Agricultural College Bulletin. Series VI. Published Quarterly. Number 3. Entered at the postoffice at Fort Collins, Colo., as second-class matter. Colorado State Agricultural College. Department of Mechanical Engineering Published by The State Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colorado. Department of Mechanical Engineering JAMES W. LAWKEXCE. M. E. Professor of Mechanical Engineering. FRED N. LANGRIDGE, M. E. Instructor in Mechanical Engineering. ALBERT CAMMACK, B. M. E. Instructor in Mechanical Engineering. HIRAM PIERCE Instructor in Carpentry. WILLIAM ELZINGA Instructor in Forge and Foundry Practice. JAMES L. VEASEY In Charge of Mechanical Engineering Buildings and Steam Plant. FLORENCE M. ROLLER Stenographer. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. Mechanical Engineering relates to the construction and use of machinery, such as steam engines, machine tools, etc. It would be impossible to draw hard and fast lines between the various branches of engineering and no one has yet attempted to do so, and just how much should be included in a course in Mechanical Engineering is still largely a matter of the personal opinion of the one outlining the course. The course as presented at The Colorado Agricultural College is such as is given at the best technical schools of the United States. The instruction is intended to be thorough and the equipment is of the very best, care being taken when obtaining apparatus that each piece shall be of the greatest usefulness for'its purpose. Colorado is forging ahead magnificently along industrial lines, and with the de¬ velopment of the vast natural resources within her borders new industrial enterprises are springing up everywhere, while the older ones are becoming more firmly established. With this industrial growth comes a demand for men competent to solve the problems connected with such enterprises. Young men from this College are in many of these establishments, occupying positions of trust and re¬ sponsibility. This course prepares students for the profession of Mechani¬ cal Engineering. It teaches the general principles of engineering and unites theoretical work and practical re-search. Instruction is imparted by means of text-books, lectures, illustrations, and experi¬ ments in testing materials, machines and motors. As the course in Mechanical Engineering is, in part, designed to enable the student to solve those problems relating to the genera¬ tion and transmission of power and its application to machines, much of his time is spent in the drawing-room, workshops and experimental laboratory. REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION Students are admitted to any year upon passing required ex¬ aminations. (i) First Sub-Freshman Year. Students presenting eighth grade diplomas, or certificates of standard excellence may be admitted without formal examinations, except such as come from towns having accredited high schools. The latter must pass an ex¬ amination in arithmetic, grammar, reading, spelling, penmanship, 4 The State Agricultural College. and United States history. Applicants for admission must be at least fifteen years of age. (2) Second Sub-Freshman Year. Those having finished the accredited high school ninth and tenth grades in a satisfactory manner will be admitted to the Second Sub-Freshman year without examination. (3) Freshman Year. Students are admitted to the Fresh¬ man year after thorough examinations taken in the subjects con¬ tained in the First and Second Sub-Freshman years, or upon the presentation of certificates of graduation from accredited high schools. Certificates from schools not accredited may be considered in arranging for entrance examinations. The following schools are accredited: Aspen High School. Boulder High School. Canon City High School. Carbondale High School. Central City High School. Cheyenne, Wyoming, High School. Colorado Springs High School. Cripple Creek High School. Delta High School. Denver High School, District Xo. 1. Denver High School, District Xo. 2. Denver Manual Training High School. Douglass County High School (Castle Rock). Durango High School. Eaton High School. Florence High School. Fort Collins High School. Fort Morgan High School. Georgetown High School. Golden High School. Grand Junction High School. Greeley High School. Gunnison County High School. Idaho Springs High School. Lamar High School. Las Animas High School. Leadville High School. Littleton High School. Logan County High School (Sterling). Longmont High School. Loveland High School. Manitou High School. Department of Mechanicae Engineering. 5 Wood Working Room Looking East. 6 The State Agricultural College. Mont Clair High School. Monte Vista High School. Montrose County High School (Montrose). North Denver High School. Pueblo High School, District No. i. Pueblo High School, District No. 20. Rocky Ford High School. Saguache County High School (Saguache). Salida High School. South Canon High School (Canon City). South Denver High School. Trinidad High School. Telluride High School. Union High School, No. 1, (La Junta). Victor High School. Wheat Ridge High School (Alcott). Blacksmith Shop. Candidates for advanced classes or work will be admitted by examination, or certified standing from schools having an equiva¬ lent grade of work, or both. Applicants appearing late in the College year will be required Department oe Mechanical Engineering. 7 to pass, in addition to the entrance examination, a further examina¬ tion in the work already passed over by the class they desire to enter. The work of the Mechanical Engineering Course begins with the Freshman year. First and Second Sub-Freshman Years Leading to Freshman Year. FIRST SUB-FRESHMAN YEAR EALL TERM. Algebra . Elementary Rhetoric Ancient History . . . P. M.—Freehand Drawing.. WINTER TERM. Algebra . Elementary Rhetoric *4 Physiology.5 1 P. M.—Shop. to p2 Ancient History.5 j SPRING TERM. Algebra..5] Elementary Rhetoric.5 - P. M.—Freehand Drawing.. . . American Literature.5 J SECOND SUB-FRESHMAN YEAR Geometry Physics . J French . Geometry. Elementary Botany French . FALL TERM. ... .5I■ P. M.- .si WINTER TERM. ..••5 >P- M, . 5 ) ■Physical Laboratory.. 10 -Shop TO SPRING TERM. Geometry.5 'j Elementary Botany.5 P. M.—Shop.10 French .: .5 J Figures indicate hours per week. 10 8 The State Agricultural College. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FRESHMAN YEAR FALL TERM. College Algebra.5 ) P* M.—Mechanical Drawing. 10 Rhetoric.5 Shop .10 Carpentry and Joinery.2 ) WINTER 'TERM. Tr igonometry.5 ) English Literature.5 / P. M.—Shop (Bench Work Mech’l Drawing (Lettering) . .2 ] in Wood) .10 Rhetoric.3 j SPRING TERM. Physics . 5 j P. M.—Jd Physical Lab.10 Surveying.5 Jd Surveying.10 College Algebra.5 J SOPHOMORE YEAR FALL TERM. Mechanics.5 ) Analytics .5 j Machine Drawing. 2 ) P. M.—Shop (Forge).10 Descriptive Geometry.3 j WINTER TERM. Differential Calculus.; ) v Workshop Appliances.2 ) P. M.—Shop (Wood Turn- Machine Drawing and Design, .5 ) ing) .10 Descriptive Geometry.3 J SPRING TERM. Integral Calculus.5 I Special Machines.5 P. M.—Shop (Pattern Mak- Machine Design.5 J ing) .10 JUNIOR YEAR FALL TERM. Principles of Mechanism.5) P. M.—Chemical Laboratory. .6 Strength of Materials.5 Strength of Mater- Chemistry .5 J ials Laboratory ... .4 WINTER TERM. Chemistry.5 I Machine Design.5 P. M.—Chemical Laboratory. 10 Steam Boilers.S J Department of Mechanical Engineering. 9 SPRING TERM. Steam Engine.5 \ Metallurgy .3 j Hydraulics .5 I P. M.—Shop (Foundry) . . ..10 Pumping Machinery.2 J SENIOR YEAR FALL TERM. Gas and Oil Engines.2 ) Steam Engine Design.3 j Transmission of Power.3 j P. M.—Shop (Machine Rm.) 10 Thermo-Dynamics.5 Compressed Air Machinery. . ..2 J WINTER TERM. Thermo-Dynamics.5 ) Heating and Ventilation.3 J Railway Mechanical Eng.2 ) P. M.—Shop (Machine Rm.) 10 Contracts and Specifications. .. 1 J Seminar.1 I Steam Engine Design.3 J SPRING TERM. Thesis . . . :.3 ) Engineering Design.2 Electrical Machinery.3 J Railway Mechanical Eng.2 P. M.—Engineering Lab. . . . to Constitution of U. S.4 V Seminar.1 J Figures indicate hours per week. THE COURSE OF STUDY Rhetoric. It is designed in this work to train the student in the theory and practice of English Composition, and by the study of the fundamental principles of style, to aid him in an intelligent appre¬ ciation of literature. The students are given a thorough drill in the fundamental processes of English Composition, special attention be¬ ing given to grammatical analysis, ami the structure of sentences. The work is carried on daily through^! the Fall and Winter terms of the Freshman year. LITERATURE T / » It is the object of this study to lead indents by direct contact with the literary masterpieces to understand the art in literature, r;‘ C IO The State Agricultural College. and to develop their power of appreciating the strength and beauty of English writings. In the Winter term of the Freshman year a course in literature is given arranged with special regard to the needs of technical stu¬ dents. The order of the development of the various forms of English poetry and prose is reviewed with a sufficient historical back-ground to explain the changes in literature, and to make the A Corner in the Blacksmith Shop, Showing Power Shears and Power Hammer. student generally intelligent as to the literary progress of English speaking peoples. The larger part of the term is devoted to the reading of such classics as will lead to an appreciation of the qualities which mark the work of good writers, both old and new. One aim of the course is to familiarize the student with the arrange¬ ment and practical use of the College library and to supply a workin knowledge of its equipment which may guide his reading durin the College course and later. bn b/) Department of Mechanical Engineering. i i English Literature. The growth and development of liter¬ ary art during the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries will form the basis for work during the Fall and Winter terms of the Senior year. Much reading will be required and more recom¬ mended. The class work will consist of the study of several master¬ pieces from Milton and Tennyson, with written exercises on subjects suggested by the readings. Library Reading. The College library is the laboratory of the literature department, and four hours per week of library read¬ ing is expected of each student in connection with all courses in History and Literature. Foundry. CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY AND LAW The study of the history of the Constitution of the United States and of the growth of free institutions, which that document sc fitly emphasizes, is a prominent feature of the course, especially during the Senior year. Instruction is given concerning all the events and causes which led to the formation of the National Government 12 The State Agricultural College. as it exists today, and the same traced to their historic sources. The workings of the Federal Government, together with its rela¬ tions to the States, are also amply illustrated by frequent class lectures. Such information is due at the hands of every institution maintained by State or National aid as tending to better fit their graduates for the duties of citizenship, and for the responsibilities of a republican form of government which rest with especial weight upon those who have received their education free at the hands of the State and Nation. In connection with the study of constitutional history, there is also instruction given in international law, which includes not only a concise investigation of the general principles and rules of this science, but a history of all the great dip¬ lomatic questions which have at different periods claimed the attention of the people of the United States, from the French al¬ liance during the war of the Revolution to the conference at The Hague. This naturally comprises a consideration of the diplomacy which has led to all the vast acquisitions of territory which have extended the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Closely associated with this work are studies in political econ¬ omy. Frequent lectures on the history and growth of the trans- Mississippi West are also given. These studies, following a thorough course in history, cover in a comprehensive manner the various political sciences, and will be found of every-day practical advantage to all graduates when they shall have entered upon the real and active duties of life. CHEMISTRY Chemistry. The prescribed course of study in this subject has been planned to include no more of the science than is advisable for a collegiate course, the object being to present the principles of the science and such facts as are necessary for a reasonable thorough understanding of these principles. The means employed in giving instruction are recitations, lec¬ tures and laboratory practice. The aim is to give the student the benefit of the discipline of the recitation system, the illustration of the lecture and the inductive system of the laboratory. The object aimed at is wholly educational and is included in an acquaintance with the scope and character of the science, the necessity of a clear perception of facts and an exact statement of the same; also the importance of neatness and exactness. The latter are obtained by requiring all experiments to be done quantitatively, first requiring* the student to calculate the result which should be obtained, and testing his work by the agreement of the actual results with the calculated one. Department of Mechanical Engineering. 13 Laboratory practice is not begun until the student has received sufficient instruction in stoechiometric calculation, and the general properties of acids, bases and salts, to make him fully comprehend the simple problems given in illustration of the general principles of Chemistry. Machine Room. The instruction during the first term covers the general princi¬ ples of Chemistry and the chemistry of the not-metals. The chem¬ istry of the metals is given by lectures. Organic Chemistry is taken up during the second term and the fatty compounds completed. 14 The State Agricultural College. MATHEMATICS General Statement. The course in Mathematics is full and complete. The different subjects are taken up in logical order as rapidly as the student has fitted himself for them. Freshman —College Algebra, two terms. Plane Trigonometry, one term. Sophomore —Analytical Geometry, one term. Differential Calculus, one term. Intergral Calculus, one term. Descriptive Geometry, two terms. Student Cutting a Spiral Gear. College Algebra. For two terms in the Freshman year the student deals with the principles of advanced algebra. The work be¬ gins with quadratic equations, and during the first term the student is expected to cover the entire subjects of quadratics, ratio and pro- Department of Mechanical Engineering. 15 portion, variation, progressions, binominal theorem, and logarithms. During the second term the following subjects are taken up in order: Variables and limits, series, general properties of equations, deriva¬ tives, transformation and solution of equations of the third and higher degrees, and what time remains is given to choice, chance, and the graphical representation of functions, thus opening the way for Analytical Geometry. Trigonometry. This subject is taken up in the Freshman year and during a term's work in it the student is made familiar with Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. He is given a clear idea of the trigonometrical concepts, shown their relations and given con¬ siderable practice in the practical application of this branch of Mathematics. Analytical Geometry. This subject is taught during the first term of the Sophomore year. The student is made acquainted with the method of co-ordinates and the connection between alge¬ braic forms. The fundamental properties of conic sections, loci of the second order, and higher plane curves are developed and as much more of the subject as time permits. Calculus. The Winter and Spring terms of the Sophomore year are devoted to the study of the Differential and Integral Cal¬ culus. “Differential and Integral Calculus/' by Granville, is the text-book used, and the subject is pursued as there given. The no¬ tation of limits is, however, made the logical basis upon which the subject is developed. Descriptive Geometry. This subject is taught to the stu¬ dents for two terms during their Sophomore year. The principles of projection, intersection, development, etc., are discussed and il¬ lustrated by a great variety of problems, all of which are accurately worked out on the draughting board by each student. The Mathematical department is provided with a set of Schroe- der models from Darmstadt, and with models of warped surfaces, etc., for the purpose of illustration in the study of geometry. There is also a set of drawings for the use and study of curves and curve tracing. Surveying. In the Freshman year land surveying and level¬ ing, and the use of the compass and level as instruments of survey¬ ing are taught. 16 The State Agricultural College Samples of Students’ Work from the Wood Working Room and Blacksmith Shop. Department of Mechanical Engineering. i / Samples of Work Made by Students in the Blacksmith Shop. i8 The State Agricultural College. PHYSICS The work in Physics has two main purposes in view: First, the thorough grounding in the mind of the student of those funda¬ mental principles of the science that form so much of the foundation upon which all subsequent specialization in engineering rests; sec¬ ond, the testing for himself applications of these principles in the laboratory, thereby developing his reasoning faculty, quickening his powers of observation, giving skill in manipulation, and leading up to a high ideal of truth and honesty. Students at Work in Machine Room. The aim of the work in Applied Electricity is to give the ad¬ vanced students that knowledge of the applications of electricity in their line of work that the increasing use of electricity in all indus¬ trial work demands. General Physics. Spring Term. Lectures, Laboratory for Freshman Engineering students. Mechanics. Fall Term. Sophomore Engineering students. APPLIED ELECTRICITY Spring Term, Lectures. Seniors in Mechanical Engineering. Lectures in the general theory of various types of generators Department of Mechanical Engineering. 19 and motors, central station installations, power transmission, and electrically driven machinery. The Physical Laboratory consists of office, lecture room, two rooms used for general laboratory work, a photometer room, ap¬ paratus room and shop. All rooms are well lighted by electricity. The lecture room will accommodate thirty-five students. It is supplied with water, gas, direct and alternating electric currents, ample blackboard space, and with electric and solar projection lan¬ terns. The demonstration apparatus has been especially selected for its value in teaching. The general laboratory is equipped with micrometers, apparatus for determining coefficients of elasticity, for testing the strength of materials, acceleration apparatus, simple and reversible pendulums, chronograph, analytic and specific gravity balances; hydrometers, air pumps and accessories, thermometers, calorimeters, spectrometer, primary and secondary batteries with dynamo for charging the lat¬ ter. standard resistances, a high resistance testing set, Crompton potentiometer and standard cells, standard tangent galvanometer, high sensibility galvanometers, quadrant electrometers, ohmmeters, ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters. Much of the equipment is new, all is in good order. This makes good quantitative work pos¬ sible and permits a high order of accuracy to be insisted upon and maintained in all laboratory work. The photometer room is provided with a Leeds' Station Photo¬ meter with all necessary appliances for measuring the candle power and efficiency of incandescent lamps. In the shop is a screw cutting lathe and a fairly good assortment of metal and wood working tools. The students have access to a carefully selected reference li- brary. DRAWING Free-hand copy and dictation; free-hand model and object drawing; light and shade; geometric problems, orthographic and isometric projections and projection of shadows, development and intersection of surfaces. Free-hand drawing gives students facility in representing ob¬ jects clearly upon paper. Free-hand exercises gradually lead up to making sketches of machines and parts of machines which are after¬ wards reproduced with instruments in the form of working- draw- ings. , Students are taught how to make careful tracings from their drawings, and from these tracings how to make copies by the blue print process; the black print process is also taught. Considerable copying of machinery from good examples is required; there are in the drafting room for this purpose, working drawings from prominent manufacturers, and from the engineering department of the United States Navy. 20 The State Agricultural College. The students receive careful instruction in lettering working drawings, so that in addition to being skillfully lettered, they shall be easily read and understood. Much time is spent at the drafting table, in designing machines. In some instances machines are built in the College shops from these designs. Machine Design is taken up for one term, and the students make designs for screws, bolts, nuts, gears, and complete machines, such as arbor presses, drill presses, lathes, engines, etc. In this con¬ nection the students make use of classroom notes, reference books, and notes and sketches made by themselves from their experimental work and their reading. Carpentry and Joinery. The classroom work, by means of text-books and lectures, takes up the study of the cutting edge of \ arious wood-working tools and machinery and the means of keep¬ ing them in good order; an explanation of the construction of each tool and its manner of acting on the materials, the methods of de¬ termining how to select materials best suited to different kinds of work; the manner of laying out the work, cutting speed of tools, etc.; the shrinkage and warping of woods and the different modes of sawing into lumber, and the various forms and uses of framing and other joints. For the purpose of classroom illustration, the department pos¬ sesses a good collection of models of the various joints used in tim¬ ber work in building construction. The strength of various timber joints used in building construction is considered. Pattern-Making and Foundry Work. The most advan¬ tageous forms of patterns are discussed with regard to the proper distribution of the metal and the best form for moulding in the foundry, the proper construction of core boxes and the various ma¬ terials from which they may be made. Core mixtures, core-making, baking and finishing, receive careful consideration. The subject of core ovens is considered with reference to their form, construction and management, various types of cupola furnaces are discussed, methods of lining, introduction of the blast, the placing of tapping and slag holes, different forms of tuyeres. Forge Work is taught by lectures on iron and steel, and es¬ pecially with reference to their management in the fire and in the processes of tempering, hardening and annealing. Machine Work and Vise Work are taught in a similarity thorough and careful manner. Modern Machine Shop Methods and Appliances. This subject is taught in the classroom by means of text-books and lec¬ tures. The aim is to familiarize the student with up-to-date meth¬ ods under various conditions of practice and with such machines and appliances as do not come under his immediate observation in our shops. Department of Mechanical Engineering. 21 Machinery and Mill Work receives attention; methods of arranging shops and machinery are investigated, and the trans¬ mission of power for shop purposes is studied. Important engin¬ eering developments, as they occur, are discussed in the classroom in connection with the studies to which they relate. Pumping Machinery. A study of pumps of different styles and sizes. Principles of action; principal types; arrangement of parts; proportion, efficiency, etc. Steam Engine Design. It is the endeavor to have this work conform to the best modern practice, and to supplement the instruc¬ tion given, by requiring the student to investigate existing engines with regard to their design and construction. Lavatory, Containing 24 Set Bowls and 188 Lockers. Blue prints of drawings furnished by prominent maufacturers are also used, and show the prevailing forms of engines in use. Gas and Oil Engines. Theory and construction of gas and oil engines, ignitors, governors, etc. 22 The State Agricultural College. Compressed Air Machinery. The study of motors, com¬ pressors, hoists and various air tools. Transmission of Power. A study is made of the var¬ ious forms of power transmission in shops and factories, shafts, pulleys, gears, couplings, bearings; belts, rope and chain transmis¬ sion are taken up and studied. Thermo-Dynamics. This includes a study of the laws of thermo-dynamics as applied to steam engines, gas engines, air com¬ pressors, injectors and other appliances. Heating and Ventilation. This work includes the study and design of various forms of heating and ventilation in common use in modern buildings. Indicators. Practice with the steam engine indicator; study of the reducing motion; taking* diagrams from engines; calculating thw horse power; comparison with ideal diagrams, locating defects in engine by means of the diagram; use of the planimeter. Strength of Materials is considered by examining the phy¬ sical properties of the various materials used in construction. Besides the usual tests of beams, columns and other structural pieces, tests are made of chains, ropes, cables, solid bars and welded bars of iron; force required to drive various kinds of nails; holding- power of nails and screws, and strength of bricks, stones, marble, etc. Hydraulics. The study of hydraulics from the theoretical side takes one term. This extends to the laws of gravity as affect¬ ing water, principles governing How through orifices, over weirs, channels, etc., the loss of head through pipes, etc. Principles of Mechanism are studied with reference to the combinations of which machines are composed, and the study of designs for the communication of motion by means of gears, belts, links, etc., methods of designing parallel motions, quick return mo¬ tions and cone pulleys. The adaptation to the formation of gear teeth of the involute, the epicycloid, the logarithmic spiral, and other curves, form an important feature in this course. The department possesses a large number of models necessary for a presentation of the subject. In many cases they were con¬ structed by the students from their own designs. Railway Mechanical Engineering. The design and con¬ struction of locomotives, the operation of the air brake and the study of different forms of signals and switches. >> C £ Gj £ Q H O G 03 be c d < 0 ) a> be ft c d H M £ • rH d < 03 -M Xfl u 03 o +-> m G d o Sh ft . o be ft ft d £ -M m G 0 , be G *Sh 0 > a; £ be £ H d O d ft o 03 Oi 0 ) ri d 01 U1 X 0 ) ft G Q G g o> £ o h a be G rj rj H o> G OI r“ £ w G G 0 be ^ G -- m 0 ) H m -i— G 0 ) G G G ►>> ffi Department oe Mechanical Engineering. 29 THE EQUIPMENT Mechanical Engineering Building. This building includes two large main portions, two stories high, and an ell, one story high. The first story of the north front of the building is occupied as follows; The east end contains the office of the Professor of Me¬ chanical Engineering. The tool room is in the middle of the south side of the room; it is supplied with a good assortment of small tools, such as taps, dies, reamers, gauges, and milling machine cut¬ ters. The tools for cutting, threading and fitting iron pipe are also kept in the room. These tools will handle pipe from one-quarter inch up to two inches. Taps are provided for each size of pipe. The machine shop is also on this floor and occupies the middle portion of the building. It is supplied with a fine assortment of tools for working the metals. Around the room are benches, with iron vises fitted for the work in chipping and filing. There are in this room two 16-inch engine lathes, two 17-inch engine lathes, two 14-inch engine lathes, one 13-inch engine lathe, one speed lathe, one 20-inch drill press, one 6-foot planer, one 15- inch shaper, one universal milling machine with gear-cutting at¬ tachments, a grindstone, an emery wheel stand carrying two wheels, a universal tool and cutter grinder, a twist drill grinding machine, an emery wheel stand carrying two wheels 16 inches in diameter, a 36-inch grindstone, a 10-inch sensitive drilling machine, and one power metal saw. An extra bench, standing near the middle of the room, is fitted with a pipe vise and furnished with the necessary tools for instruc¬ tion in pipe fitting. At the west end of this story are two well-lighted classrooms used for instruction in Mechanical Engineering. These rooms con¬ tain a number of good models. The upper story of this portion of the building is devoted to bench and machine work in wood. There are 37 benches, each supplied with a complete set of carpen¬ ters' tools. The other appliances are: One 24-inch surface planer, one 30-inch band saw, one scroll saw, one double circular saw bench, one foot mortiser, one steam glue heater, eight wood-turning lathes, a 16-inch pattern-maker’s lathe with compound rest, a wood trim¬ mer, a 36-inch grindstone and a good supply of clamps. In the lower story of the east main portion of the building is the engine room, containing the 50-horse-power Corliss engine, which furnishes power for the entire plant. This engine is supplied with indicator attachments. The students are given an oppor¬ tunity to take and work up indicator cards. For this purpose the department has a pair of Crosby indicators. A dead weight gauge tester affords a means of correcting steam gauges. 30 The State Agricultural College. Opposite the engine room is the lavatory with lockers for 188 students and set wash bowls with hot and cold water supply and room enough for twenty-four students at a time to wash. The drawing room, which occupies the upper part of this building, has accommodations for fifty students. In the ell por¬ tion of the building are found iron store-room, blacksmith shop, and foundry. The blacksmith shop is fitted up in a most convenient and modern form. There are twenty-five forges, all attached to a sys¬ tem of pipes for supplying a blast to the fires and for taking the gases from the forges. Each forge is supplied with a complete set of smith tools. There are extra tools, sledges, vises, a pair of metal shears and a power hammer. The foundry is at the west end of the ell and has very complete appointments. It contains a 20-inch cupola, a brass furnace, a core oven, and about 200 flasks of various kinds and sizes. It is well supplied with the necessary bench and floor tools, ladles, shanks, skimmers and a moulding machine. Most of the equipment for this room, including the cupola and brass furnace, was made by the students. Mechanical Engineering Laboratory. The building is situated directly south of the present Mechanical Engineering build¬ ing, and is known as the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory. It is 40 feet wide and 60 feet long, and built of pressed brick. The object of the work of the Laboratory is to give the ad¬ vanced students an opportunity to make investigations of the phy¬ sical properties of materials of construction entering into buildings, machinery, and other structures, and also to make tests and examina¬ tions of different kinds of boilers, engines, motors, pumps, and all kinds of mechanical appliances which may be obtained for the use of the department. A number of pieces of apparatus have been given by generous parties for carrying on this work. As a great deal of the work of investigation is along the line of steam engineering, a new 8o-horse power boiler is placed in the laboratory in order to have the steam needed close at hand. The boiler is so arranged as to allow of its being subjected to regular commercial and scientific tests, and students are instructed how to find the horse-power, how to test for strength, how to test the quality and quantity of the steam furnished by the boiler, and to obtain its efficiency. To test the quality of steam, that is, to find out the amount of moisture in it, there are on hand four different styles of calori¬ meters, a Carpenter throttling calorimeter, a Carpenter continuous calorimeter and a Barrus calorimeter. There is also a calorimeter devised and made by the students. In connection with these calori- Department of Mechanical Engineering. 31 meters there are thirteen thermometers of a high degree of accur¬ acy. These are cylindrical bulb thermometers. There are also several high grade steam-pipe thermometers, designed to get the temperature of steam flowing through pipes. A draft gauge is also provided for measuring the draft of the smoke stack in connection with the boiler trials. Provision is also made to secure samples of the chimney gases for chemical analysis, in order to assist in ascertaining the thoroughness of combustion of the fuel. The temperature of the gases may also be taken with a suitable instrument which is provided. Several mercurial pressure and vacuum columns are provided. All instruments are carefully calibrated before tests are made with them. A large tank and weighing scales are provided, so that the amount of water used and turned into steam may be ascertained while the trial is being made. Three steam engines are in the build¬ ing: One of 12-horse-power, made by the Denver Engineering Company; one of 6-horse-power; another of 5-horse-power; the latter was made by the students. These engines may be run with different loads and at different speeds. Upon these engines brakes are placed, so that the load on the engine may be accurately meas¬ ured. The students are instructed how to set eccentrics and valves, and how to ascertain the horse-power of the engines. For this latter purpose there are on hand two Crosby steam engine indicators, with five springs each, for varying pressures of steam. Reducing rigs are ready for use with the indicators and are used to make the stroke of the indicators proportionate to the stroke of the engine. There is also a reductor at hand, for the same purpose, made by Schaeffer & Budenburg, Xew York. A United States Observatory barometer, made by Henry J. Green, of Brooklyn, is in the building, to be used in connection with the boiler, engine and pressure tests of various kinds. The air¬ brake appliance, made by the Westinghouse Airbrake Company, is in this building. It consists of a complete outfit for engine, tender and one car, including all the tanks, valves and engineer's valve. Besides using this for the purpose of investigating, the air pump attached is used to furnish air to other kinds of pneumatic machinery. There is also a quick action triple valve, made by the Xew York Airbrake Company. There are micrometers and verniers ready for use, which will measure in thousandths of an inch. An ingenious water meter reg¬ isters the number of gallons of water passing through a pipe in a given time. This is used in connection with the hydraulic work. The planimeter is used for measuring the area of diagrams drawn upon paper, and is used in connection with the figuring out of test diagrams of various kinds. It is of the Amsler design. Revolution counters are used in connection with the engine and the motor tests. 32 The State Agricultural College. There are three steam pumps in this laboratory, two made by George F. Blake, of New York, the other by M. F. Davidson, of Brooklyn, New York. The setting of valves and the testing of the efficiency of these pumps are features of the work. Nine steam gauges have been presented by different makers, which give a good variety upon which to make investigations. For testing gauges two first-class machines are ready; one for testing pressure gauges, the other for testing vacuum gauges. A No. 5 Humphryes hydraulic ram affords a good illustration of this interesting piece of mechanism and gives the students an op¬ portunity to make tests. A steel tower twenty-five feet high and thirty inches in diameter made by the Star Boiler Works of Denver, Colorado, enables the students to do considerable work with hydraulic and pneumatic machinery. It is built to be used at a working pressure of 125 pounds to the square inch. Two sizes of the Hancock inspirator furnish means of studying this highly interesting instrument. Tables are arranged at conven¬ ient intervals in the room at which the students are first required to make their theoretical and mathematical calculations, and after¬ wards compare the practical results of the tests with these calcula¬ tions. Tabulated results of all tests are made upon blanks of suitable form. DEPARTMENT LIBRARY The department library contains a large number of books of the principal authorities on the subjects relating to the work in engin¬ eering ; the students have access to these and also to THE GENERAL LIBRARY The library contains about 25,000 volumes and about 15,000 pamphlets and other unbound material usually found in a college library. THEORY AND PRACTICE Attention is called to the combination of theoretical and practical instruction here offered. Thorough and care¬ ful instruction is given with, or is supplemented by, the most practical application of the same in all ways. In every instance where it is possible, the work of the classroom is supplemented by work in a corresponding laboratory, where the experimental work is performed according to the latest and most approved methods with the best machines and materials. The practical applications of mechanical theories broaden the conceptions of these truths and make them easier to grasp and more easily retained; by studying the construction of machines the abstract mathematical laws are better understood and their significance becomes more evident. Department of Mechanical Engineering. 33 DEGREES Upon those who complete the work of the course in a satis¬ factory manner, the State Board of Agriculture, upon recommenda¬ tion of the Faculty of Instruction, confers the degree of Bachelor of Science. On those who already have the degrees of Bachelor of Science the degree of Master of Science will be conferred on the comple¬ tion of a course of study which has been accepted by and been under the direction of the Faculty. The course must extend through two years and should include one major and two minor lines of work. The course of work should be accepted as early as October. The subject of the thesis presented should be selected by December, and the thesis itself which should show power of independent investiga¬ tion, presented by May 1st, preceding commencement. The degree of Mechanical Engineer will be conferred on similar conditions and for a similar amount of technical work, which must also show the possession of experience on the part of the applicant. MILITARY The importance of military training, both to the individual and the State, is so apparent that comment thereon is here unnecessary, further than to say that the physical training and development alone is sufficient proof of its benefits. The growing demand for mili¬ tary instruction in connection with school work, and the fact that the State Agricultural College is the only State institution where such a department exists, has. led the authorities to make the work as thorough as practicable. For instruction the cadets are formed into companies and the companies form a battalion. Each company has a captain, two lieu¬ tenants, five sergeants and five corporals. The officers and non¬ commissioned officers are selected from those in the higher classes showing the most proficiency in the work. All military exercises are performed in accordance with the United States Drill Regulations. Practice in artillery drill is had during the spring term. This is instruction in the school of the cannoneer, unmounted, and is in ac¬ cordance with the United States Artillery Drill Regulations. The signal corps does practical work in transmitting messages, both by means of signal flags and with heliographs. The systems used are the same as those used in the Government service. During unfavorable weather theoretical instruction is given with occasional drills in the manual of arms, which can be executed by the battalion as a whole, within the armory. The department is equipped with 250 cadet rifles, belts, cart- 34 The State Agricultural College. ridge boxes, bayonets and scabbards; two 3-inch rifled field pieces; National and Battalion colors; swords for officers; signal flags and heliographs; drums and trumpets for a field band of fourteen mem¬ bers. An officer from the United States Army is stationed at the Coh lege by the General Government to give military instruction to the students. EXPENSES Tuition in all the regular and special classes of the College is free. There is no charge of any kind for material used in the labor¬ atory work or for books taken from the College library. An en¬ trance fee of three dollars will be required of every student. This will be remitted and passed over to the Athletic Association, upon the written statement of the Secretary of this Association that the student has become an active member of the Association. The College issues a general catalogue which gives information regarding other courses of study, registration, discipline, athletics, College organizations, boarding clubs, cost of living and much other information useful to those who contemplate taking a College course. Catalogues may be obtained by addressing the President of the College. For further information regarding the Department of Me¬ chanical Engineering address J. W. LAWRENCE, The State Agricultural College, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO Department of Mechanical Engineering 35 Buildings of the Department of Mechanical Engineering.