
 
 Next to Idaho comes the State of Washington, with a marvelous dis- 
 play of fruits and vegetables, the vastness of which no one can possibly 
 believe from merely a description. These consist mostly of immense 
 jars of many fruits, numbering over 400, and about 300 plates of apples 
 from cold storage. 
 
 Between the west central door of this curtain Colorado exhibits a 
 splendid lot of apples, forty-two varieties in all, nicely displayed on 940 
 plates. Against the wall are six sets of double mirrors, with candelabra 
 on either side, and four systems of shelving, upon which are placed large
 
 2S-2 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 and small jars of miscellaneous fruits. Lighted up, this is one of the most 
 dazzling places in the curtain and invites attention. 
 
 Opposite Colorado, Oregon, which was the first State in complete 
 readiness, and which opened May 1st, makes an exhibit which should be 
 seen by all. It is a wonderful story of the resources of that State. Its 
 plan of display is remarkably artistic and shows its many varieties of 
 fruits in jar and on plate to great advantage. In all there are four hun- 
 dred plates of apples that make the mouth water, and two hundred and 
 forty immense jars of fruit in solution. There are monster pears, quinces, 
 plums, peaches, apricots, cherries and grapes, any one of which, except 
 the two latter, would do for dessert for a medium-sized family. There 
 are ninety-six cases of prunes, sun-dried apples, pears, plums, peaches and 
 other fruits. There is probably no exhibit in the Fair over which 
 accomplished housewives with reputations to live up to will linger 
 longer than that contributed by Oregon, which has found a home in one 
 of the southern sections of the Horticultural Building. For to good 
 housekeepers of the old school nothing appeals like a well-stocked pre- 
 serve closet, and here is row after row of every fruit known to women 
 preserved, as far as form and color are Concerned, beyond the wildest 
 dream of excellence of the ablest woman that ever weighed sugar. The 
 size of the fruit is one of the things in which Dr. Lewis, who represents 
 the Oregon Commission, takes especial pride. In great glass jars that 
 are three feet in height are pears that weigh four pounds. Cherries, 
 berries, apples, peaches, plums, all of a like size and freshness of appear- 
 ance, constitute the display, and until women learn that charcoal, sulphur 
 and cinnamon are used to keep them in such good condition, and that they 
 are not really good to eat, they are likely to cause envyings and heart- 
 burnings. 
 
 Luscious Fruits From Florida. 
 
 Florida has the place of honor at the north end of the hall, and is 
 approached from Oregon and Colorado through an arch, the base of 
 which is lined with cocoanuts. The arch is made of oranges and 
 lemons, and is an excellent contrivance for showing off these delicious 
 fruits. In the center of this space is a mound running up like a sugar 
 loaf, upon which are oranges, pineapples, cocoanuts and other fruits 
 indigenous to the prolific soil of Florida. Around the base of this 
 mound are pineapples in fruit and foliage in boxes. There is also placed 
 around this mound eight tables loaded with oranges, lemons, pineapples, 
 cocoanuts and other Floridian productions. Bordering this space are 
 tables covered with plates of citrus fruits, nearly one thousand in all. 
 There is also a huge cocoanut tree one foot thick, filled with fruit, and
 
 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 283 
 
 also two trunks of the cocoanut two and one-half feet through at the 
 ground. All around are palms and luxuriant foliage plants, imparting 
 an unmistakably semi-tropical atmosphere. 
 
 A miniature mountain of trees and other plants is one of the attractions 
 of the Horticultural Building. All the woodwork is covered up with 
 umbrageous palms and ferns and other semi-tropical plants. These high 
 up the dome, and are so arranged that when the beautiful exterior 
 twinkles with incandescent illuminations the higher foliage of the select t 
 offerings from Eastern conservatories betrays an interstellar appearance. 
 Upon this mountain the beholder may gaze upon natives of China, 
 Japan, Central and South America, Mexico, Southern Europe, the East 
 and West Indies, California, Australia and the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Throughout the base are interstices representing bare and moss-covered 
 rocks. All around at the bottom are placed aristocratic palms and 
 ferns, whose tops merge gracefully with the smaller ones upon the 
 mountain. 
 
 Aladdin's Cave Reproduced. 
 
 Underneath the mountain is a second edition of Aladdin's Cave a 
 subterranean mansion of many chambers, tapestried and wainscoted with 
 translucent crystals, and brilliantly and artistically illuminated. When 
 the water is filtered through the crystals in the midst of incandescents, 
 the effect is gorgeous and spectacular, and none care to miss it, as it is 
 one of the few really extraneous panoramas that escaped the mercenary 
 manipulations of the beguiling concessionaire. 
 
 The southeast curtain is radiant with flowers, Illinois occupying space 
 at the extreme end, and showing a pretty collection. Near by is a cactus 
 patch representing some of the dreary spots that abound in New Mexico, 
 and comprising many varieties of cacti, the creamy-flowered yucca, the 
 Spanish bayonet, meschal, cholla, tuna, and some others. Massachusetts, 
 directly opposite, contributes a number of fine ferns, one of which has 
 remarkable spreading leaves. Missouri also makes a creditable display, 
 and California exhibits a few cactaeceous plants. 
 
 The place of honor in the southeast curtain is held by Pitcher and 
 Manda, of Short Hills, N.J., who, at the request of Chief Thorpe, loaned 
 their collection, which, including their orchids, is valued at $50,000. 
 These occupy a large space running down the middle of the curtain, 1,500 
 square feet, and two sections west, about 1,000 feet. They also have 
 2,300 square feet in the corner on the right, as the central door is entered 
 from the west, and 7,300 square feet or one-third of the space between the 
 main promenade and base of the mountain. These comprise, beside 
 palms and ferns, many other stove and greenhouse plants, among which
 
 284 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 are eighteen Australian tree palms, believed to be from 400 to 600 years 
 old ; a large number of selected crotons of red and yellow ; many varie- 
 ties of dracaenas and some superb anthuriums in foliage and flower. The 
 latter is a native of South America. Then there is a splendid collection 
 of marantas, with their great luxuriant zebra-striped leaves. 
 
 Fine Collection of Ferns. 
 
 There are a great many varieties of ferns that are seldom seen outside 
 of a conservatory, among which is the golden fern, a native of Peru. 
 This is unlike any other, and from its leaves impression may be made 
 upon a coat sleeve or other cloths, such as cassimere and the like, which 
 would be mistaken for engravings. There are many exquisite ferns 
 unknown to but a few, one of the rarest being the crested-sword fern, a 
 native of South America ; golden maiden-hair fern, tongue fern, and 
 adianlum Forleyeuse, a variegated spurt of maiden-hair, very scarce. 
 
 Among other rare plants in this collection are the heliconia aureo 
 stuata, with broad, sweeping leaves with golden stripes, an umbrageous 
 plant standing six feet ; aspidiastia, vivid in green and variegated colors; 
 eighteen begonias rex, and several varieties of club moss, natives of the 
 East Indies; collection of birds'-nest and stag-horn ferns from Australia; 
 more club moss of a bluish-metallic shade ; a native of the South Pacific 
 Islands ; a native of Japan, the largest fern in the collection, being eight 
 feet across, and which was set out in three-inch pots three years before ; 
 Pteris Victoria, named after the Queen of England, a native of the East 
 Indies and Southern Africa. 
 
 This collection also includes Davala Frjensis, a native of the Fejee 
 Islands ; a superb fern known as Harefoot ; pyramids of fern asparagus 
 of many varieties ; flowering anthuriums in gaudy blossom and rich foli- 
 age ; a large collection of flowering genista ; one hundred azaleas in 
 orange, red and crimson flowers ; the same number of hydrangeas, 
 abundant of blossom. There are also eighty-four varieties of pineapple 
 plants ; one hundred and fifty varieties of palms, thirty-two of sago palms, 
 or cycads, the largest of which was presented by Dom Pedro to Mr. Van 
 Alen, of Newport, and which was secured for the Exposition. There are 
 also thirty-two varieties of Norfork pine and more than a hundred cocoa- 
 nut palms nine feet in height, growing out of the nuts quite a novelty. 
 
 Flora From Far Australia. 
 
 In the northeast curtain Australia divides the honors between Canada 
 and Japan. Australia is represented by more than a score of tree ferns, 
 hundreds of years old, and a large number of birds'-nests ferns and stag
 
 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 285 
 
 horns, among which have been planted more than two thousand plants, 
 including eighteen varieties of tea-roses, several hundreds of tube-roses, 
 begonias and marantas and other enlivening flowering plants. 
 
 The Ontario (Canada) exhibit, the first on the right as the northeast 
 curtain is entered, is from public and private conservatories of Toronto, 
 and comprises some fine palms and fancy crotons, cacti and eucalyptus. 
 Next comes the Japanese exhibit, unique and interesting in all details. 
 There is a deal of seeming rural sweetness and simplicity in well and 
 curb and in tree, bush and flower. Farther along, up against the north- 
 east corner and then again in the northwest corner, are some contribu- 
 tions from Trinidad, comprising ferns, palms, bamboos, crotons and 
 other tropical productions. Returning, there is a rich display of azaleas 
 in bloom, rhododendrons, lilies of the valley and some other plants. 
 
 Thousands of Bright Pansies. 
 
 Next comes Belgium with a beautiful exhibit of azaleas, mollis and 
 other rhododendrons and other varieties, also four bay trees coming into 
 bloom. The next sight is a novel one, being a mound of sixty-eight 
 varieties of cacti, including a number of species never before seen in this 
 country. The- visitor now comes full upon the century plant in perfect 
 flower, which, while not gaudy or especially attractive, is illustrious. 
 
 In the northern court there are sixteen thousand pansies ready for 
 emergencies elsewhere, and which can be removed in a day's notice. 
 There are also twenty thousand trees of many varieties of a tender kind 
 that are temporarily placed by M. Lemoinne, who has charge of the 
 plants and trees of the French Nation. These will all be removed and 
 placed near the Woman's Building and upon the wooded island and else- 
 where by the 2Oth of May if the weather will permit. 
 
 In the galleries of the Horticultural Building there have been hung 
 forty-six large photographs of scenery in New South Wales, and there 
 are three small exhibits, one of wire basket work, another of willow work 
 and an herbarium. 
 
 Wine from Many Vineyards. 
 
 The south pavilion is known as the vinticultural division. The exhibits 
 are those of the Pleasant Valley Wine Company, the Urbana Wine Com- 
 pany, the Brockton Wine Company and the Lake Keuka Wine Company, 
 all of New York, and the magnificent exhibit of New South Wales ; the 
 fixtures of the American Wine Company of Missouri, the Mount Pleasant 
 Wine Company of Missouri and the Sweet Valley Wine Company of 
 Sandusky, Ohio ; but no " small bottles " have as yet been displayed. 
 California exhibits are made in pavilions by the Paul Burns Company of
 
 286 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 San Jose, the Alameda County Exhibit, the Daraszthy Combination, the 
 Yuba Exhibit, the Wetmore Exhibit, the California Collective Exhibit 
 and some ten or more of the Golden State. 
 
 In the north pavilion Peter Henderson, the great florist and garden- 
 seed man of New York, has his exhibit in readiness. The Los Nietos 
 and Ranchito Walnut Association of Los Angeles County, California, 
 has a splendid exhibit, which has been ready since Monday last. This 
 exhibit is in the shape of a glass tower on a telescopic pedestal trimmed 
 with nickel, and quite ornamental. The sections are filled with many 
 varieties of hard and soft-shell English walnuts. Another exhibit is that 
 of Bishop & Co., of Los Angeles, California, of crystalized and preserved 
 fruits. New Jersey has an exhibit of home-canned jellies and jams and 
 
 pickles. 
 
 The Original Cave. 
 
 A lady journalist who visited the Horticultural Building furnishes the 
 following entertaining account of what she saw in this world of beauty: 
 
 That crystal cave is a very interesting spot. The formations were all 
 brought from the wonderful cave by that name in South Dakota, which 
 was discovered about three years ago. In the original you can travel 
 underground fifty-two miles. Over fourteen hundred crystalized rooms 
 have been explored so far, and there is no knowing how many more there 
 are. At present thirty-two beautiful little lakes have been found, and the 
 air is as balmy and pure as if the cave was lighted by heaven's light 
 Each room has different formations of crystal. 
 
 By the way, " Uncle John " Thorpe, the chief of floriculture, is going 
 to try an experiment with electricity. He says he is going to plant some 
 seeds in the cave this miniature cave. The seeds will come up in little 
 plants, and, never having seen the sunlight, will mistake the electric light 
 for the sun ; as night and morning will come with the turning on and off 
 of the lights, the blossoms will sleep and awaken and never know that 
 they are being imposed upon, and Uncle John Thorpe is a most wonder- 
 ful man. 
 
 Do you know he talks to and of his flowers as if they were human 
 beings? They are human to him. His belief and sincerity that they 
 listen and talk to him convinces you as he talks that everything he 
 says is true. How he worships those flowers ! They are his soul and 
 life. Flowers to him are thoughts. They talk to him, and through them 
 he talks to other people. 
 
 It may be his intuition and far-reaching knowledge, it may be the ten- 
 der sympathy the sentiment in the heart, it may be the two combined, 
 but certainly in hearing Chief Thorpe talk you have only to try to listen
 
 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 287 
 
 to hear the beautiful things whisper and laugh, and see them nod to each 
 other and to him. As he took me up to the pansy bed he said good 
 morning to the pansies as I would say it to you. And he seemed not to 
 think it was peculiar, or that I would think it so. The rude and peculiar 
 thing to him would have been not to have returned their bright welcome. 
 In passing a magnificent plant with delicate pinkish-lavender blossom and 
 with a name so long I dare not attempt to spell it he took off his hat 
 with the respect he would give to royalty, and he seemed, also, uncon- 
 scious of that. I spoke of it. 
 
 " Oh, yes," he said, " every man should take off his hat to that it is 
 a queen." He took me to a place reserved to give old people happiness 
 and bring back to them thoughts of their childhood. He said : 
 
 " You know there are so many old people who will come to the Fair 
 who have not learned to love the grand new flowers. An orchid with 
 all its loveliness is strangely cold to them because it is a flower of to-day 
 and has not come out of their past. When they come into these grounds 
 the white palaces and the white columns and fountains and bridges will 
 all seem like a strange dream. They will be awed by the grandeur and 
 beauty of it all, but they will not be at home until they come here 
 Here they will see the flowers that will tell some of them stories they 
 have almost forgotten and will whisper of home to others. There will 
 be sweet williams, bachelor buttons, peonies, dahlias, larkspur, colum- 
 bine, phlox and all the rest that will make glad the old heart." 
 
 Paradise of Pansies. 
 
 Then he took me to the " Pansies' Paradise." Here in this little heaven 
 he places all the finest pansies. Whenever he runs across an unusually 
 fine specimen he transplants it. And if you want to bring down an aval- 
 anche on your head just tell the Swiss who attends to those pansies that 
 they are not particularly fine. While we stood looking at them some 
 ducks came waddling along from the water's edge, and took a nibble at 
 some of the pansies. In the same tone of voice in which he was talking 
 to me Chief Thorpe said: 
 
 '* Now, see here, what are you doing ? You know you have no busi- 
 ness here. Go right back where you belong." 
 
 And whether the ducks did not like the pansies or whether they under- 
 stood what the chief said, they turned around immediately and went 
 back. The ducks, the geese, the swans and the sea-gulls all know Chief 
 Thorpe as well as do his flowers. At 5 o'clock in the morning regularly 
 he comes over to the island to feed them. He gives a peculiar whistle 
 and they come to him from all directions. He says the public will never
 
 288 HORTICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 sec the beauties of the World's Fair until they see it at sunrise. And 
 his voice grows tremulous as he speaks about it. 
 
 In speaking about flowers having a language of their own, some one 
 asked Chief Thorpe if he thought it was the ambition of the flower to be 
 cut from the stem. The grand, grizzly man the diamond with the polish 
 inside said : 
 
 " The flower is the pride and vanity of the plant. It is satisfied to be 
 sacrificed for the pleasure it gives. It talks through its blossoms. To be 
 cut, to be carried, to see and get out in the world is its dissipation. It 
 dies in its prime, but it is better than for it to die on the stem, and in 
 dying take the strength, or perhaps crowd out the birth of the new." 
 
 And he went on whittling the pine stick he had picked up, and think- 
 ing silently for a few moments. He did not seem satisfied with his 
 answer. Perhaps he was not sure that he knew what was the ambition 
 of the flowers. Perhaps he was wondering what became of the soul of 
 the beautiful blossom that nodded and smiled at him as he passed.
 
 M 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 The Art Palace. 
 
 UCH of the aesthetic interest of the Exposition naturally cen- 
 tered in the fine arts display. The structure in which this 
 exhibit was shown was a little removed from the central 
 court, and the grounds about it were ornamented with 
 groups of beautiful statuary. 
 
 The Palace of Fine Arts, designed by Mr. C. B. Atwood, of Chicago, 
 stood in the Northern portion of the Exposition grounds, near Fifty- 
 seventh street. Its main entrances were to the north and south, the 
 latter commanding a view across an arm of the lagoon, with the wooded 
 island beyond and the domes of the Manufactures and Horticultural 
 Buildings to the right and left. From this southern entrance visitors 
 descended by terraces to the boat landing on the lagoon ; while the 
 northern front faced a wide lawn, beyond which the State buildings 
 were grouped. 
 
 The Fine Arts Building was of pure Grecian Ionic architecture. It 
 was oblong in shape, intersected from all four sides by a great nave and 
 tcansept, 100 feet wide and 70 feet in height, with a dome 60 feet in 
 diameter in the center. Its axial length was 500 feet, its width, 320, or 
 over three and one-half acres. The dome, which was surmounted with 
 a statue of the type of the famous " Winged Victory," was 125 feet in 
 height. Around the building were galleries 40 feet wide. At the 
 crossing of the nave and transept were small picture galleries, while the 
 collections of sculpture were displayed on the main floor. On each side 
 of the building were galleries, 20 feet wide, and 24 feet above the 
 ground, which afforded ample space for displaying the sculptured panels 
 in relief and many paintings. 
 
 The Art Palace had two annexes, a little to the north of it, which 
 were connected with the main building by handsome corridors. The 
 walls of the loggia of these colonnades were decorated with mural paint- 
 ings illustrative of the progress of the arts. In the annexes various art 
 exhibitions were placed. The four great portals of the main building 
 were richly ornamented with sculpture, and on the frieze of the exterior 
 walls and the pediments of the principal entrances were bas-reliefs of 
 19 289
 
 290 THE ART PALACE. 
 
 the old masters. This was the only suggestion of the old masters any- 
 where to be seen. 
 
 Miles of Pictured Beauty. 
 
 Thus in a matchless white palace of pure Ionic order the art produc- 
 ing nations of the world, for the first time, entered upon a serious com- 
 petition with the painters and sculptors of America. The structure 
 itself was worthy of the pictured grandeur that stretched for miles under 
 its roof. Every line was full of quiet beauty. From portal to portal 
 it was a noble sermon on architecture. In looking upon this building 
 one could scarcely imagine how it could have been otherwise, it was all 
 so natural, so harmonious, so blended to its purpose without apparent 
 effort 
 
 Here were gathered the best modern works of America, France, 
 England, Germany, Holland, Russia, Spain, Belgium, Italy, Austria, 
 Norway, Sweden, Japan, Denmark and Mexico, all carefully selected by 
 separate national juries and hung upon the walls as representative 
 creations. There can be little doubt that this was the most important, 
 as well as the most extensive, display of contemporaneous art that has 
 yet been made in any country, not excepting even that of the Paris 
 Exposition. Old masters were excluded, so that Americans could now 
 see for themselves the position which their country occupies in compari- 
 son with other countries, and the more intelligent could measure the in- 
 fluence which the various distinctive schools exert in the aesthetic life of 
 the nation. 
 
 This is the first time in the history of America that such an exhibi- 
 tion could have been possible, for in 1876, when the Philadelphia Expo- 
 sition was opened, there was scarcely any American art to speak of. 
 But the honest critic who walked through the five acres of galleries, 
 with their 145,852 square feet of wall space to speak from the Chicago 
 point of view must admit that America now holds a high place in the 
 art world. Americans can carry their heads erect. 
 
 x 
 
 Painters of Renown. 
 
 Of course the largest space was occupied by France, which for many 
 years has been recognized as the greatest art producing country of the 
 globe. Almost every living French artist of prominence was repre- 
 sented. This exhibit occupied nearly the whole of the east pavilion 
 and included sixteen galleries. It especially demonstrated the pre-emi- 
 nence of the French school in scientific draughtsmanship, and gave a 
 good opportunity of comparing it with the broader methods of the 
 Dutch.
 
 THE ART PALACE. 291 
 
 Among the painters of every nation there were a few men whose art 
 may be said to be universal. One can hardly speak of Joseph Israels 
 as belonging exclusively to Holland any more than of the exquisitely 
 poetical art of Cazin as being characteristically French. So also in 
 Germany are painters not characteristically German as one considers 
 German art. Menzel is far above the German school in his technique ; 
 so are Uhde, Liebermann and Lenbach. 
 
 If the exhibits were to be considered from the standpoint of numbers 
 the French were strongest. If they were to be judged by the average 
 excellence in art Holland, without doubt, took the lead among foreign 
 nations. 
 
 With the exception of a few painters like F. E. Church, Albert Bier- 
 stadt, William and James Hart, E. Wood Perry, James and William 
 Beard, J. H. Dolph and Thomas W. Wood, every American artist of 
 reputation contributed pictures. The American artists are practically of 
 three classes those who have studied entirely in this country ; those 
 who have studied abroad, but have returned to America and partly 
 shaken off foreign influence, and those who have remained abroad, 
 painting very much like the artists of the country in which they live. 
 
 Americans not Imitators. 
 
 In the report published by the French government on the Paris Ex- 
 position the statement was made that when one stepped from the 
 French into the American section he scarcely was conscious of a 
 change that it seemed as though America was really an artistic de- 
 pendency of France. Yet there was to be recognized in the work 
 shown at Chicago a good deal of meritorious painting which is entirely 
 independent of French influence. There is more evidence of a growing 
 American school than has ever been given before, and it must be 
 remembered that the paintings were all submitted to local juries 
 throughout America before being accepted, so that if strong works were 
 excluded or withdrawn, it was due to a new and more or less desirable 
 American method of selection. 
 
 A thoroughly American painter is George Inness. Certainly there 
 is not a more virile talent in landscape painting in the whole world, 
 even in France. Inness is to America what Cazin is to France 
 original, sympathetic, poetic, true to nature. He is as thoroughly indi- 
 vidual as was any of the great painters of the Barbizon school. They 
 showed evidence of descent from the old Dutch school, but in the new 
 work of Inness there is no trace of any dominating influence except that 
 of nature. In the pictures by which he was represented at Chicago,
 
 292 THE ART PALACE. 
 
 every phase of his art was shown early morning, midday, gorgeous 
 sunset, evening, bright sunshine, clouded skies, the most placid expres- 
 sions of nature and the most dramatic effect of storm clouds. Of all 
 the fourteen galleries assigned to America it was the unanimous judg- 
 ment of the foreign art representatives that Inness holds the front rank, 
 and that his pictures will stand with those of the contemporaneous land- 
 scape painters of all lands. 
 
 Striking Figures on Canvass. 
 
 Eastman Johnson holds among American figure painters a position 
 analogous to that of Inness among landscape painters. He originally 
 studied in the Dusseldorf school, but was one of the first men to grow 
 beyond that influence. He is as broad in his methods as a Dutchman. 
 An example of this is seen in his "Nantucket Symposium," which might 
 easily be attributed to a strong Dutch painter. Another work which 
 shows breadth and originality is his " Portraits of Two Men." Hif 
 " Cranberry Harvest," a bit of outdoor nature, is as fine in sentiment 
 and broad in technique as most of Jules Breton's work. "A Glass with 
 the Squire," is comparable with the best English art of three-quarters of 
 a century ago, a reminder of David Wilkie. 
 
 There are several Americans whose talent is recognized the world 
 over. Among these may be mentioned James McNeil Whistler, John 
 S. Sargent, W. T. Dannat and Alexander Harrison. These men have 
 received recognition at the hands of the French and other governments 
 again and again in the past, and really have been better known in 
 Europe than in their own country, Whistler is universally conceded to 
 be one of the most artistic men of his time, and yet he has so identified 
 himself with Europe that a majority of our people not informed in art 
 matters suppose him to be an Englishman. Whistler was represented 
 by a group of his pictures which fairly indicated the breadth of his talent. 
 
 John H. Sargent had a group of portraits, some of which have been 
 seen in the National Academy exhibitions during the past few years and 
 which invariably have been among the star features of these exhibitions. 
 Sargent more than once has been compared with Velasquez, and these 
 portraits seen together suggest the comparison. 
 
 A Prize Picture. 
 
 Alexander Harrison was represented by his important canvas " Cre- 
 puscule," which was awarded a $2500 prize at a " Prize Fund Exhibi- 
 tion " held in New York several years ago, and which is now the pro- 
 perty of the Museum of Fine Arts at St. Louis ; his large Salon picture
 
 THE ART PALACE. 293 
 
 " En Arcadie," his " Bathers," a most exquisite study of the sea late in 
 the afternoon with a group of female figures in the water near the shore ; 
 a small " Marine " and " A Misty Morning." Never before has Harrison 
 been so fully represented in an American exhibition. 
 
 A Famous Painting. 
 
 Dannat sent an " impressionistic" painting " Spanish Dancers" one 
 of the works which attracted most attention. The average visitor to 
 the Exposition, who did not understand the picture, would condemn it 
 as most meretricious and sensational in technique. Others recognized 
 its truthfulness as a representation of character. It was shown in the 
 Salon in 1892, and was one of the pictures which evoked the most com- 
 ment in Paris. 
 
 In this exhibition Dannat stands as one of the most extreme of the 
 impressionists in method. Those who remember his " Quartet " in the 
 Metropolitan Museum of Art could scarcely realize that this picture was 
 the work of the same man, yet it was quite as strong in this new manner 
 as was his " Quartet " in the style in which it is painted. 
 
 The sensation in the American art world in 1892 was the superb " Vir- 
 gin Enthroned " of Abbott H. Thayer, which was pronounced by many 
 of the artists who saw it in New York, the best work yet produced by 
 an American painter. This picture occupied a conspicuous place in the 
 American section. Of Thayer's other works were " The Brother and 
 Sister," " Portrait of a Lady," " Morning " and another portrait. There 
 is something about Mr. Thayer's method that is different from that of 
 any other American painter. 
 
 The picture which, perhaps, was most talked of, though it was only 
 shown in a semi-public manner in the Union League Club, was George 
 de Forest Brush's " Mother and Child." Brush has been best known in 
 the past for his pictures of Indian life, which are painted with a degree 
 of knowledge and appreciation that is remarkable, and that demonstrates 
 the great possibilities to be found by the artists in subjects of this char- 
 acter. Of late, however, Mr. Brush has devoted himself considerably to 
 portraiture, and this " Mother and Child" is one of the best examples of 
 artistic portrait painting to be found in the Exposition. Several of 
 Brush's Indian pictures the " Head Dress," "The Indian and the Lily," 
 
 and others show a talent that is analogous to that of G6rome. 
 > 
 
 Thoroughly Original. 
 
 Two men who are also essentially American are Winslow Homer and 
 F. S. Church. Homer paints with a breadth and a degree of robustness
 
 294 THE ART PALACE. 
 
 peculiar to him. His views on the Maine coast waves breaking on 
 the shore, sailors making observations, men making their way across a 
 pathless waste in winter are exceptional. Among Mr. Homer's pic- 
 tures may be mentioned " The Maine Coast in Winter," " The March 
 Wind," " Eight Bells," " Camp Fire," " Dressing for the Carnival," " The 
 Two Guides," "Coast in Winter," "Adirondack Hunters and Dogs" 
 and " Sunlight on the Coast." 
 
 While Mr. Homer paints in an extremely broad manner, with strong 
 effects in coloring, Mr. Church's works are, in a manner, quite as orig- 
 inal, but almost diametrically opposite in character. Church revels in 
 delicate tones pinks, greens, pale yellows and the result always is a 
 color harmony of the most exquisite nature. It has been said that 
 among all the American painters no man has displayed such originality, 
 both in the choice of his subjects and in the manner of painting them, 
 as F. S. Church. Church's paintings are in art what fairy stories are in 
 literature not necessarily for children, however, but for those of all 
 ages who appreciate poetry and sentiment. Among the pictures by 
 Church are: "The Sorceress," "The Viking's Daughter,'' "Know- 
 ledge is Power," " The Sybil " and " Pandora." 
 
 John La Farge is perhaps the strongest colorist in America, and his 
 work probably possesses a decorative quality beyond that of almost any 
 other painter in this country. In this Exposition Mr. La Farge was 
 represented by his " Visit of Nicodemus to Christ," " The Halt of the 
 Wise Men from the East," " Fog Blowing in at Newport " and " St. 
 Paul Preaching." 
 
 Wyant well Represented. 
 
 The late A. H. Wyant, who has always been mentioned with Inness 
 in connection with American landscape, was represented by an imposing 
 group of works. Among the pictures may be mentioned " A Forenoon 
 in the Adirondacks," " An October Day," " Evening," " Clearing Off," 
 " In the Woods," " The Storm " and " Sunshine in the Woods." 
 
 Then there was D. W. Tryon, whose work will compare with that of 
 any landscape painter represented in the Exposition. In certain respects 
 Tryon seems to combine the excellencies of many schools ; his hand- 
 ling is broad, yet extremely subtle, and his pictures are full of feeling 
 and poetry. By Mr. Tryon there were " A Winter Evening," " Night," 
 " October," " Springtime," " Starlight," " Sunset at Sea," " Daybreak," 
 " New Bedford Harbor," " Twilight" and " A Winter Afternoon." 
 
 Among American artists there is no man of stronger personality, no 
 man who has exerted greater influence upon the art of to-day than Wil-
 
 THE ART PALACE. 295 
 
 liam M. Chase. Mr. Chase studied in Munich, and for some time after 
 his return from Munich his paintings retained the influence of Piloty and 
 the sombre hues of the Bavarian school. Later, however, Mr. Chase 
 seemed to come more under the influence of the Frenchmen, and his 
 work in this Exhibition is more characteristic of his later method. 
 Among the best of his works shown here were his " Sunlight and Shad- 
 ow in Central Park/ his " Lilliputian Boats in the Park" and his portrait 
 "Alice," the latter representing a young girl dancing. 
 
 Gari Melchers is a man who has won honor after honor in the Paris 
 Salon, and who has been distinguished by awards also in Berlin and 
 Munich. He is a painter of the greatest sincerity, honest and thorough 
 in his methods, simple and direct in his technique. There is feeling, too, 
 in' the pictures of Melchers. Among the various works by Melchers, 
 and one of the most forcible of them, is " The Pilots," showing a group 
 of men seated around a table before a window which overlooks the sea. 
 The faces of these men Dutchmen such as one sees in Vollendam are 
 full of character ; one may read the history of their lives in their faces. 
 Another picture "The Sermon" depicts a number of peasants in a 
 Dutch village church. The strong point of this picture is the remark- 
 able manner in which the artist has realized the different impressions of 
 so many personalities. " Nativity " is a picture representing an interior 
 in the early morning, with the early light touching the objects upon 
 which it falls with a bluish cast. Another picture one which attracted 
 attention in the Loan Exhibition held in New York is " Marriage" 
 representing a rustic couple standing in a village church. 
 
 Jules Stewart had here his " Hunt Ball," which is excellent in color 
 and subtle in its representation of the atmosphere of a ball room. This 
 picture has been so reproduced that it is familiar to almost every one. 
 Mr. Stewart had another picture entitled " Cruising," and several superb 
 small portraits. 
 
 Triumphs of French Art. 
 
 It is enough to say that M. Roger-Ballu, headed the French Com- 
 missioners to insure a grand and thoroughly representative display. 
 France not only outdid all other nations in paintings and sculpture, but 
 she filled one of the great courts with architectural and sculptural casts, 
 including the most important works in the Trocadero Museum of Paris. 
 The beautiful portals of St. Giles, Bordeaux and Toulon and the reclin- 
 ing figures representing the rivers of France were among the outright 
 gifts which have been made by the great Republic. 
 
 Foremost among the French painters represented in this remarkable
 
 296 THE ART PALACE. 
 
 company is James Tissot, whose " Prodigial Son " was put forward as the 
 leading feature of the exhibit. This picture is in four parts. It made a 
 great sensation in Paris and also in London, where it was conceived, Tis- 
 sot having spent many years in England. Bonnat furnished portraits of 
 Cardinal Lavigerie and of Ernest Renan. They were both fine speci- 
 mens of the powerful talent to be found in all of Bonnat's works. 
 
 Unfortunately, Gerome had nothing new and he was represented by 
 three canvasses, two of them being " A Street in Cairo " and "The Ser- 
 pent Charmer." These pictures, already famous, belong to American 
 private collections. Of Benjamin Constant's work there was a portrait 
 of Christopher Columbus and " The Drought." The latter shows slaves 
 greedily drinking from a spring in a scorching oasis. It is remarkable 
 for the contrast between the scornful stoicism of the guard and the suf- 
 fering faces of the bondsmen. 
 
 Masterly Works. 
 
 Here was a masterly painting by Jules Breton, " Une Bretonne." He 
 also exhibited "The Pardon," a touching scene in the peasant life of 
 Brittany. Carolus Duran had three portraits of ladies, all of them in his 
 best manner. Bouguereau's brush contributed " The Holy Women at 
 the Sepulchre " and " Our Lady of the Angels," both characteristic. 
 
 When Jean Beraud turned away from his studies of Parisian women 
 and painted " The Descent from the Cross " he made a sensation, and 
 the picture attracted great attention here. He has boldly abandoned 
 the conventionalities of the mediaeval painters and clad the personages 
 of the passion in modern clothes. Beraud aims at people who crucify 
 Christ to-day, and his success can better be judged by individual in- 
 spection. 
 
 From the studio of Duez there were " Jesus Walking Upon the 
 Water," " A Souvenir of the Fete " and a marine view. Delort was 
 represented by " The Recruiting Sergeant." Gervet had " Mignon," a 
 portrait of Dr. Evans and a fine portrait of a Parisian lady. By Aime 
 Corot were " The Prisoner " and " The Brave Bull." 
 
 The French section contained about five hundred oil paintings, two 
 hundred drawings, a hundred and fifty pastels and water colors and 
 many etchings. As for sculpture, among the most important works were 
 " Washington and Lafayette," by Bartholdi, and " Eagle and Vulture," 
 by Cain. Had it not been for the severity of the French jury there 
 would have been a tremendous overflow. None but works of high 
 merit were shown. 

 
 THE ART PALACE. 
 
 297 
 
 Holland's Magnificent Display. 
 
 Was it a coincidence or an intelligent appreciation of the situation 
 that Japan and Holland were neighbors in the west section of the cen- 
 tral pavilion ? No other country can claim what both were able to show 
 pure schools of their own. Holland may be called the Japan of 
 Europe. The works of giants like Rem- 
 brandt, Van der Neer, Ruysdael, Holbein and 
 Franz Hals are almost equalled now by mas- 
 ters like Israels, Mesdag, Bosboom, Maris, 
 Mauve and Artz. This presentation of Hol- 
 land's contemporaneous art shows that the 
 Dutch painters continue to tell with the pas- 
 sion they have for every inch of their soil the 
 story of life always seen with an enthusiastic 
 eye for harmonious color. Their fundamen- 
 tal law is that true art is not what you paint 
 but how you paint it. They do not get up 
 stories en tableau vivant or compete with the- 
 atres in dramatic scenes. Their Bible is the 
 human heart. The human soul is history. 
 
 The visitor who gazes at the wonders in 
 the Art Palace is face to face with many of 
 the greatest paintings in the world. Some 
 of them are the following : Those who have 
 not seen Joseph Israels' "Alone in the 
 World" can hardly appreciate the full power 
 and marvelous technique of the leader of the 
 Dutch school. Beside this great work the 
 French and German painters seem petty and 
 inadequate. Israels has also "Fisherwomen 
 at Zandvort," "Sweet Home," "Summer Day 
 on Shore/' and " Type of a Fisherman." He also exhibits a fine water 
 color, " Motherly Cares/' All these are triumphs of artistic genius. 
 
 Immortal Works. 
 
 Three mighty Dutch painters have died recently, but some of their 
 work will be seen, thanks to Mr. Mesdag, who generously opened his 
 magnificent private gallery. Artz, who died in 1890, is represented 
 by "A Girl Knitting," "The Pet Lamb/' "Idle Hours on the Dunes," 
 "Girl Sleeping on the Dunes," and "A Fisherwoman's Sorrow." BOS- 
 
 STATUE OF ART.
 
 298 THE ART PALACE. 
 
 boom, who died in 1891, has "Dutch Reformed Church in Harlem" 
 and "The Synagogue, Amsterdam." From the brush of Mauve, who 
 died in 1888, there are, "Wood Carts on the Heath," "Cows Going 
 Home," " Pastures Near the Dunes," and " Ploughing the Fields." 
 
 One of the conspicuous features of this section is a group of Mr. 
 Mesdag's powerful sea paintings. There are a dozen of these, and 
 it is said that several of them will remain in America. His wife takes 
 the lead among the still life painters. She is fully represented and leads 
 a list of fifteen Dutch women, whose work challenges that of the women 
 of any other country. 
 
 Klinkenberg has four splendid town views of Holland, filled with his 
 well-known effects of sunlight playing on the red and white bricks of 
 quaint old Dutch houses. What a contrast to Chicago's high buildings, 
 interminable streets, bustle and matter-of-factism, are these glimpses of 
 dreamy meadows, windmills, ponds, cows and canals ! 
 
 Dutchmen have been the greatest portrait painters, and a good deal of 
 their talent seems to have been inherited by Hubert Vos, whose picture 
 of Dutch interiors originally drew attention to him, and secured medals 
 throughout Europe. He has developed into a portrait painter of extra- 
 ordinary ability. His portrait of Wilhelmina, the little Queen of Hol- 
 land, which was lent by Her Majesty, is wonderful in its simplicity and 
 coloring. Although the child is in a black mourning dress, Mr. Vos 
 has so handled the background, the face and the trifling auxiliaries as 
 to actually bring about an effect of color and warmth. Mr. Vos also 
 displays "The Old Women's Almhouse," "Poor People," and "The 
 Anglers on the Zuyder Zee." In the latter picture he has portrayed the 
 different moods of mother, son and daughter as the summons to prayer 
 is sounded fanaticism, reverent devotion and flippant indifference. 
 
 Queen Victoria Sends her Choicest Paintings. 
 
 The collection of exhibits in the British section is the largest and 
 most important that has ever been brought together in any international 
 exhibition outside of the United Kingdom. It was not possible to ob- 
 tain good representative examples of the deceased painters of the Eng- 
 lish school, and the collection is, therefore, almost entirely confined to 
 works by living artists, the only exceptions being a few pictures executed 
 by painters who have died within the last few years. A large number 
 of the works have been lent by private collectors. 
 
 The Queen, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh and the 
 Duchess of Albany at once gave their consent to send those works for 
 which application was made. Sir Frederick Leighton, president of the
 
 THE ART PALACE. 
 
 299 
 
 Royal Academy, is represented by a portrait, and three very fine subject 
 pictures, " Hercules Wrestling With Death," " The Garden of the Hes- 
 perides," and "Perseus and Andromeda," the two last being in the 
 Academy exhibition in 1892. He also sends two pieces of sculpture, 
 "The Sluggard" and "Needless Alarm." 
 
 Sir John E. Millais contributes " The Ornithologist," the well known 
 picture, " Bubbles," and two superb landscapes, with several other 
 works. It would have been interesting if some of Sir John E. Millais' 
 
 
 RECEPTION IN THE ART PALACE. 
 
 early work, when he was following the pre-Raphaelite method, could 
 have been shown and brought into comparison with his present broad 
 and masterly style, but the limited space at the disposal of the commit- 
 tee would not permit this. The object was to preseut only the charac- 
 teristic work of artists who have gained a well-merited celebrity. 
 
 Admired in America. 
 
 Mr. Watts, whose works are perhaps better known in this country 
 than many others, from a small exhibition of his pictures being made 
 on one or two occasions, sends six very strong examples, " Love and
 
 300 THE ART PALACE. 
 
 Life," "Love and Death," " Paola and Francesca," "The Genius of 
 Greek Poetry" and portraits of Robert Browning and Walter Crane. 
 
 Mr. Poynter has four works in oil and one in water color. Two of 
 the former are small but exquisite passages of color, finished with the 
 learning and care that Mr. Poynter always bestows on his work, and a 
 third picture, called " Diaduminic," is a full length partly draped figure 
 of a Greek lady about to enter her bath, and the architectural details of 
 the background are again most carefully worked out. 
 
 Mr. Alma-Tadema contributes three- oil pictures and a water color 
 drawing. The former are "An Audience at Agripp.is," " The Sculpture 
 Gallery," one of the largest and finest works that Mr. Alma-Tadema 
 ever produced, and "A Dedication to Bacchus." a recently completed 
 work full of rich and glowing color. 
 
 One of Herkomer's Best. 
 
 Professor Hubert Herkomer is represented by three works, the finest 
 being his important picture called "The Last Muster," which represents 
 a number of pensioners gathered together in the chapel of Chelsea 
 Hospital. Some of these veterans still retain a vigorous old age, while 
 others appear so painfully feeble as to plainly indicate it will indeed be 
 their " last muster." Every face depicted is full of individuality and 
 character, while each detail is kept so subordinate that the many figures 
 form one complete composition. 
 
 The late George Mason is represented by four very fine pictures 
 " The Return from Ploughing," lent by the Queen from her private col- 
 lection at Osborne, and "Girls Dancing by the Sea," "The Harvest 
 Moon " and " Only a Shower." 
 
 Mr. Frederick Goodall sends two canvasses on a large picture, " By 
 the Sea of Galilee," and a smaller but highly finished work, " The 
 Palm Offerings." Mr. M. Frith is represented by a set of five pictures de- 
 picting " The Race for Wealth," representing the scheming and un- 
 scrupulous company promoter or financier in the various phases of his 
 career as "The Spider and the Flies," "The Spider at Home," 'The 
 Victim," " Judgment " and " Retribution," and each tells its own tale. 
 
 There is a large number of other important figure pictures, besides 
 the landscapes and sea pieces. 
 
 Germany's Superb Exhibit. 
 
 Germany stands alone. The Austrians have taken a section for 
 themselves. And the scope of the- German collection has been enlarged 
 by a personal order of the German Emperor, who, for the first time, has
 
 THE ART PALACE. 
 
 301 
 
 permitted pictures to be taken from the walls of the royal art museums 
 throughout the Empire. 
 
 First among the contemporaneous painters of the Fatherland is Pro- 
 fessor Adolf Menzel, a Senator of the Royal Academy. He is by com- 
 mon consent the leader of German art. Menzel's " Rolling Mill," a 
 grand and masterly picture, was brought from the National Gallery. It 
 is one of his best known works. Beside 
 this Menzel exhibits five water colors. 
 " The Squirrel," " Bird and Tree Trunk," 
 " The Cockatoo," " The Blue Arras," " Chi- 
 nese Woman with Pheasants " and designs 
 for a dinner set for the Crown Prince Fred- 
 erick. These water colors are unrivalled. 
 
 Next to Menzel comes Professor Knaus. 
 There are four works from his easel in the 
 Vanderbilt collection here. His portraits 
 of Mommsen and Helmholtz from the 
 National Gallery are both on view. " The 
 Fight Behind the Fence " is a strongly 
 marked study of a boyish quarrel. 
 
 Religious Pictures. 
 
 Those who have visited the National 
 Galleries of Germany will remember the 
 Scriptural pictures by the famous Fritz von 
 Uhde. He is one of those who began the 
 so-called modern art movement. Von 
 Uhde is represented by " Christmas Eve " 
 and "The Announcement to the Shep- 
 herds." 
 
 Professor Gotthold Kuehl sent a small 
 picture, " Eins Feste Berg ist Unser Gott." 
 From the studio of Gruntzner, the cloister 
 
 cellar painter, there is "After Dinner" and Mr. Schiff, of New York, 
 has loaned another picture by the same artist. Professor Herm. Kaul- 
 bach is represented by " The Story Teller. Professor von Lenbach's two 
 great portraits of Prince Bismark and Pope Leo were loaned by the 
 Bavarian government. By Max Lieberman are " A Dutch Village 
 Highway" and "The Flax Barn." 
 
 For all this the thanks of the American public are due to Commis- 
 sioner Wermuth and his assistant, Mr. Alquist, the well known artist. 
 
 STATUE OF MUSIC.
 
 302 THE ART PALACE. 
 
 Austria's most Famous Works. 
 
 Austria furnishes two hundred works of art, and the chief attractions 
 are Hans Makart's splendid allegories of the five senses, represented 
 in each by the figure of a woman. They are from the Emperor's pri- 
 vate collection. Munkaczy's "Christ Before Pilate" is also here. 
 Schindler exhibits his " Cemetery in Dalmatia" and Count Hans Wilczek 
 has loaned Canon's " The Hunting Master," a notable work. Leopold 
 C. Muller, one of the strongest figure painters in Europe, has his 
 " Market Scene in Cairo." Austria's distinguished woman painter, 
 Mme. Weisingn, has " Morning at the Seashore," " Breakfast in the 
 Country " and " The Laundress of the Mountains." 
 
 An immense historical painting by Borzik, " The First Court of the 
 Hussites," is placed beside a historic statue of the Emperor Joseph. 
 Then there -is a portrait of the Emperor Joseph by Victor Tilgner. 
 Franz Schanger, of Prague, is represented by " The Bohemian," a quaint 
 mountain study. There is a hunting scene, " Near to the Wolf," by Otto 
 Thoren, and " Christ and the Children," by Julius Schmid. By Mathias 
 Schmid there is "The Image Merchant," by August Pettenkofer, a 
 hunting view ; by Edward Lichtenfels, a marine picture, and by Franz 
 Pausenger, " The Birth of Autumn" and " The Death of Autumn." 
 
 Those who expect to find Russia lagging in the rear are surprised to 
 find works of the highest order in the Russian section. The paintings 
 of Constantin Makoffsky alone would stamp it with the true seal. 
 
 Six Hundred Masterpieces from Italy, 
 
 Italy presents over six hundred pictures. Of these Francesco Paolo 
 Michetti, the foremost modern Italian painter, sent several of his best 
 works. Boldini, whose work is so well known in Paris, contributes four 
 of his dashing portraits. Morelli, of Naples, who paints misty scenes, is 
 represented by " Mahomet's Followers." Angelo del Oca Bianca fur- 
 nishes a large canvass, " Quadriglia." There are canvasses by Palizzi, 
 the Neapolitan animal painter, and Lojacono, the Sicilian landscape 
 painter. 
 
 One of the best pictures in this collection is Corelli's big canvas " Ave 
 Maria," which won for him the gold medal in Paris. It is a powerful 
 study of peasant life in the Roman Campagna. Pietro Gambrini's 
 " Landing of Columbus," a work that took him four years to accomplish, 
 is to be seen in the Convent of La Rabida. 
 
 There is a good representation of the Roman water color school, so 
 dear to the hearts of tourists. The most important picture in this 

 
 THE ART PALACE. 303 
 
 group is by Giuseppe Aureliu, " Presentation of Monsignor Richelieu to 
 Henry IV." Pennachini's dramatic work " Crazy," representing a young 
 mother beside an empty cradle, which won high honors in Paris, is also 
 to be seen. 
 
 Of the Italian sculptors the strongest representative is Ettore Ferrori, 
 who made the renowned statute of Giordano Bruno, which was unveiled 
 in Rome in spite of the Pope's protest. The two works by which he is 
 represented in Chicago are a life-size statute of Lincoln dying and a 
 bust of " Lesbia." Appoloni exhibits a figure representing " American 
 Mythology." 
 
 There are several exceptions to the rule about old masters, and the 
 Spanish section contains many fine examples of her artistic past, in addi- 
 tion to the works of her modern painters. Spain exhibits a Murillo that 
 is valued at $50,000. 
 
 Unique Collection From Japan. 
 
 Japan, the home and citadel of color painting, filled her section 
 largely with objects that properly come under the classification of bric- 
 a-brac, but as this is the first time that the Japanese have seriously en- 
 tered into competition with the art of other nations they were privileged 
 to ignore the rules applying to the exhibits of European nations. 
 Lacquer work, embroidery, wood carving, dyed decorations, kutani ware 
 and cloissone abound in the Japanese collection. 
 
 As the Japanese did not attempt to paint in oils until 1870, their best 
 artists still work in water colors, using silk instead of canvas. 
 
 Dore's World-Renowned Paintings. 
 
 The collection of the works of Gustave Dore, which is the finest col- 
 lection of religious pictures in the world, is exhibited at the World's 
 Fair. This collection is valued at half a milFion dollars. 
 
 The Dore collection comprises thirty-two large oil paintings and many 
 of the original sketches in black and white from which these were 
 painted. With the collection are many landscapes, showing the versa- 
 tility of the great artist, and also many proofs of engravings signed by 
 the artist. No artist of modern times has appealed so strongly to the 
 religious sentiment of Christians as this renowned Alsatian, whose pow- 
 erful conceptions, both as an illustrator and painter, have placed him in 
 the front ranks among the remarkable men of this or any other time. 
 
 To Dore belongs the distinction of having introduced a new style in 
 art, developed a new taste in the public. The poetic beauty of his 
 genius reached its climax in his masterpieces which illustrate the passion
 
 304 THE ART PALACE. 
 
 and triumph of the Saviour and the progress of Christianity, which have 
 made the name of Dore a household word in connection with sacred art 
 in every quarter of the globe. The Dore gallery has existed in London 
 for twenty-one years. Dore died in 1883 at the age of fifty-one years. 
 
 Some Famous Pictures. 
 
 Among the masterpieces of this collection are the following : 
 
 " Christ leaving the Praetorium,' ' oil painting 20 by 30 feet, signed in 
 black and painted from 1867 to 1872. 
 
 " Christ's entry into Jerusalem," oil painting 20 by 30 feet, signed in 
 black and finished in 1877. This created considerable interest in the 
 Paris Salon of 1878. 
 
 " Moses Before Pharaoh," oil painting 17^ by 26^ feet, signed in 
 black and painted from 1878 to 1880. 
 
 "The Dream of Pilate's Wife," oil painting 10 by 13 feet, signed in 
 red, painted in 1873 and 1874. This is of more than ordinary interest. 
 Pilate's wife, deeply wrapped in slumber, is shown pacing slowly down 
 the palace steps from her chamber at the extreme left of the picture, 
 while an angel, with outstretched wings whispers in her ear. The flood 
 of light pouring from the room tips the angel's wings with gold and falls 
 full on the figure of the Saviour in the center of the picture Around him 
 are grouped many of the figures associated with his last agonies on the 
 cross. Stretching into an apparently almost endless vista are hundreds 
 of other groups depicting the various stages and incidents in the devel- 
 opment of Christianity, and terminating in the far-off distance with the 
 cross, from which a radiant light is shining. 
 
 Martyrs and Wild Beasts. 
 
 " Christian Martyrs." One of Dore's most noted subjects. The picture 
 represents the interior of a Roman amphitheater on the night succeeding 
 a great festival when a number of Christians had been exposed to wild 
 beasts in the arena. The bodies of the martyrs lie on the sand, and the 
 savage animals are prowling over the ground or mangling the remains. 
 Above, from a starlit sky, a troop of angels is seen descending to wel- 
 come the departing spirits of those whose life is not yet extinct. 
 
 " Day Dream," oil painting 1 1 by 5^ feet, signed in black and painted 
 in 1879. " The Vale of Tears," one of Dore's masterpieces, which has 
 created a deep interest in the religious world. The subject is a render- 
 ing in color of the verse, " Come unto me all ye that labor and are heavy 
 laden and I will give you rest." 
 
 The background of the picture, which is of enormous size, represents
 
 THE ART PALACE. 305 
 
 " The Vale of Tears," a shadowy valley full of dimly defined foliage, 
 and flanked by an enormous crag. At the entrance to the valley stands 
 the Saviour, clothed in white, bearing a cross, and with a hand upraised 
 as if in appeal or invitation. His figure is surrounded by an arch of 
 light, symbolizing the presence of Hope, even in the " Vale of Tears." 
 The middle and fore ground are filled with a great number of typical 
 figures, representing the " weary" and " heavy laden" ones of the earth, 
 from king to beggar. This was the last work of Dore, in fact the pic- 
 ture was not absolutely finished when the artist died. 
 
 Belgium's Fine Art Exhibit. 
 
 Belgium's fine art exhibit is excellent. About three hundred pictures 
 and sculptures will form the display. They are representative works of 
 the leading artists. Among the most famous canvases are " The Ave- 
 nue of Oaks/' and " Winter," works of the great landscape painter, 
 Franz Lamoriniere. These were exhibited at the international exhibition 
 in Berlin, where " The Avenue of Oaks " received the great diploma of 
 honor. In Paris the same picture and " Winter " brought about his 
 promotion to officer of legion of honor, and obtained besides a 
 gold medal. 
 
 The Swedish Exhibit. 
 
 The Swedish exhibit in the Palace of Fine Arts consists of 140 works 
 of art. Prince Eugene, third son of the king, contributes four subjects, 
 the commissioner seven pictures and thirteen etchings. Nordstrom, the 
 landscape painter, and Lingefors, the famous painter of animals, also 
 contribute to the showing. The King shows his interest in the Expo- 
 sition by sending to the art section a fine landscape painted by the 
 Prince. 
 
 Rich Display of Delft Art Ware. 
 
 The display of Delft art ware in the south end of the Liberal Arts 
 Building cannot fail to delight all lovers of blue and white. Every ex- 
 ample is a modern piece, which may not please collectors of the antique, 
 but in points of color and glaze it would indeed be difficult to find any- 
 thing more satisfactory than this collection from the Netherlands. Delft 
 ware has always been very popular in America, and was imported to 
 this country as early as 1700. The blue and white chimney tile was 
 also in use for decorating the Yankee fireplaces a hundred years ago. 
 All nations owe much to Holland for its early industrial arts. It was 
 by means of the Dutch that England was principally supplied with the 
 porcelain of China and Japan ; and as the supply was long unequal to 
 2O
 
 306 THE ART PALACE. 
 
 the demand, they were led to imitation, in which they became very 
 expert. 
 
 Counterfeiting was Common. 
 
 The early Delft manufacturers were in the habit of painting the 
 common white ware with brilliant colors and passing it off as Chinese, 
 but these spurious specimens are now easily detected. The finer classes 
 of old Delft might be truthfully named composite, for the beautiful 
 Chinese porcelain was imported to Holland, and painted in Delft. The 
 leading motive of its decoration and form to-day is essentially oriental. 
 The exquisite cobalt blue has attained perfection. The milky white of 
 the ware is luminous, and the designs in blue are painted under the 
 glaze. All the decorations are by hand, not printed. 
 
 The setting of this booth, which contains the excellent work of these 
 Dutch ceramic artizans, is felicitious. It is that of a well-equipped 
 room. The tone of its furnishings is mulberry red, which serves har- 
 moniously as a background for the blue and white. Three old cabinets 
 of exquisite workmanship contain many specimens of the ware. Spindle- 
 leg tables display small trumpet-shaped bottles, quadrangular vases, 
 oriform jars, snuff bottles and beer jugs with silver and pewter lids. 
 
 Jardinieres, both large and small, are distributed about the room 
 filled with tropical plants. They compose a pretty picture. There are 
 also shelves which hold their fragile burdens of melon-shaped vases 
 decorated with grotesque birds, ewers and bottle-shaped vases, round 
 and protuberant, narrowing to a small neck and base, hawthorn jars and 
 gallipots copied servilely after the Japanese scheme of decoration. Hung 
 on the wall and resting on easels are examples of tile pictures, beautiful 
 in their enameling and color. 
 
 Of Great Excellence. 
 
 The material of which Dutch and English tiles are made is undoubt- 
 edly more desirable than that used by American tile manufacturers 
 The same difficulty is, however, met with in the enamel placed on all 
 tiles. It is impossible to prevent it cracking or crazing. The joining of 
 the Dutch tiles as they are arranged to simulate the picture is excel- 
 lently done. In one picture, which is a reproduction of Rembrandt's 
 famous canvas, " The Burgomasters," which consists of seventy distinct 
 tiles, can be seen the accuracy of their workmanship. 
 
 The Delft art manufacturers wisely go to the works of their own 
 famous artists for their subjects. The transcriptions in every instance 
 are satisfactory. There are in the collection lovely examples after
 
 THE ART PALACE. 307 
 
 Hendrik William Mesdag. One shows two ships making ready for the 
 day's fishing. The sea presents a calm surface. The reflection from 
 the rising sun is on the horizon, and the sky is luminous. The spirit of 
 the picture has been faithfully carried out. There is a characteristically 
 Dutch market scene by Tony Offermanns ; a cavalier and a merry 
 drinking party after Frans Hals. Louis Apol's land and water scapes 
 make the most charming blue and white effects. A brawny fisherman 
 with a little child in his arms is a striking and typical example of 
 Israels, the famous painter. 
 
 Interesting Potteries. 
 
 The Doulton potteries, of Lambeth, England, occupy a central 
 position in the manufactures building. Their display is large and very 
 beautiful. It is composed of many different specimens of their excellent 
 workmanship, both in modeling and decoration ; but there is little, if 
 anything, that has not been previously displayed in the American 
 market. The massing of so large a variety is, however, most pleasing. 
 What is known as the Lambeth ware is always effective. The fine 
 clays used in making it accept the enamel so perfectly that a glaze of 
 great brilliancy is attained. 
 
 The coloring of the darker pieces, where powder-blue, dark greens 
 and soft reds have been used, is exquisite. There are some large 
 faience vases, decorated by artists famous for their work on porcelain. 
 Tall ewers, with graceful and slender necks, are to be found in faience. 
 A vase upon which has been painted the story of Columbus attracts 
 much attention. The Misses Barlow have again shown their skill as 
 decorators, using as subjects birds and cattle. The newest examples 
 are called mosaic and marquetry. The tesselated work, the designs of 
 which are outlined by a gold thread, is very pretty. The clouded colors 
 applied to the marquetry harmonize with the party color, which is 
 usually a soft gray. The table services are exquisite in decoration and 
 design and endless in- variety. One art room is devoted to the showing 
 of Lambeth tiles. They are daringly colored, and the figures which 
 compose the subject matter of the pictures are skillfully modeled. Mr. 
 Timworth's historical and allegorical bas-reliefs are an additional 
 attraction to the tile art room.
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 Woman's Building. 
 
 PERHAPS no building among the scores at Jackson Park was 
 more eagerly sought or studied with more interest than the 
 Woman's Building. The place occupied by woman in the 
 serious work of the world and her accomplishments in addi- 
 tion to being graceful and beautiful were shown at the World's Fair. 
 There were collected and placed in attractive form object lessons dis- 
 playing to the best advantage her progress and enlarged sphere of use- 
 fulness that startled those people who have regarded women as merely 
 pedestals for bonnets and as types for frivolity. 
 
 Without any doubt one of the exhibits at the Exposition that at- 
 tracted greatest interest was this Woman's Building. Irrespective of its 
 dimensions, which Chicago people repeated with a sort of relish, there 
 was something about this exhibit of very great moment. Dwellers on 
 the shores of Lake Michigan insisted that the Woman's Building was 
 388 feet long by 199 feet wide, which, as every one with a mathematical 
 education knows, is equivalent to one acre and eight- tenths, -and that it 
 cost $138,000. These facts are really the least important. Its chief 
 value consisted in the demonstration it afforded of the wonderful pro- 
 gress made by women in the last few years. And not only this, but the 
 great measure of recognition that they have obtained for their work. If 
 the exhibit were ten miles long and two miles broad this could not be 
 more emphasized than it has been by the efforts of the Lady Board of 
 Managers to whom the country is indebted for this display. 
 
 Their Wonderful Energy: 
 
 Under the leadership of Mrs. Potter Palmer the " Lady Managers" 
 they didn't relish the title, believing that there was about it a little sug- 
 gestion of the "saleslady" and "forelady" style of diction did wonders. 
 More of the real results of the Exposition than they will ever get credit 
 for can be traced to their endeavors. Co-operating with the central 
 body were women of push and energy all over the country, and in many 
 states the news that a great Exposition was to be held was first carried 
 to the citizens by the gentler sex. In Texas, for instance, they did the 
 pioneer work that resulted in a display being sent by voluntary contri- 
 308
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 309 
 
 butions, the constitution of that state preventing the Legislature from 
 making appropriations such as were set aside by other commonwealths. 
 
 Those who participated in the hewing of wood and the drawing of 
 water that preceded the adoption of the broad scope of the Fair have some 
 idea of the wonderful energy displayed throughout by the women. 
 There was no record of it on the walls of the Woman's Building, but it 
 is a fact that a very large share of the drudgery and yeoman's work fell 
 upon Mrs. Palmer and her associates. Everywhere they were found 
 fighting, arguing and working, often against strong odds, but, as it 
 turned out almost invariably, with success. There were sections of the 
 Fair besides the Woman's Building that formed a monument to the sex. 
 
 The first labors of the women managers before they decided on the 
 sort of exhibits that should be made were to enlist the co-operation of 
 foreign countries. In England Queen Victoria and Princess Christian 
 were induced by Mrs. Palmer to join the movement. Then there came 
 in the Duchess of Abercorn, Lady Salisbury, Mrs. Bedford Fenwick, 
 Lady Henry Somerset, Baroness Burdett-Coutts and a number of others 
 equally public-spirited. In France, Mme. Carnot was president of a 
 committee: in Germany, Princess Frederick Carl ; in Italy, Queen Marg- 
 herita; in Belgium, the Queen of the Belgians, and in Russia the Em- 
 press enthusiastically indorsed the idea of a woman's exhibit. 
 
 The responses to the calls from the central body showed the strides 
 that have been made by women in what has been termed their " eman- 
 cipation. " No previous Exposition has ever had a display of women's 
 work like this, and, what is of more importance, in no Exposition did 
 woman ever have the voice that she had in this. 
 
 Architects Among Women. 
 
 The Woman's Building, which was of the Italian Renaissance style, 
 was designed by Miss Sophia G. Hayden, a Boston architect, only 
 twenty-two years old, and a modest girl of such a retiring appearance 
 that architecture is the last thing one would think her guilty of. She 
 is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The ac- 
 ceptance of her plans earned her a prize of $ 1,000. Miss Lois L. 
 Howe, also of Boston, won the second prize, and Miss Laura Hayes, of 
 Chicago, the third. It was not generally known in this country that 
 there were many women architects until the designs for the building 
 were called for. A large number of them came to the front. They 
 were all young, most of them being under twenty-five. 
 
 The interior decoration of the building was done, of course, by 
 women. The brick work, mason work, plastering and carpentry natu-
 
 GROUP OF DECORATION ON WOMAN S BUILDING.
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 311 
 
 rally was attended to by men. It was not at any time considered 
 proper to give the affair a dime museum aspect by engaging women in 
 any branch of work in which they are actually employed in the outside 
 world. But in painting, of course, they are well represented in most 
 cities and countries. 
 
 The decorated panels were very large, fourteen feet high and fifty- 
 eight feet long. Mrs. MacMonnies and Miss Cassatt, who live in Paris did 
 the work. The former is the wife of a distinguished sculptor, the man 
 who made the fountains in front of the Administration Building. To 
 paint the panels she constructed a big glass roofed building and ar- 
 ranged to have the canvas lowered into an excavation in the ground, so 
 as to avoid the necessity of climbing ladders. Four side panels were 
 painted by Mrs. Rosina Sherwood, Miss Lydia Emmett and Mrs. 
 Amanda Brewster Sewell, all of New York, and by Miss Fairchild, of 
 Boston. Mrs. Candace Wheeler was the color director of the woman's 
 department. Miss Yandell made the caryatides. 
 
 Artistic Decorations. 
 
 The Woman's Building was located near one of the principal en- 
 trances to the grounds and on one side of the grand quadrangle, around 
 which the main buildings were placed. There was a main rectangular 
 hall, over which was an immense skylight. Off a large gallery on, the 
 first floor above the ground were spacious assembly rooms and halls 
 entirely separated one from the other. The decoration of this main gal- 
 lery was in ivory and gold. Panels below the high decorations con- 
 tain the names of distinguished queens and women both of Biblical and 
 later history. There was a very large room, for instance, in which were 
 placed the exhibits of benevolent and reform organizations. 
 
 Among these were found the booths of the Woman's Christian Tem- 
 perance Union, the Red Cross Society, the Salvation Army, the Colum- 
 bian Association of Housekeepers, the Home for Incurables and the 
 Shut-In Society. The latter is an association of invalids " shut in " 
 from the outside world, who communicate with each other and manage 
 to do a great deal of helpful work. 
 
 In their booths was everything appertaining to the work of the 
 societies, ranging from statistics to banners. Information, verbal and 
 documentary, was given to applicants, and during the Fair there were 
 reunions and conventions of the different bodies. An important repre- 
 sentation was that of the Woman's Press Clubs, and it developed that 
 women are making enormous strides in the writing and selling of news- 
 paper articles. The tendency of women is toward co-operation.
 
 312 
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 The capacity of woman for literary work is now acknowledged by 
 the great journals and magazines, and every woman who shows herself 
 
 GROUP OF DECORATION ON WOMAN S BUILDING. 
 
 to be a bright writer can find ready employment. In some departments 
 of journalism she holds a place of her own, and one that cannot be filled 
 by any member of the opposite sex Especially in all matters pertain- 
 ing to the household she has the field to herself. A man is not expected
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 313 
 
 to write on making cookies and babies' dresses. Most men would 
 show a marvellous incapacity if they were to attempt it. 
 
 The first exhibit made by the women was in 1891, when they began 
 to demonstrate their marvellous capacity for organization. When a 
 woman wants a thing she usually gets it, and the Chicago women and 
 those from everywhere else wanted the Fair. Such a spirit of energy 
 was developed that it can be safely said that if the project had been 
 abandoned by the men they would have flocked apart and held a Fair 
 of their own. 
 
 Noble Works of Charity. 
 
 There was nothing of an alarming or dramatic nature about the con- 
 tents of the Woman's Building. There were not any statues of silver 
 or gold nor purple dragons. It was a dignified display of women's 
 work. As might be expected, there was plenty of embroidery, needle- 
 work and laces. The Patent Office was scoured for inventions by women. 
 There was a congress of women writers, reunions of all the women's 
 benevolent organizations, and, above all, exhibits ofc nursing. Mrs. 
 Palmer considered that the noblest work done by women is in the nurs- 
 ing field. 
 
 One of the triumphs of the women was that women physicians were 
 given official and professional recognition at the Exposition. Dr. John 
 E. Owen, medical director of the Fair, placed them on his professional 
 staff) and they ranked equally with men in the Exposition Hospital. 
 This was an institution separate and distinct from the model hospital in 
 the Woman's Building, which, though shown as an exhibit, was equipped 
 with women doctors and trained nurses and handled emergency cases. 
 A large number of small accidents always occur where there are crowds. 
 
 In the programme the cases that it was thought would be numerous 
 were described as faintness, hysterics, weak people needing rest, etc. 
 Some of these were cared for in a room in the Department of Public 
 Comfort managed by women. Other rooms were established at intervals 
 all over the grounds. There was likewise an ambulance service, each 
 ambulance being accompanied by a trained nurse. 
 
 Best Methods of Nursing the Sick. 
 
 In the nursing department there were shown all the appliances, such 
 as bandages that are used in hospitals and a plentiful supply of instru- 
 ments, surgical and orthopedic. There is a strong effort to dislodge old 
 time ideas about nursing, which consisted in ordering the patient around 
 and treating him as if he ought to be ashamed of himself for getting
 
 314 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 sick. Mrs. Bedford Fenwick, who was sent to this country from Eng- 
 land by the Princess Christian, showed a very interesting set of articles. 
 The art of nursing has grown to be a society fad in Great Britain, and 
 there are many advanced ideas about it there from which American 
 nurses may profit. A number of English nurses were at the Exposition, 
 and Mrs. Fenwick admitted that they too had plenty to learn from the 
 Americans. , 
 
 It was frankly announced at the outset by Mrs. Palmer that there' 
 would be an immense amount of pressure upon the space at her disposal 
 for exhibits that had no merit in themselves but that would be urged 
 upon her acceptance because they were made by orphans and widows. 
 When dealing with articles manufactured by women she said that the 
 benevolent side of the dealer seemed to come to the surface and people 
 were expected to admire or purchase solely from a sympathetic standpoint. 
 All that sort of thing it was decided must be excluded, " otherwise," 
 Mrs. Palmer truly observed, " our exhibit might come to be one that 
 
 would represent the incapacity rather than the capacity of our sex." 
 
 
 
 Royal Works of Art. 
 
 Besides the nursing exhibit from Great Britain there were shown a 
 number of works of art by the royal family. Queen Victoria sent a 
 straw hat beaded and sewed by herself and six water color drawings of 
 her own. Princess Christian, her daughter, contributed two oil paintings, 
 Princess Louise one water color and Princess Beatrice one oil painting. 
 Then there were eleven works of art by the best painters of the sex in 
 England. Mrs. Swynnerton and Mrs. Lea Merritt sent large mural 
 paintings illustrating woman's work. In the assembly room were hung 
 one hundred and fifty portraits of eminent Englishmen arranged in 
 groups by Miss Helen Blackburn. 
 
 Lord and Lady Aberdeen, who visited Chicago in 1 892 in the interest 
 of the industries of Ireland, many of which are carried on by women, 
 prepared a fine collection of Irish laces and knit goods. They intro- 
 duced these articles to Chicago dealers and stimulated a demand for 
 them. Lady Henry Somerset, who is a pioneer in benevolent work, 
 showed practical examples of the fruits of her effort. An exhibit from 
 the English industrial schools explained the training of young girls for 
 housework and other occupations of women in that country. 
 
 The boat in which Grace Darling rescued so many lives from ship- 
 wreck, though not placed in the Woman's Building, was brought to this 
 country through the efforts of the women. It was placed, perhaps 
 inappropriately, in the transportation department. It was obtained only
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 315 
 
 on the condition that a contribution box should be attached to it for the 
 reception of money to be devoted to the care of disabled English 
 seamen. 
 
 Mrs. French-Sheldon, the African explorer, placed in the building a 
 very fine collection of clothing, feathers, shells and cooking and eating 
 utensils which she secured on her trip into the Dark Continent. These 
 illustrate the manners and customs of the African tribes. 
 
 Queen of Italy Interested. 
 
 Queen Marguerita of Italy personally directed the preparation of the 
 exhibit from that country. It included a wonderful collection of his- 
 torical laces, some of which were found in Etruscan and Egyptian tombs. 
 They were made, some of them, as far back as one thousand years 
 before Christ. The Queen tendered these laces, which had never been 
 allowed to leave Italy for any purpose whatever, at a time when the 
 relations between her government and ours were strained on account of 
 the New Orleans incident. No valuation was set upon the collection. 
 It was considered priceless. A member of the Court Guard of Italy 
 accompanied it, in addition to the Countess di Brazza, the custodian of 
 the exhibit. The Countess is an American, whose maiden name was 
 Miss Cora Slocum. 
 
 The Emperor and Empress of Russia manifested great interest in the 
 Woman's Building and many members of the nobility undertook to 
 make collections. The Grand Duchess Elizabeth Teodorowna, of Mos- 
 cow, sent a number of samples of needlework and laces, as did Mme. 
 A. N. Narischkine. From Poland came a collection of dolls, dressed in 
 the various native costumes. All these things were placed on view in 
 the Winter Palace at St. Petersburg before shipment to this country. 
 
 Chinese women had never participated formally in any Exposition. 
 One of the greatest obstacles to an exhibit from the Flowery Kingdom 
 was, of course, our exclusion law which naturally is very offensive to 
 the feelings of educated Chinese. A special act of Congress was passed 
 permitting Chinamen and Chinawomen to visit the Fair, and a small 
 exhibit was promised. During the continuance of the Exhibition several 
 nobles visited it with their wives and the latter might be considered a 
 part of the contribution of women to the Fair. China erected a small 
 but interesting booth, showing embroideries, painting and garments. 
 In Tunis and Syria local prejudice prevented the formation of a woman's 
 commission. It was not considered proper for women to participate in 
 public affairs. This condition of things prevented a large representation 
 from Oriental countries.
 
 aiti WOMAN'S BUILDING 
 
 Japanese Courtesy. 
 
 In many departments of the Fair the Japanese took a very prominent 
 part. Their exhibit in the Woman's Building was one of the best there. 
 Throughout the work the attitude of the Japanese was so amiable that 
 they were quoted as models of manners. They sent, for example, a 
 communication to the Board insisting on paying for some additional 
 electric lights they required for their exhibit. This sort of spirit was not 
 always conspicuous among the representatives of other nations. 
 
 The Empress of Japan appointed a committee, of which the Princess 
 Mori was the chairman. They got together pictures in the pure Japanese 
 style, carvings, raw silk specimens and cocoons, embroideries, chinaware 
 and china paintings, lacquer, hand woven gobelin, lace artificial flowers 
 and a number of other things of the same sort. 
 
 A Japanese boudoir was shown, with all the articles of toilet of a 
 woman of rank in that country. These were special loans from the 
 treasures of the Princess Mori and the Marchionesses Maceda and 
 Nabeshima, members of the commission. All the parts of the boudoir 
 were manufactured in Japan and erected in the building by native car- 
 penters. 
 
 A committee of the Japanese commissions prepared statistics about 
 women's work, education and their charities. They also printed a cata- 
 logue of the articles they had on exhibition, and published a book 
 entitled" Nippon Fujin," which means "Japanese Women." It contained 
 articles on woman's position in society, woman in administration affairs, 
 in literature, in religion, at home as child, wife and mother ; woman in 
 industrial occupations, agriculture, sericulture and mercantile business ; 
 woman in refined accomplishments, fine arts, music, painting, floral 
 arrangements, incense, tea ceremonies, etc.; woman's work and status at 
 the present time. 
 
 Exhibit from Liberia. 
 
 The colored women of Liberia sent an exhibit which includes church 
 vestments and altar pieces embroidered by colored nuns. Those of the 
 Southern States, Virginia, for instance, where there are not many white 
 women engaged in productive enterprises, are creditably represented. 
 
 Large preparations were made for the sale of women's work in the 
 building. Decorative art societies, women's exchanges, industrial and 
 educational unions and individuals are allowed to sell exhibits by 
 samples. The sales are arranged on a co-operative plan, each exhibitor 
 paying her share of the expenses. Twenty per cent, is charged on all
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 317 
 
 sales where the saleswomen are provided by the management. Of this 
 five per cent, goes to the Ways and Means Committee for " conces- 
 sions," the rest being placed in a fund, out of which all salaries and 
 other expenses attending the sales are defrayed. Articles admitted for 
 sale must be the original work of the exhibitor or its manufactured 
 value must be greatly enhanced by original work. 
 
 Guides from Many Nations. 
 
 Women guides are provided to escort women about the grounds. 
 They have been selected on account of their intelligence and knowledge 
 of locations, having been required to pass a sort of examination on 
 these points. They are not expected to escort men. Elderly bald- 
 heads from the East must puzzle the thing out with the aid of a map, 
 employ male guides or be content to lose themselves in the jungles of 
 Jackson Park. 
 
 These women guides lack the loudly declamatory style of elocution 
 so much affected by male sight showers. Harshness of voice and 
 manner were a bar to appointment. They have been selected from 
 different nationalities, so that women who don't know English may 
 have everything on the grounds fully explained to them. 
 
 To return to the exhibits. The least attractive to the eye, but still 
 one of the most perfect, is the collection of statistics about women. It 
 was a surprise to the managers to find how few statistics had ever been 
 got together of this kind. To remedy the defect the Commissioners in 
 all the States, Territories and foreign countries began to collect all the 
 figures they could as to the number of wage earners or self-supporting 
 women ; the number employed in factories, stores, shops, and offices ; 
 the number owning and controlling farms; the number engaged in 
 mining, horticulture and floriculture ; in professions, in domestic ser- 
 vice, authors, teachers ; those engaged in art work and designing, liter- 
 ary work and the number employed in other lines. Much of the infor- 
 mation obtained has been engrossed on large charts which are hung in 
 the building and studiously scanned by visitors. 
 
 Surprising Facts. 
 
 The compilation of statistics is the greatest ever attempted in refer- 
 ence to women. Many surprising things were discovered which tended 
 to show that women do things with very much less noise than men. It 
 was found that a tremendous percentage of the ready made clothing 
 produced in the United States is made by women. Forty-five per cent 
 of the rugs and carpets and forty per cent, of the big rubber belts
 
 318 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 employed in machinery are made by the gentler sex. The latter fact 
 was a surprise even to the managers who thought themselves well 
 informed on the industries in which women engage. They had never 
 heard that women made rubber belting. Ninety per cent, of the silk 
 thread, it is found, is made by women. 
 
 Then in the statistics as to benevolent societies the women are well 
 in the front. Hundreds of Bohemian organizations were unearthed, 
 whose object is the advancement of the sex. Very naturally not many 
 of these are secret societies, but still a few are, disproving the very 
 much believed statement that women cannot keep secrets. 
 
 A Beautiful Library. 
 
 Among the other surprises brought out as to women were facts as to 
 their literary capacity. It was found that for centuries women have 
 written the most profound works, not only in English speaking lands, 
 but in the monarchies usually considered opposed to their education. 
 Italy and Spain have had women authors whose writings on the exact 
 sciences are standard in those countries. - 
 
 The library which is 57 feet long by 37 feet wide, was fitted up at 
 the expense of the women of New York State. The furniture and 
 decorations and antique wainscoting are of the Italian style. Mrs. 
 Dora Wheeler Keith, of New York, painted the ceiling, which is of the 
 sixteenth century style of Venitian art, its groups representing history, 
 romance, imagination and the arts. . In general the adornment of the 
 room follows the Italian Renaissance. Many of the books written by 
 American women about the year 1840, it is found have become very 
 rare. Some copies that could not be found in this country were sent 
 here from England. After the Fair is over all the collections of liter- 
 ature go to the State library at Albany. 
 
 Italy sent a big collection of sensible pamphlets about industrial 
 matters. Germany's exhibit of 309 volumes is very fine. In the set 
 are two big volumes on archaeology. Even Kansas sent many books, and 
 they were not about politics or corn at $10 a bushel, either. In California 
 the women are occupying important positions in viticulture and they 
 have written a good deal on the subject. They are employed in that 
 State in large numbers as wine tasters. 
 
 Inventors, Too. 
 
 In the department of the inventions woman has her place. It has 
 often been observed with a little reproachfulness that the sewing 
 machine was invented by man and that many labor saving devices are
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 319 
 
 the product of his brain, even when the machines are not to be used by 
 htm. Among woman's inventions is a patent reservoir. That comes 
 from California. Another is a window that works on a pivot, so that 
 the outside can be cleaned from the inside. It turns around like a 
 water wheel. A device for stopping a runaway horse is also shown. 
 It will be seen then, that woman's mind is not always on babies and 
 pie making.' 
 
 In connection with the woman's exhibit a woman's hotel was built 
 for the accommodation of the unprotected during the Fair. It holds 
 five thousand women, and the charge for a room is less than forty 
 cents per day, which of course does not include meals. Those 
 who would be guests purchase $10 worth of stock in the hotel 
 company, and for this sum they are allowed to reside in the hotel 
 for one month, and if the company makes enough money to pay it they 
 are entitled to a dividend of ten per cent, on their stock after everything 
 has been cleared up at the close of the season. Though run as a semi- 
 benevolent institution, this hotel is by no means a charity. 
 
 The stock was divided among the different States and localities 
 according to their population. Purchasers were required to name the 
 approximate dates of their arrival and departure so that the hotel might 
 not be overflowing with guests at one time and empty at another. 
 Precautions were taken to prevent the awkwardness of all the woman 
 arriving at the hotel on the same day. Mrs. McAdow, the mining 
 engineer who made a few million dollars in a few years, took quarters 
 at the hotel for herself and her maid. It may seem strange that 
 a woman who can afford a maid occupies a forty cent room, but Mrs. 
 McAdow believes both in saving money herself and setting examples 
 in economy to others. 
 
 Women who Catch Fish. 
 
 The State of New Jersey employs scores of women in its fishing 
 industries, and these are well illustrated with seines and nets which are 
 displayed in the model kitchen. 
 
 Upon the roof of the Woman's Building is a very fine garden, from 
 which a good view can be had of the Fair. There the visitor can sip 
 tea and listen to the strains of a woman's orchestra. 
 
 The women of Illinois erected a special building for the exhibition of 
 a model emergency hospital. Besides showing the nursing methods 
 of the natives there is displayed a pharmaceutical collection, in which 
 everything can be seen from court plaster to paregoric. The Illinois 
 Training School for Nurses shows its plans for nursing the sick.
 
 320 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 Ceylonese women have a court of their own in the building. It is 
 built of the woods of the island and fashioned in the style of 2,000 
 years ago. It is faced with pillars of carved ebony, braced together 
 with ebony beams. Lace embroideries and jewels are shown and two 
 Ceylonese women make tea to illustrate that conversation is not a lost 
 art in Ceylon. In the Spanish collection is the sword of Queen Isabella. 
 It comes from the Royal Armory at Madrid, and is a reminder of the 
 military authority belonging to some of the old time queens. 
 
 x 
 
 The Model Kitchen. 
 
 The model kitchen with its cookery lessons is a favorite resort. 
 Those visitors who have any thirst for knowledge are taught how to 
 broil steaks instead of boiling them in grease on a frying pan, and other 
 interesting secrets of the kitchen are imparted. After the Philadelphia 
 Centennial Exposition it was said that an immense movement in favor of 
 better and more artistic architecture swept over the country. The 
 women's work will be directed toward creating a tidal wave that will 
 sweep from the land a large amount of the wretchedness it contains due 
 to dyspepsia. 
 
 As a result of inquiries as to exhibits not in the Woman's Building, 
 but which are made either wholly or in part by women, a very good 
 idea of the work of the sex was gleaned by the managers. This infor- 
 mation, the object of which was not very clear when it was collected, 
 has been used in this way: All the women who either designed or 
 produced any of the exhibits that receive medals from the Exposition 
 receive duplicate medals for themselves. The appropriation of $5,000 
 to pay for these medals was secured by Mrs. Potter Palmer, who 
 insisted that the women who made the articles should be recognized 
 equally with the men who happened to own them. At no previous 
 Exposition has this been done. When a manufacturer receives a medal, 
 if the person who manufactured the deserving exhibit was a woman she 
 receives an exact duplicate of the medal given to her employer. 
 
 Accompanying the medal is a certificate that confers a standing upon 
 the woman wage earner and no doubt gives her a value in the labor 
 mirket that she otherwise would not obtain, as so many of the products 
 of the workers are anonymous. The justice of this provision must be 
 admitted by the male workers in every occupation. 
 
 American Art Association. 
 
 The American Art Association of New York prepared a most 
 interesting exhibit. All theories of what women can do lack value 
 until they are put into tangible, apparent results. What this exhibition
 
 9 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 321 
 
 shows is, that although there may be much idle talk concerning the 
 possible achievements of women, a certain number of women have gone 
 to work and done something, and are not ashamed to put it before the 
 eyes of the world. The greater partis in the line of things done before. 
 Inevitably the needle has a prominent place. But a great deal shown 
 has not generally been done by women, and indicates the success of 
 their incursion into the livelihoods, and among the ranks of men. The 
 most valuable part is, of course, that which no one has done before, and 
 which grafts originality into achievement. 
 
 The most conspicuous works shown are the tapestries of the Associ- 
 ated Artists. Of these the largest piece is a copy of Raphael's cartoon 
 " The Miraculous Draught of Fishes," embroidered by Miss Anna 
 Lyman, but does not illustrate so completely the originality of the 
 tapestries both in design and execution, as the six smaller works, which 
 are still large, " Alice Pyncheon," " Minnehaha," " Peacocks," " Pene- 
 lope," " Psyche," " Crescent," designed by Mrs. Dora Wheeler Keith. 
 The first two belong to a series intended to illustrate characters from 
 American fiction. Alice Pyncheon is from Hawthorne's " Seven Gables," 
 and represents the flight of Alice in her wedding garments through the 
 snow. The charm of this, as of the ideal conceptions of "Psyche," 
 " Penelope " and the " Crescent," and that gorgeous piece of color, 
 " Peacocks," is that they not only suggest the subtleties of modelling 
 in the faces, but convey the more pervasive charm of sentiment. 
 
 What the Gobelin tapestries have done for the art of Watteau and 
 Boncher these modern and American tapestries do for modern art. 
 There is unfortunately no work in this exhibition' that translates the 
 broad water-color effects of modern art, but the smaller work, " Algerian 
 Bootblack," illustrates how effectively may be conveyed the brilliancy 
 and methods of modern works in oil. 
 
 A New Material. 
 
 This work has only been possible through the manufacture of an en- 
 tirely new material. This is a magnificent fabric of silk, which allows 
 the passing of the color by a needle through the web so that it becomes in- 
 corporated with the fabric itself. While this permits the translation, as was 
 stated, of the effects of oil, it presents a perfectly smooth surface that 
 adapts the pieces for the years of service that the old tapestries have- 
 rendered. This tapestry stuff is not the only- new thing in textiles that 
 have come from these women's hands. The shadow silks and the cloths 
 of silver and gold are entirely new effects resulting from peculiar 
 manipulations of the loom. 
 
 21
 
 322 WOMAN'S BUILDING. ^ 
 
 These have come about through the necessity of having certain fabrics 
 for certain artistic effects which could not be procured elsewhere. The 
 shadow silks represent that play of light, shade and color seen in vines 
 and trees in sunlight an effect which, with past theories of decoration, 
 would not have been held permissible. To render perspective decorative 
 is a hint we have taken from the Japanese. The shadow silks render 
 not only perspective, but convey through a shimmer of color the sense 
 of tremulous motion. Work of this sort may fairly be considered an 
 achievement, and may fitly be placed alongside the textile fabrics of any 
 country. That it has been done by a woman is a matter for congratu- 
 lation. It is telling no secret that the woman is Mrs. Candace Wheeler, 
 and that her work, in the larger commercial sense, has added to the 
 wealth of the nation. It is a tribute to woman's inventive genius. 
 
 Artistic Designs. 
 
 In the designs for textiles and wall paper a group of women have 
 done some notable things. The distinction of this modern school of 
 design, formed chiefly by women, is that they have all had that previous 
 artistic training that they can turn in one direction or another. The 
 designer of wall papers and textiles, as a rule, began mixing colors as a 
 boy, and having acquired the technicalties of his trade, takes up design. 
 The women approach design from the opposite direction, and from the 
 study of motives out of the boundless resources of nature, learn last the 
 necessary technicalities for its reproduction. This accounts for the 
 freshness of their impressions, new motives and the originality of their 
 designs. 
 
 In stained glass and glass mosaics the most important work has been 
 done by women. It will surprise many visitors to this exhibition to see 
 how much of the work done by large firms, such as the Tiffany Glass 
 Company, is by women. This is a work that has not only its artistic, but 
 also its commercial side, and it is the commercial side that, after all, 
 attests its worth to women, since it demonstrates the value of their 
 work as a livelihood, which is, after all, the important thing to women. 
 
 China Decoration. 
 
 Almost every one may estimate the distinct advance made by women 
 in painted china by comparing that here with the work done by 
 amateurs a few years ago. In one case is collected china that is done 
 by a number of women, fish and game services, and special pieces that 
 would not discredit the imported and professional work of the best 
 houses.
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING 323 
 
 To return to the all-conquering needle, some of the most beautiful 
 work shown is in the church embroideries. The St. Mary's Ecclesi- 
 astical Art Society, in the beauty of execution and color of the work 
 shown, almost surpasses the old Italian church embroideries. There is 
 a burse shown by these embroideries that renders the figures of six 
 disciples walking, three in each, in solemn procession against a back- 
 ground of sea and sky. The expressive, devotional character of the 
 scene, the quaint beauty of its color, alike rendered by the needle, are 
 among its most beautiful triumphs. Another work as beautiful as an 
 opal in color is " The Annunciation," and with this may be numbered 
 " The Expulsion of Adam and Eve," with its delicate silvery tint. All 
 these are attractive exhibits, both in design and novelty. 
 
 A Charming Window. 
 
 Boston is represented in the Woman's Building at the Exposition and 
 is viewed through rose-colored glasses, for Miss Mary C. Sears, the 
 artist, of whom her city is justly proud, designed a magnificent window 
 and the women of Boston donated it to the Fair. The window is seven 
 feet tall, including the transom, and is divided into a central panel with 
 a wide border. The design is suggestive of the erudition of the modern 
 Athens ; the row of books, the laurel and the palm. The seal of the 
 commonwealth also appears. The border is a conventional scroll of 
 Renaissance ornament. A vine of deep green is picked out here and 
 there by brilliant color prints, and the garland is graceful and pleasing. 
 
 The window was made by a Boston glass firm and the work of 
 producing the finest tints and most delicate variations of shade in the 
 metal without the use of pigments was eminently successful, as a close 
 examination shows. 
 
 Paintings by Women. 
 
 Mrs. Rosina Emmet Sherwood and her sister, Miss Lydia Emmet 
 painted two large panels that adorn the Woman's Building. 
 
 Mrs. Sherwood chose for her subject the Republic, personified in a 
 red-capped, white-robed woman, bestowing laurels upon literature, art, 
 music and the home, as represented in the arts by graceful young 
 women, and in the case of the rising generation by a chubby little boy 
 at his mother's knee, who typifies the hope of the Republic. 
 
 Miss Emmet undertook to represent and glorify the arts that are 
 open to the women of our land by five young women students, one of 
 them representing music, another art needlework, and others sculpture, 
 painting, and learning.
 
 324 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 In both cases the panels are some twelve feet in height and are very 
 broadly and strongly painted in dull colors, in order to be seen to good 
 advantage. The figures are all carefully drawn and very well compared 
 and the colors are simple and harmonious. Both in sentiment and 
 execution they are worthy adornments of the building designed by and 
 for the women of the land to illustrate their place and progress in the 
 fine arts. The building contains many similar symbolic designs. 
 
 Queen Victoria's Contribution. 
 
 Her Majesty Queen Victoria has contributed six water color draw- 
 ings to the British art department in the Woman's Building. These 
 paintings are all placed in the main hall as also two oil paintings by 
 the Princess Christian, a water color by Princess Louise, and one 
 painting by the Princess Beatrice. In addition to these specimens 
 of royal art work there are eleven other paintings executed by 
 prominent English women, and which are said to be excellent pro- 
 ductions. The English women have decorated the east vestibule to 
 represent an Italian courtyard. On the ceiling is painted a curtain ; 
 over the doorway and arches are figures in plaster modeled by Miss 
 Pope and Miss Halle, typifying Faith, Hope, Purity, Charity, Peace, 
 Sympathy, Wisdom, and Fortitude. On the walls are six panel paint- 
 ings done on canvas. The center panel is a picture of Florence 
 Nightingale in the temporary hospital at Scutari during the Crimean 
 war. To the left of the center panel is a smaller one picturing 
 "Motherhood." The one on the right is called " Care of the Aged." 
 On the opposite wall are the works of Anna Lea Merritt. The center 
 panel represents several women studying the art of embroidery. 
 On a step in front of the picture two children are solving the problem 
 of how to use a needle. The dado and floor in the vestibule are 
 made of Tennessee marble. 
 
 Two Remarkable Canvases. 
 
 The two large canvases for the mural surfaces at the ends of 
 the gallery of honor in the Woman's Building attract much attention. 
 The paintings were executed in Paris, but the artists are both American 
 women. One of them, Mrs. MacMonnies, who, by the way, is the wife 
 of the sculptor who made the celebrated fountain for the grand court of 
 the Exposition, is well known in America through previous excellent 
 work. Miss Cassatt, on the contrary, is almost entirely unknown 
 in this, her native country, although widely recognized abroad as an artist 
 of ability. She is a woman of independent fortune and paints only what
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 325 
 
 and where she pleases, and it was through the individual efforts of 
 Mrs. Palmer that Miss Cassatt was induced to undertake the important 
 work, now complete, which forms one of the great features of the most 
 interesting building in the World's Fair. 
 
 The canvas of Mrs. MacMonnies represents primitive woman. It is 
 in three sections and depicts various and slowly progressive eras in the 
 early history of woman. There is an Egyptian effect in the drapery of 
 some of the figures, and in the antique jars borne on their heads. The 
 women of the great painting, with their children about them, are en- 
 gaged in the domestic avocations and social enterprises of an elementary 
 and primitive nature, characteristic of that rudimentary period of her 
 industrial and intellectual development. There are male figures, too, 
 in the scenes, amusing themselves according to the masculine fancy of 
 the time, or arduously pursuing the chase. 
 
 Miss Cassatt' s canvas portrays in vivid contrast the modern woman, 
 the finest flower of the twentieth century. This canvas also is in three 
 divisions, and is surrounded by a border of deep blue medallions, on 
 which are exquisitely painted the nude figures of a myriad of beautiful 
 children. The first section of the canvas contains three graceful women, 
 with the rush of swift winds in their blown drapery. They pursue a 
 mysterious something, dim and elusive in the shadowy distance. The 
 central scene lies in an orchard, where the highly civilized women of 
 to-day taste the rosy ripened fruit of the tree of knowledge. All is sun- 
 shine, liberty, and progress, and the concluding section of the canvas is 
 a half-playful declaration of independence by a pretty woman " making 
 a kettle " with her skirts. That is charming. 
 
 These two great paintings by celebrated women artists, on the oppo- 
 site ends of the gallery of honor in the woman's building, tell a moving 
 tale more eloquently than volumes of lectures could, and are evidences 
 of superior artistic ability. 
 
 An Exquisite Decoration. 
 
 Miss Magda M. Heuermann furnished in pyrography, a remarkably 
 clever bit of work in the decoration of a linen press and an antique 
 chair for exhibition in the Woman's Building. The style and design of 
 the chair are of the period of 1532, and the decoration of the press is of 
 a German renaissance. The press is made of black walnut with panels 
 of white maple, and on the latter the artistic designs are burned. The 
 figure of a good German housewife is shown on each of the front panels ; 
 engaged in spinning in one case ; holding a roll of finished linen in the 
 other. The story here told is taken from Schiller's song of " The Bell,"
 
 326 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 and Miss Heuermann has wrought part of the story in German around 
 the edges. Here is a translation of the stanza with which she has 
 decorated the press : 
 
 She filleth with treasures the sweet-scented presses, 
 
 Sends flying the thread, round the low-humming spindle, 
 
 And gathers in chests, bright burnished and neat, 
 The glistening wool and the linen snow-white. 
 
 Japanese Beauties. 
 
 A room in the upper corridor is filled with beautiful Japanese screens, 
 tables, and panel pictures. Most of the hangings and screens are in the 
 conventional style which art stores have made so familiar, but there are, 
 perhaps, a half-dozen exceptions. One is a peacock screen, a gorgeous 
 piece of coloring, the ground-work in gold, against which the beautiful 
 bird stands outlined, all the irridescent hues of the feathers being brought 
 out in strong relief. 
 
 Opposite the door hangs a Japanese master-piece, a lady of the days 
 of 1001 on her way to the Buddhist temple. The artist accompanies 
 the picture with an explanatory note in English which sets forth that 
 the costume is that of a learned lady of ancient days. Very magnificent 
 it is, too, being of white brocade with petticoat of crimson and yellow. 
 Behind her are two attendants, an old woman and a young one. Youth 
 and age are well depicted. The coloring of this picture is superb. It 
 is framed in corded white silk, and is surmounted by the royal crest, the 
 blossom and leaves of the kiri. 
 
 The picture of a baby and a dragon fly attracted a great deal of 
 attention, the infant being of sturdy build not one whit almond-eyed 
 and arrayed in garments babyhood might wear in America as well as 
 in Japan. One hand grasps and relentlessly crushes the fragile dragon- 
 fly. The picture is framed in conventional Japanese style. 
 
 No Japanese exhibit would be complete without chrysanthemums, 
 and so a flower piece composed of these royal beauties occupies a 
 prominent place on one wall. While not as large as some, the art 
 exhibit of the Japanese women is very attractive, as is shown by the 
 steady tide of visitors passing in and out. 
 
 Swedish Women's Exhibit. 
 
 The Swedish committee places exhibits in the gallery of honor, the 
 library, the art department, and the musical department. The wall 
 space allotted to Sweden is covered with tapestries and hanging collec- 
 tions of laces, etc. In the gallery of honor women place an altar-piece, 

 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 327 
 
 richly embroidered and ornamented ; gobelin tapestry ; door hangings ; 
 sculptured, embroidered, and painted folding screens, and a carved 
 walnut showcase containing a rare collection of medals. In the library 
 they exhibit 125 volumes of Swedish literature, and a collection of pho- 
 tographs of Sweden's eminent literary women. 
 
 Musical manuscripts for orchestras are exhibited on a large easel, 
 together with photographs and biographical sketches of Swedish women 
 distinguished for musical talent. Four other notable portraits exhibited 
 are those of the Queen Sophia, of Frederika-Bremer, 'of Christiana, 
 Queen of Sweden, and St. Bridget, the latter copied from a fresco 
 painting. A lady of Sweden also painted a beautiful glass window, 
 representing St. Bridget. 
 
 A Norwegian Group. 
 
 The Norwegian Industrial Society of Illinois also made a choice 
 display. While every article is the work of women living in Illinois, it 
 is all such as has been done from time immemorial by the women of 
 Norway, and a fair idea of life in the land of the midnight sun can be 
 gleaned from it. A tiny log cabin occupies a prominent place, and 
 around it are grouped peasants in costume. Some are in cotton and 
 some in holiday attire of silk, while one fair damsel stands arrayed in 
 bridal robes literally robes, four skirts of black, of red, gray, and white 
 forming the lower portion of the costume, enhanced by bodice of gay 
 embroidery and supplemented by a shawl headdress. City girls in more 
 elaborate attire and old women in church-going costume, together with 
 Norwegian swells of the first water, complete this picture of still life. 
 
 At the entrance to the booth stands a woman of Norway on snow- 
 shoes. Evidently she has just returned from a shell gathering expedi- 
 tion, the basket on her back and pail on her arm being filled with them. 
 Many curious articles are in this exhibit, a mangle of the year 1684 
 being one of the possessions of which the ladies are particularly proud. 
 This is of elaborately carved wood, with the handle carved. A 
 beautiful mat woven of feathers covers the pedestal on which the 
 Norwegian woman stands. 
 
 An old-fashioned woven bedspread, piles of homespun linen, a 
 beautiful hand-embroidered shawl of white silk, bell-rope of worsted and 
 shells, and embroidery by the Norway peasant girls are among the 
 many beautiful articles displayed. A very curious mat is one of the 
 woven worsteds in red and black. These are but things visible. 
 Stowed away in odd corners and in glass cases are many more, which 
 the smiling exhibitor is always ready to show.
 
 328 
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 Kate Marsden's Leper Village. 
 
 An exhibit in the Woman's Building which appeals strongly to the 
 heart of the philanthropist is the model of Kate Marsden's Siberian 
 leper village. 
 
 Miss Marsden is a professional nurse of the order of the Red Cross, 
 an English girl whose heart was 
 moved with pity for the sufferings 
 of the lepers in the lonely depths 
 of the forests of Siberia. Of her 
 own accord she started on the mis- 
 sion which has become her life- 
 work, and no more thrilling account 
 of adventures, whether by land or 
 sea, can be found than the story of 
 her heroic search for those who 
 since time was have been accursed. 
 
 She traveled 7,000 miles, 2,000 
 of them on horseback. Even after 
 she reached her journey's end her 
 search for the unfortunates was long 
 and tedious, but at last she found 
 them, in the heart of the forest, 
 living in rude mud huts, in the 
 deepest degradation and despair. 
 Her appeals for help touched the 
 heart of her queen, Victoria, and 
 reached the ears of the Empress of 
 Russia. They are rendering her 
 
 assistance. In Russia and Siberia she raised money enough to erect 
 temporary habitations for the lepers, and she came to America for the 
 purpose of raising more money with which to complete her plans. 
 
 The exhibit at the Fair consists of photographs and autograph letters, 
 and a plan of the village, or rather leper station, which will stand in the 
 northeast portion of Siberia, in the province of Takulsh. There are 
 two immense hospital buildings for the use of those utterly incapacitated 
 for work, surrounded by a village of smaller houses, where leper 
 families can live as happily as it is possible for those so afflicted to do. 
 The village itself is located on a river, and back of it is a lake. The 
 whole as well as the small huts in which the wretched people lived 
 when found is faithfully reproduced in the model. 
 
 MODEL OF A LEPER S HOME.
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 329 
 
 British Nurse Work. 
 
 No room in the Woman's Building attracts more attention than that 
 in which the British nursing exhibit is displayed. This is under 
 the control of the British royal commission, under the presidency of 
 Mrs. Bedford Fenwick, who is herself a practical and professional 
 nurse. The exhibit is in charge of Mrs. Bond, at one time one of her 
 Majesty's nurses. Mrs. Bond has, for noble service rendered in her 
 profession, been the recipent of four medals, noticeably that of the 
 Royal Red Cross, conferred by Queen Victoria. 
 
 The exhibit is divided into sections and is placed in large glass 
 cases against the walls. The first section is devoted to specimens 
 of all sorts of ligatures and bandages used in binding wounds and 
 in hospital service. The bandages are of all materials, from gauze 
 to oil silk, and are in infinite variety. A model of a rack for holding 
 bandages is in this collection. Below are the surgical instruments 
 used by nurses in their profession, including everything from a cambric 
 needle to syringes and cases of scissors. Every sort of thermometer 
 from the wall thermometer to that used for testing children's food is here. 
 
 Particularly interesting are glasses for measuring medicine, made of 
 opal glass. These are intended for use in a dim light and are a great 
 protection. This section also contains a set of crockery to be used in 
 typhoid cases, consisting of all the paraphernalia of the sick-room. 
 Each piece is marked typhoid and the use of it is considered necessary 
 in order to avoid contagion. The exhibit is complete in whatever affords 
 comfort in the sick room, and can in any way help the patient to a 
 speedy recovery. 
 
 Hygienic Clothing. 
 
 The second section is devoted to hygienic clothing designed by Miss 
 Franks, of London, the different articles being such as are worn by 
 British professional nurses and by them recommended to their patients. 
 Of course all articles displayed in this section are for underwear, and 
 consist of flannel undergarments, ventilated corsets for summer wear and 
 knit ones for winter, stockings, and the hygienic shoe invented by Mrs, 
 Fenwick. This shoe is adapted for the sick room, and is modeled on 
 the human foot. It is well ventilated, has steel springs over the instep 
 and a rubber heel, rendering it perfectly noiseless. The Eureka stocking 
 clipper attracts the attention of most women, promising as it does relief 
 frcm the uncomfortable garter. The clipper is so adjusted as to bear 
 on no vein, and thus perfect comfort and perfect freedom are secured.
 
 330 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 Infant's hygienic clothing is also displayed, and here the articles are 
 complete throughout, from the tiny inner band to the outside robe. 
 
 The next section is devoted to splints, padded in various materials, 
 and to different baskets and bags used by nurses. The first to attract 
 attention is Mrs. Fen wick's ward basket, which is stocked with every- 
 thing in daily use by nurses, and the wonder is how so much can be 
 packed in so small a space. Nothing is lacking. There is the box- 
 wood powder box, the bottle for rectified spirits incased in boxwood, 
 brush, comb, nail brush, tooth brush, whist broom, and duster. The 
 bag used by the Queen Victoria jubilee nurses in their work among the 
 poor is also on exhibition and is like the ward basket, very complete in 
 appointments, containing nearly one hundred articles. This is of oil 
 silk, but instead of toilet articles, it contains necessary articles for the 
 sick, antiseptics, etc., and is in constant use by the nurses who find it not 
 only a convenience but a necessity. 
 
 Suffering Children. 
 
 A pitiful section is that in which doll models are used to depict 
 children in all stages of suffering. Here a maternity nurse in pure 
 white holds in her motherly arms an infant in long robes. On a steel 
 tent bedstead lies a little one who has undergone the operation of 
 tracheotomy. Beside the bed stands the steel steamer which furnishes 
 the warm air she breathes through the tube in her throat. On another 
 bed is a little girl under three years of age slung for fracture of femur, 
 for vertical extension. Special clothing incases the little limbs and 
 flannel covers the chest. There is, too, the model of a child suffering 
 with hip disease, limbs extended by means of the Bryant splint, and the 
 same child convalescent and lying on a flat couch, clothed in flannel. 
 Another little one in long, woolen garments is in the arms of the nurse, 
 all ready for an operation 
 
 This exhibit of nurses and patients was designed and prepared by Sis- 
 ter Marion Riembolt, of the London Homeopathic hospital, and attracts 
 much attention from those who are interested in the care of the sick. 
 
 Caps Worn by Nurses. 
 
 In a case comprising another section are specimens of the lace caps 
 worn by English nurses, including those worn by Sister Dora when 
 alive, by Mrs. Fenwick, and by Miss Nightingale. Here, too, are 
 bandages of all kinds, for the jaw, nose, eyes, knees, abdomen, and 
 breast, of the best materials, either of flannel, swansdown, muslin, or 
 flannelette, with surgical glass appliances, glassware being for many 
 reasons considered best for such purpose.
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 331 
 
 Hospital Nurses. 
 
 The brass bed and cot, which stand to the right of the door on enter- 
 ing, is especially designed for hospital work, and is high enough from 
 the floor to enable sweeping to be done without moving it. It is fur- 
 nished with a spring mattress curved two inches, and with another mat- 
 tress of hair, both covered with linen. The bedding is of the lightest 
 description linen and lace. The cot is furnished entirely in wool, the 
 sheets being of fine merino. Both beds have invalid tables attached. 
 
 In the centre of the room is a case in which are models of nurses 
 from all the leading hospitals of London. Very pretty nurses, too, the 
 majority, with flaxen hair and great blue eyes ; " but/' whispered a 
 young Englishman in the room, " the nurses themselves are much pret- 
 tier than the models." 
 
 Sweetest of all, because quaintest of all, are the native Indian nurses 
 who are in hospitals in Cairo and Bombay. In Cairo is the Arab nurse 
 in blue-striped gown, white apron, and native headdress. Nurse Amina, 
 in the Gama hospital, Bombay, is in pink trousers, with overdress of 
 white and white headdress. 
 
 The Hindoo nurse, Radahai, in holiday attire, stands resplendent in 
 robe of changeable green silk with golden bordering, while next to her 
 stands the Nurse Dosabar in blue and silver. Another Hindoo nurse 
 is in holiday garb of crimson and gold with gayly flowered vest. Nurse 
 Premabai is in blue and ecru, while marshaling her line stands English 
 Sister Mary in white, with bow of blue at the neck, her blonde hair half 
 covered with lace, a charming contrast to her black-browed assistants. 
 
 The Isabella Souvenir Coins. 
 
 Congress granted to the Board of Lady Managers 40,000 souvenir 
 silver quarters to be sold at a premium. These coins are of peculiar 
 interest for many reasons. In some respects the Isabella quarter is a 
 much greater novelty than the Columbian half-dollar, as the coins 
 bearing the Spanish Queen's portrait are much more limited in number. 
 
 The coin itself is a work of art. The same care and painstaking 
 attention is devoted to this issue as succeeded in making the Columbian 
 souvenir coins such marvels of the minting art. The design for the 
 women's coin was prepared by Kenyon Cox, the celebrated illustrator, 
 and was finished with all the artistic beauty for which his work is fa- 
 mous. The obverse side bears the portrait of Queen Isabella of Spain. 
 
 One of the special features of the new coin is that it is the first issued 
 by this Government to bear the portrait of a woman. Other coins bear
 
 332 
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 idealized representations of the fair sex, but this is the first to be hon- 
 ored by an authentic reproduction of a particular feminine face. The 
 coin is intended by the National 
 Government to commemorate two 
 important events. The aid given 
 by Queen Isabella to Columbus 
 which enabled him to make the 
 voyage of discovery to America ; 
 and the other is the first special 
 provision made by the United States 
 Government for the adequate par- 
 ticipation of women in an enterprise 
 of worldwide importance. Apart 
 from the general interest imparted 
 to the coins by national legislation 
 and historic associations their mar- TH SOUVENIR QUARTER OF A DOLLAR . 
 ket value is augmented by the fact 
 
 that every coin-collector in the world must have one. This souvenir of 
 the Exposition is highly prized by all who are fortunate enough to 
 obtain it. 
 
 Paper Exhibit in Woman's Building. 
 
 A very unique exhibit in the Woman's Building is that of tissue 
 paper. The pagoda containing it is draped in crape paper, and along 
 the edges are laid bunches of violets in natural colors. The exhibit 
 consists of everything one can imagine in the line of paper work, and a 
 great many things never dreamed of. There are beautiful mats and 
 ornaments in crochet sun-hats, with ribbons and flowers perfectly simu- 
 lated ; baskets of azalias, nasturtiums, roses, morning glories, indeed 
 every flower that grows ; lamp shades in infinite variety, picture frames, 
 calendars, things useful and things ornamental. The posts are twined 
 in flowering vines and at all times it is hard to approach the pagoda, so 
 much attention does it attract. 
 
 A unique and valuable piece of workmanship, a feather cloak. The 
 cloak is made of feathers of prairie chickens and is of circular length, 
 lined with mode shade of satin. The cloak was made by a Dakota 
 woman, who spent ten years in collecting the material. An idea of the 
 work can be gleaned from the fact that the feathers are of varied tints 
 and only three or four were found on each bird. The feathers are held 
 in place by stitches. The cloak has a beaver collar and its estimated 
 value is $1,000.
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 333 
 
 One of the most beautifully designed pieces of workmanship, the silver 
 candelabrum contributed by the Omaha Smelting Company and made 
 in their smelting works. The designer of the candelabrum and pedestal 
 was Mrs. Anna F. Cameron, of Chester, Neb. The bas relief is 
 typical of the great corn belt of the country. The base is a section of 
 a cylinder, with a diverging line running toward the centre, which forms 
 a perfect frustrum of a cone. From the column and from the apparent 
 burner stand eight ears of corn with husks falling. The arms curve 
 down and extend about 13^ inches, with an electric candle standing in 
 a fine cast husk. From the inlet fitting of the arm is a cast scroll, out 
 of which springs another ear of corn. The second tier of arms is 
 entirely different in curve, but similarly treated in relief. At a con- 
 venient place in the base is placed an electric switch to operate the 
 lighting of the candelabrum. The cost is $1,000. Its entire height is 
 fifty-two inches, diameter of base nine inches, spread of lower tier thirty 
 inches, second tier twenty inches, and last tier ten inches. 
 
 A Gold Wire for a Bow-string. 
 
 Among the novel decorations which ornament the Woman's Building 
 is the contribution of the ladies of Silver Bow County, Mont. This 
 consists of a shield made of ores and precious stones. The shield is 
 forty-eight inches long by thirty-six inches wide. Its foundation is of 
 solid copper. It is surmounted by a border two inches wide, of gold, 
 silver and copper, with the state flower, the bitter root, interwoven. 
 Diagonally across the shield is a silver bow forty-two inches long and 
 an inch and a half in diameter at the thickest point, with a gold wire 
 for a bow string. The bow is fastened to the shield with silver nails 
 having jeweled heads, and both ends of the bow are decorated with 
 Montana rubies and sapphires. Just below the bow are two raised 
 medallions of copper and silver, each twelve inches in diameter. One 
 of these shows a placer scene, the other the interior of a -quartz 
 mine. Below these appear a double team of horses hauling a load 
 of ore. 
 
 Illinois has an exhibit in the Woman's Building which tends to 
 popularize the use of corn as a staple of food. The model corn kitchen 
 occupies the large room adjoining the assembly room, opening from the 
 balcony on the north side of the building. In the south end of the 
 room a raised platform, covered with white tiling, has been erected, and 
 a model kitchen is represented, in charge of Mrs. Sarah T. Rorer, prin- 
 cipal of the Philadelphia cooking school. In one corner is the gas stove 
 and on the front of the platform is an improved kitchen table, invented
 
 334 
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 by a woman, in which apartments are made for all necessary utensils. 
 In the rear of the platform is the range and refrigerator. Above the 
 tiling on the wall is placed a corn panel three feet in width, containing 
 the different varieties of corn. 
 
 Congress of Women. 
 
 A World's Congress of Women was arranged for in May and was a 
 very successful affair. Ten thousand women swarmed through the halls 
 
 MEETING AT THE OPENING OF THE WOMAN'S CONGRESS. 
 
 and corridors of the memorial art palace on the lake front. The shrines 
 of education and reform were so densely crowded that in every nook 
 within the great building some kind of congress or conference was hold- 
 ing a session. 
 
 The main corridor was filled from morning till late at night with
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 335 
 
 women of all ages, heights and evidences of learning, some with eye- 
 glasses and some without, some full of business and some seeming not 
 to care whether woman's rights were gained or lost, talking in groups, 
 resting on convenient ledges or reading Secretary Young'a announce- 
 ments. 
 
 The session which lasted several days was occupied with speeches by 
 all the leading women of this and other countries, who eloquently ex- 
 pressed their views on the great questions of the day. It was agreed by 
 all present that great practical benefit was derived from this full inter- 
 change of views.
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 United States Government Building. 
 
 OUR Government exhibit was one of the best; comprising 
 a multitude of rare and valuable exhibits ; in short, it 
 was nothing less than a great national school in which 
 thousands of object lessons gave visitors an insight into 
 the methods of administering the various departments at Washington. 
 Even people who thought themselves well informed on the functions of 
 the Federal administration were astonished at the great variety of mat- 
 ters that the wonderful old gentleman Uncle Sam attends to. 
 
 This building occupied an area of three acres and about a third. 
 Perhaps the most striking thing he did was to have his collections and 
 specimens installed in time. He was not of that large number of ex- 
 hibitors who appeared to think the Fair would wait for them. 
 
 Under a central dome, the interior of which was painted with panels 
 scrolls and all sorts of elaborate devices, was a part of the trunk of one 
 of our huge American trees that grow so enormous in the lands washed 
 by the Pacific. This tree was big enough to hold a public meeting in. 
 A staircase ran through the centre, so that those who wanted to get on 
 top did not have to put climbers on their heels. This tree was the pivo- 
 tal point round which the Government's display was grouped. 
 
 Entering the building from the lake front the pilgrim had to pass a 
 lot of immense guns that were trained on the lake and in the direction 
 of the brick battle ship Illinois, whose own artillery could be brought to 
 bear upon the Government Building. Having scared the foreigners for 
 a moment with this display of force, he soon found out that it was a 
 peaceable nation he had to deal with, and that the arts of peace are 
 more to our taste, if the exhibits speak the truth, than those of war. 
 
 There were prepared displays of selected cereals, tobacco and vege- 
 table fibres. The exhibit showed the geographical distribution of plants 
 and vegetables and told folks what they ought to raise. The system of 
 quarantine stations, the processes of meat inspection and what the in- 
 spectors find that the meat proprietors don't want them to inspect, the 
 arrangements for transporting live stock and meat and apparatus for 
 handling them, extending all the way from a model refrigerator car to a 
 knife and fork, were displayed. 
 336
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 337 
 
 The art of horseshoeing was taught with object lessons showing the 
 disease caused by bad work of the blacksmith. The department applied 
 itself to the study of the diseases of animals and the Bacteriological 
 Bureau has captured, cured and otherwise preserved enough germs to 
 start more epedimics than agriculturists will ever need. The entomolo- 
 gical division had a collection of insects and models of insects injurious 
 and beneficial to the planter. Worms and other specimens of their 
 work on an enlarged scale were there, and all the larvae and bugs 
 that the farmer is glad to see somewhere else than on his own crops. 
 The machines and poisons for obliterating these pests were exhibited, 
 and the ruralist went forth better prepared than ever before to wage war. 
 If any farmer wants to breed these things he could see how the ento- 
 mologists do it. They have to study this in order to learn what con- 
 ditions to avoid. 
 
 Among the Stuffed Exhibits. 
 
 Mammals and birds of America were on view, beautifully stuffed and 
 prepared. This show included all the live things except man that in- 
 habit the United States. Cows and horses with the lifelike expression 
 of their faces preserved by the stuffer confronted the visitor. A calf of 
 tender years suggested stuffed veal, and the beautiful turkey was there, 
 well filled, no doubt, as he always is for Thanksgiving. 
 
 The Death Valley region was exhibited by means of a model. The 
 high and low altitudes of this locality were shown, disclosing not only 
 the rock and earth strata but the life zones there. 
 
 Flowers and plants, some of them growing, others preserved or dried, 
 were contributed by the botanical and horticultural divisions. This gave 
 a needed tint of green to the buildings. In the chemistry group was a 
 complete agricultural laboratory. It contained a series of exhibits de- 
 monstrating the means by which food adulteration is exposed, the value 
 of saccharine plants determined and the analysis of soils carried on. 
 
 Lovers of figures found consolation in a large and varied assortment 
 of maps giving statistics on the values of agricultural products and the 
 range of prices of the staples. Material was here from which the 
 economist could argue either that the farmer is gradually approaching 
 ruin or is accumulating vast wealth, according to the political tenets of 
 the arguer. 
 
 Microscopes enabled the scientific grower to find all sorts of things on 
 
 vegetables to alarm the taxpayer who previously ate animalculae with a 
 
 calm ignorance of what he was putting inside himself. Fungi, big and 
 
 little, edible and poisonous, that subsist on trees and smaller plant 
 
 22
 
 338 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 growths were to be seen. The microscope has enabled the truth seeker 
 to find many adulterations of butter and commercial fats. Altogether 
 it will be noticed the dairyman is pursued relentlessly by the Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Sick Plants and how to Cure Them. 
 
 Vegetable pathology had a section to itself in the laboratory. Trees 
 get sick just as men do and from similar causes. Their tissues break 
 down from lack of nourishment and there are always a lot of germs fly- 
 ing about anxious to attack the inoffensive potato. Fruit trees are very 
 subject to illness and fungi fasten on them and eat into their substance 
 like cancers. Instruments have been invented to eradicate the fungi and 
 there is a sort of antiseptic treatment to prevent their return. Plants 
 take medicines as human beings do. 
 
 The division of pomology told about the differentiation of fruit trees 
 due to transplanting, and showed models of the fruits of this country. 
 There was an exhibition of edible nuts showing how they grow. California's 
 walnuts and all the different nuts seen often only on the dessert table 
 were there. The proper way to plant and cultivate small fruits was ex- 
 plained. 
 
 The Government has a lot of experiment stations at which all sorts of 
 risks are taken with vegetable life that the conservative farmer would 
 hesitate about. The results obtained were written up and confided to 
 the world. Pictures were made of the valuable results. All the docu- 
 ments, with the methods of compiling them, were here collected. 
 
 The office of Irrigation Inquiry had a model of an ideal valley watered 
 artificially with canals and sluices. Object lessons, maps and models 
 showed the true art of irrigation, and where to locate the artesian well and 
 that sort of thing. From the Smithsonian Institute were groups show- 
 ing its growth, illustrations of the progress of American science and ex- 
 ploration and portraits of eminent scientists. The fruits of its investiga- 
 tions were found throughout the Government Building. 
 
 More interesting to most people than the agricultural items were 
 those that came from the National Museum at Washington, all of them 
 having been carefully packed and installed so that they could be seen to 
 the best advantage. These were the skeletons of the large quadrupeds 
 that are gradually becoming extinct. The life history of the fur seal 
 was made comprehensible by the animals themselves at various stages 
 of development. Birds of every species, from the eider duck to the 
 English sparrow, were represented by their skins or the entire article 
 filled with cotton. Snakes and other reptiles made of plaster, vied with 
 each other for the palm of ugliness.
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 339 
 
 Whale Boats and Fishing Implements. 
 
 Glass cases contained examples of methods and implements of the 
 chase. Apart from the showing of the United States Fish Commission, 
 which was largely in the Fisheries Building, methods of catching fish 
 were set forth with the Government exhibit. Suspended from one of 
 the galleries was the topmast of a whaling ship, with a man on the cross- 
 trees looking out for spouters. On either side of him were models of 
 the front parts of two whaleboats, with a life size man in the act of shoot- 
 ing the harpoon. 
 
 Boats with wooden fishermen in them were found on the floor. Un- 
 der certain lights they had an uncanny air, suggesting dead men or 
 stuffed human beings. There were fish hooks and flies, in the contem- 
 plation of which fishing enthusiasts might become thoroughly lost to the 
 world for hours at a time. The iron and bone harpoon points of the 
 Aleuts, similar to those used by the Greenland Esquimaux, very ad- 
 vanced weapons for savages, were collected in all their varieties. Bows 
 and arrows of the redskins and the traps and pitfalls and snares that 
 they used were there in profusion. 
 
 The National Museum sent also models showing volcanoes, earth- 
 quakes and glaciers and the constructive and destructive effects of water. 
 These are so arranged that they are readily understood. 
 
 A Miniature United States. 
 
 The Treasury Department sent a large number of interesting exhibits. 
 From the Coast and Geodetic Survey was a relief map of the United 
 States twenty-five feet square, showing the operations of the survey, in- 
 cluding the great trans-continental system of triangulation, the trans- 
 continental line of precise leveling, the location of magnetic stations and 
 of astronomical gravitation and the area covered by topographical sur- 
 veys. Instruments for finding latitude and longitude, views and mod- 
 els of the coast pendulum apparatus, sounding machines, current me- 
 ters, tide gauges, tide predicting machines and a model of a Coast Sur- 
 vey steamer fully equipped with all the deep sea apparatus were shown 
 by the Coast Survey people. 
 
 In the Treasury Building at Washington are kept the standard weights 
 and measures of the country. When a butcher insists that the piece of 
 meat he cuts off for you is two pounds and a quarter and charges you 
 for that much, which you refuse to pay, the matter can be settled finally 
 in the District of Columbia. A standard yard measure which is exactly 
 a yard long at such and such a temperature, as defined by law, was on
 
 340 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 view. The Government had models of the standard meter and kilo- 
 gram, the legal weights and measures of France. 
 
 A complete set of revenue stamps was shown by the Bureau of Inter- 
 nal Revenue. They also sent a set of all the testing and gauging instru- 
 ments with which they determine the strength of wines and spirits. 
 They have a chemical laboratory in which fats are tested and oleomar- 
 garine, and sugar is examined with a polariscope to find out its relative 
 sweetness. On this depends the amount of sugar bounty paid by the 
 Government to the grower, and of course the test is of a most delicate 
 and precise character. 
 
 The printing of greenbacks and bank notes was shown by very beau- 
 tiful examples furnished by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. 
 Even the poorest citizen is allowed to see how a piece of blank paper 
 becomes a hundred dollar bill. Specimens were here of the fine en- 
 graved portrait and vignette work of the bureau, and samples of all the 
 government bonds and securities ever issued. 
 
 Improved Engraving. 
 
 A great improvement is observable in the style and quality of the 
 engraving and printing. The visitor could follow the engravers from the 
 time the Government first existed until their latest productions. There 
 was great care taken, of course, to prevent art collectors from grabbing 
 the paper money and bonds and running away with them. This build- 
 ing was guarded most vigorously from invaders and burglars. 
 
 Similar in character was the showing of the Register of the Treasury, 
 whose evidences of wealth did not consist of headlight diamonds, but 
 of bonds and articles of that sort. He showed specimens of all the 
 notes, fractional currency, coupons and other evidences of debt ever is- 
 sued by the United States. All the public debt warrants and drafts 
 were there, not in fac-simile, but in the original. Two of them, aggre- 
 gating $281,000,000 odd, are the largest ever issued, but the Govern- 
 ment was good for them. 
 
 There were civil appropriation warrants with the autographs of all 
 the Secretaries of the Treasury from Hamilton to Carlisle, and the pay 
 warrants and drafts issued since 1822 and bearing the autographs of all 
 the Presidents since that time. All this class of documents dating prior 
 to 1822 were destroyed by fire in 1833. This fate will not overtake 
 those that remain if vigilance counts for anything. The bond issues of 
 the United States were of interest from a pictorial as well as from a fi- 
 nancial point of view. 
 
 In the monetary line also was a display by the United States Mint.
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 341 
 
 There were dyes and presses in operation. No collection can be made 
 of dies that are out of date, as the law says they must be broken up 
 annually to prevent them from falling into the hands of parties not 
 qualified under the statutes to make use of them. But some of the 
 results of the mint in coins and medals were seen. The press in opera- 
 tion produced white metal medals. It is not often that the United 
 States makes coin of base metal. 
 
 The Bureau of Statistics had an array of charts telling the increase 
 of the nation's population, wealth and material productions. Perhaps a 
 greater object lesson of these facts than any map was the World's Fair 
 itself, which is the crowning marvel of four hundred years. 
 
 A Real Lighthouse. 
 
 Down near the lake front was the collection of the Lighthouse Board. 
 A tall, pipelike lighthouse stood in place as if to warn the battle ship 
 Illinois, which it overlooked, against running up on the beach. This 
 lighthouse was of interest to Gothamites, because after the Fair is over 
 it is to be taken down and reconstructed at the Waackaack station, in 
 New York Bay. Here were to be seen the appliances with which re- 
 volving lights are revolved, the schemes for keeping them burning and 
 the general daily routine of a lighthouse keeper. 
 
 There were representations also of the lightships on which such 
 weary vigil is kept in order that life and property may be preserved. 
 There is nothing from accurate figures to stories of the ghosts that 
 haunt these craft and tales of phantom ships that could not be learned 
 right there at the Waackaack Lighthouse. 
 
 In order that no loss of life should occur in case of the wreck of the 
 brick and plaster battle ship Illinois the Government erected a real life 
 saving station on the bank of the lagoon and near the camp of the ma- 
 rines. This station was maintained in operation exactly as if there were 
 some real danger somewhere, though of course there may have been a 
 wreck or a collision on the lake during the Fair. It was equipped with 
 all the apparatus used at a life saving station, with the boats, furniture 
 and appliances. The crew were picked men. 
 
 They gave daily exhibitions with their boat and the beach apparatus, 
 which included the breeches buoy and the rocket gear. They were 
 dressed like the tough sea dogs that they are, and it was expected of 
 them that they would drop none of their nautical mannerisms but 
 preserve them for the delight of the visitor. 
 
 The exhibition of apparatus was complete. It showed the obsolete 
 methods of reaching a wreck, and it also showed the progress toward
 
 342 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 rescuing life from the beach, instead of risking more lives in an open 
 boat Statistics of the lives saved, the cost and all that sort of thing 
 were accessible, and there are models of ingeniously contrived boats. 
 
 Post Office Exhibit. 
 
 No exhibit was in the building that came closer to the everyday citi- 
 zen than that of the Post Office Department. It established a regular 
 postal station from which mail matter was distributed, and it was ar- 
 ranged in such a way that a visitor could post a letter addressed to New 
 York and follow it all the way through, seeing the stamp cancelled and 
 the letter sorted, until finally it was put in a mail bag. The machines 
 for cancelling stamps were there, the sorting arrangement and boxes 
 and the batteries of mail bags, into which the clerks hurled the mail 
 with wonderful dexterity. 
 
 Behind the partitioned off space in which these things occurred was a 
 genuine postal car of the most approved type, recently built. There 
 were displayed all the accessories of the railway mail service and the 
 arrangement for taking up and dropping mail bags while the train is 
 going at full speed. 
 
 By the request of the Postmaster General issued in 1891, postmasters 
 everywhere collected relics and curiosities of the service. Hardly a 
 stamp in the whole category of the bits of paper which the nations have 
 licked and put in a corner all these years past was missing from the col- 
 lection. Then there were other postal curios. The post-office vaults 
 were disemboweled of their musty contents to make an exhibit. The 
 dead-letter office, with all its aggregated ingenuity of mistake, was pro- 
 fusely illustrated, as likewise the process of expert deciphering the 
 apparently undecipherable. There were some strange things from the 
 Dead Letter Office, such as queer and impossible addresses, and remark- 
 able objects sent by mail to no one in particular that eventually fell into 
 the hands of the Government. 
 
 Postage stamps, stamped envelopes and postal cards of every device 
 were there for the delight of stamp collectors, some of them illustrating 
 peculiarities of the service abroad. Post office order and registration 
 schemes were displayed, and improved mail chutes, mail wagons and the 
 devices for the electric transportation of mail matter. 
 
 From the Department of Justice were many historical documents, 
 from the Bureau of Education publications of all sorts and reports which, 
 of course, no one read. Everything of interest to the general public 
 was placed within easy access to the throng of sightseers.
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 343 
 
 Very Tame Redskins. 
 
 The Indian boarding school shown by the Government was located 
 near the Convent of La Rabida in a separate house. It was really a part 
 of Professor Putnam's ethnological display. Teachers and pupils, both 
 boys and girls, lived in this building and showed what a tame and 
 educated Indian is like, compared with the wild ones that could be found 
 in different parts of Jackson Park. 
 
 Undistracted by the hubbub of the Fair, showing their famous stolidity 
 in that, these little redskins read, wrote, sewed, cooked, and worked at 
 their trades. Having seized their land the Government teaches them to 
 make boots and shoes for the white men and be carpenters, blacksmiths 
 and tailors. After they had done their work they were to be seen at 
 their amusement. 
 
 From the Patent Office came a series of models showing inventions 
 and improvements on inventions. The different stages through which 
 the locomotive has passed were brought out, for instance. These models 
 were for the amusement of the public eye. To inventors and those who 
 steadfastly believe themselves to be inventors, were explained the require- 
 ments, methods and processes of the Patent Office. Maps and plates 
 showing' the location of all public lands and the character of their pro- 
 ducts were arranged by the General Land Office. 
 
 The machinery with which the Census Office has done such remark- 
 able work was there. Operatives skilled in getting up the census were 
 at work, and there were prominently displayed big charts containing a 
 synopsis of the answers to the impertinent questions asked by the 
 Government in 1890. 
 
 Alaskans Learn to Spell. 
 
 The resources and development of Alaska were shown by the Interior 
 Department. Photographs were there proving how less picturesque but 
 how much cleaner the Aleuts were after the Interior Department worked 
 for awhile on their exteriors ; pictures of schoolhouses and groups of 
 pupils ; specimens of their copybook work showing that they write 
 " Honesty is the best policy " and " Do not ill treat your old mother " 
 about as well as white children of the same age. Memoranda about the 
 introduction of domesticated reindeer into Alaska and a fine reindeer 
 skin, showing that the natives soon found out that the animal could be 
 made use of even without his pelt were exhibited. 
 
 The documentary history of the United States and its diplomatic 
 history were illustrated by the State Department's collection of treaties. 
 It was hoped that the Declaration of Independence and other original
 
 344 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 Revolutionary documents would be shown, but they could not be 
 secured. They were too precious to be transported from place to place 
 subject to the risk of loss by fire, explosion or collision. Maps and 
 reports of bureaus, models of its bridge equipage, torpedo cases and 
 connections, such plans of batteries as are not considered secret, models 
 of forts and river and harbor improvements were forwarded by the War 
 Department Bureau of Engineers. This showed the earthworks, mines 
 and trenches that the engineers lay out in times of war, both for taking 
 and defending positions. Portable bridges can be thrown across rivers in a 
 very short time and railways can be laid for the transportation of soldiers. 
 How forts and buildings are blown up, was, of course, illustrated. 
 
 The Ordnance Department has made a splendid display of guns, 
 mortars and machinery. A machine for making metallic ammunition is 
 seen in actual operation and machines for making the improved Spring- 
 field rifle. Historical collections of small arms show. the remarkable 
 repeating rifles and revolvers that have been invented from time to time. 
 Some of them are two and four barrelled, and one repeating rifle has a 
 big chamber six inches in diameter, like that of a revolver, but absurdly 
 large. There are combinations of the revolver and tne magazine sys- 
 tem. In fact the whole history of firearms is shown from the days of 
 the flintlock, and there are adaptations of the arm made by savage 
 races. 
 
 Big Government Guns. 
 
 All the rapid fire and machine guns used in the army are displayed, 
 and the methods for taking ranges, devices for firing high explosives 
 from guns and a pneumatic dynamite gun. Methods of testing guns 
 are shown at work and the way of constructing what is called a " built- 
 up " gun. Lay figures, mounted and dismounted, are exhibited by the 
 Quartermaster's Department to show the uniforms used in the service. 
 Major generals, brigadier generals, colonels, majors, captains, lieuten- 
 ants and privates and all the intermediary ranks are shown. The uni- 
 forms are brand new and the gold lace shines splendidly. All the fig- 
 ures lack to be an exact representation of our army is intelligence. 
 
 The Quartermaster -General shows a complete set of national colors, 
 standards and guidons, the standard supplies of his department and the 
 methods of transporting troops. He has also a model of a military post 
 and of a quartermaster's depot. Very fittingly after all this lot of death 
 dealing implements there comes a model of a national cemetery, built to 
 contain soldiers. This is eminently appropriate. From the medical 
 service department are complete sets of hospital supplies, articles fur-
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 345 
 
 nished for use on scouting expeditions, record books, implements for the 
 transport of the sick and wounded, models and plans of military hospi- 
 tals, the microscopical work of the Army Medical Museum and anatom- 
 ical preparations of normal and abnormal crania. There are craniome- 
 trical or head measuring instruments for the use of the army. They are 
 made saihat they stretch out very large. 
 
 From the Signal Corps is a good exhibit of what that branch of the 
 army can do in signalling. Part of the collection is historical, giving 
 
 BAND CONCERT ON ADMINISTRATION PLAZA. 
 
 the development of the department. There are telegraph lines, a field 
 balloon kit, a signal station, a captive balloon train and an artistic centre- 
 piece showing that the Stars and Stripes have been further north than 
 the flag of any other country, having been taken to the highest point by 
 Lockwood and Brainard, of the Greely meterorological expedition. 
 
 The Observation Balloon. 
 
 Gaping multitudes strain their eyes to heaven in search of the exhibit 
 of the war department, presented by the signal service. Soaring upward, 
 but confined by a rope from the fulfillment of its aspirations, a captive
 
 346 
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 balloon rises 2,000 feet above the earth. It illustrates a feature of the 
 wars of the future, the diversion of the newest discoveries of science to 
 military uses. Seated in a balloon an operator telegraphs over a wire 
 running through the confining rope the result of his observations of the 
 enemy's position. 
 
 The engineer corps 
 makes a fine exhibit of 
 photographs of govern- 
 ment works in various 
 parts of the United 
 States. Many of the 
 pictures have been en- 
 larged to good size, and 
 occupy conspicuous 
 places. In addition to 
 these twenty-eight large 
 transparencies are ar- 
 ranged representing 
 curtain panels, the win- 
 dows in the southwest 
 corner of the building 
 being devoted to the 
 purpose. Among the 
 transparencies appear 
 handsomely colored 
 views of some of the 
 most noteworthy feats 
 in government engi- 
 neering, and a huge 
 panoramic view of Chi- COLUMBIAN GUARDS. 
 
 cago harbor and the 
 
 government works. The view is taken from the site of the United 
 States lighthouse, and covers a large section. The famous Washington 
 aqueduct system is shown and also the movable dams on the Ohio River. 
 In proof of the value of the engineer corps to the government and the 
 great amount of public improvements which have been made since river 
 and harbor improvements were first begun, over $225,000,000 have been 
 expended under the direction of the head officer of the engineer corps 
 
 Striking Wax Figures 
 Believing the sight the easiest channel whereby visitors may compre-
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 347 
 
 hend the intricacies of war maneuvers, the United States Government 
 has adopted a full set of manikins to illustrate the War Department 
 exhibit. These figures have the style and motion of the Columbian 
 Guards, are decidedly more polite to strangers, and carry themselves 
 with the same nonchalant air that is peculiar to their be-tinseled con- 
 temporaries. 
 
 Visitors to the military part of the government are likely to imagine 
 at first glance in the quartermaster's department that a group of officers 
 is before them. It is a well-executed lot of models representing General 
 Schofield and staff mounted and, of course, in full uniform. In the 
 foreground there is the general on a handsome black horse. In this 
 model the artist has succeeded in securing a faithful likeness of General 
 Schofield, the head being a wax cast from life. 
 
 Two old wagons that would not sell for $20 apiece at an auction sale 
 out on a farm, are shown in the Quartermaster's department. These 
 clumsy old vehicles are looked on with fond interest by every visitor 
 who wears the tri-colored button of the Loyal Legion or the copper 
 insignia of the Grand Army. One of them was used to carry Sher- 
 man's personal camp equipage on the march to the sea and the other 
 performed a similar service for General Thomas in the campaigns led by 
 the " Rock of Chickamauga." Sherman's wagon was four years and 
 nine months in the service, and on the rough side of its box the state- 
 ment is painted that in that time it traveled 4,160 miles. 
 
 Quaint Old Fire Buckets. 
 
 Captain John F. Rogers, in charge of the Quartermaster Department 
 exhibit, secured four fire buckets that are interesting as relics of ante- 
 revolutionary days. They were made for the volunteer department of 
 Alexandria, Va. Two of them are dated 1/72, one 1773, and the fourth 
 1775. These buckets were used by this primitive fire department, of 
 which George Washington was a leading member, and for a century 
 they have been kept as souvenirs by the descendants of the Colonial 
 boys who " ran wid de masheen." 
 
 In the time corresponding to the dates on these old-fashioned leather 
 fire buckets Alexandria was second to Williamsburg, the most important 
 city of Virginia and high up in commercial importance. It was there 
 that the tobacco warehouses were located and there also that goods for 
 the Colonists were received from boats that came up the Potomac. It 
 was also in Alexandria that the Fairfax Seminary, still an educational 
 factor in Virginia, was located. Down the river were the estates which 
 Washington acquired by his marriage with Mrs. Custis, and up the river
 
 348 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 was the estate of the Lee family. The fire department of Alexandria 
 in those days was an institution of some social importance, and it may 
 have been useful, though the quartet of century-old souvenirs of the 
 department do not inspire one with the idea that they were ever very 
 effective in a fight against fire. 
 
 The Model Post Office. 
 
 Over in another corner of the building Uncle Sam appears in a 
 costume of gray cloth and brass buttons. The public is permitted to 
 flatten its nose against a broad sheet of plate glass while gazing its fill 
 upon the nimble-fingered postal clerk as he sorts the Exposition mail. 
 Every feature of a model post office is on view in the exhibit, and it is 
 no amateur, miniature affair, for the World's Fair mail is of vast acreage 
 and it is handled exclusively in the United States Building. Fifty light- 
 footed letter carriers move and have their being on the ground. 
 
 Among the relics is a veteran mail coach, the first of its family to 
 cross the plains far back in the '4O's, the last survivor of the old Ben 
 Holliday line. Beside it is a model of a pony express and rider, the 
 reproduction of a means of transmission that antedates even the hoary 
 
 mail coach. 
 
 American-Grown Tea. 
 
 Enterprising men who sit at home at ease in Washington show to the 
 farmer new avenues to fortune as the res-ult of past years of experiment. 
 Millions await the man who can raise tea, and Washington men invite 
 all comers to taste of decoctions of the South Carolina tea plant. No 
 longer will the tea merchant be compelled to depend on the second- 
 hand, cast-off herb of the mandarin when the exhibition has gone by. 
 The sunny South will drive the Celestial out of business. 
 
 Silkworms have become naturalized citizens of the United States and 
 the Exposition is here to prove it. On hemp and jute the Washington 
 men of experiments have spent long years, and they give the results of 
 their inquiry to the world. Here alone are exhibits that may trend 
 toward an agricultural revolution. Eyes that start in their sockets at 
 the eventful possibilities in those glass cases are restored to their normal 
 complacency only when they rest upon the adjoining display of corn in 
 the ear and corn in the seed. Golden grain and yellow corn are 
 exhibited as a goal for which the ordinary hand-to-mouth farmer may 
 
 strive. 
 
 Then there are other products of the earth. Redolent tobacco leaves 
 which drop from the beam just as they do in the old barn ; model dry- 
 ing houses for tobacco, with all modern improvements for the comfort
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 349 
 
 and convenience of the weed that renders the curtain lecture innocuous, 
 are shown in diminished proportions. Barns of dainty make, adorned 
 
 to resemble the little red school- 
 house of history, tempt the Kentuck- 
 ian and the Virginian to luxury of 
 housing for their home-grown leaf. 
 
 The Snowy Cotton. 
 
 For the Southerner, as a remind- 
 er of his home, the snowy fiber of 
 the cotton has a case all to itself, and 
 no product of American soil lacks 
 a bounteous recognition. In the 
 grain exhibit the ordainers of the 
 Exposition have risen to the posi- 
 tion of the painter and decorator. 
 Goodly bundles of corn depend 
 from the wall, and in the centre of the 
 floor are shown the arms of the de- 
 partment of agriculture, the plow and 
 the sheaf, presented in no heraldic 
 emblazonment, but in actuality. A 
 halo of romance surrounds the plow 
 used, for it has seen many generations " till the earth lie beneath." 
 Born in Massachusetts just in 1740, it shows a sturdy steel edge in its 
 old age that a younger, more flippant generation of plows might well 
 envy. The old Colonial relic has passed into the possession of the de- 
 partment of agriculture and is among its most treasured relics. 
 
 Birds of All Feathers. 
 
 From the fungus the exhibit will soar to the ornithological end of 
 creation. Birds that swallow worms to the advantage of the people's 
 party, and birds that live on grain to the same party's disadvantage, 
 have been trailed to their lairs. Life-like crows extract the tender green 
 corn plant of wax from a rich soil of papier-mache, and birds that hurt 
 or birds that help will be shown in all sorts and conditions. There will 
 be quadrupeds beside the bipeds, fur as well as feathers. Animals such 
 as delight the heart of the farmer, fat kine in the stall symmetrical in 
 their proportions and suggestive of the county fair, will be presented in 
 miniature. All the accompaniment of barn and shed, shorthorn 
 and Jersey, razor-back and Berkshire will be visible in statuesque re- 
 production. 
 
 EXHIBIT OF TOBACCO.
 
 350 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 Dr. Ridgeway of the national museum has sent a panorama of stuffed 
 birds to the Government Building. The doctor has chosen for his 
 subjects the birds of curious habits and appearance. The crocodile bird 
 is represented in company with his old friend, the crocodile. The 
 saurian is lying stretched at full length with his mouth in an early break- 
 fast position. On his back are three of the birds, while inside on the 
 crocodile's tongue, with his beak and eye at " attention " is another of 
 the spindle-legged exterminators of the crocodile's tormenting parasites. 
 In another group are the bower birds, creatures of artistic bent and 
 artisans of unusual skill. The naturalists say that the bower bird will 
 select flowers for the adornment of his house and take them down as 
 soon as they are the least bit faded, gathering fresh garlands to replace 
 the faded ones. The doctor has illustrated the home life of these 
 picturesque birds by mounting them about a nest of their own con- 
 struction. 
 
 Altogether different, and yet quite as interesting in a way, is a group 
 of butcher birds. Their forte is the capture and preservation of grass- 
 hoppers, beetles and birds by impaling the captives on the most 
 convenient thorn. The group in the museum exhibit is shown about 
 its nest with grasshoppers, mice and a small bird of another species 
 impaled on the thorns of a bush to which the nest is attached. Other 
 specimens of interest are shown in groups of prairie chickens in one of 
 their fantastic dances, flamingoes with nests of mud, parroquets roosting 
 inside a hollow stump, hanging by their bills after their own unique 
 custom, and a group of wild pigeons, whose fast-approaching extinction 
 makes them objects of interest. The whole collection is shown in the 
 large section of the Government Building devoted to the Smithsonian 
 
 Institute display. 
 
 Fishes of all Degrees. 
 
 Though in no way entering into competition with its next-door neigh- 
 bor the Fisheries Building, Uncle Sam's peculiar property will have 
 somewhat to say about the finny offspring of the deep- Pisciculture is 
 treated fully and the stocking of streams with spawn. Fishes such as 
 few men ever saw, born and bred deeper than ever plummet sounded, 
 are shown in colored models, and the Washington fisheries department, 
 which is on all hands confessed to have advanced the science of pisci- 
 culture to a far greater extent than any other body of experts shows the 
 whole result of its researches. 
 
 Then again the insect kingdom receives its meed of attention from 
 the agriculturists. Every bug and beetle and buglet and mosquito who 
 visits the World's Fair will see a member of his family glorified in death
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 351 
 
 by the transfixion of a pin and a decasyllabic Latin name inscribed on a 
 card. Representatives of the sovereign insects from every state in the 
 union are present and there is a pan-American congress of bugs in 
 addition, for the southerly portion cf the hemisphere is found on hand 
 in bright-hued butterflies and hideous monstrosities of beetledom. 
 Utilitarian rather than artistic are the depictions of the abuses of insects 
 following hard upon their uses. 
 
 Philip Walker of Washington, who presides over the exhibit, says it 
 is vegetable pathology. He attaches the same name to the plants which 
 suffer from the encroachments of the nimble fungus. The fungus, indeed, 
 is honored with a division all to itself. The trees from which it hangs 
 odoriferous are reproduced in miniature and wax, while a threefold table 
 is devoted solely to its interests. Thereon is shown a grassy lawn, 
 fungus bestrewn, and attention is called to the fact that whereas the 
 mushroom aristocracy of the fungus tribe is edible the ordinary rank 
 and file produces cholera morbus. 
 
 Forest Culture. 
 
 From the forestry division is a classified collection of sections of forest 
 trees ; apparatus for testing strength and other qualities of timber ; 
 illustrations of methods shown by experience to be the best adapted to 
 forest culture ; metal railway ties as a substitute for timber and whose 
 adoption would serve to protect our forests from destruction. 
 
 From the division of chemistry is a complete agricultural laboratory 
 in which are demonstrations of food adulteration ; the saccharine value 
 of sugar plants, and analysis of soil is carried on ; samples of adulterated 
 foods which have been tested by the government are shown. In the 
 division of statistics charts are shown illustrating the values of agricul- 
 tural products, the range of prices, and distribution of staple products, 
 etc. 
 
 Geological Finds Galore. 
 
 Wide variety characterizes the exhibit of the department of the 
 interior. There is a magnificent geological collection to begin with^ 
 wherein nothing palaeolithic or picturesque or otherwise possessing 
 claims to public recognition is overlooked. The same department is 
 responsible, too, for a census-office exhibit, in which is shown the 
 method in vogue of numbering the quinquennial access of millions, and 
 of compiling the gigantic statistics which form the province of the 
 bureau. Natural products and geographical characteristics of the world 
 in general and the United States in particular come within the scope of 
 the department. A globe which almost enters into competition with
 
 352 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 the original in magnitude shows all the countries of the world in relief, 
 revolving in time with the revolution of the world. 
 
 Alaska, with her vast undeveloped resources, her folk-lore and the 
 manners and customs of her people, receives special attention, and is 
 honored above all her sister territories by a special exhibit in the 
 Government Building. 
 
 United States Treasury Exhibit. 
 
 The Bureau of Registry makes an interesting exhibit. Here the 
 visitor may see specimens of all the paper money and bonds issued by 
 the Government prior to the institution of the Bureau of Printing and 
 Engraving. There is also a complete historical collection of continental 
 and colonial currency. There are specimens of Government bonds that 
 at one time passed current as money. Most interesting are old warrants 
 drawn for immense sums. There are, for instance, warrants for pay- 
 ment of $15.000,000 in the Geneva award, and other legal obligations 
 of the Government. There are also complete sets of old state bank 
 moneys, including fractional currency. One of the interesting relics in 
 this Registry Exhibit is the first key that was used to lock the treasury 
 vaults of the United States. This was long before the present era of 
 combination locks, which are also illustrated. 
 
 Alongside the Registry Exhibit there is a magnificent display by the 
 Bureau of Printing and Engraving. This includes specimens of all the 
 modern currency from $i bills up to $10,000 bills. There are also 
 specimens of bonds and other Government securities. In separate 
 frames are shown the highest results of the Bureau's artists and 
 engravers. One frame contains currency, another Government securi- 
 ties, and a third portraits of Government officials, including all the 
 Secretaries of the Treasury. 
 
 Interesting Coins from the Mint. 
 
 Adjoining this section is the display made by the United States Mint. 
 There are all the coins ever issued by the Government. There is also 
 a valuable collection of foreign coins and medals, the whole exhibit 
 being valued at $100,000. In the mint section there is a power press 
 which turns out Columbian medals as souvenirs for visitors. 
 
 The exhibit by the Internal Revenue Department contains all the 
 stamps issued since the inauguration of the present system. In different 
 frames are shown stamps for tobacco, whisky, cigars, etc. There is also 
 an interesting historical collection of stamps for deeds, checks and legal 
 documents.
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 353 
 
 Scattered around the entire Treasury Exhibit in the Government 
 Building is a famous collection of oil portraits of Secretaries of the 
 Treasury. There is a complete set, thirty-nine in all, from Alexander 
 Hamilton down to Secretary John G. Carlisle. Some of the more strik- 
 ing and artistic portraits are those of Folger, by Eastman Johnson ; 
 Foster, by Richard Gordon Hardie ; Windom, by C. H. L. Macdonald, 
 and Carlisle, by Henry Ulke. The portraits of Secretary Carlisle and 
 ex-Secretary Foster are given specially favorable positions at the entrance 
 to the central rotunda. 
 
 
 
 Rare Specimens of Money. 
 
 The National Museum of Washington sent an exhibit of its collection 
 of coins and other metal money, which, though among the most remark- 
 able in the world, have not hitherto been shown to the public. They 
 include ever so many quaint and curious specimens, both ancient and 
 modern, representing the development of this medium of exchange 
 incidental to the progress of mankind. Whereas now among all civilized 
 nations such objects have invariably the shape of disks stamped with 
 values, it is surprising to find how many odd and grotesque forms gold 
 and silver, copper and bronze have been wrought into during past ages 
 for use as ready cash. 
 
 Among the oddities of this kind possessed by the museum are pieces 
 of the " knife money," which was circulated in China as late as the first 
 century of the Christian era. These coins, if such they may be called, 
 are of iron, and have somewhat the shape of razors, being about six 
 inches long. Their peculiar form was derived from an ancient custom 
 which made knives a medium of barter. They were worth eight cents. 
 In the year 1 5 A. D. the reigning Emperor, who had a pretty taste for 
 financiering, ordered large numbers of them to be gilded, fixing an 
 arbitrary value of 80 cents apiece on those which were treated in this 
 way. Unfortunately the gilding soon wore .off, which circumstance 
 inspired widespread dissatisfaction with the improved currency, and on 
 this account it was abandoned. At present lumps of gold, commonly 
 in the shape of shoes, are employed in China to represent large sums, 
 being stamped with their value by the government. 
 
 What Barbarians used to Do. 
 
 Other interesting specimens are pieces of " ring money," such as were 
 
 worn as ornaments anciently in Great Britain, as well as by the old 
 
 Gauls. Those barbarians used to carry their entire fortunes on their 
 
 persons in the shape of articles wrought out of gold and other metals. 
 
 23
 
 354 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 These objects were' only incidental for purposes of adornment. Their 
 most important use was to serve as ready cash, and to this end they 
 were made of a standard weight and purity, like modern coins. Often 
 they were so constructed as to be readily divided into two or more equal 
 parts. In the year 1700 a specimen was dug up in Staffordshire, Eng- 
 land, containing 2 pounds 2 ounces of pure gold. It was 4 feet long 
 and so flexible that it could be wrapped around the arm like a snake. 
 
 The museum collections include all sorts of curious things which have 
 been used in lieu of coins or other money by different races of people 
 all over the world. For example, in Abyssinia, the country of Prince 
 Rasselas, bars of salt are employed to this day for small change. The 
 salt is dug out of the Sofia Mountain and carried to the king's store- 
 house, where it is moulded into bricks for the purpose. Tea, pressed 
 into bricks, is a common circulating medium in Siberia, in parts of 
 which the prices of all other commodities are absolutely regulated by 
 the price of tea. 
 
 In the central part of South America, even at the present time, pins, 
 soap and eggs are current as money. When Columbus landed, the 
 aboriginal Indians were using for the same purpose disk-shaped pieces 
 cut out of human skulls, the teeth of alligators and the tusks and other 
 
 bones of the extinct mastodon, as well as " wampum " made from shells. 
 
 \ 
 
 First American Coins. 
 
 The earliest American coins included in museum collections are 
 those which were minted by Cortez by permission from the Spanish 
 crown. They are of copper, and the design on one side represents 
 the Pillars of Hercules. It is believed that Cortez coined silver money 
 also. After his issues the earliest American money was minted for the 
 Burmudas early in the seventeenth century. However, it was man- 
 ufactured in England. The metal was copper, and the values were a 
 shilling and sixpence. It was called "hog money" because each 
 piece bore the figure of a hog on one side, The design was derived 
 from the fact that the early settlers on tl^e islands found a great many 
 hogs running wild. 
 
 The earliest coinage ip Connecticut was executed by one John 
 fiigley, who established a private mint, turning out copper pieces from 
 ore dug on his own premises. These bear dates from 1737 to 1739. 
 Probably the chief reason why they are scarce is that the copper of 
 which they were made Was exceptionally pure, and goldsmiths used the 
 coins largely for alloying. In those days the colonial paper fluctuated 
 in value very much, and there was difficulty in giving coins a constant
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. . 355 
 
 worth. Accordingly the modest mint-master inscribed on one side of 
 his piece " I am a Good Copper," while on the other side appeared the 
 inscription, " Value Me as You Please." 
 
 All of these and many other curious coins are exhibited by the 
 museum. The display, it is said, represents a value of $850,000. 
 
 Historic American Documents. 
 
 Every precaution is taken by the State Department to prevent any 
 mishap to that corner-stone of the Republic, the original Constitution 
 of the United States, during its exhibition at the World's Fair. It 
 forms a part of the State Department exhibit, and a new case has 
 been constructed to preserve the old document from possible injury or 
 loss. It is in a fairly good state of preservation, though showing the 
 effect of years of repose in a cylindrical tin case, which slightly 
 mutilated the edges. 
 
 The five sheets on which the instrument is inscribed are contained in 
 cheap wooden frames, having been transferred from a portfolio which 
 held them for many years. The new case is of oak sheathed with steel, 
 and is said to be almost perfectly fire-proof. 
 
 The frames containing the old documents are placed in five drawers, 
 while above is displayed the Declaration of Independence framed in an 
 inner drawer. Similarly framed in a smaller drawer beneath are the rough 
 drafts of the Declaration. Other historical papers rest on shelves behind 
 the Declaration. 
 
 The articles of confederation of the colonies are exquisitely engrossed 
 and look almost as if they were written yesterday. They are on a long roll 
 of the finest sheepskin parchment, the sheets being sewn together with 
 the utmost delicacy. The Declaration of Independence, unfortunately, 
 has become almost indecipherable. Nearly all the signatures have 
 wholly vanished and the body of the text is for the most part illegible. 
 
 Priceless Old Books. 
 
 Book lovers are pleased to learn that several rare volumes appear in 
 the exhibit in metallic boxes. Among them is " Monroe's View of the 
 Executive," which was owned by Washington, and on the margin of the 
 leaves of which are still plainly legible his answers to the attacks on his 
 exercise of the executive function. The book passed from Washington 
 to Bushrod Washington, his nephew, and was by him given to Joseph 
 Story, and by that great jurist bequeathed to Harvard College. 
 
 Another priceless volume is Alexander Hamilton's note-book of his 
 own law cases, in which occurs the memorandum : " Received this day
 
 356 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 from Aaron Burr 's." This book is the property of the Low 
 
 Institute of New York, and is loaned with other valuable works in the 
 exhibit. 
 
 The Salem papers make a very interesting collection and bring witch- 
 craft legends to the recollection. The will of Roger Conant, first settler 
 of Salem, is on exhibition. The Plymouth and Providence collections 
 contain charters, patents, and agreements illustrative of their several 
 types of Colonial governmental procedure. 
 
 Revolutionary Relics. 
 
 Revolutionary relics and articles linked with the history of the early 
 colonies before this country became the United States of America are 
 in the Government Building. Among them are rare old laces, snuff- 
 boxes, miniature letters, books, swords, shoe-buckles, and silver plate, 
 and they are installed in the alcoves which surround the giant redwood 
 trees. With the exception of Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia, all 
 of the thirteen original States contributed to the exhibit, which was 
 made under the auspices of the colonial committee of the Board of Lady 
 Managers. 
 
 Some of the most interesting things in the old Bay State collection 
 are the autograph letters of famous historical personages. The strange 
 and dignified phraseology of the old time epistles contrasts strongly with 
 polite notes of the present day. For instance : 
 
 " Mrs. Washington presents her compliments to General Knox and 
 begs his acceptance of two hair nets. They would have been sent long 
 ago but for want of tape which was necessary to finish them t and which 
 was not obtained till yesterday. 
 
 " Newburg, March the 6th, 1783." 
 
 And the conqueror of British legions responds as follows : 
 
 " General Knox has the honor to present his most respectful compli- 
 ments to Mrs. Washington, and to assure her that he is deeply im- 
 pressed with the sense of her goodness in the favor of the hair nets, for 
 which he begs her to accept his sincere thanks. 
 
 "West Point, 8th March, 1783." 
 
 Bible Printed in 1599. 
 
 There is a Bible in the Massachusetts collection which was printed in 
 1559 and brought to America by John Alden in the Mayflower. Then, 
 of course, there is a fragment of Plymouth rock. General Joseph War- 
 ren's Latin grammar, published in 1720, and a copy of the stamp act of 
 1765, which was the property of the brother of General Putnam,
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 357 
 
 are also shown. A piece of the torch that General Putnam took into 
 the cave with him when he killed the wolf at Pomfret, Conn., is on dis- 
 play. Benedict Arnold's fife and Aaron Burr's visiting card are in the 
 case alongside a pair of baby shoes 140 years old, which were once worn 
 by one of George Washington's aide-de-camps. 
 
 The epaulets and spurs of General Burgoyne, captured in the battle of 
 Saratoga, are lying next the pipe once smoked by Miles Standish. 
 Then there are old-fashioned pitch-pipes used by the Puritan fathers be- 
 fore the invention of the tuning-fork. John Hancock's proclamations, 
 and silver and glassware from his table, are also shown, and Major Pul- 
 ling's snuff-box is in the same case with silverware and bronzes made 
 by Paul Revere, for whose benefit Major Pulling hung out his lantern 
 when Revere aroused the countryside to arms. John Hancock's ring, 
 which he wore when he signed the Declaration of Independence, is 
 alongside several watches which belonged to John Quincy Adams. 
 
 Rhode Island sent some interesting relics of Roger Williams and 
 Governor Winthrop, and New York's exhibit contains some valuable 
 specimens of silver plate and wampum contributed by John Boyd 
 Thacher.
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 The Fisheries Building. 
 
 THE Fisheries Building embraced a large central structure with 
 two smaller buildings connected with it on each end by arcades. 
 The extreme length of the building was 1,100 feet and the 
 width 200 feet. It was located to the northward of the 
 United States Government Building. In the central portion was the 
 general Fisheries exhibit. In one of the other buildings was the 
 Angling exhibit and in the other the Aquaria. The exterior of the 
 building was Spanish-Romanesque, which contrasted agreeably in 
 appearance with that of the other buildings. 
 
 To the close observer the exterior of the building was exceedingly 
 interesting, for the architect, Henry Ives Cobb, exerted all his ingenuity 
 in arranging innumerable forms of capitals, brackets, corners and other 
 ornamental details, using only fish and other sea forms for his designs. 
 The roof of the building was of old Spanish tile, and the side walls of 
 pleasing color. The cost was about $200,000. 
 
 In the center of one building was a rotunda 60 feet in diameter, in 
 the middle of which was a basin or pool 26 feet wide, from which rose 
 a towering mass of rocks, covered with moss and lichens. From clefts 
 and crevices in the rocks crystal streams of water gushed and dropped 
 to the masses of reeds, rushes and ornamental semi-aquatic plants in the 
 basin below. In this pool gorgeous gold fishes, golden ides, golden 
 tench and other fishes disported. From the rotunda, one side of the 
 larger series of Aquaria was viewed. These were ten in number, and had 
 a capacity of 7,000 to 27,000 gallons of water each. 
 
 Passing out of the rotunda, a great corridor or arcade was reached, 
 where on one hand could be viewed the opposite side of the series of 
 great tanks, and on the other a line of tanks somewhat smaller, ranging 
 from 750 to 1,500 gallons each in capacity. The corridor or arcade was 
 about 15 feet wide. The glass fronts of the Aquaria were in length 
 about 575 feet and had 3,000 square feet of surface. 
 
 One part of the exhibition was prepared by the United States Fish 
 Commission, and one of the annexes to the main building contained 
 glass tanks filled with denizens of the deep living almost in a state of 
 nature. 
 358
 
 THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 359 
 
 Besides these live fish, which included specimens of those that live in 
 salt water, there were complete collections of the implements used in 
 catching and curing them. Canada sent her fishing vessels, staunch and 
 seaworthy, from which her people take the cod, and there could be seen 
 also the birch bark canoes from which the Indians of the Pacific coasts 
 lure the salmon. 
 
 Fishing has not received much attention at international exhibitions. 
 London had an exposition devoted entirely to fisheries that, of course, 
 was finer than the present display, but in Chicago a very great deal was 
 done to illustrate the industry, and that, too, without any American 
 precedents. 
 
 After going through the Fisheries Building the visitor got a very good 
 idea of how fish are caught and prepared for the market. The angler 
 and the fish liar could both get data to continue their favorite occupa- 
 tions with renewed vigor, while the man who catches fish to make them 
 into fertilizer could acquire useful information. Thus poet and materi- 
 alist were both accommodated. 
 
 Fishing Boat from Nova Scotia. 
 
 Of all the foreign countries Canada sent the biggest display. As you 
 entered the portal there was seen a tall trophy, made up of an assortment 
 of nets, paddock models, photographs and fish preserved in alcohol and 
 stuffed, all grouped round a monument, on the top of which sat an 
 angler with his rod over his shoulder, evidently starting out for a day's 
 sport. A big Canso two masted fishing boat stood near the monument. 
 It told the secret of much of that wealth of Nova Scotia which is taken 
 from the sea in a net or on a hook. 
 
 Glance around the building. There are models of fish, stuffed fish 
 and fish eating birds. A seventy pound salmon from Queen Charlotte 
 Sound, British Columbia, suggests a lot of possibilities to the teller of 
 fish stories. Bark and dugout canoes from the west coast of Canada 
 tell the story of the Indian angler, and a little model of his home and 
 its surroundings shows where he is when not on the water. A right 
 whale and a shark well mounted show other productions of the Dominion. 
 
 Notice the central figures in the fisheries exhibit of New South Wales. 
 They are four skins from great antarctic seals, measuring eight feet and 
 over from the tips of the noses to the ends of the black, clammy flippers. 
 There is a most complete showing in sea fish, birds and animals and the 
 great families of reptiles and crustaceans of that land. The exhibits 
 embrace almost every variety of fishes found off the New South Wales 
 coast, frogs, lizards, snakes from land and water, and such fish-eating
 
 360 THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 
 
 birds as the cormorant, gull and the divers specimens of fishing hawks 
 and eagles. The fish exhibit is very complete, but none are living 
 specimens. They are preserved in spirits, or shown in tins as specimens 
 of Australian canneries. 
 
 The Fish-Eating Albatross. 
 
 The most interesting of the exhibits, perhaps, is the collection of fish- 
 eating birds. Of these the albatross is the most magnificient, with its 
 great stretch of wings. Many of these birds are mounted and suspended 
 in mid-air as if in flight. The seal collection is a splendid one. A base 
 of jagged rocks forms the mount, with the biggest seal surmounting it. 
 The others are placed in natural positions below. 
 
 Aside from these exhibits there is shown a model of a fishing boat in 
 the proportion of 6 feet to 22 feet. It is rigged with sails and is made 
 of red cedar. Several large photographs of the Sydney fish markets are 
 also shown. 
 
 The activity with which the Norwegians search the ocean is illustrated 
 by their exhibit. Real fishing boats that savor of the hardy Viking are 
 there. As far north almost as Spitzbergen these sharp-prowed crafts 
 part the waves when their masters are on the hunt for cod and seal. A 
 model of a Viking ship is there to show the little change of model that 
 has been made in a thousand years. 
 
 Norwegian stock fish and cod liver oil are there in large quantities. 
 They give a sea flavor to the atmosphere, and you can almost see the 
 fish jumping in the nets and hear the boat's keel rubbing on the beach 
 and the swash of the surf if you close your eyes for a moment. All 
 sorts of canned fish from old Norway are piled up, and there is a fisher- 
 man's hut from Loffoden showing how two or three boat's crews bunk in 
 a roughly built pine board box. 
 
 Beautiful Model of a Boat. 
 
 The Dutchman is present with a beautiful model of a North Sea 
 herring lugger, one-seventh actual size, with a goodly assortment of 
 Holland herring. In the eastern pavilion is located the fresh-water 
 aquaria. Leaving the aquaria, steps are retraced to the main building, 
 through the western arcade to the angling pavilion. Here is the angler's 
 paradise an array of rods, reels, flies, hooks, landing nets, gaffs, boats, 
 clothing, wading boots, presented in great profusion. Brazil has a sec- 
 tion in the building where is arranged its collection of aquatic fauna, its 
 fishing boats and apparatus of capture. 
 
 Gloucester, Mass., which is not too proud to own up that its greatness
 
 THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 361 
 
 is due to its fisheries, has staked out a lot of space in which it glories in 
 the fact. It tells of the past and present condition of its industries. A 
 model of the town as it was one hundred years ago with cob wharves 
 and cheap little fish sheds, is shown, and then the town proudly points 
 to a model of a section of the town as it is to-day. How the wharves 
 and the warehouses have grown ! The very men who pace the piers in 
 miniature seem to have a sense of their increased worth. 
 
 Bound to Sight Mackerel. 
 
 A ship's topmast thirty feet high is shown and on the crosstrees is a 
 Gloucester fisherman eagerly looking out for a school of mackerel. 
 Another model is that of a man at a wheel ready to point the ship's 
 cut- water in the direction of those mackerel, in whichever point of the 
 compass they are sighted. 
 
 An exhibition of Rhode Island's fisheries forms a not inconsiderable 
 portion of the state's display at Chicago. There are two models of 
 fishing steamers, the exact reproduction of the originals. The largest 
 is a model of the steamer George W. Humphrey. Not the minutest 
 portion of the vessel's equipment is missing in the model. A pull on 
 the little rope lowers the net used for lifting the fish up and down and 
 in and out of the hold ; in the tiny boats the carefully knitted seines are 
 resting, the wheel answers every touch, and the pennant with the steamer's 
 name flies from the mast just as in the original. This model is seventy- 
 five inches in length, its mast is forty inches in height. The Humphrey 
 was built in Philadelphia in 1877, and is regarded by the fishermen as a 
 lucky boat. This vessel has landed more fish than any other boat used 
 anywhere in the fishing business. Her record is 80,000 bushels in a 
 little over three months, and upon the strength of these facts she was 
 selected as a proper vessel to be modeled for exhibition at the World's 
 Fair. 
 
 The other model is that of the steamer Seven Brothers, familiar to all 
 Southeastern Rhode Island people. The same characteristic features 
 displayed in the miniature Humphrey are presented in the other little 
 boat, but are even more conspicuous because the second model is the 
 smaller of the two. The Seven Brothers was built in 1870 by Herres- 
 hoff, and the first steamer ever constructed by the famous Bristol boat- 
 builders. The model poses at Chicago as a reproduction in miniature of 
 the fishing steamer which has paid a larger percentage upon the amount 
 of capital invested than any vessel ever built. 
 
 Captain Rose has invented a patent scup trap, which has superseded 
 all others. A model of this he prepared and also a reproduction of a
 
 3G2 THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 
 
 purse seine. The trap comprises the long leader with poles and netting 
 and the divisions of the different compartments. The fish swim along- 
 side of the leader, follow it around, and finally, land in an inclosure 
 called the kitchen. If they swim straight ahead they strike the netting 
 of another compartment, access to which is obtained through a square 
 hole in the center of the wall of netting, which bulges in towards the 
 kitchen. A goodly proportion of the fish swim in through this hole and 
 reach what is termed the parlor, where they swim their last swim. The 
 bottom is netting and the sides are netting, the only way of getting out 
 being through the hole they entered. They don't go out this way 
 because they don't know enough. Eventually the bottom of the trap is 
 pulled up and its contents are emptied into the boats. 
 
 To offset the effect of Grace Darling's boat, sent here by Great Britain, 
 Rhode Island shows the boat in which Ida Lewis put to sea and saved 
 
 life. 
 
 Pennsylvania's Fish Exhibit. 
 
 Eight thousand dollars were appropriated by the Pennsylvania Legis- 
 lature for that state's display in the fish and fisheries building. Colonel 
 John Gay, representing the Pennsylvania State Fish Commission 
 installed the exhibit. It consists mainly of the different varieties of 
 fish propagated by the Fish Commission of the state, and found in the 
 waters of Lake Erie. Photographs of the hatcheries at Erie, Pa., 
 Corry, Pa , and other points are shown. 
 
 The Pennsylvania space in the Fisheries Building is 1,700 square feet 
 'in extent. The space is in the shape of a kite, and extends along the 
 main hall. At the apex of the kite is the entrance. The pavilion con- 
 taining the exhibit is built of plate glass and iron, and covers the entire 
 space. At the entrance is an arch of rustic work covered with vines and 
 aquatic plants. In the center of the arch is a keystone, typical of the 
 state, surmounted by the Pennsylvania coat-of-arms. Inside the arch is 
 a pool containing a model fish-way, such as are placed in rivers, supplied 
 with water by cascades and waterfalls. The pool is of rustic appearance 
 and filled with green water plants. 
 
 Under the pool is a tunnel, the walls of which are composed of the 
 aquariums that contain the exhibit proper. These aquariums, number- 
 ing twenty-one, are set upon a rustic terrace of cork bark built upon a 
 pedestal of natural stones of varied forms, this terrace forming the outer 
 wall of the tunnel. The tunnel is dark and the light from without shin- 
 ing through the glass sides of the aquariums shows the fish to the best 
 possible advantage to those inside the tunnel. The aquariums vary in 
 size, the largest being 6 by 3 by 3, and weighing two tons. While it is
 
 Trffi FISHERIES BUILDING. 363 
 
 impossible to keep all the fish alive arrangements are made td have new 
 supplies sent on to replenish the aquariums. The exhibit consists 
 mainly of the different varieties of lake fish. Outside of this there are 
 varieties of trout and fish taken from the hatcheries. 
 
 Fish From Every Clime. 
 
 Oregon, Washington and North Carolina show that they are good 
 fishermen, and then the investigator comes to the pavilion of Japan. 
 The entrance is made of two masts, such as they have on their fishing 
 boats, and crossed oars draped with netting. Photographs and stuffed 
 fish show the results of their work. 
 
 A fine model of a boat, with the men in it hauling in their herring nets, 
 is in the pavilion of the Netherlands, and there are barrels of herring 
 and photographs on screens of the fishery work. Minnesota sends not 
 only fish but fish eating birds. The only machinery in motion in the 
 whole building is an apparatus shown by a Chicago man for cleaning 
 fish. Bostonians illustrate their fish markets and the appliances for 
 catching the principal ingredients for lobster salad, that strange dish for 
 which the jaded midnight appetite so often yearns. 
 
 In the Government annex the tanks are arranged in a circle and within 
 that is another circle, a very effective plan as it turns out. It was sug- 
 gested by Captain Joseph W. Collins, chief of the Department of Fish 
 and Fisheries, who went to sea on a fishing schooner when he was ten 
 years old. Since then the Captain has done little else but study matters 
 relating to fish. In 1879 he became connected with the United States 
 Fish Commission, and he was connected with that body until a short 
 time ago. He was one of the staff that represented this country at the 
 Fisheries Exposition in London in 1883. 
 
 The design of the fishing schooner Grampus, belonging to the Fish 
 Commission, was the work of the Captain, and in command of that ves- 
 sel he made many very interesting cruises. 
 
 A Happy Family of Fishes. 
 
 Swimming around the tanks, apparently contented, though without 
 very much intelligence on their faces, are trout, goldfish, perch and a 
 large variety of specimens from the lakes. In a central pond are some 
 catfish and pike. It is necessary to assort the trout according to their 
 sizes, and they are cannibals. 
 
 The exhibition of salt water fish and anemones is an experiment, 
 which a good many people who knew shook their heads about. At first 
 the sea water was brought to Chicago in carboys, such as are used for
 
 364 THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 
 
 the shipment of acids, but this was found to be too expensive and tank 
 cars were substituted. 
 
 United States Fish Commissioner McDonald experimented at first by 
 evaporating sea water, shipping the salt that remained to Chicago and 
 there adding it to fresh water. He found that he could'nt fool the fish 
 with any such mixture and they began to die. Then it was discovered 
 that Turk's Island salt was a good substitute for sea salt and experiments 
 were made which resulted in the discovery that a gallon of salt water 
 made from this salt and an equal quantity of real sea water made a mix- 
 ture which the fish would consent to live in and breathe. That is what 
 they have been getting. 
 
 What Sea Water Costs. 
 
 Sea water in Chicago is almost as expensive as beer. The greatest 
 care is taken to keep it from being wasted. About 70,000 gallons are 
 kept on hand. After a quantity of it has been kept in a tank for a 
 sufficient length of time it is drawn off and is run into a filter in the cel- 
 lar made of stones, gravel and sand in strata, as in natural soil. This is 
 to impart new life to it. Then it is pumped back into a tank reservoir 
 over the tanks and used again. The water runs in such a way that it 
 becomes aerated again. 
 
 For the use of big Mississippi fish is an aquarium 72 feet long, 5 
 feet deep and 12 feet wide. It contains catfish, sturgeon and pickerel. 
 The lake fish, which include sturgeon, whitefih and bass, were gathered 
 at the Put In Bay station on Lake Erie. The Atlantic fish were col- 
 lected at Wood's Holl, Mass. The government steamer Fish Hawk 
 scoured the Southern waters for specimens. No fish can be brought 
 from the Gulf of Mexico until the natural warmth of the water in Chi- 
 cago reaches 60 degrees, as the fish would catch cold and die after being 
 in so warm a climate. 
 
 Starfish, anemones and sea urchins have a tank for themselves. They 
 live on miscroscopical algae, and if their water was once filtered it would de- 
 prive them of food, so it is aerated by passing air through it in bubbles 
 from rubber pipes lying on the bottom of their tank. The water from 
 Lake Michigan is so muddy that visitors could not see the fish in it 
 unless it were filtered. 
 
 At the extreme end of the main Fisheries Building is the angling an- 
 nex, devoted entirely to the consideration of fishing as a pastime. There 
 the sporting clubs flock by themselves and argue it out. A New York 
 sportsman's paper has a pavilion in which it exhibits yacht models and 
 photographs having reference to the art of fishing. Outside the annex
 
 THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 365 
 
 is a reproduction, by the way, of Izaak Walton's fishing house, in which 
 there is an oil portrait of the old gentleman. 
 
 Flies Tied and Lines Made. 
 
 An interesting exhibit is that of the American Anglers. It includes 
 fishing boats, tents and furniture. There is a display also of flies, rods, reels 
 and tackle and some young women engaged in tying flies on the hooks 
 and making fishing lines. Primitive boats and tackle used by the In- 
 dians of the Amazon and the more modern appliances are in the exhibit 
 from Brazil. They contrast strangely with the steel rods and the grace- 
 ful flies of North America. 
 
 As the building is on the banks of the lagoon arrangements have 
 been made for tournaments at fly casting, bait fishing, trolling and skit- 
 tering during the Fair. Several fishing camps which show tents, log 
 huts and portable houses are kept up on the bank, and anglers are able 
 to sneer at the appliances used by others and explain the virtues of 
 those affected by themselves. There are rare opportunities for pitched 
 battles, pyrotechnics of veracity and piscatorial sarcasm. 
 
 We have sketched in a general way the most entertaining features of 
 the Fisheries Building. Outside of these there are all sorts of exhibits 
 with Latin names that are of absorbing interest to the specialist. He 
 can flock by himself and devour the literary works of aquatic zoologists 
 and botanists. He can wrap himself up in maps telling all about geo- 
 graphical distribution of fish. These, of course, he will scoff at when 
 he finds that the only trout stream in this country, sir, that amounts to 
 a row of pins, sir, is totally omitted from the maps. 
 
 What Can be Learned. 
 
 Fishermen, if they want to know all about what there is in this build- 
 ing, must study algae (very sticky looking things with arms that wave in 
 the water), sponges, corals, polyps and jelly fish. Some of these forms 
 of life so nearly border on the vegetable that it is a little difficult fora non- 
 expert to tell to what kingdom they should be assigned. But they have 
 such a quiet, easy way of taking life that they are a standing reproach 
 to the superexcited American. 
 
 Passing lightly over the entozoa and the epizoa never mind what 
 they are passing them over for lack of time the investigator finds him- 
 self confronting whole cases of oysters, clams and other mollusks. The 
 oyster of tender age is shown that recks not of the lemon or the pepper 
 and the silver spike, and he can be seen growing until the proud mo- 
 ment when he is old enough to grace the table of an American citizen.
 
 366 TH E FISHERIES BUILDING. 
 
 Then comes the grand array of worms that dwell under water and 
 that, spurned by the soaring fishes, get their revenge when they are put 
 on the point of a hook and used as bait. All the bait worms are ex- 
 hibited and the leeches. Then are seen the reptiles, such as turtles, 
 terrapin, lizards, serpents, frogs and newts. Some compromise ought to 
 be effected with the United States Fish Commission by which turtle, 
 terrapin and frogs' legs are not classified with the reptiles. It is de- 
 cidedly unpleasant to a man of taste. The aquatic birds, mammalia, 
 such as otters, seals, whales, and such like live things are there in minute 
 
 detail. 
 
 Fishy Literature. 
 
 In the sea fishing and angling sections you can find, in addition to 
 those more dramatic and readily discernible items that have been brought 
 to your attention already, books on the history of fishing, its laws and 
 its commerce, charters and seals of fishermen's guilds, fishery laws of 
 different countries, reports of and literature of fishes, in which are com- 
 prehended some of the most deliberate lies ever told about size and 
 weight, and yarns about the acclimatization offish. 
 
 Then there are fish-hooks, jigs and drails and gear until you get tired 
 of looking at it, nets and seines, weirs and pounds, knives and gaffs. 
 The implements used in entrapping whales, seals, cod, mackerel, halibut, 
 herring, haddock, menhaden, swordfish, bluefish and the snares for be- 
 guiling the wily oyster and the elusive sponge. 
 
 This recital is beginning to sound like a Patent Office report or a 
 catalogue, but fishermen are bound to have the facts. All the things for 
 catching salmon, shad and other edibles are there. After you have 
 caught them you are enlightened on the arts of curing, canning, drying, 
 smoking salting and cooking. If you are not in a hurry to eat, but the 
 fish is in a hurry to be made away with and you don't know what to 
 do, there are a number of antiseptics there suitable for preserving him. 
 
 Pearls and Ornamental Shells. 
 
 For the women there are pearls, mother of pearl and shells of orna- 
 mental kinds and models of fish markets, all containing fishwives, who 
 are quite silent. Fish culture you are in a position to learn all about, 
 as the thing is done right there before your eyes. The hatching nursery 
 and feeding of the fry and the diseases of fish, and the medicines to give 
 them are exhibited. Streams that are polluted with sewage or chemicals 
 can be rendered habitable for fish. Then here comes a long word 
 they have got up a physico-chemical investigation into those qualities 
 of fresh and salt water which affect aquatic animals, a similar sort of an
 
 THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 367 
 
 investigation of the bottoms of the sea and of lakes shown by samples, 
 and aquatic plants in relation to fishing. Then they have ways of 
 making fish for identification, it having been found impossible to induce 
 them to answer to a regular name. 
 
 The largest individual exhibit is that of a net and twine company, 
 which shows all the processes of manufacture and the ways in which 
 the nets are used as well. Another pavilion shows the glue and isinglass 
 that can be obtained from fish. 
 
 Two big-mouthed alligators were sent from Florida, whose enormous 
 jaw cavities seemed to be trying to rival the magnitude of the greatest 
 exposition ever known. They were scaly, rough monsters over twelve 
 feet in length, and were not allowed to run around loose lest some of 
 the visitors should be advertised as having mysteriously disappeared. 
 
 An Immense Aquarium. 
 
 "We are undertaking here," said Commissioner McDonald, "to 
 establish the largest aquarium that exists anywhere in the world. We 
 want to have represented all the fish that swim in American waters, or 
 are caught along the American coast. We want, also, to show how they 
 are caught, and, by statistics and tables, the economic value of the various 
 American fish industries and the annual reports of their products. The 
 exhibit is made geographically so as to show in sections together all the 
 fish peculiar to the different parts of the country. 
 
 " The great divisions are the New England coast, the middle Atlantic, 
 the gulf district and the Pacific coast for the salt-water fish and the New 
 England States ; the lake region, the Mississippi Valley and the West 
 for the fresh-water fish. Fish come here first from the nearest distribut- 
 ing points, and when they have been put in the aquaria we branch out 
 to the more remote points. 
 
 "The spectacular features of the exhibit come from the sea, of course. 
 There are sharks and some of the other monsters that swim along the 
 coast. The most beautiful thing in the exhibit is an anemone grotto. 
 The anemone is an animal that looks like a plant. When it is all closed 
 up it looks like a knot on a log. It is when it expands that it is beauti- 
 ful. Then it throws out little arms that look like tendrils and are of all 
 the colors imaginable, so that it resembles a great blossom growing at 
 the bottom of the sea. Around them grow the grasses and plants 
 peculiar to the sea bottom, with branches of coral and the ground strewn 
 with shells. These are only a few of the queer things the exhibit 
 contains." 
 
 Professor Forbes, who has charge of the United States Fish Cqrumis/-
 
 368 THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 
 
 sion exhibit, received two figures from Washington representing two 
 fishermen. One is an old darky fast asleep, with his bare feet in the 
 water, while a crude pole is slowly but surely being pulled from his 
 hands by a Mississippi catfish, which has been caught by the bent pin 
 which serves as a hook. The other figure represents the modern- 
 equipped fisherman with his basket, bamboo rod and patent reel in the 
 act of taking a gamey trout in the landing-net. The expression on the 
 face of each is very natural, both figures having been made of the new 
 glue substance now used by the fish comission for all models. It is 
 pliable and has not the hard, glossy appearance so unpleasant in wax. 
 
 Queer Fish from Japan. 
 
 All things considered the Japanese exhibit at the Exposition is the 
 most remarkable of all. It is remarkable in its comprehensiveness, in 
 its beauty, and in its peculiarities. The goverment of the Mikado was 
 not stingy in preparing for the display of the prosperity and advance- 
 ment of its country. The Diet appropriated 630,000 yen, or $500,000, 
 the sum being exceeded only by Germany, France, and Illinois. Beside 
 the Phoenix Temple on the Wooded Island, the tea-house, and the 
 bazaar on the Plaisance there are exhibits in the Woman's Building and 
 in the Departments of Agriculture, Art, Fisheries, Floriculture, For- 
 estry, Liberal Arts, Manufactures, Mines, and Transportation. 
 
 But the fisheries is probably the most unique exhibit. Inasmuch as 
 Japan is an insular country it is natural that fishing should be one of 
 the leading occupations of the people, and that fish, seaweed, and other 
 marine products should be common diet. But the industry of fishing 
 from ancient times down to the opening of Japan was a simple occupa- 
 tion somewhat limited in its scope. Since, however, the Japanese have 
 learned from other nations to what extent marine industries are capable 
 of development, fishing has become with them the source of many and 
 varied lines of business, and affords occupation to a large number of 
 
 persons. 
 
 Raw Fish for Food. 
 
 The exhibit is in the northeastern part of the Fisheries Building. 
 Over the doorway hangs the Japanese flag above a sort of curtain of 
 nets ; and above the door is a sign with the name Japan made of shells 
 of "awabs" (sea-ear). Immediately on the left and the right of the 
 entrance are piled up cans of fish. This industry is entirely modern, 
 but is growing rapidly. In ancient times canning was unknown as a 
 method for preserving fish, though the pickling process was employed. 
 Fish were, and are, eaten raw, boiled, and pickled in shell or " shoyn "
 
 THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 369 
 
 (soy). Epicures delight in eating fish fresh from the sea or river, and 
 scarcely dead. When the Emperor of Japan in 1890 made a visit to 
 Mito he was treated to large live salmon out of the Naka River. The 
 canned goods in the Japanese exhibit are those of tai, or perch, wafer 
 cake, " unagi-kaba-yaki " (roast eels), green turtle, mackerel, lobster, 
 oyster, " maguro" (tunny), tortoise, salmon (under the name " saumon,") 
 and spring salmon. 
 
 Smelt fishing by means of cormorants was employed more in olden 
 times but is kept up somewhat at the present day. The fishermen catch 
 their cormorants by setting wooden images of the birds in places which 
 they frequent, and then covering the surrounding branches and twigs 
 with bird-lime. One bird thus caught becomes the decoy for more. 
 These cormorants are so valuable that their owners are said to provide 
 them with mosquito nets during the summer. Cormorant fishing is 
 always done at night by torch-light. A skillful fisher can handle as 
 many as twelve cormorants at once, and many catch 155 good .jized fish 
 an hour by each cormorant 
 
 When the great Japanese hero, Yamato-Dake, who probably is only 
 a mythological personage, was waging war against the enemies of his 
 country, he reached Yedo Bay, and, looking across the comparatively 
 narrow passage, thought it no difficult matter to get to the other side. 
 But after he embarked the sea god, to punish his insulting arrogance, 
 aroused a great storm which threatened to overwhelm the boat. Then 
 Tachibona Hime, the wife of the hero, bidding her lord farewell, leaped 
 into the water as a victim to appease the sea god's wrath. Later 
 Yamato-Dake chanced to find on the shore his wife's wooden comb, 
 and, erecting an altar, he dedicated the relic to the gods. On the same 
 spot still stands a Shinto shrine, where the spirits of the hero and the 
 heroine are yet worshiped by fishermen and sailors. 
 
 24
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 Transportation Building. 
 
 THE great feature of this building, which is 960 by 250 feet, is 
 the superb main entrance. This consists of an immense 
 single arch, enriched to an extraordinary degree by curving, 
 bas-relief, and mural paintings. The entire scheme forms a 
 rich and beautiful yet quiet color climax, for it is treated entirely in gold 
 leaf. It is known as the golden door. The general style of the build- 
 ing is on the Romanesque order. From the cupola of this building 
 many of the most striking groupings of the great buildings are most 
 perfectly seen. Everything in the way of transportation from a baby- 
 wagon to a locomotive is exhibited in this building. 
 
 Placed in a conspicuous position is the statue of Mr. John Edgar 
 Thomson, whose eminent services in developing the railroad interests of 
 the country, especially in the department of transportation, rendered 
 this testimonial both just and appropriate. Mr. Thomson was born 
 February 10, 1808, at his father's farm in Delaware County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Baltimore Post-road, about ten miles from Philadelphia. 
 His family was a Quaker one, which settled in that neighborhood in the 
 early Colonial times two of his ancestors, Samuel Levis, a preacher 
 among the Friends, and Bartholomew Coppock, both members of the 
 Provincial Couucil, having come over with William Penn. 
 
 At the age of nineteen he was attached to the Philadelphia and 
 Columbia Railroad, then an important line, and three years afterwards, 
 in 1830, he was transferred to the Camden and Amboy Railroad, which 
 was about the same rank as the other. In 1832 he went to Europe to 
 gain a professional culture, which could only be obtained there ; and in 
 1836 he took charge of the Georgia Central Railroad, the longest road 
 then in this country. 
 
 In Georgia he laid the foundation of his future career by that system 
 of work which in later days raised him to eminence a far-sightedness 
 and boldness in his original conceptions, joined with a scrupulous pru- 
 dence in each step taken. In the course of his life he three times 
 brought a great railroad through a general financial crisis the Georgia 
 Central through that of 1837, the Pennsylvania and the Pittsburgh, 
 
 370
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 371 
 
 Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroads through that of 1857, and the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad, with all its connections, through that of 1873. 
 
 He laid out the town of Atlanta, now the capital of Georgia, and is 
 still remembered in that state, though many years have passed since 
 then, with the most thorough respect and regard. He left the Georgia 
 Central Railroad in admirable order, when, in 1847, he was called to be 
 the chief engineer of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which had just been 
 chartered. The transportation system of Pennsylvania then consisting 
 of a railroad from Philadelphia to Columbus, another one from Lan- 
 caster to Harrisburg, a canal route from Columbia to Hollidaysburg at 
 the foot of the Alleghanies, the Portage Railroad over the Alleghanies, 
 and on the other side a canal from Johnstown to Pittsburgh, the 
 quickest time from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh being ninety-one hours. 
 
 The great problem at that moment to be met was the passage of the 
 Alleghanies. The Portage Railroad, as it was called, with ten inclined 
 planes up the side of the mountain and stationary engines at different 
 points, had been inadequate to compete with the New York and Balti- 
 more lines which were or were about to become continuous railroads 
 without any such inclined planes and the question before the engineer- 
 ing world was whether or not there was any better substitute. 
 
 A Remarkable Piece of Engineering: 
 
 Mr. Thomson said unhesitatingly that by curves the ascent could be 
 made, and with a short tunnel at the top the monstrous obstacle be 
 conquered. The achievement of the Horseshoe beyond Altoona was 
 the crown of Mr. Thomson's professional career; for from that time he 
 ceased to be a practical engineer, and to railway administration and 
 finance the rest of his life was devoted. In 1852, while at his work on 
 the mountain, he was elected President of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 
 
 How under Mr. Thomson's rule the Pennsylvania Railroad has grown 
 from a line as above described to what it is now, connecting New York 
 with Chicago and with St. Louis, having its termini upon the Atlantic 
 seaboard and upon the great lakes, and controlling as far as New 
 Orleans and into Texas, is fully recorded in the railroad history of the 
 United States. Mr. Thomson's mind was unable to work in narrow 
 channels, or within a limited area. His thought took in the country at 
 large, and anticipated the future growth and interests of the nation. His 
 achievements in the development of vast railroad interests are not only 
 evidences of the ability of the man, his fertility of resources and wonder- 
 ful spirit of enterprise, but they must be ranked among the most im- 
 portant and valuable services rendered to the country by any individual.
 
 372 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 
 
 There is not space here to speak of Mr. Thomson's personal character- 
 istics, or the domestic life which was beautified by his qualities of heart 
 and of mind. A man of positive character, strong convictions and 
 great energy in the execution of his purposes, he necessarily antagonized 
 some interests outside of his own, yet the universal respect accorded to 
 his memory attests the nobility of his character. 
 
 He made provision for a noble charity which remains as his finest 
 monument under the efficient management of his widow. This is an 
 orphan asylum located in Philadelphia, which gathers under its hospit- 
 able roof the orphaned children of the employees of the Pennsylvania 
 and Georgia Central Railroads. Thus the success which crowned his 
 very busy and active life has taken a new shape since his death, and his 
 benevolent disposition is now the almoner and friend of those who per- 
 haps otherwise would be friendless even as they are bereft of parental 
 care and love. 
 
 Bewildering Display in the Transportation Building. 
 
 It should be classed as a cardinal sin for any sightseer to merely 
 walk through the Transportation Building, glancing at the exhibit with 
 indifferent eye. Better not enter the portals of the building. It is a 
 place for the student and not for the mere sightseer. The one sees the 
 crowning triumphs of evolution in transportation. The other sees 
 wheels going round or methods for making them do so. You may 
 travel over the world seeking old and new methods with a fadist's zeal 
 and a lifetime of search will not bring you to as many methcds of pro- 
 gression as you will find in the Transportation Building. The experts 
 in transportation methods are the ones who are the most astonished. 
 It convinces them more than anyone else of the littleness of human 
 knowledge. In their own field, where they have been accustomed to 
 wear as a right the crown of the chieftain, they meet strangers with 
 methods superior to their own in every respect. 
 
 After a careful inspection of the cars and locomotives the general 
 manager of one of the best roads in the United States said : " Our com- 
 plete train service in the United States is perhaps better for our uses 
 than that of any foreign country, but there is not one of them, ap- 
 parently, which has not advanced further in particular directions. 
 American roads can learn a lesson in improved methods from every 
 foreign exhibit in the Transportation Building. It is rather humiliating 
 to acknowledge this, and I, for one, have just ordered a smaller sized 
 hat, but the thing to do>is to acknowledge the truth and adapt for our 
 own use the many improvements displayed."
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 373 
 
 Marvellous Achievements. 
 
 How Darwin would gloat over the transportation exhibit ! Logicians 
 tell us it is a vain thing to attempt proof by analogy. Perhaps not by a 
 single illustration, but how is it when illustrations are heaped Ossa on 
 Pelion ? Whether or not the doctrine of evolution applies to man, there 
 is no question that it applies to the works of man. From the lifting of 
 weights by contracted biceps to the steam crane which lifts a hundred 
 tons as easily as the baby lifts its rattle is a lesson in evolution. From 
 the original " Rocket " and " Meteor " locomotives with their stove 
 boilers and barrels of water on wheel-barrow tenders to the 1 3O-ton 
 locomotives capable of a speed of 100 miles an hour is an object lesson 
 seen here in a moment, but it compasses the experiences and best work 
 of hundreds of thousands of men during their lifetime. 
 
 Forty years ago an enterprising Frenchman joined two wheels with a 
 frame, put a saddle on the frame, and with toes just touching the ground 
 developed a speed which astonished the universe. From this " dandy 
 horse " to the modern pneumatic safety bicycle is a long step or rather a 
 multitude of short steps, but each can be seen in the general scheme of 
 evolution. One is fairly dazed at the development of man's genius, but 
 his exaltation is shattered in an instant by the chattering of an imperti- 
 nent sparrow which flits jerkily along just out of reach. How long be- 
 fore man will propel himself in similar wise? From the "dandy horse" 
 to the pneumatic, from the " meteor " to the modern locomotive is but 
 the beginning of things in comparison with the airy flight of the British 
 interloper. Ages may come and Langleys may go before the air-ship 
 is fitted to the uses of man. 
 
 Sights that Surprise the Visitor. 
 
 Except for the doorway of retreating arches, the architectual gem of 
 the whole Exposition, no particular attempt at adornment has been 
 made on the Transportation Building. Every nook, nave, corridor 
 and grand gallery is built for a purpose. It was planned and built, 
 more than any building in Jackson Park, for its use in properly display- 
 ing ancient and modern methods of transportation. Being in this 
 highest sense useful it is, according to Socrates, in the highest sense 
 beautiful. 
 
 The display inside of the hall is bewildering in its range and variety. 
 The whole history of transportation, from birch bark canoes to steam- 
 ships, and from pack horses to palace cars, is unfolded in a manner 
 never to be forgotten. Looking down from the galleries upon the acres
 
 374 
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 
 
 and acres of exhibits, one sees a monster black steam hammer for forg- 
 ing armor plates which towers above the second story, a row of famous 
 locomotives facing out from the annex like a herd of elephants, a full 
 section of colossal ocean steamships, and scattered about here and 
 there, thousands of objects that tell the story of how man has gradually 
 annihilated space. 
 
 The invention and development of the locomotive and railway system 
 is the nineteenth century wonder. Less than sixty-eight years since 
 
 FIGURE SYMBOLIZING TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 the first passenger railway ran its first crude train. Now the great 
 civilizer has penetrated every country. About ten acres of ground floor 
 space are devoted exclusively to exhibits pertaining to railway con- 
 struction, equipment, operation, management and development. Sixty- 
 four modern locomotives of all types and sizes from the two one- 
 hundred ton Decapod engines which stand on the pedestals between the 
 Administration Building and the Railway Station to the five ton logging 
 locomotives for use in the forests of Michigan. 
 
 Modern Engine Exhibitors. 
 
 The exhibitors of engines are distributed as follows : Baluwin Lo- 
 comotive Works, Philadelphia, fifteen engines, raised from the rails and
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 375 
 
 showing the machinery in operation by compressed air ; Brooks Loco- 
 motive Works, Dunkirk, N. Y., nine engines ; Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road, three engines one being attached to a complete " Royal Blue 
 Line train ;" Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works, Paterson, N. J., 
 two engines ; London and North Western Railway, one engine (Webb 
 compound) and a train of two coaches ; Lima Locomotive Works, Lima, 
 Ohio, one Shay engine ; New York Central and Hudson River Rail- 
 rood, two engines each, with complete passenger trains of Wagner ves- 
 tibuled coaches, one the " Empire State Express," and the other the 
 " Chicago Limited ;" Old Colony Railroad, one engine and coach ; H. 
 K. Porter & Co., Pittsburgh, five engines; Pullman Palace Car Company, 
 one Baldwin engine and train of vestibuled coaches, showing the " Penn- 
 sylvania Limited ;" Pittsburgh Locomotive Works, Pittsburgh, Pa., five 
 engines; Richmond Locomotive Works, Richmond, Va., one engine; 
 Rhode Island Locomotive Works, Providence, R. I., three engines ; 
 Rogers Locomotive Works, Paterson, N. J., three engines ; Schenectady 
 Locomotive Works, Schenectady, N. Y., four engines ; Westwood & 
 Winby, London, England, one engine ; France, four engines and cars; 
 Germany, two engines, two passenger coaches and several freight cars, 
 one being equipped as an ambulance car of the Red Cross Society, with 
 every appliance known to modern railway surgery. A handsome 
 model of the railway station at Frankfort is also shown in the German 
 
 section. 
 
 Some Old Engines. 
 
 Now comes the Chicago and Northwestern Railway with the "Pioneer," 
 built in 1833 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, the fourth engine built 
 by that firm. The Pioneer came to Chicago in 1848 and was the first 
 locomotive to penetrate so far West. This engine ran on the old Galena 
 road, now a portion of the Chicago and Northwestern system, and it 
 actually steamed into the Exposition grounds in April. A little further 
 on the Old Colony Railroad exhibit their first engine, the " Daniel 
 Nason " and the first coach that ran between Boston and Providence, 
 and these, by way of contrast, stand alongside of the latest Old Colony 
 engine and coach. 
 
 One of the most famous objects in the neighborhood is the seven foot 
 gauge locomotive " Lord of the Isles," belonging to the Great Western 
 Railway, of England, originally shown at the first great Exposition in 
 1851 in London. It ran until 1882, when the change to the standard 
 gauge laid her up. She was one of a class of engines designed by Bru- 
 nell for high speed between London and Bristol, and has made seventy- 
 five miles an hour. Engineers will look at this giant with affection.
 
 376 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 
 
 The London and North Western show Trevithick's engine of 1802 
 and the " Rocket " of 1829 in full sized wooden models. An oppor- 
 tunity is here offered for comparison, as the Baltimore and Ohio exhibit 
 models of the same engine. The Illinois Central Company shows the 
 " Mississippi, " built in England in 1836 for the Natchez and Mississippi, 
 now a portion of the Illinois Central Railroad. The Nashville, Chatta- 
 nooga and St. Louis exhibit the historic engine " General," captured by 
 the Andrews raiders on the Western and Atlantic Railroad in 1862. 
 
 Old De Witt Clinton Locomotive. 
 
 In the Transportation Building is the original first train run in New 
 York, the name of the locomotive being " De Witt Clinton." The " De 
 Witt Clinton " was built at the West Point foundry, at the foot of Beach 
 street, New York City, in 1831. She was mounted on four wheels, 4 
 feet 6 inches in diameter ; there were two cylinders, 5 ^ inch diameter 
 by 1 6 inch stroke ; the weight of the engine was about six tons, and the 
 boiler had thirty copper tubes, 2^ inches in diameter. 
 
 This engine was run on trial trips on the Mohawk and Hudson railroad 
 at various times from July 2, 1831, until August 9, when the first regu- 
 lar excursion trip was made. On this occasion the following gentlemen 
 rode in the coaches : Erastus Corning, Mr. Lansing, ex-Governor Yates, 
 J. J. Boyd, Thurlow Weed, Mr. Van Zant, " Billy " Winne, penny post- 
 man ; John Townsend, Major Meigs, " Old " Hayes, high constable of 
 New York ; Mr. Dudley, Joseph Alexander, of the Commercial bank ; 
 Lewis Benedict and J. J. DeGraft The engineer was David Mathews 
 and the conductor was John T. Clark, who mounted a small seat at- 
 tached to the rear of the tender and gave the signal for starting by blow- 
 ing a tin horn. The fuel used on this trip was dry pitch pine, coal hav- 
 ing been previously tried, but did not work satisfactorily. 
 
 Passengers Showered with Sparks. 
 
 As there was no spark arrester on the stack the smoke and sparks 
 poured back on the passengers in such a volume that they raised their 
 umbrellas as shields. The covers were soon burned off these, and each 
 man whipped his neighbor's clothes to put out the fire started by the 
 hot cinders. 
 
 When a stop was made at the water station an attempt was made to 
 remedy the disagreeable jerks resulting from the slack between the 
 coaches by wedging a rail from a neighboring fence between each car 
 and tying it fast with packing yarn. This plan succeeded, and the train 
 arrived at the incline plane at Schenectady without accident. After the
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 377 
 
 party had partaken of refreshments in Schenectady they returned to Al- 
 bany, and thus completed the first regular trip of a locomotive and train 
 in New York State. 
 
 In order that the progress that has taken place in the manufacture of 
 locomotives and cars since the De Witt Clinton astonished the people 
 may be thoroughly appreciated by the present generation, the New York 
 Central people have turned out from their own shops a brand new stan- 
 dard engine and train of cars, which, after the Exposition at Chicago, 
 will be added to the Empire State express, the fastest train in the world- 
 The locomotive is 999, and without the tender weighs 124,000 pounds ; 
 with its appendage 204,000 pounds, or in round numbers 102 tons. A 
 locomotive of which this is a duplicate once ran 148 miles in one hour and 
 forty-six minutes, including stops. No. 999 and its three palatial 
 coaches stood side by side with the De Witt Clinton in the annex depot 
 for several days, and a comparison of the means of travel at the com- 
 mand of our grandfathers with those we enjoy to-day was thus given the 
 public. As it would take the De Witt Clinton a week or ten days to 
 reach Chicago under its own steam, it was decided to convey it to the 
 Fair on flat cars especially constructed. 
 
 The John Bull and Old-Fashioned Coaches. 
 
 The history of the locomotive dates back to a period when locomo- 
 tion by steam was in the earliest age of experimentalism. For several 
 years previous to 1830 experiments attended with more or less success 
 had been made in England with locomotives to be propelled by steam. 
 In 1830 the Planet, constructed by George Stephenson, was the best ex- 
 ample of a machine of this character, and after witnessing the trial of its 
 powers in 1830, Mr. Robert L. Stevens, the founder of the Camden and 
 Amboy Railroad, placed an order with Stephenson to build an engine 
 on the same lines for shipment to this country. This engine, christened 
 John Bull after its arrival in America, was completed in May, 1831, and 
 shipped to Philadelphia, where it arrived in August of the same year. 
 
 The original weight of the engine was about ten tons. The boiler was 
 thirteen feet long and three feet six inches in diameter. The cylinders 
 were nine by twenty inches. There were four driving wheels, four feet 
 six inches in diameter, made with cast-iron hubs and wooden spokes and 
 felloes. The interior arrangements were primitive in the extreme,-and 
 the handling of the levers used in starting or reversing involved a con- 
 siderable amount of hard work on the engineer. When the engine had 
 finally been successfully articulated and placed upon the track laid for 
 the experiment, the boiler was pumped full of water from a hogs-
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 
 
 head, a fire of pinewood was lighted in the fur- 
 nace, and, at an indication of thirty pounds steam 
 pressure, the throttle was opened and the loco- 
 motive moved over the rails. Several other 
 trials were subsequently made, the locomotive 
 was taken apart, modifications made, a tender 
 improvised, and it was held in readiness to await 
 the completion of the railroad. 
 
 Undergoing Changes. 
 
 Between 1831 and 1836 the "John Bull' un- 
 J derwent considerable modification, as changes 
 | suggested themselves to the watchful eyes of 
 the American mechanics, and in the latter year 
 the engine was in active service on the Camden 
 and Amboy road, just as it appears to-day. 
 During its more than half century of life the 
 i sturdy old machine suffered many vicissitudes 
 i of fortune. After years of admirable service the 
 HyjjU^I modern machinist produced improvements which 
 relegated the old engine to the side track, and 
 it was stored away in Bordentown for a number 
 of years. Jn 1876 it was rescued from the ob- 
 livion enveloping it in the quiet Jersey town and 
 exhibited at the Philadelphia Centennial, where 
 it attracted much attention. Its next public 
 appearance was at the Chicago Exposition of 
 Railway Appliances, in 1883, and then being 
 presented to the United States Government by 
 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, it has 
 since been a notable feature of the world of 
 curiosities collected in the National Museum 
 at Washington. The Pennsylvania Railroad 
 Company, through Mr. Theo. N. Ely, Chief of 
 Motive Power, borrowed it from its present 
 owners to place on exhibition at the company's 
 building at the World's Columbian Exposition. 
 The engine presents a strange contrast to the 
 magnificent locomotives of the present day. 
 While the essential principles of locomotion by 
 steam are the same in the old and new, the
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 379 
 
 mechanism is entirely different. One of the most notable features of the 
 John Bull is the pilot commonly known as the cowcatcher. As origi- 
 nally constructed in England there was no pilot attached, but when the 
 engine was placed in service on the Camden and Amboy road it was 
 found absolutely necessary to provide a pilot, in order to assist the 
 machine in taking curves, and engineer Stevens, after considerable 
 planning, succeeded in constructing an awkward affair of oak which 
 served the purpose. 
 
 The Original Fuel. 
 
 , Wood was the original fuel which made the steam, but the furnace 
 has been changed now for coal. The enclosed tender contains a storage 
 capacity for about 2200 pounds of coal, and a tank holding 1500 gallons 
 of water. The water is sufficient for a run of thirty miles, and the coal 
 will last through ninety. The curious contrivance, resembling a poke 
 bonnet, which surmounts the tender, was called a " gig-top." In it sat 
 the forward brakeman, who not only kept a sharp lookout for other 
 trains approaching on the same track, but signaled to the rear brakeman 
 when occasion required, and worked the brakes on the locomotive and 
 tender by a long lever which extended up between his knees. There 
 was no bell-cord nor gong on the locomotive, so all communication be- 
 tween engineer and brakeman was by word of mouth. All these 
 original features are retained in the restored engine. The body of the 
 locomotive and the tender is painted an olive green ; the remainder of 
 the iron work is the natural color, unbroken by the brass or nickel bear- 
 ings of the present day. 
 
 The John Bull weighs 22,000 pounds, exclusive of the tender, and 
 32,200 including the tender. The ordinary standard passenger locomo- 
 tive in use on the Pennsylvania Railroad at the present time weighs 
 176,000 pounds, or more than five times as much as its original 
 predecessor. 
 
 The Coaches Described 
 
 The old coaches present many reminders of their predecessors of 
 the road before iron rails were known. They are, indeed, but an ad- 
 vanced development of the stage coach. No space is wasted in their 
 construction. They are low in height and narrow in width, being but 
 30 feet long, eight feet wide, and six feet five inches high inside. The in- 
 terior finish is severely plain. There is an entire absence of any attempt 
 at ornamentation of any kind. The roof has no ridge for ventilating 
 purposes, as in cars of the present time, bu-t is slightly convexed, the
 
 380 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 
 
 surface being covered with a figured cloth. Ventilation is secured by 
 adjustable slats above the windows. 
 
 The 20 double seats, which are very narrow, and the four single ones, 
 are made of boards upholstered with a grayish material similar to the 
 stuff used in old stage-coaches. The backs are devoid of upholstery, 
 with the exception of the band at the top to support the shoulders. The 
 aisles are very narrow, as are the double doors, and it seems a problem 
 how the crinoline of our grandmothers could accommodate itself to the 
 narrow confines accorded it. There are no toilet rooms, nor any pro- 
 vision for drinking water. 
 
 The cars, like the locomotive, are painted a rich olive-green, and bear 
 no lettering of any kind. The coaches weigh 14,250 pounds, and are 
 mere pigmies beside the 90,000 pound Pullmans of the present day. 
 
 How Tracks Used to be Laid. 
 
 Still more interesting, if possible, is a collection of old railroad mater- 
 ial sent in a special car from the Smithsonian Institute. It consists of a 
 number of specimens of articles in use as far back as 1830 or 1831. Old 
 signals, wooden engine and car wheels, strap rails, and primitive 
 switches and crossings are exhibited, but the most interesting article is 
 a section of track laid in 1831 on the Camden and Amboy Railroad 
 The rails are about the size of those used in mines for small hand cars. 
 The ties are blocks of granite about two feet wide, laid three to each 
 rail. The stone sleepers are provided each with two holes, or, when 
 they come at the joint of two rails, with four holes. In these holes were 
 driven locust wood plugs and the rails were fastened down by spikes 
 driven into the locust plugs. When they fastened a rail in that way 
 in 1831 it was expected to stay. The rails themselves were held to- 
 gether by single fish-plates at each joint, to which they were riveted with 
 hot rivets. This was to make the track very rigid, the possibility of 
 rails wearing out never occurring to railroad men in 1831, since at that 
 time none had ever given out. 
 
 There is hardly an article among the thousands of exhibits of the 
 Smithonian Institute that is not intensely interesting, not only to rail- 
 road people, but to the general public, though they must be seen to be 
 appreciated. 
 
 Palaces on Wheels. 
 
 f 
 
 There are twelve magnificently equipped coaches and thirty-five freight 
 cars, embracing every variety, by the leading builders in the country. 
 The feature of the Pullman exhibit that draws crowds is the train, with
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 381 
 
 its rich furnishings, wonderful and plentiful carving, and conveniences 
 that characterize palaces instead of public coaches ordinarily. To go 
 through it and then look at the primeval locomotives in the Baltimore 
 and Ohio exhibit on the adjacent tracks makes it hardly possible to be- 
 lieve that all that progress has been made in fifty years. The show in- 
 cludes a train of eight superb cars, at the head of which stands a large 
 Baldwin locomotive, painted and decorated in harmony with the outside 
 finish of the cars. The rear of the tender of this locomotive is vesti- 
 buled. The locomotive itself is a duplicate of the one which has at- 
 tained a speed of ninety-seven miles in an hour. The exhibit also con- 
 tains five handsome street cars. The Pennsylvania Railroad exhibit 
 consists of a perfectly equipped station ; it contains a large number of 
 photographs of scenes on the Pennsylvania Railroad ; this company also 
 exhibits a superb coach and three freight cars of its own build. 
 
 Among the other attractions are two Leslie rotary snow ploughs, a 
 centrifugal snow excavator and a Russell snow plough, four steam 
 shovels and a locomotive traveling crane, a light and heat tender of the 
 Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad and the dynamometer, for 
 measuring power, of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy road. 
 
 Curious Old-Timers. 
 
 All this represents steam transportation as it is now, but the most fas- 
 cinating part of the railway show is the display of relics, models, old 
 engines and cars and specimens of the quaint roadways of the earlier 
 days. It is the first time that such a work has been undertaken, and 
 Mr. T. Hackworf.h, of the railway department, has gathered a complete 
 historical collection. For instance, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
 has made an extensive historical exhibit, which includes about thirty 
 full size wooden models of the earliest locomotives built in this country 
 and in England, with samples of original tracks. Three of the Grass- 
 hopper type of engine, the old locomotives of " Samson " and " Albion," 
 built in England and shipped to Nova Scotia in 1838, and other speci- 
 mens of the very early locomotives are among the attractions. 
 
 The company has secured many valuable original documents, draw- 
 ings, photographs, pictures of the early inventors, way bills, time tables, 
 tickets and passes indicating the method of transacting railroad business 
 when railroads were still in their infancy. 
 
 It would take many pages of this work to enumerate in detail the 
 systems of signalling, methods of track construction, engines and car 
 equipment. The Westinghouse and New York Air Brake Companies 
 have elaborate exhibits. Pumps and signalling apparatus are shown in
 
 382 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 
 
 action. The Eclipse Wind Engine Company, of Beloit, Wis., show a 
 complete water station. A sixty-foot iron turntable, a seventy-foot elec- 
 tric transfer table, track scales and pneumatic crossing gates are among 
 the exhibits in operation. On the main floor the Rand, McNally Com- 
 pany has a ticket office and Thomas Cook & Sons a tourist office, K~~li 
 elaborately gotten up. 
 
 Rapid Transit Exhibits. 
 
 No topic is so widely discussed in American cities to-day as the ques- 
 tion of rapid transit through the streets of cities and towns, and this sub- 
 ject is completely illustrated. Ther^ are twenty cars by leading builders 
 with many varieties of motive power horse, cable, steam, electric, gas 
 and compressed air. The original cable car, by A. S. Hallidie, of San 
 Francisco, is among the exhibits. Street railway track construction, 
 iron and steel wire cables, electric motor tracks and everything pertaining 
 to street railways is practically demonstrated. A diminutive steam rail- 
 way of eight inches gauge, with engines and cars complete, each car 
 having a capacity of three passengers, is shown in operation on tracks 
 800 feet long outside of the building. Several models of elevated rail- 
 way structures with electric trains are seen in different parts of the hall. 
 
 Solid Mahogany Train from Canada. 
 
 The Canadian Pacific railway's solid mahogany train of five cars, ves- 
 tibuled throughout, attracts much attention. The train was built espe- 
 cially to be shown at the Fair. The train consists of a locomtive, sleep- 
 ing, dinner, first-class, second-class and baggage car, all the cars except 
 that for baggage being Honduras white mahogany. The baggage car 
 is of cherry. The coaches are polished until their sides and doors glisten 
 like mirrors. This train, with the addition of the model of a steamboat 
 from the line operated in connection with the road and a large number 
 of photographs of scenery along the line, constitutes the exhibit of the 
 Canadian Pacific railway. 
 
 The train is one of the handsomest that ever pulled into Chicago. It 
 stands by the side of a similar train from the London and Northwestern 
 railway of England, which is said to have the best compartment cars in 
 Europe. The idea of putting the trains alongside is to contrast the sys- 
 tems of England and America. The sleeping car of the Canadian Pacific 
 train is in white mahogany, with sage green plush trimmings. The in- 
 terior is of the Spanish renaissance architecture. Old bronze is used for 
 all the metal finishings. The ceilings are paneled, and all the glass is of the 
 plated and beveled variety. The car weighs 94,000 pounds and carries forty- 
 four passengers. It contains eight sections and two state rooms en suite.
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 383 
 
 Vast Marine Exhibit. 
 
 Among the railway bridge models are those of the Firth Bridge, near 
 Edinburgh, and the Mississippi River Bridge at Memphis. In fact, the 
 railway exhibit is replete with every appliance known to modern rail- 
 roading, besides being an illustrated history of the progress and develop- 
 ment of the railwiy from its first inception to the present day. 
 
 In no previous marine exhibit has the question of transportation on 
 water ever been treated as a subject, but in this department are shown 
 not only the triumphs of naval architecture, as illustrated by the modern 
 ocean greyhound and battle ship, but also strange and curious crafts 
 from semi-civilized and barbarous tribes, showing how they solved prob- 
 lems of transportation by taking advantage of the materials on hand, 
 whether of bark or logs of wood or skins of animals. 
 
 There is a complete exhibit from Alaska and. the Aleutian islands, 
 consisting of two hatch bydarka, with complete hunting outfits, and 
 from the sea coast of Norton Sound a hatch bydarka, with the full outfit 
 used in both hunting and fishing ; birch bark canoes from the Upper 
 Yukon River ; sleds, dogs' harness and all that goes with them. The 
 Hudson Bay country shows all the methods of water transportation 
 known in that country. From Southwest Alaska or Queen Charlotte's 
 Island are a tingit canoe and a large dugout and haida canoe. 
 
 An Australian Canoe. 
 
 From Australia comes an interesting canoe made from a single sheet 
 of what is commonly known as the gum topped iron bark or mountain 
 ash, the ends being tied up. The natives in the interior use the bark 
 from the convex side of a crooked tree and stop the ends with a ball of 
 mud instead of tying them up. This canoe is called " gree," signifying 
 " property," and comes from the Lake Tyers Aboriginal Station, Gipps- 
 land, Australia. It is used for both hunting and fishing and for 
 transportation. 
 
 China is represented by models of every boat used on Chinese waters, 
 both sea coast and inland. These boats, although the architecture 
 seems to be grotesque, have many peculiar points, such as the movable 
 rudder and the fashion of attaching the sheet to the sail, making it 
 possible to draw the surface very flat. 
 
 The Strait Settlements and Ceylon are also well represented by 
 fantastic models. A peculiar boat in Ceylon is the machva, which is 
 celebrated for its speed. It is the swiftest of all East Indian boats. It 
 cannot tack, however, like an ordinary vessel, but must wear around to
 
 384 
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 
 
 get the wind upon the opposite side. Its special feature is the keel, the 
 shape of which is at variance with all recognized rules of naval archi- 
 tecture. Instead of being straight or convex, the keel has an archlike 
 form, rising in the middle and curving downward at the ends in deep, 
 
 \\\ 
 
 MODELS OF WAR VESSELS TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 
 
 angular, fin-like projections, the forward one being deepest. This 
 curious keel serves as a double centre-board. Its object appears to be 
 to carry sail well forward so that the whole of the craft aft to amidships 
 may be free for the stowage and manipulation of the net. The rig 
 consists of a single settee sail bent to a long yard that is hoisted upon a 
 short mast stepped amidships and raking sharply forward.
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 335 
 
 A Ceylon Catamaran. 
 
 A catamaran is shown that has carried the mail around Ceylon for a 
 number of years, as well as one of the celebrated outrigger canoes. 
 These boats carry an enormous sail and the men climb out on the out- 
 rigger 10 prevent the boat from capsizing, and its breezes are known as 
 a one man, two man or three man breeze, according to the quantity of 
 weight necessary to put on the outrigger. Mediterranean craft are 
 represented and there are peculiar canoes from the west coast of Africa. 
 
 From South America comes the Jangada, a large balsa-shaped boat 
 used in the vicinity of Pernambuco ; a war canoe from the Amazon ; 
 the cascarra, made from a single piece of bark and entirely unlike all 
 birch bark canoes, from the Orinoco. There, are also slender and swift 
 dugouts from the same locality; balsas from Lake Titicaca, made of 
 straw and bound together by wisps the only method of water con- 
 veyance known to the people of that region. Here you find bungos, 
 curious shaped canoes from the Isthmus of Panama, and many others 
 quite as interesting. 
 
 Of course the North American Indian and his birch bark canoe are 
 features not only in this building, but also in the south pond, with the 
 Indian himself paddling. 
 
 Thanks to the energetic co-operation of the American representatives 
 abroad and the interest taken by the British Commission, the principal 
 ship building firms have sent a magnificent collection of models of all 
 kinds. The period of iron ship building is well represented, both in the 
 models of passenger and freight steamers as well as in the collection of 
 British men-of-war. Unfortunately the period after the restoration^ of 
 Charles II. and through the Napoleonic wars is not included, for with 
 models of the great three-decked sailing battle ships which were for so 
 many years England's bulwark of strength the history of the navy 
 would be reasonably complete. At the same time Spain sends the 
 treasures of the Royal Museum and the models of the Invincible 
 Armada, so that the ships of the time of the famous battle are shown. 
 
 The Rarest Relic of All. 
 
 In the winter of 1879-80 a Norwegian sailor living in Sandefjord 
 employed his leisure time during the winter months in exploring a sand 
 hill or mound on the outskirts of the village. It was called " Kings- 
 mound,'' and the traditions of the townsfolk had it that a viking, or 
 Norse pirate, was buried there with all his earthly belongings, a part of 
 which was necessarily a ship and its fittings. 
 25
 
 385 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 
 
 The sailor, however, determined to satisfy himself of this point and 
 began digging. He dug a square hole, and had not entered many feet 
 when his spade struck a solid oak plank, which, on further investiga- 
 tion, proved to be the side of a ship. The experts in the Royal Uni- 
 versity in Christiania inspected the relic and pronounced it to be a vik- 
 ing ship, but of what age it was impossible to determine until the warm 
 weather of May and June had sufficiently thawed out the earth to make 
 further investigations possible.- In the early summer the entire mound 
 was cleared away, and revealed a viking ship in good condition, and in 
 it was a skeleton of a man incased in armor and surrounded Avith oars 
 and other things belonging to the ship. The articles in the ship with 
 the armor on the skeleton determined the age of the ship at about 900 
 years. All the woodwork was in a good state of preservation. It was 
 decided that this must have been the kind of a craft in which Lief Erick- 
 son made his voyage to the North American continent nearly 1,000 
 years ago. The viking ship was repaired and removed to the Univer- 
 sity at Christiania. In 1891 it was suggested that it would be proper 
 at the 4Ooth anniversary of the landing of Columbus in America to 
 prove that the voyage of Lief Erickson from Norway and Iceland to the 
 New England coast was perfectly feasible, and it was decided to repro- 
 duce the viking ship, equip her as nearly as possible like the original, 
 man her and send her to the United States, unaccompanied by any 
 steamer or ship of any kind. 
 
 The dimensions of the ship are \J% feet over all, 16^ feet beam, 
 while the distance from the upper side of the keelson to the railing is 
 5^ feet. The bow and stern are higher than amidships, and there is no 
 deck of any kind. It is twenty-seven tons. A peculiarity of her con- 
 struction is that her planks are " clinker " built or overlap, like the 
 weather-boarding of a house. There are thirty-two oars and rowlocks, 
 and each oar is 17 feet long. Little sail is carried, for the old vikings 
 depended more on their oars than on the wind. It was for this reason 
 that their ships were built so light and had such graceful lines. 
 
 Cunard Company's Exhibit. 
 
 In the merchant marine section the Cunard Steamship Company 
 shows models of the Umbria, Etruria (8,000 tons) and the new ships 
 built and engined in 1892, while the royal mail service between England 
 and South Africa is shown by Donald, Currie & Co. The Laird Broth- 
 ers, of Birkenhead, exhibit a collection of models and pictures illustra- 
 ting the progress of iron shipbuilding from 1834 to the present time 
 paddle steamers, screw steamers and a full line of models,
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 387 
 
 A most interesting exhibit is made by the Peninsular and Oriental 
 Steam Navigation Company. The Atlantic Transport Line shows 
 models of the screw steamers Massachusetts, Manitoba, Mohawk and 
 Mobile, furnished with all appliances for the carriage of passengers, live 
 stock, dead meat and cargo of all descriptions. There is also an inter- 
 esting model sent by Furness, Withy & Co. of a steamer 400 feet long, 
 48 beam, 30 feet draught, built of steel on a web frame system, with cel- 
 lular double bottom capable of carrying 6,500 tons of dead weight. 
 
 This is only an indication of what the marine exhibit from Great 
 Britain is. No such display has ever been attempted in the United 
 States, and especially in an inland city like Chicago. Many of the 
 models have figured in various naval exhibitions in Great Britain and are 
 familiar to those especially interested in naval architecture. But the 
 general public is surprised upon entering the golden door of the Trans- 
 portation Building to see near the entrance on the main court a collec- 
 tion of models the like of which has never been brought together in this 
 country. 
 
 Section of an "Ocean Greyhound." 
 
 A striking feature has been furnished by the International Navigation 
 Company, which built on the main court a section of one of their new 
 steamers. Imagine the longitudinal and transverse section of a ship 
 abaft the smokestack 69 feet long and 38.6 in beam. The interior fit- 
 tings, furnishings and decoration are the same as used on the magnificent 
 steamers of that line. This is the most interesting exhibit, showing 
 fully the facilities of those vessels for the comfort of ocean. 
 
 The Bethlehem Iron Company have reproduced their enormous 125- 
 ton hammer, and at its base is displayed armor plate, guns, shafting of 
 vessels, steel ingots, and so on. The Gas Engine and Power Company, 
 of New York, show a number of beautiful naphtha launches. The 
 Harlan & Hollingsworth Company, of Wilmington, Del., make an 
 exhibit of models of different types of ships, steamboats, steam and 
 sailing yachts, built from the commencement of its foundation 1836 
 down to the present time. They also exhibit a working model of a 
 typical engine. As a frieze above the model is shown a marine painting 
 on which forty-two boats are to be seen, showing ':he progress made in 
 ships, yachts and steamboats built by this firm. 
 
 Wheeled Vehicles of Every Kind. 
 
 But if railways and ships are interesting, what is to be said of the 
 wheeled vehicles ? The floor space occupied by this division embraces
 
 388 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 
 
 130,000 square feet, and it is all fitted up with new wood carpet in white 
 oak strips, laid out in handsome patterns and finished in oil. Each space is 
 surrounded with handsome ornamental brass railing and posts. This 
 exhibit occupies the entire north end of the Main Building and the 
 annex and about one-half of the north gallery in the Main Building. 
 
 On the first floor are exhibited carriages, wagons and vehicles of every 
 description. In the gallery are displayed bicycles, carriages and wagon 
 hardware and saddlery goods. There is a historical array of vehicles, 
 saddlery goods and bicycles. An effort was made to show the evolution 
 of these industries from their primitive origins down to the present time. 
 
 For this purpose a large collection was made by Chief Smith in 
 foreign lands, from the ancient chariot that antedates Christ to the latest 
 thing out. 
 
 There is shown everything from the old Mexican cart drawn by oxen 
 and the first bicycle ever made to the finest royal and family carnage 
 that the modern builder can produce. The luxurious and useful modern 
 brougham, which the celebrated makers of the world are displaying, 
 stands alongside the old deacon's celebrated " one horse shay." There 
 is a bewildering collection of carts and harness from Palermo, land 
 sledges from Punchal, a calache from Quebec, and a volante from Cuba. 
 The ox and the ass appear in various burden bearing capacities, and the 
 harness and saddlery abound in most useful and economical forms as 
 well as in the elegant and even fantastic styles. 
 
 The human pack animal has not been forgotten. He appears as the 
 Cargadores of South America and the street carrier of the Orient. 
 There are palanquins, traveling hammocks, and sedans from remote 
 corners of the globe as well as of remote times, illustrating how one 
 class of mankind drudges that another may ride in luxury. 
 
 All Sorts of Carriages. 
 
 In modern carriages there is everything from a baby carriage up to 
 the finest carriage that has been built. Some of these vehicles cost 
 $10,000 each and are really works of art. Foreign countries contribute 
 to this division, France having sent fifty carriages from her best builders. 
 Austria sent eighteen carriages from six of her best manufacturers. 
 England and Germany also make large exhibits, so that the industry of 
 both continents is well represented. 
 
 In the foreign collection of historical exhibits from London is a Lord 
 Mayor's state coach, a drag that belonged to the Prince of Wales and 
 an old chariot. A sedan chair from Columbia stands beside one from
 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 389 
 
 Turkey, and near by are a jinrikisha from Japan, a carriage once owned 
 by President Polk, and the coach of Daniel Webster, bought in 1808. 
 
 In the saddlery department is a display of saddles, bits, stirrups and 
 trappings of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries collected through- 
 out Europe, including a pair of silver spurs taken from the feet of Sir 
 Thomas Picton when he was killed at the battle of Waterloo. 
 
 Superb Display of Bicycles. 
 
 In the bicycle division there is presented an extraordinary display. 
 The fittings alone cost more than $100,000, and some of the pavilions 
 cost exhibitors from $10,000 to $12,000 each. There is displayed in 
 this exhibit not only the finest bicycle that has ever been produced up 
 to the present time, but bicycles representing wheels that date back to 
 the first machine built, showing the complete evolution of the industry. 
 
 The bicycle exhibitors number fifty, and some of the pavilions erected 
 by them are the finest to be seen on the grounds. In this exhibit may 
 be seen every style of wheel, from the first manufactured to the modern 
 pneumatic. It is a great show for the thousands of people who in this 
 day and generation are happiest when tramping the treadles. One of 
 the queerest looking inventions in this department is a bicycle made by 
 a Missouri boy, modeled after the style of pictures that he had seen. 
 Are you a bicycle crank ? Then here you can revel to your heart's 
 delight. The controversy between cushion and pneumatic tires is set- 
 tled, and except to illustrate progress in manufacture the cushion tire is 
 in the rear ground. Pneumatics of all sizes, degrees and conditions are 
 here. There are fifty different kinds, and each is the best. If you 
 doubt it ask the gentlemanly attendant. He may be French, German, 
 Russian or Turk, for wheels from the four quarters of the globe are 
 exhibited, but in more or less of a brogue he will send you away con- 
 vinced of the superiority of his wheel until you are in turn convinced 
 by the next gentlemanly attendant. 
 
 The story of what may be seen in the Transportation Department 
 nay be continued indefinitely and still never be told. There is so much 
 -o attract the attention, please the eye, interest the mind and develop 
 the thought that one becomes bewildered in the midst of it all. The 
 Transportation Building itself is unique in architecture and not easy to 
 describe. Its gorgeous exterior decoration and its superb golden door- 
 way identify it at once. Its location on the western bank of the central 
 lagoon, looking out over the wooded island, brings it directly in the 
 highway of the greatest travel. Its front bears the names of illustrious 
 railway and marine inventors.
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Mines and Mining Building. 
 
 THE mining exhibit at the World's Fair has never been equalled 
 at any Exposition. At Philadelphia, in Paris and at the other 
 big shows of this character mining has had a pavilion to it- 
 self, but it has never been made a feature. At Chicago there 
 is a splendid collection, including some thirteen thousand exhibits, illus- 
 trating all the 
 valuables that 
 man extracts 
 f r o m the 
 earth. 
 
 Not only 
 are the pro- 
 cesses shown 
 by which the 
 crude ore is 
 fashioned, but 
 the methods 
 by which the 
 ore is taken 
 from the 
 
 ground and treated are explained by 
 costly working models. There are few 
 things about mining that cannot be learned 
 in the building 700 feet long by 350 wide 
 set apart for this study. 
 
 In design the Mining Building is of the 
 early Italian Renaissance. It is admirably 
 adapted to the purpose for which it is 
 used, as the light is excellent. There are 
 four big entrances. The gallery is sixty 
 feet wide and twenty-five feet above the 
 main floor. It has a floor space of 103,000 
 square feet. Along the centre of the 
 building are two rows of cantilever trusses, 115 feet apart, supporting 
 
 390 
 
 STATUE REPRESENTING CAPITAL, 
 MINES AND MINING BUILDING.
 
 MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 391 
 
 the roof, the only other incumbrance on the floor being the posts 
 that support the gallery. This leaves a vast amount of free space, and 
 it has been utilized to the best advantage by the chief of the depart- 
 ment, F. J. Skiff, and his assistant, Edward L. Burchard. 
 
 At first Mr. Skiff wondered what he would do with the vast amount 
 of space at his disposal. Later, when the foreign countries and the 
 states began to tell him how much space they needed, he wondered how 
 he would crowd so much that was coming into such a comparatively 
 small area. All the exhibitors wanted to show their specimens collec- 
 tively, so that it was not possible to classify the greater part of the dis- 
 play according to its character. It is arranged, therefore, geographically, 
 all the exhibits of a nation or of a state being together. This does not 
 apply to the groups, which are arranged in museum fashion in the 
 
 galleries. 
 
 In Bullion Boulevard. 
 
 Through the centre, of the building runs a street twenty feet wide, 
 which has been named Bullion Boulevard. To the west of this is the 
 space reserved for foreign countries. To the east are the exhibits of the 
 states and territories and under the east gallery all the exhibits of min- 
 ing machinery. In the west gallery are the technical collections of 
 minerals and metals, and in the east gallery are grouped such products 
 of the earth as clays and cements. 
 
 Taking up the countries in the order in which they are placed along 
 Bullion Avenue, the first exhibit is that of France. It is contained in 
 9,000 square feet. It shows the minerals and metals of the great 
 Republic, all classified in the most artistic manner. A Parisian asphalt 
 company has put up a handsome pavilion in which the processes through 
 which their material passes are shown and explained. 
 
 Great Britain, Canada and New South Wales have 25,000 square feet. 
 The last named colony has sent the choicest things that she ex- 
 hibited in the Melbourne Exposition. Big trophies of tin, zinc and 
 coal stand in her space. These " trophies " are the feature of the min- 
 ing exhibit. All over the building they can be found. They consist of 
 pyramids, obelisks, globes and shafts of all sizes and shapes of the 
 exhibits, and they rise up at intervals all over the floor. New South 
 Wales has surprised the country with the quality of the coal. Great 
 Britain shows commercial tin and interesting samples of platinum. A 
 salt firm has sent a model of the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty in salt. 
 
 Nickel from Ontario. 
 Ontario, Canada, makes an interesting exhibit of nickel from the ore
 
 392 MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 
 
 to the refined product. Canada wears a nickel belt about seventy miles 
 long and thirty wide, extending from the Nipissing country to Algoma. 
 It lies almost north of Georgian' Bay, and is as near to Chicago as to 
 Toronto. A vein that is being worked now is six to twenty feet in 
 thickness and of uniform depth. Miners have gone down 700 feet and 
 have not struck bottom. A thousand men are employed in this indus- 
 try. The superintendent of the exhibit says he expects to see the day 
 when nickel will displace tin in the manufacture of the common house- 
 hold utensils. This depends upon the discovery of some successful 
 process of separating the copper from it ; in other words, of refining it. 
 At present matte, the product of the first melting of ore, has to be sent 
 to Wales for refining and then returned, just as now cotton goes to 
 England and comes back to us in cloth. In the latter case it is a mat- 
 ter of cheapness in manufacture ; in the former, a matter of secret pro- 
 cess. 
 
 They are trying hard in New Jersey to refine nickel, and have met 
 with limited success. The choicest exhibit from Ontario is a solid 
 block of pure nickel weighing 4,500 pounds and worth $2,250. There 
 are also samples of the ore and the matte. 
 
 Ontario does something in the line of gold mining in a district about 
 eight hundred miles long, extending from Rat Portage, near the Mani- 
 toba line, to the Ottawa valley. The free gold comes principally from 
 the region of the Lake of the Woods, mainly as a sulphide or sulphur- 
 ette, as the miners call it. When not found free, it is usually associated 
 with galena. 
 
 Ontario produces a good deal of mica of all colors, and, as proof, 
 shows a solid block of it ten inches thick, weighing 1400 pounds. 
 Other ores exhibited are iron, silver, lead, copper, zinc, antimony, mo- 
 lybdenite, formerly used for dyeing, graphite and byrite, used in the 
 finest of high-class wall papers and similar work. 
 
 Germany's Big Showing. 
 
 Germany has the largest European representation. On the main 
 loor she has taken 13,000 square feet, and on the gallery 5,000. Baron 
 Stumm, of Saarbruck, whose iron and steel works are second only to 
 those of Krupp, is the largest exhibitor, and what he has done has cost 
 him many thousands of dollars. He had no intention of exhibiting, as 
 he did not see how he would be benefited, until Emperor William sug- 
 gested that it would be a good idea for him to do so. This was almost 
 equivalent to a command, and the Baron built a large brick wall reach- 
 ing almost to the roof to serve as a background for his display. This
 
 MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 393 
 
 wall is faced with marble panels on which are pictures of his Saarbruck 
 establishment. On the top is a mosaic and an inscription giving the 
 name of the firm. 
 
 Baron Stumm wanted to run this brick wall through the roof and 
 above it ; but this was not allowed. There was some objection to the 
 wall itself, as its use is not quite clear. If there were a fair in the Madi- 
 son Square Garden, New York, and an exhibitor found it necessary to 
 build a wall 50 feet long, 150 feet wide and 4 feet thick, to serve as a 
 background to his wares, he would be doing just what Baron Stumm 
 has done. But no one wished to hurt the feelings of the good noble- 
 man. ) 
 
 An enormous pile of iron drain pipes and another pile of architectural 
 iron girders and steel rails in sections are the most striking exhibits. 
 The sewer pipes are coiled around very adroitly, and the architectural 
 iron is arranged in the form of a tree. This work is of more interest to 
 engineers than' to the public. All the different kinds of iron things that 
 the Baron makes are there. It is a very ponderous assortment. 
 
 In the galleries are the contributions of the technical schools of 
 Berlin, the Freyburg school of mines and other eductional displays. 
 
 Brazil has a colonnaded pavilion, in which are shown the precious 
 stones of the Amazon in all their stages and the work of the geological 
 survey in that country. The pavilion is a very attractive spot to the 
 women. Nearly all the exhibits are in different pavilions. Some of 
 them are of heavy stonework and cost a good deal of money. 
 
 Among Diamond Diggers. 
 
 Cape Colony shows the output of the Kimberley diamond mines. A 
 quantity of the blue earth in which the diamonds are found was sent to 
 this country to be worked over during the Fair. There are two or three 
 carloads of it and it is worth $200,000. It is stored outside the building 
 and guarded by men armed with enormous pistols. 
 
 A force of Kaffirs extract the diamonds. First of all, the blue earth 
 is transported from the storage place to the South African pavilion by 
 means of an underground tramway built to give visitors an insight into 
 mining. When it reaches the pavilion it passes into the machinery 
 used to pulverize the earth, which is very hard. The Kaffirs sort out 
 the diamond pebbles. At night they guard the diamond earth to pre- 
 vent it from falling into the hands of the treacherous whites. Not even 
 a Chicago sandbagger would care to face one of these fierce looking 
 black men, who have been warned of the character of some of the whites 
 and are prepared to do battle. No doubt the Kaffirs are themselves
 
 394 MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 
 
 watched, as there are people who would think nothing of making a 
 " trust " combine with them to get gems. 
 
 After the diamond pebbles have been found by the Kaffirs they are 
 passed over to the pavilion of a New York jewelry firm, where they are 
 cut and polished, the entire process being shown from the time the 
 diamond, a dull looking pebble, is taken from the earth, until it sparkles 
 on the shirt front of a genteel gambler. 
 
 Gems from Mexico. 
 
 Mexico has a very good cabinet display of her minerals and gems 
 that was selected with great care by a commission appointed by the 
 government. Every province was ransacked, and the results are shown 
 in handsome bronze cases. Our neighbors to the south show up very 
 creditably in the mining section. Spain shows iron ores, coal and 
 quicksilver ores. 
 
 From Japan there come exhibits showing that they have a much 
 higher skill in metal working than most Americans suppose. Her 
 exhibit is very largely copper and the productions of skilled metal 
 workers who rank very high. 
 
 Ores from the Ural Mountains are the features of the Russian exhibit. 
 There is a large trophy to give dignity to the Czar's pavilion. 
 
 Italy shows her sulphur and her fine statuary marble in a very hand- 
 somely arranged pavilion. 
 
 Chili's Olive Branch. 
 
 In the South and Central American countries Chili is prominent in 
 spite of her alleged reluctance to make friends with Uncle Sam after the 
 Baltimore incident. The matter is best understood, however, when it is 
 known that the exhibit is really that of William R. Grace, whose firm 
 pays the entire expense to show the world her enormous nitrate 
 resources. 
 
 Honduras has among other things an opalescent grotto containing a 
 native Indian opal miner. Without the aid of any confederate, and with 
 his coat rolled up so that nothing can be concealed up his sleeve, this 
 solitary Indian extracts opals from the side of the grotto and then 
 polishes them. If there is anything in the idea that opals are unlucky 
 then this grotto should be the home of misfortune. Imaginative and 
 superstitious people may fancy that they see in the eye of this Indian a 
 malevolent look as he sells a Chicago man fifty cents' worth of 
 his opals. 
 
 On the other side of Bullion Boulevard is a long row of the pavilions
 
 MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 395 
 
 of the different States. Some of these are massive structures and 
 apparently quite burglar-proof. It is not quite clear what their owners 
 thought they would have to contend with in Chicago. Diamond 
 exhibitors, of course, might be excused for building big walls, but the 
 walls are found to be quite as thick when the article shown is only oil. 
 It must be that all men, as well as Baron Stumm, lean toward the 
 substantial. 
 
 Choice Exhibits from Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pennsylvania has plenty of space. She shows a large anthracite 
 needle ten feet square at the base and sixty two feet high, the number 
 of feet representing the width of the greatest coal seam in the State. 
 The geological survey, those young men who go through the State 
 with spyglasses and other machinery, human conundrums to the simple 
 farmer, have sent models of coal mines and maps of the State showing 
 such enormous qualities of coal in the State, that visitors go up to the 
 boss of the Pennsylvania pavilion and demand to know why coal isn't 
 ten cents a ton. 
 
 There is a reproduction in this section of the Meri Trott coal breaker, 
 the largest in the world. It is a working model, and it shows exactly 
 how coal is separated into different sizes. 
 
 North Carolina's pavilion shows a very good collection of native 
 gems. Virginia has more coal and iron than anything else. Her 
 pavilion has for entrances three arches supported by four square parallel 
 columns. The arches bear the inscriptions " 1607," " Virginia," and 
 " 1893." This State produces a quantity of manganese, lead, zinc and 
 some tin. 
 
 New York, as it does throughout the Fair, makes a fine display in the 
 Mining Building. Her space is bounded by colonnades of classic 
 columns, in front of which is a large mineral obelisk. This shows the 
 different strata found in the State as far down as the archaean or vol- 
 canic. This idea, a very excellent one, was suggested by Professor 
 James Hall, geologist, and carried out by F. J. H. Merrill, curator of 
 the museum at Albany. Building stone, salt, petroleum and natural gas 
 are the State's " mining" products. 
 
 Missouri's Marvelous Display. 
 
 Missouri's mineral resources are shown in the space opposite that of 
 Michigan. The front of the pavilion is of native terra cotta. The 
 arched entrance is surmounted by the arms of the State. 
 
 This State is first in the union in the production of zinc and second in
 
 396 
 
 MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 
 
 that of lead ; consequently the ores of these metals are the feature. 
 They are shown most prominently in a pyramidal structure containing 
 about fourteen tons of these ores, one chunk of lead ore alone weighing 
 6,500 pounds. Missouri gave to the arts in 1892 132,000 tons of zinc 
 and 32,000 tons of lead, a feat of which she is proud. Of specimens 01 
 small size there are from 7,000 to 10,000, most of which belong to the 
 State; others are mainly loans, although a few individual exhibitors are 
 represented. The State appropriated $15,000 for this exhibit, and it 
 placed the task of making a suitable collection in the hands of E. O. 
 Hovey, of St. Louis. He found not only zinc and lead worthy of exhi- 
 
 
 MISSOURI'S MINERAL PAVILION MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 
 
 bition, but some twenty varieties of marble, besides onyx and building 
 stone in great variety. There are a few specimens of coal and iron ores 
 from Iron Mountain. A feature of the exhibit comprises relief maps, 
 one of which shows the working of the mines in Iron Mountain ; 
 another reproduces the topography of the entire State. 
 
 Perhaps the most interesting and certainly the most unique of all the 
 pavilion elevations erected within the Mines and Mining Building is 
 that erected by Kentucky. 
 
 The State that has in the past based its reputation upon its blue 
 grass, fast horses, good whisky, and beautiful women now aspires to be
 
 MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 397 
 
 known as a mineral producer. Although Kentucky was late with its 
 appropriation the work was not allowed to lag by the State Commis- 
 sioners, and after the Legislature had provided $100,000 for the Fair 
 the work went rapidly forward. 
 
 Erected on the front line of the space allotted the State is a facade of 
 polished cannel Kentucky coal, with a wide, open arch. The ornament, 
 for it is nothing less than an ornament, is twenty-three feet wide and 
 stands twenty-five feet high. Its effect is heightened by the elevation 
 of the New York pavilion, which is of pure white marble, and occupies 
 the adjoining space. 
 
 The Famous Mammoth Cave. 
 
 The mineral exhibit of Kentucky is as varied in character as are the 
 resources of the State. It comprises coal, stone, marble, iron, copper, 
 gold, and silver. All these are displayed to the best advantage, but the 
 great feature of the exhibit is the reproduction in miniature of the Mam- 
 moth Cave. 
 
 From the space allotted to the exhibit on the floor an opening leads 
 to a chamber beneath the Mines Building. This is made to represent 
 the cave, great attention being paid to the details. The great walls are 
 reproduced, and art and science are called upon to make perfect the 
 illusion. The negro attendant who has guided so many thousands of 
 visitors through the cave is here to explain, as only he can explain, the 
 beauties of the exhibit. The chamber devoted to this feature is two 
 hundred feet by fifty in dimensions. 
 
 Sundry Brands of Art. 
 
 Ohio's pavilion is of colonnades on either side of a large arched en- 
 trance, the style being Romanesque. It will be observed in making up 
 the artistic summary of the Mining Building that the exhibitors have 
 spared no pains in mixing up their styles. Baron Stumm may have a 
 higher brick wall than any of the American States, and he has, but for 
 an assortment of architectural beauties the artist must turn to eclectic 
 America. Ohio's pavilion rests on a base of native building stone. Here 
 and there are freestones and samples of coal, petroleum and clays. 
 
 Michigan has undertaken a generous display of copper and iron ores, 
 and refined copper, and an exhibit of the machinery and methods of 
 working the mines. The copper mining industry of the northern penin- 
 sula has reached such a height of commercial importance in the world 
 that it was not thought necessary or becoming at first to take any part 
 in the display at the Exposition. It required coaxing from the State
 
 393 MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 
 
 Commissioners to secure a representation, but it resulted in bringing to 
 the Mines Building a miniature model of the largest copper mine and 
 reducing mills in the world. This shows a section of the mine's system 
 of timbering, the method of handling the rock from the time it is exca- 
 vated until it reaches the mill and is crushed and the particles or nuggets 
 of copper separated from the rock. Beside it is placed a model sent to 
 the Centennial at Philadelphia, showing as great improvement in the 
 methods of mining in twenty years as in railroading. 
 
 Welded by Electricity. 
 
 A mass of copper ore, almost pure, taken from a mine on Keewenaw 
 Point, weighing 6,200 pounds, and another 8,500 pounds are on the 
 floor. There are miles upon miles of drawn copper wire and rolled 
 sheets of copper as bright and clear as a polished mirror. Sections of 
 electrically welded copper wire are shown, illustrating a new application 
 of that universally applied force electricity. The ends of two pieces of 
 wire are brought together slowly and a current caused to pass from one 
 to the other. By the time there is close contact there is complete con- 
 nection, and it is impossible to tell where the joint was made. It is now 
 entirely unnecessary to be particular about making a mile or two of 
 wire in one stretch ; pieces a foot long will make a perfect wire of 
 indefinite length. 
 
 Marquette county sends a great many specimens of iron ore, and of 
 some marbles which have been lately discovered near Ishpeming. These 
 marble quarries are believed to be inexhaustible, although the quality 
 has not been fully tested. 
 
 This State exhibits some four hundred cabinet specimens of ores and 
 three hundred more not in cabinets. The entire exhibit is surmounted 
 by a neat enclosure, the entrance through which is at the corner facing 
 the center of the Mines Building. This is an arched doorway, the sup- 
 porting pillars of which are of red sandstone. Above the arch is the 
 Michigan coat of arms, and still higher, an allegorical group in copper, 
 representing the crowning of two miners with laurel wreaths. On either 
 side of the entrance is placed an obelisk of Grand Rapids gypsum. The 
 exhibit is in charge of Samuel Brady, of Detroit. 
 
 Real Miners at Work. 
 
 Wyoming constructed a model placer mine for the delight of the 
 (> gold bugs " from the East. There is shown all the machinery em- 
 ployed in mining, the wheels being turned under the superintendence 
 of real miners.
 
 MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 
 
 399 
 
 California, of course, has her name written over her pavilion in letters 
 of an unmistakable size. Three arches of equal height support a very 
 big panelled square pediment and this bears the name. The old " Forty- 
 niners," who have an association, have relics of the old gold industry. 
 They have scoured the State for picks and shovels with which men say 
 they dug for the precious metal. Each mine'ral county in California has 
 a separate exhibit, each oi\e being convinced that it is the best county. 
 
 CALIFORNIA PAVILION IN THE MINES BUILDING. 
 
 Idaho has good ores and Washington a pavilion domed with a trophy 
 in the centre. She shows ores and new quarries of ornamental stones. 
 Utah exhibits some of her mineral wealth. 
 
 Now we come to the Ada Rehan statue from Montana. Her principal 
 exhibit is the silver statue of the actress. In casting it the amount of 
 silver used, it is said, was $32,000. 
 
 Colorado has a pavilion of classic columns made of her marbles. The 
 columns are crowned with heavy masses of ore. In her exhibits this 
 State shows the Breckenridge collection of gold nuggets, said to be 
 worth $250,000, ranging in size from the smallest to the largest.
 
 400 MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 
 
 In the Miners' Hut. 
 
 Copper in great profusion is found in the exhibits of Arizona and New 
 Mexico, some from the Copper Queen Consolidated Mines. New 
 Mexico built a miners' cabin and covered it with minerals. It is the 
 sort of place the miners live in when they can't get anything better, or 
 when they are showing in public performances of a play built round a 
 log hut. 
 
 Mining and stone quarrying and stone working machinery is arranged 
 under the east gallery, where there are to be found placer and hydraulic 
 implements in every shape. If a gold mine were to be found in Chicago 
 there are ample facilities for working it at a moment's notice. It is 
 shown how the polishing is done, the underground haulage, the systems 
 of hoisting, draining, ventilating, lighting, transporting and conveying 
 on the surface, drills, boring, blasting, crushing, screening and " sizing." 
 There are heavy stamps for crushing ore, most of them full size. They 
 are worked by power supplied by means of compressed air from Ma- 
 chinery Hall. 
 
 In the north end of the gallery is a splendid exhibit of the Standard 
 Oil Company. This corporation, usually considered not very public, 
 spirited, has spared no expense in showing to the public its methods of 
 drilling, piping and distributing oil, its expenditures on account of its 
 exhibit being tremendous. Besides the apparatus for obtaining crude 
 petroleum from the bowels of the earth it shows a complete series of all 
 the oil products and secondary derivatives, even as far as chewing gum, 
 which, it appears, is made from an oil product. The company had no 
 " core," which is the rock taken out in drilling a well, that would show 
 up satisfactorily, and so they drove two new wells to get one. The core 
 displays the strata of stone which overlies the deposits of oil-bearing 
 sand. Models are there of piping and storing in reservoirs, and statis- 
 tical pyramids that make easily understood the enormous growth of the 
 oil industry. These were prepared by Dr. D. T. Bay, of the United 
 States Geological Survey. 
 
 Oil Shafts and Tunnels. 
 
 In the model room are representations of mines, shafts and tunnels 
 and drifts which give an idea of a miner's work that could only be ob- 
 tained otherwise by a trip into the caverns of the earth. 
 
 In the heavy chemical group are sulphurs, salts, pigments and fer- 
 tilizers. Florida and South Carolina show their big phosphate beds. 
 Another group contains the cements, asphalts and mastics. Included
 
 MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 401 
 
 in this is a model of the pitch lake of Trinidad, sent by an asphalt firm. 
 The clays are shown by themselves and in one part of the gallery a 
 Chicago firm, with miniature machinery, produces and bakes little pressed 
 bricks that they give away as samples. Here also is a collection of gra- 
 phite arranged by a Jersey City firm that shows all the uses of that ma- 
 terial from crucibles to stove polish. Adjoining is an assortment of 
 abrasives, such as grindstones. It is a noteworthy fact that the rouge 
 used for women's faces is classed as an abrasive and is placed alongside 
 of the grindstones. 
 
 Building Stones and Coal. 
 
 Group No. 44 is a set of the building and ornamental stones found 
 throughout the United States. They are in little cubes, each side dressed 
 in a different fashion. Accompanying them is a set of transparencies 
 showing their appearance under the microscope. These were got to- 
 gether by Professor Merrill. 
 
 A similar exhibit is a display of coal and coke from every coal field 
 in the United States. The pieces are all of the uniform size and placed 
 on aluminum mounts. Thus coal experts can study the relative value of 
 the various fuels. Each sample is numbered, and a similar number is 
 found on a plate glass map of the region, so that the coal can be readily 
 identified. 
 
 An assay office is seen in actual work ; mechanical tests are applied 
 in a separate department to steel to determine its tensile strength and 
 other characteristics. A club room is located in the gallery that is to 
 be the headquarters of visiting mining engineers and there is a loan col- 
 lection of mining books embracing several thousand volumes and in- 
 cluding all the subjects as to which a mining engineer should be posted. 
 Some of the works are very rare. 
 
 In the technical collections are displayed the metallurgical processes 
 from concentration and reduction to its conversion to the uses of man, 
 such as the Bessemer, basic-Bessemer, open hearth and crucible pro- 
 cesses, and an exhibit of all the different kinds of iron and steel. 
 
 Outside the Mining Building, but still a part of the exhibit of the sec- 
 tion, is an oil well two thousand feet deep, put down by a Pittsburgh 
 dealer in oil well appliances. Of course there is no oil under Jacksor 
 Park, but there is the satisfaction of finding water at a depth of a few fee; 
 
 The State exhibits are largely of the museum order, but these may be 
 considered from some other standpoint than that of mere curiosity. Min- 
 erals and ores represent wealth, as well as wheat and cattle, and a State 
 whose surface is unproductive in cereals and the products of cereals 
 may have limitless treasures beneath the surface. 
 26
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 Eastern and Middle States at the Fair. 
 
 NEARLY every state and territory in the Union, as well as 
 every foreign government, was represented on the Fair 
 grounds by special buildings, in which were special exhibits 
 from those states, such as soils, mineral products, grains and 
 other products, and also club rooms for the people from those states, 
 which they could call their own headquarters, but all of these were open 
 to the public free of any charge. 
 
 These State buildings presented a variety of architecture detailing in a 
 measure the history of the country. They contained exhibits among 
 the most interesting to the foreign visitors, because they showed what 
 each state is able to produce and what are its natural resources. In 
 many instances they represent state fairs with very complete exhibits. 
 
 Some of the state buildkigs were veritable palaces, and all of them of 
 the character of homes, with their handsomely furnished parlors, recep- 
 tion-rooms, reading and smoking-rooms, broad verandas and otjier con- 
 veniences for visitors. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 The Massachusetts Building was in the Colonial style, and was largely 
 a reproduction of the historic John Hancock residence, which, until the 
 year 1867, stood on Beacon Hill, Boston, near the State Capitol. The 
 building was three stories high, surmounted in the center by a cupola. 
 The exterior was of "staff," in imitation of cut granite. It followed the 
 lines of the old house sufficiently faithful to recall the original to the 
 minds of those who have seen it. Like the original, it was surrounded 
 by a terrace, raised above the street, and had in front and on one side a 
 forecourt, filled with old-fashioned flowers and foliage, in keeping with 
 the character of the building. It was approached by two flights of steps 
 one leading from the street to the terrace, the other from the court to 
 the house. The main entrance opened to a spacious, well-studded hall- 
 way, with a tiled floor. 
 
 Facing the entrance was a broad, Colonial staircase, leading to the 
 second floor. An old-fashioned bull's-eye window gave light to the 
 stairway. On the right of the hall was a large room, constituting a reg- 
 
 40?
 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 403 
 
 istration room, postoffice and general reception room. The fittings and 
 furnishings of this room were unique. Its marble floor, its tiled walls, 
 its uncovered beams, and its high mantel recalled the old Dutch rooms 
 found in Western Massachusetts, as well as in New York and Pennsyl- 
 vania. On the left of the front door, or main entrance, were two large 
 parlors, which, when thrown together, formed a room 80 by 25 feet in 
 size. 
 
 The front parlor was furnished by the Essex Institute, of Salem, an 
 old historical society. The back parlor was more especially a reading- 
 room for men. The second floor was given over almost entirely to the 
 use of women. There was a large and smaller parlor, and two bed- 
 rooms for the use of the women's board. The entire floor was furnished in 
 old-fashioned furniture, and in the bed-rooms were four-post bedsteads. 
 On the third floor were rooms for servants. A liberty pole, eighty-five 
 feet high, stood in the fore-court, and a gilded cod-fish served as a vane 
 on the top of the cupola. 
 
 Massachusetts had the only building on the grounds which can be 
 called strictly colonial in all its aspects. The visitor could readily 
 imagine himself in the home of John Hancock, and were he ever so 
 critical he found no detail neglected. 
 
 The Bay State Building Dedicated. 
 
 The dedication of the building took place on October 22, 1892. 
 Shortly before ten o'clock the members of the Massachusetts delegation 
 began to arrive, and in a few minutes most of those who were expected 
 to attend the dedicatory exercises were present. As Governor Russell 
 reached the building the state flag was run up, and E. C. Hovey, 
 Executive Commissioner of the State, came forward and received the 
 Chief Executive Officer. In a short speech Mr. Hovey handed over 
 to the Governor the Massachusetts Building in the name of the Com- 
 mission of the State. The Governor made a brief responsive address 
 and, in the name of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, returned the 
 building to Mr. Hovey as the Executive Commisioner. 
 
 Massachusetts was well represented at the Fair. The entire mineral 
 section from that state was stored in the Mines and Mining Building. 
 The state made a creditable display in the agricultural department, and 
 in this direction an interesting feature was the section from the agricul- 
 tural training schools and the experimental farms. Especially notice- 
 able was the educational section of the exhibit, in which Harvard College 
 made a magnificent display. 
 
 The women of the state secured a great collection of Colonial relics.
 
 404
 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 405 
 
 Among the most valuable of these relics was a fragment of the orig- 
 inal "Liberty" tree flag, looped in the center by Gen. Brooks' revolu- 
 tionary hat, with crossed guns below, quaint long-stocked old weapons ; 
 one, the gun that shot May Pitcairn; and beneath, a pontoon that was 
 used in the battle of Bunker Hill. 
 
 Among the historic treasures was the Governor Wolcott tankard, 
 loaned by Lieutenant Governor Wolcott ; also portraits of ancestors of 
 the Wolcotts; a painting by Copley of members of Governor Gore's 
 family, loaned by the Misses Robins of Boston ; a mirror of Governor 
 Hutchinson, with beautifully carved frame ; a quaint little book, pub- 
 lished and sold in 1740 in Philadelphia, by "B. Franklin;" a sword worn 
 by Judge Hatton of Salem ; a bed-quilt made of pieces of Lady Wash- 
 ington's dresses, and many quaint articles of dress, big bonnets and 
 broidered gowns. 
 
 The applied arts exhibit had a central attraction in the exquisite un- 
 derglaze art work of Mrs. Ellen M. Richardson ; the Boston Society of 
 Decorative Art exhibited beautiful embroideries ; and the Mineral Art 
 League, a fine collection of ceramics ; there were wood carvings, tapes- 
 try, paintings, industrial designs, stained glass and other evidences of 
 woman's advance in all lines of applied art. 
 
 There was a cradle in which were rocked five generations of the 
 Adams family, which furnished the second and sixth presidents of the 
 United States. There was a desk used by George Washington when he 
 made his headquarters at Cambridge. There were portraits of sixty 
 men and women who aided in making Massachusetts famous in its 
 earliest days. Everything goes to tell the history of the old Bay State. 
 The various historical societies occupied rooms with exhibits showing 
 the doings of the Pilgrim fathers from Holland to Plymouth. 
 
 A Volume of Great Interest. 
 
 There was issued under the patronage of the Massachusetts Commis- 
 sioners to the World's Fair a large volume, which bears the explanatory 
 title of " Massachusetts of To-day ; a Memorial of the State, Historical 
 and Biographical, Issued for the World's Columbian Exposition at Chi- 
 cago." It is a large quarto work of 620 pages, and is intended for free 
 distribution to the heads of departments, representatives of all other 
 states and all other countries who may be in attendance at Chicago during 
 the Fair, and to such other persons as are likely to value it. 
 
 The introductory page contains a poem by Henry Austin, of consid- 
 erable local fame, the opening stanza of which is this :
 
 406 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 "Dark was the shore that clouded on the sight 
 Of those grim mariners on the frail ship named 
 
 After the frailest blossoms of the May ; 
 
 Rough was the welcome offered that first night, 
 
 By rock-born waves that noisily proclaimed 
 
 Their joy of liberty in Plymouth's Bay; 
 
 But, ah ! how bright and soft and glorious rose the day !" 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 The Rhode Island Building was after the Greek style of architecture, 
 with columnar porticoes on four sides of the building that on the west 
 or front side semi-circular in plan, with arched openings 'between the 
 Ionic pilasters, the latter being of the full height of the two stories. 
 
 The building was symmetrical in the display of columns in that the 
 north and south porches each of the full width of the building con- 
 sisted of four fluted Ionic columns, each 24 inches in diameter and 21 
 feet high, while the rear entrance was between Ionic fluted pilasters, the 
 same as in front. The columns were surmounted by an enriched Ionic 
 entablature, with decorated mouldings, modillions and dentils, and above 
 the entablature the building was finished with a balustrade surrounding 
 the four sides of the roof, with ornamental urns over each pedestal in 
 the balustrade. 
 
 The building had a ground area of 32 by 59 feet, two stories high, in 
 wood and "staff" in imitation of granite. Entrance was had to the 
 building from all sides through French windows opening to the floor. 
 The main hall was 1 8 by 25 feet, and was open to the roof. The parlor 
 for women and the secretary's office were on the first floor. On the 
 second floor were two committee rooms and a gallery round the main 
 hall. The Governor's rooms occupied what may be called the second 
 story of the porch on the west front. All the floors were hard wood, 
 and the interior was finished in cypress. 
 
 The dedicatory exercises at the Rhode Island State Building began 
 at two o'clock, October 22, 1892, over three hundred citizens and former 
 residents of Rhode Island being present. Commissioner Gardiner C. 
 Sims, Chairman of the Building Committee, made the opening speech, 
 during which he handed the keys of the building over to Governor 
 Russell Brown. The Governor responded, accepting the building and 
 commending the committee for the work it had accomplished. In con- 
 clusion the Governor presented the keys of the building to Executive 
 Commissioner John C. Wyman, who responded, commenting largely 
 upon the manufacturing interests of the state, urging this as a reason 
 why Rhode Island should be creditably represented at the World's
 
 407
 
 408 
 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 Fair. He also referred to the fact that the Rhode Island Building was 
 the first to be completed. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 The mountains of New Hampshire probably suggested the Swiss cot- 
 tage for a World's Fair building. The building, like the state, was 
 comparatively small 53 by 84 feet. The pitched, shingled roof was 
 broken by five gables. The exterior was weather boarded in stained 
 Georgia pine above a line seven feet from the ground. This first seven- 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE STATE BUILDING. 
 
 foot course was in New Hampshire granite. Each of the two stories 
 was surrounded on all sides by a wide piazza. The rooms on the second 
 floor opened to the piazza, through hinged windows opening to the 
 floor. The entrance was on the east, facing the drive on Lake 
 Michigan. 
 
 On the first floor was a reception hall 22 by 36 feet. It had two 
 unique fire-places in pressed granite brick. To the rear of the hall was 
 a wing of the main building two stories high, the second story being a 
 wide balcony or gallery to the main floor. The roof was a glass sky- 
 light. A state exhibit, a picture collection, and a large state map were 
 shown here. Besides the reception hall on the first floor there are
 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 409 
 
 parlors ior men and women. These rooms were ceiled, while the recep- 
 tion hall opened to the roof and was covered with a skylight. The 
 second floor had a reception room and six board and committee 
 
 rooms. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 The people of Maine showed their interest in the great celebration 
 by making early preparations for the erection of a building on the Ex-_ 
 position grounds and the display of the best products of the State. 
 These were scattered through the various departments, and were so 
 diversified as to fairly show the State's resources, and of such a quality 
 
 MAINE STATE BUILDING. 
 
 as to command the attention of visitors. While the Maine Building was 
 not one of the most expensive, it was neat and conveniently arranged, 
 affording an attractive home to the officials and visitors from that State. 
 The Maine Building was octagonal in form, with a ground area of 
 sixty-five feet square. It was two stories in height, the roof surmounted 
 by a lantern in the center, and four corner towers. The first story was 
 of granite. The exterior finish of the rest of the building was in wood 
 and "staff." The roof was of slate. The central tower, or lantern, was 
 eighty-six feet to its highest point. While the first story was octagonal 
 in form, the second story presented but four sides, each with a loggia 
 opening to the rooms within. The second story floor overhung the first
 
 410 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 story one foot. The main entrance to these arched doorways faced the 
 southeast. Over it projected a boat's bow, in "staff." 
 
 Within the entrance was an octagonal rotunda, open to the roof line, 
 its ceiling being an ornamental colored skylight. On the first floor 
 were parlors and reception rooms for men and women, toilet rooms and 
 two commissioners' rooms. A railed gallery extended around the 
 rotunda. The interior finishing was in hard wood. The granite and 
 roof slate used in construction, the skylight in the rotunda, and the 
 mantels over the fireplaces were from Maine and were donated by man- 
 ufacturers. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 Vermont's headquarters was erected by private contribution at a cost 
 of $10,000. The building was of Vermont granite, modeled after a 
 farmhouse of the Revolutionary period. The following is a description 
 of the building : On the right and left of the steps on the fagade rise 
 two shafts, on which are allegorical figures representing the industries 
 of agriculture and quarrying, the two principal industrial activities of 
 the state. A columned portico leads into a court-yard, on the right 
 and left of which are covered porches with broad seats. Just off these 
 are the reception-rooms in front and committee-rooms, postoffice, etc., 
 in the rear. 
 
 In the center of the court is a handsome marble fountain. Marble 
 from the quarries of the state is used all through the interior of the 
 building. Facing the end of the court is a porch, supported by four 
 caryatids, over which is a semi-circular Greek window with bas-relief 
 around it representing " Freedom and Unity." The coat of arms is in 
 the center. The reception hall, in the rear, is circular in form, with a 
 colonnade around, and a wooden dome surmounts the structure. All is 
 colored according to a Pompeiian scheme. The building is Pompeiian 
 in style and of classic detail and furnishes a pleasing contrast to the 
 other buildings. 
 
 On May loth, 1893, the building was dedicated by Governor Fuller 
 and his staff and a thousand sons of New England. The crowd reached 
 out into the avenue and many guards were puzzled to their feeble wits' 
 ends to keep the passage way clear. It was as enthusiastic and interest- 
 ing a dedicatory service as any state has yet had. The house was not 
 especially decorated, save for a big flag of red and white, with the state 
 emblem in the corner and a little green one which bore the name. The 
 platform was a wooden stool, and from this flowed eloquence and wis- 
 dom such as has made the state famous in courts and legislative halls.
 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 4H 
 
 Paintings of men who have made the state famous adorned the walls, 
 with the furniture very largely the product of home factories. 
 
 The Dedicatory Exercises. 
 
 The programme began with music by the orchestra stationed in one 
 of the nooks of the exterior colonnade. Rev. Dr. Goodwin, of the first 
 Congregational church, offered the dedication prayer, and then there was 
 singing by the ladies' trio of the Chicago conservatory. James L. Mar- 
 tin, who rapped the gavel for six years in the Vermont Legislature, then 
 delivered the structure to the exposition. In substance he said : 
 
 " How fitting it is that Vermont should be represented by this unique 
 and classical structure amidst these grander edifices, representing as they 
 do the other and more populous states of the nation. To-day Vermont 
 yields to but few in the products of her tilled acreage. Her organs, 
 scales, granite, marble and maple sugar command the markets of the 
 world. She is the first to be represented here by the members of her 
 press association, and she has always been of the first in the councils of 
 the nation. Towering above all this, the moral, intellectual and phy- 
 sical development of our men and women of every period of our history 
 challenges the whole earth for superiors. If all the heroes of our dead 
 were here they would put a tongue in every stone of this building and 
 would chime the praises of Vermont in the grandest music of the re- 
 public. 
 
 " By the sacred memory of our fathers, by the fond recollections of 
 the stern virtue of our mothers, by the spirit of justice that fans our hills 
 in the air, and by the direction of the commission and his Excellency, the 
 Governor, and on behalf of our good people living in homes of peace 
 and contentment, and of Vermonters everywhere, I give this building to 
 the use of the World's Columbian Exposition." 
 
 Governor Fuller's Address. 
 
 Governor Fuller rose upon the little pedestal to deliver the oration. 
 This is what he said : 
 
 " Constituting as do these delicatory services to-day, a part of the 
 prelude to the magnificent things which this World's Columbian Expo- 
 sition promises, Vermont comes to offer its congratulations on this 
 auspicious occasion, and to felicitate itself that it can have a part, how- 
 ever humble, in the gigantic enterprise which so fittingly commemorates 
 the four hundredth anniversary of the landing of the fearless Genoese 
 navigator. 
 
 " Pleasing as it is for us to glorify our local habitations and state
 
 412 
 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 separations, yet especially delightful is it to-day, amid the inspiring sur- 
 roundings of this occasion, to give ourselves largely to the thoughts 
 which the occasion commemorates. While many of the greatest inven- 
 tions of the world's later triumphs found their birth and earliest home 
 within our borders, yet Vermont prides herself most of all in the wealth 
 of that sturdy manhood which has made itself felt wherever her sons 
 have gone. So while we come to dedicate our State building as a 
 suitable and convenient rallying point for the sons and daughters of 
 Vermont, yet we come primarily as citizens of the United States, our 
 hearts throbbing with patriotic pride as we take part in this great inter- 
 
 VERMONT STATE BUILDING. 
 
 national commemoration and view the wonders of this Columbian 
 Exposition of the world's industry and art." 
 
 Vermont sent to Chicago some choice exhibits, the display of maple 
 sugar being the finest ever seen. Not less than $1,000 was spent on the 
 pavilion in the agricultural building within which the sugar was exhibited. 
 The dairy exhibit was of general interest. Fifty Morgan horses were 
 shown, including a selected flock of ico sheep, together with twenty-five 
 head of Jersey and Ayrshire cattle. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 The Connecticut Building was in the Colonial style, the building 
 being a type of the Connecticut residence, with the addition of circular 
 windows on the north and south, and a circular piazza, on the rear. It 
 had a ground area of 72 by 73 feet, including the piazza, and was two 
 stories high. The exterior was weather-boarded and painted white. 
 The roof contained five dormer windows and was decked on top. The
 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 413 
 
 deck was surrounded by a balustrade, and from its center rose a flag-staff. 
 The main entrance was off a square porch, covered by the projecting 
 pediment, which was supported by heavy columns. 
 
 The interior was finished in Colonial style, with tiled floors, paneled 
 walls, and Dutch mantels. The plumbing and carpenter's hardware in 
 the building were in special designs, and were donated as exhibits by 
 Connecticut manufacturers. On the first floor was a reception hall, 2 1 
 by 48 feet, with a light-well in the center. In the rear of the hall was a 
 
 CONNECTICUT STATE BUILDING. 
 
 stairway with a landing half way up. Flanking the hall were parlors for 
 men and women. The second floor was divided up into living rooms, 
 and was occupied by the executive World's Fair officer of Connecticut 
 and his family during the Fair. 
 
 The Connecticut State Building was formally dedicated October nth, 
 1892. Gov. Morris and staff were entertained with lunch there, pro- 
 vided by Executive Manager Vail, after which brief dedicatory speeches 
 were made by Gov. Morris, ex-Senator Read, and others. 
 
 Rare Old Furniture. 
 
 The official visitors appeared to be well pleased with the State build- 
 ing, the principal apartments being : general parlor, ladies' parlor, gen- 
 tlemen's sitting-room, registry room and post-office, and executive man- 
 ager's office. On the second floor are three rooms which are likely to 
 be regarded with deep interest by all Connecticut people who see them.
 
 414 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 They are designed especially to represent the three oldest towns in Con- 
 necticut Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield. They are well supplied 
 with antique furniture, brought all the way from the Nutmeg State 
 loans from various old homesteads. The walls of the Windsor room 
 are in imitation of those in the home of Chief Justice Ellsworth. 
 
 The Wethersfield room is called the Washington room, the wall 
 decorations being in imitation of those in a room which Washington 
 once occupied. The walls of the Hartford room are decorated with oak 
 leaves; this is designated the Charter Oak room. The side walls of the 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 parlor and gentlemen's sitting room are hung in elegant silk tapestry, 
 the gift of the Cheney silk works of South Manchester, Conn. The 
 walls of the upper hall are covered with squares of tastily stenciled book 
 leather, furnished by the Dudley Tannery Company, of Winsted, Conn- 
 
 A feature of especial interest is found in the finely executed pictures 
 of many prominent industrial establishments which hang in various parts 
 of the building. They are not fine pictures; nevertheless they represent 
 more or less sentiment, for what would Connecticut be to-day but for 
 the thriving establishments where resounds the hum of industry ! 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 One of the most interesting buildings at the Fair, and one as eagerly 
 sought as any, that of the Keystone State, is described as follows :
 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAlK. 415 
 
 The Pennsylvania structure is in the Colonial style of architecture, 
 while the front is an exact reproduction of old Independence Hall, 
 having its entrances, bell tower and spire. Independence bell hangs in 
 the tower. The rotunda within the entrance is finished in tile and slate, 
 like the old hall. The building is rectangular in form, two stories high, 
 with a ground area of no by 166 feet. The corners of the front are 
 quarter-circled in. Piazzas twenty feet wide surround the building and 
 over them are verandas with protecting balustrade. Outside staircases, 
 right and left to the rear, lead to the garden on the roof. This roof is 
 covered with American-made tin produced in Philadelphia. The outer 
 walls to the roof line are of Philadelphia pressed brick. Above the main 
 entrance is the coat-of-arms of the state, in bas relief, and on either side 
 of it are heroic statues of Penn and Franklin. The front is further 
 ornamented with two free groups of statuary, one emblematic of the arts 
 and sciences, the other of mines and manufacture. 
 
 The interior finishing represents, in the floors, native marble and hard 
 woods from Pennsylvania, and the walls are wainscotted in wood, frescoed 
 and heavily corniced. The women's rooms are finished in maple and 
 the men's in oak. The walls of the women's rooms are ornamented 
 with mural paintings by the Pennsylvania women. All the ceilings are 
 of stamped metal, and the staircases are of quartered oak. On the main 
 floor is the reception-room, 33 by 56 feet, and on either side are parlors 
 for men and women. On the second floor are rooms for the Governor, 
 the press correspondents, the treasurer of the commission and the Board 
 of Commissioners. There are three bedrooms in the tower. The 
 building is supplied with 800 electric lights. 
 
 Spacious Apartments. 
 
 The front entrance opens into a central rotunda, to the right and left 
 of which are the general reception-rooms with toilet and dressing-room 
 accessories. In the rear an exhibition-room extends the entire width 
 of the building. The walls of this apartment will be ornamented with 
 the portraits of distinguished Pennsylvanians, and many rare documents 
 of historical interest will be displayed. Stately and imposing as the ex- 
 terior of the building will be, its interior recesses will present more 
 gratifying results from being crowded with objects of absorbing interest, 
 not only to Pennsylvanians but to people from all over the world. 
 
 Broad, winding staircases lead to the second story, where the wait- 
 ing-rooms and offices of the executive commissioners will be located. 
 There will also be a room for the use of press correspondents, and a 
 room furnished with newspaper files for the use of the general public.
 
 416 
 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 The doors and windows of this floor open upon broad verandas, ad- 
 mirably arranged for promenading and sight-seeing, and outside stair- 
 cases lead to the roof garden, which, besides furnishing a birds-eye view 
 of the grounds, will be in itself a spot of floral loveliness and quiet re- 
 tirement from the busy throngs. 
 
 The main purpose held steadily in view in the design and construction 
 of this edifice has been to furnish spacious and comfortable quarters, 
 where Pennsylvanians in attendance at the Exposition may meet with 
 each other and seek relief from sight-seeing in social intercourse, amid 
 historical and other surroundings which will tend to illustrate the in- 
 fluence of the commonwealth on the development and growth of the 
 country. The architect is R. Lonsdale, of Philadelphia, and the con- 
 tractor John G. Coder, of Har- 
 risburg. Estimated total cost, 
 about $95,000. 
 
 The Old Liberty Bell. 
 
 The Old Liberty Bell was re- 
 moved to Chicago, as it was felt 
 that this building, and in fact the 
 Exposition, would be incomplete 
 without this venerable relic, the 
 most famous in America. The 
 train that carried it was welcomed 
 at every point of the journey by 
 enthusiastic crowds. 
 
 The bell was cast in 1751, at 
 the order of the provincial Legis- 
 lature of Pennsylvania. In the 
 contract it was stipulated that it 
 should weigh 2,000 pounds and be 
 
 of a clear and satisfactory tone. The contract was fulfilled as to the 
 weight, and it is to be presumed that its tone was satisfactory or it 
 would not have been accepted, but there are now few people alive who 
 can say that they have heard it give forth a sound, for since 1835 it has 
 been silent. It bears this inscription in raised letters : 
 
 ggog oooooooooooooooooooooogg 
 
 BY ORDER OF ASSEMBLY OF THE || 
 () PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA FOR p 
 THE STATE HOUSE IN THE CITY OF o 
 PHILADELPHIA, 1752. \\ 
 
 OLD BELL OF INDEPENDENCE HALL.
 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 417 
 
 This tells that the bell was created as the result of official enactment, 
 but its maker, or somebody, put another inscription on it which was a 
 wonderful prophecy. It was a quotation from the Old Testament, but 
 the man who ordered it put upon the bell must have been a patriot. 
 This inscription is : 
 
 * PROCLAIM LIBERTY 
 
 f THROUGHOUT THE LAND UNTO o 
 
 ALL THE 
 INHABITANTS THEREOF. ' 
 
 oooooooooooooooooooooooglg 
 
 In 1752 no man could have known that when the members of the 
 Continental Congress had affixed their signatures to the great declara- 
 tion, each man taking his life as well as a quill pen in his hand as he did 
 so, the bell would announce the fact to the world. It is popularly sup- 
 posed that the bell, which has a great rent in its side, was cracked when 
 the sexton of Independence Hall rang it on this occasion, but that is a 
 mistake. It was cracked on July 8, 1835, when it tolled the funeral 
 knell of John Marshall, the great chief justice of the United States. 
 
 Left its Home but Three Times. 
 
 Since that great day in 1776 the bell has left Philadelphia but three 
 times, and after this visit to the World's Fair it will never leave its home 
 at Independence Hall again. It was only with difficulty that its cus- 
 todians, the Philadelphians, were persuaded to allow it to make the 
 journey to Chicago. They were fearful that an accident might destroy it, 
 and so it was decided that after this trip it will never be moved again. 
 During the revolution, when the British captured Philadelphia, the bell 
 was taken out of the city and removed to Allentown for safe keeping. 
 There it remained until after the enemy evacuated the city. 
 
 In 1885 it was taken to New Orleans to be exhibited at the cotton 
 centennial, where it was the chief attraction. On that occasion it was 
 escorted from Philadelphia to New Orleans by a detachment of Penn- 
 sylvania militia. It was received at New Orleans with enthusiasm, and 
 among the men who made speeches in its honor was Jefferson Davis, 
 ex-President of the Confederacy. The old bell at that time proved to be 
 a link to bind the North and South together, and thousands who had 
 fought on opposing sides during the rebellion united in an enthusiastic 
 demonstration in its honor. 
 
 27 -. ' .
 
 418 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 Unique Exhibits. 
 
 Chained to a large rock, the last American lion known to have lived 
 in Pennsylvania was exhibited at the Exposition. Not that there was 
 any necessity of restraining the animal. The chain was to give effect 
 and start the visitor's imagination. The lion has been dead many years, 
 having been shot in 1856 by one Samuel E. Bush. 
 
 The chained lion was only one of a thousand specimens of beasts 
 and birds exhibited in the Pennsylvania Building. The citizens of the 
 great Quaker commonwealth prepared one of the most unique natural 
 history displays ever seen. 
 
 There was a mountain from Pennsylvania a mountain of rock and 
 sand, with forests, and caves, and streams of water, and lakes, and se- 
 questered little romantic nooks ; and then foot-hills, and marshes and a 
 prairie, and all that sort of thing just as it is described in the story-book. 
 And what is more wonderful every animal that ever scratched its back 
 against a Pennsylvania tree, every bird that ever winged its way through 
 the quiet Quaker atmosphere, and every fish that ever disported in the 
 waters of the state were exhibited. 
 
 The mountain consisted of 165 separate pieces, ranging in size from 
 two feet to four feet. The mountain was made in sections, each section 
 being an imitation of a rock both in shape and color. It was 
 quite deceptive, appearing much larger than it really was. There 
 were forest trees upon its sides, with ample shrubbery in faith- 
 ful reproduction of Pennsylvania flora. Upon the left-hand side 
 of the acclivity, one third of the way up, was a spring of running 
 water, forming a pool, then overflowing and dashing down the mountain 
 in cascades to the lake at the bottom. On the edges of this lake was ? 
 marsh filled with cat-tails and tall swamp grasses, while in the back 
 ground was a thicket of rhododendrons. Upon the surface of the lake 
 were floating water lilies and other aquatic plant life, while among them 
 were swimming the ducks, geese and swans of the collection. 
 
 The mountain lion mentioned above, which was chained to one of the 
 papier mache rocks, measures seven feet nine inches in length, stands 
 thirty inches high, and weighed when killed 147 pounds. 
 
 Department of Education. 
 
 Pennsylvania's University sent to the Fair the entire collection secured 
 by the expedition sent by the College to Babylon. Among the other 
 curiosities this collection contains is a stone upon which are inscriptions 
 dated 3800 B. C., and various tablets upon which are descriptions of the
 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 419 
 
 domestic and business customs of the people. Another collection 
 shown was that of relics of the prehistoric inhabitants of the Delaware 
 Valley. 
 
 In addition to the showing made by its university the public schools 
 of Pennsylvania supplemented this display with specimens of work done 
 in all the departments. This included kindergarten work, clay model- 
 ling, plain and fancy sewing, drawing and designing and the completed 
 work of the classes in manual training. 
 
 A very valuable historical exhibit of national character was installed. 
 
 NEW JERSEY STATE BUILDING. 
 
 Among the more prominent features of this exhibit was a copy of the 
 original Declaration of Independence, and the original charter granted 
 to William Penn and signed by the grantor, Charles II. of England. A 
 relief map of the state made from accurate surveys was shown. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 The building was one of the few erected by the states after the style 
 of Colonial architecture. It was a slightly modernized reproduction of 
 the house at Morristown where General Washington made his head- 
 quarters during the days of revolution. The guest enters the front door to 
 be ushered into a large rotunda. Reception parlors are to the right and 
 left of the rotunda, and two large parlors, a lunch-room and two sleep- 
 ing-rooms occupy the second floor. In all its surroundings New Jer- 
 sey's Building partakes of the character of the home. Its furnishings
 
 420 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 were contributed largely by women of the state. The building admirably 
 filled its purpose of making an attractive clubhouse and headquarters 
 for the people of New Jersey who came to visit the World's Fair. 
 
 It was dedicated May 2nd, 1893, on which occasion it swarmed with 
 New Jersey people and a host of guests who had been invited by the 
 commissioners and lady managers to attend a reception in honor of New 
 Jersey's Governor, George T. Wertz. Carriages blocked the streets in 
 front of the building and Columbian guards in full dress uniforms stood 
 on parade while the paneled door swung back and forth during the af- 
 ternoon. New Jersey's state flag, from its staff in front of the building, 
 lazily flapped a salutation to all who walked beneath its folds. 
 
 There was nothing formal in the reception tendered Governor 
 Wertz. It was a plain old-fashioned hand shaking and exchange of 
 congratulations over the fact that New Jersey was the first com- 
 monwealth to throw -open the doors of her state building to callers. 
 Lavish floral decorations were employed to lend their beauty to the at- 
 tractiveness of .the cozy interior. They were to be seen in every nook 
 and corner. Roses bloomed in the windows and on the mantels. Fes- 
 toons of smilax hung in graceful loops around the balcony in the 
 rotunda, and palms nodded their green heads in every parlor. On the 
 second floor a mandolin orchestra played its sweetest strains, a minor 
 accompaniment to the chatter of many voices. 
 
 A Bedstead on which Kings Slept. 
 
 The New Jersey Building contained few exhibits; one, however, at- 
 tracted much attention. A lady in New Jersey exhibited an ancient 
 bedstead which, apart from its curious construction has a remarkable 
 history. 
 
 Mrs. Mary A. Vreeland, of Jersey City, N. J., the owner of the bed- 
 stead, in a letter to Major Handy on the subject, gives the particulars of 
 its eventful career. The history possessed by its owner commences 
 with its being mentioned as the State Bed in the reign of Sanchoz, 
 King of Spain, and presented by that monarch to General Diaz, Count 
 of Bovar, commander of the Spaniards, as a fitting proof and graceful 
 memorial of his victory over the Moorish generals in the eleventh cen- 
 tury. The bedstead was regarded at that time as a sacred object and 
 was held by the descendants of the Count of Bovar until the sixteenth 
 century. 
 
 When Joseph Bonaparte ascended the throne it was presented to him 
 as a personal gift by the last remaining heir to the Counts of Bovar. It 
 became part of the King's state furniture. After his abdication he came
 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 421 
 
 to this country and settled on the Delaware at Bordentown. The bed- 
 stead was brought with the rest of his effects. Finally he presented it 
 to a member of the Talleyrand family, (the owner thinks this must have 
 been a nephew of the Marquis of Talleyrand,) and was purchased from 
 him by the husband of Mrs. Vreeland in 1863. The bedstead is of 
 purely Moorish workmanship with heavy columns elaborately carved in 
 ancient Moorish designs*. It has a complete entablature consisting of a 
 
 NEW YORK STATE BUILDING. 
 
 capital, architrave, frieze, and double cornice, and is supported on brass 
 feet. It is very massive, and when all together it stands about fourteen 
 feet high and is a marvel of beautiful cabinet and carved work. 
 
 New York. 
 
 The New York State Building was of substantial design, appropriate 
 for the official headquarters of one the oldest and wealthiest states in 
 the Union. In the selection of the style of the building, the architects 
 the board of managers were guided by several conditions of climate 
 and surroundings, and finally decided that the Italian renaissance school 
 would compare most favorably with the larger Exposition buildings ; 
 hence it was adopted. 
 
 The semi-circular porticoes, east and west, had a diameter of fifty feet 
 in the form of an exedra, and the uncovered portion, furnished with the 
 fountain, was a unique feature of the building. The entrance to the 
 building was flanked by the Barberini lions cast in Rome, selected in 
 preference to the lions of the Villa Medici, which however fine, are in-
 
 422 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 ferior in size. The four pedestal lamps lighting the terrace were exact 
 copies in bronze of antique examples in the Museum at Naples, and 
 were richly sculptured. 
 
 Another striking feature of interior adornment was the arrangement 
 of the electric lights, in a belt course, marking the second-story floor, 
 and outlining the arched entrance, above which the great seal of the 
 State of New York, ten feet high, was illuminated by a myriad of tiny 
 lamps set close together. A second line of illumination accented the 
 main cornice, and similar ones defined the edge of the roof garden, and 
 the arches, angles and cornices of the two belvideres. Finally, a cluster 
 of lights illuminated the bases of the flag pole. 
 
 A Remarkable Map. 
 
 Within and without the building blazed two thousand electric jets. In 
 the main hall on the first floor, besides the beautiful fountains scattering 
 their cooling sprays within the spacious porticoes, an object of unusual 
 interest was the relief map, nearly twenty feet in diameter, of the State of 
 New York, which of itself cost $30,000. The map was sixty feet long 
 and was constructed in forty sections, each of which weighed three hun- 
 dred pounds. In illustrating the canals the greatest care was paid to 
 detail. This is particularly true regarding the systems of locks by which 
 canal boats overcome the rises above the sea level. The locks look like 
 flights of steps, especially where they are grouped, as is the case where the 
 water shed rises abruptly from the level, as it does on the Chenango 
 Canal, the Black River Canal, at Lockport, and at the " Sixteens," above 
 Cohoes. The map is the largest of its kind in existence. 
 
 The main hail had a mosaic floor and was hung with imported silk 
 hangings. Here were the parlors and toilet-rooms for men and women, 
 post-office, information and baggage-rooms. The grand stairway was of 
 marble, and led to the banquet hall, where the visitor could not fail to 
 be impressed with the elegance of the surroundings. The beautiful 
 arched ceiling, three stories high, was richly ornamented with designs of 
 fruits done in stucco. On the third floor, in addition to twelve rooms 
 for general purposes, there was a gallery for a band of music. t 
 
 Valuable Relics. 
 
 Very interesting indeed was the collection of relics brought to the 
 New York State Building from Staten Island. One of the relics was an 
 ancient brown milestone which once told the wayfarer from Philadelphia 
 how many miles it was to " New Yorke." The slow erosion of time has 
 left only the word " Yorke," and the edges of the stone have been worn 
 and eaten by the wind and rain of one hundred years, but very likely
 
 423
 
 424 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 when our revolutionary sires were girding up their suspenders for the 
 flint-lock scrap at Bunker Hill, this stone was as much of a land- 
 mark on the old Philadelphia road as the white dome between Ghent 
 and Aix. 
 
 Another revolutionary relic is an old bell from the Richmond County 
 Court House, which dates its erection in 1794. From an inscription on 
 the bell it was molded by " J. Bailey." It is rusty now and cracked, yet 
 the bell is an interesting relic of the olden time and was viewed with 
 great interest by visitors to the Empire State Building. Then there was 
 a chair, a warming-pan and a foot warmer once used by Washington. 
 These useful articles are now extinct, so far as use is concerned, but the 
 Staten Islanders looked at them with warm hearts, and yearned for the 
 good old times when, if the weather was cold, there were appliances at 
 hand that would make life worth living, and a bed not like a snow-bank 
 when crawled into. 
 
 The famous Hiawatha wampum was exhibited in the New York 
 Building. Wampum was not always money among the Indians, but was 
 made also to commemorate great events. This particular piece, which 
 is perhaps the finest in existence, was made to commemorate the con- 
 federation of the Five Nations. It is about 20 by 24 inches, and is 
 made up of thousands of bits of mussel shells. These are strung 
 together by deer sinews, which form the woof and warp. The ground 
 work is purple and the figures are white. The center figure, which is 
 supposed to represent a heart, stands for the Onondaga Nation. To the 
 left are the Oneida and Mohawk, and to the right the Cayuga and 
 Seneca Nations, and each member of the confederacy is connected with 
 the heart. A pretty conceit in this connection is that this confederation 
 of the Five Nations foreshadows the Union of the Thirteen States. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Delaware's State Building was constructed wholly from the native 
 woods of the State. It was extremely picturesque in architectural effect 
 both without and within. The building is 60 by 58 feet, and was 
 finished with great care in all its details at a cost of $7,500. Although 
 the building was less pretentious than those of many larger states, the 
 Delaware Legislature was among the first to make a World's Fair 
 appropriation, and the building material for Delaware's headquarters was 
 among the first consignments to be received at the park. The interior 
 was decorated in Colonial style, and contained models of many interest- 
 ing edifices in that state, some of which were erected during the seven- 
 teenth century.
 
 EASTERN AND MIDDLE STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 425 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 A typical building of the old Colonial style was the headquarters of 
 visitors from Maryland. It was a handsome structure, resembling the 
 old manor houses of the Chesapeake Bay regions. No design more 
 appropriate could have been selected ; it was chosen in preference to a 
 reproduction of the State House at Annapolis, as it was thought 
 suitable to show the quaint style of architecture, of which some rare 
 specimens remain. 
 
 Maryland has secured as its finest exhibit in the art line the cele- 
 
 MARYLAND STATE BUILDING. 
 
 brated painting by Hemme, the subject being, " Every Soul was Saved." 
 The painting commemorates the rescue of the crew and passengers, 
 seven hundred and thirty-five in number, of the Denmark, by Captain 
 Murrell, of the Missouri, a freight vessel. The painting is the property 
 of David Bloundaur, of Baltimore, who loaned it to the state. The 
 building also contained a bureau of information, a fruit and grass 
 exhibit, and specimens of the oriole, woodcock, and terrapin, which have 
 helped to make the state famous. 
 
 A small frame contained a sketch in colors of Chicago in 1829, by 
 Frederick Harrison, who was an assistant government engineer at the 
 time when Chicago was composed principally of Fort Dearborn. This 
 sketch is owned by Lenox Burkhead, of Baltimore.
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 Southern States at the Fair. 
 
 THE great interest felt in the Exposition throughout the country 
 found expression in the buildings erected by the states and the 
 exhibits they furnished. The architecture of the buildings, 
 in most instances, was characteristic of the state represented. 
 The same may be said of the exhibits, which included the products of 
 the various states whether agricultural, mineral or textile. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Alabama erected a true Southern mansion for headquarters, in which 
 was shown a relief map in miniature of the mineral deposits, cotton belt, 
 vegetable farms, and other agricultural regions of the state. The hospi- 
 tality for which Southerners are proverbial was freely dispensed to all 
 visitors, and the mansion was popular as a home-like resort for people 
 from the Sunny South. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 The design of the Arkansas Building at the World's Fair followed 
 classic models, being in the French " Rococo " style of architecture, as 
 Arkansas was originally settled by the French. The exterior was in 
 plaster and ornamental " staff" work, tinted in light color. The interior 
 was tinted, and the ornamental work was brought out in gold. The 
 building had a ground area of 66 by 92 feet. From a large circular 
 veranda, which ran the width of the building, an elliptical entrance 
 opened to the rotunda, 30 by 30 feet, lighted by a central dome. In the 
 center of the rotunda was a fountain of Hot Springs crystals lighted by 
 electricity. Flanking the rotunda were six rooms, fifteen feet square. 
 
 Five of these were used as exhibit rooms, with the registry room on 
 the right of the entrance lobby. Opening from the rotunda, by triple 
 arches, was the hallway, 1 1 by 55 feet, with the stairways on each side 
 of the arched entrance. At the rear of building was the assembly hall, 
 25 by 65 feet, which was entered from the hallway through triple 
 arches. In this hall, opposite the entrance, was a ten-foot mantel of 
 Arkansas white onyx. Columns and vases of the same material were 
 426
 
 SOUTHERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 437 
 
 placed in various parts of the building. On the second floor were the 
 parlors for men and women, a library, committee and officers' rooms. 
 All of these rooms opened on a broad gallery over the rotunda, lighted 
 from the central dome. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 The Florida building was a reproduction in miniature of old Fort 
 Marion, in St. Augustine. The fort covers an area of four acres. The 
 building on the Fair grounds occupied one-fifth that space. It was in 
 the form of a four bastioned fortress. Including the moat, the site was 
 155 feet square. The building proper was 137 feet square. The frame 
 was of pine, covered with plaster and coquina shells, in imitation of the 
 original. The interior was divided into parlors for men and women, 
 committee, and exhibit rooms, and was furnished in Florida's native 
 woods. The interior court was planted in bamboo, orange, lemon, and 
 other tropical trees. The ramparts furnished space for promenades and 
 hanging gardens. In the moat was a sunken garden, where were pro- 
 duced miniature fields of cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, etc., showing the 
 natural resources of the State. 
 
 Fort Marion is the oldest structure in North America, the most 
 interesting specimen of Spanish supremacy in this country, and the only 
 example of medieval fortification on the continent. Its erection was 
 begun in 1620 and continued for 100 years. To equip it as a garrison 
 required 1,000 men. It was never taken by a besieging force. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Kentucky had a handsome building in the Colonial style of architec- 
 ture, in which was an adequate exhibit of the state's industries. The 
 Legislature appropriated $50,000 which was added to by private sub- 
 scriptions, much of which was applied to the state building. Over 
 behind the Agricultural Building was the rough log cabin which con- 
 tained the Kentucky distillery exhibit. It presented in its architecture 
 the picturesque and squalid features of a genuine mountain moonshiner's 
 cabin. The building, or hut, more properly speaking, had a clay chim- 
 ney and a rustic porch, such as are common in the land of blue grass, 
 keen horsemen, and " mountain dew," and soon became a landmark for 
 those who hailed from that country. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Louisiana erected a Creole kitchen finished in the hardwoods 
 indigenous to that state. In the building were served famous Creole
 
 428
 
 SOUTHERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 429 
 
 dishes as popular in that part of the country as baked beans are in 
 Boston. The decorations, such as they were, suggested the products of 
 the state, such as cotton-seed oil, tobacco, and refined sugar and 
 molasses. It must be understood that the state buildings were not 
 intended to contain all the exhibits of the states that erected them ; these 
 were scattered throughout the Fair and found their appropriate places in 
 the larger buildings which contained the classified exhibits. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 North Carolina reproduced for its building what is known as the 
 " Tyron Palace." The original structure was composed of material 
 brought from England during the early part of the eighteenth century, 
 and is a fine type of Colonial architecture. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 In the display made by Tennessee Memphis showed a cotton exhibit. 
 About 1,350 samples of cotton were placed on exhibition. The exhibit 
 was sent in 150 boxes, every box containing nine grades of cotton. 
 There was a complete line of samples of upland, extra, benders and 
 rivers. 
 
 Samples of the finest cotton brought to Memphis, as well as the 
 poorest, were in the exhibit. Special attention was devoted to stained 
 cotton. There were samples of linteers and boll cracks. Samples 
 showing the effects of frost on cotton were also on exhibition. In short, 
 every grade, style and class of cotton was represented, from the staple 
 re-linter to the fine one and three-quarter-inch article. The samples 
 were secured from cotton shipped to Memphis from Tennessee. Alabama, 
 Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri and Texas. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 The Lone Star State had a handsome building on a large lot at the 
 north end of the grounds, with Kansas and Utah for near neighbors. It 
 was 85 by 250 feet, and 70 feet high. It was a goo'd example of the 
 Spanish renaissance, being modeled after the old missions, but of a 
 different type from that followed in the California building. The build- 
 ing was nearly square, with a square tower on each corner, connected by 
 two-story loggias. Both the main building and the towers were roofed 
 with red-brown Spanish tile. There were elaborate carvings around the 
 windows and in the spandrels of the arches. The building had a wing 
 150 feet long, on the east side, in the center of which was a richly carved 
 doorway, through which one passed to the assembly room, committee
 
 SOUTHERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 431 
 
 rooms and offices of the executive commission. The State of Texas 
 raised over $300,000 for the Exposition, Galveston alone contributing 
 
 $150,000. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 The Virginia Building was an exact representation of the Mount Ver- 
 non mansion in Fairfax County, Virginia, where Washington lived for 
 many years and where he died. The Mount Vernon homestead came 
 into George Washington's hands from his brother, Lawrence Washing- 
 ton. It was built by their father early in the eighteenth century. 
 
 The main structure was 94 feet across the front by 32 feet deep, with 
 an attic and two-story portico extending the length of the front, and 
 
 VIRGINIA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 finished on top with an iron railing on a level with the dormer windows 
 of the top story. Two colonnades extend back from the wings of the 
 house a distance of twenty feet, each connecting with a one and a half 
 story building, 40 by 20, such as were called " dependencies." 
 
 Altogether there are twenty-five rooms in the structure. On the first 
 and second floors of the main building there are eleven rooms, in the 
 attic six, and in each of the dependencies four rooms. The largest 
 rooms in the building are the banquet hall, 31 by 23 feet, and the library, 
 16 by 19 feet, the main entrance hall, Washington's chamber, in which 
 he died, upon the second floor, and Mrs. Washington's chamber in the 
 attic, to which she removed after her husband's death, and which she 
 occupied during the remainder of her life on account of its being the 
 only room in the house which looked out upon his tomb,
 
 432 SOUTHERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 The Old Family Clock. 
 
 In the main nail is a large stairway, four feet wide, ascending by plat' 
 forms to the floors above. On the first platform of the stairway there is 
 an old Washington family clock, a very interesting historical relic. 
 
 This hall is furnished with antique sofas and pictures of the last cen- 
 tury. The rooms upon the first floor are ornamented by heavy carved 
 and molded wood trimmings and handsome mantels, very antique. This 
 Virginia building was not only an exact representation in every particular 
 of the old Mount Vernon structure, but everything within it was also of 
 the same character. Nothing modern was seen in the building, except 
 the people and library of books by the Virginia authors. As far as 
 could be done the building was furnished with articles which were 
 collected from all over the state, the heirlooms of old Virginia families, 
 and with portraits of the same character. Whatever was lacking in 
 furnishing the building with articles of this character was supplied with 
 furniture made after the same old fashion. 
 
 The building was presided over by the lady assistant of the Virginia 
 board, Mrs. Lucy Preston Beale, a daughter of the Hon. Ballard Preston 
 Beale, and a granddaughter to General Preston, a former Governor of 
 Virginia. 
 
 She had for the attendants in the building old Virginia negroes, and 
 undertook to represent in every particular an old Virginia home of the 
 Colonial period. There was a very rare collection of relics of Colonial 
 times and of the Revolutionary War, and everything which was antique, 
 among which was exhibited the original will of George Washington. 
 
 Relics of the Colonial Days. 
 
 The library was furnished entirely with books written by Virginians, 
 or relating to Virginia, quite a large collection of which was made, and 
 ornamented with old Virginia portraits, views and other relics of the 
 Colonial period and the last century. Altogether the building with the 
 furnishings was unique and unequaled in its character and appoint- 
 ments, and nothing like it exists elsewhere except at Mount Vernon 
 itself. 
 
 The regents of the Mount Vernon Association cordially co-operated 
 in the enterprise. Valuable bronzes, paintings, furniture, and other 
 articles of Colonial times were obtained from the Carters, the Lewises, 
 the Harrisons, the Prestons, and other old families of Virginia. Mrs. 
 Kate Green Paul, of Virginia, has prepared a list of over three thousand 
 books by Virginia authors, copies of which were secured for the literary
 
 SOUTHERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 433 
 
 exhibit. Mrs. Drewry, of Westover, furnished a collection of photo- 
 graphs of notable Colonial homes on the Lower James. Archaeologists 
 were interested in a collection made by Miss Elizabeth Borst of articles 
 illustrative of prehistoric life in Virginia, recently obtained from mounds 
 near Luray and other points in the valley. 
 
 The Virginia Mount Vernon exhibit was varied in character so as to 
 embrace features that would not be included in a merely industrial 
 exhibit. Virginia's interest for the world at large lies in her past as 
 well as in her present. It is largely a historic, not to say a romantic, 
 interest, which the Virginia women thought should not be ignored in a 
 representation of the state at Chicago. In this building the visitor thus 
 obtained an instructive idea of the civilization and of the social and do- 
 mestic life of the fathers, such as could not otherwise be had. 
 
 Rare Portraits of Celebrities. 
 
 Among the interesting relics was a chair from Brandon, Va, 200 
 years old ; a mahogany bedstead that was brought to Virginia before 
 the revolution ; Peale's portrait of Washington, life size, the property of 
 Mrs. Shirly Carter ; a portrait of the elder Henry A. Wise and one of 
 President Tyler, both by Gilbert Stuart. The latter were loaned by 
 Clarence Winthrop Bowen of the New York Independent, There were 
 portraits of Senator William Giles by Stuart, and Robert King Carter, 
 who was the largest landholder on the James River from 1663 to 1732. 
 A bust portrait of Washington, the early history of which is lost, hung 
 over the doorway of Miss Custis' music- room, and in the room was a 
 chenille embroidery on satin by " the gentle Mary Custis." An early 
 oil painting of the Prodigal Son, by Benjamin West, hung in the dining- 
 room, through the courtesy of John S. Wise. A sofa, the early history 
 of which goes back beyond the time of Washington, was in another 
 room, and over the mantel in the state banquet room where Washing- 
 ton entertained Lafayette, in a frame was a bit of one of the dresses of 
 Martha Washington. 
 
 In this banquet room was a finely executed figure in Parian marble 
 of Andromache and Astyanax, suggested by the following lines from 
 Homer's Iliad : 
 
 But now returning home thy works attend 
 The loom and distaff, and direct thy maids 
 In household duties ; while the war shall be 
 Of men the care ; of all indeed but most 
 The care of me, of all in Ilion born. 
 
 The group is pyramidal in shape and about five teet high. Andro- 
 28
 
 434 
 
 SOUTHERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 mache is seated with head slightly bowed, turned to the right. The 
 hair is bound with a simple fillet. The right arm hangs listlessly at the 
 side, the hand partially closed, and the wrist touching an owl-headed 
 vase, which stands upon a low pedestal, and is half concealed in drapery. 
 The left arm clasps Astyanax, who is seated upon a stool which is cov- 
 ered with a lion's skin, the head serving to support one of the feet of 
 the child. The left foot of Andromache rests upon a miniature foot- 
 stool and the right upon the pedestal proper of the group. On the lap 
 of Andromache lies the distaff and thread, symbolic of human life, indi- 
 cating that at least she has attempted to obey Hector's behest, while 
 the expression on her face denotes that her mind is occupied with 
 thoughts foreboding the inexorable decree of the Fates, which culmi- 
 nated in Hector's death, the fall of Troy, and her own bondage. 
 
 This work is by Valentine, the sculptor who executed the recumbent 
 statue of Lee to be seen in Richmond. 
 
 The janitress of Mount Vernon at the Fair was an an old colored 
 woman, Sarah Washington, who was the wife of the cook of John A. 
 Washington. 
 
 Washington's Swords. 
 
 An interesting historical relic was the sword which George Washing- 
 ton wore December 23, 1783, at Annapolis Md., when he resigned his 
 commission as Commander-in-chief of the United States armies. The 
 relic is at present the property of Miss Virginia Taylor Lewis, of Balti- 
 more, in whose family it has been preserved as an heirloom since the 
 days of Washington. It has descended to Miss Lewis from her great- 
 grandfather, Major George Lewis, son of Washington's only sister, 
 Betty. 
 
 The sword is always jealously guarded, and is kept in a handsome 
 mahogany casket, on the lid of which, on a silver tablet, is the following 
 attestation : 
 
 " The sword was left to my grandfather by will, as follows : 'To each 
 of my nephews, W. A. W., George Lewis, G. S. W., B. W., and 
 S. W. I., I give one of the swords of which I may die possessed, and 
 they are to choose in the order named. These swords are given with 
 the injunction not to unsheath the swords for the purpose of shed- 
 ding blood except in self-defense, or in defense of their country and 
 its rights. And, in the latter case, to keep them unsheathed, and to 
 prefer falling with them in their hands to the relinquishment thereof.' 
 Dulcc et decorum cst pro patria mori." 
 
 The nephew first named selected the sword presented to Washington
 
 435
 
 436 SOUTHERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 by Frederick the Great, of Prussia. This sword was purchased by the 
 state of New York for $20,000. The one chosen by Major Lewis was 
 worn by him on many historic occasions. It is a dress sword. Its 
 handle is of silver ; its blade is bayonet-shaped, and its scabbard is of 
 parchment. The belt attached to it is made of webbed silk. A bill 
 for the purchase of the sword by the United States Government was 
 introduced in the Fiftieth Congress, but did not progress further than 
 the second reading. Miss Lewis sent the sword to Chicago for exhibi- 
 tion at the World's Fair. 
 
 West Virginia. 
 
 The West Virginia Building was in the Colonial style, two stories 
 high, with a pitched roof, the outer walls being weather-boarded and 
 painted. It was representative of the West Virginia residence. The 
 roof was shingled. The interior was finished in hard woods, the walls 
 were plastered, and the ceilings were of ornamental iron work from 
 Wheeling. All of the exposed material in the building was the product 
 of the state. The main entrance was on the west, on a platform porch. 
 Above the entrance was the coat of arms of the state in bas-relief. 
 Within the entrance was a vestibule, with rooms for the boards of com- 
 missioners on either side. Beyond the vestibule was a large reception 
 hall flanked by parlors for women and men. 
 
 Back of these parlors were toilet and retiring rooms. On the second 
 floor front were two committee rooms, and the balance of the floor con- 
 stituted an assembly-room and reception hall, 34 by 76 feet in size. 
 There were four large fireplaces in the building, two on each floor, with 
 very handsome carved wood mantels. The building had a ground area 
 of 58 by 123 feet, including the semi-circular verandas on the north and 
 south. Its wide entrance and the broad verandas, extending around 
 both wings, afforded delightful resting places for visitors during the 
 Fair. The exhibit was especially interesting in the departments of 
 horticulture, forestry, mining and the liberal arts, coming as it did from 
 a state peculiarly rich in respect to all of these.
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 Western States at the Fair. 
 
 THE heartiness with which the western states entered into the 
 project of celebrating the great anniversary by an International 
 Fair was shown in their large appropriations of money and 
 their comprehensive exhibits. The people of the different 
 .states acted with great unanimity and gave to the undertaking an enthu- 
 siastic support. In a number of instances elaborate and costly buildings 
 were erected, and these were not least among the objects of interest at 
 the Exposition. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Just to the south of the Art Palace, across the north arm of the la- 
 goon, stands the Illinois Building. It is somewhat larger and more cen- 
 trally located than the other State Buildings, as befits that of the com- 
 monwealth which plays the part of host at the Fair, and Illinois has 
 made ample appropriation to meet this responsibility. The designers, 
 W. W. Boyington & Co., of Chicago, estimated its cost at $250.000. 
 
 This building is by far the most pretentious of the State Buildings, 
 and can be classed as one of the great Exposition structures. The plan 
 of the building forms a Greek cross, whose main axis is 450 feet long by 
 160 feet wide, and lies east and west, while the shorter axis is 285 feet 
 long with an average width of 98 feet. At the intersection of the 
 arms of the cross rises the dome, with a diameter of 75 feet at the base, 
 and a height of 152 feet to the top of the inner dome. This dome has, 
 besides, a continuation of the gallery, 15 feet above the floor, that runs 
 around the main hall, and another, 96 feet above the floor, reached 
 by two circular stairs in piers of dome. 
 
 At the east and west are two large public entrances, at either side of 
 which are rooms extending the entire width of the building, and about 
 29 feet deep, occupying the whole height, which is divided into three 
 stories. The rooms at the east end are chiefly used for school exhibi- 
 bition purposes, a large one on the ground floor being fitted up as a 
 model kindergarten. Beyond this extends the great exhibition hall, 
 381 feet long, the central portion, 75 feet wide, being flanked by aisles 
 40 feet wide. The central division is lighted by windows in the clere- 
 story, and by roof lights, it being 67 feet from the floor to the roof. 
 
 437
 
 438 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 The hall has a continuous gallery 16 feet wide and fifteen feet above the 
 floor. The aisles are lighted by large semi-circular windows on the 
 side walls. The southern part of the short arm of the cross is 121 feet 
 wide, and extends 75 feet beyond the walls of the main building. The 
 lines of its cornice, being extended back across the main building, form 
 the external base from which the dome springs. Its three stories are 
 sub-divided into rooms, halls, corridors, etc. 
 
 Spacious Apartments. 
 
 This is the official part of the building, where the Governor of the 
 state and his suite and the members of the board of commissioners meet 
 to transact business. Some of the rooms have been set aside for the 
 accommodation of the women's board. The northern arm of the cross 
 is a fire-proof building, seventy-five feet wide and extending fifty feet 
 beyond the main building. Its walls are brick, covered with "staff;" 
 its roof is galvanized iron and glass, supported by steel trusses. This 
 building is called the memorial hall, and is intended to contain memori- 
 als of the state that are now preserved in the State Capitol at Springfield. 
 
 The design of the building is an adaptation of Italian renaissance. 
 The exterior accentuates the plan and construction of the building, no 
 seemingly constructional feature being added for effect. Advantage has 
 been taken of the plastic character of the outside covering in a lavish 
 use of ornament, the solids, as a rule, being highly enriched, with here 
 and there a severe treatment for contrast. 
 
 The base of the dome rises from a series of steps upon which is a 
 double support to the drum, the outer one being an order of Corinthian 
 columns, the inner being a wall, pierced by windows. Above the entab- 
 lature rises the drum, which is covered with galvanized iron ; the trusses 
 are accented on the outside by prominent ribs, and the intermediate 
 spaces are paneled. A round lantern on top, 12 feet in diameter, and 35 
 feet high, is the crowning feature. 
 
 No expense is spared to make this building attractive and beautiful. 
 Within, it is well ventilated, and ornamented with fine carvings and' 
 statuary. Without, from its portals can be had some of the finest views 
 across the Exposition grounds. Its wide stone steps, leading down to 
 the lagoon, are bordered with beautiful terraces, adorned with flowers, 
 fountains and groups of statuary. 
 
 A View of the Interior. 
 
 Taking a look now through the building we find that the agricultural 
 exhibit is very choice. Grain, grasses and corn have s een used exten-
 
 440 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 sively in the decorations, and there are 3,600 receptacles for the seed 
 and grain display. 
 
 There are 1 80 varieties of wheat, more than I oo varieties of corn, 
 and 1 20 varieties of wild grasses, besides other cereals and veget- 
 ables. One of the ornaments of this section is the mural panel. It rep- 
 resents an Illinois farm of 160 acres, witli buildings, fallow and growing 
 grain fields, stock and poultry, all worked in different grains. The frame 
 is made of yellow corn, and draped with a curtain of grasses eighty yards 
 in length. On one of the pilasters against the rear wall of the agricul- 
 tural display is a corn-stalk fourteen feet high, which has a root twelve 
 feet long. 
 
 Professor McAdam, of Alton, arranged the archaeological and geolog- 
 ical display from the State Museum. He has a great exhibit of the stone 
 age. The specimens were dug from the Illinois Indian mounds. Quite 
 a number of the specimens are from Calhoun County. This exhibit is 
 arranged in artistic forms in the cases. 
 
 In a recess of one of the suite of rooms is the headquarters of Mrs. H. 
 H. Candee, of Cairo, and her corps of assistants. They have a lot of 
 tables in their rooms which are filled with specimens of ceramic art, all 
 of which are painted by Illinois women. 
 
 Exquisite "Wax "Work. 
 
 A bit of work of which the ladies in charge of woman's work in the 
 Illinois Building are particularly proud is a case of wax flowers of exquis- 
 ite workmanship. It is the work of a young girl in Williamson County, 
 whose opportunity for any development of love of the beautiful has been 
 exceedingly limited. Her life was passed upon a farm and her time was 
 filled with the arduous duties which are the lot of a farmer's daughter of 
 the poorer class. Only once did she ever see any formation of wax 
 flowers by any one else, but that once did for her what months of train- 
 ing often fails to accomplish for many of her more fortunate sisters. The 
 material used is the refuse wax from the comb, heated and bleached by 
 herself, while the coloring is done with rough paints. The tools used 
 are a pen-knife and hair-pin. The result is marvelous. Lilies of the val- 
 ley, fuchsias, dahlias, honeysuckles, and roses attest the delicacy of touch 
 and love of the beautiful nature's rare gift to this humble farm girl. 
 
 Women artists of Illinois are represented by more than two hundred 
 paintings in the big state building at Jackson Park. About 100 of these 
 are contributed by members of the Palette Club and the remainder by 
 painters from the state at large and by artists of Chicago who are not 
 members of the Palette Club.
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 441 
 
 THE DANCERS DECORATION IN ILLINOIS BUILDING. 
 
 THE DRAMA DECORATION IN ILLINOIS BUILDING.
 
 442 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 Many interesting relics are shown. One is a satin slipper 125 years 
 old. It is brought to an extremely sharp point at the toe, and the heel 
 is very high, tapering to about the size of a nickel at the bottom. The 
 slipper is yellow with age now, but with its mate it doubtless assisted 
 some fair dame through the stately dances of the last century. George 
 Washington is represented by a silver and gold knee-buckle, made in 
 1776, and there is a straw-inlaid spice-box with six compartments, which 
 was brought to America in 1789. Sixteenth century silver plate is not 
 very common in this country, but several pieces have been found in this 
 state and are shown with the other curious things. One piece is 
 nearly three feet in diameter and very heavy. An old pitch pipe has also 
 been secured. It is said to be 200 years old, and it looks it. 
 
 A number of relics of General Grant are in the building. The most 
 interesting historic relic of this collection is the saddle on which Grant 
 rode through his various campaigns, and which he presented at the close 
 of the war to the late Dr. E. D. Kittoe, of Galena. 
 
 Rare Exhibit of Fish and Birds. 
 
 One of the most attactive exhibits of the Illinois Building is that of the 
 State Fisheries Department. Pyramidal series of shallow tanks was con- 
 structed in which the Illinois fish disport themselves. These tanks are 
 connected by fish-ways which enable them to travel up and down the 
 group of cascades with the utmost ease. 
 
 The tanks are masked in by artificial rock work, and further decorated 
 by aquatic and semi-aquatic plants indigenous to this state. A rustic 
 bridge is constructed over the largest tank that visitors may more con- 
 veniently observe the fish. From a conspicuous central point in the rock 
 work falls a graceful cascade of water, veiling a large grotto, built in 
 close imitation of the limestone caves of Illinois. 
 
 There is a fine exhibit illustrating the birds of Illinois. The ornithol- 
 ogical display is from the Illinois University, at Champaign. In the col- 
 lection are over 340 varieties of birds found in the state. In making the 
 collection Professor Adams visited the adjacent states to obtain speci- 
 mens of the migratory birds of Illinois, which were out of season here, 
 and succeeded in securing a mounted pair of every species belonging to 
 the state. In mounting the specimens every art in taxidermy was 
 brought into play. The collection contains specimens mounted as dead 
 game, as well as those mounted to display plumage and life. In arrang- 
 ing the birds a large bald eagle was mounted to resemble the coat of arms 
 of the state and overlooks the whole exhibit.
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 443 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Passing on we come to the Ohio Building. This building is Colonial 
 in style, two stories high, of wood and " staff," with tile roof. The ground 
 area is 100 feet front by 80 feet deep. The main entrance on the east is 
 within a semi-circular colonial portico, thirty-three feet high, the roof 
 supported by eight great columns. The tile roof, mantels, finishing 
 woods, and much of the visible material are the gift of Ohio producers. 
 The main entrance opens on a lobby, on the left of which is the woman's 
 parlor, and on the right a committee-room. Occupying the central por- 
 tion of the building is the reception-hall, 23 by 36 feet, and 28 feet high, 
 extending through to the roof. The coved ceiling of the hall is orna- 
 mented. Back of the reception-hall is an open court thirty-six feet 
 square, enclosed on three sides, the north and south sides being formed 
 by the wings of the building. 
 
 All of the north wing is occupied by the information bureau. The 
 room is 30 by 59 feet, and is divided into offices by wire railings. In 
 the south wing is the parlor for men, a writing-room, a smoking-room, 
 and toilet-rooms. On the second floor of the north wing is the assem- 
 bly-room, 30 by 42 feet The second floor of the south wing has a press 
 correspondents' room, servants' rooms, bed and bathrooms. 
 
 The external of the building is of a simple, dignified character. The 
 roof is of red tiles from New Philadelphia, Ohio, and buckeyes, molded 
 in stucco, form the plan of decoration in the main hall. Over the large 
 recessed fire-place in the main hall the coat-of-arms of the state appears 
 in ornamental stained glass. Other windows of a similar character 
 about the building bear the names of men whom the whole nation, as 
 well as the Buckeye State, delights to honor. 
 
 Dedication of the Ohio Building. 
 
 The dedication of the Ohio State Building, October 2ist, 1892, was 
 the occasion of a great Buckeye reunion. Not only was there a large 
 throng of visiting Ohioans present at the exercises, but their fellow-citi- 
 zens and old friends and neighbors who are now living in Chicago, also 
 turned out in full force, and with pride and loyalty for the state of their 
 birth to do honor to the event. About n o'clock a long string of car- 
 riages, filled with visiting Ohioans, started from the vicinity of the 
 Auditorium and, escorted by the first Cleveland Troop, the Cleveland 
 Grays and Toledo Cadets, went down Michigan Avenue to the Fair 
 Grounds and, after making a tour of the ground, drew up at the Ohio 
 Building. The occupants of the vehicles numbered above 200 and in-
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 445 
 
 eluded the two United States Senators from Ohio, three Representatives 
 in Congress, Messrs. Outhwaite, Layton and Houk, and nearly all the 
 State officers and public servants connected with the Ohio civil service, 
 from the Governor down to his humblest appointee. 
 
 An opening prayer was offered by the Rev. John Dane, an Ohio State 
 Senator, and then Hon. W. W. Peabody, president of the Ohio Board of 
 World's Fair Managers, made a presentation address, turning the build- 
 ing over to the state of Ohio. Governor McKinley accepted the struc- 
 ture on behalf of the state. He praised the building and its fine 
 location, and then referring to the events of the week remarked that 
 Chicago had amply demonstrated that Congress had made no mistake in 
 selecting it as the World's Fair city. The Fair, he predicted, would be 
 the greatest exposition of the advancement of arts and manufactures 
 and of civilization that the world has ever witnessed. This Exposition 
 was not only a thank-offering for the discovery of a new world, it was 
 in its highest sense a hallelujah of the universe for the triumphs of civil 
 liberty and of Christian civilization. 
 
 Massachusetts and Virginia, he said, joined in holy wedlock and Ohio 
 was the first born. The people of the state were the descendants of 
 Puritans and the Cavalier. There was no weak blood there. In closing 
 he promised that Ohio would take a foremost place among the states 
 exhibited at the World's Fair. No state would present greater variety 
 of production or better. Senator Sherman followed the Governor. He 
 made an entertaining little speech and was frequently applauded. 
 
 Huge Blocks of Coal. 
 
 In the Mines and Mining Building Ohio erected a handsome pavilion 
 constructed entirely of native stone and brick of home production. 
 There are 600 different varieties of stone in the state. Between 300 and 
 400 of them were gathered to make the walls of the pavilion. 
 
 The larger part of the material inside the pavilion is from the coal 
 mines of the Buckeye State. One block shows a vein nine feet thick. 
 It comes from Perry County and is unequaled in the whole building. 
 Other coal regions are represented by cubes of coal two to three feet in 
 size. Thirty different grades of coal produced in Ohio are thus shown. 
 Petroleum is exhibited in small glass vessels. There are also paraffine, 
 coloring materials, and all the products from petroleum. A general ex- 
 hibit of scientific mining is made by the State University. There is 
 pottery of many kinds, iron ore, commercial clays, and many other 
 things which come from beneath Buckeye soil. The form of the pavilion 
 is that of a Roman circus.
 
 446 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 A Roman temple is built in Agricultural Building. There the agri- 
 culture and food products of Ohio are shown. All the exhibits are on 
 the outside of the temple. The interior is devoted to the library, 
 maps, charts, and statistics of grain raised and prices at which it is sold. 
 The grain is shown in glass cases. 
 
 In the Forestry Building the structure erected by Ohio is of Roman 
 classic design. The columns are made of the trunks of different trees. 
 There are in the structure eighty varieties of wood, 160 varieties of 
 veneers, and 100 kinds of medicinal trees. In the Manufactures Build- 
 ing Ohio's standing among the States of the Union as a great manufac- 
 turing center is indicated by the fact that its products fill a large part of 
 the American section. Safes, hardware, stoves, boilers, heaters, sewing 
 machines, glass, brick, jewelry, chemicals, statuary, hollow ware, and 
 stationery are but a few of the items of the grand total. 
 
 Liberal Arts Exhibit. 
 
 Over in the other corner of the Manufactures Building, in the broad 
 space devoted to the Department of Liberal Arts, Ohio has done well. 
 Exhibits are made by the normal schools at Lebanon and Ada, the Wil- 
 berforce and Wesleyan Universities, and Oberlin College. Machinery 
 showing shop work of the manual training schools at Cincinnati and 
 Toledo is set up and is in active operation. In the section set apart for 
 charities and corrections a Cleveland firm shows a full line of jail 
 equipment. 
 
 The wine-growers of Northern Ohio have a beautiful presentation of 
 their industry in Horticultural Building. It takes the form of a hollow 
 column, surrounded by wine bottles. The whole is lighted by elec- 
 tricity, the column constantly revolving. Buckeye florists also have 
 much material in Horticultural Hall. In both Machinery Hall and the 
 Transportation Building Ohio manufacturers occupy a large space. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 Looking farther we come to the Michigan State Building. It is 
 located at the intersection of two of the finest avenues in Jackson Park. 
 It has a ground area of 100 by 140 feet, is three stories in height, and is 
 intended mainly as a comfortable and convenient home for Michigan 
 visitors. Each county was asked to contribute views of its natural 
 scenery and its notable buildings and portraits of its prominent citizens, 
 to be displayed in the building. The first floor is devoted to the use of 
 visitors, the second contains three large exhibit rooms, one of which is 
 arranged for meetings, lectures, concerts or social entertainments, and a
 
 448 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 smaller room for board and committee. The third floor is arranged for 
 sleeping-rooms for employes. The gentlemen's reception room, 43 by 
 37 feet, on the first floor was finished and decorated by the city of Sagi- 
 naw at an expense of $5,000, and the gentlemen's reading-room, size 26 
 by 34 feet, on the same floor, was finished by the city of Muskegon at a 
 cost of about $4,500. 
 
 The ladies' parlor, size 32 by 42 feet, also on the principal floor, was 
 finished and furnished by the city of Grand Rapids at an approxi- 
 mate outlay of not less than $10,000. The room is finished in stucco 
 of ornate design and hung with beautiful tapestries. The woodwork 
 throughout is enamel white. In one of the exhibition rooms on the 
 second floor the State University of Michigan shows a very complete 
 collection of native birds, animals and reptiles, and in another room is 
 shown all the crude resources of the state, consisting of metals, woods, 
 cereals, etc. The assembly room on the second floor is devoted to re- 
 ligious exercises, and to musicales and social entertainments. As in all 
 the principal rooms, this is provided with a piano, and in addition has a 
 pipe organ, built in Detroit expressly for this occasion. A room on the 
 second floor devoted to representatives of the press contains files of all 
 Michigan papers. The rotunda, three stories in height, has balustrades 
 on each floor, and a handsomely frescoed ceiling. In the building is a 
 bureau of information, postoffice, news-room, barber shop, check-room, 
 and ladies' retiring room. A large clock in the tower, at an altitude of 
 131 feet can be plainly read from the railroad trains outside the 
 grounds. The building is lighted inside and outside by 500 incandes- 
 cents. Its total cost to the state was $36,000 in addition to the 
 amounts contributed by other parties, amounting to $20,000 more. 
 
 Michigan Farm Products. 
 
 In the Agricultural Building, in almost the center, the Michigan space 
 for her agricultural exhibits is found. It contains about 2,000 square 
 feet. Here is found a collection of the varied agricultural products of 
 the state. On top of the central pavilion are two deer, both brought 
 from the woods of Michigan. The exhibit comes from all parts of the 
 state, and comprises wheat, corn, oats, peas, beans, buckwheat, rye, 
 clover and other kinds of seeds, timothy, popcorn, butternuts, walnuts, 
 hickory nuts, beechnuts, hazlenuts, turnips, beets, cabbages, cucumbers, 
 tomatoes, potatoes, rutabagas, melons, citrons, peppermints, blackber- 
 ries, raspberries, squash, and many other products of this fertile state. 
 
 The state is known as a great fruit-producing country, but the 
 greatest part of this exhibit is in Horticultural Hall. Maryland is
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 449 
 
 her only competitor in the peach-raising industry. She is a Beading 
 state in the culture of fish, for the lakes are filled with them, and the 
 state is filled with lakes. At Petoskey is a branch of the government 
 fish hatchery, but this interesting feature, that is a source of pride to 
 Wolverines, is more fully exhibited in the Fisheries Building. There 
 are also exhibits of pomology, horticulture, and live stock. 
 
 A large section of space is devoted to an exhibit by the Agricultural 
 College, located at Lansing, the capital of the state. It has about 800 
 students, who work the experimental farms. In the Manufactures 
 Building the students have an exhibit of the work done in their ma- 
 chine shops, laboratories, etc. 
 
 From Mines in Michigan. 
 
 Michigan has more space in the Mines and Mining Building than 
 any other state in the Union. The exhibit is a beauty. Over the en- 
 trance to the show is a vast archway, built of Michigan sandstone from 
 four different quarries, and set in it are shields of different Michigan 
 ores and mineral products. Inside the arch, or rather under it, is a 
 fountain, from which flow mineral waters from the state, and above it is 
 a frieze, made of copper, showing brownies at work in the mines. It is 
 a beautiful conception, and does credit to the architect, Mr. Charlton, of 
 Marquette and Superior. 
 
 The exhibit of minerals was one of the finest ever put together, and 
 is taken in part from private collections. There are specimens of copper 
 of all sorts, rag copper, nail copper, block copper and every other kind 
 found. Then there is iron ore some of the richest ever dug, gold found 
 near Is*hpeming, and the specimens shown assay at least $10,000 
 to the ton. Then there is silver, marble of different kinds and colors, 
 verde antique, serpentine, which is a finer grade of verde antique, 
 granite, whetstones from native navaculite, graphite, fire clay and com- 
 mon clay, fire sands, coal, amethyst, agate and chlorastrolites. This is 
 an exceedingly beautiful mineral. It is found only in Spain and on Isle 
 Royal in Michigan. If it were not for the fact that it is not very durable 
 it would be very valuable.. 
 
 Carnelian of all sorts of colors is shown, as well as grape ores, kidney 
 ores, epidotes, needle iron ore, amygdaloid, pipe ore, calcite crystals con- 
 taining native copper, and so on through a list that would drive anyone 
 but a mineralogist mad. 
 
 Curious Prehistoric Tools. 
 
 Among the curious exhibits that please every man who had to study 
 geography in his earlier days is a collection of prehistoric tools found in 
 29
 
 450 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 the mines. Nobody knows how these people made them, and there is 
 a great deal of unsatisfied curiosity concerning them. They are made 
 of chunks of native copper and are in the form of spear-heads, arrow- 
 heads, hammers, adzes, and other things. These people had a way of 
 making the copper very hard, and that is something that modern genius 
 has not yet found out how to accomplish. These tools are from the 
 Chassel collection, and are very valuable. 
 
 In the center of the exhibit are two tall pyramids of copper. One is 
 made of copper wire, and at the base is a copper wire, electrically 
 welded, over three miles long. It is the longest ever made, and is of 
 No. i-o wire. The other column is made of sheet copper. A fence 
 surrounds an exhibit in the center, and the fence is fashioned out of huge 
 bars of copper, about four feet long and four by five inches in other di- 
 mensions. There are also some huge pieces of copperas found in the 
 copper regions of the Upper Peninsula. One piece of native copper 
 weighs more than 6,000 pounds, and there are several of them nearly as 
 large. 
 
 Another curious exhibit is a tree trunk, a maple about twenty-six 
 inches, bitten almost in two by beavers. The teeth marks are very plain 
 and the specimen is about four times the size of any other ever found. 
 Take it altogether, the mines' exhibit of the State of Michigan is a 
 wonderful thing. It is in keeping with the work of the commissioners 
 of that state in all of the departments. 
 
 Michigan Exhibits in the Forestry Building. 
 
 There are some big white pine logs from trees which would surely 
 have furnished 10,000 feet of lumber. There are some Norway pine 
 logs cut from trees that stood two hundred and fifty feet high, and if these 
 be not " monarchs of the forest " they do not have them anywhere out- 
 side of the Yellowstone Valley. All along the shores of Lake Michigan 
 and of Lake Huron are sawmills that will turn out from 50,000 to 
 250,000 feet of pine lumber a day. 
 
 But it is not only pine lumber that the state produces, though, of 
 course, that wood is chief. In the southern part of the state the maple 
 and beech grow in forests. A little farther north the forests are full of 
 all the varieties of oak, elm, and other hard woods. In the southern 
 part of the state the walnut and butternut grow, and the sight of the 
 shag-bark hickories there would make a bow-and-arrow-making Indian 
 wild with delight. The furniture factories of Grand Rapids are the 
 largest in the world, and a great part of the material used by them comes 
 from the Michigan forests.
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 451 
 
 In addition to the woods themselves, there are exhibited the methods 
 of making lumber. Gang saws are shown that eat up six logs at a 
 time, making them into boards in less than a minute. The cant-hooks, 
 pike-poles, skids, and other tools are there and photographs showing 
 how lumber used to be hauled by teams on the snow paths of winter. 
 One of these photographs shows a load of pine logs containing more 
 than 30,000 feet of lumber. The modern methods of lumbering by 
 steam are also shown. A lumber camp, a characteristic American insti- 
 tution, is also part of Michigan's exhibit. 
 
 Among the universities of the Northwest the University of Michigan 
 has no equal in the variety and quality of the exhibit at the World's 
 Fair. The board of regents wisely appropriated $5,000 to be devoted 
 to the university exhibit. 
 
 It was the aim of the committee having the exhibit in charge con- 
 sisting of Professors Cooley, Greene, Prescott and Steere to make the 
 display thoroughly representative of the university in every respect, and 
 to this end arrangements were made to give each department sufficient 
 space to make a creditable showing. The plan of the exhibit includes 
 photographs of the buildings, professors and students engaged in 
 routine class-room work, charts illustrative of the history and growth of 
 the university, as well as collections of books, natural history specimens, 
 and practical work by the students. 
 
 The Literary Exhibit. 
 
 In the centre of the space are three circular stands upon which re- 
 volving charts are hung, giving the history, general information and 
 statistics of the university. Near this the library exhibit, which 
 occupies twenty-five square feet, is placed. It consists of rare books, 
 books treating on the history of the university, university publications, 
 and a copy of every book which has ever been written by members of 
 the faculty since the university was organized. The latter collection 
 contains more than a hundred books. Works of biography also form 
 an interesting portion of the collection. 
 
 Probably the most elaborate display is that of the natural history and 
 zoological department which embraces a complete fauna of Michigan, 
 the most complete ever collected. This portion of the exhibit occupies 
 the east side of the second floor of the Michigan State Building on a 
 floor space 56 feet long by 14 feet wide. Of birds there are 464 speci- 
 mens, including every bird known to Michigan's fauna. There are 
 seventy-seven stuffed mammals, including among others a caribou, five 
 deer, two bears, moose and elk. Great skill has been used in arranging
 
 452 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 the different birds and animals, and an attempt has been very success- 
 fully made in many cases to reproduce the exact locality and surround- 
 ings of the birds and animals. 
 
 Other Choice Collections. 
 
 In some cases the natural home of the animals has been removed in- 
 tact. Every one who has seen the mountains remarks on the excellence 
 of the work. All the arts of the skilled taxidermist have been made 
 use of in the selection and arrangement of this collection. 
 
 Besides this collection there is a large exhibit of zoological, botanical, 
 biological, and allied sciences covering 224 square feet of floor space in 
 the Liberal Arts Building. Much of the matter exhibited in this col- 
 lection was obtained by Professor Steere during his explorations in 
 South America and the antipodes. Among other things the collection 
 of corals is perhaps the finest and most varied ever gotten together. A 
 museum map covering ninety-six feet of wall space is made use of to ex- 
 plain the exhibits. 
 
 The engineering department received its proper share of space, occu- 
 pying as it does 800 square feet or more than one-fourth of the entire 
 space. Considerable effort has been made to get together a fairly rep- 
 resentative collection of geometrical, free-hand and water-color drawings 
 which are arranged in stands and tables. In the civil and mechanical 
 engineering departments special pains have been taken to furnish a 
 practical display of the class of work done in these departments of the 
 university, and they have been most successful in their attempt. The 
 exhibit consists of a number of machines and tools made by the students 
 in the engineering laboratories, and includes a drill, a lathe, and the 
 necessary appliances thereto. Foundry and mechanical work are also 
 shown. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 The Indiana Building is in the French Gothic style of architecture, 
 such as is seen in the chateaux in France. It has two imposing towers, 
 126 feet high, and many Gothic gables. The building has three stories, 
 built of pine and Bedford stone, and is covered with ornamental " staff." 
 The roof is of gray and red shingle. The floors are of tile. The main 
 assembly hall on the first floor is elaborately finished in the baronial 
 style. All of the material used in the building comes from Indiana, 
 much of the hard woods for interior decorations, tile floors, the roofing 
 material, and the mantels being donated by Indiana manufacturers. 
 The ground area is 100 by 150 feet.
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 453 
 
 The main entrance opens into a wide hall extending across the build- 
 ing. To the right of the hall is a large assembly-room, occupying the 
 entire south end of the building. The north end of the building is de- 
 voted to parlors and reception rooms for men and women. The second 
 floor has reading and writing rooms, and rooms for the men and women 
 boards of state commissioners. The third floor is devoted to bed-rooms 
 and a hall for dining and lunching. There are immense fireplaces in 
 the entrance hall and assembly-room. 
 
 INDIANA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 A fine statue adorns the Indiana Building which is the work of Miss 
 Janet Scudder, of Terre Haute, and is in plaster. The pose of the figure 
 is striking. The drapery is more Grecian than anything else, although 
 there is no striving in it for dramatic effect. The attitude of the head 
 and face suggests a modest maiden. Miss Scudder had no one in view 
 in her work. It is simply her ideal. She did not even think to name 
 it. The Maid of the Wabash has been suggested, but inasmuch as that 
 tends to rob Senator Voorhees of some of his glory, an objection was 
 made. The money to pay for this work was raised by the people 
 of Terre Haute, the children of the city taking special part in the col- 
 lection. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 The ground plan of the Missouri Building is square, with a quarter
 
 454 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 circle taken out of the southeast corner, to correspond with the form of 
 the juncture of the two avenues on which it faces. 
 
 To the south of the building is the Palace of Fine Arts, and to the 
 east, across the avenue, -is Pennsylvania Building. The building is 86 
 by 86 feet, two stories high. In the front, and over the main entrance, 
 is an elliptical dome, 70 feet high, flanked by smaller octagonal domes, 
 48 feet high. The main entrance, which is in the southeast corner of: 
 the building, facing both avenues, is of cut brown stone from the quar- 
 ries of Warrensburg, Mo. The balance of the structure is frame, 
 covered with " staff," and the columns and pilasters are of the same 
 material. 
 
 From the Fields and Prairies. 
 
 Missouri has a larger space than that of any other state in the agri- 
 cultural department. The spot where the Missouri farmers show what 
 they can do toward making the Exposition complete measures sixty 
 feet each way, a total of 3,600 square feet. The space is invaded by 
 the south stairway leading to the east gallery. This difficulty has been 
 overcome by building an extension to the staircase as high as the first 
 landing. The extension has been turned into a corn palace, which is 
 decorated outside and inside with vari-colored corn. The facade of the 
 palace is decorated to represent the portcullis of a mediaeval castle, with 
 flanking towers on either end of the structure. In it are devices and 
 statistics illustrating the development of the corn industry in Missouri. 
 
 There are 134 varieties of wheat and 100 of grasses in the exhibit. 
 The balusters, railings, and ceilings of the galleries are covered with 
 handsome designs made of various Missouri agricultural products. In 
 this manner sorghum, broom corn, flax, cotton, castor beans, hemp, etc., 
 are used to fine advantage. 
 
 Rare Mineral Exhibit. 
 
 Under the direction of E. O. Hovey, Ph. D., of St. Louis, the Mis- 
 souri mineral exhibit appears to excellent advantage. The space, 49 by 
 45 feet, is inclosed with a handsomely decorated wall 12 feet in height 
 and composed of terra cotta and Roman brick on a foundation of Syenite 
 granite from Graniteville, Iron County. Heavy limestone steps from 
 the Hannibal quarries are placed at each of the quarries. 
 
 Zinc and lead being the most important mineral products of the state, 
 specimens of these ores, are given the most prominence. In upright 
 cases extending entirely around the room are smaller specimens of ore 
 from all parts of the state. At the southeast corner of the room ?s
 
 WESTERN STATES- AT THE FAIR. 455 
 
 placed the iron ore exhibit from the Iron Mountains and Pilot Knob. 
 The coal exhibit from the northwest section of the state is represented 
 by a solid block of soft coal eighteen inches thick and about six feet 
 square. 
 
 At the southeast corner of the room is a handsome Masonic altar 
 built of marble from the Greenfield quarries. At the northeast corner 
 of the room is a model of the St. Joe Company's Concentrating Works 
 at Bonne Terre. One very interesting specimen to mineralogists is that 
 
 MISSOURI STATE BUILDING. 
 
 of millerite or nickel sulphide from St. Louis County. There are also 
 many specimens of clay products and glass sand from a deposit near 
 St. Louis. 
 
 Border State Floral Display. 
 
 In the Horticultural Building the display made by Missouri is a cred- 
 itable exhibit of the resources of the state in that direction. A space 
 of 28 by 45 feet was awarded and located in the northeastern corner of 
 the building. 
 
 The pomological exhibit has as features 1,000 Egyptian glass cans of 
 assorted sizes filled with the fruits of the state preserved in antiseptic 
 fluids. There are also vegetables in mammoth glass jars and preserved 
 by the same process. The green fruits consist of 141 barrels of apples. 
 Consignments of fresh fruit were received daily as soon as the Fair was 
 opened, beginning with the famous strawberries that are grown in
 
 456 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 Southern Missouri and continuing until the end of the Fair with sea- 
 sonable fruits. 
 
 Missouri men are confident of winning honors in the line of an exhibit 
 of peaches. The growing of this class of fruit is not an old industry 
 in the state, and it is only recently that the raising of peaches has as- 
 sumed important proportions in the commercial enterprise of the state. 
 Now they claim that the finest peach orchard in the world is the Olden 
 Fruit Farm of Howell County, which in 1892 yielded a sufficient profit 
 to repay the company for its original investment. 
 
 The border state is fortunate in having had for years the greatest 
 botanical garden in America, established by Henry Shaw, a wealthy 
 and philanthropical Englishman, who died recently and left his beauti- 
 ful botanical garden as a bequest to the City of St. Louis. From Shaw's 
 garden two carloads of rare plants were sent to the Fair. Among these 
 is a palm that is the largest ever exhibited in this country. It is forty- 
 five feet high and of the species Cocos Romanzofifiana. There is also a 
 collection of 2,000 of the native flowers of the state, making, in connec- 
 tion with the display from Shaw's garden, one of the most complete and 
 interesting floral exhibits ever shown. 
 
 Missouri's Fish Exhibit. 
 
 In the Fisheries Building Executive Commissioner J. K. Gwynn has 
 a fine exhibit of Missouri's fishing interests. In two large cases there 
 are 120 specimens, representing sixty specimens of fish found within 
 the state. These include all the species of game fish, as well as some 
 fine specimens of the much despised but very edible Missouri catfish. 
 One of these, taken from the Missouri River near Lexington, weighed 
 122 pounds when caught. There are fine specimens of mountain trout 
 from the mountain streams of the Ozark County, and small-mouth black 
 bass from the Black River and tributary streams in the southeast part 
 of the state. 
 
 There are specimens of pickerel from streams and lakes in nearly 
 every part of the state. There are also some fine specimens of German 
 carp, a fish that has been cultivated to considerable extent. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 The ground plan of the Kansas Building is irregular. It approaches 
 a square, one side being straight and the other three forming irregular 
 angles. It has a ground area of 135 by 138 feet. It is two stories high, 
 built of frame and staff, and is surmounted by an elliptical glass dome.
 
 457
 
 458 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 The main exhibition hall occupies nearly all of the first floor, and 
 extends through to the glass dome. A balcony from the second story 
 overhangs the main entrance on the south, and a second balcony 
 extends around the base of the dome. The north end of the main floor 
 is occupied by a natural history collection. There are also offices for 
 the boards of commissioners on the first floor. Four flights of stairs 
 lead to the second floor, where are rooms for the woman's exhibit, a 
 school exhibit, and parlors for men and women. 
 
 The north wing of the Kansas Building is 60 by 80 feet, with iQ-foot 
 walls. The light comes from a sloping roof of glass, while the front 
 opens out into the main hall of the building. In this wing is placed one 
 of the most artistic exhibits of the Exposition. Professor Dyche is not 
 satisfied with showing a lot of " stuffed " animals, but outlined a plan by 
 which he at the same time gives an instructive and pleasing history of 
 the animals in an object lesson. To describe in detail the plan it must 
 be understood that the hundreds of animals are in groups, each group 
 showing an actual scene taken from life by the professor as he saw it 
 while on one of his many hunting expeditions. 
 
 A Group of Moose. 
 
 Beginning at the extreme southwest corner of the wing the visitor 
 finds one of the grandest groups in the whole collection. This is a 
 group of seven moose. The herd is headed by an enormous bull, who 
 stands ten feet from the ground to the tip of his immense branching 
 antlers. The leader of the herd stands on a slight eminence in a swamp 
 and is looking off after some possible danger to his family. Near the 
 bull is an old cow with twin calves. The cow is riding down a tree in 
 order to give her calves a chance to browse off the leaves. Back of the 
 cow are two two-year old moose browsing from a tree, while a three-year 
 old bull is approaching from the opposite direction. The whole scene 
 is set in a swamp true to nature, and made with logs and dead trees 
 brought directly from the Lake of the Woods, where the animals were 
 killed. 
 
 From the group of mule deer the ground rapidly rises until it goes to 
 a craggy peak of mountains. On this is a group of the most remarkable 
 animals of the North American continent. The Rocky Mountain goat 
 is here seen in his home. The peak is surmounted by an old shaggy 
 " Billie," who stands guard on the top of the rocks while his family of 
 six ewes and younger bucks are scattered in various positions over the 
 crags. The scene is most life-like, and gives a better idea of the habits
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE I- AIR. 459 
 
 of the mysterious animals than any work on natural history that has 
 ever been written. 
 
 Ferocious Grizzly Bears. 
 
 Between this high crag and another of similar nature to the south, is a 
 valley through which runs a stream of water that finds an outlet in a 
 sink-hole near the center of the wing. Up this valley, or canon, two 
 bears, immense grizzlies, are seen as if ready to devour any one who has 
 sufficient temerity to venture in their domain. There is not much to a 
 grizzly to make an exhibit out of, but these two bears are such ferocious 
 looking brutes that they attract attention at all times. 
 
 On the promontory of rock before spoken of, to the east of the canon 
 where the bears find their home, is a group of Rocky Mountain sheep. 
 These are the famous big horn which the early travelers of the West 
 wrote so much about. This group of ten animals represents one of the 
 finest collections in the whole world. The band is headed by an old 
 ram that is a veritable monster in size, and is perfect in color and shape. 
 This leader stands in plain view on the topmost crag and overlooks 
 space, ever on guard against danger. Below him, in various attitudes, 
 are seen the others of the band, and they are found depicting the true 
 positions of the animals as they were seen by the Professor in the Cas- 
 cade Mountains, where he brought down numbers of them. 
 
 Mountain Lions. 
 
 Under the ledge of rocks at the bottom of the craggy mountain on 
 which are the sheep, is a mountain lioness and her three very young 
 cubs. The little animals which are no larger than half-grown kittens, 
 are playing about their mother, while the old one looks as contented as 
 an old cat that has been fed on a good pan of milk. 
 
 Just below the lioness and her young is seen a group of Virginia deer, 
 five in number, which is feeding on the slope of the mountain. This' 
 group, like all others of the deer kind, is headed by a lordly buck, which 
 seems to feel his superiority over all other animals. 
 
 Coming around on the eastern end of the wing the visitor finds him- 
 self in front of one of the finest groups of animals in the whole collec- 
 tion, from an artistic point of view. This is a group of six elk. The 
 group is headed by a bull that is said to be the finest ever taken from 
 the mountains for the purpose of mounting. He stands ten feet and 
 nine inches from the point of his toe to the tip of his antlers, and is. not 
 only the monarch of the Rockies, but a veritable World's Fair king.
 
 460 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 He leads a band that presents a picture of still life most wonderfully 
 conceived and executed. 
 
 Here the ground slopes off toward a bit of prairie land, and a group 
 of antelope, six in all, stand or lie in a spot, shewing the peculiar 
 characteristics of this most beautiful of the deer kind. Crouched in the 
 bunch grass near the antelope are two jack rabbits, one squatting close 
 to the ground, the other erect and alert, watching for its natural 
 enemies. 
 
 The American Bison. 
 
 The last group along the wall is on the extreme southeast, and is one 
 that never fails to attract attention. It is a group of buffalo, or the 
 American bison. An immense bull, the largest ever mounted, not ex- 
 cepting the famous bull in the American Museum, and that other in the 
 National Museum, is the leader of this herd of five, and right royally 
 does he carry off the palm of being the finest specimen ever shown any- 
 where in the world. The group is one of the most natural of the 
 entire exhibit. 
 
 The visitor has now gone from the swamp land of the Minnesota 
 around by the mountains of British Columbia and Colorado to the 
 prairie land of Western Kansas and Texas, and as he turns from the 
 walls which he has been following he sees the prairie spreading out 
 towards the center of the wing. Here he first sees a trio of immense 
 buffalo wolves tearing at the decaying carcass of a buffalo. The wolves 
 are true to life and are gnawing at the carcass of a buffalo that was 
 found in the famous Pan Handle of Texas. This group is one of the 
 interesting bits and for scientific accuracy is perfect. The expression 
 on the faces of the wolves is such that it brings a shudder to the 
 observer who fully realizes that the terrible tales told of the ravages of 
 these savage animals have never been overdrawn. 
 
 Sitting and standing near the snarling wolves is a group of coyotes, 
 eight of the little wolves being congregated in a bunch. This group is 
 enlivened by a spirited contest between three young coyotes who are 
 struggling over the carcass of a jack rabbit. One triumphantly runs off 
 with the tail while the other two tear the body apart. 
 
 A Hard Battle. 
 
 This sketch does not go into the detail of the work that has been 
 expanded to make this one of the most artistic and scientific exhibits on 
 the ground. A day would be well spent here in the study of the 
 animals and their habits. There is a group which is not in this exhibit,
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 461 
 
 but which attracts more attention than any other group in the building. 
 It is a pair of fighting bull moose. These immense animals are 
 struggling hard for supremacy, and the details of the work done on the 
 group make it a masterpiece. This group is so large that it could not 
 be placed in the wing with the other animals, for it would hide too much 
 of the exhibit; so it is placed separate, and stands out in the main 
 building where it can be viewed from all sides. 
 
 The old horse of the Seventh United States Cavalry is among the 
 stuffed animals in the Kansas Building. The noble beast carried a 
 trooper to his death on the Little Big Horn when Custer fell, and was 
 the only horse of the command to escape that fearful slaughter. Several 
 days after the massacre Corhanche was found roaming over the 
 country with his flanks still stained with the blood of the soldiers. The 
 horse was taken to Fort Riley, Kan., where the Seventh is stationed, 
 and for fifteen vears received the attention and caresses of a child.
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 Western States at the Fair. (Continued?) 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 A LARGE part of the Iowa Building is constituted in what is 
 known as the Jackson Park "Shelter." The building belongs 
 to the Park Commission. It is a granite structure with a slate 
 roof, with conical towers of pavilions at the corners. It is 
 77 by 123 feet in size. The new structure is west of the "Shelter. It 
 is 60 by 100 feet in size, and two stories high. It is in wood and 
 "staff," with towers and roof corresponding to the "Shelter/' so that 
 the two structures combine harmoniously after the style of a French 
 chateau, the " Shelter " used for a State exhibit, corresponding in 
 character to the Sioux City corn palace exhibition. In the new part, 
 on the first floor, are reception-rooms for men and women, commis- 
 sioners' offices, committee rooms, post-offices, writing and baggage 
 rooms. On the second floor are the assembly hall, photographic 
 exhibit, reading and reporters' rooms. 
 
 The World's Fair is like a huge scroll upon which the earth's pro- 
 gress is written in various scripts. Some quarters of the globe have 
 made their writing in Sanscrit, others in illuminated texts, others in 
 delicate Italian traceries, but Iowa has made its mark in a bold, round 
 hand indicative of sturdy young manhood, and what is said may easily 
 be read by all comers. 
 
 The capital letters in Iowa's scroll say " Corn Is King," and agricul- 
 ture, horticulture, mining, and educational institutions, all help to make 
 the sentence complete. Particularly in the agricultural and mining 
 departments the Hawkeye exhibits command attention. In the state, 
 which is generally thought to be wholly agricultural, there is an 
 estimated coal field of 17,000 square miles in working which 18,000 
 men are employed. 
 
 Beautiful Corn Palace. 
 
 Iowa's appropriation was $130,000. This was spent with great dis- 
 crimination. The feature of the building is in the first floor, and is 
 called Exhibit Hall. It is the Old Jackson Park pavilion converted into 
 462
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 4G3 
 
 one immense room 78 by 125 feet in dimensions. This room, which is 
 entered from the main hall through a spacious portal, should be called 
 " Corn Hall." Its decorations show this Hawkeye staple in every con- 
 ceivable design and angle. In the hall on the left is a quaint fireplace, 
 on the tiles of which is countersunk the motto : 
 
 " Iowa The affections of her people, like the rivers of her borders, 
 flow to an inseparable union." No idea can be formed of the bewilder- 
 ing appearance of the hall unless the imagination has been helped by 
 former views of Iowa's celebrated corn palaces. The decorations are 
 
 IOWA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 similar in character, although new in details. Colors are blended and 
 contrasted with each other as the case may be in intricate scrolls, and 
 graceful festoons, and the most remarkable thing about it is that every- 
 thing is a natural product of Iowa's soil. The hall cost $12,000 to 
 decorate, and 700 pounds of tacks were used in nailing on the material. 
 No wood shows in the interior of Exhibit Hall. 
 
 In the centre of the hall is a reproduction of the State Capitol 23 by 
 13 feet and 21 feet high. This is an actual model and is built of glass. 
 It contains grain and seed so put into the glass as to blend in color. 
 At the east end of the hall is a heroic group of statuary representing 
 Iowa. Between the pillars in the hall are stands built in the form of a 
 shock of grain. Each of the stands is covered with a different grain or 
 mineral worked in unique designs, so that all the state's industries are 
 adequately shown. 
 
 Anyone who believes Iowa not to be rich in minerals has only to 
 view the exhibit by that state in the Mines and Mining Building to
 
 464 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 change his opinion. A great store is set by the exhibit of Trenton rock 
 and lead, which took the first medal at New Orleans. On the left is a 
 reproduction of the Ottumwa mineral palace set upon a pedestal of coal. 
 The pedestal is divided into squares, and each square contains the name 
 of a mineral county in letters of gold. In this division there is also a 
 model of an exterior coal mining scene. This is built of black walnut 
 lumber and was contributed by the ladies of Centreville, who were pa- 
 triotic enough to have engraved upon the model " Iowa " instead of 
 Centreville. A solid block of coal weighing 5,000 pounds is set up in 
 this section, upon which is printed in gold the Iowa mineral statistics. 
 The ladies of Dubuque built a grotto out of stalactites and spar, which 
 is erected at the extreme left of the Hawkeye space. This grotto is 
 also arranged by means of looking glasses to appear deeper than its 
 actual size warrants, and it is a beautiful creation from a decoration 
 standpoint. It is fitted up with electric lights and forms one of the fea- 
 tures of the exhibit. The different clays, glass, sands, and kaolins are 
 shown in glass jars. A special exhibit of vitrified brick is made. 
 
 Iowa's horticultural exhibit is confined strictly to the canned goods 
 department and to the section of pomology. In the southwest section 
 of the state there has recently developed a large industry in apple grow- 
 ing and berry cultivation. That section has held the markets for some 
 years in the apple trade, but has not extended its products in other 
 fields because of the limited capacity of the orchards. This section of 
 the state makes a specialty of growing " rosy-cheeked " varieties. 
 
 From Iowa's Schools. 
 
 In the other departments Iowa is represented by individual exhibitors. 
 The woman's building contains many specimens of the woman's work 
 of the state, but the majority of that class of exhibits is made in the 
 State building. The fine arts display is in the State building. This 
 collection contains some fine and large works. Noticeable among the 
 latter are pictures of the cities of Dubuque and Fort Madison. Profes- 
 sor Putnam's department of ethnology and anthropology received the 
 exhibit of the Iowa historical and archaeological societies. 
 
 Educational systems in operation in the State of Iowa are thoroughly 
 illustrated in the department of liberal arts. The exhibit occupies 2,000 
 square feet in the south gallery of the Manufactures Building, which has 
 been devoted to the liberal arts department. J. W. Jarnagin, of Montezuma, 
 has this portion of the display in charge. He has collected a thorough set 
 of maps, drawings, relief maps, photographs, and statistics of Iowa schools, 
 and arranged them in the space in an attractive and comprehensive manner.
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 465 
 
 Three hundred feet have been assigned to the State Normal School at 
 Cedar Falls. Besides showing by a series of comparative maps the 
 school's progress there is a large display of the methods of teaching em- 
 bryo teachers how to make the apparatus that is used in teaching in the 
 lower grades. To enable the teachers to provide themselves with the 
 desired apparatus the Normal School introduced a system of manual 
 training by which teachers are taught to manufacture their paraphernalia. 
 This is an innovation in normal school instruction, and has been found 
 
 NEBRASKA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 The exhibit on 
 
 of great value in fitting teachers for western schools, 
 this line is extensive and worthy of consideration. 
 
 Nebraska. 
 
 The building erected by the State of Nebraska is in a fine position, 
 just within the Fifty-seventh street entrance to the park, on the north 
 side of the boulevard. The style of architecture is classical, and of the 
 Corinthian order. The building has a ground area of 60 by 100 feet, 
 and is two-stories high. The exterior is of "staff." On the east and 
 west fronts are wide porticoes approached by flight of steps ; over the 
 porticoes are projecting gables, supported by six columns twenty-five feet 
 high, the full distance from the cornice to the floor. In each pediment 
 is the state seal, in bas-relief, five feet in diameter. From each portico 
 three large double doors of oak give entrance to the Exhibit Hall. This 
 room is 60 by 70 feet, and in it an agricultural display is made. On the 
 30
 
 466 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 first floor, also are a reception room, commissioners' office, baggage 
 room and postoffice. A double stairway, nine feet wide, leads from the 
 center of the Exhibit Hall to the second floor. Here is an exhibit room 
 60 by 70 feet, used for an art exhibit. On this floor are a woman's parlor, 
 reading-room, smoking-room and toilet-rooms. 
 
 Nebraska, like the other States, shows her characteristic products, and 
 the display, both by its fine arrangement and its choice quality, is worthy 
 of the great commonwealth it represents. As the chief products are 
 those of the farm great attention was devoted to displaying these and the 
 State produces nothing of any account that is not found in her varied 
 exhibit at the Exposition. 
 
 "Wisconsin. 
 
 One of the most striking examples of the variety of Wisconsin's pro- 
 ducts is found in the building which is the official rendezvous of the Badger 
 State visitors to the Fair. From turret to foundation stone the structure 
 is composed of material native to the state. This is all the more remark- 
 able when the different materials of which the building is constructed are 
 considered. The exterior is of Ashland brown stone, Menominee pressed 
 brick and hard woods ; the roof is covered with dimension shingles, and 
 the windows arc of plate glass, all of which are Wisconsin productions. 
 
 In architecture the Wisconsin Building presents a cheerful appearance 
 resembling thousands df the homes common in the prosperous towns of 
 the state. Throughout the interior the walls and ceilings are finished 
 in oiled hard woods. The first floor is an elaborate exponent of the 
 wainscoting art. On this floor is the reception room or lobby, which 
 extends the entire width of the building. This room is paved with Wis- 
 consin tile of many different forms and colors and worked into fanciful 
 designs. The walls and ceilings are done in polished oak and the room 
 is divided by interlaced arches of arabesque design, into three apart- 
 ments. These arches are done in oak and contain the state coat-of- 
 arms carved by a Wisconsin woman. 
 
 A Two Thousand Dollar Window. 
 
 Access to the second floor is gained by the grand staircase of highly- 
 polished, hand-carved white oak which faces the main entrance. Mid- 
 way of staircase on the first broad landing the light streams in through 
 the handsome window of Venitian glass which illustrates the city of 
 Superior. This window was designed by a Wisconsin artist, and is the 
 contribution of the citizens of Douglas County. It cost $2,000. At the 
 head of the stairway the doors opening on the balcony also contain stain- 
 glass panels, the design being the Wisconsin coat-of-arms.
 
 467
 
 468 
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 According to the original plans of the State Commission, Wisconsin 
 has collective exhibits in the horticultural, agricultural, mining, ethno- 
 logical, fisheries, and liberal arts departments. In many of these divi- 
 sions the Wisconsin exhibit is on an elaborate scale, and in the Agri- 
 cultural, Mining, and Horticultural Buildings its pavilions are quite re- 
 markable. 
 
 Indeed the revelation made by the farmers and woodmen in the Agri- 
 cultural and Forestry Buildings causes many of the natives to wonder at 
 the vast resources of their state. The 1,061 exhibitors in the agricultural 
 section occupy 3,500 square feet on the main floor. They have prepared 
 a novel pavilion for their display, and the samples sent of Wisconsin's 
 cereal products have all taken prizes at state agricultural shows. The 
 pavilion is mainly built of oak, and around the sides contains panels of 
 
 WISCONSIN MINERAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 glass in which are arranged different colored cereals in beautiful designs. 
 The uprights that support the roof of the structure are decorated in the 
 same manner. Exhibits are shown in trays, which are set in tiers around 
 the sides of the pavilion. 
 
 Products of the Soil. 
 
 In the center of the inclosure is a large table upon which is shown 
 photographs of model farm buildings and rural scenes. Willis L. Moore 
 of Milwaukee, chief of the Wisconsin weather service, has prepared a 
 series of photographs illustrating his observations in the different sec- 
 tions of the state. He will show the climatic changes that the state is 
 subject to by a series of colored maps. The entire exhibit, however, is 
 intended to demonstrate in one way or another Wisconsin's agricultural
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 469 
 
 possibilities. It has been collected with great care and includes wheat, 
 corn, oats, pop-corn, barley, rye, buck-wheat, flax, and a score of other 
 grains. Professor L. S. Cheney, of Madison, collected an exhibit of 
 forage plants grown exclusively in Wisconsin, which he sends to the 
 Fair. This collection includes 260 varieties of grasses and is one of the 
 most complete of its kind ever made. Besides these products there are 
 exhibits of beans, peas, clover seeds, millet seed, rape seed and lentils. 
 
 In the Forestry Building Wisconsin has a magnificent display. The 
 space is interestingly filled with a complete exhibit in which every tree 
 found in the state is shown. Wisconsin's display within the building de- 
 voted to Mines and Mining fairly illustrates the immense mineral wealth 
 possessed by the state. An ornate pavilion was built for this display. 
 Inside this pavilion, arranged in pyramids and other forms, the various 
 minerals are shown. These include granite, marble, brick, tile, terra- 
 cotta, lead, zinc, copper, and iron, brown hematite ochre, iron pyrites, 
 and sand used in the manufacture of glass. Many counties make ex- 
 hibits, and each of the celebrated mineral fields of the state is fully repre- 
 sented. 
 
 Some Fresh Water Pearls. 
 
 A collection of pearls taken from oysters found in certain streams of 
 the state is als shown in this department. These pearls have been repeat- 
 edly examined and are pronounced by experts equal to those of the 
 ocean fisheries. 
 
 In connection with this department, although it is placed in the Mines 
 Building, is the largest single stone ever quarried. This is known as 
 the Wisconsin monolith. It is 115 feet high, ten feet square at the 
 base, and four feet square at the apex. This monster was presented by 
 Frederick Prentice, of Houghton. It is of Wisconsin granite, and after 
 two unsuccessful attempts was finally hewn off the strata. In size, this 
 column exceeds that of the famous Cleopatra's needle. The tallest 
 obelisk in Egypt was only 105 feet in length, and Pompey's Pillar was 
 only 92 feet. This immense monolith was detached from the vein of 
 brownstone by a great number of wedges upon which fifty workmen 
 pounded mauls at a given signal, a slight crack at first appearing, which 
 gradually extended for the whole length until the monster was com- 
 pletely removed from the rock. 
 
 Wisconsin was assigned 1,701 square feet in the western annex of the 
 Fisheries Building, commonly called the angling pavilion. There the 
 fish of the state are thoroughly illustrated and the excellent methods of 
 the State Fish Commission fully demonstrated. 
 
 Wisconsin's horticulture is also well represented at the Fair. There
 
 470 
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 was aiso space assigned Wisconsin in the floricultural division and Chief 
 Thorpe received several fine specimens of night-blooming cereus, palms 
 and flowering plants from Wisconsin growers. The state was also 
 assigned space on the wooded island and lawn in which to show land- 
 scape gardening and shrubbery cultivation. 
 
 The women of Wisconsin have not been behind the men in their 
 interest in the World's Fair. In fact it was greatly through the instru- 
 mentality of Wisconsin's women that the people of the state so thor- 
 oughly grasped the opportunity offered by the Fair for showing their 
 products. The ladies who are on the Board of Lady Managers talked 
 
 MINNESOTA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 the Fair in every family in the state, and formed women's clubs, collected 
 exhibits of industries by which women may earn their living, secured 
 donations for the Wisconsin Building and have as fine an exhibit in the 
 Woman's Building as the women from any other state in the Union. 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 The decorations of the State Building are unique and interesting in 
 the illustrating of what can be done with grain and grass in the hands 
 of skillful decorators. At the head of the stair leading to the upper 
 story there is a window on which is worked in pleasing harmony of 
 colors and design, the coat of arms of the state, and the motto " L'Etoile 
 du Nord," which means, " The Star of the North " the motto of
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 471 
 
 Minnesota. Heavy-headed stalks of wheat, of rich golden-yellow, are 
 the principal material used, but in the decorations all varieties of grain 
 and the principal grasses are utilized. The effect of this blending of 
 colors in the use of heads of grain, timothy, clover, and other grasses is 
 as pleasing as it is novel. 
 
 To the ladies of Pipestone credit is due for a piece of work that 
 attracts the attention of all visitors at the building. It is the mantel- 
 piece in the ladies' reception-room, the center of which is carved in the 
 form of a book and labeled "Songs of Hiawatha, by Longfellow." An 
 Indian pipe and hatchet appear to be crossed behind the book, the whole 
 thing being a highly polished piece of pipestone four feet square. An 
 offer of $500 was received for this peculiar and handsome piece of 
 interior decoration. 
 
 Minnesota school children gave a piece of statuary for the decoration 
 of the building. The design is beautiful, and represents Hiawatha as an 
 idealized Indian of fine mold. The incident of the poem which is found 
 delineated in the statue is described in these lines : 
 
 O'er the wide and rushing river 
 In his arms he bore the maiden. 
 
 This was when Hiawatha and Minnehaha were on their wedding 
 journey from the wigwam of the father to that of the lover. The model 
 of the girl is as fine as that of Hiawatha. They are Indians, but such as 
 the red man may have been before he was discovered by his pale-faced 
 brother. Several models for this proposed piece of statuary were sub- 
 mitted, and by a queer chance three of them were suggested by these 
 lines. The Hiawatha statue was made in plaster, as there was not time for 
 putting it into brqnze before the Fair. It is life-size, and is placed on 
 the main porch of the State Building. 
 
 A Miniature Prairie. 
 
 To see a Western prairie covered with wild flowers is a beauriful sight, 
 and an effort was made to show those who are interested in floriculture 
 the extensive variety of wild flowers to be found on the prairies of Min- 
 nesota. Mrs. L. P. Hunt, of Mankato, collected and classified more 
 than eight hundred varieties of the wild flowers of the state, and they are 
 shown in swinging cases. The same accomplished botanist and enthu- 
 siastic friend of the Fair collected one hundred and twenty-five varieties 
 of grasses common to the state, and these are shown in the State 
 Building. 
 
 There are some things however that the Minnesota people cannot 
 very well show at the World'$ Fair, which if it were possible to exhibit
 
 472 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 would give those who have never had the pleasure of visiting the state 
 some idea of its attractiveness. One feature is the hundreds of beautiful 
 lakes, with water so pure that in many of them fish can be seen twenty 
 feet below the surface. In the interior of the state there are many lakes 
 that have been so lavishly furnished by nature with attractiveness that 
 the lakes of better known localities, famous as summer resorts, look 
 common pools in comparison. That strangers may get some idea of 
 the natural beauties of the state, the commission had a photographer in 
 its service for many weeks, travelling from one to another of the spots 
 locally famous for beautiful scenery. And in the State Building one 
 hundred and twenty-five photographs, 18 by 2.2 inches, hang on the walls, 
 giving an idea, one totally inadequate, however, of some of the natural 
 scenery. 
 
 Minnesota's Animals. 
 
 The natural history exhibit of Minnesota, which is placed in the State 
 Building, was prepared by Dr. R. O. Sweeny, of Duluth. It contains 
 specimens of moose, elk, deer, caribou, and black bear, all of which are 
 plentiful in the forests of Northern Minnesota. Some of the finest 
 specimens extant of elk and moose heads are shown. In addition to 
 this part of the exhibit, which was collected by Dr. Sweeny, there are 
 some live elk and moose on the ground that have been tamed and 
 broken to harness. 
 
 Indian curios are shown in great profusion, many of the exhibits 
 having interesting histories dating back to the time of the Little Sioux 
 massacre. 
 
 A feature of the natural wealth of Minnesota, which is not fully 
 appreciated, is illustrated by means of a fine display in the department 
 of mines and mining. An interesting feature of this exhibit is a minia- 
 ture mine in full operation, sent from Tower City. This model is about 
 six feet high and four feet wide, and its object is to demonstrate the 
 method of mining iron ore, showing all the various levels, apparatus 
 pertaining to a mine, and even the miners with their lamps on their 
 heads. 
 
 Dedication of the Building. 
 
 The Minnesota State Building was dedicated May i/th. The poem 
 recited on the occasion contained, among others, the following stanzas : 
 
 Star of the North ! Thy place upon the field 
 Of stars which mists of ages long concealed 
 Is such that none need ever blush with shame 
 To hear the sound of Minnesota's honored name.
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 473 
 
 Star of the North ! thou home of changing scene, 
 Where sapphire lakes begem the stretch of green, 
 Where wood, and dale, and fertile plain, 
 Dominion lend to Plenty's kindly reign. 
 
 Star of the North ! Thy fame upheld by noble sons 
 
 While meadows yield and water runs ; 
 
 Thy name deep graven on the Nation's roll 
 
 Thyself a portion of the Nation's soul. 
 
 Star of the North ! Thy glory cannot fade 
 
 To mar the record thou hast made, 
 
 Nor shall there ever rise a star 
 
 To dim thee with a radiance from afar. 
 
 Thy temple is the people's loyal heart, 
 
 Which throbs to tell the world how dear thou art ; 
 
 But here among the nations of the world, 
 
 Where every flag is to the breeze unfurled, 
 
 We rear another in thine honored name 
 
 A temple to thy worth and fame, 
 
 And dedicate it to the fairest State 
 
 In this broad land incorporate. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Colorado furnishes the Exposition one of the most interesting of all 
 the special exhibits, the " Home of the Cliff-Dwellers." The H. Jay 
 Smith Exploring Company has prepared this feature, which is erected 
 in one of the largest and most novel buildings seen at Jackson Park. 
 
 After the framework of timber was raised and properly braced an out- 
 side coat of iron, " staff," and stone was applied. This gives the building 
 an appearance of being a solid rock, which is heightened by a little paint 
 skillfully applied, and a forced growth of moss and vines. For an en- 
 trance way the mouth of the cave in which the cliff-dwellers lived is re- 
 produced. Passing through a very deceptive ruin the visitor enters 
 the mountain to find himself as though by magic transported to the hot 
 arid waste of the sandstone formations of Southern Colorado. Scat- 
 tered all about are the relics of the pre-historic race. The reproduction 
 of the towers and fortifications of the cliff-dwellers affords much study 
 for those interested in archaeology, and all visitors are given an accurate 
 idea of the marvelous, though rude palaces which are the most novel 
 features of the great West. The high walls of the canon are covered 
 with real cactus, Spanish bayonet, sage bush, pinon and cedar. In the 
 peculiar caverns and niches in the sides of these canons are reproduced 
 the homes of the people who established the first civilization in America. 
 Their utensils, ornaments, and furniture are shown just as found by the
 
 474 
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 exploring company in the original caves. One of the most interesting 
 features of the display is a mummy so well preserved as to give an idea 
 of the appearance of the individual members of the ancient race. 
 
 Ancient Mummies and Other Relics. 
 
 Professor F. W. Putnam, chief of ethnology and archceofogy, has 
 placed the exhibits so that the visitor begins with the Indian display, 
 passes through the Indian villages and among the ancient ruins from' 
 Mexico, reaching cliff-dwellers' exhibit last. There he sees not only 
 the reproductions of the ruins, but large paintings, drawings, and studies 
 
 ^ '' '' ' '^^ ' ~^v^!?v^ ^j^f'Ipii&jlL 
 
 VrV'V-^^vv^'C 
 
 COLORADO STATE BUILDING. 
 
 in oil and water-colors, numerous maps and outlines which further aid 
 the student. 
 
 Among the relics are the cooking utensils, pottery, weapons of war- 
 fare, textiles of a most peculiar manufacture, and over 100 mummified 
 remains well preserved and all interesting in their way. A part of the 
 pack train and equipment of the exploring party forms a very interest- 
 ing feature, and one new to every one. There is a real mountain trail, 
 where persons may climb to their heart's content assisted, if desired, by 
 the sure-footed pack animals. Every endeavor, in fact, is made to 
 make this exhibit interesting as well as instructive. 
 
 Half a dozen skeletons in a good state of preservation are shown, 
 their average height being about the same as that of the modern Ameri- 
 can. The skulls show that they must have been people of a compara-
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 475 
 
 tively high state of civilization. The foreheads are high and there are 
 still visible fragmentary locks of silken blonde hair clinging to the back 
 of the skulls. It is interesting to notice that no traces have been found 
 of any metal in the homes of the cliff-dwellers. Even the rungs of the 
 ladders which they used to ascend to their lofty houses were fastened to 
 the side pieces with vegetable or animal fibers. 
 
 Knew how to Weave. 
 
 The specimens of cotton cloth shown make it clear that the cliff- 
 dwellers understood the art of weaving and on the walls of this prehis- 
 toric museum hang fragments of a rough wooden loom. It was found 
 in a fairly good state of preservation by an adventurous ranchman who 
 took no pains to preserve it intact, but carried away some of the pieces 
 with him. The process of making other cloth from the fiber of the yucca 
 plant is well illustrated, both by the specimens of the instruments used 
 and by the fiber itself in different stages of preparation. Most elaborate 
 of all, however, are the feather robes made of yucca cloth upon which 
 the downy feathers of some probably extinct bird have been fastened. 
 
 In these interesting cases are hundreds of rare specimens of prehis- 
 toric pottery. Some of the vases and bowls are elaborately decorated 
 with geometric designs painted in black, while others bear the figures 
 of men and animals. On the huge bowl a hunter is represented shoot- 
 ing an arrow at an angular animal which bears some slight resemblance 
 to a deer. On the handle of another earthen vase are figures which 
 look more like sheep than anything else, though no traces of woolen 
 cloth have so far been found in the ruined dwellings of these earliest of 
 pioneers. 
 
 Several of the vases are carved in irregular forms, and all of them are 
 almost as hard as stone. On one of the walls are hung a large number 
 of soft skin sandals, shod with which the cliff-men were able to climb the 
 steep paths which led up to the monster fastnesses. There are also 
 mats formed of slender reeds, strung together with animal sinews. 
 Rude wooden implements of warfare are shown, as well as wooden tools 
 supposed to have been used in tilling the ground. 
 
 Houses of the Cliff-Dwellers. 
 
 In the great hall of this mimic mountain the most perfectly perserved 
 houses of the cliff-dwellers are reproduced in miniature and one may 
 climb through the narrow galleries leading from the main cave to look 
 down on the wells and the deep pits with which the rocky canons of 
 the Mancos region are honeycombed. Below one of the living rooms
 
 476 | WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 of a cliff house is reproduced exactly as it was found by the explorers. 
 In the center are a couple of big earthen pots, apparently blackened by 
 fire. The floor is covered with great stones, which are supposed to 
 have been used as seats, and the walls are plastered with clay beaten 
 smooth with wooden paddles. 
 
 Two little mouse-colored burros, mottled with brown, are the only 
 living things which look at home inside the caves. Several times they 
 have broken their tethers and wandered at their own will up and down 
 the mimic precipices and the slippery trails. But to the scientist who 
 visits the Fair this exhibit opens an endless field for study and for 
 speculation. 
 
 A thousand specimens of Colorado wild flowers, scientifically arranged 
 by Miss Laning, are placed in a cabinet and represent the beauty of the 
 state's flora. 
 
 Rare Collection of Indian Curiosities. 
 
 Many interesting Indian collections have been secured from the 
 Navajo Indians, who live on the reservation in the southern part of 
 Colorado. The alcove in the southwest stair landing has been orna- 
 mented with the blankets woven by these Indian women. Two Indian 
 women came from the Navajo tribe and weave the blankets in this booth 
 during the Exposition. The blankets are of bright reds and of different 
 designs. Indian shields and drums, made of decorated skins, jewelry, 
 beaded work, belts, bows and arrows, and basket work are shown in the 
 exhibit. 
 
 Beautifully decorated musical instruments and weapons of Indian 
 warfare make up a large part of the exhibit. Rude paintings and carv- 
 ings give an idea of Indian art. A magnificent deer's head with wide- 
 spreading antlers speaks of the spoils of the chase. In one corner the 
 bust of a grim old Indian chief, Ignacio, chief of the Wieminuche tribe 
 and head chief of the confederate bands of Southern Utes, keeps watch 
 and ward over the treasures of the daughters of the tribe, eyeing 
 severely all onlookers who eye covetously the belts of wampum and 
 curiously carved implements hanging on the opposite wall. 
 
 Ranged about are cases showing the gold and silver ores, specimens 
 of coal, iron, asphaltum, building stone, raw materials of many kinds, 
 clays, and the petroleum products. There are also photographs of 
 mines and mining operations. 
 
 North Dakota. 
 
 The headquarters for North Dakota visitors are in a pretty, hospi- 
 table-looking building adjacent to that of Kansas. Though only 50 by
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 477 
 
 75 feet, it contains a commodious assembly hall, well-lighted, and with 
 a wide fire place in either end. It also has the necessary committee- 
 rooms, reading and toilet rooms. The ends of the structure are of 
 brick, but the side walls are frame, with plaster panels. At the entrance 
 to the assembly hall a large panel bears the coat of arms of the State. 
 
 George D. Benson, of Jamestown, N. D., is an artist in cereal 
 mosaics. With wheat, corn, rye, clover seed, corn husks and flour paste 
 he turns out designs of intricate pattern and an astonishing variety of 
 colors. In the interest of the North Dakota exhibit in the Agricul- 
 tural Building he worked out a mosaic nearly ten feet square. It rep- 
 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 resents an armored knight on horseback. The knight's face is made of 
 wheat of various shades and black squaw corn colors the eyes. The 
 shirt of mail is made of red corn and the armor of yellow corn and tim- 
 othy grass heads. The knight's flowing robe is formed of wheat in the 
 head, and his sword of clover seed and corn. Corn silk makes a realistic 
 tail for the prancing war horse, whose body is made of wheat. Corn 
 husks are cleverly arranged for the banner, which floats from a pike 
 pole made of corn kernels. 
 
 Mr. Benson has fashioned a statue which is intended to convey the
 
 478 
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 idea that " Columbia's favorite child, North Dakota, feeds the world." 
 The group, with its pedestal, measures, thirty feet from the floor to its 
 highest point. It is made of" staff'' and tinted <ith grain, corn husks 
 
 and other cereals. 
 
 South Dakota. 
 
 The South Dakota Building has a ground area of 70 by 126 feet, and 
 is two stories high. The structure is frame, the exterior being covered 
 with Yankton cement, in imitation of stone work. The roof is of cor- 
 rugated iron and the cornice and brackets are pressed zinc. The main 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 entrance is on the east, along which front extends a wide porch with 
 heavy columns supporting a balcony from the second story. On the 
 left of the main entrance is a woman's parlor, on the right a men's re- 
 ception-room. In the main body of the building is the exhibition hall 
 44 by 58 feet. Six feet above the main floor is an entresol, having 
 committee rooms for the two boards of commissioners. In the north- 
 west corner of the main floor is a room for press correspondents. The 
 rotunda in the centre of the building extends through to the roof and is 
 covered with a skylight. The second floor is devoted to rooms for the 
 woman's exhibit and for special State exhibits. 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 Wyoming, although young in Statehood, was first to make an official 
 appropriation for the World's Fair purposes the most liberal one, in
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 479 
 
 proportion to the population, that was made. The building like 
 many others, is stuccoed, in imitation of stone. Its estimated cost is 
 $ i o,OOO. 
 
 The people of Wyoming realize that the Columbian Exposition offers 
 an unusual opportunity to make known to the world the varied material 
 resources of their state her coal lands, wells of oil, soda deposits, and 
 rich mines of iron and precious metals. The exhibit is arranged with 
 the object of showing forth the advantages of the state, both to home- 
 seekers of limited means and capitalists seeking fields of investment. 
 To this end the classification includes Wyoming's best specimens of 
 
 WYOMING STATE BUILDING. 
 
 wheat, corn, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, native and cultivated grasses 
 and forage plants. 
 
 Irrigation methods are illustrated with maps and diagrams. The 
 live stock exhibit includes the best specimens of blooded horses and 
 cattle, and illustrations of methods of handling range horses, cattle and 
 sheep. 
 
 Specimens of the present and extinct animal life of the state, petrifac- 
 tion and native guns, Indian implements, dress, and ornaments were 
 carefully collected by the committee on scenic exhibits, and form a most 
 interesting feature of the state's contribution to the great Fair. The 
 committee endeavor, by means of paintings, photographs and models, 
 to illustrate some of the striking features of Wyoming and its leading 
 industries.
 
 480 
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 Idaho. 
 
 The handsome Building of Idaho is suggestive of the Forestry 
 Building in miniature. It is on the rustic order and cost $i 5,000. 
 The matter of the decoration was in the hands of the women of 
 Idaho. One of the special features of the exhibit is that pertaining to 
 mining. On the whole exhibit, including the building, $120,000 were 
 expended. 
 
 The fireplaces in the rooms of this building are composed of the 
 different stones and bricks produced by this wonderful state. The long 
 
 
 IDAHO STATE BUILDING. 
 
 main hall is decorated in mica. Over $3,000 worth was expended in 
 this hall alone, and the rooms are finished in the different woods of the 
 state and named as decorated. There is a " pine room," a " fir room," 
 a " cedar room," a " tamarack room," and a " spruce room." 
 
 Idaho figs are one of the surprises. V. D. Hannah has two fig trees 
 on his ranch on Mann's creek in Washington County that are prolific 
 bearers. They require a little care in the winter, but with this fig 
 culture can be made very profitable in this state. That one box of figs, 
 raised at an altitude of nearly 2,500 feet above the level of the sea, does 
 more to illustrate the temperate character of Idaho's winters than 
 volumes of weather bureau reports. 

 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 481 
 
 The Ada County exhibit contains 2,000 pounds of dried fruit. 
 Some of this is left in bulk to be sampled by the visitor, and the 
 remainder is artistically packed in design in small boxes. Among the 
 lot is a fine collection of prunes, French, Silver and Italian. These 
 varieties are easily distinguished by their color and size. In the center 
 of each box of Italian prunes, just under the glass cover, is placed a 
 large letter of the alphabet made of dried apples. The Italian prune 
 being of a lustrous black, and the apple of a delicate white, a pretty 
 effect is produced which must be seen to be appreciated. The letters, 
 when the boxes are arranged in order, spell the words, " Idaho, Gem of 
 the Mountains." 
 
 Idaho is rich in petrifactions, but the collection for the World's Fair 
 is not large. It is the common remark of many, " I would have brought 
 you in some petrified wood, but I supposed you had plenty." The 
 chief specimen in this department is a sample from the petrified forest 
 in Custer County, near Challis. This distinctly shows the bark and 
 wood of a conifer, a species of the pine. The stump from which this 
 was taken is 14 feet above the ground, 12 feet in diameter at the top, 
 and 25 at the base. The bark is 6 inches thick. Photographs of this 
 giant of past ages are shown. 
 
 Some Excellent Exhibits. 
 
 It is a surprise to many residents of Idaho as Well as to the outside 
 world to know that cotton can be successfully grown in the Snake River 
 Valley. V. D. Hannah has raised on his ranch, eight miles above 
 Weiser, as fine cotton as ever grew in Mississippi. Cotton in 1892 did 
 not do well, as the late spring did not admit of its being planted in 
 time. However, Mr. Hannah has some from his crop of former years 
 which was sent to the World's Fair. 
 
 The Idaho exhibit of precious stones contains opals from the mines 
 recently discovered on Snake River, fifteen miles from Caldwell. 
 Reports from the mines vary, but the opals appear to be found in a 
 matrix from four to ten inches in width. Some of them are very fine, 
 and are said to be worth $50 or $60 each. 
 
 Idaho also exhibits a mineral shield. It is a work of art and is 
 characteristic not only of western invention, but it represents in material 
 and design the physical features of the state as well as its staple products, 
 industries and commerce. The minerals used are magnesia stone and 
 black and white marble. The magnesia stone has been used with good 
 effect as a groundwork, upon which has been carved with remarkable 
 accuracy the outlines of an Idaho canyon. This is flanked on either 
 31
 
 482 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 side by ranges of mountains in black marble, the effect of which is very 
 real. A tiny ribbon of white marble represents a river. Scattered 
 around in the distance may be seen the stamp mill, the lone pine tree > 
 and the farmer's boy plowing in the valley, while the rising sun behind 
 the mountain gives the last touch to a realistic picture of an Idaho land- 
 scape on a spring morning. 
 
 On the right of the shield stands a prospector, rather less than life 
 size, on the left a representation of Justice in female form. The pedestal 
 is formed of a sheaf of wheat and the " Star of Idaho." The apex is a 
 scroll, on which is carved the state motto. Beneath this, and over the 
 shield, is the head of an elk, apparently frightened at the position in 
 which it finds itself. The entire shield is of Idaho material, fashioned 
 by the brains and hands of people from the state. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Washington's State Building is an odd structure, and about its rude 
 walls there is an odor of the forest. Its foundation plans embrace a 
 main hall space 118 by 72 feet, with which are connected two wings 118 
 by 40 feet. The main entrance of the building is to the east, and from each 
 corner of the main structure square towers rise up, inclosing staircases to 
 galleries. These galleries are 52 by 15 feet, overlooking the main hall. 
 The east entrance of the building is under a great stone arch, which is 
 the only stonework about the structure. This arch is built of alternate 
 blocks of gray tinino, blue chuckanut and white Pittsburgh stone. 
 
 Foundations of the building are of great fir logs, laid five deep. Two 
 base logs at the north and south ends are each 127 feet long, and after 
 having been slabbed off very deeply are still eight feet in diameter at 
 the butt ends. The heavier of these weighs 36,000 pounds and occupied 
 four flat cars in transit. In squaring three sides enough lumber was 
 cut away to build a good-sized cottage, while in the log itself is material 
 for a big house. These logs were all squared on three sides, presenting 
 a rounded surface to the outside. These are left in their natural state. 
 Mills which handled these logs are the largest in the world, and such 
 timber could be handled nowhere else. The largest of these sections 
 were cut from trees 300 feet in height, which had not a branch less than 
 150 feet from the earth. The value of the fir as a tree may be judged by 
 the fact that its tensile strength is equal to that of oak. 
 
 A Sky-Piercing Flag-Staff. 
 
 This foundation constitutes a timber exhibit from Washington. The 
 two wings form a single room each, and are devoted to state exhibits^
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 483 
 
 Nearly all of the first floor of the main building is devoted to a recep- 
 tion room, while in the second story are committee-rooms, parlors re- 
 ception and toilet rooms. The roof is of shingles, and the interior is fin- 
 ished in cedar and fir. All of the material used in the building comes 
 from Washington, the lumber coming from far ofTPuget Sound, while the 
 main entrance, an important decorative feature, is of granite, marble, and 
 ore from quarries within the state. This young state spent $100,000 in 
 collecting an exhibit worthy of its resources, and $50,000 in the construc- 
 
 r 
 
 WASHINGTON STATE BUILDING. 
 
 tionofits official headquarters. The sky-reaching flag- staff, 208 feet in 
 height, was first 236 feet in length. It is of native timber, and weighs 
 32 tons. To her sister states Washington has donated about 40 flag- 
 poles, ranging from 100 to 125 feet in length, placed in front of their re- 
 spective headquarters. At first view the Washington Building, with its 
 quaint towers, reminds one of a Holland residence and windmill. It is 
 unlike any other structure on the grounds, and invites favorable atten- 
 tion to the enterprising state which it represents. 
 
 Skeleton of a Whale. 
 
 Washington has a curious exhibit in the Fisheries Building ; it is 
 nothing less than the skeleton of a whale. One day a lot of Makah In- 
 dians saw this whale splashing around off Cape Flattery, and before 
 many hours they had filled his hide so full of lances and harpoons that
 
 484 
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 he resembled a mammoth pincushion. They failed to kill the big fish, 
 however, and several weeks later the carcass floated ashore in Puget 
 Sound, more than one hundred miles away from the spot where the 
 Makah Indians tried their hands at harpoon throwing. 
 
 The people of Seattle, Wash., heard of the dead whale and concluded 
 to use its skeleton for business purposes. After spending several hun- 
 dred dollars in cleaning the bones, they put them together with wires 
 and steel rods and sent the skeleton to the Exposition at Tacoma to 
 show their rivals what big fish could be caught in the water surround- 
 
 MONTANA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 ing Seattle. This skeleton is a feature of Washington's exhibit in the 
 Fisheries Building. The whale has a framework of bones over fifty 
 feet long and weighing several thousand pounds. The bones of the head 
 alone weigh over 800 pounds, and some of the ribs are as much as a 
 man would care to lift. The jawbones are at least twelve feet long, and 
 the flippers look like the bones of the hand of a giant about sixty feet tall. 
 Washington also sends a block of coal weighing 56,000 pounds, an 
 exhibit that does not need to be watched lest it should be stolen. 
 
 Montana. 
 
 The Montana Building is in the Romanesque style of architecture, one 
 story in height. It has a ground area of 62 feet front by 113 feet deep.
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 485 
 
 The structure is frame, covered with " staff," the interior being 
 ornamented with heavy, projecting pilasters, with Roman caps and 
 bases and Roman arches. The roof is of tin and canvas, and the build- 
 ing is surmounted by a glass dome 22 feet in diameter and 33 feet 
 high. 
 
 Visitors to the Montana Building are invited to inspect a fossil bone, 
 in the shape of a gigantic vertebra, which the gentlemen in charge of the 
 building have reason to regard as something of great scientific interest 
 and value. It is the property of Col. J. H. Ray, residing at Glendive, 
 Dawson County, Mont., and was dug up in 1887 in a gravel pit near the 
 town, and near the Yellowstone River, during the construction of the 
 Northern Pacific railroad track in that locality. No other bones were 
 found near it. 
 
 G. W. Marshall, a ranchman living in the Upper Madison Basin, Mon- 
 tana, makes an interesting collection of animals. The collection consists 
 of a bunch of seventeen elk, two Rocky Mountain sheep, several white 
 and black tail deer and antelope. Mr. Marshall's ranch is located within 
 three miles of the edge of Yellowstone Park, in the greatest game region 
 in the country, and for a number of years he has been engaged in rais- 
 ing and domesticating elk, deer and other animals. One of the moun- 
 tain sheep captured by Mr. Marshall is about twelve years old and it is 
 claimed to be the only full grown mountain sheep ever caught. The 
 other sheep was caught when a lamb and raised by Mr. Marshall. The 
 elk, deer and antelope are magnificent specimens of their kind, and the 
 whole collection forms a most attractive exhibit. 
 
 California. 
 
 California seems to have entered into the work of preparing an ex- 
 hibit for the Exposition with a resolve to outdo all competitors. With 
 a vim and vigor characteristic of the people of that state, displays were 
 prepared showing the varied resources of the empire west of the Rockies. 
 The building is a reproduction of one of the old Dominican Mission 
 Chapels of Southern California. In appearance it is decidedly interest- 
 ing, and so faithful was the work of reproduction that romance seems to 
 cling to the rough stone walls. The architect departed from the original 
 only to interject enough of the more ornate Moorish style to relieve the 
 somber effect. The building is a clear story with a great flat dome as a 
 crowning feature, and the semi-tropical appearance is heightened by roof 
 gardens. The measurements of the structure are 500 by 1 10 feet, and 
 the elevation of the dome is eighty feet. In this building Schmid's co- 
 lossal figure, typical of California, is a feature.
 
 486 
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 The ladies of California took an active interest in the Fair, and secured 
 the right to decorate and furnish one of the reception rooms in the 
 Woman's Building. This is known as the " California Room " and is 
 one of the most attractive departments in the entire building. The red- 
 wood lumber dealers furnished the wood for the panels, and $2,000 was 
 raised to pay an expert for the carving and graining. The cactus was 
 taken as the motive of the decoration, and is shown in every feature of 
 the room. 
 
 All of California's mineral exhibit is one of the best. Every mining 
 county in the state is represented, and ore from all famous California 
 
 CALIFORNIA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 mines is included in the exhibit. The gold ores are made a special fea- 
 ture, and the finest possible specimens were gathered. 
 
 First Gold Nugget Found in the State. 
 
 One of the most interesting exhibits in the Mines Building is the first 
 nugget of gold ever discovered in California. It is exhibited by Judge 
 W. W. Allen, of San Francisco. It was picked up accidentally by 
 James W. Marshall on the morning of January 19, 1848. The news 
 soon spread that gold had been discovered, and then commenced that 
 period of the California gold fever when there was a general exodus 
 from all the Eastern States to this new land of Ophir. The stirring 
 events that followed were all dependent on the finding of this piece of 
 precious metal. 
 
 In addition to getting a concession to exhibit the genuine article in 
 the Mines Building Judge Allen was granted a concession to exhibit
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 487 
 
 and sell fac-similes of the nugget. Speaking of the concession and his 
 plans for taking advantage of it, the gentleman said : " The commis- 
 sioners of California and the World's Fair authorities have a full 
 appreciation of the interest which all the world must feel in the import- 
 ance of this little bit of gold, which, gave material progress such a rush 
 in all parts of the world only forty-five years ago. The fact is, imagina- 
 tion gets tired when an attempt is made to catalogue what the discovery 
 of this nugget of gold has accomplished. It is not certain that gold 
 would have been discovered during this century if James W. Marshall 
 had not happened upon it that morning of January 19, 1848. It is well 
 
 TERRITORIAL BUILDING. 
 
 known that small lumps of gold had been discovered in New South 
 Wales nearly a hundred years before its discovery in California, and no 
 significance was given these discoveries until after Hargreaves had been 
 trained in the California gold fields as to the soil and surroundings in 
 which gold was likely to be found." 
 
 Just under the big dome of the California Building is a palm tree 127 
 years old. The tree is fifty feet high, and has been one of the attractions 
 for tourists as they drove up the bay of San Diego to the ruins of the 
 old mission, which is up San Diego river several miles from the bay. 
 The removal of the huge plant was something of a problem. A box
 
 488 
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 
 
 was sunk around its roots in an excavation made for the purpose, and 
 the tree thus inclosed was lifted by a derrick with the earth about the 
 roots bound to the tree by the protecting box. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 The Territory of Utah makes a creditable display at the World's Fair. 
 The handsome little building was erected entirely by private subscrip- 
 tions amounting to $60,000. The architect succeeded in designing a 
 group of structures that are perfectly characteristic of the Mormon 
 Territory. 
 
 The main structure is a two-story affair 48 by 84 feet in surface ex- 
 
 UTAH BUILDING. 
 
 tent and 60 feet to its highest point. Ionic columns and pilasters form 
 the main support and guard the doors and windows. The central in- 
 terior has a circular well extending from the ground floor to the domed 
 skylight. 
 
 Around this space are arranged the ladies' and gentlemen's reception 
 and commissioners' rooms. The exhibits that go into the building 
 are arranged around the well space on the two floors. They repre- 
 sent the industries of the territory and include agricultural, manufac- 
 tured and mined products. Of the latter, gold, silver and sulphur are 
 the principal ones. With them are shown plans illustrating their 
 methods of reducing sulphur and the handling of borax and rock salt
 
 WESTERN STATES AT THE FAIR. 489 
 
 found in some parts of the territory as clear as crystal. A generous 
 space is given to displays from the beet-sugar refining district and to the 
 silk-worm industry. 
 
 The Famous "Eagle Gate." 
 
 Standing just before the main entrance is a fac-simile of the famous 
 " Eagle gate," which in Salt Lake City stands before the Mormom tem- 
 ple. The gilded eagle, with outspread wings symbolizing hospitable 
 protection to all who may seek it, rests on four flaring supports which 
 slope from the centre to the sustaining columns. Apart from its asso- 
 ciation with polygamy, it is simple, tasty, and pleasing in appearance. 
 The group of structures is completed by a circular affair eighteen feet 
 in diameter, containing a miniature of Salt Lake. The reproduction is 
 as nearly exact as can be, and is filled with water brought from the 
 original lake. 
 
 Don Maguire, chief of the Utah mining exhibit, has a unique collec- 
 tion of antiquities found in caverns in the southern part of the territory. 
 The most interesting feature is a number of mummies, probably thous- 
 ands of years old, but still in a good state of preservation. 
 
 There is one mummy of a child, probably less than a year old. The 
 body was laid to rest at full length and is fairly well preserved. The 
 next mummy is that of a child probably ten years of age. It was 
 buried in the usual custom, having the feet cramped up and the hands 
 placed under the chin. The most perfect specimen is that of an adult 
 mari, the length of which is five feet and ten inches. It is partially 
 wrapped up in a cloth made of feathers. The man was evidently of fine 
 physique. The feet are well shaped and rather small. He is stretched 
 out at full length. He has a well-shaped head with a broad forehead. 
 The teeth are perfect, and the skin is of a deep-brown color and looks 
 as if it had been tanned. The skull shows a remarkable depression at 
 the back, and it is supposed that the natural shape of the head was 
 artificially changed in infancy, as such a practice was common in recent 
 times among some tribes of Indians.
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 Great Britain and Colonies. 
 
 THE British exhibit is the creation of the Society of Arts of 
 London. This venerable society was founded in 1754, " for the 
 encouragement of the arts, manufactures, and commerce of the 
 country." It held in 1760 the first English exhibition of pic- 
 tures, and in 1761 the first industrial exhibition held in any country, 
 and has been closely associated with every exhibition, English or in- 
 ternational, ever since. Prince Albert was its President for many years, 
 and ever since his death the President has been the Prince of Wales, 
 who has always attached the greatest importance to international exhi- 
 bitions, and took a very active part in those held at Vienna in 1873 
 and at Paris in 1 878. On both of these occasions he was the working 
 President of the British Commission. 
 
 For the World's Columbian Exposition the commission consists of 
 the Council of the Society of Arts, with sufficient additions to swell the 
 number to about fifty persons. Of this body the Prince of Wales is the 
 President, and Sir Henry Trueman Wood the Secretary. Among the 
 members are the Duke of Edinburg, the Duke of Abercorn, James 
 Dredge of Engineering, Walter H. Harris, and quite a number of men 
 distinguished in trade, in the arts, in letters, and in government. 
 
 Organization of the Country. 
 
 The British Government placed at the disposal of the commission 
 $125,000, afterward increased to $300,000, and it addressed itself to the 
 task of creating an exhibit in the most prompt, systematic, and industri- 
 ous manner. A thorough organization of every part of the Empire and 
 its dependencies and of every branch of the exhibit was made, and every 
 subject was worked up in the most intelligent and scientific manner. 
 These labors are displayed in the magnificent Official Catalogue, an oc- 
 tavo volume of 600 pages, published by the commission, containing 
 among other things brief but learned introductions, by specialists, to 
 every considerable branch of the exhibit. 
 
 The result was that all of the 500,000 square feet of space placed at 
 the disposal of the commission was speedily taken, leaving many ap- 
 plicants disappointed. The list of colonies represented at the Exposi- 
 490
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 
 
 491 
 
 tion includes Canada, New South Wales, Cape Colony, Ceylon, British 
 Guiana, Jamaica, and Trinidad. In addition the Government of India 
 appropriated 40,000 rupees to the Indian Tea Association's exhibit and 
 
 
 WALKER FEARN, CHIEF OF FOREIGN EXHIBITS. 
 
 10,000 rupees to the Delhi Art Manufacture exhibit, including the erec- 
 tion of the India Building. 
 
 Expensive Booths and Pavilions. 
 
 The departments in which the best results have been obtained are 
 Transportation, Thomas Baker, Superintendent ; Fine Arts, J. W. Beck, 
 Superintendent. The Fine Arts Department is enriched by loans from 
 the collections of Queen Victoria, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of 
 Edinburg, the Duchess of Albany, the Earl of Aberdeen, and hundreds 
 of wealthy people in England.
 
 492 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 
 
 The British manufacturers' exhibit occupies the southeast corner at 
 the great central crossroads of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts 
 Building, the other quarters being occupied by Germany, France and 
 the United States. The external appearance of the section is decidedly 
 flat. The best view of the lower floor of the building is obtained from 
 the gallery in the southeast corner, for the reason that there is nothing 
 in the British quarter to obstruct it. But if any one infers from the fact 
 that the booths and pavilions are all one-storied and squatty, that they 
 are not elegant and costly, and that they do not contain some of the 
 very greatest attractions of the Exposition, he makes the greatest pos- 
 sible mistake. The unassuming booth of the Royal Porcelain Factory 
 of Worcester cost $10,000, and that of the Doulton Pottery Company 
 $25,000. 
 
 Silver, old and new, glitters from cases in the British section. Women 
 who wander down Columbia Avenue far enough to stumble upon a col- 
 lection in which there are pieces of silver, gilt and Danish plate dating 
 back to 1600, are not going away without envious sensations that will 
 result ultimately in possession that is, if their purses are long enough. 
 
 There is a service made for the Prince of Wales, who afterwards 
 became King George IV., that proves a stumbling block to economical 
 intentions. It is of silver gilt, and consists of a tea-kettle and a coffee- 
 pot in addition to the usual full tea service. The tea-caddy, which, like 
 the other pieces, is severe in outline and unadorned, is furnished with a 
 lock and key, a significant reminder that when it was made tea was 
 worth something like $40 a pound. The service bears the date 1792- 
 1795. A Norwegian " peg" tankard made in 1683, a lemon strainer of 
 the time of good Queen Anne, old Irish bowls, with mask-head handles, 
 made in 1707 ; sauceboats that once belonged to Queen Caroline, away 
 back in 1782, are among the many quaint things in the exhibit. 
 
 Beautiful Silver Ship. 
 
 A costly piece that is especially rare is a little square waiter engraved 
 in a conventional scroll designed by Hogarth and made in 1720. The 
 price of this is $500, and that notwithstanding it is only four inches from 
 edge to edge. A large chased silver rosewater dish, made in 1683 and 
 valued at $800, is also regarded with respect by those who have it in 
 charge. Another remarkable piece is a Spanish wine " nef " or ship in 
 silver exquisitely chased with figures of sea nymphs and tritons. The 
 top of this massive piece of plate lifts off and so transforms it into a wine 
 cup. The date is uncertain, but the ship plainly belongs to the fifteenth 
 century. Not of least importance in this display of Wells Brothers is
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 493 
 
 the great silver gilt crown worn by the Duke of Sussex at the coronation 
 of Queen Victoria. 
 
 In striking contrast to the old ware are the " Exposition Clock," the 
 " Columbian Shield," and the " Shakespearean Casket " exhibited to- 
 gether. The Exposition clock is a remarkable bit of workmanship, as 
 the price set upon it, $5,000, indicates. It is octagonal in form, and is 
 composed of finest American walnut, with elegantly chased, richly gilt 
 ornaments, the cotton plant and flower being the principal subjects. It 
 bears eight panels, representing the sports : swimming, running, yacht- 
 ing, cycling, base-ball, trotting, and jumping, with a view of Brooklyn 
 bridge. Each panel is surmounted by a portrait of a President 
 Washington, Lincoln, Grant, Jackson, Garfield, Harrison and Cleveland. 
 There is also a medallion portrait of Queen Victoria. The clock has 
 four dials, showing English, American, French and Spanish times. 
 Round the clock are twelve figures, representing players in cricket, 
 rowing, shooting, polo, racing, lacrosse, boxing, running, tennis, foot- 
 ball and wrestling. Four columns support brackets with vases, between 
 each two of which are figures signifying progress in art, science, 
 industry and engineering. At each hour English and American 
 anthems are played, the time being denoted by a chime of eight bells, 
 the Westminister chimes on four gongs, and the hour on one gong. All 
 can be repeated at will. The figures revolve in procession as the clock 
 strikes each quarter. 
 
 The shield is made entirely of silver, with panels modeled and chased 
 in high relief, representing various scenes in connection with the dis- 
 covery of America. 
 
 The Shakespearean Casket. 
 
 Unique as a specimen of the art of damascening as practiced in Eng- 
 land is the Shakespearean casket, which illustrates in gold and silver 
 the works of the poet and playwright. The center obverse gives the 
 portrait of the poet and playwright, as he appears in the bust in Strat- 
 ford Church. The reverse medallion gives a view in gold repousse of 
 Shakespeare's birthplace. The principal damascening portrays wreaths 
 in different colors, a medallion, escutcheon, Tragedy, Comedy, hunting 
 trophies, bees, anchors, boat-hook and trident, the Caduceus, scales of 
 Justice, boar-horn and spear, helmet and sword, scroll and pen, mace, 
 fasces, and crown, Cupid's bow, the torch of Hymen, the nuptial ring, 
 the scepter and sword of Justice, fruit-laden vase, the poisoned bowl, 
 hissing snake, cap and bells, and the skull and crossbones of Death. 
 
 There are on the body of the casket fine enamel paintings of scenes
 
 494 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 
 
 from a " Midsummer Night's Dream," " The Tempest," " Two Gentle- 
 men of Verona," " King Lear," and " Romeo and Juliet." The lower 
 moldings of the casket illustrate quotations from " Measure for Measure," 
 " Comedy of Errors," " Troilus and Cressida," " Merchant of Venice," 
 " King Henry IV.," " Timon of Athens," " Twelfth Night," "As You 
 Like It/' and " King Henry VI." The casket stands upon four feet in 
 gold and damascene, and is surmounted by the Shakespearean crest, the 
 falcon holding the tilting spear in rest. Its value is $3,000. 
 
 The caskets which were presented, one to the Emperor of Germay in 
 
 1891, one to Gladstone in 1881, together with the freedom of the City of 
 London, are included in the collection, having been loaned by their 
 owners. Another imposing piece of plate is the " Waterloo Cup " for 
 
 1892, shown by Mappin Bros. 
 
 To women who visit the exhibit nothing will so appeal, however, as a 
 toilet service, including forty-seven pieces, all mounted in silver, richly 
 gilded. Who uses this, however, must have a substantial bank account 
 at her disposal, as $3,000 is its value. 
 
 Victoria House. 
 
 Victoria House, situated on the nearest point of land at Jackson Park 
 to England, as if the gentlemen who represent Great Britain desire to 
 keep as near to their beloved country as possible, is a very attractive 
 building. It was planned for the use of the royal commissioners, and 
 for this work the British government selected one of the most celebrated 
 of English architects, Colonel Edis, Twentieth Middlesex Artists. 
 
 Colonel Edis drew the plans for Victoria House and submitted 
 them to the queen, and after her approval had been secured they were 
 sent on and the building constructed in accordance with them by a force 
 of English mechanics. In a general way the plan of the structure in- 
 cludes the arrangement of three sides of a quadrangle for the purpose of 
 the royal commissioners in the way of reception-rooms, a library, morn- 
 ing-room, etc., the fourth side being designed for offices. 
 
 The main entrance of the building opens into a large hall, from which 
 a double stair-case leads to the rooms above. At either end of this hall 
 there is a fireplace with a mantel of carved oak, with numerous places 
 where vases and bric-a-brac can be displayed. The carving of these 
 mantels is very well done, and in speaking of their utility Colonel Edis, 
 who by the way, is the author of a work on " Furniture and Decoration 
 of Town Houses," said that he was in favor of making each feature of a 
 house as nearly adapted to the wants of the people who were to occupy 
 it as possible; and not to sacrifice utility for beauty. The object of the
 
 406 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 
 
 arrangements of these mantels is to give an opportunity for the display 
 of rare bits of pottery, etc., instead of cumbering the room with cases 
 for this purpose. 
 
 Fireplace with Oak Mantel. 
 
 To the left of the main hall is the apartment designed for the use of 
 the royal commissioners as a reception-room. It has a very fine, large 
 
 ELIZABETHAN FIREPLACE VICTORIA HOUSE. 
 
 fireplace, with carved oak mantel, over which is the inscription, in old 
 English characters : 
 
 " Babble not o'er much, my friend, if thou wouldst be called wise ; 
 To speak or prate or use much talk engenders many lies." 
 
 "I have that over a mantel in my own house in London," said Col- 
 onel Edis. " It is something that I found in ' Barbee's Book/ a fifteenth 
 century publication, recently republished by the Early English Text 
 Society. It would hardly be appropriate to place over the mantel of a 
 room in which guests were to be entertained, but in this room, destined 
 as a meeting place for the commissioners, it seems permissible." The 
 ceiling of this room is copied from the ceiling of the now almost ruined 
 Haddon Hall, Derbyshire. Other parts are modeled after famous 
 parts of various old English buildings, mostly of the Elizabethan period.
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 497 
 
 The library is a handsome room, the shelving being of natural oak. 
 To the right of the main hall there is a room in which the walls are cov- 
 ered with bright-colored stamped leather. This is used as a general pur- 
 pose room, and has in it some fine oak furniture. All of the floors are 
 of polished oak and wainscoting is of natural oak, no other wood being 
 used in the construction. 
 
 Scotch Ladies Prepare an Exhibit. 
 
 The women of Scotland did not intend to be eclipsed by their sisters 
 in England and Ireland in making an exhibit of work at the World's 
 Fair. A collection was gathered together and put on view at the Im- 
 perial Institute, Glasgow. The women of Argyle send tartan hose and 
 the women of Aberdeen exhibit socks, gloves, stockings, knitted tartan 
 gloves, embroideries designed in Turkish patterns and embroidered on 
 white, panels in blue and flame color silks in the style of the Turkish 
 brocades of the sixteenth century. 
 
 Among the antiquarian treasures' of the exhibit is an embroidered 
 cover from the bed of Patrick, Earl of Kinghorn, dated 1660, and loaned 
 by the Countess of Strathmore, Glamis Castle ; a portiere loaned by 
 Lady Aberdeen, worked about 1740 by Anne, Countess of Aberdeen, 
 and specimens of old muslin curtains. The Woman's Printing Society 
 exhibit a number of beautiful specimens of their work. The more mod- 
 ern branches of woman's work are shown by the exhibition of black and 
 white drawings of the fashion journals. Wood engraving comes from 
 the girls instructed in the technical art schools; embroidered book- 
 covers and some book-covers delicately painted on vellum, specimens of 
 magnificently embossed leather work, etc. The ladies who were par- 
 ticularly instrumental in carrying out the preparatory work of collecting 
 and arranging this interesting and beautiful display are the Countess of 
 Aberdeen, Lady Scott, the Hon. Mrs. Vernon, and Lady Alice Leslie. 
 
 _s 
 
 Royal Handiwork. 
 
 American ladies who devote much of their time to art work are espe- 
 cially pleased to learn that several specimens of carving done by the 
 Princess of Wales and her daughters are on exhibition at the Fair. 
 Her Royal Highness sent to Chicago a corner chair carved in stained 
 walnut, the seat being of leather work with a conventional pattern of 
 flowers. The work was entirely executed by her Royal Highness, and 
 is very skillfully done. Princess Maud of Wales sent a music stool. 
 The framework is of walnut and the seat is a pattern of sunflowers. 
 Princess Victoria of Wales also sent a music stool of similar wood, but 
 32
 
 498 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 
 
 with a pattern of single dahlias. All these are in the fashionable 
 leather work. 
 
 The British pavilion in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building 
 is an exact reproduction in English oak of the banqueting hall at Hat- 
 field House, the historic home of the Cecils. All the carvings are cut 
 from solid oak that is to say, each figure and panel of which a casting 
 was taken is not pieced, but produced from one block. By a process of 
 "uming '' the rich, deep tone of antique work has been imparted to the 
 carvings. Perhaps the most striking feature of the structure is the Cecil 
 coat of arms, which is also sculptured out of the solid. In order to 
 complete the ensemble, the commissioners furnish their fac-simile of the 
 banqueting-hall with chairs, tables, and armor of the Elizabethan period, 
 and the white and black marble floor, which in the original adds so much 
 to the effect of the carved walls and roof, is likewise reproduced. The 
 entire exhibit is well worth a careful inspection. 
 
 Native Products of Canada. 
 
 The selection of the "various objects of interest from Canada was made 
 by experts appointed especially for their ability, and the selection and 
 care of the exhibits cost over $250,000. 
 
 The list is comprehensive and embraces all the domestic animals, 
 grain, seeds, roots, fruit, mineral, timber, wood, manufactured goods, 
 fisheries and dairy products. Canada makes a showing in every large 
 building on the ground. There are also 3,500 samples of grains, 
 threshed and in the straw. 
 
 The mineral exhibit exceeded 125 tons in weight and embraces every 
 known mineral, marble and granite in the province. There is one block 
 of pure nickel weighing 4,600 pounds, and twelve cones of nickel matt 
 weighing 600 pounds each, and one sample of the ore, the richest ever 
 yet found, weighing ten tons. In the forestry division are samples of 
 all the known varieties of wood that grow in Canada. Each piece is 
 forty-two inches long and as large around as possible. One end is pol- 
 ished to show the grain, and each section has a companion section 
 squared, polished and engraved, showing the leaf and seed of the variety. 
 There are also many pieces of timber prepared by the Indians without 
 the aid of a saw and carved with a common pocket-knife. This Indian 
 carving is most complete, one piece being a balcony, belfry, bell and 
 chain all carved out of one solid block the work of ten years. Every 
 article is marked with its full history. 
 
 As a souvenir the commissioners give away a lithograph of the Parlia- 
 ment buildings and a catalogue of the exhibit. Among the curious
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 499 
 
 things are the first piano ever brought into Canada and the first me- 
 chanical device for grinding grain, a small hand mill. 
 
 Manitoba's Exhibit. 
 
 Respecting this exhibit Hon. James A. Sinart, commissioner from 
 Manitoba, said : " Our chief aim is to show the great agricultural re- 
 sources of Manitoba. While we have a comparatively newly settled 
 country, with a population of 175,000, we have already secured great 
 railway facilities, and can show wonderful development in the produc- 
 tion of cereals and in mixed farming. Our exhibit is, of course, mainly 
 in grains ; but we also have a nice exhibit in natural history, including 
 mounted animals and birds of all kinds indigenous to the northern 
 country. We have models of the old-time buildings of the province 
 which was the historic battle-ground of the Hudson Bay Company and 
 the Northwest Company ; a model of Fort Garry where Scott was shot 
 by Kiel's orders in the rebellion of '69 and '70 ; a model of Dr. Barnar- 
 do's home for destitute children, at Brinscarth ; and models of our great 
 farms. 
 
 " Our chief product so far has been wheat. For this cereal Manitoba 
 has on more than one occasion taken high honors in European exhibits. 
 In the centre of our building is erected an agricultural trophy. The 
 Historical Society of Winnipeg makes an interesting display of relics, 
 and we also have a good illustration of our excellent school system 
 which will compare favorably with older communities. In our popula- 
 tion of 175,000 which is mostly from Eastern Canada and Great Britain, 
 we have 12,000 Icelanders, who are excellent people, and a large and 
 flourishing colony of Mennonites." 
 
 From New South Wales. 
 
 One of the most interesting displays seen within the great structure 
 devoted to Mines and Mining is that prepared by the representatives of 
 New South Wales. And those who have not made a study of the 
 mineral resources of that colony are surprised at the comprehensiveness 
 of the exhibit. The work of installation was' superintended by J. E. 
 Carne, of the Department of Mines, of Sydney. Speaking of the dis- 
 play Mr. Carne said : 
 
 " It will undoubtedly, surprise the American public to learn that in 
 point of value gold does not rank first among the minerals of New 
 South Wales. Coal is made a feature of this exhibit, and it deserves 
 the honor because it is our most valuable mineral. The order of the 
 output of the minerals of the colony is coal, gold, tin, and copper.
 
 500 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 
 
 " As a whole this exhibit may be said to be a heroic display of base 
 metals. Along the front line are massive trophies of silver ore, tin, 
 copper, and antimony. One particularly interesting feature is the silver 
 monument which is erected at the northeast corner of the exhibit space. 
 It represents one-sixth of the entire output of the great Broken Hill 
 mine, which from May, 1886, to May, 1892, produced 36,500,000 
 ounces of silver and 156,000 tons of lead. 
 
 " In the rear there is a triple arch, with two centre pillars of coal and 
 two outer pillars of petroleum oil coal, which is locally known as kero- 
 sene shale. These pillars are four feet square and eleven feet high. 
 Behind this feature full sections of principal coal scenes are shown. 
 
 " That portion of the display first seen by the visitors is made up of 
 bulk trophies of gold, silver, copper, tin, antimony, iron, manganese and 
 chrome and building stone. These are made as attractive as possible. 
 Then there are show cases containing collections of all metallic and 
 non-metallic minerals. In these collections are some of the most valu- 
 able specimens ever discovered. Quartz and placer gold and gems are 
 displayed as a distinct feature. And then there are collections of fossils 
 from the principal sedimentary formation. These are accompanied by 
 geological maps that give one a comprehensive understanding of the 
 physical formation of the colony." 
 
 " The Welcome Stranger " is a nugget of gold weighing 3,040 ounces, 
 found in 1869. It is the central feature of the exhibit of which it is a 
 part, and while on exhibition is guarded by a force of detectives specially 
 detailed for the purpose. As there is no extra fee charged for a peep at 
 the antipodal beauty few people visit the Exposition and go away with- 
 out having seen it. 
 
 East Indian Pavilion. 
 
 Queen Victoria's Asiatic domain, the Empire of India, is represented 
 at the Fair with a comprehensive exhibit which is housed in a special 
 building of distinctively eastern architecture. 
 
 The general effect of the whole interior is harmonious. The delicate 
 pinks, pale greens, and dull reds melt and blend in low-toned pictures, 
 in which there is not a single garish effect. The gleam from half-hidden 
 marble and the glitter of brass vases and bowls lend a touch of brilliancy 
 to the subdued Oriental coloring. The ceiling is covered with speci- 
 mens of elaborately designed wool and silk carpets, colored in the soft 
 shades that only vegetable dye can give. In short, there is not a nook 
 or cranny of the room that is not piled up with objects that set the 
 connoisseurs agog.
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 
 
 501 
 
 The first object to attract attention is an elaborately carved colored 
 marble shrine or temple. It stands in the center of the lower floor, is 
 
 gSi, / 
 
 / ' 
 
 CENTRAL COURT OF EAST INDIAN PAVILION. 
 
 about six feet high and four feet broad. Shrines of this description are 
 set up in India at street corners, by the wayside, and at cross-roads. 
 This particular shrine is empty. They usually contain an image of one
 
 502 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 
 
 of the Hindoo triad. Squatting on the floor to the right and left of this 
 shrine are two figures of Buddha or Gautama. He is represented in 
 the conventional attitude of contemplation. The hood screening the 
 white image on the left is the head of the King Cobra that screened 
 Gautama from the rays of the sun. These reptiles are prominent in 
 every decoration. They are sacred in the eyes of a Hindoo and must 
 not be killed on any pretense. 
 
 Hideous Indian Fakirs. 
 
 The hideous emaciated figures on brackets at the corners of the gal- 
 lery are wonderfully life-like papier-mache representations of Indian 
 religious mendicants. One can almost imagine the figures breathe, and 
 that the glassy eyes can see -so true are they in coloring and features 
 to the fakirs that line the streets of Calcutta. Early in life these men- 
 dicants take up a cramped position and maintain it for years until their 
 joints have grown together and are absolutely incapable of motion. 
 
 There is a complete collection of the handiwork of the Indian armor- 
 ers targets, battle-axes, swords, and knives. Each nation of India has 
 its own peculiar fashion in arms and armor, and the styles are continu- 
 ally changing. In one corner is a curious old iron cannon which has a 
 remarkable breech. This gun is contemporaneous with the discovery 
 of America, and would present a most comical contrast alongside the 
 famous Krupp of 1893. It was made about the same time that Leon- 
 ardo da Vinci in Italy devised the principle of the breech-loader, but 
 his plans were never put into execution, so that the Indians antedate the 
 Europeans in the chief weapon of modern warfare by three or four cen- 
 turies. 
 
 Table tops, trays, boxes, plaques and paper-weights of marble inlaid 
 with semi-precious stones, such as lapis-lazuli, jasper and carnelian, are 
 arranged in the gallery. The exhibit of metal ware demonstrates the 
 immense superiority of hand work over the work of the best constructed 
 machines. Metal vessels take the place in India of the porcelain and 
 glassware used by the western nations. There are shown toilet sets, 
 vases, lampstands and smoking sets made for every-day use in India 
 which equal or surpass in design and execution the things which we 
 turn out for decorative purposes. 
 
 Engraved with Curious Figures. 
 
 The incrusted metal ware from Tanjore is the finest in the whole dis- 
 play. The metal ground is an alloy of copper, lead and tin, blackened 
 by being submitted to some chemical process. The metal is shaped in
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 503 
 
 a lathe, the pattern is graven upon it, and this is then inlaid with silver. 
 Trays, bowls, lampstands and other articles of domestic use are shown 
 in this incrusted ware engraved with mythologic figures. A diapered 
 leaf pattern in silver fills in the space between the designs and gives to 
 the whole a remarkably rich effect. 
 
 Tusks of ivory carved in intricate lace patterns are beautiful to behold, 
 but one can scarcely believe that the minute figures which can be seen 
 within the network have been carved through the interstices of the lace 
 work from the original tusk. The story of marvelous patience dumbly 
 told by these wonderful pieces of carving is almost pathetic. Each 
 lineament of the faces of the minute figures is distinct and clear. Each 
 piece of ivory is a picture story. A long-bladed paper-cutter, the entire 
 length of which is carved in delicate lace work, looks frail enough to 
 break at a touch, but is firm and unbending. 
 
 The whole floor of the India House is filled with dainty little tea 
 tables, with two or three chairs around each. There any one who has 
 a tired feeling can sit down and order a cup of tea, with cream and loaf 
 sugar to boot, without a cent to pay. 
 
 Hindoos in Native Dress. 
 
 These tea men themselves are an attraction, as they are natives of 
 India, of the servant or lowest caste, and are dressed in brilliant scarlet 
 robes, with gold embroidery. Still more interesting, however, are the 
 assistants of the exhibitor who occupies the upper floor of the building 
 with a most wonderful exhibit of the art manufactures of India. 
 Beginning at the bottom, socially, one of these is a Hindoostanee, of 
 the servant class, who is a convert to Christianity and bears the Christian 
 name of Sam. One of them is a Mohammedan from Bombay. Then 
 there is another, of the writing caste, from Benares, the Rome of India, 
 whose name is Rameshwar Dial. 
 
 Coming higher up there is a rajpoot of the warrior caste from Raj- 
 pootana, who is wrapped from head to foot in variegated silks and nurses 
 all the while an old rifle ten feet long that would probably burst the first 
 time it was fired. Then there are two others of the warrior caste, called 
 Khatrees, from the Punjaub or Five Rivers. Finally, there is nothing 
 less than a live Brahmin and Pundit from Delhi, said to be the only 
 Brahmin that ever came to America. His name is Gobindpurshad 
 Shookul, but he hardly expects you to call him by name. 
 
 In the British Guiana Court at the Fair, timber and other products of 
 that country are displayed on a scale and in a manner commensurate 
 with the importance of the natural resources of the country. There is
 
 504 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 
 
 a very creditable showing of manufactured articles, illustrative of the 
 suitability of some of the woods of British Guiana for cabinet making 
 and other useful purposes, and as much as possible is made of the gold 
 industry of this section of the world. Specimens of gold bearing quartz, 
 worked in various parts of the country, are shown in neat wooden cases, 
 and samples of raw gold and quartz rock are included in the Colonial 
 exhibit. Some handsomely carved panels three and one-half feet in 
 
 BRITISH GUIANA'S EXHIBIT. 
 
 width by nine feet in length were sent to show the working qualities of 
 the principal furniture woods. Among the articles is an interesting 
 model showing the Chinese style of charcoal kiln as used in charcoal 
 burning up the Demarara River, together with a model of the " rice 
 husker " worked by the Celestials who have colonized in that country. 
 
 An Arrawac Indian, whose face is not red but brown, but who has the 
 straight, coarse, black hair of the North American Indian, accompanies 
 the exhibit. Huts, such as the natives live in, show the household life 
 in this part of Victoria's domains. 
 
 The Cape Colonies. 
 
 The Cape Colonies of Africa made great efforts for a good represen- 
 tation at the Fair, and as their location and surroundings yield many 
 novel and strange things, their exhibits prove most interesting. Not the
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES. 505 
 
 least interesting is a collection of stuffed animals and birds. The skins 
 were prepared in New York for mounting. No fierce beasts are repre- 
 sented, as the exhibit shows only those animals which have been made 
 useful. The most curious group consists of two old ostriches and four 
 young ones. The young birds are most grotesque objects. They are 
 about as large as a full-sized chicken and look much as one of those 
 fowls would look after a bath in hot water. The two old ostriches are 
 remarkably large, their thighs being as big around as those of a man. 
 Three groups of the "fat-tailed " sheep are shown, two groups consist- 
 ing of male and female and the third of male and female and young. 
 
 The tails of these animals are remarkable, weighing from two to four 
 pounds each. A few of these sheep were imported by the Agricultural 
 Department and are doing well in the West. A remarkable animal 
 shown is the Cape goat. This is exactly like the great American ani- 
 mal, except in size. The African is four feet high and correspondingly 
 huge in other dimensions. An exceptionally fine Angora goat is in the 
 collection. Another handsome animal is a small gazelle. There are 
 more than 1 50 birds in one group. 
 
 The Island of Ceylon is also represented. The tea planters contrib- 
 uted about $500,000 for the Fair, and they make a big display with 
 their lakeside pavilion and tea house in the Agricultural Building. The 
 official pavilion at the lake is a reproduction in ebony, sandal and yak 
 woods of a famous Ceylon temple. The timbers, carved at the ends in 
 semblance of elephants or dragons' heads, are very heavy. The swarthy 
 figures of these rugged Ceylonese harmonize interestingly with the ma- 
 terials of which the pavilion is built. They match the ebony and the 
 yak wood.
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 Attractive Exhibits from Germany and Belgium. 
 
 NEVER since the first great World's Fair was opened in 
 London, nearly Haifa century ago, have the German people 
 taken so lively an interest in an affair of the kind as they 
 have exhibited in the Columbian Exposition. As a nation 
 they make displays in every department at the Fair, and in addition the 
 merchants and manufacturers make distinct exhibits that compare 
 favorably with those prepared by their business rivals of other European 
 countries. Germany's exhibit is the pride of all who claim allegiance 
 to that country or whose ancestors came from that political division of 
 Europe. The German Building overlooking Lake Michigan is the 
 showiest of all the foreign buildings. 
 
 - At the intersection of Columbia avenue and the main avenue running 
 east and west, in Manufactures Building, under the shadow of the clock 
 tower, which occupies the central spot in the largest building at the 
 grounds, Germany has made its exhibit of manufactured articles. The 
 pride of the German exhibit in the Hall of Manufactures and Liberal 
 Arts is the open court-yard fronting on Columbia avenue, where is 
 shown the handiwork of the German gold and silversmiths and the 
 porcelain art work, in which the artists of the German Empire excel 
 the workmen of all other countries. 
 
 Wonders in Wrought Iron. 
 
 Armbruster Bros., of Frankfort-on-the-Main, furnish for the exhibit 
 the beautiful wrought iron fence which separates this section of the 
 exhibit from Columbia avenue. The style of the work is highly 
 ornamental and the central one of the three gates is the largest piece of 
 wrought iron art work ever made. It stands forty feet high and is 
 twenty-two feet in width, and the gates alone weigh eighteen tons, 
 exclusive of the elaborate posts and surmounting top piece. The side 
 gates are 30 feet high and 15 feet wide, and each pair weighs thirteen 
 tons. The iron was hammered and wrought from crude bars entirely 
 by hand-work. The fence complete represents the work of 150 of the 
 firm's most skilled workmen for a total period of almost six months. 
 Fruit and flowers and delicate leaves have been hammered from the iron 
 506
 
 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 507 
 
 until they look to be the work of a skillful goldsmith, instead of the 
 brawny wielders of sledge hammers over huge anvils. 
 
 The central gate is the principal feature of this exhibit. Huge bars 
 extend from the top to the bottom, filled in between with delicate 
 tracery work, and the top and bottom are each marked by moldings in 
 keeping with the whole. Towering high above the top piece is a basket 
 of flowers, hammered out of iron, and looking as life-like, save for the 
 color, as would a basket of wax fruit or flowers. The total length of 
 the fence is 161 feet. After its completion it was set up both in Frank- 
 fort and Berlin, and the news of its excellence brought thousands to 
 view it. The Emperor himself paid it a visit and expressed his admira- 
 tion of its workmanship in unmeasured terms of praise. 
 
 By Jewelers of Baden. 
 
 Baden makes an exhibit at the north end of the inclosure. There are 
 three artistic iron gates, which serve as a background, the central one of 
 which stands twenty feet high, and has beneath its ornamental top piece 
 the word " Baden," wrought in iron. The work of the jewelers of 
 Baden is shown in cases directly in front of this. These gates are the 
 work of Bieler, of Offenburg, Baden. The Bavarian countries have con- 
 tributed three more ornamental wrought iron gates for the south end 
 of the inclosure. 
 
 The German exhibit covers three blocks of space, the first containing 
 the great iron gates and the Bavarian pavilion, fronting on Columbia 
 avenue, and the second and third to the west of the first. The Bavarian 
 Art Industry Society's exhibit is not entirely confined to the Bavarian 
 pavilion, but also occupies several elegant stalls on the east front of the 
 second block. These stalls, decorated and furnished in a char- 
 acteristic style, relate to different ages or phases of German life. Com- 
 mencing near the Bavarian pavilion, and walking north, one comes first 
 to a reception room, and then to a sitting-room. Then comes a German 
 hunters' room of the olden time, which is a real curiosity. Around the 
 walls at intervals are antlers and stuffed birds. In the center is a mas- 
 sive oaken table surrounded by leather-seated chairs. On the shelves 
 are quaint old beer-mugs and tankards. In a prominent place hangs the 
 hunter's brass horn, from which one almost expects to hear a blast as 
 he looks at it. In the bookcase are old books in parchment bindings, 
 that look as if they might have belonged to Martin Luther. 
 
 The finest of these rooms is the German renaissance dining-room. 
 The furniture consists of side-boards and cabinets, elaborately carved in 
 old oak, bronze busts, tall quaint old clocks, solid oak chairs and tables,
 
 508 
 
 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 
 
 curtains and tablecloths of green velvet, heavy with the richest gold em- 
 broidery, and wainscoting, of pressed and gilded leather. In the middle 
 stand a small table and a few seats. The whole resembles somewhat a 
 
 GERMANY S BUILDING. 
 
 scene in a church, and conveys a vivid idea of the old-time German 
 people and their ideas of splendor and luxury. 
 
 Old-Fashioned German Stoves. 
 
 Passing around the north end of this block, and walking south, a 
 person comes to some exhibits of wonderful interest and beauty. The 
 first is a collection of old-fashioned German wood stoves. This strange 
 article is made of earthenware or porcelain, as the case may be. Each 
 stove is ten or fifteen feet high, with folding doors to the grate, and 
 decorated in the highest style of art. One can only compare it to a 
 church-altar in pottery or porcelain. 
 
 Next comes an extensive exhibit of cooking ranges by H. Koloseus 
 of Aschaffenburg. They are 6 by 13 feet in size, faced all around with 
 beautiful tiling and mounted with polished steel and brass. Next to 
 them is a splendid display of bronzes by A. Stiibbe of Berlin. The 
 block ends with an exhibit of embossed and decorated leather by George 
 Hulbe of Berlin and Hamburg, to see which is worth a day's journey. 
 The articles include chairs, screens, shields, book-backs, waste-paper 
 boxes, and umbrella racks. The work is raised, colored, bronzed, 
 gilded, and figured, and many of the pieces are intended to be merely
 
 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 509 
 
 decorative. Of its richness and beauty no one can form the least idea 
 without seeing it. 
 
 An ox hide, tanned with the hair and horns, is hung on the wall to 
 indicate the material used ; and a German woman in attendance lets no 
 visitor escape without explaining to him that these forms of beauty are 
 not produced by any stamping process, but by laborious handwork. 
 She produces a piece that is not finished and shows how the figures are 
 cut into the leather with sharp instruments instead of being stamped in 
 with a die ; and yet on this leather surface are produced such designs 
 as the caravels of Columbus, and even a lilac bush in full bloom, with 
 coloring as fresh and perfect as if they had been painted on canvas. 
 
 In the Cutlery Booths. 
 
 The third block of the German exhibit contains more splendid exhibits 
 than both of the others put together. The first of these exhibits is that 
 of the great cutler, J. A. Henkel, at Solingen. Forty feet of upright 
 showcases, with plate-glass doors, are filled with his table, pocket, and 
 surgical cutlery. Lying down in the front of this showcase is a mag- 
 nificent pair of lady's scissors. The blades reflect everything about 
 them like mirrors, and the handles appear to be of gold exquisitely 
 chased. Crowds of ladies bend over them, and gaze wistfully at them ; 
 and yet they will probably never find a purchaser, as they are six feet 
 long and weigh 200 pounds. Other familiar articles of cutlery in the 
 same neighborhood are on the same immense scale. There are carving 
 knives and forks, of perfect finish in every way, that are four feet long, 
 and that would be a good load for a man ; and numerous butchers' knives 
 and kitchen knives are just as large. But all of them are as elegant in 
 every respect as those of smaller size. 
 
 The next exhibit is equally interesting for its intrinsic merit and on 
 account of the exhibiter, Prince Stolberg, who is one of the hunting 
 associates and boon companions of the German Emperor. The exhibit 
 consists of decorative ironwork from the Prince's immense works at 
 Ilsenberg, in the Hartz Mountains. The articles are antique shields, 
 breastplates, helmets, swords, battle axes, and spears, and then a line of 
 more peaceable articles, such as tables, screens, and cigar cases. 
 
 Picture made of Needles. 
 
 The next attraction is a needle exhibit by Funker Bros, of Sachen ; 
 mainly noticeable for a large picture of a steamer on a rough sea, all 
 done in needles, which are skillfully made to resemble the sheen of the 
 water. Next to that comes a display of perfumery and toilet soap by
 
 510 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 
 
 William Rieger of Frankfort. Then there is a rare exhibit of "hammered 
 copper goods by Peter Seitz of Munich, consisting of vases, chandeliers, 
 lanterns, crucifixes, champagne-coolers, and what not. Immense vases 
 four feet high and three feet wide, graceful in shape and elaborately 
 chased and decorated, are shown, which have been hammered out of a 
 single piece of copper at a cost of $500. 
 
 The next exhibit is that of the Gaggenan Iron works, the specialty 
 of which is a patent process for a permanent and artistic enameling of 
 iron. The articles exhibited include vases, consol-tables, card-tables, 
 decorative shields, flower-stands, alcohol lamps, match-safes, vases, ink- 
 stands and a whole line of kitchen and dining-room ware. These ar- 
 ticles are made of iron and yet exquisitely painted, so as to resemble 
 the finest earthenware. So handsome are some of the designs, and so 
 elegant the workmanship that one forgets that it is ironware. At the 
 immense works of the company, of which a large painting is displayed, 
 1,200 workmen are employed, while the work is protected by at least 
 loo patents. 
 
 To describe the work of the porcelain paintings is in itself a review of 
 Germany's best work in this line. The work which is in the nature of 
 a decoration for the artistic whole is the porcelain exhibit of the German 
 section. Not all the work is by Professor Kips, who painted the prin- 
 cipal one, but he superintended in person the work of arranging the ex- 
 hibit and the putting of the finishing touches to the labors of carpenters 
 and artists. 
 
 Painting of Porcelain Tiles. 
 
 The main painting on porcelain tiles is the object which attracts the 
 greatest amount of attention from the visitors once they have entered the 
 massive gates. It represents Germania among the great men who have 
 made names for themselves in the world's history through their excel- 
 lence in the various arts. The scene is laid on the River Rhine, the great 
 artery for commerce of inland Germany. In the middle foreground is 
 Father Rhine, who sits in a boat and holds an oar in his hands. To the 
 left is the figure of a woman to represent the River Mosel, one of the 
 principal tributaries to the Rhine. Commerce and agriculture are re- 
 presented by the figures of two ideal men, one bearing a wine cask and 
 the other a pair of oars. 
 
 The female figure Germania is the central figure in the whole picture. 
 The figure is of heroic size, and standing on a bank of fleecy clouds she 
 extends her hands in praise and benediction over the group of figures. 
 On her right hand are the female figures, art and industry. Above them
 
 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 511 
 
 are winged angels to represent the three principal divisions : Bavaria > 
 Prussia, and Baden. Among the figures of German celebrities are Gut- 
 enberg, who discovered the art of printing, and Gerhard von Riehl, the 
 architect of the lofty spires of the famous cathedral of Cologne, which 
 serves as a background for the completed picture. 
 
 The coloring of this work is the remarkable feature of it. The flesh 
 tints are almost human and the figure work is claimed by artists who 
 have viewed it to be a perfect masterpiece of the painters' art. Professor 
 Kips has seen personally to its mounting, and thanks to careful packing 
 it stood the passage from Germany unhurt by so much as a scratch. 
 
 A plaque of porcelain tile work flanks this big work on either side. 
 These represent the implements of medieval warfare bound together in 
 peaceful companionship by silken ribbons, the ends of which are held 
 by smiling cupids. 
 
 Curious Works of Art. 
 
 Four curiously twisted Saracen pillars of porcelain support the half 
 roof of the portico. These are works of art also, and there is still an- 
 other at either end of the portico as supports for the classic roof. The 
 main portion of this portico is of plaster of paris, imitating white marble. 
 Winding stairways with wrought iron balustrades lead up to this and 
 make a pretty foreground for the bronze fountain between the two. A 
 pretty feature of this porcelain exhibit are two small rooms immediately 
 behind the tile painting. One of these is a bath room with porcelain 
 tub, porcelain tiling, ceiling, and floor, all in pure white. The other 
 one is a dining room, furnished entirely in porcelain, and with the 
 table spread and set with the best examples of porcelain art work. 
 
 The alcove to the north has for a centerpiece a mirror with a curiously 
 wrought porcelain frame in delicate coloring. This is surmounted by a 
 porcelain plaque of Emperor Frederick. The corresponding room on 
 the south, similar in design, has, instead of the porcelain framed mirror, 
 a large porcelain mantelpiece. Two figures, male and female, almost 
 life-size, form the two sides of the mantel, and above them, and serving 
 as a keystone for the arch, is a medallion supported by cupids. There 
 are four porcelain plaques in the two rooms, representing spring, sum- 
 mer, autumn, and winter, and underneath each are silken curtains of 
 German manufacture. 
 
 Bavaria's Exhibit of Antiques. 
 
 An integral portion of the German pavilion is the smaller Bavarian 
 pavilion on the south front of the German space. This pavilion is
 
 512 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 
 
 crowded all the time. The reason is that even when seen from a dis- 
 tance it presents an appearance of splendor. The interior consists of 
 three rooms. They are designed as an exhibit of Professor Seidl's 
 artistic antiques, and for this purpose the east room is conceived as a 
 German dining-room of the renaissance period, the middle room as a 
 palatial presentation-room, and the east room as a royal boudoir. Every- 
 thing in them is in keeping with this idea, except the flooring, which, in 
 view of the incessant tramping of the multitude, is necessarily covered 
 with coarse matting. 
 
 The German dining-room is more curious than pleasing. The quaint 
 .paneled and variegated ceiling could hardly be called beautiful, and the 
 walls are draped in brown velvet tapestry, relieved at intervals by ver- 
 tical widths of light-colored cloth richly embroidered, the whole pro- 
 ducing an unpleasant gloom. On one side of the room is an immense 
 sideboard with glass doors, containing articles of glassware in rainbow 
 glass. On an antique centre-table is a jewelry-box of hammered iron 
 and a quaint beer tankard three feet high. Scattered around are chairs 
 and cabinets which 300 years ago were fit for kings. 
 
 Of Historic Interest. 
 
 On the west wall hangs a large shield of silver, copper and painted 
 enamel, presented to Prince Bismarck and loaned by him for this occa- 
 sion. On a center-table is a huge album bound in blue velvet and 
 trimmed with gold, which was presented to the Emperor William II. 
 by the City of Munich, and is filled with hundreds of autographs of its 
 leading citizens and officials. Alongside this, in an elaborate case, is a 
 field marshal's baton, presented to Von Moltke by the City of Coin. 
 These last three articles are in the presentation-room, however, only 
 temporarily. On one of the cabinets is an ornamented piece of bronze 
 and gold surmounted by a bust of William II., which is said to be a 
 prize that he took at a horse race. The inscription, translated, is : 
 " Emperor William II., the victor in the large army steeplechase at the 
 Hoppegarten, June 9, 1890." 
 
 But it is the royal boudoir that captivates every beholder. The room 
 is oval in form, and the ceiling, being unfinished, is covered with canvas. 
 The walls are hung with blue velvet, on which is embroidered by hand, 
 in pure gold, such a mass of designs in flowers and cereals that the cloth 
 is absolutely heavy with the precious metal. 
 
 The west wall is nearly taken up with a large mirror, which, accord- 
 ing to the state of the art at that period, is made up of forty smaller 
 mirrors. It is flanked by palm trees carved in wood and gilded. Similar
 
 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 
 
 513 
 
 mirrors, of half the size, adorn the ends of the room. These features 
 correspond with a broad, heavily modeled gilt frieze which encircles the 
 walls above the velvet tapestry. All are in the ornamental style of the 
 sixteenth century. 
 
 THE GERMANIA GROUP OF DECORATION. 
 
 The furniture was the property of Ludwig II., of Bavaria, and is now 
 owned by his brother and successor. It is loaned by the Prince Regent 
 Luitpold for Mr. Seidl's exhibit. It is taken from the Castle of Her- 
 renchiemsee, in the Bavarian Alps. It consists of a coronation chair, 
 two smaller chairs, four divans, two console tables and four candelabra. 
 33
 
 514 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 
 
 These articles are brilliant and beautiful in design, and are so richly 
 gilded that one can hardly doubt that they are solid gold. 
 
 Reproduction of the Reichstag. 
 
 The reproduction of the new German Reichstag forms a huge rec- 
 tangular square, from each corner of which rises a superbly propor- 
 tioned and richly ornamented tower. Surmounting these towers rises a 
 square dome of great beauty. The apex of this is modeled and built in 
 form of the most precious jewel of the German nation the imperial 
 crown. 
 
 Professor Reinhold Bega's magnificent group is exhibited in bronze 
 and not in plaster paris as originally intended. This group in itself is 
 one that would instantly command recognition no matter where placed. 
 Sitting man-fashion astride a powerful charger, armor-clad and of proud 
 mien, is Germania, the incarnation of a warrior maiden of heroic beauty. 
 In her right hand she holds aloft the eagle-crowned staff, draped with 
 the rich folds of the imperial German standard. In her left hand, 
 resting against her knee, she carries a round shield, emblazoned with 
 the war eagle. A deep nick in its edge gives it an unmistakable 
 significance. Her guard of honor is on one side a superbly modeled 
 young warrior with dignified and proud carriage, carrying his sword 
 and a branch of laurel in one hand, while with the other he grasps the 
 bridle of the horse. On the other side is the Goddess of Victory, a 
 graceful figure, who proclaims the glories of won battles through her 
 garland entwined trumpet. This group, which, when returned from 
 Chicago, will adorn the grand entrance of the new House of Parliament^ 
 ranks as one of the best productions of German sculpture. 
 
 Germany's Crown Jewels. 
 
 Millions of dollars' worth of jewels, belonging to the German Emperor 
 and Empress, and the military and civil celebrities of Germany, were 
 sent to Chicago for exhibition at the Fair. The jewels are literally 
 priceless. Aside from their intrinsic value, which is enormous, they 
 possess great historical value, and were they lost, money could not 
 replace them. They are the collection of many years, and are loaned 
 officially to the German exhibit at the Fair by the present Emperor 
 Besides the jewels of state, there are large quantities from firms and 
 private citizens. The ornaments are of gold and silver, studded with 
 diamonds and other precious gems. 
 
 The lot contains rare pieces that belonged to the country's rulers and 
 to its military heroes, Bismarck and Von Moltke. There are hundreds
 
 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 515 
 
 of pieces in the collection. There are magnificent gifts of honor that 
 have been presented to William II. Another item is a handsome 
 pitcher in gold and diamonds that was a wedding gift to the Emperor 
 from his people in the states along the Rhine. 
 
 One collection consists of eleven splendid gold and silver gifts to 
 William I. Another contains five pieces of rare and beautiful cups that 
 were presented to Frederick III. Other like gifts to the Grand Duke of 
 Baden and to Henry of Prussia, are to be seen. These were presenta- 
 tions of love and honor from German cities and states in all parts of the 
 empire. 
 
 There is also a large collection of magnificent race trophies and dona- 
 tions prizes to the Emperor for horse and water racing. Fifteen 
 handsome models in silver are seen. The exhibit also contains 
 numerous valuable medals that have at times been presented to Bis- 
 marck and Count von Moltke. Those of Bismarck's are eighteen in 
 number, and von Moltke' s number eight gifts. 
 
 Beautiful Textile Fabrics. 
 
 A very important part of the German exhibit is the textile showing. 
 This occupies twenty show-cases. The display made by Professor Her- 
 man Goetz, president of the Industrial Art Museum, is entirely of hand- 
 made goods. Some of the laces are very rare and worth a great deal of 
 money. There are pillow slips and shams and sofa pillows of most 
 artistic design and workmanship. 
 
 The individual efforts have been combined into exhibits which repre- 
 sent whole provinces. In one single display is grouped the choicest 
 fabrics from a score of mills, all put under the head of the town or pro- 
 vince which makes the display, and the only distinguishing marks to 
 tell from whose factory the goods came are the names ranged in a long 
 list beside one of the cases. 
 
 Crefeld, for example, makes a display of silk goods of every descrip- 
 tion. Dress goods and trimmings occupy cases alongside those given 
 over to a display of trimming silks, and adjoining this are seen goods 
 intended for umbrellas and parasols, for upholstery work, for neckwear, 
 and for the varied uses to which silk is put. One large window is given 
 over to a display of the manufacture of silk from the cocoon to the fin- 
 ished material, Fourteen firms have contributed to this display. 
 
 Products of Vineyards. 
 
 German wine growers and dealers made great preparations for a dis- 
 play at the Exposition. Two hundred and eighty exhibitors are regis-
 
 516 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 
 
 tered who send sixteen hundred different samples of wines grown in 
 Baden, Alsace, Hesse, the Rhine Provinces, Wurtemberg, under the 
 care of a representative committee of wine growers and dealers. A sum 
 of over twenty thousand dollars was subscribed, partly by the German 
 States and cities, with which a fine exhibition hall in German renaissance 
 was built on Midway Plaisance. On the walls are pictures of the 
 finest scenery in the wine growing districts of the Rhine and the 
 Mosel by artists of reputation from actual sketches made specially for 
 the Exposition. 
 
 Among the noteworthy views are the Germania memorial statue and 
 the Castle of Ehrenfels, while plaster reproductions of both heighten 
 the effect. Other pictures show the noteworthy objects of interest in 
 the wine growing districts of Baden, Alsace, and Wurtemberg. The 
 different methods of growing wine are represented, and the samples of 
 each kind are appropriately grouped and marked according to rules 
 intended to secure uniformity and effect. Maps show the exact posi- 
 tion of each district, and the building is lit by electricity and made 
 attractive both outwardly and inwardly. A good hand book describes 
 the qualities of German wines, and a restaurant supplies them, as well 
 as German national dishes. The French wine producers have followed 
 the example of their German rivals, and organized a collective exhibit. 
 
 To Delight the Children. 
 
 In the north front of the pavilion in Manufactures' Building is what 
 might be characterized as a children's heaven, consisting of a series of 
 exhibits of toys. The first is that of the Sonneberger Toy Factory of 
 Munich, which displays a Santa Claus wagon fifteen feet high, drawn by 
 a stuffed horse, with a stuffed St. Bernard dog trotting along by his side. 
 Piled high in this wagon, in picturesque confusion, are boys and girls 
 and everything imaginable that they delight in. A girl drives, and 
 Santa Claus is on the pinnacle of the load. The surrounding show- 
 cases contain articles enough to stock a large toy shop. 
 
 Among other things is a baby kitchen, valued at $200, but the most 
 admirable articles are a line of scientific toys arranged by the Bavarian 
 Industrial Museum at Nuremberg. Among them is every form of 
 steamship, steam engine, electrical machinery, and magic lantern, and 
 all of them finished as nicely as if they were full size. There are battle- 
 ships three feet long, perfect in every detail, with sailors, marines, and 
 guns, and no end of water craft of other kinds. These articles are won- 
 derfully cheap in Germany, a nice working stationary steam engine four 
 jnches high selling for less than 50 cents.
 
 518 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 
 
 Krupp's Big Gun. 
 
 Although the Krupp exhibit occupies a building by itself it is men- 
 tioned here as a part of what Germany shows at the Fair. The gun 
 and the car that brought it from Baltimore had a gross weight of 
 450,000 pounds, and all the bridges and culverts over which they passed 
 were strengthened to bear the unusual weight. 
 
 This gun is one of the two largest ever made. It was cast at the 
 famous works at Essen, Germany, and weighs 270,000 pounds. It is 
 47 feet long, 6 feet and 6 inches in diameter at its thickest part, has a 
 i6^-inch bore and is made of the finest steel at a cost of $80,000. The 
 shell used is made of forged steel. The range is sixteen miles, with ab- 
 solute accuracy and effect at a distance of twelve miles. The gun has 
 been fired between forty and fifty times and each time it costs $1,250 to 
 discharge it. The twelve-inch steel plates which were perforate'd at a 
 distance of four miles are exhibited with the gun in the Krupp building. 
 The two arms which rest on the carriage project two feet from either 
 side and are two feet thick. So perfectly is this great weight balanced 
 that when resting on these arms it stays in a horizontal position. To 
 move its position hydraulic pressure is used. 
 
 When Krupp sells a big gun the hoisting apparatus goes with it and 
 is included in the price. The work of rigging this is the heavy task, 
 for the gun can be lifted on the car and placed on the carriage in half 
 an hour after the chains are in position. The test which was made with 
 the chains for the gun at Baltimore showed a lifting power of 1 50 tons. 
 It is the heaviest piece of freight ever handled and it was brought 
 through without a hitch, the only difficulty encountered being that the 
 journals got hot very easily and had to be greased very often. Fresh 
 brasses for the boxes were carried along in case of accident, but they 
 were not used. 
 
 The Kaiser's Protective Measures. 
 
 The protective measures invented by Emperor William of Germany 
 and now in force among millions of workingmen in Germany are placed 
 before American workingmen at the World's Fair. These protective 
 measures are based on the insurance principle, and workingmen pro- 
 tected by them are insured against accidents, sickness, invalidity, and 
 old age. 
 
 With the view of making its work known to American workingmen 
 the Imperial Insurance Department prepared for the World's Fair a con- 
 cise summary showing what benefits accrue to workingmen who become
 
 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 519 
 
 members of this peculiar social political organization. This summary, 
 being the only work of the kind at the Exposition, attracts attention. 
 On large wall maps are shown statistics of the extent, costs, and mode 
 of operation of the various branches of workingmen's insurance, and in 
 addition there are abstracts of results up to the present time and interest- 
 ing calculations based on averages, showing what inferences may be 
 fairly drawn, as to the value of the system and its benefit to working- 
 men in general. 
 
 Marvels of Art and Industry from Belgium. 
 
 Walking southward along Columbia avenue every exhibiter, from the 
 Japanese to the French, seems ambitious to make the finest display of 
 pottery. One would expect, therefore, that there would be a sameness 
 and that pottery would become a bore, but it is not so. Every country 
 has its own pottery and the pottery has its own admirers. This is true 
 of the Belgium exhibit also, where the visitor feels at once that he has 
 struck an entirely different artistic atmosphere. 
 
 The articles exhibited are somewhat different from those found in 
 other pottery exhibits. There are vases, urns, dinner ware, plaques, 
 and tiles, as in other exhibits, but there are also bird cages, candelabra, 
 mantels, and clocks. The plaques are different in style from others. 
 Many of them are of fancy outline, with loops for hanging them by. 
 Some are framed with wood or with crimson plush. Then there is a 
 large line of plaques in the shape of immense platters, from three to 
 four feet in diameter, designed for mural decorations. 
 
 Some of the most attractive articles are displayed on a three-shelved 
 table near the entrance. Here are two porcelain bird-cages that look 
 as if they might be sent from Paradise. Here also are, at each end, two 
 immense vases four and a half feet high in Delft. Elsewhere are splen- 
 did plaques painted after the old masters. Most of the decorations on 
 this table are Delft and some in black Delft, but there are also some 
 fine specimens of polychrome. 
 
 Handsome Blue Delft Ware. 
 
 In the matter of color this exhibit contains a large proportion of pot- 
 tery in the old Delft blue style. This ware, which at first view has an 
 appearance of excessive plainness, improves on a close acquaintance and 
 turns out to be conceived and executed in the highest art. It always 
 includes a pleasing or instructive picture, which may be a landscape, or 
 a domestic scene, or a likeness of one of the girls employed in making 
 it. Everything about it is realistic, domestic, and homelike, and it is
 
 520 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 
 
 found an agreeable relaxation from the somewhat tawdry ornamentation 
 of other schools. In fact, this Flemish feeling pervades more or less 
 the entire exhibit. 
 
 The most novel portion of this exhibit is a table filled with articles 
 partly in Chinese and Arabic styles and partly in old Persian styles, 
 taken from pieces from the Kensington Museum. After one has been 
 sated and almost wearied with the richness of Austrian and French pot- 
 tery, and felt that there could be nothing that he had not seen, it is de- 
 lightful to come upon this exhibit and behold a totally new style of art^ 
 just as beautiful, but as different as if it had been conceived on a 
 different planet. It will be observed, however, that in this unique ware 
 the coloring is softened in tone and improved in artistic effect. 
 
 To show the care with which this exhibit was prepared it should be 
 said that tables, their distance apart, their relative positions, their con- 
 tents and the arrangement of their contents were all decided upon in 
 Belgium. Every table and piece was then numbered, so that the 
 arrangement was exactly reproduced here. 
 
 Bronzes from Brussels. 
 
 Nothing in the Belgium exhibit is more curious, interesting and 
 beautiful than a group of bronzes placed near the main entrance. It 
 comes from the foundry of the Societe Anonyme at Brussels. The large 
 pieces consist of a vase eight feet high, a life-size statue of Leonidas 
 at Thermopylae, and a piece five feet high consisting of a beautiful 
 female figure with three or four Cupids clambering over it, called 
 " Innocence Tormented by Love." The smaller pieces consist of wreaths 
 of flowers of the most delicate and intricate moulding imaginable. 
 There is probably nothing in the Exposition more thoroughly artistic 
 than this exhibit. 
 
 The chief interest in these bronzes, however, arises from the process 
 by which they are made, called " the lost wax process," known to have 
 been in use by the sculptors and foundries of antiquity, but long since 
 and for many centuries lost and unknown. Of late years it has been, as 
 is supposed, rediscovered, and is now in constant use at the foundry of 
 the Societe Anonyme. The process in ordinary use, called the sand 
 process, gives better results in some kinds of castings ; but where 
 delicate outlines and shapes are desired nothing is comparable to the 
 lost wax process. 
 
 Rich Display of Laces. 
 
 Belgium is famous for its laces and its lace-makers, who have their 
 headquarters at Brussels. The ladies expect, therefore, a grand display
 
 ATTRACTIVE EXHIBITS FROM GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 521 
 
 of laces in the Belgium exhibit, and they are not disappointed. Three 
 or four of the leading manufacturers of Brussels have booths, in which 
 everything in this line that is rare, costly and bewitching may be seen. 
 The pieces exhibited, some large and some small, are so much finer and 
 more beautiful than are ordinarily seen that they might be regarded as 
 the apotheosis of lace. No designs were ever so rich and varied, and 
 no lace was ever so airy, gossamer-like and divine. They look like 
 phantasm in thread or a dream in meshes. 
 
 Mr. St. Martin, who has one of these displays in charge, gave some 
 interesting facts with reference to lacemaking in Belgium. Most people 
 will be surprised to learn that the gorgeous fabrics are not made in a 
 factory, but by the farm women, scattered all over Belgium, at their own 
 homes. Every great lace merchant has a factory with perhaps twenty- 
 five women operators, who fill special orders, and who join and group 
 the work of others ; but it has about 500 farm girls who work for it and 
 make the great bulk of the lace. These poor girls milk the cows or till 
 the fields from morning to night, and then make a little patch of lace 
 before they go to bed. 
 
 Made in the Farm Houses. 
 
 The Brussels manufacturer furnishes them with designs and with the 
 thread and they do the rest, mostly with the needle. Agents of the 
 house travel through the country all the time, giving out and taking up 
 work. The amount of lace that one of these girls can make in an even- 
 ing, after the milking, without interfering with sparking, varies, accord- 
 ing to the character of the design, from one square inch to four square 
 inches, and her earnings generally amount to from 15 to 20 cents. 
 Those who work all day in the factories at Brussels earn about $i a day. 
 It is a singular thing that they never complete a whole pattern. Each 
 girl makes a little patch of a design and all the patches are taken to the 
 factory in Brussels, where they are put together so deftly that no one 
 can ever discover the joinings. 
 
 One wonders, of course, how girls who have to toil on farms ever 
 learn such a difficult and artistic style of work ; and the answer is that 
 the skill has become traditional. Certain families for centuries, perhaps, 
 have devoted themselves to the making of a certain kind of lace, and 
 the secret and the skill of the trade are handed down from mother 
 to daughter. The ladies, if there are any, who cannot enjoy birds on 
 their bonnets, because of the cruelty inflicted, would have a holy horror 
 of a piece of lace if they could only realize the grinding, poorly-remun- 
 erated toil of women which every inch of it represents.
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 Art and Industries of France. 
 
 THE French exhibit in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Build- 
 ing looms up imposingly. The pavilion or inclosure of the 
 French exhibit, itself a brilliant exhibition of French taste, 
 was designed by M. Dubuisson, a Parisian architect, and con- 
 sists exteriorly of a wall twenty- five feet high, with an arched main en- 
 trance sixty feet wide and sixty feet high, in the Grseco-French style of 
 architecture, and built of "staff." The fa$ade is composed of a broad 
 frieze and cornice, enriched with shields, monograms, lions' heads, fes- 
 toons and cornucopiae, and large tablets of variegated stone inscribed 
 with the word " France," the whole being supported at intervals of 
 twenty feet with square pillars. The upper angles of the open spaces 
 are filled in with large stooping caryatides. In front of the frieze, at 
 intervals corresponding with the pillars, are free-standing small round 
 columns, topped off with red flagstaff's bearing tricolored bannerets. 
 
 Unlike the German pavilion, that of France does not emphasize in 
 any way the angle of its section, but lops it off squarely instead of 
 quarter-circling it in as the Germans did theirs with fine effect. The 
 main entrance of the French pavilion is near the center of the west 
 front on Columbian avenue and consists of a lofty arch flanked with 
 monumental square pillars and treated with exquisite beauty as a niche. 
 Within the arch is a half dome of yellow transparent stuff, with panels 
 figured in gold. Below the dome on either side is a large and beautiful 
 mural painting and in the center a lofty Grecian doorway. 
 
 Spacious and Beautiful Palace. 
 
 The French pavilion, like the German pavilion, has several covered 
 and connecting apartments, but this feature is carried much farther in 
 the French pavilion than in any other, and is one of its chief attractions. 
 After passing through the great main entrance the visitor feels that he 
 is in a vast palace, and walking through one after another of its rich 
 and varied salons. One very side he sees enriched doorways, gorgeous 
 mural paintings, decorated friezes and deeply molded cornices, and over- 
 head beautiful semi-transparent vellum ceilings, some with broad borders 
 and centerpieces of lace, some paneled with vellum of different shades, 
 522
 
 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 523 
 
 some striped with pale blue and white, some as level as a floor, and 
 some drawn up in the center like a canopy in fairyland. In the eastern 
 half of the section the space is taken up with booths, as in other na- 
 tional pavilions, but all designed with exquisite taste, and filled with mag- 
 nificent exhibits. 
 
 " La France Republicaine " is a group of statuary ordered by the 
 French government to adorn the center of the pavilion. The group 
 represents a heroic statue of " La France " seated. On the body is the 
 cuirass of the French cavalry. The right arm is majestically held on 
 high, while the left arm rests upon the Table of the Rights of Man, 
 against which the hand presses a naked sword. A large scarf encircles 
 the waist and is knotted at one side. Above the erect and noble head, 
 resting on the bands of hair, is a diadem. This is formed of three fig- 
 ures symbolic of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. The figure of La 
 France is supplemented by that of the French chanticleer, standing in 
 an attitude such as cocks assume when issuing triumphant crows. 
 
 Many Marvels in Bronze. 
 
 There is a forest of bronze work in several apartments of this ex- 
 hibit. In one is a cabinet in renaissance style ; the wood is ebony, and 
 the decorations are of chased bronze. It is intended to contain whatever 
 the possessor may have to put into it. Most likely it would be used in 
 this country for silverware, or for wine decanters. The doors are of 
 plate glass, and the entire cabinet stands ten feet high. The value 
 placed on this is $5,000. As it appears in this exhibit it is filled with 
 solid silver wine sets and a mulberry dish of solid silver repousse work, 
 valued at $1,000. The work on the latter is so delicate that it required 
 a year to do it. 
 
 The candelabra, chandeliers, hall figures, vases, clocks, busts, statuary, 
 and an endless accumulation of ornamentations are here in bronze, and 
 some of it is so exquisite as to defy the investigation of any one but an 
 expert. There is a bronze banquet set, the jardiniere and candelabra 
 alone being worth $700. A chandelier, Louis XVI. pattern, contains 
 sixty candles and three lamps ; a casket for jewelry, in bronze and gilt 
 enamel, with satin lining, is valued at $420. A bronze figure of Charles 
 V, of Spain, copied from the original in Madrid, with armor adjustable, 
 is a striking figure. A souvenir bronze, on which are colors of France 
 and the United States blended, hangs near a bronze relief of Washington 
 and Lafayette. 
 
 Two great figures with horns of abundance out of which spring chan- 
 deliers for electric or gas lights are valued at $10,000. These figures
 
 524 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 
 
 are copies of statues by Carrier Belleuse, the celebrated French sculptor. 
 Other figures are from the work of Barye. A cabinet made of ebony 
 and bronze, with enamel of Limoges, France, the figures being Grecian, 
 has a secret spring and a labyrinth of drawers. The value of this is 
 $20,000. A bronze Caesar Augustus copied from the original in the 
 Vatican, shown at the Paris Exposition, challenges the passer at the 
 southwest corner of the exhibit. 
 
 The First Napoleon. 
 
 There are medalions in bronze and busts of the First Napoleon, but 
 not one anywhere of Napoleon the Little. A striking figure is " Na- 
 poleon's Last Days." He is in a great chair with a robe falling from his 
 neck and shoulders. The head is set as it is said to have been always 
 in his life, but the expression is one of despair a lost something and 
 across the knees a map of Europe, with one hand resting on France. 
 
 Across the way are marble busts of Napoleon when he was First Con- 
 sul, when he was a General, when he was Emperor, and other figures of 
 him who did so much for the glory of France, a copy of Houdon's Vol- 
 taire, and Franklin and Washington. Bronzes of Shakespeare and Mil- 
 ton, copies from the work of Carrier Belleuse, and bronzes of the four 
 seasons ; of Mars and Minerva ; Le Joug, by Pepim ; Diana's Victory ; 
 Carmen, by Pinedo ; a Napoleon, by Pinedo ; Aida, copied from Leroux, 
 in bronze, sitting on the head of the Sphinx, the latter a .great bronze, 
 are also shown. 
 
 One might spend a day on these two corners and never feel that one 
 had lost the time. There is an expression in all the work, almost as 
 striking as some of those which are seen on the canvases at the Art 
 Gallery. 
 
 Gustave Dore"'s Wonderful Vase. 
 
 Probably nothing in the section wins so great admiration as the huge 
 bronze vase that bears the well-known straggling signature of Gustave 
 Dore. 
 
 The vessel is six or seven feet in height, and with its pedestal stands 
 fifteen feet from the floor. Not in many instances did the master desert 
 the brush for the chisel, but those familiar with his paintings will find 
 but little difficulty in recognizing his bold style, with its inevitable ten- 
 dency to the fantastic. From top to base the vase is covered with fig- 
 ures and leafage in high relief. 
 
 The figures form a Bacchic procession of satyrs, fauns, and nymphs, 
 wreathed in vine leaves, which are also woven around the base of the
 
 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 525 
 
 vase. The wonderful originality of pose and the power with which the 
 figures are executed renders the vase a work of art of the first rank. 
 
 Just inside the main entrance is a room filled with Sevres pottery. 
 In a light softened by admirable judgment the deep azure and gold so 
 favored of potters in the famed French potteries is seen at its best. 
 The centerpiece in the room is a stand on which are placed a gradation 
 of priceless vases rising to a pinnacle on which is placed a shapely 
 vessel of purest white. In cases around the walls are set other vases, the 
 gems of the collection being a pair of rich blue vases some four feet in 
 height, occupying pedestals at either end of the room. 
 
 Marvelous tapestries deck the walls, the workmanship being so fine 
 that at a short distance the woven pictures possess all the smoothness 
 of an oil painting. A tapestry of " Cupid and Psyche," in an inner 
 room, is especially commendable. 
 
 There are multitudes of bronzes in the section only less worthy of 
 mention than Dore's masterpiece. A striking piece of work is the 
 figure of a dancing girl entitled " La Zingara." The pose of the figure, 
 with its uplifted arms, is natural and graceful to a degree. The draperies 
 seem to float in their airy lightness and the whole conception of the 
 swiftly moving figure is carried out to perfection. 
 
 Flying Figures in Bronze. 
 
 A large bronze design for a fountain, credited to J. P. V. Andri, is a 
 reproduction of the well-known figure of old Nile, while the same artist 
 is responsible for an admirable nude in the same material. A bronze 
 full of life is A. Jacquemart's huntsman, with two hounds in a leash. 
 The figure, with its muscles straining to control the impatient beasts, 
 contains movement and vivacity in a high degree. 
 
 There is a considerable display of smaller bronzes for mantel orna- 
 ments, some of which are works of art of considerable merit. One 
 Tassel contributes a representation of a foot race which might well have 
 been carried out on a larger and more pretentious scale. The work 
 contains four figures, straining towards a goal, their attitudes and the 
 expression on their faces being alike accurately representative of intense 
 exertion. A battle piece, which is labeled as having received the gold 
 medal of the Paris Exhibition, is an elaborate work containing many 
 figures, some of them exceedingly clever in their execution. 
 
 There is a multitude of minor objects' of bric-a-brac possessing all the 
 characteristics never dissociable from the work of French designers. 
 No nation possesses in the same degree the facility of producing a vast 
 effect with small effort, and in no way is the power better illustrated
 
 526 
 
 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 
 
 than in the matter of house decoration. The national characteristic is 
 shown in its fullest degree in the French section of the Manufactures 
 Building. 
 
 There is a large case filled with a dazzling exhibit of precious stones, 
 which the veracious guards value all the way from $1,000,000 to 
 $2,000,000. Here is a display such as few people have beheld. There 
 are coronets ablaze with diamonds, fit for a king's ransom ; necklaces of 
 
 STATUE OF A GREAT NORMAN DRAUGHT HORSE. 
 
 whitest pearls, great stars and headpieces in diamonds, pearls, emeralds, 
 and other gems. Among them is a necklace said to have been sold to 
 a New York banker for $120,000. 
 
 Choice Specimens of Silverware. 
 
 One booth contains an exhibit of art as it has been applied to silver- 
 ware, almost exclusively. The manager in charge informs you that the 
 trade-mark or Christofle on such work as he shows you is a guaranty 
 that it is beyond competition and the latest in designs. This may be so 
 and it may not ; but it can be truthfully stated that the work in the 
 booth now being considered is worthy of a place in any Exposition. 
 The designers employed are instructed to follow nature as closely as 
 practicable. After acceptances of the designs the article to be turned 
 out is invariably made by hand. The French claim that they are the 
 only nation that does this in fine work. The manager of this booth 
 said that American workmen are artistic as any, but that they make 
 such articles as he showed by die and mold. With the French it is
 
 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 527 
 
 done by working from the inside of the article. The figure on the 
 surface of any article in this exhibit has been pressed into its prominence 
 from the opposite side. 
 
 A toilet set of twenty pieces, including candelabra, also of sterling 
 silver, is valued at $6,000. The smallest article in this set has been 
 hammered and resembles some article of nature. Near by are three 
 pieces >a coffee, creamer, and sugar bowl with silver and gold enamel- 
 ing, which are quoted at $2,300. There is another of plain sterling silver, 
 dull finish, consisting of a coffee, tea, hot water pitcher, creamer, and 
 two trays, tagged for $2,600. A French plate mirror in a fantastically 
 wrought silver frame, accompanied with three candelabra, renaissance 
 style, would be shipped to the address of the purchaser for the sum 
 of $600. 
 
 Elegant Furniture. 
 
 An elaborate exhibit in this room is a banquet table consisting of 
 thirteen pieces, the jardiniere of sold silver, with a May party of children 
 in relief. The stands for confections and fruits and the other articles are 
 of the same design. The value of this set is $5,800. Another set of 
 fewer pieces is more costly, $6,000 being the figure. The information 
 was delicately given that President Palmer of the National Commission 
 has an option on this. A stand for grapes is made of three silver grape 
 leaves, and the trays to go with the same are modeled after lotus leaves 
 and are of delicate workmanship. One class of labor is employed to do 
 this, and as the work requires artistic ability and time the articles men- 
 tioned are found only on the tables of those who revel in the luxuries oflife. 
 
 A set of three pieces, a clock and candelabra, are valued at $2,020. 
 The work is gold and silver cloissonne or enamel. Two corner cabinets 
 of old oak cloissonne work, are seeking a purchaser at $6,000. These 
 cabinets are receptacles for silverware. The enameling is of sterling 
 silver, cobalt, and gold. This enameling is put into the wood piece- 
 meal by hand and alone represents the work of a year. 
 
 Costly Jewel Cabinet. 
 
 Gorgeous is the good old American word to use in a description of a 
 renaissance jewel cabinet made of ebony, enameled with solid silver and 
 gold and surmounted by a marble globe around which is a gold vine as 
 fragile in appearance as the tracery of frost work. The interior of this 
 cabinet is finished in ivory, and contains a number of drawers for such 
 articles of value as the possessor of such an article is presumed to own. 
 In the center of these drawers is an intricately enameled setting which 
 looks as if it might be a tablet. By touching a secret spring it opens,
 
 528 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 
 
 and there is exposed to view a steel-lined safe in which diamonds and 
 other valuable jewels may be stored, and on closing fhe door the case, 
 so far as this steel receptacle is concerned, is supposed to be burglar- 
 proof. On the door of the safe is an enamel head of Wisdom, and above 
 it the inscription: " Here is the God of Love," rather a delicate way of 
 saying that the god abides only where wealth abounds. Two lampstands 
 in repousse work, with sterling gold and gilt finish, go with the cabinet, 
 and the total value is put down at $25,000. 
 
 Cabinets of silver cutlery, designs severely plain, are at every corner. 
 A tea urn in silver, with gold leaf ornamentation, is on a conspicuous 
 corner and is marked to sell at $4,900. Of course it is roomy and would 
 hold enough tea for all the guests of a World's Fair hotel. Two lamps, 
 chiseled by hand, of solid silver and gold, are quoted at $250 each. A 
 silver watch containing an alarm, for the use of travelers more particu- 
 larly, contains an instrument which wakes you up at the hour designated 
 by a sound resembling that which a grasshopper is supposed to make 
 which ought to make it popular with Kansas people. This watch is 
 valued at $30. All the figures in this exhibit are made by hand and 
 from designs furnished by artists of repute in France. 
 
 Exhibit of the French Government. 
 
 There is a government room which contains the national display. 
 The French government owns three industries, the manufacture of china- 
 ware at Sevres and of tapestry at Gobelin and Beauvais. In the center 
 of the room is a pyramid of beautiful vases, the product of Sevres. 
 
 On the south wall hangs one of the 7 marvels of art, a Beauvais tapestry 
 about 12 by 20 feet in size. Its title is, " The Fairies' Godchild." It 
 shows an infant on a couch, surrounded by fairy godmothers, who are 
 bestowing their various gracious gifts. At the left, retreating from the 
 happy scene, is a hag, one of the forbidding fates. The figures and the 
 draperies are richly colored, but the hues are finely blended. This 
 tapestry is said to have been fifteen years in process of making, and it is 
 valued at $120,000. On the opposite wall is a Gobelin of similar size, a 
 classical picture of the meeting of the mythological figures representa- 
 tive of the arts and sciences. It is in somewhat soberer hues from a 
 painting by Ehrmann, and is intended for the National library of France. 
 The other walls are hung with smaller tapestries, and cabinets are filled 
 with small pieces of Sevres. 
 
 Silks from Lyons. 
 .Silk and Lyons are synonymous. It is always common to think of
 
 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 529 
 
 Lyons whenever silks are mentioned, and the display that city has in the 
 French section makes its silk industries even more famous than they 
 were before. The Lyons silk exhibit is a collective one, as is the entire 
 scheme of the French section of the Manufactures Building. More than 
 thirty manufacturers of Lyons are represented in the collection, which 
 contains all sorts of tissues and fabrics, ranging in price from 10 cents to 
 ,$100 per yard. 
 
 The silk salon, as the section is called which contains exclusively silk 
 textiles, has displayed in it the products of forty-three factories, each 
 forming a portion of the general design of the exhibit. Besides this 
 array of manufactured goods, there are six spinners, a number of silk- 
 throwers, and other employes, who demonstrate the manufacturing pro- 
 cesses of the silk industry. The windows of the silk salon have a facade 
 of 55 feet, and the entire exhibit strives to outdo those from other 
 countries where silk is made. 
 
 Rich Display of Feminine Finery. 
 
 Beginning at the south end of the pavilion on Columbian Avenue, 
 the first exhibit is a gorgeous display of ladies' costumes. All the 
 costumes are exhibited on artistic wax figures, many of which are fac- 
 similes of noted women. Blossier exhibits life-like representations of 
 Adelina Patti and Sarah Bernhardt by their express permission and 
 wearing their favorite costumes. 
 
 The display of Sara Meyer runs back under the gallery, and the fact 
 that there is no daylight there is taken advantage of for the construction 
 of a brilliant and characteristic scene similar to that of Blossier. This 
 is a Parisian salon, by electric light, containing in wax a bride, her 
 bridemaids, and her family at the moment of leaving the home for the 
 church to be married. As the scene has been photographed, it is pos- 
 sible to say with certainty that it is a most happy conception. The 
 occasion portrayed is one of undying interest, the wax figures them- 
 selves afford a singular opportunity to picture expression, and the cos- 
 tumes of the bride and bridemaids give unlimited scope to the milliner's 
 art. It takes several Columbian Guards to keep open the passageway 
 in front of the fascinating tableau. 
 
 Passing farther along the west front one sees next a display of brushes, 
 fans, and innumerable other articles of the toilet, and next to that an 
 exhibit of perfumery in packages of Louis XV. style. Here the exhibi- 
 ter dispenses gratuitously to appreciative lady visitors samples of his 
 choicest perfumes. Then comes the main entrance, and if one turns in 
 there he is soon ushered into a lofty salon about forty feet square, in 
 34
 
 530 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 
 
 which are exhibited the world-famed Gobelin tapestry and Sevres china- 
 ware, manufactured only by the French Government, and never offered 
 for sale. People with a fancy for the very top notch find here enough 
 of what is rich and rare to fill their eyes and imagination for a whole 
 day. The rest of the west front and the entire north front are devoted 
 to a dazzling and almost endless display of house furnishings. 
 
 Artistic Drapery Room. 
 
 Furniture is displayed in one of the main rooms in great cases repre- 
 senting rooms in a fashionable French house. The drawing-room is 
 hung in costly tapestries, and the chairs and tables are made in the deli- 
 cate fashion with which only the French are perfectly familiar. Mirrors, 
 gorgeously framed in gilded bronze, inlaid tables with delicately carved 
 legs, and costly bric-a-brac complete the decoration of this apartment. 
 A dining-room, beautifully decorated, furnished in heavy mahogany, 
 upholstered with tapestry, adjoins the drawing-room. A library and a 
 bedroom, which are extremely French and extremely artistic, a com- 
 plete suite of rooms in which the best furnishings that France can pro- 
 duce are shown. Great booths bearing the magic name of Bon Marche 
 attract visitors who know something of that Parisian house. 
 
 Of less importance, but scarcely less pleasing, are the bronze trifles 
 which French people know how to make and how to use with good 
 effect in their houses. Standards to lamps, candlesticks, more ambitious 
 candelabra, urns, clocks, and even table bells are among them. The 
 designs vary, but are nearly all classical, embracing the usual goddesses, 
 cupids, fauns, and satyrs. A lamp designed especially for electric light 
 is striking, because it is in a great measure unique. It is a figure of 
 " Spring " holding aloft a garland of flowers, in the calyxes of which the 
 bulbs are concealed. Another well-known group that has been adapted 
 to the purposes of electric lighting is that of the three cherubs racing. 
 This is exquisite in old bronze, each figure holding in outstretched 
 hands incandescent globes. 
 
 Exquisite Porcelain. 
 
 After the bronzes the most complete exhibit is the ceramic and glass- 
 ware. This is placed in the extreme southern end of the French section, 
 where they occupy considerable space. The most valuable as well as 
 the most beautiful portion of the exhibit is of course that devoted to 
 Sevres porcelain. Exquisite lamps decorated with delicate figures and 
 garlanded with roses and laughing Cupids are placed there for the envy 
 and admiration of American visitors. Vases and clocks, tiny little bon-
 
 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 531 
 
 bon dishes, and rose jars are beside them. It is a remarkable fact that 
 two of the most striking and largest vases in the entire collection are 
 decorated by Mme. Apoil, who is considered one of the first artists in 
 France in this work. On one vase are scenes representing the life of the 
 spring and summer seasons and on the other that of autumn and win- 
 ter. Both are beautifully mounted in gilded bronze and they are valued 
 at $4,500. 
 
 The Haviland exhibit: is large and comprehensive, including, besides 
 dinner sets and tea sets decorated with their familiar flower design, ex- 
 quisite art pieces in the shape of after-dinner coffee cups and dessert 
 plates, the designs of which resemble more than anything else that of 
 the old Sevres. Seven and eight dollars is a moderate price for these 
 trifles, especially as compared with those that must be paid for corres- 
 ponding articles of Limoges. This is in every respect a remarkable 
 exhibit, containing all the usual ai tides with which importers of French 
 porcelain have made Americans familiar, and many beside very seldom 
 seen outside the confines of Paris. 
 
 Samples of Bookbinders' Skill. 
 
 One of the richest exhibits in the French section are the superb spe- 
 cimens of artistic binding. But one French binder sent an exhibit, 
 but it goes far to show what France can do in this direction. Over a 
 score of high-priced volumes are displayed. These include F. de La- 
 mennais' " Imitation de Jesus Christ," an in-quarto of 102 pages, all dif- 
 ferently decorated, and containing four large paintings reproduced in 
 gold and colors after the finest manuscripts from the thirteenth to the 
 sixteenth centuries. This edition is exceedingly rare, and is bound in 
 cuir cisele. It is marked 4,780 francs, or nearly $ 1,000. The composi- 
 tion is in the style of the Renaissance, and all the ciselure is of most 
 beautiful execution : in fact, this work is considered by amateurs as the 
 most remarkable specimen of the reconstitution of cuirs ciseles that 
 Leon Gruel has ever brought out, and is a masterpiece of reproduction 
 from illuminated manuscripts of centuries gone by. An infant Jesus 
 adored by the angels forms the centerpiece of the first cover and sym- 
 bolical figures of the four evangelists occupy the corners. 
 
 Four thousand dollars is the price attached to one volume, the ori- 
 ginal manuscript of De Lamennais' "Imitation." This valuable manu- 
 script is composed of 100 pages on vellum, with four large composi- 
 tions and a series of miniatures inspired by some of the finest manu- 
 scripts of the middle ages and by renaissance, with varied borders exe- 
 cuted by two celebrated miniaturists, E. Moreau and G. Ledoux.
 
 532 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 
 
 Among the remainder of this display of bookbinding is a prayer book, 
 a bibliographical curiosity. The work is all done on silk after illumin- 
 ated manuscripts of the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 
 This book is particularly remarkable from the fact that it is the first of 
 its kind that has ever been made. The rich borders, the miniatures, the 
 gothic letters, the ends of the lines, are all executed in perfect style on 
 silk. The volume itself is gothic and was made in Lyons in 1886. 
 
 Striking Photographs. 
 
 The section of photography in the French liberal arts attracts unusual 
 attention. The French Government has taken an unusual amount of 
 interest in this section, and Col. Laussedat, who is known in France as 
 the father of photogrametry, has loaned some of its most valuable and 
 curious instruments pertaining to that art. The director of the National 
 Conservatory of Arts and Trades of Paris also sent several specimens of 
 his latest instruments employed in photogrametry. A panoramic appa- 
 ratus is also displayed. It comes from the Department of War, and 
 was sent over by Commandant Moessard. Some fine views of Mont 
 Blanc are to be seen, and of the observatory which has been built at the 
 top of it. M. Vallot, director of Mont Blanc Observatory, sent his tele- 
 photography, which permits of a picture being taken at a distance of 
 from forty to forty-five miles. 
 
 Some of the latest discoveries in the art of photography of colors as 
 obtained by Professor Lippman of La Sorbonne, and some specimens of 
 photogravure used in a handsome edition of " The Life and Works of 
 Honore Fragonard," by Baron Roger Portalis, form attractive exhibits. 
 From an industrial point of view the most interesting exhibit certainly 
 is that of samples of recent discoveries in the art of photography in 
 colors on cambrics, silks, paper, stuffs, and cotton materials. The new 
 process is due to M. Villain, a young chemist, and is destined to create 
 quite a revolution in this particular section of industry, for when the 
 colors are once photographed on the materials no bleaching liquid can 
 ever efface them. 
 
 Curious Sights. 
 
 Some of the most curious photographs exhibited are those that come 
 from La Salpetriere and taken by M. Londe, an attache of the clinical 
 laboratory of Dr. Charcot. They show a woman being hypnotized by 
 a mere look and by the sight of a diamond ; they also show women in 
 lethargic and cataleptic conditions. They are very fine reproductions, 
 and have already furnished doctors with plenty of material for study. In
 
 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 633 
 
 one picture, showing hysterical contractions, a strange phenomenon is 
 noticeable. It is that of one of the fingers, the median, reaching far 
 over upon the wrist. Under hypnotization the subject appears to be 
 possessed of the faculty of lengthening the middle finger most abnor- 
 mally. Other pictures taken at the Salpetriere Hospital show nervous 
 subjects in different crises, and samples of graphology, the art of judg- 
 ing of a person's disposition or character from the handwriting. 
 
 A series of photographic reproductions of the most famous pictures 
 in the galleries of the Louvre, Dresden, Munich, Venice, Luxembourg, 
 and Antwerp form an interesting exhibit on account of the large size of 
 the reproductions. In addition to these there are some instantaneous 
 pictures of stage scenes, statuary, and photographs of the catacombs of 
 Paris and different grottoes in the Department of Le Herault, France, 
 taken with a magnesium light. An exhibit is made by the leading pho- 
 tographic newspapers of France and also by some French amateurs. 
 
 Bertillon System Illustrated. 
 
 There is also an illustration of the police system of Paris, considered 
 to be very near perfection by those whose trade it is to detect crime and 
 capture criminals. The feature of this part of the display was the ex- 
 hibit made of the practical working of the Bertillon system of identifica- 
 tion, which is in operation in Chicago and of which many descriptions 
 have been written. In cabinets there are shown the pictures of many 
 bad-looking men, who seem to have been plainly enough branded by 
 the Creator, so that no officer nor citizen need make any mistake in re- 
 gard to their character or lack of it. 
 
 These faces are shown, photographed from various points of view and 
 then collected into groups, with a view of illustrating the particular brand 
 of physiognomy that goes with a predilection to certain kinds of crime. 
 For instance, there may be a dozen views of the same criminal, showing 
 each feature from all angles. There is also an exhibit of the system of 
 measuring criminals, and the photographing process is illustrated by the 
 appearance of two figures, one representing that of a criminal sitting be- 
 fore a camera and the other that of a corpse lying on the floor with the 
 camera suspended over it. 
 
 Parisian attention to detail is well illustrated in the exhibit which is 
 made of the ways and means of supplying the city with water, and the 
 amount that has been consumed annually for the past twenty-two years. 
 
 From the Schools of France. 
 In the school exhibit there is shown the progress made in three
 
 534 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 
 
 branches of schools the schools that would correspond to this country's 
 primary grade, supported by the towns ; the next, or academic grade, 
 drawing its support from the department, and the higher grades sup- 
 ported by the government. In the latter, architecture, painting, music 
 and many other branches, tabooed by the anti-faddists of America, are 
 taught and the work that is on exhibition would indicate that they are 
 taught successfully. One exhibit that is made is that of a printing and r 
 book-binding school in which pupils enter at about 12 years of age and 
 graduate about four years later. Some of the work of the graduating class 
 of 1892 is shown, and it is entitled to high commendation. The pupils 
 do all of the mechanical work incidental to the publishing of a book, 
 and the samples of their work shown are models of typographical art. 
 
 The French Building. 
 
 In addition to the pavilion in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts 
 Building, already described, there is a French Building beautifully 
 located at the extreme northeastern point of the park, close to the sea 
 wall which protects the park from the waves of the lake. There is no 
 prettier portion of the grounds than the sweep of the lake shore from 
 Victoria House at the southern end to the French Building at the other 
 end of the slight curve which follows the form of the shore line. The 
 French Building is in two parts. One is devoted to the city of Paris 
 and in popular opinion Paris is fully half of France. The other portion 
 is occupied by an exhibit which is made by the French government. 
 Connecting the two parts of the building there is a semi-circular 
 passage-way, with its one wall covered with sketches familiar to all who 
 have seen the sights of Paris. The other side is open and supported 
 by columns. 
 
 Of the sketches on the wall of this promenade there are many from 
 the easels of well-known French artists, including Pierre Vauthier, M. 
 Bouvard, who aside from being an artist of some reputation, is also the 
 inspector general of architecture for the city, Jules Didier and others. 
 To those who are interested in Paris, this promenade is the most 
 interesting part of the display, for there pictures of places that are 
 famous and familiar to all who have read anything of French history 
 are on exhibition. 
 
 No attempt has been made to make this exhibit of pictures one of 
 elaborate works of art; they are simply sketches of familiar scenes, 
 framed in plain wood, so that if the summer storms should blow the 
 rain over them the damage would not be of much consequence. One of 
 the most attractive of the paintings is "Avenue des Champs Elysees,"
 
 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 535 
 
 brilliant with gay equipages. Another from the same artist, Jules 
 Didier, is a faithful reproduction of a morning scene in "Place de la 
 Bastile." Pierre Vauthier has a sketch of the " Bois de Boulogne," into 
 which he has cleverly introduced types of French femininity, graduated 
 up from the little girl in a pretty pinafore through the seven ages to the 
 old but a French woman never grows old. 
 
 Interesting Relics of Lafayette. 
 
 To the patriotic American there is magic in the name of Lafayette. 
 The United States shares with France the glories of his life, and in 
 the national gallery of fame his statue has a place second only to 
 Washington. 
 
 There is nothing in the history of the brave French nobleman that 
 does not strike a responsive chord in the breast of the American, and 
 the visitors to the World's Fair pay homage to his memory in seeing 
 the mementoes of his connection with the War of the Revolution which 
 are exhibited in the French Building. In addition to the trophies now 
 owned by his descendants in Paris there are a number of interesting 
 relics in the way of desks and chairs and writing utensils. 
 
 A sword presented to Lafayette by the Continental Congress takes 
 rank in point of interest because of its artistic merit and its historical 
 connection. After Lafayette had come to America as a mere youth to 
 offer his services to the struggling States his patriotic bravery soon won 
 him a high place in the estimation of Washington, and he was soon in 
 command of the army of the North. He had arrived late in the sum- 
 mer of 1777, and two years later he returned to France to solicit the 
 substantial aid of his country toward the States. Congress voted him a 
 sword, and it was finished and sent to France, where it was formally 
 presented, with the thanks of Congress, by a grandson of Benjamin 
 Franklin. 
 
 A Famous Sword. 
 
 This sword has the place of honor in the interesting collection. Its 
 handle and mountings are of massive gold, and on the knob there are 
 engraved two medallions, one representing a shield with Lafayette's 
 arms and the coronet of a Marquis, the whole surmounted by a streamer 
 with the inscription, " Cur non." The other medallion represents the 
 rising glory of America by means of a continent illuminated by a rising 
 moon. On either side of the handle is an oval medallion, one repre- 
 senting America presenting a laurel crown to Lafayette, and the other 
 showing the British lion lying prostrate under his feet. There are laurel
 
 536 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 
 
 crowns about the base of the hilt and entwined about the guard. Four 
 medallions are engraved upon the guard, representing respectively the 
 battles of Gloucester and Monmouth and the retreats of Barren Hill 
 and Rhode Island. This inscription is on the front of the guard : 
 
 FROM THE AMERICAN CONGRESS 
 
 TO THE 
 
 MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE, 1779. \\ 
 
 The scabbard is mounted in gold also, and there is a large medallion 
 on either side. One of these is left blank for the monogram and coat 
 of arms of the recipient, but it was left as originally presented. The 
 obverse side represents Fame on the wing crossing the ocean in advance 
 of the frigate which carried Lafayette. In one hand she holds a 
 trumpet with which to proclaim to Europe the heroic deeds of Lafay- 
 ette, and in the other the crown awarded to him by America. 
 
 The original blade is gone. When the reign of terror broke out in 
 France, Lafayette hid this precious sword for safe-keeping in his garden, 
 Chavagniac, and when it was taken up it was found that the blade had 
 so rusted as to be unfit for further use. The people of Paris presented 
 him a new blade for the sword in recognition of his good work during 
 the Revolution. This blade was forged out of a piece of steel which 
 once formed a part of the Bastile. 
 
 At the time of the last visit of Lafayette to this country in 1824 he 
 visited the tomb of Washington. He descended alone into the tomb 
 with uncovered head, and when he came out his face was bathed in tears 
 and he was so overcome with emotion that he could not speak. At that 
 moment he was presented by Mr. Custis with a ring which contained a 
 lock of Washington's hair. Another ring which Lafayette possessed 
 contained a lock of Martha Washington's hair. Both of these are ex- 
 hibited along with the decoration of the Order of Cincinnatus presented 
 to Lafayette by General Washington. 
 
 Other Interesting Souvenirs. 
 
 The souvenirs of General Lafayette in relation to the war of inde- 
 dependence are both numerous and interesting. An autograph letter 
 from the French general to Washington written October 14, 1777, was 
 returned to the writer after the death of the president, by the latter's 
 family. It was the first letter Lafayette indited to the commander of 
 the American army. Plans of battlefields in which the Frenchman par- 
 ticipated ; the sword of honor presented by Congress, together with the
 
 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 537 
 
 letter written by Benjamin Franklin that accompanied it, Lafayette's 
 reply ; autograph letter of President James Monroe to General Lafayette 
 dated at Washington, Feb. 8, 1824; sword of honor presented by the 
 officers of the Ninth regiment, New York artillery, Sept. 10, 1824, are 
 shown. One relic that provokes a smile is a malacca cane bearing the 
 following inscription : 
 
 PRESENTED TO 
 
 GENERAL LAFAYETTE 
 
 BY A FULL-BLOODED YANKEE 
 
 AS A TOKEN OF RESPECT FOR 
 SERVICES RENDERED AMERICA 
 IN HER STRUGGLES FOR INDE- 
 PENDENCE. 
 
 jgooooooooooooooooocxDoooooeooogg 
 
 Of other souvenirs of the war of independence in addition to those 
 already named are portraits of General d'Aboville, who commanded the 
 artillery at the capture of Yorktown, and one of Count de Viomenil, 
 who also rendered gallant service in the cause of American liberty ; a 
 plan of the siege of Yorktown ; tapestries illustrating the battles of 
 Pensacola, of Brimstone Hill and of the taking of Yorktown ; together 
 with many gold and bronze medals commemorating various events of 
 common interest to France and the young republic of America. 
 
 Relics of Napoleon Bonaparte. 
 
 Relics of the Bonaparte family, carrying with them a story of devotion, 
 misfortune and exile, were received by the Illinois Woman's Board from 
 Avon, 111., and installed in the State Building. Chief among them is an 
 " Ecce Homo," believed to be the work of Raphael. 
 
 The history of the collection dates back to the time when King 
 Joseph and Queen Julie Bonaparte took Theresa Gallet, wife of Gabriel 
 Gallet, into their household as nurse for their daughter Zenaide. Mme. 
 Gallet served the Bonapartes for twenty-two years, and as chaperone 
 accompanied the Princess Charlotte to America in 1821, during the exile 
 of Joseph Bonaparte. 
 
 After the marriage of the princess Mme. Gallet lived at Sur Villiers, 
 one of the king's estates. Meanwhile her son moved to America, finally 
 settling near the present site of Avon, 111. Here he was visited by his 
 parents, who found themselves unable to serve the fallen Bonapartes 
 and concluded to remain with their son. Mme. Gallet brought with her 
 many interesting and valuable relics of the Bonaparte family, chief among 
 them being the painting of the head of Christ, which was presented to
 
 538 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF FRANCE. 
 
 Mme. Gallet by King Joseph at Naples in 1808. She also received, 
 until her death, an annuity from Queen Julie, which in later years was 
 paid by Joseph, son of Princess Zenaide. In the meantime a daughter, 
 Mile. Amanda Gallet, had married M. Eloy Mailliard, who was also in 
 the employ of King Joseph. They accompanied Joseph to America, 
 remaining with him about three years. Six children were born to M. 
 and Mme. Mailliard. In 1841 they came to America and settled near 
 Avon. 
 
 Many other relics are shown in this collection, which is one of the 
 most interesting seen at Chicago.
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 Spain, Italy and the Columbus Relics. 
 
 THE building erected by the Spanish Government at the World's 
 Columbian Exposition is a three-fourths reproduction of a 
 section of the Silk Exchange at Valencia, Spain. The erec- 
 tion of this building was commenced in 1492, previous to the 
 departure of Columbus' fleet. The section shown represents the column- 
 hall and the tower, wherein all defaulting and bankrupt merchants were 
 confined. Eight large columns 2^ feet in diameter support the roof of 
 column-hall. A circular stairway, approached from an inside entrance, 
 is the means of reaching the top of the tower. This building has a 
 frontage of 84 feet and 6 inches and a depth of about 95 feet. The 
 height of the main building is about 50 feet, the tower rising to the 
 height of about 65 feet. Rafael Gaustavino, New York City, is the 
 architect of this building. 
 
 It is occupied by the officers of the Spanish Commission and as a 
 reception-room for visitors. Many relics of Columbus are shown in this 
 structure ; some of his letters, a sword that belonged to his beautiful 
 and magnanimous patron, Isabella, also one wielded by Cortez in his 
 conquest of Mexico ; ancient Spanish artillery, ammunition, etc. 
 
 The ladies of Spain, organized under the presidency of her Majesty, 
 the Queen, prepared a representative exhibit. They collected the 
 greatest possible number of objects that are the result of the intellectual, 
 artistic and industrial work of Spanish women. They sent specimens 
 of books, pamphlets, journalistic collections, articles and manuscripts 
 written or published by women either in Castilian or any other dialect 
 spoken in the peninsula or in its possessions ; also the musical composi- 
 tions, original paintings in oil, pastel, water color, drawings ; sculpture, 
 carvings, engravings, plans, maps and scientific instruments and ap- 
 paratus that are the inventions of women. 
 
 Achievements of Spanish Women. 
 
 The educational section of the exhibit possesses an unusual interest, 
 especially to American women, since it aims to show clearly the state of 
 female education in Spain and its dependencies in all its different grades, 
 from the primary and the elementary instruction to the higher, as well as 
 
 539
 
 540 
 
 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 
 
 institutions controlled by the government, and private establishments, 
 such as convents, colleges, asylums, and benevolent institutions. They 
 also show the benevolent work of women and the organization and 
 operation of religious associations. 
 
 The domestic life of Spanish women is also shown and the cares and 
 duties which devolve on mothers with families , the ideas of hygiene, 
 domestic training and education ; the nourishment and dress of young 
 children, the form of cradles and cribs, infants' clothing, juvenile games, 
 and exercises ; historical habits and customs relating to the home life. 
 Another interesting display made by the women of this country is an 
 
 CONVENT OF SANTA MARIA DE LA RABIDA. 
 
 illustration of religious communities of women established in Spain, their 
 history, privileges, merits, indicating their character, whether devotional, 
 educational or charitable. There are exhibits of all industrial work 
 done by women, particularly in the preparation of tobacco in the govern- 
 ment manufactories, or the tasks they perform in private factories and 
 workshops, and in the salting and curing industry. It is evident that 
 in the heavier forms of labor and outdoor employments the women of 
 Europe are largely occupied. 
 
 The Famous Convent of La Rabida. 
 
 Across the south inlet of Agricultural Hall, facing the horizon of 
 Lake Michigan, stands a modest red roofed building which every visitor 
 of the Fair finds extremely interesting. This is the Monastery of La 
 Rabida, a fac-simile of that ancient and famous structure which is more 
 closely associated with the career of Columbus than any other building. 
 It is a quaint affair and resembles more than anything else in this 
 country a Mexican adobe church.
 
 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 541 
 
 The original monastery stands on the summit of a low headland, 
 between the Odiel and Pinto Rivers, near the town of Palos, Spain. 
 Tradition says that it was originally erected during the reign of the 
 Roman Emperor Hadrian, in the second century. There are historical 
 records in existance showing that it was reconstructed in the eleventh 
 century by the Knights Templar, who occupied it as a fortress. The 
 name La Rabida signifies in Moorish language an outpost on the 
 frontier. 
 
 The building passed into the possession of the Franciscan monks 
 when the Moors were driven from Andalusia. They again remodeled 
 it and christened it Santa Maria de La Rabida, or the Monastery of St. 
 Mary of the Frontier. It was considerably enlarged after the death of 
 Columbus, but has recently been restored to its original condition by 
 the Spanish Government. 
 
 It may be remembered that Columbus' first visit to La Rabida is fixed 
 by some authorities in 1484 or 1485, shortly after he left Portugal and 
 while on his way to Moquer, a small village, where he intended to leave 
 his son, Diego. Weary, hungry, and penniless, he begged food for 
 himself and his child at the monastery door. Not only did the monks 
 shelter him, but, becoming interested in his plans, gave him letters to 
 influential persons at court. 
 
 Grand Admiral of the Ocean. 
 
 He next appeared at La Rabida several years later, when he was 
 about to leave Spain to seek aid either from the King of France or the 
 Republic of Genoa or Venice. For the second time he experienced 
 courtesy and consideration at the hands of the monks. His third visit 
 was paid in May, 1492, when he returned bearing the contract with the 
 sovereigns of Spain, a commission of Grand Admiral of the Ocean, 
 with royal requisition from the people of Palos to furnish him with ves- 
 sels and supplies for the voyage. His last appearance at the monastery 
 was upon his return to Palos, bearing news and trophies of his triumph, 
 in celebration of which the monks sang a Te Deum in their chapel. 
 There he remained as a guest until summoned to court. 
 
 This is in brief the story of the old monastery. The new one, while 
 it does not reach so far back into antiquity, is none the less interesting. 
 It is reproduced by the directors of the Exposition as a shelter for the 
 relics of Columbus that have been secured for the Fair. 
 
 Most visitors approaching the rock-bound little promontory on which 
 La Rabida stands enter it by the portals of the sanctuary, which is as 
 nearly as possible like that on which the monks sang their hymn of
 
 542 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 
 
 rejoicing so many hundreds of years ago. It is a long, low room, 
 roughly plastered, with great black beams that stand out conspicuously 
 in contrast with the universal whiteness. The altar, which is in charge 
 of the Franciscan monks, has been fitted up by them to reproduce the 
 altar of the original monastery. Two of the most conspicuous objects 
 in it are a battered wooden cross that was erected by Columbus on his 
 arrival in America, and a little worm-eaten door taken from the convent. 
 
 Rare Paintings and Mosaics. 
 
 In old cases arranged along the sides of the room are valuable manu- 
 scripts once owned by Columbus and now in the possession of the Duke 
 and Duchess of Alba, who loaned them through the Spanish Govern- 
 ment to the Exposition. Portraits of Columbus, together with a large 
 collection of quaint paintings on wood and rare mosaics, loaned from the 
 Vatican by the Pope, are hung upon the walls. An interesting feature 
 of the room is the canoes, roughly constructed from great logs of wood, 
 in which the Indians are said to have gone out to meet Columbus' 
 caravel on his approach to this continent. 
 
 Approached by a flight of low steps from the sanctuary are the 
 cloisters of the monastery. These, both lower and upper rooms, are 
 filled with relics of Columbus, admirably arranged in sections, showing 
 the geographical knowledge and the science of navigation at the time of 
 Columbus, the birth, boyhood, and early life of Columbus, scenes 
 associated with his first, second and third voyages, the christening of the 
 New World, and the last days of the great discoverer. 
 
 Among the most interesting of the fac-similes in the first section is 
 that of the terrestrial globe made by Martin Beheim. This bears date 
 1492, and is made of pasteboard, covered with parchment. It is about 
 twenty-one inches in diameter, and on it are designed historical pictures 
 with their legends written in old German. The first meridian passes 
 through Madeira, and the only other lines on it are those of the equator 
 and the two tropics and the polar circle. It was executed by Beheim 
 while on a visit to his native city, Nuremburg, after a sojourn of five 
 years in the Azores. In the same room are various maps, showing the 
 world as it is, together with a chart showing it as Columbus thought it 
 to be. 
 
 Relics of Queen Isabella. 
 
 Several relics connected with the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella are 
 shown in one of the cells. In a case with several valuable manuscripts 
 is placed the fac-simile of Isabella's golden sword and a fac-simile of
 
 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 543 
 
 her will. Views of the Alhambra, of the Castle at Medina del Campo, in 
 which Isabella died, are hung about the walls. 
 
 To those who care to make a study of the boyhood of Columbus 
 nothing is of greater interest than the views of the harbor and City of 
 Genoa, of the University of Pavia, of the church at Lisbon, and other 
 scenes connected with his youth. A quaint picture is that of the house 
 at Quinto, where the father and mother of Columbus were married and 
 lived. This house is still standing and is owned by Giuseppe Piaggio 
 and occupied by several peasant families. The house in Genoa, where 
 Columbus is said to have been born, is also shown. It is one of a long 
 series in a narrow street, and over the door is placed the inscription : 
 " No house better deserves an inscription. This is the paternal home of 
 Christopher Columbus, where he passed his childhood and youth." 
 The church of Porto Santo has connected with it the romance of 
 Columbus' life. There he met Felipa at mass, and there he is supposed 
 to have been married to her. Near it hang, appropriately enough, 
 pictures of the house occupied by Columbus and his wife at Funchal, 
 Madeira Islands. 
 
 A table made of wood taken from his house and loaned by Dr. Jose 
 Leite Monterio is also in the cloister. This has something of a story. 
 The house from which the table was taken was built in 1457 an< ^ was 
 the property of John Esmeraldo, a wealthy Genoese, who went to 
 Funchal in 1480. After his death the house fell into ruins, and in 1877 
 what was left of it was removed. Dr. Monterio purchased all the wood 
 in the building, and among other things had this table made. Relics 
 that have a certain kinship with this are a cane and paper knife, a 
 kitchen door, two double doors, window shutters, and a lock and key 
 taken from the house occupied by Columbus at Porto Santo shortly 
 after his marriage. 
 
 Historic Paintings. 
 
 In connection with the first voyage of Columbus perhaps the most 
 striking object in the collection is the caravel Santa Maria, as repro- 
 duced by the Spanish Government. But from an artistic point of view 
 the paintings in this section are of even greater importance. Among 
 them is that of" Columbus taking leave of Father Perez de Marchana," 
 the morning of August 3, 1492, the original of which is in the convent 
 of La Rabida; "The Departure of Columbus on his Voyage to 
 America," by Gisbert; " The First Cry of Land," by Frederick Strasser, 
 loaned by Carl Paxis ; " The Landing of Columbus," by Puevla, the 
 original of which is in the National Museum at Madrid; another
 
 544 
 
 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 
 
 " Landing of Columbus," by Vanderlin, the original of which is in the 
 Capitol at Washington ; " The Caravel of Columbus during the Great 
 Tempest on the First Voyage," by J. C. Ainasoffsky, Professor of the 
 Imperial Academy of Fine Arts at St. Petersburg, Russia ; " The 
 Discoverer's Welcome," from an old print, and " The Presentation of 
 Columbus to Ferdinand and Isabella on his Return from his First 
 Voyage," by A. De Veria. 
 
 THE ROLLING-CHAIR STAND. 
 
 Other pictures in the same section are " The Triumphal Entrance of 
 Columbus into Barcelona," by II. F. Plubbemann ; " The Reception of 
 Columbus after his Return from His First Voyage," the original 
 of which is by Robert Fleury ; " The Reception of Columbus by the 
 Spanish Sovereigns," a copy of R. Balaca's picture ; and " The Recep- 
 tion of Columbus," from an original in the Circle of Fine Arts, Madrid, 
 Spain. Among the curiosities of this section may be classed a queer 
 old print of Indians on the back of a whale, taken from " Philopono's 
 Voyage to the New World of the Western Indies." Sailors returning 
 from the New World reported that they had seen in its waters fishes s"o 
 large that a caravel could be floated on their backs or that an altar
 
 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 545 
 
 could be erected and mass said upon them. The story was retold with 
 variations, and finally the veracious priest, Philopono, related the tale as 
 an actual fact and gave illustrations of how the caravels had been carried 
 about by whales and mass celebrated upon their backs. 
 
 Treasures of Art. 
 
 Other relics connected with Columbus' visit to the West Indies are a 
 coco Mascaque stick cut near the site of La Navidad, Hayti, where a 
 fortress was erected by Columbus in 1492; a cane of native wood, 
 tipped with horn, old sabre used in the revolution in Santa Domingo, 
 and an aboriginal seat from Caicos Islands, Bahamas, loaned by the 
 United States National Museum at Washington, D. C. 
 
 Several fine paintings of scenes associated with the second voyage of 
 Columbus are included in the display at La Rabida. Prof. J. C. Aina- 
 soffsky contributes " The Second Arrival of Columbus in the New 
 World ; " H. F. Pluddemann, " Columbus at the Ruins of Navidad '' 
 and "A Fight between Spaniards and Indians." Most of the relics 
 from Santo Domingo are placed in a long, low room in the northern 
 wing of the cloister. Here is a pile of stone that represents all that 
 remains of the first city in the New World, having been taken from 
 Isabella in San Domingo, which is now a waste of scarcely discernible 
 ruins. An etching of Isabella by Henry R. Blaney, of Boston, Mass., 
 shows how the city founded by Columbus in 1493 looked. 
 
 The first bell that was rung in the New World is preserved in one of 
 the cases in the Santo Domingo room. This was presented to the 
 church at Isabella by King Ferdinand. It is a small bronze bell of 
 excellent workmanship, eight inches high and six and a half inches in 
 diameter. It bears upon the surface the image of St. Michael, to whom 
 the church was dedicated, and the letter " F " inscribed in old Gothic, 
 as a reminder of the donor. 
 
 The Old Bell Found. 
 
 In 1494, after the discovery of gold in the Mountains of Cibao, 
 everything transportable was removed from the old to the new town, 
 including the bell, which was hung in the tower of the chapel at 
 La Vega, and remained there until the place was destroyed by an earth- 
 quake in 1564, and the survivors built a third town near by. More 
 than 300 years after a shepherd who was poking around among the ruins 
 found in a mass of vines that covered the old church this same bell, 
 which had thus been preserved under the masses of masonry and earth 
 that had been overturned by the convulsion. The bell was taken to 
 
 35
 
 540 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 
 
 Santo Domingo and has since been kept as a relic in a church there. 
 Other bells in the Santo Domingo room are the ancient hawk's bells, 
 which were brought over by Columbus and the early Spaniards for 
 traffic with the natives. These were found in the ruins of a house in 
 Vega Vieja which was destroyed by the earthquake of 1564. These 
 bells were valued by the Indians on account of the music they made 
 when fastened to their wrists and ankles, and when Columbus first 
 began the enslavement of the Indians he made each one bring in as his 
 share of tribute a hawk's bell full of gold dust every month. Frag- 
 ments of chain armor, old spurs, handcuffs, saddle beaks, a bronze 
 stirrup, old Toledo blades, lance heads, old Spanish bricks, stone from 
 the ruins of Vega Vieja, ancient Moorish titles, a cross from La Vega, 
 a dish used in gold washing, terra cotta figures, old wooden images, a 
 mahogany paddle, a native canoe, an Indian mortar and pestle are 
 among the interesting old things that find a place in this room. 
 
 The Chains He Wore. 
 
 An object that attracts the attention of almost every visitor to La 
 Rabida is a rusty iron anchor found on the coast of Trinidad. This is 
 believed to have been one of Columbus' own anchors, which was left 
 there on his third voyage. In connection with this, his third venture 
 across the ocean, the autograph letter of Francisco Roldan, 1502, is a 
 valuable relic. This caused Columbus to be disgraced and brought 
 home from San Diego in chains on account of the serious charges 
 Roldan made against Columbus in it. Photographs of chains belonging 
 to Cavalier G. Baldi of Genoa are also given space on the walls'. These 
 chains are claimed to be the same placed upon Columbus by Bobadilla. 
 Cavalier Baldi states that the chains were removed from the coffin 
 before burial by the people of the cabin in which he died, and secreted 
 for many years by the family of the latter, from whose descendants he 
 obtained them. These chains weigh seven pounds and eight ounces 
 and are divided in four parts. On the fetters and handcuffs are inscrip- 
 tions of abbreviated words and interpolated signs characteristic of the 
 time. These are interpreted as follows : " The arrow of calumny gave 
 three shackles to Don Christopher Columbus, the dove that carried the 
 tidings of Christianity to the New World, who died at my house, 
 Aposento Valladolid, May, 1506, in the peace of Christ." 
 
 A block of timber from the house in which Columbus lived at Santo 
 Domingo, a splinter from the timber to which he was chained in the 
 dungeon there are evidences of the experiences which attended the dis- 
 coverer's third voyage.
 
 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 547 
 
 Views of Santo Domingo, of Honduras, and of Puerto Bello served as 
 a sort of introduction to the relics of his fourth and last voyage to the 
 New World. The most valuable of all these is a letter, written by 
 Christopher Columbus while preparing for his departure from Jamaica, 
 to Ferdinand and Isabella. The original Spanish text was discovered 
 in the King's library at Madrid by Navarette early in this century. 
 The lettet is a jumble of incoherent thoughts, without plan or purpose, 
 and is calculated to arouse the deepest pity. In it Columbus reviews 
 his career in Spain and his relations to the sovereigns, recalling incidents 
 of neglect and mortification which he had experienced. 
 
 A Gloomy Room. 
 
 What is known as the " sepulcher room " 'by the people who have La 
 Rabida in charge is devoted to relics of the last days and the death of 
 Columbus. This room, which is on the western side of the building, is 
 hung with views of the City of Seville, including the Tower of Gold, the 
 Alcazar, and Convent of Cartuja. The " Death of Columbus," by 
 Ortego, also has a place here, together with the picture of Robert 
 Fleury and that of Baron Wappers on the same subject. The house in 
 which Columbus died also appears in a sketch. This, it may be inter- 
 esting to know, is still standing at Valladolid, Spain. It is a plain 
 structure, its most noteworthy feature, until recently, being a sign over 
 the door, " Cows' and Asses' Milk for Sale Within." 
 
 At one end of the sepulcher room is a little inclosure within which 
 are placed photographs of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo, Cathedral 
 at Havana, showing the places where the bones of Columbus are said to 
 be deposited. The fac simile of the box in which the remains of 
 Columbus were found is also shown, together with a fac simile of the 
 casket in which his dust now rests. The box, it may be remembered, 
 was found by some workmen May 14, 1877, while the cathedral was 
 being restored. Within it were a quantity of dust, a number of bones, 
 a portion of a skull, a leaden ball, and a silver plate about two inches 
 long. The box was of lead, about a quarter of an inch thick, eighteen 
 inches long, about nine inches wide, and ten inches deep. On the front 
 and one end were two letters " C,' on the other end the letter " A," 
 which are supposed to signify Cristoval Colon Admiral. On the other 
 side of the silver plate were the words : " Urn belonging to the remains 
 of the first Admiral, Christopher Columbus, discoverer." 
 
 Dust of the Great Discoverer. 
 The finest dust was carefully gathered up and placed in a little casket
 
 548 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 
 
 of gold and crystal and placed back in the lead chest. The latter was 
 sealed and then inclosed in an octagonal case of satin wood with glass 
 panels. All was then placed in the vault at the end of the altar. In 
 1877, when the coffin was found at Santo Domingo, Senor J. M. 
 Castillo, who was assisting in the work, took out a pinch of the dust, a 
 portion of which he gave to Mrs. E. P. Sargent of New York City. 
 This was inclosed in a crystal locket, which is also exhibited. 
 
 A replica of the doors that guard the cell in which are held the 
 alleged remains of Columbus at Santo Domingo, a piece of altar rail, 
 and the fac simile of the urn inclosing the casket of Columbus, complete 
 the list of relics connected with his burial. 
 
 A valuable collection of autographs is exhibited in the cases. Among 
 them are those of Bartholomew Columbus, Don Diego Columbus, and 
 of Fernando Columbus. Letters written by Diego Columbus and 
 Charles V. of Spain are included in it. Interesting, from a modern 
 point of view, as the immediate ancestors of the Duke of Veragua, 
 rather than as the descendants of Christopher Columbus, are portraits 
 of the former's great-grandmother, great-great-grandmother, grand- 
 mother, and grandfather. They are all good-looking people of whom 
 any Duke might be proud. These are scattered about in the general 
 collection, together with photographs of the residence of the Duke at 
 Madrid and the grand stairway of his house there. 
 
 His Curious Signature. 
 
 Autographs of Columbus are by no means rare. He was a volumin- 
 ous writer, and ninety-seven formal documents from his pen either exist 
 or are known to have existed. The signature rubric of Columbus, 
 which appears at the close of all his communications, just as the sign of 
 the cross appears at the beginning, has never been satisfactorily inter- 
 preted. On many of the letters shown at La Rabida it is distinct. 
 These include the letter to Nicolo Oderigo and the " Codice Diploma- 
 tico." 
 
 Under the section indicated in the catalogue as " the publication of 
 the discovery " is a fac simile of a title page of the first book published 
 about America. It is a plain pamphlet, without an ornament or even an 
 initial letter, and was evidently published in great haste. The first 
 biography of Columbus ever published was printed as a note to the One 
 Hundred and Nineteenth Psalm in a polyglot psalter, April 7, 1516. A 
 copy of the original edition of this book has been obtained for the 
 Columbus collection at the Exposition. 
 
 The life of Columbus by his son Fernando, published at Venice in
 
 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 549 
 
 1571, the " Sosmogrophae " of Peter Apianus, published in 1524; the 
 first three English books on America, published in 1511 and 1555 ; the 
 original copy of the first edition of the book that christened America, 
 are included in this section. The last is loaned by Charles F. Gunther 
 of Chicago, and fac- similes of several of its important pages are shown 
 with it. This book was published in 1507 at Saint Die, a village in 
 Southeastern Loraine. Views of the village, the monastery and the 
 cloister in it, its church, its coat of arms, the house where the book was 
 published, are represented by quaint old drawings and prints. 
 
 His Original Commission. 
 
 The Duke of Veragua loaned to the monastery a large and valuable 
 collection of original papers pertaining to Columbus. Among them is 
 a letter from the King of Portugal to Christopher Columbus, the original 
 commission given to Columbus by Ferdinand and Isabella upon his 
 departure on his first voyage, a long list of royal letters patent from the 
 sovereigns of Spain, a letter from Queen Isabella to Columbus, inclosing 
 a copy of a book which he had left with her, asking him to send her a 
 certain sailing chart and urging him not to delay his departure. The 
 will of Christopher Columbus is also included in this collection, as well 
 as a letter of Columbus to Ferdinand and Isabella concerning the 
 colonization and commerce of the Island of Hispaniola. 
 
 Even more interesting than the papers loaned by the duke are those 
 which the monastery has obtained through the kindness of the Duchess 
 of Berwick and Alba, also a descendant of the great Columbus. The 
 original capitulation of Columbus Avith the Spanish sovereigns, the 
 original autographic statement by Columbus of gold brought from 
 America and sold by him in Castile, the original draft of letters by 
 Columbus relating to his claims and privileges, and an autograph letter 
 of Columbus to the Catholic Kings are among these. 
 
 The Vatican Exhibit of Relics. 
 
 The Vatican exhibit of relics, loaned by Pope Leo in compliance with 
 a resolution of Congress, is also on exhibition. A letter from Pope 
 Nicholas V. is one of the most important documents in this collection. 
 It is dated at Rome, Sept. 20, 1448, and is addressed to the Irish bishops 
 of Skahlolt and Holar concerning the church in Greenland. The bull 
 of Alexander V. to the Sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella, dated May 
 3, 1493, is in this collection. This relates to the rivalries between Spain 
 and Portugal in regard to their voyages of discovery. 
 
 Several bulls of Pope Alexander VI., one commending the discoveries
 
 550 
 
 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 
 
 of CoJumbus and the other confirming Father Boyl, the first missionary 
 priest to America, are in the show cases. The papal bull relating to 
 Father Boyl, who accompanied Columbus on his second voyage, is one 
 
 MONUMENT TO COLUMBUS AT GENOA. 
 
 Of 
 
 of the treasured relics of the Vatican. Numerous crude maps 
 America and a number of pictures from the Vatican are shown. 
 
 The Pope has also sent a beautifully bound album of fac-simile 
 reproductions of famous documents relating to Columbus now in the 
 archives of the Vatican. It is bound in plush, and on the outer cover is 
 placed the coat of arms of the Pope wrought in solid gold.
 
 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 551 
 
 The Will of Columbus. 
 
 The documents are more than a hundred in number, and include 
 most, in fact, all of the fully authenticated original documents of 
 Christopher Columbus. There is the original commission from 
 Ferdinand and Isabella, dated Grenada, April 30, 1492, appointing 
 Columbus Grand Admiral of the Ocean Sea and Vice King and Governor 
 General of all the lands that he should discover. 
 
 One of the quaintest documents is the original will of Columbus, in 
 which he confers the right of succession on his son, Diego. There are 
 from twenty to thirty autograph letters of Columbus, written in full by 
 him and signed with his quaint and almost unintelligible signature. 
 The papers are yellowed with their 400 years, and their edges are worn 
 and jagged. In some of them the creases have made abrasures and 
 have broken the paper. The writing has faded on some, but on others 
 it is well preserved, and on a few of them the ink is as clear as though 
 it had been made within recent years. 
 
 The Caravels at Chicago. 
 
 The old Spanish caravels, counterparts of the little craft which com- 
 posed the fleet of Columbus, were objects of wonder as they swung at 
 anchor in the lower bay of New York before starting for Chicago. They 
 are certainly a queer-looking trio of vessels for any one to have crossed 
 the Atlantic in, and all those who saw them can now better appreciate 
 the great courage of the discoverer of America. 
 
 The Santa Maria, with her blunt prow, high hull and overtopping 
 deck fittings, is the most conspicuous of the ancient craft. She is a 
 flimsy floater, as all New York seamen who saw her observed for any 
 one to make an ocean trip in, and the Spanish man-of-war's men are of 
 the same opinion, for they had a hard time getting her through some of 
 the seas along the Atlantic coast, especially between Havana and 
 Hampton Roads. 
 
 The Santa Maria, the model of the flagship of Columbus, is the 
 largest of the three boats. She is seventy-five feet long and has a dis- 
 placement of two hundred tons. The square-rigged Pinta, a model of 
 the vessel commanded by Pinzon, and the lateen-rigged Nina are each of 
 one hundred tons displacement. The Pinta is sixty-five feet long by 
 twenty-three feet beam. The Nina measures fifty-six feet in length and 
 has a beam of only eighteen feet. They have high, spacious poops, the 
 waist is scooped and there is a high deck forward. 
 
 The caravels have iron cannon modelled after the guns of Columbus's
 
 552 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 
 
 original fleet. One of the guns of the latter fleet is still " alive," and 
 may be seen on the Santa Maria. In addition, there are broadside guns 
 called bomboridas and falconetas, mounted on the rails. 
 
 The Moorish Palace. 
 
 The Moorish palace, domed and turreted, is another Spanish object 
 of interest. The distinctively Moorish feature of the place is a repro- 
 duction of a bit of the Alhambra in the form of a labyrinth, and a series 
 ol mirrors set at angles produce the effect of endless colonnades capped 
 by graceful arches in gold and brilliant colors. Reflected in the mirrors 
 are scenes in Tangier and oriental figures, and the persistent visitor is 
 likely to stray upon a reproduction of an eastern harem in the depths of 
 this confusing labyrinth. A garden of palms presents a scene of oriental 
 picturesqueness, mirrors making endless vistas peopled with Arabs and 
 other eastern people. A striking feature is an apparently fathomless 
 well. 
 
 A triangular space inclosed with mirrors produces a remarkable 
 illusion. A single figure is said to be reflected back and forth 500 
 times and ten persons on the little stage look like a young army. 
 Below this kaleidoscope is a grotto of surprisingly natural appearance, 
 and a group with his satanic majesty in the midst makes it suggestive 
 of hades. 
 
 The upper floor is given over to a large collection of wax figures rep 
 resenting characters and scenes famous in history. The execution of 
 Marie Antoinette, of France, is reproduced with a scaffold and a guillo- 
 tine said to be the identical articles used at the memorable event. A 
 scene representing the assassination of Lincoln shows Mrs. Lincoln in 
 her costume of that night with a glimpse of the stage beyond. The 
 figures include representations of most of the kings and emperors of 
 Europe, all of whom are shown in rich and correct copies of their hand- 
 some military uniforms, and these wax works are notable for the absence 
 of the usual ghastliness. There are also groups representing various 
 humorous and sentimental scenes, all with good expressions and cor- 
 rectly costumed. 
 
 The Princess Eulalie. 
 
 One of Spain's finest contributions to the great Exposition was from 
 her royal family. Among the most distinguished foreign visitors was 
 the Infanta Marie Eulalie, of Spain, who came as the representative of 
 Christine, the queen regent of Spain. The daughter of a queen and the 
 aunt of a king, she has in her veins some of the bluest blood in Europe.
 
 / ft ft '*> 111.. ....;*, 
 
 <4 i )l 
 
 H. R. H. THE INFANTA EULALIE OF SPAIN. 
 
 553
 
 554 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 
 
 Among her ancestors are to be found the greatest monarchs of Spain, and 
 the branches of her family tree are further made illustrious by the 
 names of many crowned heads of France and Austria. When Columbus 
 discovered America Infanta Eulalie's ancestress was a monarch, and, 
 though many vicissitudes have befallen the royal family of Spain since 
 that date, the link that connects Infanta Eulalie with the renowned Isa- 
 bella has never been iDroken, and she is as truly a descendant of the 
 patroness of Christopher Columbus as the Duke of Veragua is a de- 
 scendant of Columbus himself. 
 
 Daughter of a queen as she is, however, her life has not been as 
 placid as the life of a queen's daughter is popularly supposed to be. 
 Born at Madrid February I2th, 1864, she is the fifth child of Maria 
 Louise Isabella, ex-queen of Spain, popularly known as Isabella II. At 
 the time of her birth, Isabella II., her mother, was still in the heyday of 
 her power. She had then been reigning twenty-one years and had 
 proved herself to be a monarch of vigorous though somewhat erratic 
 personality. On October I5th, 1843, she was declared, by a decree of 
 the Cortes, to have attained her majority, though she was then only thir- 
 teen years old, and she at once took her place among the reigning 
 sovereigns, of Europe. 
 
 The next great event in her life was her marriage, which took place 
 on October loth, 1846. There were several suitors for her hand and 
 one of these Don Francisco d'Assisi won the prize. He was Queen 
 Isabella's cousin, being the elder son of her maternal uncle, Don Fran- 
 cisco de Paula. Isabella, as is well known, had little or no affection for 
 him, and only married him because her mother and a clique of politicians 
 persuaded her that it was to her own interest and that of the kingdom to 
 do so. That she had made an irretrievable mistake she soon saw. 
 
 Exiled when a Child. 
 
 The ordinary joys of domestic life she never knew, and her life with 
 Don Francisco d'Assisi was one of alternate bickerings and reconcilia- 
 tions. He liked quiet, she loved to surround herself with a crowd of 
 gay courtiers. He cared little for affairs of state, she^ was proud of 
 Spain and did what she could to make it great. He loved to enjoy 
 himself in a quiet manner, she was of a temperament that abandons all 
 dictates of prudence and seizes pleasure wherever it can be found, as the 
 bee sips honey from every flower. Such was the condition of the royal 
 household in 1864, when the Infanta Eulalie was born. 
 
 When she was four years old the crisis came. Isabella's power had 
 been gradually waning, and on September i6th, 1868, a great revolution
 
 SPAIN, ITALY AND, THE COLUMBUS RELICS. . 556 
 
 broke out in Spain, starting with the fleet off Cadiz and gradually 
 spreading over the whole peninsula. The speedy result was the form- 
 ation of a republican provisional government under Premier Serrano 
 and others at Madrid and the flight of Queen Isabella and her family 
 to France. On November 6th, her majesty took up her residence in 
 Paris, and there she remained during her exile, with the exception of an 
 interval spent at Geneva during the Franco-Prussian war. 
 
 On June 25th, 1870, she renounced her claims to the Spanish throne 
 in favor of her son, the prince of the Asturias, and after eight years of 
 exile she once more set foot in Spain, where she was received at San- 
 tander by her son, the late King Alfonso XII. She did not remain 
 there long, however, and while some maintained that she was banished 
 from the country because she conspired against the regent, Queen 
 Maria Christine, others insist that the ex- queen is too good-natured and 
 easy-going to conspire against anyone, and that if there was any con- 
 spiracy the blame must be attached to Isabella's unwise and hot-headed 
 counsellors. Anyhow, Isabella returned to Paris, and there she has re- 
 mained almost entirely ever since. 
 
 The Opposite of her Mother. 
 
 Isabella is stout, rather rubicund, wonderfully good-natured and gen- 
 erous and a lover of the good things of this life ; Eulalie is slight, grace- 
 ful, of an elegant carriage and not wont to be carried away by any sud- 
 den outbursts of generosity or extravagance. She has brown hair and 
 blue eyes, and, while not notable for her physical beauty, she has at- 
 tracted the attention of many an observer by her physical and intellect- 
 ual alertness. She has been described as " a woman who is all nerves," 
 and few who have seen her have failed to notice that she is in some re- 
 spects exceedingly impressionable. She certainly is enthusiastic. 
 
 Prince Antoine came to this country with his wife, being quite as 
 desirous to see the World's Fair as she was. What attracted the In- 
 fanta Eulalie most was the women's department, since she is interested 
 in all work done by women and does her best to furth it. 
 
 Columbus in Bronze. 
 
 One of the souvenirs of the Exposition is a fac-simile of Kretchmar's 
 famous statue of Columbus in the Lake Front Park. The statue is 
 unique and sui generis, and is independent in design and treatment of 
 any of the standard representations of the great Genoese. The statue is 
 of colossal size, being twenty feet high. Ten tons of bronze were used 
 in its casting, which was executed by the American Bronze Company.
 
 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 
 
 It represents the discoverer as he may be supposed to have appeared when 
 he first sighted land. It depicts astonishment, confusion, thankfulness, tri- 
 umph in fact a blending of the emotions. The figure is garbed in a full ad- 
 mirals' uniform, carefully copied from 
 the prevailing styles of the period of 
 Columbus' discovery. The great navi- 
 gator has his clenched left hand pressed 
 to his heart, while the right is lowered 
 and recedes slightly. The great coat 
 is thrown back, showing the tunic, 
 belts, and sword of the admiral. The 
 expression of the face is strong and 
 clearly defined, courage, intellectuality, 
 and benevolence being traceable in 
 the lineaments. 
 
 The sculptor shows the great dis- 
 coverer just as he may have stood on 
 the deck of the Santa Maria when he 
 first sighted the new world. The total 
 cost of the monument was $40,000, 
 for which it is expected that the Expo- 
 sition will be more than reimbursed 
 for the sale of souvenirs at the Expo- 
 sition grounds growing out of the 
 monument idea. The pedestal is of 
 Maine granite and is thirty feet high 
 from its base, which starts eight feet 
 above the present level of the Lake 
 Front Park. This elevation of the 
 base was made with an idea that the Lake Front would ultimately be 
 graded up to the east line of the railroad tracks, and that the latter 
 would be depressed. The statue, with the pedestal, has a total height 
 of fifty feet. This is said to be the largest bronze statue in the United 
 States. 
 
 Sunny Italy's "Works of Art. 
 
 Italy is the home of art, and it is from there we naturally look for the 
 choicest paintings and sculptures. In the collection are niur.v repre- 
 sentative reproductions of the art of Italy, including bronzes, statuary, 
 paintings and ornamental furniture, for which Italian makers are famous 
 There is also a fine collection of water colors. Among the most noted 
 
 THE COLUMBUS STATUE.
 
 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 557 
 
 paintings in the collection is one of Columbus by Professor Gambrini, 
 finished .after four years' labor. The subject is handled in a manner 
 entirely new, and the painting contains fourteen figures. 
 
 In the large gallery in the body of the building are hung most of the 
 canvases of large dimensions. Corelli's painting, " Ave Maria," repre- 
 sents the Angelus on St. Peter's day in the fields on the Roman camp- 
 ana. The sun is setting in a blaze of crimson on the horizon and a 
 crowd of laborers have ceased their work to bow their heads in prayer. 
 
 SPANISH BUILDING. 
 
 Through the broad plain runs an ancient Roman aqueduct. The som- 
 bre tone and the mysterious effect of twilight add much to the impres- 
 siveness of the scene. 
 
 Sculpture of the First Rank. 
 
 Among the works of sculpture those of Gaetano Trentanove hold a 
 place in the first rank. His " Last of the Spartans " is an admirable 
 figure. He has shown a wounded warrior lying on the ground writing 
 with his blood-stained finger on his shield the words " I conquer." The 
 bronze busts by Antonio Garella, representing Desdemona and Othello, 
 are other creditable works found in this room. The rotunda in the 
 center of west pavilion is given up entirely to sculpture. In the center 
 is a bronze bust of Humbert, King of Italy, and around the outer walls 
 are placed important works in marble, among them De Paoli's Icarus
 
 558 SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE COLUMBUS RELICS. 
 
 falling into the sea, his wax wings melted by the heat of the sun, and 
 the " Beggars " by Mattoni. 
 
 In the other rooms there are numerous small works of statuary, 
 among which a number of bronzes by Troubeskoy, spirited and 
 sketchily modeled ; six figures in marble representing the arts by 
 Bottinetti; the figures of Arabs mounted on camels by Guardielli, and 
 the robust " Transtevernia," by Luzi, are most interesting examples. 
 
 The Dying Lincoln. 
 
 In the court of the main building is seen among other works " The 
 Dying Lincoln," an important figure by Ferrari, representing the dying 
 President with the emancipation proclamation resting on his knee. This 
 is not strictly historical, but the work is a strong one. 
 
 Of the remaining works in oil worthy of especial notice are a group 
 of Venetian landscapes by G. Ciardi, most of them views of the lagoons 
 and canals, showing delicate effects of light breaking through clouds on 
 the water, boats, or buildings, P. Fragiacamo's " Idyl on the Lagoons," 
 Tito Lessis' highly finished interior of a great library with a number of 
 Louis XIV. figures reading around a large table, entitled "Les 
 Bibliophiles ;" " In the Woods," by Corelli, and a picture by Luigi, " A 
 Reception at the Doge's Palace." Other interesting works are A. 
 Savinis' picture " After Clouds Sunshine ;" " The Fortune Teller," by 
 Guardabassi, and the works exhibited by Reuben Santoro, Oreste da 
 Molin, and Antonio Rotta. 
 
 Venice by a Venetian. 
 
 We have had Venice painted in every variation of high key, and now 
 comes a Venetian and paints it in a true key, which proves not so high 
 at all. Guglielmo Ciardi received a gold medal at the universal exposi- 
 tion in 1889, and is as well known in Paris as on the Adriatic. He is 
 seen in five beautiful works at Jackson Park, all studies on the bay and 
 in the lagoons. His " Southwest Wind " is as dreamy as Guido 
 Cavalcanti's sonnets. " Spring Clouds " are delicate and dim as half- 
 tones on a shell. "The Sunset at Venice," instead of being yellow, like 
 pumpkins, as too many painters have depicted it, has a lovely dun mist 
 over sky and water, roofs and shipping, all permeated by a soft gold 
 turning to gray, as nature's scale actually turns in twilight. The entire 
 group of views is a grateful surprise after the glare we have usually 
 had from that region when interpreted by half-naturalized or wholly 
 foreign painters. The finish of the pictures is also noteworthy; nothing 
 is neglected, while nothing is out of that majestic composure of nature 
 and Italy which only an artist of inspiration is competent to paint.
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 A Group of European Nations. 
 
 NATIONAL representation by the United States and foreign 
 countries is diversified. The principal nations of the earth 
 show in all departments manufactures and raw material, 
 some in greater volume and to a greater extent than others, 
 and in addition they make distinctive national showings by official 
 national buildings. These latter vary in their scope and purpose, 
 according to individual whim. The northeast end of the Fair grounds 
 is the site for these national structures emblematic or typical of the 
 countries administrative, social, educational, ecclesiastical, industrial, 
 or productive as the case may be. 
 
 Russia's Display. 
 
 Russia's Building, as well as its exhibits, was long delayed, but it is 
 one of the most picturesque on the grounds. The exterior was made 
 in Russia and was merely put together here. While the design indi- 
 cates both richness and delicacy, the high finish given to the natural 
 woods was one of the features which the Commissioner thought would 
 prove to be especially interesting. 
 
 The principal entrance to the pavilion is through an arched doorway 
 at the northwest corner, near the Belgian exhibit. Just within the 
 entrance at the opposite front corner is the imperial exhibit of precious 
 stones and jewels sent from the royal palace. Five immense ornamental 
 vases stand in a row just within the pavilion in the front. The principal 
 exhibits are silverware, bronzes, furs, furniture, clothing, and works of 
 art. An entire section of more than 1,000 square feet is devoted to art 
 alone. Notwithstanding so large an amount of space is occupied by 
 Russia in the Manufactures' Building, extensive exhibits are made by 
 that country in the Mines and Mining, Agriculture and Transportation 
 Buildings. Three shiploads give some idea of the extent to which she 
 is represented in the competitive exhibition. 
 
 On its material as well as its artistic side the showing that is made by 
 the Russians astonishes that portion of the public which is not familiar 
 with the industrial or manufacturing resources of the empire. /Special 
 interest centers in the manufactures' exhibit, because in this building 
 
 559
 
 660 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 every important nation of the civilized world meets on common ground. 
 The space set apart here for Russia contains a finished, showy pavilion. 
 One of the special features in this exhibit is a collection of stone vases 
 from the factory of the emperor. There are eight or nine of these that 
 are especially designed and chosen by the emperor and empress for 
 exhibition at the World's Fair. There is also a most complete collec- 
 tion of Russian pottery in the various grades for which the empire is 
 
 noted. 
 
 Furs, Precious Wares and Embroidery. 
 
 Another prominent exhibit in the manufactures' group is one of the 
 greatest collections of Russian furs ever shown outside the empire. 
 Here are seen some of the products of those seal fisheries about which so 
 much has been heard in the Bering Sea controversy. The fur-bearing 
 animals of the great Siberian steppes, as well as those of European Rus- 
 sia, have been drawn upon. The dressing and manufacture of furs into 
 garments, for which the Russians are noted, is also illustrated. The 
 well-known house of Grundwald, which has factories in both St. Peters- 
 burg and Paris, is one of the prominent exhibitors. Then there is an 
 important display of silverware. M. Gratchkoff, purveyor of the im- 
 perial court, shows in this group some of the ware of fabulous value 
 for which the imperial tables are noted. In this exhibit are many pieces 
 of silverware that have been bought in Russia and are destined for pres- 
 ents to leading American officials at the close of the Fair. 
 
 There is a fine display of furniture and other articles of domestic lux- 
 ury by five or six of the leading St. Petersburg firms. In this group 
 are shown many of the valuable native woods, besides some remarkable 
 effects in wood carving and ornamentation. There is a very complete 
 display of silks in the various grades for which Russian silk manufac- 
 turers are specially noted, including some remarkable specimens of gold 
 and silver weaving on silk backgrounds. Such methods of ornamenta- 
 tion are only common, even in Europe, when some priceless vestments 
 for priestly use are being prepared, or some special decorations for court 
 purposes are contemplated. In the ordinary commercial fabrics, such 
 as cotton and woolen goods, Russia also makes an elaborate showing. 
 
 In the manufactures' group there is a special collective exhibit of Asi- 
 atic products. This has been brought to the World's Fair by M. Nie- 
 dikhliaiefF, who is the special delegate of the commission of the central 
 Asian exhibition of Moscow. The Asiatic exhibit at the World's Fair 
 is part of a similar exhibit held in Moscow in 1891 which attracted 
 world-wide attention at that time. It contains a collection of imple- 
 ments, manufactures, arts and illustrations of the natural resources and
 
 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 561 
 
 methods of life in the oriental dominions of the czar. This is probably 
 the only reliable exhibit of Asiatic products, customs and arts ever 
 brought to America, and is instructive in furnishing an accurate knowl- 
 edge of the people of central Asia. There is also a large display of 
 
 GRAND ROTUNDA OF THE WORLD'S FAIR TERMINAL STATION. 
 
 pianos by Russian makers. Then there are beautiful bronzes, mala- 
 chites, and marbles by leading manufacturers, including Woerfoel, of 
 St. Petersburg. 
 
 Work of Pupils in Imperial Schools. 
 
 Upstairs in the liberal arts department the Russians also make a fine 
 showing. In the educational group they have a complete exhibit by 
 the principal governmental and private schools of the empire. The 
 minister of public instruction has lent his aid to this exhibit in a way 
 that has proved of great value. Further, the personal interest of the 
 emperor and empress has taken form in the appointment of special del- 
 36
 
 562 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 egates who have charge of a complete exhibit representing all the 
 schools under the immediate patronage of the Empress Marie. The 
 extent of this exhibit may be judged from the fact that there are about 
 800 separate institutions in Russia under the immediate patronage of 
 the emperor and empress, with a total of pupils or inmates amounting 
 to 500,000. These include fine art schools, schools of the imperial soci- 
 ety for encouragement to artists, schools for needle-work and other 
 industrial occupations for girls, gymnasia for girls, professional school 
 for girls, asylums for the insane, blind, deaf and dumb, the commercial 
 schools of Moscow and St. Petersburg, foundling homes, children's asy- 
 lums, hospitals, widows' homes, orphanages and schools for boys, homes 
 for unmarried young women and various technological schools. 
 
 The exhibits of handiwork by pupils in these various schools are 
 among the most interesting exhibits by the Russian people. Their 
 methods of instruction and the wonderful completeness of government 
 supervision over all branches of education are a surprise to many who 
 are accustomed to consider the Russians backward in the matter of 
 schools. This display is also embellished with models, maps and 
 charts, giving the extent, methods and statistics of education in the 
 Russian provinces, towns and cities. All the exhibits of Russian 
 schools under the patronage of the emperor and empress are to be pre- 
 sented to American charitable institutions at the close of the World's 
 Fair. This applies to the entire liberal arts exhibit, except in the case 
 of a few specific articles of great value which are the personal property 
 of the czar and czarina, and which are to be returned at the close of the 
 Exposition. 
 
 Presents for the White House. 
 
 In this department are also shown two specimens of Russian handi- 
 work that are destined for presentation to President and Mrs. Cleve- 
 land at the close of the Fair. Both are valuable and ornate specimens 
 of gold and silver embroidery and weaving on silk patterns. The rich- 
 ness of these prospective gifts is in harmony with the splendor of impe- 
 rial gifts for which the Russian court is noted. The one given to Presi- 
 dent Cleveland is a fire-place ornament gold and silver interwoven by 
 means of the finest needlework on a background of red silk. The one 
 given to Mrs. Cleveland from the Empress Marie is a specimen of 
 matchless embroidery on a background of pure white linen. The figure- 
 piece is a delineation of a recent event which is of historic interest to 
 both Russians and Americans a graphic illustration of American ships, 
 laden with corn, arriving at a Russian seaport. The sentiment is not 
 less than the artistic value and richness of the gift.
 
 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. ft* 
 
 Mme. Schnetsthkim, who is the commissioner of liberal arts and spe- 
 cial delegate from the Russian imperial institutions of the Empress 
 Marie, is also an individual exhibitor in the manufactures' group. She 
 has on exhibition some remarkable pictures of Count Leo Tolstoi. 
 These are nine in number and are burned in wood. One represents 
 Tolstoi as a peasant, another as an author at work, and so on. Each 
 phase of the distinguished writer's career is illustrated. The design of 
 the cabinet containing these different portraits is the work of the Rus- 
 sian imperial architect. Other remarkable exhibits in the manufactures' 
 group are specimens of granite and precious stones in various degrees 
 of workmanship. 
 
 Fine Arts Department. 
 
 Up in the fine arts galleries one sees a rich display. There are be- 
 tween two and three hundred numbers. The Imperial Academy of 
 Fine Arts at St. Petersburg has sent out what is probably the best col- 
 lection of Russian paintings ever shown at a foreign Exposition. It is 
 not claimed, however, that all the leading artists of the empire have con- 
 tributed to the World's Fair exhibit. The younger Russian artists are 
 out in force, and many of the older ones with whose work the art world 
 is familiar. The studios of St. Petersburg and Moscow are represented. 
 Such distinctive Muscovite painters as Beroff are seen in the collection. 
 The great works of Rapin, Semiratsky and Makoffsky give a distinct- 
 ively Russian tone to the exhibit. There is not much sculpture in the 
 art display. There are some engravings and a few water colors. Oil 
 paintings constitute the leading feature of the exhibit. The Russian 
 school makes its strongest showing in the works of some of the younger 
 painters. 
 
 In the shoe and leather building the Russians make a very strong 
 showing. Together with France, they occupy by far the largest collec- 
 tive space in the building. There is a fine pavilion erected by the 
 Russian-American company at a cost of $7,000. In this pavilion are 
 shown the various grades of rubber and the best leather fabrics. There 
 are manufactured shoes for all sorts of wear. A particular feature of 
 the Russian leather exhibit is mosaic leather and stamped leather. 
 There are twenty-eight exhibitors in the department of the shoe and 
 leather exhibit, all being prominent Russian firms or corporations. 
 
 Pictures of Siberia. 
 
 In Machinery Hall and in Transportation and Mines and Mining 
 Buildings the Russians are prominent. In transportation the minister
 
 564 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 of the navy shows models of vessels, cables and chains. The minister 
 of communication shows maps and plans of railways, canals, and other 
 methods of communication. In mines and mining the great Siberian 
 mines are illustrated by maps, implements and statistics, and metallurgy 
 is shown in various forms. The electrical exhibit is small, there being 
 only two hundred square feet set apart for Russia in Electricity 
 Building. 
 
 The Muscovite exhibit in Fisheries Building is one of the most im- 
 portant in that interesting structure. The great government fisheries 
 and the commercial value of the industry are illustrated in a variety of 
 ways. There are models of fishing craft and a valuable collection of 
 specimens of all forms of the finny tribe found in Russian waters. In 
 Horticultural Building there is an elaborate display of Russian fruits 
 kept by cold storage. Russian agriculture is exhibited by the minister 
 of state domains in Agricultural Building. 
 
 The Norwegian Building. 
 
 Exiles from the rocky fiords of Norway celebrated on May i/th, in a 
 national way, the opening of the great Exposition, which symbolizes the 
 universal brotherhood of man and the triumph of the arts of peace. It 
 was fitting that Norway should be the first, for tradition says that years 
 before Columbus a Norseman landed his ship on the coast of Labrador, 
 and was the first to set foot on the new continent, the discovery of 
 which the Exposition celebrates. But the day had to all Norwegians 
 another meaning. Since 1814, May 17 has been the Norwegian Fourth 
 of July, and there was therefore an added vigor and a double intensity 
 in the singing of the patriotic songs and in the eloquent orations. 
 
 Festival Hall was crowded long before two o'clock, the hour set for 
 the opening of the formal exercises. The early trains to Jackson Park 
 carried many of the countrymen of the great Leif Ericsson, and at one 
 o'clock fully 5,000 Norwegians were on the grounds. Inside the hall 
 the scene was one calculated to arouse the patriotic feelings of any man 
 to whom the day had special meaning. In the gallery back of the 
 speakers' stand, twin flags of Norway were draped over the Stars and 
 Stripes. From the railing of the balcony festoons of red, white, and 
 blue, familiar alike to the Norseman in his native land and in this, hung 
 in graceful lines. In the center of the great circular hall the speakers' 
 platform was ablnze with the same colors. 
 
 Patriotic Sentiments. 
 
 Professor Julius E. Olsen of the University of Wisconsin was the ora- 
 tor of the occasion. Fair-haired and stalwart, the speaker was a typical
 
 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 565 
 
 Norseman, and appropriately he began his address by quoting a verse 
 from Bjornson's national hymn. He spoke of Norway as the cradle of 
 liberty, and reviewed the struggles which Norsemen had made to ac- 
 
 NORWAY'S BUILDING. 
 
 quire the priceless boon. He told of the separation of Norway from 
 Denmark after 400 years of subjugation, and eulogized the " Spirit of 
 the North," which through all had kept the Norwegian peasants loyal 
 to the one idea. The constitution of Norway, granted in 1814, he de- 
 clared to be one of the few permanent results of the French revolution. 
 Turning to the Norsemen who were among the first to settle in America,,
 
 566 
 
 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 he reviewed their history and showed that whenever there came a call 
 for patriotic devotion to the principles of liberty his countrymen were 
 ready to answer. In conclusion he urged every Norwegian to give 
 thanks for the dauntless spirit which is a part of his inheritance, and to 
 send back to his native land warm greetings and best wishes for their 
 future. While the applause which greeted him still echoed, Professor 
 
 NORSEMEN MARCHING TO FESTIVAL HALL. 
 
 Olsen proposed three cheers for the day, and they were given with a 
 zest and vigor born of the North. 
 
 When the hush came Mrs. Anna Smith Behrens was introduced, and 
 she sang three ballads in the Norwegian language, each of which 
 touched a tender chord of feeling in the audience. 
 
 Professor Rasmus Anderson spoke for Norway in his native tongue. 
 Himself a distinguished citizen of his adopted country, having served as 
 Minister to Copenhagen, he was able to speak with peculiar feeling of 
 the common spirit which should animate Norsemen and Americans 
 alike. As he referred to the beauty of Norwegian women a cheer went 
 up for the pretty girls in the costumes of Norwegian peasants who sat 
 in the center of the hall.
 
 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 567 
 
 Gov. Nelson Glorifies Norway. 
 
 There was a stir on the platform when the orchestra had finished, and 
 a stalwart man, bearded like a Viking of old, stepped forward. Few 
 recognized him as one of the most distinguished Norwegians in the 
 United States the Hon. Knute Nelson, Governor of Minnesota. Glori- 
 fying Norway, Gov. Nelson told how Harold the Fair-haired had led to 
 the colonization of Iceland, and how from that Norwegian colony came 
 Leif Ericsson, whom he declared to be the original discoverer of America. 
 He said : 
 
 " From the Norman Vikings came William the Norman, conqueror 
 of England and founder of the English dynasty of kings. The hot, riot- 
 ous Viking blood, tempered by the glaciers of Iceland, lived and spark- 
 led in the sagas, but in the balmier climes of England and France it 
 produced a race of warriors and statesmen." 
 
 Reviewing the after history of Norway the speaker brought his peo- 
 ple down to the time of the granting of the Constitution in 1814, and 
 declared that under present conditions Norway enjoys almost all the 
 blessings of a democratic form of government. Speaking of his coun- 
 trymen in America he said : 
 
 " In this land of our adoption, where we have been received into full 
 fellowship, we can best honor Norway, best reverence the memory of 
 our ancestors, by performing our duties as American citizens, and let us 
 feel that whenever we are deficient in active love and duty to the United 
 States we do an injustice to ourselves and throw discredit upon the land, 
 of our birth." 
 
 The Norwegian Building is typical of the prevailing architecture of 
 that country. The interior is neat and tasteful, and the surrounding 
 walls are covered with plaster casts of food fishes and a number of very 
 fine oil paintings by Lauritz Haaland showing scenes on the coast of 
 Norway. A diorama representing seal hunting is an attractive feature 
 of the exhibit. It is decorated with stuffed birds, polar bears and seal- 
 ing and whaling guns and implements. 
 
 Denmark's Rare Exhibits. 
 
 Denmark's exhibit in Manufactures Building is well worth a careful 
 inspection. The exhibit is on the west side of Columbian avenue, the 
 main north and south aisle, near the south entrance of the building. 
 The fagade represents the coat of arms of the City of Copenhagen and 
 on either side is shown the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Denmark, 
 with the Danish flags. By way of ornament to the front entrance there
 
 568 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 are placed on either side bronze statues of Bertel Thorwaldsen and 
 Hans Christian Andersen. Around on the north wall there is a series 
 of paintings and copies of sculptures. Among the pictures shown are 
 those of a Danish fleet of Vikings crossing the North Sea, Greenland 
 Sound, the Danish West Indies, and the port of Copenhagen. On the 
 west wall is a display of photographs, among them being pictures of 
 members of the royal family. 
 
 In the exhibit proper the two most interesting displays are those 
 commemorative of Thorwaldsen and Andersen. At the southeast 
 corner there is a reproduction in miniature of the museum in Copen- 
 hagen built by Bertel Thorwaldsen and presented to the city, containing 
 miniature casts of all the works of art contained in it, which includes 
 nearly all the original work of the great sculptor. In a case along side 
 of it are personal relics, including the hat worn by him at the triumphal 
 entry into Copenhagen in 1838, the medal of the order of knighthood 
 conferred upon him by the King, his favorite pipe, cigar cases, match 
 boxes, autograph letters, and some of the tools used by him. There is 
 a portrait of Thorwaldsen, by Horace Vernet, the famous French artist, 
 showing the sculptor standing before the bust which he had made of 
 Vernet. 
 
 Relics of Fairy Tale Andersen. 
 
 Hans Christian Andersen, writer of fairy tales and equally popular in 
 all civilized countries of the world, is brought to memory by the large 
 collection of personal relics. The full manuscript of his autobiography, 
 along with several of his tales in the original, occupy a case. There is 
 a fine screen made by Andersen from clippings from pictorial papers 
 containing views of Denmark and of contemporaries of his, including 
 members of the royal family and brother artists and authors. 
 
 All of the furniture in the space is from Andersen's home and was 
 used by him. There are the desk on which he wrote, the last inkstand 
 he used an elaborate affair in silver enameled in a fanciful and artistic 
 design a sofa with pillows and embroidered covers, a big hall clock ; 
 chairs, pictures, a pair of spectacles, pens, and little articles of personal 
 use, all from the royal museum in Copenhagen and loaned for the first 
 time for this exhibit. " Picturesque America," presented to him by 
 American citizens, is among the other articles shown. 
 
 Sea-King and Mermaids. 
 
 At the extreme west end of the exhibit and over the west entrance is 
 a ceramic display designed by Professor Lorenz Frolich and executed 
 by Professor Herman Kahler. The painting is on tile six inches square
 
 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 569 
 
 and the entire work occupies a space six feet wide and eighteen feet 
 long. The title is " The Daughters of Aegir Drinking to Him." The 
 king of the sea is represented standing on the sea-coast with his- 
 mermaid daughters about him, and on either side of the painting 
 proper there are two figures of mermaids, one playing a harp, the other 
 blowing a sea shell. 
 
 Just in front of this, inclosed in a glass case, is a model of the free 
 port of Copenhagen. This model is surmounted by a map of the world^ 
 showing the routes of the various lines of commerce, including those 
 across the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 The summer residence of King Christian IX., known as Rosenborg 
 Castle, built in 1604, is shown in a model made entirely of gold and 
 silver. There are 1,700 pieces used in its construction. Several cases 
 are filled with gold and silver work from the larger jewelry manufac- 
 turers of Copenhagen, and there is an extensive exhibit made of wares 
 from the royal porcelain works. 
 
 The King in Silver and Gold. 
 
 King Christian IX. is represented in an equestrian statue of silver 
 and gold, the horse shown being his favorite animal. This stands three 
 feet high. The pottery exhibit is one of the interesting features. A 
 number of black terra-cotta figures which look like iron or bronze are 
 shown, the color of which is obtained entirely through the burning. 
 There is a special clay which is found nowhere else used in its making. 
 There are two spaces filled with furniture exhibits and samples of work 
 from the schools of Copenhagen form another interesting feature. 
 Aksel Mikkelsen has made a model of a Danish manual training school 
 showing the work benches, the tools and machinery used, and with 
 models of pupils at work. 
 
 Denmark doesn't believe in hiding her choice things in a cupboard 
 and requiring a ticket of admission to see them. She has, therefore, 
 made the exterior of her imposing structure furnish walls for the dis- 
 play of exhibits. Every inch of space on the outside walls or in open 
 windows or niches has been utilized to show some painting of historical 
 interest or the beautiful scenery of the country, or a product of sculp- 
 ture. 
 
 The Old Explorer. 
 
 As though to prepare the mind for the reasonableness of the claim 
 that Leif Ericsson crossed the Atlantic four centuries before Colum- 
 bus, a number of pictures are hung on the outer walls illustrating the 
 adventurous and hardy character of the vikings. One shows a Danish
 
 570 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 fleet crossing the North sea in 860 ; another the landing of one of these 
 expeditions on a foreign coast in 980. The next step in the historical 
 -suggestion leads to a corner room in the interior of the pavilion, which is 
 called the Ericsson room. Its walls are covered with primitive sketches 
 of what are believed to be voyages of this early explorer, and the furni- 
 ture is reproduced from styles in use in Iceland at the present day. The 
 room is devoted to the memory of the " first discoverer of America." 
 
 There is a display of china from the royal works at Copenhagen. 
 These works were established in 1760, and the products, both of table- 
 ware and ornamental pieces, have attained world-wide reputation. One 
 section is devoted to the famous Ipsen pottery, unlike anything else 
 seen in the Exposition in the delicate coloring of the ware and its clearly 
 defined ornamentation. This is made at Copenhagen, and the principal 
 productions are imitations of Greek and Roman vases. The prices are 
 much lower that those of similar pottery from other countries. One 
 piece is a frieze twelve yards long, representing Alexander the Great's 
 entrance into Babylon, after Thorwaldsen. 
 
 Ceramics and Manual Training. 
 
 An interesting ceramic is shown in a tile painting called " The 
 Daughters of the Ocean." It is about twelve feet in length, was painted 
 .by Lorewh Frolich, and was made in Fayence by Herman Kahler. 
 
 The school faddists find a congenial corner where there is a complete 
 exposition of the Danish Sloyd association. Manual labor as a disci- 
 pline in the schools of Denmark was required by law as early as 1814, 
 tout it was not systematically taught under the name of sloyd until 
 within the past ten years. The first real sloyd school was established 
 in Copenhagen in 1885, and the Danish Sloyd association was founded 
 in that year. Its object was to promote the teaching of sloyd, and it is 
 now in the curriculums of sixty -seven public schools and twenty special 
 schools. The association seeks to secure its compulsory teaching in 
 the higher as well as the elementary schools, and it is said the public 
 looks with favor upon the movement. By the exhibition here the 
 association hopes to remove the obstacles to its introduction in the 
 schools in this country. All the details of a sloyd school, including 
 the pupils and the tools, have been reproduced in miniature, showing 
 the methods of work and the results. Denmark's royal commission is 
 headed by Carl Michelson, president, and exhibits are also found in the 
 Fine Arts, Woman's and Agriculture Buildings. The sloyd schools 
 correspond with our manual training schools, and are popular in the 
 north of Europe.
 
 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 571 
 
 Sweden and the Fair. 
 
 The Swedish Building is one of the most striking objects on the 
 grounds. The design is mainly the product of the architect's fancy, but 
 in working it out he has been inspired in a general way by the Swedish 
 churches and houses of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. As 
 far as possible the characteristics of the old Swedish architecture have 
 been illustrated. The leading feature is a central dome 70 feet high, 
 
 THE SWEDISH BUILDING. 
 
 and an ornamental spire over it, on which the Swedish flag floats 150 
 feet from the ground. The lower part of the front wall forms an exhibit 
 of its own, consisting, as it does, of brick, terra-cotta, and cement work 
 from the most prominent manufacturers in Sweden. 
 
 The remainder of the building is entirely of wood, all the work having 
 been done in Sweden. In fact, the building was constructed and put 
 together there, and then taken apart and brought to Chicago. Following 
 the old Swedish fashion, the whole of the roof and walls are covered 
 with shingles, and the outside of the wood-work is impregnated with a 
 preserving liquid to prevent decay.
 
 572 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 In the interior there is a tetragonal hall in the centre, surrounded by 
 three large rooms. The inside is painted in light colors and richly 
 decorated with bunting, coats of arms, and crests. Opposite the main 
 entrance is a large picture of the capital of Sweden, with its famous 
 royal castle. Wax figures stand in front of this painting in the 
 picturesque garb of the Swedes. At one side is a Swedish landscape 
 and at the other a peasant's cottage. Sweden's exhibit is found in the 
 Manufactures Building, Machinery Hall, and Fine Arts Building. The 
 pavilion, however, contains a small exhibit. This consists of matters 
 illustrative of the Swedish school system, embroidery and needlework, 
 gold and silverware, wood pulp products, china and glass goods, and 
 samples of the far-famed Swedish iron ore. 
 
 Great Interest taken in the Exposition. 
 
 Arthur Leffler, Chief Commissioner of the Swedish Government at 
 the Exposition, said : 
 
 " The Swedish Government has made a larger appropriation for an 
 exhibit at the World's Fair than any other European nation, according 
 to population. The amount appropriated for the exhibit was 350,000 
 krons, or about $100,000. In addition to this the government has 
 distributed about 50,000 krons to professional men, engineers and 
 artists, toward paying their expenses when they visit the Fair. Sweden 
 has not looked upon the Fair as a money-making enterprise on her part, 
 but has been liberal in her outlay because of the kindly feeling she has 
 for the United States, and because of the opportunities for study and 
 observation which it will afford such of her people as visit this country 
 while the Fair is in progress. 
 
 " On many occasions the United States has shown such a spirit of 
 kindly interest in Sweden that King Oscar and his subjects felt under 
 obligation to reciprocate by doing all things possible to make the Fair 
 a success. The King was invited to attend, but he told me he thought 
 he could not, because he is an old man and the journey would be too 
 much for him. 
 
 " Our exhibit sets forth the manufacturing, the artistic, and the agri- 
 cultural life of the nation. It is especially good in the line of iron and 
 steel, brick clay, and porcelain works. There is also a complete exem- 
 plification of the life of the peasantry. The schools, the Swedish home 
 life, the manners and customs of the people are illustrated. 
 
 " The art exhibit consists of 200 pieces of oils, water colors and 
 pastels. Of these 145 are oil paintings. In addition some pieces of 
 sculpture are shown. The art collection is not as large as the one sent
 
 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 573 
 
 to the Paris Exposition, but it is more valuable. One of the exhibitors 
 is Eugene, the fourth son of King Oscar, who is an artist of no little 
 merit. The paintings which he sends were selected by the committee 
 in the same manner as the others." 
 
 Austria Displays her Treasures. 
 
 The decorative art section of Austria in the Liberal Arts Building in 
 Jackson Park presents a brilliant and complete appearance. The situa- 
 tion of the Austrian exhibit is one of the most advantageous in the 
 building. The gold and white arch that forms its entrance way consti 
 tutes an imposing architectural feature. The Austrian industrial arts 
 best known in America are those of glass and porcelain. Glassmaking 
 has been successfully carried on by the artisans of different sections of 
 Austria for nearly seven hundred years. The Bohemians have always 
 excelled both in designs and in the art of coloring glass. The showing 
 of glass by this country is composed of an endless variety, both of 
 shape and embellishment. Engraved glass is among the novelties 
 re-introduced by these clever craftsmen. The simple white glass is a 
 great relief, coming as it has after the general use of glass ornately 
 decorated and too often highly colored. The engraving is traced on the 
 outer surface and cut from the back of the glass. The cutting is 
 exquisite. The incisions are so deeply made that the effect from the 
 front surface is that of a beautifully modeled object. 
 
 There are loving-cups, and plaques which are decorated by hand with 
 the Austrian coat-of-arms and other devices; goblets and tankards 
 enameled with bunches of flowers ; opalescent and opaque examples, 
 with projecting knobs bent around the body of the objects. There is 
 every conceivable gradation of toning. The Bohemian glass is a color 
 study. The sea greens, violets, bluish greens, ambers, canary yellows, 
 emerald greens, rose, ruby, coppers dark and light, cobalt blues, com- 
 bined with gilt and enamels, are endless in variety and shape. The 
 Venetian notion of coloring has been largely introduced. 
 
 Notable Specimens. 
 
 A beautiful pitcher-shaped vase of ultra-marine blue is one of the 
 finest color examples in the Austrian glass collection. It consists of 
 three distinct layers of glass, which produces great brilliancy of color 
 and glaze. There is a vase on which has been laid a thin skin of colored 
 material on one side and by means of skillful grinding the color has been 
 removed, leaving a transparent pattern on the closed ground. The 
 collection displayed is very large and exquisitely beautiful.
 
 574 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 The great manufactory of Vienna porcelain, which dates from 1720, 
 produces many wonderful specimens of workmanship. The paste of 
 which the porcelain is made is not thought by connoisseurs in ceramics 
 to equal that of Dresden or Worcester. This, however, is a mooted 
 question. Their gold work, both flat and raised, has attained high per- 
 fection. The porcelain factories of all countries have sought to follow 
 these workers in gold, but it is doubtful if the work done by these 
 Vienna porcelain artisans has been equalled. 
 
 The porcelains of Austria are famous for their deep blues, garnets and 
 violet reds, red being the color universally used by them. The prevailing 
 decoration is that of allegorical figures and stories painted in plateau or 
 medallion effects ; the figures are well modeled, and the paintings usually 
 executed with artistic excellence. They manufacture every known 
 article for table use and decorative purposes porcelain painted clocks, 
 dainty bonbon boxes, candlesticks, jardinieres and lamps. Their embel- 
 lishments in relief are excellent. The success attained by the Viennese 
 in the production of faience is established. 
 
 Artistic Enamels. 
 
 The art studios of the Imperial and Royal museum at Vienna have 
 sent to the Exposition a beautiful collection of enamels. The enameling 
 is all the work of women and it is lovely. Every example evinces 
 great technical experience. The art studio manufactures its own por- 
 celains for enameling. The work is also accomplished on copper, silver, 
 brass and gold. There are miniatures, dainty jewel and snuff boxes, 
 bottle-shaped vases that are as fine in their workmanship as any piece 
 of cloisonne from the hand of a Japanese. A model of its kind is an 
 ewer-shapped pitcher of powder blue, decorated with the figures of 
 dancing girls and garlands of flowers. There are necklaces of bits of 
 porcelain joined together by fine gold chains and an occasional pierced 
 pearl, and letter portfolios bearing the crest and monogram of Charles 
 Louis, better known to us as Ludwig. 
 
 A vase of silver intricately wrought, the gift of the Austrian Govern- 
 ment to Archduke Raena, is an interesting trophy from the imperial 
 museum. There are bracelets made of lapis lazuli and collarettes woven 
 of seed pearls. The letter chests are made from cubes of mother-of- 
 pearl, some carved in cameo relief in the natural color, others of highly 
 colored pieces, which suggest the old specimens of Greek ornamental 
 bas-reliefs that have, from time to time, been exhumed. The examples 
 of silver jewelry, inkstands, toilet sets, trays and boxes, engraved or 
 eaten by acids in pretty designs, represent the more modern work of 
 these clever silver and gold smiths.
 
 THE COLUMBIAN TOWER. 
 
 575
 
 576 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 The art industrial iron works of Vienna have a most novel and 
 interesting display of ornamental railings and gates for mansions. The 
 collection of candelabra, fire irons, screens, flower baskets, chandeliers 
 and jardinieres is very fine. In the repousse designs reproductions of 
 former centuries in locksmith works and candle-sticks, both in brass 
 and copper, show comprehensively the lovely iron work made in past 
 years. The Austrians manufacture a fire gilt of lasting and brilliant 
 quality. Altar furnishings and crucifixes are numbered among its 
 specialties. 
 
 Fancy Leather Goods. 
 
 The Vienna leathers have a world-wide reputation for excellence, and 
 the showing of leather goods is to a degree fascinating. The bags, 
 portmanteaus in fact traveling cases of all descriptions are made from 
 sheep and lamb skins, deer, seal, hog or pig skins, walrus and hippo- 
 potamus hides, Morocco and Russia leather. The vegetable leathery 
 are also successively worked into useful articles. The dyes used in 
 coloring the softer leather textures are the finest : the colors produced 
 are varied and beautiful. Card cases of lavender and portfolios in the 
 same color are embellished by the Austrian coat-of-arms and the 
 American shield in enamels. Many examples are engraved, stamped 
 and carved ; others are burnt in shaded geometrical designs. Screens, 
 tables, chairs and writing desks are decorated in hand work. 
 
 The relief work to be seen far excels that of any other country. 
 Directly truthful copies of the beautiful Italian porcelain, Capodi Monte, 
 have been made. The boxes are especially lovely, both in shape and 
 in scheme of color. With the leather goods are specimens of meer- 
 schaum. Vienna contains manufactories in which very artistic produc- 
 tions are made. The designs in pipes are uncommon and in many cases 
 the modeling of them is very good. The showing of amber and tortoise 
 shell is limited but representative. The making of jewelry, knife handles 
 and other small ornamental objects from mother-of-pearl is another 
 artistic industry of this country. The carving and cutting is skillfully 
 accomplished and the inlaid work uncommonly fine. 
 
 The Bohemians are successful in making from glass wonderful imita- 
 tions of precious stones ; in fact, it is most difficult to tell the real jewel 
 from the fraudulent. The cases containing spurious gems furnish novel 
 and interesting amusement. 
 
 Glories of the Tyrol. 
 
 There was an interesting ceremony at the opening of the Austrian 
 exhibit in the Transportation Building. With Alpine pinks and roses
 
 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 577 
 
 in her hand, a wreath of the flowers upon her head, and wearing an 
 
 improvised native costume, a sweet little girl personified the spirit of 
 
 the Tyrolean Alps and welcomed 
 
 representatives of the press and other 
 
 invited guests to an inspection of 
 
 that portion of the Austrian exhibit 
 
 found in Transportation Building. 
 
 This exhibit consists in the main, 
 of a large painting showing a section 
 of the Alps in Tyrol, Austria, in 
 which are included several peaks 
 from 8,000 to 13,000 feet in height 
 and the Mittelberg glacier. The ex- 
 hibit found its way to Transportation 
 Building partly because there was 
 not room for it in any other, and 
 mainly because it is the exhibit of 
 the United Tyrolese Association for 
 the attraction and guidance of travel- 
 ers. While it illustrates no means 
 of transportation, this is about the 
 first thing it suggests to the person 
 wishing to see the original of *he 
 beautiful picture. 
 
 The trifling incongruity in assigning the part of the Tyrolean sprite to 
 a subject of King William was due to the fact that there was no native 
 miss of the proper age in the city and because there was an opportunity 
 to exhibit the affection which Tyroleans possess for the people who have 
 for so many years welcomed their own sweet singers and zither players. 
 The exhibitors went over to the German village, in Midway Plaisance, 
 and found, with her mother, little Erna Newmann, 9 years old, who 
 possesses the features of figure and face which imagination ascribes to 
 fairies. While the guests were studying the painted picture she seemed 
 to rise out of the ground in front of them and proceeded to tell them 
 who she was. It was easy to believe her. 
 
 Pretty Little Speaking Sprite. 
 
 She said, speaking in German : "Welcome, gentlemen. You do not 
 know who I am and are surprised. I am the little spirit that lives in 
 these mountains, and, as I see, I have come just at the right time to 
 welcome you. 
 
 37 
 
 ADDRESS OF WELCOME.
 
 578 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 
 
 " It was a long trip from my quiet valley to this smoky town, but I 
 am contented because I see I am still in my mountains. If there is no. 
 mountain air to breathe and my ears are troubled' by the sound, of 
 hammer and saw, this picture reminds me of my home.. It tells of our 
 great forests, our mountains, clad in feathery snow, our home and our 
 country. Let us drink to the health of our Austria." 
 
 The painting shown is 1 8 by 40 feet in size, and was executed by two. 
 artists from Munich, Michael Zeno Dierner and Hans Wieland. They 
 were the first ever to ascend the Fernerkogl peak, 11,000 feet in height,, 
 in the Tyrolean Alps, which is shown at the extreme left of the picture. 
 They spent months in the mountains, living in a hut, while studying the 
 scenes and making sketches. The glacier shown is about seven miles, 
 long and is said to reveal a most beautiful combination of colors near 
 its mouth, where the ice, beginning to break up, is always heaving and 
 rolling. 
 
 Realism in Moss and Rocks, 
 
 For a short time in the summer a lake of crystal clearness is found in 
 one of the valleys, as depicted by the artists. Directly in front of the 
 picture a little realism in the form of a moss covered and rocky plateau,, 
 supposed to be near the base of the mountains,, adds to the effectiveness 
 of the representation. A smoldering camp fire and appliances used by 
 mountain-climbing tourists lend their aid to the effect. 
 
 The picture is full of life and interest. Among other things is shown 
 one of a number of cabins where tourists, if caught in snow storms, may 
 stop and remain until it is safe for them to proceed on their way. In 
 one of the rooms of the queer-looking house is arranged a display of 
 art photographs, illustrating the principal events in the life of Emperor 
 Maximilian. One picture shows the tomb of Maximilian in the Ho|- 
 kirche, or church of the Franciscans. Another, " The League of 
 Cambray," made in 1508 ; another, the " Submission of Charles, Duke 
 of Gueldres," made in 1505; and still another, the Alliance between 
 Maximilian, Republic of Venice, Pope Alexander VI., and the Duke of 
 Milan against Charles VIII. of France. There is a picture of the return 
 of Maximilian's daughter Margaret from France, in 1495. One of the 
 curiosities is the golden roof of an old family mansion in Innspruck. A 
 drawing burned in wood, and a life-sized figure of Columbus, made of 
 mosaic, attract attention. 
 
 Elegant Wood Carving. 
 
 Wood carving is a specialty of the peasants of Tyrol, and some elabo- 
 rate figures are here reproduced, one that of Christ and another of Mary,
 
 A GROUP OF EUROPEAN NATIONS. 579 
 
 Both are finished in colors appropriate to the flesh and the drapery. 
 Besides these exhibits there are specimens of tourists' clothing, photo- 
 graphs of church and palace interiors in Austria, and several oil paint- 
 ings, second only in importance to that of the Alps. 
 
 The limited space in front of the fagade has been platted with grass, 
 and an ivy growth started at the foot of the walls. The ivy grows up- 
 ward to cover the walls, while the vines of the Alpine pink which has 
 been placed on the roof grow downward to meet it. 
 
 An ancient means of noting the hour from six in the morning till 
 eight in the evening is shown on the gable end of the building. First, 
 there is a picture of a sun, and from its mouth projects a rod eighteen 
 inches in length, at such an angle that its shadow falls across the hours 
 indicated in a semi-circle below at the appropriate time.
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 Curiosities from Japan. 
 
 JAPAN makes exhibits in all the great departments except ma- 
 chinery and electricity. They are all extensive, and, of course, 
 with the buildings, cost a great deal of money. But Japan pro- 
 vided for all the expense by an appropriation of $630,000, an 
 amount more than twice as large as the average of foreign appropria- 
 tions. The principal Japanese exhibits are in the Manufactures and 
 Agricultural Buildings. In the latter is its exhibit of the tea industry, 
 the chief support of the country. In Manufactures Hall the principal 
 Japanese exhibits are silk, embroidery, woven goods, porcelain, pottery 
 and other dainty wares for which the Japanese are famous. The dis- 
 play of art is also extensive, and includes the best works done by the 
 artists of the country in painting and sculpture. In the Fisheries 
 Building Japan has one of the best and most comprehensive exhibits 
 made there. 
 
 Japan was one of the first foreign governments to appoint a World's 
 Fair commission, and the members worked diligently from the first to 
 make a great display. 
 
 In the Art Palace. 
 
 Having no lumps of Parian marble with all but speaking tongues, and 
 no canvases that the royal palaces might covet, Japan welcomes the 
 nations to see gems in pounded brass and chiseled ivory and carved 
 wood and inlaid gold, and delicate tracing with brush and pencil on 
 silken stretches as dainty and finished as the priceless pieces from an- 
 cient studios. There are no models on classic lines nor oils ; but hewn 
 ideas to the country born, life as the people of the rising sun know it, 
 muscles and bones and sinews as their athletes possess them, flowers 
 and rivers and mountains such as their country affords. No foreign 
 school of any age or any clime has warped the native taste. Its art and 
 execution are original and too characteristic to meet the bookish 
 standards. 
 
 The exhibit, like all else that the Japanese did at the Fair, was com- 
 plete at an early date. Before the bigger kingdoms began to receive 
 their pictures the little artisans from the far East were hammering and 
 $80
 
 CURIOSITIES FROM JAPAN. 581 
 
 tacking and pegging until the bare, plain walls took on the colors of a 
 royal court. 
 
 In the Vestibule. 
 
 Neat festoons of red and white and brilliant national emblems mark 
 the portal, while an intricate temple of oriental worship bids the visitor 
 forget his western prosaicness and drop for a moment in the indescriba- 
 ble tranquillity of the East and its life. On one side is a masterly ivory 
 image of Buddha, and on the other a girded wrestler with tendons drawn 
 and cords dilated, cut from a block seasoned for a century. Curious 
 birds of fancy among tangled branches of cherry blossoms, done on the 
 costliest bits of silk, form the background in frames of embroidery 
 worked by deftest hands. This forms the vestibule. 
 
 The most striking piece in the collection is a tapestry which fills the 
 side of one whole room. It is a sort of Gobelin, worked in silk and 
 valued at $30,000. The theme is a festival procession leaving a temple, 
 there being no less than 1,000 figures in the work. Some of the figures 
 are correct enough to be portraits, and others wear masks and grotesque 
 faces, as in a Mardi Gras. The detail is marvellously fine, every stitch 
 being exactly as it should be. The garments, emblems, foliage and all 
 the rest of the almost numberless parts of the scene are perfect, bearing 
 abundant testimony to the truth of the assertion that the splendid piece 
 was four years on the loom. 
 
 Bronze Work of a High Order. 
 
 The bronze work is best shown in a center group, the figures of 
 which are a quarrelsome cock on a tree and an old hen with her brood 
 just under her. It is a large piece, executed so carefully that the tail 
 feathers of the old disturber flutter in the slightest draught as though 
 they were genuine. The same skill which made such effects possible 
 fashions writing desks, inlaying the covers with bits of gold as fine as a 
 needle's eye. Priests and monks are cut from ivory, the diminutive re- 
 sults being so correct that miscroscopic examination finds no fault. 
 Animals in wood ordinarily executed are little less than caricatures, but 
 the big ones in the Japanese section of the Art Palace have all the im- 
 pressiveness of those cut in stone. 
 
 But aside from the nicety and carefulness of detail, the most inter- 
 esting thing about it is that it is all thoroughly Japanese, with no out- 
 side influence. 
 
 The paintings are peculiar, but equally as fascinating as they are 
 strange. One immense panel has a war scene, full of life and action, 
 but so curiously drawn it is almost incomprehensible. The colors are
 
 582 CURIOSITIES FROM JAPAN. 
 
 intensely vivid, with the same indefinite perspective that characterizes 
 everything on these walls. The most successful landscape is a screen 
 worked in silk. A great cherry tree, white in blossom, fills the entire 
 foreground and apparently stretches its boughs over miles of scenery. 
 In the distance are mountains, a river that has overflown its banks and 
 half submerged houses. While according to art rules it is possibly 
 not accurate from the standpoint of beauty, it is wonderful. Its value 
 is also considerably up in the thousands. There are scores of smaller 
 efforts and plenty of good carvings. 
 
 Queer Works of Art. 
 
 Japanese jugs and bowls run to snakes and forked-tongued dragons 
 of impossible shapes and proportions. The costliest vases and art pro- 
 ducts are decorated with the strangest representations of animal life and 
 the most striking confusions of landscapes. Reptiles are used as stand- 
 ards, with bits of intricately carved statuary resting upon their extended 
 tongues. Water vessels have triangular waves. Ornamental bronzes 
 have stumpy figures walking on diminutive devils with square eyes and 
 faces drawn into wrinkles of agonies and their clawy fingers and feet 
 extended. These little satans are everywhere, always with two hideous 
 tusks extending from their jaws, and the hair and eyebrows so carved, 
 hammered and painted as to represent horns. The figures which hold 
 them to earth are short of stature, like the artists themselves, and are 
 decorated in the elaborate garbs which make the Japanese picturesque. 
 The ho-o, sung in story and famous in legend, is everywhere, the bird 
 seemingly being the stock figure in all branches of work, from carpentry 
 to the most costly silk tapestry. 
 
 These grotesque and sometimes amusing ideas of decorative art have 
 drawn great swarms of people to the Japanese exhibits. While it may 
 be a question whether such exaggerated and fantastic ideas will rank as 
 truly artistic, there is no gainsaying the extreme delicacy of execution 
 and design. The Japanese carve ivory with the same preciseness and 
 care that they make two bamboos support each other without nails. 
 It is apparently as easy for them to inlay bits of sea-fish shells in 
 mahogany until the finished table top looks like a single piece as it is to 
 make a durable picket fence out of twine and fish poles. 
 
 Wonderful Skill of the Workmen. 
 
 The common carpenter builds a dainty home, and his skill is shocked 
 in case a nail-head or peg can be seen ; but the man who pounds brass 
 does it with such wondrous neatness that his ink stand or toilet case
 
 CUklOSlf IES FkOM JAPAN. 583 
 
 ^adorns -a royal boudoir.. The weavers spin mulberry leaves in silken 
 upholstery so faultlessly that the graceful chairs have princely values, 
 and the skillful gardener brings twenty miles of landscape into a single 
 ; flower bed. 
 
 Their productions are sometimes grotesque in the extreme. In 
 Manufactures Building some of their most elaborate pieces of pottery, 
 Hvith superlative prices, shave the outsides covered with thickets, in which 
 'ill-shaped chickens are feeding. The finest tapestries are brilliant with 
 : monsters that give a nervous man the shudders great creeping, 
 'crawling, tangled, snaky combinatioas with innumerable legs and feet, 
 with flashing eyes and stinging fangs .and jagged tails. They are 
 worked out with the deftness of master hands, ixut they are not things 
 one would wish to meet in reality. 
 
 Some aspiring carver made busts of President Cleveland, General 
 r Grant and George Washington. The resemblance to the first was a 
 trifle, to the second less .and to the third so small flobody can discover 
 it. The president looks sad, dejected and disgusted, the general is fierce 
 and Washington's hair Jiangs in curls and his eyes are only holes. 
 These were probably made as experiments, and it is safe to say the man 
 who did them will jiiot be overworked with orders from America. 
 However, the value of the collection in the big building can be expressed 
 ;by seven figures in a row. The commission selected the exhibit from 
 each branch of Japanese art, and the monetary value is unexcelled by 
 tthat of any of the big neighbors. 
 
 The Quaint Japanese Building. 
 
 Most every one who has ever been in the World's Fair grounds 
 knows where the Japanese pavilion is. It has excited more interest and 
 drawn more attention than any of the other foreign buildings and for 
 several very excellent reasons. In the first place it is built of permanent 
 material put up there to stay and be a monument to the interest of the 
 mikado's country in the great Columbian show. When the Fair is over 
 the little palace will be turned over to the South Park commissioners 
 and Chicagoans can always see it. Another reason for the interest in 
 the building is the fact that it was put together by a band of those queer 
 little Japs, whose appearance and methods of work are so different from 
 the American ; and still another is the almost universal interest in every- 
 thing that comes from the mikado's island. Visitors to the Exposition 
 grounds flocked about the little building and its funny builders when the 
 work first began, but their curiosity became too strong and their inquiries 
 too pointed, and no one finally was allowed over there.
 
 584 
 
 CURIOSITIES FROM JAPAN. 
 
 But the Hooden 
 
 can be easily seen 
 
 from the outside of 
 
 the lagoon. Its 
 
 queer, swooping 
 
 roof rises just above 
 
 the tree-tops, and 
 
 the building as a 
 
 whole is in strong- 
 
 est contrast to the 
 
 greatplaster palaces 
 
 that form a circle 
 
 around the inland 
 
 lake. The meaning 
 
 of the word hooden 
 
 is phoenix palace. 
 
 The phcenix is the 
 
 traditional bird of 
 
 . Japan. Whenever 
 
 5 the mikado does a 
 
 ;j good act the phce- 
 
 nix is supposed to 
 
 % appear to show its 
 
 fc approval. And so 
 
 Si the phcenix is men- 
 >-> A 
 
 w tioned in all the tra- 
 
 u 
 
 H ditions and legends 
 
 of the country. It 
 is most plentifully 
 represented in the 
 little palace. Gold 
 phoenixes are every- 
 where used as orna- 
 ments in all parts 
 of the building. 
 
 The Hooden is 
 only one story high. 
 It consists of three 
 pavilions, the one in 
 the center consider- 
 ably larger than
 
 CURIOSITIES FROM JAPAN. 585 
 
 the others, and all connected by latticed corridors. Each of these 
 pavilions is representative of the decorative and architectural feature of 
 three prominent epochs in Japanese history. In general the ground 
 plan follows the arrangement of the Hoodo Temple, an interesting 
 monument of Fujiwara art. The Hoodo was constructed about eight 
 hundred and fifty years ago by Yorimichi, who was then a power in 
 Japan. It is situated at Miji, the famous tea producing district, near 
 Kyoto. The left wing of the Hooden represents the Fujiwara style of 
 Japanese architecture in vogue from the tenth to the thirteenth centuries. 
 In this pavilion is a room which reproduces a salon in which the court 
 nobles used to spend their leisure in music and poetry. 
 
 Phoenix Appears Everywhere. 
 
 The right wing of the building shows the architecture of the Ashikagu 
 period, corresponding in general history to the time when Columbus 
 was discovering America. The main or central pavilion is in the style 
 of Takugawas, which began in the eighteenth century in Japan and still 
 obtains. One of the rooms in this central pavilion represents the sitting- 
 room of a feudal lord. The central wall is covered with a huge pine, 
 the emblem of strength and glory. 
 
 It is in one of the other rooms of the central palace that the most 
 magnificent and most typical Japanese decoration is done. The tra- 
 ditionary phoenixes, executed in gold and colors on handsome panels, 
 are encased in squares of lacquer work to form t}ie ceiling. The golden 
 phcenix is used everywhere in the decoration of the room, and the effect 
 is marvelously beautiful. A gilded phcenix spreads its wings, too, over 
 the roof of this central pavilion, and appears on everything Japanese on 
 the grounds. The rooms of the Hooden are all furnished in the style 
 of the periods which the different pavilions represent. 
 
 The Hooden is not the only Japanese pavilion on the grounds, 
 however. There is a village in the Midway Plaisance, and a number of 
 handsome pavilions in the different exhibit buildings. 
 
 A Visit to the Tea Garden. 
 
 The World's Fair, abounding as it does in delightful revelations, 
 affords few more curiously interesting than the little Japanese tea gar- 
 den, located on the sloping bank of the lagoon, near the French marine 
 cafe. Though purely exotic, this garden, if one may form an estimate 
 from the class and extent of its patronage, has caught the fancy of dis- 
 criminating tourists, for nowhere on the Fair grounds can an hour's re- 
 spite from wearisome sight-seeing be more pleasantly employed.
 
 586 CURIOSITIES FROM JAPAN. 
 
 Attendant ladies and gentlemen, assisted by discreet household servants, 
 with suavity and winning smiles welcome visitors and invite participa- 
 tion in the refined luxuries of Japanese home life. In this, as in all the 
 
 JAPANESE TEA HOUSE. 
 
 rest of their contributions to the great international exhibition, these 
 people have shown remarkable enterprise, sparing neither labor nor ex- 
 pense in making them attractive. 
 
 Surrounded by a tall bamboo fence, the garden is shaded by spread- 
 ing trees and laid off with walks, flower-beds, pond, stepping stones,
 
 CURIOSITIES FROM JAPAN. 587 
 
 and artificial hills, interspersed with rustic seats, storks in bronze, and 
 real Japanese porcelain lanterns, besides being decorated with dwarf 
 trees, Japanese and American flags, bright-colored paper lanterns and 
 hanging baskets. They have native azalias and tea plants growing 
 there. The ornamental lanterns, which resemble large vases standing 
 amid the growing plants, and which are requisite to a tea garden, are 
 valued at $250 each. The furniture in the tea house, which is very 
 valuable, is the property of Mr. Samo, president of this tea colony. It 
 is said to be worth $20,000. Mr. Samo, a wealthy gentleman, is the 
 possessor of one of the rarest collections of Japanese curios extant, 
 a considerable portion of which he has brought with him to these 
 shores. 
 
 A Delicious Beverage. 
 
 Mrs. K. Morimoto, wife of a Japanese artist of distinction temporarily 
 sojourning here, is a valuable member of the tea company. An ex- 
 pert in the making of tea, and a lady whose social advantages qualify 
 her for dispensing the same formally and according to the . strictest 
 rules of etiquette, she performs for visitors what is known as the " tea 
 ceremony," merely signifying the proper manner of serving the 
 delicious beverage to one's guest. She is youthful, prepossessing, and 
 the daughter of a prominent Japanese government official. Being 
 modest and exceedingly well bred, the little lady is unable to withstand 
 the apparent rudeness of persons whose curiosity gets the better of 
 their polite behavior. Too many staring at once brings a blush to her 
 cheeks. 
 
 Only the powdered article is served in Japan at a " formal tea." 
 Directly on arrival of the guests, who are expected to appear on such 
 occasions in full dress, they are seated in the tea house within the tea 
 garden, and the beverage served to each of them separately. The 
 fixtures of the room and surroundings generally are always the same. 
 
 The bamboo dipper in which tea is served very properly is attached 
 to the lid of the tea-pot. Above a large porcelain vessel containing a 
 charcoal fire, is placed the kettle. Cute little lacquered caddies are 
 used for holding powdered tea, and a crepe or silk cloth called the 
 " fukusa " is held in the hostess' hand for the purpose of removing flecks 
 of scattered tea dust. When the water has reached the proper degree 
 of heat the lady deftly pours the powdered tea from the caddy and the 
 water from the kettle simultaneously into the bamboo dipper, and 
 proceeds to stir it carefully with a " chasen," a sort of " feather brush " 
 made of bamboo, one end of which is chopped into fine shreds.
 
 588 CURIOSITIES FROM JAPAN. 
 
 Genteel Custom of Serving Tea. 
 
 Right here are the two operations upon which depend the success of 
 powdered tea-making. A novice will spoil it by improperly mixing the 
 water and tea together or through inexperience in stirring. The latter 
 operation requires deftness and long practice, while the former is 
 nothing more nor less than a piece of legerdemain. When ready, the 
 draught of tea in the dipper is served by the hostess or maid, accom- 
 panied by an elaborate bow. 
 
 In serving the maid holds the vessel containing the tea high up, even 
 with the top of her head, and after bowing and serving it in a sitting 
 posture she arises and returns to her place, walking backward. 
 
 First, the requisite number of cups are filled with water that is hot, and 
 while it is cooling the lady places some tea leaves in the teapot and 
 pours the contents of all of the cups over them. This is allowed to 
 stand only a brief while, when it is again poured into the cups and 
 served. In taking tea leaves from a caddy Japanese ladies use a piece 
 of ornamented bamboo in lieu of a teaspoon. These bamboo spoons 
 are heirlooms, for beside their expensive decorations, which run as high 
 as $50 or $60 in value, they generally have drawn on their surfaces 
 their own history, recording names of original and subsequent owners. 
 
 Concerning the history and use of tea in Japan, Karl Morimoto, who 
 is connected with the Japanese section in the Manufactures and Liberal 
 Arts Building, kindly contributes the following terse and interesting 
 sketch : 
 
 " It is very hard to tell the origin of the tea. About 600 years ago, 
 at the time of the 'Ashikaga ' Shogun, the tea was enjoyed, not by the 
 common people, as it is now, but by the noblemen of Japan. Of course* 
 they did not know the luxuries of life, and used very rough and cheap 
 articles for serving the tea, which now are greatly admired and cost a 
 great deal of money to buy because of their being antique for instance, 
 a dirty looking teacup is worth sometimes over $300 the older, the 
 costlier. 
 
 How Tea is Prepared for Market. 
 
 "Unless you know the reason why you cannot appreciate, and it 
 seems to you very ridiculous to pay so much money for a teacup. 
 Indeed, it is a matter of taste. There is a great demand for them in 
 France, since the French are well acquainted with this sort of things. 
 Six years after it is planted the tea leaves are picked, and some of the 
 plants are 100 years old. The midspring is the season of the fresh tea. 
 
 " In Japan they first pick the fresh leaves from the plants, sort them
 
 CURIOSITIES FROM JAPAN. 589 
 
 with chop-sticks, and moderately heat them over a charcoal fire, and at 
 the same time the leaves are rolled up by the hands. The ' Giokuro,' 
 one of the best teas, is made as mentioned above. 
 
 " In this country the ' basket-fired ' is very popular now, which takes 
 its name from its being heated over the baskets. As far as the quality 
 is concerned, it ranks lower than the ' Giokuro.' 
 
 " I think it is very interesting to you to tell the difference between the 
 colored and the uncolored tea. I am told that the Chinese use some 
 stuffs 1o color their tea, but Japan tea, the colored or uncolored, is pure 
 and safe. The colorless Japan tea is the first fresh leaves that are mod- 
 erately heated over the fire, while the colored is heated very thoroughly. 
 To get the proper temperature of heat is a very hard thing. 
 
 " The most important places, noted for the best tea in Japan, are Uji 
 and Yenshu and Sayama. We have in Japan two kinds of the tea, the 
 powdered and the Shencha. The latter is what you drink in your 
 house. But the noblemen of Japan are very fond of the powdered tea. 
 
 "If you go in any house in Japan the first thing they treat you to is 
 tea, and it is not unusual to see a tea-kettle singing over the fire in the 
 ' hibach ' or the ' po.' It was about thirty years ago that Mas Akei 
 Oura, a Japanese lady in Nagasaki, entertained some American ladies 
 with tea. The ladies liked it very much, and commended it to their 
 homes. That was the beginning of the tea exportation from Japan to 
 this country, and now it stands next to silk in the exports from Japan." 
 
 Surprising Advance in Education. 
 
 One hundred and twenty tons is the weight of the Japanese school 
 exhibit at the Columbian Exposition. There is probably no other na- 
 tion on the earth whose showing in this line is more interesting. To 
 the western mind anything like modern systems of gniding is not 
 dreamed of in connection with the schools of Japan. And yet the dis- 
 plays show an acquaintance with all that is best in approved methods of 
 teaching. There are primary, intermediate and high schools, manual 
 training schools, institutes of technology, schools of agriculture and of 
 kindred applied sciences, and finally, the imperial university in which 
 advanced learning has long had a home. 
 
 The schools of Japan are supported in part by a local tax in which 
 the community contributes to the expense of instructing its youth, and 
 part by a fund set aside by the imperial government, the ground for its 
 use being a belief that the nation is enriched by the improved education 
 of its people. The schools supported by the government are under the 
 supervision and control of the Japanese minister of education, while
 
 590 CURIOSITIES FROM JAPAN. 
 
 those which depend upon the general school tax for their finances are 
 controlled and supervised by the officials of the prefecture in which they 
 are established. In the entire nation of 40,000,000 people there are at 
 least 20,000 elementary schools, which is a showing quite as commend- 
 able as can be made by any western European nation. It is probable 
 the pupils and people of Japan know more about geography, about the 
 manners, histories, resources and present interests of other nations than 
 do any people of Asia or any but the most advanced in Europe. 
 
 Modern Methods Adopted. 
 
 One of the most interesting items in the Japanese educational exhibit 
 is the history of their educational system from the beginning. This is 
 printed in various languages and distributed among those interested in 
 Japanese progress. It shows that while the original duties of loyalty to 
 the emperor and obedience to parents are still the keystones of national 
 virtue, as they always have been, many changes in the form of instruc- 
 tion have been made. At the beginning of the last century contact 
 with the Dutch gave Japan a start in progressive instruction, and the 
 teachers have adopted as rapidly as possible the methods that have 
 seemed best to them. In this eclectic system the German has contri- 
 buted perhaps more than any other nation, though some features of the 
 French have been found desirable. 
 
 The exhibit contains specimens from the girls' industrial schools 
 and more than anything else, this emphasizes the change of sentiment 
 which but a few years ago discouraged the education of women. From 
 these schools, composed of 400 girl pupils, samples of drawing, artificial 
 flowers, embroidery, knitting and sewing were taken to show western 
 nations how deft and artistic are the maidens of the mikado's land. 
 
 No Private Schools. 
 
 In the medical line much of interest is shown. More than 500 
 students are now busy in the Japanese medical schools. Some of their 
 teachers are the men who have been sent to America or to European 
 countries at government expense, and who have returned home to teach 
 when their education has been completed. The government has 
 always been hostile to private schools, as not of profit to the citizen, and 
 for that reason has ever generously encouraged progressive education. 
 Many foreigners have been employed in their schools and academies as 
 teachers, but these conditions are gradually changing. The Japanese 
 have now a sufficient number of their own men trained in all that makes 
 a modern scholar, and these have taken the places of those who formerly 
 taught them,
 
 CURIOSITIES FROM JAPAN. 591 
 
 Public support of the non-resident student has also been largely with- 
 drawn, and to-day many Japanese young men go home graduates from 
 American or European colleges only to find public employment closed 
 against them by a complete supply of teachers. Many of them go into 
 business, the better for their training and travel. Occasionally they 
 attempt independent schools of learning, but these are not encouraged, 
 as the national educational system must conform to adopted plans. 
 
 No Whipping of Pupils. 
 
 The school age of a Japanese child is from the sixth to the fourteenth 
 year. Corporal punishment is prohibited, and men who are informed 
 in the matter declare that the gentle nature of the Japanese child and a 
 certain national pride which has always been cultivated render the more 
 brutal discipline unnecessary. 
 
 Some years ago the emperor published a rescript inculcating moral 
 duties, and this address, framed and surmounted with a photograph of 
 the emperor, was hung in the schools. In America it would, issued by 
 the President, have won scarcely the attention of a second reading ; and 
 the photograph, after two days, would have invited every mischievous 
 boy in school to aim paper wads and bits of crayon. But in Japan the 
 effect was tremendous. Children looked upon the address as a thing to 
 remember and ponder. Both they and the teachers make obeisance to 
 the photograph before they begin the school work of the day. The 
 little frame has become an almost sacred thing, and the scholars are 
 better because the emperor wants them to be so. 
 
 A Professor of Earthquakes. 
 
 The national scheme of education includes eight universities, thirty- 
 two high schools 256 grammar schools, and 55,000 primary schools. 
 The plan is not fully filled out, but progress in that direction is making 
 every year. It was an immense undertaking, considering the conserva- 
 tive character of the people ; but its final and early development is 
 assured. Much attention is paid to foreign sciences and to law. In the 
 latter the Roman law forms, as usual, the foundation, though some 
 portions of the code Napoleon have been laid under contribution. 
 
 Now, as an outgrowth of these many schools, there has risen a later 
 literature of Japan. Books on medicine, law and educational subjects, 
 text-books and charts have been published. These form a part of the 
 exhibit. Kindergarten methods are by no means unknown, and their 
 products are displayed. But the most remarkable by far are the instru- 
 ments connected with the scientific study of earthquakes. It will be
 
 592 CURIOSITIES FROM JAPAN. 
 
 remembered Japan is subject to seismic disturbances, but it is not gener- 
 ally known that the imperial university maintains a chair devoted to 
 their study. " A professor of earthquakes !" exclaimed a Chicago man 
 when told of this strange teacher. Yet that is, in brief, the province of 
 this instructor. The study of earthquakes there has been reduced to a 
 science, at least as exact as that of medicine, and the instruments of its 
 demonstration form a not unimportant portion of the Japanese educa- 
 tional exhibit. 
 
 i 
 
 Worked Five Years on one Exhibit. 
 
 Japanese patience is proverbial. A remarkable example of what it 
 will accomplish when combined with manual and artistic skill is exhib- 
 ited. It is a hand-carved iron eagle, the work of a Japanese artist, 
 Shinjiro Ita-o, of the province of Ki-i, and it took him just five years to 
 make it. It is two feet in height and measures from tip to tip of the 
 extended wings five feet, the weight being 133 pounds. The head is so 
 constructed that it will swerve from side to side like that of a live bird. 
 
 The bird has more than 3,000 feathers made separately by hand, the 
 lines on each numbering several hundred, and many of them of such 
 remarkable fineness that in order to preserve their uniformity of appear- 
 ance a fresh tool had to be employed after cutting three or four of them. 
 This will give some idea of the patience and care required for the suc- 
 cessful accomplishment of the work. 
 
 Shinjiro Ita-o captured two eagles. One he killed and stuffed, and 
 the other he kept alive. He used both as models so that while engaged 
 on the work he might study the bird both in repose and action.
 
 M 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 Mexico and South American Countries. 
 
 EXICO makes a particularly fine display in the department 
 of mines and mining and manufactures. The pavilion in 
 the Manufactures Building shows the rarest products of the 
 republic. This exhibit is very comprehensive, and to many 
 who have been led to believe that Mexico is far behind the times in the 
 arts it is a great revelation. 
 
 The departments in which the exhibits show particular excellence 
 are the products of the loom. These include both cotton and woolen 
 fabrics, of which there are a great many varieties. In the matter of 
 quality, finish and coloring, these exhibits compare favorably with the 
 products of other countries. The woolen fabrics particularly, both in 
 the line of blanketing and wearing apparel, make a fine showing. 
 
 Costly Sombreros. 
 
 The hat exhibit is of course elaborate in extent and unique in design 
 and decoration. No article of his apparel receives so much critical 
 attention from the Mexican as his sombrero. He can put up with me- 
 diocrity, or even inferiority, in some other articles of dress, but when 
 on his native heath nothing short of the finest material and most 
 elaborate decoration will satisfy the Mexican gentleman when it comes 
 to a question of headgear. Some of these head decorations cost as 
 high as $100 and upward. A common everyday hat, such as is worn 
 by a gentleman who makes any pretensions whatever to dress, will cost 
 from 25 to $50. 
 
 Among the exhibits, however, which attract the most attention from 
 visitors, are the products of the original Mexicans or Indians. These 
 include pottery wares of unique design and decoration ; all sorts of use- 
 ful articles made'of highly polished horn, in the working of which the 
 natives are very skillful ; beautifully carved canes, some of which are 
 overlaid with tortoise shells so skillfully joined together as to look like 
 a solid piece ; many varieties of ornaments and useful articles carved 
 from beautiful vari-colored onyx. 
 
 The cordage exhibit, made from the fiber of the heniquen plant, is 
 also a very interesting one. Another interesting exhibit is that of 
 hand-made copper vessels manufactured by the natives. 
 
 38 593
 
 594 
 
 MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES. 
 
 Mexican onyx also forms an important part of the display. There 
 are many large slabs of the stone, which was quarried in Pueblo. These 
 have been polished and are all ready to be shaped for decorating pur- 
 poses. In one of the show cases are the manufactured onyx articles. 
 
 COLUMBUS MONUMENT IN MEXICO. 
 
 These range from a paper-weight pear of the carved stone to immense 
 placques on which have been painted pictures of Mexican home life. 
 The onyx is worked in the main by the Indians and no little skill is 
 shown in the fashioning of the stone and decorating.
 
 MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES. 595 
 
 A great feature of Mexico's Fair exhibit is the beautiful throne chair 
 and canopy placed in the center of the north end of the Gallery of 
 Honor. It was the work of the young women in the Normal School 
 of the City of Mexico, and was loaned by Mrs. Diaz, the wife of the 
 President of the Republic. The chair belongs to the National Palace 
 and is placed in the salon where the President receives all foreign 
 Ministers on state occasions. 
 
 The chair and canopy were exhibited in the Exposition of Paris in 
 1889 and received two gold medals and one grand prize. At the New 
 Orleans Exposition it received three gold medals and a grand diploma 
 of honor. The throne seat is constructed to represent three periods in 
 the history of Mexico. The crown plated with gold typifies the Aztec 
 epoch, and it is carved with signs representing the months, years, and 
 phases of the moon. In the center is the coat of arms of Mexico. 
 
 Rich Embroideries and Rare Jewels. 
 
 Falling from the crown is the canopy, the upper curtain of crimson 
 brocaded silk lined with white brocade. Along the border is em- 
 broidered the coat of arms of the principal cities of Mexico in gold 
 thread. The coat of arms of the City of Mexico is embroidered on a 
 shield of silk and is suspended over the chair. This curtain represents 
 the Spanish domination, a period of 300 years. 
 
 The second curtain represents the republic, a time of peace, and it is 
 crimson plush lined with white brocade. . Its border is embroidered in 
 roses and laurel with gold and silver thread. The chair of red silk is 
 placed on a raised platform covered with red cloth. The legs of the 
 chair are formed from the head and wings of the eagle. On the back 
 of the chair is the monogram " R. M.'' Republic of Mexico inter- 
 woven with the laurel wreath. 
 
 Mexico is also represented by rare and exquisite needlework, which 
 has been placed in locked cases in the rotunda. Much of the work was 
 done by the nuns, and consists of priests' and Bishops' vestments and 
 church decorations. One miter for the Bishop's head is of white satin 
 embroidered in gold and set with rubies, garnets, and emeralds. 
 Another miter of similar workmanship is set with pearls and diamonds. 
 
 One of the first vestments placed over a Bishop is woven of silver 
 and gold cloth, heavily embroidered with gold roses, in the center of 
 which is set a precious stone. Another piece of work of silver tissue, 
 lined with blue silk, is a scarf six yards long, used for draping an altar 
 in the church. In the center of the scarf is a silver lamb, placed on a 
 Bible, and the Bible rests on the cross. At either side is an angel
 
 596 MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES. 
 
 kneeling in the attitude of prayer. A picture of the Holy Virgin, 
 worked on satin, is 200 years old. 
 
 Brazil at the Exposition. 
 
 The members of the Brazilian World's Fair Commission arrived in 
 Chicago, April I3th, and proceeded at once to install their exhibits. 
 Said the chief of the Commission : 
 
 " We were thirty-six days on the ocean. We left Brazil February 
 25th, on the steamer Seguranca. We brought with us a large part of 
 our exhibit, 1,800 packages and bales, which formed the bulk of the 
 ship's cargo. Our exhibit consists of specimens of all the products of 
 the soil, coffee, spices and woods from all the Brazilian States, about 
 150 paintings and a large number of marble statues. One statue, by 
 Dr. Julio Brandao, is a life size figure of Christ in white marble. Then 
 we have a solid piece of rubber, ten feet in diameter and about twelve 
 feet long. There is also a fine collection of coins, specimens of our 
 gold, silver and copper ores, together with various kinds of precious 
 stones. 
 
 " What we take special pride in, though, is our coffee exhibit. We 
 will serve coffee to the people free of charge, and let them get some idea 
 of what genuine coffee is. This portion of the show is under the 
 special patronage of an association of coffee merchants which has pre- 
 sented Brazil's claims as the banner coffee- producing nation at sixty 
 
 expositions." 
 
 Relics of the Incas. 
 
 The Peruvian exhibit was sent direct from the Peruvian Exhibition, 
 which was opened in Lima, December II, 1892. The direct object of 
 the Peruvian Exposition was to collect a display from all parts of the 
 country to be forwarded to the Fair at Chicago. 
 
 The Exposition was opened by the Peruvian President and his cabinet 
 officers, together with the ministers of council and the diplomatic corps. 
 It makes a thorough display of the manufactures, mineral and agricul- 
 tural resources of Peru, and forms an interesting addition to the World's 
 Fair wonders. 
 
 The Exposition contains an excellent display of the articles manu- 
 factured in Peru, consisting of cloths, cotton, and wool, furniture, wines, 
 boots and shoes, fancy goods, wood-work, and an interesting collection 
 of the antiquities of the country, consisting of mummified remains, articles 
 of ancient Peru, curios in gold and silver and copper, pieces of the 
 ancient fabrics of the Incas, and a variety of other articles illustrating 
 the pre-historic wealth and development of the country. The mineral
 
 MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES. 597 
 
 resources of Peru are particularly well represented in large collections 
 of gold and silver and copper ores of the country, and the section 
 devoted to the art department is by no means inconsiderable. In this 
 art collection is a great National painting of Atahaualpa, the ancient 
 Inca king. 
 
 Dead Men from Peru. 
 
 The exhibit also contains 125 mummies. They were dug up in Peru, 
 after a peculiar fashion, and shipped to Chicago for exhibition at the 
 Columbian show. Nobody knows the age of these mummies. It is 
 certain that they were men and women of more or less fame before 
 Vasco Nunez de Balboa, the Spanish governor of Darien, learned that 
 the country south of the isthmus was rich in gold and silver. It is pos- 
 sible that they were buried in their peculiar tombs even as early as the 
 thirteenth century. They are old-timers at any rate and are an impor- 
 tant feature of the exhibit of the bureau of ethnology. The coming of 
 these veterans of Peru caused little comment at the grounds. They came 
 in a common car, they received a perfunctory transfer, and they were 
 stacked like so many slabs of bacon upon the receiving tables of the 
 warehouse. 
 
 It is evident that they had been buried with some pomp, for the bodies 
 are decorated with the plumage of parrots, the green, the yellow and the 
 red feathers of the garrulous bird about the corpses being as brilliant to- 
 day as they were 500 years ago, when they brushed against the foliage 
 of the trees of Peru. There had to be mummies at the World's Fair. 
 Some were to come from Egypt, while others were to be dragged from 
 the tombs in the republic of South America. The 125 mummies v/ere 
 found in the ancient graveyards of Peru. The emissaries of the Exposi- 
 tion took shovels, made an excavation about ten square feet in a promis- 
 ing yard of the dead, and, having struck a good lead, spread canvas 
 covered with straw under the body of each ancient and estimable 
 Peruvian. The bodies were in an excellent state of preservation, the 
 emaciation being little less than that noticed in a consumptive, and the 
 hair and beards remaining as natural as when they accentuated the 
 natural beauty of their owners. Thus wrapped in canvas and straw, 
 each mummy was stitched up like a bag of salt and brought to Chicago. 
 They are in that condition to-day, with the brilliant parrot feathers still 
 covering their heads and breasts. 
 
 Sacrificed Human Beings. 
 
 Lieutenant Tisdel, who has been collecting relics of the pre-historic 
 South and Central Americans in the interest of the Latin- American
 
 698 MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES. 
 
 Bureau, discovered a metal group of statuary which confirms the belief 
 of many in the theory that human sacrifices were practiced among the 
 first dwellers of South America. 
 
 This group was taken from an ancient tomb near Truxilo in Peru. 
 It consists of several figures of savages engaged in holding a human 
 body in the flames of a fire built upon an altar. The body rests upon 
 a platform evidently intended to represent a grating. In the rear are 
 seated several figures which appear to represent the judges of the execu- 
 tion. The entire group is a faithful portrayal of the physical types of 
 the ancient Peruvians, as derived from measurements of mummies found 
 in the vicinity, and from the hieroglyphics upon the tombs of the Incas. 
 
 VENEZUELA BUILDING. 
 
 The collection made by Lieutenant Tisdel also includes many gold, 
 silver and copper ornaments taken from ancient tombs in the interior of 
 South America. There are also many objects composed of a metal 
 entirely unknown to the metallurgists of the present time. The entire 
 collection forms an interesting feature of Professor Putnam's ethnological 
 department. 
 
 What Uruguay Exhibits. 
 
 Appreciating the ties of political and commercial interest as well as 
 those of sentiment arising from a community of democratic ideas and 
 the benefits to be derived from a freer interchange of products and 
 manufactures, the authorities of the Uruguayan Government accepted 
 the invitation to take part in the fourth century of the discovery of 
 America. They voted the necessary means to provide a good govern- 
 ment display, and delegated to the rural association, a body composed of
 
 MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES. 599 
 
 the most prominent citizens of the country, the execution of the pro- 
 posed work. 
 
 The following are some of the principal articles sent to Chicago : 
 Model of the great meat preserving establishment of Fray-Bentos, 
 Liebig's Extract of Meat company, which is one of the most important 
 and extensive of its kind in the world, occupies a central location in the 
 Uruguayan section, competing for notice with similar products from 
 Australia and the United States. The Oriental and La Estrella distil- 
 leries, provided with all modern machinery, show the excellence of their 
 spirits, which have taken high rank at other Expositions. 
 
 Magnificent photograph albums represent the principal public edifices 
 and private dwellings of Montevideo, with panoramic views of interiors, 
 bridges, railway stations, tunnels, rural establishments and industries 
 and country scenes ; and there is also shown a very fine collection of 
 portraits of Uruguayan beauties. The wine growers of Uruguay are 
 represented by a number of special galleries filled with the products of 
 the vines. Each sample is accompanied by a chemical analysis and a 
 full description of the vineyard from which it came. 
 
 A considerable space is given to general agricultural products, such 
 as wheat, maize, barley, rye, sorghum, flax and many varieties of to- 
 bacco, as well as to specimens of ramie, the fibre of which is very valu- 
 able. Samples of natural and cultivated forage, earths for plastic pur- 
 poses, and collections of indigenous and imported woods are in- 
 cluded. Cattle-breeders send specimens of all the different forms of dry 
 and salted meats, fats and other animal products. This is supplemented 
 by an exceptionally good display of the wool growers and sheep breeders, 
 the wools from Uruguay being noted for their elasticity, fineness and 
 softness. Public instruction is officially represented, showing the prog- 
 ress made. A statistical and descriptive monograph is freely distributed 
 in the United States. This work was done under the direction of the 
 ministry of public works, and shows the agricultural scenes upon a map, 
 the .railway lines, telephonic and telegraphic service, and all the roads, 
 mines and watercourses. 
 
 Poisoned Weapons of Savage Tribes. 
 
 Curious implements of savage warfare, in the shape of poisoned ar- 
 rows of all sorts and sizes, form the nucleus of a strange collection 
 brought to the Fair by Lieutenant Roger Welles from the jungles of the 
 Amazon River and its tributaries. That Lieutenant Welles and his 
 party thoroughly explored a great part of those wild regions is demon- 
 strated by the heap of curios under the sheltering roof of the anthropo- 
 logical annex.
 
 600 MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES. 
 
 The poisoned arrows attract much attention. However slight the 
 abrasion of the skin may be by one of them, the result is fatal to a moral 
 certainty. In comparison to projectiles of this nature a Gatling gun is 
 a mild terrorizer. The bite of a poisoned arrow has no antidote. The 
 smaller arrows, which are used in the sarabatanos, or blowguns, are 
 harmless to men, but sure calamity to parrots and monkeys. 
 
 In the collection are a number of quivers full of blowgun darts and 
 some fine specimens of the blowguns. The darts are made of hard 
 wood and neatly feathered with cotton wool. The points are dipped in 
 the juice of the urari tree and then carefully stowed away in the arrow 
 cases. One of the hunters will take several hundred of these imple- 
 ments of destruction along, and climbing into a tree wait safely hidden 
 by the luxurious foliage for the approach of a herd of monkeys or flock 
 of parrots. When the prey arrives within sixty yards the long blow- 
 guns are brought into play, and the noiseless work of slaughter goes on 
 until the flock is completely destroyed. The guns that carry the poi- 
 soned darts are about ten feet long and have about the same bore as a 
 twelve bore shotgun. They are provided with a mouthpiece and bone 
 sight, and are wrapped with strips of bark. The natives obtain such 
 proficiency in the use of them that they rarely ever miss an object. 
 
 Tipped with Death. 
 
 But the most deadly-looking weapons in the arrow collection are 
 those prepared for manslaughter or murder in the first degree. They 
 are six feet long, made of light bamboo and tipped with lignum-vitae. 
 Into the tip a small hole is punched, and a cruel-looking barb is set in, 
 composed of fish-bone. These little fish-bone barbs are the man-killers. 
 Exactly what they are smeared with is not known, as the substance is 
 obtained from the Indians of the northern forests of Brazil. At any 
 rate they have the properties of prussic acid, corrosive sublimate, 
 strychnine, arsenic and night shade all combined, and a slight puncture 
 from one of them causes almost instant death. These arrows are not 
 feathered as are those of the North American Indians, but are heavily 
 weighted in the butt. 
 
 Bows that propel them are also displayed. They are made of heavy, 
 dark wood, are about seven feet long, and are strung with fibrous cords 
 made from grass. The quiver which holds these arrows is not much of 
 an affair, being simply a cap to protect the arrow-heads. Each arrow- 
 head fits into a separate compartment to preclude accident to the poison 
 by contact with each other. 
 
 The collection of Lieutenant Welles numbers over 300 specimens,
 
 MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES. 
 
 601 
 
 and contains boats, hammocks, woven work, pottery, javelins, utensils 
 used in collecting india rubber, or seringa, as the natives call it ; articles 
 used in the manufacture of cavassa, a product of tapioca; feather head- 
 dresses and costumes, strings of monkeys' teeth, ornaments worn by the 
 Amazon belles, household goods, woven grass water jars and cooking 
 utensils, and many specimens of implements of warfare and husbandry. 
 There are specimens of india rubber of all sorts. And also a number of 
 india rubber shoes. 
 
 A Savage Battle-Spear. 
 Another implement of destruction that deserves mention is the thigh- 
 
 GUATEMALA BUILDING. 
 
 spear, which is used in battle. This arrangement straps on at the thigh 
 and presents a fierce-looking point for the opposing savage to go against. 
 A solid phalanx of thigh spears often caused the armies not so equipped 
 to take refuge in the tree tops. The canoe or montanio is peculiar, 
 being built of five planks, which are bent into shape by heat. Another 
 interesting integer of the collection is a calabash or war rattle that is 
 used by the Idios or Gentios (heathens) in their sallies upon the in- 
 dustrial tribes. 
 
 Still another interesting portion of the collection is the aggregation 
 of so-called musical instruments, the only one of which that produces a 
 resemblance to what goes for harmony among civilized people being 
 the pan pipes. The drum is simply a hollow log covered with a skin 
 at one end. When played upon, the operative seizes it by its handle 
 and pounds the head upon the ground, much as the familiar " maiden " 
 is used in Chicago street construction. Flageolets, flutes, and other
 
 602 MEXICO AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES. 
 
 wind instruments are presented, but they appear incapable of any high 
 order of sound. One of the flutes is operated by running a stick back 
 and forth over the notches. 
 
 Skillful Handiwork. 
 
 To do the natives justice, all the implements show infinite pains in 
 construction, and the hand-woven hammocks of grass texture are won- 
 derfully executed. Bamboo and grass are apparently the staple in most 
 of the manufactures in that country, but every article shows a rude at- 
 tempt at decoration either in carving or by painted design. There are 
 a number of whips in the collection that are of service in showing the 
 domestic relations of the South Americans, as it is said they are for the 
 sole purpose of correcting refractory wives. They are well made and 
 highly ornamented with red and yellow ochre, and doubtless have the 
 desired effect when used, as the thongs are wrapped with a ridge of 
 grass which must go below the skin at each stroke. 
 
 The implements for the manufacture of tapioca are also of interest. 
 Tapioca is made from the roots of the mandioca plant, which forms 
 the native staple diet. Down there it is called cavassa, and from the 
 cavassa root bread, wine and dessert are extracted. The roots are first 
 grated, then pressed, and finally boiled into the tapioca of American 
 and European commerce. In its first state it is cavassa, from which 
 bread is made, and from the juice of which a liquor called ucupi is made. 
 All the difficult stages of its manufacture are shown by the implements 
 brought back by the expedition, and the exhibit installed in the An- 
 thropological Building is well worth more than a casual visit.
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 Forestry Building and Wooded Island. 
 
 AMONG the many innovations introduced in exposition 
 methods by the World's Fair, the idea of presenting forestry 
 exhibits in an individual building, and of making that subject 
 a separate class, stands without a parallel. At previous inter- 
 national expositions forestry exhibits have consisted largely of specimens 
 of curious woods, of little interest except to those interested in the 
 science. Even these exhibits have been engulfed in the infinities of 
 agricultural departments. 
 
 One of the greatest difficulties encountered in collecting American 
 forestry exhibits was the absence of historic data in regard to the ex- 
 tent, variety and value of native forests. The department laid particular 
 stress in appealing to the different States and Territories upon this 
 feature, and endeavored to collect as far as possible every scrap of 
 information that will add to the historic and comparative interest of the 
 display. As a result the exhibit is believed to be the turning point in 
 American constructive forestry. 
 
 In Germany the science of preserving forests or constructing forestry 
 is a great factor in educational institutions. It is regarded as a pro- 
 fession, and every year thousands of graduates are turned out who 
 afterward engage in that branch of agriculture for a livelihood. Prob- 
 ably the first lessons in this science taught in America began with the 
 establishment of " Arbor Day." Many of the forests now growing in 
 the prairie States are the results of its observance. 
 
 Tree Trunks from every State and Territory. 
 
 In the southeastern portion of the grounds, to the south of the old 
 Convent of La Rabida, far from the buildings of the other departments, 
 stands the Forestry Building. It is composed of rough woods, the 
 dressed counterparts of which may be seen inside. The colonnade of 
 the broad verandah, consisting of columns of tree trunks from every 
 State and Territory, as well as Canada, is in itself one of the most in- 
 teresting parts of the exhibit. Tree trunks are fitted together to form 
 each column, and every wood possessing a commercial use is found in 
 the architecture of the structure. Each section of wood is labeled with 
 
 603
 
 604 FORESTRY BUILDING AND WOODED ISLAND. 
 
 its name and the State or country from which it comes. Neither stone, 
 iron, plaster, nor other material enters into the construction of this 
 building. 
 
 One portion of the American section in the forestry building is illus- 
 trated by the States of Nebraska and Dakota. By collective exhibits 
 these States show the progress and growth of forests planted in prairie 
 soil. The exhibit is exhaustive and of particular interest to those con- 
 templating moving west, or interested in western development Nearly 
 all of the great forests of Nebraska are artificial, and when it becomes 
 generally known through the forestry exhibit of that State that forests 
 can easily be produced in prairie soil, one great difficulty in inducing 
 settlers to establish permanent homes will "be overcome. 
 
 Variety of Native Woods. 
 
 A very comprehensive idea of this portion of the forestry exhibit may 
 be obtained from Nebraska's exhibit. Some of the logs are so large 
 as to almost discredit the statement that they are the results of cultiva- 
 tion. California has some magnificent specimens of walnut, redwood, 
 satin-wood, and other fancy woods. One piece of redwood is six feet 
 in diameter and nine feet long. Illinois has over 100 trees. One speci- 
 men of cypress measures three feet across. There is an exhibit of the 
 National Agricultural Department. This exhibit consists of specimens 
 of uniform size, including every variety of American timber. There is 
 also the collection from Jamaica, which includes 131 varieties, consisting 
 chiefly of ornamental woods. 
 
 Inside the building the dimensions are 500 by 200 feet. This space 
 is occupied by individual exhibitors, and displays from many States and 
 foreign governments. Few other buildings of the Fair can show the 
 array of collective States' exhibits seen in the forestry department. 
 Wyoming, Utah, Indiana, North Carolina, New York, Missouri, West 
 Virginia, Michigan, Washington, Ohio, North Dakota, Wisconsin, Mon- 
 tana, Minnesota, Arizona, Kentucky, Virginia, Louisiana, and Pennsyl- 
 vania, all have taken possession of the space assigned them. The 
 foreign nations that compete with America are Japan, Honduras, Peru, 
 Spain and the Philippine Islands, Ecuador, United States of Colombia, 
 Brazil, Mexico, Australia, Canada, Russia, Italy, France, India, Siam and 
 the Argentine Republic. 
 
 A Logging Camp. 
 
 The interior contains no machinery. It is essentially a " still " dis- 
 play. Outside the building there is a complete logging camp with all 
 attachments, and there are also several saw-mills in conjunction with the
 
 606 FORESTRY BUILDING AND WOODED ISLAND. 
 
 department. Individual exhibitors, whose displays consist of woodpulp 
 articles, worked timber, veneers of hard and fancy woods, stair rails 
 parts of furniture, and other manufactured forestry products in the rough, 
 are permitted on the floor. All sorts of logging tools, stump-pulling 
 devices, and other implements used in gathering the lumber harvest are 
 illustrated by maps, photographs, models, and statistics. 
 
 The largest home exhibits in the building are those of New York, 
 North Carolina, Michigan and Wisconsin, while West Virginia's pavilion 
 contains a full exhibit of the Allegheny forest woods. 
 
 More time and money have been spent upon the Wisconsin pavilion 
 than any other in the building, although the structure erected by the 
 lumbermen of Michigan is not far behind it. Wisconsin was early in 
 the field, apparently with the idea of distancing all her competitors. 
 Thirty- two pieces of wood compose Wisconsin's pavilion, which are 
 formed into twenty hexagonal columns, a roof and side-pieces, whereon 
 are quaint and curious carvings. Six varieties of wood enter into the 
 composition of each column, the work of veneering being particularly 
 well done. Birch bark takes the place of the unlovely shingle, while 
 the flooring consists of alternate planks of cherry and birch, trimmed 
 with black walnut. 
 
 Southern Lumber Interests. 
 
 At the eastern or lake front entrance to the building is a vestibule. 
 This vestibule is the exhibit of the Southern Lumber Manufacturers' 
 Association. It is arranged to show the commercial values of Southern 
 pines of different species. Each panel in the walls is highly polished 
 and dressed to show the grain and finish of the woods displayed. The 
 exhibit is one of the most striking in the building, and cost more than 
 $10,000 to erect. 
 
 In the centre of the building is a trophy in the form of a pyramid. 
 This consists of longitudinal sections of various American trees varying 
 from five feet to more than eleven feet in diameter. Kansas contributed 
 a walnut log seven feet in diameter, which weighs 30,000 pounds; North 
 Carolina is represented in the pyramid by another monster walnut log, 
 and Kentucky furnished the white oak log that forms the base. 
 
 Missouri is divided against itself in the forestry exhibit. The lumber 
 sections of the State have indulged in good-natured rivalry for the 
 purpose of making the State's display complete and illustrative of 
 Missouri's wonderful wealth of forests. The southwest portion of the 
 State sent many splendid specimens of giant trees ; the southeastern 
 portion of the State contributed a fine collection of the vines and shrubs
 
 FORESTRY BUILDING AND WOODED ISLAND. 607 
 
 that grow in that region in great profusion, and also many of the 
 counties made collective exhibits to represent them in the Forestry 
 Building. 
 
 For House Decorations. 
 
 One of the largest contributors is Mr. Bedford, of Bloomfield. Among 
 the specimens sent by him are some fine pieces of curly-grained box 
 elder which are very ornamental. Dawson & Hunter, of Henderson 
 Mound, sent a splendid collection of gum trees. Butler County has 
 made a fine display of maples. Curly grained pine, which has lately 
 come of use in house decorations, is furnished by Ripley County, and 
 white and black walnut in large and valuable logs was contributed by 
 the woodmen of Stoddard County. 
 
 Missouri's space in the Forestry Building is 1,000 feet in extent. Ii 
 is located at the right of the vestibule entrance, directly back of the 
 West Virginia exhibit. All of the tree specimens were cut of a size and 
 form a wall around the space. These logs are four feet high, and many 
 of the larger ones measure three feet in diameter. The outside surfaces 
 of the logs were cut in four places, to show the grain of the wood. The 
 radial, tangential, oblique and transverse surfaces are polished and oiled 
 to bring out the grain and show it to greater advantage. In this wall 
 140 different specimens of trees were used. 
 
 Inside the various shrubs and bushes grown in the State are shown, 
 and also the limbs and end sections of the trees forming the inclosure. 
 
 Display from New South Wales. 
 
 New South Wales sent a splendid showing of her forest products. 
 The pavilion for this display is itself a portion of the exhibit, as it is 
 constructed of huge timbers which are of many varieties and sizes. 
 This inclosure is formed of boards, all of them nine feet high, and many 
 being several feet broad. Around the outside they are polished to a 
 distance of six feet from the floor. In the wall of the pavilion is myrall, 
 rosewood, red-beam, gray ironwood, black birch, red mahogany, bush 
 bloodwood, black butt, wooly butt, hoop pine, and many other woods 
 never seen in American forests. Inside this wall of solid timber are 
 arranged pyamids of monster logs dressed down to show the fibre of the 
 tree. The largest log shown by New South Wales is one of red cedar 
 that is six feet in diameter and nine feet long. It is handsomely 
 polished, and was sold to George M. Pullman for $500. 
 
 Brazil's pavilion is composed of trees with their interlocking branches 
 forming the walls. A rustic archway forms the entrance through which
 
 608 
 
 FORESTRY BUILDING AND WOODED ISLAND. 
 
 the display of dye and ornamental woods may be reached. Three 
 hundred and twenty-one specimens alone come from the forests of Brazil. 
 
 What Individuals are Doing. 
 
 Morris K. Jessup and G. W. Vanderbilt make an elaborate display of 
 their collections. The Jessup collection is from the New York National 
 Museum of Natural History and includes every species of tree grown in 
 the United States. Mr. Vanderbilt's exhibit is from his North Carolina 
 estate, where he has extensively experimented in the science of forestry. 
 
 BRAZIL'S PAVILION IN THE FORESTRY BUILDING. 
 
 His head forester is a graduate from one of the German schools, and has 
 prepared the exhibit from a scientific standpoint. There is also an 
 exhibit of ship timber, such as spars and masts. The exhibit of timbers 
 prepared to resist decay and the different methods used in the prepara- 
 tion are thoroughly explained by examples. 
 
 Another section of the Forestry Building is donated to gums, resins, 
 vegetable wax and tallows, seeds and fruits for ornamental purposes and 
 various other forestry products. Medical products of the forest are 
 also completely covered. Ohio alone shows 500 specimens of herbs, 
 roots and barks. For the farmer are shown the diseases that affect trees 
 and the means for preventing epidemics. This branch of the depart- 
 ment includes exhibits of injurious insects. 
 
 Forest management is illustrated by maps and plans and calculations, 
 and the principal streams that run through the great forests of the coun- 
 try, are shown by relief maps.
 
 FORESTRY BUILDING AND WOODED ISLAND. 609 
 
 \ 
 
 Unique Designs. 
 
 The idea of the pavilions is to present in the most attractive form the 
 woods of the State or country represented, and in many cases the 
 designs are unique. Many of the pavilions consist of great slabs of 
 wood fastened together to make the walls of the structure, while the 
 most delicate woods are used for ornamental purposes. At first sight 
 the interior of the Forestry Building does not present a charming pic- 
 ture, the general coloring being of a sombre type, but as soon as the beau- 
 ties of the exhibits become apparent and the taste shown in the arrange- 
 ment of the various woods is understood the visitor appreciates the 
 labor and study that have been bestowed upon it. 
 
 Taken altogether the forestry exhibit is a most unusual one. To the 
 general public, however, the exhibit does not appeal, and for that rea- 
 son does not receive more than a passing glance, but for the lover of 
 nature the Forestry Building possesses a great charm and attraction. 
 For entire originality it has no equal on the grounds, and is quite a 
 departure from the exhibits usually made at international shows of this 
 
 sort. 
 
 Wonders of Wooded Island. 
 
 Now that we are among the trees and shrubs we will pass on to the 
 famous Wooded Island, one of the most attractive points at Jackson 
 Park. The island is about fifteen acres in extent and is oblong in shape, 
 narrowing slightly toward the northern end. An old sailor would prob- 
 ably describe it as being whale-backed, and no other expression suits it 
 as well a ridge running almost the length of the island, rounding off 
 gently to the water's edge on either side, after the fashion of a whale- 
 backed steamer. 
 
 The lagoon which separates the island from the main land is crossed 
 by handsome bridges. In laying out the different beds on the island no 
 conventional designs were followed. The effect is that of a maze 
 rather than anything else, and is bewilderingly beautiful. These ir- 
 regular lines were followed, partly because the island is a place where 
 any idea can be followed out without fear of failures, partly because of 
 the difference in the size of exhibits and the necessity of conforming to 
 them. 
 
 The south end of the island is planted entirely in rhododendrons, 
 azaleas and the choicest varieties of evergreens ; Belgium, Germany, 
 France and England contributing to this display. Farther along are 
 beds in borders of columbines, bell flowers, lobelias, and hollyhocks, the 
 whole forming a rare combination of rich coloring. Old-fashioned peo- 
 39
 
 610 FORESTRY BUILDING AND WOODED ISLAND. 
 
 pie have their hearts gladdened by the sight of beds planted in all the 
 old favorites, bringing back memories of childhood days, when a bunch 
 of wall flowers was more to be desired than the most beautiful of garden 
 
 queens. 
 
 Favorites from Foreign Countries. 
 
 Germany has an exhibit of its own, in which are found the favorite 
 flowers of that country, such as asters, daisies, roses, and evergreen 
 shrubs. They are so arranged that the beauty of each plant only serves 
 to set off that of another. 
 
 Japan set its seal upon the island a beautiful temple standing in the 
 midst of a garden of Japanese design, in which flourish in their season 
 bright-colored peonies against an evergreen background, and later the 
 royal chrysanthemum. 
 
 But the crowning glory of the place is the rose garden, where 50,000 
 plants of over 2,000 varieties stand in graceful grouping. There 
 are numerous beds with rose hedges, but the lines of demarcation in 
 the beds are made with honeysuckle vines run on wires along the 
 ground. Although the shape of the beds varies, the arrangement in 
 regard to coloring is the same in all. The interior is filled with the 
 darker, richer shades of crimson, while the outer borders are of the tea 
 roses, yellow and pink. The hedges are of climbing roses, and outside 
 the whole are borders of sweet peas. 
 
 The only wild flower on the island is the little wild phlox, which, as 
 a matter of sentiment, was left the solitary plant to the manor born to 
 be found in the whole collection. Great oak trees cast their shadows 
 everywhere, while graceful willows border the edge of the lagoon. 
 
 A Bush Hut. 
 
 There are but few buildings on the island the Japanese temple, two 
 or three summer-houses where Hygeia water can be found, and a busi- 
 ness office. On a smaller island, so near the large one that it seems a 
 part of it, stand two others, the New South Wales bush hut and a log 
 cabin. The hut stands half hidden in a clump of trees, and is curious 
 as being constructed of bark entirely, without the use of nails, and be- 
 cause of the fireplace, built at the end much after the fashion of an 
 Indian tepee, the chimney having an adjustable top for the better con- 
 trol of the smoke. 
 
 Holland and Belgium Jiave many hundred rhododendrons. These 
 two countries make these flowers specialties, together with azaleas and 
 the others in this class. Austria has a display of lilies occupying a 
 stretch, England adjoins this, with costly holly trees and
 
 FORESTRY BUILDING AND WOODED ISLAND. 
 
 611 
 
 churchyard yews, while near at hand sixty sorts of green peas burden 
 the air with perfume, and Japanese creeping roses make the ground a 
 carpet of delicate colors. 
 
 Old folks admire a section devoted entirely to their grandfathers' 
 flowers. There are larkspurs and sweet rockets and columbines and 
 Canterbury bells and all the old-fashioned things that ever grew. Just 
 beyond this is a spot where the freaks of nature are shown. There are 
 lilacs with yellow leaves, box elders with chrome foliage and willows 
 
 VENETIAN GONDOLAS AT JACKSON PARK. 
 
 whose boughs have strange purple shades. Here are all the striking 
 freaks which cultivation has been able to make in the garb of trees. 
 The edge of the island was planted thickly with water plants, which try 
 to grow under the tread of the pelicans with valise jaws, the graceful 
 swans and the other monarchs of the isle. Song birds took possession 
 of the wildernesses of bushes. The gulls flock in droves from the lake 
 and quarrel with the ducks for the sunny spots. 
 
 The Hunters' Cabin. 
 
 A real object of interest on Wooded Island is the Hunters' Cabin. It 
 is the exhibit of the Boone and Crockett Club, which is composed of
 
 612 
 
 FORESTRY BUILDING AND WOODED ISLAND. 
 
 the best-known men in the United States. In 1890, Theodore Roose- 
 velt, of New York, the president of the club, gave a dinner to some of 
 his friends at his residence. There were present whole-souled men, 
 most of whom are possessed of the true sportman's instinct. The result 
 of the party was the formation of the Boone and Crockett Club. It has, 
 
 HUNTERS CABIN ON WOODED ISLAND. 
 
 as its reason of being, the preservation of the large game of the United 
 States, and especially in Yellowstone park. 
 
 The interior of the cabin is a reproduction of what may be found in 
 the West any day. In the end is an open fireplace. Over the rudely 
 plastered fabric that serves as a mantel is the skull of a grizzly bear. 
 There are a few pipes, snowshoes, and other things of a similar rude 
 character. Elsewhere in the room is a pair of skies, or snowskates. On 
 the floor are skins of elk, white-tailed deer, etc. On a rude table is a 
 common gray blanket, a pair of fine field-glasses, and some weapons of 
 long and short varieties. There are also lassos, pack and riding 
 saddles, etc. Everything is of the plainest style. Outside the door is
 
 FORESTRY BUILDING AND WOODED ISLAND. 613 
 
 a " ship of the plains." A pair of antlers is over the doorway. There 
 is a great deal to be seen in the rude cabin, if it is seen beneath the skin, 
 instead of superficially. 
 
 One of the best hunters in the United States is in charge of the log 
 cabin. It is Elvvood Hofer, a young man of education, of lineage, for 
 he comes from the family that gave Andreas Hofer to help make Swiss 
 
 history. 
 
 A Curious Piece of Sculpture. 
 
 Visitors to the World's Fair find among the trees on the Wooded 
 Island, a curious piece of sculpture which at once claims attention, by 
 reason of the unique and striking quality of the design arid the freedom 
 with which a daring conception has been carried out 
 
 A strange creature part woman and part beast- -lies upon a rock in 
 full enjoyment of the sun's stealthy rays. Upon her shoulder, lightly 
 touching her cheek with his chubby fingers, leans a winged messenger 
 of love. He whispers a message into her ear. It would seem to be an 
 old story to the woman, but she^ still receives it with a smile half-- 
 incredulous and altogether lustful. There is a mystery about that smile 
 which deepens the longer the figure is studied. 
 
 Theodore Baur, the creator of the group, calls the woman with the 
 Ethiopian features and leonine body a sphinx. He has endeavored to 
 preserve the mystery and strength which are the attributes of the 
 sphinx of the Egyptian, while at the same time striving to give the figure 
 life and reality. One can almost believe, in looking at Mr. Baur's 
 sphinx, that the cruel, lustful creature he portrays might have an actual 
 existence, if not in this age, at least in some other 
 
 Tended Royal Flowers. 
 
 The designer and gardener of Wooded Island is Melchior Lutschg. 
 He is not the man he looks. His clothes are not according to rule, nor 
 is his face classic, but beneath the roughness lies " a heart as big as an 
 ox," and beneath his hat beats a brain as delicate as the tint of a purple 
 pansy, and as tasteful as the robe of a valley lily. This same Lutschg, 
 in bare shirt and corduroy, is the man whose Aladdin wand has made 
 Wooded Island li'ke a fairy land. His whole life is wrapped in the 
 bursting buds of his plants, and like all those of his craft his ambition, 
 love and life are bounded by the opening petals which he fosters from 
 seed to bloom. 
 
 Emperor Napoleon III. and the plunging Prince Jerome knew this 
 same Lutschg, knew him as the master hand of the Swiss villa, whose 
 castle walls shadowed Lake Geneva, or as the landscape maker who
 
 614 FORESTRY BUILDING AND WOODED ISLAND. 
 
 reared the flowering glories of the Tuileries. The empress also knew 
 this plain genius, the queenly matron whose heart was with her folk, 
 and who loved Lutschg because he was tender and his disposition 
 shone as brightly as the reflections from his blossoms. This was years 
 ago, before Paris was crushed under the tread of invading Germans, and 
 when the now aging man was in his youth, when he danced all night 
 at a country feast and worked all day among the flowers for her 
 majesty's delight. 
 
 Survived the Grandees. 
 
 Then it was that Plon Plon stretched his legs at the edge of the plat 
 and quizzed Lutschg why a violet's leaf was blue or an orange blossom 
 white, and smiled at the philosophy of the digging gardener. But 
 fortune's wheel is uncertain, and, with his old grandees under the sod, 
 this same Lutschg, with his first name Melchior, because he is Swiss, is 
 now the great hand which has fashioned the island until no royal garden 
 was ever half so rich. 
 
 A great many people talk to Lutschg, but they do not know that he 
 has rubbed against royalty ; he does not look it. Neither does his royal 
 mind make it apparent His work is his whole business, and the suc- 
 cessful unfolding of a rare pansy is of as much importance to him as the 
 settlement of a financial crisis. He would not be anything else save a 
 blossomer of deserts. Could he begin life again he would continue to 
 make Saharas as flower pots. Flowers make men better is his own 
 philosophy, and had he a thousand sons by a thousand wives every one 
 should do as their father has. 
 
 This is what he declares, as he tells the tale of his eventful life since 
 he first saw light in Claris, nestling high on the side of the Alps. His 
 father did not live to see the success of his son, and when three years 
 old the cantankerous Lutschg found himself an orphan in an uncle's 
 tutelage He was schooled for too few years, and at eighteen paid a man 
 200 francs for the privilege of working for him for three years for 
 nothing. This was Swiss apprenticeship. 
 
 In the Napoleons' Service. . 
 
 Asa young man he drifted to Lyons, across the border, then into 
 Italy and back again to his Alpine home. French and Italian art had 
 added to the romantic tastes inherited from the crags and ravines of his 
 native land, and his first great work was as gardener for a Spanish duke 
 whose chateau was near Chillon. Prince Jerome's joined this estate ( 
 and thus Lutschg came to know the Napoleons. Jerome liked the
 
 FORESTRY BUILDING AND WOODED ISLAND. 615 
 
 modest man, and in his gardens he was installed. The father at Paris 
 heard the son's praises, and presently he was designing sketches for the 
 emperor. That war upset everything, and before the artilleries began 
 their belching the Swiss slipped back to his own land. When the car- 
 nage was over he served many a Parisian patrician, planning the beauties 
 of the ViHaneuve St. Georges, where lived the money king Hattinger. 
 There were many other European adventures until he came to the great 
 western world. At Philadelphia he made the Drexel gardens and the 
 Kimball park on Edge Hill. He next came to the bogs and dunes of 
 the Exposition grounds, and Wooded Island is his province.
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 Children's Building. 
 
 WEDGED in between the Woman's Building and the Horti- 
 cultural Building, as if to teach by an object lesson that 
 children are the buds of the heart, and the only flowerets 
 in the universe more attractive to women than the flowers 
 of the garden, stands the Children's Building of the Exposition. It is 
 an Exposition building, however, only in the sense that it is on the 
 Exposition grounds. The direbtory did not appropriate a cent towards 
 it. It was built under the auspices of the Board of Lady Managers and 
 with money which they collected all over the United States, there being 
 only eight or ten States and Territories from which nothing was 
 received. This accounts for its costing only $30,000 and being one 
 of the plainest buildings in Jackson Park, for the enterprise was not 
 fully appreciated everywhere, and the money was collected with some 
 difficulty. 
 
 The origin of this project is attributed to several people, but found 
 immediate favor with the lady managers and with ladies generally, at 
 least in Chicago. From first to last it was conceived as an educational 
 exhibit, and the ladies in charge were excited to the point of indignation 
 over some newspaper articles that appeared representing it as simply a 
 day-nursery or a baby-farm. That an infinitesimal part of the building 
 is devoted to a sort of day-nursery is almost regretted, in consequence of 
 the deplorable and injurious report to which it gave rise that the 
 building was nothing else. 
 
 Gymnasium for Little People. 
 
 The real nature of this educational exhibit is best explained together 
 with the structure of the building itself. The Children's Building i 
 designed by Alexander Sardier of the construction department, while in 
 good taste, is so destitute of architectural pretensions that its style may 
 be dismissed as indeterminable. It covers an area of 150 by 90 feet, is 
 two stories high, and is built of " staff." 
 
 The building has an interior court 90 by 50 feet in area, and extending 
 from the first floor to the roof. In the center of the court a space 
 70 by 40 feet in area is railed off, to be used as a school of athletics. 
 616
 
 CHILDREN'S J3UILDING. 
 
 617 
 
 The object is to exhibit the methods of teaching children the art of 
 physical culture, and inspiring them with something of an ambition to 
 attain the physical prowess that was the pride of the Greeks and 
 Romans. The management of this school was committed entirely to 
 the North American Turner Bund, which provides both teachers and 
 pupils for this exhibit, the pupils being, as a general thing, boys about 
 the age of twelve. Every gymnastic appliance necessary for such 
 instruction is furnished. 
 
 CHILDREN'S BUILDING AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 The Children's Building was opened with public ceremonies June ist. 
 After music came the dedicatory speech by Mrs. George L. Dunlap, 
 who had charge of the work. It was not a speech in the accepted sense 
 of the term. It was a plain motherly talk. Stage by stage she detailed 
 the work of erecting the building and furnishing it, and then told the 
 object. It was for the little folks. It was theirs absolutely, and in it 
 they might reign supreme, from the tiniest cradle on the first floor to 
 the playground on the roof. Mrs. Palmer, as President of the Woman's 
 Board, under whose direction the children's headquarters was erected, 
 received the building. The occasion affected her, too. She replied in 
 a simple way that pleased her listeners, and with more music that part 
 of the programme was ended. 
 
 No Little Boys Present. 
 But that was not all. Nobody knew how it happened, but little girls
 
 filS CHILDREN'S BUILDING. 
 
 only were present among the children. There was not a boy in the 
 lot. It is not known that any discrimination was made against the little 
 chaps who will vote some day in favor of those who may want to vote 
 some day, but the girls had it all to themselves at the opening. And 
 they acquitted themselves well. There were over a hundred of them, 
 all pretty, with bright eyes and red cheeks, and as happy as little Golden 
 Hair was when she met the fairy. Half of them belonged to the Vor- 
 warts Turngemeinde,and were in charge of Prof. Henry Hart ung, director 
 of physical culture. They were dressed in pretty blue flannel suits 
 trimmed with white braid, and could hardly wait until the older people 
 got through talking to begin their part of the programme. It came at 
 last. 
 
 In the centre of this building is the gymnasium, with rows of dumb 
 bells, swinging rings, long poles to climb and vaulting-horses. The 
 way those children performed was marvelous, and many a man who 
 watched envied them. In perfect time they drilled, used the dumb- 
 bells and went through all the health-giving exercises, until 100 soft 
 cheeks were flushed with excitement and exertion. They vaulted and 
 climbed swinging-poles with exquisite grace. Everybody present 
 longed to be a child again, and old faces which had learned to frown 
 from the care s of life lost their hardness and smiled on the little people 
 
 Learning to do Housework. 
 
 On the second floor in the southwest corner of the building is a room 
 known as the kitchen garden. Although the name suggests growing 
 potatoes, beets, onions and the like, there is nothing of the kind there. 
 It is a room devoted to teaching little girls in a practical way how to make 
 good housewives when they grow up. In the center of the room are 
 low tables, with tiny beds on them all made up. Around the room are 
 little brooms and little chairs, dishes of all kinds, wash-tubs and boards 
 and scrubbing brushes in racks. In this room were forty girls. Each 
 wore a spotless white pinafore, and all were happy. When they sat down 
 in the chairs they did not flop back recklessly, but used one hand to 
 pull aside the little skirts and sat down as though they all wore court 
 trains. They were all trained kindergarten girls. 
 
 After the performance in the gymnasium their turn came, and what 
 they did would convert a Dahomey savage to the kindergarten system if 
 he could see it. The little beds were all mussed up, and, two little girls 
 to a bed, they started in to make them up. First the mattresses were 
 turned and punched into a degree of softness. The sheets were spread 
 with the hem turned the right way, the blanket put on, spread, and then
 
 CHILDREN S BUILDING. 
 
 619 
 
 came the tucking-in process. No danger of that tucking-iii coming out. 
 It was no boarding house tuck, but a regular home-made one. When 
 the pillow-slips were put on and the shams put up half the people who 
 watched the process wished they were small enough to get into the beds 
 and take a sleep. 
 
 While the beds were being made other little girls were sweeping the 
 room. They did not sweep around the middle, but went into the corners 
 in a way which, if it is carried into later life, will cause some man to call 
 
 IN THE BABIES ROOM. 
 
 them blessed Others got down on their knees and scrubbed and some 
 went to the wash-tubs, and, with sleeves rolled up over pretty little arms, 
 made dirty doll clothes look as white as snow. 
 
 Ideas for Older Heads. 
 
 The Children's Building serves a dual purpose. It is educational and 
 practical, and devoted to both during the Exposition. The educational 
 feature is a branch which shows mothers how to train the little ones 
 entrusted to their charge. Simple ways of teaching the infant mind by 
 figure and illustration are shown, and attendants are always on hand to 
 explain the system. The practical part, aside from the gymnasium, 
 includes a room where children do wood carving, another where deaf 
 and dumb boys and girls go and find companions, and, best of all, the 
 nursery. 
 
 " I would like to be a baby once more just to get a chance to get into 
 one of those cradles," exclaimed a woman, and everybody else echoed
 
 620 CHILDREN'S BUILDING. 
 
 her wish. Two rooms on the first floor are devoted to the nursery. 
 They are the brightest rooms in the building, and are presided over by 
 trained nurse girls dressed in striped dresses and wearing white caps. 
 There are rows of cradles for the very little people, rows of beds for 
 those a little older, toys of all kinds, spring chairs hung from the ceiling, 
 where babies can jump up and down and " go," and in the center is a 
 place they call the pond. It is an enclosure fenced off as a play-ground 
 for the little people who can only creep. Anyone who has a little tot 
 and cannot leave it alone and cannot go to the Fair without it need not 
 carry it around. The nurse girls are there to take charge of them, and 
 they will receive every attention. Boys are not barred from the nurser*. 
 On top of the building is a play-ground. 
 
 All Sorts of Curious Toys. 
 
 The women who have the enterprise in charge worked diligently to 
 make it a spot that will live as a beautiful page in the memory of every 
 little one who has the advantage of a day in its walls. It is above all 
 things the home of toys. No fabled workshop of Santa Claus, no 
 dreamland grotto of magicians was ever so rich with playthings as is 
 this home of the children. 
 
 In the first place the women applied to the various countries that were 
 sending exhibits to the Fair, asking them to send especially large con- 
 signments of toys. They wanted to make an exhibit there of the 
 things that would interest the little ones and the larger ones who had 
 them in charge. But, owing to the fact that the very building in which 
 the toys were to be housed was finally decided upon at a day so late, 
 not all the countries sent as many toys as they would had they known 
 of the need. Many national commissioners succeeded in getting sup- 
 plementary consignments even after the big shipments had been made. 
 Many more were successful in getting manufacturers to send from their 
 workshops across the seas samples of the playthings that go to make up 
 the sum of children's happiness in other lands, and these articles swell 
 the exhibit at the Children's Building. 
 
 More Than a Playhouse. 
 
 Of course, the place is more than a playhouse. It is designed to 
 explain everything that, in the light of this later century, will aid in the 
 rearing and education of children. Whatever toys can do to forward 
 this work is the duty of toys and it is a large portion of the work. 
 Little ones are received by the women in charge of the building and 
 cared for during such hours as their parents may desire, for which 
 entertainment a small charge is made.
 
 CHILDREN'S BUILDING. . 621 
 
 If one doubts the wisdom of this arrangement one has only to look in 
 the faces of the children out shopping with their mothers on a busy day 
 and note the deathly weariness of babes who have nothing in common 
 with the interests of their mothers. Children of all degrees are alike in 
 this matter. Some things will interest, will enchant them. But they do 
 not care a rap for the splendors of the " great golden gateway" of 'the 
 transportation, the gilded dome of the administration, or the classic 
 splendors of the peristyle. They demand things within the range of 
 their own vision. And they are safe in the charge of the women at 
 the Children's Building. Infants in arms, as well as the little lads and 
 lassies of eight years, receive the attention they need. They are kept } 
 fed, clothed, entertained and amused, besides which they are, in so far as 
 the circumstances of the case permit, instructed. 
 
 The Children's Paradise. 
 
 On the roof of the building which is their especial kingdom is a great 
 garden, in which they are reigning kings and queens. They are per- 
 mitted to play with the toys that may be considered safe for them and 
 that they cannot throw over the battlement upon the heads of larger 
 and less happy passers-by. They have the shade of awnings, the benefit 
 of cool breezes, the cheer of music and the pleasure that games give 
 them. In this and all other departments the toys sent them by foreign 
 nations and American manufacturers are proofs of genuine philanthropy. 
 By far the greater number of toys from any one nation are French. 
 They more than any other are of the ingenious kind the mechanical 
 devices that prove ingenuity in the maker and skill in the operator. 
 Many of them are of the kind that may be enjoyed without handling by 
 the children. 
 
 Better than Yankee Notions. 
 
 Up to this year the fancy may have been grounded into the thought 
 of Americans that the Yankee was the maker of all implements that 
 carried the seal of ingenuity with them. But the Yankee has been for 
 years left far in the shade by the French maker of toys. The v/orkmen 
 of that gay nation have more curious contrivances that charm the eye 
 and rivet the attention of the child than an American workman would 
 dream of in a year. There are toy men who perform almost human 
 feats of skill and precision. There are toy animals from the benches of 
 mechanics that seem to have been really invested with the intelligence 
 of trained domestic beasts. There are toys that perform miracles of 
 color and motion, and children are entranced with the sight of them. 
 
 Not only France, but farther countries have contributed to the whole
 
 622 
 
 CHILDREN'S BUILDING. 
 
 that goes to make up the children's exhibit. Germany comes in as a 
 good second, and even Russia turns aside for a moment from the ser- 
 ious side of life to give some attention to the amusement of children. 
 There are playthings from Turkey that our own children look upon for 
 
 A CORNER OF THE NURSERY. 
 
 the first time as a revelation of a new link connecting them with the 
 children of that far land. There are toys from China and toys from 
 Japan, both made by workmen who think directly for the happiness of 
 their little ones, even if their hands do go backward in the handling of 
 the saw and the plane. 
 
 Many Toys Are New. 
 
 Sweden and Norway have not permitted themselves to be forgotten, 
 and the trinkets that amuse the children of Stockholm and Christianja.
 
 CHILDREN'S BUILDING. 623 
 
 are found side by side with the toys that fill the eye of the English ur- 
 chin. Many of these things have become familiar to our youth in the 
 shop windows of the stores on Christmas, and thousands of them have 
 found their way into stockings that hang not in the chimney corner 
 any more, but in any place from the sitting-room to the alcove at the 
 end of the bedroom. 
 
 Still there are tons of toys on exhibition that have never been seen 
 except by those favored little ones who have crossed the ocean with pa- 
 rents who could go to Santa Claus even if he dared not come to them. 
 And the men who have made the strongest bid for the favor of children 
 are the men no matter in what country located who have given the 
 largest consignment of toys for use in the Children's Building. Much 
 the larger proportion of these toys have come from abroad, but the 
 American manufacturers and dealers proved their claim to strong com- 
 petition by rivaling the exhibit of any land under the sun. 
 
 Amusement for Youth. 
 
 Perhaps a child is not a child when he has reached the age of four- 
 teen. Of course a girl is not a child at all when she has attained that 
 age ; but a boy sometimes is still content to remain small enough and to 
 retain an interest in things juvenile enough to entitle him to the appella- 
 tion of child, For all of these there is something better than the walk 
 over the ground and the incessant tramp after wonders that weary the 
 life out of the fathers and mothers. There are lectures for them. This 
 statement may seem frightfully sedate. But the little ones enjoy the 
 lectures even more than they would the ever engaging game of ball. 
 The lectures are illustrated by stereopticon views of subjects that prove 
 entertaining and that are remembered. And the talks are not so " babi- 
 fied " but even older people can enjoy them. 
 
 The whole enterprise is in no sense a refuge for the destitute or the 
 homeless. That class of children, unfortunately, are not brought even 
 to the gates of the Fair. But there are hundreds of mothers who must 
 bring at least one child to the city, and who are unable to leave it at the 
 hotel or boarding-house while she goes to see the Exposition. Such 
 children do not thank any mother to lead or carry them about the 
 interminable grounds of the Fair. They enjoy some brief sight at the 
 outer wonders of the place, and then find far more congenial entertain- 
 ment in the Children's Building, where they have as much rest as they 
 need, are cared for as carefully as if the eye of mother v/ere constantly 
 upon them, and are entertained with games and toys, interested and in- 
 structed in things within their comprehension, and where, in short, they
 
 624 CHILDREN'S BUILDING. 
 
 spend a day that will make them remember the Fair pleasantly to the 
 end of their lives. 
 
 Children Taught to Cook. 
 
 Mrs. Rorer's cooking class for children is the one subject of interest 
 to visitors to the model kitchen, every one being anxious to see the lit- 
 tle housekeepers at work. 
 
 Mrs. Palmer granted Mrs. Rorer the privilege of having practice les- 
 sons for children in the model kitchen, and Mrs. Rorer is correspond- 
 ingly happy. She takes twenty little girls, dividing them into two 
 classes of ten each, and teaches them housekeeping in the most practical 
 manner. The lessons are from 3 to 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and will 
 continue during the six months of the Exposition, at the end of which 
 there will be an examination. 
 
 Two little housekeepers and eight cooks are the working force, and 
 Mrs. Rorer invites every one to come and see just how much children 
 can be taught. 
 
 Ramona Indian School. 
 
 One large room is occupied by the Ramona Indian School." This 
 school is named after the novel called " Ramona," written by Helen 
 Hunt Jackson, and dealing with the same matter. It resulted in the 
 establishment of the Ramona Indian School at Santa Fe, New Mexico, 
 and the appointment of Miss Jackson as principal. She brought a class 
 of her Indian girts to the Exposition, and gives a daily exhibit of the 
 methods and results of her teaching.
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 United States Naval Exhibit. 
 
 THE naval exhibit of the United States government at the World's 
 Fair is nearly all contained in the composite battle-ship Illi- 
 nois, which stands in Lake Michigan almost in front of the 
 huge building devoted to manufactures. Few people who see 
 the formidable guns and turret of the Illinois, which seem to stand 
 guard over the Fair grounds and protect them from invasion by water, 
 realize until they come very close to her that she is not a floating 
 ship of war. This brick ship was the idea of Commodore R. W. 
 Meade. 
 
 Her Catling and Hotchkiss guns, of which she has a battery, seem to 
 stand upon decks that have been washed with the spray of the ocean. 
 Steam and smoke issue from her funnel, her steam whistle blows as if to 
 warn adjacent craft that she is about to sheer off from the wharf, and 
 real naval officers in full uniform pace her quarter deck. In spite of that 
 fact she is firmly built into the mud of the lake and couldn't be moved 
 with a derrick. She would not float even if bricks and mortar floated, 
 for she has no bottom. 
 
 " These Stoves may Cut Adrift." 
 
 So realistic is the deception that one of the workmen who was put- 
 ting in the stoves in the ship's galley and who was busy clamping them 
 down, as is done in ships to prevent them from cutting loose and slid- 
 ing around the deck in a sea way, complained that the fastenings he had 
 made were not firm enough. " If she gets outside in a blow," he said to 
 Naval Architect F. W. Grogan, " I'm afraid those stoves may cut adrift." 
 He thought he had been working on a real man-of-war. 
 
 Lieutenant Commander Taussig, U. S. N., is in charge of the Illinois, 
 and his commission has been as carefully worded as if he were to take 
 her to the Mediterranean. All the formalities and rules of naval etiquette 
 are observed. There is an officer of the deck and a watch to call out 
 " A light on the starboard bow ! " The time is calculated by bells, and 
 officers cannot leave the craft without permission. About twenty of- 
 ficers and men are on board and fifty marines from the navy yards for 
 police duty. The crew were taken almost entirely from the revenue 
 cutter Michigan, that does duty on the lake. 
 
 4 625
 
 626 UNITED STATES NAVAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 She is as fine a battle-ship to the eye as there is in the navy, but an 
 angry man with a crowbar could do her a lot of injury. She is modelled 
 after the Massachusetts, Indiana and Oregon and is of 13, 300 tons meas- 
 urement, but unlike those vessels she cost only $80,000 to build, which, 
 of course, is exclusive of her guns and the exhibits she contains. She is 
 348 feet long and has a beam or breadth of 69 feet Her beams are of 
 steel and she has calked deck planks, hatches, winches, cable nippers 
 and such attachments, of iron in some cases and in others of plaster. 
 The big crane which hoists the enormous black anchors (cement) is 
 partly cast iron and partly lath and plaster. 
 
 Throw a Shell Six Miles. 
 
 All the appurtenances of the forward main deck have a realistic look 
 Under the wheelhouse is the cooking galley, an exhibit by a New York 
 firm, in which all the food of the men is prepared. Back of this, and oc- 
 cupying places a little forward of amidships are the 6^-inch guns, two 
 on each side. After the exhibition is over these weapons, which are the 
 real thing, will be placed on board the new cruisers now building in 
 San Francisco. The guns use fifty pounds of powder and carry a hun- 
 dred pound shell six miles. Those versed in questions of artillery cal- 
 culate that the shell should weigh twice as much as the powder, and 
 that each inch of diameter is good for an extra mile. Thus a Q-inch 
 gun, built according to the proper scale of proportions, will send a 
 projectile nine miles, and the 1 3-inch gun, of which there is a dummy 
 on the Illinois, should shoot thirteen miles. 
 
 On the carriages of the 6^-inch guns are the perforations made by 
 the shell from a six pound Hotchkiss rifle. No carriage for artillery in 
 the navy is accepted until the gunners have had a shot at it to test it. 
 If the shell goes clean through without cracking the metal, only making 
 a hole, the gun carriage is good enough for Uncle Sam. The guns and 
 shells with which these tests are made are also shown. 
 
 The 13-inch gun, of which a dummy is shown in the turret, is a 
 beauty. It burns 550 pounds of powder, and it would send a shell 
 weighing 1,100 pounds thirteen miles, and still have enough impetus 
 when it reached there to bowl over almost anything that stood in its 
 way. Exhibits of the real shells are to be found in the ship. In the 
 powder magazine, which is a most interesting place, are the ammunition 
 cages, made of copper and about four feet high, in which the powder is 
 stored. The charges are hoisted by machinery, placed in the gun and 
 rammed home, the process being shown almost completely. The arma- 
 ment shows a full naval equipment.
 
 628 UNITED STATES NAVAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 Real Officers Live There. 
 
 An officer's ward room located well aft in which real officers Ifre is 
 exhibited to astonish people from inland points. This is shown under 
 certain restrictions, of course, the sign " No Admittance," being put up 
 at meal times and at bed times. There is a fine lavatory and bathroom 
 for the officers and another one for the captain. All the furniture is 
 real and it will be used some day, along with some of the other fittings, 
 on a genuine battle-ship. 
 
 Upon the berth deck there is no machinery such as would be used to 
 propel a vessel like the Illinois. Only a comparatively small section of 
 coal bunker is shown, but there is enough to demonstrate the watertight 
 compartment ideas and the means by which the firemen escape from the 
 bunkers in case of an influx of water and the closing of the compartments. 
 A space which in a real ship would be given up to bunkers is occupied 
 by the steam engineering exhibit, showing the types of boilers and engines 
 of different periods in model form; as well as the patterns of various 
 kinds of propellers. 
 
 Underneath one of the turrets for the 1 3-inch guns is the ordnance 
 museum. The after turret has not been carried out below the main 
 deck. In the museum are portraits of heroes of the navy and relics of 
 a nature that do not cause sectional discussion. Armor plates that have 
 been subjected to tests and the projectiles with which they have been 
 pierced are in the museum. 
 
 How the Towers are Moved. 
 
 The hydraulic apparatus by which the towers are moved so that the 
 big guns may be brought to bear upon the unlucky victim that the cap- 
 tain is after is explained. Over the propeller is a hole for a torpedo 
 tube. In this part of the ship the ward room and captain's room are 
 duplicated so that they can be inspected when the real living quarters 
 are not accessible. In the duplicate ward room folks who have never 
 before been on a ship can paw over the articles they find and make loud 
 and personal remarks, all of which they are asked to refrain from doing 
 in the living quarters. 
 
 From the Naval Academy at Annapolis there are samples of the 
 class and engineering work of the cadets, but unfortunately the cadets 
 themselves are not represented. 
 
 Upon the superstructure deck there is the heavily armored conning 
 tower. In time of war the wheelhouse, which is of wood, would very 
 likely be converted into splinters with its human contents if they
 
 UNITED STATES NAVAL EXHIBIT. 629 
 
 stayed there. In such a case as that the captain perches in the conning 
 tower, in which there is a steering gear. From this place, which of 
 course is a target for all the cannon balls that are sailing through the 
 atmosphere, he can work the guns and communicate with every part of 
 the ship. By means of speaking tubes he can shout at all his subor- 
 dinate officers and allude to their weak points just as easily as if he had 
 them right there in the room. 
 
 Gatlings and Search Lights. 
 
 Behind the tower is the secondary battery of 6-pound Hotchkiss 
 guns. In the military tops are two I -pound guns and two Gatlings. 
 Two search lights are located, one forward and one aft, which are in 
 use. A chart house completes the equipment on this deck. 
 
 Many of the sailors went to work on the Illinois with sledge ham- 
 mers, forgetting that she was not a real ship, and they had to be warned 
 all the time that men couldn't kick 6-inch steel armor plate with im- 
 punity. There are four side ladders to the Illinois, a swinging boom 
 topped out and awnings and canopies on the decks. 
 
 The more movable exhibits include samples of rifles, cutlasses, ac- 
 coutrements and stores. On the beach are sections of armor plate, four- 
 teen inches thick, from the Indiana, and a piece of the turret of the 
 Monterey, 11% inches thick. A complete torpedo set, including the 
 gun and the projectile, is also shown. 
 
 With one hundred and fifty men at the disposal of Taussig, he is able 
 to make quite a creditable showing at torpedo, boat and battalion drills 
 and search light drills. Two steam launches dodge about in the lake 
 perpetually and the captain's gig and the whale boats are lowered and 
 sent out for a spin. 
 
 A Formidable Craft. 
 
 The models sent from the Navy Department in Washington, for dis- 
 play on the Illinois, are those of the coast defenders Manitonomoh, 
 Monadnock and Monterey ; the armored cruisers Maine, New Ironsides 
 and New York ; the protected cruisers Baltimore, Charleston, Newark, 
 Olympia, Petrel and Yorktown ; the wooden cruisers Colorado, Hart- 
 ford, Kearsarge, Merrimac, Mississippi, Niagara, Constitution and Ports- 
 mouth, and in the special class the dynamite cruiser Vesuvius. There 
 are models of sections of the Raleigh and the Chicago. 
 
 The Bureau of Navigation has a display in the section devoted to hy- 
 drography of the system of chart construction observed by the navy and 
 an exhibit of photographs showing surveyors engaged in the work of 
 collecting materials for maps. An interesting exhibit is a relief map of
 
 630 UNITED STATES NAVAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 the Atlantic Ocean. In marine meteorology there are bulletins and 
 charts showing the climate of different seas and the places where it is 
 likely that storms, winds, fogs, ice and rains will be encountered. The 
 location of derelict wrecks and ice is noted and the method of stilling 
 the waves with oil is explained. 
 
 The showing of instruments includes the deep sea sounding machine 
 the deep sea thermometer, oil distributors and the personal equation in- 
 strument. This registers the variation of an individual from the standard 
 in taking observations of the heavens, for instance. One man's work 
 will habitually be warped by his personal peculiarities, and the instru- 
 ment gauges these, and in calculation they are allowed for, a register 
 being kept of the probable variation of each man. 
 
 What the Sailor Boys do. 
 
 Those interested in the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis are 
 able to inspect the programmes of their examinations, see their drawings 
 and other products. There is a seventy-five horse power ferry launch 
 compound engine made by the cadets. A lot of knots and splices, mys- 
 terious to the landsman and the accoutrements of the boys and their 
 boxing, fencing and gymnastic accoutrements are on view. 
 
 From the Bureau of Ordnance are supplies of small arms, small and 
 big rifles and double action revolvers. The Bureau contributes the shells 
 and powder tanks. In the torpedo station are shown a spar torpedo and 
 boat outfit, an automobile torpedo designed in 1869, of which the mo- 
 tive power is compressed air ; the Howell torpedo, propelled by a fly 
 wheel in rotation, and the Lay-Haight torpedo controlled with an elec- 
 tric cable and propelled by liquefied carbon dioxide. Under the head 
 of mines is one of those used by the Confederates in the defense of their 
 rivers and harbors and a kind of submarine mine called " devils," used 
 by them to destroy boats engaged in raising floating mines. 
 
 The anarchists of the world may delight themselves with an exhibit of 
 explosives, such as picric acid, sodium picrate, potassium picrate, am- 
 monium picrate, barium picrate, strontium picrate, calcium picrate, 
 magnesium picrate, napthaline methyl alcohol, mono-nitro benzine, 
 meta-dinitro benzine, phenol and benzine. There are specimens of elec- 
 tric fuses, igniters, primers and apparatus to test detonators before firing. 
 The manufacture of gun cotton is shown by photographs. 
 
 An interesting collection is a lot of articles recovered by sailors of the 
 navy from a British transport sunk in 1778 in sixty feet of water in New- 
 port harbor, to prevent her being captured by the French fleet. These 
 historic relics awaken unusual interest.
 
 UNITED STATES NAVAL EXHIBIT. 631 
 
 The Armor Plate Show. 
 
 The armor plate display includes a section from the battle-ship In- 
 diana. It is fourteen inches thick, ten feet long and six feet three inches 
 wide, the weight being eighteen tons. It has been fired at three times. 
 There is also some of the curved armor plate of the barbette coast de- 
 fense ship Monterey, which also has been fired at, and models of a sec- 
 tion of a monitor, of a ic-inch shell gun, and a hundred pounder Parrott 
 rifle. Electric welded projectiles, boilers, engines and specimens of the 
 navy rations both of food and clothing are also there for inspection. 
 
 By the Bureau of Equipment there are shown all sorts of outfits and 
 stores for boatswains, carpenters and sailmakers. There is a quantity of 
 electric material, ampere motors, dynamos, ground detectors, lights, 
 running and masthead. 
 
 The Nautical Almanac Office has sent a phototachmometer with which 
 the velocity of light was measured during the years 1880-82. 
 
 The Naval Observatory is very well represented with astronomical 
 clocks, the aneroid barometer used by Captain Hall in the unfortunate 
 Arctic trip of the Polaris, chronographs, chronometers of historic inter- 
 est, an eclipse camera, electrical testing and transmitting apparatus and 
 a photoheliograph. 
 
 There is an ample supply of navigation instruments to take the Illinois 
 out of Chicago if she were movable. They include azimuths, electric 
 registering barometers, ektropometer (none can get around in the navy 
 without an ektropometer), fog horns, common and mechanical ; artificial 
 horizons, lead lines rudder telegraphs and indicators and sounding ma- 
 chines.
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 Woman's Marvellous Achievements. 
 
 BY NANCY HUSTON BANKS. 
 
 Member of the Board of Lady Managers. 
 
 THROUGHOUT the whole vast area of the Exposition site, with 
 its collected wonders of the world, there is nothing of more pro- 
 found interest than the Women's Building. It not only 
 stands for a great deal for a monument to the civilization of 
 the period, the fin-de-siecle triumph of womanhood but has also much 
 intrinsic attraction. Encompassed by blooming shrubs and radiant 
 flowers, outlining a classic white silhouette against the summer sky, 
 crowned by the tall waving palms of its roof garden, it is a sight to feast 
 the eyes. 
 
 It is located at the north-western end of Jackson Park, having the 
 Illinois State Building on the one side, the Horticultural and Children's 
 Palace on the other, the silvery lagoon with its flowery island being 
 near by. There is no more desirable site within the World's Fair gates, 
 the Exposition management having given the Board of Lady Managers 
 the choice, when their splendid structure, costing nearly two hundred 
 thousand dollars, was decided upon. Directly in front of the building 
 the lagoon takes the form of a bay, about 400 feet in width. From the 
 centre of this bay a grand landing and broad flight of steps lead to a 
 terrace six feet above the water. Crossing this terrace other staircases 
 give access to the ground, four feet above, on which, about 100 feet 
 back, the building is situated. The first terrace is designed in artistic 
 flower beds and low shrubs, forming, together with the creamy-white 
 balustrades rising from the water's edge, and also in front of the second 
 terrace, a charming foreground for the fine edifice. 
 
 A Unique Building. 
 
 It is in many respects a unique structure : built by a woman for 
 women, the creation of the brain and technical skill of a girl of twenty. 
 Women were almost entirely unknown as architects up to the time that 
 the invitation to competition in designs for the Women's Building was 
 given. In making this new departure, the Board of Lady Managers re- 
 632
 
 MRS. NANCY HUSTON BANKS.
 
 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 633 
 
 linquished an opportunity of having their building designed by Richard 
 Hunt, and thus in their zeal for the advancement of women, gave up a 
 splendid certainty for an uncertainty. But if the result was awaited 
 with some apprehension, there was full compensation when it finally 
 came. History already records the sinking of heart with which Mrs. 
 Potter Palmer, the president of the Board of Lady Managers, went to 
 examine the submitted designs, in conference with the chief architect of 
 the World's Fair. It may be imagined then how great was the surprise 
 and delight with which she discovered the general excellence of the 
 designs. There were fourteen of them, all the work of young American 
 women, most of whom were under twenty, and it is perhaps worthy of 
 mention that with two exceptions, the artists were all from the south- 
 ern and western states. ' The plans were all good several excellent, and 
 a few were fine. The design finally accepted with the award of the 
 prize of a thousand dollars was that of Sophia G. Hayden of Boston. 
 
 Miss Hayden, who was a pupil in the architectural class in the School 
 of Technology, in Boston, and graduated with high honors, immediately 
 came to Chicago, and personally made the plans and elevations for the 
 building. 
 
 Beautiful Specimen of Architecture. 
 
 It is in the purest style of the Italian Renaissance, the principal facade 
 having an extreme length of four hundred feet, with a width of half the 
 distance. The delicate grace of its lines, and the daintiness of its dec- 
 oration, possess a distinctly feminine charm. The main grouping consists 
 of a center pavilion flanked at each end with corner pavilions connected 
 in the first story by open arcades in the curtains, forming a shady prom- 
 enade the whole length of the structure. The first story is raised about 
 ten feet from the ground line, and a wide stairway leads to the center 
 pavilion. This pavilion, forming the main triple-arched entrance with 
 an open colonnade in the second story, is finished with a low and beau- 
 tifully proportioned pediment enriched with a highly elaborate bas-relief. 
 The corner pavilions, being like the rest of the building, two stories high, 
 with a total elevation of sixty-feet, have each an open colonnade added 
 above the main cornice. Here are located the Hanging Gardens, which 
 form one of the most unusual and beautiful features of the building. 
 
 A lobby forty feet wide leads into the open rotunda seventy by sixty-five 
 feet, reaching through the height of the structure, the whole having a 
 thoroughly Italian court yard effect, admitting abundance of light to 
 the rooms facing this interior space. 
 
 But before entering upon a detailed description of the inside of the
 
 631 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 
 
 Woman's Building and specific mention of its contents, much more 
 should be said of the women who designed and executed its exterior dec- 
 oration. For the statuary and sculptural work also, as for architectural 
 plans, competitive designs were invited, and again the result was a de- 
 lightful revelation of the artistic capacities of American women. The 
 artists outside the United States had no opportunity, greatly to the 
 regret of the Lady Managers, to enter the competition owing to the short 
 time allowed in which drawings and models might be submitted. As 
 before it was young America who won the prize, which was awarded to 
 Alice Rideout, a San Francisco girl. The award was merely a nominal 
 sum of money, but including the very substantial emolument of making 
 the full sized models, amounting to several thousand dollars. Miss 
 Rideout, the simplest mannered, least-self conscious of geniuses a 
 pretty shy girl scarcely more than a child came to execute her designs 
 and succeeded, molding the figures from life out of the mud of Jackson 
 Park. 
 
 When her fine work, which stands favorable comparison with the 
 examples from the hands of master artists of the old and new worlds, 
 was done, she went quietly away as silently and modestly as she had 
 come. Her work however remains, consisting of two sculptural groups, 
 repeated at intervals, which surmount the cornice of the roof garden. 
 In the one representing " Woman's Virtues," the slender figure of " In- 
 nocence," wearing the virgin veil and wreath, rises in the centre. "Sac- 
 rifice," in the garb of a nun, is laying her jewels upon the altar on one 
 side ; " Charity " cherishes two children on the other. In the other 
 group, the Genius of Civilization, with outspread wings and the torch 
 of enlightenment in her hand, is assisting two figures to rise. The 
 woman of the past, in mediaeval attire, is chained and downcast ; the 
 woman of to-day wears a student's cap and looks eagerly upward. 
 
 Colossal Figures. 
 
 These groups are of heroic size, the central winged figure measuring 
 ten feet. The pediment of the main entrance is also Miss Rideout's 
 work. It measures forty by eight feet, is executed in high-relief and 
 tells the life-story of woman, what she has done, is doing and is endeav- 
 oring to do. The caryatides supporting the balustrade of the roof gar- 
 den were designed and modeled by Enid Yardell, the young Kentucky 
 Sculptor, who has since made the admirable statue of Daniel Boone now 
 adorning the Kentucky State Building. 
 
 It must be strikingly apparent from what has already been said that 
 the Board of Lady Managers has from its organization strenuously en-
 
 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 635 
 
 deavored to secure for women every artistic and industrial opportunity 
 afforded by the Exposition. From the beginning the board has fully 
 realized the responsibility of its official power, and has never failed to 
 exert its influence to the utmost in the interest of women. Indeed 
 throughout the progress of the Exposition, in its every department, the 
 Board of Lady Managers has proven not only the argus-eyed guardian, 
 and eloquent advocate of the interests of women, but in the widest sense 
 an all-pervading factor in the success of the World's Fair. Women 
 have, it is true, given valuable aid to previous expositions, at the Cen- 
 tennial and at the New Orleans Exposition, and at Paris in '89 committees 
 of women did most effective work. But they were merely committees 
 acting wholly in a subordinate capacity, and although the French gov- 
 ernment authorized and recognized the woman's committee, known as 
 "a congress of Feminine works and Institutions," but it had no real ex- 
 ecutive power, and was presided over by a man, as president. 
 
 A Far- Reaching Organization. 
 
 Nowhere in history can be found just such an organization as the 
 Board of Lady Managers. There never before existed a legal body, 
 created by Act of Congress, national in its representation, composed 
 entirely of women, and invested with executive authority. When the 
 Board first assembled the unprecedented spectacle attracted the attention 
 of the whole civilized world. It at once aroused keen European inter- 
 est, thus opening the way for the co-operation among foreign women, 
 which the Board was early able to establish. The effect in the United 
 States was immediate and most remarkable. 
 
 The membership of the Board was not only representative of every 
 state and territory in the Union, of as many arts, trades and professions 
 as if it had been composed of the same number of men, but included 
 many women influential in social and political circles. Some half-dozen 
 States Maine, Arkansas, Montana and Mississippi for example were 
 represented on the Board by their governor's wives. In such event it goes 
 without saying that the first direction in which the influence of the Board 
 made itself felt was in influencing local World's Fair legislation. Indeed it 
 is along this line that the Board has done some of its most effective ser- 
 vice for the Exposition. In the National as well as the State capitals, 
 committees of the Board have urged World's Fair interest, from the 
 standpoint of the purest patriotism, far above all suspicion of personal 
 motive. In the majority of the states and in all the territories the 
 women took the initiative in World's Fair. In several states they bore 
 the burden unaided, and actually raised the necessary funds for a credit-
 
 636 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 
 
 able State exhibit, when the Legislature had failed to make an appropria- 
 tion for the purpose. Two notable instances of this were Virginia and 
 Texas, whose women not only gathered the greater portion of the state 
 displays, but the money for the erection of the state buildings. 
 
 Throughout the length and breadth of the United States the Lady 
 Managers have been working on behalf of the Exposition. They have 
 gathered everything worth the showing that women are accomplishing 
 along all industrial lines. When the result of this research reached the 
 Exposition, representatives of the Board were waiting on the alert to 
 secure for those exhibits of woman's work the most advantageous pro- 
 curable installation. When small isolated exhibits by women were 
 crowded out by splendid ones from great manufacturers, the Lady Man- 
 agers on guard in the various departments made such persistent, just 
 and dignified demand for space for the small exhibitors, that it was at 
 last granted. 
 
 Their Perfect Equality. 
 
 As women are participants on perfect equality with men in every di- 
 vision of the classification, some uncertainty existed in the public mind, 
 up to the opening of the Woman's Building as to the nature of its con- 
 tents. This can perhaps be best described as a special exhibit of the 
 most magnificent performances of women ; of the things in which they 
 are particularly interested, and especially of their most admirable work 
 which could be very imperfectly exhibited under the general classifica- 
 tion. Such for example as the innumerable institutions and organiza- 
 tions which women have had the ideality to establish and the courage 
 and perseverance to maintain, for the physical and moral good of hu- 
 manity, for the amelioration of suffering and the righting of wrong. 
 Almost one entire end of the Woman's Building is occupied by a glor- 
 ious showing of her work in these wide fields. 
 
 The Associations Room, as it is called, is one of the most attractive 
 of the whole. The walls are tinted a cool shadowy blue, and the hand- 
 some brass rods, dividing the space of the various organizations, are 
 artistically draped with silk curtains of the same soft hue. The exhibit 
 is necessarily chiefly cartographic, but is international in scope, repre- 
 senting the good work of women of many nations. Religious organiza- 
 tions are not included, as these are usually composed of both men and 
 women, and only those established and conducted entirely by women 
 are shown. 
 
 The Grand Central Hall. 
 
 From the door of the Association Room, which is on the second
 
 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 637 
 
 floor, a splendid view is procurable of the Grand Central Hall, known 
 as the Gallery of Honor. In this the dedicatory ceremonies were held on 
 opening day, and no single event contributing to the spendor of that grand 
 occasion excited more interest than the dedication of the Woman's 
 Building. A temporary platform was erected near the centre on the 
 west side of the gallery, and on it were seated many notable women, 
 prominent in World's Fair work, in Europe as well as America. The 
 programme opened with a grand march, composed by Jean Ingeborg 
 Von Bronsart, of Weimar, Germany, which was followed by a prayer, 
 by Miss Ida Hultin. The dramatic overture, by Miss Frances Ellicott, 
 of London, preceded a brilliant address by Mrs. Potter Palmer, Presi- 
 dent of the Board of Lady Managers. 
 
 The jubilate composed especially for this occasion by Mrs. H. H. A, 
 Beach, of Boston, was followed by addresses by the distinguished 
 women representing foreign countries. The Duchess de Veragua, who 
 was announced to speak for Spain, begged to be excused because of her 
 limited knowledge of the English language. The Countess de Brazza, 
 representing Italy, was unable to be present owing to the serious illness 
 of her child, and Madame Mariotti, the assistant of the Countess in 
 charge of the Italian Woman's exhibit, delivered the address for that 
 country. 
 
 A Message from the Queen. 
 
 Mrs. Bedford-Fenwick, of the English commission, spoke for her 
 country-women, giving a message from the Queen. Her Majesty, the 
 messenger said, did not as a rule feel any interest in Expositions, but was 
 deeply interested in this, " because of what it was doing for women." 
 The Countess of Aberdeen spoke for Scotland and Ireland ; Madame 
 Kaselouski for Germany, and Princess Schachoffsky for Russia. With 
 the hymn "America" and the Benediction, the formal programme 
 ended, but was succeeded by the lighter, though not less interesting 
 incident of driving the last nail in the Woman's Building. It had been 
 decided more than a year previously, that Mrs. Palmer should drive it, 
 and Montana offered to furnish the historic nail. It was accordingly 
 made of the precious metal of the State, and set with a native sapphire. 
 It was driven by Mrs. Palmer, amidst radiant smiles and ringing cheers, 
 at the close of the Dedicatory ceremonies on opening day, and will be 
 exhibited during the Exposition with the artistic hammer given by 
 Nebraska, in the costly casket provided for it by Montana. This was a 
 reproduction in miniature of the celebrated mineral palace in Pueblo. 
 
 The coloring of this majestic hall is ivory white radiating into mellow
 
 638 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 
 
 yellow, and brilliantly pricked out with gold. The tympana paintings 
 first attract the visitor's gaze, and have indeed been the objects of 
 general interest, since the announcement, that these two large surfaces 
 were to be decorated by mural paintings by women. The undertaking 
 was- so ambitious, and a mistake in the selection of the artist would 
 have been so irretrievable, that great caution was exercised. 
 
 Famous Women Artists. 
 
 Since only women were to be permitted to decorate this beautiful 
 building, designed by a woman for women, and the Board of Lady 
 Managers with patriotic loyalty earnestly desired that the paintings 
 should be done, if poss ible, by American women, Mrs. Palmer, Pre- 
 sident of the Board, sought the best brushes among American women 
 artists in Paris, and there can be no question that in the hands of Mary 
 Fairchild Mac Monnaies and Mary Cassatt, these were found. 
 
 The choice of Mrs. Mac Monnaies was received with perfect satisfac- 
 tion in her own country, where she is well known by previous fine work. 
 As a native of' St. Louis, her studies in its museum and school were 
 preliminary to several years with Boulanger, Bouguereau, Robert 
 Fleury and Lefebvre. Her taste inclined naturally to decorative work, 
 and there is no question about the self-consistency or the pictorial 
 qualities of her tympanum on the north wall of the Woman's Building. 
 It represents woman as a burden bearer, the symbols being various and 
 apt, the drawing fair, the tone soft and warm, the feeling gentle and the 
 color well adapted to combine with the preponderating values of the 
 mural treatment. This is entitled " The Primitive Woman," the agree- 
 ment that one painting should be so called, and the companion picture 
 at the opposite end of the gallery " The Modern Woman " being the 
 only requirement made in advance of the artists. To have required 
 that they should agree upon twins for the tympana would have been to 
 end the project before it was commenced. Each was left free, as she 
 should have been, to make her individual expression for the World's 
 Fair epoch of woman, ideal, moral, social. 
 
 Unlike Mrs. Mac Monnaies Miss Cassatt, although an American born 
 in Philadelphia, is almost wholly unknown in the United States. There 
 are two causes for this, one being the fact that she seems to have im- 
 bibed the prejudice of her master Degas against exhibition, and con- 
 sequently has never exhibited in America, the second being her long 
 residence abroad, and thorough identification with the painters of France, 
 who say of her as they do of no other woman artist " she is of us." 
 There is much greater difference of opinion concerning Miss Cassatt's
 
 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 639 
 
 painting than that of Mrs. Mac Monnaies, but taken as a whole it is a 
 genuine sensation, from the artist's point of view, the philosopher's and 
 the woman's. In this triptych which arouses such hot debate, several 
 female figures are swiftly pursuing a disappearing phantom fleshly 
 enough to be a coherent part of the realistic composition. It is a nude 
 figure, having assumedly cast off the garments of conventionality. It is 
 fame, and ducks are quacking at the rapid heels of the pursuers. Sus- 
 picion has in fact been engendered that these ducks were geese with 
 subtle sarcastic reference to a wild goose chase. In the central frame a 
 number of women are knocking apples off a tree, some with ladders, 
 some with poles. In the west panel a woman is performing a skirt 
 dance, another woman is thrumming the staccato of the measure on a 
 banjo, and the third is enjoying the combined rhythm. This is what 
 Miss Cassatt offers as " The Modern Woman." 
 
 The field of the triptych is grass green ; the broad border is ultra- 
 marine blue. There are medallions accentuating the border at intervals 
 and fringes of Cupids edge it where a little more pinky yellow was 
 needed to relieve the strain. There is capital light throughout the 
 work. The drawing is forcible ; each story is told with power and even 
 with emphasis ; the coloring is audacious, especially in the fundamentals, 
 and the tympanum. 
 
 " Sweet and Fashionable." 
 
 Certain critics say the painting is trivial and below the dignity of its 
 position. On the other hand an able writer about it says : " Instead of 
 being an affront to her sex in its modern aspiration, pretension and 
 accomplishments, Miss Cassatt' s daring triptych is a superb demonstra- 
 tion of eternal truth. If women to-day pursue the phantom fame, do 
 not quackers run after, bidding her return to ducklings and domestic 
 employment ? If she wish the apples, whether of hesperian fields or of 
 knowledge, must she not climb and aim high, hit and miss? What, 
 after all, does the rest of the world really want of her ? Not that she 
 shall devote herself to literature or art or science, but that she shall be 
 pretty and sweet and fashionable ; and are not the skirt dance and banjo 
 the most witty and felicitous symbols that a shrewd artist could have 
 chosen to illustrate prevalent taste in society, in drama, in literature, in 
 music ? Yet a cad, writing about this decoration, had the crass 
 stupidity to intimate that in putting this striking bit of truth into a panel 
 Miss Cassatt had offended against propriety ! " 
 
 Safer ground is found in the two large panels on the east and west 
 side of the gallery, which complete its mural decorations. The first
 
 610 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 
 
 two which are similar in design, and identical in treatment, are by Miss 
 Emmet and Mrs. Sherwood, of New York. They are ideal representa- 
 tions of the arts and sciences, consisting wholly of female figures. The 
 opposite pannels are strikingly dissimilar. One by Mrs. Sewell being 
 pervaded by soft olives and shading blues, portrays idealic maidens, sur- 
 rounded by sheep, amidst an Algerian landscape. Adjoining is Miss 
 Fairchild's panel of the " Puritan Maidens " with all the angularity and 
 raw coloring of the decorative school. Around the vaulted walls be- 
 tween the arches, inscribed in letters of gold are the names of celebrated 
 women. Of great queens whose lives have bettered humanity, of women 
 famous in art and literature ; at the north end of the building is the 
 name of Bertha Honore Palmer, President of the Board of Lady Mana- 
 gers, and at the south end that of Sophia G. Hajdon, architect. 
 
 Below these luminous names in gold script, are hung the best paint- 
 ings in oil exhibited by women of course in the Woman's Building. 
 They are by foreign as well as American artists, and it may be well to 
 explain in this connection, that as a rule the pictures contributed by 
 the foreign committees are not exhibited in their respective sections, 
 this being impracticable, but en masse in the Gallery of Honor. 
 
 In the Belgian division, however, there are several paintings, and 
 among them a landscape by the Countess of Flanders. The most ob- 
 served picture in the Gallery of Honor is " Jean et Jacques," by Marie 
 Bashkirtseff, which is a life-sized painting of the ragged little gamins 
 whom she loved to portray. Just under this picture, and following the 
 line of French paintings, is a row of cases containing a fine collection of 
 miniature and other paintings on ivory. An old man's head, by Del- 
 phine de Cool, attracts much attention in the division of France, while 
 nearly opposite, in the American division are the " Down Piccadilly,' ' and 
 "Wayfarers,'' of Maria Brooks, always with a crowd before them. 
 " Eurydice sinking into Hades," by Henrietta Rae, is notable, aside 
 from its intrinsic merit, as the only life-sized painting of the nude. A 
 German canvas, by Hanna Bohm, of an old man seeing a vision of future 
 existence, is conspicuous because of its size, being the largest in the 
 gallery. 
 
 Choice Works in Marble and Bronze. 
 
 Of the marbles, Sarah Bernhardt's "Little Girl," and life-sized bust in 
 bas-relief of Ophelia, are conspicuous. Two statues in bronze, by 
 Madame Bertaud, stand in the center of the Gallery, near the bronze 
 fountain, designed by Anne Whiting. Her marble bust of Mrs. Stowe, 
 which is in the Library of the building, is a particularly fine example of
 
 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 641 
 
 her work, and the unveiling of it by Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker, the 
 distinguished sister of the famous subject, was one of the most memo- 
 rable events associated with the opening of the Woman's Building. A 
 bronze statue of Leif Ericsson (also Miss Whitney's work) stands in the 
 west vestibule, near the silver fountain, presented by the women of Mon- 
 tana. Vinnie Ream Hoxie has three pieces of sculpture in the gallery, 
 "America," "Miriam" and "The West." There are statuettes by 
 Edmonia Lewis, and busts of Lincoln and Grant, by Mrs. Ames. But 
 one might fill a volume with detailed descriptions of the beautiful works 
 of art found under this arched roof of glass. 
 
 Leading into it from the east entrance is the vestibule decorated by 
 the women of the English committee. The mural paintings on the 
 walls represent the advancement of woman, and the ceiling is painted 
 to produce the effect of a dull red canopy fringed with gold, and drawn 
 into artistic folds. The entire exhibit of Great Britain is interesting 
 and complete. The Welch woman in her quaint hat and picturesque 
 costume, weaving the celebrated Tweed cloths on an antiquated loom, is 
 the striking feature of the main exhibit in the north-west end of the 
 Woman's Building. Some wonderful specimens of book binding are 
 shown, notably those from Miss Helen Bayley's book binding establish- 
 ment in London. Miss Bayley employs only women, and some of their 
 handiwork is beautiful, and is said by competent critics to far surpass 
 anything of the kind in this country. Among the books sent by Miss 
 Bayley are ten volumes of Shakespeare's works, bound in cut leather, 
 and a volume of Dante bound in the same material. Miss Charlotte 
 Nordel, superintendent of the Princess of Wales' Technical School at 
 Sandringham, is also a contributor to the book covers, and Mrs. Harry 
 Brownlow sends some books covered with exquisite embroidery. 
 
 Rare Old Books. 
 
 The Royal School of Art in Kensington has an exhibit of books bound 
 in vellum and illuminated. The carvings in ivory are all beautiful, but 
 the most exquisite piece is a fan carved by the Countess of Tankerville; 
 the fifteen sticks are of carved ivory, and the rest of the fan is of white 
 ostrich feathers. The Countess also sends some beautifully carved plaques 
 of ivory. A copy of Queen Elizabeth's Bible, the original of which is in 
 Queen Victoria's possession, is also shown, and some very old books, one 
 written by Dame Gertrude More, and another by Dame Juliana Berners. 
 
 The Countess of Strathmore has lent an old piece of embroidery from 
 the bed of Patrick, Earl of Kinghorn. It is worked with his arms, and 
 was done about the year 1606. 
 41
 
 642 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 
 
 Two music stools are sent by Princess Victoria and Maud of Wales. 
 They are the Princesses' own work and are beautifully done; the tops are 
 in embossed leather, with the Princesses' name and coronet upon them, 
 and the stands are carved in oak by their royal highnesses. They are 
 to be sold and the money devoted to charitable purposes. A most im- 
 portant and interesting portion of the English exhibit is that of the 
 London Training School for Nurses, which is on the second floor of 
 the building, occupying an entire room, with all the approved appliances 
 of the modern sick-room, and all the wonderful devices of science for 
 the relief of suffering. But returning to the English exhibit on the 
 ground floor, that of Great Britain includes, of course, the adjoining dis- 
 plays by Ireland, Scotland and New South Wales that strange region 
 of birds wearing fur and animals hatching eggs. Some of the extra- 
 ordinary furs and other things as remarkable, form features of the latter's 
 
 exhibit. 
 
 Handiwork of Russian Women. 
 
 Near at hand is Russia's large and unique exhibit, showing the handi- 
 work of her women. The carved walnut frame work of the section and 
 its splendid gilded entrance are especially notable. This display is 
 characteristic in a peculiar degree of the remarkable country from which 
 it comes. Side by side here, as in Russia itself, are supreme culture 
 and fabulous wealth with the piteous poverty and ignorance of barbar- 
 ism. The strange, primatively-fashioned garments of the peasantry 
 alternate around the walls with hangings of unimaginable magnifi- 
 cence. 
 
 Perhaps the most striking feature of the exhibit, which is so fasci- 
 nating as a whole, is the large case containing the court costumes which 
 are the property of the Empress. Judging from the contour of these 
 gowns her Imperial Majesty is an extremely shapely woman. The robes 
 are not only rich and costly, far beyond anything exhibited throughout 
 the entire Exposition, but are also exceedingly modish and beautiful. 
 One is of a peculiar fabric woven of vivid red silk and threads of pure 
 gold. The effect is novel and dazzling beyond description, and the 
 gown is further enriched with elaborate embroidery in pure gold. A 
 second costume is entirely composed of mingled gold and silver 
 embroidery, bordered with sable. 
 
 The educational and industrial division of the Russian exhibit are 
 most comprehensive, and the art display also is full. Of the latter are 
 two ideal busts from the chisel of the brilliant lady who is in personal 
 charge of the Russian Woman's exhibit. This lady, the Princess Schac- 
 hovsky, has already been mentioned in connection with the opening
 
 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 643 
 
 ceremonies of the Woman's Building. A number of valuable pictures 
 by women are included in this exhibit, and a head of Christ is valued at 
 ten thousand roubles. A collection of manikins, dressed in the cos- 
 tumes characteristic of the many different provinces of Russia, attract 
 much attention. 
 
 Russian Women in Hearty Sympathy. 
 
 The enthusiasm with which Russian women of all ranks entered into 
 the preparation of this combined exhibit of their work was most marked. 
 The Empress herself headed the movement with the profoundest inter- 
 est, and before the collection was shipped from St. Petersburg to the 
 World's Fair, made a close personal inspection of it. 
 
 No comprehensive exhibit of the work of Russian women has ever 
 been attempted before. They apparently engage to a considerable 
 extent in the manufacture of silk, and a marvellously fine wool, called 
 " The Wool of the Gods," is shown in both the raw and manufactured 
 state. The primitive instruments used for reducing it are also exhibited, 
 and it seems impossible that such magical results could be wrought by 
 such clumsy means. A shawl made of this wonderful wool is as unsub- 
 stantial as a summer cloud. Forty-seven yards square, it weighs only 
 eight and a quarter ounces, a veritable shadow of a shawl. 
 
 A large case of embroideries, chiefly in bullion, constitute the exhibit 
 of the Turkish Compassionate Fund. Then comes the Corn Palace of the 
 women of Iowa, which is really most artistic, and near it case after case 
 of exquisite china forming the ceramic exhibit. The National Association 
 of Mineral Painters make a conspicuous display, and the exquisite chyro- 
 ceramic ware fills an entire case with its lustreless gold. In this same por- 
 tion of the building is the display of embroideries, and an attentive exami- 
 nation of this must lead to the conclusion that America is doing the finest 
 embroidery now of two varieties. One that exquisitely effective kind in 
 colored silks on linen, which looks like hand painting seems wholly 
 confined to America, there being no trace of it in any foreign exhibit of 
 embroidery. The variety displayed by the National Society of Decora- 
 tive Art is also of an artistic beauty unequaled by any similar exhibit 
 from any foreign country, not even excepting France. 
 
 The rooms on the east and west sides of the Gallery of Honor are 
 full to overflowing with important exhibits, inventions including a 
 reservoir by women, and a striking array of architectural plans. This 
 latter showing may be regarded as the direct and immediate result of 
 the stimulus given to women in this profession by the efforts of the 
 Board of Lady Managers in connection with the designs for the
 
 644 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 
 
 Woman's Building. There are also in this room several portable kilns 
 for firing china, which have been invented by women, and have 
 proven most valuable. The next is called the educational room, and 
 contains, in addition to a large cartographic display, the exhibit cf the 
 New York School of Applied Arts, that of the Pratt Institute and of 
 Chicago's Trade Schools. 
 
 Offered for Sale. 
 
 Opposite are the sales rooms of the Woman's Building wherein the 
 Lady Managers have secured an opportunity for the women of all the 
 principal exchanges throughout the country to dispose of their goods 
 under most advantageous conditions. The variety produced by exchange 
 work is too well known to need detailed description, but one unusual 
 feature is the " nest " basket, made by the Attakapas squaws of southern 
 Louisiana. Only two members of this otherwise extinct tribe remain, 
 and these are both old women of over eighty. It is they who have 
 made the exquisitely fine split baskets called " nests," because one basket 
 fits inside another, growing gradually smaller towards the center. Each 
 nest represents two years of patient labor, and the work was doubtless 
 painful as well as difficult, for the cane is split by the teeth, and these 
 poor old women have lost most of theirs. A very different and de- 
 cidedly brilliant display is made by the Indian women of the Navajo 
 tribe by their beautiful blankets. These were woven expressly for the 
 ornamentation of the Woman's Building, and arranged as a gorgeous 
 canopy and wall drapery for the landing of the southwest stairs landing, 
 illuminate a rather dark spot. 
 
 But before ascending to the second floor, there is much to see at the 
 south end of the building. The Spanish Pavilion stands directly in front 
 of the south entrance, and is imposing in its size, ornate decoration, and 
 richness and fullness of its exhibit. The ecclesiastical embroideries first 
 dazzle the eye, but minute inspection discloses the fact that the collection 
 is thoroughly representative of the industries, avocations and interests of 
 Spanish women ; the showing embracing all branches from the humble and 
 primitive work of the women living on Spanish farms, to the poems 
 written by grand dames of the court. The collection of books by 
 Spanish women, is among the largest and most important contributed to 
 the Woman's Library. It antedates the time of good Queen Isabella 
 including the writings of her intimate friend and confidential adviser, and 
 comes down to the living questions of to-day.
 
 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 645 
 
 Other Attractive Exhibits. 
 
 Bordering upon Spain's pavilion are the exhibits of Sweden, Norway 
 and Siam, the latter consisting almost entirely of the gold and silver 
 embroideries characteristic of that country. Norway's display is largely 
 educational, as is also that of Sweden. Fredericka Bremer inaugurated 
 a progressive movement among Swedish women, which is still steadily 
 maintained by the college bearing her name. From Sweden, by the way, 
 came the largest and most remarkable statistical showing forwarded by 
 any foreign country. And the collection of these statistics by the Board 
 of Lady Managers is one of its most important achievements. Of such 
 importance indeed is the vast undigested mass of statistics pertaining to 
 women to their avocations, to their social and political condition, to their 
 institutions and enterprises, to their wages, and in fact to all the particu- 
 lar interests of the sex that the respectful, not to say covetous atten- 
 tion of the government has already been fixed upon it. The latter could 
 not under any circumstances have secured the data gathered by the 
 Board without difficulty or expense. An entire room of the second 
 floor is devoted to the collection, being known as the Record Room. 
 It has a handsome frieze formed of the carved wood panels con- 
 tributed by women of many states. These records it should be stated 
 have been gathered from every quarter of the world. The government 
 will probably be consulted as to the final disposition of the valuable 
 mass. 
 
 Just beyond the last mentioned exhibits, are those of Mexico, Japan, 
 Italy, and France. The latter extends entirely across the west curtain 
 of the south Pavilion, and is characterized by all the artistic perfection 
 of French taste. A conspicuous feature of it is, the section fitted up as 
 a Paris drawing-room, with the most costly and beautiful of modern ap- 
 pointments. Sitting about this dainty apartment are wonderful wax 
 figures, life sized, and attired in the height of the fashion. On the wall 
 is a collection of exquisite paintings on ivory, and "The Lost Pleiad," 
 by a pupil of Bouguereau. It has the master's marvellous flesh tint, 
 and a pose of lovely and absolute despair. 
 
 Magnificent Laces. 
 
 The Italian division is guarded by a railing and tall gate of elaborate 
 ironwork, and finished with fifteenth century carving. Its chief attrac- 
 tion it is scarcely necessary to say is, the famous collection of laces, 
 belonging to the queens of Italy, comprising the complete history of 
 lace, from the first fragments found in the Egyptian tombs, to the most
 
 646 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 
 
 modern specimens, and includes some of the crown laces. The collec- 
 tion is of the most inestimable value, and the bringing of it to the Expo- 
 sition was attended with much diplomatic formality the transfer being 
 made from the Italian government to that of the United States, through 
 the State Department at Washington. 
 
 Opposite is the exhibit of the Women of Mexico, hung with gorgeous 
 altar cloths, embroidered with precious stones and stiff with needlework 
 of the most elaborate design. One is of the color of the sky on a June 
 afternoon, and was studded with golden stars. They are each and all 
 so beautiful that one could not wonder at the drawing power of a re- 
 ligion that robed its altars and its priests with such splendid pomp. 
 These tapestries were the handiwork of nuns, and were made in the 
 sixteenth century mostly, although the blue velvet robe was wrought in 
 a certain convent as recently as the beginning of the present century. 
 There is in this exhibit a number of embroidered handkerchiefs and 
 portieres, the work of which was so exquisitely fine that not a stitch was 
 manifest, and not a thread was carried through on the other side of the 
 fabric. The effect was exactly similar to the daintiest sketch in water 
 colors. And in this connection may be mentioned two remarkable 
 screens of the Swedish display, which has created a furore among the 
 artists of the Exposition. They are painted chiefly in dead olives and 
 dim blues, and the design is a group of pelicans and storks. 
 
 Belgium's Display. 
 
 Passing the pathetic model of Miss Kate Marsden's Leper village in 
 Northern Siberia, which contrasts so strangely with the brilliant beauty 
 of the things about it, the Belgian exhibit is next in order. The facade 
 of this exhibit has a magnificent drapery of embroidered cloth, done by 
 the working women of Brussels, after a design made especially for it, 
 by an eminent artist of that city. Its most conspicuous features are a 
 stained glass window, which is one of the best of the building's stained 
 glass windows. There are three fine ones in the Assembly Room, 
 which were contributed by Massachusetts. One in Connecticut Room, 
 two given by New York, in the Library, bearing the combined seal of 
 the State and the Government, and one in the Board Room. The latter 
 by a German woman, is a radiant group of nude nymphs, done in leaded 
 glass. 
 
 But, returning to the Belgian exhibit, its piece de resistance is a 
 splendid collection of the beautiful lace for which Brussels is celebrated. 
 The queen of Belgium is herself at the head of the Woman World's 
 Fair committee for that country ; as also is the queen of Italy in hers.
 
 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 647 
 
 Indeed it has for two years past been the highest fashion among Euro- 
 pean aristocracy, to be " in the swim," one must be officially connected 
 with the Columbian Exposition, and the committees of women in almost 
 all countries, contain its most distinguished names. In England this 
 is conspicuously the case, and the roster beginning with the Princess 
 Christian as the President, lists such names as Lady Randolph 
 Churchill, the Baroness Burdett-Coutts, and Lady Jeune. 
 
 Queens Give Aid. 
 
 In Japan the Empress, who is a progressive woman of great intelli- 
 gence, gave personal patronage to World's Fair enterprises among her 
 own sex. In Germany the Princess Frederick Carl, aunt of the Em- 
 peror, heads the World's Fair committee. In Russia woman's com- 
 mittee in the name of the family of mother of Peter the Great, a name 
 so distinguished that the bearers of it have declined to accept any title. 
 This is the case throughout Europe, and the striking fact is almost en- 
 tirely due to the personal influence during a couple of visits abroad in 
 the interests of the Exposition of the President of the Board of Lady 
 Managers. Speaking French like a Parisian, Mrs. Palmer was able to 
 address the women of Paris in their own language, and by this means 
 aroused great World's Fair enthusiasm in France as well as in England, 
 and it was soon communicated to all the important nations of Europe. 
 
 Japan's display in the Woman's Building is characterized by the 
 delicacy and exquisite perfection of detail which characterizes the Japa- 
 nese art everywhere. It consists of two tiny apartments representing 
 the boudoir of a Japanese woman of fashion, and is as dainty, quaint, 
 and unique as herself. Gazing admiringly in at the open door, the 
 visitor wonders if ever these supple small brown ladies can actually sit 
 upon cushions so flat and tiny as these, which are apparently the only 
 furniture. 
 
 From Far-Off Ceylon. 
 
 Ceylon's pavilion is perhaps the costliest in its construction of any in 
 the Woman's Building. The pillars are of solid ebony and satin-wood, 
 richly carved, and the pavilion is divided into two sections, one con- 
 taining the exhibit of the needlework of Ceylonese women, the other 
 serving as a tea room. 
 
 Germany's exhibit of woman's skill fills the entire west curtain of the 
 building. The showing so large and so varied that it is almost im- 
 possible to single out any special feature as most prominent. Perhaps 
 it is the eminently practical and useful nature of the general display, and
 
 648 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 
 
 the evidences of the German housewife's skill in book-keeping. There 
 is also a notable showing of the fine work done by German women in 
 the line of book illustrations. The collection of books written by 
 German women is large and important, covering almost the entire range 
 of literature. It numbers over three hundred handsomely bound 
 volumes, and was generously presented by the German commission to 
 the Board of Lady Managers, for their disposal after at the close of the 
 Exposition. These valuable books will doubtless form the nucleus of a 
 library for the permanent organization of women which is to perpetuate 
 the progress movement inaugurated in connection with the World's 
 Fair. 
 
 Most Charming of All. 
 
 The Library of the Woman's Building is the most fascinating spot 
 under its lovely roof garden. The intrinsic beauty of the spacious 
 room is in itself very great. It was finished and furnished by the women 
 of New York, and the fine ceiling was painted by Dora Wheeler Keith. 
 The design is in accord with the purpose of the room, portraying 
 science, literature and art, with exquisite softness of coloring, richness 
 of imagination and grace of drawing. Around the walls are book cases 
 in walnut splendid with sixteenth century carving. Along the top of 
 these cases are artistic vases, palms and portraits of the women whose 
 best thought enriches the laden shelves below. There are over five 
 thousand volumes in many languages, and a valuable catalogue is being 
 carefully prepared. 
 
 The tables, chairs and general fittings of this magnificent room are 
 all of this rich sixteenth century carving in walnut. Adjoining the 
 library on the north side the Record Room is on the south is the 
 annex in which is exhibited the best things women have done in the way 
 of manuscripts, music and every kind of unbound publications. There 
 are also drawings in this exhibit, and the wall of the corridor outside 
 the line of rooms, in the vicinty of the library, is covered from floor to 
 ceiling with etchings by French and English women, among which are 
 many bearing famous names. There are four by Angelica Kauffman, 
 who, although a native of Switzerland, did most of her work in Eng- 
 land, where she was highly esteemed, and upon the founding of the 
 Royal Academy in 1768 was elected one of the original thirty-six mem- 
 bers. Different varieties of drawing, engravings, dry-prints and etchings 
 fill the gallery walls on the second floor. 
 
 A Beautiful Room. 
 Round the door of the Connecticut Room, which comes next to the
 
 WOMAN'S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 649 
 
 Library annex, are drawings by American women, which have been 
 used in the illustration of the leading publications of the United States. 
 
 This Connecticut Room is a gem, in its quiet beauty and perfect 
 appointments. Two other states in addition to New York have 
 finished and furnished rooms in the building, and Cincinnati is 
 the only city who has done so without outside assistance. Her 
 room is directly opposite the Library, and is also a large apartment. 
 The prevailing tone of the room is pink terra-cotta, and the wide frieze 
 of roses was painted by Miss Agnes Pitman, of Cincinnati. 
 
 The Cincinnati Room with the Kentucky and California Rooms 
 opening into it, may be called the drawing-room suit of the Woman's 
 Building, wherein the distinctly social functions of the Board of Lady 
 Managers are executed. The Kentucky Room, designed by Miss Joe 
 Carter, of Versailles, in that state, is in the Colonial style, entirely white 
 and gold, and its furnishings are genuinely antique, many articles having 
 historical value. On the walls are portraits of celebrated Kentucky 
 beauties, some of them from the brush of Sully and Gilbert Stuart. 
 
 California's Red- Wood. 
 
 The California Room is done in the famous red-wood of the golden 
 state, richly carved and highly polished. The ceiling also is of this 
 brilliant wood, and the wall panels are brightened by paintings character- 
 istic of California. 
 
 The entire walls and ceiling of Mrs. Palmer's private office are draped 
 in the graceful reddish brown and ivory white nets made and used by 
 rishermen. The President of the Board of Lady Managers, feeling the 
 profoundest interest in the avocations of these women toilers of the sea, 
 and the deepest sympathy with the privations of their hard lives, desired 
 to secure for them the best possible opportunity for exhibiting their 
 work. This was finally found in her own private office, and its walls 
 and ceiling are entirely covered by graceful drapery formed of the nets 
 made and used by women. These are varied in kind, and their coloring 
 of reddish brown and white produces a most pleasing effect. Between 
 the airy festoons are placed fine water color paintings of the aquatic 
 birds of the New Jersey coast, and the decoration is further increased 
 by picturesque eel-pots and various appliances manufactured and used 
 by women in fishing. 
 
 The fishwomen themselves have been keenly interested in this exhibit, 
 and have indeed collected and contributed it. A case sent by them, 
 which stands at the soulh end of the room, is a striking representation 
 by means of a miniature model of their avocations, surroundings and
 
 650 WOMAN S MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS. 
 
 manner of life. The tiny manikins representing themselves were 
 dressed by the women, and their husbands, who are fishermen in the 
 season, and members of the Life Saving service between times, made 
 the boats. Over the mantle in this unique room are long sprays of 
 pinkish and brown sea weed, and the furniture is entirely of the colonial 
 period. Some of the articles have historical associations, as, for exam- 
 ple, the table of William Penn, and the sofa on which Washington used 
 to sit. 
 
 The model kitchen is an interesting portion of the exhibit in the 
 Woman's Building, and is located in the northeast corner of the second 
 floor. This is equipped with a gas stove and all the newest and most 
 approved appliances known to the fine art of modern cookery. Adjoin- 
 ing is an ideal pantry, and in the model kitchen, which is well supplied 
 with audience chairs, daily morning lessons are given with practical 
 demonstrations. 
 
 The Assembly Hall has a seating capacity of seventeen hundred. It 
 also has a roomy stage handsomely furnished by the women of Mobile, 
 Alabama. In the centre of the stage stands the much described table 
 made by the women of Pennsylvania from historic woods, and which 
 was presented to Mrs. Palmer with the single proviso that she should 
 use it at all official meetings over which she presides. The three beau- 
 tiful stained glass windows made by Massachusetts women, and pre- 
 viously mentioned, are most luminously and effectively placed in the 
 rear of the stage. On its walls are many portraits of distinguished 
 women, the most conspicious being a life-sized likeness of the Baroness 
 Burdette-Coutts. 
 
 On the south wall of the hall is a large collection of portraits of Eng- 
 lish women famous in literature, art and the drama, which was made by 
 the English Woman's World's Fair Committee. In this Assembly 
 Room are given daily lectures on subjects of especial interest to women. 
 A committee appointed for the purpose, gave months of labor and 
 research to securing the ablest wemen in the several lines, and dates 
 have been arranged for every day of the exposition, and the list contains 
 many famous names.
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 Curious Sights Along Midway Plaisance. 
 
 THERE are many queer things at the Fair with queer names. 
 There is the " Midway Plaisance," for instance. " What on 
 earth does that mean ? " most people ask when they hear it 
 for the first time. Whatever it may mean elsewhere, in Chicago it 
 means simply a collection of side shows. The " Plaisance " is an avenue 
 lined with buildings in which entertainments are given, but where the 
 " midway " comes in it is hard to guess. The name was selected by a 
 committee of leading citizens who wanted to get up something high 
 toned, or, as they put it, " nobby." It is certainly a very nobby name, 
 and no other word so well describes it. To call the thing an avenue, it 
 was decided, was too commonplace. Indian names are considered vulgar 
 by many people, and so they borrowed a word from the French. 
 
 It is along the Plaisance that the jayhawk loves to linger. There he 
 can see Turks, Moors and all manner of wild men living in subjection to 
 the laws of Illinois, but doing it in their own way, some half naked and 
 unwashed and others anointed with grease and perfumes. 
 
 The Famous Ferris Wheel. 
 
 If the last Paris Exposition had its Eiffel Tower, our own World's 
 Fair has its Ferris Wheel, nor can it be said the former caused any 
 greater sensation than the latter. The Ferris wheel is the real triumph 
 of the Midway Plaisance. It represents better than any other exhibit 
 the genius of American invention. It looks something like the paddle 
 wheel of a steamer, multiplied, however, a hundredfold. Instead of the 
 paddles it bears passenger cars, and when it revolves the passengers get 
 something of the sensation that a fly must have that sits on the side of 
 a cart wheel and feels it revolve. 
 
 The entire structure is of steel, and somewhat resembles a huge bicy- 
 cle wheel revolving between two towers. The principle of construction 
 is somewhat similar to an old English breast water-wheel, in that it con- 
 sists of a stiff outer crown which is suspended from the center axle by a 
 system of tension rolls. The wheel practically consists of two wheels 
 placed on the same axle, spaced a distance of twenty -eight and one-half 
 feet apart, and held together by struts and ties. 
 
 651
 
 652 
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 Imagine a wheel 264 feet in height, and 250 feet in diameter, and 
 around it, suspended between the two crowns by great steel trunnion 
 pins, thirty-six passenger cars, weighing nineteen tons apiece, each 
 
 THE GREAT FERRIS WHEEL. 
 
 larger than the ordinary railroad coach and with a seating capacity of 
 sixty persons. Imagine this great wheel, with its living freight to a 
 total of 2,160 souls slowly revolving. Imagine the sensation of being 
 carried up 260 feet on one side and being lowered on the other, and of
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 653 
 
 gaining during the trip a complete view of the Fair grounds, and of a 
 goodly portion of Lake Michigan to boot. That is the idea of the 
 Ferris wheel in a nut-shell. 
 
 The great axle is the largest piece of steel ever forged. It is 33 inches 
 in diameter, 45 1-6 feet long, and weighs fifty-six tons. Its cost was 
 $35,000. This great axle, which carries the entire wheel, is supported 
 by means of two steel towers, 137 feet high, 5 feet square at the top, 
 and 50x40 feet at the bottom. The towers are each supported by four 
 legs, two vertical and two inclined, connected at the base by eight huge 
 portal struts, thus forming an almost solid arch of steel 60 feet long, 8 
 feet high and 2 inches in thickness, the largest struts ever turned out. 
 The foundations of masonry beneath the tower taper from an immense 
 base to a height of 18 feet, and under this are piles and concrete going 
 35 feet below the surface of the ground. Thus the weight is distributed 
 so that under maximum conditions it can not exceed a ton to the square 
 
 foot. 
 
 Enormous Weight. 
 
 The total weight of the structure is 4,300 tons, 60 per cent, of which 
 is in motion under the control of the machinery. Notwithstanding 
 this tremendous weight, however, so liberal an allowance has been 
 figured for wind stresses in all directions that a tornado of 100 miles 
 an hour, would, in the judgment of eminent engineers, leave the 
 Ferris wheel intact and unharmed. Arranged in groups on the rods 
 around the crown of the wheel are 3,000 incandescent lights of various 
 colors. These are alternately extinguished and relighted as the wheel 
 revolves. 
 
 The landing platforms are located on both sides of the lower part of 
 the wheel, so that six cars can be loaded and unloaded simultaneously. 
 The time required for one complete trip is 20 minutes, which gives the 
 passengers two complete revolutions of the wheel. The distance trav- 
 eled is one-third of a mile. 
 
 How the Wheel is Revolved. 
 
 The engines which revolve this mighty structure are in themselves an 
 object of interest. They consist of two link motion reversible engines, 
 of thirty inch bore, four foot stroke, and 2,000 horse power. They 
 drive through a double system of cog wheels, one on each side of the 
 wheel, which are respectively twelve, fourteen and sixteen feet in diam- 
 eter, and around which passes a ponderous chain, or rather series of 
 chains, each link being two feet long, five inches wide, and one and one- 
 half inches in thickness, with thirty-six links to a chain,
 
 664 
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 This chain connects with a huge cast-steel rack attached to the main 
 axle, and by this motion the entire wheel is revolved. The machinery 
 is sunk five feet below the surface of the ground and surrounded by a 
 railed-off walk, and its operations can therefore be viewed by the spec- 
 tators. The engine plant is duplicated, so that in case of any disar- 
 rangement of the machinery the second plant could be started with not 
 more than a minute's delay. The steam power plant and the dynamo 
 
 VIEW IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 for electric lighting are located outside of the grounds, 600 feet distant, 
 in order that the passengers may not be annoyed by smoke or smell. 
 
 How to Get on Board. 
 
 It is arranged to empty and refill six cars with passengers at a time^ 
 so that there are six stops in every revolution. Accordingly six railed 
 platforms of varying heights are provided on the north side of the 
 wheel and six more, corresponding with these, on the south side of it. 
 When the wheel stops each of the six lowest cars has a platform at 
 each of its doors. The passengers step out of the south doors and 
 other passengers step in at the north doors. Then the next six cars are 
 served the same way, and the next and next all day and perhaps all 
 night. Passengers remain on board during two revolutions and pay 
 fifty cents for their fun. 
 
 When the immense Ferris wheel was opened to the public and began 
 its ponderous revolutions 2,000 invited guests enjoyed the novel sensa-
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 655 
 
 tion of a ride skyward, attended by magnificent views of the Fair, of 
 the city of Chicago, and the surrounding country and the adjacent lake. 
 The fears of the timid were overcome when they saw the solid appear- 
 ance of the structure and the ease with which the revolutions were 
 made. The company was selected from the World's Fair officials, the 
 representatives of foreign countries, members of the Press Association, 
 and included many distinguished persons from the various States of the 
 Union. The occasion was one of great interest, and the universal ver- 
 dict was that the far-famed Ferris wheel is a complete success. 
 
 This trial trip demonstrated the superb engineering work of the in- 
 ventor and builder. Except for the fact that nothing in the way of 
 applied power and intricate machinery seems impossible, it would have 
 staggered the average mind to admit that the Ferris wheel could be 
 other than a stupendous failure ; but it is one of the most curious as 
 well as successful features of the great Exposition 
 
 The Irish Village. 
 
 Largely through the perseverance and business tact shown by Lady 
 Aberdeen the Irish Industries Association is able to make at the Ex- 
 position a fine exhibit of the handiwork done by Irish men and women. 
 Lady Aberdeen is the president of this association, formed for the pur- 
 pose of improving the condition of the Irish people at home in the best 
 possible way that of helping them to secure a market for the produce 
 of their ships and looms and encouraging them to do more artistic work 
 and in an easier way, so that with a market found near them and with 
 improved facilities for supplying it they could earn the means of living 
 more comfortably and independently. 
 
 The exhibit is located in the southeastern corner of Midway Plaisance, 
 the village being built around a reproduction of Blarney Castle. This 
 is two-thirds the size of the original and an exact reproduction, includ- 
 ing the famous old stone, the kissing of which is supposed to endow 
 people with the gift of gab. 
 
 Around the transplanted Blarney Castle there is a square of cottages, 
 most of which are occupied by the men and girls brought by Lady 
 Aberdeen to illustrate the industries of Ireland. The central figure in 
 the group of cottages is the one occupied by Lady Aberdeen as an 
 office, with the upper story fitted up much the same as a farm house in 
 the more prosperous farming districts. In these rooms of the second 
 story she receives her guests,
 
 656 
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 Illustrating Irish Industries. 
 
 The different cottages are all used to illustrate some kind of work 
 that is being encouraged and developed among the people of the 
 country, for instance, in one cottage four laceworkers are seen, each 
 representing a different part of the country and making different kinds 
 of lace. One of the girls makes needle point-lace as it is made in 
 Youghal, another from Limerick makes lace as it is made in that county, 
 the third illustrates the method of crochet work as done in County 
 
 THE IRISH VILLAGE. 
 
 Clones, and the fourth girl is from Carrick ma Cross, and the work that 
 she does is of the kind for which that part of Ireland is famous. 
 
 In another cottage there is a weaver from County Carrick and a spin- 
 ner from Donegal. They show each detail of the process of making 
 homespun from the carding of the wool to the finishing of the product. 
 The North of Ireland is famous for the embroidery that the girls make, 
 and in one of the cottages the methods of making this work are shown 
 by a girl from the Valentia Island and a girl from County Kerry. The 
 Valentia Island girl and a girl who runs a spinning loom and comes 
 from County Donegal speak Irish fluently, a rare accomplishment of 
 which they are very proud. 
 
 Pupils from a Dairy School. 
 A detachment of girls from the Munster dairy school illustrates the
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 657 
 
 way of making butter, both as it is now conducted and as it was carried 
 on fifty years ago. Six little long-haired cows from Kerry were brought 
 over to supply this model dairy with a part of the milk, if not all, that 
 was needed. The cows have to be kept outside of the grounds, but the 
 milk is brought in twice a day and the butter manufactured in this 
 dairy. 
 
 Photographs of famous scenes in Ireland, also an immense number of 
 general views taken in all parts of that country, are shown and offered 
 for sale. A woodcarver from Blessingbourne, Limerick, has been sent 
 as the representative of the Home Arts and Industries Association of 
 Ireland. He has a room in which he does his work, where visitors can 
 see it, and it is offered for sale by a pretty Irish girl at an adjoining 
 counter. Another variety of wood carving is done by a bog-oak carver 
 from Dublin, who makes some very pretty things. 
 
 May Kiss the Blarney Stone. 
 
 A winding stairway leads to the roof of the reproduction of Blarney 
 Castle, and there the visitor finds a large profile map of Ireland, done in 
 some kind of plaster, with the lakes and rivers, etc., all outlined. This 
 work was constructed under the direction of T. W. Conway, B. A., of 
 Dublin university. It is from this point, on top of the castle, that peo- 
 ple are lowered to enable them to kiss the famous Blarney stone. It is 
 a stone lighter in color than the others, about three feet long and one 
 foot wide, set into the wall like any of the others. Sir George Colthurst, 
 the owner of Blarney Castle, sent some of the original stone to Lady 
 Aberdeen. Thousands of tourists have made an effort, which they sup- 
 posed was successful, to kiss the Blarney stone, but in reality they have 
 only kissed a sort of understudy for the famous conversational rock, for 
 the original is in a place where it is so difficult to reach that but few 
 have ever succeeded in kissing it. 
 
 A Sacred Relic. 
 
 Not since the day when Cromwell's cannon disturbed this historic 
 stone has it been moved from its resting place. It was during the fiercest 
 firing of the fight that a shot dislodged the stone from the battlements. 
 The tide of battle turned there and then. What before looked like a 
 woeful rout of Irish soldiers was turned by them into a sweeping vic- 
 tory, and from that moment the bullet-shattered stone of Blarney Castle 
 became sacred to all the people of the emerald isle. This wonderful 
 stone, made so familiar by legend and story to the people of the world, 
 42
 
 658 
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 bears upon its face an inscription chiseled by Tim Cronin of days of old. 
 It reads : 
 
 There is a stone that whoever kisses, 
 
 O ! never misses to grow eloquent ; 
 
 'Tis he may clamber to the council chamber, 
 
 Or become a member of Parliament. 
 
 A clever spouter, he'll sure turn out, or 
 An out and outer to be let alone, 
 Don't hope hinder him or to bewilder him, 
 Sure he's a pilgrim from the Blarney stone. 
 
 It is fifteen miles from the home of the blarney stone to Queenstown 
 
 VIEW IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 harbor. Thousands of people watched the departure of the sacred ro^k 
 and hundreds of them pelted it with hawthorn blossoms and shamrock 
 leaves. The good old song of " Let Erin Remember the Days of Old " 
 rang out as the train with its gayly bedecked stone rolled away on its 
 way to Queenstown, whence the stone was sent to Chicago. 
 
 Points of Interest in the Village. 
 
 Refreshment rooms are fitted up in which lunch is served. In one of 
 the rooms which is used as a sort of bazar all vaiieties of lace, embroid-
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 659 
 
 ery, and needle work, for which the Irish girls are famous, is offered for 
 sale. One article offered for sale in this bazar is a piece of lace five 
 yards long, for which $2,000 has been refused. This exquisite piece of 
 lace work was made by five girls at Convent Poor Clares, Kenmare, 
 County Kerry, from designs furnished by Lady Aberdeen. 
 
 In avconcert hall there is Irish jig dancing, and the services of a tal- 
 ented harpist were secured to play in this department through the Fair. 
 The young lady is Miss Sullivan, a daughter of A. M. Sullivan and a niece 
 of T. D. Sullivan, the author of " God Save Ireland." Souvenir jewelry 
 is made on the premises by an artisan from a famous Dublin establish- 
 ment and offered for sale. 
 
 The special object of this exhibit should not be forgotten. It is not a 
 commercial enterprise but an effort to raise money to further develop 
 the industries of Ireland and thus improve the condition of the people. 
 All of the receipts will be devoted to this praiseworthy object and there 
 are no salaried attaches of the village to absorb the profits. 
 
 The German Village. 
 
 Different from the other " sideshows " located on Midway Plaisance, 
 though among the latter are some of surpassing interest, the German 
 village, in a certain sense and to a certain extent, forms part of the German 
 official exhibit at the World's Fair. For in two of the buildings that 
 compose this so-called village are housed thousands of objects of price- 
 less value, which in their aggregate may fittingly be described as a 
 museum of inestimable worth and of unparalleled completeness. And 
 this portion of the manifold attractions that the German village offers is 
 included in the official German World's Fair catalogue, and has been 
 sent here at the suggestion and with the encouragement of the German 
 government. 
 
 It is, therefore, not a side feature of the magnificent exhibit which 
 the big empire across the ocean has sent here to let us know the present 
 status of development in art, industry, science, technology and the 
 trades to which Germany has attained under imperial sway, but it is an 
 integral part of it, and it is by no means the least interesting nor the 
 least amazing illustration of Germany's progress during the past two 
 decades. Expressed in cold figures, the market value of the thousands of 
 rare and beautiful things that make up this museum is $1,500,000. 
 
 What the Museum is Composed Of. 
 
 This great German exhibit is commonly called the museum of 
 ethnology, and it is hpusep! in the feudal castle and in the ancient town
 
 660 
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 hall (Rathhaus) of the German village. But, more minutely described, 
 this museum is made up of four great collections. One of these, partly 
 of an archaeological and partly of an ethnological character, has been 
 
 sent by the German Ethnological Society of Berlin. It comprises early 
 German and German-Roman curiosities (exact reproductions of the 
 objects in the Museum at Berlin) and life-size wax-figures typifying the
 
 661 
 
 Teutons of old and the Germans of to-day, together with their weapons, 
 garb, etc., all historically correct down to the slightest detail. 
 
 Another collection is the property of Julius Boehler, of Munich, 
 comprising some 890 pieces of cloth, dating from the sixth up to the 
 eighteenth century. A third collection is one of etchings from the 
 modest beginning of that art to the acme of perfection, and with it has 
 been loaned a small collection of early masterpieces in oil painting, 
 some sixty in all, every one of them being of great value. 
 
 A Masterpiece of Rafaelle. 
 
 Among those rare oil paintings is a famous one by Rafaelle. It is 
 wonderfully preserved, being of an allegorical character and portraying 
 " Virtue " flanked on either side by Diligence and Sloth, with their 
 accompaniments. The colors are still as vivid and fresh as if the canvas 
 dated but from yesterday, although slight cracks here and there testify 
 to old age. 
 
 The most wonderful, and by far the costliest, though, is the fourth 
 collection, that of armor, weapons, knives and all the paraphernalia of 
 chivalry. That in itself is valued at $700,000, and there are single 
 pieces in it that are worth from $5,000 to $10,000 each. This particular 
 collection, filling three large and high walls up to the ceiling, is the most 
 perfect and complete of its kind in the world, and to every person of 
 education, to every artist and litterateur, to every student, and to every 
 lover of history, archaeology and ethnology, this collection appeals with 
 particular force. It has been arranged with consummate skill, partly in 
 large cases of solid walnut, having glass doors, so that a day's study 
 may be pursued with the greatest ease and individual profit. Electric 
 lights have been put in all through this museum, giving an abundance 
 of light during the evening hours. 
 
 Prehistoric Relics from Tombs. 
 
 The first two collections mentioned are under the special care of Dr. 
 Ulrich Jahn, of the German Ethnographical Society of Berlin, and a 
 number of custodians are assisting him. A fine catalogue, explaining 
 all the details of the whole museum and arranged so that the numbers 
 correspond with the numbered label on each object, materially helps the 
 understanding. Assistants, though, guide the visitors and vouchsafe 
 further explanations, both in English and German. 
 
 The prehistoric objects in the ethnological section proper are exact 
 reproductions from the originals in the Berlin museum, made with in- 
 finite skill by Max Fitzke, of that city. They show weapons, coins, uten-
 
 662 
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE 
 
 si Is, ornaments, garments, etc., excavated from both Roman and German 
 tombs, among the latter being some of the so-called " Huenengraeber " 
 
 or giants' graves. The excava- 
 tions were made especially in 
 Saxony, Hanover, Schleswig- 
 Holstein and also the present 
 Hungary, districts where the 
 old Teutonic tribes remained far 
 less exposed to Roman influ- 
 ences, and consequently un- 
 mixed in race and faithful to 
 their own customs and modes 
 of living. 
 
 Among the curious objects 
 dug up from these graves of 
 2,000 or 1,500 years ago there 
 are swords, lance heads and 
 arrow points, buckles, axe heads 
 and hatchets, hammer heads, 
 daggers and knives, shields, 
 helmets, champing- bits from 
 horses' accoutrements, and or- 
 naments of a great variety and 
 beauty of design, both of gold, 
 silver and bronze, some studded with precious stones. Up above, against 
 the walls, are hung complete material outfits as well, such as were worn 
 by the semi-savage Teutons of early times, as those that made up the 
 outer man in the pay of or in alliance with imperial Rome from Augus- 
 tus down to 
 
 SOME OLD GERMAN FIGURES 
 
 Lifelike Effigies of Warriors. 
 
 Standing guard, so to speak, over those recovered vestiges of a long- 
 forgotten past, there are lifelike figures of the warriors that wore them. 
 Over there in the corner, for example, there is a Teutonic soldier in 
 Roman pay such as Rome employed many legions of during the de- 
 cadence of the empire. This one is probably a Vandal or a Goth, and 
 in make-up he has adopted much from the Romans. But his cuirass is 
 of stout elk leather, not of metal, and his sandals differ from the Ro- 
 mans, as do the size and make of his sword and dagger. The barbarian 
 love of display, though, shows itself by the golden pendant hanging 
 down from his waist, and by his armlets.
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 69?. 
 
 Yonder you may see the German warrior of the pure type, even more 
 sturdy and powerful in build than his somewhat Romanized brother. 
 He represents an early Frank, about 350 A. D., of the same warlike race 
 that subsequently overthiew Roman rule in Gaul and founded the 
 Frankish kingdom. That he is a Frank is clearly seen by the peculiar 
 feathers and the colors of his tunic, by his sheepskin leggins, fastened 
 on with red ribbons, and by the short trousers made of the rudely tan- 
 ned hide of the stag. Besides, his chief weapon is the battle-axe, and the 
 short dagger ; the sword and lance are weapons of secondary impor- 
 tance with him. His shield, too, is the long, oval shield of the Frank, 
 Woven of willow and covered with thick hide. Then there are corslets 
 of the Roman kind, worn by the German mercenaries over a thin cloth 
 tunic, with a well-made helmet, but still the long heavy German sword. 
 
 Sixty Different German Types. 
 
 And then, some distance away, is arranged a complete collection of 
 life-size wax figures, admirably made and representing types of the 
 present day of all the different districts and provinces where the German 
 tongue is spoken not only Germany proper, but also the German 
 provinces of Austria and the German part of Switzerland. Although 
 these wax figures in themselves are veritable works of art, the faces 
 having all the expression of life, and the eyes even looking at you as if 
 instinct with life, this collection serves mainly the purpose of illustrat- 
 ing the existing " folk costumes " as worn to-day by the peasant classes 
 in the whole of Teutonland. 
 
 And it is the costumes which involved the enormous expense neces- 
 sary to prepare this collection. For it must be remembered that two 
 points of importance were strictly adhered to to reproduce these cos- 
 tumes exactly as they are worn on holidays and at festivals by those 
 tillers of the soil, male and female, and to make them of the same 
 material, to include all the ornaments and trinkets used on such occa- 
 sions. And whoever has made a study of peasant life in Germany knows 
 that these people spend a great deal of their money on rustic finery, 
 that many a dress and headgear worn by a rustic belle, be it by the 
 shores of the Neckar or of the Spree, exceeds in value that worn by one 
 of our fashionable dames. Thus, then, these costumes were neither 
 easily obtained nor cheaply bought. 
 
 Old Garments. 
 
 To American eyes the chief interest of this collection lies probably 
 in the oddity, the quaintness, the enormous variety displayed in the
 
 664 
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 material and the cut of all these garments and finery. There, for 
 instance, stands a well-to-do Dachauer peasant woman, hailing from a 
 romantic district in Southern Bavaria. She is an exact type, but it is 
 hard to believe for those who have never been in that region. Her outer 
 robe is of costly silk, so soft that the stuff feels like water, black, with 
 flowerets of green and red. Around her neck and covering her bosom 
 are hung a score of necklaces, brooches, medals and pendants, curiously 
 and artistically fashioned of silver or gold. But the oddest thing about 
 her costume are the undergarments she wears skirts of thick cloth 
 
 VIEW IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 stuff and of brilliant hues, folded and quilted so many times that their 
 total weight exceeds sixty-five pounds. Then there are thick woolen 
 stockings and shoes that defy any mud and any weather. And all this, 
 mind you, a Dachauer woman wears during the dog days, as well as in 
 midwinter, a veritable martyr to fashion, and as the word is understood 
 in Dachau. 
 
 By far the most valuable and instructive part of this great museum, 
 though, is the collection of armor and weapons stored away in the 
 adjoining three halls. This, like the collection of etchings upstairs, is 
 the property of Herr Richard Zschille, municipal councilor of Grossen- 
 hain, in Saxony, and one of the wealthiest cloth manufacturers in the 
 whole of Germany. Herr Zschille has spent twenty-five years in accu-
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 665 
 
 mulating this unique and perfect collection, and it has been with him a 
 passion and a labor of love, to which he has devoted more time and 
 pains than to his immense business. 
 
 Old Vienna. 
 
 Among the interesting sights along Midway Plaisance is a reminder 
 of Austria. This is a reproduction of a street in Old Vienna. It was 
 opened to the public with jovial festivities, the ceremony being attended 
 by a large delegation of the foreign element. 
 
 The scene presented was a curious one. With placid tranquillity the 
 heavy-set Austrian commissioners stood in the chilly air listening to the 
 singing and speeches, surrounded by carpenters in their caps and aprons, 
 each holding a tankard of sparkling beer, which was replenished as often 
 as emptied. The cold weather deterred a large number of guests from 
 attending, but did not, however, dampen the ardor of those who were 
 present and who in their enthusiasm stood with hats off and sung with 
 a fervor that convinced the visitors of their joy at the finish of their 
 antique street. 
 
 The street contains thirty-five buildings, a city hall, a church, and 
 covers a space 590 by 200 feet. Many articles were displayed from the 
 windows illustrating the typical industries of Viennese. At one squatty 
 little shop tea could be obtained, served from a majestic Delft teapot, 
 ornamented with paintings of fat little shepherds and shepherdesses 
 tending pigs, boats sailing on the air, houses built in clouds, and sundry 
 other Dutch fantasies. 
 
 After healths and toasts innumerable had been drunk, short addresses 
 were made by Contractor Frank Djorup, Architect Emil Bressler and 
 Herr Von Politschek, the imperial commissioner. These were heartily 
 applauded by those who understood them, and after more of the flowing 
 bowl the Austrian flag was run up amid the '"Hochs ! " of burghers, 
 who stood with bared heads in the chilly winds, and the street in old 
 Vienna was dedicated. 
 
 Those present then made a tour of the street and examined the shops 
 where is shown Vienna wood carving, amber and meerschaum turning, 
 modeling, engraving, and the making of lace embroidery and jewelry. 
 This finished, the commissioners and guests left the village amid the 
 cheers of the workmen, whose labor had been stayed for several hours. 
 
 Attractive Glass Factory. 
 
 In Libbey's glass factory in Midway Plaisance there is an interpreter 
 who speaks sixteen languages. One morning in showing his visitors
 
 666 
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE, 
 
 around he was obliged to use eight of them. There is no place in all 
 the great Fair where the sightseers are more cosmopolitan than in the 
 glassworks. People of all nations seem to have the same wonder and 
 
 I^=A 
 
 \ 
 
 ENTRANCE TO OLD VIENNA MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 curiosity about the formation of crystal. Arabs, Syrians, Turks, Swedes, 
 Italians, Nubians, Germans, and nobody knows who not, wander into 
 the factory and watch the different processes with the greatest interest. 
 A strange part of it is that the wildest Arab appears to understand better 
 the art, beauty and the value of the work or the result of the work than 
 does the average American.
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 667 
 
 The process of glass cutting should be of particular interest to the 
 American housewife, but she is very apt to elevate her nose because it 
 is made " in America." She can see no difference between this and her 
 own lovely collection, but this cannot be genuine because here it is 
 being made at home. A woman stood watching for some time a skilled 
 workman. She finally said : 
 
 " It is all very beautiful, but after all it is nothing but the American 
 make. All my cut glass is imported." 
 
 The Importation Craze. 
 And the dear woman could not be made to understand that her ex- 
 
 LIBBY GLASS COMPANY'S BUILDING. 
 
 quisite glass was just this and nothing else. The workmen whose steady 
 hands trace the delicate patterns on the tableware are all quite young 
 men. The most of them are foreigners. There are comparatively few 
 professional glass workers among Americans. It is a profession that is 
 carried down from generation to generation. One young man finished 
 a magnificent punch bowl with standards, on which he had been at work 
 for two weeks steadily, and which is considered a long time now with 
 all of the improvements in implements and wheels for cutting. Its value 
 is over $200. No machinery can be invented, however, to relieve the 
 steady hand required. 
 
 Another great feature of the glass exhibit is the glass cloth. It has a 
 silk warp with spun- glass filling. From it are made all the delicate 
 lampshades which can be made in silk.
 
 668 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 It is much handsomer than silk and correspondingly more expensive. 
 The lamp-shades are valued at from $150 to $200. The same material 
 at about $35 a yard is made into screens and table mats. There will be 
 a craze some day for the beautiful material and then it can be made 
 cheaper. 
 
 Algerian and Tunisian Village. 
 
 This consists of one theatre, seating 1,200 people; fifty booths or 
 bazaars, ten kiosks, cafes, concert hall and a large bazaar ; also a Kabyle 
 and Algerian tent. In the theatre are represented dances and songs of 
 Tunis, Algiers and Kabyle, including the Assiiaeu dance, commonly 
 known as the torture dance. 
 
 In the shops, or bazaars, are found goods of Algerian and Tunisian 
 manufacture, including jewelry, etc. ; and in separate booths are shown 
 workmen manufacturing their native clothing, embroideries and jeweled 
 goods ; also booths in which native arms, daggers, swords, shields, etc., 
 are for sale. The Bazaar proper contains a very choice selection of rugs 
 and tapestries, brass work and goods of all kinds peculiar to Algiers ; 
 also an elegant kiosk of mosaic work manufactured for special exhibit. 
 In the booths are also exhibited a very extensive line of native cutlery, 
 jewels and fancy goods. In the Tunisian cafe the service is Tunisian, 
 Tunisian cooking, etc. The entire village is decorated with tiles brought 
 directly from Algiers. 
 
 The Kabyle family in the Kabyle tent spin and weave and make na- 
 tive fabrics ; and in the kiosks, natives manufacture the sweets and can- 
 dies peculiar to the Orient. 
 
 Soudanese Dancers. 
 
 The great majority of those who inhabit Midway Plaisance have not 
 come thousands of miles merely to add a picturesque feature to this 
 wonderful exhibit. Almost all of them are professional traveling show- 
 men, who pitch their tents in whatever portion of the globe offers the 
 greatest inducement in hard cash. All the profuse explanations that 
 they are here by the special permission of Sultan this and Emperor that 
 are empty talk. As a consequence they do not propose to let any op- 
 portunity slip by which they may pocket a coin, be it small or large. 
 The visitor is free to admire and take his pick of any of the manifold 
 entertainments offered on all sides. You may drift into the Soudanese 
 den and witness a dance that will deprive you of a peaceful night's 
 rest for months to come. A Soudanese dance is something most pow- 
 erfully stimulating and exciting to the spectator, much more so evi- 
 dently than to the performers themselves.
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 669 
 
 The Lapland Village. 
 
 In sharp contrast to these exhibits of the voluptuousness of southern 
 climes is the Lapland village. From the sun-scorched sands of the 
 African desert to the snow-swept crags of the arctic regions is a great 
 step. Yet the visitor to the World's Fair may see some of the home life 
 of the children of the desert side by side with that of the children from 
 the home of eternal snow. Some enterprising Swedish-American con- 
 cluded that a Lapland settlement would be as powerful an attraction as 
 any of the more pretentious rivals and certainly more unique. He 
 brought some twenty or thirty Lapps and a herd of their reindeer. One 
 of the latter surprised its owners by presenting them with an addition in 
 the shape of a baby reindeer. The happy mother received an extra share 
 of luscious moss, of which the Lapps brought a great supply. She cele- 
 brated the event by shedding one of her horns, which is considered the 
 correct thing in well regulated reindeer families on an occasion like 
 this. 
 
 The colony brings a very complete outfit of tents, huts, dogs, sledges 
 and snowshoes, as well as a large assortment of articles made from the 
 various parts of the reindeer. The reindeer is the Lapps, all in all, and 
 it is truly wonderful to see the ingenuity which he exercises in bringing 
 it to the best possible use, both while alive and after its death. It would 
 not be surprising if these quaint people should want to leave for their 
 icy homes long before the Exposition closes. They long and yearn for 
 the solitude and peace of their mountains, and can never become accli- 
 mated. 
 
 The Lapp at home has no great demands on the world. During the 
 short winter days in the polar circle, in blinding snowstorms and biting 
 frosts, he is compelled to travel for miles after his reindeer, only trust- 
 ing that his thorough knowledge of the mountain paths will save him 
 from being lost. He must know how to freeze and starve for days. 
 He must be tireless on his snowshoes to protect his flock from being 
 attacked and stampeded by the packs of wolves that roam among the 
 rocks. He must give up all the little comforts that other civilized races 
 consider necessaries of existence. He is constantly exposed to hard- 
 ships and danger? , and performs in his loneliness deeds of true greatness 
 that the world never knows. 
 
 Losing their Heritage. 
 
 Like the Indian in North America, the Lapps are forced by the 
 settlers farther and farther toward the north. Their well-stocked lakes
 
 670 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 and splendid grazing grounds have long since been stolen from them by 
 the unscrupulous settlers. To-day the mountain Lapps who have 
 always been nomads are honest, sober and intelligent. They show a 
 strong tendency to become extinct, but may yet preserve their nation 
 for some time to come. 
 
 The Lapps with all their rugged surroundings, are very fond of finery. 
 In the village they dress to their hearts' content. The women wear 
 richly ornamented gowns of reindeer skin reaching to the knees, with 
 pantalets and shoes of the same material. Their head covering is a 
 queer little bonnet of bright colors made of pieces of wool and silk. 
 They also sport belts ornamented with huge silver or brass buckles. 
 
 Female Beauty. 
 
 A remarkable display in the Plaisance is that of feminine beauty. A 
 building has been put up and in it are installed fifty young women, who 
 represent the style of face of various nations and their fashions in cos- 
 tumes. They were got together by a Chicago beauty collector, who 
 spent some months in Europe advertising for types of the different 
 races. Minister Lincoln, when the party were in Southampton, notified 
 them that they were violating the Contract Labor Law in coming to 
 America, which was not so, as Congress exempted the World's Fair from 
 the law. After their arrival in Chicago all their costumes were burned 
 n a fire that very nearly burned them, too. All these had to be dupli- 
 cated, and the girls sit in their pavilions and smile day after day. The 
 management contracted for smiles lasting six months. 
 
 Lovesick Romeos linger around the beauty building and make the 
 air resound with their mournful lamentations. As the show is under 
 the management of the Fair everything is correct as far as chaperonage 
 and protection from champagne supper offers are concerned. There is 
 a tacit agreement that none of the girls are to get married until the Fair 
 is over, and then they will be able to select any kind of men they prefer 
 from the wild scramble that will take place for their hands. 
 
 Captivating Creatures from Many Lands. 
 
 It was thought that it would be hard to get half a hundred girls 
 each one prettier, in her own opinion, than any of the others to agree, 
 but there have been no fights and few displays of jealousies on account 
 of real or fancied superiorities of costume. The Vienna* girl is a musi- 
 cian, and others have accomplishments as dancers. Russia, Greece, 
 Italy, Germany, France, England, Austria, Bohemia, Hungaria and 
 Chicago are equally well represented, and there are beauties from 
 different parts of the United States,
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 671 
 
 Things run largely to eating on the Plaisance. Some people are 
 never really happy unless they can use big words. In various parts of 
 the city is a " Spectatorium," a " Scenitorium," a " Massagorium," where 
 massage is administered, and it is even said a " Peanutorium," where 
 edible nuts are displayed on sale. It is therefore not surprising to find 
 among the side shows a " Natatorium." 
 
 This institution is really a Vienna bakery and restaurant, with a 
 swimming bath attached to it, so as to give some excuse for the use of 
 the name. Special luck it is said attaches to all buildings the names of 
 which end in " orium." In Chicago the termination is added to nouns 
 to convey the idea of immensity. A museumorium means a big 
 museum, a concertorium, a large concert, a stationorium, a huge railroad 
 depot. The bakery teaches the art of making good bread. It is said 
 by some people that good bread was not so common as it is now in the 
 United States before the Philadelphia Exposition was held with its 
 interesting Vienna bakery. 
 
 Hanging the Crane. 
 
 While the representatives of the nations of three continents peered 
 curiously through the windows, the occupants of the old New England 
 home in the Midway celebrated the quaint custom of the " hanging of 
 the crane." Many were there to see, and the simple little ceremony, so 
 full of pleasing memories of the olden time, was happily and successfully 
 performed. 
 
 Just after early candle light the young women and matrons of the 
 house gathered around the blazing fire snapping cheerfully on the broad 
 hearth. Led by Miss Barnes, of Boston, the women, in quaint old gowns 
 and with hair powdered, sang very sweetly the song " Hurrah for the 
 Cloud-Capped Hills of Old New England." 
 
 Miss Grant, of Newton, Mass., then briefly described the nature of 
 the ceremony of " hanging the crane." She stated that it was in the 
 Colonial days the feature of every house warming and the happiest of 
 all the ceremonials of New England. Misses Dollie Pearce, of Chelsea, 
 and Beatrice Guild, of Cambridge, then bore the crane to the fireplace, 
 where it was hung by Mrs. E. S. Brinton, the house-mother and origina- 
 tor of the New England home in the Midway, as well as the one which 
 attracted so much attention at the Centennial Exhibition of 1876. 
 
 After setting in place the crane, which was wreathed with garlands of 
 wheat, Mrs. Brinton made a dainty little speech to her guests. " Blest be 
 the Tie That Binds" was then sung in chorus. Miss Grant read Long- 
 fellow's " Hanging of the Crane " in the dim light of the open fire and
 
 672 
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 candles cut in old-fashioned candelabra. Miss Ida Cottlew recited 
 " The Old Log Cabin." A collation was served during the evening, 
 
 NEW ENGLAND CEREMONY OF HANGING THE CRANE. 
 
 which was closed with the singing of " America," and the patriotic com- 
 pany dispersed highly pleased with the evening's interesting ceremony. 
 
 Hundreds of Wild Animals. 
 There was a great yowling, squeaking, and chattering noise at the
 
 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 673 
 
 Midway Plaisance and Sixtieth street one afternoon in April. The com- 
 bined noises were uncommon. They arose from the 1,500 animals which 
 Herr Karl Hagenbeck installed in his animal pavilion on the Midway 
 Plaisance. 
 
 In this country the great animal trainer is known as Herr Hagenbeck. 
 In Hamburg, where he was born and learned the science of training 
 wild animals, he is called "Onkel Karl." So familiar has become the 
 face of the man who can make lions and tigers lick his hand in peace 
 that the citizens of his native town speak of him familiarly as " Karl." 
 " Uncle Karl " is only 47 years old, but as an animal trainer he has won 
 the distinction throughout the world as being at the head of his pro- 
 fession. Almost every circus in America and Europe has had its men- 
 agerie supplemented by animals from Hagenbeck's collection. 
 
 The Beasts Unloaded. 
 
 Much confusion and a great deal of excitement prevailed at the 
 Plaisance when the animal show was unloaded from the car. The lions, 
 fresh from Hamburg, were unacquainted with the jostling of ordinary 
 road wagons, and when the cages of the big ones were transported 
 across the sands of the Plaisance the lions roared until the Japs and 
 Javanese in the vicinity dropped their tools and stared with much 
 anxiety at the wailing load. 
 
 It was in 1891 that Herr Hagenbeck conceived the idea of making 
 an exhibit at the World's Fair. For thirty years he had properly posed 
 as a leading animal trainer of the world. He controlled 80,000 square 
 feet of land in the heart of the City of Hamburg, and on it he had 
 trained the wild beasts of Africa to become docile and mindful of his 
 beck and call. The American Consul at Hamburg was the one who 
 induced Herr Hagenbeck to bring his show to America and exhibit it at 
 the World's Fair in Chicago. The great animal trainer fell in with the 
 arguments of the Consul, and as a result he expended $125,000 in 
 building a pavilion on the Midway Plaisance. This pavilion is 200 by 
 200 feet, and the 1,500 animals from Germany are installed therein. 
 
 Lions that Ride Horseback. 
 
 Five thousand people may be accommodated on the seats which sur- 
 round the performing arena. This arena is forty feet in diameter. 
 The entire space is covered with an iron cage thirty feet high. Sight- 
 seers may consequently feel safe, and no apprehension may be enter- 
 tained that the performing animals will break beyond the bounds. Not 
 least among the features are three lions which have been trained to ride 
 43
 
 674 SIGHTS ALONG MIDWAY PLAISANCE, 
 
 on horseback. To teach these animal not to sink their claws in the sides 
 of the horses required a year's training. Three different persons direct 
 as many different performances of the lions. Miss Ella, a woman in 
 whom Herr Hagenbeck reposes a great deal of trust, directs the per- 
 formance of the biggest lion in the show. Two male trainers have 
 charge of the horseback feats of the other lions. Danish horses were 
 purchased for the performance, and they as well as the lions have been 
 so well trained that the performance moves without a hitch. 
 
 Along with the lions and tigers there were taken into the Plaisance 
 200 monkeys and at least i,OOO parrots. The monkeys and the parrots 
 are a distinct show in themselves, and their performances are separate 
 from those in the animal arena. 
 
 What the lions and tigers can do forms but a small item of the dis- 
 play. Elephants, panthers, jaguars, dogs, zebras, bears, leopards, pigs, 
 sheep, etc., form a part of the performing family of animals.
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 Strange People in Midway Plaisance. 
 
 THERE was never before such an "aggregation," as the circus 
 men say, of side show wonders, as in the Midway Plaisance, 
 which, being 600 feet wide as well as a mile long, gives plenty 
 of elbow-room for the display, and the result is like a city by 
 itself. Upon this are located the concessions which are not operated 
 strictly as exhibits. In fact in Midway Plai:;r.nce the visitor is compelled to 
 pay for the extra sights prepared fut his or her benefit. The attractions oi 
 that district prove strong, and many feel that their visit is not com- 
 pleted until they have distributed several dollars among the concession- 
 aires. Midway Plaisance might have been more properly named 
 " World's Amusement Center." 
 
 In Midway Plaisance the Chinese contortionist will for a small sum 
 tie himself into a double bow-knot while an almond-eyed magician is 
 performing tricks that smack of the black art. There are priests and 
 actors from Japan, Nautch girls from Johore, dancers from Java, jugglers 
 from India, and wise men from Cairo. Besides these attractions there 
 are various manufacturing industries showing interesting processes of 
 making peculiar articles. 
 
 Singular Forms of Worship. 
 
 Perhaps the average visitor to Midway Plaisance gives little thought 
 to the theological features of the panoramic view there unfolded. With 
 incurious eyes he may glance at the tapering minaret rising above the 
 mosque in the street of Cairo and smile at the spectacle of the muezzin 
 calling the faithful to prayers, but he is not likely to spend much time 
 in analyzing the religions of the different peoples centering there from 
 all parts of the globe, for that is a question he has not come to Chicago 
 to consider. 
 
 And yet it is one full of interest to laymen as well as theologians. 
 With Chinese, Japanese, Cingalese, Javanese, Soudanese, Turks, Arabs, 
 Nubians, Algerians, Syrians, Persians, Burmese, Fijians, Samoans, Kan- 
 akas, Dahomeyans, Bedouins, Siamese, Austrians, Germans, Irish and 
 aboriginal Americans congregated in a strip of land barely eighty acres 
 in extent, having among them many devout followers of their own par- 
 
 675
 
 676 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 ticular creed, it is worth more than a hasty reflection to consider the 
 various forms of worship indulged in by the occupants of the Plaisance. 
 
 With the Chinese joss house Americans are more or less familiar, par- 
 ticularly those who have visited San Francisco. On Midway there is 
 erected a miniature temple where idols galore are installed, before whose 
 hideous faces the devout Celestial may prostrate himself to his heart's 
 delight. Whether this joss house be dedicated to Confucius, taoism or 
 buddhism is not apparent, but from the number and size of the idols 
 contained in the temple it is probably consecrated to the Chinese Bud- 
 dha or Fo. As a matter of fact the Chinese religion is an admixture 
 of Confucianism, taoism and buddhism, the teachings of all three being 
 so inextricably mixed that it is hard to find a simon-pure member of any 
 one sect. 
 
 The system advanced by Confucius was more properly a theory of 
 ethical and political philosophy than a religion. The five cardinal vir- 
 tues, according to his teachings, are benevolence, righteousness, polite- 
 ness, wisdom and truth. He recognizes no supreme being, hence his 
 adherents are generally regarded as materialists and atheists. The works 
 of Confucius have been the primers of schools and the text-books of 
 academies for ages. 
 
 Made a Joss House. 
 
 The taoists are mong the grossest idolaters in China. The founder 
 of the sect is alleged to have been a contemporary of Confucius, an 
 eminent sage of retired and austere habits who devoted himself to con- 
 templation and acts of self-denial. The fundamental teachings of the 
 sage were comprised in three great qualities viz., affection, frugality 
 and humility, forming in their combination a perfect man. But the dis- 
 ciples of this school have long departed from the simplicity of Lao-tse's 
 philosophy, until now their idols are very numerous. 
 
 The one most worshiped by the masses is " Yu Hwang Shanghti," or 
 the Pearly Imperial Ruler on High. It is this image that is seen in the 
 joss house on Midway sandwiched in between two buddhist gods. There 
 is very little rivalry between the different sects, and buddhist and taoist 
 priests willingly set up each other's idols in their temples if they can 
 thereby attract worshipers, and so increase their profits. The forms and 
 religious rites of the taoist now bear a great resemblance to those of 
 the Chinese buddhists. In addition to the three sects already named, 
 Mohammedanism flourishes extensively in the northern provinces of 
 China.
 
 JOSS AND HIS SUPPORTERS. 
 
 677
 
 078 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 Offerings of Roses and Teas. 
 
 In the joss ..ouse at Midway are placed many curious articles, all of 
 which are connected in some way with the worship of the gods and are 
 illustrative of the superstitions of the people. In front of the platform 
 facing the pearly ruler of the universe are two colored vases, filled with 
 huge artificial roses, a tribute to Shangti's keen sense of smell. There 
 are also cups of tea for him to drink, several calabashes of water to use 
 in making his toilet and many other offerings which have been pre- 
 sented to the bewhiskered image. Numerous inscriptions adorn the 
 sides and background of the dais upon which the great god sits, all of 
 which are prayers to or panegyrics of the idol. There are lions and 
 griffins to guard the doors and to watch beside the shrines ; tiny figures 
 in wood and clay, and lanterns of many fantastic forms, the whole illus- 
 trating some passages of ancient Chinese history. A visitor to Midway 
 must not neglect to see the interior of this miniature temple. 
 
 The members of the little Chinese colony in the Midway Plaisance 
 are always so busily engaged at the times when they are seen by ordi- 
 nary visitors that it might be believed that they are forever busy and never 
 indulge in hours of recreation. Such hours they have and amusements 
 and games as well ; amusements and games that have become so conven- 
 tionalized through the centuries of their national life that, whether orig- 
 inated by them or borrowed from other peoples, have become so thor- 
 oughly identified with China that it would appear that China is the place 
 where most of the world's sports and amusements, as well as its useful 
 inventions, have had their origin. 
 
 The Ancient Game of Chess. 
 
 The private life of the Chinese, even in the matter of their games and 
 amusements, is not a thing which they reveal intentionally, so that while 
 one might happen upon two spectacled old gentlemen sitting over a 
 chess board in the remote precincts of the temple and tea-house, or hear 
 the noisy clatter of wooden dominoes of the laborers at play in one of 
 the sleeping-rooms, it is not here that Chinese games can be adequately 
 studied. Facilities for the examination and comparison of almost all 
 the principal games of the world are afforded, however, by Prof. Putnam 
 in the Anthropological Building, and the collection of Chinese games in 
 this curious historical series is complete. 
 
 Chess, the invention of which has been attributed to the Chinese, is 
 found here in their remarkable board and men. The circular disks 
 inscribed with the names of the pieces march across a board upon which 
 a river separates the opposing pieces. Like the Indian game from which
 
 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLA1SANCE. 
 
 679 
 
 it was long since borrowed, it is a game of war, with " Generals " instead 
 of Shahs or Kings. The lumbering elephants who can't cross the river 
 flank the camp, while ballistas or cannons, that shoot over an inter- 
 
 FESTIVITIES IN THE CHINESE JOSS HOUSE. 
 
 mediate piece, are protected by an advance line of soldiers. Chess 
 represents scholarly taste and elegant leisure in China, and while the 
 laborers in the laundries in our cities may be familiar with the moves, 
 it is the game of men of letters, and is well suited to the proverbial 
 acuteness of the Oriental mind.
 
 680 
 
 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 In the Chinese Theatre. 
 
 Charming hospitality common enough in the Orient, but noticeable 
 in the Occident, unless used as a means to attain an end marked the 
 opening of the Chinese theatre on Midway Plaisance. 
 
 It was not a public performance, but an imitation affair to which a 
 couple of hundred of the Celestial residents of Chicago were bidden to 
 participate in the festival incident to the opening of the theatre, joss 
 house, and tea garden. Of the American and European guests there 
 were about fifty. During the afternoon the guests were entertained in 
 
 CHINESE THEATRE AND JOSS HOUSE. 
 
 the joss house and tea garden. That beverage which " cheers but not 
 inebriates " was served in dainty cups of delicate tinted china, cups that 
 seemed fragile as an egg-shell, and were decorated with serene looking 
 mandarins drinking tea in bowers of roses and chrysanthemums. 
 
 The theatrical part of the programme began at 4 o'clock, when the 
 Chinese orchestra called the crowd to the theatre in which the native 
 troupe was about to begin their initial performance. The programme 
 was in the nature of an experiment. Four plays were presented, in the 
 hour and a half during which the play, or combination of plays, lasted. 
 Parts of this quartet of plays were presented in order that the audience 
 might express its opinion to the management as to which of them would 
 be most likely to please an audience of Americans, and prove to be a 
 star performance and paying attraction.
 
 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 681 
 
 Plays that Last for Months. 
 
 It is a formidable undertaking to describe a Chinese play. In the 
 original play the Celestial drama runs through several months of a 
 theatrical engagement, but in deference to the characteristic hurriedness 
 of American institutions, the plays were skeletonized and reduced to a 
 mere synopsis. One feature was the music so called. An orchestra 
 of eight was responsible for the molesting of the air. Two gongs, two 
 drums, two plaintive and primitive violins, and two sets of badly bruised 
 cymbals made up what might be called the tout ensemble of the band. 
 The men who collided with cymbals were athletes. First one and then 
 the other would land on the cymbals with the result of a crash which 
 echoed through the theatre and produced vibrations in the furniture. 
 The players were dressed in magnificent robes, and most of the perfor- 
 mance was in the nature of a pantomime. 
 
 Without waiting for the end of the performance the American portion 
 of the audience adjourned' to the tea-room where an excellent supper 
 was served. First there was bird's-nest soup in bowls of daintiest china. 
 Then came successively the courses of an excellent dinner all served by 
 Chinese servants and the result of a good cook's best effort. Rice wine 
 was served after the soup and other fluids less robust during the pro- 
 gress of the meal. 
 
 Amazons of Dahomey. 
 
 Sixty-eight chattering and shivering people from that turbulent king- 
 dom of Dahomey, where the women fight with all the blind valor of 
 the men, tramped up Midway Plaisance early in the afternoon of May 
 3d. They came at a time when the broad, white street was crowded with 
 people and when the workmen were at their noonday meal. The men 
 were stalwart black fellows, with scarified cheeks, crisp kinky hair, and 
 legs that glistened like their faces. Each of them was wrapped in a 
 blue-hooded overcoat with the frog buttons of the regular army. Their 
 baggage rested upon their heads. Some of them toted big trunks in 
 this way, while others carried aloft baskets filled with clothing and 
 bundles of clothing and food. 
 
 The women were so well clothed that they could not be distinguished 
 from the men. Yet there were amazons in the straggling procession 
 who had turned their rifles loose upon the French invaders and whose 
 heads were shaved and seamed by a knife as a sort of badge of humili- 
 ation and subjection. They were the flower of the valorous hosts of 
 Dahomey, and not a few of them were abxe to tell of savage deeds that 
 would chill one's blood.
 
 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 Barbarians from Atrica. 
 
 It was a strange spectacle this procession of barbarians tramping 
 past the flags of Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, Turkey and Austria 
 with bands of music roaring from half a dozen stands. The poor 
 creatures were plainly scared when they started on the long march from 
 Sixtieth street to their park; but their fear was painfully pitiful when of a 
 sudden a fire engine bore down upon them with plunging horses and a 
 clanging gong. They trembled with fear, and many of them would 
 have been knocked down and run over if guards had not rushed into 
 the roadway and dragged them to either side. 
 
 
 VIEW IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 One poor fellow in a sedan chair was sick and in a wretched condition. 
 He howled and beat upon the windows, but the Turks, who had been 
 hired to lug him to his hut, appeared to be as badly frightened as him- 
 self. They were on the point of dropping their burden there and then , 
 but a guard who came tearing down the street yanked the Turks and 
 their terrified passenger out of harm's way just as the engine swept 
 past on its way to a fire. 
 
 Features of the Dahomeyan Show. 
 
 The Dahomeyans have an interesting village. They sing their war 
 songs, give exhibitions of their methods of fighting, and show their 
 artisans at work in various branches of industry. Perched upon the 
 gates are sentinels in full war regalia, their spears glistening above the
 
 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 683 
 
 heads of spectators in the street below. Dahomey is still in a state of 
 war. King Behanzin, whom the French have tried to exterminate, is 
 still waging a guerilla warfare against all invaders, but it is only a 
 question of a short time when this tyrant will be crushed. 
 
 The amazons, who fought in some of his fiercest battles, and who 
 came to the park by the grace of the French government, give exhibi- 
 tions of their method of fighting. The hair of many of them is still 
 shaven close to their heads, a punishment which they administer to 
 themselves when captured in war. One object for bringing these 
 savages to America is to convince them of the power of the whites, and 
 the futility of continuing their campaign against the French, who have 
 killed as many as 15,000 of them in a single battle. While in Paris the 
 black fellows were so appalled by what they saw that they quickly 
 became as docile as children. It is hoped that when they return to 
 their country they will have been so impressed with what they have 
 seen that they will gladly become messengers of peace to their country- 
 men who are still in the bush and fighting with fanatical fury. General 
 Dodd's famous guide is in the party. His right arm has been pierced 
 in two places by bullets fired by his own people. 
 
 From the South Seas. 
 
 Belated visitors on Midway Plaisance heard queer sounds issuing 
 from the recesses of the camp of the South Sea islanders shortly after 
 9 o'clock one evening in May. So weird and uncanny were the noises 
 that even the guards, accustomed as they are to all sorts of outlandish 
 music on the Plaisance, were rendered uneasy, and several of the more 
 devout Catholics among them piously crossed their breasts and 
 anxiously wondered if any of the Fijians had captured a nice, fat 
 Christian during the day and were preparing to pot him. 
 
 Presently two of the more courageous stole under the rope barrier 
 and cautiously made their way to the line of white tents whence the 
 creepy notes proceeded. Here they beheld a curious spectacle. On 
 the soft sand in front of the tents were grouped a score of islanders, 
 naked save for a strip of tapa cloth about their loins. In their heads 
 of bushy hair were stuck a collection of gaudily colored, feathery 
 grasses ; tattoo marks of elaborate design covered their bodies, and 
 each man bore in his right hand a native war club. Thus equipped, and 
 to the rhythmic time beaten by a squatting Samoan on a rude drum, 
 hollowed out of hard, native wood, the brown-skinned Polynesians 
 gyrated in a wild, grotesque manner, meantime chanting the melancholy 
 air that had created the consternation on the Plaisance.
 
 684 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 A Dirge from the South Seas. 
 
 The Dance is of Fijian origin, and was knwn in that island group 
 long before Captain Cook made his voyage of discovery to the South 
 seas. It is supposed to represent a war party returning from a maraud- 
 ing excursion to neighboring islands, where many of their comrades 
 have been slain in battle. The survivors, having formed a circle before 
 the assembled natives who remained at home, select one of their number 
 to tell the story of their ill-fated expedition. In a low, wailing recitative 
 he depicts the start, the dash through the surf, the arduous rowing in 
 the war canoes, and the arrival at the island home of the enemy. The 
 story seems to be in cantos, with a sort of chorus at the end of each. 
 In this all the warriors join, but in addition to the chant they portray 
 the action of each successive scene by vivid gestures with their hands, 
 a swaying motion of body, and a simultaneous movement of feet that 
 accord perfectly with the tempo and motif of the recital. 
 
 By turns the action is dreamy and dignified, slow and sad, fierce and 
 furious, wild and wailing, but never cheering or inspiring; it is a dirge 
 from first to last and depressing to a degree. Through it all are heard 
 the monotonously metallic notes of the hardwood drum that may be 
 likened to the continuous sobbing of the wives and relatives of the de- 
 ceased, who mourn for the dead warriors that will never return. Not 
 all the dances and songs of the islanders are of this melancholy descrip- 
 tion, for as a rule theirs is a laughter-loving song pregnant with jest 
 and light-heartedness. The songs and dances which the guards heard 
 and saw at this private rehearsal form part of a programme given to the 
 public at each day's performance. 
 
 Objects of Interest in the Village. 
 
 The village of the South Sea islanders is most advantageously located. 
 It is right between Carl Hagenbeck's menagerie and the Vienna cafe, 
 and directly opposite the Javanese village. A special object of interest 
 to the left of the entrance is a gigantic native canoe, or taumualua, that 
 has seen active service in Samoan waters. Not a scrap of iron enters 
 into its construction. Everything about the boat is of ifilili wood, a na- 
 tive timber of reddish color that is very prettily marked and which is 
 susceptible of the most elaborate polish. The taumualua will seat forty 
 persons comfortably. Twenty-two natives are required to man the boat. 
 When in action a warrior is stationed in the prow, armed with an axe, 
 which he will toss to a height of thirty feet in the air while the canoe is 
 in motion, dexterously catching the weapon by the handle as it de- 
 scends, yards ahead of its starting point.
 
 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 685 
 
 A Samoan house is worth studying. The natives have erected one 
 in the center of their village. Special interest attaches to this South Sea 
 dwelling in that it formerly belonged to Malietoa Mataafa, a prince of the 
 blood royal of the Samoan line of kings and the leader of the natives in 
 their revolt against German domination. 
 
 Laupepa, the present king of the island, is a good-natured but rather 
 weak-minded monarch, swayed entirely by the German chief justice and 
 president of the council at Apia. He is a king in name .only. By the 
 terms of the Berlin treaty the people have a right to hold an election to 
 choose their ruler, at stated times, and when this election takes place 
 Mataafa will undoubtedly be selected to succeed to the royal mats. At 
 present he is in seclusion at Malie, a village several miles from Apia, 
 where he has a large following. The house on Midway Plaisance was 
 presented by him to his great friend, Henry J. Moors, a white traveler, 
 who more than any other individual aided the native chief in his revolt 
 against Tamesese and the German dictatorship. 
 
 Dedicated to Allah. 
 
 The Turkish mosque was dedicated, April 28th. Columbus, filled with 
 the spirit of his time, hated the infidel Saracen with a deep, unrelenting 
 hate. Here, on ground consecrated in honor of Columbus and sancti- 
 fied to his memory, the Saracen, tinkling with trinkets and shining in 
 silver and gold, pulled oft" his shoes, tip toed into the mosque, dropped 
 on his knees, folded his arms, bumped his forehead on the floor, and 
 muttered a guttural propitiation to Allah. 
 
 High noon had arrived without a single sunbeam. The rain came 
 down in spears. Up through the grotesque Midway Plaisance came the 
 parade. The Turkish contingent, in holiday attire, had met the Ancient 
 Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, Medinah Temple, 2,000 
 strong, at the Sixteenth street depot. All of these shriners wore the 
 scarlet fez, embroidered with a crescent, and were looking intensely 
 Turkish. 
 
 First in this odd army marched a platoon of Columbian guards, lost 
 entirely to admiration because of the overshadowing attraction behind 
 them. This attraction was the Turkish drum-and-fife virtuosos. The 
 Turkish drum is a wonderful instrument; the Turkish drummer is a 
 fearful individual. Given an empty keg with a cat 'o nine tails of frozen 
 gourds, the American youth can emulate the best Turkish snare drum- 
 mer this side the Bosphorus. The Turkish drummer is entirely inde- 
 pendent ~>f time or rhythm. He is a creature of spasms. He is likely 
 to break out at any moment and relapse when least expected. He made
 
 686 
 
 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 it a trifle awkward for the shriners. They were actuated by a conscien- 
 tious desire to keep step. Once or twice they thought they had 
 succeeded. Then suddenly the drummer at the head would have 
 another muscular contraction of the forearms, and the whole line would 
 
 be jumbled. 
 
 Musicians Followed. 
 
 At the side of this spasmodic musician marched two other artists. 
 They played pipes the kind that the Pied Piper of Hamlin used. 
 
 DEDICATING THE TURKISH MOSQUE. 
 
 They blew their souls into these pipes. The intonated soul of a Turk 
 is harrowing. It is awful. It was a strange tune these two men played. 
 It sounded like an insane man hunting for the lost chord on a piccolo. 
 It is beyond contradiction that this band was the feature of the pro- 
 cession. Right after them came the standard bearers. There were 
 three of these, bearing the red flag with the crescent. They were 
 dressed grotesquely one was covered from head to foot with a great 
 fleece ; another was gasping under a heavy coat of mail surmounted by
 
 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 6S7 
 
 a sinister looking helmet with horns. Back of them came two bediz- 
 ened Turks carrying great three-pronged standards with a tuft of wool 
 and a silver crescent at the point of each prong. 
 
 The tiny Sedan chairs followed, each wobbling on the arms of two 
 brawny, roly-poly Mohammedans. Out of one peered Fakkir Bey ? 
 Turkish Commissioner ; out of another Robert Levy, the Sultan's Con- 
 cessioner ; another, Director L. W. Campbell. Recorder Luce, of the 
 Medinah Temple, General John C. Smith, and Dr. Walter A. Stevens 
 occupied the remaining palanquins. 
 
 Grotesque Figures. 
 
 Next were the Arab patrol, Americans in full Turkish uniform strug- 
 gling with their baggy bifurcated pantaloons. Then the nobles of the 
 Medinah Temple, 2,000 in number, and with them the visiting nobles 
 from the Saladin Temple of Grand Rapids, Tripoli Temple of Milwau- 
 kee, El Kahir of Cedar Rapids, Moslem of Detroit, and Muret of 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Right at this point the most gorgeous figure in the line appeared. 
 He had an Eiffel tower hat on that would go far toward furnishing a 
 jewelry store. He had six pistols and eight daggers in his waist. He 
 had a powder flask hollowed out from the knee-bone of a camel. He 
 had four rings on each finger and three on each thumb. Every ring 
 was an amulet, and if there had been any man with the evil eye any- 
 where about, that man would have surely dropped dead on the spot. 
 This remarkable, overloaded, jewel-laden, amulet-guarded individual 
 was no other than Alfred Maloni a dragoman from Smyrna. 
 
 Inside the Mosque. 
 
 When the 200 bandy-legged Turks, who wound up this procession > 
 filed into the Turkish village, the mullioned windows of the tiny 
 minaret far above were flung open. The dusky, clear cut forehead, the 
 distended nostrils, the firm even mouth of the Muezzin, Osin Bey, 
 appeared. In the silence that his figure inspired, the weird prayer, with 
 something of the sweetness of a Swiss song in its intonation, floated 
 down upon the devout Mohammedans and the curious Americans. 
 
 Then, without warning, the drummer broke loose again. They went 
 up before the open doors of the mosque, beat a frenzied crescendo^ 
 right about faced and stalked off, with the procession following. At 
 this point the Second Regiment band appeared, and, much to the dis- 
 gust of the Turks, began to play. 
 
 Around the whole village, harem, bazar, office pavilion, mosque, and
 
 688 
 
 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 all went the procession. Then back to the mosque again. At this point 
 a wild-eyed Moslem, robbed of the enrapturing music of his childhood, 
 went over to the leader of the Second Regiment band and begged him 
 to shut down. He didn't succeed, and he went to the mosque sad-eyed 
 
 THE EGYPTIAN MOSQUE. 
 
 and pensive, pulled his shoes off and dumped them into a big pile of 
 long-toed footwear. 
 
 A Strange Ceremony. 
 
 With all the rest of the Turks he slipped into the mosque and knelt 
 down on the costly rugs. After all real Turks were on their knees, 
 all the imitation Turks who could rushed in as spectators. The shrine
 
 STRANGE PEOPLE IN MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 689 
 
 is a square booth, hung with rich tapestry. In this the muezzin stood. 
 Behind him was a row of thirteen Mohammedans, acting as priests. 
 
 In a low voice the muezzin began the services. Turning suddenly he 
 recited a part of the ritual to the solemn thirteen. No sooner had they 
 responded than a soprano exclamation " Allah " came from every Turk 
 present, and every forehead went to the floor. This ceremony was 
 repeated several times and the mosque was dedicated. 
 
 Egyptians at the Fair. 
 
 Cairo street is not an exact reproduction of any particular section of 
 Cairo, but a general combination of some of the chief architectural 
 features of the old city. The plan for it was prepared by Max Herz, 
 the architect of the Khedive, who was allowed to come to America to 
 assist in the construction of the street. 
 
 There is nothing artistic about the exterior appearance of Cairo street. 
 The passer-by on Midway Plaisance looks on plastered walls and quite 
 modern windows, and until it was opened formally tried to peep in 
 through a modern gate. The minaret which rises skyward in fantastic 
 and graceful outlines, 'the obelisks, and the strange decorations which 
 have been hung inside, however, offer a suggestion of something of 
 interest within, and the weird music which issues forth is inviting. 
 Through the main portal of the east end of the street the visitor lands 
 in a brick court, and until he emerges from an exit, a block away, he 
 is in the Cairo of old Egypt. 
 
 Attractions on the Street. 
 
 It takes a pretty heartless individual to get by the caft, but if he 
 succeeds in dodging all solicitations he leaves the court and gazes down 
 the street paved with brick and faced on either side by buildings 
 modeled after those^said to be the most interesting in all Cairo. The 
 mosque, which stands on the right of the street, is a reproduction of 
 that of the Sultan Kait Bey, although the graceful minaret which is its 
 crowning beauty is copied from the mosque of that of Abou Bake 
 Mazhar. The muezzin, Sheik Ali, who has the care of the spiritual 
 welfare of the Mohammedans, who are in the majority on the street, is 
 faithful in the discharge of his duties, and in the mosque may generally 
 be found a number of worshipers at their devotion a picture of interest 
 to the visitors who are allowed in the gallery. 
 
 44
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 Progress and Close of the Fain 
 
 AT the close of the Great Exposition it was the universal verdict 
 that the undertaking had been in every respect a complete 
 success. The grounds, buildings, exhibits and attendance of 
 visitors combined to place the World's Fair at Chicago at the 
 head of similar exhibitions, none of which were ever conducted on so 
 vast a scale. 
 
 During the month of May the weather was unpropitious, and many of 
 the exhibits were not in place. With great energy, however, the work 
 of preparation was pushed forward. With the advent of June the crowd 
 of visitors began to pour in, the numbers increased from week to week, 
 and later in the season the lines of railroads centering in Chicago were 
 taxed to carry the throngs that came from all directions. 
 
 The Various Congresses. 
 
 As it was foreseen that people would be gathered from all parts of the 
 world, comprising representatives of all industrial, art, agricultural, social 
 and religious interests, arrangements were early made for holding con- 
 gresses in which the leading questions of the day should be discussed. 
 These became an important feature and awakened a wide-spread interest. 
 Papers were read, speeches delivered, practical discussions were held, 
 and the Fair really became a great school for the dissemination of ideas 
 and the statement of results already attained. 
 
 Special days were also appointed for celebration by^ the various States 
 and also by foreign countries. The more important of these are worthy 
 of mention. A very interesting commemorative event was the re-union 
 on August 5th of the early emigrants to California. 
 
 The California Pioneers. 
 
 A hundred Argonauts, many bearded like a patriarch, and most of 
 them with silvered locks, met in re-union to tell the wonderful tales of 
 their search for the goldeh fleece. No fabled Jason led these knightly 
 men, and no mythical hardships bestrewed their path. Sorrow and 
 suffering fell to the lot of many of them, and, with the experiences of a 
 common enterprise in an isolated country, bound all in the cords of a 
 peculiarly strong friendship. It was California Pioneers' Day. 
 690
 
 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 691 
 
 The grizzled survivors of the early days in the Golden State swapped 
 stories of their adventures with lively zest. Some sailed around the 
 Horn and had tales of shipwreck and death to tell. Others who crossed 
 the isthmus of Panama told gruesome stories of the ravages of tropical 
 fevers. The Argonauts who crossed the plains capped the climax with 
 tales of the awful sufferings of the Donner and the Bidwell parties. 
 Adventures by field and flood, conflicts with wild savages, the horrors of 
 winter travel over mountain trails, the agonies of hunger and thirst all 
 these were dwelt upon with the graphic force of those who had seen and 
 
 felt them. 
 
 Lady Members. 
 
 Most of those present were members of the Western Association of 
 California Pioneers, which has its headquarters in Chicago. Quite a 
 number went out to the Fair in an old coach used by the Wells-Fargo 
 Express Company in California twenty-eight years before. At a" meet- 
 ing in the California Building the feminine members of the California 
 Commission were elecfed to honorary membership, and all were decked 
 with big yellow badges bearing an illustration of miners at work with 
 pick, pan and rocker. 
 
 Alexander Majors, who, with Russell and Waddell, established the 
 pony express to hasten communication between the Kast and the golden 
 strand, recounted some of the wonderful feats of the pony express riders. 
 He told of the dangerous road from St. Joseph, Mo., to Sacramento, 
 Cal., 2,000 miles long. The service employed 400 horses and sixty-five 
 regular riders, exclusive of the men kept in reserve for emergencies. 
 
 The shortest time previously had been twenty-one days, and he told 
 of the wager in New York that the trip could not be made in eleven 
 days. The pony express made the journey regularly in ten days or less. 
 Buchanan's last message was carried from the Missouri to Sacramento 
 in a few hours over eight days. Lincoln's first message broke the 
 record in seven days and seventeen hours, which meant 250 miles on 
 horseback every twenty-four hours. These feats for the benefit of Argo- 
 nauts were never equaled in the history of the world. 
 
 They Were After Gold. 
 
 Benjamin R. Nickerson, who was a member of the first California 
 Legislature, was too modest to make a speech, but he stood up so all 
 could see him. Thad. Dean said he had heard a great deal about the 
 noble things the pioneers had accomplished. He never denied these 
 glowing panegyrics, but deep down in his heart he admitted that he went 
 to California not to do noble deeds, but to fill his pockets.
 
 692 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 
 
 C. C. Holden told of the services of the soldiers who won California 
 by the war with Mexico. He went to the new Eldorado in 1858, dug 
 gold in the American river, and rode for miles to San Jose mission 
 through mustard ten feet high. That country to-day is as well cultivated 
 as a garden. He was one of the returned Argonauts who, at the con- 
 vention which nominated Lincoln in 1860, held a reunion at the old 
 Adams house. George C. Curtis paid a tribute to the men who rode 
 into the halls of the Montezumas and made the acquirement of Cali- 
 fornia possible. 
 
 And thus, with their stories interspersed with music, did the Argo- 
 nauts of '49 and the decade following while away a delightful afternoon. 
 The ladies of the California commission served dainty refreshments, and 
 before parting the pioneers sung " Should auld acquaintance be forgot 
 and the days of Auld Lang Syne " with heartfelt fervor. 
 
 A Royal Visitor. 
 
 Among the royal personages who visited the Fair, one of the most 
 interesting was the Indian potentate, Rajah-i-Rajagan, who arrived early 
 in August. He was very affable and approachable, and all the members 
 of the party gave him the name of being very democratic in his feelings. 
 He is probably six feet tall and weighs in the neighborhood of two hun- 
 dred pounds. His dress while in this country was American, except that 
 he wore an immense turban. Around his dark oval face was a short growth 
 of black beard, and a small moustasche adorned his lip. The wife who was 
 accompanying him was not so dark as he. She was very slender, and 
 though not beautiful had a very sweet face. She dressed like an American 
 lady. The Rajah speaks very good English. " My time in this country," 
 he said, " is limited, but I have been greatly impressed with what I have 
 seen, and think it is a wonderful country." 
 
 Au Indulgent Ruler. 
 
 His secretary, in speaking of him later, said that he was very kind to 
 the people under him ; and that he was making this tour simply that he 
 might learn something that would be of value to his people. He had 
 been twice presented to the queen and, when she met him at Florence, 
 she gave him a special invitation to visit England. 
 
 He is a grandson of the famous Rajah Randheer Singh, who fought 
 on the side of the English during the Indian mutiny of 1857. His 
 grandfather fell in love with a beautiful English girl and wanted to marry 
 her. To do so he proposed to become a Christian, but when he learned 
 that he would have to give up his plurality of wives he changed his mind.
 
 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. * 693 
 
 Khurah Singh, the father of the present potentate, died in 1877. A re- 
 gency was established by the English government, and he was carefully 
 trained by British officers. 
 
 The state over which the rajah rules as a semi-independent sovereign 
 is in the extreme northern part of British India. Its area is 700 square 
 miles, and its population is about 3,000. The maharajah, as he is some- 
 times called, pays tithes from the revenue of his principality to the 
 British government; but he owns other lands almost equal in area, the 
 income of which all goes to him. 
 
 The Religious Congress. 
 
 By far the most important of the World's Congresses was the Religious 
 Parliament, which convened on September nth. It presented a spec- 
 tacle that has never been equalled in the history of the world. From 
 the snow-capped mountains of Norway, from sunny France and the 
 German Fatherland came the representatives of Christianity to meet in 
 friendly conference with the swarthy sons of India, the followers of 
 Islam, the representatives of Confucianism from China ; and the devotees 
 of Shintoism and Buddhism from the flowery kingdom of Japan. Here 
 in the invigorating atmosphere of this young continent the learned men 
 of these old Eastern nations came to exchange confidences with the 
 leaders of thought from Europe and to shake the hand and feel the 
 heart-throb of the versatile and practical American at home. 
 
 Suggestive and Picturesque. 
 
 When the great gathering of foreign dignitaries from almost every 
 nation and every religion filed into the Hall of Columbus, and every one 
 was seated on the platform, it suggested a unanimity of purpose and an 
 earnestness of desire to sink creed and racial difference and to get back 
 to those common ties of humanity that bind and link men in a world- 
 wide brotherhood. 
 
 It was a picturesque as well as a solemn and touching assemblage. 
 The big oak doors of the Art Institute were besieged by visitors as early 
 as 9 o'clock eager to secure seats in the auditorium or the gallery of 
 Columbus Hall. When the doors were thrown open there was a wild 
 scramble to gain access to the body of the hall, but only the little white 
 badge of membership in the Congress was recognized, and the less 
 fortunate people had to march upstairs. 
 
 There was perfect order, however, a slimly built young lady with a 
 smiling face being sufficient to perform the double duties of usher and 
 policeman 1 at the main entrance from the vestibule. Dr. Barrows and
 
 694 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 
 
 his secretary, Mr. Piper, were early on hand to give information and 
 receive the many distinguished visitors, as were also President Bonney, 
 Secretary Young, and the members of the committee of organization, 
 
 X 
 
 An Informal Reception. 
 
 About 10 o'clock strangers from every clime began to arrive, and for 
 the next half hour President Bonney's office was turned into a reception 
 room, where Chinese in their mandarin's robes and pigtails, Japanese in 
 picturesque garb of chaste colors and varicolored head-dresses, Indians 
 in their gaudy gowns of red, orange, and green, Germans, Russians, and 
 Scandinavians, natives of Britain and her dependencies, and half a dozen 
 interpreters mingled and mixed in a medley of universal brotherhood. 
 The fair sex were there, too, and they were not neglected. But sister- 
 hood in such a gathering was superfluous. The air was full of brother- 
 hood, and it was of the generic kind, such as fits both sexes. 
 
 Meantime the big hall filled until when the procession, headed by 
 President Bonney anci Cardinal Gibbons, entered there was not a vacant 
 seat on floor or in gallery, and even standing room was at a premium. 
 Following Mr. Bonney and the cardinal came Mrs. Potter Palmer and 
 Mrs. Charles Henrotin. Then a procession of bishops and archbishops, 
 priests and princes, both by title and by right, men and women of every 
 race and color, such as John Bunyan might have dreamed of or as 
 might have passed Addison in his vision of Mirza. 
 
 Opened with Song. 
 
 Clarence Eddy, seated at the organ, sounded out " Old Hundred " as 
 an opening number, and the great audience sang that song in fine style. 
 It was 10.40 when Mr. Bonney sounded his gavel and called upon Car- 
 dinal Gibbons to lead in the universal prayer. He repeated the Lord's 
 Prayer, in which the congregation, remaining standing, heartily joined. 
 Then came President Bonney's address of welcome, very felicitous and 
 to the point. The address of the day was given by Dr. Barrows, and 
 it produced a marked impression. He spoke as follows : 
 
 If my heart did not overflow with cordial welcome at this hour, which 
 promises to be a great moment in history, it would be because I had 
 lost the spirit of manhood, and had been forsaken by the Spirit of God. 
 The whitest snow on the sacred mount of Japan, the clearest water 
 springing from the sacred fountains of India are not more pure and 
 bright than the joy of my heart, and of many hearts here, that this day 
 has dawned in the annals of time ; and that from the farthest isles of 
 Asia; from India, mother of religions; from Europe, the great teacher of
 
 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 695 
 
 civilization ; from the shores on which breaks " the long wash of Aus- 
 tralasian seas ;" that from neighboring lands, and from all parts of this 
 Republic, which we love to contemplate as the land of earth's brightest 
 future, you have come hither at our invitation in the expectation that the 
 world's first parliament of religions must prove an event of race-wide 
 and perpetual significance. 
 
 Extensive Preparations. 
 
 For more than two years the general committee, which I have the 
 honor to represent, working together in unbroken harmony, and present- 
 ing the picture or prophecy of a united Christendom, have carried on 
 their arduous, and somewhat appalling, task in happy anticipation of 
 this golden hour. Your coming has constantly been in our thoughts, 
 and hopes and fervent prayers. I rejoice that your long voyages and 
 journeys are over, and that here, in this young capital of our Western 
 civilization, you find men eager for truth, sympathetic with the spirit of 
 universal brotherhood, and loyal, I believe, to the highest they know, 
 glad and grateful to Almighty God that they see your faces and are to 
 hear your words. 
 
 Welcome, most welcome, O wise men of the East and of the West ! 
 May the star which has led you hither be like unto that luminary which 
 guided the men of old, and may this meeting by the inland sea of a new 
 continent be blessed of heaven to the redemption of men from error 
 and prejudice, from sin and despair. I wish you to understand that this 
 great undertaking, which has aimed to house under one friendly roof, in 
 brotherly counsel, the representatives of God's aspiring and believing 
 children everywhere, has been conceived and carried on through strenu- 
 ous and patient toil, with an unfaltering heart, with a devout faith in 
 God, and with most signal and special evidences of His divine guidance 
 
 and favor. 
 
 Brothers All. 
 
 I am confident that you appreciate the peculiar limitations which con- 
 stitute the peculiar glory of this assembly. We are not here merely as 
 Baptists and Buddhists, Catholics and Confucians, Parsees and Presby- 
 terians, Methodists and Moslems, we are here as members of a Parlia- 
 ment of Religions over which' flies no sectarian flag, which is to be 
 stampeded by no sectarian war cries, but where for the first time in a 
 large council is lifted up the banner of love, fellowship, brotherhood. 
 We all feel that there is a spirit which should always pervade these 
 meetings, and if any one should offend against this spirit let him not be 
 rebuked publicly or personally ; your silence will be a graver and severer
 
 696 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 
 
 rebuke. We are not here to criticise one another, but each to speak out 
 positively and frankly his own convictions regarding his own faith. The 
 great world outside will review our work ; the next century will review 
 it. It is our high and noble business to make that work the best pos- 
 sible. 
 
 There will be social gatherings in the course of this parliament in 
 which we shall be able to get at each other more closely ; there will be 
 review sections in the smaller halls, where, in a friendly way, through 
 question, and answer and suggestion, the great themes to be treated in 
 the Hall of Columbus will be considered, and various lights thrown 
 upon them, but in this central hall of the parliament the general pro- 
 gramme will be carried out, and I trust always in the spirit which glows 
 in your hearts at this hour. 
 
 Questions Considered. 
 
 It is a great and wonderful programme that is to be spread before you; 
 it is not all that I could wish or had planned for, but it is too large for 
 any one mind to receive it in its fullness during the seventeen days of 
 our sessions. Careful and scholarly essays have been prepared and sent 
 in by great men of the old world and the new, which are worthy of the 
 most serious and grateful attention, and I am confident that each one of 
 us may gain enough to make this parliament an epoch of his life. 
 
 You will be glad with me that, since this is a world of sin and sorrow 
 as well as speculation, our attention is for several days to be given to 
 those greatest practical themes which press upon good men everywhere. 
 How can we make this suffering and needy world less a home of grief 
 and strife, and far more a commonwealth of love, a kingdom of heaven ? 
 How can we abridge the chasms of alienation which have kept good 
 men from co-operating ? How can we bring into closer fellowship those 
 who believe in Christ as the Saviour of the world ? And how can we 
 bring about a better understanding among the men of all faiths ? I be- 
 lieve thai a great light will be thrown upon these problems in the coming 
 days. 
 
 Vast Crowds in Attendance. 
 
 The interest felt in the Congress was shown in the continuous crowds 
 that for more than two weeks attended the sessions. Not for an hour 
 did the numbers diminish, and if a hall twice the size of that in the Art 
 Institute had been available, it would have been filled with eager listeners. 
 
 The Christian spirit that prevailed throughout was a matter of univer- 
 sal comment and congratulation. Each speaker aimed to inform the 
 listeners rather than to criticise others. All the sects of any importance
 
 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 697 
 
 were represented by their ablest leaders, and it was demonstrated that in 
 the free air of America any man with something to say on the religions 
 of the world would have a respectful and charitable hearing. 
 
 The Closing Address. 
 
 The great Religious Congress closed September 2/th. When Dr. 
 Barrows arose to speak it was a minute before the tremendous outburst 
 of applause would permit him to proceed. He said : 
 
 The closing hour of this parliament is one of congratulation, of tender 
 sorrow, of triumphant hopefulness. God has been better to us by far 
 than our fears, and no one has more occasion for gratitude than your 
 chairman, that he has been upheld and comforted^ by your cordial co- 
 operation, by the prayers of a great host of God's noblest men and 
 women, and by the consciousness of divine favor. 
 
 Our hopes have been more than realized. The sentiment which in- 
 spired this parliament has held us together. The principles in accord 
 with which this historic convention has proceeded have been put to the 
 test, and even strained at times, but they have not been inadequate. 
 Toleration, brotherly kindness, trust in each other's sincerity, a candid 
 and earnest seeking after the unities of religion, the honest purpose of 
 each to set forth his own faith without compromise and without 
 unfriendly criticism these principles, thanks to their loyalty and 
 courage, have not been found wanting. 
 
 The Endless Parliament. 
 
 Men of Asia and Europe, we have been made glad by your coming 
 and have been made wiser. I am happy that you have enjoyed our 
 hospitalities. While floating one evening over the illuminated waters of 
 the " White City," Mr. Dharmapala said, with that smile which has won 
 our hearts, " All the joys of heaven are in Chicago," and Dr. Memerie, 
 with a characteristic mingling of enthusiasm and skepticism, replied : 
 " I wish I were sure that all the joys of Chicago are to be in heaven." 
 But surely there will be a multitude there, whom no man can number 
 out of every kindred and people and tongue, and in that perpetual parlia- 
 ment on high the people of God will be satisfied. 
 
 We have learned that truth is large, and that there are more ways than 
 one in God's providence by which men emerge out of darkness into the 
 heavenly light. It was not along the line of any one sect or philosophy 
 that Augustine and Origen, John Henry Newman and Dean Stanley, 
 Jonathan Edwards and Channing, Henry Ward Beecher and Keshub 
 Chunder Sen walked out into the light of the eternal. The great high
 
 698 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 
 
 wall of heaven is pierced by twelve portals, and we shall doubtless be 
 surprised, if we ever pass within those gates, to find many there whom 
 we did not expect to see. We certainly ought to cherish stronger hopes 
 for those 'who are pure in deeds, even though living in the twilight of 
 faith, than for selfish souls, who rest down on a lifeless Christianity. 
 
 Congress of Missions. 
 
 The Religious Parliament was followed by a Congress of Missions. 
 This met in Columbus Hall, and the. speakers were favored with an 
 unusually large audience. Mrs. Judson Smith presided, and, after devo- 
 tional exercises, the first address was given by Staff Captain Miss Pattie 
 Watkins, of the Salvation Army, who took the place of Mrs. Ballington 
 Booth, and told an interesting story of the work done by the army in the 
 great cities of America. Miss Watkins is small of stature and simple of 
 manner, but there was an earnestness and pathos in her brief address 
 that enlisted the sympathy of the audience. 
 
 The next speaker was Mrs. F. J. Willing, of New York, who read an 
 able and extremely interesting paper on European immigrants. She 
 treated the subject from a missionary point of view, showing the necessity 
 for Christian work in dealing with the large masses of foreign people 
 who every year land on our shores. 
 
 Social Problems. 
 
 She also referred to the problems of a social character which this 
 inrush of foreign immigration produces, and in this connection she told 
 the story of a police raid in New York city, which found seventy-four 
 men and women and one tiny babe sleeping in four small rooms. The 
 policeman said that the mother and babe might be sent to the hospital, 
 and the other women might go to the island and do hard work, but the 
 men it was too near election time to spare them. And with true 
 political sagacity the blue-coat added : " We will need them at the polls." 
 The speaker asserted that it was the men from the dives and dens who 
 were the rulers of New York City, and as New York City ruled the 
 State, and the State usually swings the Nation, the peril to political insti- 
 tutions from this class of foreign immigrants was plain. 
 
 As a remedy for the evil effects of unrestrained immigration Mrs. 
 Willing said that laws should be enacted prohibiting the landing of 
 foreign paupers, and provisions should be made for giving all foreigners 
 a cordial welcome by Christian friends at the port of landing. 
 
 The choir of the New England Congregational Church was present, 
 and at this point they rendered a selection of sacred music. A notable
 
 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 699 
 
 contribution to the Congress was the address of Rev. F. F. Ellenwood, 
 D. D., Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, upon 
 the subject of" Reflex Influence of Foreign Missions Upon Christendom, 
 Commerce, Science, and Spiritual Life." He said the history of civiliza- 
 tion showed that Christianity was perhaps the most important factor in 
 the development of the world. 
 
 From a Commercial Standpoint. 
 
 As to the commercial advantages of missions, he pointed to the case of 
 the New Hebrides, where the people were cannibals before the advent of 
 mission work among them. They are now Christianized and civilized 
 through the work of John C. Paton and other missionaries. What made 
 these islands so valuable and made them a prize to be coveted by the 
 great nations of 'the earth was the fact that they had been reclaimed 
 from barbarism and a commercial value which they never possesed 
 before was given them by the conversion of the people to Christianity. 
 Dr. Ellenwood went on to show that missions exercised a beneficent 
 influence on our diplomacy with foreign nations, as was witnesed at the 
 present time in China, also that missionary work had contributed largely 
 to the literature of the world, and had given the church a more uniform 
 and practical theology. 
 
 Great Crowd on Chicago Day. 
 
 October Qth was Chicago Day, and it will pass into history as the 
 greatest peace festival known to the annals of the world's civilization. 
 
 The events which it commemorated and the manner and circumstances 
 of their commemoration combined to give to the celebration at once the 
 elements of greatness and of immortality. No other event or combina- 
 tion of events within the range of conception can displace the great day 
 as the crowning triumph in a series of triumphs. 
 
 There were thousands of men, and they were not old men either, par- 
 ticipants in the popular fetes of the occasion, who, viewing the events of 
 the day with the aids of personal experience, could not fail to regard the 
 occasion as the climax of a story which throws into eclipse the most 
 exaggerated imaginings of the romancist. 
 
 A Burned City. 
 
 Looking backward over the comparatively short space of time they 
 saw the skeleton of a great city, black and charred, a vast area of desola- 
 tion, the object of a world's sorrow and commiseration. 
 
 Now they viewed the same city, renewed, magnificent, unrivaled, with
 
 700 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 
 
 its fame encircling the globe and its name the synonym for all that is 
 great and good and colossal in enterprise and achievement. And it was 
 this marvelous transformation, the fruits of matchless daring and unpar- 
 alleled energy, that furnished the occasion and spirit which made 
 Chicago's special holiday in the Columbian year a date to be remem- 
 bered forever. 
 
 From the first moment of dawn when the rising sun silvered Lake 
 Michigan until the last weary visitor left Jackson Park, the historical 
 significance of the occasion was easily traceable. It was Chicago Day, 
 and what this means cannot be translated into words. The World's 
 Fair, magnificent as it was, was merely an item in the celebration, the 
 beautiful termination and crown of a long chain of achievement. The 
 glories of the White City supplied appropriate environment, but the 
 theme and actors were furnished by Chicago. 
 
 4 
 
 Crowds at Daybreak. 
 
 At what particular hour in the morning the city became crowded it 
 would be difficult to 'determine. Before it was day streams of humanity 
 began to surge through the streets. These were the arrivals from out of 
 town, running far up into the thousands. As the morning advanced the 
 numbers of the arrivals increased, the railroad depots sending out verita- 
 ble armies. When the ordinary resident arose he looked out upon 
 streets well nigh impassable. And during the day there seemed to be 
 no diminution in these immense throngs. It was known that they were 
 streaming in vast battalions to Jackson Park, yet the moving masses 
 never appeared to grow less. 
 
 The visitors found the city in gala attire. On all sides were the 
 evidences of holiday time. Decorations were general, many buildings 
 being arrayed in flags. And banners never seemed to float more proudly 
 and gladly. The streams of bright bunting fluttered gayly as if con- 
 scious of the day that they were designed to honor. Every holiday 
 maker, too, man, woman and child, sported some bit of color in badge 
 or rosette. There was no particular color in favor. It was Chicago 
 Day, and any tint did service, provided it was warm, gay and glad, and 
 symbolical of joyousness. 
 
 Brilliant Spectacle. 
 
 The weather, that most important of factors in a big holiday, was all 
 that could be desired. It was typical Chicago weather, bright and 
 radiant, having the softness of the ideal Indian summer, with just enough 
 of a breeze to give life to the banners. The happy sunshine showed the
 
 great lake in its best moT>d, calm and sparkling, the sunbeams on the 
 water seeming to invite the multitudes to be merry and glad. And the 
 invitation was loyally accepted and large numbers were led through its 
 spirit to make the journey to Jackson park by boat. 
 
 Jackson park never looked more beautiful. On all sides the effort was 
 apparent to make Chicago day the " day of days." Rivalry and jealousy 
 were absent, and everywhere was the generous spirit to make the occa- 
 sion memorable. The different State houses contended with one another 
 in the matter of hospitality. All were profusely decorated. San Fran- 
 cisco, over the portal of its beautiful building, displayed a large oil 
 painting of typical Chicago framed in flowers. The other State build- 
 ings evidenced the same spirit of friendship, and all kept open house and 
 helped to entertain in the name of Chicago. 
 
 Charming Music. 
 
 As might be expected, the Illinois building was the great center during 
 the day. Here the crowds seemed to focus, and from morning until 
 night large masses stood around the building. An excellent programme 
 was played by a band. It was genuine Chicago music that is, it was 
 the music of all nations. Sweet Southern melodies were followed by 
 the " Marseillaise," and succeeding " Die Wacht am Rhine " were the 
 plaintive and beautiful airs of Scotland, simple, pure and touching as the 
 evening prayer in a cotter's home. 
 
 The programme prepared for the day, from the heralding of peace by 
 trumpeters in the morning to the brilliant pageant and fireworks at night, 
 was in keeping with the spirit of the celebration. So, too, were the 
 mammoth concerts and the allegorical displays. Most significant of all 
 was the linking of the past and present in the tolling of the Liberty bell. 
 An Indian rang the knell, sadly and slowly, of departed time and for- 
 gotten manners. Many musical notes spoke' for the future of Chicago 
 and the glory of Chicago day. 
 
 Over Seven Hundred Thousand. 
 
 It was the fault of 700,000 people that the grand pageant of floats did 
 not happen according to programme. Everything was ready promptly 
 on time at 5.30 o'clock. The Fair was entered at 6. 15, just as was anti- 
 cipated, and the parade started from the Sixty-second Street gate, just as 
 -was intended. But that was all. Chicago Day's immense crowd did 
 the rest. It simply wouldn't get out of the way to let the pageant pass. 
 Consequently all the efforts of the float committee of Chicago Day were 
 wasted on the desert air.
 
 702 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 
 
 Had the procession got through as was originally intended, it would 
 have eclipsed all other pageants this hemisphere has ever seen. No 
 description is vivid enough to depict the magnificence of the designs 
 portrayed by the floats. All that the artistic could demand was there. 
 Every detail was carried out to the remotest degree. At 6.15 o'clock, 
 the long cavalcade entered Jackson Park at Sixty-second Street. At the 
 * start the pageant was composed as follows : 
 
 Array of the Pageant. 
 
 Band. 
 
 Cordon of Police. 
 
 Captain E. L. Brand, marshal. 
 
 Chicago Hussars. 
 
 Pullman Band. 
 The Genius of Music. 
 
 Float No. i" I Will." ft 
 
 Float No. 2 Chicago in 1812, Indians. 
 
 Buffalo Bill's Chiefs, High Bear Jealous, Couldn't Last, White Buffalo, 
 under charge of Scout John Y. Nelson. 
 
 Band. 
 
 Company of Zouaves. 
 Float No. 3 Chicago in War. 
 
 Company of Zouaves. 
 Float No. 4 Chicago in Peace. 
 Float No. 5 Chicago Prostrate. 
 
 Fire Department, 1861. 
 
 Float No. 6 Chicago in Commerce. 
 
 Float No. 7 Columbus at Isabella's Court. 
 
 Great Britain Early Discoveries, First Settlers. 
 
 Sweden The Vikings and Valkyries in Walhalla. 
 
 Germany in Art, Science and Industry. 
 German-Americans in the United States, 1776 and 1861. 
 
 Band. 
 Ireland St. Brandon, the First Discover. 
 
 Ireland The Genius of Erin. 
 Bohemia Art, Science and Agriculture paying Homage to Bohemia. 
 
 France La Grande Hermine. 
 France Marquette Landing in Chicago, 1638. 
 
 Denmark Dania. 
 
 Norway Norway i ,000 Years Ago. 
 
 Norway Norway at Present. 
 
 Band. 
 
 Poland Washington, Kosciusko and Pulaski. 
 Poland Sobieski with the Polish duke before Vienna 
 Poland Adoption of the Constitution of Poland, 1791. 
 
 Poland Copernicus. 
 Elestra, the Fiery Dragon.
 
 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 703 
 
 It was cause for congratulation that notwithstanding over 700,000 
 persons were at Jackson Park, very few accidents occurred. This shows 
 that ample provision had been made for transporting a multitude such 
 as probably never gathered before within a space no greater than that of 
 the World's Fair grounds. 
 
 Women in Council. 
 
 A Convention of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union 
 was held in Washington Hall on October i6th. " We wage our peace- 
 ful war for God and home and every land," was the motto that greeted 
 3,000 people at the opening of the convention. This sentence, which is 
 the creed of the organization in essence, is one of the many forceful utter- 
 ances of Miss Frances E. Willard. It adorned the wall behind the plat- 
 form, flanked on either side by large framed photographs of its author. 
 Belo,w it was a picture of a globe on a dark ground bound with a white 
 ribbon, signifying the White Ribbon movement circling the world. 
 Pretty bouquets of roses and ferns adorned the desk and secretary's 
 tables on the platform. 
 
 The great majority of the audience were women, but there was a 
 sprinkling of men, interested in the women's war against intemperance 
 of every kind. The delegates who hailed from all parts of the world 
 had the center of the auditorium reserved for them, and placards indi- 
 cated the location of each nationality. On the platform were the leaders 
 in the temperance crusade from every quarter of the globe. Lady 
 Henry Somerset made a hurried journey across the Atlantic to be 
 present, and she arrived in Chicago in time to preside at the opening 
 session. 
 
 Many distinguished persons were present. Lady Somerset called the- 
 meeting to order at 9.45 o'clock, and called upon Mrs. Elizabeth W. 
 Greenwood, superintendent of evangelistic work, to lead the devotional 
 exercises. Mrs. Alice J. Harris, Boston, then led in singing the old 
 " Coronation " hymn, after which President Bonny welcomed the 
 delegates. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Josiah Strong in a racy address welcomed the delegates to 
 Illinois and Chicago. He said he was not born in Chicago, but thirty 
 miles out on the prairie, but if Chicago kept growing a few minutes 
 longer he could soon say that he was born in Chicago. 
 
 Children at the Fair. 
 
 Forty thousand children saw the Fair on Oct. i6th. They came from 
 all parts of the city. They went out to Jackson Park early. They
 
 704 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 
 
 stayed late. They saw all there was to see. It was a laughing, jolly, 
 rollicking crowd of youngsters who successfully inaugurated children's 
 week at the Exposition. Teachers, parents, guardians, chaperons were 
 forgotten unless they happened to join in the spirit of the occasion and 
 made merry too. In a majority of cases they so joined. 
 
 Once within the grounds the small people let themselves loose. For 
 one day they owned the Fair, and they lorded it to their heart's content. 
 They almost drove their chaperons crazy with questions. The Colum- 
 bian guards for once discovered that their knowledge of the exposition 
 is very limited. Even the chair boys and the hose-cart men made way 
 for young America. 
 
 There was plenty for the boys and girls to see, and they took it all in. 
 They seemed to be everywhere at the same time. There was not a spot 
 from one end of the park to the other that did not contain a boy with 
 his parents, or several children finding fun together, or a whole school in 
 charge of the teachers. In the latter case the scholars marched through 
 the grounds and saw the sights in a body. 
 
 Manhattan Day. 
 
 New York's day at the Fair was Oct. 2ist. Three hundred thousand 
 persons were present on the grounds. A pleasanter day for the celebra- 
 tion could not have been selected. The sun shone bright from early 
 morn, and the atmosphere was dry, with just enough breeze from the 
 lake to temper the sun's rays. It was a day such as would compel peo- 
 ple to enjoy themselves, no matter where they might be, and at the Fair 
 it was enjoyed thoroughly. Altogether it was a day of which even as 
 great a city as New York need not feel ashamed. 
 
 It was- a good-looking, and, what is more, a good-natured crowd that 
 was in attendance. It was a crowd in which the leaders of the two rival 
 cities of the continent met and mingled, all with the one idea of making 
 the day a remarkable one in the annals of the exposition. Chicagoan 
 vied with the New Yorker in gallantry, in grace and in witticism. 
 
 Opened in Gladness Closed in Sorrow. 
 
 On Saturday evening, Oct. 28th, Hon. Carter Harrison, Mayor of 
 Chicago, was assassinated in his own house. Both the city and the 
 country at large were shocked by the untimely death of the chief munici- 
 pal executive who had acted an important part on many of the public 
 occasions connected with the Exposition. 
 
 The official time for closing the Fair was Oct. 3Oth. Six months 
 before it was opened with splendid pageantry, and a thousand bright new
 
 PROGRESS AND CLOSE OF THE FAIR. 705 
 
 banners were unfurled, while a hundred thousand spectators cheered. 
 On the closing day the weather-stained banners were pulled down almost 
 in silence. Those that represented foreign countries were not raised 
 again. Only the American flag floated afterwards over the buildings. 
 A public meeting was held at 4.30 in Festival Hall, which naturally 
 assumed almost the character of a memorial service to the dead Mayor. 
 Several addresses were delivered and resolutions were passed, but there 
 was no ceremony by Exposition officials. At 5 o'clock there was a little 
 puff of smoke from the United States steamer Michigan, which lay at 
 anchor off the grounds. Twenty more peals followed. All the flags had 
 been at half-mast ; but when the twenty-first gun was fired they were 
 pulled simultaneously to the flagstaff's peak, and, after fluttering there 
 for a moment, as if in farewell, they went down for the last time, and the 
 official announcement was made that the World's Columbian Exposition 
 as an international affair was at an end. Taps were sounded, and the 
 Innes Band played " The Star-spangled Banner. " This was a spontaneous 
 demonstration, and for the first time the people cheered. 
 
 Total Admissions. 
 
 The following are the official figures for the paid admissions to the 
 Fair: May, 1,050,037; June, 2,675,113; July, 2,760,263; August, 
 3,515,493; September, 4,659,871; October, 6, 8 16,43 5; making 2 1,477,2 12. 
 The total admissions on passes were 2,052,188, making a grand total of 
 23,529,400. 
 
 Counting the Cost. 
 
 After every debt of the World's Fair was paid there remained $ i ,000,000 
 to be distributed among the stockholders. Treasurer Seeberger made 
 this pleasant announcement on the closing day. The Exposition Com- 
 pany paid out $30,558,849.01, or three times the amount the managers 
 expected to spend when they commenced building the Fair. The gate 
 receipts during the Exposition period proper were little over $10,000,000. 
 Up to the last day $3,300,000 had been collected from concessionaires 
 by Mr. Blackmer's department, and nearly $700,000 were paid before he 
 took hold. The returns from those who held concession privileges was 
 one of the big surprises of the Fair. Nobody was reckless enough to 
 predict that that sum would be realized. The Paris Exposition received 
 but $80,000 from that source, while the Centennial Exposition managers 
 received $1,200,000. 
 
 45
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 The International Exhibitions of the Past. 
 
 Origin of Industrial Exhibitions The First French Exhibitions The Exhibitions at Paris in 
 1844 and 1849 The Dublin Exhibition of 1827 The First International Exhibition, held at 
 London, in 1851 The Crystal Palace The New York Exhibition of 1855 The French 
 Exhibition of 1855 The Palace of Industry The Manchester and Florence Exhibitions 
 The London Exhibition of 1862* Other Displays The Paris Exhibition of 1867. 
 
 THE first Industrial Exhibition of which we have any authentic 
 account was held in France, during the stormy period of the 
 Revolution. In 1797 the Marquis d'Avize was appointed 
 Commissioner of the Royal Manufactories of the Gobelins, 
 of Sevres, and of the Savounerie. Upon entering upon the duties of 
 his office, he found the workmen reduced nearly to starvation by the 
 neglect of the two previous years, while the storehouses, in the mean- 
 time, had been filled with their choicest productions. He conceived the 
 idea of establishing an exhibition of the large store of tapestries, porce- 
 lains and carpets thus accumulated by the government ; and the consent 
 of the government to this plan being obtained, preparations were made 
 for holding the exhibition in the Chateau of St. Cloud. 
 
 In the meantime the Marquis was obliged to quit France in conse- 
 quence of a decree of the Directory banishing the nobility from the coun- 
 try, and the exhibition scheme proved a failure. The next year, 1798, 
 the Marquis returned to France, and, reviving his plan, this time on a 
 larger scale, collected a considerable number of beautiful and rare objects, 
 and placed them on exhibition and sale in the buildings and gardens of 
 of the Maison d'Orsay. The exhibition proved so successful that the 
 scheme was at once adopted by the State, and at the close of the same 
 year another exhibition was held, under the authority of the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 This first official exhibition took place on the Champs de Mars, a 
 temporary building being erected for the purpose. One hundred and ten 
 exhibitors took part in it, and the display embraced the most magnificent 
 collection of objects of art and industry that France could produce. The 
 government was so well pleased with the results of the exhibition that 
 it was announced by the Minister of the Interior that there would in 
 future be an annual exhibition at Paris. The public disturbances, how- 
 ever, made it impossible to carry out this plan, and it was not until 1801 
 that the second official exhibition was held. 
 706
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 707 
 
 Napoleon was now First Consul. He entered heartily into the arrange- 
 ments for the exhibition, as he fully comprehended its advantages to the 
 country. He visited the workshops and factories of the chief manu- 
 facturing towns of France, and urged upon the manufacturers the great 
 importance to themselves and to the country of giving to the plan their 
 hearty co-operation. A temporary wooden building was erected in the 
 court-yard of the Louvre, and in spite of the great difficulties in the way, 
 the exhibition was a success. The exhibitors numbered 229 ; among 
 the exhibits was now the world-famous Jacquard loom. Ten gold, 
 twenty silver, and thirty bronze medals were awarded as prizes, and the 
 recipients of the gold medal were formally entertained by the First 
 Consul at a state dinner. 
 
 The third French Exhibition was held in 1802, and, like its predeces- 
 sor, occupied a temporary building, erected in the court-yard of the 
 Louvre. The number of exhibitors was 540. Among the successful 
 exhibitors was Montgolfier, the proto-aeronaut, Vaucanson, the inventor 
 of the mechanical duck and the flute player ; and Jacquard, the inventor 
 of the loom which bears his name. The exhibitions had now become 
 so popular that a "Society of Encouragement " was formed for the 
 purpose of continuing them and of aiding the efforts of French manu- 
 facturers. 
 
 Improvement in Exhibits. 
 
 A fourth exhibition was held in 1806 on the esplanade of the Hotel 
 des Invalides. There^ were 1,442 exhibitors. Among the articles exhi- 
 bited were the printed cottons of Mulhausen and Logelbach, and silk 
 and cotton thread, which were displayed for the first time. Among the 
 prizes awarded were one for the manufacture of iron by means of coke, 
 and another for the manufacture of steel by a new process. 
 
 The wars of the Empire made further exhibitions in France impossi- 
 ble, and it was not until some years after the downfall of Napoleon that 
 they were revived. A fifth exhibition was held in 1819, in the court- 
 yard of the Louvre, the exhibitors numbering 1,662. It was noticed 
 that although the number of exhibitors showed but a slight increase as 
 compared with the last exhibition, the quality of the articles displayed 
 had materially improved. 
 
 Other exhibitions were held in the court-yard of the Louvre in the 
 years 1823 and 1827, and in 1844 the tenth French Exhibition was held 
 at Paris. Louis Philippe was King, and France had attained a degree of 
 industrial prosperity greater than anything she had ever known before. 
 The Exhibition was the most superb display that had ever been wit- 
 nessed in Europe. An immense wooden building was erected for it in
 
 -708 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 the Carre Marigny of the Champs Elysees by the architect, Moreau; 
 and in this edifice 3,960 mannfacturers displayed their wares. 
 
 In 1849, though the country was still suffering from the effects of the 
 Revolution of 1848, another and still grander exhibition was held. A 
 larger and more imposing building than that of 1844 was erected in the 
 Champs Elysees, under the supervision of the architect, Moreau, 
 covered an area of 220,000 square feet, exclusive of an annex devoted 
 to a display of agricultural products and implements. The exhibition 
 
 - - ~ !- -~ i~ *^^S^-" 
 
 THE CRYSTAL PALACE LONDON EXHIBITION, 1851. 
 
 remained open sixty days ; the number of exhibitors was nearly five 
 thousand; and there were 3,738 prizes awarded. 
 
 Exhibitions in Great Britain. 
 
 The success of the French with their Exhibitions was such as to 
 encourage other nations to undertake similar enterprises. As early as 
 1827, the Royal Dublin Society held an exhibition in their grounds, 
 and this was so successful that the undertaking was repeated every three 
 years until 1850. At a later period exhibitions were held at Manches- 
 ter, Leeds, and other places in Great Britain. The Manchester exhibi 
 tion of 1849 was quite a notable affair. In 1845 an exhibition was held 
 at Munich, under the auspices of the King of Bavaria. Belgium at an 
 early day engaged in such enterprises, and her exhibitions were both
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 709 
 
 numerous and important. Austria, Spain, Portugal, Russia, Denmark 
 and Sweden also held successful exhibitions at- various times. 
 
 All these exhibitions, however, were strictly national; that is, each 
 was devoted to the display of the products of the country in which it 
 was held. In 1849, M. Buffet, the French Minister of Agriculture and 
 Commerce, conceived the idea of holding an exhibition of the products 
 of all countries, and accordingly addressed a circular letter to various 
 manufacturers on the subject, asking their views. The replies received 
 by him so thoroughly discouraged him that he abandoned his plan. 
 
 The' honor of holding the first International Industrial Exhibition 
 belongs to England. The idea was first advanced by Prince Albert, the 
 husband of Queen Victoria, in his suggestion of an International Jubilee, 
 " to form a new starting-point from which all nations were to direct their 
 further exertions." On the 3Oth of June, 1849, a meeting of the Society 
 of Arts was held at Buckingham Palace, and to this body the Prince 
 explained his plan for a proposed International Exhibition of Compe- 
 tition, to be held in London in 1851, and suggested that the exhibits 
 should be grouped under four main heads, namely, Raw Materials, 
 Machinery and Mechanical Inventions, Manufactures, and Sculpture and 
 the Plastic Arts. 
 
 At a subsequent meeting held on the I4th of July, the same year, he 
 proposed a plan of operations which included the formation of a Royal 
 Commission, a scheme for the government of the Exhibition, the deter- 
 mination of a method of deciding and awarding the prizes, and for pro- 
 viding the funds necessary for carrying the plan into execution. His 
 recommendations were adopted, and on the 3d of January, 1850, a Royal 
 Commission, with Prince Albert at its head, was appointed. 
 
 Grand Opening by the Queen. 
 
 Architects of all countries were invited to submit competitive plans for 
 the necessary buildings, and it was decided to rely upon voluntary con- 
 tributions for the means necessary to establish the Exhibition. Out of 
 233 plans submitted, the design of Mr., afterwards Sir Joseph Paxton, was 
 accepted by the Commission. This acceptance was made on the 6th of 
 July, 1850, and was followed on the 26th by the awarding of the con- 
 tract for the erection of the buildings to Messrs. Fox and Henderson. 
 On the 3<Dth of July the contractors took possession of the site in Hyde 
 Park granted by the Government to the Exhibition; on the i$th of 
 August the charter of incorporation was issued, and on the 26th of Sep- 
 tember the first column of the great building was set up in its place. 
 The work was pushed forward with vigor, and on the 1st of May, 1851,
 
 710 
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 the day originally appointed the Exhibition was opened with great 
 pomp by the Queen. 
 
 The building was of iron and glass, and presented a pleasing, and at 
 that time a novel combination of lightness, beauty and strength. Such 
 an eminent authority as Fergusson awards it this high praise : " No inci- 
 dent in the history of architecture was so felicitous as Sir Joseph Pax- 
 ton's suggestion. At a time when' men were puzzling themselves over 
 domes to rival the pantheon, or halls to surpass those of the Baths of 
 Caracalla, it was wonderful that a man could be found to suggest a thing 
 that had no other merit than being the best, and, indeed, the only" thing 
 then known which would answer the purpose.*" 
 
 INTERIOR VIEW OF THE TRANSEPT OF CRYSTAL PALACE. 
 
 The building covered more than twenty acres ; it had a length of 1,851 
 feet and a height ranging from 64 to 104 feet. Its construction required 
 3,500 tons 'of cast-iron and 550 tons of wrought-iron ; 896,000 superfi- 
 cial feet, or 400 tons of glass ; and 600,000 cubic feet of wood. It cost 
 about $8j)O,ooo, the building remaining the property of the contractors 
 when the Exhibition was over. 
 
 The International Exhibition of 1851 was a great success. It was 
 open five months and fifteen days. More than $200,000 was received 
 from the sale of season tickets previous to the opening. The total num- 
 ber of visitors was 6,170,000; the daily average being 43,536. The 
 receipts amounted to $2,62 5, 5 3 5, and an unexpended balance of $750,000 
 remained in the hands of the Commissioners when all the expenses were
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 711 
 
 paid. The exhibitors numbered 13,937, of whom 6,861 were from Great 
 Britain, 520 from the Colonies, and "6,556 from other countries. The 
 awards were as follows : The Council Medal, the Prize Medal and a 
 Certificate of Honorable Mention. They were distributed thus : Council 
 Medals, 171; Prize Medals, 2,954; and Certificates of Honorable Mention, 
 
 2,123. 
 
 American Exhibitors. 
 
 The United States were represented by a small but creditable display, 
 in estimating which it should be borne in mind that our country was 
 then at the very commencement of its career in the higher department of 
 art and manufactures. Powers exhibited his " Greek Slave," and " Fisher 
 Boy ;" Nunn and Clark, of New York, and Jonas Chickering, of Boston, 
 exhibited their pianos ; Cornelius and Co., of Philadelphia, exhibited 
 two superb gas chandeliers ; a number of handsome carriages were 
 shown ; and a very creditable display was made of agricultural imple- 
 ments and products. 
 
 The success of the London Exhibition of 1851 gave rise to a number 
 of similar projects on a smaller scale. In 1853 an International Exhibi- 
 tion was held at Dublin, a superb building of glass and iron being con- 
 structed for the purpose. The Exhibition was opened by the Viceroy of 
 Ireland on the I2th of May, 1853. It was only partially internationalm 
 character, but was deeply interesting and highly successful. 
 
 In the same year an International Exhibition was also held in New 
 York. Its object was to compare the productions of America with those 
 of other countries, with the hope of encouraging American manufacturers 
 and showing them their deficiencies. The manufacturers and artists of 
 Europe joined heartly with those of our own country in the display, but 
 in spite of these generous efforts the enterprise was a failure. 
 
 An elegant building of glass and iron, generally known as the Crystal 
 Palace, was erected at the intersection of the Sixth Avenue and Forty- 
 second Street. The location is now enclosed as one of the parks of the 
 city, and is known as Reservoir Square. The piece of ground secured 
 for the purpose was too small, being but 445 by 455 feet in size. 
 
 Description of the Building. 
 
 The building was octagonal in shape, changing at the height of 
 twenty-four feet to a Greek cross, with low roofs in the four corners, and 
 crowned in the centre by a dome rising to a height of 148 feet. The 
 four corners of the building were octagon-shaped, and each front had 
 two towers seventy feet high, supporting tall flagstaffs. The construc- 
 tion of iron columns, girders, etc., was similar to that of the London
 
 712 
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 Crystal Palace of 1851, but the plan of the dome was original with the 
 architects. The building covered 170,000 square feet, and there was 
 also an annex used for the display of works of art, covering an area 
 of 22,000 square feet. The annex was two stories in height, and was 
 450 feet long and 21 feet broad. 
 
 It was lighted from above, there being no windows on the sides. It 
 was connected with the main building by two covered ways or wings, 
 one story in height, in which the refreshment rooms were situated. The 
 ceilings of the Crystal Palace were of glass, and were sustained by iron 
 pillars. .The prevailing style of architecture was Moorish ; the decora- 
 tions were Byzantine. The ceilings were painted in white, blue, red, and 
 
 CRYSTAL PALACE NEW YORK EXHIBITION, 1853. 
 
 cream color. There were three entrances, 147 feed wide. The central 
 aisle was forty-one feet and the side aisles fifty-four feet in width. The 
 dome was 100 feet across. 
 
 The enterprise seemed doomed to misfortune from the first. The 
 location was badly chosen, and the undertaking was hampered with 
 burdensome conditions. It was a private enterprise, being conducted by 
 a joint stock company, and was without government recognition or assist- 
 ance. It was regarded with jealousy by many of the American cities, 
 which refused to take any part in it. 
 
 The opening of the New York Exhibition was announced for early in 
 June, but it did not take place until the I4th of July, 1853. President
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 713 
 
 V 
 
 Pierce formally presided over the ceremonies in the presence of the 
 heads of the various Departments of the Government of the United 
 States, and of the Commissioners from Great Britain and other foreign 
 countries. There were 4,685 exhibitors represented in the Exhibition, of 
 which 2,083 were American. As far as the display was concerned, the 
 Exhibition was a success, but its financial management resulted in failure. 
 
 Totally Destroyed by Fire. ^ 
 
 The Crystal Palace .was used for various purposes for several years 
 after the close of the Exhibition. In the fall of 1858, during the prog- 
 ress of the Annual Fair of the American Institute, the building took 
 fire, and in half an hour was totally destroyed, together with all its 
 contents. 
 
 In 18543 grand exhibition was held at Munich, in which 7,00 $. exhibi- 
 tors from all parts of Germany took part. It was by far the most superb 
 display of German art and industry ever witnessed, and remained with- 
 out a peer until eclipsed by the German exhibit at Vienna in 1873. The 
 building was designed by Herr Voit, and was a superb structure of glass 
 and iron, resembling in some respects the London Crystal Palace of 
 1851. It was of considerable size, being 850 feet in length, and about 
 85 feet in height. 
 
 Napoleon III. was now Emperor of France, and that country was in 
 the enjoyment of greater commercial prosperity than it had experienced 
 for many years. The Emperor therefore resolved to undertake an 
 International Exhibition on a grander scale than any that had yet been 
 given. An Imperial Commission was organized, with Prince Napoleon 
 as President, on the 24th of December, 1853, and the work of preparing 
 the buildings was immediately begun. The Emperor wisely determined 
 that the main edifice should be a permanent structure, and of such a 
 character that it should not only reimburse the state for its outlay upon 
 it by its future usefulness after the close of the exhibition, but that it 
 should also be an ornament to the beautiful city in which it was to stand- 
 
 French Palace of Industry. 
 
 A site was selected in the Carre Marigny of the Champs Elysees, and 
 a permanent edifice, known as the Palace of Industry, was erected. It 
 was constructed of glass, stone and brick, and is now one of the principal 
 ornaments of the Champs Elysees. It is 800 feet longand 350 feet wide. 
 The walls of the Palace are of stone, so largely supplied with windows 
 as to be more a system of arches than walls. The principal entrance is 
 on the Avenue des Champ Elysees, and is surmounted by k group of
 
 '14 
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 statuary representing the Genius of France distributing rewards to Art 
 and Commerce. On the outside are shields bearing the names of the 
 cities of France, and medallions containing busts of celebrated men ; and 
 round the lower frieze the names of men celebrated in all branches of 
 knowledge, and of every country. 
 
 The interior consists of one large hall, 634 feet long, 158 feet wide and 
 115 feet high, surrounded by side aisles or galleries, on iron columns, 
 and 100 feet wide. The roof is of iron and glass, the flat walls at each 
 end being filled with brilliant painted glass. One of these represents 
 
 PALACE OF INDUSTRY PARIS EXHIBITION, 1855. 
 
 France inviting all nations to the Exhibition. Besides this building there 
 was a large rotunda, used for the display of the jewels of the Empress of 
 the French and the Queen of Portugal, and exquisite specimens of 
 Gobelin tapestries and Sevres porcelain. 
 
 An immense gallery, 1,300 yards in length, extended along the Quai 
 d'Orsay, from the Place de la Concorde to the bridge of the Alma, abut- 
 ting on the Avenue Montaigne, in which was situated the Palais 
 des Beaux Arts. The area thus covered was much larger than 
 that of the London Exhibition of 1851, being about thirty-five
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 715 
 
 acres, including the galleries and the exterior grounds devoted to 
 exhibition purposes. 
 
 The Exhibition was opened with great pomp, by the' Emperor 
 Napoleon III. and the Empress Eugenie, on the I5th of May, 1855. As 
 a display of objects of art ^nd 'industry, the Exhibition was a grand 
 success. Never before had such a magnificent and complete collection 
 been gathered together. The number of exhibitors from France and her 
 colonies was 10,691. The foreign exhibitors numbered 10,608, repre- 
 senting nearly fifty-three foreign countries. The American exhibitors 
 numbered 131. 
 
 The great feature of the Exhibition of 1855 was the Art Gallery, 
 which was the first truly international display of works of art ever 
 attempted. Its chief object of interest was the beautiful reproduction of 
 the statue of Minerva executed by Phidias for the Parthenon. The 
 reproduction was on a smaller scale than the original. 
 
 The Exhibition remained open from the I5th of May to the I5th of 
 November, when it was formally closed by the Emperor in person. The 
 visitors numbered 5,162,330, the highest number on any day being 
 123,017 on Sunday, the pth of September. 
 
 As a financial enterprise, the Exhibition was not a success. The cost 
 of the buildings was about $3,373,300, and the expenses of conducting 
 the Exhibition brought the total outlay to about $5,000,000. The 
 receipts, all told, came to but $640,000. This deficit was largely due to 
 the wise generosity of the Emperor, who, being desirous that the whole 
 people of France should be benefited by the Exhibition, made the tariffof 
 admissions so low that the poorest man in France could enter the gates 
 and reap the benefits of the beautiful display. On certain days and 
 these were numerous the admission fee was only twenty centimes, or 
 four cents in American money. Thus, though the State, lost money in 
 its actual outlay, it was immeasurably the gainer by its wise liberality. 
 
 Distribution of Awards. 
 
 The awards were distributed by the Emperor on the closing day. 
 They were as follows : For the Industrial Department, 112 grand medals 
 of honor, 252 medals of honor, 2,300 medals of the first class, 3,900 of 
 the second class and 4,000 honorable mentions ; for the Fine Art Depart- 
 ment, 40 decorations of the Legion of Honor, 16 medals of honor voted 
 by the jury, 67 medals of the first class, 87 of the second class, 77 of the 
 third class and 222 honorable mentions. 
 
 The United States were well represented both in the exhibition and in 
 the distribution of awards. Of the hundred and thirty-one American
 
 '16 
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 exhibitors, the proportion of awards was greater than any other country, 
 as we received two grand medals of honor, one to McCormick for his 
 reaper, and the other to Goodyear for discoveries in the treatment of India 
 rubber. We also received three medals of honor, seventeen first class 
 medals, twenty-eight second class medals, and thirty honorable mentions, 
 each accompanied by a diploma. Great Britain was represented by 
 i, 549 exhibitors, but received only one grand medal of honor. 
 
 In the year 1857 there was held at Manchester, in England, an exhibi- 
 tion of fine art and fine art manufacture, which was confined more par- 
 ticularly to the art treasures of the United Kingdom. The building 
 
 LONDON EXHIBITION, I 862. 
 
 covered a little more than three acres, was fire proof, and cost $122,500. 
 
 In 1861 an Exhibition of the industrial and agricultural products and 
 
 fine arts of Italy was held at Florence, and in the same year Exhibitions 
 
 were held in Edinburgh and Dublin, devoted to products of Scotland and 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Second London Exhibition. 
 
 The London Exhibition of 1851 was the first of a series of Industrial 
 Exhibitions, which it was resolved should be given in the British capital 
 once in ten years. It was accordingly determined that the second one 
 should be held in 1861, and in 1 860 preparations for it were begun. A 
 charter of incorporation was issued by the Crown, and Royal commis- 
 sioners were appointed under the presidency of the Prince Consort. The 
 Italian war caused a postponement of the Exhibition for a year. 
 
 On the I4th of December, 1861, Prince Albert died, and his loss, 
 which was a terrible blow to the British nation, was peculiarly felt by the
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 717 
 
 International Exhibition, of which he was the very life and soul. His death 
 caused no delay in the "Exhibition, however, which, in accordance with 
 his wishes, was pushed forward steadily, but the absence of his wise 
 counsels and generous support was sadly felt. 
 
 The site chosen for the Exhibition was at South Kensington, at the 
 south end of the new gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society, and 
 not far from the site of the Crystal Palace of 1851. A building was 
 erected from designs furnished by Captain Fowkes, of the Royal Engi- 
 neers. It was constructed of brick, glass, and iron, and was 1,200 feet 
 long by 560 feet wiue, and, together with its several annexes, covered an 
 area of 1,023,000 square feet. The total cost was about $2,150,000. The 
 buildings were inferior in beauty and convenience to the Crystal Palace 
 of 1851. 
 
 The Exhibition was opened on the ist of May, 1862. As Prince Albert 
 died on the I4th of the previous December, neither the Queen nor any 
 of her children were present. Her Majesty was represented by the Duke 
 of Cambridge, who presided over the imposing ceremonies with which the 
 Exhibition was opened. Thirty thousand persons were present on this 
 occasion, and two thousand choristers and four hundred musicians ren- 
 dered the ode written for the occasion by Alfred Tennyson. 
 
 Advance in Science and Manufactures. 
 
 The London Exhibition of 1862 was opened on the ist of May, and 
 was closed on the 1 5th of November, covering a period of a hundred and 
 seventy-one days, exclusive of Sundays. The total number of visitors 
 was 6,211,103 ; the maximum being attained on Thursday, October 3Oth, 
 on which day the attendance was 67,891. The total cost of the Exhibi- 
 tion, including the " running expenses," was $2,298,155. The receipts 
 amounted to precisely the same sum, making the Exhibition merely self- 
 sustaining, but nothing more. 
 
 In its industrial and machinery displays, the Exhibition of 1862 was 
 a marked improvement upon that of 1861, and fully showed the great 
 advance that had been made in science and manufacture since the latter 
 period by the civilized world. The strongest feature of the Exhibition, 
 however, was its display of the fine arts. Here Great Britain stood pre- 
 eminent, her display consisting largely of the works of her great 
 painters, Hogarth, Gainsborough, Reynolds, Wilkie, Maclise, Mulready, 
 Clarkson Stanfield, Landseer, and David Roberts. 
 
 The United States, being engaged in the life and death struggle of the 
 Civil War, could give no official aid to the Exhibition of 1862, and the 
 products of this country were represented there by but one hundred and
 
 718 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 thirty-two articles, the expenses of their display being defrayed entirely 
 by private funds. In spite of this, however, the exhibitors from this 
 country received the largest number of awards, in proportion, of any 
 nation represented. Among the special objects of interest from the 
 United States at the Exhibition of 1862 were McCormick's Reaper, 
 Sickles' Steam Steering Apparatus, Ericsson's Caloric Engine, sewing 
 machines, pianos, maizena or corn starch, flour, street railway-cars, steam 
 fire-engines, axes, ploughs, model houses, and cotton goods. 
 
 Nations Represented. 
 
 The total number of exhibitors at the International Exhibition of 1862 
 was 28,653. The principal nations were represented as follows: Great 
 
 PARIS EXPOSITION BUILDING AND GROUNDS, I 867. 
 
 Britain, 5,415 ; British Colonies, 3,072; France, 3,204; United States, 
 132; Italy, 2,099; Spain, 1,643; Austria, 1,413; Portugal, 1,370; 
 French Colonies, 826 ; Russia, 724 ; Belgium, 799 , Sweden, 511; Hol- 
 land, 348; Greece, 296; Denmark, 285; Brazil,, 230; Norway, 216; 
 Hanse Towns, 187; South American Republics, no; Rome, 76; 
 Mecklenburg, 55 ; China and Japan, 3 % ; Africa, 17; Switzerland, 10. 
 
 In the year 1865 a number of International Exhibitions on a smaller 
 ccale was held. At Amsterdam, In Holland, there was one devoted to
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 719 
 
 flowers ; at Paris, there was one for the display of cheese ; at Dublin, 
 there was one of a miscellaneous character; at Oporto, in Portugal, 
 there was one with 3,911 exhibitors; and at Stettin, in Prussia, there 
 was also one, general in character, with 1,451 exhibitors. 
 
 France, in the meantime, had been planning an International Exhibi- 
 tion upon the most elaborate and magnificent scale. As early as the 
 22d of June, 1863, an Imperial decree was issued, announcing that an 
 International Exhibition would be held at Paris in 1867, and that it 
 would be more completely universal in its character, and more magnifi- 
 cent than any of its predecessors. The nations of the world were 
 invited to take part in it, and it was expressly stated that the anno''nce- 
 
 GRAND VESTIBULE OF THE PARIS EXPOSITION BUILDING, l86/. 
 
 ment had been made so early in order to give to all desiring to enter the 
 Exhibition time to mature their plans and preparations. 
 
 Paris Display of 1867. 
 
 A second Imperial decree in February, 1865, confirmed the first one, 
 and gave fuller details of the plan determined upon. An Imperial Com- 
 mission was appointed, and committees were formed at home and 
 abroad for the purpose of attending to the work of constructing the 
 buildings and organizing the Exhibition. \ Prince Napoleon was made 
 President of the Commission, and the work was begun. 
 
 The Champs de Mars the site of the first French Exhibition of 1798 
 was assigned by the government for the Exhibition of 1867. It was
 
 720 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 a rectangle in shape,embracing an area of one hundred and nineteqn acres, 
 and to it was added, for the purposes of the Exhibition,the Island of Billan- 
 court, some distance lower down the Seine, affording an additional area of 
 fifty-two acres, and making one hundred and seventy-one acres in all. 
 The island was used for the Agricultural Department. The main build- 
 ings were erected in the Champs de Mars. 
 
 The main building was a vast one -story structure, elliptical in form, 
 with a total length of 1,608 feet and a width of 1,247 ^ eet - The total 
 area enclosed by the outer walls of the building was thirty-seven and 
 eight-tenths acres. The centre of this space was occupied by an open 
 garden of one and one-half acres, which made the area under 
 the " roof of the building thirty-six and three-tenth acres. The 
 plan of the structure was unique. It comprised a series of vast, con- 
 centric oval compartments, each one story in height, the inner one 
 enclosing the central garden as an open colonnade. There were seven 
 principal" compartments, each of which was devoted to the display of a 
 distinct group of objects. " The spaces devoted to the different coun- 
 tries were arranged in a wedge-like form, radially from the centre of 
 the building to the outer edge, and the visitor, by proceeding around 
 one of the concentric oval departments, passed through the different 
 countries exhibiting, one after the other, always keeping in the same 
 group of subjects; but if he walked from the centre of the building 
 outwards, radially, he traversed the different groups of the same country. 
 The arrangement of double classification required was, therefore, by this 
 plan, completely accomplished, and afforded great convenience and facil- 
 ity for study and comparison," 
 
 Building and Grounds. 
 
 The outer compartment of the building was the broadest of all, being 
 115 feet, and 81 feet high to the top of the roof. It was devoted to 
 machinery, and along its entire length was a raised platform, supported 
 by iron pillars, from which visitors could view the machinery below. The 
 roof of the building was of corrugated iron, supported by iron pillars. 
 
 The grounds surrounding the main building comprised an extent of 
 8 1 acres, and were divided into a park and a reserve garden. Each sec- 
 tion was beautifully laid off. In the park numerous structures, con- 
 structed by the different nationalities, grew up in all varieties of style, 
 from the hut of the Esquimau to the palace of a Sultan, the workmen 
 or attendants at each being almost universally peculiar to the special 
 country, and imparting additional interest to them. The Champs de 
 Mars, in a short space of time, changed like magic from a dry and arid
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 721 
 
 plain useful only as a place for manoeuvres of troops to a charming 
 park, containing a city in the midst of groves and green lawns ; a place 
 such as the author of the " Thousand and One Nights " alone could 
 have imagined ; groups of buildings so violent in their contrasts as to 
 produce harmony only by reason of their oddity, and leading the visitor 
 to imagine that he had been transported to dream-land. 
 
 Turkish and Egyptian palaces ; mosques and temples of the Pharaohs ; 
 Roman, Norwegian, and Danish dwellings by the side of Tyrolese 
 chalets ; here, a specimen of the Catacombs of Rome there, a group of 
 
 ENTRANCE TO THE PARIS EXHIBITION, l86/. 
 
 English cottages ; workmen and farmers' dwellings, lighthouses, theatres, 
 a succession of hundreds of constructions as unlike each other as pos- 
 sible ; restaurants and cafes everywhere for all classes of people ; noises 
 of all kinds filling the air; concerts, orchestras, the ringing of bells, and 
 the blowing off of steam boilers ; such was the park of the Champs de 
 Mars during the Exposition Universelle. 
 
 The reserve garden contained the botanical, horticultural, and pisci- 
 cultural collections of the Exhibition. It was exquisitely laid off with 
 bright lawns, fountains, pools, cascades, grottos, conservatories, and 
 shrubbery. 
 
 The work on the Exhibition grounds was begun in September, 1865, 
 46
 
 7 2 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 that on the buildings on the 36 of April, 1866. The Exhibition was 
 opened with splendid and imposing ceremonies, on the ist of April, 1867, 
 by the Emperor Napoleon III. and the Empress Eugenie. It was closed 
 on the 3d of November, thus covering a period of 217 days, including 
 Sundays. The total cost of the Exhibition, including the cost of construc- 
 tion and daily expenses, was $4,688,705. The total receipts, including 
 the subsidies from the Imperial Government and the City of Paris of 
 $1,200,000 each, were $5,251,361, leaving a net profit of $562,654. Divi- 
 dends to the amount of $553,200 were declared and paid; the remaining 
 sum of $9,456 was held for contingencies, and was finally devoted to 
 charitable objects. The number of visitors was 10,200,000. On Sundays 
 the admission fee was ten cents. 
 
 The Emperor Bestows the Prizes. 
 
 The Exhibition of 1867 was in all respects a wonderful and magnificent 
 collection of the arts and industries of the world. It far surpassed any 
 previous Exhibition in France or any other country, and will always be 
 esteemed one of the great events of the nineteenth century. The agricul- 
 tural department, located, as we have stated, on the Island of Billancourt, 
 was the most complete and extensive display of agricultural implements 
 and products and live-stock that had ever been witnessed in Europe. 
 
 The distribution of prizes took place in the Palace of Industry, in the 
 Champs Elysees, on the 1st of July, in the presence of a vast and brilliant 
 throng, the Emperor himself bestowing the awards. There were 50,226 
 exhibitors represented in the Exhibition. The awards consisted of sixty- 
 four grand prizes, 883 gold medals, 3,653 silver medals, 5,565 bronze 
 medals, and 5,801 honorable mentions. Of these the exhibitors from 
 the United States received three grand prizes, seventeen gold medals, 
 sixty-six silver medals, and ninety-four bronze medals. The total number 
 of American exhibitors was 705. 
 
 The highest number of visitors on any day was 173,923, on the 27th of 
 October.
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 International Exhibitions of the Past Continued. 
 
 Paris Exhibition of 1869 London Exhibitions Beginning in 1871 Expositions in Copenhagen^ 
 Moscow and Vienna Galleries of Fine Arts and Superb Buildings Products of the World 
 Brought Together Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia Complete Success of the Enter 
 prise Paris Exposition of 1889 Eiffel Tower Cost of the Exposition. 
 
 In 1869 an Exhibition of the fine arts applied to industry was held in 
 the Palace of Industry at Paris ; and. in the same year an Exhibition" 
 was held at Dublin, and a Fine Art and Loan Exhibition, similar to 
 the Manchester Exhibition of 1857, was given at 'Leeds, in England. 
 In 1871 a series of annual International Exhibitions was begun at 
 London. The first of these was opened on the 1st of May, 1871, and 
 was closed on the 3Oth of September. It was held in a building erected 
 for the purpose at South Kensington. Thirty-three foreign countries were 
 represented ; there were four thousand fine art and seven thousand indus- 
 trial entries on the part of the exhibitors, and the visitors numbered 
 1,142,000. There were no prizes, and the receipts of the Exhibition 
 balanced its expenses. 
 
 The second of the new series of Exhibitions was given in 1872, and 
 was devoted to arts connected with printing, paper, music and musical 
 instruments, jewelry, cotton goods and fine arts. This was followed by 
 a third annual Exhibition in 1873, which made a feature of cooking and 
 its apparatus. The Exhibition was opened on the I4th of April and was 
 closed on the I5th of August. It was visited by 31,784 persons. 
 
 Other Exhibitions. 
 
 In 1872 an Exhibition was held at Copenhagen, and was devoted to 
 the products of Sweden, Norway and Denmark. In the same year an 
 Exhibition on a considerable scale was held at Moscow. It was given 
 under the auspices of the Moscow Polytechnic Society, with the 
 patronage of the Russian government. Its various buildings were 
 elaborately constructed, and occupied a space of two English miles. In 
 its arrangement the greatest skill was shown ; and its classification is 
 said to have been the best and most scientific which has ever yet been 
 attempted. Each special group of objects had separate buildings. 
 Admirable as it was, it was too far distant for this country to take part 
 in it. 
 
 723
 
 724 
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 Austria now resolved to engage in these friendly contests between the 
 nations of the world, and to hold in Vienna an International Exhibition 
 which should eclipse even the French Exhibition of 1867. Various 
 causes, however, prevented any definite action from being taken in the 
 matter until 1870. The first steps were taken by the Trades Union of 
 Vienna, a wealthy and powerful organization, the president of which was 
 Baron Wertheimer, a wealthy manufacturer. A guarantee fund of $1,500,- 
 ooo was formed, the subscriptions being taken mainly by the members of 
 the Society. The government now came to the support of the scheme, and 
 
 ROTUNDA OF THE VIENNA EXPOSITION BUILDING, 1873. 
 
 on the 24th of May, 1870, a decree was issued by the Emperor, stating 
 that " under the august patronage of His Imperial and Royal Majesty, 
 the Emperor, an International Exhibition would be held at Vienna in the 
 year 1873, having for its aim to represent the present state of modern 
 civilization and the entire sphere of national economy, and to promote its 
 further development and progress." 
 
 Liberal Bequests. 
 
 An Imperial Commission was formed, with Archduke Charles Louis as 
 Protector, Archduke Regnier, President, and Baron William Von 
 Schwarz-Senborn as Director-General. An appropriation of $3,000,000 
 was made by the government, to which was added the guarantee fund
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 7l>-> 
 
 previously obtained by private subscriptions. At a later period the 
 government was obliged to make an additional appropriation of 
 $3,000,000. 
 
 The site selected for the Exhibition was the Prater, or Imperial Park, 
 situate on the border of the Danube, just outside of the city. It was 
 admirably chosen, both for beauty of situation and for adaptation to the 
 purposes of the Exhibition. The total area enclosed within the fence 
 surrounding the Exhibition grounds was about two hundred and eighty 
 acres. The principal structures were the Palace of Industry, or the Main 
 Exhibition Building, the Gallery of Fine Arts, the Machinery Hall and 
 the Agricultural Building. 
 
 The Main Building was constructed of brick, glass and iron, and was 
 2,985 feet long, 82 feet wide and 52^ feet high to the central dome 
 Opening from this were thirty-two transverse galleries, 250 feet long and 
 49 feet wide, the entire structure presentiag a form not unlilce<that of the 
 spine of a fish with its lateral projecting bones. The chief feature of the 
 building was the dome, which was of iron, and was 354 feet in diameter. 
 It was the largest dome that had ever been constructed before, that of St. 
 Peter's at Rome being only 156 feet in diameter, and the domes of the 
 London Exhibition of 1862 only 160 feet in diameter. It was crowned 
 by a central lantern 101 feet in diameter, and 30 feet high, provided with 
 side lights and a conical roof, similar to that of the main dome. On top 
 of this was another lantern 25 feet in diameter and 30 feet high, which 
 was surmounted by a huge copy of the crown of Austria. 
 
 Spacious Rotunda. 
 
 As the dome was the principal feature of the exterior view of the 
 building, so was the rotunda the most beautiful portion of the interior. 
 A circular corridor, a little more than forty feet in width, ran around the 
 rotunda, connecting with the nave of the building on both sides. The 
 columns on which the dome rested stood between the corridor and the 
 rotunda, and were joined to one another by large arches. The columns 
 and arches were handsomely finished, and the effect was very fine. The 
 floor of the rotunda was lower than that of the rest of the building, and 
 in the centre was a beautiful fountain, which added greatly to the general 
 appearance of the Hall. The ceiling of the dome was of canvas, and 
 was beautifully and appropriately decorated with paintings and gilding. 
 
 The Gallery of Fine Arts stood a short distance to the east of the 
 Palace of Industry, and was connected with it by two temporarily covered 
 ways. It was built ofbrick.and was stuccoed so as to produce an ornamental 
 appearance. It was 650 feet long and 115 feet wide. It proved too small
 
 72G 
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 and two annexes were built, and were connected with it by covered pas- 
 sages, these passages containing the works of sculpture on exhibition. 
 
 The Machinery Hall was situated to the north of the Main Building, 
 and was 2615 feet long and 164 feet wide. It consisted of a nave 92 
 feet wide, in which was placed the machinery in motion, and two side 
 aisles, each 28 feet in width, devoted to machinery at rest. 
 
 The Agricultural Halls consisted of two separate buildings constructed 
 of timber. They covered an area of 426,500 square feet. 
 
 Superb Buildings. 
 
 The grounds were beautifully laid off, and were filled with a large num- 
 ber of buildings devoted to various purposes, and similar to those which 
 were so marked a feature of the Paris Exposition of 1867. These were 
 
 CENTRAL DOME OF THE VIENNA EXPOSITION BUILDING, 
 
 of unprecedented variety and importance, representing on a scale of 
 great splendor and completeness the habits, manners, customs *nd me- 
 thods of construction of various nations. The palace of the Viceroy of 
 Egypt was one of the most noticeable of these buildings. Designed by 
 an Austrian architect long resident in the East, and constructed by native 
 Egyptian workmen with great skill and truthfulness, it presented an 
 appearance at once interesting and instructive. One saw here a sump- 
 tuous mosque decorated in the richest manner, an ordinary dwelling 
 house, and then a regular farm and stable department stocked with 
 dromedaries and other domestic animals of Egypt. 
 
 Then there were also on the grounds specimens of the national habi- 
 tations of Turkey, Persia, Morocco, Japan, Sweden, etc., Farmers' or 
 peasants' homes from all countries, restaurants and saloons, the Imperial 
 Pavilion, the Jury Pavilion, and special exhibits of all sorts, amounting 
 in the aggregate to more than two hundered buildings, each one present- 
 ing something novel and pleasing.
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 727 
 
 The deepest interest was manifested by the various nations of the 
 world in the Vienna Exhibition, and the collection gathered together 
 there represented the choicest objects of art and industry and the high- 
 est culture and progress of the civilized world. 
 
 The Exhibition was opened on the ist of May, 1873, with great pomp 
 by the Emperor Francis Joseph I., of Austria. The awards were for- 
 mally distributed on the i8th of August, and numbered 26,002 in all. 
 They were divided as follows : 421 diplomas of honor ; 3,024 medals for 
 progress ; 10,465 diplomas for honorable mention ; 8,800 medals for 
 merit; 326 medals for good taste; 978 medals for fine arts; 1,988 medals 
 awarded to workmen. The Exhibition was closed on the 3ist of 
 October, having extended over a period of 148 days, including Sundays. 
 There were in all about 42,584 exhibitors represented. Of these, 643 
 were from the United States, to whom were awarded 349 prizes, of which 
 the International Bureau at Washington, the Light-House Board of the 
 United States, the State of Massachusetts, and the City of Boston, for 
 school systems, and the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, received 
 grand diplomas of honor. 
 
 The total number of visitors was 7,255,687, and the receipts amounted 
 to $1,032,385, or about enongh to pay the running expenses. The total 
 cost of the Exhibition being about $12,000,000, there remained a deficit 
 of over $9,000,000, which loss fell upon trie Austrian Government. 
 
 There were many reasons for this loss. In the first place, a sickly 
 season at Vienna had preceded the Exhibition, and had rendered stran- 
 gers afraid to visit that city. This was followed by a financial crisis, 
 which crippled many who would have aided in making the Exhibition a 
 monetary success. Added to this was the selfish conduct of the people 
 of Vienna, who, by raising the prices of living to an exorbitant figure, 
 frightened away visitors, and invited their own ruin. The contrast 
 between the conduct of the people of Philadelphia during the Centennial 
 International Exhibition and that of the people of Vienna in 1873, was 
 marked indeed ; and the results in each case afford a valuable lesson to 
 future times. 
 
 The Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. 
 
 As the first century of American independence approached a period, 
 a general consensus of opinion approved the suggestion of celebrating the 
 august anniversary in some manner commensurate with the tremendous 
 event to be commemorated. The methods of celebration proposed were 
 many and diverse ; but finally public opinion united upon an Inter- 
 national Exhibition, in which the people of all Nations should be invited 
 to participate, as the most fitting and impressive manner of marking the
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 729 
 
 birth-year of the Republic. The project having been determined on, 
 some discussion arose as to the site of the Exhibition ; many cities were 
 naturally ambitious to claim the honor and reap the benefits attaching to 
 the location of so momentous an enterprise. Boston and New York, 
 respectively, offered cogent arguments and large inducements; but 
 Philadelphia, the birth-place of our freedom was manifestly the appro- 
 priate stage upon which to enact the pageant of progress, and her claim 
 was ratified by an overwhelming public opinion. In 1871, Congress 
 passed an Act providing for the celebration to be held at Philadelphia 
 in the year 1876. On the 3d of July, 1873, President Grant issued his 
 proclamation and announcment of the coming event, and caused to be 
 conveyed to the Foreign Ministers of the various powers represented at 
 Washington an invitation for the attendance and co-operation of their 
 people. To the surprise of many, but gratification of all, the response 
 from foreign countries was prompt and cordial. The leading govern- 
 ments accredited as Commissioners men of high rank, appropriated 
 large sums in furtherance of the project, and in every way evinced a desire 
 to contribute to the success of the undertaking. At home the enterprise 
 received general and generous support. The United States Government 
 authorized a loan of $1,500,000 to meet the initial expenses. The State 
 of Pennsylvania appropriated $1,500,000; the City of Philadelphia gave 
 $1,000,000 ; and all the other States subscribed to the stock. . 
 
 A Beautiful Location. 
 
 In 1873, the beautiful grounds known as Fairmount Park were 
 selected as the site of the Exhibition. The city not only relinquished the 
 Park to the Centennial Commissioners without charge or hindrance, but 
 erected at its own expense two magnificent bridges over the Schuylkill 
 at a cost of two millions and a half of dollars. The grounds appro- 
 priated to the uses of the Exhibition comprised 450 acres, of which 285 
 acres were fenced in and included the various structures containing the 
 exhibits. These buildings were as follows : Main building, covering 
 an area of 870,464 square feet; Machinery Hall, covering an area of 
 ^544,720 square feet; Art Building, covering 76,650 square feet floor 
 space and 88,869 square feet wall space ; Horticultural Hall, 350 feet 
 long, 1 60 feet broad and 65 feet in height ; Agricultural Building, cover- 
 ing 117,760 square feet; Women's Department Building, 208 feet long 
 and 208 feet broad. 
 
 The United States Government added to the interest of this exhibition 
 by the appointment of a special commission and the appropriation of a 
 sum of money, $728,500, to represent the condition of the different de- 
 partments of the government at that period.
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 731 
 
 The total number of exhibitors was estimated at 30,864, the United 
 States heading the list with 8,175 '> Spain and her colonies, 3,822 ; Great 
 Britain and colonies, 3,384; and Portugal, 2,462. It is interesting and 
 gratifying to note that Spain and Portugal, the two nations so closely 
 connected with the early history of our country, should have been such 
 prominent exhibitors. 
 
 OBVERSE OF CENTENNIAL MEDAL. 
 
 REVERSE OF CENTENNIAL MEDAL. 
 
 The following countries were represented : 
 
 Argentine Rep'c, Denmark, Italy, 
 
 Austria, Egypt, Japan, 
 
 Belgium, France, Mexico, 
 
 Brazil, Germany, Morocco, 
 
 Canada, Great Britain Netherlands, 
 
 China, 
 Chili, 
 
 and Colonies, Norway, 
 
 Peru, Sweden. 
 Portugal, Switzerland, 
 Russia, Tunis, 
 Siam, Turkey, 
 Siberia, United States, 
 Spain, Venezuela, 
 
 Hawaii, 
 
 Orange Free State. 
 
 The method of awards adopted in 1876 differed from that of all previous 
 systems. It dispensed with the international jury and substituted a body 
 of judges one-half foreign, selected individually for their knowledge and 
 experience. It also dispensed with the system of graduated awards, and 
 required of the judges written reports on the inherent and comparative 
 merits of each product thought worthy of an award, setting forth the 
 properties and qualities, presenting the consideration forming the ground 
 of the award, and awarding such report by the signature of their authors. 
 .The medals awarded by the commission were of bronze, in shape four 
 inches in diameter, very chaste in appearance, and the largest of the kind
 
 732 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 ever struck in the United States. These awards of medals were simply 
 as evidence merely of merit and not superiority, the written reports indi- 
 cating whose exhibit in each group was preferred by the judges. The 
 total number of awards issued at the Centennial was 13,104, of which 
 5,364 were to American exhibitors, and 7,740 to foreign exhibitors. 
 
 The Centennial Exhibition opened May loth, 1876. From that date until 
 November loth, when the gates were closed, there was admitted a grand 
 total of 9,910,996 persons, of whom 8,004,274 paid the admission fee. 
 
 There were 1,815,617 entrances of persons connected with the Exhi- 
 bition, and 91,075 complimentary admissions, making a daily average of 
 paid and free of 62,333. The largest number admitted on any one day 
 
 MEMORIAL HALL CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 was 274,919, on Pennsylvania day, September 28th. The smallest number 
 on MayKi2th, 1876, 12,720. The largest number passing through a sin- 
 gle gate, in a single hour, was 1870, or about thirty persons per minute. 
 There was an average population residing in the grounds of. 571 persons, 
 exclusive of tKe guards and firemen. 
 
 It is estimated that nearly one hundred separate and distinct associa- 
 tions, including religious, temperance, military, masonic, etc., met in 
 Philadelphia in the summer of 1876, with a membership of nearly one 
 million. The selection of a special day for each State was a great suc- 
 cess, and largely inceased the number of visitors. 
 
 The railroad facilities in Philadelphia were confined to the Pennsylvania
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 733 
 
 Central and the Reading roads, and had a capacity for receiving 25,000 
 or dispatching 10,000 per day. The heaviest one day's service of both 
 roads was 244,147. Total number of arrivals and departures during the 
 World's Fair, 5,907,333. 
 
 Paris Exhibition of 1878. 
 
 The Paris International Exhibition of 1878 again made an advance in 
 magnificence and size upon all previous displays, and as a collection of 
 fine art and literature was especially notable. The total area covered by 
 the various buildings was about eighty acres, and the exhibitors num- 
 bered as many as 80,000. The number of visitors was 16,032,725, and 
 the gross receipts were $2,530,595. 
 
 Following this Exhibition, almost every year during the next decade was 
 signalized by exhibitions in the chief centres of Europe and other parts 
 of the world. These were held at Berlin and Sidney in 1879, at Mel- 
 bourne in 1880, at Berlin, Moscow and Buenos Ayres in 1882, at Amster- 
 dam in 1883, at Calcutta and New Orleans in 1884, at Antwerp in 1885, 
 at Edinburgh and Liverpool in 1886, at Manchester in 1887, and at Glas- 
 gow and Brussels in 1888. At London have also been held with great 
 success an Electrical Exhibition in 1882, an International Fisheries Exhi- 
 bition in 1883, a Health Exhibition in 1884, an Inventions Exhibition in 
 1885, a Colonial Exhibition in 1886, an American Exhibition in 1887, 
 Italian, Irish and Anglo-Danish Exhibitions in 1888, and a Spanish 
 
 Exhibition in 1889. 
 
 The Paris Exposition of 1889. 
 
 As early as 1883 the rulers of the powerful Republic which had risen 
 upon the ruins of the second Empire and the extinction of the Napoleonic 
 dynasty, formed the purpose of astonishing the world with such a display 
 of the industrial energy, productive power and material resources of 
 New France as should cast into shade all previous attempts of a kindred 
 nature. With their usual sagacity the governing authorities resolved to 
 invoke the ready enthusiasm of their countrymen by appealing to their 
 patriotic sentiment. The time was fixed for 1889, the centenary of the 
 fateful revolution by which the divine right of kings was forever de- 
 throned in the land of immemorial despotism. 
 
 In November 1887 M. Jules Grevy, President* of the Republic, upon 
 the recommendation of the Minister of Commerce, signed a decree 
 ordaining a Universal Exposition, to be opened in Paris on May 5th, and 
 to be closed October 3ist, 1889. For the purpose of carrying through 
 successfully this gigantic enterprise the government pronounced in favor 
 of a system of organization by the State in alliance with a guarantee
 
 7;u 
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 society, which had been found to work well in 1867. This society 
 guaranteed the State 18,000,000 francs, or $3,600,000, and gave certain 
 pledges in the event of the expenses exceeding the amount calculated. 
 This society or syndicate acted by means of a Board of Control, com- 
 posed of eight municipal Coun- 
 cilors, seventeen Senators, Depu- 
 ties and State Representatives 
 and eighteen subscribers to the 
 guarantee fund, each commis- 
 sioner representing 1,000,000 
 francs. Thus the State had 
 control of the exhibition, the 
 City of Paris had a voice in the 
 control, and the guarantee society 
 did not lose sight of its capital. 
 The State was reimbursed to a 
 certain extent by the greater 
 circulation of money and greater 
 surplus from indirect taxes ; the 
 City of Paris was secured 
 through its increased receipts in 
 active duties, and the guarantee 
 syndicate by its control of the 
 receipts of the exhibition. A 
 law, dated July 6th, 
 1886, sanctioned this 
 combination, and on 
 the 28th of July a 
 decree regulated the 
 organization of the 
 service. The Ministry 
 designated the chief 
 officers, and appointed 
 a Consultative Com- 
 mittee of three hun- 
 dred persons under 
 the title of " The Grand Council of the Universal Exhibition." 
 
 The Champs de Mars was again selected as the site. The total space 
 occupied was 173 acres. The largest building on the grounds was the 
 Palace of Machinery, measuring 1,378 feet in length, 406 feet in width 
 and haviner an elevation of 166 feet The floor covered 11 acres. The 
 
 THE EIFFEL TOWER.
 
 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 735 
 
 total cost of the structure was $1,500,000. The Palace of Arts cost 
 $1,350,000; the Palace of the French Sections, $1,150,000; while 
 $500,000 was expended on the parks and gardens. Among these parks 
 were interspersed that marvelous collection of villages which seemed to 
 the spectator to represent the world in miniature: the Indian huts, 
 Arabian tents, a street in Algiers, the Caledonian village. The Eiffel 
 Tower was the principal attraction. 
 
 This structure, 984 feet high, is named after its inventor, a French 
 engineer, who, however, has given credit to this country as having fur- 
 nished the idea ; possible the Sawyer Observatory at the Centennial may 
 have suggested it. Its base formed a gigantic archway over a main path 
 leading from the bridge into the central grounds of the Exposition. The 
 tower is of very simple construction, built entirely of iron girders and pil- 
 lars, with four great shafts consisting of four columns each, starting 
 from the four corners of the base, and merging into a single shaft, which 
 forms the main part of the tower. This shaft ends in a great cupola or 
 Alphine reception room, which in turn is surmounted by a still higher 
 lantern or observatory, the platform of which is over 800 feet above the 
 ground. The total weight has been estimated at 15,000,000 pounds, or 
 7,500 tons, and the tost at about $1,000,000, the French government 
 assuming one-third the expense. 
 
 A Splendid Success. 
 
 The Exposition was in every respect a brilliant triumph. The exhibits 
 surpassed all previous displays. The attendance exceeded the most san- 
 guine expectation. The financial results were unexampled in the history 
 of Expositions, and so remain. There were fifty-five thousand exhibitors ; 
 of this number the United States furnished nearly two thousand. The 
 total number of admissions by ticket was a fraction over twenty-eight 
 millions. The attendance on the last day was four hundred thousand, 
 the largest ever recorded. The average attendance was one hundred and 
 thirty-seven thousand two hundred and eighty-nine. In admissions there 
 was an increase over the Paris Exposition of 1878 of twelve millions, 
 and over the Centennial of eighteen million persons. 
 
 The most remarkable outcome of this Exposition was the financial 
 return. The government issued 30,000,000 tickets to the guarantee com- 
 pany, which, sold at one franc each, would realize $6,000,000. It also 
 authorized a lottery with 200,000 bonds of twenty-five francs, good for 
 twenty-five tickets, the bonds bearing interest. They soon sold at thirty 
 francs, and over, thus paying the syndicate well on its investment. 
 
 The original estimate for buildings and grounds for the World's Fair
 
 736 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS OF THE PAST. 
 
 Paris, 1889, was 32,664,5 18 francs ; in our money about $6,500,000. This 
 included every item chargeable to buildings and grounds, and the result 
 it will be admitted by every visitor, indicated a good return on the invest- 
 ment, especially when, in closing up the account, the actual cost was 
 found to be $646,490 less than the above estimate. The total estimate 
 made for the entire cost of the World's Fair, Paris, 1889, was 43,000,000 
 francs, but the result shows an outlay of only 41,500,000, the gross total 
 being as follows : 
 
 Receipts . 49,500,000 francs 
 
 Expenses ..... 41,500,000 francs 
 
 Showing an excess in receipts of . 8,000,000 francs 
 Or $1,600,000. This wonderful result, exceeding that of any previous 
 exhibition, was due almost entirely to the admirable organization of the 
 whole affair from its smallest detail, and the fact that nearly all the officials 
 connected with it were men of experience. 
 
 The harvest reaped by the City of Paris was most abundant. The 
 gold reserve or balance in the Bank of France enormously increased. 
 The various railroad companies admit an increase in numbers over the 
 six months of the preceeding year of 1,878,747, and in receipts of over 
 66,000,000 francs, and the City of Paris Omnibus Company of 4,000,000 
 The Cab Company transported 26,097,112 persons from January I to 
 November i, 1889 ; the same period in the previous year, only 12,000,000. 
 with an increase in revenue of 1,558,000 francs. The Louvre, a large 
 dry goods store ran four free stages to the Exhibition/carrying 1,320,000 
 passengers gratis. There were some 300 open wagons or spring wagons 
 in use, run by private parties, making as high as $50 per day. The tram- 
 ways, from May 6 to October 31, carried 6,342,670 people, giving over 
 1,500,000 francs receipts, sometimes carrying 10,000 per hour. The Belt 
 Line carried an average of 30,000 per day during the Fair, and a total of 
 not less than 16,215,825 individuals and the small steamboats on the 
 Seine 13,527,125; the theatres all showed large gains ; the total excess 
 of receipts over previous years being $19,867,555 francs. 
 
 With this superlative effort of the French the record ends. Minor 
 exhibitions were held 'during the year iSSgat Hamburg, Berlin and 
 Vienna, but they were local in design and scope, and call for no extended 
 notice.
 
 l^- : 

 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBAN* 
 
 30112001063947