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UNIVERSITY UF
Turkey, Man-of-war.
Sweden, Merchant.
Uruguay. | Venezuela Merch.
New Zealand. Honduras.
FLAGS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.
U.S.of Colombia.
i Belgium,Merchant.
Ecuador.
Germany, Merchant.
Hawaiian IsI,Roy. || Hawaiian Isl,Mer.
Liberia. Mexico, Merchant.
Paraguay, Merchant.
Norway, Merchant.
oe
Sh7 Y
ASK Bp
Russia, Merchant.
——
THE HATCH LITH.CO. WEW YORK.
Risse Impenal,
FLAGS OF VARIOUS NATIONS
Nicaragua.
Brazil, Imperial.
_ Egypt. | France.
tail
r Great Britain, Mer. Britain, Mer.
Great Britain Royal.
Hayti.
Morocco,Inipoli Tunis, | ‘oyal. Netherlands Ensign,
|
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Persia. Peru Merchant. Portugal Royal. Portugal Ensign.
——_—$—$—$——$———
THE HATCH LITH.CO. NEW YORK
aay LIBRARY: oF
UNIVERSAL KNOWLEDGE.
NTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF THE ELEMENTS AND INITIAL Je
|| TANTS OF AIR, EARTH AND WATER; RISE AND FALL OF
NATIONS ; PLANETS, SUNS, MOONS, STARS, COMETS}
COINS AND CURRENCY; WEIGHTS AND MEASURES}
BANKING AND BROKERAGE; MILITARY,
CIVIL, AND BRIDGE ENGINEERING AND
SURVEYING ; HUMAN ANATOMY
AND PHYSIOLOGY; DtSCOVER-
IES, ANIMALS, PLANTS,
MINERALS;
‘TIONAL DEBTS; LAWS; LANDS: SHIPS; STORMS, TORNADOES,
CYCLONES; FISHERIES; AND A MYRIAD OF
OTHER SUBJECTS.
COMPILED BY
PROF, io Big We WILLIAMS,
sithor of *‘Analysis of Gems,” etc,, etc.,) assisted by a number of
leading Sctentists and other learned Professors.
NEW YORK:
PREFACE.
——
| ‘The intent of the hablishers and compilers has been
% to make a work to fill a void felt in almost every house ,
| hold; to furnish in a single book “an abstract and brief
" chronicle” of a-multitude of things—many of which are.
difficult of access to the general reader, who is not the
~ owner of a well-stocked library. Very carefully writ, :
| cen essays are » devoted ve et every a and science, —
es othe: Vocabularies of Hwee, ; Spelling
: and eee of Ancient DS aupis Names5,
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LIBRARY OF
ABA
_A, the first letter of the alphabet of all
the known languages, except the Ethio-
_pic,in whichit is the thirteenth and
the Runic in which itisthetenth. It
stands for the indefinite article as, a
man ; for the sixth note inthe gamut,
for the first of the dominical letters in
the calender,as a numeral for oneamong
the Greeks and 500 among the Romans,
or with a stroke over it A, 5,000, for an
abreviation, as A. M.Artium, Magister,
Master of Arts,
A. A. A. In Chemistry stands for Al-
magam or Amalgamation.
A.1. Amark to denote a ship of the
first-class, as to newness and being sea-
- worthy.
' AAM. ADutch measure of liquids,
varying from 35 to 41 English gallons,
_- AARD-VARK. An edentate animal, a
_ (aative of Southern Africa.
| AARD-WOLF. A carniferous animal
intermediate between the Civit and the
Hyena.
AAVORA. The fruit of a species of
' West Indian palm tree.
_ AB. The Hebrew name of father. In
- the Jewish calendar, the llth month of.
the civil year, and the fifth of the ec-
clesiastical year, answering to a part of
July and of August. In the Syriac cal-
endar, Ab is the last summer month.
ie ABABILO. A fabulous animal woich
- ‘has the feet ofa dog and the beak ofa
' bird, mentioned in the Koran.
ABACA. A kind of flax, which grows
in the Philippine Islands.
ABACAY. The calangay, a species of
7
parrot.
ABACISOUS. In archeology, any flat
~Memoer, the square compartment of a
‘Mosaic pavement.
_ ABACUS. An instrument for calcula-
‘¥ion, consisting of a board of an oblong
figure, divided by several lines or wires,
and mounted with an equal number of
alls arranged so as to express units,
tens, hundreds, thousands, &c. The
Wall on the lowest line expresses 1; each
those on the second line, 10, &. ; }
ORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA —
UNIVERSAL
VN
AL
UWLEDGE,
ABE
those in the middle space’, halfas much
as those on the lines above them,
ABADA. A species of large African
Deer, which has two Korns on its fore-
head anda third on the nape of its”
neck.
ABBEVILLE FLINTS. Rude flint im-
plements in the form of spear-heads,
&c., foundin great abundance in the
post-tertiary sands and gravels of the
river Somme near Abbeville, in France.
ABDALAYVI. The Egyptian melon.
ABDALS. Certain religious fanatics
in Persia and other Mohammedan coun-
tries, who occasionally rush into the
streets, and attempt to kill all they
meet who are ofa different religion to
themselves.
ABDERITE. An inhabitant of Abaera,
in Thrace. Democritus is called from
being a native of this town, and as he
was much prone to laughter, foolish or
incessant laughter has been termed
abderian.
ABELIANS, ABELONIANS, or ABEL-
ITES. In church history, a sect which
arose in Africa during the reign of Ar-
cadius ; they married, but lived in con-
tinence, after the manner, as they pre-
tended, of Abel, and attempted to main-
tain the sect by adopting the children
of others. USAR,
ABERRATION, A small apparcatmo-
tion in the fixed stars, discovered by
Mr, Molyneux and Dr. Bradley in the
year 1725; also a deviation of therays of
light, when inflected bya speculum by
2 ABS
whieh they ave prevented mocting in the
game point
ABETTOR. Gne who instigates another
to commit a crime.
ABEYANCE. The expectancy of an
estate, honour, or title.
ABJURATION. A declaration on oath,
that the son of James Il. and his issue
have no right to the throne of Great Erit-
ein; also a voluntary banishment, or leav-
ing the realm on oath never to return.
ABLACTATION. A sort of engrafling
trees, by leaving the graft on its proper
stock, until it be-fully incorporated with
tie new stock.
ABLATIVE, The sixth case of nouns in
mar.
ABLUTION. A religious ceremony of
washing the body, still used by the Turks
and Mahomedans ; also the washing away
the superfluous salts out of any body in
chemistry.
ABOLLA. A Kind of military garment
worn by the Greek and Roman soldiers.
ABOMASUS (in Comparative Ana-
tomy). The fourth stomach of ruminating
animals.
ABORIGINES. The ancient and origi-
nal inhabitants of [taly, supposed to, have
been conducted into Latium by Saturn ;
also the original inhabitants of any country
In America we call the native Indians,
Aborigines.
ABOUT. A sea term, signifying the sit-
uation of a ship immediately after she has
tacked.
ABRAUM., A kind of red clay used by
cabinet-makerw to deepen the colour of
new mohogany.
ABREAST. Side by side ; a sea term, ap-
plied to two or more ships ranged together.
ABRIDGING (in Algebra). The re-
ducing a compound equation to a more
simple form.
ABRIDGMENT. The bringing the con-
tents of a book within a short compass ; in
Law, the shortening a count or declaration.
ABSCESS. An inflammatory tumour
containing purulen. matter.
ABSCISSE. The part of any diameter
or axis of a curved line, cut off by a per-
pendicular line, called the ordinate.
ABSOLUTION. The forgiveness of
sins, which the Romish Church claims to
Yself the power of granting ; in Civil Law,
asentence whereby the party accused is
declared innocent of the crime laid to
his charge.
ABSORBENTS. Medicines that have
the power of drying up redundant humours;
also what causes acids to eflervesce, as
quick lime, goéa, &c,
ABSORBENT VESSELS. Vessels —
whieh carry any fluid into the blood, as
the inhalent arteries. 3 ye
ABSORPTION (in Chemistry), The
conversion of a gaseous fiuid into a liquid ‘
or solid, on being united with some other
solid. , Pe
ABSTERGENTS. Medicines for cleans. ae
ing the body from impurities.
ABSTINENCE. An abstaining from
meat diet, as practised in the Romish
Church.
ABSTRACTION (in Logic). The intel
lectual act of separating aceidents or qua:
lities from the subjects in which they re
side, as whiteness from snow or a wali
&c.; animal from man or the brutes; in
Chemistry, the process of drawing off by
distillation any part of a compound, and
returning it again any number ve times tc
be redistilled.
ABUTMENTS. The extremities of any
body adjoining another, as the extremities _
of a bridge resting on the banks or sides
of @ river.
ABYSS. Any deep place that is bottom-
less, or supposed to be so, a8 the deepest
or unfathomable parts of the sea.
ACACIA. A beautiful shrub, a species
ef which bears rose-coloured flowers. A
thorny shrub of this name is common in
the deserts of Asia and Africa, and pre
duces gum Arabic.
ACADEMICS. A sect of ancient philo
sophers ; the term is sometimes applied tc .
the followers of Socrates and Plato.
ACADEMY. A school or college for the
improvement of arts and science, so called
from the grove of Academus in Athens,
where Plato kept his school of philosophy.
The first modern school of this name is
said to have been established by Charle-
magne at the instance of Alcuin, an Eng-
lish monk. This was followed by the —
Academia Secretorum Nature, established
at Naples by Baptista Porta in 1560, and
the Academia Lyncei at Rome, &c.
ACANTHUS (in Botany). Bearsbreech,
or Brank Ursine, a plant, the leaves of
which resemble those of the thistle; in
Architecture, an ornament representing
the leaves of the ancient acanthus, and
used in the capitals of the Corinthian and —
Composite orders. ey
ACCELERATION. Increased velocity —
of motion, particularly applied to falling
bodies tending towa & the centre of we
earth by the force of gravity.
ACCENT. The raising or lowering ot
the voice in pronouncing certain werds at
syllables; also the marks en the words or
syllables, ay the acute aecont marked thus
serit ing a bill of exchange with the word
‘ necepted,? and one’s name, by which the
_ ACCESSARY, or ACCESSORY (in
Law). One guilty of an offence, not prin-
_eipally, but by participation.
- ACCIDENCE. The rules of the inflex-
ions of nouas and conjugations of verbs
arranged in grammatical order.
ACCIDENT. Thet which belongs acci-
dentally, not essentially, to a thing, as
_ sweetness, softness, &c.; in Grammar, the
_ ermination of words.
_ ACCIPITRES. The first order of birds,
“having an angular toothlike process on the
upper inandible, a3 the yulture, falcon,
owl, &e.
_ ACEPHALOCYST. A genus of Huto-
oa or intestinal animal which has the
appearance of a simple bladder, without
any visable organs.
_ ACELDAMA. in Hebrew, the field. of
Jerusalem, and thus called, because pur-
chased with the bribe which Judas took
for betraying his Master.
ACEPHALAN, or ACEPHALA. A class of
- mollusca haying no head, as the oyster,
_ scallop, mussel, &c. Also, an orde” of
sects.
ACEPHALT, or ACEPHALITHS. 1
eclesiastical history, a name given to
sveral sects who refused to follow
ome noted leader ; also, to churchinen
ho were under no bishop. In Eng-
Ish, history, certain levellers in the
n of Henry I. who acknowledged no
ad or superior. In old law, men who
d lands of no particular lords, that
not in fee.
\CETATES. 4 kind of salte formed
by the combination of acetic acid with a
salifiable base, as the acetate of patanh.
ACETIC ACID. Radical dat ane ea
the strongest acid of vinegar.
ACHROMATIC. Colourtess, a term
applied to telescopes which were first con-
trived by Dr. Bevis, to remedy the aberra.
tions of colour.
ACIDIFIABLE. An epithet signifying
capable of being converted into an aeid by
an acidifying principle ; an acidifiable base —
or radical is any-substance that is capable —
of uniting with such a quantity of oxygen
as to become possessed of acid properties.
ACIDS, Substances which are in taste
sour, change blue vegetable colours to red, _
and combine with all the alkalis, and most
of the metallic oxides and earths, so as to
form the compounds called salts. Acids are
distinguished according to the proportion of
oxygen which they contain, by the termina
tions ic and ows, as nitric acid, and nitrous
acid, sulphuric acid, and sulphurous aeid,
the former of which denotes the larger dose
or portion of oxygen, and the latter the
smaller; when the syllable hypo is added
to either of these, it denotes a degree below
it in point of oxidizement, as hyposulphuric
acid, an intermediate between the sulphur-
ic and the sulphurons acid.
ACONITE, Wotrssanr, or Mowus-
Hoop. A plant, the flower of which resem- .
bles the hood of a monk,
poison.
ACOUSTICS. That branch of science
which treats of the nature and modifica-
tions of sound.
ACQUITTAL. A deliverance or setting
free from the suspicion of guilt, as where
a person, on the verdict of a jury, is found
not guilty.
ACQUITTANCE. A written discharg
for a sum of money that has been paid.
ACRE. A measure of land containing
four square roods or 160 square poles of
5 yards and a half, or 4840 square yards.
The French acre is equal to one and 2
quarter of an English acre.
ACROSTIC. Aset of verses, the first
letters of which compose some name, title,
or motte.
ACL TON (in Physics). The pressure rc
percussion of one body against another
By a law of nature, action and reaction
are equal; that is, the resistance of th —
body moved is always equal io che forees
communicated to it.
ACTION (in Rhetoric). The carriage
and motion of the body, and the medule
tion of the speaker’s voise in deliver?
an address
it is a violent
ADS
ACTINIA, A genus of Acalephans or
polypes, which havea soft fleshy body,
frequently ornamented with bright
colors, and numerous tentacles or rays
extending from their mouth, or centre,
like the petals ofa double flower; and
hence they have the popular names of
.8ea-anemones and animal-flowers.
ACTINOLITE. In mineralogy, ray-
stone ; a bright green variety of horn-
blende, occurring usually in glassy,
prismatic crystals, and also fibrous.—
Actinoliteschist, a metamorphic rock,
consisting chiefly of actinolite, with a
mixture of mica, quartz, or felspar.
ACTINOMETER. An instrument for
measuring the intensity of the sun’s
rays.
ADANSONIA, The Ethiopian sour
gourd, monkey’s bread, or African cala-
bash-tree. It is considered to be the
largest of trees. It seldom exceeds 18
feet in height, but its circumference is
often upwards of 75 feet.
ADAPIS. An extinct pachydermatous
animal, resembling a hedge-hog.
ACUPUNCTURATION.. A method of
bleeding, in use among the Chinese and
Japanese, by making punctures or pricks
with a gold or silver needle in any part of
the body. It is chiefly employed in head-
aches, convulsions, lethargies, é&c.
A. D. Anno Domini, In the Year of our
Lord.
ADAGIO. Softly, leisurely ; a term in
music books, denoting the lowest time. ex-
cept the grave, as adagio, adagio.’
ADAMANT. The hardest sort of dia-
mond.
ADAMANTINE SPAR. A sort of earth
brought from India and China, that is of
the hardness of adamant.
ADDER. A small poisonous serpent
with plaits on the belly, and scales under
the tail ; it is not rare in Britain.
ADDITION. The first of the four fun-
damental rules in arithmetic, whereby sev-
aral small sums are added or collected into
one that is larger.
ADHESION. The property of certain
bodies to attact other bodies to themselves,
er the force by which they adhere to each
other. Adhesion denotes a union toa cer-
tain point between two distinct bodies;
cohesion, the union of the parts of the same
body so as to form one mass.
AD INFINITUM. Indefinitely, or to
infinity.
' ADIPOCERE. A substance resembling
spermaceti, which is formed from an ani-
mal in its progress towards decomposition.
ADIT. The shaft or entrance into a
mine.
ADJECTIVE. A part of speech In gram-.
maar, which is added to a noun to qualify
tis signification, as bitter, sweet, de.
4
ADV
ADJUTANT... One who assists a supe
rior officer in a regiment; the adjutant-gem
eral assists the general with his counse.
and personal service. Also a very large
bird of the heron species, common in India
and New Holland.
AD LIBITUM. At pleasure
ADMEASUREMENT (in Law.) A writ
against those who usurp more than their
own share, as the Admeasvrement of Pas-
ture, or the Admeasurement of Dower.
ADMINISTRATOR (in Law). The
person to whom the éstate and effects of
an intestate are committed, for which he
is to be accountable when required.
ADMINICULUM. In natural history,a
term applied to the abdominal semi-
circular row of teeth, which enables
certain subterranean insects to force
their way to the surface.
ADMETUS. In Mythology, a King of
Pherae, in Thessaly, and one of the Ar-
gonants who was at the hunt of the
Calydonian boar.
ADNA. In malacology, a term applied
to those cut-shaped shells found at-
tached to stones on the sea-coast; ww
genus of Balani or Barnacles.
ADNASCENT. In botany, growing t+
‘Jor on.
ADNATE. Growing close to a stem.
ADMONITIO FUSTIUM. A punish-
ment among the Romans, which consisted
in beating the offender with vine branches.
ADONAI. The name of Jehovah
among the Jews.
ADONIS. A beautiful youth, the fa-
vourite of Venus, who was killed by a
wild boar.
ADOPTION. A practice among the
Greeks and Romans, of making a person
one’s heir, and investing him with all the
rights and privileges of a son.
ADORATION. A mode of reverence or
worship anciently shown to the gods by
raising the right hand to the mouth, and
gently applying it to the lips; also, in gen-
eral, any outward sign of worship, by
kissing the hand or feet, walking barefoot,
and the like.
AD VALOREM.
value.
ADVANCE (in Oommerce). Money
paid before goods are delivered, work
done, or any consideration given.
ADVANCED-GUARD, or Van-euarp
(in the Military Art). The first line a
division of an army ranged or marehing
in order of battle.
AEVENT. The coming ofour Saviour;
also the festival commemorative ef the
Advent, which falls about a month before
Chnstmas,
ADVERB. A part of speech in gram
According to the
iS 4 Tabout 622 years after Christ, or — vulgas
OF nification, as largely, neatly, éc. wera.
he ADVERSARIA. Atermamongliterary| AEROLITES. Air stones, or meteori¢
men fer a common-place book, wherein | stones falling from the atmosphere, These
hey enter whatever occurs to them in | aresemimetallic substances, the descent of
eading er conversation that is worthy of | which, though mentioned several times ip
notice. history, has not been authenticated until
ADVERTISEMENT. Any printed pub- | these few years. The fact is, however, by
- wation of circumstances, either of public | reeent and frequent obscrvation® now put
or private interest, particularly that inser- | beyond all doubt Two showers of stone.
ed in the newspaper. are recorded by Livy and Julius Obsequens
ADULT (in Civil Law). Any person be- | to have happened at Rome in the reign of
ween the ages of fourteen and twenty- | Tullus Hostilius, and during the consulate
five. of C. Martius and M. Torquatus ; a shower
. . ADULTERATION. The debasing of | ofiron, in Lucania, mentioned by Pliny,
___ the coin by the mixture of impure metals ; | and a shower of mercury by Dion. Among
‘ v" also the debasing and corrupting any arti- | the moderns, Carden speaks of about 12,000
Miah cle of trade by putting improper ingredients | stones, one of 120 Ibs.another of 60 Ibs. that
iy in it, as is done very frequently . fell at Padua in Italy, in 1510; Gassendi,
ADYTUM. The inner and most sacred] of a stone of 59 Ibs. on Mount Vaiser in
part of the ancient heathen temples.| Provence; Muschenbrock’ of two large
None but the priests were permitted to} stones in Ireland; St. Amand de Baudin
ching 1 ahr Lhe aie aaron: are oe and others of a great shower of stones
Holies was a similar part of the Temple the environs of Agen, in 1790 ; the earl of
Bristol of twelve stones at Sienna in Tus-
of Jerusalem.
ADVOWSON (in Law). A right of pre- | cany, in 1794; captain Topham of a stone
of 56 lbs. at Wold Cottage in Yorkshire,
sentation to a vacant church or benefice.
in 1795; Dr. Southey of a stone of 10 Ibs.
He who poasegses this right is called the :
in Portugal, in 1796; Philosophical Maga-
patron of the living.
ZEDILE. A Roman magistrate who had } zine, of a mass of iron 70 cubic feet, m
America, in 1800; and M. Fourcroy of
_ the charge of all public buildings, partic-
several stones from 10 lbs to 17 Ibs. that fell
ularly temples and theatres, also of all
streets, highways, &c. near L’Aigle in Normandy,, besides other
_ GIS. A shield, particularly Jupiter’s instances equally well attested. The larger
Bhieid. sort of these stones have been seen as lumi-
AENEID. The title of Virgil’s poem, in | noug bodies to move with great velocity,
which he celebrates the adventures of | descending in an oblique direction, and
frequently with a loud hissing noise, re-
#Eneas.
ZEQOLIAN HARP. A number of strings | sembling that of a mortar shell when pr-
jected from a piece or ordnance. About
#0 disposed as to produce a set of musical
the year 1807, a luminous body of this
_ tones by the action of the wind upon them.
#EOLIC DIALECT. One of the five | kind passed over Connecticut, and explo-
ded with a loud noise like thunder, and
dialects of the Greek tongue.
' ZEOLIPILE. A hollow metal ball with | large masses of stones fell in Weston in
that state, specimens of which are in the
‘a slender pipe, used to show the converti-
Cabinet of Yale College. Though differ-
#) _ bility of water into steam
ent from every other known terrestrial sub-
4ERA, or ERA. Any date, period, or
event from which a calculation of years is | stance, yet these stones perfectly resemble
each other, having the same appearance
_.madeto commence. The principal eras
are the vulgar, or Christian era, dated | of semimetallic matter, coated on the out-
from the birth of our Saviour; the era of | side with a thin black incrustation, and
_ the creation, dated by Usher and most | being in their chymical composition very
_ Chronolegists 4004 years before the vulgar | similar. ‘The stone which fell at L’Aigle
_ @ra ; the era of the Olympiads, dated about | in France, in 1803, was found to contain
776 years before the vulgar wra; the wra| of silica 54 parts, oxyde of iron 36, mag-
of the building of Rome, according to Var- | nesia 9, oxyde of nickel 3, sulphur 2, lime
re, is 753 years before Christ, the wra of | 1; their specific gravity is also neariy the
Nabonassar, so dated frem Nabonassar | same, being about 3 ond a half that of com-
mon water.
the first king of Babylon, 747 years before
Cans ; the wra of the Hegira, or the Ma-| AERONAUT. One who sails or ficate
in the air in a balloon.
- “hometan @ra, dated from the hegira or
i AEROSTATION. The modera a ef
"
flight “yaaa “hee Mecca. dated
A
6 AERGSTATION
raising bodies imto and nivigating the air,
by means of rarefied air eollected within
an envelope, commonly called a ballooa
(see Batnoon).
AEROSTATION, History or. This
art ig founded on the principle that any
body which is specifically lighter tnan the
atmospheric air will ke buoyed up by it
and ascend ; a principle which kad doubt-
less long been known, although tlie appli-
cation of it to any practical purpose is
altogether a modern invention. It is true
that we read of the attempt which was
made by Dedalus and his son Icarus to
pass through the air by means of artificial
wings, in which the former is said to have
succeeded, but this is commonly reckoned
among the fables ofthe ancients. Dr. Black,
in his lectures in 1767 and 1768, was the
first who, after Mr. Cavendish’s discovery
of the specific gravity of inflammable air,
threw out the suggestion that if a bladder,
sufficiently light and thin, were filled with
air, it would form a mass lighter than the
game bulk of atmospheric air, and rise in
it. But want of leisure prevented him from
trying the experiment, the honour of which
velonged to Mr. Cavallo, who communi-
eated the result to the Royal Society, on
the20th ofJuneinthatyear. After having
made several unsuccessful experiments
with bladders and skins, he succeeded at
length in making soap balls, which being
inflated with inflammable air, by dipping
the end of a small glass tube, connected
with a bladder containing the air, into a
thick solution of soap, and gently compres-
sing the bladder, ascended rapidly. These
were the first sort of inflammable air bal-
loons that were made. But while philoso-
phers in Britain were thus engaged in ex-
periments on this subject, two brothers, in
France, Stephen and John Montgolfier, pa-
per manufacturers of Annonay, had made
rapid advances towards carrying the pro-
jectintoexecution. Theiridea wasto form
an artificial cloud by enclosing smoke in a
fine silk bag; and having applied burning
paper to an aperture at the bottom, the
air thus became rarefied, and the hag as-
cended to the height of 70 feet. This ex-
periment was made at Avignon, about the
middle of the year 1782, and was followed
by other experiments, al! tending to prove
the practicability of the scheme. An im-
mense bag of linen, lined with paper, and
containing upwards of 23,000 cubic ft., was
found to have « power of lifting about 500
pounds, including its own weight. Burning
chopped straw and wool under the aperture
ofthe machine caused it toswell and ascend
im the gpace o{ ten minutes to the height of! culty it was found to be 35 pounds lightes-
6008 feet: when exhausted, it fell to ths
ground at the distsace of some thousand
feet from tue place whera itascended. In
an experiment tried before the Academy
of Sciences, a large balloon was made to
lift eight persons from the ground, who
would have been carried away had the
machine net been kept down with force
On the repetition of the experiment before
the king at Versailles, with a balloon near
60 feet high and 43 in diameter, a sheep,
a cock, and a duck, the first animals that
ever ascended in a balloon, were carried
up about 1440 feet, and after remaining ia -
the air about eight minutes, came to tha’
ground in perfect safety, at the distance of
10,200 feet from the place of ascent. Em.-
boldened by this experiment, M. Pilatre
de Rozier offered himself to be the first
aerial adventurer. A new machine was
accordingly prepared, with a gallery and
grate, &c. to enable the person ascending
to supply the fire with fuel, and thus keep
up the machine as long as he pleased. On
the 15th of October, 1783, M. Pilatre took
his seat in the gallery, and, the machine
being inflated, he rose to the height of 84
feet, and, after keeping it afloat about four
minutes and a half, he gently descended :
he then rose again to the height of 210 feet,
ane .ne third time 262. In the descent, a
gust of wind having blown the machine
over some large trees, M. Pilatre extricated be
himself by throwing straw and wool on the
fire, Which raised him at once to a suffi- WER
cient height, and in this manner he found sat
himself able to ascend or descend to a cer- se ha
tain height at pleasure. Some time after
he ascended with M Girond de Vilette to
the height of 330 feet, hovering over Paris
at least nine minutes, in sight of al the
inhabitants, and the machine keeping all —
the while a steady position. In 1783, he
undertook a third aerial voyage with the
Marquis d’Arlandes, and in the space of Bayi °
twenty-five minutes went about five miles Ki
In this voyage they met with several differ-
ent currents of air, the effect of which was
to give a very sensible shock tothe machine
They were also in danger of having the
machine burnt altogether, if the fire had
not been quickly extinguished by means of
asponge. After this period aerostatic ma
chines were elevated by inflammableairen —
closea, instead of fire, with which Messra
Roberts and Charies made the‘firstexperi —
ment. In this case the bag was eompased _
of lutestring varnished over witha soli
tion of elastic gum, called caoutchouc, and
was about 13 English feet in diameter
After being filled with considerable diffi.
this they aeconded, and in three quatters
of an hour traversed fifteen miles, Their
_ sudden descent was occasioned by a rup-
_ ture which happened to the machine when
_ it was at its greatest height On a subse-
_ quent day the same gentlemen made an
ascent in a balloon filled with inflammable
air. This machine was formed of gores of
silk, covered with a varnish of caoutchouc,
of a spherical figure, and measuring 27 feet
6 inches in diameter. A net was spread
‘over the upper hemisphere, and fastened
to a hoop which passed round the middle
of the balloon. To this a sort of car was
suspended, a few feet below the lower part
of the balloon : and in order to prevent the
bursting of the machine, a valve was placed
‘in it, by opening of which some of the in-
flammable air might be allowed to escape.
{n the car, which was of basket-work, and
covered with linen, the two adventurers
took their seats in the afternoon of the Ist
of December, 1783. At the time the bal-
loon rose the barometer was at 30°. 18”.
and it continued rising until the barometer
fell to 27°, from which they calculated that
they had ascended 600 yards. By throw-
ing out ballast occasionally they found it
practicable to keep nearly the same dis-
tance from the earth during the rest of their
voyage, the mercury fluctuating between
27° and 27° 65’, and the thermometer be-
_ tween 53° and 57° the whole time. They
continued in the air an hour and three
quarters, and alighted at the distance of
27 miles from Paris, having suffered no
inconvenience, nor experienced any of the
contrary currents described by the marquis
@Ariandes. M. Roberts having alighted,
_ and much of the inflammable gas still re-
_ maining, M. Charles determined on taking
another voyage. No sooner therefore was
__ the balloon thus lightened of 130 pounds of
_ its weight, than it arose with immense ve-
locity, and in 20 minutes was 9000 feet
_ above the earth, and out of sight of all ter-
_ restrial objects. The globe, which had be-
come flaccid, now began to swell, and
_when M. Charles drew the valve, to prevent
the balloon from bursting, the inflammable
gas, which was much warmer than the
external air, for a time diffused a warmth
ground, but afterwards, a considerable
change was observable in the temperature.
His, fingers were benumbed with cold,
_which aleo occasioned a pain in hia right
ear and jaw, but the beauty of the prospect
compensated for these nconveniences.
The sav, which hati been get en his ascent,
again wisible for a short thne, in
e of the height which he had
tai balk of gommon aie: | With ir
sached” Ife saw fors few hinds vapours
Wising from the valleys and rivers. The
clouds seemed to rise ftom the earth, and
collect one upon the other; only their coi-
our was gray and obscure froin the dimneas
of the light. By the light of the moon he
perceived that the machine was turning
round with him, and that there were con-
trary currents which brought him back
again: he also observed with surprise, that
the wind caused his banners to point up-
wards, although he was neither rising nor
descending, but moving horizontally. On
alighting in a field about three miles distant
from the place where he set out, he calcu-
lated that he had ascended, at this time
not less than 10,500 feet. Hitherto all ex-
periments of this kind had been unattended
with any evil consequences, but an attempt
which was made to put a small aerostatig
machine with rarefied air under an infilam-
mable air balloon, proved fatal tothe adven-
turers, M. Pilatre de Rozier and M. Ro-
maine. Their inflammable air balloon was
about 37 feet in diameter, and the power of
the rarefied air one was equivalent to about
60 pounds They were not long in the air
when the inflammable air balloon was seen
to swell considerably, and the aeronauts
were observed, by means of telescopes, to
be very anxious to descend, and busied in
pulling the valve and giving every possible
facility of escape to the inflammable air,
but, in spite of all their endeavours, the
balloon took fire without any explosion,
and the unfortunate gentlemen were pre-
cipitated to the earth at the height of about
three quarters of a mile. M. Pilatre seem-
ed to have been dead before he came to the
ground; but M. Romaine was found to be
alive, although he expired immediately
after. The ill success of this experiment,
which had been made for the purpose of
diminishing the expense of inflating the
machine with gas, did not interrupt the
progress of aerostation. Aerial voyages
continued to be made on the oid scheme
The first trial in England was made by
Vincent Lunardi, an Italian, on the 15th
of September, 1784. His balloon, the di-
ameter of which was 33 feet, was made of
oiled silk, painted in alternate stripes of
blue and red. From a net, which went
over about two thirds of the balloon, de-
scended 45 cords to a hoop hanging below
it, and to which the gallery was attached.
Instead of a valve, the aperture at the neck
of the balloon, which was in the shape of
a pear, served for admitting or letting out
the inflarninable air. The air for filling
the balloon was produced from sine, by
means of diluted vitriotioacid M TLenart
ison from the Artillery Ground, at two
, pigeon. He was obliged to throw out
- some of his ballast, in order to clear the
houses, when he rose to a considerable
height, proceeding first N. W. by W. and
then nearly N. About half after three he
descended very near theearth, and landed
the cat, which was half dead with the cold;
he then reascended by throwing out some
‘more of his ballast, and ten minutes past
four he alighted ina meadow near Ware,
in Hertfordshire. His thermometer stood
in the course of his voyage as low as 29°.
and he observed that the drops of water
collected round the balloon were frozen.
The second aerial voyage in England was
performed by Mr. Blanchard, on the 16th
of October in the same year, in which he
was accompanied by Mr. Shelden, profess-
or of anatomy at the Royal Academy, the
first Englishman that adventured in such
an excursion. They ascended a few minutes
past 12 o’clock, and after proceeding about
14 miles beyond Chelsea, Mr. Blanchard
landed Mr. Sheldon, reascended alone, and
finally landed near Rumsey, in Hampshire,
about 75 miles from London, which was at
the rate of about 20 miles an hour Mr.
Blanchard ascended so high, that ba felta
- difficulty in breathing; and a pigeon, which
flew from the boat, laboured for some time
to sustain itself, but was at length compel-
led to return and rest on the boat
Aerial voyages now became frequent in
England and elsewhere, and afforded no-
thing worthy of notice before the ascent of
M. Garnerin, in 1802, who undertook the
singular and desperate experiment of de-
scending by means of a parachute (See
Paracnuure.) .In this descent it was ob-
served that the parachute, with the appen-
dage of cords and the basket in which M.
Garnerin had seated himself, vibrated like
the pendulum of a clock, and at times the
vibrations were so violent, that more than
once the parachute and tbe basket seemed
to be on the same level, wr quite horizon-
_ tal, which presented a terrific syectacle of
danger to the spectator. ‘They diminish-
ed, however, as M. Garnerin approached
the earth, and he was landed in safety,
though strongly affected with the violent
shocks that his frame had experienced.
_ Various excursions have since been made
> by Mr. Sadler, Mr Green, and others.
AETITES, or Eacie-stows. A stone so
called, because it was originally found in
vagies’ nests It is a sort of ore of a kid-
ney shape, imbedded in iron-shot elay.
AFPFECTUORO. In an affecting style :
o'elock, having with him a dog, s cat, and
AGE apie van’. Sb
i ; WO te
& a berth in musle books at the beginning of A
& movement. - ay
AGALLOCH, or . AGALLOCHUM,
wood, the product ofa tree growing in —
China, and some of the Indian Isles.
There are three varieties, the calambac, —
the common lignum aloes, and the cal-
ambour. The first of these islightand
porous, and so filled with a fragrant
resin, that it may be moulded by the
fingers ; ; the second is denser and less
resinous; and the third is the aloes-
wood used by cabinet-makers, &c. t
AGALMATOLITE. A soft stone, asub- —
species of mica of various colors, which —
different mineralogists severally term
soap-stone, lard-stone, steatite, tale —
graphique, &c. It contains no magnesia, —
but otherwise has all the characters of —
talc. The best specimens are brought
from China. Itis used in thatcountry —
in the manufacture of images, at
AGAMI, A remarkable bird, inhabit- —
ing the woods of Central America. It is
of the size of a large fowl, has a short —
tail, and long legs, and runs with great
speed. Itis sometimes otherwise cal-
led the gold-breasted trumpeter.
AGATE. A precious stone, first found in
Sicily ; it is a mineral composed of various
substances, as chalcedony, cornelian, jas-
per, &c.; alsoastone of the agate kind
engraven by art, which constitutes among
antiquarians a species of gems.
AGE. A certain period or limit of time, x
marked for the convenience of chronology —=—
and history by some remarkable events
Chronologers commonly reckon Sevensuch
ages, namely, 1. From the creationtothe
deluge. 2. Fromthe delugetothebirthof
Abraham. 3. From the birthof Abraham
to the departure of the Israelites out of —
Egypt. 4. From the departure of the Is-
raelites to the building of the temple by —
Solomon. 5. From the laying the founda-
tion of the temple to the reign of Cyrus in >
Babylon. 6. From the reign of Cyrus to ©
the coming of Christ. 7. Since the birth —
of our Saviour. Chronologers are generally
creation into seven ages, but they differ
materially as to the time contained in these _
periods. The poets distinguished the nore
of the world into four ages ; namely, into
the golden age, or the age of simplicity _
and happiness; the silver age, which was
inferior to the golden age in enjoyments; in
this age man began to tillthe ground for
their sustenance. In the brazen age strifes By
and contentions began, which, in the iron,
were carried to the utmost extent, and
accompanied with every evil that affitets,
mankind. Jtis most probable that this no-
tion of the four ages was taken from the
RY in a dies: watiohed in
y ETD by which the first monarchy was
_ denoted the golden one, the second silver,
_the third brazen, and the fourth iron. The
Greeks, who derived their mythology from
the Egyptians, doubtless gathered this idea
_ from the same source, and wrought it into
a fable by the ingenuity of their poets.
AGE. A term in law for those special
fimes which enable men and women to do
that which they could not do before ; thus,
in England, a man may take the oath of
allegiance at twelve years of age, is at the
age of discretion at fourteen to choose his
guardian and contract a marriage, and is
at full age at twenty-one. A woman at
the age of nine is dowable, at twelve may
gonfirm her consent to marriage, at four-
teen may receive her land into her own
hands, and at twenty-one may alienate
her lands and tenements. The laws in
the United States, are similar.
AGENT (in Law). A person empow-
ered to act for another
AGENT (in Physics). Any thing having
the power to act on another object, as cold
or heat.
AGGREGATE. An order of plants in
the Linnean system, having compound
flowers with separate anthers.
AGGREGATION (in Chemistry). The
adhesion of parts of the same kind; as
pieces of sulphur united by fusion form an
aggregate. .
AGIO. A term used chiefly in Holland
and Venice, to denote the difference be-
tween the bank money and the current
money, or cash; as when a merchant stipu-
lates to receive for his goods 100 livres
bank money or 105 cash, or current money,
the agio is said to be 5 per cent.
AGRICULTURE. The art oftilling the
land according to certain rules of experi-
ence and science, ,
AGRICULTURE, History or. As the
ground was, by divine appointment, to fur-
nish subsistence for man, and after his fall
he was doomed to procure it by labour,
husbandry, or the practical part of agricul-
ture, was of necessity the first and most
important occupation ofthe descendants of
Adam; wherefore we learn from Scripture,
that his two sons, Abel and Cain, were
both employei in this manner, the former
_ being a keeper of sheep, and the latter a til-
-Ierof the ground. With what implements
this work of tillage was carried on, and
what degree of art was employed in produ-
eimg the fruits of the earth, is left to con-,
_ jecture ; but writers on those early periods,
_ ewe generally agreed that the antediluvians
| Aah
tons whieh were in process of time lect,
or at least but imperfectly retained among
the different nations that were acattered
abroad after the confusion of tongues
Agriculture was one of the arts which Noah
and his posterity retained; for we find that
he cultivated the vine. Those of the line
of Shem appear to have followed the breed-
ing and feeding of cattle: but those of the
line of Ham, who took possession of Egypt,
applied themselves to the tilling of the
ground, and with so much ingenuity, in-
dustry, and success, that, owing to the in-
undations of the Nile, and the consequent
fertility of the soil, Egypt was enabled in
the time of Abraham, and still more se in
the time of Joseph, to supply its neighbours
with corn during a period of famine. Nor
were the inhabitants back ward in assisting
the liberality of nature: they busied them-
selves in embanking, irrigation, and drain
ing, in order to derive all the benefits whick
the benignant river was capable of afford
ing them. These works are said to have
been carried on with particular spirit under
the auspices of'Sesostris, 1800 years before
the Christian era. So sensible were the
Egyptians of the blessings which agricul-
ture afforded, that, in the blindness of their
zeal, they ascribed the invention of the art
to their god Osiris, and the culture of bar-
ley and wheat to their goddess Isis.
The Pelasgi, or aboriginal inhabitants of
Greece, were among the number of those
who lost all the primeval arts, and fed upon
acorns and wild fruitsjuntil they were led
by the Egyptians, with whom they haan
early communication, to the cultivation of
the ground. Like them, too, they placed
their benefactress Ceres, to whom they
ascribed the introduction of corn, among
the number of their deities; a goddess whom
authors agree was no other than the Egyp-
tian Isis. In the time of Homer, agricul-
ture was in such esteem that King Laertes
laid aside his royal dignity, that he might
cultivate a few fields. Hesiod, the contem-
porary of this author, has devoted a whole
poem to the labours of the field in the dif-
ferent seasons of the year. Of other writ-
ings, among the Greeks, on agriculture lit-
tle remains except a treatise by Xenephon
on rural affeirs, and scattered notices on
the subject in the works of Aristotle and
Theophrastus ; but we learn from Varro,
that there were in his time not less than
fifty Greek authors to be censulted on
agricultural matter.
The Jews, as Scripture informa us, ap
plied themselves. when they eame into ths
land of Canaan, to the cultivation of the
soil, having each their territory allotted to
AGRICULTURE.
them. We may aise tnfer, fromthe fre-
4nent sllusions to this subject in different
parts of the Old Testament, that husbandry
_ formed their principal occupation. The
laws of Moses have, many of them, for
_ their ebject the regulation of their flocks,
their herds, and their fields. David culti-
_ vated his own land, having officers to take
charge of his flocks, his herds, his camels,
his asses, and his warehouses of wine and
oil, &c. Elisha was in the field with
twelve yoke of oxen when Elijah found
him. Besides the frequent mention of
husbandry business in different parts of
the sacred writings, as the digging of
wells, the planting of vineyards, the leas-
ing, gathering in, threshing, sifting, and
winnowing of corn, with a number of
sther things of the like kind.
That the Carthaginians did not neglect
agriculture is evident from this, that they
had writers on the subject, of whom a fa-
mous general, Mago, was one, who is quo-
ted by Varro. He wrote no less than twen-
‘ty-eight books. It is probable that, under
the auspices of these people, agriculture
flourished in Sicily , which was afterwards
the granary of Rome.
No subject engaged the attention of the
Romans more than agriculture, theoretical-
ly as wellas practically. They divided their
time between war and husbandry ; their
greatest men in the early ages of the re-
public, being employed alternately in the
one andthe other. Cincinnatus was taken
from the plough to fill the office of dictator;
and Regulus besought the senate that he
might return to his little farm for a short
time, to prevent it from being ruined. Pliny
observes, that the Romans ploughed their
fields with the same diligence that they
pitched their tents, and sowed their corn
with as much care as they raised their
armies. When riches had introduced lux-
ury, and artificial manners and habits, the
labours of the field were performed by their
slaves; but there remained many among
them of the higher orders who directed
their personal attentian tothe subject. The
writings of Cato the Censor, Varro, Pliny,
Columelia, and Palladius, as well as those
of the poet Virgil, abound with practical
and useful observations on the whole round
of farming business. At the same time they
all agree in lamenting that agriculture was
zot pursued with the same zeal aa formerly.
{he great among the Romans had town
youses as well as villas, and living more in
the former than in the latter, the manage-
ment of their farms was left to ther bailiffs
er servants. The ox, which was the prin-
stpal boast of burden among the Egyptians,
the Jews, and ead was tise pores
esteemed among the Romans. Many diree- —
tione for the breeding, breaking, feeding,
and working this animal are to be found
in the writers abovementioned ; as also in
regard to the management of bees, which
were highly prized. As to the implements
of husbandry used among the Romans, the
description of them not being illustrated by
any representation, it is not easy to speak ©
precisely of them; but it is clear that they |
used the plough with and without wheels,
with and without boards, with and without
coulters, also with shares of different con-
structions. A reaping machine is likewise
spoken of both by Pliny and Palladius,
which was driven by an ox; but ‘for the
most part they cut their corn with the hand.
either with the hook close to the ground,
or only the ears with a curved stick anda
saw attached to it, or otherwise they cut
the stalks in the middle, leaving the stubble
to be afterwards mowed. They threshea
either with a machine composed of rollers,
or with rods or flails, or they trod it out
with their feet. Haymaking was performed
among the Romans much in the same man-
ner as at present. Harrowing the corn was
particularly recommended by the Roman
writers; who also speak of hoeing, weed
ing, watering, draining, and fellowing the
ground, which was universal among them
Agriculture shared the fate of ail the other
arts on the decline of the empire: from the
time of Pliny to the fifteenth century, there
is no work extant on the subject, except
the Geoponics, which was published by
Constantine Pogonatus, and probably col
lected by the emperor himself. Crescenzio,
a writer of Bologna, was the first who callea
the attention of his countrymen to this sub-
ject after this long interval. His little work,
which was collected from the Roman wri- —
ters, was followed hy some other Italian
productions: but probably nothing contri-
buted more to give an importance to agri-
cultural pursuits than the introduction of
the feudal system, which gave to every
man arank and distinction according tothe
quantity of land he either possessed or oc-
cupied; for not only the great lord, who was
the owner of the scil, or reaped the fruite
of it, but also his tenants, who cultivated
it, were invested with political privileges
that were enjoyed by no other members of
the community ; and although the feudal
burdens and restraints have ceased, yet the
privileges and advantages attached to the
possession of landed property still give it
a parnmount advantage. Hence it ie, that
since the revival of the arts, the science of
agriculture hat been zealously cultivated —
it
AA
wy
* gn this subject have within the last centu-
yy been more numerous than at any former
period; and every effort has been made
py experiments, inventions, and improve-
- ments to render the land productive. Nor
have these efforts been without effect, for,
notwithstanding the immense increase in
the population, there has been no such
scarcity as we read of in former times.
AGUE. An intermitting fever, with hot
and cold fits alternately.
AGOUTI. A South American animal,
tesembling a guineapig, having the charac-
ters of the rat kind, and the hair and voice
ofthe hog. When provoked, it raises all
the hair of its. back upright, and strikes the
garth with its hinder feet.
AGUAPECACA. The Jacana, a Brazil-
ian bird about the size of a pigeon.
AGRYPNOCOMA. The _ three-toed
sloth ; so named from its peculiar cry.
ATA. Brazilian bird of the Spoon-
bill kind.
AICURUS. A large and beautiful
species of parrot, found in Brazil.
AILURUS. The panda, a carnivorous
quadruped inhabiting the north of In-
dia ; itis atlied to the racoon, about the
size of a large cat, and has; a soft, thick
fur, of a brilliant fulvous red, on the
upper parts.
AIR. An invisible, transparent fluid,
which we constantly breathe, and which
is essential to the support of animal
and vegetable existence. It envelops
the entire globe, and constitutes the
atmosphere that surrounds it. Air is
816 times lighter than its bulk of water;
1,000 cubic inches at the ordinary tem-
perature and pressure weighing 305
grains. It consists of about 80 parts, in
bulk, of nitrogen, and 20 parts of oxy-
gen, and about one-thousandth part of
carbonic acid. Air, when inhaled into
the lungs, unites with the carbon of
the blood, and forms carbonic acid, a
process which produces the heat neces-
sary to sustain the proper temperature
. of the animal system.—In zoology, Air-
cells are membraneous receptacles com-
municating with the lungs, and in
birds extending through the different
parts of the body, by which their spe-
pi Gific gravity is diminished, and they are
aiz.—In botany, air-cells are cavities in
the leaves and stems of certain alga,
which render them buoyant in water.—
Air-plants are orchideous plants which
live for many months suspended in the
air,—Air-vyessels are spiral vessels or
ducts in plants containing air, and sup-
posed to answer the same purpose in
the vegetable system as lungs do in’ the
animal.
AIR-PUMP. A machine for exhausting
the air out of vessels, in the same manner
as water is drawn up bya pump. This
celebrated machine was invented by Otto
de Guericke, consul of Magdeburgh, who
exhibited his firat public experiments with
this instrument before the Emperor ana
States of Germany, at the breaking up of
the Imperial Diet at Ratisbon, in the year
1654; but his description of the machine
was first published in 1672, at Amsterdam,
under the title of Experimenta nova Mag
deburgica de Vacuo Spatio. Before this
publication, it appears that Mr. Boyle, who
had particularly directed his attention to
the study of pneumatics, also conceived u
similar idea, which led Mc. Hooke: to as-
cribe the invention to him; but Mr. Boyle
himself, in a letter to his nephew, Lord
Dungarvon, expresses his acknowledgment
for the discovery of this useful machine
from what he had heard reported of it, al-
though, as he adds, he had not, at that time,
perused the account of it. On his becoming
acquainted with the machine, he made
many improvements upon it; as did after-
wards Mr. Hooke and many others.
AIR-SHAFTS (in Mining). Holes ox
shafts let down from the open air to dis-
charge the foul vapours.
AIR-VESSELS. Spiral ducts or canals
in the leaves and other parts of planta,
which are supposed to supply them with
air, after the manner of lungs im animals.
ALABASTER. A soft kind of marble
which is ef a granular texture, and of a
white colour, and has a certain degree of
transparency [It is found in Gernnany
2
rendered fitter for sustenation in the
Frakes, Lind dehy, maid ts saad by beetuiane
for statues.
‘yepresent those that are unknown. The
operations with these letters are performed —
ALBATROSS, er Mar or Wan Brun.
A large water fowl, which inhabits moet
seas between the tropice.
ALBINOS. ‘The white Moors, so called
by the Portuguese ; they have flaxen hair,
blue rolling eyes, and a pale livid white-
nese.
ALBUMEN. The white of an egg, and
any viscous fluid without taste or smell that
ts like it, as the serous part of the blood.
ALBURNUM. The soft white substance
.m trees next t&» the liber, or ner bark.
ALCHEMY Yhat obsolete branch of
chymistry which ‘yxi for its object the
transmutation of metals into gold; the
finding the panacea, or universal remedy ;
and some other things equally ridiculous.
ALCOHOL. Commonly called spiri: of
wine, but obtained by distillation in a state
more ardent and purified than that liquor.
It is chiefly employed in preparing var-
nishes, and dissolving gums, resins, &c.
Its antiseptic power makes it useful in pre-
serving anatomical preparations.
ALCOR. A small star, adjoining the
bright one in the middle of the tail of Ursa
Major
ALCORAN. See Koran
ALDEBARAN, or Tue Buuv’s Eryx.
A star of the first magnitude in the con-
stellation Taurus.
ALDER. A tree which thrives partic-
ularly m moist places. The principal sorts
ef alder are the round leaved, or common
alder, the long-leaved, and the dwarf alder.
ALDERMAN. A superior judge, who
in England sat with the bishop in the coun-
ty courts in the time of the Saxons. The
alderman is now @ magistrate next to the
mayor in a city or borough.
A-LEE. A sea term, signifying to the
leeside, or side which the wind blows
_ Upon.
ALEMBIC. A vessel formerly used for
distilling ; in the place of which retorts are
how mostly in use.
ALEXANDRINE. A verse in modern
poetry consisting of ten, twelve, or thirteen
syllables.
ALG. A natural order of plants in the
Linnean system, containing flags, sea-
weeds, and other marine plants, whose
rev, leaf, and stem are one.
ALGZBRA. The science of computing
abstract quantities by means of symbols or
_ Signe. It is called Specious Arithmetic by
Vieta, and Universal Arithmetic by New-
ten, The first letters of the alphabet, a, 5
$s, d, &c. are made to represent known
qmantities; aiad the last letters x, y, 2, tc
by means of the characters (++) for addi-
tion, (—) for subtraction, (><) for muitipli
cation, (+) for division, (==) for equality
ALGEBRA, History or, The term /
algebra is of ‘Arabic origin. _ and is deri-;
ved by some from algeabar ‘almocabaleh
signifying restitution and comparison, of
resolution, which properly expresses the
nature of the thing: others have derived
it from Geber, a celebrated mathematician.
This science is not of very ancient date,
although it is not possible to fix the exact
period of its commencement. The earliest
treatise on this subject now extant is that
of Diophantus, a Greek author of Alexan
dria, who flourished about the year 350,
and wrote thirteen books of Arithmetice- —
rum, of which six only are preserved.
These books do not contain the elementary
parts of algebra, only some difficult pro-
blems respecting square and cube numbers,
and the properties of numbers in general,
to which the writings of the more ancient
authors, as Euclid, Archimedes, and Apol-
lonius might naturally be supposed to have |
given birth. Whether the Arabians took —
their hints from this and similar works
among the Greeks, and drew out the sci-
ence of algebra for themselves, or whether
they more immediately derived it, as they
did their notation, from the Hondoos, is a
matter of doubt. It is certain, however,
that the science was first transmitted by
the Arabians or Saracens to Europe, about
the year 1100; and that after its introduc-
tion the Italians took the lead in its culti-
vation. Lucas Paciolus, or Lucas de Burgo,
was one of the first who wrote on the sub-
ject, and has left several treatises, published -
between the years 1470 and 1509. In his
principal work, entitled Summa Arithme-
tice et Geometriw Proportionumque Pro-—
portionalitatum, published first in 1494, he
mentions several writers, and particularly _
Leonardus Pisanus, otherwise called Bo-
nacci, an Italian merchant, who, in the
thirteenth century, used to trade tothe sea~-
ports, and thence introduced the seience of
algebra into Italy, After Lucas de Burge,
many other Italian writers took up the
subject, and treated it more at large, ag
Scipio Ferreus, who found outa rule for
resolving one case of a compceund cubic
equation ; but more especially Hieronymus ©
Cardan, who, in ten books published in
1539-45, has given the whole doctrine ef
cubic equations ; for part of which, hewev-
er, he was indebted to Nicholas Tartales.
or Tartaglea, of Brescia, a contemporary
of Cardan’s, who publishe ta book on cubic
forms of expression used by Lucas de Bur-
go, calling the first power of the unknown.
quantity in his language cosa, the second
censa, the third cubo, &c. writing the
names of all the operations in words at
.engta, without using any contractions,
‘except the initial R, for root, or radical-
ity. About this time the acience of alge-
bra also attracted the attention of the Ger-
mans, among whom we iind the writers
Stifelius and Scheubeiius. Stifelius, in
his Arithmetiza Integra, published at Nu-
remberg in 1544, introduced the characters
+, —, and ,/, for plus, minug, and radix,
ir root, as stn called it ; also the ‘initials phe
4; bp, for the power 1, 2, 3, &e., and the
humeral exponents 0, 1, 2, 3, &e. which
he called by the name of exponens expo-
nent. He likewise uses the literal no-
tation, A, B,C, D, &c for the unknown
or general quantities. John Scheubelius,
* who wrote about the same time as Car-
dan and Stifelius, treats largely on surds,
and gives a general rule for extracting
the root of any binomial or residual,
@—t-é, where one or both parts are surds.
These writers were succeeded by Robert
Recorde, a mathematician and physician
of Wales, who in his works, in 1552 and
1557, on Arithmetic, showed that the sci-
ence of algebra had not been overlooked
in England. He first gave rules for the
extracting of the roots of compound alge-
braic quantities, and made use of the terms
binomial and residual, and introduced the
sign of equality, or—. Peletarius, a French
algebraist, in his work, which appeared at
-Paris in 1558, made many improvements
on those parts of algebra which had already
been treated of. He was followed by Peter
Ramus, who published his Arithmetic and
Algebra in 1560 ; Raphael Bombelli, whose
Algebra appeared at Bologna in 1579; and
Simon Steven, of Bruges, who published
his Arithmetic in 1585, and his Algebra a
little after. This latter invented a new cha-;
racter for the unknown quantity, namely, a
‘small circle (©), within which he placed.
the numeral exponent of the power; and
also denoted roots, as well as powers, by
" mumeral exponents. The algebraical worke
of Vieta, the next most distinguished alge-
braist, appeared about the yeer 1600, and
contain many improvements in the methods
of working algebraical questions. He uses
the vowels A, E, I, O, WY. tex the un-
known quantities, and the eonounants, B,
ieee &a. for the known Cheihiaion; ‘and
; dees entitled Quesite Invenzioni di-
_ verse, which appeared in 1596. Cardan
- @ften used the literal notation of a, b, c, d,
- &e., but Tartalea made no alteration in the
18
introduced many terms which are in pre.
sent use, as coefficient, affirmative and
negative, pure and aafected, &c.: also the
line, or vineulum, over compound quanti.
ties (ATB). Albert Girard, an ingenious
Flemish mathematician, was the first per-
son who, in his Invention Nouvelle ep
Algebre, &c. printed in 1629, explained
the general doctrine of the formation of
the coefficients of the powers from the
sums of their roots, and their products.
He also first understood the use of negative
roots, in the solution of geometrical pro-
blems, and first spoke of imaginary roots,
&c. The celebrated Thomas Harriot, whose
work on this subject appeared in 1631, in
troduced the uniform use of the letiers a,
b,c, &c.; that is the vowels a, e, and o
for the unknown quantities, and the con-
sonants, 6, c,d, &c. forthe known quan-
tities; these he joins together like the
letters of a word, to represent the multipli-
cation or product of any number of these
literal quantities, and prefixing the numeral
coefficient, as is usual at present, except
being separated by a point, thus 5.bbe
For a root he sets the index of the root
after the mark ,/,as/3 for the cube root,
and introduces the characters and
for greater and less; and in the reduction
of equations he arranged the operations in
separate steps or lines, setting the expla
nations in the niargin, on the left hand,
for each line. * In this manner he brought
algebra nearly to the form which it now
bears, and added also much information
on the subject of equations. Oughtred, in
his Clavis, which was first published in
1631, set down the decimals without their
denominator, separating them thus 21(56
In algebraic multiplications he either joins
the letters which represent the factors, or
connects them with the sign of multiplica-
tion --., which is the first introduction of
this character. He aiso seems to have first
used points to denote proportion, as 7.9 ::
28 . 36; and for continued proportion has
the hati in his work we likewise
meet with the first instance of applying
algebra to geometry, so as to investigate
new geometrical properties: which latter
subject is treated at large by Descartes, in
his work on Geometry, published in 1637,
and also by several other subsequent wri-
ters. Wallis, in his Arithmetiea Infinite-
rum, first led the way to infinite series,
particularly to the expression of the qua-
drature of the circle by en infinite series.
He also substituted the fractional exponents
in the place of radical signs, which in many
instances facilitate the eperations. Huy
gens, Barrow, and ether mathomaticians
Goclayed the caloulus in rewel-
ving many problems which had hitherto
batiied mathematicians. Sir Isaac New-
ton, in his Arithmetica Universalis, made
many improvements in analytics, which
subject, as well as the theory of infinite se-
vies, was further developed by Halley, Ber-
souiti, Taylor, Maclaurin, Nicole, Stirling,
De Moivre, Clairaut, Lamb «t, Waring;
Buler, &c. er)
ALGOL. A fixed star of the second
magnitude in the consellation of Perseus,
ex Medusa’s Head.
ALGORITHM. An Arabie word, fre-
quently used to denote the practical rules
of algebra.
ALIAS (in Law). A word signifying,
siterally, otherwise ; and employed in de-
scribing the defendant, who has assumed
otker names besides his real one.
ALIBI (in Law).
the names of rock or English alum, which —
‘th Lah ty
yar ad ae of tin and mereury
| weed for looking glasses.
AMALGAMATION. The operat of
mixing quicksilver with some other metal,
by fusing the metal, and in that atate ada
ing &@ portion of mercury to it. Gold of
_ all metals unites best with mercury, next
_ to that silver, then lead, tin, and every
- ether metal, except iron ‘and copper, the
last of which admits scarcely any of such
_ amalgamation.
_ AMANUENSIS. A slave among the
_Rom’ns, who used to be employed in
Writing for his master ; also any one among
_ the moderns who is employed to transcribe
_ for another.
AMARANTH. A plant which flourishes
in the Indies and South America, remark-
able for the lasting beauty of its flowers
a AMATEUR. One who follows a parti-
ular art br profesaion not for gain but for
_ pleasure.
- AMBASSADOR. One appointed by a
_—s sovereign power to represent him, and su-
péerintend his affairs at a foreign court.
AMBER. A hard, brittle, tasteless sub-
stance, mostly semitransparent, or opaque,
and of a glossy surface. It is highly elec-
tric, and if a piece be kindled it burns to
_ the end with pungent white vapours, with-
~~ out melting.
AMBERGRIS. A solid sebaceous or fat
_ substance, found floating in the sea, near
_ the coasts of various tropical countries. It
is supposed to be the excrement of the
“spermatic whale, having frequently been
‘met with in the intestines of that fish.
AMBER TREE.) A shrub, tke beauty
of which lies in its small evergreen leaves;
‘these grow as close as heath, and when
rubbed emit a fragrant odour |
_ AMBIDEXTER. A person who can use
_ both hands with équal facility.
_ AMBUSCADE. A place where soldiers
ae concealed, in order to surprise an enemy.
_ AMENDE. A pecuniary punishment im-
_ posed, according to the customs of France,
by a judge, for any false prosecution or
groundless appeal.
_ AMENDE HONORABLE. An infa-
© shirt, with a torch in their hand, and
_arope about their neck, into a church or
sini to beg pardon of God, the court,
xt the injured party.
‘AMENTACEA. A _ natural order of
plants, bearing catkins, as the poplar, ha-
egos é&e.
Lb BMENT. Se MER punish-
| ment imposed on off doru at the morey
of the court ; it is contacted from the Latin
words a misericordia, which signify lite-
rally from or at the mercy. Amorcementa
differ from fines, in as much as the latter
are defined, and the former are proportion-
ed to the fault, or more pruperly at the dis-
cretion of the count.
AMERICAN ELK. A noble animsi ef
the deer kind.
AMETHYST. A gem of great hardnesa
and brilliancy, and of various colours, but
mostly purple or violet. It comes from _
India, and ia used in medicive as an as-
tringent.
AMIANTHUS. An incombustible mine-
ral flax, which may be drawn into threads
and wove into cloth. It is mostly found
among rocks.
AMMON., The title Oder which Jupiter
was worshipped in Libya, where a temple
was erected to him, from which oracles
were delivered for many ages
AMMONIA. A volatile alkali, which,
when in its purest state, exists only in the
form of a gas. It forms a liquid when
cooled, and is known by the hame of harts-
horn, because it is obtained from distilling
the horn of the hart. It may also be ob-
tained from urine and camei’s dung by .
distillation.
AMMONIAC, or GUM AMMONIAC,
A resinous substance brought from the
East Indies in drops or granules. The
best kind is of a yellowish colour without
and white within
AMMONITY SNAKE STONE. A
sort of fossil shells, made up of small cir-
cles, like those of a snake rolled up.
AMMUNITION. A Babe term for
all warlike stores, but more especially
-| powder, balls, guns, é&c.
AMORPHOZOA. The lowest class of
the animal kingdom, as sponges that
have no regular symmetrical structure.
AMPETITE. Alum slate, earth used
by the Ancients to kill insects on vines,
AMPHIBIA. A elass of animals which
live equally well in air or water, euch as
the phocw, or seal tribe, frogs, lisards,
erocodiles, eels, water Serpents, snakes
They are remarkable for their tenacity of
- when the head is cut eff.
- AMPIHISCII. A name applied by geogra-
_ -Bhers to the inhabitants of the torrid zone.
. AMPHITHEATRE, A circular building
among the ancients, having seats entirely
around, and an area in the middle, where
tel spectacles were exhibited. Some of these,
asthe Coliseum in Rome, could contain
from 50,000 to 80,000 persone.
. AMPLIFICATION (with Rhetoricians).
An amplifying or enlarging upon an argu-
ment, either by aggravating or extenuating
a crime, heightening an eulogium, or en-
larging a narration, by an enumeration of
circumstances, so as to excite proper emo-
_ tions in the audience.
AMPLITUDE, An arch of the horizon,
intercepted bet ween the east or west points
and the eentre of the sun or stars at their
rising and setting. It is called ortive, or
eastern amplitude, when the star is rising;
and occiduous, or western, when the star
is setting.
AMPLITUDE MAGNETICAL. Is an
arc of the horizon, contained between the
sun or a star at its rising and setting, and
the magnetical east or west point of the hori-
zon, indicated by the magnetical compass,
er the amplitude or azimuth.
AMPUTATION (in Surgery). The cut-
ting off a limb or other part of the body
with an instrument.
AMULET. A supposed charm or pre-
gervative against witchcraft, mischief, or
diseases. Amulets consist of stone, metal,
simples, or whatever else the fancy sug-
‘gested; sometimes words or sentences
might be employed in this manner.
AMZEL. A bird of the blackbird kind,
belonging to the same genus, merula, in
the Linnean system. The ring-amzel is
remarkable for having a fine broad white
ring at the lower part of its throat.
ANA. A name given to amusing mis-
cellanies, consisting of anecdotes, traits of
character, and jacidents relating to any
person or subject,
ANABASIS. The title of Xenophon’s
description of the younger Cyrus’s expedi-
tion against his brother, in which the wri-
ter bore a principal part.
ANACHRONISM. An error ia chrono-
kegy, as when an event is releted o have
happened in the reign of a certain prince,
‘which happened citer befers or after.
... ANACLASTICS. Another name for
ioptrics, or thet branch of opties which
relates to refracted light.
.. ANACBRONTIC VERSE. A sort ef
_ verse so called from the Greek poet Anac-
en. by whom & wes fret weed. It con-
_ ie sores wit eontinus to move even, :
subjects, anne
ANA GRAM. “The (apeattied of the a
letters of ens word s0 ae to form entree
as amor changed into Roma.
ANALEMMA. A projection ofthe sphere ©
on the plane of the meridian, orthographt
cally made by atraight lines and ellipses,
the eye being supposed at an infinite dis
tance, in an equinoctial point.
ANALEMMA., Is also an instrument, a
kind of astrolabe, made either of brase or
wood, with an hortentt fitted to it; it
used for finding the time of the sun’s rising
or setting, the length of the longest day,
&e. The most ancient treatise on this in- —
strument was written by Ptolemy, and
published in 1562, with a Commentary —
by Commandine. Otherauthors, as Aqui : i
lonius, Jacquet, Deschales, &c. have gn | ni
written on the same instrument.
ANALOGY. The relation which hing
bear, or are supposed to bear, to each other,
from their resemblance or proportion to one
another ; as the analogy between animals —
and plants, from which a similar treatment
of them in many cases may be inferred.
Analogy is one of the principal grounds of
reasoning in matters of experience.
ANALYSIS (in Logic). The resolution
or unfolding of any thing, #0 as to discover — ph
its component parts as opposed tosynthesigs =
Analysis is the method of finding outtruth, ©
and synthesis is the method of explaining —
that truth to others. Among mathematicians —
it is the art of discovering the truth or false-
hood of a proposition, by supposing the
question to be solved, and then examen,
the consequences, till some truth is disco-
vered, or the absurdity and impossibility of
the proposition is discovered. The analysis —
of finite quantitiea is properly called spe-— oy
cious arithmetic, or algebra ; the analye ey iF
or differential calculus.
ANALYSIS (in Chemistry). Is the tee
composition of bodies, as vegetables an¢€
minerals, to discover their component parts —
ANALYTICS. A name given to algebra _
being nothing else but a general analysie
of pure mathematics; or else because fi
teaches how to solve questions, and oi ;
strate theorems, by searching into the fu
Painting). A monstrous projection, or
presentation of an image ena pl
curve ewrtion, Which beheld at a
ed appa rr and ies badon | Solosiogy, the dectring Hf the iD
ne ANAPAST. A snetrical foot, having the
“us _--—s We first short and the last long ("”~), as
et ' AlGt&s. hi
: ANARCHY. A society without a govern-
ce _ ment, or where there is no supreme gov-
sf :, ernor.
ANATHEMA. in the general sense, a
religious curse; in the particulary sense,
ecclesiastical excommunication.
ANATOMY. The act cf dissacting bo-
dies for the purpose of examining their
structure, and the nature, uses, and fune-
tions of their several parts ; also the know-
ledge of the human body derived from such
dissections and examinations ; when ap-
plied to animais it is termed Comparative
Anatomy. In the science of anatomy, the
body is divided into the head, trunk, and
extremities, and is composed of dolida and
fiuids. The solids are the integuments,
j bones, cartilages, ligaments, membranes,
_ Vessels, muscles, nerves, and giands. The
- principal fluids are the blood, the chyle, the
lymph, and the bile. Anatomy, from the
names of the parts treated of, is divided inte
oe the doctrine of the growth of
bones in the adult subject ; chondrolagy,
| the doctrine of the cartilages ; syndeamo-
logy, the doctrine of the ligaments; my
ology, the doctrine of the muscles ; bursa.
logy, the doctrine of the burss mucoss,-
splanchnology, the dectrine of the viscera ,
angeiology, the doctrine of the vessels;
ademology, the doctrine of the glands; |
neurology, the doctrine of the nerves, dc.
Anatomy, taken absolutely, applies only to
the dissection of haman subjects ; the dis-
section and examination ef brutes is called
Comparative Anatomy.
ANATOMY, Histony ov. The seionse
of anatomy was doubtless cosval with that
of medicine, for the connexion between
the two studies would naturally suggest t«
the inquirer into the diseases of the humag
body the necessity of becoming acquainted
with its component parts. In Egypt, the
practice of embalming rendering it neces-
sary to open the body, led them first te
Inake observations on the structure of the
human frame, which was afterwardy en-
couraged by their kings, who ordered dead
bodies to be regularly dissected for the
perfection of the art; but, judging from
gone specimens which have been preserved
of their anatomical observations, the sct-
ence did not make any considerable progress
among them. There is, however, no doubt,
but they laid the foundation and the Greeks,
who derived their earliest information from
them, enlarged the boundaries of the sci-
ence by theirresearches. Hippocrates, whe
lived about 400 years before Christ, is the
first who expressly wrote on this subject ;
and the first anatomical dissection recorded
was made by his friend Democritus, of
Abdera. In Aristotie’s works there exe
many minute particulars on this subject,
which show that he had made the animal
body his particular study. From the Greeks
this science, after an interval of several
centuries, passed again inte Egypt, where,
by the fostering care of the Ptolemies, i
was revived and made great advances.
Erastratus, the pupil and friend of Theo-
phrastus and Herophilus, laid the founda-
tion of the famous school of anatomy at
Alexandria, which was for many centuries
in such high repute that no one was sup-
posed qualified for the medical art, who
had not studied at Alexandria. Herophi-
lus is said to have dissected not leas than
700 bodies, and among the rest some living
subjects, but probubly, as such a moustrous
piece of cruelty must have defeated its own
purpose, this latter part of Use story is only
an exaggeration. The Romans learedifrem
the Greeks the science of amaicauy. as they
26 ! )
did most ether arts and sciences ; for the
first radiments were taught to them by
Archagathus, a Greek physician, who first
established himselfat Rome,and afterwards
ty Asclepiades, whe flourished in the time
of Pempey, and gained such repute that
me was looked upon as a second Hippo-
crates. He waa succeeded by Cassius, who
was supposed to be thie disciple of Ascle-
piades, Ceisus, Rufus, Pliny, Colius Aure-
lianus, and Aratsus, whose works abound
with anatomical observations, and prove
that, although their researches were not
deep, their attention was drawn towards
the subject. This is also still more evident
from the works of Galen, who, in point
of aceuracy and minuteness of detail, sur-
passed ali that went before him, and also
all that followed him until within the last
three centuries The Arabians and Sara-
cens, on the decline of the empire, took
the place of the Greeks and Romans in the
cultivation of the sciences, but as by the
tenets of their religion they were prohibited
from touching dead bodies, and conse.
quently could not practice dissection, they
were obliged to content themselves with
commenting upon Galen. To effect this
object, we find that Abdollatiph, a teacher
of anatomy in the thirteenth century, ex-
amined and demonstrated the structure of
the bones by going to the burying grounds ;
and by that means he detected some errors
im Galen. Although the Europeans were not
under the same restrictions, yet during the
middle ages it is certain that the science of
anatomy made no advances. The best trea-
tise then extant, which gained the author
great repute, and was the standard book
in the schools, was that of Mundinus, which
appeered in 1315, yet this was nothing but
an abstract of Galen. On the expulsion
ef the Moors, the prejudice against dissec-
tion abated, and copies of the Greek authors
having found their way into Europe after
the sacking of Constantinople, the study of
anatomy revived considerably in the fit
teenth century. Among the Italians, Achil-
linus Benedictus, Berengarius, and Massa
added to the stock of anatomical knowledge
by discoveries of their own from dissections,
Sut the most distinguished names among
the anatomists ef that period are thoae who
flourished in the following century, namely,
Vegzalius, a native of Brusse}s, Syivius in
France, Columbus, Faliop‘us, and Eusgta-
chius in Italy, who, cont~ary to the prae-
tice ef Galen, drew their observations from
the human body, rather than from that “of
the brutes. WVevalius gave the names tothe
wauscles, most of which are retained to this
aay. Gabriel Fallepius, in his treatise en-
titled Ghealewiones A baton | peameaaigs
in 1561, improved upor the descriptions of —
Vesatitis The Opuscuis Anatomica of Bar
tholomw#us Eustachius, published in 1563,
have ever been admired for the correctnesa
and exactness of their descriptions. His
plates. which were intended for a large
and complete work on the subject, were
not published until 150 years after, whea,
being found in an old cabinet, they were
edited by Lancisi, the pope’s physician, who
added a short explanatory text, because
that of Eustachius could not be found. The
next in the list of distinguished anate-
mists must be reckoned Harvey, who, after
having studied in Italy under Fabricius ab
Aquapendente, was led by the writings of
his master to consider the manner in which —
the blood was circulated over the whole
body; and the offices of the several vessels.
Fabricius published an account of the valves
which he discovered in the veing. This
discovery affected the established doctrine
of all ages, that the veins carried the blood
from the liver to all parts of the body far
nourishinent ; and Harvey was led by this
to consider more narrowly the functions
of the heart and the vascular system. The
result of his investigation was, that the
heart is the grand reservoir of the blood,
that the arteries, which had hitherto been
considered as air vessels, were the channels
by which it was conveyed to all parts of —
the body, and the veins were the channels.
by which it was carried back to the heart
His doctrine at first met with eonsiderable
opposition, but farther researches put it at
length beyond all question, and led to other
discoveriesof considerable importance. The
lacteals, or vessels which carry the chyle
to the intestines, were discovered by As-
celius, an Italian; the thoracie duet by
Pecquet, in 1651; the lymphatics by Tho.
mas Bartholine, a Danish anatomist; be-
sides numerous other discoveries which
were made by the help of magnifying glas-
ses. ‘These were first brought into use by
Malpighi, after by Laurentius Bellinus, a
distinguished anatomist of Italy, Swam-
merdam, Van Horn, De Graaf, and ether
Dutch anatomists, particularly Antonius
Liewenhoeck, of Delft, who improved on
Malpighi’s use of microscopes, and sueceed-
ed in discovering globules in the bleed,
animalculg in the semer, and many other
particulars which had hitherto escaped ne-
tice. From this time the science of anate-
my made predigious advances towards ac-
curacy, so that each particular part has fuy-
nished matter for the labours of celebraweé rl
The figures ofthe bones have
been giver in four large folio volumes, by
anatonists.
ax
f) M.Van a esarigisdics Fall ins cass ‘i
| player of M. de Kemplin of Presburg, ané
the chess-player who lately performed woa-
ders in that game in London The con-
struction of these autematons is at present
a secret.
ANDROMEDA, A smali northern eon-
stellation consisting of sixty-three stars
ANEMOMETER. An instrument, used
for measuring the force and velocity of the
wind ‘
ANEMONE. A beautiful flower origi-
nally brought from the east, but now much
cultivated in our gardens. The word sig-
nifies properly wind-flower, because it was
supposed that it opened only when the
wind blew
ANEMOSCOPE. A machine showing
from what point of the compass the wind
blows. ;
ANDESITE. »A mineral found in the
Andes containing the fel-spar called
Andesine.
ANEMOMETER. An instrument for
determining the course, the force and
‘velocity of winds.
ANGELINA. A planet first observed
by Tempel, in 1861.
ANGLES. A German tribe on the Elbe,
of the race of the Sueyi, who after-
wards passed over with the Saxons into
Britain, and gave their name to that
country.
ANGIOSPERMIA. A term in the Lin-
nzan system for such plants of the class
Didynamia as have their seeds enclosed in
a capsule or seed-vessel.
ANGLE. The inclination of two lines
meeting one another in a peint, which
lines are called the legs; when the lines
meet perpendicularly it is a right angle, as
A, B,C; when they meet so as to make
ness. Haller has published a folio on the
‘3 blood vessels, Dr. Munro, junior, on the
Oy nerves, Albinus, Roederer, and Hunter on
on the joints and fresh bones, Soemmering
en the brain, Zinn on the eye, Cotunnius
Mickel, junior, and others on the ear,
“Walter on the nerves of the thorax and
abdomen, Munroe on the bursem mucose,
_ besides the several systems of anatomy
_ from the pexs of Albinus, Keil, Cheselden,
_. Hunter, Munro, Douglas, Fife, Winslow,
Bischoff, Gray, Bowman, Virchow, &c.
ANCESTRY. . The line of ancestors or
_ forefathers from which any person is de-
-scended.
ANCHOR. An instrument for holding
_ aship in the place where she should ride.
_ ANCHORAGE. The ground that is fit
_ for holding the anchor ; aiso the duty taken
ef ships for the use of the haven where
- they cast anchor.
_ ANCHORET. A hermit, or one who
retired from the world, and lived in per-
- fect solitude.
ANCHOVY. ‘Asmat seafieh much used
In sauce; ft isso like the common sprat,
shat the latter is often pickled and sold
_ ander its name.
shi! ‘Italian for ex-
act and just time in binving: 80 as to keep
the notes distinct from each other.
_ ANDROIDES (in Mechanics). -A term
to denote an automaten in the figure
a man, which, by means of certain
ngs and other mechanical contrivances,
ia enabled to walk, and perform other
y tions: of a man. The most celebrated of
; > automatons which have been exhib-
m time are the fiute-player of
the angle ess than o right angie, it is called
acute, as A, B, D; and when they maxe
the angie greater, it is called an obtuse an-
gle, as A, B, E. i
ANGLER. A singular fish, also known
at present by the name of the fizhing frog,
from the resemblance which it bears te
that animal in the state of a tadpole.
ANGLICAN CHURCH. That form of
doctrine and discipline which is established
in Engiand, and serves for tho government
from the West Indies.
ef the: whole Christian church in that coun- |
try. 2:s doctrines are comprehended within
thirty-nine articles, and its government,
which is episcopal, consistea of two. arch-
bishops and twenty-four bishops, together
wth the different orders of inferior clergy.
_ The same Church is established in Ameri-
ca, put is independent of that of England.
"Phe members of this church are called
_. Episcopalians.
ANGLICISM. An idiom or manner of
speech peculiar to the English, and their
descendants.
| ANGLING. The art of fishing with a
sed, to which are attached a line, hook,
and bait. Anglers look for breams in the
deepest water, for eels under banks, for
_ chub in deep shaded holes, for perch and
roach in ponds, and for trout in quick
streams. The best months for angling are
from April to October ; the time of the day
early in the morning, or in the evening of
not days. Fish bite freely in cloudy warm
weather, but not at all when it is cold and
stormy. Fish ought to be fed on corn boil-
ed soft, garbage, worms chopped to pieces,
oY grains steeped in blood. if you fish in
stream, it is best to cast in the grains
above the hook.
ANIMAL. A living body endued with
veonsation and spontaneous motion ; in its
limited sense, any irrational creature, ag
diatinguished from man.
ANIMALCULAL, Animale so minute
98 not to be the immediate object of our
senses. They are seen only by the help of.
the microscope.
ANIMAL KINGDOM. One of the three
principal divisions into which all organized
bodies are divided by Linneus. It com-
prehends six classes of animals; namely,
Mammalia, or such as suckle their young,
mostly quadrupeds ; Aves, birds, which are
oviparous; Amphibia, amphibious ani-
mals ; Pisces, fishes, such ag live only in
water, and are covered with scales ; Insec-
fa, insects, which have few or no organs
of sense, anda bony coat of mail ; Vermes,
worms, which have mostly no feet.
ANIME, or GUM ANIME. A resinous
substance imported from New Spain and
the Brazils.
ANNALS. A species of history, in which
. events are related in the exact order of
ehronclogy
_ ANNEALING. The process of heating
stec] and other metal bodies, and then
- suffering them to cool again gradually
_ ANNOTTO. A kind of red dye brought
It ig procured from
_ Wise pulp of the seed capsules
- ANNUAL. An epithet for whatever
nee Ba Ry
. ie
within the year. ALR
ANNUITY. The pereakel payment of
money, either yearly, half yearly, or quar-
terly ; for a determinate period; as ten,
fifty, or a hundred years; or foraninde-
terminate period, dependant on acertain —
contingency, as the death of a person; or
for an indefinite term, in which latter case
they ere called perpetual annuities
ANNULET A small square member in
the Doric capital. Est AA
ANNUNCIATION. The deliveryofa
message, particularly the angel’s message
to the Virgin Mary, concerning the birth —
of our Saviour. The festival in commem
oration of that event is called Lady Day
ANODYNES. Medicines so called be-
cause they ease pain and procure slee
such as the medicinal preparations of the
ANOMALISTICAL YEAR (in Astro-
nomy). The time that the earth takes te
pass through her orbit
ANOMALOUS VERBS (in Grammar). —
Verbs which are not conjugated regularly
ANOMALY. In ageneral sense, irregu-
larity ; in Astronomy, the irregularity in
the motion of a planet.
ANSER. A star of the fifth magnitude ‘
in the milky way.
ANSERES The third order of birds in.
the Linnean system, including such as
have the bill somewhat obtuse, covered
with askin, and gibbous at the bane une
ths goose, duck, swan, &¢.
ANT. A gregarious and proverbially
industrious tribe of insects, which are di-
vided into males, females, and neutrala —
Their houses are curiously constructed, —
and divided into chambers, magazines, &c.
ANTARCTIC (in Astronomy). Rei
name of a circle of she sphere, whieh io
opposite to the aretic or northern pole.
is nearly 23 and a half degrees distant
| the meta! ealied antimony combinow ith
and then quickly draws it in.
- ANTECEDENT. The word in grammar
to which the relative refers ; as Ged, whom
we adore, the word God is the ante-
eedent
Beye) ANTEDATE. A date that precedes the
ae real one; as the antedate of a bill, that
which is earlier than the time when it is
Yor drawn.
ities ANTEDILUVIANS. Persons living be-
, _ fore the deluge.
ANTELOPE. A beautiful quadruped,
of which there are many varieties. Antoe-
lopes are singularly swift in their motion,
vain’ and in general natives of hot climates,
ss iparticularly in Africa and Asia. Europe
Re. has but twe species, and America but one ;
RS Mt is called the Prang-horned Antelops.
aes i ANTENNZ. The horns or feelers of
ae. insects which project from their .heade,
% __ and serve them in the sense of feeling and
ih seeing.
ANTHEM A sacred composition used
as a part of Christian worship.
_ ANTHER A part of the stamen of a
flower which is at the top of the filament.
it containe the pollen or farina, which it
emits or explodes when ripe.
ANTHOLOGY. A collection of choice
podms, particularly a collection of Greek
epigrams so called.
ANTHROPOPHAGI. Another name
_ for cannibals, or men eaters.
ANTIDOTE. A counterpoison, or any
medicine generally that counteracts the
___ effects of what has been swallowed.
"yan | _ ANTIMONY, A metallic, solid, heavy,
¥n 3 Ae ‘found pure, but mostly mixed with other
metals. In its pure state it is called the
__ regulus of antimory. Crude antimony, in
\
Baie: ‘ {
prittie substance, which is very seldom | bark of
_ANTINOMIANS. An anelent sect, whe
maintained that faith, without good works,
was sufficient for salvation. Thissect has —
heen revived since the Reformation
ANTIPODES. Persons so named in
geography, whe live diametrically opposite
to ene another, og it were feet to feet.
They have equa! latitudes, the one north
and the other south; but opposite longi
tudes, consequently when it is day to the
one it is night to the other, and when
summer to the one winter to the other
ANTIQUARY. One who searches after
the remains of antiquity. The monks who
were employed in making new copies of
old books were formerly called antiquarii.
ANTISCLI (in Geography). People who
live on different sides of the equator, and
have their shadows at noon fall directly
epposite ways.
ANTISEPTICS. Substances which re
sist putrefaction.
ANTITHESIS. A figure of speech, in
which contraries are put in contrast with
each other, as, He gained by losing, and by
falling rose,
ANTOECI (in Geography). People whe
Hive under the same meridian, east or west,
but under opposite parallels of latitude
they have their noon or midnight at the
same hour, but their seasons contrary.
ANTONOMASIA. A form of speech, in
which the name of some dignity, office, ©
profession, science, or trade, is used in-
stead of the true name of a person ; or,
in which a proper name is put in place
of an appellative: thus, we say tho
President, the Englishman, the Printer,
a Cato,.a Solomon.
ANTOSIANDRIAN. One of a sect of
rigid Lutherans, so denominated from
their opposing the doctrines of Osian-
der, the German reformer,
ANTRUSTION,. In history, the An-
trustions were aclass of people among
the Franks, who were the personal vas-
sals of the kings and counts.
“ANUBIS. An Egyptian deity, repre.
sented by a human figure, witk the
head of a dog orafox. He was the son
of Osiris, and was regarded as the con-
ductor and guardian of departed souls,
AONIAN. Pertaining te the Muses, or
to Aonia, their residence, in Beotia.
AORIST. The name of certain tensey
in the Greek language, which express
time indeterminate, that is, either past,
present, or future. |
AOUTA. A tree of Otaheite, from thy
which the natives make cloth,
AORTA. In «unatomy, the grea
artery, or main trunk of the arte-
rial system, proceeding immediately
from the left ventricle of the
— preamerse » is a metallic ore, consisting of |heart. It ia distinguished inte
4 APL
the desconding or ascending, according to APOCOPS (in Graramar). The ouceatng
the manner in whiek it rune.
APATITE. Phosphate of time ; 8 mine-
ral which cecura in tin veins, and is found
in Cornwall and Germany.
APE. The name of a tribe ef animals
ef the monkey kind which are witheut
tails, imitative, chattering, full of gestien-
lations, thicvish, and mischievous.
APERIENTS. Opening medicines
APETALOUS (in Botany). A term for
plants whose flowers have no flower leaves
or corolla; as the hippuris, or fox tail
grees.
APEX. A little woollen tuft on the cap
‘of the flamen, or higi priest, among the
ancients.
APEX (in Mathematics). The angular
point ef a cone or conic section.
A. P.G, An abbreviation for Professor
ef Astronomy in Gresham College, Eng-
fond.
APHARESIS (in Grammar) The
faking away a letter or syllable from a
word.
APHELION. That point at which the
earth, or any planet, is at the greatest dia-
tance from the sun.
APHIS. ‘Fhe plant louse ; an extensive
genas of the hemiptera order.
APHORISM. A brief sentence in
selence, comprehending some experimen-
tal truth, as the Aphorisms of Hippoernies,
&e.
APIARY. A place where bees are kept,
which should be selected with great care,
observing that it face the south, be defen-
ded from high winds, and not within the
sphere of offensive smells, or liable to the
attacks of hornets or any other hostile
Vermin
. APIS The bee; a genus of insects of
the order hymenoptera.
API8.. An Egyptian deity, worshiped
under the form of an on.
off the last letter or eyliable efa werd. Soe
APODAL, The first order of Sshes mm
the Linnjan system, having eo vent |
fina, as the eel, the wolf fire, the sword
fish, the lance, &e. utente
APOGEE. That point of the erbit at
which the sun, moon, or any planet is
most distant from the earth This term,
86 well as the perigee, was most in use
among the ancients ; modern astronomers
making the sun the centre of the paiverse
mostly use the terms aphelion ana perihe
lion.
APOLLO. The god of medicine, music
poetry, and the fine arts. He was theson
of Jupiter and Latcna, born tn the islene
of Deles, and is commonly represented
naked, with his hyre or how
APOLOGUE. An instructive fable, qe
a feigned relation, intended to teach some
moral truth ; as the Fables of Esop.
APOPHTHEGM. A brief and pithy
saying, particularly of some distinguished
person.
APOPLEXY. A disorder which sud
denly surprises the brain, andtakesaway
all sense and motion. ANE
APOSTATE. One whe has forsaken
nis religion ; particularily ene whe has @e-
serted the Christian profession. An SO
A POSTERIORI. A teim employed fe —
ambassaders, a term applied now particu-
—- \ewhy to the twelve disciples commis-
Be ay 1, shened by our Saviour to proach the gospel
ey bo all natiena.
APOSTROPHE. A figure of speech,
by which the orator turns from his subject
_ to address a person either absent er dead,
as if he were present.
APOSTROPHE (in Grammar). A mark
of contraction in a word; thus, low’d for
loved.
APOTHECARY. Property the keeper
@f a medicine shop; but more generally
- one who practises the art of pharmacy, or
ef compounding medicines In London,
Tats apothecaries are one of the city companies,
cy and are exempted, by stat. 9 Geo. I. from
_——é«s@Ving upon juries or in parish offices.
They are obliged to make up thelr medi-
cines according to the formulas preseribed
in the college dispensatory, and are liable
of the college, who are empowered to des-
troy such medicines as they do net think
good.
APOTHEOSIS. Deification, or the cer-
emony of placing among the gods, which
y was frequent among the ancients. This
- fenour was conferred on several of the
-. Roman emperors at their decease.
APPANNAGE, or APPENNAGE,
Lands set apart a3 a portion for the king’s
- vounger children in France.
APPARATUS. °A set ofinstruments or
wtensils necessary for practising any art,
as @ surgeon’s apparatus, a chomist’s appa-~
Fatus.
APPARENT (among Mathematicians).
A term applied to things as they appear to
ws,in distinetion from what they are in
| peality ; as the apparent distance, magni-
tude, place, figure, &c. of any heavenly
body, as distinguished from the real or true
—s distance, &e.
_ APPARITION (in Astronomy). T'he
_ becoming visible. The circle of apparition
is an imaginary line, within which the
stara are always visible in any given
8 latitude.
APPEAL (in Law)
‘The removal of a
APPEARANCE (in Law). The defend.
ants appearing before the court te plead in
any prosecution ; there are four ways for
defendants to appear to actions ; in person,
or by attorney, for persons of full age; by
guardians, or next friends, for infants.
_ APPEARANCE (in Perspective). The
1 hPa body on the per-
‘have their shops visited by the censors |.
phenomenon, or phasis,
APPELLANT, or APPELLOR. One
who makes or brings an appeal; it was
formerly much used for one wae breught
an appeal in a criminal prosecutien.
APPELLATIVE (in Grammar), ),
gota, is alien saiied an Ro ates aa P
in water colowrs
AQUEDUCT. A pati pe water 4 ‘1
pipes. In the time of the emperor Nerve
there were nine, which emptied themselva —
through 13,504 pipes of an inch diametet
That constructed by Louis XIV. for enrry-—
ing the Buca to Versailles, is 7000 fathoms
long, with 2560 fathoms of abr veal
contains 242 areades.
AQUEOUS HUMOUR. The wale)
humour ef the eye, the first and mane
which ie less dense than the erystalline. —
ARABIC, or GUM ARABIC. A aun
parent kind of gum brought from Arabia
which distils ffom a plant of the acacia
speeies. It is used for painting in water
colours, and also by calice printers and
other manufacturers, but it is difficult te —
procureit genuine. Thatwhichisinamall —
pleces, and of a pert white colour, is
reckoned the best fs
ARABIC FIGURES, er. CHARAC-
TERS. Thenumeral characters now used
{n our arithmetic, which were introduced —
into England about the eleventh century _
ARBITER (in Civil Law). A judge
appointed by the magistrate, or chosen by
the parties to decide any point of differ. —
ence. An arbiter must judge according to.
the usages of law ; but an arbitrator, whe
is a private extraordinary judge, chosen rile
the mutual consent of parties, is allowed a
certain discretionary power. a)
ARBITRATION. A mode of Vecsey
controversies by means of arbiters or arbi-
trators. (See AnsiTER). i
ARBOR VITA. An evergreen shake
ARBUTUS. The strawberry-tree. A
beautiful shrub, bearing a red roundish
aids f
ARC, or ARCH DIURNAL (ha nae
nomy). That eh ofa circle described by
pointed, which are called Gothie =
ARCH OF EQUILIBRIUM fin Bridge (
bullding). ‘That whieh is equilibrium in
all its parte, and therefore equally strong
throughout, having no es to 5
in one part more than ancther —
aes 4, are two archbishops in Engiand ; namely,
it _ that ef Canterbury, who has twenty-one
ape it ‘bishops under him ; and that ef York, who
ss Ras four.
_. ARCHDEACON. An officer in the
“ny church of Rugiand, who acts for the bizhop,
__-- maving a superintendant power ever the
clergy within his district.
ARCHDUKE. One having a preemi-
“pence over other dukes.
ABCHERY. The art of shooting with a
4 bow ; ; formerly a favourite diversion among
the English, whe were also much skilled
in it asa military exercise. The practice
of archery was much encouraged by the
kings. It was followed both az a recreation
and a service, and Edward III. prohibited
* all useless games that interfered with the
ty practice of it on holydays and other inter-
“vals of leisure. By an act of Edward IV.
every man was to have a bow of his own
height, to be made of yew, hazel, or ash,
&e.; and mounds of earth were to be made
im every township, for the use of the in-
__—s pabiteants. There were two kinds of bows
re, in use among the English; namely, the
long bow and the crossbow, those who used
_ the long bow were called archers tn dis-
tinetion from the crossbowmen.
» ARCHIL, a sort of lichen; the name
of a violet-red paste, used as adye stuff.
ARCHIMEDEAN SCREW. A spiral ma-
. ehine for raising water, consisting of a
tube rolled in a spiral form round a
eylinder, a modification of which has
been introduced for propelling Aneta
- vessels.
ARCHITECT. One who ts skilled in
architecture. The architect forms plans and
_ designs for edifices, conducts the work,and
_ directa the artificers employed in it.
hit ARCHITECTURE. The art of building,
er the science which teaches the method
_ of constructing any edifice for uge or orna-
“ment. It is divided into civil, military, and
navm architecture, according as the erec-
tions are for vivil, military, or navel pur-
poses. The twe last kinds are otherwise
called Fortification,and Naval Arehitecture
_orShipbuiiding. (Bee Forvirication and
Navas Arenitectuan.)
ARCHITECTURE, Hisrony oy. The
origin of civil architecture, or architecture
_ properly so called, is commonly derived
from the buliding of huts in a conical forma,
spreading wide at the bottem, and joining
a a point at the top, the whole being
covered with reeds, leaves, &¢. But what-
may have been the form of the first
cna there is no doubt that the recipe
, | thataags which necessity suggested te the
reagen of man ; for we find that Cerin, the
son of Adam, built a city. Tents, er tom-
porary residences, which were only suited
to such as jead a wandering life, were nas
invented before the time of Jubal, the son
of Tubal Cain ; sines that time the Tartars
have followed the practice, and the erigtnunl
inhabitants of America did the same. Every
nation, in proportion to the degree of civili-
sation which it has attained, has shown a
disposition to exercise their ingenuity in
the construction oftheirresidences. Among
the Egyptians this art was carried to an
extraordinary degree of perfection. Thek
pyramids, labyrinths, and seme ruins of
their palaces and other edifices are still to
be geen and adinired as stupendous menu-
ments of their industry, perseverance, and
skill. Near Andera, in Upper Egypt, are
the ruins of a palace of gray granite, the
ceilings of whieh are supported by columns
of such thickness, that four men can searce-
ly span them. The grand hall is 112 feet
long, 60 high, and 58 broad. The reof of the
whole edifice iz a terrace, on which once
stood an Arabian village. The Babylonians
and Persiane vied with the Zgyptians, both
in the grandeur and spiendour of theix
buildings, as may ve judged from the ruins
stillremaining. A staircase was to be seen
some time ago, having 95 steps of white
marble still standing so broad and flat, that
12 horses might conveniently go abreast.
As these vast structures were not fitted
for the general convenience of mankind
we must look to the Greeks fer the art of
architecture as it has since been exercised.
From the simple construction ef wooden
huts, Vitruvius supposes the orders of arehi-
teeture took theirrize. When buildings of
wood were superseded by solid and stately
edifices of stone, they imitated the parts
which necessity had introduced into the
primitpre huts; so that the upright trees,
with the stones at each extremity of them,
were the origin of columns, bases, and
capitals ; and the beams, joists, raftera, and
the materials which formed the covering,
gave birth to architraves, frizes, triglyphs,
sornices, with the corona, mutules, me-
dilions, and dentiles. To bring all these
several parts to the siate of perfection at
which they arrived was the work ef leng
experience and much reesoning, aided by
the invention of many tools.
improved upon the works of the Egyptiana,
zo ag to render them, if net go durable, a:
least more ornamental, and perhaps mere
really serviceable. The construetion ef
arches wes unknown to the ancient Asay-
viane and Pebylonians, The reofs of thal
The Greeks,
=
t
halts were ESE covered wue ecirloue
ly large stones, some of them large enough
to cover the wholes room. They had calumne,
- put they were ill proportioned, and the cap-
_ Itals were badly executed. The art of pro-
_ portioning the various parts of a building
_ belongs,in a peculiar manner, tothe Greeks,
_ from whom we derive the three principal
Orders: at the same time it must not be
denied, that the Jewish nation had earlier
examples of such proportion ; and that, in
all probability, the Greeks took their idea
ef a regular order in architecture from the
temple of Solomon.
In the Doric Order, which is so called
from Dorus, the son of Helenus, and grand-
gon of Deucalion, the column approaches
very nearly to the proportions of those to
be found in Solomon’s temple. This order
was first employed by Dorus in the build-
ing of atemple at Argos, in honour of Juno,
and was formed according to the propor-
tions between the foot of a man and the
rest of his body, reckoning the foot to be
the sixth part of a man’s height: they gave
to a Doric column, taking in its chapiter,
six of its diameters ; that is to say, they
made it six times as high as it was thick,
but they afterwards added a seventh di-
ameter.
The Ionic Order, which takes its name
from the lIonians, in Upper Asia, was
formed according to the proportions of a
woman ; mnaking the height of the column
to be eight times greater than the diameter.
They also made channeling in the trunk,
to imitate the folds in the dress ofa woman,
and by the volutes in the chapiter they re-
presented that part of the hair which hung
in curis on each side of the face; besides
the Ionians added a base to their column,
which the Dorians originally had not.
The Corinthian Order, which was poste-
rior to the other two, took its rise from an
accident related by Vitruvius. A basket,
with a tile over it, had been placed on the
tomb of a young Corinthian maid, near
which grew the herb acanthus, or bear’s
breech. The leaves of this plant rising up
to the tile,then curled themselves down into
a sort of volute, which being observed by
Callimachus, the sculptor, he took the idea
of representing such a circle of leaves in
-he eapital of » column, that has since been
characteristic ofthe Corinthian Order Sca-
mozzi calla this the virginal order, because
it bears all the delicacy in its dress peculiar
to young virgins.
The Tuscan, or Etruscan Order, derives
#s name from the Etruscans, or Pelasgians,
who first inhabited Etruria, in Italy ; this
is therefore looked upon as a Roman Order.
ad
.to have taken partly from the Romans, a
but as ‘it is one of the uites and simph
orders, it is in all probability eme of t
most ancient: Vitruvius speaks ofthe pre-
portions ef this order, but there are ne
certain remaine of it, unless we exceptthe
Trajan and Antonine pillarsat Rome. ==
The Composite or Romen Order, is so
called because it combines the proportions
and decorations of the Corinthian Order
with the angular volute and dentils of the
Ionian, thus forming a new erder, which
was adopted by the Romans.
Both the Greeks and Romans were in
the practice of using the figures of men atid
women instead of regular eclumns, whence —
arose the Persian or Persie Order, in which —
the statues of men, and the Caryatie Orton”
in which the statues of women, served to
support the entablatures, in the place ef
columns. The Romans had also their,Ter-
mini for the support of entablatures, the
upper part of which represented the head
and breast of a human body, and the lowe
the inverted frustrum of a square pyramid
Persian figures are generally charged with —
a Doric entablature ; the Caryatides with —
an Ionic or Corinthian architrave and cor-
nice ; and the Termini with an entablature
of any of the three Grecian orders.
In their private buildings the Roman |
architects followed the Greeks ; but in theiz
public edifices they far surpassed them in
grandeur. Architecture was carried to its ;
highest pitch of perfection in the reign of —
Augustus. The Pantheon, one ofthe finest
monuments of antiquity, was built by
Agrippa, the gon inlaw of Augustus. Some _
of his successors, particularly Trajan and
Antoninus, were no less favourable tothe —
exercise of this art; but onthe declineof
the empire, arehitecture shared the fateof
other arts, and declined also, but did not
altogether drop. New modes of building |
were introduced, which acquiredthename
of styles ; as the Gothic, Saxon, and Bs
man styles. ay ;
The Gothic style was so called beeause a.
it was first used by the Visigoths. The —
Saxon and Norman styles were so ealled —
because they were respectively used by the — Nee
Saxons before the Conquest, and by the Nev
Normans after, in the building of church- i
es. The Saxon style wa distinguished
by the semicircular arch, hich they seom 4
and
partly from their ancestors en the cont
nent, ;
The Norman style was Atetingulsbed
aisle: ‘and BiNsrted by very plain iid
solid columns ; of which examples are to
be seen in the chancel at Orford, in Suf-
folk, and at Christ Church,, Canterbury.
Bometimes, however, the coftimns were
--—s decorated with carvings of foliage or ani-
mals, and sometimes with spirals, lozenge,
or network.
ahi These two styles continued to be the pre-
vailing modes of building in England until
the reign of Henry Il., when a new mode
wes introduced, which was called modern
Gothic. Whether this was purely a devia-
tion from the other two modes, or whether
it was derived from any foreign source, is
not known. Itis, however, supposed to
be of Saracenic extraction, and to have
been introduced by the crusaders. This
supposition is strengthened by the fact, that
the mosques and palaces of Fez, and also
some of the cathedrals in Spain built by
the Moors, are in this style; which ought
therefore to be called Arabic, Saracenic,
or Moresque. This style is distinguished
_ by its numerous buttresses, lofty spires, and
pinnacles, large and ramified windows,
with a profusion of ornaments throughout.
It came into general use in the reign of
Henry II{f.; when the circular gave way to
| the pointed arch, and the massive column
/ _ to the slender pillar, of which the present
cathedral church of Salisbury, begun at that
period, affords the best specimen. From
that time to the reign of Henry VIII. the
pillars in churches were of Purbeck marble,
very slender and round, encompassed with
marble shaftsa little detached, having each
- ———s a Capital adorned with foliage, which join-
ing formed one elegant capital forthe whole
pillar. The windows were long and nar-
row, with pointed arches and painted glass ;
and the lofty steeples were furnished with
spires and pinnacles. Inthe reign of Hen-
ry VIII. anew kind oflow pointed arch was
introduced, which was described from four
centres, was very round at the haunches,
and the angle at the top was very obtuse,
_ @8 may be seen in Cardinal Wolsey’s build-
_ imgs. In the fifteenth and sixteenth cen-
turies the taste for Greek and Romen archi-
_ wecture revived, and brought the five orders
again into use, although for sacred edifices
the Saxon and Gothic styles still maintain
the preeminence. The Italians were fora
leng time reckoned the greatest architects,
but England may also boast of an Inigo
_ Senes and a Sir Christopher Wren, who
id a very high rank in the art Inigo
bnes has left the banqueting house at
hitehall, Queen Catherine’s Chapel at
7 “Bt. James's, the Piazza at Covent Garden,
Ds oo) oe as a of his i ac
» ae '
te
GSR Tem
The works of Sir Christopher
and taste
Wren even surpass those of his predecessor,
both in number and magnitude. Among
these stand foremost the Cathedral of St.
Paul’s, Greenwich Hospital, the Menu-
ment, Chelsea Hospital, the Theatre ag
Oxford, Trinity College Library, and Em-
manuel College, Cambridge ; besides up-
wards of fifty-two churches and innumer-
able other public buildings.
ARCHITECTURE (in Perspective).
sort of building, the members of Ali
are of different measures and modules, and
diminish in proportion to their distance, te
make the building appear longer and larger
to the view than it really is.
ARCHITRAVE. That part of a column
or series of columns that is above or lies
immediately upon the capital. It is the
lowest member of the frieze, and is sup-
posed to represent the principal beam in
timber buildings. {It is sometimes called
the reason piece, as in porticoes, cloisters
&c.; and the masterpiece in chimneys.
ARCHIVAOLT. The inner contour of
an arch, or a frame set off with mouldings,
running over the faces of the arch stones
and bearing upon the imposts.
ARCHIVES. The place where the re-
cords, &c. belonging to the crown and
kingdom are kept. .
ARCTIC. An epithet for what lies to the
north, as the Arctic Circle, the Arctic Pole
AREA. The site or space of ground on
which any building is erected.
AREA (in Geometry). The superficial
contents of any figure, as a triangle, qua
drangle, &c.
ARENA, That part of an amphitheatre
where the gladiators contended, so called
from the sand with which it was strewed
ARGENT (in Heraldry). The white co-
Jour in the coats of arms of baronets
knights, and gentlemen.
ARGO NAVIS. A constellation called
after the ship of Jason and his compan-
ions.
ARGUMENT. Whatever is offered og
offers itself to the mind, so as to create be-
lief in regard to any subject or matter laid
down. ~
ARGUMENT (in Astronomy). ne are
whereby another arc is to be sought bear-
ing a certain proportion to the first are.
ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM (In
Logic). A mode of reasoning, in which am
argument is drawn from the professed prin-
ciples or practice of the adversary.
ARIES. The Ram, a constellation of
fixed stars, and the first of the twelve signe
of the zodiac, marked (9).
ARISTOCRACY A form of govem
maent in whieh the power is vested in the
wobility.
ARITHMETIC. The art of numbering
oF computing by certain rules, of which the
four first and simplest are addition, sub-
traction, multiplication, and division.
Vulgar Arithmetic is the computation of
maumbers in the ordinary concerns of life.
Integral Arithmetic treats of wholes num-
bors ; Fractional Arithmetic, of fractional
mumbers ; Decimal Arithmetic, of decimal
Humbers. Universal Arithmetic is the
name given to Algebra by Sir laaac New-
Gon.
ARITHMETIC, History or. Of Arith-
mastic as a acience, we know but very lit-
tle as to its state and progress among the
ancients. It is evident, from the bare con-
sideration of our wants, and earliest im-
pressions, that some knowledge ofnumbers
er some mode of computation, however im-
perfect, was coeva) with society ; and as the
transactions of men became more compli-
ted, it js reasonable to infer that they
would hit on devices for facilitating and
simplifying their calculations. Josephus
asserts that Abraham, having retired from
Chaldea into Egypt, during the time of a
famine, was the first who taugtt the inha-
bitants of that country a knowledge both
of arithmetic and astronomy, of which they
were both before ignorant ; a circumstance
the more probable, as it is well known that
the science of astronomy was first cultiva-
ted among the Chaldeans, and such advan-
ees made in that science as could not have
been effected without the aid of arithmeti-
eal calculations.
The Greeks imagined that the science of
arithmetic, as well as that of geometry,
originated with the Egyptians; but this
Rotion, as far as respects priority of dis
eovery, was evidently erroneous, and no
doubt arose from the circumstance of thelr
haying éerived all their first ideas of the
afta wag wiences, as wellas many of their
fahtaa from the Egyptians. Thus, as the
Sgpotans believed that they were taught
M
meKbeors by their god Theut or Thot, who| Diophantus and Pappus made Mv to re-
geectded over commerce, the Greeks as-
signed a similar office to their god Mer-
eury. As the Phenicians were the first
trading people, they naturally addicted
themselves to the science and practice of
arithmetic, which led Strabo to observe
that the invention of the art belonged to
them; but, ag the Chaldeans were a more
anclent people, this supposition is no less
erroneous than the former. What advan-
ces were made by these people in the sct-
ence we have no means of ascertaining, for
Bothing remains of the carly writings on
Para niee We € i ra
this subject except what may be gathere¢
from the commentary of Procus oa the ia
First Book of Euctid’s Elements It ap si
pears that almost all nations wereledtofiz
upon the same numeral scale, orthe com-
mon method of notation, by dividing num-
bers into tens, hundreds, and thousands;
a practice doubtless derived from the cus-
tom, #o universally adopted in childhood,
of counting by the fingers; which, being - —
first reckoned singly from one to ten, and
then successively over again, would natu-
rally lead to the decimal scale or the de-—
cuple division of numbers. But they rep-
resented thelr numbers by means of the
letters of the alphabet in the place of the
modern numerals. Thus the Jews divided
their alphabet into nine units, nine tens,
and nine hundreds, including the final let-
ters, as py Aleph, 1, 3 Beth, 2, &c. to» Yod,
10; then 3 Caph, 20, » Lamed, 30, &c. to
p Koph, 100, 5 Resh, 200, &c. to p Tsadi
final, 900. Thousands were sometimes
expressed by the units annexed to hund-
red, as —o-ye, 1434 ; sometimes by the word
mp, 1000, corpdg, 2000, and with the
other numerals prefixed, tosignify the num
ber ofthousands To avoid using the di
vine name of sv, Jehovah, in notation,
they substituted yp for fifteen. Totheal-
phabet of the Greeks were assigmed two —
numerical powers, namely, a power toeach
letter in order, as @, ‘Alpha, 1, &c. to Neg
® Omega, 24, and a power similar to that at
adopted by the Jews, as @ Alpha, 1, &c ie
to x Kappa, 10, &¢.; to w Omega, 800, f
then 900 was expressed by the character 7) y,
and the thousands were denoted by apoint =—«s_—
under the letters after this manner, a, 1000, iy
~
b
8 2000, &e.; the number of 10,000 was
sometimes expressed by a small dash over
the jota thus (, but mathematicians employ- a
ed theletter M, which, by placing under the
small letters, indicated the numberof thou-
sands, as q for 10,000, § for 20,000, &e.
M
present 10,000, and then by the addition
of the Jetters, as AMvy, for 20,000, &c.
Apollonius divided numbers into periods
of four characters, to which he gavealocal —
value very similar to the modern mode of
notation. The Greeks, however, wersen-
adled, by means of their letters, to perform
the cotnmon rules of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division, from which —
no doubt, the idea was taken of working —
with Aetters in our Algebra ; for {tis worthy
ae
ss Breeks had likewise another kind of nota-
thon by means of capitals, more properly
_ tnitials of the names of numbers, and were
used in inscriptions, as I for cc, or wea, 1,
Hi for mevre, 5, Z for dexa, 10, dc. The
Roman notation, which is still used in
marking dates, and numbering chapters,
é&e consists of five of their capital letters,
mamely, 1 one, V five, X ten, L fifty,
© one hundred, which are increased in
this manner: the repetition of the I’s in-
_ e@veases numbers by units, as II for two,
§Il for three, &c.; that of X’s increases
muinbers by tens, as XX for twenty, XXX
for thirty, &c.; and that of C’s increases
numbers by hundreds, as CC for two hun-
‘dred, CCC for three hundred, &c.; also a
less character before a greater diminishes
the value of the number, as I before V,
thus, 1V, makes it four, I before X, thus,
1X, makes it nine: on the other hand, a
less character afler a great r increases the
value of the number, asl after V, thus, VI,
makes it six, and | after X, thus, XJ, makes
* eleven. In what manner the Roinans
: verformed their arithmetical operationa is.
not known ; but it is most probable that,
as they were not a commercial nation, they
followed the simplest forms of calculation:
- We must therefore look for further informa-
tion on this subject to the period when the
Arabs or Saracens {introduced into Europe
their mode of notation, which Is not only
distinguished from the others by the pecu-
liarity of the characters, but also by their
- -yvalueand disposition. Although this nota-
_ tion consists of only nine digits, with the
__, cipher 0, yet, by giving a local power to
ie. these figures, namely, that of units, tens,
—__ hundreds,thousands, &c. they may be made
fy @ express numbers to an indefinite extent.
_ Besides, this mode also presents many ad-
vantages by the additional f&cility with
-. which all arithmetical operations are thus
performed. By what nation this improve-
‘ment was first made is not known. The
Greeks, as before observed, were making
advances towards it by giving a local value
to certain periods of four numbers each,
but it does not appear that they proceeded
-anyfurther The Arabs introduced it into
furope about eight hundred years back,
whence it soon circulated among the dif-
ferent European nations ; but although the
first use of this scale is commonly ascribed
to them, yet they acknowledge themselves
ndebted to the Indians for it; and as this
latter people w2re in many respects very
genicus, it is not at all improbable that
they were the authors of the invention.
cultivation of arithmetic in Europe
m of algebra. at present. The! may be dated from the thirteenth century,
CeCe eee OM
when Jordanus of Namur, the first write:
on che subject that we know of, flourished
His arithmetic was published with illustra
tions, by Joannes Faber Stapulensis, in the
fifteenth century, but was less perfect than
the treatises of Lucas de Burgoand Nicholas
de Tartagliain that and the subsequent cen-
turies. In France, the subject of arithmetie
was handled about the same time by Cla-
vius and Ramus; in Germany, oy Sturmius,
Stifelius and Menischius; and in England
by Recorde, Diggs, and Buckley. After
that period the writers on arithmetic be-
caine too numerous to be particularly spe-
cifled, but the nameg of Briggs, Emerson,
Napier, Maclaurin, Hutton, and Bonny
castle, are entitled to notice for having
systematized, enlarged, and in many par
ticulars simplified the science.
ARK. The floating vessel in which Noah
and his family were saved from the flood
It was 500 feet long, 90 broad, and 50 high
ARK OF THE COVENANT, or Mo-
ses’? Axx, The chest in which the stone
tables of the ten commandments, written
by the hand of God, were laid up.
ARMADILLA, A quadruped, a native
of Brazil and the West Indies, with the
snout of a pig, the tail of a .izard, and the
feet of a hedgehog. He is armed with a
coat of impenetrable scales, under which’
he retires like a tortoise.
ARMILLARY SPHERE (in Astro-
nomy). An artificial sphere, composed of
a number of circles, of metal, wood, o
paper, representing the several circles of
the sphere of the world pen together in
their natural order. The armillary sphere
revolves upon an axis within a silvered
horizon, which is divided into degrees, and
moveable every way upon a brass supporter. —
In Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, there is am
armillary sphere constructed by Dr. Long,
which is eighteen feet in diameter, and will ,
contain more than thirty persons sitting
within it, to view, as from a centre, the
representation of the celestial spheres. Theat
part of the sphere which is not visible im
England is cut off; and the whole is se
contrived, that, by being turned round, &
exhibits all the phenomena of the heavenly compel him. to be ‘obedient to”
podies.
ARMORY. A branch of the science of
heraldry, consisting in the knowledge of
armorial bearings or coats of arms, which
serve to distinguish the quality of the
bearer.
ARMOUR. All such habiliments as serve
to defend the body from wounds inflicted
by darts, swords, lances, é&c.
ARMY. A body of soldiers consisting of
horse and foot, under the command of a
general and subordinate officers, and com-
pletely equipped and disciplined for service.
An army is generally divided into a certain
number of corps,each consisting ofbrigades,
regiments, battalions, and squadrons; when
in the field, it is formed into lines ; the first
line is called the vanguard, the second the
main body, the third the rearguard, or body
of reserve. The middle of each line is oc-
cupied by the feot, the cavalry forms the
right and loft wing of each line, and some-
times squadrons of horse are placed in the
intervals between the battalions
AROMA. A general name for all sweet
spices, but particularly myrrh; also the
odoriferous principle which produces the
feagrance peculiar io some plants.
ARRAC. A spirituous liquor distilled in
India from the cocoa tree, rice, or sugar
It fa very strong, and intoxicates mo: than
yum or brandy.
ARRAIGNMENT (in Law). The bring-
mg 8 prisoner forth, reading the indictment
to him, and putting the question of guilty
or not guilty.
ARRAY. The drawing up of soldiers in
erder of battie.
ARREARS. Money unpaid at the due
time, as rent, moneys in hand, &c.
ARREST (in Law). The apprehending
and restraining a man's person inorder te | by the help of thought and e
4
2
This, in all cases except treason, fetony ey
or breach of the peace, must be done by
the lawful warrant of some court of record _
or officer of justice. Arrest of judgment is ©
the staying of judgment, or not proceeding
to judgment.
ARROW. A missile weapon, which is —
commonly discharged from a bcey When
this weapon is borne in coats cf arms &
is said to be barbed and feathered.
ARROW-ROOT. An Indian root, of
which starch is made It is also used
medicinally
ARSENAL. A public storehouse for
arms and all sorts of ammunition.
ARSENIATE. A sort of salts formed
by the combination of arsenic acid with
different bases, as the arseniate of ammo-
nia, &e. "
ARSENIC. A ponderous mineral body
It is yellow, white, and red. Yellow arsenic
is the native arsenic dug out of the mines,
otherwise called Arsenic Ore. White
arsenic is drawn from the yellow by sub-
limating ; and is reduced to powder by the
mixture of oxygen, or exposure to the air
This is sometimes used in medicine in
small quantities, but is otherwise a deadly
poison. Red arsenic is the yellow arsenic
rubified by fire, when it is called realgal. -
ARSENITE. A sort of saits formed by
the combination of arsenious acid with
different bases.
ARSIS (in Grammar). The elevation of —
the voice, in distinction from thesis or the
depression of the voice. Arsis and thesis
in Ancient Music, is applied to the raising
and falling of the hand in beating of time
ARTERY. A hollow, fistulous, conica.
canal, which serves to receive the blood
from the ventricles of the heart, and to
distribute it to all parts of the body.
ARS. The contrivance and use of things
po ie Sranaitved vale 80 as io
hy ronal them serve the purposes for which
__ they were designed. Liberal or fine arte
are those which are noble and worthy to
be cultivated without regard to lucre, as
painting, postry, music, &c. Mechanic arts
are those wherein the hand and body are
more concerned than the mind. Terms
_-—s of art are such words as are used in re-
gard to any particular art, profession or
science.
ARTICHOKE A plant very like the
thistle, with scaly heads similar to the cone
of the pine tree. Av the bottom of each
scale, as also at the bottom of each floret,
is the well known fleshy. edible substance.
Tne Jerusalem Artich.xe is a plant, the
root of which resembles a potatoe, having
the taste of the artichoke
ARTICLE (in Law). The clause or cen-
dition in a covenant.
ARTICLE (in Grammar) A particle,
which in most languages serves to denote
the gender and case of nouns; and in Jan-
guages which have not different termina-
tions it serves to particularize the object
referred to. _
ARTICULATION (in Anatomy). The
junction of two bones intended for motion.
There are two kinds; the diarthrosis,
which has a manifest motion, and synar-
throsis, which has only an obscure motion.
ARTICULATION. The articulate or
distinct utterance of every letter, syllable,
or word, so as to make oneself intelligible.
ARTIFICERS. Persona employed in
the performance of mechanical arts.
ARTILLERY. A collective name de-
noting all engines of war, but particularly
cannon, mortars, and other large pieces,
for the discharge of shot and shells. It is
‘also employed to denote the science which
teaches all things relating to the artillery,
as the construction of all engines of war,
the arrangement, movement, and manage-
ment of cannon and all sorts of ordnance,
used either in the field, or the camp, or at
sieges, &c.
ARTIODACTYLA. A division of the
hoofed quarrupeds, in which each foot
has an even number of toes, as two or
four.
AR ARTOCARPUS. The bread fruit tree
of the South-Sea Islands.
_ ARTISTE. A term of extensive use
among the French, to denote one who
is particularly dextrous in the art which
he practises, of whatever nature it may
be, ba te ppetadancer, 2 a hair-dresser,
, etc.
- ARTOTYRITE. One of 1 a sect of her-
etics, in the primitive church, who cele-
. peated. the eucharist with bread and
ARTIST A proficient in ta fine arts.
ARUNDELIAN MARBLES Ancient
marbles illustrative of the history and my
thology of the ancients, so called trom the
Earl of Arundel, by whom they were trans-
ported from the island of Paros into Eng:
jand. They contain a chronicle ot the city
ot Athens, supposed to have been inscribed
thereon 264 years before Christ.
ASA-FQZTIDA. A gum resin of a very
fetid smeli, obtained from the ferula asa
foetida, a perennial plant, which isa native
of Persia. It comes into this country in
small grains of different colours, hard and
brittle.
ASBESTOS. A mineral substance, of
which Amianthus is one of its principal
species. This consists.of elastic fibres,
somewhat unctuous to the touch, and
slightly translucent. The ancients manu-
factured cloth from the fibres of the asbes-
tos for the purpose, as is said, of wrapping
up the bodies of the dead when exposed on
the funeral pile ; it being incombustible in
its nature. It1s found in many places in
Asia and Europe.
ASCARIDES. Worms that infest the
intestinum rectum, and cause a violent
itching ; also a kind of worms which infest
the intestines of all animals.
ASCENSION (in Astronomy). That de-
gree of the equator reckoned from the first
of Arieseastward, which rises with the sun
orastar. This is either right or oblique
according as it rises ina right or an ob-
lique sphere.
ASCENSIONAL DIFFERENCE The
difference between the right and the ob-
lique ascension in any point of the heav-
ens.
ASCENT. Therising of fluids in a glass
tube orany vessel above the surface of theirs
own level.
ASH. A well known tree, the timber af
which is next to the oak in value, being
uzed in every sort of handicraft.
ASHES. The earthy substances remain-
ing after combustion, which contain sm
alkaline salt ; also the skimmings of metal
among the letter-founders. ;
ASH-WEDNESDAY. The first day
Lent, so called from the oustom of fasting
in sackcloth and ashes
ASP. A very smallkind of serpent, pe-:
ctliarto Egypt and Libya, the bite of which
is deadly. Its poison is so quick in its op-
erations, that it kills without a possibility
of applying any remedy. Those that are
bitten by it are said to die within three
hours, by means of sleep and lethasgy
¢
ass”
without any pein; wherefore Cleopatra
Choos it as the easiest way of dispatching
herself.
ASPARAGUS. A_ valuable esculent
plant, which requires three years al least Lo
bring {1 to maturity from the time of sow-
ing the seed, and will not yield vigorously
without a continual supply of manure.
ASPEN-TREE. A kind of white poplar,
the leavea of which aye small, and always
trembling. f
ASPHALTUM, orJews’Pitce Asolid,
brittle, ponderous substance, which breaks
with a polish, aud meltseasily. It is found
in a soft or liquid state on the surface of
the Dead Sea, a lake in Judea, and by
time grows dry and hard. The Egyptians
used asphaltum in embalming, which they
called numia mineralis
ASS. A well known useful quadruped,
remarkable for its patience, hardiness, and
Jong life. The milk of the female is highly
esteemed for its lightand nutritious quality,
and for that reason recommended for con-
Bumptive persona.
ASPERGILLUS. The brush . used’ in
the Roman Catholic church to sprinkle
holy water.on the people. In Botany
a genus of fungi.
ASPHODEL. A name of the day-lily,
king’s spear, and other elegant plants
of the genus asphodelus.
ASPHURELATA, op ASPHURELATES.
A series of semi-metallic fossils, includ-
ing bismuth, antimony, cobalt, zinc,
and quicksilver ; thus called because in
their purest state they are not malle-
able. ;
ASS. A well-known quadruped of the
equine genus; figuratively, a dull,
etupid fellow ; a dolt,
Assagay. A tall tree of South Africa,
of which the natives make javelins or
spears ; aspear made of this wood.
ASSASSINS. A tribe or clan called Is-
maelians, who settled on the moun-
tains of Lebanon, about 1090, and be-
came remarkable for their assassina-
tions.
ASSETS. The stock in trade and en-
tire property of a merchant or of a trad-
ing association ; goods or estate of a
deceased person, subject to the pay-|
ment of his debts; the property of an
insolvent debtor,
ASSIDEANS. A name given in the first
book of Maccabees, ii. 42, to a sect of|
Jews, who armed themselves under!
Mattathias to resist the introduction £|
the Grecian manners and idolatries in-
to Judea.
ASSIENTO. A contract formerly en.
tered into between the kings of Spain
and foreign merchanis, relative to the
importation of negro slaves into the
Spanish dominions in South America,
ASSAM TEA. In botany, a valuable
kind of tea, raised and manufactured in
the upper district of India,
ASPHYXTA, or ASPHYXY. In pathofo.
gy, the state of the body in which the
pulse is so low as not to be felt; but __
now applied by the faculty to the —
symptoms of suffocation produced by
an accumulation of carbonic acidin the
blood; the vital phenomena being suse
pended, but life not extinct.
ASSAYING. The particular mode of
trying ores or mixed metals by means of
proper fluxes, in order to discover the pre-
portion of metal, as also of the other imgre-
dients, as alum, sulphur, vitriol, and the
like, which are contained in them. Gold
is obtained pure by dissolving it in nitre-
muriatic acid, when the metal may be pre-
cipitated by dropping in a diluted solution
of sulphate of iron; the precipitate which |
is in the form of a powder is pure gold.
Silver is obtained pure by dissolving it in
nitric acid, and precipitating it with a di-
luted solution of sulphate of iron
ASSIDENT. In pathology, an epithet
applied to symptoms that accompany
disease. Assident signs are those par.
ticular indications which attend disease.
ASSIGNATS. Paper money issued by
the French Government during the
first Reyolution.
ASSIGN (in Law). One to whom any
thing is assigned or made over, as an exe-
cutor, &c. ; also an assignee or assign to a@
bankrupt’s estate.
ASSIGNMENT. A transfer or making
over to another the right one has in any
estate, usually applied to an estate for life
or years. It differs from a lease in this,
that by an assigninent one parts with the
whole interest one has in thething, but by
a lease he reserves himself a reversion.
ASSIMILATION (in Physics). The pro —
cess in the animal economy by which the
food is converted into nourishment for the
body.
ASSIZE (in Law). An assembly of
knights and other substantial men, who,
with the justices, met at a certain time
and in a certain place for the due’adnai-
nigtration of justice. In the modern appli-_
cation it signifies a sitting of the judges by
virtue of a commission, to hear and de-
termine causes,
when the justices go their circuits, with
commission to take all assizes, that is, =
hear all causes; they are special whem
special commissions are granted to heat
particular causes. Been.
The assizes are general ~ ym
ASSOCIATION. Theconnexionofideas
in the human mind which for the moat part
immediately follow one another, whethes i
there is any natural relation bet ween them —
or not. ; Cg Gane
fo Qematk Ss SIT (in Law). A voluntary
ss promise by which a man binds himself to
‘pay any thing to another, or to do any
work. !
, ASSURANCE, or INSURANCE. An
eagugement by which a person becomes
bound for a specified sum, and fora limited
period, to indemnify another for any lesses
which his property may sustain from fire
or shipwreck, &c.
ASTERISK. A star (*) used in printing
as a mark of reference. /
ASTEROID. A name given to four plan
ets between the orbits of Mars and Jupi-
ter, viz., Ceres, Pallas; Juno, and Vesta.
ASTHMA. A painful, difficult, and la-
borious respiration, with asense of stricture
aerose the breast,that sometimes approaches
to suffocation.
ASTRAGAL (in Anatomy). The ankle
bone;in Architecture, a small round mould-
ing serving as an ornament to the tops and
bottoms of columns
SRT
ASTRAGAL (in Gunnery). A small
mou!ding encompassing a cannon.
ASTROLABE. An instrument fortaking
the altitude of the sun or stars at sea.
ASTROLOGY. An art formerly much
cultivated, but now exploded, of judging
or predicting human events from the situ-
ation and different aspects of the heavenly
bodies.
ASTRONOMY. The science which treats
¢ the sun, moon, earth, planets, and other
heavenly bodies showing their magnitudes,
order, and distances ‘from each other, mea-
suring and marking their risings, settings,
motions, appearances, the times and quan-
tities of theireclipses, &c. It comprehends
what was anciently called the doctrine of
the sphere, and is a mixed mathematical
science.
’ ASTRONOMY, History or. Of all the
sciences which have engaged the attention
of mankind, none appears to have been
cultivated so early as that of astronomy,
which treats of the noblest and most inter-
esting objects of contemplation. Josephus
_ informs us that Seth, the son of Adam, is
_ sald to have laid the foundations of this
sefence, and that his posterity, understand-
_ ing from a prediction of Adam that there
would be a general destruction ofall things,
ence by the rage of fire and once by the
: _wiolence and multitude of waters, made two
pillars, one of brick and the other of stone,
____ and engraved the'r inventions 01 each, that
Wf the pillar of prick happened to be over-
Gvewn by the flood that of stone might
&%
remain ; which latter pillar, J osephus adda
Was tobe seeninhisday. He also ascribes
to the antediluvians a knowledge of the
astronomical.cycle of 600 years, but upon
what authority we are not informed.
The account is, however, not im probable;
for historians generally agree in assigning
the origin of astronomy to the Chaldeang
soon after the deluge, when, for the purpose
of making their astrological predictions, te
which they Were much addicted, as aise
for that-of advancing the science of astro-
nomy, they devoted themselves to the study
| of the heavenly bodies. The Chaldeans
were in fact a tribe of Babylonians, whe
constituted the priests, philosophers, astro-
nomers, astrologers, and soothsayers of this
people, whence a Chaldean and a sooth-
sayer became synonymous-terms, ‘These
Chaldeans discovered the motions of the
heavenly bodies ; and, from their supposed
influences on human affairs, prétended to
predict what was to come. he planeta
they called their interpreters, ascribing le
Saturn the highest rank ; the next in eimi-
nence was Sol, the sun; then Mars, Venus,
Mercury, and Jupiter. By the motions and
aspects of all these they foretold storms of
wind and of rain, or excessive droughts, ag
also the appearance of comets, eclipses of
the sun and moon, and other phenomena
They also marked out thirty-six constella
| tlons, twelve of which they placed in the
zodiac, assigning to each a month in the
year, and thus dividing the zodiac into
twelve signs, through which they taught
that the severa) planets performed their
revolutions. ‘hey appear not to have had
much idea of the immense distance of some
of the planets from the sun, but accounted
for the time they took in performing their
volutions by the slownessof their motions
They, however, held that the mroon com-
pleted her course the soonest of any, not
because of her extraordinary velocity, but
because her orbit, as it would now be called,
was less than that of any of the heavenly
bodies. ‘They taught that she shone witha
light not her own, and that when eclipsed
she was immersed in the shadow of the
earth. Of the’eclipses of the sun they ap-
pear to-have had no just idea, nor could
they fix the time when they should happen,
Their ideas of the earth as-a celestial body
were also crude and imperfect,
Astronomy was cultivated in Egypt nearkg
about the same time as among the Chak
qeans ; ana, according to the’ opinions of
some, the honour of the invention ts due
to them: but the most probable conclusion
is, that as these two nations were coeval,
and both addicted to the arts and sciences,
they cultivated astronomy at the same time.
The Egyptians had at a very early period
heir college of priests, who were all accu-
fate observers of the stars, and kept, as
Diodorus obzerves, registers of their obser-
vations for an incredible number of years.
It is said, that in the monument of Osy-
mandyas there was a golden circle of 365
cubits in circumference and one cubit thick,
divided into 365 parts, answering to the
_ days of the year, &c. The Egyptians dis-
covered that the stars had an annual motion
of 50// 9! .45//7 in the year; and Macrobius
asserts that they made the planets revolve
about the aun in the same order as we do.
From Chaldea and Egyptastronomy passed
into Pheenicia, where it was applied by that
trading people to the purposes of navigation.
The Arabians also, one of the most ancient
nations in the world, cultivated astronomy
as far as was needful to answer the ends of
their pastoral life, by observing the stars,
their position,and influence on the weather.
{n travelling through the desert, we are
informed that, at a very early period, they
used to direct their course by the Great
and Little Bear, as is done at sea to this
day. They also gave names to the stars,
mostly in allusion to their flocks and herds;
and they were so nice in this matter that
no language abounds with so many names
of stars and asterisms as the Arabic.
As to the Indians and Chinese there is
no doubt but that they cultivated astronomy
at a very early period, and that the Brah-
mins of the former people, being altogether
devoted to speculative sciences, made ad-
vances in that of astronomy equal to any
of the nations of antiquity. M. Bailly in-
forms us, in his history, that he examined
and compared four different sets of astro-
nhomical tables of the Indian philosophers,
namely, that of the Siamese explained by
M. Cassini in 1689 ; that brought from India
by M. le Gentil, ofthe Academy of Sciences,
and two other manuscript tables, found
among the papers of the late M. de Lisle;
all of which he found to accord with one
another, referring to the meridian of Be-
hares. Itappears thatthe Indians date their
astronomy from a remarkable conjunction
of the sun and moon which took place at
the distance of 302 years before Christ;
and M. Bouilly concludes that, from our
Sos. accurate astronomical tables, such a
eonjunction did take place. The Indians
calculate eclipses by the mean motions of
the sun and moon, commencing at a period
five thousand years distant; but, without
giving them credit fur an antiqui-y which
Gat variance with all historical documents,
acred and profane, it suffices here te ob-
nineteen years, and that their cstronens
agrees with modern discoveries in many —
partictuars,as tothe obliquity of the ecliptic, —
and an acceleration of the motion of the
equinoctial points. They also assign ine-
qualities to the motions of the planets, an 2 AW
swering very well tothe annual parallax, =
and the equation of the centre.
The Greeks, without doubt, derivea the1r
astronomical knowledgefromthe Egyptiang
and Phenicians by means of several of their
countrymen, particularly Thales the Mile
sian, who, about 640 years before Christ
travelled into Egypt, and brought from
thence the chief principles of the science
He was the first among the Greeks who
observed the stars, the solstices, the eclipses
of the sun and moon, and proceeded so far
as to predict an eclipse of the sun. It
appears, however, that, before his time,
many of the constellations were known,
for we find mention of them in Hesiod and
Homer, two of their earliest writers. After
Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anax
agoras, but above all, Pythagoras, distin —
guished themselves among the number of
those whocultivated astronomy. Thelatter, _
after having resided a long time in Egypt _—
and other foreign parts, established a sect
of philosophers in his own country, known ~
by the name of Pythagoreans. He taught,
among other things, that the sun was in
the centre of the universe and immovable;
that the earth was round, and the inhabit-
ants were antipodes to each other; that the
moon reflected the rays of the sun, and was
inhabited like the earth ; that comets were “4
wandering stars ; that the milky way was my
an assemblage of stars, which derived its
white colour from the brightness of theiz
light; besides a number of other particulars
some of which are admitted in the present
day. Philolaus, a Pythagorean, maintain-— i
ed the doctrine of the earth’s motion round Drax
the sun, 450 years before Christ, and Hice- Mi
tus, a Syracusan, taught, a hundred yeara
after, the diurnal motion of the earth on its
own axis ; also Meton, the inventor of the
Metoniccycie, and Euctemon, observed the
summer solstice 432 years before Christ, be-
sides the risings and settings of the stars, —
and what seasons they answeredto The
same subject was treated of at large by —
Aratus in his poem entitled Phenomena. —
Eratosthenes, a Cyrenian, who was born
in 271 n c. measured the circumference of i
the earth ;and, being invited to the court of
Ptolemy Evergetes at Alexandria, he waa
made keeper of the royal library, and set
up there the armillary spheres which Hip-
Wo!
aa “He 4lso determined the dis-
tance between the tropics to be 11-83 of the
whole meridian circle, which makes the
obliquity of the ecliptic in his time to be 23
degrees, 51 minutes and one-third. Ar-
chimedes is said to have constructed a
planetarium to represent the phenomena
and motions of the heavenly bodies; and
many others added to the stock of astro-
‘nomical knowledge, but none so much as
Hipparchus, who flourished about 140 years
B. C. and surpassed all that had gone be-
fore him in the extent of his researches.
He showed that the orbits of the planets
were eccentric, and that the moon moved
slower in her apogee than in her perigee.
He constructed tables of the motions of
the sun and moon; collected accounts of
eclipses that had been computed by the
Chaldeans and Egyptians; and calculated
such as would happen for six hundred
_ ‘years to come; besides correcting the er-
rors of Eratosthenes in his measurement
of the earth’s circumference, and compu-
ting the sun’s distance more accurately.
He is, however, most distinguished by his.
catalogue of the fixed stars to the number
of athousand and twenty-two, with their
latitudes and longitudes, and apparent
magnitudes. These and most other of his
observations are preserved by his illustri-
ous successor Ptolemy.
From the time of Hipparchus to that of
Ptolemy, an interval of upwards of two
centuries, few or no advances were made
in astronomy. Claudius Ptolemy, who
was born at Pelusium in Egypt, in the first
century of the Christian era, is well known
asthe author of a great work onastronomy,
- entitled his Almagest, which contains a
_ fomplete system of astronomy drawn from
_ theobservations of all preceding astrono-
--mersinunion withhisown. He maintain-
med the generally received opinion of the
- gun’s motion, which continued to be uni-
versally held until the time of Copernicus.
The work of Ptolemy being preserved from
_ the grevious conflagration that consumed
_ the Alexandrian library during the ravages
of the Saracens, was translated out of the
Greek into the Arabic, a.p 827 and, by
the help of this translation, the Arabians,
who now addicted themselves to the study
of astronomy, cultivated it with great ad-
(a vantage under the patronage of the caliphs,
Reins Al Mamon, who was himself
Sea the obliquity of the ecliptic in his
ime to- be 23 degrees, 35 minutes. Among
prabian Baashorn. of this Rite was Al~
&
"ASTRONOMY
fragan, who wrote his Elements of Astro.
nomy, and Albetegnius, who flourished
about 880. This latter compared his own
observations with those of Ptolemy, and
computed the motion of the sun’s apogee
from Ptolemy’s time to hisown. He also
composed tables for the meridian of Arabia,
which were much esteemed by his country-
men. After this, Ebn Younis, astronomer
to the caliph of Egypt, observed some
eclipses, by means of which the quantity
of the moon’s acceleration since that time
has been determined; aiso Arzechel, a
Moor of Spain, oherved the obliquity of the
ecliptic; and Alhazen his contemporary,
wrote on the twilight, the height of the
clouds, and the phenomena of the horizon-
tal moon. He likewise first employed the
optical science in astronomical observa-
tions, and showed the importance of the
theory of refraction in astronomy.
In the thirteenth century, astronomy as
well as other arts and sciences, began to
revive in Europe, particularly under the
auspices of the entperor Frederick II. ;
who, besides restoring some decayed uni-
versities, founded a new one, and in 1230
caused the works of Aristotle, and the A.
magest of Ptolemy to be translated into
Latin. Two years after this, John de Sacro
Bosco, or John of Halifax, published his
work De Sphera, a compendium of astro
nomy drawn from the works of Ptolemy.
Alfragan, Albetegnius, and others. ‘This
was held in high estimation for some cen-
turies, and was honoured with a commen-
tary from the pen of Clavius and other
learned men. In 1240, Alphonsus king of
Castile, a great astronomer himself, and an
encourager of astronomers, corrected with
their assistance the tables of Ptclemy
which, from him, were called the Alphon-
sine tables. About the same time Roger
Bacon published his tracts on astronomy
and shortly after Vitellio, a Polander, in
his treatise on optics, showed, in accord-
ance with Athazen, the use of refraction
in astronomy. Nearly two centuries elap-
sed from this period before any farther
progress was made in the science, whem
Purbach composed new tables of aines for
every ten minutes, constructed spheres
and glcbes, wrote commentaries on Ptole-
my’s Almagest, corrected the tables of the
planets and the Alphonsine tables, deter-
mined the obliquity of the ecliptic at %
degrees, 33 minutes and a half, and begun,
at his death, a new series of tables for com-
puting eclipses. He was succeeded by
John Muller, commonly called Regio
montanus, Bernard Walther, John Werner,
andothers John Werner showed that tix
3 chy ASTRONOMY
motion of the fixed stare, since called the
precession of the equinoxes, was about |
cegres, 10 minutes, in a hundred years.
The celebseted Copernicus came next in
order, who distinguished himself by calling
in question the Ptolemaic system of the
aniverse, and reviving that of Pythagoras.
After making 4 series of observations, and
forming new tables, he completed in 1530
his work, first published under the title of
De Revolutionibus Ceetestium Orbium, and
afterwards under that of Astronomia In-
Staurata, in which he set forth the system
since known by the name of the solar sys-
tem, in which all the planets are consider-
ed as revolving round the sun as their
immovable centre
The science of astronomy henceforth
continued to receive regular accessions and
improvements by a series of writers, as
Bchoner, Nonnius, Appian, Gemma Frisi-
us, Byrgius, &c. Besides, William IV.,
landgrave of Ilesse Cassel, applying him-
self to the study, formed, by the help ofthe
best instruments then to be procured, a
catalogue of four hundred stars, with their
latitudes and longitudes adapted to the be-
ginning of the year 1593. About this time
the Copernican system found a strenuous
though unsuccessful opponent in Tyeho
Brahe, a Danish nobleman, who, to obviate
the objections against the Ptolemaic sys-
tem, advanced an hypothesis of his own,
which added Jess to his reputation than
the accurate observations which he made
by the help of improved instruments ina
new observatory built for him by order of
the king of Denmark. His friend Kepler,
who enjoyed the title of mathematician té
the empeior, finished his tables after his
death, and published them under the titls
of Rhodolphine tables. This latter astron-
omer discovered that all the planets revolve
round the sun, not in circular but in ellip-
tical orbits ; that their notions are not equa-
ble, but quicker and slower as they are
nearer to the sun or farther from him; be
sides a number of other observations on the
motions and distances of the planets. He
also concluded, from his observations on
the comets, that they are freely carried
about among the orbits of the planets in
paths that are nearly rectilinear. To the
astronomers of this age may be adaed Bay-
er, who, in his Uranometria, has given a
representation of all the eonsvellations,
with the stars marked on them, and accom-
panied with the Greek letters for the con_
venience of reference
The ‘seventeenth eertury added many
great named to the ilst of astronomers, as
Sxilee Keygens, Cassini, feveiius, New-
ton, and Flamstead, &e, As the Copies
can systern had met with an opponent in
one that ranked high in the science, it
found a defender in Galileo, an Itahan no-
bleman, who in his Dialogi, in 1632, drew
a comparison between the Ptolemaic and
Copernican system, much to the advan-
tage of the latter, for which he incurred the
censures of the church, as the doctrine of
the sun’s immobility was looked upon as
directly opposed to the express language of
Scripture. Although Galileo professed to
recant in order to obtain his liberation from —
prison, yet the system daily gained ground,
and became at length established Galileo
besides made many accurate observations
in astronomy, and was one of the first who,
by improving the new invention of the
telescope, was enabled to employ them in
advancing his favourite science. By thia
means he is said to have discovered inequa-
lities in the moon’s surface, Jupiter’s satel-
lites, and the ring of Saturn; so likewise
spots in the surface of the sun, by which
he found out the revolution of that luminary
on itgownaxis. He also ascertained whet
Pythagoras had conjectured, that the milky
way and the nebulw consisted of innumer-
able small stars. Harriot made simila dis-
coveries in England atthe same time, if nog
earlier. Ilevelius, by means of his obser-
vations, formed a catalogue of fixed stars
much more complete than that of Tycho’s.
Huygens and Cassini discovered the satel-
lites of Saturn, and Sir lsaac Newton de-
monstiated, frém physical considerations,
the laws which regulated the motions of
the heavenly bodies, and set bounds to the
planetaryorbs,determining their excursions
from the sun, and their nearest approaches
to him; he also explained the principle
which occasioned that constant and regular
proportion, observed both by the primary
and secondary planets in theirrevolutiong
round their central bodies, and their dis-
tances compared with their periods. Hig
theory of the moon, grounded on the laws
of gravity and mechanics, has also been
found to account for all her irregularities. —
Mr Flamstead filled the office of Astrono-
mer Royal at Greenwich from 1675 until
his death in 1729, during which time he
was constantly employed in making obser-
vations on the phenomena of the heavens —
As the result of his labours he published a
eatalogue ofthree thousand stars, with weir
places to the year 1689; also new solar
tables, and a theory of the moon according
to Horrox. On his tables was constructed
Newton’s theory of the moon, as also the ih
tables of @r. Halley, who succeeded him —
. in 1720 Beeisee otaeeag '
mm his
Halley adaed to the list of astronomical
_ discoveries, being the first who discovered
the acceleration ofthe moon’s mean motion.
He also wntrived a method for finding her
parallax by three observed places of a solar
eclipse, and showed the use that might be
' made of the approaching transit of Venus
in 1761, in determining the distance of the
sun from the earth, and recommended the
method of determining the longitude by the
moon’s distance from the sun and certain
fixed stars, which was after wards success-
fully adopted by Dr. Maskelyne, Astrono-
mer Royal.
It was about this period that the question
respecting the figure of the earth appears
to have been satisfactorily decided, and in
favour of Newton’s theory. M. Cassini
concluded, from the measurement of M.
Picard, that it was an oblong sphereid,
but Sir Isaac Newton, from a considera-
tion of the laws of gravity, and the diurnal
motion of the earth, had determined its
figure to be that of an oblate spheroid flat-
tened at the poles, and protuberant at the
equator. T’o determine this point Louis XV.
ordered two degrees of the meridian to be
measured, one under or near the equator,
the other as near as possible to the poles;
the expedition to the north being intrusted
to Messrs. Maupertuis and Clairaut, that to
the south to Messrs. Condamine, Bouguer,
and Don Ulloa. Among the many obser-
vations made by those who went on this
expedition, it was found by those who
went to the south that the attraction of the
mountain of Peru hada sensible effect on
_the plumb lines of their large instruments,
‘
which fs supposed toafford an experimental
proof of the Newtonian doctrine of gravita-
tion. Asimilar observation has since been
made by Dr. Maskelyne on the mountain
Schehallien in Scotland. u
The eighteenth century was marked by
theught £, succeeded in discovering a usw
planet, which honamed theGeorgiumSidus;
he also discovered two additional satellites
to Saturn, besides those of his own planet
Among those who cultivated the higher
branches of the science, and distinguished
themselves by their researches, Dr. Maske-
lyne,the predecessor of Dr. Herschel, ranks
the foremost, having been the originatar of
‘the Nautical Almanac, and brought into use
the lunar method of determining the ‘ongi
+ de, &c. besides making the requisite ta.
des The theoretical part of the science
was indebted to Clairaut, Euler, Simpson,
de la Caille, Kiel, Gregory, Leadbetter, for
many correct observations and elucida-
tions. The practical part acquired a sysitem-
atic form and inany improvements from the
pens of Lalande, Fergusen, Emerson, Bon-
nycastle, Vince, &c. The historians of the
science are Weilder, in his History of
Astronomy ; Baillie, in his History of An-
cient and Modern Astronomy ; Montuccla,.
in his Histoire des Mathematiques; and
Lalande, in the first volume of his Astro-
nomy ’
The Ninteenth Century has been char
acterised by great advances in the
science. arly in the Century, Ceres,
Pallas, Juno and Vesta were discovered,
revolving in the space between Mars
aud Jupiter, and numbers of others
have been added since. During the
year 1878, clevem were discovered, mae
king altogether 191 Asteroids or minor
planets. The discovery or practical ap-
plication of spectrum analysis by
Bunsen and Kirchhoftin 1859, has pro-
duced marvelous results, The inner
most secrets of the solar composition
nave been laid bare, whilst the great
scientists Lockyer, Crova, Crookes,
Huggins, Draper and Young are still
busily at work in investigating. and exe
pounding solar phenomenon,
ASTROSCOPF, An astronomical in-
strument for making observations of
the stars, and ascertaining their po-
the discoveries of Dr. Bradley, the successor | Sition in the heavens.—Astroscopy is
to Dr. Halley as Astronomer Royal, and | the artof examining the stars by the
Dr. Herschel, who also filled the same post
so honourably to himself. Dr. Bradley dis-
covered the aberration of light, and the
mutation of the earth’s axis, besides having
formed new and accurate tables of the mno-
tions of Jupiter’s satellites, and the most
correct table of refractions that is extant:
also with a large translit instrument, anda
fifty places of the moon.
Pros augmenting the powers of the tetescope
~ new mura! quadrant of eight feet radius,
he made observations for determining the
A places of all the stars !n the British cata-
logue, and likewise nearly a hundred and
Dr. Herschel, by
any
shing existing before or even
agency of telescopes.
ASTROTHEMATIC, The plgces of the
stars in an astrological scheme of the
heavens.
ASTROTHEOLOGY. Theology found
ed on observation of the heavenly
bodies, presenting proofs of the exist.
ence and omniscience of a Deity.
ASYMPTOTE. In mathematics, aright
line which continually approaches
nearer and nearer toa curve, withoug
evcr mecting it.
ATACAMITE, A native ore of copper,
called also copper-sand, found in the
nd of Atacama between Chili ang
eru.
j
/
»
of elementary substances become com-
binedin certain definite proportions ;
and that all bodies are composed of
ultimate atoms, their weight differing
in different bodies. The relation in
weight among the molecules of bodies
constitutes the basis of the atomic
theory, which establishes the important
fact that bodies do not combine at ran-
dom, but in definite propertions by.
weight. Thus, admitting the principle
that all atomic weights are multiples by
whole numbers of the atomic weight
of hydrogen, it follows that all atomic
weights whatever will be expressed
in whole numbers; the number for
hydrogen being 1. Professor Graham,
in his ‘‘ Elements of Chemistry,’’ pre-
sents a tabular view of the different
elementary bodies, with the symbols
by which they are indicated. In this
table the Chemical Symbols and @quiva-
lents are modes of expressing by letters
and figures the definite proportions in
which the substances chemically com-
bine with one another, as elucidated in
the annexed table. Thus hydrogen is
represented by H 1; Oxygenby O08;
and water by H O. Iodine being denoted
by I, and Fluorine by F, the symbols H
Tand H F denote hydriodicand hydro-
fluoric acid respectively. It happens,
however, that many of the elementary
bodies have names beginning with the
same letter. In such cases the single
letter is usually appropriated to one of
them, and the others are denoted by
that letter joined with some other ietter
of their names. Thus carbon is denoted
by C. calcium by Ca, cobalt by Co, and
chlorine by Cl. The names of the ele-
ments in the different languages of
Hurope not always beginning with the
same letter, it has been agreed to form
them from the Latin names of the ele-
ments ; thus copper (cuprum) is repre-
sented by Cu, iron (ferrum) by Fe, tin
(stannum) by Sn, &c, The great advan-
tage of these symbolsis, that they en-
able us to represent chemical decompo-
sitions in the form of equations. Thus.
for the action of zinc on hydrochloric
acid, we have—
HCl+ Zn = Zn Cl + H,
which means that hydrochloric acid
and zinc, when placed in contact, pro-
duce chloride of zinc and free hydrogen.
The left-hand side of the equation re-
presents the state of things before the
action, and the right-hand side shows
the change produced. The annexed
table contains an alphabe*ical list of the
elementary bodies at present known,
together with their symbols and their
equivalents ; hydrogen being taken as
unity. The words in parentheses are
the Latin names of certain elements, as
previously explained :—
ELEMENTS. SYMBOLS. EQUIV.
Alumip?"m. erecceerseeeeeAl. soe 51d: 70
ATOMIC THEORY. In chemistry, the « Anau (Stibium)... shee
doctrine which teaches that the atoms {| Arsenic............ 1,-2.2 -sASieees “ST. 70
Sb... scene
Baniwind ites ca ck ey ee Te
Bismuth acs)... +4404) ee OO ar
BOroD is cdieb ies avs ass se ca uel eee eee
Bromine ee seas MY 2s presi Ag LF EH
CadMium ye ce she cis ee we epee ee en Decay
Calcium eres. ee. cals obs OGek ree eon ey
Carbone nee Sos eccigis oracle Oeeae aa alae
Ceriumr aii 2 iete eee ee cote wlogs
Chlorinese ee eee Risa sree Oho 35%42
CHV Oy se os cele bo Oe ee OUD
Cobalt re here ie aun Wiel 2s COiees ti 2ot00
Columbium [Tantalum)..Ta.....185°00
Copper (Cuprum)........Cu......31°60
PUMOTING . 0a even agintdisinls o Hisrsniete aaa oaES
GlUCINIUMs 225) VE ee Gale ee earon
Gold (Aurum)....... o seve Alleeic asd uoneo
Hydrogen ....... Sense PAP « UENO NS eli LEI.
Iodine... al wre tavare la re eaten ot Tivckie ae kOe
A Big hs BCH aa BATREIEL yp gin SY --Tr,....- 98°30
Iron (Ferrum)..... isis ves tohg Fe.... .28-00
persia ancy Pb.....103°60
ASTRA ab Re Bsa Nar OLRANy ratty Siac: Wiotetate Deore OSU,
Magnesium. soi sissies MO a ade
Manganese.......... VAVETY Shs pte ban)
Mercury (Hydrargyrum). Hg.....202°00
Malybdendin: Bette 45 oe LO etale eae
Nickeh oscil oc 2 ieietas es Nel e eee ne ee
INMELOR CD Dt kins vs eerie Nid. aes skALE
OSMIUM faite oie venee £6 WOSaee rete Ora e
CORO TE ani wieieierace aw atee ois Os weiaieie te inane
Palladium. Clee. eco esis Gls slowttc Seo aan
Phosphorus. . Sie whe Srkcs.0\ Cetera Pees aot
Platinum. elses Ye eens Plc neato oo
Potassium (Kalium)......K..../..39°15
Rhoda leis oc eee awe ae ae ene
Selenium. tt: eee
SUIC IMI Sele ee siechDL skip vice oO
Silver (Ar gentum). neck eA voseE LOBIOD
Sodium (Natrium). -Na......23°30
cee ees
Strontium..... o| aisha’ e, sie p\ ele cE laste aeR EON
Salphur ... s..\cics Senge eta ts eG
Tellurium, 0.6.25. Ue ee eneaeee
TE HORUS. as PES AS hi Thesee2 559-60
Tin (Stannum).......-.--Sn......57° 90°
AWA henge ns trynmirge Gch. ie so LEeee tee aoe
Tungsten (Wolfram)...... Whisice en 90740
Van adiuna isc pickin sic ate aie ee ROE OU
Uranivim sa otic dere emietes ll aeie ate Sa
VAGRATIN | hostess wlenren LS Neer ele pine woeaaee
ZADNO Sa eee coal Gee lols rete lee eee ae
Zirconium Phy aM ee YL BA per ats fia (t)
Any of the symbols | in the table express
one atom; whentwo or more are ex-
pressed, it is 2B or B2, that is, two
atoms of boron. Fe + O, or FeO, is
one equivalent ofiron united to one of
oxygen ;and2Fe + 380, or Fe203, the
combinations of two atoms of iron ch
three of oxygen.
ATONIC. In pathology, wantinwes en- Ma
ergy.
melancholy, arising from wae usa 2)
ance of bile. a
ATROPHY. A wasting away.
ATROPIA. he ee,
ss gerve the purpose of transpiration,
- the lymphatics, which are reticular-
dy united, the celullar texture, a del-
icate membrane surrounding all the
vessels, and containing a resinous
juice, as in the fir tribe, and a gum-
pay AHNe in fruit trees: the glands,
which serve as secretory vesseis.
The principal chymical constitu-
ents of plants are carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen, but chiefly the former,
besides which azote, sulphur, and
other simple substances, may be
found in small quantities. The prin-
eiple compound substances which
form the sensible ingredients of
plants are, the acids, mucilage, sugar,
starch, albumen, gluten, fixed and
volatile oil, wax, resin, camphor, &c.
BLOOD-STONE. § ;
plate or Wood, in which saldiers on thely
murch carry their liquor.
CANTERBURY-BELL. A fine flower
much cultivated in gardens. The plant is
biennial, and the flower is white or blue,
and of an oblong figure.
CANTHARIDES, or Spanish Furies
A species of shining beetle, pow see and
used for raising blisters.
CANTON. A division or small parcel
of a country, such as the cantons of Swit
zerland.
CANTON (in Heraldry). An ordinary,
so called because it occupies but a cantel
or corner of the escutcheon.
CANVAS, or CANVASS. The cloth
on which painters usually draw their pic-
tures; and also that of which the sails of
vessels are made.
CAP. In general, any covering for the
head ; sometimes of a particular make, as
a cardinal’s cap.
CAP. The name of several things simi-
lar in figure or use, as the cap of a great
gun, a piece of lead Jaid over the touchhole ;
the cap in a ship, the square piece of tim-
ber placed over the head of a mast
CAP (in Architecture). The uppermvst
part of any member, as the capital of a
column, the cornice cf a door, &c¢.
CAP OF MAINTENANCE (in Deral-
dry). One of the regalia or ornaments of
state, carried before the king of Great
Britain at the coronation and other great
solemnities.
CAPE (in Geography). A promontory
or headjand projecting into the sea farther
than the rest of the coast, as the Cape of
Good Hope, Cape St. Vincent, &c.
CAPELLA. A star of the first magni-
tude in Auriga.
CAPER-BUSH. A shrub or tree, the
bud or flower of which is converted inte
a pickle called caper.
CAPILLARY. An epithet for what is
as fine asahair. Capillary tubes are pipes
of the fineness of a hair, by which various
phenomena in physics and hydrostatics are
displayed. Capillary vessels,in Anatomy, |
the smallest and extreme parts of the mi-
nutest ramifications of the veins and arte-
Ties.
CAPITAL. The chief or head ofa thing.
CAPITAL (in Geography). The chief
town.
CAPITAL (in Architecture). The up-
pemest part of a column, serving as the
head.
CAPITAL (in Printing). The large let.
ters, which serve as initials, or in titles
CAPITAL fin Commerce). The stock
er fund of a trating vompany
cagte? feasone® tote
2 GaP |
CAPITOL. The building at Washington
in which Congress meeta = It is beautifully
situated on a hill and is by far the moat
splendid edifice in America.
CAPITULATION. A treaty between
the besieged and the besiegers of any
place, whereby the former surrender it,
and themselves, on.certain conditions.
CAPIVI. A tree of Brazil, the flower of
which resembles arose. It grows to the
height of sixty feet.
CAPRICORN. A southern constellation,
and one of the twelve signs of the zodiac,
which the sun enters on the 2lst of De-
cember. It is marked thus, Wp.
CAPRICORN, Troric or. A small cir-
cle of the sphere, parallel to the equinoctial,
passing through the beginning of Capricorn
or the winter solstice, which is the sun’s
greatest southern declination, namely, 23
degrees and a half.
CAPRIOLE. A caper or leap in danc-
ing, like a goat’s leap.
CAPSICUM. A plant, native of South
America, the fruit of which is a pod, and
the strongest kind of pepper, known by
the name of Cayenne Pepper.
CAPSTAN. A large piece of timber
resembling a windlass, placed behind the
mainmast. It is a cylinder with levers,
used to weigh anchors, to hoist up or strike
dnwn topmasis, &e
CAPTAIN A commander of a company
of foot or a troop of horse; and in the
eaves or merchant service, the commander
of vessel: also in grammar schools in
&ngland the head boy of his class.
CAPTION (in Law). The act of taking
any person by any judicial process.
CAPUCHIN. An order of Franciscan
monks inthe Romishchurch, so called from
their capuch or hood sewed to their habits.
CAPUT MORTUUM. The inert resi-
@uum of any bedy, remaining after all the
velaiiio hue humid parte have eon ol
tracted
by one or two horses.
CARABINE, or CARBINE. A sort of |
short gun, between a musket and a pistol,
having its barrel two feet and a half long. _
CARACAL. An animal resembling 2¢
Lynx, found in the hot climates of Asia.
CARACT, or CARAT. The weight of
24 grains; or one scruple 24 carats make
oneounce. This is the standard weight by
which the fineness of gold is distinguished
If the gold be so fine that, in purifying, it
loses nothing, or but very little, it is said
to be gold of 24 carats ; if it lose one carat.
it is said to be gold of 23 carats. A
CARAT (in weighing of Diamonds, &c.)
A weight of four grains.
CARAVAN. A company of merehants
or pilgrims in Asia or Africa, who go in
an organized body through the deserts.
CARAVANSERA. A large building in
the East, or an inn for the reception of
travellers and the caravans. The building
commonly forms a square, in the middle
of which is a spacious court, and under
the arches or piazzas that surround it,
there runs a bank, raised some feet above
the ground, where the merchants and tra-
vellers take up their lodgings, the beasts
of burden being tied to the foot of the
bank.
CARBON. The pure indeluimenie part
of charcoal, free from all the hydrogen
and earthy or metallic particles which
charcoal usually contains. By its union
with oxygen, it produces two gaseous sub-
| stances, the first of which was formerly
called fixed air, now carbonic acid; and
the second, containing less oxygen, the
oxide of carbon.
CARBONATES. Salts formed by the
combination of carbonic acid with different
bases, as carbonate of copper, &c.
CARBUNCLE. A precious stone, of the
colour of a burning coal.
CARBURET. A substance formed by
the combination of carbon with metals. -_
CARUASS (in Buildimg). The shell or
timber work of a house before it ia lathed —
and plastered, or the floors laid ; in Gun-
nery, an iron case, filled with combustible
materials, and discharged from a mortar
after the manner of a bomb
CARD, An instrument like a eomh,
which is used in combing or disentangling
wool
CARD OF A COMPASS, The cireuias
CAR. A small carrago of arden, rawrm iy!
paper on which the points ef a heuer 1
are marked.
CARD, Bee Canme
CARDIACS Medicines that tend to
emengthen the hoast.
CARDINAL. A digaitary ia the Romish
Chureh, and one of its chief governors, of
which thereare seventyinnumber They
constitute a college, by and from whom
the pope is chesen
CARDINAL POINTS. The four points
or divisions of the horizon, namely, the
north, south, east, and west.
CARDINAL’S CAP, or Carpinau
Frowerr. A plant so called because its
flower, by the intense redness of its colour,
seems to emulate the scarlet cap of a car-
dinal
CARDINAL’S CAP, or HAT. A cap
or hat of a peculiar form, which is worn
by cardinals.
tues of prudence, temperance, justice, and
fortitude.
CARDS. Pieces of pasteboard of an
oblong figure, and different sizes, made
into pacas of 52 in number, and used by
way of amusement in different games.
They are painted with various figures,
namely, hearts, spades, diamonds, clubs,
and kings and queens. They are said to
have been introduced in the fourteenth
century, to divert Charles VI. king of
France, who had fallen into.a state of
melancholy. By the hearts, cours, were
meant the gens de choeur, choirmen or
ecciesiastics,insteadof which the Spaniards
use chalices. The spades, in Spanish espa-
daz, swords, were intended torepresent the
nobility, who wore swords or pikes. The
diamonds, or carreaux,designated the order
of eitizens or merchants. The trefle, tre-
foil .eaf or clover grass, was an emblem of
the husbandman ; this is called clubs with
us,because the Spaniards have bastes,clubs,
on their cards. The knaves represent the
servants of the knights. The four kings
were intended for David, Alexander, Ce-
sar, and Charlemagne, who established the
four great monarchies of the Jews, Greeks,
Romans, and Franks. The four queens
were supposed to represent Argine, i. e.
regina, the queen by descent, Esther, Ju-
| «Git, ond Pallas. The moulds or blocks ured
CAR
for making cards were exactly like these
which were shortly afterwards used In the
making of books —
CAREENING. The heaving a ship oa
one side, for the purpose of clearing or
calking the other side.
CARGO(inCommerce). The merchandise
and effects that are laden on board a ship
CARICATURE (From the Italian Can-
catura). pty
COMEDY A dramatic representation
com
ef the light, humorous, and pleasant kind,
particularly intended to ridicule the follies
ef men. .
COMET. An opaque, spherical, and solid
body, like a planet, performing revolutions
about the sun in elliptical orbits, which
have the sun in one of the foci. It is
divided into the nucleus or dense part ; the
head ; the coma, a faint light surrounding
the head ; and the tail, which is the long
train of light by which these bodies are
distinguished. The comet is sometimes
borne in coats of arms, when it is said to
be streaming. !
COMMA (in Grammar). A point marked
thus (,) and put between words and sen-
tences,
COMA. In astronomy, the hairy ap-
pearance that surrounds a comet when
the earth is between the comet and the
gun. Comma Berenices is a constella-
tion of the northern hemisphere, which
contains forty-threestars. In patholo-
y, a morbid condition of the brain, at-
‘ended with the loss of sensation and
joluntary action.
COMBRETACEZ. In botany, anatural
‘rder of exogenous plants, chiefly tropi-
eal, consisting of trees and shrubs, of
which Combretum is the type,
COMMENTARY. An explanation of
the obscure passages in an author
COMMERCE. A trafficking or dealing
with foreign countries, by means of export-
ing and importing different commoditiee
COMMERCE, History or. The inter-
course between different nations for pur-
poses of commerce, doubtless took place
soon after the dispersion of mankind, for
we find it recorded in holy writ that the
Ishmaelites, who were settled in higher
parts of Arabia, carried on a trade with
Egypt in spices, balm, and myrrh, and
that in one of their journeys Joseph was
sold to them by his brethren. As the
commodities in which they dealt, as gums
and sweet scented woods, which were to
be procured only from the East Indies,
there is no doubt that these people and the
Egyptians were among the firat who made
distant voyages and travels in the way of
trade. They were succeeded by the Pha-
nicians, an adventurous people who were
the first that raised any naval power that
makes any figure in history. By their
enterprise and industry they became a
“wealthy and luxurious people, and their
two cities, Tyre and Sidon, became the
- emporiums of the universe. In the time
_ ef David and Solomon we find the Jewish
_ nation availed themselves of the assistance
of this people in equipping their flee...
‘Afar the Rocsrnasice a old ‘Tyre, a Rew
1 4 y
=
| cOM 1¢1
eily arose cut ef the ruins, which rivalled
the other in wealth, industry, and com-
merce ; and while in her glory she planted
the colony of Carthage, on the coast ef
Africa, which from the convenience of her
situation and the industry of her inhabit.
ants, rose to an extraordinary pitch of
prosperity. The Carthaginians made them-
selves masters of Spain, and of the islands -
of Sicily and Sardinia, discovered the
greatest part of the coast of Africa and the
Canary Islands, traded with Britain by
the route of the Scilly Islands, and are
supposed to have made their way even to
America. In the mean time Egypt, undex
the Ptotemies, also attained a high degree
of grandeurand afiluence. Ptolemy Phila-
delphus in particular, by encouraging trade,
made his people rich and himself power-
ful. Such was the greatness of Alexandria
alone, that the produce of the custome fell
little short of two millions annually. Under
the Romans commerce was encouraged in
every part of the world where they had
any influence, as may be learned not only
from historians but also from various medals
and inscriptions, showing that every con-
siderable city had several colleges or trading
companies.
On the decline of the empire, commerce
was, owing to the unsettled state of al
Europe, and the constant irruption of the
barbarous tribes, almost atastand. About
this period it happened that some straggling
people, either forced ty necessity or lea
by inclination, took their abode in a few
scattered islands that lay near the coast of
Italy, and as these islands were separated
from each other by narrow channels, full
of shallows, that prevented strangers from
navigating, the inhabitants found them-
selves protected from all hostile inroads,
and in the midst of this security they fol-
lowed their pursuits with so much industry
and success, that these once insignificant
islands rose in the space of two centuries,
that is from the sixth to the eighth century,
into a great city and a powerful republic
Such was the humble origin of the once
potent state of Venice, which by degrees
acquired an extent of commerce and a naval
power that had not for a length of time any
rival. She drew to herself the profits ef
the Indian trade, and by availing herself of
every favourable conjuncture, she not only
monopolized the trade of all Italy, but of
‘all the countri sin subjection to the Maho-
metans ; but as other countries in Europe
began to enlarge their commerce, Venice
lost the monopoly, and thia combining with
her own immoderate ambition, caused the
decay of her trade and the decline of beg
‘COMMERCE.
power From the league of Cambray, which
Europe, Venice may be said to have ceased
to hold the first rank as a commercial state.
The origin of the proud city of Genoa,
as it was called, was very similar to that
of Venice Like Venice, she rose from an
assemblage of fugitives and adventurers on
the rocky, barren, and inhospitable shores
of Liguria; and like her she gained, by the
industry and perseverance of her inhabit-
ants, a prodigious extent of commerce.
Her merchants traded with alJl countries,
and throve by becoming the carriers from
one country to another. Her fleets were
formidable and her conquests numerous,
but after perpetua) wars with her rival,
Venice, she waa at length compelled to
yield the dominion of the sea, and finally
lost all her consequence.
In the meantime, the trade of Germany
was rigingin consequence. Some commer-
cial cities, confederating together, formed
& commercial league, Known by the name
of the Hanseatic League, the object of
which was, by combining their resources,
to form a fleet for the protection of their
trade with other countries. These cities
not only associated among themselves, but
also formed alliances with other states, as
England and France, and had a code of
laws which were respected and observed,
under the name of the Lex Mercatoria, -
for a long time thoughout all Europe. In
this manner the Hanse Towns acquired a
considerable share of influence, and were
respected by all the sovereigns in Europe.
The kings of France and England granted
them considerable privileges, exempting
their vessels in case of shipwreck from all
demands whatsoever, either on the part of
the admiralty or of private persons, and
respecting their flag in times of war. This
good understanding between them and
the states of Europe waz considerably in-
creased by the freedom with which they
lent their money to different princes in
time of need, particularly during the cru-
sgades, when they gave powerful succours
both in ships as well asin money. This
confederacy did not, however, always re-
tain its moderation ; for, as they increased
in wealth and power, so they grew ambi-
tious and domineering, and more than once
they ventured to set themselves up against
the states of Germany ; in consequence of
this, the German princes gradually with-
drew the sities that were subject to them-
selves from the confederacy, and thus
effected its dissolution. Tue only cities
which now retain the name of Hanse
- was formed against her by the powere of | ind Lubeck , s}
‘The next important change in the state M
‘Hansentte teague, are ° Hamburg, ‘Bre
of European commerce was brought about
in Portugal and Spain, by means of the
discoveries which took place in the fifteenth
and subsequent centuries. ‘To the spirit
and enterprise of Emanuel, King of Pcr-
tugal, we are indebted for the discovery cf
the Cape of Good Hope, which was effected
by Vasco de Gama, in 1498, and by open-
ing anew way to the Indies atforded to
the Portuguese an opportunity of making
conquests and settlements which secured
to them the commerce of India, which the
Venetians had hitherto enjoyed through the
medium of the Arabians. The discovery
of America by Columbus, which followed -
quickly after, paved the way for a still
greater extension of mercantile enterprise,
which, though at first enjoyed only by the
Portdmusin and Spaniards, was at length
shared by other states. The Dutch, an
enterprising people, were the first who
wrested from the Spaniards a portion of
their conquered possessions, *ud made so
good a use of the advantages they gained
as to become one of the greatest trading
people in Europe. By the help of increas
ing wealth, they converted: their little
fishing villages into large and populous
cities and towns. Although their country
was far from being fertile, and tleir native
commodities few ornone, yet by commerce
they succeeded in filling their storehouses
with all the productions and manufactures
of the world.
Having given this general sketch of com-
merce from its earliest beginnings, we must
not close this account without making men-
tion of the commerce of England, which,
though among the last to avail itself of thia
source of wealth and aggrandizement, has
by slow and gradual steps raised its com-
merce to a pitch which has never been
surpassed by any nation. It appears that
a commercial intercourse with Britain was
begun at a very early period, and that the
Phenicians and Carthaginians traded with —
this island for the tin of Cornwall, but it ig
probable that the native Britons did not for*
many ages take any active part in this
traffic, or make any attempt to share in the
advantages of commerce beyond the giving
their commodities to such as wished to trade
with them. They had nothing better than:
leather or wicker boats, which were too —
slight to enable them to leave-thelr shores, _
even so ag to cross the Channel.
The Saxons made considerable endea-
vours to extend their intercourse with
Tewus, and some other vestiges of the ieipldn ars aera rs in the time af *
ee
if
the cor ait po sible far
also for the eake of procuring informution.
After the Conquest, the English princes
were for a Jong time too much engaged in
political and military concerns to turn their
attention to this subject, and little was done
beyond that of giving encouragement to
foreigners to settle in England, or to have
dealings with the people. One provision
of Magna Charta held forth indemnity and
protection to foreign merchants in the pas-
gage to and fro, as also during their stay
in the country.
Safe conducts were afterwards given to
the English going abroad, which afforded
thein the opportunity of carrying on a traf-
fie tor their commodities with foreign na-
tions. In consequence we find that staples
or markets were established both in’ Eng-
land and on the continent, where English
wool, lead, and other productions were
bought and sold; and as encouragement
was given to the Hanseatic League, a tra-
ding company was in consequence formed
) _ in the reign of Edward I. first called the
ei Company of Merchants trading to Calais,
| &c., afterwards the Merchant Adventurers
jof England, or the Company of Merchant
Adventurers trading gto Hamburg. This
company, which ts the first of the kind in
-England, was incorporated by Edward lI.
in 1296. In the reign of Edward ILI. com-
merce and manufactures both met with
considerable encouragement, but the inter-
course of foreigners with England was now
more encouraged than that of Englishmen
with foreign nations. In consequence the
staple or mart was confined to certain
towns, where, by the statute of the staple
as it was cailed, it was ordained that for-
My eigners might resort for the purchase of
English commodities, but Englishmen were
___ prohibited under great penalties from ex-
-__— porting any themseives. A number of
other laws were made for the establishment
and government of the staple, which form-
a ed that branch of the English law since
_ known by the name of the Law-Merchant.
For the encouragement of manufactures,
protection was given to clothinakers te
come from foreign parts and reside here.
In the reign of Edward VI. the principle
of confining commerce within the limit of
the country was, in consequence of the
' racent discoveries,somewhataltered. An
e intercourse with Russia was commenced
ens means of some English adventurers,
Ce ee ne Rigen ee et
; ‘came to the port of Archesigel: where
Vv rere well reesived by the Muscovites,
a. the East for cominercial purposes, as
whence they afterwards formed 2 company
aud received a churier to secure to thens-
selves the trade to Russia. This company.
was incorporated in the reign of Philip and
Mary, under the name of the Russia Com
pany The reign of Elizabeth was stil!
more favourable to commercial adventures
ofevery kind. Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh
and Henry de Clifford, Earl of Cumberland
distinguished themselves by their voyages
and discoveries; besides which severa
fresh companies were formed under the
auspices of this queen. The Eestland
Company was incorporated under the tithe
of the Company of Merchants to the East
the Turkey or Levant Company was alsi
incorporated in 1551; but the most impor
tant of all the companies which had hith
erto been formed was the East [India Com-
pany, which was first established by char-
ter in 1600. In the reign of William ILL.
anew East India Company was formed,
which was for atime a rival to the old one
but in 1708 the two companies were con-
solidated into one ; since which they have
experienced considerable vicissitudes, and
in consequence of the numerous wars in
which they have been engaged their affairs
were at one time so reduced that they were
obliged to apply to the government for as-
sistance, in consequence of which they
have lost much of their independence, and
are necessarily’ subject to more control
than they were formerly. English com-
merce continued to increase from the reign
of Elizabeth till the present, absorbing
nearly the whole ofthe carrying trade
of the world. The Unit-d States, com-
peted successfully with them for a con-
siderable period, but the close of the
war in 1864, found nearly the whole
transatlantic trade in‘ the hands of
British shipowners. But the immense
resources of the country and its ready
recuperative power must ultimately
assertitself, and eventually command
the markets of the world,
COMMISSION (in Law). The warrom,
or letters patent by which one is authorized
to exercise jurisdiction ; in Military Affairs,
the warrant or authority by which one
holds any post in the army ; in Commerce,
the order by which any one trafficks or me-
gotiates for another ; also the per centage
given to factors and agents for transacting
the business of others
COMMITTLE (in a Legislature). A
certain number of members appointed by
the house, for th e examination of any mat-
ter; in general, he or they to whem any
matter is referred by seme body for Rrther
examination,
COMMODITY. Any merehandies or
Ware which a perton deais or trades tn,
COMMUDORE. Aa officer in the
British or American navy, invested with
the command of a detachment of ships of
war destined for a particular purpose.
The Commodore of a convoy is the lead-
img ship in a fleet of merchantmen.
COMMAN (in Law). A right or privi-
lege claimed by more persons in another
man’s lands, waters, woods, &c.
COMMONALTY. The common people,
all classes and conditions of people who
are below the rank of nobility; tbe bulk
of mankind.
COMMON-CARRIER. One who un-
dertakes for hire to transport goods
from place to place.
COMMON-COUNCIL. The council of a
city or corporate town, empowered to
make by-laws for the government of the
citizens.
COMMON LAW. The law of the realm
grounded on general customs or immemo-
rial usage. I[n general the common law
of England ts common in this country.
COMMON PLACE BOOK. A sort of
register, or orderly collection of things
worthy to be noted in a book
COMMON PLEAS. One of the king’s
courts at Westminster Hall, where pleas
or causes are heard between subject and
subject Similar courts exist in most of
the United States
COMMON PRAYER. The liturgy, or
public form of prayer prescribed by the
church of England to be used in all church-
es and chapels at stated periods. The
book of common prayer used by episcopa-
lians in the United States is so altered
from the English copy as to adapt it to the
local circumstances of the church.
COMMONS (in England) In a gene-
ra] sense, the whole people, as distinguish-
ed trom the nobility ; in a particular sense,
the knights and burgesses who represent
the Commons in parliament, whence the
hese in which they sit is called the House
ef Commons
COMMONS (in Law). See Docrons
Commons.
COMMONWEALTH That form of
governinent in which the administration
ef public affairs «@ common or open to all
with few or wo exceptions. [t is distin-
guished from monarchy or aristocracy
COMMUNION. A name given to the
sacrament of the Lord’s supper
CUMMUNION SERVICE. The effice
for the administration of the holy sacra-
fMment im the church of England
COMMUNION TABLE. The table
erected atthe ccm gna etceenalen! reand ne
which the communicants kneel to Par eke
of the Lord’s supper.
COMMUTATION (in Law). The ewb
stitution of one punishment for another.
COMPANY (in Law). A society eof
persons forming a corporate body; tn Com-
merce, @ trading association, in which
several merchants form a joint stock, with
which they trade for the common Interest
of the stockholders, such as theEast India
and other companies. (See Commence.)
COMPANY (in Sea Affairs). The whole
crew of a ship, including the officers
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. The
science wh:ch teaches the structure ef the
body in animals.
COMPARATIVE DEGREE (in Gram-
mar), ‘he second degree, as, better
COMPASS, or the Maniner’s Compass
An instrument used by mariners to point
out the course at sea. It consists of a card
or fly, on which are drawn the several
points of the compass ; the needle, or mag-
netic needle, a small bar of steel, which
has the property of turning one of its ends
to the north pole ; and the box, which eoa-
tains the card and needle.
COMPASSES, or Parr or Compasses
A mathematical instrument, consisting of
two sharp pointed branches er legs of irom,
brass, or steel.
COMPLEMENT (in- Astronemy) The
distance of a star from the senith.
COMPLEMENT (in Miltary Affates)
The full establishment ef a rogimemt.
Ais
a
’
’
1
iy
Room
ENT OP AN ARC Gn Ga.
- the quadrant of a circle ; thus the compie-
ment of 50° s 40°, and the coinplement of
40° is 50°.
COMPOSING. That branch of the art
of printing which consists in arranging the
types or letters in such an order, as to fit
them for the press. This the compositor
performs, by gathering a letter ata time
into his composing stick, which when full
he empties into a frame called a galley.
Of the several lines arranged in order in
the galley he makes a page, and of several
pages he makes a form
COMPOSING-STICK.
teal made of iron plate, and consisting of
tae head, the bottom, .the back, the two
A compositor’s
glides, and the two screws. While the
conzpositor is in the act of composing he
holds the composing-stick in his left hand,
placimg the second joint of his thumb over
the slides of the stick, so as to keep the
lette: tight and square together, as he pla-
ces them in the stick. When the compo-
sing-mick is full, he proceeds to empty it
into the galley.
ieee tity:
COMPOSITZ. One of Linneug’ natu-
ral orders, comprehending the plants with
compound flowers, as the dandelion, sun-
flower, &c.
COMPOSITION (in Music). A piece
of music composed according to the rules
of art.
COMPOSITION (in Painting). The
_ ‘putting together the several parts of a
picture, so as to set of he whole to the
: best advantage.
COMPOSITION (in Commerce) An
“Agivemont entered into between an insol-
vent debtor and hin credites, by which the
latter aecapia a partof the debt, ia ceim
pensation for the whole.
COMPOSITE NUMBERS. Such num-
bers as some other numbers besides unite
will measure, as 12, which is measured by
2, 3, 4, and 6.
COMPOSITE ORDER (in Architec-
ture) One of the five orders of architee
ture, so called because it is composed of :
the lonie and Corinthian orders.
Se a8
iate: : 4
Wy AVES TS ar a se eae
eae domi ee ecaeet roma
Fit Vays (Us Mon a ymay eke SEA
COMPOSITOR (among Printers)
who composes the matter for the press.
COMPOST, pronounced COMPO (in
Husbandry). Several sorts of soils or
earths and other matters mixed together
in order to make a particularly fine kind
of mould.
COMPOUND. A term in betany appli
ed to a flower consisting of several diatine
lesser flowers.
COMPOUND INTEREST. Is that m-
terest which arises from principal and in-
terest put together
COMPOUNDING FELONY, or Tuerz
Bots (in Law). Where the party robbed
takes bis goods again of the thief, upon am ~
Agcement not to prosecule,
COMPOUNDING WITH ONE’S
CREDITORS. Where the debtor, net be
ing able to pay all his debts, agrees with
his creditors to pay a part.
CONCAVE LENS. An _ epithet for
glasses ground hollow ot the inside, sm ag
Le reflect on the heRow aide
He
CONCENTRATION (in ohne:
The act of tnereasing the strength of fluids
by volatilizing part of their water.
CONCENTRIC. An epithet for figures
having one common centre
CONCERT. A musical performance in
which any number of practical musicians
unite in the exercise of their talent. —
CONCERTO. ~-A piece of music consist-
ng of several parts that are all to be per-
. formed together.
CONCHOLOGY. That branchof natu-
ral history which treats of testaceous ani-
mals, or such animals as have a perma-
nently testaceous covering, which are com-
prehended under the testacea in the Lin-
nean system.
CONCLAVE. Theroomin the Vatican
at Rome where the cardinals assemble to
choose a pope ; also the assembly itself.
CONCORD (in Grammar), That part
of syntax which treats of the agreement of
words according to their several inflec-
tions.
CONCORD (in Law). An agreement
between parties who intend toilevy a fine.
CONCORD (in Music). The union of
Wo or more sounds in such manner as to
render them agreeable.
CONCORDANCE. A sortof dictionary
of the Bible, in which every word is given
with references to the book, chapter, and
verse in which it is to be found.
CONCORDAT. A treaty or public act
of agreement, between the pope and any
prince.
CONCRETION. The growing together
of several substances or parts of substances
into one body.
CONCRETION (in Surgery). Morbid
concretions are substances fornied in the
animal body, as the calculus or stone, &c.
CONDENSER. A pneumatic engine or
syringe, whereby an uncommon quantity
of air may be crowded into a given space.
CONDITION (in Common Law). A
restraint annexed to a thing, so that by the
nonperformance, the party to it shall sus-
tain loss, amd by the performance receive
advantage.
CONDITION (in Ci7il Law), A clause
ef obligation stipulated, aa an article of a
treaty or contract.
CONDUCTOR. A name given to those
substances which are capable of receiving
and transmitting electricity.
CONDUCTOR OF LIGHTNING. A
pointed metallic rod, contrived by Dr.
Vranklin, to be fixed to buildings, to secure
them from the effects of lightning.
CONDUIT. A pipe for the conveyance
@f water to any particular part.
nos
ican vulture, reeasuring with the wings ox
tended, from tip to tip, twelve or sixteen —
feet. It preys on birds, lambs, and kids.
44 is the largest bird of flight.
CONE “in Denne A solid figure,
having a circle for its base, and its top
terminating in a point or vertex. It is
produced by the revolution of a right
angled triangle about its perpendicular le
called the axis of the cone.
Ss
<=
-
nm at tm men owesissnasnre
hb
a ww ere oe
Prom
CONE (in Botany). The fruit of sévera.
evergreen trees, as of the fir, cedar, cypress,
so called from its conical shape. It is com-
posed of woody scales, that are usually
open, each of which has a seed at the end
LEREX TaN
SEA
rn aN
SG
CONF, (in Conchology). Bp poantifii!
sort of shell, inhabited by the limax. Shella
of this sort moatly bear‘ he highest price of
CONFESSION (in Theology). A public
declaration of one’s faith, or the faith of a
public body; also a part of the Liturgy, in
which an acknowledgment of guilt is made
by the whole congregation. Auricular
confession, a private confession or acknow-
ledgment of one’s sins, made by each
Individual in the Romish church to his
priest or father confessor. {[t is so called
because it is made by whispering in his
ear
CONFERVACEM. A natural order of
Algess, or water plants, of which the con-
ferva is the genus. Confervites are
‘ossil alge, belonging to the order.
Sonfervoid is a botanical term applied
¢o those plants which have the appear-
ance cfConferve.
CONFLUENT. In pathology, a term
applied to those pustules on the skin
which are so numerous as to form
patches, the matter of which rens to-
gether.
CONFLUENCE. The meeting of two
: rivers, or the place where they meet.
k CONGELATION A condensation of
any fluid by means of cold.
CONGER, or CONGER EEL. Aneel
ef an extraordinary size, and extremely
voracious, which preys on carcasses, and
other fish.
AN CONGREGATION (in Ecclesiastical
Affairs). An assembly of persons who meet
together for purposes of divine worship ;
(in Physics) a term for the least degree of
mixture, in which the parts of the mixed
_ body do not touch each other in more
_ than one point.
CONGRESS. An assembly of envoys,
commissioners deputies, &c. from different
courta, who meet to agree on matters of
_ general interest; also an assembly of the
- deputies frem the different states in the
republics of Ameriea. The Congress of
the United States consists of a Senate and
: louse of Representatives. Each state
'y 40,000 inhabitants
oda!
freemen. Senatore are chosen for siz
years, representatives for two.
CONGREVE ROCKET. An invention
so called from the inventor, Sir Willian
Congreve, by which balls and other com
bustibles are discharged to an immense
distance.
CONIC SECTIONS. Curve lines ané
plane figures produced by the intersection
of a plane with a cone. These sections
are derived from the different directions
in which the solid cone is cut by a plane
passing through it; they are the triangle
circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola
The doctrine of Conic Seetions, which
is one of the abstrusest branches of geome-
try, was particularly cultivated by the an-
cients. Arisieus is said to have composed
five books relating to this subject, but they
have not been handed down to us. The
most ancient treatise extant is that of
Apollonius, in eight books, the first four of
which is said to have been written by
Euclid, and afterwards perfected by Apol-
lonius, with the addition of four other
books. .
CONIFER, or CONIFERS. An order
of plants, which, like the fir, pine, and
cedar, bear cones or tops in. which the
seeds are contained.
CONIMA. A very fragrant gum-resin,
obtained in British Guiana. .
CONSENSUAL. In physiology, a term
applied to movements, contrary to, or.
independent of, the will, which arise’
from previous contrary movements, as
in the contraction of theiris when the
eye is voluntarily directed upwards;
excited or caused by sensation.
CONJUGATE. An epithet denote the
junction of two lines, as a conjugate axis.
that which crosses another axis
CONJUGATING (in Grammar). The
8 the slave | act of guing through the inflections of 4
states five slaves are reckoned as three |
verb according to its several moods, tenses,
and persons.
CONJUGATION (in Grammar). The
mceds, tenses, and persons of a verb
coupled together in regular order.
CONJUNCTION. A term in Astronony
for the meeting of two planets in the same
degree of the zodiac, which is marked
thus (£).
CONJUNCTION (in Grammar). A
part ef speech which joins words and sen-
tences. i
CONNOISSEUR. A person well versed
im any art or science.
CONOID (in Geometry). A figure re-
sembling a cone.
CONQUEROR. In a general sense, one
whe haz gained a battle or any thing by
means of fighting; particularly applied to
William |. who succeeded to the throne of
England after having gained the battle of
Hastings.
CONSANGUINITY. Kindred by blood
and birth between persons descended from
the same common stock.
CONSCRIPT FATHERS. An _ appel-
lation for the Roman senators, so called
because they were enrolled from the eques-
trian order into the list of senators.
CONSCRIPTS. Recruits in the French
umy.
CONSEQUENCE. That which follows
frem any principle by way of inference;
among logicians, the last part or propo-
sition of an argument, in distinction from
the antecedents, being something gathered
from a preceding argument.
CONSEQUENT (in Geometry). The
latter of two terms of proportion, in dis-
tinction from the former, or antecedent.
CONSIGNMENT. The sending or de-
livering ever of goods to another person.
CONSISTORY, or CONSISTORY
COURT. In England, the session or as-
sembly of ecclesiastical persons held by the
bishop or his chancellor.
CONSONANCE (in Music). An agree-
mont of two sounds.
CONSONANT (in Grammar). A letter
which cannot be sounded by itself without
the help of a vowel; in Music, an epithet
for that interval which produces consonant
eencords,
CONSTABLE. A civil officer, anciently
of great dignity, as the lord high constable
ef England, and also the constables or keep-
ors of castles, &c.; now an inferior officer
of justice.
CONSTELLATION. An assemblage of
fixed stars, imagined to represent the form
@{ geome creature or other object, xs @ bear,
ty! wag
gt! Me
a cae ina ine like ; ihewen Soe have
derived those appellations which are con |
venient in describing the stars. The divi
sion of the heavens into constellations is
very ancient, probably coeval with astre-
nomy itself. Frequent mention is made
of them by name in the sacred writings
as in the book of Job, and in the prophecy
of Amos. Some of the constellations are
also mentioned by Homer and Hesiod,
who flourished above 900 years befure
Christ; and Aratus, who lived about 977
years before Christ, professedly treats of
.| all such as were marked out by the ancients,
and were afterwards admitted into the
Almagest of Ptolemy. These were forty-
eight in number, called the Old Constella-
tions, to which have since been added
others, called New Constellations.
CONSTITUENT (in Law). In England,
one who by his vote, constitutes or elects
a member of parliament. The term is also
applied to voters in the United States.
CONSTITUENTS (in Physics). The
elementary parts of any substance.
CONSTITUTION (in Law). Properly,
any form of government regularly consti-
tuted; in a particular sense, the mixed and
popular form of government in. England,
consisting of king, lords, and commons, or
the free constitution of the United States
CONSTITUTION (in Civil Law). A
law made by some king or emperor; and
in the canon law, the same as an ecclesi.
astical law or canon.
CONSTITUTION (in Medicine). The
temperament of the whole body, arising
from the quality and proportion of the parts
CONSUL. A chief magistrate among
the Romans, of which there were twe that
were elected every year.
CONSUL An officer commissioned by
government, to reside in foreign coun-
tries of any considerable trade, to facilitate
and despatch business and protect the
merchants of the nation.
CONSUMPTION. The wasting and de-
cay of the body by disease
CONTEMPT (in Law). A disobedience
to the rules, orders, er process of a court.
CONTINENT. The main land, as dis-
tinguished from the sea.
CONTORT One of Linnaeus’ dibersh
orders, including plants with a single
twisted petal.
CONTOUR. The outline of a figure.
CONTRABAND GOODS. Goods pro
hibited by law to be exported or imported.
CONTRACT A covenant oragreemers —
between two or more person, with ola
fy) consideration or cause
CONTRACTION.
> vv’ es
. oe ah ,
Ri ¢
In general, the di-
mainishing the exten: or dimensions ef a
body.
CONTRACTION (in Surgery). The
shrinking up of the muscles or arteries.
CONTRACTION (in Grammar) The
reducing two syllables into one.
CONTRACTION (in Arithmetic) The
shortening of operations.
CONTRAST (in Painting). The due
placing the different parts and objects ofa
figure, that they may be suitably opposed
to each other.
CONTRAVALLATION, Ling or. A
line or trench, cut round a place by the be-
siegers, to defend themselves against the
sallies of the garrison.
CONTRAVENTION (in Law). The in-
fringement of a contract.
CONTROLLER (in Law). An overseer
or officer appointed to control or oversee
the accounts of other officers.
CONTUMACY (in Law). A refusal to
zppear in court when legally summoned.
CONVALESCENCE. That period be-
twixt the departure of a disease, and the
recovery of one’s health.
CONVENTICLE. A term applied first
to the little private meetings of the follow-
ers of John Wickliffe, and afterwards to
the religious meetings of the Nonconform-
jats.
CONVENTION (in Law). Any assem-
bly of the states of the realm or their depu-
ties; in military affairs, an agreement
entered into between two bodies of troops,
opposed to each other.
CONVERGING LINES. Lines which
continually approximate.
CONVERGING RAYS (in Optics).
Those rays that issue from divers points of
an object, and incline towards one another
until they meet.
CONVEX. Curved, or protuberant out-
wards ; as a convex lens, mirror, &¢
CONVEYANCE (in Law) A deed or
instrument by which lands, &c. are con-
veyed or made over to another.
CONVEYANCER. One who follows
the business of conveyancing, or drawing
up cotrveyances.
CONVOCATION. In England, an as-
sembly of the clergy, consisting of an up-
per and lower house, which meet when the
parliament meets, to consult on the affairs
of the church.
CONVOLVULUS or Binpwerp. A
Plant so called, because it creeps up and
twists itself round whatever is near it.
Bowe few sorts are cultivated in gardens,
gnd bear « beautiful blue flower.
which accompany merchantmen in time
of war, to protect them frem the attack«
of the enemy ; in military affairs, a detach
ment of troops employed to guard any sup
ply of money, ammunition, &c.
COOK. One who practises the art of
cookery. The company of cooks in Eng-
land was incorporated in the fifteenth cem ,
tury
COOLER. A vessel used by brewers,
for cooling the beer after it is drawn off.
COOMB., A measure of corn, containing
four bushels.
COOP. A place where fowls are kept
confined ; also a vessel made of twigs, in
which fish are caught, and a barrel or ves-
sel for keeping liquids.
- COOPER. A maker of tubs, coops, or
barrels. The company of coopers in Eng-
land was incorporated in the reign of Hen-
ry VII.
COOPERY The art of making tubs or
barrela with boards bound by hoops.
COOT. A water fowl, mostly ofa black
colour,called also a Moon Han. These birds
frequent lakes and still rivers, where they
make their nests among the rushes, &c.
floating on the water, so as to rise and fall
with it.
COPAL. An American name for a
odoriferous gums, but particularly applied
to a resinous substance imported from
Guinea. It is hard, shining, transparent,
and citron coloured.
COPERNICAN SYSTEM. A particu-
lar system of the sphere first proposed by
Pythagoras, and after/ards revived by
Copernicus, a Polish ag gonomer. Accord-
ing torthis system the sun is supposed te
be placed in the cenf e, and all the other
bodies to revolve rand it in a particular
order; which not) m ia now universauy
adopted, under th; name of the Solar Sys-
tein
COPING. Tle stone envering on the
| tep of a wall.
GONYOY. Axes ane for ships of war |
COPPER A mete mew t tea ie
specific gravity, but lighter than gold,
silver, or lead. It is ene’ of the six primi-
tive metals.
COPPERAS. A name given to blue,
green, and white vitriol: it isa factitious
sulphate of iron.
COPPERPLATE. A plate on which
figures are Uagroven’ also the impression
which is taken off the piate on paper, by
means of printing.
COPPERPLATE PRINTING. The
process of taking engravings from copper-
plates, by means of a rolling press, as in
the subjoined cut.
COPPERSMITH. An artisan who
works copper into different utensils.
COPPICE, or Corsz. A small wood,
consisting of underwood.
COPULA (among Logicians). The
verb that connects any two terms in an
- affirmative or negative proposition, as, God
made the world ; made is the copula.
COPULATIVE (in Grammar). An
egenhet for such conjunctions as join the
pense as well as the words; as and, or,
acc
COPY (in Law).
sriginal writing.
COPY (among Printers). The original
MS. or the book from which the composi-
ior sets his page.
COPYHOLD (in Law). In England,a
tort of tenure by which. the tenant holds
his land by copy of court rell of the manor
at the will of the ord,
COPYRIGHT (in Law). The exclusive
wight of printing and publishing copies of
any literary performance, which is now
eonfirmed by statute, to authors or their
publishers, for a certain number of years,
that is to say, in England for twenty-eight
years in all cases, whether the author sur-
wive that period or not ; and to the end of
the author’s life if he live beyond that pe-
tiod ; besides, as an action lies to recover
damaes for- pirating the new corrections
and additions to an elé work publishers
The transcript of an
/and annotations.
may acquire almost a perpetual interest im
a work by republishing it with additions =
In the United States, =
the copyright law gives to the author, the Ne
exclusive right to his productions for four gins
years, with the privilege of renewing it for AYN
the same period, if he ig living within the
last six months of the term.
CORAL. ‘A hard, brittle, talclieoad
substance, which was formerly supposed mir
to. be of a vegetable nature, but is now
found to be composed of a congeries of
animals, endued with the faculty of
moving spontaneously. They are distin-
guished by the form of their branches,
and are found in the ocean, adhering to
stones, bones, shells, &c. The islands in
the South Sea are mostly coral rocks
covered with earth. The coral fishery is
particularly followed in the Mediterranean, ©
on the coast of France and Algiers, where
the red coral most abounds.
CORBEI.. A shoulder piece jutting out
in walls to bear up a post.
CORCLE, or CORCULUM (in Botany).
The essence of the seed, or the rudiment
of the future plant.
CORD OF WOOD. A parcel of fire-
wood, four feet broad, four feet high, and
eight feet long.
CORINTHIAN ORDER (in Architee-
ture). The noblest and richest of the fives
orders, so called because columns were
first made of that propertten at Corinth.
its capital is adorned with twe rows of
Haye a VSR, | m whi
gaulicoles, forming sixteen volutes.
_ CORDELIERS In Catholic countries, |
an order of monks, 30 called because they
ne
wear a cord full of knots about their mid-
dle.
CORDOVAN. A sort of leather made
af goat skin at Cordova in Spain.
CORK TREE. A giandiferous tree of
the oak kind, having a thick, spongy, and
soft bark, known by the name of cork. It
grows abundantly in Italy, Spain and other
parts in the South of Europe.
CORMORANT, or CORVORANT. An
exceedingly voracious bird of the pelican
tribe. It builds on the highest cliffs hang-
ing over the sea
CORN. A general term in England for
wheat. Sometimes, for all grain of which
bread is made. In the United States, it
ig a common term for Indian corn. See
Maize. f
CORNEA. One of the coats. the eye,
which is transparent in the fore part, to
admit the rays of light.
CORNELIAN. A precious stone, of a
flesh colour, of which rings are made.
CORNET (in Military Affairs). An in-
strument very similar to a trumpet, which
is used in the army ; also a commissioned
officer in a troop of horse or dragoons.
CORNFLAG. A pliant having a double
tuberose root, with leaves like the fleur
de lis, and a flower consisting of one petal,
shaped like the lily.
CORNFLOWER. A plant that grows
wild among the corn.
CORNICE. Any moulded projection
that crowns or finishes the part to which
_ it is affixed, as he cornice of a room, a
door, &c.
CORNISH CHOUGH. In Engiaxd, a
y ‘ port of crow, of a fine blue or purple black
solour, with red beak and legs It was
ch arise little stalks or
poe { -
CORNUCOPIA, or THe Honnm oF
Pienty. Fabled to be the horn which
Hercules broke off from Achelous’ head.
It was filled by the nymphs with all manner
of flowers and fruits, and made the emblem
of abundance.
COROLLA. The leafy parts of a flower
which is marked with divers colours. Eaeh
leaf or division of the corolla is called a
petal.
COROLLARY. A consequerce drawn
ffom some proposition already proved or
demonstrated.
CORONARIAS. One of Linneus? natu-
ral orders of plants, containing those of the
libaceous tribe, which are most fitted for
making garlands. L
CORONATION. The act or solemnity
of crowning a king; also the ceremony of
investing the pope with his sacerdotal en-
signs and dignity.
CORONER. An officer whoge particulaz
| duty it is to make inquisition into the un-
timely death of any person.
CORONET (in Heraldrv’
crown worn by the nobility,
CORONET, or CORNET (in Farriery)
The upper part of a horse’s hoof.
CORPORAL (in Law). An epithet for
any thing that belongs to the body, as cor-
poral punishment, in distinction from a
fine ; a corporal oath, so called because
the party taking it, is obliged to lay his
hand on the Bible.
CORPORAL (in Military Affairs). A
rank and file man, with superior pay to a
common soldier, and with nominal rank
under a serjeant.
CORPORATION. A body politic or
incorporate, so called because the persons
composing it, are made into one body.
CORPOSANTO, or CORPOSANT
Small luminous balls supposed to be elee-
trical which play about the rigging of
ships in stormy weather and are regarded
with superstitious awe, by sailors.
CORPS. A French term for any body
of forces forming tke division of a grand
army.
CORRECTION (im Printing). The cor
recting of proof sheets as they come from
the compositor’s hands, in erder to free
them from all faults. .
CORRECTIVES. Medicines which
serve to correct the qualities of other medi
cines.
CORRECTOR. The person appoinred
in a printing office to correet the proofs as
they come rough from the compeositer’y
hands
reckoned the finest bird of tta kind, end
therefore borne in coate of anus.
A smas
CORRIDOR (in Fortification). A cavert
way reund a fortresa; in Arehiteeture, a
long gallery leading to several chambers.
CORROSIVES. Saline menstruuma,
whieh have the property of dissolving bo-
djee, as burnt aluin, white vitriol.
CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE OF
MERCURY. An oxymuriate of mercury,
and an extremely acrid and poisonous
preparation.
CORRUPTION OF BLOOD. An in-
fection growing to the blood, estate, and
fesue of a man attainted of treason.
CORSAIR. A pirate or sea roboer, par-
ticularly on the coast of Barbary.
CORSLET. An ancient piece of armour
with which the body was protected.
CORTES. The states or the assembly of
the states of Spain and Portugal
CORTEX. The outer bark of a plant.
CORUNDUM. A mineral of the sap-
phire kind, which is found in the East
Indios, especially in Pegu and the island
ef Ceylon
CORUSCATION. A gleam of light issu-
mg from anything, particularly that which
is produced by the electrical fluid.
CORVUS (in Astronomy). A constella-
tion in the southern hemisphere.
CORYDALES. One of Linnawus’ natu-
ral orders of plants, containing those which
have helmet-shaped fiowers.
CORYMB (in Botany). A mode of
flowering, in which the leszer flower stalks
are produced along the common stalk on
both sides, rising to the samo height.
CO-SECANT (in Geometry). The secant
of an arc, which is the complement of
another arc to ninety degrees.
COSMETICS. Preparations which
whiten and soften tho skin.
COSMOGRAPHY. The science of de-
scribing the several parts of the visible
world.
COSMOPOLITE. A citizen of the
wrorid.
COSS8ACKS. Irregular trops attached
fo the Rusvian army; a predatory tribe
which inhabit the banks of the Nieper and
Don.
COSTS OF SUIT. The expenses attend-
ing a law suit, which ure im part recover-
able from the party whe loses the cause
eneompasses the seed of atree that ls musk
cultivated in Central Africa, in the ladies
and particularly in America. It only flour-
fishes im warm climates. The cloth
which i#@ manufactured from this weel
when spun, is also called cotton
COTTONGRASS. A perennial of the
grass tribe, socalled, because its seeds have
a downy substance attached tothem which
resembles cotton, and has been used in its
stead.
COTTONTHISTLE. An herbaceous
plant, with a biennial root, which is sc
called because it has downy leaves.
COTYLEDONS (in Botany). The lebes
of the seed, of which there are mostly two
They are destined to nourish the heart ef
the seed.
COUANDO. A species of small South
American porcupine.
‘COUCH. Aseat, or small moveable bed
to lie on.
COUCH (in Husbandry). A layer er
heap.of malt or barley. .
COUCH (in Painting). The ground or
basis on which the colour lies.
COUCHGRASS. A _ noxious weed,
which spreads very fast in arable Jand, and
chokes every thing else that is sown.
COUCHING (in Surgery). The removy-
ing the opaque lens out of the axis of vis-
ion, so as to restore the sight.
COVENANT (in Law) An agreement
or consent of two or more, by deed or
writing.
COVERT. A thicket or shady place fer
deer or other animals.
COVERT-WAY (in Fortification). A
space of ground level with the field on the
edge of the ditch, ranging quite round the
works.
COVERTURE (in Law). The state of
a married woman who ts under the pewet
and protection of her husband, whenes
she ia called a feme coverte,
COPTON A cort of weoler fax, which
- goveAR.
—6hERG .
The largest animal of Amer-
pon ef the eat kind, and sometimes’ called
sho American Lion. Ip South America it
is calied Puma, in North America, Pan-
ther. It is of an ash colour, and s0 power-
ful, that it will bear the body of a man up
& tree.
COVING (in Architecture). The pro-
jection in houses beyond the ground plot.
COUNCIL (in Law). An assembly of
the different members of any government
who meet to consult about affairs. In
Bnugiand that is called the Privy Council
where’n the king himself and his privy
counsellors meet, in the King’a court or
palace to deliberate on affairs of state.
When the council is composed only of
cabinet ministers, or the king’s most con- |
fidential servants, it is called a Cabinet
Council.
-COUNCIL (in Ecclesiastical Affairs).
The same as the synod.
COUNCIL OF WAR (in Military
Affairs), An assembly of the cnief officers
in the army or navy, cailed by the general
or admiral in particular emergencies, to
concert measures for their conduct.
COUNTERFEIT. A fraudulent imita-
tion of any thing, made so as to pass for
genuine, as counterfeit coin.
COUNTERMINE. A mine made by
the besieged, in order to blow up the mine
of the besie gers.
COUNTERSCARP (in Fortification).
That side of the ditch which is next the
eamp, and faces the body of the place.
CCUNTER-TENOR (in Music). One
of the middle parts, so called because it is,
as it were opposed to the tenor.
COUNTINGHOUSE. An office in
which a merchant transacts his business.
COUNTRY DANCE (in Music). A
tively pointed air caiculated for dancing.
COUNTY. One of the ancient divi-
sions of England, which by the Saxons
were called shires ; England is divided in-
to forty counties or shires, Wales into
twelve, Scotland into thirty. Each of the
United States is also divided into coun-
ties.
COUP DE MAIN. A sudden unpre-
meditated attack.
COUP D’CEIL. The first glance of the
eye, with which it surveys any object at
-arge.
COUP DE SOLEIL. Any disorder
suddenly preduced by the violent scorch-
img of the sun.
COUPLE. A band with which dogs are
tled together.
- COUPLE-CLOSE (im Heraldry). An
eS omjinary, 20 termed from its enelosing the
a ile \ 4 ¢
CRA
chevrom Wy touples, belng always borne ia
pairs, one om each aids & chevron.
COUPLES (im Building), Kafters fra-
med together in pairs with a tie.
COUPLET. The division of a kywn,
ode, or song, Wherein an equal number, e&
an equal measure of verses is found in each
part.
COURANT. An epithet for any besst,
represented in an escutcheen in a running
attitude.
COURSE. A sea term, for that point of
the horizon or compass for which a ship
steers.
COURSE (in Magzonry). A continued
range ,of bricks or stones of the same
height.
COURSE OF EXCHANGE (in Com
merece). The current price orrate at which
the coin of one country is exchanged for
that of another ; which, asit depends upon
the balance of trade and the political] rela-
tions which subsist between the two coum
tries, is always fluctuating.
COURSER. A race horse.
COURSING. The pursuing of any beast
of chase, asthe hare, &e. with greyhounds
COURT (in Law). In monarchical
countries, the king’s palace or mansion,
in common use, the place where justice is
judicially administered.
COURTS OF CONSCIENCE, Courts
for the recovery of small debts.
COVY. An assemblage of wild fowl,
particularly partridges,
COW. The female of the ox kind,
which is Kept for her milk and her calves,
COWKEEPER. One who keeps cows
for the purpose of selling the milk.
COWPOX. A substitute for the small
pox. It is taken from the udder of the
cow, and used in that sort of inoculation
now known by the name of vaccination.
COWRY: A teataceous animal, which
is said to have the power of leaving its
shell and forming a new one. These ani-
mals live in sand at the bottom of the sea.
The shell is used as a coin in India.
COWSLIP. A plant which grows wild
in the meadows, and bearsa pretty yellow
flower.
C. P. 8. (in England). Custos privati
sigilli ; 1. e. keeper of the privy seal.
CR. An ebbreviation for creditor, |
CRAB (in Astronomy). Cancer, one ef
the signs of the zodiac. ,
CRAB (in Botany’. A wild apple tree,
and also the fruit of hat tree.
CRAB (among Shipwnghts). An engins
with three claws for launching of ships.
CRAB’S EYE. A stene found ta the
craw Geh, resembling an eye,
ERA
CRAB. A nort of shell fiah, which every | OnANH.: SR acobiaacwnle ropes, a y a ae
year cast off thetr old shells, with muck leye, and hoops, for nia a up heavy et a bt
Pain and Sifficulty.
CRADLE. A moveable bed for a child.
CRADLE (with Surgeons). A wooden
machine to lay a broken leg in after it has
been set.
CRADLE (withShipwrights). A frame
the more convenient launching of her.
weights.
CRANIUM The skull, or superior par
of the head.
CRANK. A machine resembling an el-
of timber ra.sed on each side of a ship, for bow, projecting from an axis or spind!s
also a piece of brass work of a similar
CRAMP. As,asmodic affection, which | shape, on which the bell wire is fixed, 80
i ‘ eauses a violent dis.ortion of the muscles,
nerves, &c. ; also a disease to which hawks
are subject in their wings.
CRAMP IRONS. Irons which fasten
stones in buildings.
CRANBERRY, In England,a pale red
berry of a tart taste, the fruit of the cran-
perry tree. The cranberry of the United
places. It is of a bright red colour, aud
makes excellent tarts.
neck, bill, and legs
as to move the bell.
CRAPE. A light transparent spo re-
sembling gauze
CRATE. A large case made of open
bars, in which earthen ware is packed.
CRATER. The mouth» of a volcano
from which the fire issues.
CRAY FISH, or CRAW FISH. A
States grows on Jow bushes, in marshy | gmall sort of lobster.
CRAYON. A small pencil of any sort
of colouring stuff, mage into a paste and
CRANE. A sort of heron, witha long | dried,
CREAM OF TARTAR. The common
white tartar freed from its impurities; a
salt prepared from the lees of wine.
CREDIT (in Commerce). A mutual loan
of merchandises, &c. Letters of Credit,
letters given by merchants to persons
whom they can trust to draw money from
their correspondents.
CREEK. A small inlet, bay, or cove; 2
recess in the shore of the sea, or ofa
river. Creek Indians is the name ap-
plied to a large tribe of the native in-
habitants of the United States of Amer-
ica, who formerly occupied allthe coun-
tries lying north of lat. 31 deg.
CREMATION, The burning of the
dead, according to the custom of many
ancient nations,
CREOLE. A native of Spanish Ameri-
ca or the West Indies, descended from
Kuropean ancestors.
CREASOTE, An oily liquid obtained
CRANESBILL. The English name for from wood-tar, consisting of carbon,
se geidnbuinl. oxygen, and hydrogen, and so named
; 3 from it
CRANIOLOGY. The science which |.1,'8 Property of preserving animal
professes to discover men’s faculties and CREATIN. A crystallizable substance
characters, from the external appearances {obtained from muscular fibre. .
CREMAILLERE. In fortisleatiaty
ps baudrveua indented zigzag line, a
-
_ealcination.
i CREPITATION. The crackling noise
made by some salts during the process of
CRESS. A garden salad.
CREW. The company of Pe be-
longing to a vessel.
CRICKET. A little insect that ice
fireplaces and ovens.
CRIER. An officer who cries or makes
proclamation
CRIMES. Offences against morals, as
far as they are prohibited by law.
CRIMPS. Persons who used formerly
te decoy others into the land or sea ser-
Wt 39.
CRISIS. That stage of a disorder from
which geome judgment may be fi.cemed of
its termination.
CROCODILE. An amphibious animal,
and the largest of the lizard tribe, which
inhabits the rivers of Africa and Agia. It
is covered with hard scales, that cannot
easily be pierced, except under its belly.
CROCUS. A bulbous plant, that flowers
very early in spring.
CROP. The craw of a bird; also the
produce of what is sown ina field.
CROSS. A gibbet, on which the Romans
used to nail malefactors by the hands and
feet
CROSS (in Heraldry). The most ancient
and the noblest of ali the honourable ordi-
naries, formed by the meeting of two per-
pendicular with two horizontal lines, so
as to make four right angles in the figure
of a cross, such as the cross batonne in
the subjoined figure
CROSS The name given to the right
side of a coin, in distinction from the pile
or reverse,
CROSS (in Architecture). Any building
which is in the figure of a cross.
CROSS BOW. A kind of bow formerly
much used which was strung and set n
a shaft of wood, with a trigger, &c.
jig ay A sort of Grosbeak
bird so called because the mandib.ea ef
| its beak cross each other.
CROSS-EXAMINATION (in Law) A
elose and rigid examination on the partof
the adversary ,consisting of cross questiona,
in order to elicit the truth.
CROTCHET (in Music).
marked thus.
ee eee
FRUMERLMNMERNA, SPRINT tee
Half aminim,
CROTCHET (in Printing). Marked thas
[ ], to separate what is not the necessary
part of a sentence.
CROUP. The hindmost part of a horse
CROUPER. A leathern strap fitted tu ge
under the tail of a horse, to keep the sad-
dle in its place.
CROW. A sociable noisy bird, that feeds
partly on carrion
CROW (among Mechanies). An iron
instrument that is used asa lever for raising
weights.
CROWN. In England, a coin, in val-
ue five shillings, so called from the figure
of the crown which was originally given
upon it.
CROWN (in Anatomy). The vertex o@
highest part of the head.
CROWN (in Architecture), The upper
“most member of a cornice,
Ror are oe
Re FAS etc
CROWN. A ¢ap of state worn by sove-
reign princes The crown of England is
called St. Edward’s crown, because it is
made in imitation of the ancient crown
supposed-to have been worn by that mo-
march. That, now in use, was,made at
che Restoration, for the coronation of
Charles the Second
CROWN (among Jewellers). The upper
work of the rose diamond
CROWN-GLASS. The finest sort of
window glass.
CROWN-IMPERIAL. A well known
beautiful flower, the root of which is
perennial.
CROWN-OFFICE. In England, an of-
fice belonging to the Court of King’s Bench,
of which the king’s coroner or attorney
there is commonly master.
CROZIER. A shepherd’s crook; also a
bishop’s staff, which is of a similar form,
and an emblem of his pastoral office.
CRUCIFIX. A figure either in statuary
er painting, representing our Saviour en
the cross
OORT
chemists for the
minerals.
\
CRUISE A voyage or expeditkm im
quest of an enemy’s vessels
CRUISER A_ vessel appointed fm
cruising. -
CRUOR. Coagulated blood.
CRUSADES. The expeditions under
taken by the princes of Christendom for
the conquest of the Holy Land, in the
twelfth and three following centuries. On
these occasions, every soldier bore a cruci-
fix on his breast, as an emblem of spiritua
warfare.
CRUSTACEOUS SHELL FISHES
Fishes covered withshells which are made
up of several pieces and joints; such as
crabs, lobsters, crayfish, &c. in distine-
tion from the testaceous fish, as oysters.
CRYPTOGAMIA. One of the classes of
plants in the Linnean system, comprehen
ding those whose fructification or flower is
too concealed or minute to be observed
by the naked eye, as the mosses, the alg#
or seaweeds, the ferns, and the fungi or
funguses.
CRYPTS. Subterraneous places where
the martyrs were buried, and the primitive
Christians performed their devotions; alse
underground chapels, such as the crypt
under St. Paul’s and other churches which
took their rise from this practice.
CRYSTAL, or Rocx Carstat (in Mine-
ralogy). A transparent stone as clear as
giass. It is found in Iceland, Germany,
and France, and belongs to the quartz or
siliceous genus; also a factitious body cast
in the glass-houses, called crystal glass
which is very brittle, and burrs with little
er no flame.
CRYSTAL (in Chemistry). That part
of a salt which assumes a regular and solid
form, on the gradual coo’ing of its solution
CRYSTALLINE HUMOUR. «A pel
lucid humour of the eye, so called from
its transparency like crystal
CRYSTALLIZATION, The reducing
of any salt into a regular form, by disedy
ing it in a menstruum, and allowing it te
CRUCIFIXION. The act of nailing or | coo! until it shoots into the bodies called
fixing to a cross; the suffering of being | crystals.
erucified.
CRUCIBLE. A melting pot used by | beasts, an of a fox and a hear
CUB. The young of some partlenem
i)
GUE (in Geome
CL
he
try). A regular solid
pody, supposed to be generated by the
motion ofa square plane along a line equal
‘and perpendicular to one of its sides. I[t
is enclosed by six equal sides or faces,
which are square, as in the annexed figure
A die is a smal) cube
CUBE (in Arithmetic). The third power
of any number, produced by multiplying
the number into itself, and then again into
‘he product, as 33==9 X 3==27, the cube.
CUBE ROOT. The side of a cube num-
ber; thus 3 is the cube root of 27.
CUBIT. A measure equal to about
i foot 9 inches
CUCKOO. A bird which is heard about
the middle of April, and ceases to sing at
the end of July. It deposits its eggs in
the nests of other birds, generally in that
of the hedgesparrow. The American Cuc-
koo differs in its note from the European
bird of that mame = It is also smaller in
vine
oa d%
CUCKOO-SPITTLE A white froth or
spume, very common on the lavender and
other plants in the spring, which forms the
aidus of a sort of cicada.
CUCURBITACE. One of Linneus’s
natural orders of plants, comprehending
those which resemble the gourd, as the
cucumber, the melon, &c.
CULM (in Botany). The stalk or stem
of corn or grasses. |
CULM (among Miners). A sort of coal
z Wales.
CULMINEZE. One of the Linnean na-
tural orders of plants, consisting of the
grasses.
CULPRIT (in Law). A word of form,
applied im court to ome who is indicted
Rue ala a a) ie
for a criminal offence. It is as much as
to say, in French, ‘culpable prit, found or
considered guilty.’
CUMMIN SEED. A long, slender seed
of arough texture, unctuous when bruised —
of a strong smell and an acrid taste. .
CUPBEARER (in England). An offices
of the king’s household, who was for
merly an attendant at a feast
CUPEL. A chemical vessel made ot
earth, ashes, or burnt bone, in which assay
masters try metala
CUPOLA. A roof or vault rising in 2
circular form, otherwise called the Tholus
or Dome, as the cupola of St. Paul’s Ca-
thedral, here represented.
CUPPING (in Surgery). The operatien
of applying the cupping-glass to the fleshy
parts of the body, for the purpose of draw-
ing away blood, or humours.
CURASSOW. A species of bird of which
there are several varieties in South Amer-
ica, and the West Indies, of which the
Cashew Curassow is the largest This
bird was ‘formerly domesticated in some
parts of Europe.
CURATE. Properly, one who has the
cure of souls ; now applied in England
to one who officiates for hire in the place
of the incumbent.
“CURB OF A BRIDLE A chain of
fron that runs over the horse’s beard
CURFEW. Literally, cover feu or fire
a law introduced from Normandy into
England by William the Conqueror, that
all people should put out their fire and
lights, at the ringing of the eight o’cloc
bell.
CURLEW. An European water few)
of a gray colour, with a large beak. °
CURRANT. The fruit of a shrub having
no prickles; the leaves of this plant are
large, and the fruit, which is either black,
red, or white, is highly esteemed; also &
dried frait that comes from the Levant.
CURRENCY (in Law). Paper money , curing ite prey. It emits a bisck fale
lssued by authority, and passing current | used in making Indiamime
instead of coin; also, in general, any sort aes pss: f cant fevls te
ef money that passes current by authority,
as the metallic currency, signifying the
coin of the realm.
CURRENTS. Impetuous streams.
CURRIER. A dresser of tanned leather
3 to make it pliable and fit for use. The
: Company of Curriers in England was in-
corporated in the reign of Henry VI.
CURRY-COMB. An iron sort of eomb
fa the dressing of horses.
CURSITOR. In England, an officer in
¢Baacery, who makes out original writs
for any particular county. :
CURTAIN (in Fortification). The front Q
of a wall or fortified place, lying between
two bastions.~ CYBELE (in Heathen Mythology). The
CURVE. A tine whose parts incline | daughter of Celus and Terra, wife of
different ways. Saturn, and mother of the gods; she ig
CUSP. Properly, the point of a spear always represented with a turreted head
CUSP (in Astronomy). A term for the } and accompanied with a lion
-horns of the moon.
is CUSTOM (in Law). A duty on the .
ks importation or exportation of goods
CUSTOS ROTULORUM, or Kerrgr
xa er tee Rovxs. In England, he that has
the keeping of the records of the sessions
of the peace.
ial CUT. An engraving on wood.
Bg CUTLER. A maker and seller of knives, 4
i gnd all cutting instruments. y
ei CUTPURSE. A sort of thieves who
eb by cutting purses. *
CUTTER. A kind of boat attached toa
vessel of war, which is rowed with six} OYCLE. A continual revolution ofnum-
oars, and is employed in carrying light | b€'8, 28 applied to aseries of years which
stores, passengers, &c. In the United | 8° 0M from first to last, and then return
States, the term revenue cutter, 1s applied | © the same ordez again.
to small fast sailing vessels, used to watch | CYCLOLD. A curve generated by the
harbours for the prevention of smuggling. | Ttation of a cucle along a line.
| CYCLOPZEDIA. See Encrcropapia
! CYLINDER. A figure conceived to be
i generated, by the rotation of a rectang.’
Mon about the side.
CYLINDER (in Gunnery). Th «hols \s
: ; hollow length of a great gun; the Dore. '
CYANOGEN (in Chemistry). Carbon| CYME_ Properly, a sprout ‘or shoot: ae
esmbined with azote also a sort of flowering, where the florets
CUTTLE-FISH. A sea fish furnished | do not all rise from the same point. a
with many stckers and holders for se-i GYMOGSA One of Linneus’s natura 4
- seiences, and amusements.
Was one ‘of this sect.
Phintory, gratin
philosophers, who valued themselves on
their contempt of riches, of arts
Diogenes
CYNOSURE. The constellation of the
Little Bear, to which, as containing the
north star the eyes of mariners and
travelers were in former times, contin-
ually turned. Hence the poets have
used the term to denote anything to
which attention is strongly directed.
CYPHONISM, A species of punish-
ment frequently used by the ancients,
which consisted in besmearing the
criminal with honey, and exposing him
to insects.
CYPRAEID. A family of Marine gas-
terpods (the Cowries), with involute and
Cyprea is the type.
CYPRESS. A genus of olanis or trees
valued for the durability of their wood;
the emblem of mourning for the dead,
cypress branches having x been anciently
used at funerals.
CYTOBLAST. In botany, the nucleus
cellule, or assimilative force from which
the organic cell is developed. These
nuclei appear like dark spots, which
may be seen in the fluids of the growing
parts of all plants.
CYTOBLASTEMA. In physiology, the
viscid fluid in which animal and vege:
table cells are produced, and by which
they are held together.
CYTOGENESIS. In: physiology, the
development of cells in animal and yeg-
etable structures.
D
/
Asanumeral, D represents 500; and}
when a dash or stroke is placed over it,
{t denotes 5000
DACTYLIOGRAPHY. The art of en-
graving on gems
DACTYLOLOGY The art of commu-
nicating ideas by spelling words with
the fingers.
DACTYLONOMY. The art of number-
ine with the fingers.
DACTYLOPTERUS. In ichthyology, a
genus of fishes covered with large scales
and the head long and flattened; fam,
Loricata.
DADO. In architecture, the part in
the middle of the pedestal between the
base and cornice.
DAGUERREOTYPE. A process inven-
ted by Daguerre, by which images from
the lens of acamera obscura are fixed
on metal plates.
DAGOBA, In India and the East, a
hemispherical @ome of earth or stone
with asmall square erection on its top
called a tee.
DALIAN PROBLEM. In mathematics,
the duplication of the cube, or the pro-
cess of finding the side of a cube double
that of another one.
DAMASK STEEL. In the arts, a fine
kind of steel from the Levant, of a
streaky mottled appearance, used in the
manufacture of the best sword and
scimitar blades. Damaskeening is the
art of adorning steel or iron with inlaid
gold or silver, chiefly used for sword-
blades or locks of pistols.
DANAE. A planet first observed by
Gcldsmidt in 1860.
‘DATHOLITE. A vitreous mineral
- composed of silica, lime and boracic
acid, not transparent, whence its name.
DATUM. A thing given in logical and
mathematical premises; a proposition
or truth granted or admitted. Datum-
line, in civil engineering, is the base or
horizontal line ot asection, from which
heights and depths are calculated,
DAVYNE. A yellowish transparent
mineral ejected from Vesuvius; its con-
stituents being silica, alumina, lime,
iron, § and nists 8p. re 2°4.
DAY. An astronomical period, which
depends upon the interval between two
transits over the meridian of any point
in the heavens, real orimaginary. But
the only days distinguished by that
name in astronomy are the sidereal day,
the real solar day,and the mean solar
day. The sidereal day is the interval
between two transits of the same fixed
star, which is divided into twenty-four
sidereal hours.
the interval between two moons or
transits of the sun over the meridian.
The mean solar day is the average of all
the realsolar days. The Babylonians
commenced the day at sun-rising, the
Jews at sun-setting, and the Egyptians
at midnight, as do many-.modern na-
tions; the British, French, Spanish,
Americans, &e. In the computation of
time, the civil or mean solar day is the
time employed by theearth in revolving
onits axis, 365°2425 ofsuch revolutions
constituting amean Gregorian year: with
most of the modern nations it com-
‘mences at midnight, and consists of 24h.
3m. 56s., 55 ofsiderealtime. Solar days
are not always of equal length: Ist,
from the unequal velocity of the earth
inits orbit, that velocity being greater
in winter than in summer; and 2d, from
the obliquity of the ecliptic. A side-
real day, the day universally adopted by
astronomers in their observations, is the
time that elapses between two success-
ive culminations of the same star.
DAY FLY. A kind of insect, so called
because it lives only a day.
highly.enamelled shells, of which the
The real solar day is °
DEAD-EYK. A sea term for 2 sort of
flat block.
DEAD LANGUAGES. Those languages
which have ceased to be spoken by any
nation, as the Greek and Latin.
DEAD NETTLE. A sort of nettle
without stings.
DEAD RECKONING. The account
kept of a ship’s course by the log, without
any observation of the sum, moon, or
otars.
DEAF AND DUMB. Those who have
the misfortune to be born, without the fa-
culties of hearing or speaking. Means
have been successfully employed to supply
these defects in charitable institutions, for
the benefitof these unhappy objects, where
the young are taught to communicate their
thoughts by the help of signs, particularly
by the language of the fingers, which,
though before but achikiish amusement,
tg now .arned to a useful purpose. The
first establishment of this kind in America
was that at Hartford, which was founded
chiefly through the instrumentality of
Mr. Gallaudet.
DEAL. The wood of the fir tree cut up
for building.
DEAN. In England, a dignified clergy-
man who is at the head of a chapter.
DEATHWATCH. A litule insect inha-
biting old wooden furniture, which makes
a ticking noise in such a manner, by a
certain number of distinct strokes, as for-
merly to be considered ominous ‘to the
family where it was heard. This circum-
stance gave rise to its vulgar name
DEBENTURE (in Law). A sort of bill
drawn upon the Government. Custom
House debentures entitle the bearer to re-
eeive a drawback on the exportation of
goods, which were before imported.
DEBIT. A term used in book-keeping
to express the left hand page of the ledger,
to which all articles are carried that are
charged to an account.
DEBT (in Commerce). A sum of money
due from one person to another.
DEBT (in Law). An action which Heth
where a man oweth another a certain sum
ef money.
DEC. An abbreviation for December.
DECADE The number or space of ten
ey which formed the third part of the
Attic month; also the number of ten books
which was loraatty the division of some
volumes, as the Decades of Livy.
DECAGON. A plane geometrical figure
consisting of ten sides and ten angles.
DECALOGUE. The Ten Command-
ments delivered by God from Mount Binak
to Moses.
DECAMERON. A volume of ten books,
such as the Decameron or novela of Bes-
cacio.
DECANDRIA: One of the. artificial
classes of Linneus, comprehencing those
planta which have ten stamens in the
flower,
DECANTER. A glass bottle made so
as to hold the wine for immediate use,
DECEMBER, The last month in the
year, when the sun enters the tropic of
Capricorn, making the winter solstice.
DECEMVIRS. Extraordinary magis-
trates among the Romana, chosen for the
particular purpose of collecting the laws
of the twelve tables, which they gatherea
from the writings of Solon.
DECIDUOUS PLANTS. Plants which
cast their leaves in winter.
DECIMAL. An epithet for what con
sists of the number of ten; as, Decima,
Arithmetic, a mode of computation that
proceeds on the scale of ten figurea; De-
cimal Fractions, such as have 10, 100, 1000
&c. for their denominator, and marked
with a point thus .5 for five-tenths.
DECIMATION. A military punishment
among the Romans, inflicted on every
tenth man of the company who had be-
haved themgelves ill.
DECK. The floor of a ship. The decks
may be either first, second, or third;
where there are more than one, beginning
from the lowest upwards.
DECLARATION (in Law) A astate-
ment of the cause of action by a plaintiff
against a defendant.
DECLENSION. The different inflexions —
of nouns throughout their cases.
DECLINATION. The distance of any
star or point of the heavens from the
equator, either north oreouth. The great
tion Ne 2 pai and a nuit.
DECOUTION. A medicinal liquor.
DECOMPOSITION (in Chemistry).
The reduction of a body to the parts of
which it is composed.
DECORATIONS. Any ornaments or
embellishments, such as prints to a book,
er the mouldings, and other carved works
im buildings.
DECOY. A sea term for a stratagem
employed by ships of war, to draw any
vessel of inferior force into an incautious
pursuit, until she comes within gun-shot.
DECOY (among Sportsmen). A place
for catching wild fowl.
DECOY-DUCK. A wild duck trained
to decoy others into the decoy, or place
where they may be caught.
DEED (in Law). A written contract,
signed, sealed, and delivered. It is par-
ticularly applied to instruments for con-
veying land.
DEEP-SEA-LINE. A sea term for a
smal) line to sound with.
DEER. An animal which in England is
kept in parks, either for ornament or for
the chase; the flesh of which is called ven-
ison. In North America, we have five
animals of the deer kind, the Moose or
Elk of Europe; the American Elk, a stately
animal, whose branching horns are some-
times five feet in length, the common fal-
low, or Virginia deer; the mule, or black
tailed deer of the Rocky mountains ; and
the Rein-deer. The male of the fallow
deer, is called Buck, the female, Hind.
The stag, Hart, or Red Deer of Europe, the
female of which is called Hind, is not
found in this country. It is a characteris-
tic of all these animals,that they shed their
. Morns ance a year.
D. F. Defensor Fidei, Defender of the
Faith.
DE FACTO. In deed or fact.
DEFALCATION,. A falling off or a
failure in any public accounts.
DEFAMATION (in Law). Slanderous
words spoken or written against any one.
DEFAULT (in Law). A nonappearance
in court without sufficient cause.
DEFAULTER. One who is deficient in
his accounts.
DEFECTION. The falling off from a
government or state.
DEFENCE (in Law). The reply which
' the defendant makes after the declaration
is produced; in Military Affairs, any work
that covers o ésfends the opposite posts,
as flanks, parapets.
DEPENDANT (in Taw): One who is
gued in an action.
DEFENDER OF THE FAITH. A title
— fol coments Dn ELE a ET Ot NES IB DE LAIBLE: A MET EB a ete ase ~
Gh eon diap pak
given by Pope Leo X. to Henry VIII. fos
writing against Luther. “
DEFILE. A narrow lane or passage
through which a company of soldiers can
pass only in file.
DEFINITION. The determining the
nature of things by words, or explaining
the signification of a word,
DEFLAGRATION. The burning in a
crucible of any mineral body.
DEFLEXION. The turning of any thing
out of its true course.
DEFLUXION (in Surgery). The falling
of a humour in the body, from a superior
upon an inferior part.
DEGRADATION (in Ecclesiastical Af-
fairs in England). The depriving a persor
of his dignity and degree asthe degrada.
tion of a clergyman, by depriving him of
holy orders.
DEGRADATION (in Military Affairs)
The depriving an officer of his commission
DEGREE (in Mathematics). The 360tI
part of the circumference of a circle
marked thus (°).
DEGREE (in Law). An interval of
relationship between persons, more or less
nearly allied.
DEGREES (in a University). Titles of
honour, conferred on persons for their
merit in the arts and sciences.
DEINORNIS, also DINORNIS. A gi-
gantic bird found in a sub-fossil state in
New Zealand, having been a wingless
bird of great size and strength—called
the Moa by the natives.
DEINOSAURIANS. An order of fossil
reptiles found in the Upper Secondary
Formations, of great size, and fitted for
terrestrial life.
DEINOTHERIUM. A gigantic fossil
mammal furnished with a short prob-
oscis, and armed with two enormous
tusks, turned downwards, and slightly
curved inwards.
DEIPNOSOPHIST. One of an ancient
sect of philosophers, who were famous
for their learned conversation at meals.
‘a
DELFT WARE. A kind of potter’s
ware, originally made at Delft in Holland;
it is covered with an enamel, or white
glazing, in imitation of porcelain.
DELIQUIUM, or DELIQUESCENCE,
A spontaneous solution of some salts by
exposure to the air.
DELIVERY, or GAOL DELIVERY
(in Law). A term applied to the sessions —
at the Old Baily, &c. in London, by which
the gao) is delivered or cleared of priseners
DELIVERY (in the Mint). The quan
tity of moneys coined within a givem
period.
DELIVERY (in Oratory). The meanes
9
“DEPL
of pronouncing an address, as rrarde the
voice and utterance of the speak
away, as when a parton or vicar ia de
DEMESNE LANDS. In Bnela a. landa, } prived of his preferment.
which the lord of a manor has in his own
hands.
_ DEMI. A half-fellow at Magdalen Col-
lege at Oxford England; also a term in
composition signifying half, as, demigod,
a hero who was enrclied among the gods.
- DEMOCRACY. A form of government
where the supreme power is lodged in the
people at large, or ia persons chosen by
them.
DEMONSTRATION. A proof or chain
ef arguments, serving to prove the truth.
DRAMURRER (in Law). A pause or
stop in a suit upon some difficulty.
DEMY. A sort of paper much used in
Printing.
DENIER. One of the earliest French
eoins, answering nearly to the English
penny.
DENIZEN. An alien whois naturalized.
DENOMINATOR. That part of a frac-
tion which standa below the line, as 10 in
the fraction 5 .
DENOUEMENT. The developement of
the plot in a play.
DE NOVO. Afresh, or from the be-
ginn Ng.
DENSITY. The property of bodies, of
containing a certain quantity of matter
under a certain bulk.
DENTIST. One who draws teeth, and
prescribes for tneir diseases.
DEODAND. A thing as it were forfeited
to God, to atone for the violent death of a
Baar by misadventure.
DcéPARTURE. The easting or westing
of a ship, in respect to the meridian it de-
parts 1 from.
DEPHLEGMATION. The depriving
any ‘ijuid of its superfluous water.
DEFONENT. One who gives informa-
tion on oath before a magistrate.
DEPURTATION. The banishment ofa
person, among the Romans, to some dis-
tant isiind.
DEP(SITION. The testimony of a
witnesa taken upon oath.
DEP( T. A place where military stores
are dep sited.
_DEPEESSION. The distance of a star
from the horizon delow.
DEPRESSION OF THE POLE. Is
gaid of a person sailing from the pole to
the equator. ‘
DEPRESSION OF THE VISIBLE
HORIZON, or, Die oF tHe Horizon.
Its dipping or sinking below the true ho-
rizontal plane, by the observer’s eye being
ebeve the surfae ofthes .
DEPUTY. A person appointed by core i} ea
mission to act for another.
DERELICT. Forsaken, left; as derelict
lands, Jands which the sea has left; dere-
lict ships, vessels left at sea, &c.
DERIVATIVE (in Grammar). Any
word which is derived from another.
DERMESTES. An ineect, called in
vulgar language the Leather-eater.
DERNIER. Last, as a tribunal of der-
nier resort, the last or highest court of
appeal.
DERVISE. An order of religious per-
sons in Mahometan countries, who prac-
tise great austerities on themselves.
DESCENSION. An are of the equator
which descends or sets with any sign or
point in the zodiac.
right or oblique, according as it takes
place in a right or oblique sphere.
DESCENSIONAL DIFFERENCE, The
difference between the r.gat and oblique
descension of a star, &c.
DESCENT. In general, the tendency
of heavy bodieg,towards the earth.
DESCENT (in Law). Hereditary suc-
cession to an eatate.
DESCENT (in Military Affairs), Land
ing in a country for the purpose of in
vasion.
DESCRIPTION. An imperfect kind
of definition, that includes many accidents
and circumstances peculiar to an object,
without defining its nature precisely.
DESERTER. A soldier who runs away
from his colours, or goes over to the
enemy.
DESIDERATUM (in Literature). What
is wanted or inquired after. A work isa
desideratum, which, though wanted, is not
executed.
DESIGN. The first draught, or sketch
of any picture.
BESPOTISM. A form of government
where the monarch rules by his sole and
sovereign authority.
. DESUNT CA TERA. The rest wanting;
words put at the end of any chasm or
deficiency, in an imperfect or mutilated
‘work.
DETACHMENT (in Military Affairs).
A certain number of men selected for a
particular expedition or service.
DETAINER. A writ for holding any
one in custody
»
DETKNTS. The stops in clock-work.
which, by being ‘ifted up or let dowm —
jock or unlock the clock Wing.
Descension is either .
rE
mare! iietld humours
DETERMINATE PROBLEM | ‘That
which has one, or a limited number of
answers j
DETONATION The noise and explo-
sion, which some substances make upon
the application of fire to them, as gun-
powder, &c.
DETONATING POWDER, or Fut-
Minating PowpEr. A preparation of
nitre, sulphur, &c.
DETRITUS. That which is washed
down from the mountains, and forms a
new soil.
DEUCALION. The son of Prometheus,
who, with his wife Pyrrha, were saved
during a peloge, in a ship on Mount Par-
naseus
DEVISE. A gift of lands by last will
and testament. |
DEUTERONOMY. The fourth book of |
Moses.
DEW. The moisture, which is first ex-
haled from the earth by the sun, and then
falls again upen the eaith in gentle drops.
during the night.
DEWLAP. The loose skin that hangs
down under the throat of an ox, cow,
&e.
. DEXTER. The right, or on the right
hand or side, as the dexter point; in He-
raldry, the right-hand side of the es-
cutcheon.
DEY. The supreme governor of Algiers.
DIABETES (in Medicine). An exces-
sive discharge, of crude urine.
DIACOUSTICS. The science of re-
fracted sounds.
DIADELPHIA (in Botany). One of
the Linnean classes, comprehending such
plants as bear hermaphrodite flowers with
two sets of united stamens.
DIADEM A headband or fillet, an-
_ elently worn by kings as an emblem of
dignity. id
DIAERESIS (in Grammar). The divi-
sion of one syliable into two, marked
“DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Ss Signs by one
| diseases ure distinguished from each other.
DIAGONAL. A straight line drawn from
one angle of a figure to ano her
DIAGRAM. A scheme orawn by way
of illustrating any thing.
DIAL A plate marked with lines, for
showing the hour of the dey by the shadow
of a gnomon, style, or pin when the sun
shines. The diversity of sun-dials arises
from the different situation of the plane,
and from the different figure of the sur
faces upon woich they are described. The
subjoined figure represents an horizonta
dial.
a ae
v7] SS ¥
DIALECT, A manner of speech peo_
liar to any parts of acountry. The dialects
of Greece were admitted to form a part of
their language, as the Attic dialect, spoken
by the Athenians; so the lonic, Poetic,
folic, and Doric dialects,
DLALECTICS. The art of logic
DIALLING. The art of drawing dials
on any surface.
DIALLIST One who constructs sun-
dials
DIALOGUE. A written discourse be-
tween two or mere persons.
DIALYSIS. A mark or character, con-
sisting of two points placed over two vow-
els, as poemata, to show that they must
be sounded distinctly.
DIAMETER. A_ right line passing
through the centre of a circle, or any
curved figure.
DIALLAGE. A mineral of a brilliant
green color, with asilky or pearly lustre.
It consists of silica, alumina, lime,mag- .
nesia, oxide ofchrome, and oxide ofiron.
LIAMAGNETIC. A term applied by
Farraaay to aclass of substances which,
under the influence of magnetism, take
a position, when freely suspended, at
nght angles to the magnetic meridian,
DIAMOND. The most valuable and
the hardest of all precious stones or
gems. Itispure carbon; andits prim-
itive crystals are the regular octahed-
ron, which reflects all the light falling
on its posterior surface at an angle of
incidence greater than 24° 13, whence
its great brilliancy is derived. The
‘diamond has various tints of color;
sometimes of a yellowish, bluish, or
rose-red tinge, though sometimes per-
fectly colorless. The largest diamond
known is said to have belonged to the
Emperor of Brazil; but the celebrated
Koh-i-noor diamond, which passed from
the hands of the Mogul princes to the
possession of Queen Victoria, is among
the most valuable in Europe. In geom-
etry, diamondis the name of a quad-
rangular or rhomboidal figure.
DIAPHONIES. The doctrine of refract-
ed sound,
DIANA. The goddess of hunting, the
daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and twin
sister of Apollo; she is commonly repre-
sented with a bow and arrow
DIANDRIA (in Botany). One of the
elasses in the Linnean system, consisting
ef such plants as have hermaphrodite flow-
ers with, two stamens, as the olive, the
privet, the nightshade, &c
DIAPASON (in Ancient Music). The
imterval of an octave; among Musical In-
strament Makers, the diapason is a scale
or measure.
DIAPER. A kind of linen for the table,
wrought with flowers
rae
© glass
The precepts formeri
DIAPHANOUS. Transparent Ifk
DIAPHONIA.
taugnt for the use of the organ. Fe ts
DIAPHORETICS. Medicines whick
promote perspiration
DIAPHRAGM. A muscular membrane
which divides the thorax from the abde —
men
DIARRHGEA A disorder which con-
sists in the frequent discharge, by stool, of
a bilious humour from the intestines.
DIARY. An account of what passes in
the course ofaday °
DIATESSERON (in Music). An inter-
val composed of a greater and less tone.
DIATESSERON (in Theology) The
four Gospels.
DIATRIBE. A disputation or contro
versial discourse
DIBBLE. A pointed tool for making
holes to plant in.
DICE. Pieces of bone or ivory, of a
cubical form, and marked with dots on
each of their faces from one to six.
DICTATOR. An extraordinerv magis-
trate among the Romans, chosen —pon par-
ticular occasions; and invested with abso-
lute power. He laid down his office, as
goon as the occasion ceased, for which he
had been appointed
DICTIONARY. A collection of the
words of alanguage, explained in alpha-
betical order.
DICTUM. The positive opinion pro-
nounced by an individual.
DIDACTIVE. An epithet for what
serves to teach or explain the nature of
things, as didactic pieces.
DIDYNAMIA (in Botany). One of the
Linnzan classes, including such plants as
have flowers with four stamens in two
pairs of different lengths.
DIE. The stamp used in coining.,
DIE (in Architecture). The middle of
the pedestal.
DIER One who follows the trade of
dyeing.
DIER’S BROOM. A shrub so called
from its flowers, which yield a colour used
by diers in dyeing wool green.
DIES NON; that is, Dies non juridici.
Days on which no pleas are held, in any
court of justice.
DIET. Food regulated by the rules of
medicine.
DIETETICS. That branch of the medi-
cal science, which treats of the diet on
food suited to particular cases.
DIEU ET MON DROIT; that is, God
and my right. The motto on the arms of
the King of England,
DIFFERENCE \(in Arithmetic) The
Saale aly. ibs ey one number has been
subtracted from another.
DIFFERENCE (in Heralare: What
is added in coats of arms, as a mark to dis-
tinguish younger families from the elder.
DIFFERENCE OF LONGITUDE (in
Astronomy). An arc of the equator, com-
_ places on the earth.
pe DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS A
method of finding a differential, or that
tnfinitely small quantity, which taken an
iafinite number of times, is equaltoa given
guantity.
DIGESTER. An apparatus for reducing
Basstances to a pulp or jelly.
DIGESTION. The dissolt ng or con-
eocting food im the stomach so that its
various parts may be applied to their
preper uses.
DIGESTION (in Chemistry). The con-
tinual soaking of asolid substance in a
liquid, so that by the application of heat,
it may be reduced to a soft substance.
‘DIGESTION (in Surgery). The dis-
~ posing a wourd to suppurate or discharge
good pus.
DIGESTIVES. Medicines which help
digestion.
DIGESTS. The first vol ime of the civil
law.
DIGIT. A measure equal to three quar-
ters of an inch; also a character denoting
a figure, as 1, for one; 2, for two, &c.
DIGIT (in Astronomy). The twelfth
part of a diameter of the sun or moon.
DIGITALIS, or Foxerovz. Akind of
plant which is for the most part herba-
ecous, with a root that is either biennial
or perennia®. The stalk of this plant rises
* two or three feet high, and bears spikes of
ee iron coloured, or purple flowers. ‘The pur-
a ple foxglove is a native of England, and
is much used in medicine.
DIGNITY (in Law). Honour and au-
thority.
- DIGYNIA (in Botany). An order in the
Linngzan system, consisting of plants that
/ have two pistils
oe DILAPIDATION (in Law). The ruin
or damage which accrues to a house, in
e@onsequence of neglect.
DILEMMA. An argument which cannot
be denied in any way, without invo, ving
the party denying in contradictions.
DILETTANTE. A lover of the fine arts.
DIMENSION The measure or compags
of athing; a thine has one dimension,
namely, length; a surface two, namely,
_ ength and breadth; a solid three, namely,
length, breadth, and thickness
§ ‘DIMINUTIVE (in Grammar) A word
n*
:
___ prehended between the meridians of two+
or ending, which lessens the meaning of
the original word; as, rivulet, a smeil
river.
DIOCESAN. A baioy who has charge »
of a particular diocese.
DIOCESE. The district or circuit ef a
bishop’s jurisdiction.
DIOLCIA (in Botany). A class in the
Linnean system, comprehending such
plants as have no hermaphrodite flowers,
but the males and females on distinct in-
dividuals, as the poplar, aspen, amber tree,
willow, ozier, d&c.
DIOPTRICS. That braneh of opties,
which considers the different refractions
of light in its passing through differem
mediums, as air, water, glass, &c.
DIP OF THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE.
The property of the needle, when rubbed
with the loadstone, of inclining the north
end below the level of the horizon.
Die OF THE HORIZON See Dsz-
PRESSION }
DIPHTHONG. Two vowels sounded as
one; 38, &.
DIPLOMA. A license or certificate
given by colleges, &c. to a clergyman, te
exercise the ministerial functions, or toa
physician, to practice physic.
DIPLOMACY. The functions of an
ambassador residing at a foreign court.
DIPPING NEEDLE. The magnetieal
needle go duly poised about an horizonta
axis, that, besides its direction towards the
pole, it will always point to a determined
degree below the horizon. The dipping
needle was invented by Robert Norman,
a compass maker at Ratcliffe, about the
year 1580, and arose, according to hisown
account of the matter, from the following
circumstance. It was his custom to finish
and hang the needles of his compasses
before he touched them, and he alway
found, after the touch, the north point
would dip or decline downward, pointing
in-a direction under the horizon; so that
to balance the needle again ,he was always
forced to put a piece of wax on the south
end, asacounterpoise After having ob-
served this effect frequently, he was at
length led to mark the quantity of the
dip, or to measure the greatest angle which
the dip would make with the horizon; ke
found at London it was 71° 50’, but by
subsequent experiments the dip is found
to decrease about 1! 4’! every year. ;
DIPTERA (in Entomology). An order
in the Linnzan system, comprehending in-
pects that have two wings, with a poiser,
asthe fly, the gnat, &c. @
DIRECLION (in Astronomy). The
motion and other phenomena of a planet
when it is dirett, or going forward in the
zodiac according to the natural order of
the signs.
DIRECTION, LINE OF (in Gunnery).
The direct line in which a piece is pointed.
DIREUTION OF A LETTER. ‘The
superscription or address.
DIRECIION POST. A post set up in
roads, to direct the traveller to particular
places.
DIRECTION WORD, (in Printing).
The word which begins the next page,
which used to be set at the bottom of the
page preceding.
DIRECTORY (in England). A form of
prayer set forth by the assembly of divines,
and used by order of the Long Parliament,
instead of the Common Prayer. The
word is applied In the United States to
books ta the large cities which point out
the names and residences of the inhabi-
tants.
DIRGE. A song of lamentation at fune-
rals.
DIRK. A kind of dagger.
DISBANDED. An. epithet used for a
.. giment discharged from service.
DISC. The body or face of the sun or
moon aa it appears to us
DISC (in Optics). The magnitude of a
telescope glass, or the width of its aper-
ture.
DISCHARGE (in Law) A release from
confinement.
DISCHARGE (in Military Affairs). A
remission of service for the time that a
soldier has heen engaged.
DISCHARGER, or DISCHARGING
ROD. An instrument made of glass or
baked wool, by the help of which an
slectric jar is discharged
amas
pies eRe
DISCLAIMER (in Law)
taining an express denial.
DISCIPLINE. In general,
method of government.
DISCIPLINE (in Military Affairs). The
taining up soldiers for service.
BISCORD. An inharmoniows combina-
thon of sounds.
A plea con-
a rule or
‘DISCOVERY (in Law). The pete 5
his answer to a bill, filed against him in
court of equity.
DISCOUNT (in Commerce). An alist:
ance made on a bill, or any other debt not
yet become due, in consideration of imme-
diate payment.
DISEASE. Thai state of a living bedy
which interrupts any of its finctions,
DISEMBOGUING. A term applied te
rivers, which diseharge themselves inte
the sea.
DISJUNCTIVE. An epithet for con-
junctions, which separate the sense, as
but, nor, é&c.
DISLOGATION. The putting @ bone
out of its place.
DISPATCHES, Letters sent to, or from
government, on public business.
DISPENSARY. A charitable institu
tion, where medicine and advice are given
gratis to the poor. ;
DISPENSATION (in Law). In Eng-
land, an exclusive privilege, to do any
thing that is otherwise prohibited by
law, granted by the King in council. bt
DISPENSATION (in Ecclesiastical
Affairs). An indulgence granted by the
Pope, to do what is otherwise forbidden
by the church, as the marriage of first
cousins, &c.
DISPENSATORY, or PHarMacoral
A book which directs apothecaries, in the
compounding or making up medicines.
DISPERSION (in Optics). The diverg
ency of the rays of light.
DISPOSITION (in Military Affairs).
The placing an army ready for attack or
defence.
DISPOSITION (in Architecture). The
just placing all the several parts of ®
building.
DISSECTION. The cutting asunder
animal bodies, in order to come at the
knowledge of their parta.
DISSEISIN (in Law). The wrongfut
putting out of one that is seised of his
freehold.
DISSENTER. One who dissents or
departs from the forms of the Church, as
established in Pngland.
DISSIPATION (in Medicine). An 1a-
sensible loss or consumption of the minate
parts of a body.
DISSIPATION (in Opties) The Circle
of Dissipation is that circular space uper
the retina, which is taken up by the rays
of each pencil in indistinct vision. ;
DISSOLVENT. A liquor proper fe
eee
a A ED
fluid
or revealing any thing by a defendant, ia
reducing a solid body to the state of 3 ass
Se DISSOLUTION. The reducing of a
. wolid body into a fluid state, by the action
- of some menstruum or dissolvent.
DISSONANCE (in Music). A disagree-
' able interval between two sounds, which
being continued together, offends the ear.
DISTAFF. An instrument anciently
-used in spinning.
DISTEMPER (in Painting). Colours
not mixed with oil or water, but with size,
whites of eggs, é&c.
DISTEMPER (in Farriery). A disease
{neident to dogs, horses, and other domes-
tie animals.
DISTICH. A panied or couple of
verses in poetry, making complete sense,
DISTILLATION. A chemical process
of drawing out the humid, spirituous,
o.eaginous, or saline parts of mixed bodies,
by means of heat, these parts being first
resolved into a gas or vapour, and then
recondensed into a fluid, by means of
cold.
DISTILLER. One who follows the trade
of distilling. The distillers are one of the
city companies in London, incorporated in
the reign of Queen Elizabeth.
“DISTRESS (in Law). The distraining
or seizing upon a person’s goods, for the
payment of rent or taxes, &c.
DISTRIBUTION (in Printing). The
taking a\form asunder, so as to separate
the letters.
DISTRIBUTION (in Medicine). The
circulation of the chyle with the blood.
DISTRIBUTION (in Logic). The dis-
tinguishing a whole, into its several con-
stituent parts.
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE. Justice
administered by a judge, so as to give
~ every man his due. .
DISTRIBUTIVE NOUNS. Words
which serve to distribute things into their
fy several orders, as each, either, every, &c.
DISTRICT (in Law). That circuit or
territory, within which a man may be
forced to make his appearance.
DITCH. A treiich cut in the ground
about a field.
DITCHUER. A labourer who makes
ditches.
tiently sung in honour of Bacchus; any
_ poem written with wildness.
DITTO, abbreviated Do. The same as
the aforesaid; a term used in accounts.
DIVAN. A council of state among the
Turks; also a court of justice.
- DIVER. A waterfowl that frequents
takes, and goes with difficulty on land.
DIVERGENT, er DIVERGING An
DITHYRAMBIC. A sort of hymn an-
epithet for several things whieh have the
property of divergency.
DIVERGING RAYS (in Opties). These
which, issuing from a radiant point, con
tinually recede from each other.
DIVERGING SERIES (in Mathema.
tics). A series, the terms of which always
become larger, the farther they are con
tinued,
DIVIDEND (in Arithmetic). The num >
ber to be divided.
DIVIDEND @n Commerce), The share
of profit in a joint stock, which is to be
divided among the shareholders; also that
part of a debtor’s effects, which ig to be
divided among the créditors:
DIVINATION. A practice ameng the
heathens of foretelling future events, by
the flight of birds or other signa.
DIVINE, A minister of the gogpel; a
clergyman.
DIVINER. One who professes the art
of divination; a conjuror.
DIVING, The art of descending under
water to a considerable depth, and remain-
ing there for a length of time, as occasion
may require. ‘The practice of diving is
resorted to, for the recovery of ae thas
are sunk, ke.
DIVING-BELL. A contrivance, by
which persons may descend below the —
water, and remain for some time without
inconvenience. Itis used for the recovery
of property, that is sunk in wrecks.
DIVISION. One of the four first rules
or operations in arithmetic, by which we
find how often one quantity is containeé |
in another, There are three numbers cun-
tained in this operation, namely, the divi-
dend, ornumber to be divided; the divisor,
or that by which one divides; and the
quotient, or that number which shows, how
often the second is contained in the firs#
DOG.
DIVIBION (in Military Affairs) A
body of men commanded by a particular
officer.
DIVISION (in Music). That part into
which an octave is divided, as quavers, &c.
DIVISION (in Priming). A mark to
divide compound words, as (-) in May-pole.
DIVORCE (in Law), A lawful separa-
tion of man and wife, pronounced by a
eompetent judge, on cognizance had of the
cause.
DIURETICS. Medicines which promote
the urinary discharge
D. M. Doctor Medicinw, Doctor of Me-
dicine.
DOCK (in Shipbuilding). A trench near
a harbour, fitted for the building and re-
pairing of ships
DOCK (in Botany). A plant which grows’
wild, and infects corn fields; some species
ef it have medicinal virtues.
DOCK (in Farriery). The stump of a
horse’s tail.
DOCKET (in Commerce). A bill with
& direction tied to goods.
DOCKET (in Law). A small piece of
paper or parchment, containing the heads
of a large writing; also a subscription at
the foot'of letters patent. ‘To strike a
docket,’ is the same, as to make a mana
bankrupt by process of law.
DOCKING. Cutting off a horse’s tail to
the stump.
DOCTOR. Literally, a teacher; the
highest degree in any faculty in a univer-
sity, as D. D. Doctor of Divinity, M. D.
Doctor of Medicine, D. Mus. Doctor of
Music, LL. D. Doctor of Laws. om
DOCTOR’S COMMONS. In England, a
- college of civilians
DODECAHEDRON (in Geometry). A
solid bounded by twelve equal and equi-
lateral pentagons.
DODECANDRIA. One of the Linnean
élasses, comprehending those plants which
have flowers with twelve stamens and up-
wards, as far as nineteen inclusive, as
@yer’s weed, purslane, houseleek, &s.
DODO; the Monk Swan. A species of |:
large birds now extinct. At the discoy-
ery oftheisland of Mauritius, in 1598,
the Dodo was very. abundant there.
DOG. A domestic, faithful and valuable,
rieties are the mastiff, bulldog, hound,
greyhound, spaniel, terrier, pointer, ke.
The Monks of St. Bernard on the Alps,
have a peculiarly sagacious breed of the.
spaniel, one of which saved the lifeofa
boy, whose mother was frozen to death in
the snow
DOG- DAYS. Certain ne al in the month
of July and August, which are usually very
hot, owing, as is supposed, to the influence
of the Dogstar, which then rises and sets
with the sun.
DOGE, The chief magistrate in the re-—
publics of Venice and Genoa.
DOGTISH. A fish of the shark kind, .
DOGGREL, An irregular kind of vers
fication.
DOGMATIC SECT. An ancient sect of
physicians,of which Hippocrates and Galea
were at the head. They supposed princi
ples, and from them drew inferences appli
cable to-particular cases; they were opposed
to the empirici, or theorists, answering te
the quacks of modern days.
DOGSTAR, or Sirius. A star of the
greatest magnitude in the constellation
canis.
DOLLAR. A silver coin of the United
States, and also of several other coun-
tries, ‘having an average value of 100
cents. The U.S. silver dollar contains
3871/4 grains of pure silver.
DOLPHIN. An animal which, though
commonly reckoned among the fishes, is —
classed by Linnzus under the mammalia. ©
It has an oblong body, and swims with —
great rapidity.
an ninaal, fe which the most remarkable ve ei
DOME. A vaulted roof or tower of 7
church. Lay
DOMESDAY BOOK © An anctont re us
ds wads Lina teien of Willam theCon-} DORMOUSE, An animal of the mouse
“weror; ora book of the survey of England, | kind, which remaine torpid dwrimg winter
sontaining an account of all the demesnes :
af the crown. :
DOMINICAL LETTER. One of the
first seven letters in the alphabet, with
which the Sundays throughout the whole
year are marked in the Almanac. After
the term of twenty-eight years, the same
letters return in the same order again. ;
DOMINO. A game played by two or} DOSE. The quantity of any medicine
four pers ns, with twenty-eight pieces of | prescribed by the physician to be taken by
ivory, called cards. the patient at ope time
DOMINO (in Ecclesiastical Affairs). A} DOUAY BIBLE. An English transla-
sort of hood worn by canons of a cathedral. | Hon of the Scriptures sanctioned by the
DON. A title of honour in Spain, answer- Roman Catholic Church, and so called
i ae from Douay, a town in France.
ng to Dom, or Dominus, Lord. ¢ DOUBLOON. A Spanish and South
DONATIVE (in Law). A benefice given | American gold coin, which weighs 417°70
te a clerk by the patron, without presenta- | grains troy, of which 365'49 ava pure;
tion to the bishop. value, $16.00. There are also halrand
DONJON (in Fortification). A tower or anges doubloons, of proportionate
redoubt, where the fortress may retreat in DOUCHE: Tho name givén to a jetor
case of necessity. ~| sudden rush of water directed on some
DORIC ORDER (in Architectnre). The | diseased part of the body, with a view
most ancient of the Grecian orders, made, | tO strengthen it.
as is said, in imitation of the hovels Graslad DOUCINE. In architecture, an orna-
; ‘ mental moulding, concavo above and -
mye eceieal inhabitants of Greece convex below, being tho French term
for the cyma.
DOUCEUR A gift made to gain the
favour or interest of a person.
DOVE. A wild pigeon, of which there
are three sorts, namely, the ring dove, the
largest of the pigeon tribe, so wild that it
cannot be domesticated ; the stock dove,
that is migratory ; and the turtle dove, a
shy and retired bird living in the woods.
These descriptions apply to the European
varieties. In America we have several
kinds of pigeon, of which the passenger
pigeon is the most remarkable. In the
western states these birds assemble in such
countless numbers, as to darken the air by
their flocks, anu desolate the whole coun-
try for miles around their breeding places
The turtle dove of America differs in some
measure, from the turtle dove of Europe
DOVE-TAILING. A method ofjoining
one board into another, by pins in the one
fitted to holes in the other.
DOWAGER (in Law). Properly, a
widow who enjoys a dower, commonly
applied as a tille to the widows of princes
and nobility.
DOWER (in Law). The portion which
a widow has of her husband’s lands at his
DUBWER, or DORMENT (in Archi- | decease
tecture). A window made inthe roofofa| DO\WLAS. A sort of linen eloth.
building. DOWN. The finest and softest part of
DORSAL. Anepithet for what belongs | the feathers of a goose or other water fowl
or relates to the back, as wt» dorsal finsof | DOWNS. A bank of sand formed by
the sea along its shores ; also a large open
pian
DR. An abbreviation for debtor and
doctor
DRACHIIM. The eighth part of an
ounce.
prac&, A constellation in the north- |
erm hemisphere.
DRACO VOLANS. A. meteor in the
form ofa flying dragon, sometimes visible
in marshy countries,
DRAFT (in Commerce). A bill drawn
by one person upon another for a sum of
money.
DRAG. A sort of hook to catch hold of
things under water.
DRAGOMAN. An interpreter in the
Eastern countries, whose oflice it is to in-
terpret for the European anibassadors at
the Ottoman court,
DRAGON. See Fryine Dragon.
DRAGON FLY. A particularly raven-
ous insect, which hovers over stagnant
waters.
DRAGON’S BLOOD. A gum or resin
of a tree in the Canaries and New Spain,
formerly called Draco Arbor, now Astra-
galus; it is hard, compact, moderately
heavy, and of a dusky réd colour, but ofa
bright scarlet when powdered.
DRAGON'S HEAD. One of the nodes
of the planets, particularly the moon, as
distinguished from the dragon’s tail. The
former, marked thus ( §2), is the northward
point, as she ascends the south to the
north ; the latter is the southward point,
marked (25).
DRAGOON. A soldier who fights some-
times on foot and sometimes on horseback.
DRAGS. Floating pieces of timber,
soined so that they may earry a load down
a river.
DRAIN. A watercourse sunk in the
ground for the purpose of carrying off the
water.
DRAINING, or LAND DRAINING.
_ The process of carrying water off from the
jand, sometimes by means of open drains,
but more commonly by drains made toa
certain depth under the ground, which are
filled with bushes so as toadinit the water.
DRAM. See Dracum.
DRAMA. _A play, or any piece fitted
for theatrical representation. Dramas are
either tragedies, comedies, operas, or farces.
DRAMATIS PERSONA. The. per-
formers and characters in any particular
piece
DRAPER. A seller of cloth ; as a woollen
draper and alinen draper. The Drapers
‘n London, are one of the city companies,
‘ncorporated in the reign of Heary Vi.
DRAUGHT, or DRAFT (in Architec-
ture). The 6 igure of an intended i pahhatee
described cn paper.
DRAUGHT (in Navigation). Thequan- —
tity of water Which aship draws when she
is afloat.
DRAUGHT (in Military Affairs). A
detachment of soldiers drawn off from the
main army. >
DRAUGHT (in Husbandry). What per-
tains to draw ing, as draught horses,
DRAUGHIITS. A’ game played with
pieces on a phoek ered board, like a chess
board, where by particular movements
they are enabled to take each other, accord-
ing to certain rules,
DRAUGHTSMAN. One who follows
the profession of taking plans and sketch-
es, of buildings and places,
DRAWBACK (in Commerce). An al
lowance made to merchants on the expor-
tation of goods which paid duty inwards,
DRAWBRIDGE. A bridge made so as
to let up and down at pleasure.
DRAWER Aboxina case, from which
it may be drawn.
DRAWER OF A BILL. One who
Writes and signs a bill for a sum of money
to be paid to another.
DRAWING, The art of representing
objects on paper, canvass, &c. by means
ofa pencil or a pen; also the representa-
tions so made, as drawings in India ink,
pencil drawings, &c.
DRAWINGROOM. The roomin which
company assemble at court; or to which,
in common cases, parties withdraw after
dinner; also the company assembled at
court, in Europe, to pay their respects te the
sovereign.
DRAW-WELL., A deep well, in whick
water is drawn up by means of a wheel,
rope, and a bucket,
DRAY.
® pearl on each of them.
_ of the meatus auditorius, and the internal
ear, or that which lies within the cavity of
the os temporis.
EARL. In England, a title of nobility,”
between a marquis and a viscount, now
the third degree of rank.
EARL’S CORONET. Has no flowers
_ caised above the circle, like that of a duke
EARL MARSHALL (in Erg.) Whe
has the care and directicn of faneral sol
emnities. This oflice belc ngs by hereditary
right to the Duke of Norfolk.
EARNEST (in Commerce). Money ad-
vanced to bind the parties to the perform-
ance of a verbal bargain.
EAR-RING. An ornament hung on the
ears, particularly of women.
EARTIL (in Mineralogy). A substance
formerly considered as one of the four
elemnents of which the material world is
composed, The term is now applied to
such substances as have neither taste nor
smell, that are incombustible, and nearly
insoluble in water, the specific gravity be-
ing under five, as lime, barytes, silica,
clay, &c.
EARTH (in Astronomy). One of the
primary planets, marked by the character
@. According te *he Ptolemaic, system
it was supposed to be immoveable in the
centre ofthe universe, but according to that
of Copernicus, it moves from west to east
80 as to occasion the succession of day and
night, and also annually round the sun, so
as to cause the different seasons.
EARTH NUTS. A kind of plant, the
pods or nuts of which ripen under ground
The nutsyield a quantity of oil.
EARTHQUAKE. A _ violent shock or
concussion of the earth, or some parts of
it, caused by an accuiulation of electrical
matter within the bowels of the earth
which forea a passage, and cause much
destruction of houses, cities, trees, and
whole tracis of country. In hot countries,
earthquakes are most frequent.
EARTUWORM. A worm bred under
ground, being the common species of the
worm.
EARWIG. An insect with sheath wings,
which was formerly imagined to creep inte
the ear, but this idea does not appear to
be borne out by the fact, no case of the
kind having yet been witnessed or re-
corded.
EASEL. A frame on which a paintes
sets the cloth, &c. ta be painted.
EAST. One of the four cardinal points,
where the sun rises.
EASTER. A solemn festival observed
among Christians, in commemoration of
the resurrection of our blessed Lord and
_ «nd a marquis, but only points rising and | Saviour Jesus Christ. This feast wes fixed
| by the council of Nice. in the year 325, t«
or immediately after the full moon, which
happens next after the twenty-first of
March.
EASTER OFFERINGS. In England,
money paid at Master to the parson of the
parish
EASTERLING. A money coined by
Richard Il , which is supposed to have
ven rise to the name of sterling, asapplied
English money.
EAU DE LUCE. A fragrant liquor,
made chiefly of nastic dissolved in alcohol.
' EAVES. The edges of the roof ofa house,
which overhang the wall, for the purpose
af throwing off the water.
EAVESDROPPER, One who stands
ander the caves of houses, for the purpose of
listening to what passes Within. Any one
who listens slily to what is said by others.
EBR. The retirement or going away of
the tide.
EBONY. A sort of black wood, which
adinits ofa fine polish It is the wood of
the eben tree, which grows in India, Ethi-
opia, and the Levant.
EBULLITION. The effervescence
which arises from the mixture of an acid
and alkaline liquor.
ECCE HOMO. A painting which repre-
gents our Saviour in a- purple robe, and
with a crown of thorns on his head.
ECCENTRIC CIRCLES Circles not
having the same centre.
ECCENTRIC CIRCLE, or ECCEN-
TRIC (in Modern Astronomy). The circle
that circuimnscribes the elliptical orbit of
the planet.
ECCENTRICITY (in Modern Astrono-
my). Is the distance between the sun and
the centre of the eccentric.
ECCLESIASTIC. A clergyman; one
dedicated to the ministerial office.
ECHO. A sound reflected, or reverbe-
rated from some body, and thence returned
or repeated to the ear, Echoing bodies
may be so contrived, as to repeat the echo
several times. At Milan there is said to
be an echo, which reiterates the report of
a pistol fifty-six times, and if the report be
exceedingly loud, the reiteration will ex-
ceed that number. The celebrated echo
at Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, England,
repeats the same sound fifty times. But
‘the most singular echo hitherto spoken of,
ia that near Rosneath, a few miles from
Giasgow,Scottaad. If a person placed at
a proper distance from this echo, plays
eight orten notes of a tune with a trumpet,
they are correctly repeated by the echo,
out a third lower; after a short pause,
another repetition is heard, in a lower
bs held on the Sunday which falls upon, , tone; and ithe: after shelter ‘facalh |
rr ee ey enn ss mene cep npn Higa
third ‘repetition follows ina still lower tene
ECHO (in Architecture). Any vault
arch, constructed so as to produce an arti
ficial echo, These are generally of a para.
bolic or elliptic form: of this kind is the
whispering gallery in St. Paul’s Cathedral.
London, and some other large buildings.
The vault of the Pantheor, Paris, is con-
structed on similar principles.
ECHO (in Poetry). A sort of verse whieh
returns the sound of the last syllable.
ECHOMETER. A kind of scale or rule
to measure the duration of sounds.
ECLECTICS. Ancient philosophers,whe
adhered to no sect, but selected what was
best and most rational.
ECLIPSE. An obscuration of the sun, *
moon, ar any heavenly body. An ecsipse
may be either partial, when only part of
the body is darkened, or it may be a total
eclipse, when the whole is darkened. A ~
lunar eclipse is the depriving the moon of
the sun’s light, by the interposition of the
earth between the sun and the méon. A
solar eclipse is the privation of light which
the sun suffers in regard to us, by the in-
terposition of the moon between the gua
and the earth.
ECLIPTIC. A great circle of the sphere,
in which the gun performs his apparent
annual motion. Itis supposed to be drawn
througli the middle of the zodiac,and makes
an angle with the equinoctial of nearly
23° 30’, which is called the obliquity of
the ecliptic.
ECLOGUE. A pastoral poem, wherein
shepherds are introduced discoursing toge-
ther. It is so called after the Eclogues
of Virgil.
ECONOMY. In the general sense, the
regulation of things, or the due distribution
of means to an end. Political economy
is a science which treats of the wealth and
resources of a nation, and the manner in
which they may be best employed to in ghar
crease the prosperity of the people. Adana
Sinith has treated at large on this subject
in his Wealth of Nations,
E CONTRA. On the contrary.
ECTIILIPSIS. The cutting off a vowel i)
or consonant. - iN A term er fixed
point of time, whence years ars num-
bered, such as the Creation, 4004 x. c.,
the Taking of Troy, 1184 3. c.; the Build-
ing of Rome, 753 3. c.; the Birth of our
Saviour, the commencement of the Chris-
tian era, and the Hegira, or the flight of
Mahomet from Mecca, a. p. 622
EPODE (in Lyric Poetry)
or last part of the ode.
EPOPQSIA (in Poetry).
subject of an epic poem.
EPSOM SALTS. Sulphate of magnesia
formerly procured by boiling down the
mineral water from the spring at Epsom,
but now prepared from sea water. They
are used as an aperient
The third
The fable or
EQUABLE. An epithet for uniform —
motion, &c.
EQUALITY. A term of relation be-
tween things the same in magnitude, quan-
tity, or quality.
EQUATION (in Algebra). An expres-
sion in which two quantities differently
represented are put equal to each othe
by means of the sign of equality, as
Tat4+. =b.
EQUATION, or the EQUATION OP
TIME (in Astronomy). The difference be-
tween mean and apparent time, or the
reduction of the apparent unequal time oz
motion of the sun, &c. to equabie time or
motion.
EQUATION, or EQUATION OF PAY-
MENT (in Arithmetic). A rule for find-
ing a time when if a sum be paid which
is equal to the sum of several others due
at different times, no loss will be sustained _
by either party.
EQUATOR. A great circle on the ter
restrial sphere, equidistant from the pole.
EQUATORIAL, or Portasie Osserva
Tory. Art instrument by which most of
the problems in astronomy may be per —
formed.
EQUERRY In England, an offeser whe
has the care of the king’s horses.
EQUES AURATUS. A knight, socalled
because none but knights were alowed te
gild their armour
EQUESTRIAN One on horse cb
vank in Rome, next to the senators.
BQUEST'RIAN STATUE. The repre-
sentation of a person mounted on a horse.
EQUIANGULAR,. Having equal an-
lea.
EQUIDISTANT At an equal distance.
EQUILATERAL. Having equal sidea,.
EQUILIBRIUM An equal balance or
equality of weight and poise,as when two
ends of a lever hang so even, as to poise
neither way
EQUIMULTIPLES (in- Arithmetic or
Geometry) Numbers and quantities multi-
plied by one and the same number and
quantity, as 12 and 6, which are equi-
muitip.es of 4 and 2. called their sub-
multiples.
EQUINOCTIAL, or EQUINOCTIAL
LINE. A great circie of the celestial globe,
answering to the equator on the terrestrial
globe. Whenever the sun comes to this
circle the days and nights are equal all
over the globe
EQUINOXES. The times when the sun
enters the first points of Aries and Libra,
that is, about the twenty-first of March and
the twenty-first of September, when the
days and nights are equal all over the
world.
EQUIPAGE (among Travellers). What-
ever is necessary for a voyage or journey,
as horses, attendants, attire, &e.
EQUIPAGE (in Military Affairs). What-
ever is necessary for an army on its march,
as tents, baggage, kitchen furniture, &c.
EQUIPOLLENCE. Equality of force
and power; as equipollent propositions,
such as have the same meaning, though
differently expressed.
EQUITY (in Law). A correction of the
eominon law wherein it is deficient.
EQUITY, Court or. A title given by
way of distinction to the Court of Chan-
cery, in which the rigour of other courts is
moderated, and controversies are supposed
to be determined, according to the exact
rules of equity and conscience.
EQUIVOCAL. An epithet for words
which have a double meaning, and may
be applied equally wellin both.
EQUIVOCATION. The use of equivocal
' terms, which may be understood by the
hearer in a different sense from that in
which they are taken by the sperker.
~ EQUULEUS. An old constellation,
having from four to six stars.
ERA. See Aina.
ERIDANUS. A eaniieilation in’ the
southern hemisphere, containing, accord-
ing to different authors, from nineteen to
eighty-four stars.
Me: aii aa Neiat pay meen RRR Core
AG: Esc oe
BUVEBTRIAN ORDER. The second,
ERMINE. A little animal about the size
of a squirrel, the furof which bearing the
same name, is very valuable. Thisanimaj
is white all over, except the tip of the taik
which is black. The common weasel of
the United States, which in winter ia white
ig anermine. In some parts of the coum
try it is sometimes called Steat.
ERMINE (in Heraldry). A fur used in
coat armour, and supposed to represent the
linings and doublings of mantles and robes.
It is represented by a white field pow
dered or semé with black spots.
ERRATUM. An error of the press; iz
the plural, Errata, errors of the press.
ERRATIC. Wandering, not fixed.
ERUPTION (in Medicine). A breaking
forth in a morbid manner, as spots on the
skin,
ERUPTION (in Mineralogy) The
breaking forth of fire, ashes, stones, &c
from a volcano
ERYSIPELAS, vulgarly called Sarnt
Antuony’s Fire. A disorder in the skin,
which consists in aswelling, with redness
heat, and pain.
ESCALADE. An attack of a fortified
place by scaling the walls with ladders,
without breaking ground or carrying on
a regular siege.
SSCALOP SHELLS. The shells of
escalops, a sort of fish, which are regularly
-ndented,
ESCAPE ({n Law), A violent or privy
evasion out of some lawful restraint.
ESCAPEMENT. See Scarzmerry.
ESCARBUNCLE See Cansvncie.
eR
ghee mee
ESCHEAT. In Eagand: lands or rai
that fall to a lord within his manor, either
by forfeiture or the death of the tenant.
ESCHEATOR, In England, an officer
formerly appointed to make inquests of
titles by escheats,
ESCORT. A company of armed men,
attending by way of distinction or pre-
teelion.
ESCUAGE. A kind of knight’s service.
ESCULENT A plant that may be
eaten.
ESCUTCHEON, orSuizxp. The repre-
sentation of the ancient shields used in
war, om which armorial bearings are
vainted.
ESPALIER. A low branching fruit
tree, having the branches trained to a
frame
ESPIONAGE, A system of employing
spies either in military or political affairs.
ESPLANADE (in Fortification). The
sloping of the parapet of the covered way
towards the campaign.
ESQUIRE. In England, anciently, the
person that attended a knight in time of
war, and carried his shield; now, a title of
honour given to the sons of knights, or
those who serve the king in any worship-
ful calling, as officers of the king’s courts,
counsellors at law, &c. In the United
States this title is given to lawyers, and by
eourtesy to many other persons.
ESSAY. A short discourse or treatise
en some subject.
ESSAYIST. A writer of essays, of which
there have been many in England, as
Addison, Steele, Swift, Pope, Johnson,
Hawkesworth, Goldsmith, Mackenzie,
&¢. whose works have been collected un-
der the name of the British Essayists
ESSENCE (in Chemistry) The purest
and subtiest parts of a body, drawn by
means of fire, &c
ESSENTIAL OILS. Acnd, volatile
oils, having a strong aromatic smell, which
are drawn from plants by distillation, in
distinction from native oils procared by
section.
ESSOIN (in Law). An excuse by rea-
son of sickness or any other just cause, for
one that is summoned toappear and answer
am action, &c.
ESTABLISHMENT (in Military Af-
fairs). The quota of officers and men in
eb army
ESTABLISHMENT (in Trade). The
stock, capital, &c. which are essential for
earrying on a business.
ESTAFEITE. A military courier, sent
from one part of an army to anther.
5 ; v4 By,
ESTATE (in Law). The title ox intevest e
aman has in lands or tenemeats .
ESTATES OF THE REALM. In Eu
rope, the distinct parts of any state of
government, as the King, Lords, and Com-
mons in England.
ESTIMATE. A calculation of the ex-
penses ofany undertaking, made according
to the regular charges of trade, as the
estimate of builders, engineers, printers,
publishers, &e
ESTOPPEL. An impediment or bar te
an action,
ESTRAY. A tame beast found without .
any owner known
ESTREAT (in Law). The copy of an
original writing, particularly of the penal
ties or fines, to be levied by the bailiff or
other officer, of every man for his offence.
ESTUARY. The mouth of a lake or
river, or any place whers the tide comes,
ETC, or &c. i. e. kt Catena. Literally,
And other things not mentioned.
ETCHING. A method of engraving, in
which the lines and strokes are eaten in
with aquafortis
ETIUER, A very volatile fluid, produced
by the distillation of alcohol with an
acid.
ETHICS. The science of moral duties,
showing the rules and measures of human
conduct which tend to happiness
ETIQUETTE. Rulesand ceremontes of |
good manners, observed either at court or
in genteel life.
ETYMOLOGY. A branch of grammar,
which teaches tha original and derivation
of werds.
ETYMOLOGIST. One who traces
words from their original sources
EVACUATION (in Medicine). The dis-
charge of superfluous humours or excre-
ments out of the body.
EVACUATION (in Military Affairs).
The leaving a town, fortreas, or any place
which has been occupied as a military
“post or position
EVANGELIST. Literally, the bringer
of good tidings; particularly, the writers —
ofour Saviour’s history, as Matthew,Blark,
Luke, and John.
EVAPORATION (in Chemistry), A
process in which the superfluous moisture
of any liquid substance is dispersed by
means of fire.
EUCHARIST. The sacrament of ihe
Lord’s Supper, sc called, because the death
of our Redeemer is thereby commemorated
with thankful remembrance.
EUDIOMETER. An instrument fos
ascertaining the purity of air, or tee yuan
a’
ty. ofc oxygen and teats | in seinen
ealair.
“EVERGREEN {in Gardening) A spe-
gies of perennials which preserve their
verdure all the year round, such as hollies,
laurustifius, bays, pines, firs, &c.
EVERLASTING PEA. A perennial of
the vetch kind, which grows naturally in
some places, and may be cultivated with
advantage as food for cattle.
EVIDENCE (in Law). The testimony
afiduced in acourt, which may either be
Written, as by deeds, bonds, and other
documents, or verbai, by witnesses ex-
amined viv4 voce.
EULOGY Praise or commendation of
& person.
EVOLUTION (in Arithmetic). The ex-
traction of the roots of any power.
EVOLUTION (in Military Tactics).
The complicated movement of a body of
men when they change their position.
EVOLUTION (in Geometry). The un-
felding of a curve.
EVOLUTION (in Botany). The expan-
sion or opening of the bud
EUPHONY (in Grammar). Good sound
tn pronouncing a word. It is properly a
figure, whereby a letter that is too harsh
ts converted into a smoother, contrary to
the ordinary rules, for the purpose of pro-
moting smoothness and elegance in pro-
nunciation.
EURITHMY (in Painting, Architec-
ture, and Sculpture). A certain majesty
and elegance of appearance in the compo-
sition of diverse parts of a body, painting,
or piece of sculpture. Vitruvius, who
ranks eurithmy among the essentials in
architecture, makes it to consist in the
beauty of the construction or assemblage
of the several parts of the work
“EWE. The female of the sheep
EX (in Composition). Now signifies
late, as the ex-minister, the late minister.
EXACTION (in Law). Injury done by
an officer, or one wio, under colour of his
- office, takes more than what the law
allows.
EXAGGERATION. The making things
eppear, more than they really are.
EXALTATIEON (in Chemistry). The
raising a thing toa higher degreeof virtue,
or increasing the principal property in a
body.
EXAMINATION (in Law). The ex-
amining of witnesses by questions.
EXAMINERS (in Law). Two officers
tm the Court of Chancery, in England, ap-
pointed to examine witnesses.
EXCELLENCY In England, the title
an given to uateaere commanders, and
others not entitled tothatofhighness In
America the title is given to the Pres
dent, to ambassadors, and governors of
stales
_ EXCENTRICITY. See Eccenraroity
’ EXCEPTION (in Law). A stop or stay
toany action, which consists either of a
denial of the matter alleged in bar to the
action, or, in the Court of Chancery, it ia
what is alleged against the sufficiency of
an answer.
EXCHANGE (in Commerce). The
trucking or bartering one thing for ano-
ther; also the place where merchants meet
for the purpose of transacting businegs:
and likewise the giving asum of money
in one place fora bill, ordering the pay
ment of it in another place.
EXCHANGE (in Arithmetic). The re
ducing of moneys of different denomina-
tions from one to another, or the method
of finding what quantity of the money of
one place is equal to a given sum of ano-
ther, according to a certain course of
exchange
- EXCHANGE (in Law). A mutual grant
of equal interests, the one in consideration
of the other.
EXCHANGE BROKERS. Men who
give the merchants information how the
exchange goes.
EXCHEQUER (in Law). In England
the office or place, where the king’s cash
is kept and paid.
EXCHEQUER COURT. In England,
a court in which all causes relating to the
revenue are tried; also the Prerogative
Court of the Archbishop of York.
EXCHEQUERED. Summoned before
the Exchequer, in England, to answer any
charge of defrauding the revenue, &e.
EXCISE DUTIUS. Inland taxes on
commodities of general consumption.
SXCOMMUNICATION. An ecclost
astical censure, whereby a person is ex-
cluded from communion with the church,
and in England deprived of some eivil
rights,
EXCORIATION., The rubbing or peel-
ing away the cuticle or external skin.
EXCORTICATION ‘The stripping a
tree of its bark
EXCRESCENCE (in Surgery). Any
preternatural formation of flesh on any
part of the body, as warts wens, é&c
EXECUTION (in Law). A judicial writ
granted on the judgment of the court
whence it issues,
EXECUTION (in Military Affairs). The
plundering and wasting a country in time
of war.
EXECUTIVE ‘in Law). ‘That branch
EXE
of the government, which executes the
funetions of governing the state.
EXECUTOR (in Law). One appointed
by @ testator to see that his will is exe-
cuted,
EXECUTRIX. A female executor.
EXEMPLIFICATION. A duplicate of
fetters patent.
EXERCISE (in Military Tactics), The
practice of all military movements.
EXHALATION. A fume or vapour
rising from the earth.
EXIIBITION. A_ public display of
whatever is interesting, either as a matter
6f art, or A natural curiosity.
EXERGUE. In numismafics, the place
on a medal or coin around and withont
the type or figure, which has generally
the date or other particular inscription.
BAHUMATION. The act of digging up
a body that has been interred,
EXIGENT (in Law), A writ or part of
twe process of oullawry.
EXILE (in Law). A person sent into
seme place distant from his native country,
under a penalty not to return within a
eertain period.
EXIT (in Theatricals). Going off the
stage.
EX OFFICIO. By virtne of one’s office,
as, in England, ex officio informations,
prosecutions commenced by the king’s at-
torney general by virtue of his office, with-
out applying to the court for perinission.
EXPERIMENTUM cRucIs” A a
ing or decisive experiment.
EXPIRATION, A breathing out ai
from the lungs.
EXPLOSION. A sudden and violent
expansion of an aerial or elastic fluid, ae-
companied with a nolse.
EXPONENT (in Algebra). The number
or quantity expressing the degree or eleva
tion of a power, as, in z2, 2 is the exponent
of the square number.
EXPORTS (in Commerce), Goods ex
ported or sent out of one’s ewn country te
a foreign land.
EXVOSITOR. One who explains the
writings of others, particularly one whe
professes to expound the Scriptures.
EX POST FACTO. Literally, from
something done afterwards, a8 an ex post
facto Jaw, a law which operates upon a
subject not liable to it at the time the >
was made.
EXPRESS. A messenger sent rites di-
rect and specific instructions,
EXPRESSED OILS. Oils
from bodies by pressing.
EXPRESSION (in Chemistry or Phar-
macy), The pressing of the oils or juices
of vegetables.
EXPRESSION (in Painting), The dis
tinct exhibition of character or of senti-
ment, in the characters represented.
EXTEMPORE, or EXTEMPORANE-
EXORCIST. One, who by prayers and | OUSLY Without preparation or premed-
incantations, professes to cast out evil
Spirits.
EXORDIUM. The commencement of a
speech, serving to prepare the audience.
EXOTIC PLANTS, Plants of foreign
growth, which in this climate require a
hothouse and every kind of nurture.
EXPANSION, An increase of the bulk
of any body by a power acting within,
particularly by the action of heat
EX PARTE (in Law). On one side,
a3 2xXparte statements, 4 partial statement,
er that which is made on one side only.
EXPECTATION. Ir the doctrine of
chances, isapplied toany contingentevent,
upon the happening of which, some bene-
Git is expected.
EXPECTORANTS Medicines which
promote expectoration, or a discharge of
mucus from the breast.
EXPERIMENT. A trial of the results
wm eertain applications and motions of natu-
ral bodies, in order to discover something j
of their laws, nature, &c.
EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY.
That philesophy, which deduces the laws
of nature, from sensible experiments and
obwervatior..
itation.
EXTENSION, One of the essential pre-
perties of a body, to occupy some space
EXTENT (in Law). A writ of execu-
tion for valuing lands and tenements.
EXTEN’ (in Music). The compass ofa a
voice or instrument.
EXTENT IN AID. In England, a seiz-
ure made by the crown, when a publi¢e
accountant becomes a defaulter.
EXTINGUISHMENT (in Law), The_
annihilation of an estate, é&c. by means of
its being merged or consolidated with
another.
LX TIRPATION (in Surgery). The com-
plete removal or destruction of any part,
either by excision or by meaas of caustics.
EXTORTION ‘The unlarvful act ef an }
officer who, by colour of hie offise, takes
money or any other thing when nene at
all is due.
EXTRACT (in Chemistry;. The purer
parts of any substance extracted from its
grosser parts by means of detootion, and
furmerly also by distillation, until they
were of the consistence of past. er honey
EXTRACT (in Literature), 3eme soleet
Tmatier or sentences taken from 3 book.
obtaine@ |
mt
*
.
Cs
i
Naor kote Law). Karaught or copy
-? a writing.
EXTRACTION (in Surgery). The draw-
Seg any foreign matter out of the body.
EXTRACTION (in Arithmetic). The
finding out the true root of any number or
gaantily.
EXTRACTION (in Genealogy). The
ime, stem, or branch of a family from
which a person {is descended
EXTRACTOR (in Surgery). An instru-
ment for drawing the stone from the
body.
EXTRAORDINARY. Out of the com-
mon course; as an Extraordinary Courier,
one sent on an urgent occasion; Extraor-
dinary Gazette, one published to announce
some particular event.
EX'TRAVASATION. The state of the
fluids when they ere out of their proper
vessels, as when by the breaking of a blood
vesse} in the dura mater, the blood is effus-
ed in the ventricles of the brain.
EXTREME UNCTION. A_ solemn
anointing of any person in the Romish
shurch, who is at the point of death.
EXUDATION, The emitting of moisture
“Fac? 16a
through the pores, as the exudation of gums
ae
a
through the bark of trees
EXUVIA3. The slough or cast off tevar
ings of animals, particularly those of the
snake kind.
LYE (in Anatomy). The organ of sight,
whereby visible objects are represented te
the mind. ‘lhe external parts of the eye
are the eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids, the
lachrymal ducts, &c.; the internal parts oa
the eye, which compose the ball or globe of
the eye, consist of membranes, chambers
and humours,
EYE. A term applied to different ob
jects from some supposed resemblance te
the natural eye.
EYE (in Architecture). The aperture ag
the top of a dome, and to the centre of a
volute.
EYE (in Botany). That part of a potatoe
and other things where the bud put
forth.
EYE (in Printing). The graving in re
lievo, on the top or face of the letter.
EYEGLASS. A glass put close to th-
eye, for the purpose of bringing objects
nearer.
F
¥, the sixth retter in the alphabet, stood
as a numeral for 40, and with a dash over
FAC SIMILE. The copy ofa person’s
writing, as of a letter in imitation of hi:
st, for 40,000; it now stands for one of the | own handwriting.
Dominical or Sunday letters, and also, in
Music, for the fourth note in the diatonic
scale.
FA (in Music) The fourth note of the
modern scale, which is either flat or sharp;
the flat is marked thus |), and the aharp
thus +.
FABLE. A tale or fictitious narration
shntended to instruct or convey a moral, as
the Fables of AZsep; also the principal
part of an epic or dramatic plece.
FABRIC (in Commerce). The same as
manufaccure; lace of the fabric of Brus-
sels, &c.
FACADE. The front or the principal
wide of a building. j
“FACE (in Anatomy). The lower and
anterior part of the skull; in general, the
fore part of any thing, as the face of a
stone, anvil, &c.
FACE (in Fortification). The face of a
bastion, the most advanced part towards
the field.
FACE (in Gunnery). The metal at the
extremity of the muzzle of a gun.
FACE (in Military Tactics), The side
ef battalion formed into a square.
WA CET. The small side of a diamond
FACTITIOUS. Made by art, as factt-
tious cinnabar; in distinction from that
procured naturally
FACTOR (in Commerce). An agent
commissioned by merchants te buy or
sell goods on their account.
FACTORS (in Arithmetic). The twe
numbers that are multiplied together.
FAQGTORY. A piace ina distant coun-
try, where factors reside for purposes of
trade; also the trades themselves collec- .
tively.
FACULZE (in Astronomy). Bright spots
on the surface of the sun.
FACULTIES, Cowrr or. In England,
a court under the archbishop of Canterbu-
ry for granting faculties or privileges.
FACULT HES (in the Universities). The
divisions under which the arts and sclences
are classed, and degrees granted. These
are for the most part four, as 1. Arts, ir-
cluding Humanity and Philosophy: 2. The-
ology; 3. Physic; and 4. Civil Law.
FACULTY (in Law) A dispensation
or privilege.
FACULTY (in Physics). That pewe:
by which a living creature moves and asta.
This may be either an animal, or corporesi
a
a
faculty Lelonging to the body, er a rational
facaity belonging to the mind.
FACES. The dregs or grossa substances
which settle afier fermentation.
FAZCULA. Small dregs or lees
FAGG. A sea term, for the end of the
strands which do not go through the tops
when a cable or rope is closed.
FAINTS (in Chemistry). The weak spi-
rituoua liquor that runs off from the still
_ after the proof spirit is taken away.
FAIR. A larger kind of market, held
once, twice, or oftuner in the year, ac-
cording to the charter granted to any par-
ticular place.
PAIR MAID OF FRANCE. A phant
ef the ranunculus tribe, bearing an ex-
ceedingly white flower
FAIRY. A kind of genif or fulncniaye
spirits of a diminutive size, and fabled to
haunt houses and revel in meadows du-
ring night, &c.
FAIRY CIRCLE or RING. A pheno-
menon frequently seen in the fields, con-
sisting of a round bare path with grass in
the middle, formerly ascribed to the dances
of the fairies. It is supposed by some to
be a fungus which eats away the grass in
this circular form, or by others the effect
of lightning.
FAIRY TALES. Eastern tales ‘of the
wonderful proceedings wrought by fairies.
FAKIR, A sort cf dervises or Maho-
‘ metan moaks. Religious devotees of Hin-
dostan
FALCHION. A kind of sword turned
up somewhat like a hook.
FALCON. A bird of the hawk tribe,
about the size of a raven, and capable of
being trained for sport, in which it was
formerly much employed
represented in coats of arms with bells on
its legs, and also decorated with a hood,
virols, rings, &c. The falcon gentil is
here represented
PALCONER,. Ons wholooks after, and
twaine baw ks.
It is usually-
PW PN eens i
PALL (in Physics). ‘The doseent or
tural motion of bodies towards the earth
FALL (in Military Affairs). The sur —
render of & town; among Seamen, the
loose end of a tackle.
FALL (in Husbandry). The descent of
ground which serves to carry off the water.
FALLACY. A logical artifica, or am
argument framed so as to deceive; a 80
phism
FALLING SICKNESS, See Ertuersy.
FALLOW. Land laid up and left with
out a crop for a year, in order to give the
soil time to recover itself; the act of se ©
doing is called fallowing.
FALLOW-DEER. The common deer
seen in the parks of England. The Vir-
ginia deer of America.
FALLOW-FINCH A bird, otherwise -
named Wheat Ear.
FALSE. An epithet used in Law, as
False Imprisonment, the trespass of im-
prisoning a mgn without lawful cause; in
Mineralogy, as False Diamond, a diamond
counterfeited with glass.
FALSE FLOWER (in Botany). A
flower which does not seem to produce
any fruit,
FALSE ROOF (in Carpentry). That
part of a house which is between the roof
and the covering.
FALSIFYING (in Law). Proving a
thing to be false, as falsifying records
FAMILY (in Law). All living in one
house under one head; also the kindred
or lineage of a person.
FAMILY (in Natural History). Any
order of animals, or other natural produc
‘tion of the same class.
FAN. A sort of basket in which the —
corn is winnowed, to separate the chaff
from it.
FANDANGO. A dance much used in
Spain
FAR. An abbreviation for farthing.
FARCE. A sort of mock comedy, ia
which there {s much grimace and baf-
foonery.
FARCY. A sort of leprosy in horses.
FARE. Money paid for the passage of
@ person in any vehicle, either by land or
by water.
FARINA. The pulverulent and gluti--
nous part of wheat and other seeda, ob
tained by grinding
FARM. In England, part of an estate in
land employed in husbandry, and let toa
tenant on condition of paying rent to the
owner thereof. In the United States, the
term is applied to any estate in fane
whether rented or sultivated by i a
prieter.
FP
Zé
land the ers are not proprietors of the
lands which usually belong to rich per-
tons, who let them to tenants.
FARMING. The cultivating of land for
the purposes of profit.
FARRAGO. A mixture of several sorts
ef seed sown in the same plot of ground.
FARRIER. One who shoes horses, and
also cures their diseases. In London, the
farriera are one of the oldest of the city
companies. As farriers worked most in
. fron, they were originally called ferrers or
ferriers, from ferrum, iron
FARRIERY. The art of shoeing and
managing a horse altogether, including also
the cure of his diseases. On the apptication
_ ef science to this art, it rose in importance
and estimation; a college was formed some
years ago in England for practitioners in
animal medicine and surgery, which, in
imitation of the French, was called the
Veterinary College, and the art itself the
Veterinary Art
FARTHING. The fourth part ofa penny.
F. A. 8. i. e. Fraternitas Antiquariorum
Socius, or Fellow of the Antiquarian So-
clety in England.
FPASCES. Bundles of rods bound round
the helves of hatchets, which were carried
before the Roman consuls as insignia of
their office.
FASCETS. Irons used in a glass manu-
factory.
FASCINES (in Fortification), Small
eranches of trees bound up in bundles for
filling ditches, &o
FAST. An abstinence from feed on a
religious account.
FASTI. The Roman ca:endar, in which
were sct down the feasts, games, cere-
monies, &c,
FAT. A concrete oily matter contaaed
in the cellular memorane of animals.
FATES. The destinies; according to
the poets, the three fata: sisters, Clotho,
Lachesis, and Atropos, who determined
the duration of Ife.
FATHER LASHER. A voracious fish
tubabiting the shores of Greenland and
Newfoundland, $
FATHER LONG-LEGS. A harmless
tmsect, with a small body and exceedingly
ong legs.
_ FATHOM A long measure of six feet.
‘ LRMEL Property, one who capt ah
and cultivates a farm or hired ground; a
—eultivator of ground generally. In Eng-
PEL
FAUNS, Rural deities having horns ea
taeir heads, with pointed ears and tails
FAWN. A young deer; a buck or dos
of the first year.
F. E. An abbreviation for Flemish Ells.
FEASTS.” Anniversary timea of feasting
and thanksgiving, such as Christmas and
Easter, &c. Some feasts are moveable
that is, not confined to any particular day,
as Easter and all that are governed by it
others, as Christmas, &c. are immoveable »
that is, fixed to a day
FEATHER, That which forms the co
vering of birds ‘The constituent parts of
feathers are, for the most part, albumen
WIth a little gelatin
FEATHER (in the Manege). A row of
hair turned back and raised on the neck
of a horse.
FEATHER-EDGED BOARDS. Boards
having one edge thinner than the other
FEATHERS. The finest kind of feathers,
as Ostrich Feathers, which are used for
ornament. The Prince’s Feathers are those
which adorn the cognizance of the Prince
of Wales.
FEB. An abbreviation for February.
FEBRIFUGE. A_ sort of medicines
which abate the violence of fever
FEDERAL. United by a compact, as
Federal States
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. The
‘constitution of the United States in whiea
the several states are united, or federated
under one general government.
FEE. An estate of inheritance, or the
interest which a man has in land or some
other immoveable: this is called a fee
simple when it is unconditional, anda
fee tail, when limited to certain heirs ae-
cording to the will of the first donor
FEED. What is given to & horse at one
time, either of hay or corn.
FEEDER. A sort of drain which carnes
the water into other drains,
FEELERS. Organs fixed to the mouth
of insects, which are vulgarly called horns:
the feelers are, however, smaliet than the
antenn@, or horns, in some insects.
FEELING. One ofthe fivesenses, which
acts by means of the nerves, that are dis
tributed in all parts of the body.
FEES. Perquisites allowed to officers
in the administration of justice.
FEIGNED ACTION. An action which
is brought simply to try the merits of a
question. ;
FEINT (in Military Tactics). A moek
attack, made to conceal the trve one.
FELLOES. The pieces of wood whicd
form the circumference or cirey/ar part of
he wheel.
Se ee ewe
Sn 5 we ee oH
A)
Sh
Lal
A
="
nue ao ‘t ay
py Sts FEO! oe A arias ies FET Y ea rae
FELSPAR, A mineral occurring in] FER. The third order of: animals
crystals and crystalline masses, which,| the Linnean system, including such as
next to quartz, is the most abundant | have from six to ten conie fore teeth and
nature. It is somewhat. vitreous in! one tusk, as the seal, the dog, the wolf, —
lustre, and breaks rather casily in two e
directions with “smioot Si eaes: Tte| Cre Ay seni ee DRC Ka Ue Oe ae een Uger,
cclor is usually white or flesh-red, some-| the panther, &c.
times bluish or greenish. Itconsistsof; FERMENT. Any substance whieh hag —
Bilica, alumina, and potash, and is a the property of causing fermentation ia
ccnstituent part of granite, gneiss, mica; another body, as the acid in #aven.
slate,porphyry,and most voltanicrocks.
FELLAUS. The peasants or: laboring
glasses in Egypt.
FELONY. In common law, any crime!
motion in the small insensible particles of
ainixed body, usually caused by the ope
which incurs the forfeiture of lands or! ration ofacid matter. When animal liquids
goods, and to which capital or other) alone, or' mixed with vegetable, become
punishment is superadded, according) sour, this is called aceious fermentation,
to the degree of guilt. and the product is, generally speaking,
FELT-GRAIN. The grain of cut timber | acetic acid or vinegar. When saccharine
that runs transversely to the annular rings | matter, or the sweet juices of fruits,
or plates. undergo this intestine change, it is called
FELTING. The process of working felt | vinous fermentation, and the result is an
imto hats. intoxicating liquor, as-wine or beer, &e.
FELTING (in Carpentry). The splitting}; FERN. A weed, very common in dry
of timber by the felt-grain. and barren places, which ig very injurious
FELUCCA. A light open vessel with six | to the land in which it has onee taken
eara, much used in the Mediterranean. Its | root. ‘
helm may be used either at the head or} FERRET. Ananimal ofthe weasel tribe,
he stern. with red eyes and a long snout; it is much
FEMALE FLOWER. A flower having | usedin Europe, in catching rabbits and rate
istils or stigmas without stamens.
FEMALE SCREW. A screw, the spiral
thread of which is cut in the cavity of the
ylinder.
FEME COVERT (in Law). A married
Woman. -
FEME SOLE. A single woman.
FEMININE GENDER (in Grammar).
Nouns which, by their ending, denote the
femaie sex.
FEN. A place overflowed with water,
and abounding in bogs.
PENCE (in Husbandry). A hedge, wall,
or ditch, &c. made to part off a field or
garden.
FENCING. The art of using the sword, FERRUGINOUS. An epithet for any
either in attack or defence. In the exer- | ‘thing partaking of iron, or containing any
ele of this art, foils or thin swords are | particles of that metal. 4
used, which, being blunted at the points| FERRY. A vessel employed for con-
and bending readily, are perfectly harm-| veying persons and goods over & marrow
leas. piece of water.
FENDER. An iron plate to keep the} FERRYMAN. One who keeps a ferry
fire and eshes from she room. FERULA. An instrument of correction
FENDERS. A sea term for pieces of | in schools, with which boys are beaten en
oid eable, &c. humg over the sides ofaship | the hand.
to keep off other ships FERULA (in Botany). A plant, other:
FENNEC. An aaimal found in Africa | wise called Fennel Giant, which ia an
resembling a dog. herbaceous perennial
FEOFPEE 12 Law): He to whom a} FESCUE-GRASS. A sort of grass eu:
feoffment is made. | tivated as food for cattle.
FEOFFMENT (in Law). The gift or} FESTOON. An ornament ef carved
grant of any hereditament to another in | wood, in manner ef wreaths or garlands
fee simple. hanging down.
/
FEORYOR. He who makesafeoffment.! FETLOCK. A tuft of hair that grows.
x
RH
‘FERMENTATION. The intestine com —
“retin eater Joint in the feet of |
ynany horses.
_ FESSE (in Heraldry). One of the hea!
eurable ordinaries, which occupies the
third part and the middle of the field!
FETTERS (in Law). A sort of irons
put on the legs of malefactors.
FEUD. In England, the right which the
vassal or tenant had in lands and other
fimmoveable things of his tord’s, to use
the same and take the profits thereof, ren-
dering unto hislord such duties and services
as belonged to military tenure, the property
ef the soil, &c. always remaining to the
ord. The laws respecting these feuds,
which are comprehended under the name
of the Feudal System, regulated all the
principles of landed property in that king-
dom until the reign of Charles II.; and
vestiges of this system are atill to be seen
in the modern tenures, particularly in
copy holds.
FEVER. A disease characterized by an
increase of heat, an accelerated pulse, a
foul tengue, and an impaired state of se-
veral functions.
FIAT, i.e, Ler rr bx pong. In Eng.
A short order or warrant of some judge,
for making out and allowing certain pro-
cesses. ;
FIBRE (in Anatomy). Asimple filament,
serving to form other parts, as the muscles,
nerves, &c.
FIBRE (in Botany). Threads or hatr-like
strings in plants, roots, &c.; the first con-
stituent parts of bodies.
FIBRIL. A small fibre.
FIBRINA (in Chemistry). That sub-
stance which constitutes the fibrous part
ef muscles. It is of a white colour, with-
out taste or smell, and not soluble in alco-
hol or water.
FIBROLITE. A mineral tonbisting of
alumina, silica, and fron.
FIBULA (in Anatomy). The leaser and
@uter bone of the leg.
FICTION (in Law). A supposition thai
)" a thing is true, so that it may have ihe effect
ef truth as far as is consistent with equity.
FIELD. Arable land, or any piet of
ground parted off for cultivation.
re
FIELD (in Heraldry). The whele sur
~
face of the shield or eseutcheon. :
FIELD (in Military Tactics). The ground
chosen for any battle.
FIELD (in Painting). The ground or
blank space on which any thing may pe
drawn,
FIELD-BED (in Military Affairs). A
folding bed used by officers in their tents Wh siey
FIELDFARE. A migratory bird of the
thrush tribe, that visits England about
Michaelmas and leaves it in March.
FIELD-OFFICERS. Those who com.
mand a whole regimeat.
FLELD-PIECE. A sort of cannons, con-
sisting of eighteen-pounders and less,
FIELD-WORKS (in Fortification).
Works thrown up by an army in be-
sieging a fortress,
PLERL FACIAS. A writ commanding
a sheriff to levy the debt or damages on
the goods of one, against whom judgment
has been had in an action of debt.
FIFE. A shrill wind instrument of the )
martial Kind, consisting of a short narrow oR
tube, with holes disposed along the side « 3
for the regulation of its tones.
FiFER. One who plays on the fife in
the army. :
FIG. A tree, with an upright stem
branching fileen or twenty feet high, w'th
large palnated or hand-shaped leaves. It
flourishes in warm climates, and bears a
fruit as represented underneath, which,
when dried, is remarkable for ite laseious
sweetness,
FIG (in Farriery). A kind of wart en Hee
the flesh of a horse, that is often filled “
with fon! humours,
FIGHTS, Waste clothes hung round a
ship in battle, to prevent the men from
being seen.
FIGURE (in Painting). The lines and
colotirs which form the representation ef
an object.
FIGURE (in Geometry). A space tor:
minated ‘on all parts by lines curved or
straight,
FIGURE (in Arithmetic). One of the
nine digits, ea 1,2, 3, dc.
FIGURE (in Grammar and Rheterie)
A word or form of expression whieh de
Sa ee eas ee Sa
FIN”
vistes from the common and natural
meaning.
_FILACEA In England, an officer of
the Court of Common Pleas who files the
writs, whereon ke makes out process.
FILAGREE, or FILIGRANE. An or-
aamental werk in which flowers or other
igures ate wrought with gold or silver
threads,
FILAMENT (in Botany) .The thread-
like part of the stamen, which supports
the anther.
FILBERT. A sort of nut tree cultivated
‘a gardens, the fruit of which is larger and
fer than the common wild nut.
FILE (in Trade and Law). A wire or
thread en which loose papers are filed up
tog~ther,
FILE (among Mechanics). A tool of
steel, with which iron or any other metal is
polished. Files aic cut in little furrows in
a certain direction, and of a certain depth,
aceording tothe grain or touch required.
Files are either cut by the hand with a
ehisel and mallet, or by means of a ma-
chine ; but the latter mode is not so good.
FILE (in Military Tactics), A straight
line er row formed by soldiers.
FILICES. An order of plants of the
class eryptegamia in the Linnwan system,
Including the fern, horse-tail, adder’s
tengue, maiden-hair, spleenwort, polypo-
dy, &c.
FILLET (in Heraldry). A kind of bor-
dure.
FILLET (in Architecture). A little
member that connects the ether members.
FILLET (in Painting). A little ringlet
of leaf gold. '
FILM (in Surgery). A thin skin that
covers the eye.
FILM (in Botany). The thin woody skin
that separates the seed In the pod.
FILTER (in Chemistry). A strainer
through which any fluid is passed so as to
separate the grosser particles fromm it.
FILTERING PAPER. Paper without
size, thet may be used in filtering.
FILTERING-STONE. A sort of stone
a basin which is sometimes used for puri-
fying water. It is artificial as well as
ratural, and has been variously constructed
é® answer the purpose.
FIN. The mombrane in fishes by which
seoy perform their movements in the wa-
‘er,
FINAL. The last orconcluding. Final
letters are those which are used only at
the end of words, asin the Hebrew and
ether oriental languages.
FINAL (in Music) The last sound efa
verse in a chant.
“FINALE. ‘tas atplegina shee |
FINANCES (in Political Economy} —
The treasures or revente of the country.
FINANCIER. An officer who manages
thé finances of the country.
FINE (in Law). A penalty or amends
made in money for an offence ; also money
paid for the renewal ofa dibs, and a con-
veyance of lands or tenements in order te
cut off all controverstes.
FINE-DRAWING, Sewing up the rents
in woollen cloths so finely that they can-
not be seen.
FINERS OF GOLD AND SILVER
Those who separate the metals frem
coarser ores,
FINERY. The furnace in which met-
als are refined, that is, hammered and
fashioned inte whet is called a blooma or
square bar.
FIN-FiSH. A smaller sort of whale.
FIR, or FIR TREE. A tree valuable
for the timber, pitch, tar, &e. which
ylelds in ebundance. The sorts most
esteemed in England, are the Seoteh fir,
Norway fir, Spruce fir, and Canada fir.
In the United States, the white and yellow
pine, are the most valued,
, FIRE (in Chemistry). Was formerly
reckoned one of the four elements; but it
is now a matter of dispute whether it be
a distinct substance, or whether it arises
solely from the intestine and violent moe
tion of the parts of bedies.
FIRE-ENGINE. An engine for the
extinguishing of fire, which consists of twe
forcing pumps se combined that their joint
action produces a constant and powerfv
stream of water, which, by means ofa pipe,
may be direeted at pleasure to any peint.
FIREBALLS. Luminous bodies usually _
appearing at a great height.
FIREBRAND
wood taken out of the fire
FIRE-DAMPS. See Damrs.
FIRE-FPLY. A species of flieseommen
in Guiana, having on each side of the head,
a globular lumineus body, that shines Uke
astar. They live in rotten trees ia ths ue i
day, and always appear at nat
A piece of burning
ote
. bap tts pet
FIRE-SHIP. A ship filled with com-
bustibles, to set fire to the vessels of the
enemy.
FIRE-WORKS. Compositions of sul-
phur, saltpetre, and charcoal, which exhib-
it a handsome appearance when fired off.
’ FIRKIN. An English measure of eapa-
- elty, containing nine gallons of beer.
FIRMAN. A passport granted in Tur-
_ key and India for the liberty of trade.
FIRST-FRUITS (in England.) The
profite of every spiritual living for one
year, given to the king.
FIRSTLING. The young of cattle
which are first brought forth.
FISH, or FISHES (in Natural Histe-
ry). Water animals in general ; one class
of the animal kingdom in the Linnean
system.
FISH, or Rorau Fisu (in Law). The
whale and sturgeon, so denominated in
England, because the king is entitled to
them whenever they are thrown on shore,
er caught near the coasts.
FISH (among Mariners). A machine
employed to hoist and draw up the flooks
ef ships’ anchors towards the top of the
bow.
FISHERY. The place where fish are
caught for the purposes of trade.
FISH-GIG. An instrument for striking
fish at sea.
FISHING-FLY A bait used for catch-
ing fish.
FISHING-HOOK An instrument of
steel wire, fitted for catching and retaining
fish.
FISHING-LINE. A line of twisted
hair fixed toa rod called the fishing-rod,
and having at one end the fishing-hook.
FISHMONGER. A dealer in fish.
There were formerly two companies of
fishmongers in London, namely, the stock-
fishmongers and salt-fishmongers, which
Were united in 1536.
FISTULA. A long and sinuous ulcer.
FITCHET. An animal ofthe weasel or
ferret kind.
_ FIXATION. The making any volatile
_ spirituous body endure the fire.
FIXED AIR. A name formerly given
by chemists, tothe air which was extri-
_ ¢ated from lime, magnesia, and alkalies,
_ BOW commonly called, carbonic acid gas.
FIXED BODIES. Such as neither fire
Bor any cerresive menstruum, have the
power of re¢ucing to their comperent
elements, as ammonia.
kK FIXED STARS. Suchas donot change
ceiem in Sher to ene anether
One whe is employed t in |
ditiaatabing fires.
“FLAG (in Naval or Military Affairs)
The colours or ensign of a ehtp, or of a
regiment of land forces. The firet flag in
Great Britain is the standard, only to be
hoiated when the king or queen is on board
FLAG (in Botany). A sort of rush with
a large leaf. Itisof different kinds, as the
common flag, or water iris, that grows in
rivers and bears a yellow flower; the corn
flag, or gladiole, a bulbous plant; and the
sweet flag, a perennial ; which two last are
cultivated in gardens.
FLAGEOLET. A little flute
FLAG-OFFICER. An officer command-
ing a squadron.
FLAGON. A large drinking vessel,
FLAG-SHIP. A ship commanded by a
fiag-officer.
FLAG-STAFF. The staff set on the
head of the topgaliant mast, on which the
flag is placed.
FLAGSTONE, A sort of stone used for
smooth pavement.
.FLAIL. An instrument used for thresh
ing corn.
FLAME. ‘The most subtle part ef fire
which is properly the fume or vapour of
fire, heated red-hot so as to shine.
FLAMINGO. A sort of bird in Africa
and America.
FLANK. The side of an army, ora bat-
talion encamped on the right and left.
FLANK (in Fortification). Any part of
a work that defends another work along
the outside of its parapet.
FLANNEL. A slight, leose, woollon
stuff, woven on a loom with twe treadles
after the manner of baize. It serves te
keep the body warm, because, fom ite
light and spongy texture, it does not ad-
mit of a passage for the heat. :
FLASK. A measure for holding gua-
powder.
FLAT (in Music). A character marked
thus b, which lowers a note one semitone.
FLAX. A plant, from the fibres of whick
linen thread is made Common flax, of
BLO.
the other kinds are perennials.
ec
FLAX EARTH, or Mountain Frax.
§ee Asnrstos.
FLEA. A little insect of a deep purple
tolour, remarkable for its agility in leap- |
mg, for which it has three pair of legs. |
it sucks the blood of larger animals.
FLEAM. An instrument for lancing the
gums or bleeding cattle.
FLEECE. A flock of wool, or what
comes from a sheep at one shearing.
FLEET. A number of ships together in
company or under one commander.
FLEET. A prison in London, where
debtors are confined.
FLESH (in Anatomy). The soft and
fibrous part of an animal body; also the
red part of a muscle.
FLESH (in Botany). The pulpy sub-
stance of any fruit or root.
FLEUR DE LIS, or Frowen pe
Luce (in Heraldry). A bearing in the
arms of France, and in other coats of arms.
FLINT. A semitransparent and hard
stone, which possesses the property of
emitting fire when struck.
FLINT \among Gunsmiths). A piece of
flint, cut so as to go between the jaws of
khe cock of a gun.
FLOAT. A raft or number of pieces
of timber, fastened together with refters
athwart, to be driven down & river with
the tide.
FLOATING BATTERY. Vessels used
as batteries to cover troops in landing on
an enemy’s coast.
FLOCK. A number of sheep in com-
pany; also a lock of wool.
' FLOETZ. Beds or strata of earth, con-
taining the remains of animal os vegetable
gabstances, &c
p PRU underneath, is an annua! ; but a
‘Tn mining, the Pov ro)
shifting of a lode or vein by a cleft, &c.
FLORA. A catalogue or account of -
flowers or plants; the plants ofa par- —
ticular country. In mythology, the —
goddess of flowers, in honor ot whom —
the festival Floralia was celebrated.
FLORIN, A British silver coin, the
tenth of a pound sterling, and worth
about 48 cents, first minted in 1849, and
now in general circulation. It was or-
iginally made at Florence, and now cir-
culates in many European countries,
ranging in value from 38 to 56 cents to
two shillings and four pence.
FLOWER. In botany, that part of a
plant which contains the organs of
fructation. A flower, when complete,
is furnished with a calyx, corolla, sta-
mens, and pistils; the stamens carry-
ing the anthers, or male organs of re-
production, and the pistils the stigmas,
or female organs, by which the pollen,
orimpregnating dust, is conveyed into
the ovary, or seed-yessel. Flower-stalk
is the peduncle ofa plant, or the stens
which supports the fructification.
Flower-head is that mode of inflores-
icencein which allthe flowers are ses-.
isile, asin the daisy. In pyrotechnics, a
‘particular kind of firework,which, when
ignited, throws out a fountain of vivid
florescent-looking sparks.
FLUATES. A kind of salts formed by |
the borabination of fluoric acid with diffe
rent bases, as the fluate of ammonia.
FLUE, The small winding chimney in
a furnace for conveying smoke, air, and
heat"into a larger chiinney; also the down
or soft hair of rabbits and feathers.
FLUELLEN, An annual that grows in
gardens.
FLUID (in Phystology). A fluid bode
or one whose parts yield to the smallest
force impressed, and are easily moved
among each other. Fluids are either elas-
tic, as the air, or non-elastic, as water
mercury, &c.
FLULD (in Anatomy). The fluids of the
animal body are the humours and juices,
as the blood, chyle, saliva, &c. Ate
FLUIDITY. The state of bodies when
their parts are very readily moveable in -
all directions with respect to each other.
It stands directly opposed to solidity or
firmness, and is distinguished from liquid- _
ity and humidity, inasmuch as the latter
imply also wetting and adhering. Melted —
metals, air, ether, smoke, and flame are —
fluid but not liquid bodies, their parts being —
dry and leaving no sense of moisture —
Solids are converted into fluids by means
of heat.
FLUOR SPAR, A species of salt which
abounds in nature, and consists of a cal
careous earth in combination with ff
im
rE
yeadily; {t is called spar because it has a
sparry form and fracture; and tt is also
tallied vitreous spar because it has the ap-
pearance of glass.
f FLUORIC ACID. A gaseous substance
procured from fluor spar, which is of a
oorreding nature, and will dissolve glass,
for which reason it has deen used for
etching on glass. This acid gas readily
combines with water; and when dropped
in, a hissing noise is produced with much
heat.
— FLUTE. A wind instrument, and the
simplest of ita kind, with stops for the
fingers. ‘
FLUTES. The hollow channels found
along the surface of a column.
FLUX (in Physiology). That motion of
the water by which it rises
FLUX (in Chomistry). Any substance
or mixture added to assist the fusion of
minerals and metals. In assaying, alkalies
are used as fluxes, which render the earthy
mixtures fusible by connecting them with
glass.
{ot FLUXIONS. That branch of algebra
- which treats of the velocities with which
the fluents or flowing quantities increase
ordecrease. The variable or flowing quan-
tities are represented by the letters v, w,
Z, y, 1; tbe invariable quantities, by the
setters a,b, c,d, &c. The fluxion is re-
presented by a dot thus y, z.
FLY (in Natural History). A small
winged insect, that is always flying about
in houses.
‘ FLY (among Mechanics). That part of
a jack which puts the rest of the machine
in motion.
a FLY (among Mariners). That part of a
; eompass on which the thirty-two points
are described.
re FLY (among Carpenters). Flies or flyers
are the series of steps which go straight
forward without winding.
FLY-BOAT A large vessel with a broad
Bow, used in the coasting trade.
FLY-BLOW. The deposit of the eggs,
. Maggots, or nymphe of flies in meat.
_ PLY-CATCHER. A sort of bird inha-
_ giting Asia, Africa, and America, so called
because it ivesupon flies, The king bird
- wa well kaown variety in this country.
_ FLYING BRIDGE. See Brinvox.
_ FLYING-FISH. A fish inhabiting the
———
Te ee
+ ed to raise itself out of the water and to
a short distance when pursued by other
YING SQUIRREL. A beautiful
A)
It iw called fluor because it melts
‘American Squirrel, which by the use of
membranes attached to its legs sails from
the tops of trees to a great distance,
FLYING DRAGON. A four-footed rep-
tile of the lizard tribe, inhabiting Africa
and India, which has a lateral mem>bram®
serving as a wing.
FLY-ORCHIS. A plant,so called from the
resemblance it bears in its figure toa fly.
FLY-TRAP, or Vewvs’s Fuy-Trar. A
sensitive plant, the leaves of which consist
of. two lobes, that close when they are
irritated within, and consequently entrap
any insect that lights upon them. ©
_ FOAL. The young of a horse, or ass.
FOCUS (in Optics). The point of con-
vergence or concourse, where all the rays
meet after passing through a convex lens.
FOCUS (in Geometry and Conic See
tions). A certain point in the parabola
and ellipses, &c. where the rays reflectea
from all parts of these curves concur
FODDER. Dry food for cattle.
FODDER (in England). The prerogative
of the king formerly, to be provided with
fodder for his horses in any warlike ex-
pedition.
FOG, or Mist. A meteor consisting of
condensed vapours floating near the surface
of the earth.
FOIL (in Fencing). An instrument with-
out a point, to fence with by way of exer-
cise.
FOIL (among Glass-grinders). A sheet
of tin laid on the back of a looking-glass,
to make it reflect.
FOIL (among Jewellers). A thin leaf
of metal placed under a precivus stone, te
increase its brilliancy.
FOLD, An enclosed place in whieh
sheep are confined.
FOLIAGE. A cluster cr assemblage ef
the leaves of trees.
FOLIAGE (in Architecture). Omamenta
representing leaves, used in cornices, &¢.
FOLIATING. Spreading the plates of
glass over with the foil, in order to make
them reflect.
FOLIO. The full size of paper as &
comes from the manufacturer; also beste
printed on paper of that size.
ORC
FOLIO (in Merchants’ Aceounts). The
page, including the rigat and left hand
pege, in a merchant’s ledger, which are
Rumbered by the same figure, so that they
may correspond.
FOMENTATION. The bathing any part
of the body with a decoction of herbs, &c.
A similar application with bags of herbs
aad other ingredients, ie called a dry fo-
mentation.
FOOT. A measure of length consisting
of twelve inches.
FOOT (in Poetry). A certain number
of syllakies which serve for measuring the
verse.
FOOT (in Military Tactics) Soldiers who
serve on foot,
FORAGE. Provender for horses in an
army.
FORCE (in Physiology). Whatever is
er may be madé, the primary cause of
motion in bodies.
FORCE (in Law). Unlawful violence
FORCE (in Military Affairs). Any body
of men that may be employed in action.
FORCEPS. A surgeon’s tongs, pin-
Gers, dc.
FORCER, or FORCING-PUMP. A
pemp with a forcer or piston without a
valve.
FORCING (among Gardeners). A me-
thed of obtaining fruits and flowers before
their season, by the application of heat.
FORCING (in Commerce). The fining
down wines so as to render them fit for
immediate use. “ 4
FORE. A sea term for near the stem;
as ‘ fore and aft,’ that is, from stem tostern.
FORECASTLE. A short deck in the
fore part of the ship.
FORECLOSED (in Law). Excluded or
barred the equity of redemption on mort-
gages, dc.
FOREIGN ATTACHMENT (in Law).
ab attachment of foreigners’ goods.
FORENSIC. Belonging to the bar or
eourts of law.
FORESHORTENING (in Painting).
The making a head or face in a drawing
appear shorter before.
FOREST. In England, a large wood
privileged to hold the king’s game of all
kinds.
FORESTALLING, The buying or bar-
gaining for corn or other merchandise, be-
fore it comes into the market.
FORESTER. In England, the keeper
of a forest.
FORFEITURE (in Law). The loss of
gooaa, lands, or employments, &e. for neg-
decting to do one’s duty, or for seme crime
comm med
FORGE A furnace, in which smiths
heat their metals red-hot, or in which the
ore taken out of the mine is melteddowm
FORGERY (in Law), The fraudulen-
making or altering any record, deed, er
writing, &c, to the prejudice of another
man’s right, particularly the counterfeiting
the signature of another with intent te de-_
fraud. ;
FORMATION. In geology, any assem-
blage of rocks, alluvial deposits, or sedi-
mentary strata reierred to a common
origin, or period, The term properly
signifies a series of rocks, weually pass-
-ing gradually into each other, and the
whole being considered as belonging to
a certain period of geological time. A ‘
geological formation may consist of
rocks entirely dissimilar, as the coal,
shale, ironstone, and sandstone of the
coal formation; or the chalk, flints, and
sands of the chalk formation.
FORM (among Printers) The chase or
frame filled with type or letter the size
and form of a page, made ready for the
press. This form will be quarto if the
sheet consist of 8 pages, octavo if it con-
sist of 16 pages, and duodecimo if it con-
sist of 24 pages
FORMA PAUPERIS, i. e. IN THR
Form ory a Paurer. In England, a form
in which any one may sue who swears
that he ia not worth five pounds, and brings
a certificate from some lawyer that he has
just cause of suit. In that case he has
counsel assigned, and is released from oe)
costs of suit, &e.
FORMIC ACID. The acid of ants, which
is obtained chiefly from the red ant. it
FORMULA (in Mathematics). A genera.
theorem or literal expression, for resolving
any part of a problem. if
FORMULA (in Theology). A profession hit
of faith. APs LSB
FORMULARY A book of forms and
precedents for law matters.
FORT. A small castle or strong hold,
a place of small extent, fortified either by
art or nature, being encompassed with 9
moat, rampart, and parapet, as represented
underneath, to secure some high ground,
or the passage of a river
mode of putting a city town, or any other
My
j
FOR
16
pou.
pines, Be sss of’ denies Vy mating inference that ls much stronger than an
Works around it. A fortification is either
yegular er irregular: a regular fortification
fw bailt in a regular polygon, as in the
subjeined figure; an irregular fortification
fie where the sides and angles are not
uniform. A temporary fortification is that
which is raised for any particular emer-
gency, as fieldworks, &e. This is distin-
guished from a durable fortification, which
serves a3 a permanent defence of a place.
A defensive fortification is that by which
atown is defended in case of a siege, in
distinction from an offensive fortification,
which is raised by besiegers for the attack
ofa place. The works of a place are those
about the place, in distinction from the
eutworks, which are constructed before
the body ofthe piace. The principal works
belonging toa fortification are, the ditch
or trench made round each work; the
ram part, or elevation of earth, raised along
thé faces of any work, to cover the inner
part; the parapet, or that part of a rampart
which serves to cover the troops planted
there; the bastion, that part of the inner
enclosure ef a fortification making an angle
towards the fleld; the counterscarp, the
slope of the ditch facing the body of the
place; the covert way, the space extending
round the counterscarp; the glacis, the part
beyond the covert way, to which it serves
as a parapet; the curtain, the front of a
wall between two bastions; the flank, any
part of a work which defends another;
the gorge, that part next to the body of
the place where there is no rampart: the
epaule, the shoulder of the bastion; besides
the barriers, palisades, portcullis, place of
arms, &¢ s
other.
FORUM. A putiic place im Rome, whore
cause’ were tried and business traneacted.
FOSS (in Fortification). A hc liow ditch,
commonly full of water, lying between tha
searp and the countersearp.
FOSSAN. An animal of the weasel kind,
feund in the Asiatic islands, about the
size of the ferret.
FOSSILS. All manner ef things dug
eut of the earth, whether they be native
fossils growing in and of the earth, as
metals, stones, salts, earths, and other minr-
erals; or whether they be foreign substan-
ces, as the exuvia of sea and land animals
namely, shells, bones, teeth, &c.; or whe-
ther they be vegetables, as leaves, wood,
&e. which have lain long buried in the
earth.
FOUL. A sea term for the running of
one ship against another.
FOUNDATION (in Architecture), That
part of a building which is under ground.
FOUNDATION (in Law). A donatian
in money or lands for the maintenanes |
and support of some community, as an
hospital, a school, &e.
FOUNDER (in Law). One who founds
and endows a church, school, college, &e.
FOUNDER (in Trade). One who casts
metals in various forms, as gun-founders,
bell-foundersa, &c. The company of foun-
ders was incorporated in London, in 1614
FOUNDRY. The art of casting metals
in various forms; also the place where
this business is done. Small works are
cast in sand, which, being duly prepared,
is put into a wooden frame; then wooden
or metal models of what is intended to be
cast are put into the sand eo as to leave
their impression, and along the middle of
the mould is laid a smail brass cylinder to
form a chief eanal for the metal to run
through, from which canal run others ex-
tending to each model or pattern placed
in the frame. When the moulds are fully
prepared, the fused meta! is poured out of
the crucible intc the chief canal, and thence
conveyed toeach pattern. After the whole
has been set to cool, the cast work is takep
outofthe sand. The mould for very large
articles is made of wet tempered loam
built up by degrees in a pit, into whick
the melted metal is made to run along a
channel on the ground tothe mould. The
composition used in casting bells is termed
bell metal.
FOUNT, ex FONT A set or certain
quantity ef letters cast at one time by 3
letter-founder for the use of a printer
FOUGADE, or FOUGASS. In the mili-
tary art, a little mine, dug to defend or
destroy a fortification by its explosion. |
ladies’ dresses; a silk kerchief,
FOURCHETTE. In ornithology, the
bone formed by the junction of the
clavicles;-commonly called the merry-
thought.
FOURNEAU. In military engineering,
the chamber of a mine in which the
powder is lodged.
FOURTH. In music, an interval enu-
merated among the discords. The minor
or lesser fourth consisis of five semi-
tones; but the fourth sharp, or greater,
consists ofsixsemitones. In anatomy,
fourth pair ot nervesis a term applied
to the nervi pathetici.
FOUNTAIN. A natural spring of water
_Taing out of the ground; also a stream of
water ejected through a pipe by means of
a machine contrived for this purpose. Arti-
ficial fountains are various in their forms,
but they all act on the principle of a pres-
Bure, either from a head of water, or arising
from the spring and elasticity of the air.
When fountains are formed by the pressure
of a head of water, or any other fluid of
the same kind, with the fountain or Jet,
then will this spout up nearly to the same
height as that head, allowing a little for
the resistance of the air, with that of the
adjutage, &c. in the fluid rushing through;
but when the fountain is produced by any
other force than the pressure of a column
of the same fluid as itself, it will rise nearly
to the altitude of the fluid, whose pressure
8S equal to the given force that produces
the fountain. ‘The subjoined figure repre-
sents the tirculating fountain, o: the foun-
tain of Hero of Alexandria, so called be-
oause it was inverted by him, in which
the air, being compressed by 2 conceated |
fall of water forms a jst that appears as if |
tt fad a perpetual motion, and t at
same water which fell from the jet
again
the air through an ascending pipe into the
box at the top containing water which, —
being pressed upon, is forced through the
spout as long as there is any in it
FOWL. The largest sort of birds, whethez
domestic or wild, as geese, pheasants, par-
tridges, &o. ; also a full grown chicken, or
young hen,, :
FOWLING. The art of taking or killing
birds, either by means of snares or nets, or
by various devices, as imitating their voices
or using decoy birds and the like.
FOWLINGPIECE. A light gun for
shooting birds,
FOX. A crafty, lively animal, nearly
allied to the dog, which seeks its food by
night among the poultry, rabbits, and hares.
The fox is borne in coats of arms, and ag
a charge, is supposed to denote a subtle wit
by which a man has served hia country
LEM mee
FOXGLOVE. See Dierratis.
FOX-TAIL-GRASS. An_ herbaceous
plant. y
F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society im
London.
* FRACTURE (in Mineralogy). The break
ing of minerals, or the manner in which
they break, which is one of their specific
characters.
FRACTURE (in Surgery). The break-
ing of any bene by an external act of
violence.
FRAENUM LINGU® (in Anatomy)
The ligament under the tongue.
FRAME (with Painters). A kind of
square, composed of four long pieces of
slips of wood joined together, the inter-
mediate space of which is divided by litte
strings or threads into a great number of
little squares, like the meshes of a net,
used in reducing figures from great te
small or from small to great.
FRANCHISE. The privilege or righ¢
of voting in an election, "eA
ans Se TS ae
; but, in reality, that water does not
FOULARD. A kind of silk material for| come up again, for, runningdownthrough
a pipe into the bottom box, it drives out
the old English law, as Frank pledge free-
men, who used to be pledges or sureties,
for the good behaviour of those who were
of their community ; in modern law, an
exemption from paying postage for letters,
which is enjor ed by members of parliament
in England, and members of Congress to a
certain extent.
FRANK. A French coin, worth twenty
sols, or about eighteen cents and 34.
FRANKINCENSE. An_ odoriferous,
dry, resinous substance, procured from the
juniper iree in Turkey and the East In-
dies.
FREEBOOTER. A soldier that serves
for plunder, without pay,
FREEHOLD. That land or tenement
which a man helds in fee sin.ple, fee tail,
er for term of life.
FREEHOLDERS. Possessors of a free-
hold estate.
FREEMAN(in Ancient Law). In Eng
one free from servitude, as distinguished
- from a villain or bondsman; also ene who
enjoys the freedom of a city or boi agh.
_A freeman in the United States, is one
who has a right to vote ;
FREE SCHOOL. An endowed school,
where children are taught free of expense.
FREESTONE. A sort of stone used in
building, that may be cut freely in any
manner. 4
FREIGHT (in Commerce). The sum of
money agreed to be paid for the burden
of a ship; also the burden itself, or the
eargo of a ship.
FRENCH HORN. A musical instru-
ment, bent into a circle, and going two or
three times round. It grows gradually
larger and wider towards the end, and in
some hors is nine or ten inches over
EE. A term much used in) freezing mixtures, or compositions of such
Hae
ingredients as when mixed with other
bodies, cause them to congeal; such as
snow and common salt, or muriate of am-
monia, nitre and water, é&c.
FRESCO, A method of painting in
relievo on Walls, so as to endure the
weather ; it is performed with water colours
on fresh plaster, so that the colours incor.
porate with the mortar.
FRESHES. A sea term for an impeta-
ous ebb tide increased by heavy rains,
FRET (in Architecture). An ornament
consisting of small fillets interlaced, that
were used by the ancients on flat mem
bers.
FRET (in Music). A kind of stop en
some instruments, particularly bass viols—
and lutes.
FRICTION (in Mechanics), The rub-
bing of the parts of engines and machines
against each other, by which means a greag
part of their effect is destroyed.
FRLENDLY SOCLETIES. In England,
associations chiefly among the lower clas-
ses, for affording relief to each other in
time of sickness, or to the widows and
childien at their death.
FLIGATE. A light built ship of war
from tventy to fifty guns, fitted for fast
sailing.
FRiGID ZONES. The two zones @
P2EEZING (in Physiology). The fixing | divisions of the earth, comprehended be-
& fluid body into a firma and solid mass by | tween
the poles and the polar circles
the action of cold. Tt process of freezing | They are the north friwid zone, at the north
may be artificially produced by means of
7
pole, and the south frigid zone at the south —
\he air pump, and sometiunes by certain | pele
FRiT, or FRITT (in the Glass Manu-
feeture). The matter or ingredients of which
giase is to be made, after they have been
ealcined or baked in a furnace. It is of
different kinds, according to the quality of
the glass. Crystal frit, for the best kind,
is made with salt of pulverine and sand.
The ordinary or common glass is made of
the bare ashes of pulverine, or barilla,
without extracting the ealt from them ; this
is the second kind of frit. The third kind
of frit, for green glass, is made of common
ashes, without any preparation.
FRITH (in Geography). An arm of the
sea, as the Frith of Forth, or of Edinburgh,
the Frith of Clyde, &c.
FRIZING CLOTH. A process in the
woollen manufacture, of forming the nap
of cloth or stuff into a number of little
hard burrs er prominences, so as to cover
almost the whole ground. This process is
new performed by machinery.
FROG. An amphibious animal, having
asmeeth body, and lenger legs than the
FROG (in Farriery). The hard project-
ing substance in the hollow of a horse’s
foot.
FROG-FISH, or Fisuine Froa. Akind
of fish resembling a frog in the tadpole
state, that puts forth its slender horns and
entices the little fish to itself, in order to
seize them.
FRONT. The principal face or side of
a building.
FRONTIER. The boundary of a king-
dom, which separates it from another king-
dom en the land side,
FRONTISPIECE. The ornament or
picture which fates the title pone in a
book,
FRONTLET. A band worn on the
forehead.
FRUCTIFICATION (in Botany). The
temporary part of vegstables, appropriated
totheir propagation, consisting of the flow-
er and the fruit.
FRUIT (in Botany). That which suc-
geeds the flower; it may either be seed
cay or it Api an "Gacilgat pulpy }
stance, as the apple or the pear ; or it may mies
be hard, like the nut, pea, &c.
FRUITERER. One whodealsin fruit
The company of fruiterers in London, waa —
incorporated in 1604.
FRUSH. The tender part of a horse’s
heel, next the hoof.
FRUSTUM (in Mathematics), A part
of some solid body separated from the rest.
FRUSTUM OF A CONE. The part of
acone that remains when the top is cut
off by a plane parallel to the base; it is
otherwise called a truncated cone.
FRUSTUM of a GLOBE or SPHERE.
Any part of it cut off by a plane.
F.8. A. Anabbreviation for Fellow of
the Society of Arts.
FUCI. A genusof plants in the Linne-
an system, comprehending most of those
which are commenly called seaweed,
from which, when burnt, an impure alkalt
ie procured called kelp.
FUCUS. The name giver by the an
cients to a sea plant, from which a dye
was procured, for dyeing woollen and lin-
en cloths of that colour.
FUGITIVE PIECES ~— Little pieces of
composition of temporary interest.
FUGITIVE’S GOODS (in Law). The
goods of one who flies upon felony.
FUGUE (in Music). A species of com-
position, in which the different parts follow
each other, each repeating in order what —
the first had performed.
FULORUM (in Mechanics). The prog
or support by which a lever is sustained.
FULLER. One who cleans and sceurs
cloth.
FULLER’S EARTH. A species of ctay
remarkable fer the property of abecrbimg — iM)
weed
‘ait, wherefore it tad by Betis ta take
grease out of cloth.
FULLING. Theart of cleansing, scour-
: img, and pressing cloths, to make them
ger, closer, and firmer, which is done
by means of a water mill, called a fulling
er scouring mill. These mills are nearly
the same as corn mills, except in the mill-
stones and the hopper. In France, corn
is ground and cloth is fulled by the motion
ef the same wheel: cloths and weollen
stuffs are sometimes fulled by means of
soap, in the following manner ; the cloth is
laid in the trough of the fulling mill, and
then the soap dissolved in pails of river
or spring water is to be poured upon ft
by little and little, The cloth, after lying
two hours in the soap, is taken out, stretch-
ed, and then returned ta the trough. Up-
on being taken out a second time, the
grease and filth is then wrung out. This
process is afterwards repeated, and when
the cloth has thus been brought to the
quality and thickness required, it is scour-
ed in hot water until it is quite clean.
FULMINATION, The noise which
some minerals or metals make when heat-
ed in a crucible ; as fulminating powder,
which is made of nitre, potash, and the
flowers ef sulphur, triturated ina warm
mortar. If this powder be fused in a ladle,
and then seton fire, it will explode with a
neise like thunder. If asolution of gold
be precipitated by ammonia, the product
will be fulminating gold, a grain of which,
if held overa flame, will explode wita a
sharp loud noise.
FUMIGATION. A process by means of
which the nitrous and other mineral acids,
in a state of vapour, are dispersed through
any place.
FUNCTION The performance of any
duty.
FUNCTION (in Physiology). The ex-
ercise of any faculty or power, as the vital
functions, or these which are necessary to
life.
FUNCTION (in Algebra). An algebra-
seal expression of a certain letter or quan-
FUND (in Commerce). The capital er
stock of a public company.
FUNDAMENTAL NOTE (in Music).
The lowest note of the chord, to which all
the rest sre in some measure adapted, and
by which they are regulated ; it is other-
wise called the key to the song.
FUNDS, PUBLIC FUNDS, or
STOCKS. The national debt formed into
@ifferent capitals, upon which interest is
payable.
PUNGI. The fourth order of the slass
FUS
Cryptogamia in the Linnwan system, eon
sisting of funguses, mushrooms, truffies,
&6. A fangus of this order 1s represented
underneath.
FURLONG, A measure of length, con:
sisting of forty poles.
FURLOUGH. Leave of absence given
to asoldier, or noncommissioned officer.
FURNACE. A fire place for melting,
distilling, and other chemical processes, ss
built as to cause the fire to burn vehe-
mently.
FUR. The coat or cevering of some
animals,’ as sables, beavers, martens,
squirrels, &e. which is used in various ar-
ticles of dress, either for ornament or
warmth.
FURS. Tinctures in coats of arms,
which are supposed to represent the furs
of animals.
FURRIER. One who deals in furs, and
prepares them for the manufacturer.
FURRING (in Carpentry). The fixing
thin scantlings or laths on the edges of
timbers, to bring them to the even surface
they were intended to form
FURRINGS (in Carpentry) The pis-
ces of timber employed in making an even
surface.
FURROW. A small trench cast up by
the plough between the leads. t
FUSEE (in Clockwork). A motbanical
contrivance for equalicing te power cf
the main spring ofa watch. The fusee on
which the chain or catgut ts wound, is
made somewhat conical, so that its radius
atevery point may correspond with the
strength of the spring, being greater and
greater as the action of the spring becomes
more and more weakened by unbending.
FUSEE (in Gunnery). The tube fixed
into a bomb or grenade shell, which is
filled with combustible materials, and fur-
nished with a quick match on the top of
it. When it is used it is drivex into the
bomb, being cut to a length proportioned
to the distance that the bomb is to be
thrown, that it may be spent andthe bomb
broak when it falls
PUSIL. A small ight musket.
FUSIL (in Heraldry). An_ artificial —
charge, representing a spindle. It is of —
the same shape as the lozenge, but it is
longer.
FUSION. > The art of reducing bodies to
a fluid state by the artificial application of
heat ; as in the case of metals, glass, and
similar bodies. Those substances which
admit of being fused are termed fusible,
but those which resist the action of fire os
heat are termed refractory.
FUST., The shaft of a column.
FUSTIAN. A sort of nappy cotton.
FUSTIC.° A dyeing wood brought fron
the West Indies
G.
G, the seventh letter tm the alphabet, as a
numeral, formerly stoed for 400 ; asa sign,
it stands for the treble eliff, or the highest
of the three cliff’; as an abbreviation, for
grand, as G. C. B. Knight Grand Cross of
the Bath.
GABEL. Fermerly an excise in France
on salt; in old English records, a rent, cus-
tem, or duty due to the lord.
GABIONS. Baskets of willow filled with
earth to make a parapet or cover.
GABLE END The triangular end of a
house, from the cornice or eaves to the
top
GADFILY. An insect which has a face
resembling that of an ape. It deposits its
eggs on the backs of horses and other
cnitle.
in the barometer, or for measuring the
force of the winds, &c.
GAL. An abbreviation for gallon or
Galatians,
GALAXY, or Mirxy War. A long
white luminous tract which seems to en-
compass the heavens like a girdle, formed
by innumerable stars.
GALBANUM A resinous substance
like frankincense,
GALE (among Mariners). A storm og
violent wind.
GALL Another name for the bile
GALL BLADDER. An oblong mem-
braneous receptacle for the bile.
GALLERY A passage leading te sev-
érad apartments.
|
Eaeke
antannt iT
GALLERY (among Miners). A long
narrow passage under ground ‘
GALLERY (in Fortification). A covered
walk across a ditch in a besieged town,
made of strong planks and covered with
earth. It was formerly used for earrying -
a mine to the foot of the ramparts. It
GAGE, or GAUGE. An instrument for} ought to be eignt feet high and tem og
ascertaining measures of different kinds, as | twelve feet wide. The beams ought'to be
for measuring the state of rarefaction in| half a foot thick.and planks nated bia!
Wwe er pump, or determining the variations | aia i
in ‘Primting). A Gani inte
gency the com pesitor empties his tick as
often as ite Alled.
GALLEY (in_ Shipbuilding). A low
built vessel, much used in the Mediterra-
mean.
GALLEY-SLAVE. One condemned
by way of punishment to work at the oar,
to which he is chained, on board of a gal-
ley.
GALL-FLY. An insect which produces
the galls or excrescences on the branches
and leaves of trees. *
GALLICISM. A form of expression
peculiar to the French.
GALL NUTS, or GALLS. Excrescen-
ces on trees, which are occasioned by the
gall-flies. ‘Those which come on the oak,
vulgarly called oak apples, are used in
making ink, dyeing, and dressing leather.
They are represented underneath.
GALLOWAY. A kind of Scotch horse
mot mere than fourteen hands high.
GALVANIC BATTERY. An appara-
tus which is employed in accumulating the.
electricity of galvanisin by the mutual
agencies of certain metallic and carbona-
ceous substances and peculiar fluids. See
Gatvanism. This battery, as represented
ternately, to the number of twenty or thiz.
ty triplicates, as may be thought proper.
GALVANISM. A branch of the ectones
of electricity, first discovered accidentally
by Galvani, a professor of Bologna, from
whom it derives its name. This science
treats of the effects of applying metals te
the nerves and museles of dead animals,
which has been found to produce strong
contractions and convulsions. The first
observation on this extraordinary effect of
electricity was made in the laboratory of
M. Galvani, when one of his assistants
happened to bring the point of his scatpel
to the crural nerves ofa skinned frog lying
near the conductor, upon which the mus-
cles of the limb were agitated with strong
convulsions. Madame GajJvani, who was
present at the time, was struck with the
circuinstance, and communicated it in-
stantly to M. Galvani, who repeated the
experiment, and found that the convulsion
only took place when a spark was drawn
from the conductor at the time the scalpel
was in contact with the nerve. After this,
Galvani continued his experiments in vari-
ous ways, and ascertained that the mere
agency of metallic substances, provided
they were dissimilar metals, would produce
such convulsions. This subject engaged
the attention of experimentalists both be-
fore and after the death of M. Galvani,
which happened in 1798; but none added
any thing materially to his discovery ex-
cept M. Voita, who repeated the experl-
ments of the former, and found that when
two pieces of metal of different kinds were
placed in different parts of an animal, and
were either brought into contact or inte
connexion by meana of a metallic arc, con-
vulsions ensued every time, and that this
effect was strongest when the metals were
zine and silver, particularly when several
pairs of metals were employed, having
pieces of moist cloth betweenthem. This.
led him to the idea of constructing a batte-
ry, forthe purpose of accumulating elec-
tricity, which has since been called the
galvanic battery, or Voltaic pile
The apparatus first made by Volta, in
1800, consisted of a certain number of pairs
of zinc and silver plates, separated from
each other by pieces of wet cloth, in the
order of zinc, silver, wet cloth, zinc, sil-
ver, wet cloth, in regular succession. The
silver plates were chiefly pieces of coins,
the plates of zine and the pieces of wet.
cloth being of the same size. He found
this much more powerful when the pieces
of cloth were moisened witha solution o
common salt instead of pure water, and
an apperatus thus prepared was found &
porsags the power of giving @ vary emari
shock, stmilar to that of a emall electric | fret beginning.
jar ; and this effect took place we often as
. & Communication was made between each
end of the pile, and as long as the pieces
of cloth remained moist: an improvement
Was made on this apparatus by Mr. Cruick-
shank, of Woolwich, which was denomi-
nated a galvanic trough, and consists of a
box of baked wood, in which plates of
copper, or of silver and zinc, soldered to-
gether at their edges, are cemented in such
a@ manner as to leave a number of water-
tight cells, corresponding to the number of
the series ; this serves to remedy the defect
of the Voltaic pile, which, on account of
the loss of moisture, loses its electrical
action in a few days; but by Mr. Cruick-
shank’s contrivance its activity may be
renewed by filling the eslis with the proper
saline quid.
GAMBOGE. A yellow resinous sub-
stance used by painters. It is the produce
of a tree native of Cambogia or Cambaja,
in the East Indies.
GAME. All sorts of birds and beasts
that are objects of the chase.
which in England particularly protect this
sort of property, are known by the name
of the Game Laws By these laws certain
qualifications of property are required, to
give a person the privilege of being allowed
to kill game ; and penalties are imposed on
all persons who kill game, either without
such qualification or at improper seasons ;
likewise the sale of game is prohibited un-
der every circumstance. Attempts have
been repeatedly made in parliament to
procure a repeal, either wholly or in part,
of these laws, which are thought to be
oppressive in their operation.
GAME. Any sport or amusement which
affords a subject of contest, and a display
of skill or superierity.
GAMECOCK. A cock bred to fight.
GAMESTER. One who is viciously
addicted to playing at games.
GAMING. The wanton and extravagant
playing at games for purposes of gain.
GAMUT (in Music). The table or scale
ef notes laid down by Guido, and marked
wy the monosy!lables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la ;
alo the first note in the scale.
GANG (among Mariners). A select num-
eer of a ship’s crew, appointed on any
particular service.
GANG A number of persons who go or
herd together for wicked purposes.
GANGLIONS. Small, hard, knotty tu-
mours, formed om the nervous and tendi-
The laws
GANGRENE. A “mortifieation ta a |
GANGWAY (emong Mariners). Tho
name of several ways or passages fremome
part of a ship to another. Pia
GANNET. A large water bird, commen
on the coasts of Scotland.
GANTLOPE, or GANTLET (in Mili- —
tary Affairs). An old punishment im whick
the criminal, running between the ranke,
receives a lash from every man.
GANNET. The solan goose,.a northern
sea-fowl, allied to the pelican, and be-
longing to the same genus with the
booby
GANOIDIANS. An order of fishes
having angular scales, coyered with
bright enamel, as the sturgeon.
GANGUE. The mineral substance
which encloses any metallic ore in the
vein; protogene granite.
GARAGAY. A rapacious bird of Mexico.
GARANCINE. An extract of madder
by means of sulphuric acid,
GARDEN. A plot of ground enclosed
and cultivated with extraordinary care,
and furnished with the fine kinds ef
plants and flowers, for pleasure and use.
GARDENING. The process of tilling
a garden and keeping it in order.
GARDENING, History or. Gardening
is one of those domestic arts so essentiaily
connected with the refined enjoyments of
mankind, that with a garden has ever been
associated every idea of cultivation and
pure pleasure. From Holy Writ we learn
that our first parents, before their fall,
passed their lives in a garden, and their
posterity, although, according tothe denun-
ciation of their Maker, doomed to till the
ground with the sweat of their brow, never-
theless have at all times endeavoured to
sweeten their labour by bringing home to
themselves the enjoyments of cultivation
within the narrow circle of their own
habitation. The accounts of gardens among
the ancients are confined to those of princes
or great men, as the garden of Solomon
and the garden ef Alcinous the Pheacian
king, which is minutely described by
Homer in his Odyssey. The hanging gar-
dens of Babylon, particularly spoken of
by Diodorus and Strabo, may be reckoned
among the wonders of art. Each side ex-
tended four hundred feet, so that the area
of the base was-nearly an acre. They rose
with rerraces, comstructed ene above ane-
ther, and supported with pillars to the
height of four hundred feet. These ter-
races were formed of stone, covered with
reeds, and cemented with bitumen, ever
which was laid a double rew ef bricks,
m a layer of ea
cat . depth fot plants to grow in it. The Per
~ held dear.
yea’ of sufficient
tlan kinge also. displayed thety magnifi-
“cence in their gardens, which they took
Care should contain all that was useful as
wellas beautiful. Their trees were ranged
in straight lines and regular figures, and
the margins of the walks were lined with
s.fta of roses, violets, and other odoriferous
Bowers. Firs and planes were their fa-
vourite trees.
The Greeks appear to have derived their.
ideas of gardening from the Persians, if
we may judge trom the allusions of writers
to this subject. Xenophon particularly
admires the garden of Cyrus at Sardia.
The narcissus, the violet, the rose, the ivy,
the pines, and other plants chosen by the
Persians, either for their beauty or their
fragrance, were the theme of praise among
the Grecian poets and philosophers. They
. also consulted shade, fresh breezes, and the
beauties of verdant scenery, as we learn
from the vale of Tempe described by
4Blian, and the shady groves of Athens
described by Plutarch. With the beauties
_ of nature they also associated those of art,
particularly such as derived an interest
from their religious or social attachments.
Hence we find that their gardens were
decorated with temples or altars dedicated
to theizs gods, or the tombs of their ances-
tors or of great men whose memory they
Their favourite fruits were the
vine, the fig, the eh inate and the
melon.
The first garden mentioned among the
Romans is that of Tarquinius Superbus,
wich abounded with flowers, chiefly roses
and poppies. As the Roman people exten-
ded their conquests, and their intercourse
with other nations became more frequent,
they increased in luxurious and expensive
indulgences, which they displayed in the
decorations of their gardens. Lucitsius, the
conqueror of Mithridates, who introduced
from Asia the cherry, the peach, and the
apricot, first gave the Romans a specimen
ef Asiatic grandeur, in his garden near
Baie, in Naples, which was remarkable
for prodigious works of art, as artificial
mountains, immense pieces of water, and
humerous costiy embellisuments. This
gave that tone of artificiality to the Roman
gardens which was for so many centuries
after retained in Europe. Slopes, terraces,
a wilderness, shrubs methodicaliy trimmed
or cut inte certain shapes, a marble basin,
artificia! fountains, or a cascade falling into
the sasin, bay trees alternately planted
‘with planes, a straight walk, from which
warned others, ieee aff by hedges of box,
and apple trees, with obelisks parva te
tween every two ; these were the ingredi-
ents of a Roman garden, as described bv
Pliny the younger, in which was wanted
nothing but the decoration of a parterre to
make a garden in the reign of Trajan to —
serve for a description of one in the seven-
teenth century. A more correct taste in
the art of gardening has obtained within
the last century. Nature now derives
every possible assistance from art, without
loging any thing of her simplicity
GARLAND. An ornament of flowem
made for the head or other purposes.
GARLAND (among Mariners). A collar
of rope wound up About the head of a
main mast, to ki +p the shrouds from
galling.
GARLIC. A bulbous root, consisting of
many smal) tubercles included in its eoats
It has a strong smell and an acrid taste,
but is much used for food.
GARNET. A sort of carbuncle, so called
from its red colour, resembling the seed of
&@ pomegranate.
. GARNISHMENT (in Law). A warning
given to any one for his appearance in
court.
GARRET. The uppermost floor in a
house.
GARRISON. A place of defence occu-
pied by troops ; also the troops themsetves
GARTER. A bandage for the leg.
GARTER (in Heraldry). The principal
badge of the highest order of knighthood
in England called the most Neble
Order of the Garter.
GARTER KING AT ARMS. The chief
of the three kings at arms.
GARTER, Orgpegn or tHe, In England,
an order of knights instituted by Edward
IIl. which consists of twenty-six knights
companions. The habit and ensigns of
this order are the garter, mantle, cap, and
collar. The badge of the order is the im-
age of Saint George, called the George.
GAS. A chemical term derived from
the German geist, spirit, denoting an elas-
tic aerial fluid, of which there are different
kinds, some being acid, as carbonic acid ;
some alkalies, as ammonia, é&c,
GAS LIGHT. Light produced by gas
burning in lamps, &c. This gas, which is
a combination of oxygen and hydrogen, is
carried away by pipes and burnt at the
orifice of escape. It is produced either
from pit coai or whale oil. The precess
for producing coal gas is as follows. The
coal, being broken to a convenient size, ie
placed in oblong cast irom retorts, ranged
in furnaces to keep them at a red heat,
aud all the volatile products are conveyed
‘by a common tube into a decsdeniina ,
vessel, which is kept cool by being im-
merged in water. In the condenser are
retained the water, tar, and other con-
densible vapours, while the gaseous pro-
ducts, namely, the carburetted hydrogen,
the suiphuretted hydrogen,and the carbonic
oxy4e and acid are passed through strata
of slaked lime, by which the sulphuretted
hydrogen and carbonic gases are absorbed,
and the carburetted hydrogen and hydro-
gen gases in their purified state are trans-
mitted into the gasometers, from which the
several pipes are supplied that convey the
gas to the lamps. The best kind of coal
for distillation is that which contains most
bitumen and feast sulphur.
After the discovery of obtaining gas from
coal, attempts were made to extract it
from other substances. he method of pro-
curing it from oil is said to have originated
in an attempt made in 1814 to convert coal
tar into gas. Since that period, numerous
works have been constructed for the mar-
ufacture of oil gas, which, in the opinion
ef many, is preferable to the coal gas.
GASOMETER, or GAZOMETER. A
reservoir for holding a considerable quan-
tity of gas. It is made of thin tinned iron
plate, and mostly provided with some
eontrivance for measuring the quantity of
gas it contains.
SOP AG ELEM APS
MUM
GASTRIC ioe. A fluid separated
py the eapillary vessels of the stomach,
and serving as the principal solvent of the
food. This juice in a healthy subject is
inodorous, of a saltish taste, and limpid
like water.
GATE. A moveable part of a fence,
baade of wood or iron. Gates with five
ox six Bars, large enough to admit of carts
passing through, are most commonly em-
whaved in fences for porting off fields.
Kent in ‘England, whereby the la
the father were divided equally,
death among his sons. ben
GAUGING, The art of measuring the |
capacities of all kinds of vessela. ,
GAUNTLET. An iron glove for the ©
hand, which was formerly used in aingle —
combat, It is borne in coat armour, as ig
the annexed figure.
GAUZE. A very thin sort of silk
GAZELLE. A beautiful species of the
Antelope frequently alluded to, in Persian
poetry.
GAZETTE. A newspaper; particularly
that published by authority. The firs
Gazette in England was published in 1665
at Oxford, where the court then was
GAZETTEER. A writer or publishe
of a Gazette; also the title of a geographi
cal dictionary,
GELATINE, or Jetty. Ananimal sub
stance, soluble in water, and capable of
assuming an elastic or tremulous consist-
ence when cooled, and Jiquifying again
by the application af heat.
GEM. A precious stone; or a sort of
siliceous earth, consisting of silica and
alumina, with a small portion of lime and
oxyde of iron. The gem is remarkable ~
for ita hardness and internal lustre. Under
this name is comprehended the diamond,
ruby, sapphire, hyacinth, beryl, garnet,
chrysolite, &c. To these have been added
rock crystals, the finer flints of pebbles, the
cat’s eye, the oculus mundi, the chaleedo-
ny, the moon stones, the onyx, the corme-
lian, the sardonyx, agate, &c.
The imitation of antique gems, by taking
the impressions and figures upon them, in é
glass of the colour of the original gem, or
on sealing wax or brimstone, has been
practised at different times by persons who,
in respect to the first method of taking
them on glass, have kept the art to them-
selves, and suffered it to die with then, ee
But the provess adopted by Mr. Homberg, tt
which has also been communieated by hir-
to the world, is highly esteemed for the
perfection to which he has brought the art —
From the engraved gems of the king’
cabinet, he took such exact resemblances
of the originals as sometimes to deceive
‘
~
fi the:
true Marlgue’ aton m
in taking the ‘impression of the gem ina
_ very fine earth, and then conveying the
0 mistook them forthe
~ His method consists
impression from the earth & a piece of
half melted glass.
GEMINI, the - Twins. A constellation,
and sign in the zodiac, marked thus I].
GEN. An abbreviation for Genera) and
Geresia. :
GENDARMES, or GENS D’ARMES.
A select body of soldiers in’ the French
army, Who are new much employed by
rhe police.
GENDER (in Grammar). A distinction
' Im neuns to’ mark the sexes; genders are
either masculine, for the male sex; femi-
nine, for the female sex; or neuter, for
those which are of neither sex.
GENEALOGY. A series or succession
of ancestors; also an account of the rela-
tions and alliances of any person or family.
GENERAL (in Military Affairs). An
officer in chief, to whom the command of
troops is intrusted; also a particular beat
of drum in the morning, to give notice te
the foot to march.
GENERALISSIMO. The supreme gene-
ral or commander in chief of an army.
GENERAL ISSUE (in Law). That plea
which traverses or denies at once the whole
declaration or indictment.
GENERAL OFFICERS. © All officers
above the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the
line.
GENERATING (in Geometry). A term
for a line or figure, which by its motion
produces any other figure.
GENERIC CHARACTER (in Natural
History). The character which distin-
guishes the genera or general kinds of
plants, animals, &c. from each other.
This character belongs to all the species
of the same genus or kind.
GENERIC NAME (in Natural History).
The name of any genus or kind of animal,
plant, or mineral. This name can be de-
scribed only by describing the generic
ebaricter.
GENET An animal of the weasel kind,
resembling the civet cat in ita musk amell.
GENEVA. See Gin.
GENITIVE CASE. The second case in
Latin and Greek nouns, which denote pos-
seasion. It is marked in English by s with
af apostrophe, thus (’s).
GENIL.
thought of in the eastern nations.
Good er evil spirits, much
The
ts Tales of the Geni! profees to give an ac-
geunt of their proceedings and dealings
with mankind.
‘Israel; among Christians, it is the name of
all heathens who did not embrace the
te al whe were not of fey twelve tribes ot
Chrisfan faith.
GENTLEMAN, Anciently, ene above
the state of a yeoman.
GENTRY (in Law). The order and rank
of gentiemen,descended from ancient fami
lies, that had always borne coat armear.
GENTOO, A native of Hindogtan.
GEMUS (in Natural History). A eub
ivizwen of a class or order of natural ob
jecta. animal, vegetable, or mineral, ang
having under it different species or variety
GENUS (among Logicians). That which
is common to a number of individuals; the
summurm genus, or highest genus, is iat
which appertains to the greatest number
ofindividuals, as substance, which belongs
to all material.
GEOCENTRIC. Being concentric wits
the earth, er having the earth for its centre
@ term applied to a planet in its orbit.
GEOGRAPHICAL MILE. The 60th
part of a degree.
GEOGRAPHY. The science which
treats of the earth as an habitable werld,
comprehending a description of the whole
globe, together with an account of all its
parta, limits, inhabitants, é&c. Geography
is either genera] or particular. General
geography comprehends the knowledge of.
the earth in general, and the affections
common to the whole globe, as its figure,
magnitude, motions, circles, winds, tides,
meteors, divisions into land and water
&ec. Particular geography has respect te
particular countries, showing their boua-
daries, figure, climate seasons, inhabitants,
arts, customs, language, history, &c. When
it respects regions, districts, or parts of
countries, it is called chorography, and
when particular cities, towns, or villages,
&c. it is called topography. Particulaa
geography is also distinguished intoancient
geography, when it treats of the countrice
and places existing among the ancients;
modern geography, when it treats of mo
dern places; the geography of the middle
ages, which treats of places that flourished
in the middie ages; and lastly, sacred
geography, which treats of places men-
tioned in the Bible.
The earth, considered as a planet, is
supposed to be marked by circles corres-
ponding to those which the sun apparently
describes in the heavens, as the horisem,
which divides the sphere into two parts
or hemispheres, the one upper and visible
the other lower and invisible; tae equator
, which is equidistant from both the pales,
GENTHLES A name given by the Jews | and divides the globe into nerthern and
tical cireles, which intersect each other at
the zenith and nadir; the meridian, which
crosses the equator at right angles, and
from which the distance of places east and
west is reckoned ; the parallels of latitude,
small cireles supposed to be parallel to
the equator, which show the latitude of
places, or their distance north and south
from the equator ; the arctic and antarctic
Cireles, two circles at the distance of twen-
ty three degrees and a half from the north
amd eouth poles; the two tropics, namely,
the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of
Capricorn, the first north and the second
south, twenty-three degrees and a half dis-
tant from the equator; to these might be
added the hour circles, or the twenty-four
gircles passing through the equator, and
torresponding to the twenty-four hours of
the day
From the diversity in the length of the
days and nights, geographers divide the
globe into certain districts, called climates,
measured either by hours or half hours;
and from the effects of light and heat upon
: vabutert hetaiuphsren: the actmuths or ver- Asia, and the
water is distinguished inte. ecoans, which
are vast collections which separate the
continents from each other, as the Pacific
and Atlantic Oceans; seas, or smaller cel-
lections of water, as the [Indian Sea, Black
Sea, é&c.; guifs, parts of any sea surrounded
nearly with land, as the Gulf of Venise,
if they have a wide entrance they are bays,
as the Bay of Biscay; straits, narrow pas-
wages joining two seas, as the Strait of
Gibraltar; lakes, la: ge collections entirely
surrounded by lana, asthe Lake of Geneva,
rivers, streams of water which have theis
source in some spring, and empty them-
eelves into some other river or piece of
water. The principal rivers, as to thelw
magnitudes, are the Amazon Senegal,
Nile, St. Lawrence, La Plata, Mississippi —
Volga, Oronooke, Ganges, Euphrates, Da-
nube, Don, Indus, Dnieper, and Dwina,
but if estimated according to the length of
course which they run, their order will be
rather different, but the Amazon is the
largest in every respect.
The earth is politically divided inte
the earth in different parts, it is distin- | countries,which, according to their govern-
guished into five zones, namely, one torrid
ment, are distinguished into empires, if
or burning zone, between the tropics; two | they are of great extent, as the Russian
temperate, between the polar circles and
the tropics; two frigid or frozen zones,
between the polar circles and the poles.
The inhabitants of the earth, as te their
relative situation in regard to each other,
and Austrian empires; or kingdoms, as
the kingdoms of Great Britain, Spain,
&c., or Republics as the United States,
Mexico, France, &c., or States as
Holland, Netherlands, &e., under
are distinguished into the antipodes, who | this head geography treats of the subdi-
tive directly opposite to each other; the
antoeci, who live under the same meridian,
visions of each country into provinces
cities, towns, &e.; also of the number of
but opposite parallels of latitude; the pe-;| inhabitants, the nature and produce of the
rioeci, who live under the same parallels
of latitude, h*t opposite meridians.
The earth is naturally divided into land
and water, and according to some compu-
tations about three-fourths of it is occupied
by water, and the remaining fourth by
soil, the animals peculiar to each place,
the state of the arts, manufactures, com
meree, &c. which constitute the wealth of
each country, and is comprehended under
the name of statistics. To all this may be
added an account of curiosities, natural
Jand. The land is distinguished into con- | and artificial, as volcanoes,caverns, canals,
tinents, or large portions not separated by
any sea, as the four great continents, Eu-
rope, Asia, Africa, end America, which
are the four quarters of the world; islands,
smaller portions, entirely surrounded by
water, as Great Britain, Lxsland, &c.;
springs, fountains, and the like. Besides
geography treats not only of the earth’s
surface, but also of the affections which it
is exposed to from the waters of the ocean
which produce the flux and reflux of the
tide, and the currents belonging to par-
peninsulas, or tracts of land almost sur- | ticular seas, as in the Mediterranean and
rounded by water, as the Morea, in Greece;
iathmuses, or necks of land joining two
continents, as the isthmus of Suez, joining
Africa to Asia; promontories, or capes,
high portions of land stretching out into
the eea, es the Cape of Good Hope; moun-
tains, or elevations of the earth’s surface,
euch as the Alps and Pyrenees n Europe,
pe Causnqas and Urejian Mountains in |
Euxine seas; likewise of the winds whick
blow in particular manners and directions,
such as the mons6ons,or trade winds, whieh
blow for some months in the year one
way and the rest another; and, lastly, the
meteorological peculiarities of each coun-
try, such as regarda the degree of heat ang
cold, the quantity of rain whieh falls ig
perticn|ar places, within a given perie'§
| the surrounding objects.
y and bpher warteutseat 1 ofa jeatiea 4 eastion with alittle pl pentie: eal
‘ paaphacina the climate, and its effects upon
Geegraphical descriptions are moreover
{Mustrated by engraved delineations, which
wher they represent an ocean, sea, or any
piece of water, is called a chart, but when
they represent any parts of the earth gene-
rally are termed maps. In all maps the
morth is at the top and the south at the
bottom, the east on the right and the west
on the left. Maps are always laid down
according to a certain scale, taken from
the degrees of latitude which are marked
on the east and west side of the map,
those of longitude being marked on the
north and south side. As the earth isa
globe, a map of the whole earth must
necessarily consist of two parts, both sides
of the globe not being visible at once;
accordingly in a universal map the right
hand eircle shows the old world, that is,
Europe, Asia, and Africa, and the left
hand circle the new world, or America.
Upon the general map are marked the
circles correspondent to those of the sphere,
as the equator, &c. Particular maps, be-
ing parts of this globe, retain the meridians
and parallels belonging to the particular
part, which are made-smaller or larger
according to the size of the map, and the
distance of the places mentioned are pro-
portioned to the breadth of the parallels as
Nearly as they can be.
In maps the sea is denoted by an open
space, the thick shadowing denotes the sea-
coast, rivers are marked by shadowed ser-
pentine lines, if large by double and treble
lines made strong and black, roads by
double lines,divisionsof countries by dotted
lines, and sometimes distinct colours, those
for kingdoms and provinces being larger
than the rest; forests are represented by
trees, mountains by rising shadows, sands
by dotted beds, lakes by shadowed coasts,
rocks by pointed things sticking up sharp
im the sea, the course of the winds by
arrows. The namesofvillagesare written
im a running hand, those of towns in a
Roman character, those of cities in small
capitals, and those of provinces in large
capitals. Cities or great towns are made
_ like small houses, with a little circle in the
middie of them, but smaller towns or
villages are marked only with little circles;
bridges by a double lims across the river.
In peme maps, particularly old maps, cities,
as the sees of bishops, were marked with
@ Grees er mitre, and those of archbishops
with a double cross, universities with a
‘gar or a eaducens, abbeys with a crook or
Pestoru: staf ‘fortresses with an angie, as
| SRST Geta re
men’s seaia with a single house only, &o
The apparatus called the terrestrial globe,
has a complete map of the earth drawn on
its surface, with the several imaginary
cireles, and is moreover fitted to iliustrate
the movements of the earth as a planet,
the latitudes, longitudes, and distances of
places, the hours of day and night in
different part, with a number of other 1m-
teresting problems.
GEOGRAPHY, History or, The study
of geography, as far aa it waa connected
with or depended upon astronomy, in all
probability began and kept pace with it.
Thales, the Grecian astronomer, construct-
ed a globe, repsesenting the land and sea
upon 2a table, which art he derived from
the Egyptians, among whom maps were
in use even as early as the days of Sesostris
This conqueror ia said to have represented
in this manner the conquests he made and
the countries he marched through. Thatthe
Israelites practised the art of geography at
an early period is clear from the account
we have in Scripture of Joshua having
sent men to walk through the land of
Canaan, which they described in seven
parts, in a book. The first map among
the Greeks on record is that of Anaxi-
mander, which is probably referred to by
Hipparchus, under the designation of “ne
ancient map. Geographical descrirzions
were, however, prior to this, for the works
of Homer abound with the names of places
and an account of severel particulars re-
specting them. The first professed writer
on the subject of geography was Scylax, if
the author of the Periplus now extant be
the same as the philosopher of that name
mentioned by Herodotus. Herodotus the
historian has interspersed his work witha
minute geographical description of the
places which occur in the course of his
narrative; and geographical notices are alse
to be found scattered in the writings of
Thucydides and Xenophon. The conquests
of Alexander doubtless increased the de-
sire to know more of the habitable world,
which that prince encouraged by sending
Nearchus on a voyage of discovery in the
Red Sea, a description of which is still
extant. About the same time flourished
the geographer Dicearehus, of whese
works some fragments remain.
Eratosthenes is said to have been the first
whoattempted to reduce the science of geo-
graphy to a system, by the application of
astronomical principles. He introduceda
reguiar parallel of latitedé, which began
at the Straits of Gibraltar, and procooded
through the isle of Rhedes to the mote
passed through. He drew this parallel not
by the sameness of the latitude, but by
observing where the longest day was four-
teen hours and a half, which Hipparchus
afterwards found to be thirty-six. Eratos-
Ahenes also drew maps of the countries
then known, with as much accuracy as
his scanty information would enable him,
gut they contained little more than an
imperfec, representation of the states of
Greece and the dominions of Alexander’s
muccesso‘. He was ignorant, as Strabo
informs us,of Gaul, Spain, Germany,
Britain, Italy, and the coast ofthe Adriatic,
- and had only a faint ldea of the western
_ parts of Europe. Hipparchus improved
upon the labours of Eratosthenesa, and de-
termined both the latitudes and longitudes
from celestial observations.
Under the Roman emperors geography
‘ acquired an increasing interest, from the
perpetual accessions which were made by
conquest to the empire. Accordingly, we
find the number of geographical writers
fo be greatly increased, and their writings |
so be more correct and particular. Besides
Pomponius Mela, who, in his Cosmogra-
phia, has given a neat and comprehensive
account of the known world, and Diony-
gius Perigetes, who has written a system
ef geography in verse, Strabo has left a
work on this subject which, in point of
methodical arrangement and extent of in-
formation, exceeded any thing that had
keen hitherto published. This was fol-
fowed, after the-interval of more than a
century, by the great work of Ptolemy on
this subject, in the execution of which he
took astronomy to his aid for determining
the situation of places. He fixed the lati-
tudes and longitudes of all the principal
placea in the known world, and expressed
them in degrees, after the manner of Hip-
parchus, making his calculations from the
proportions of the gnomon to its shadow,
as observed by different astronomers at the
time of the equinoxes and solstices, and
deduced from these the length of the long-
estdays. He also measured and computed
the distances of the principal roads men-
tioned In the different surveyg and itine-
raries which had been made at different
times by order of the emperors, and com-
pared them witb such reports ag he could
gather from travellers. inthis manner did
Ptolemy execute his system of geography,
which, asa work of. science, has deserved-
ly held the first rank among the works of
the ancients, and, considered as the labour
of one man, was never suipessed and
searcely ever equailed
nes of India, Loan at the paces: q
tered geographical notices intermpersed
the works of the Byzantize historians,the A
subject of geography was neglected until —
the thirteenth century, when loin Sacre
de Bosco published his treatise en the
sphere, which contained an account of the
earth as far ag it was connected with the
doctrine of the sphere. Nothing farther
was done towards the advancement of this
science until the diacovery of the New
World, when geographical knowledge re-
ceived continual accessions by new dis-
coveries, and the spirit of investigation and
researeh which they awakened.
During the last twenty-five years,
many discoveries havé been made and
knowledge accumulated. D’ Urville, Ross,
i Kane, Hayes, and others have made
strenuous efforts to penetrate the polar
continent, and added largely to our
knowledge of the arctic regions. The
travels and explorations ot Burton,
|Speke, Livingston and Stanley, in Africa,
have left little to be known regarding
this vast Continent.
GEOCORISA. A family of Hymenop-
terous insects with very long antenns
inserted between the eyes.
GEOCRONITE. A lead-grey ore of an-
timony and lead.
GEOCYCLIC.
periodically.
GEOLE. In mineralogy, a rounded
nodule of stone containing a small cay-
ity, lined usually with crystals.
GEODESY. That part of practical ge-
ometry which has for its object the
determination of the magnitude and
fizure either of ihe whole earth or of
any given portion ofits surface.
GEOGNOSY. ‘hat partof natural
history which treats of the structure of
the earth. The same with geology.
GEOGONY. The doctrine of the for-
mation of the earth.
GEOMANCY. Akind of pretended div-
ination by means of figures or hnes.
GEOLOGY
osophy which‘treats.of the formation
and structure of the earth beneath its
surface, and thechanges it has under-
gone.
primeval conditions of our planet, as
Encircling the earth
the fifth and nixth, centurios, and he cat.
. That part of natural phil- .
Geology 1s the history of the —
illustrated in the monuments ofchange —
which exhibit themselves on and be-
neath the surface of the earth, Itis,in
fact, the great history of Nature, which
classifies, by means of existing monu-
ments, the various rocks and strata of
the earth’s crust, according to their
comparative ages, and treats of the dif-
ferent races of animals and plants which ©
characterise the mundane formations —
or systems deposited by water during
the lapse of countless ages.
The eh
study of geolog y having been ners i
oiieca: designated by the name
of orychthiology. Mountains have been
found by geologists to consist, at a consid-
erable depth, of strata regularly disposed,
which have been classed under the heads
of granite, gneiss, mica slate, ciay slate,
primitive limestone, primitive trap, serpen-
tine porphyry, syenite topaz, quartz rock,
primitive flinty slate, primitive gypsum.
These are altogether denominated primi-
tive rocks, which have no organic remains,
and appear to have been undisturbed. But
in the strata above these there are evident
signs of violent fractures caused by the
action of waters. In this manner valleys
fave been excavated, and a separation
thus occasioned in strata that once evi-
dently formed one continuous range. Such
water-worn fragments have, from the cause
of their existence, beeu denominated dilu-
vium, to distinguish them from other de-
bris produced by causes still in operation,
such as the alluvium or the accession to
lands by inundations, torrents, and the like,
as aiso the volcanic rocks formed by the
eruptions of mountains. Besides the rocky
fragments and insulated hills above men-
tioned, the strata above these primitive
rocks contain also organic remains. In
those iminediately above, called transition
rocks, fossil remains of corals and shells
are found in small quahtities, as also in
the carboniferous limestone that lies next
to these rocks. The coal strata, which
follow, abound with vegetable remains of
ferns, flags, reeds of unknown species, and
large trunks of succulent plants, which are
altogether unknown either in description
or in nature. Above the coals are beds
containing corals and shells, which, like
those in the strata below, are characterized
by this peculiarity, that in some places
they are to be found in families, and that
‘in other places there will be found beds of
marine shells in one layer, and those pe-
culiar to fresh water in another layer,
resting one over the other in alternate
succession. Inthe highest of the regular
strata, called the crag, will be found the
- shells at present existing in the same coast,
and, lastly, over all these strata is a cover-
ing of gravel, which is remarkable for
sontsining the remains of numerous quad-
rupeds, as the bones, horns, teeth, shells,
seales,&c. These animals are for the most
past either foreign td the climates where
their remains are found, or they are of a
_karger size than any now known, or they
pre altogether different from any species
? of animal hitherto krowaz ox mentioned
been found tn coustries far dixtant from
| Among those animals whose remains have
the places which they inhabit are the ele-
phant and the rhinoceros, numerous re-
mains of which have been found in Eng-
land, France, Germany, Italy, and other
parts of Europe, but still more in Siberia,
where, throughout the whole extent of that
country, there is scarcely a river or a shore
in which have not been found the bones of
elephants and other animals. Néar the
river Willioni, in the eastern part of Sibe-
ria, has been dug up a rhinoceros still pos-
sessing the skin, fat, and muscles; and
fossil ivory has been procured in immense
quantities in the countries nearest to the
arctic circle. So numerousare the remains
that have already been dug up, as to form
immense collections in the cabinets of the
great, particularly in that of the Prince of
Hesse Darmstadt and the Elector of Man-
heim. Naturalists have also been enabled,
in part, to ascertain the species of these
animals, at least as far as regards the rhi-
noceros, which is of the double horned
kind ; but in regard to the elephantine re-
-mains, although very numerous, it is not
s0 certain whether they are of any known
Species or otherwise.
differing in size from those of their own
species at present, Ireland furnishes speci-
mens of deer that have been dug up of an
extraordinary magnitude ; and in Scotland,
a kind of oxen has been found bigger than
the largest species existing at present. Of
animals altogether unknown, both North
and South America, and other parts, fur-
nish several examples, as the mammoth,
the mastodon, and other nameless animals
of a prodigious size.
This remarkable fact, of the fossil re-
maina of animals, did not escape the notice
of the ancients, for Xenophanes, above fou
hundred years before the Christian era,
is said to have discovered the remains of
some marine animals imbedded in rockg,
from which he absurdly inferred ths
eternity of the world. Herodotus ala
ascertained the existence of fossil shells,
from which, with much greater reason, he
was led to conclude that the sea had once
occupied those parts. Also in the pyra-
mids, the stones were found to contain the
remains of animals, of which there existed
in his time no corresponding species.
Strabo, who saw these fragments of stone
lying about the pyramids, took them to be
petrified lentils, that had been used by the
workmen ; at the same time this writer, as
well as Pliny and others, attest the exist
ence of such animal remains, and ia a high
state of perfectien. Ia the Netuxal Histe-
As to the animals ©
FF of Piiny many ede Naneins are a tpaken
ef, as the bucardia, resembling an ox’s
heart ; the glossopetra, having the form of
a tongue ; the horns of ammon, resembling
a ram’s horn ; the lepidotes, ‘ike the scales
of fishes, &c.
GEOMETRY. That branch ef mathe-
inatics which treats of the properties of
extension and figure. Geometry is distin-
guished into the theoretical and the practi-
tal. Theoretical or speculative geometry
treats of the various properties and rela-
tions in magnitudes, &e, Practical geom-
etry comprehends the construction of fig-
ures, the draw ng of lines in certain posi-
tions, as paral el or perpendicular to each
other, &c. Speculative geometry is again
distinguished into elementary geometry,
that treats cf the properties and proportions
of right lines and right lined figures, as also
of the circle and its several parts ; and the
sublime or transcendental geometry, that
treats of the higher order of curves, é&c.
The simple principles of geometry are
explained in definitions and axioms. The
following are the most important defi-
hitions. A point is that which has neither
length, breadth, nor thickness ; a line has
length without breadth or thickness; a
superficies, or surface, has length and
breadth only, the boundaries of which are
lines; a solid has length, breadth, and
thickness, the boundaries of a solid are
surfaces. A straight line lies evenly be-
tween the parts, parallel lines keep at the
same distance from each other when ex-
tended indefinitely. A perpendicular line
is perpendicular to another line. An angle
is formed by the meeting of two lines in a
point; itis a right angie when formed by
one line falling perpendicularly on another
line; an obtuse angle, when it is greater
than a right angle ; and an acute angle
when it is less. A figure is a space in-
cluded within one or mere boundaries,
called sides; it is rectilinear when contain-
ed by right lines, and curvilinear when
contained by curved lines; a rectilinear
figure contained by three right lines is a
triangle; if by four, quadrilateral; if by
five, a pentagon ; if by gix, a hexagon, &e. ;
. by more than twelve, a polygon.
Triangles are distinguished according to
the length of their sides, imto equilateral,
having al} the sides equal ; isoceles, having
two sides equal ; and scalene, having all
the sides unequal; or accerding to their
angles, inte right angled, if they have one
right angle, obtuse angled, if they have one
Obtuss angie; and acute angied, if they
have all acute angles. Every qwirilateral
@ farted igure is calied a parallelespam
wheat has ides parallel,
when all ite angles are right angles.
sided figures are moreover distinguished ©
according to their sides and angles, intog
square, which has all its sides equal and ite yt
angles right ones ; an oblong square, which
has its opposite sides equal and its angles —
right ones ; a rhombus, having ail the sides —
equal, but the angles not right ones; and a
rhomboid, having the opposite sides equal
and the angles not right ones. When a
quadrilateral has none of its sides parallel ©
it is a trapezium, and when only two of ita
sides parallel a trapezoid. The diagonal
is the right line which divides a parallelo-~
gram into two equal parts. The base of a
figure is the side on which it is supposed
to stand. The vertex is the extreme point
opposite to the base; the altitude is the
perpendicular distance from the vertex to
the base. The-area of a figure is the quaa-
tity of space contained within its bounda-
ries.
Of curvilinear figures in common geo-
metry is the circle, which is a plane figure
bounded by a curve line called the circum-
ference, which is equally distant from a
point called the centre. The diameter of
a circle is a straight line drawn from one
side of the circumference to the ether,
through the centre, so as to divide tt into
two equal parts. The radius of a circle is
a straight line drawn from the centre to
the circumference : the segment of a eircle
is @ part cut off by a line called the chord,
The circumference of every circle ts sup-
posed to be divided into 360 equal parts,
called degrees, every degree into 60 parts
called m‘nutes, and every minute into 6C
parts called seconds.
Solids are distinguished into a prism,
the sides of which are parallelograms, and
the two ends or bases are similar; poly-
gons, parallel to each other ; the cube, con-
sisting of six equal square sides or faces; the
pyramid, having any plane figure for its
base and triangles for its sides, all termi-
nating in one common point or vertex,
the cylinder, which is generated by tke
rotation of a rectangle about one of its sides
supposed to be at rest; the cone, a solid
having a circular base, and its other ex-
tremity terminated in a single point or
vertex. Those curves which are formed
by the intersection of a plane with a ¢one
form the subject of conic sections, which
is a branch of sublime geometry.
Ratio ts the mutual relation of two mag
nitudes cf the same kind to one another,
in respect to quantity, as 2to 1, which ie
double ; the former of theese is called the =
anteoodent and the letter the eonecquerté
An axiom is a silts truth that wants ne
* demonstration, as that the whole ts greater
_ than a part. A postulate is that which
requires to be granted as true before ano-
_ ther thing can be demonstrated. A propo-
sition is that which proposes something to
be done or demonstrated ; it is a problem
when it proposes any thing to be done, as
to divide a given line into twoequal parts,
or {o raise a perpendicular, &e.; and a
theorem when it proposes something to be
snown, as that triangles of the same base
and altitude are equal to each other, or
that all the angles in the same segment of
an arch are equal, &e. Y
GEOMETRY, Historyor The origin
of geometry is ascribed by Herodotus to
the Egyptians, who, in consequence of the
mmundations of the Nile, which carried
away all their landmarks, were under the
necessity of distinguishing and laying olit
their lands by the consideration of their
figure and quantity; whence the word geo-
metry in the Greek signifies literally land-
measuring, The Greeks, who cultivated
this science more than any other people,
doutiiess learned the rudiments from the
Egyptians ; for Thales, who travelled inte
Egypt and acquired a sufficient knowledge
of astronomy to calculate, must also have
first become acquainted with the principles
of geometry to assist him in his astro-
nomical inquiries. Pythagoras, the pupil
and friend of Thales, distinguished himself
by his discoveries in arithmetic, as well
as geometry. He invented the multiplica-
tion table, called after him the Abacus
Pythagoricus, and in geometry he disco-
vered the thirty-second and forty-seventh
propositions in the first book of Euclid’s
Elements. Soon after this flourished Anax-
imander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, Cle-
estratus, ASnopides, and Zenodorus, all
celebrated geometricians, of whose works
nothing remains except of the last. They
were succeeded by Hipparchus, who ren-
dered himself celebrated by the quadrature
of the lines called after him, as also by his
attempt at the quadrature of the cube,
which was a matter of great interest among
the ancient mathematicians, and is said to
ave taken its rise in an answer of the eracle
at Deiphi, which, when consulted on the
oecasion of seme public calamity, answered
_ *Doubie the altar,’
which was an exact
cabe. Notwithstanding the failure of Hip-
| *parehus, others renewed the attempt, which
although it proved unsucoseaful as to that
as have lod to the Glavoveries ef other geo.
metrical properties, as the conchoid of
Nicomedes, the eissotd of Diecles, and the
quadratrix of Dincstratus. Thie latter ge-
ometrician was the follower and friend of ©
Plato, whose devotion te the science of
geometry was such that he caused it to be
inscriked over the door of his school,
‘ Let no one enter here who is ignorant of
geometry.’ To Plato we are indehted for
that branch of geometry known by ike
name of conic sections, of which his scholar
Aristeus is said to have composed Sve
books that are highly spoken of by the
ancients, but are not now extant. Eudoxrus
and Menechemus were aiso disciples of
Plato, and distinguished themselves, the
former in geometry as well as astronomy,
the latter by his application of conic
sections to many problems. After an in-
terval of ninety years from their time,
that is, about three hundred years pefore
Christ, flourished Euclid,who, by collecting
and methodizing all the principles of geo-
metry then known into a regular system,
cajled his Elements of Geometry, secured
to himself a celebrity which, im point of
extent, has never been surpassed, and per.
haps scarcely ever equalled, his work
having ever since been considered es the
standard of all geometrical knowledge.
Euclid was quickly followed by Archi-
medes, a mathematical genius, who added
many discoveries to the sciences of geome-
try, mechanics, optics, and hydrodynamics,
In geometry he discovered the ratio be-
tween the sphere and the circumscribing
cylinder, found the quadrature of the pare-
bola, and the selidity of its conoid; he
invented the spiral which bears his name,
and discovered its rectification, besides a
variety of other important geometrical
propositions, many of which are extant
and attest the skili and ingenuity of the
author.
Apollonius of Perga, who, from his
writings, acquired the name of the Great
Geometrician, flourished about thirty years
after Archimedes. His work on the Conie
Sections, which is the principal piece of
his extant, was in all probability the best
of its kind in that day, and has since been
the groundwork of all works published on
that subject.” Of those who after Apollo-
nius distinguished themselves in their time
in the cultivation of the geometrical science,
there are but few who added any thing
worthy of particular notice. Eratosthenes
attempted to measure the circumference
of the earth; Ctesibius invented water
pumps; Here of Alexandria, clepsydra,
Theodoatus, whe lived in Uae fret contesy
f the Christian Sa Wrote Ghats en
the sphere, which was ene of the first en
spherical trigonemetry.
After an interval of three er four cen-
turies from the time of Theodosius, we
meet with the names of Pappus the com-
mentator of Apollonius, Theon, the com-
mentator of Ptolemy, and of Proclus ano-
ther commentator on the ancient mathe-
maticians. The destruction of the library
ef Alexandria by the Saracens was very
fatal to the cultivation of geometry, which
fad flourished there more than any where
else: all the geometricians from. every
part had assembled there, and when driven
away they were deprived both of their
books and instruments. [tis net surprising,
therefore, that the study of geometry was
for many centuries almost entirely for-
gotten amidst the troubles which desolated
all Europe on the irruption of the northera
ribes. The Arabs, who by the ravages
hey committed at Alexandna had done
he most injury to the science of geometry,
' were, after the lapse of two centuries, the
cultivators of that which they had nearly
nnihilated. They studied the works ofthe
Greeks, and showed their proficiency in
he correctness of their comments on these
writings.
Whilst the Arabs were thus promoting
he cause of science generally, Europe
emained in a state of comparative barba-
rigm, nor was the study of geometry re-
vived among the Europeans before the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when by
the translations of the ancient writings, the
taste for geometry became very general
among the thinking part of the community.
In the following century there arose mathe-
msticians who added very materially to
the stock of geometrical knowledge. Car-
‘dan applied algebra to the resolution of
geometrical problems; and Descartes, who
followed at the distance of nearly a cen-
tury, pursued this application of algebra to
geometry still farther. At the same period
with Descartes flourished Cavelerius who,
in his work on ‘Indivisibles,’ struck out
anew path to himself, in which he was
followed by many writers of great celebrity,
as Wallis, Pasca., Fermat, Roberval, Leib-
nitz, Newton, and many others, who set
forth geometry im a new light, and formed
& new system of the science. Among the
treatises in which are embodied the geo-
metrical principles of the moderns and
ancients mary be reckoned the Elements
ef Euclid by Simson and Flayfair, the
treatises of Czanam, Clz vius, Bonnycastle,
Purce, Davies, Mulcahy, &c.
GKHORGE 8. The patron saint of
warrier Rarerw des and a martyr fe ay
the Christian cause:
GEORGICS. Books treating of husban
dry, after the manner of Virgil’s poems om
rural subjects, which are so called.
GERANIUM. A genus of plante, the -
numerous species of which are remarkable
for the beauty either of their leaves or
their flowers, or both. The seeds of the
flower are contained in a husk, whieh
resembles a stork’s beak, whence it has
acquired the English name of crane’s bill.
GERMAN (in Law). Whele or entire
as respects genealogy or descent, as bro-
thers german, those who are so on both
father and mother’s side.
GERMEN (in Botany). The germ,
ovary, or seed bud, which is the lower
part or base of the pistil.
GERMINATION, The act of sprouting
forth, as applied to the seeds of vegeta-
bles; also the time when they vegetate,
GIANTS CAUSEWAY. A vast collee-
tion of a black kind of marle, called ba
saltes, in the county of Antrim in Ireland
The masses of rock are there disposed in |
such regular order, and to such an extent .
as to make this causeway one of the great .
est curiosities in nature,
GIBBOUS (in Astronomy). A term ap- ..
plied to the enlightened part of the moon, .
during her ceurse from full to new, when +
the dark part appears faleated or horned, .
and the light part convex or gibbous.
GIFT (in Law). A conveyance which:
passeth either lands or goods; 8 transfor:
of any thing without a valuable conside--
ration.
GIG. A very light kind of two-wheeled!
chaise
GILD. See Guin.
GILDING. The art of covering the sur-
face of bodies with gold.
GILLIFLOWER, or Jury Frower. A
stnaller kind of carnation that flowers in
July.
GIMLET. A carpenter’s tool for boring
hotles,
GIN, or Geneva. A hot fiery spirit, for-
merly ‘drawn from the berries of the
genevre or juniper tree, but now made
by the distillers of the oil ef turpentine
and malt spirits. The Hollands Geneva
is manufactured chiefly at a village near
Rotterdam, and is drawn from wheat
and the juniper berries The English gim
is a destructive drink among the lower —
orders. ;
GIN (among Spertsmen). A machine
which serves aa a trap er snare biti
ing bonsen
er mane giasa windows
GIN (among Mechanics) A mschine
driving piles,
GINGER. An Indian root of a biting
hot taste; the flower consists of five petals,
shaped something like those of the iris.
GIPSLES. A wandering tribe, who are
to be found in different countries of Eu-
rope, and are supposed to be of Egyptian
origin. They are altogether a distinct
class of people, both in their habits, which
are predatory and uncivilized ; and in their
complexion, which is sallow and brownish.
But they are now beginning to follow the
occupations of civilized life, and in winter
to reside in towns, where they occasion-
ally send their children to school
GIRAFFE. See Camerorarp.
GIRDERS (in Architecture). Some of
the largest pieces of timber in a floor.
GIRT. The circumference of a tree.
GLACIERS. A name in Switzerland
for the extensive tracts of ice and snow
which occur in the Alps.
GLACIS (in Fortification). A mass of
earth serving as a parapet to the covered
way.
GLADIATORS. Persons who fought in
she arena at Rome for the amusement of
the people. These were usually slaves,
who fought until one was killed. This
cruel custom was abolished by reacreuiepe da
- the Great.
_ GLANDS. A sort of kernels in the ani-
mal body, which serve to secrete the fluids.
They are composed of blood vessels, nerves.
and absorbents.
GLANDERS. A virulent disease in
horses, which shows itself by a discharge
of mucus from the nostrils.
GLASIER. See Grazier.
GLASS. An artificial substance formed
by the action of fire on sand, or siliceous
earth with saits and metallic oxides. It is
remarkable for its brittleness and transpa-
rency, which latter quality renders it avail-
able for many purposes of domestic use.
There are five kinds of glass, namely, flint
glass, or glass of lead; plate glass, or glass
of pure soda; crown glass, the best window
giass; broad glass, a coarse window glass;
and bottle glass, a coarse green glass.
GLASS (among Mariners). Sometimes
the telescope, and sometimes Any hourglass
- or sand ginas.
GLASSBLOWER. One who blows
giass in a glasshouse.
GLASSHOUSE. A house where giass
is manufactured.
_GLAUBERS SALTS. The sulphate of
, gee, & purgative.
GLAZIER, One whe works with glass
The compeny
Os) tysipcve
of ifasieis in Pswdou were kckpeketod
| inthe reign of Elizabeth. *
GLAZING. The crusting over earthen.
ware with a vitreous substance; aleo the
putting glass into windows, or making
glass lights for windows.
GLEANING. Picking up the scattered
ears of wheat after the wheat is cut and
carried. It was once thought in England,
that, by the common law, the poor might
claim this liberty as their right; but it hag .
been adjudged by a solemn judgment of the
Court of Common Pleas, that no such
right exists by the common law of the land.
GLEBE LAND. In England, a portion of
land belonging to a parsonage or vicarage.
GLEE (in Music). A composition of
three or more parts; originally used for
convivial purposes.
GLIRES. The fourth order of the class
mammialia in the Linnean system, includ-
ing such animals as have two fore teeth, a
cutting one in each jaw, no tusks, and feet
with claws formed for running, as the
beave:, the hare, &¢
GLOBE (in Geometry). A round spheri
cal body, more commonly called a sphere
as the armillary sphere
GLOBE (in Astronomy). An artificia
sphere, or a round solid body, on which
is drawn a representation of the earth, as
on the.terrestria! globe; or of the heavens,
as on the celestial globe.
GLOBULES. Little globes or round
bodies observable in fluids.
GLOSSARY. A vocabulary or smal!
dictionary,
GLUCIC ACID, An acid obtained from
the solution of grape-sugar, saturated
with baryta or lime.
GLUCINA, or GLUCINE. The oxide of
glucinium, a white powder, so named
trom the sweetness of its salts,
GLUCINIUM. A metalin the form of
a greyish-black powder, which acquires
a dark metallic lustre by burnishing.
GLUCOSE. ag ee
“Et es
fA, the eighth letter of the alphabet, for-
merly stood as a numeral for 200, with a
dash over it for 20,000; in Heraldry, it
standg for the middle base, a point in the
escutcheon ; as an abbreviation, for hour.
HAARTE BESTE. A variety of the Af-
pean Antelope.
HABEAS CORPUS. In England, a
wrt which may be made use of by the
sevurts at Westminster for removing pris-
oners te answer any cause, as a Habeas
Corpus ad respondendum, ad satisfacien-
dum, &c.; but the most celebrated writ of
this kind is that of Habeas Corpus ad sub-
jiciendum, which a man who is, or sup-
poses himself to be aggrieved by an unlaw-
ful imprisonment, may have out of the
King’s Bench, directed to the person de-
taining him, and commanding him to pro-
duce the body of the prisoner, to submit to
or receive whatever the court shall consider
in that behalf. This writ was founded on
the common law, and secured by many
statutes, particularly that of the 31 Chas.
Il. which is by distinction called the Habeas
Corpus Act. The writ of Habeas Corpus
tm the United States is that, by which a
man in prison may claim an immediate
trial, or examination.
HABERDASHER. A dealer in small
wares, as tape, thread, pins, needles, &c.
The company of haberdashers in London
Was incorporated in 1447.
HADDOCK. A fish of the cod kind,
which inhabits the northern coast.
HADLEY’S QUADRANT. A quadrant
that is particularly used for taking altitudes
at sea
HAMORRHAGE. A flux of blood from
any part of the body
FAIL. A meteor. which consists of frozen
. rain, or drops of rain agglutinated together
by the frost, so as to form little pieces of
ice, called hailstones
HAILING (among Mariners). Saluting
or accosting a ship at a distance
HAIR. Small filaments issuing out of
the pores of the skin of animals, and serv-
ing for the most part as a covering. The
principal constituent parts of hair are ani-
mal matter, oil, silex, sulphur, carbonate of
Mme, &c.
HAIR (in Botany). The down, or hair-
fike threads on the surface of piants
HAIR GRASS. A plant, some species
ne ef which are perennials and zome annuais |the borseman’s hand, as the spur band,
HAIR’S BREADTH. A measure ot
length, equal to the forty-eighth part of az
inch.
HALBERT. A weapon something like
a spear, formerly carried by the serjeants
of foot and artillery.
HALCYON. A name for the kingfisher
HALF-BLOOD (in Law). Relationship
by the father’s or the mother’s side only.
HALF-MOON (in Fortification), An
outwork having two faces. ~
HALFPENNY. An English copper coin.
of the value of one cent. : Ni
HALL. A public edifice, a court of jus-
tice.
HALL (in Architecture). A large room
at the entrance of a fine house
HALLELUJAH. A part of chureh music.
in which these words are repeated.
HALLIARDS Ropes for rns up
the yards.
HALLOO. A hunter’s cry after the dogs.
HALLUCINATION. An affection either
in the senses or the imagination, which
causes a person to feel, see, or hear what
does not exist.
HALM. In England, the stalk ofc corn
which is left on the ground when it is cut.
HALO. A meteor, ‘in the form of a humai-
nous ring or circle, appearing round the
bodies of the sun, moon, or stars.
HAMMOCK (among Mariners). A piece
of hempen cloth, six feet long and three
feet wide.
HAMSTER. An animal of the mouse
tribe, entirely black, except at the tip of
the nose, edges of the ears, feet, and some-.
times the tail, which are white.
HANAPER OFFICE. In England, an
office in the Court of Chancery, out of
which issue all original writs.
HAND (inthe Manege). The fist clenched
or a measure of three inches, by which the
height of a horse is computed ; also the
parts of a herse, as the forehand, for the
head, neck, and fore quarters; the hind ©
hand, eiicn includes the rest; and alse
‘which is hi right hand ; og ‘the brie famande the Audie: Ths pli is niet
hand, which is his left ent i aple for its dry and parching character.
HAND. An important member of the HARMONICA. A musical instrament _
pody, which consists of the carpus, or wrist; | Constructed with drinking glasses. eae
the metacarpus, or the four bones within] HARMONICS. That branch of munis
, the palm and the fingers. _ | which considers the differences and pro- : ‘l
< | portions of sounds. Bs
: HARMONY (in Music). The agreeable =
result or union of several musica) sounds 4.
keard at one and the same tims. Melody
is produced by a succession of musical
sounds, as harmony is produced by their
combination.
HARMONY OF THE SPHERES. A
kind of music, supposed by the ancients to
be produced by the accordant motions of
HAND (among Watchmakers). The in- | the stars and planets. a
dex of a clock or watch. HARP. A musical stringed instruamend ays
HAND- BARROW. A barrow without | of great antiquity, of a triangular form
wheels. and played with the fingers.
HANDCUFFS. Two circular pieces of
iron locked over the wrists of a prisoner
to prevent him using his hands.
HANDSPIKES. Wooden levers used
at sea.
‘ HANGINGS Tapestry hung or fastened
against the wall.
HANSE TOWNS. Port towns of Ger-
many, which were incorporated for the
purpose of protecting their trade. The
three principal of these towns were Hlam-
burgh, Bremen, and Lubec, which still
retain the name.
HARBOUR. A place where ships may
ride in safety.
HARDNESS (in Physiology). The re-| HARPER. One who plays upon the aarp
sistance opposed by a body to the Pace HARPINS (among Mariners). The
tion of its parts. breadth of a ship at the bow.
HARE. A timid animal of setudedte HARPOONS, or Harptne Ixons. [rons
sight and hearing, with a short tail. It is | formed at one end like a barbed arrow,
in Europe a beast of chase, and is some-| and having a rope at the other, for the
times’ pursued by greyhounds in open | purpose of spearing the whale.
grouud, which is called coursing; and HARPSICHORD. A stringed and keyed
sometimes by harriers, or hare hounds, | instrument in a mahogany case.
which is cajled hare hunting. Shooting HARROW, A drag with iron teeth, te
of hares is not lawful in England. A spe- | break the clods after ploughing.
Pa éies of hare common in America, passes ;
under the name of rabbit.
RARELIP A lip eloven or parted like ; SS
that of a hare HARPY A fabulous monster, with the
fe. HARMATTUN. A wind which blows | head of a woman, the wings of a bird, ane
periodically from the interior parts of Africa ' the tail of a beast
aH dnt AMCs HAW GREK
eA pene
HARPALIDZ. In entomology, an ex:
tensive family of coleopterous insects,
of which the Harpalus is the type.
HARTALL. Orpiment, an oxide of ar-
senic, used as a yellow paint,
HARTSHORN, In pharmacy, the horn
of the common stag, which obtains a
place in the pharmacopeeia because it
containsless earthy matter and more
gelatine than other bones.
HATCHETINE, A bituminous mineral
or mountain-tallow, found at Merthyr
Tydvil, in 8, Wales,
HARUSPICE. In Roman history, a
person who pretended to foretell future
events by the entrails of beasts.
HATCHING. The act of maturing fecun-
dated eggs, so that they should produce
young birds. This is commonly done by
the incubation of the mother; but some-
times by means of artificial heat in ovens,
as is practised in Egypt.
HATCHMENT. See AcHizvEMENT.
HATCHWAY (among Mariners). An
opening in the deck, to serve as a passage
from one deck to another.
HATTER. A manufacturer and eciler
of hats. The company of hatters, or hat-
raakers in London, is very ancient.
HAVERSACK. A kind of bag of strong
coarse linen, to carry bread and provisions
on a march.
HAUL, or YAUL (among Ropemakera).
A yarn of four hundred threads.
HAUNCH. The hind part of a atag, or
ef a horse, &e. :
HAUNT. The walk of a deer.
HAUTBOY. A musical wind instru-
ment, shaped much like the flute, only
that it spreads and widé 2# at the bottom,
and is sounded through a reed at one
end.
HAWFINCH, A sort of finch, so called
because it feeds on haws and cherries.
HAWK. A bird of prey of the eagle and
falcon tribe, the two principal epecies of
which are the sparrowhawk and the gos-
hawk, both used formerly in falconry.
HAWKERS. In England, itinerant petty
ehapmen, who go with their goods from
town to town and from house to house.
They are obliged by law to have a license.
HAWKING. The ancient sport of forrl-
fag with hawks. :
HAWKING (in Trade) The going about
with commodities to sell, after the manner
of a hawker. , '
HAWK’S BELL. The bell put about
the feet of a hawk.
HAWKWEED. A plant which bears a
flower in the form of a marigold. The
whole plant has a milky juice.
HAWSE, A sea term, for the situation
of the cables before the ship’s stern, wken
she .s moored with two anchors out my
the bows, as ‘a clear or open hawse,’‘a
foul hawee,’ &e im gn
HAWSER. A small cable. | ay
HAZARD. A game of chance, played
much by gamesters and gamblers.
HAZLE NUT. A shrub having male —
flowers growing at remote distances from
the fruit on the same tree. The nuts
grow in clusters, and are of three kinds,
the common hazel nut, the cob nut, and
the filbert, which latter are the most es- .
teemed. e
HEAD (in Anatomy). The superior pan
of the body, placed on the neck, and com
sisting externally of the face and the hairy
scalp; internally, of the brain and the
medulla oblongata.
HEAD (among Mechanics). The upper
and more solid part of inanimate bodies,
as the head of a nail, the head of a gate,
the head of a hammer.
HEAD (in Painting). The representation.
of the head of a person.
HEAD (in Architecture). An ornament
of sculpture or carved work.
HEAD (in Gunnery). The fore part of
the cheeks of a gun.
HEAD (in Printing). In England, the
top of a page.
HEADBOROUGH. Formerly the chief
of 2 borough, or frankpledge; now a sort of
petty constable.
HEADER (in Masonry). A name for
the bricks which are inserted lengthwise
in the thicknegs of a wall.
HEADLAND. A point of land lying
farther out at sea than the rest.
HEADSTALL. That part of a bridle
that goes about the head; also a kinda
halter. :
HEALING (in Surgery). Curing a
wound,
HEALING (among Bricklayers). The
covering a reef with any thing, as lead,
Slates, é&e.
HEARING. One ef the five senses, of
which the ear is the organ, with the help
of the auditory nerves and membrane.
HEARSE. A close earriage for convey
ing dead bodies.
HEART. The seat of life in the animal
body, is situated in the thorax, and divided
externally into the base, which is the broad
part; the superior and inferior surface
and the anterior and posterior margin
Internally, it is divided inte two ventri-
cles, right and left.
HEARTBURN. A burning pain ia the
stomach, ant
Be sin physi
caused by 26 body, or the cause of
that sensation. In chemistry, the
supposed matter or cause of heat,
termed caloric, which, if material, is
an imponderable subtile fluid, the
particles of which repel each other,
and are attracted by all other sub-
stances, either by direct. contact or
radiation. Animal heat, is the heat
consequent on respiration and diges-
tion in the bodies of animals, pro-
duced in the system of each by the
oxygen of the atmosphere combining
with the earbon of the blood, and
forming carbonic acid gas. In me-
chanies, the term is applied to that
degree of heat which is required for
iron-work, namely, the blood-red
heat, the smallest degree: the flame,
or white heat, the second degree:
and the sparkling, or welding heat,
which is the strongest degree.
HEBE, the name of one of the
newly-discovered planets, first ob-
served by Hencke ‘in 1847. Its mean
‘distance from the sun is 231,350,000
miles: and the time of its periodical
revolution is 3 years and 284 days.
In natural history, the word hebe
frequently occurs in the definition of
species, and signifies pubescence; as,
hebeanthus, having pubescent or
downy flowers: hebecarpus, having
downy seeds: hebecladus, having
downy branches: hebegynus, having
the ovary pubescent: hebepetalus,
having downy petals.
- HECTARE, a French measure con-
sisting of 10,000 square metres, or
11960°33 English square yards.
HECTIC, a form of fever arising
from local irritation in a feeble con-
stitution.
HECTOGRAMME, a French weight
of 100 grammes = 3*2 ounces troy.
HECTOLITRE, a French measure
of capacity, containing 00 litres = 22
English imperial gallons.
HECTOMETRE, a French _ linear
eee of 100 metres = 828 English
eet.
HEDENBERGITE, a species of
mineral, of a greenish-black color,
with a shining lustre. Its constitu-
ents are silica, lime, magnesia, and
protoxide of iron.
[32 SS
HEDGEHOG, a small quadruped,
covered on the upper part with
_ prickles or spines.
_ HEDYPHANE, a white or greyish
mineral, consisting of oxide of lead
andlime, _ :
— |
ysiology, the sensation
relating to the sun‘s centre.
tron. a star is said to rise heliacally
when, after being in conjunction
with the sun, it rises so as to be
visible. :
HELICOID, in geometry, a para-
bolie spiral or curve line.
HELICOMETRY. In geometry the
an of measuring spiral lines on a
plane.
HELIOCENTRIC.’ In astronomy,
Helio-
centric longitude is the angle formed
at the sun’s centre by the projection
of the radius vector of a planet on
the ecliptic, with a line drawn from
the sun’s centre to the first point of
Aries.
HELIOCHROMY. The process by
which photographie pictures in their
natural colours are obtained.
HELIOGRAPHY. ver and iower hemispheres. The appa-
yen: or sensible horizon is that circle of
the heavens whicn bounds the view of the
observer, in distincticn from the ratienal
or real horizon, .wi.ich is a circle encom.
passing the earth exactly in the middle.
It is represented in the globes by the
wooden frame which contains the giobe.
HORN (in Natural History). The hard
pointed bodies which grow on the heaus
of some granivorous animals, and serve
either for defence or ornament; also the
slender bodies on the heads of insects, &e
HORN (in Chemistry). Is mostly com
posed of albumen, gelatin, and phosphate
of lime, but the horns of the buck ena
stag are ofan intermediate nature between
horn and bone.
HORN (in Music). A wind instrument,
chiefiy used in hunting and in the chase.
RORNBEAM. A tree that has leaves
like the elm or beech tree ; it was formerly
used in hedgerows. The timber is very
tough and inflexible.
BORNBLENDE (in Mineralogy).
aort of slaty stone, of a green and blackish
green colour. It isa very abundant min-
eral.
SORN-BOOK. The first book for ehil-
dren, containing the alphabet, which was
‘6smerty covered with transparent horn.
HOKNET. A large, strong, and stinging
insect, of the wasp kind.
HORN-ORE (in Mineralogy).
the species of silver ore.
HORNPIPE. An animated sort of
dance.
HORN-STONE. A species of flint.
HORNWORK (in Fortification). An
outwork which advances towards the field.
HOROLOGY. The science which treats
on the measuring of portions of time. The
principal instruments used in the measur-
ing of time are dials, clepsydre or water-
clocks, clocks, watches, and in some cases
also hour-glasses.
The dial was doubtless one of the first
instruments contrived for the meazuring of
"e
One of
time bv means of the sun. The frst os ii:
a”
!
-
>
%
parallel to the equator.
years of the building »f Rome. | ‘The Shal-
dee historian Berosus is said to have con-
structed a dial on a reclining plane almost
Aristarchus the
Samean, Thales, and others are also men-
tioned as the makers of dials. ‘The first
gun-dial at Rome was set up by Papirius
Cursor in the 460th year of the building
of the city. The subject of dialling, or of
making dials, has particularly occupied
the attention of mathematicians within
the last three centuries. Clavius is the first
professed writeronthesubject. Deschales
-and Ozanam in their Courses, and Wolfius
in his Elements,havesimplified the science.
M. Picard gave a new method of making
large dials by calculating the hour lines,
and De Ja Hire, in his Dialling, gave a
geometrical method of drawing hour lines
from certain points determined by obser-
vation. The method of drawing primary
dials on easy principles is to be found in
the Dialling of Everhard Walper, and the
Rudimenta Mathematica of Sebastian Mun-
ster. Among the more modern treatises on
this subject may be reckoned that of Wells
in his Art of Shadows, Ferguson in his
Lectures on Mechanics, Emerson in hia
Dialling, Leadbetter in his Mechanic Dial-
.ing, Mr. W. Jones in his Instrumental
Dialling, and Bishop Horsley in his Mathe-
matical] Tracts.
Scipio Nasica was the first who con-
structed the clepsydra, although it is sup-
posed to have been invented by the Egyp-
tians under the Ptolemies about 150 years
before the Christian era. They serve for
measuring time in the winter, as the sun-
dials do in the summer; but they had two
great defects: the one, that the water ran
out with greater or less facility, as the air
was more or Jess dense; and the other,
that the water ran more readily at the
‘beginning than towards the conclusion.
Vhe Egyptians, by this machine, measured
the course of the sun; and Tycho Brahe,
in modern times, made use of it to mea-
sure the motion of the stars, &c. Dudley
also used the same contrivance in making
all his maritime observations.
The invention of clocks has been ascribed
to different authors ; namely, to Boetius in
the sixth century, to Paciticus, Archdeacon
ef Verona, and te Silvester in the tenth
-eentury.
HOROMETRY The art of measuring
heurs
HOBOPTER (in Opties). A right line
_ @ews through the poini where the two
al MJ . eptic axes meet, parallel to that which
: Asan. “This. king began to reign 480,
d ‘years before Alexander, and within 12
joins the two puyils.
HOROSCOPE (in the exploded Scienca
of Astrology). The degree or point of che
horizon rising abuve the eastern point of —
the horizon at any given time, when a
prediction was to be made of a future
event; also a scheme or figure of the
twelve houses.
HORSE. A domestic animal, that excela
all others in beauty and usefulness. The .
most esteemed breeds of horses are, the
Barbary or Arabian horses, remarkable
for their fleetness ; the English racehorse’
and hunter, which combines beauty with
swiftness; and the English draught-horses
which are distinguished for their size and
strength, &c. ‘There is no creature so
valuable as the horse, and none that often-
times fares worse. The age of a horse
under eight years old is mostly fo be known
by his teeth. The horse has twenty-four
grinders ; four tushes, or single teeth ; and
twelve front teeth, or gatherers. Maresin
general have notushes. The black mark
‘or cavities denoting the age, are to be
found in the corner front teeth, adjoining
the tushes. At four years and a half old,
the mark teeth are just visible above the
gum, and the cavity is distinctly to be seen.
At five, the remaining colt’s teeth are shed,
and the tushes appear. At six, the tushes
are up, and appear white, small, and sharp,
with a small circle of flesh growing near
them; the horse’s mouth is then completed
the corner teeth being filled up At sight
the black marks disappear.
tk Ho) oi es os
— ——— Se ——— = F < —— Fs
Sy asee sr Se
HORSE (in. Militery Affairs). A bedy
of horsemen.
HORSE (among Carpenters). A frame
or trestle on which boards or planks are
laid to be cut and otherwise worked.
HORSE (among Printers). A stage on
which pressmen net their heaps of paper
for printing.
HORSE. A sea term for a repe maar
fast to one of the shrouds, having a dead
man’s eyeattheend —
HORSE-BEAN, A small bean usually
given to horses. ,
HORSE-BREAKER. One who breaks
in young horses, and fits them for use.
HORSE-CHESTNUT. A tree, which
yields a prickly nut.
HORSEDEALER. One who buys horses
to sell them again.
HORSE-DOCTOR. One who undertakes
to cure the diseases of horses.
HORSE-LEECH. A large sort of leech
that fastens on horses.
HORSEMAN. One skilled in riding
HORSEMANSHIP. The art of riding
and managing horses.
HORSERACE. A match of horses in
running,
HORSESHOE (in Smithery) A circu-
lar piece of iron fitted to the foot ofa horse.
This shoe is sometimes turned up jin the
winter season, to prevent the horse from
slipping: this is called rough-shoeing.. As
an improvement upon this sort of shoeing,
the clips have been made removeable at
pleasure by means of a screw
HORSESHOE (in Fortification). A
work, sometimes of an oval figure, raised
in marshy grounds.
HORSESHOEING. The fitting and
nailing a shoe to a horse’s foot.
HORTICULTURE. The art of culti-
vating a garden, and rearing the finest
kinds of plants.
HORTUS SICCUS. Literally, a dry
garden ; an appeilation given toacollection
of specimens of plants carefully dried and
preserved. Various methods have been
adopted by botanists for obtaining a hortus
siccus ; but that of pressing the plants, that
are to be dried, in a box of sand or with
@ hot smoothing iron, has been recom-
mended. If pressure be employed, that is
beet effected by means of a botanical press
made for the purpose, in which the plants
are out, with sheets of dry paper between.
At first they ought to be pressed gently,
and occasionaly taken out in order to see
that nore of the leaves are rumpled or
folded. As they continue to dry, the pres-
gave may be increased. When they are
gafficiently dried, thay may be taken out
aad laid on “dry: ‘paper.
succulent require a longer and harder prea
Plants.
sure, buf for the moat part. three oye
pressure is sufficient.
HOSANNA. A solemn acclamation used
by the Jews in the Feast of Tabernacles. ©
HOSE (among Mariners). A leathera
tube for conveying water from the main
decks into the casks.
HOSIERY. Stockings, and other nat
in a shop that are spun or wove.
HOSPITAL. A house, erected out of
charity, for the support and relief of the
sick and poor
HOSPITALLERS. An order of knights
who built an hospital at Jerusalem for the
entertainment of pilgrims.
HOST. The consecrated wafers in the
Roman Catholic communion
HOSTAGE. A person left as a surety for
the performance of the articles of a treaty
HOTBED. A bed made ina wooden
frame with horse-dung, and covered with
glasses, for raising early plants.
HOTCH-POT. Properly, flesh cut into
sinall pieces, and stewed with herbs and
~oot2; in Law, in England, the putting
lands together, that belong to coparcuners,
for the purpose of distributing them equally
HOTHOUSE. A building, constructed
in a garden, for the rearing of exotics and
tender plants that require heat.
HOUND. A kind of sporting dog, having
pendulous ears, and very strong scent.
ss CN nee ae
HOUND’S TONGUE. A plant eultt
vated in gardens, bearing a pink flower.
HOUR, The twenty-fourth part of a
natural day; the space of sixty minutes
HOUR-GLASS. A glass for measuring ©
the hours by the running of the sand from
one part of the vessel to another. 4
HOUSE, A building, constructed with
all conveniences for habitation.
HOUSE (among Genealogists). A noble
family, or an illustrious race descended
from the same stock.
ae saat
HOUSE (in Astrology). The twelfth
part of the heavens. ee
HOUSEHOLD The whole of a family
am _. HOUR C
term applied to any great circle that
_- passes through the two poles; the hour
_ pfthe day being known when thatcircle
js ascertained upon which the sun is for
the time being. Hour-circles are drawn
on the globe at 15° distant from each
other on the equator.
¥
HOWITZER. A kind ot mortar, mount-
ed upon a carriage like a gun.
HOY. A small vessel for carrying pas-
sengers from one place to another.
HUE AND CRY (in Law). The com-
monk law process of pursuing a felon.
HUGUENOTS. The Protestants of
France, so called by way of contempt in
the sixteenth century.
BULK. Any old vessel that is laid by,
unfit for further service
HULKS. Old vessels, stationed in the
river Thames, in England, wherein con-
victs are kept to hard labour.
HULL. The main body of a ship.
HUMMING-BIRD, The smallest of all
‘ . birds, which extracts’the nectar from the
flowers with a humming noise like that of
HUMOURS OF THE EYE. Are three;
hamely, the aqueous or watery humour,
which lies in the fore part of the globe;
the crystalline, or icy, next to the aqueous ;
and the vitreous or glassy humour, which
is larger than the rest, and fills the back-
ward cavity of the eye
HUNDRED. A number consisting of
ten multiplied by ten. ©
ee HUNDRED (in Law). A part of ashire
or county, which formerly consisted of ten
tithings, or ten times ten households.
HUREALITE, A crystallized mineral,
with a vitreous lustre, whose constitu-
ents are phosphoric acid, protoxide of
-iron,protoxide of manganese, and water.
HURONITE. The name ofa yellowish-
green mineral which occursin boulder
stones in the neighborhood of Lake
_ Huron; its constituents are silica, al-
- wUmina, protoxide of iron, iime, mag
_ Resia, and water: sp. gr. 2°86; H = 2°25.
HURRICANE. A storm of wind, fre-
quent in the East and West Indies, which
_ arises from the conflict of opposite winds.
Ne eae ae A: @ |e
Bry as uf A
RCLE, In cosmography, aj HUSBANDRY The practical part of
agriculture
HUSH-MONEY (in Law) A bribe)
given to a person not to reveal something
to which he is privy
HUSSARS. Hungarian horsemen, saia
to be so called from the huzza or show
which they gave at the onset in battle
HYACINTH (in Botany). A bulbous -
plant, the leaves of which are long and nar-
row, the stalk upright and naked, and the
flower growing on the upper part of aspike.
HYACINTH (in Mineralogy). A sor
of pellucid gem of ared colour with a
mixture of yellow.
HYADES. A cluster of five stars in the
face of the constellation Taurus. }
HYAINA. A ferocious beast, nearly al-
lied tothe wolf anddog. It infests burying
groands, and seizes whatever comes in its
way.
HYBRID. An epithet for any animal
whose sire is of one kind, and dam of
another kind.
HYDATID. An animal substance, in
Shape like a bladder, and distended with
an aqueous fluid, which grows in the vis-
cera of the human body.
HYDRA. A fabulous monster with many
heads, that is said to have infested the lake
Leonwa
HYDRA (in Astronomy). A southern
constellation.
HYDRANGEA» A greenhouse plant;
bearing a flower with a large head.
HYDRATE (in Modern Chemistry).
The combination of water with othey
bodies ina zsolid state, as slacked lime,
whica, being a combination cf lime and
water, is a hydrate of lime.
HYDRAULICON, or Warter-Ornaan (in
Music) An instrument acted upon by wa.
ter.
HYDRAULICS. That part of statics
which treats of the motions of fluids, par
ticularly of water issuing from orifices in
reservoirs, or moving pipes, tubes, canals,
rivers, &c. Among the machines which
serve for the display of the phenomena of
hydraulics, are the syphon, the pump, and
the fire-engine. Among the moderns, the
terms Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics are
employed indifferently to denote this sci-
ence See Hrproprnamics.
HYDRODYNAMICS. Is properly that
science which treats of the power or force
of water, whether it acts by impulse or
pressure ; but in an extended sense, it ig
that branch of mechanics which treats of
the motion of liquids or nonelastic fluids, .
and the forces with which they act om
other bodes
. HYD
HYDRODYNAMICS, Htstoay ov. Al-
though the dectrine of fluids and their
motion is but partially treated by the an-
cients, yet, as respeets the action of water
in rivers, fountains, and aqueducts, it is
certain that they must have had a consi-
derable portion of practical knowledge.
Aristotle treats on the nature of subterra-
neous waters, as also of those which are
above. Ilero of Alexandria made an arti-
ficial fountain, which bears his name. The
Romanus displayed their acquaintance with
the art of carrying waters, in their famous
agueducts; and Frontinus, an engineer,
who wrote on this subject, has given some
few rules and hints on the motion of fluids.
{t is, however, only within the three last
centuries, that this subject has attracted
any particular notice. Benedict Castelli
was the firat who, in his treatise Dell?
Amesura dell’ Acque Currenti,investigated
the measure of the flux of waters, which
he found to depend upon the aren of the
section and the velocity of the water con-
jointly. Since his time, many discoveries
and theorems have been made on the mo-
tions of fluids by Sir Isaac Newton in his
Principia; Daniel Bernouilli, in his Hy-
drodynainique; D’ Alembert, in his Traité
des Fluides; M. Bossut, in his Hydrody-
namique; M. Buat, in his Principes d’Hy-
draulique; and M, Eytelwein, in his Hand-
tuch der Mechanik und der Hydraulik.
HYDROGEN GAS. A constituent of
water and the lightest species of ponder-
able matter hitherto known, which was
discovered by Mr. Cavendish in 1766. It
is an inflammable air, or an invisible aeri-
form fluid, which burns rapid)y when Kin-
dled, in contact with atmospheric air, and
forms what are now termed gas-lights.
When combined with oxygen, it produces
water. Itis unfit for respiration, so that
animals, when obliged to breathe it, die
aJmost immediately.
HYDROGRAPHY. A _ description of
rivers, bays, lakes, and other pieces of
water.
HYDROLOGY. That part of natural
history which treats of and explains the
nature and properties of waters in general
HYDROMETER. An instrument for
measuring the density and gravity, &c. of
water and other liquids. That which is
designed simply for ascertaining the specif-
© gravity of different waters is more com-
monly cailed an aerometer or waterpoise,
the term hydrometer being more commonly
ased to denote an instrument for measuring
» thé specific gravity ofspirits though some-
times used indifferently for either. Dr.
Desaguiiers contrived an hydrometer for
determining the specitic gravities of differ ha
ent waters to such a nicety, shat it would —
»
skow when one kind of water was butthe
40,000th part heavier than another.
HY DROMETRY. The mensuration on
fluids, as to their density, gravity, &e
HYDROPHOBIA, i. e. A Dazapd oF
Water. A distemper arising from the bite
ofa mad dog, which is al ways accompanied
with a horror of water and other liquids.
HYDROSCOPE. An instrument an-
ciently used for the measuring of time
HYDROSTATICAL BALANCE. A
kind of balance contrived for the finding
the specific gravities of bodies solid as
wellag fluid.
sth
ines ne
al
HYDROSTATICAL BELLOWS. 4
machine for showing the upward pressure
of fluids, and the hydrostatical paradox
HYDROSTATICAL PARADOX A
principle in hydrostatics, socalled because =
it has a paradoxical appearance at first
view; it is this, that any quantity of water ~
or othéP fluid, how small soever, may be
made to balance and support any quantity —
or any weight, however great it may be
HYDROSTATICS. The science which — ib ¥
treats of the laws regulating the motion, =
pressure, gravitation, and equilibrium of
ee Pe
therein.
pelence i divided into three branches,
namely, hydrostatics, properly so called,
which treats of fluids in an equilibrium,
their density, gravity, &c.; hydraulics,
which treats of fluids in a state of motion;
and pneumatics, which treats of elastic
| et vaite olen: This
fluids These two last branches will be
found explained in their respective places.
The first branch of hydrostatics engaged
the attention of Archimedes, who appears
to have first attempted to determine the
epecific gravity of bodies, in consequence
ef the following circumstance. Hiero,
king of Syracuse, having reason to suspect
that a goldsmith, whom he employed to
make him a crown of gold, had adulterated
i with a quantity of silver, he requested
Archimedes to detect the cheat.
ingly this philosopher procured two masses
of gold and silver of equal weight with
the crown, which he immersed in a veasel
full of water, at the same time carefully
noticing the quantity of water which each
displaced; after which he immersed the
crown of gold also in the same vessel, and
by comparing the quantity of water which
flowed over each time, he was enabled to
ascertain the proportions of gold and silver
in the crown. He issaid to have been
led to this idea by observing on one occa-
sion, whilst he was bathing, that as he
immerged his body, the water ran over
the bath, whence he concluded that the
water which ran out when his whole body
was immerged was equal in bulk to his
body; and on the same principle he con-
sidered that if the crown were altogether
ef gold, the ball of goid, being of the
same bulk as the crown, would, when
immersed, raise the water just as high as
the crown iminersed, but if it were wholly
of silver, the ball of silver being immersed
would raise the water no higher than the
crown immersed; and if the crown was of
gold and silver mixed in a certain propor-
tion, this proportion would be discovered
, the ninth letter of the alphabet, used as
a numeral signifies one, and stands for
any numbers of units as often as it is re-
peatad, aa [I, two, [Il, three, &c. When
placed before a higher numeral, it dimi-
nishes it by one, as [V, four, [X, nine;
aad when after, it increases it by one, az
Xl. e even, XII, twelve, XIII, thirteen,
“ke.
Accord-
ICH 199
by the height to which the erown, weala
reise the water higher then the gold and
lower than the silver. The authors who
have treated further on thiseubject may be
found under the article Hypropynamics
HYGROMETER, An instrument for
measuring the degree of moisture and dry
ness of the atmosphere
HYMEN. The god of marriage.
HYMENOPTERA. An order of insects -
in the Linnean system, having membres
naceous wings, as the gall-fly, the saw-fly,
the bee, the wasp, the ichneumon, &c
HYPERBOLA. One of the curves
formed by cutting a cone obliquely to its
axis; and ifthe plane be produced se as
to cut the opposite cone, another hyper
bola will be formed, which is called the
opposite hyperbola to the former
~~
'
HYPERBOLE. An exaggerated repre.
sentation of any thing.
HYPOCHONDRIAC. One
with the spleen or melancholy.
HYPOTHENUSE. The longest side of
a right-angled triangle.
HYPOTHESIS. A principle taken for
granted, in order to draw conclusions
therefrom for the proof of a point in
question
HYSSOP. A plant with long narrow
leaves, bearing a crest of flowers. It ie
doubtful whether this be the hyssop men-
tioned in Scripture.
HYSTERICS. Spasmodic, convulsive
affections of the nerves, to which women
are particularly subject
troubled
fambic feet, that is, a shert and a long foot
alternately.
IBIS. A bird ikea stork, which was
worshipped in Egypt.
ICEHOUSE. A house in whieh ice is
deposited against the warm months.
ICH DIEN, i. e. I serve. The mette om
the arms ef the Prince of Waites in Eng
land, first takem by Edward the Blac
"glen VERSE. Verses compored of | Prince.
ICH
IB. IBID. or IBIDEM, The came
IBEX. An European variety ef the
daag with very red kerns
ICHNEUMON. An Egyptian animal
of the weasel kind that feeds upon the eggs
ef the crocodile.
{CHNEUMON (in Entomology). A
sort of fly, which deposits its eggs in the
bodies of other insects.
ICHNOGRAPHY (in Architecture).
The ground plan of a building.
ICHNOGRAPHY (in Fortification). A
draught of the length and breadth of the
works raised about a place.
ICHTHYOLOGY. That branch of gene-
ral zoology which treats of fishes. These
animals are divided into five orders, name-
ly, into apodal, or those which hava no
ventral fins; jugular, which have the ven-
tral fins placed more forward than the
pectoral; abdominal, or those which have
the ventra! fins situated behind; thoracic,
or those which have their ventral fins situ-
ated immediately under the pectoral; and
tne cartilaginous fishes, which have a car-
tilaginous instead of a bony skeleton.
ICHTHYOLOGY, Hisrory or. The
subject of fishes has engaged the attention
ef naturalists from the time of Aristotle to
the present period Aristotle, probably the
first writer on the subject, divided fishes
into cetaceous, spinose, and cartilaginous;
ae was, after a long interval, followed by
several others, who treated of the fishes of
particular places, as Ovid, who treats of
pomegranate, plum, &c.
|which are those of Spitzbergen.
the fishes of the mee ‘Apnian of tebe f Ai:
of the Adriatic, and Ausonius of those of
the Moselle, é&c.; among the moderns there
are also some who have treated this subject
partially, as Paul Jovius, who described
the fishes of the Mediterranean, Schwenk-
felt those of Silesia, Schonefelt those of
Hamburgh, Marcgrave the fishes of Brazil,
Russell and Francis Valentine those of
Amboyna. Pliny was a general writer
on the subject and pursued no method;
4Glian and Athenwus have only scattered
notices of some few fishes. Among the
moderns, Bellonius, Rondeletius, Gesner,
Willughby, Ray, Artedi, and Linneus
have done most towards reducing this
science to a systematic order.
ICOSANDRIA (in Botany). The twelfth
class in the Linnean system, including
plants with twenty stamens or more te
their flowers, as the melon, Indian fig
IC. In chemisiry,a termination affixed
to those acids which contain in combin-
ation the highest known quantity of
the acidifying principle.
ICH. Water or other liquid solidified
by cold; water becoming solid at 32°
Fahrenheit. Icebergs are vast bodies of |
ice, among the most remarkable of |
Some
of these icebergs are the creation of
ages, and receive annuaily additional
bulk by the falling of snow and of rain,
which often instantly freezes, and more
than repairs the loss occasioned by the
influence of the sun. Icefloe is an ag-
gregated mass of floating ice, frequent
in the northern seas, and very danger-
ous to navigation.
ICELAND SPAR. In mineralogy, a
pure variety of calcareous spar or car-
bonate of lime, remarkable for its clear-
ness, and the beautirmul double refrac-
tion which it exhibits.
ICK SPAR. A mineral of a whitish-
grey color, consisting of silica, alumina,
potash,
water: sp. er. 4°32; H =3.
ICHNEUMONES. A tribe of emit
cal hymenopterous insects,
ICHNITES. In geology, fossil foot- —
prints of animals. Ichnoliteis a stone
retaining the impression of fossil foots
marks, .
i. H.S. An abbreviation for Jesus He —
Mankind,
minum Salvater, i. e. Jesus the aariem a h I '
lime, peroxide of iron, and ~
“
wiew of anything cut off by a plane par-
allel to the horizon. In architecture, a
transverse or horizontal section of a
building, exhibiting the plot of the
“whole edifice, and of the several apart-
mentsin any story. Among painters
the word is used to describe images or
ancient statues of marbles and copper,
of busts and semibusts, of paintings in
fresco, or mosaic works.
ICHNOLOGY. The science of fossil
. footprints.
ICHOR. A thin and sanious fluid,
which escapes from wounds or sores,
and irritates or inflames the parts ore
which it flows.
ICHTHYOCOLLA. The scientific reine
ofisinglass,a very pure form of gela-
tine, prepared from certain parts of the
entrails of several fish. Good isinglass
is free from smell or taste, and perfectly
soluble in boiling water.
ICHTHYOLITE. A stone containing
_the petrifaction ofa fish or any of its
parts.
ICHTHYOLOGY. The science or
knowledge of fishes; that department of
natural history which treats of the
structure, habits, and classification of
fishes. Ichthyotomy, the anatomy of
fishes.
ICHTHYOPHTHALMITE. A mineral
of pearly lustre; the fish-eye stone.
ICHTHYOSIS. In pathology, a rough-
ness and thickening of the skin, por-
tions of which become scaly, an occa-
sionally corneous, with a tendency to
excrescences.
IDM, or IDES. A Greek termination,
employed in natural history to denote a
certain order or class of animals to
which the termination ide or idesis af-
fixed.
IDE. In chemistry, a termination for
certain compounds which are not acid;
as oxides, chlorides, &c.
IDEALISM. In metaphysical science,
the theory or system which makes
everything consist in ideas, and denies
the existence of material bodies. Ideo-
logy is a treatise on ideas, or the science
of mind.
IDIOLECTRIC. Having the property
of manifesting electricity on friction.
IDIOPATHY. In pathology, a primary
disease, not consequent on other mor-
bid affections.
IDIOSYNCRASY. In physiology, a pe-
culiarity of temperament or constitu-
tion, which predisposes persons to the
attacks of certain disorders from which
others are exempt.
IDEOLOGY. A treatise on ideas, or the
doctrine of ideas; the science of mind.
IDES. In the ancient Roman Calendar,
the 15th day of March, May, July, and
October, and.the 18th day of the other
months.
_ IDOCRASE. A mineral of various
_ PAades of brown and green, with a vit-
reous lustre, consisting of silica, alu-
minia, protoxide of iron, lime, and TASES
f ICHNOGRAPHY. In a uivel the
nesia;: sp. gr. 3:34; H =6,
IDRIALINE. A mineral substance,
composed of 18 parts of carbon and 1 of
hydrogen.
IGNIS FATUUS. A luminous meteor
seen in summer nights in marshy
places; Jack -a-lantern; Will-with-the-
wisp
IGUANIDE. A family of Saurian rep-
tiles, of which Iguana is the type and
‘genus.
IGUANODON. In geology, an extinct
Saurian reptile of enormous size. The
remains of one discovered in Tilgate
Forest measured 70 feet from the snout
to the tip of the tail; the head was 434
feet in length; the tail, 13 feet; height
of the body, 9 feet; its circumterence,
1414 feet; length of the thigh and leg, 8
feet two inches. (Dr. Mantel). The
Wealden formation, which contains the
remains ofthese more than gigantic ten-
ants of a former world, is overlaid by the
chalk rocks of England, and is a fresh-
water deposit.
. ILLUMINATI. A sect of heretics, who
sprung up in Spainabout the year 1575;
the name given to certain associations -
in modern Europe, who were said to
have combined to overthrow the exist-
ing religious institutions.
ILMENITi. In mineralogy, a variety
of iron ore, ofa dark brown color, con-
sisting of titanic acid, peroxide ofiron,
protoxide of iron, protoxide of mangane
ese, and magnesia: sp. gr, 4°76; H=6-°75.
IMMERSION. In astronomy, the dis-
appearance of any cellestial object be-
hind another, orits shadow. Thus, in
the eclipse of one of Jupiter’s satellites, —
the immersion take place when the sa-
tellite disappears behind the body of the
planet, or entersinto the planet’s shad-
ow; andin an occultation of a planet or
fixed star by the moon, the immersion
is the disappearance of the star or planet
behind the body of the moon, andits
reappearance is calledits emersion.
INALINE, A vegetable product, re-
sembling starch, obtained from the
roots of Inula hellenium by boiling them
in water.
INCIDENCE. In dynamics and optics,
the angle of incidence is the angle made
by a ray of light falling on an object
with a line drawn perpendicularly to
the surface struck.
IMPACT, In mechanical science, the
action of one body upon another, to put
the latter, ifat rest,in motion, or if in
motion, to increase, retard, or alter its
direction, The point against which the
impelling body actsis called the point
of impact,
IMPASTATION, In sculpture, the mix-
ture of different matters bound together
by means of cements, capable of resist
ing the action of fire or alr,
INCOGNITO, or INCOG (in Europe).
Literally, unknown, not to be recognised;
‘a mode of travelling without any mark of
distinction, which is sometimes adopted
by princes and great people who do not
wish to be recognised.
INCLINED PLANE (in Mechanics).
A plane inclined to the horizon, or making
an angle with it, which is one of the me-
chanical power.
INCOMBUSTIBLE. A body that ts
incapable of undergoing combustion
INCOMBUSTIBLE CLOTH. A sort of
cloth made from a stone in the form of a
talc; which stone is called lapis amianthus,
and asbestos.
INCOMMENSURABLE (in Geometry).
A term applied to two lines or quantities
which have no common measure by which
they can be divided.
INCORPORATION (in Law).
formation of a body politic.
INCORPORATION (in Chemistry).
The mingling the particles of different
bodies together into one mass, in such
‘manner that the different ingredients can-
not be distinguished.
INCREMENT (in Fluxions). The small
increase’ of a variable body. Dr. Brook
Taylor, to whom we are indebted for the
doctrine of increments or finite differences,
denoted his increments by a dot under the
variable quantity, thus the increment of x
was denoted by z; others have employed a
- gmail accent, thus x’, or thus -z. M. Nicole
uses another letter to denote the increment
ef 7, or any variable, as by n; but Euler
employs the character /\, thus he the in-
crement of z,and /\y the increment of y.
Dr. Brook Taylor first published his Me-
thodus Incrementorum in 1715, which was
afterwards illustrated by M. Nicole in the
Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences
for the years 1717, 1723, and 1724. In
1723, Ewersun published his method of
Increments; but the writer who contri-
buted most to the elucidation of this sub-
ject was Euler, who, in his Institutiones
Caleuli Differentialis, gave a new and ex-
tended form to this branch of analysis.
Various other writers have since treated
en this subject, among whem Lacroix, in
nis Traités des Différences, &c. is theught
w have been the most happy.
INCUBATION. The process of a bird
ettimg ou eggs and hatching ms young,
The
‘ne tins entree re thie eae eee Ae
ent birds, domestic fowls eit three weeka =
ducks, geese, and turkeysa month, ances
eighteen davs, &c.
INCUBUS, or Nicut Maze. A discal
which consists in an obstructed respira-
tion, that produces the sensation in sleep
of a weight pressing on the breast.
INCUMBENT. One in present posses
sion of a benefice
INDECLINABLE. Not varied by ter-
minations, as an indeclinable noun.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. Words
that are loose and undetermined in their
meaning, as whatsoever, any, every, é&c
INDEMNITY (in Law). The saving
harmless; or a writing to secure one from
all damage and danger that may ensue
from any act.
INDEHISCENT. In botany, applied te |
pares which do not split open, as tha
ple
INDENTED. In fortification, indented
line is a serrated line forming several
angles, so that one side defends another.
INDENTURE. A writing containing a
contract, originally so called from the
two copies being indented to show their
connecting correspondence with each
other.
INDETERMINATE. In algebra, inde-
terminate analysis is a branch which
has for its object the investigation of
problems that admit of an infinite num-
ber of different solutions. Indetermi-
nate coefficient is a method of analysis
of very extensive application in the
higher mathematics.
INDEX pl. INDEXES, and in mathe-
matics, INDICES, in music, a character
or director at the end of a stave to direct
to the first note of the next stave. In
arithmetic and algebraitis used as an
exponent. In optics, it expresses the
constant ratio which exists between the
sines of the angles of incidence and re-
fraction. Index ofa globe is a little style
fitted on to the north pole, and turning
round with it, pointing to certain divi-
sions in the hour circle.
INDIANITE. A greyish shining min-
eral found in the Indian Carnatic, in
masses of a foliated structure,
INDIAN RUBBER CAOUTCHOUC, An
elastic gum which exudes from a tree in
South America.
INDICATOR. Applied to the»muscle
which extends the forefinger:
INDICOLITE. An indigo-colored min-
eral, a variety of tourmaline or schorl,
found in Sweden.
INDIGOTIC. In chemistry, noting an
acid obtained from indigo when it is’
gradually added to boiling nitric acid,
previously diluted with 12 or 15 parts
of watea. It forms fine colorless or wate
lowish-white needles.
INDITED, In law, that is awused
Sey
» Ay
, Of seme offence sf bin Defoied to jarark: |
INDICTION, or Cycux oF InpicTION
(in Chronology). A mode of computing
time by the space of fifteen years, instituted
by Constantine the Great. The popes, since
the time of Charlemagne, have dated their
_ acts by the year of the indiction, which
was fixed on the first of January. At the
time of the reformation of the calendar the
year 1582 was reckoned the tenth year of
the indiction. Now this date when divided
by fifteen eaves a remainder seven, that is
three less than the indiction, and the same
aust necessarily be the case in all subse-
quent cases, so that in order to find the
tadiction for any year divide the date by
fifteen and add three to the remainder.
INDICTMENT. A bill or accusation
drawn up in form of law, and exhibiting
some offence, which is preferred to a
grand jury preparatory to the trial in
open court.
INDIGENOUS. Native, as applied to
animals and plants.
INDIGO. A beautiful blue colour or
dye procured from a plant called by the
Americans, anil; in the Linnean system,
Indigofera. The indigo used by the diers
is a fecula procured from the leaves of
the plant, which are laid in vats ful of
water, and left to ferment The liquor is
then drawn off into another vat, and after
having been well stirred up, it is drawn
off, and what remains at the bottom is ex-
posed to the air until it is thoroughly dry,
when it is fit for use. The principal con-
stituent parts of indigo are mucilaginous,
resinous, and earthy matter, with some
oxide of iron.
INDORSING. See Enpoxsina.
INDUCTION (in England). Putting a
elerk in possession of his living.
INDUCTION (in Logic). A mode of
argumentation or reasoning, when the
species is gathered out of the individuals,
and the genus out of the species, &c.: as,
if it be true that all planets borrow their
light from the sun, then, by induction, it
is true that Jupiter, Mars, and each indi-
vidual planet does the same.
INDULGENCES (in the Romish
Church). Pardons for sin, granted by the
pope to such as profess to be penitents.
INERTIA, or Vis [nextia (in Physi-
elogy). A passive principle, supposed by
Sir Isaae Newton to reside in bodies, by
which they persist in their motion or reat,
and receive motion weording to the foree
impreased upon them, and resist as much
“8& they are resisted
INFANT (in Law).
the age of twenty-one.
Any persom under
WP ; ae ;
INFANTA. Thetitle giventothecldest _
daughter of the king of Spain or Portugal
INFANTE. The title given to the eldest
son of the king of Spain and Portugal
INFANTRY. The body of foot soldiers
INFECTION. The communication of
a disease by certain effluvia which fly off
from distempered bodies, or from good
that are infected.
INFINITESIMALS. Indefinitely small
parts.
INFINITIVE MOOD. The mood of a
verb, so named because it is not limited
by number or person.
INFIRMARY. A place where the sick
poor are received, or can get advice and
medicines gratis.
INFLECTION (in Opties). A multiplex
refraction of the rays of light, caused by
the unequal thickness of any medium.
INFLECTION (in Grammar). The
change which a word undergoes in its
ending, to express caze, number, gender,
mood, tense, &c.
INFLECTION, Point or (in Geome:
try), A point where a curve begins to
bend a contrary way.
INFLORESCENCE. The manner in.
which plants flower, or in which flowers
are fastened to the stem by means of the
peduncle.
INFLUENZA. A sort of catarrh or
diseaze from cold, zo called, because it was
supposed to be produced by the peculiar
influence of the stars.
IN FORMA PAUPERIS. See Forma.
INFORMATION (in Law) An accu-
sation or complaint exhibited against a
person, for some criminal offence. An
information differs from an indictment,
inasmuch as the latter is exhibited on the
oath of twelve men, but the information
is only the allegation of the officer or in
dividual who exhibits it.
INFORMER (in Law.) One whe gives
information, particularly private inferma-
tion, to a magistrate.
INFUSIBLE. Not to be fused, or made
fluid. i
INFUSION. A method of obtaining the
virtues of plants, roots, &c. by stecping
them in a hot or cold liquid.
INFUSORIA. One of the Linneaa
orders of animals, of the class vormesa, in-
cluding such os are simple, microssepic
animalcule found in stagnant waster.
INGOT. A wedge or bar of gold.
INGREDIENT. Any simple that enters |
into the composition of a compound med:
cine.
INGRESS (in Astronomy). The s»*
i entering tnto the first scrmphe of Aries, <.:
204
Laila wal WL ai pitts
INGROEBS. See Exaross — ire
INHERITANCE (in Law). An estate
to a man and his heirs.
INJECTION (in Anatomy). The filling
the vessels of a dead subject with any
eoloured matter to show their ramifications.
INJECTION (in Surgery). The forcing
any liquid into the body by means of a
elyster.
INITIALS. Letters placed at the be-
ginnings of words or sentences.
INJUNCTION. A kind of prohibition
granted by courts of equity, principally
with a view of preserving property pend-
img a suit.
INK. A black liquor for writing; it is
emetimes red, when it is called red ‘ak.
wack ink is of three kinds: namely, [n-
dian ink, made tn China of lamp-black
and size; printer’s ink, composed of oW
and lamp-biack tor the black ink, or of
vermilion for the red ink; writing ink,
compneed of an infusion of nutgalls, sul-
phate of iron or copper dissolved in water,
logwood, and gum arabic. The red ink is
composed of Brazil wood, gum, and alum.
INK, SymratHetic SeeSympatHeEtTic
lnk,
INLAND. That place which is situated
ip the interior of a country, far from the
seacoast.
INLAND BILLS (in Commerce). Bills
payable in the country where they are
drawn.
INLAND TRADE. ‘Trade carried on
within the country; home trade, as oppo-
sed to foreign commerce.
INLAYING (among Mechanics). Work-
ing in-wood or metal with several pieces
of different colouns, curiously put together.
IN LIMINE,. In the outset; before
any thing is said or done.
INN. A house of entertainment for
travellers.
INNS OF COURT (in London). Houses
or col’sges for the entertainment of stu- |
dents in the Jaw; the principal of these
societies at present are Lincoln’s Inn, the
Inner Temple, and the Middie Temple.
INNUENDO (in Law). A hint, a doubt-
ful or obscure expression.
INOCULATION (in Surgery).
operation of giving the smali-pox to per-
sons by incision. When a person is inocu-
lated with the cow-pox, it is called vacci-
pation. _
INOCULATION (in Gardening). A kind
of grafting in the bud; as when the bud of
the fruit tree is set in the stock or branch
ef another, so as to make several sorts of
Salt grow on the sqme-trep
_ INQUIRY. The act of inquiring,
examination into facts or principles, in
terrogation, scrutiny,
rected to the sheriff, commanding him
to summon ajury, and to inquire into
the amount of damages due from the
defendant to the plaintiff in a given
action. Inmilitary matters, a Board of
Inquiry, is a term used in contradis-
tinction to a court-martial. It consists
of acertain number of officers, who as-
semble to make inquity on certain mat-
ters, but not on oath, as a court-martial.
INOSCULATION. In anatomy, union
by junction of the extremities, as in
arteries or veins.
INSALIVATION. In physiology, the
admixture of saliva with the aliment
during the act of mastication.
INSCONCED. In military science, a
term used when any part of an army -
has fortified itself with a sconce, or
small work, in order to defend a pass.
INSECT. A small winged or creeping
animal; anything small or contempt-
ible. In zoology, one of the third class
of articulated animals, with a body com-
posed of three distinct parts—the head,
the thorax, and the abdomen; they have
six legs and usually two or four wings
attached to the thorax, two antenns
and a distinct head, and respire by
means of spiracles or minute punctures
along the sides of the abdomen. Insects
undergo what is termed metamorpho-
sis; the first of which is that of the
larva; the second, pupa, or chrysalis;
and the third, the imago, or perfect
insect. The aptera, or wingless insects,
however, issue from the oyum with the
form they always possess.
INSECTIVORA. A family of vertebrate
quadrupeds living on insects, including
the shrew, hedgehog, and mole; an or-
der of birds that feed on insects.
INSECT. A numerous class of inver-
tebrate animals, whose bodies are com-
posed of three distinct parts joined to-—
gether, with three pairs of feet, and gen-
erally wings.
INSERTION. In pathology, the same
as inoculation, In anatomy and botany,
the intimate attachment of one part or
organ to another, asthe insertion of a
ligament, muscle, orits tendon into a
bone; or, in botany, that of a corolla,
! stamen, pistil, leaf, or ovary into any
The | determinate point of a plant.
INSESSORHES. In ornithology, an or
der of birds which perch on trees.
INSIST. In geometry, an angle is said
to insist upon the are of the circle in-
tercepted between the two lines which
contain the angle.
IN SITU. In mineralogy, a term fre-
quently applied te minerals when found
in their original bed or stratum. {
INSPIRATION. In anatomy, the
for truth, information, or knowledge; _
investigation. =
In law, a Writ of Inquiry is a writ di- —
*
a: rs y ]
ast of breathing o
_ the alternate contraction and dilatation of .
_ the chest. ;
_ INSPIRATION (in Theology). The con-
veying certain extraordinary notices or mo-
tions into the mind; or, in general, any su-
pernatural influence on the human mind.
INSTALLATION (in England). The
ceremony of installing, or putting into any
office or dignity, as placing a dean or pre-
bendary in his stall or seat, ora knight
into his order
, INSTALMENT. The payment of a
} certain portion of a gross sum, which is to
+8 be paid at different times, or, as the phrase
i is, by instalments.
_INSTANCE (in Civil Law).
ie secution of a suit.
7 INSTANT. The smallest perceptible
portion of time; that wherein we perceive
WA no succession.
x INSTANTER. Instantly.
INSTATU QUO (in Diplomacy). A
term signifying that condition in which
things were left at a certain period, as
when belligerent parties agree that their
mutual relations should be in statu quo, or
as they were before the commencement
of a war, and the like.
INSTINCT. The sagacity or natural
aptitude of brutes, which supplies the
place of reason.
INSTITUTE. Any society instituted or
established according to certain laws, or
regulation for the furtherance of some
\ particular object, such as colleges, or aca-
demies, as they are sometimes called, Lite-
rary Institutes, Mechanics’ Institutes, and
the like.
INSTITUTES. A book go entitled, con-
taining the elements of the Roman or Civil
Law The Institutes are divided into four
books, and contain an abridgement of the
whole body of the Civil Law.
INSTELLON. The region of stars, or
that space beyond thesolar system.
INSTEP. The fore-part of the upper
side of the foot, nearits junction with
the leg. The instep of a horse is that
part of the hind leg which reaches from
the ham to the pastern-joint.
INSPEXIUS. The first word of an-
cient charters, confirming a former
royal grant or charter,
‘INSTRUMENT. A too to-do any
; thing with.
“f INSTRUMENT (in Law). A deed or
writing drawn up between two parties,
and containing several covenants agreed
‘between them.
2% INSTRUMENT (in Music). Any frame,
structure, or contrivance, by which har-
‘Renlous sounds peyine produced,
The pro-
4
r taking n the aly, by |
INSTRUMENTAL (in Musie). An epi
thet for the music of instruments, as dis
tinguished from the vocal music, or thai
of the human voice. .
- INSULATE. Properly, standing alone;
az, in Architecture, an insulate column,
that which stands alone
INSULATED (in Chemistry). FY Oba the (ey yee Ae Ae epee Mey
ean M3 . 4 it 2 es Pac wh ney
from a meridian, or from any place,
estimated in degrees.—In astronomy,
the distance of a heavenly body from
the first degree of Aries,reckoned
on the ecleptic.—Heliocentric longi- = =
tude is the longitude of a planet as
seen trom the sun.—Geocentriclongi- =
tude is the longitude of a pane seen
from the earth; that is, the point of
the ecliptic to which it perpendicu-
larly corresponds, as seen from the
centre of the earth.
LONG PRIMER. In typography,
a sort of type intermediate between
small pica and bourgeois. ,
LONGUS COLL].
a = oe we
‘
2
}
,*
b
LOZENGE (in Geometry). A quadri-
lateral figure, having two angles acute and
the two opposite ones obtuse.
LOZENGE (in Pharmacy). A medicine
made to be held in the mouth, which was
originally in the form of a lozenge.
L. 8. An abbreviation for locus sigilli,
the place of the seal.
LOU, 87., Onverx or. An order of
nigh thood instituted 1683, by Louis XIV
GS aie WAN Biss) 6 “i re ys
in China, and the Hastern seas, having}.
fication perfermed by the ancient Roman
A
LUS
LOXA BARK, In botany, a pale Peru.
vian. bark, the product of Cinchonacon-
daminea.
LOXODROMICS. The art of obliqua
Bailing by the rhomb, which always
makes an equal eee with every meri:
dian.
LUGGER. A small vessel carrying either
two or three masts, with a running bow-
sprit, upon which “sgsails are set, and
sometimes topsails adapted to them
‘i \
i at
he epee A aN affection of
the muscles about the loins.
LUNACY. A kind of madnegs, so called
because supposed to be influenced by the
moon.
LUNAR. Belonging to the moon, asa
lunar eclipse, month, year, &e.
LUNATICS. Are properly such as have
diseased imaginations, which deprivethem
of the use of their reasoning faculty, some
times altogether and sometimes only oz
particular subjects.
LUNATION, otherwise called the Sy.
wopicaL MontH. A revolution of the
moon, or the time between one new moor
and another.
LUNE (in Mathematics). A geometrica
figure in form of a crescent.
LUNGS (in Anatomy). A viscus in the
animal body, compozed of two lobes o
divisions, which are spongy bodies, situ
ated in the chest, and serving the puEpow
of respiration.
LUPINE. A sort of pulse, which bean
& papilionaceous flower. There are severa)
species of lupines cultivated in gardens, as
the white lupine, the small blue lupine
and the great blue lupine, &c. which are
all annuals except one species, called by
distinction the perennial Jupine.
LUPUS. The Wolf in Astronomy, 3
constellation in the southern hemisphere
LURID (in Botany). A natura) orde:
of plants in the Linnewan system, whict
are poisonous, as the nightshade, digitalis
&6.
LUSTRATION. The ceremony of puri
98
Rise teas
every five years; whenee that space wast
Calied a lustrum.
LUSTRE (in Minerslogy). One ekarac-
ter of mineral! bodies, which in that respect
are distinguished into splendent, shining,
glistening, glimmering, and dull.
LUTE. Astringed instrument, contain-
ing at first only five rows of strings, to
which were afterwards added six more.
It was formerly much used.
LUTE (in Chemistry). A compound
paste made of potter’s clay, sand, and
other materials, for the purpose of closing
up the necks of retorts, receivers, &c. in
different chemical experiments.
LUTHERANISM. The doctrines of
Martin Luther, the German reformer,
which form the creed of allthe protestants
in Germany who are not Calvinists.
LYCOPODIUM, or Civs Moss. A
sort of moss, the seeds of which when
ignited burn off like a flash of lightning.
It is used In the London theatres.
LYDIAN STONE A stone of a gray-
ish black colour, which ia found in Bohe-
mia and other parts of Germany, and also
in Scotland. V/hen polished, it isused as
& test stone for determining the purity of
gold and silver. It was used for that pur-
pose among the ancients, by whom it
received this name, because it was found
only in the Tmolus, a river ef Lydia
LYE. A composition ef schon and wa
ter for vweashing or ssourtng.
LYMPH (in Anatomy). Acieariympi¢d
humour, secreted from the bloed, which
is carried by the lymphatic vessels into the
thoracie duct) where it mixes with the
chyle.
LYMPHATICS. The lymphatic ves
sels.
LYNX. Awild beast, ofatawny brewn
colour, with black spots, end very quick
sighted, which in its habits resembies the
wild cat.
LYRA. The lyre, a constellation in th
northern hemisphere,
LYRE. A musical stringed instrument,
much used by the ancients.
LYRIC. Pertaining to the harp, as lyri¢
verse, poetry made fer or set to the harp
BS.
M, the thirteenth letter of the alphabet,
whick as a numeral stands for mille, a
thousand, and with a stroke over it, thus
M, it stood for 1,000,000. As an abbre-
Viation M. A. stands for Master of Arts,
M. D. Doctor of Medicine, D. Mus. Doctor
of Music, MS. Manuscript, MSS. Manu-
acripta.
MACADAMIZING. A method of mak-
ing roads, introduced by Mr. Mae Adam,
which consists in breaking the stones so
gemall that they may bind with the earth
into a solid smooth mass.
MACARONIC POEM. A aart of bur-
lesque poetry.
-MACAROON'’ A sweetment made of
almonds.
MACCAW. A kind of parrot,
MACE (in Botany). A sort of spice, the
second eoat of the kernel of the nutmeg,
@ thin membranaceous substance, of an
eleaginvus ameture, a yellow colour, an
extremely fragrant aromatic perfume, and
& pleasant bat acrid and oleaginous taste.
MACE (ia State Btiquette). In England,
ig)
an ornamented staff, borne as an ensign
of honour before a magistrate.
MACERATION (in Pharmacy). An
infusion of ingredienta in any liquid, im
order to soften them.
MACHINE. An engine composed of
several parts, put together by mechanical
art and contrivance, for the purpose of
raising bodies, assisting, regulating, or
stopping their motions, &e,
chines comprehend the w#ix mechanical
powers, Compound machines are com-
posed of the simple. Machines are like-
Simple ma- :
wise distinguished according to the pur- —
pose for which they are used into the
architectural machine, electrical machine,
hydraulic machine, &c.
MACHINE INFERNAL A machine
used in modern warfare, for the purpose
of blowing up bridges, &e
MACKEREL. A well known fioh, that
visits the shores of the ocean in the sum-
mer season in vast shoals
-MACKEREL-GALE. A strong breeze
that is very favourable for mackeroi Ash:
anbuus tte Astronomy)
Hci on the .uminows surfaces of the
oun and moon, aad ever seme of the
planets.
MACULA: (in Medicine).
tions on the surface of the body.
MADDER. A substance used in dying,
Diseolora-
which is extracted from the root of a
plant botanically distinguished by the
name of rubia. The madder root grows
im France and other countries of Europe,
that of Zealand is the best of European
growth, but that which comes from the
Levant ia still more esteemed.
MADEIRA Arich wine made in the
island of Madeira.
MADRIGAL. A short amorous poem
MAGAZINE (in Commerce). A ware-
house for al) sorta of merchandise.
MAGAZINE (im Military Affairs). A
storehouse for arms, &c.
MAGAZINE (in Literature). A periodi-
cal work containing miscellaneous matter.
MAGGOT. The larva of flies, bees, &«.
MAGI. Astrologers and priests among
the Persians and Asiatics.
MAGIC. The black art, or the pre-
tended art of producing supernatural ef-
fects, derived from the Persian magi.
MAGIC SQUARE (in Arithmetic). Fi-
gures #0 disposed inte parallel and equal
419 | 2
1815 |7
eG
ranks as that the sums of each row, as well
diagonally as laterally, shall be equal.
MAGIC LANTERN. An optical ma-
chine, by means of which are represented
on an opposite wall in a dark reom, mon-
estrous figures, magnified te any size at
Hark apats
the suhtotnoa dikis: te which is added a
tube, and @ lews that throwe the light on
the object, and another lens which magni
fies the image on the wall. Then by con
tracting the tube, and bringing the giags
nearer to the oninesy the image will be
enlarged.
MAGNA CHARTA (fa England). Or
the great charter of liberties first granted
by King John in the seventeenth year of
his reign, a. p. 1215. This wasafterwards
renewed, with some alterations, by hie
son and successor Henry III. and repeated-
ly confirmed both by, this king and King
Edward [. The Magna Charta which is
the first statute given in the statute books,
is the same as that granted by Henry III
in the ninth year of his reign.
MAGNESIA. A white, soft powder, and
one of the primitive earths, having a me-
tallic basis called magnesium. Itis mostly
extracted from talc, asbestos, boracite, and
other stones.
MAGNESIUM. See Manoaness
MAGNET. See Loapstonn.
MAGNETIC or MAGNETICAL. Per- —
taining to the magnet or loadstone, as
magnetic attraction, magnetie needle, &e.
MAGNETICAL MERIDIAN. A great
circle in the heavens, which intersects the
horizon in the points to which the mag.
netical needle, when at rest, directs itaslf
MAGNETIC NEEDLE. See Nexoixe
MAGNETISM. The preperty of attract-
ing and repeiling iron, as the loadstone
does, which waa partially known to the
ancients, but it does not appear that they
Knew any thing of itz directive power,
which has been se usefully employed by
the moderns. The natural magnet has the
pewer of communicating its properties to
tron er steel, which then becomes a magnet
itself, and is employed as such en most
occasions,
MAGNETISM, Animar. A pretended
science, which professed to cure diseases,
particularly nervous disorders, by commu
nicating a sortof magnetical fluid or virtue
from one body to ancther.
MAGNIFYING (in Philogephy). The
making objects appear larger by te means
of glasses than they do to the maked eye;
convex giasses, which have this power,
are called magnifying glasses, of whick
microscopes are made.
MAGNITUDE. The extension ef any
thing, whether it be in one direetion, as a
Hne; in two directions, as asurface of
im three directions, as a selid.
MAGNOLIA. A plant, ef which the
magnolia grandiflora, er the. greet mag- — :
nolig, is the principal epecion, Hee .
mative of Florida, and bears a beautiful
milkwhite flower. “as
MAGPIE. A cunning, variegated tird
eommon in Europe and found in the wes-
’ term regions of the United States.
MAHOGANY (in Botany). A beautiful
wood, belonging to a tree that grows in
America and the West Indies, known by
the botanical name of the swetenea ma-
egani, or the mahogany tree.
MAHOMETANS. Believers in the doc-
trines and divine mission of the imposter
Mahomet
MAIDEN-HAIR. A plant, native of the
south of France.
MAJESTY. A title given commonly to
kings. It was first used in England im
the reign of Henry VIII. instead of high-
ness.
MAIHEM, or MAYHEM. A corporal
wound or hurt, by which a man loses the
use of any member. It originally applied
.to such corporal injuries as rendered a
man less fit for war.
MAIL, or Mar Bac. A leathern bag
for the conveyance of letters.
MAIL-COACH. A coach of a particular
construction for expeditious travelling,
several of which are employed by govern-
ment for the conveyance of letters to all
parts of England. Mail coaches were first
brought into use in 1784. In the United
States the coaches belong to proprietors
with whom the government contracts to
carry the mail. -
MAINPRIZE (in Law). Receiving a
person into friendly custody who might
a M
MAJUSCULA, Capital letters,in «
tury, were written,
- MALTHA. A term applied to slaggy
mineral pitch, as distinct from fluid
petroleum, and from solid asphalt.
MALTHUSIAN. Pertaining to Mal-
thus, who taught that population in-
creased more rapidly than the means of
subsistence could be made to increase,
and consequently the undue increase
of population should be checked, and
early marriages discouraged.
MAMALUKE, A term applied to a
military force. in Egypt, which was
destroyed by Mehemet Aliin 1811.
MAMMEA. The Mammee apple, the
produce ofa fruit-tree of tropical Am-
erica.
MALLEOLI. In military science,
bundles of wood, made of combustible
materials, for setting on fire at night, to
discover the position of an enemy.
MALTHA. In mineralogy, a soft glut-
inous substance which smells like
pitch; mineral pitch.
MALVACEA, In botany, a natural
order of exogenous plants, of which the
Malva, or Mallow tree, is the genus.
MAMMALIA, In zoology, the first
grand division of vertebrated animals
which suckle their young. Mammalogy
is the science of mammiferous animals,
MAMMOTH. A fossil elephant of im-
mense size, the bones of one of which
were discovered buried in ice in the
north of Russia.
MAN. In zoology and natural history,
the great epitome of all science and art;
the sole specific example of the only
genus Homo,as contained in Cuvier’s
order Bimana. The great naturalist,
Blumenbach, divides this species into
ptherwise be committed to prison, on secu- five varieties. 1. The Caucasian va-
rity given for his forthcoming on a day
appointed ; a sort of bail.
riety, which includes all the ancient
and modern Europeans, except the
Fins; the former and present inhabi-
MAINTENANCE (in Law). The wrong-!tants of Western Asia, as far as the
ful upholding another in a cause.
River Oby, the Caspian Sea, and the
MAJOR (in Military Affairs). An officer |Ganges (that is, the Assyrians, Meres,
above a captain.
MAJOR-GENERAL. He who receives
the general’e order.
MAJOR OF A BRIGADE. The officer
who receives the orders from the major-
general.
MAJOR OF A REGIMENT. The offi-
ofr next the lieutenant-colonel.
MAJOR, Town. The third officer of a Egypt
garrison.
- MALACHITE. A mineral, the green
carbonate of copper, found frequently
crystallized in long slender needles. It
_ consists of ¢ pper, carbonic acid, oxygen,
- aad water.
MALACOLITE. A mineral found in the
silver mines in Sweden, and also in Nor-
and Chaldeans; the Sarmatians, Scyth-
fians, and Parthians;, the Philistines,
Pheenicians, Jews, and the inhabitants
of Syria, generally; the Vartars, prop-
erly so called; the tribes actually occu-
pying the chain of the Caucasus; the
Georgians, Circassians, Mingrelians, and
Armenians; the Turks, Persians, Ara-
bians, Afghauns, and Hindoos of high
castes), and the Northern Africans, the
ians, Abyssinians, and Guanches.
2. The Mongolian variety which in-
chides the tribes of Central and North-
ern Asia; as the Mongolians, Calmucks,
and Buriats; the Mantchoos, Da-urians,
Tungooses, and Coreans; the Samoides,
Yukagers, Koriacs, Tschuktschi, and
Kamtschadales, the Chinese and Japan-
ese, the inhabitants of Tibet and Bootan,
of Tonquin, Cochin-China, Ava, Pegu,
way, consisting of silica, lime, magnesia, | Cambodia, Laes, and Siam; the Finnish
_ ghumina, oxide of iron, &c.
»
races of Northern Europe, as the Lap:
h ¥
Latin manuscripts, before the sixth cen-
ind. t ri)
3. The Ethiopian variety, comprehend-
_ ing all the nations of Africa not included
io the first variety. 4. The American
variety, including all the native Ameri-
. cans except the Esquimaux. 5. The
Malay variety, which includes the in-
habitants of Malacca, Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, Celebes, and the adjacent
Asiatic Islands; of the Molucca, La-
drone, Philippine, Marian, and Caroline
groups; of New Holland, Van Diemen’s
and, New Guinea, New Zealand, and
of all the islands of the South Sea.
Cuvier’s arrangement, however, differs
from that ot Blumenbach; he distin-
guishes only three principal divisions—
the Caucasian, the Mongolian, and the
Ethiopian; leaving the Malay and Am-
Pia erican varieties as doubtful.
bet, MANCHOO, or MANTCHOO. The lan-
Rats He guage spoken in Manchooria, and at the
ie court of China.
Deri? MANITOU... The name given by the
i American Indians to their spirits or gods,
MANDAMUS (in Law). A writ original-
ly granted by the king, so called from the
c first word, Mandamus, we command, com-
eS manding corporations and inferior courts,
orether persons, to do some particular
thing, as to admit any one to an office and
the like.
re MANDARIN. A Chinese magistrate.
is MANDATE. A judicial command of
i the king.
MANDIBLE The jaw of brutes; in
Ornithology, the bill of birds
MANDRAKE. A plant, whose divided
root bears some resemblance to the legs
and thighs of a man.
MANDRIL, or MANDERIL. A wooden
pulley, part of a turner’s lathe.
MANEGE. A riding school; also the
art of horsemanship, or the management
ae of both the horse and the rider.
. MANEQUIN (in the Fine Arts). A
little statue or model, usually made of
wood or wax, and so contrived as to be
put into posture at pleasure.
MANGANESE. A mineral which, when
pure, is of a grayish white colour, and
considerable brilliancy; it has neither
saste nor smell, is of the hardness of iron,
and very brittle, when reduced to powder
it is attracted by the magnet. The ore of
manganese is remarkable for its sponta-
neous inflammation with oil. [t is much
used by glassmakers and potters, and is
gometimes called soap of giass.
MANGE. A eutaneous disease incident
te horses, dogs, and other domestic ani-
mals; it is attended with eruptions and
ess of air
es of Esquimaux.}
MANGEL WURZEL. A soy of turnip
that is nearly in the shape of a carrot, but
much larger ; it is reckoned a good winter
fodder for cows, and has been sometimes
used in Germany as the food of man in
times of scarcity, whence it derives ita
name, signifying literally root of scarcity.
MANGER. A trough out of which
horses eat thelr corn or dry food.
MANGER (among Mariners). A place
on the deck of a vessel for receiving the
sea water.
MANGROVE TREE. A tree of Suri-
nam, which, like the banium tree, sends
forth namerous branches, that take root in
the earth and form fresh trees, so as tc
make a wood out of one main stock.
MANICHEES. The followers of a Per-
sian impostor in the third century, whe
taught that there weré two independent
principles or gods, one good and one evil.
MANIFEST (in Commerce). The
draught of the cargo of a ship.
MANIFESTO. A public declaration
made by a prince, explaining his reasons
for going to war or adopting any hostile
measure towards another country.
MANILLE. A large brass ring, like a
bracelet, which was given by the Euro-
peans in their traffic for slaves oa the
African coast. ;
MANIS. An Indian animal having ne
teeth, a body covered above with seales,
and a round extensile tongue, with whick
it catches insects
’ MANNA. The food sent from heavea
for the support of the Israelites im the
wilderness.
MANNA (in Botany). A sweet juice or
gum which flows from many trees and
plants in Syria, and also in Calabria,
where it exudes from two species of the
ash. Its smell is strong, ite taste rather
nauseously sweet, if exposed in hot coals
it swells up, takes fire, and leaves a light
coal, which affords’a fixed alkali. It is.
dissolved by water, and affords by distilla-
tion water, acid, oil, and ammonia.
MANOMETER, or Maroscorn. AR
imstrument for showing the alterations ta
the rarity and density of the air. It differs
from the barometer, in as much az the lattes
ugly serves to measure the weight of the
the air in which it is found.
MANOR (in Law). In England, a noble
eort of fee anciently granted by the king to
some baron to dwell upon, and to exercise
& jurisdiction greater or less within that cir-
euit: this was in part let out to the lord’s
tenants, and part was reserved for the use
of his family, which iatter was called terra
dominicalis, or demesne. Some part was
left uncultivated, which was called the
lord’s Waste.
MANSION (in Law) The lord of the
manor’s chief dwelling house within his
fee
MANSLAUGHTER (in Law). The
killing a man by misadventure without
malice prepense.
MANTELETS (in Fortification). A
kind of moveable parapets ised in a siege.
MANTIS. Asort of insects, of which
there are numerous species, distinguished
by the difference and singularity of their
shape. The chief species in Europe is the
camel cricket, or praying mantis, ao called
because when sitting it holds up its two
fore legs as if in the attitude of prayer.
This is a rapacious insect, that attacks
other insects with great herceness.
MANUAL. Pertaining to the hand, as
raanual operation, an operation performed
by the hand.
MANUAL, Siren (in Law). The signing
of a deed or writing, under band and seal.
MANUAL (in Literature). Any book
small enough to be carried in the hand,
which contains a compendium of science.
MANUFACTURE. Any commodity
made by the hand, or any thing formed
from the raw materials or natural pro-
ductions of a country, as cloths from wool,
and cotton or silk goods from the cotton
and silk, &c.
MANUFACTURER One who employa
his capita! in manufacturing goods
MANUMISSION (in Law). The act of
enfranchising, o: setting a slave or bond-
‘man free.
MANURE. Whatever servesg to enrich
the ground and fit it for husbandry pur.
poses, as dung, loam, soap ashes, &c
MANUSCRIPT, abbreviated MS. or in
the plural MSS. A book or copy written
with the hand, in opposition to a printed
COpy-
MAP. A plane figure representing the
surface of the earth, or any part thereof,
together with the several divisions of land
and water, and the several. countries,
towns, and the like. It ig called auniver-
gal map when it represents the whole sur-
Gace of the cnrth, or the two hemispheres
Aor ariqpuphers: but the former ths density of
anda paftickiad map when it en
sents particular regions or countries A
map is properly a representation of land —
as distinguished from a chart, whieh only
represents the sea or seacoast. ;
MAPLE (in Botany). A tree of while:
there are numerous species, classed by
Linnwus under the scientific name acer
The acer sacharinum, or sugar maple, in
North America, is one of the most remark
able species, from which, by tapping the
trees early in the spring is procured a vast
quantity of sugar, a tree of an ordinary
size yielding in a good season from Bic
to thirty gallons of sap
MARABUTS, or MARABOOTS. Among
the North Africans, a kind of saints ot
sorcerers held in high estimation; mar-
aboot feathers, or marabou, fine delicate
feathers, the white kind being very val-
uable, much used in the dress of ladies,
obtained from a large crane of Asia and
Africa.
MARACAN, A species of parrot in
Brazil.
MARAT. In the Pacific Islands, a sacred
enclosure or temple.
MARAJAH, or MAHARAJAH, A Hin:
doo sovereign prince.
MARASCHINO. A spirit or liquor
made from the marasca cherry of Dal-
matia.
MARBLE, A calcareous stone or miny
eral, of compact texture, and suscepti
ble of a beautiful polish; a little ball cf
marble. There are many varieties of
marble, the finest of which are the Car-
rara and Parian, as used by the ancient
Greeks.
MARC. The refuse matter of grapes
or other fruit from which the juice has
been expressed.
MARCASITE. Iron pyrites, occurring
crystallised in modified rhombic prisms,
in stalactite crusts, &c., nearly tin-
white, and more strongly metallic in
lustre than ordinary pyrites, used in
the manufacture of sulphur and sul-
phuric acid, also for ornamental pur-
poses.
MAREMME. An Italian term for those
unwholesome sea-marshes which dif-
fuse with more or less virulence pestil-
ential exhalations along the whole west
coast of Italy.
MARCELINE, A mineral ofa greens
ish-black color and vitreous lustre, cone
sisting of silica, oxide of manganese,
oxide ofiron, and alumina.
MARGARAMIDE. A substance obe
tained from ammonial soap.
MARGARATE, A salt formed of mat
garic acid and a base.
MARGARIC, MARGARITIO. In chems
istry. noting a fatty acid prepared frame .
hog’s lerd pee votash,
.
eh
US Cain SS
ee Fae
ey
4
;
marginated on the outside, and sur-
- rounds the surface with anarrow border
ustomed to a sen)
“MARINES. Soldiers who serve on board
eship, and trained to fight either by sea
or on land. :
MARITIME. Bounded by the sea, asa
Maritime province or county, that is, one
bounded by the sea; so likewise maritime
countries. such as England or Holland.
MARGARITE. In mineralogy, pearl
mica, a thinly-laminated mineral of a
greyish, reddish, or yellowish-white
color; sp. gr.'3:0; H—3-5—4:5,
MARGARON. In chemistry, a solid
fatty matter, obtained by distilling
margaric acid with excess of lime.
MARGINATE, MARGINATED. In
conchology, denoting a prominent mar-
gin or border. In entomology, an
epithet used when the sharp edge is
MARL. A sort of tat earth, consisting
of clay and the carbonate of lime, in which
the latter prevails. Marles are particularly
_ useful as manures in barren lands.
MARLINS. A sea term for lines of
Untwisted hemp well tarred, to keep the
ends of the ropes, &c. from unravelling.
MARMOTTE. An animal between a
rabbit and a mouse, which abounds in the
Alps. The animal common in the United
States called woodchuck, is a species of
- Marmotte; the prairie dog, found in the
plains ef Missouri is another species of
MARQUIS (in England). A title of
honour next to a duke, first given to those
who governed the Marches of Wales, who
were called Lords Marchers. The title of
Marquis was first given in the reign of
Richard II. The coronet of o marquis has
flowers and pyramids with pearls on them
balermixed.
= -~ els UR A oe
“AX
MARQUE. See Larruns ov Manquz.
MARQUETRY. A curious kind of in-
mid work, composed of several fine, hard
| Mesesof wood, of variouscolours fastened
in thin slices on the ground and scme-
times enriched with silver, vory ané
other matters.
MARROW A fat and oleaginous sub
stance in the bones of animals.
MARS (in Astronomy ). One of the seven
primary planets, distinguished by tne red
colour of his light, and usually marked by
this character g. He performs his rere-
lution in his orbit in 686 days 23 hours
30 minutes and 39 seconds, and his reve.
lution on his axis in 24 hours 40 minutes
MARS (in the Heathen Mythology)
The son of Jupiter and Juno, and the god
of war, whose common attributes are his
helmet, spear, and sword
buildea under the eaves of houses, but not
in chimneys.
MARTEN, or Mantuer. A large kind:
of weasel found in Northern countries —
It has a smali head, an agile body, and
lively eyes. The fur of the marten is val-
usable There are two kinds in America,
the Pine marten, and Pennants marten
called Fisher
MARSHAL (in England) The chiei
officer of arms,asthe Earl Marshal 4 grea
officer of the crown, who takes cognizance
of all matters of the law of arms; the nam
also of other officers,as the Knight Marsha
or Marshal of the King’s House, Marsna!
of the King’s Bench, who has the custody
of the King’s Bench prison, and Marsha\
of the Exchequer, to whom the king’s
debtors are committed. In this country,
the term is applied to the executive officer,
attendant upon the United Stases Courts,
-
MARSHAL, or Fiecp Maasnat (in
Military Affairs). In England, the highest
officer in the army.
MARSHALLING (in Heraldry). The
disposing of the several coats of arms be-
onging’to distinct families in one and the
game escutcheon, together with their orna-
ments; one branch of the science of heral-
dry.
- MARSHALSEA (in England). A court
originally instituted to hear and determine
causes between the servants of the King’s
household and others within the verge of
the court, that is within twelve miles
round Whiteha\, in London.
MARTIAL LAW (in England). The
law that has to do only with soldiers and
seamen where the kixg’s army is on foot.
This law differs from .he common law, in
as much as it depenus upon the pleasure
of the king. In cases of riots and rebel-
lions, Martial Law is sometimes proclaimed
when the civil power is not strong enough
to preserve the peace.
MARTINGALE (in the Manege). A
thong of leather fastened at one end of the
girts under the belly of the horse.
MARTINGALE. Aseaterm forarope,
extending from the jib boom to the end
of the bumkin.
MASCULINE GENDER. The gender
of nouns that denote the male sex.
MASH. Bran scalded in hot water and
given to a horse or cow, &¢
MASHES OF A NET.
by the strings of a net.
MASHING. The mixing the malt and
hot water together in brewing.
MASK. A covering forthe face.
MASONRY. The art of hewing, cutting,
oy squaring stones, and fitting them for the
use of buildings; also of joining them to-
gether with mortar.
MASONS, or Worxens 1n Srone.
Were incorporated in London about the
year 1419.
MASONS, Frex, or AccerTEep Masons.
A fraternity of great antiquity, so called
because the first founders of that society
were persons of that profession They
‘tre bound by an oath of secrecy not to
reveal any thing that passes within the
tlociety, and the members throughout the
whole world are known to each other, by
vertain secret signs.
MASORITES. The rabbies who, under
fisdras the scribe, are supposed to have
purged the Hebrew Bible of the errors
that crept into it during the Babylonish
captivity. They divided the canonical
books into twenty-two, and these twenty-
Holes formed
into verses. ee
MASQUE (in Ayeuitoearee Cortaka
pieces of sculpture representing hideous Wie te
forms, wi#ch serve to fill upvacantspaces.
MASQUERADE. An exhibition ia
which persons, having masks or vizards,
meet together and represent different cha-
racters,
MASS (in Ecclesiastical Affairs). The
ritual or service of the Romish church;
when the prayers are simply rehearsed,
without singing, it is called Low Mass:
but when the prayers are sung by ehoris-
ters, and the service is performed by a
deacon and subdeacon, it is called High
or Grand Mass,
MASSES (in Painting), The parta of a
picture containing great lights and shad-
ows. .
MASSICOT. A yellow oxide of lead.
MASS-PRIEST. The name for priests
who are Kept in chantries or at particular
altars, to say so many masses for thesouls
of the deceased.
MAST. The upright beam or post on
the deck of a vessel, to which the yards
sails, &c. are fixed. The mainmast is the
largest mast in the ship; the foremast is
the next in size, standing near the stem of -
the ship; the mizenmast, the smallest of
the three, stands between the mainmast
and the stern.
MASTER (in England). The name of
several officers who preside in their severa.
departments, as Master of the Assay
Master of the Ceremonies, Master of the
King’s Household, &c.
MASTER OF THE FACULTIES (in
England). An officer under the Archbish-
op of Canterbury, who grants licenses and
dispensations.
MASTER OF THE HORSE (in Eng-
land). A great officer of the crown, whe
orders all matters relating tothe king’s
stables.
MASTER OF THE ORDNANCE (in
England). A great officer who has charge
of all the kings ordnance and storea.
MASTER OF THE ROLLS (in Eng-
land). The chief assistant of the lord
chancellor and lord keeper. He has the
keeping of all the rolls and grants, &c.
MASTER OF A SHIP. An officer im
a public ship who inspects the prov ietomey
stores, &c.
MASTER AT ARMS. Inashipof war,
he who has charge of the small arms,and =
exercises the petty officers, &c.
MASTER OF ARTS. The second de-
gree taken up at Cambridge and Oxfordig
and, to Sorhfe candidates are not ae
4 mitted until they are passed seven years
standing. in the Scoteh, and other uni-
versities, this is the first degree.
MASTERS IN CHANCERY. In Eng-
‘Assistants to the Lord Chancellor, of
_ which there are twelve ordinary masters,
__ who sit in court every day during term, ta-
king affidavits and acknowledgments of
_ deeds, &c. To them are referred all inter-
locutory orders and computing damages,
_ &c. There are also Masters Extraordinary
_ appointed to act in every county beyond
ten miles distant from London.
MASTICATORY. A. medicine that re-
quires to be chewed, to promote the saliva.
Ng MASTICK, or MASTIC. A resinous
substance in the form of tears, of a very
pale yellow colour, and farinaceous ap-
pearance, having little smell and a bitter
astringent taste. It exudes mostly from a
~ tree of the turpentine kind, called in botany
_ pistacia lentiscus, which grows in Turkey.
MASTICOT (in Painting). A ae
colour, prepared from tin.
vie MASTIFF. A kind of dog with vendo:
feus lips and a robust body
. “MASTODON, or MAMMOTH. This
ASS animal, which must have been many times
wit " larger than the elephant, is now extinct,
pe and all that remains to atteat its former
existence, are the bones which are fo.nd
deeply imbedded in the earth, These
bones have been discovered in various parts
of the United States, but as yet only one
nearly entire skeleton has been obtained.
This was dug up near Newburg, in the
State of New York, and jis now in the
- Inuseum at Philadelphia.
It is impossible to determine to what race
this kuge animal belonged, except that its
formation and modes of living were analo-
- gous to those of the elephant. That he
was not of the same species, is probable ;
bs
and hippopotamus, is also probable
ok bones of prodigiously large animals
been found in various parts of Europe
MAT
The following striking observations on
this subject, are by Dr. Godman.
‘The emotions experienced, when for
the first time we behold the giant relics of ©
this great animal, are those of unmingled
awe. We cannot avoid reflecting on the
time when this huge frame was clothed
with its peculiar integumeats, and moved
by appropriate muscles ; when the mighty
heart dashed forth its torrents of blood
through veasela of enormous caliber, and
the niastodon strode along m supreme do-
minion over every other tenant of the
w‘iderness.
‘However we examine what is left to
us, we-cannot help feeling that this animal
must have been endowed with a strength
exceeding that of other quadrupeds, as
much as it exceeded them in size; and,
looking at its ponderous jawe, armed with
teeth peculiarly formed for the most effec-
tual crushing of the firmest substances, we
are assured that its life could only be sup-
ported by the destruction of vast quantities
of food.
‘Enormous 2s were these creatures dur-
ing life, and endowed with faculties
proportioned to the bulk of their frames,
the whole race has been extinct for ages
No tradition nor human record of their ex-
istence has been saved, and but for the
accidental preservation of a comparatively
few bones, we should never have dreamed
that a creature of such vast size and
strength once existed, nor could we have
believed that such a race had been extin-
guished forever Such, however, is the
fact; ages after ages have rolled away,
empires and nations have arisen, flourish-
ed, and sunk into irretrievable oblivion,
while the bones of the mastoden, which
perished long before the periods of their
origin, have been discovered, scarcely
changed in colour, and exhibiting all the
marks of perfection and durability
‘That a race of animals so large, and
consisting.of so many species, should be-
come entirely and universally extinct, is a
circumstance of high interest ; for it is not
with the mastodor as with the elephant,
which still continues to be a living genus,
although many of its species have become
extinct; the entire race of the mastodoa
has been utterly destroyed, leaving noth-
ing but the *“‘ mighty wreck”? of their ske}
etons, to testify that they once were among
the living oceupants of this land.’
MATCH (in Gunnery). A rope slightly
twisted and prepared with inflammabi«
ingredients, which will burn for a length
of time without going out,
MATCHLOOK. A kind of harqecbucs,
which was fired with @ match,
MATE. An assimant officer en board a
veswol
MATER. See Atma Maren
MATERIALIST One who maintains
that the soul is“material
MATERIA MEDICA. All that is used
in the art of medicine for the prevention
or cure of diseases, whether prepared from
Vegetabies, minerals, or animals,
MATHEMATICS. The science which
teaches or treats of whatever is capable of
being numbered or measured, and is di-
vided into arithmetic, or that branch which
has numbers for its object, and geometry,
which treats of magnitude. It is also dis-
tinguished into Pure Mathematies, which
consider quantities abstractedly, and with-
out any relation to matter, and Mixed
Mathematics, which treat of the properties
of quantity, as applied to material or sen-
sible objects, and interwoven with physi-
cal considerations, as astronomy, geogra-
phy, navigation, mechanics, surveying,
architecture, &c.
The following list of the writers who
have distinguished themselves tn the diffe-
rent branches of the mathematical science
will furnish the best historical view of
mathematics in general.
B Cc.
722 Confucius, the Chinese philosopher
660 Thales, a Greek astronomer. Anaxi-
mander, an inventor of globes.
500 Cleostratiis, an astronomer. Anaxa-
goras, a philosopher Anaximines, a
diallist. Pythagoras, an astronomer and
geometrician.
400 Plato, a geometrician. Euctemon
astronomer. Meton, the inventor at ihe
Metonic cycle Hippocrates, a geome-
trician. Oenopides, a geometrician. Zen-
odorus, a geometrician
800 Aristotle, a philosopher. Calippus,an
astronomer, and inventor of the Calyppic
period. Dinocrates, an architect. Theo-
phrastus, a philosopher. Xenocrates, a
philosopher. Eudoxus, an astronomer
and geometrician. Pytheas, an astrono-
mer. Archytas,a philosopher. Aristeus,
a geometrician. Denostratus, a geome-
trician. Menechmus, a geometrician.
200 Apollonius, a geometrician, author of
the Conic Sections. Archimedes, a ge-
ometrician, and inventor of machines.
Aristarchus, an astronomer. Eratosthe-
nea, a mathematician. Euclid, a geom-
etrician, author ofthe Elements. Aratus,
an astronomer and poet. Aristillus, an
astronomer, Nicomedes, a geometri-
eijan, the inventor of the conchoid
100 Hippecchus, an astronomer, numbered
the stars. Ctesibiua invented water
pumps Here invented the clapsydra
sad & fountain
As BE
Cleomedes, a Reman astresomer. Gem
inus, an Bstronomer ef Rhedes. Manik
fus, astronomer and poet. Manitus, ap
astronomer. Vitruvius, an arehitect
Julius Cesar, the reformer of the caien
dar. Sosigenes, an Egyptian astronomer.
Menelaus, a writer on spherical trigo-
nometry. Possidonius, a mathematician
Theodosius, a writer on spheres. Jam.
blichus, a Syrian philosopher.
100 N icomachus, a Greek mathematician.
Sextus Frontinus, an engineer. Ptole-
my, an Egyptian astronomer and geogra-
pher, author of the Almagist. Hypsicles,
a Greek mathematician.
200 Diophantus, a Greek algebraist.
300 Jamblichus, a Syrian philosopher.
Pappua, a Greek commentator on Apol-
loniua,&c. ‘Cheon, a Greek commenta
tor on Ptolemy, &e
400 Hypatia, daughter of Theon, a com-
mentator on Diophantus. Proclus, a
Greek commentator on Euclid. Diocles,
a Greek geometrician, discoverer of the
cissoid. Serenus, a Greek geometrician. —
500 Marinus, a geometrician of Naples
Arithemius, an architect. Eutocius, a
Greek geometrician. I[sodorus, an ar-
chitect.
600 The Venerable Bede, am English monk
and philosopher.
700 Almansor the Victorious, an astrono-
mer. Hero the Younger, a Greek geom-
Ctrician.
800 Al Maimon the Caliph, an astronomer
Al Raschid, a Persian astronomer. Al
fragan, an Arabian astronomer. Aba
tegni, an Arabian astronomer.
800 Pope Silvester, Il. 8 mathematician
1000 Ibn Ionis, an Arabian astronomer.
Geber Ben Alpha, an Arabian commen
tator on Ptolemy’s Almagest.
1100 Alhazen, an Arabian optician and
astronoiner.
1200 Leonard de Pisa, an Italian, and the
first European algebraust. Nassir Eddin,
a Persian astronomer. Alphonsus, kin
of Castile,.an astronomer, and author of
the Alphonsine tables. John Halifax,
or Sacrobosco, an English mathematici-
an. Jordanug Nemorariug, an arithme-
tician Roger Bacon, an English philos-
opher Campanug,anastronomer Vi-
tellio, an optician.
1300 Aibano, an Italian mathematician
Ascoli, an Italian mathematician. John
of Saxony, an astronomer.
1400 Bianchini, an Italian astronomer
Mosehopulus, a modern Greek arithme-
ticlan. Purbach, an astronomer. Regi-
omontanus, or Muller, an astronomer of
Vienna. Cardinaj Cusa, an astronomer
Henry, son of John king of Portu
inventor cf charts. Ulug Beg, a
astronomer. Lucas de
oli, a German algebraist. Bernard, an
Italian astronomer; Dominie Nevere,
an Italian astronomer.
1500 Copernicus, a German
ersian
y the 4.2)
urgo, er Pacci- —
‘
and the reviver'of the solar system, Petes — Va
Apian, or Appian, a German mapa Tk
alesbratst.
Cardan, an Italian
oY ve"
,
a
ss BO: Commandine, an Italian comme atator
Al
)
~ oi
oa Ewelid and other ancient mathematict-
ans. Ferreus, an italian mathematician
Maurolycua, an Italian mathematician
Nonius, a Portuguese mathematician.
Sturmius, a German arithmatician. Tar-
taglia, an Italian algebraist. Vieta, a
French aigebraist Ferrari, an Itatian
algebraist. Stevinus, a Flemish mathe-
Matician. Mercator, a German geogra-
her. Ramus,a French mathematician,
orde, an English algebraist. Stifeli-
us, a Germanalgebraist. Ubaldi Guido,
an Italian mathematician. Tycho Bra-
he, a Danish astronomer. Lord Bacon,
an English philosopher. Galileo, an
Italian philosopher. Bombelli, an Italiar
algebraist. Castelli, an Italian mathe-
Matician. Clavius, a German geometri-
cian. Digges, an English philosopher.
#600 Briggs, an English asithmetician, the
inventor of logarithms. Des Cartes, a
French L orang lindsl and algebraist,
discovered the equation of curve lines.
Kepler, a German astronomergexplained
the laws of celestial motion. Napier, a
Seotch arithmetician, improved the sys-
tem of logarithms. Torricelli, an italian
philosopher and discoverer of the barom-
eter. Bayer a German = astronomer.
Gassendi, a French astronomer. Longo-
Mmontanus, a Danish mathematician.
Marriot, an English algebraist. Horrox,
an English astronomer. Kircher, a
German philosopher. Oughtred, an En-
lish geometrician and arithmetician.
orta Baptista, the inventor of the cam-
era obscura. Cavaierius, a Milanese al-
gebraist. Brouncker, an [rish mathe-
matician. .Fermat, a French arithmeti-
cian, wrote on the theory of numbers.
Pascal, a French philosopher, introduced
the doctrine of chances. Wallis, an
English mathematician, first treated on
the arithmetic of infinite quantities.
Bultaldus, a French astronomer. Des-
chales, a French geometrician. Girard,
a French algebraist.. J. and J. Gregory,
a Scotch family of mathematicians, the
first of whom invented a telescope, &c.
the second edited Euclid. Hevelius, a
Prussian astronomer. Horrebow, a Da-
nish astronomer. Mersenne, a French
geometrician. Riceioli, an Italian as-
tronomer, geometrician and chronolo-
ist. Roberval, a French geometrician.
acquet,a French mathematician. Seth
Ward, an English geometrician and ;
arithmetician. John de Witt, a Dutch
Mathematician James Bernoulli, a
Swiss mathematician. ‘Barrow, an En-
glish mathematician. Hooke, an En-
glish philosupher, made many disc.ve-
_ yieg in mechanics. Huygens, a geome-
‘trician, diallist, and horologist, discover-
ed the evolute of curves. Leibnitz, a
German geometrician and = arithmeti-
a cian, wrote »n the differential calculus.
L’Hopiwtal, a French mathematician.
Flamstead, an English astronomer, Ol
- denburgh, ax English mathematician
’
Boyle, an English
fan +)
philosopher. Ozanam,a rnuch math
ematiciaz, Pell, an English aigebraiet
Schovten, a8 Dutch mathematician |
Wren, an English architect.
1700 Newton, author of a new system ef
philosophy. Jobn Bernoulli, a Swiss
Mathematician. Bradley, an English
astronomer, discovered the aberration ot
the atara. Cotes, an English geometri
cian. ‘Taylor, an English arithmetician
and optician. Cassini, D. and J., Frenck
astronomers. Gravesande, a Duteh
mathematician. Ke.ll, aScotch astron-
omer. La Hire,a French geometrician
and astronomer. Saundersun, an En-
glish mathematician. Saurin, a Freneh
Mathematician. Wolfine, a German
Mathematician, Clairaut, a French
mathematician. Maclaurin, a Scotch
algebraist. De Moivre, a French arith-
metician. Simpson, an English mathe-
matician. Bellidor, a French engineer.
Bernoulli, N. and D., Swiss philogo-
pheys. La Caille, a French astronomer
Collins, an English mathematician
Dolland, an optician. Maupertius, a
French astronomer and geometrician. |
Meyer, a German astronomer, and
author of some tables. Robins, an
English mathematician apd engineer,
Simson, a Scotch geometrician, trans
lator and editor of Exclid’s Elements
D’Alembert, a Fren a mathematician
Euler, a German geometrician and alge-
braist. Landen, an English algebraist,
author of the Residual Analysis. La-
lande. a French astronomer. Maske-
lyne, an English astronomer. Waring,
an English art metician. Bailly, the
French historia of astronomy Berke-
ley, an English philosopher. Boscovitch
an Italian m thematician and philoso-
pher. Eme son, an English arithmeti-
cian and algebraist. Montucla, a French
mathematician, and the historian of
mathematics. Horsley, an English
mathem tician.
1800. During the present Century,
works on Mathematics, have been
numerous. We can only mention a
few of the writers. Chastles, Brus
seles, 1837; Plucker, 1828-31: Ponceld,
Paris, 1822; Steiner, Berlin, 1832;
Benjamin Pierce, Boston, 1858; Charles
Davis, New York, 1855; Mulcahy, 1864.
MATERIA MEDICA. In medical
science, that branch which treats of
the articles employed in the practice of
medicine, and explains the nature and
mode of action ot those substances
which are had recourse to for the res-
toration of health.
MATICO. The leaves of a Peruvian
plant, used as a powerful styptic.
MATRICH, or MATRIX. The womb;
the cavity in which anything is formed,
and which- gives it shape; the mould
or form in which printers’ types are
cast. In mineralogy, the place where
auything is deposited or formed. In
dyeing, a term apphed to the five simple
colors, A
MEA
MAUVE. A purple dye obtained from! tain quantity assumed as One, OF waley, te ay
aniline and benzol, two of the constitu-! which the ratio of other similar quaatisies
ents of coal-tar,
MATRON (in Law). A married woman
& experience, who is in certain cases em-
pannelled upon juries
MATT. Rope yarn, junk, &c. beaten
flat and interwoven to save the yards, &e.
from galling.
MATTE. Peruvian tea, mneich used in
Bouth America.
MATTER. That which is the object of
our senses, and appears under the diverse
forms of solids, fluids, and gases.
MAUNDY ‘THURSDAY (in Eng-
land). The Thursday before Good Friday,
in which the king is accustomed to give
alms to the poor.
MAUSOLEUM. A stately sepulchre
built by Artemisia, queen of Caria, for her
husband Mausolus; also any pompous
sepulchral monument.
MAXIMUM (in Mathematics). The
greatest quantity attainable in any case.
MAY. ‘The fifth month in the year.
MEAD. An agreeable drink, made of
honey and water boiled and fermented.
MEADOW, Ground covered with grass,
which is commonly left for hay.
MEADOW SWEET. A herb with
crumpled leaves, something like those of
the elm, growing in meadows. Its flower
expands in the form of a rose
MEAL. The edible part of corn, par-
ticularly of barley.
MEAN (in Mathematics). The middle
between two extremes, asa mean motion,
mean distance, arithmetical mean, geomet-
rical mean, &c.
MEAN ARITHMETICAL. Half the
sum of the extremes.
MEAN GEOMETRICAL, or A Mean
Prorortionay. The square root of the
product of the two extremes.
MEAN HARMONICAL. Double a
fourth proportional to the sum of the ex-
tremes,
MEAN TIME, or Equat Time. That
which is measured by an equable motion,
as a clock.
MEASLES _ A disorder incident to chil-
dren, consisting of a fever, attended with
inflammation, cough, and difficulty of
breathing
MEASURE. Any given quantity by
which the quantity, length, breadth, thick-
Regs, and capacity of other things may be
estimated.
MEASURE (ia Geometry Any cer-
is expressed, thus the measure of a line is
the extension of aright line at pleasure,
which is to be considered as unity, as an
inch, a foot, or a yard.
MBASURE (in Arithmetic). A certain
number or quantity, which being repeated
a certain number of times is equal te ano
ther that is bigger, to which it has relation,
as 6 is the measure of 36.
MEASURE (in Music). That note, a
the semibreve, by which all the other
notes are measured or adjusted to its val-
Ke.
MEASURE (in Poetry).
person, or of some distinguished event
MEDALLION. A very large medal,
supposed to be anciently struck by the
emperors.
MEDICINE. The art of preserving
health, curing diseases, and alleviating
maladies. It is an art that assists nature
in the preservation of health by the use of
proper remedies.
MEDIETAS LINGU (in England).
A jury consisting of half natives and half
foreigners, which is empannelled in cases
where the party to be tried is a foreigner.
MEDIMNO. A* corn measure in the
Levant, equal to nearly four English
quarters.
MEDIUM (in Physica) That space or
region through which a body in motion
passes to any point ; thus, ether is suppo-
sed to be the medium through-which the
heavenly bodies move ; air is the medium
through whic& bodies move near the earth ,
water the medium wherein fishes live and
move.
MEDIUM, AitHEeRIaL. A subtle medi-
um supposed by Newton to occupy every
part of space, in which the planetary mo-
tions are performed without resistance
and by means of whica light is reflected,
inflected, and refracted, heat is propagated
and increased, and, in short, all the great
operations of nature are supposed to be
carried on through the agency of this uni-
versal medium.
MEDLAR. The fruit of a tree called,
in Botany, the Mrsriuus Guiuiniel
which in its leaf resembles a laurel. The
fruit, which in shape resembles an apple,
is not eatable until it is in a state of rotten
ripeness.
MEDULLA CEREBRI The soft sub-
stance of the brain, covered externally
with a cortical substance of an ashy colour.
MEDULLA OBLONGATA. The be-
ginning of the spinal marrow, or an ex
tended portion of the brain.
MEDUSA (in Mythology). One of the
three Gorgons, said to have been bora
with snakes on her head instead of locks
of hair. Perseus cut off the head of Me-
dusa, and placed it in the shield of Miner.
va.
MEDUSA. A sort of worms which,
causing when touched aslight tingling amd
i- 1redneas, are denominated sea-zatties.
MEERSHAUM.
clay, of which pipes are made in Germany
of variois forms. Lt assumes a beautiful
brown colour after it has been used for
smoking for some time
MELLITE, or Hongy-Storg. A mine-
ra! found first in Thuringia, which is of a
honey-yellow colour, and is usually crys-
tallized in small octaedrons.
MELLITIC ACID A substance pro-
cured from mellite.
MELODY (in Music). The agreeable
sensation produced by a regular succession
of different sounds.
MELOE. A sort of insects, of which
the two principal species are the oi} beetle,
go called because, on being handled, it ex-
udes from its legs, drops of a clear, deep
yellow oil or fluid, of a very peculiar and
penetrating smell; and the meloe vesica-
torius, or Spanish fiy, which is used in
raising blisters
MELO™ A ptant of the cucumber tribe,
the flower of which consists of one bell-
shaped leaf clu into several segments. The
fruit is mastiy of an oval shape, and filled
with seeds.
MEMBRANSK (in Anatomy). A broad,
nervous, and fibrous substance, which
serves as a covering for different parts of
the body, particularly the brain and the
* viscera.
MEMENTO A hint to awaken the
memory.
MEMOIRS. Histories written by those
who have been witnesses of the transac-
tions, and acquainted with the persons,
which they describe.
MEMORANDUM. A short note, for
the better remembrance of a thing.
MEMORIAL. A monument, or what-
ever else serves to call a thing or paren
to remembrance
MEMORY, Artiricrat. A method of
assisting the memory by some artificial
eontnvance, as that of forming certain
words, the Jetters of which shall signify
the date or era to be remembered. Various
devizes of this kind have been hit upon at
different times.
MENDICANTS. Monks go called, who
go about begging alms.
MENSTRUUM. A liquid whie» serves
to extract the virtues of any substance, by
infusion, decoction, &c, Water is the men-
struum of all salts, ofls of resins, acids of
alkalies and the like.
-MENSURATION. The art of measur-
ing lines, superficies, and solids, which, in
consequence of its extensive application to
the purposes of life, is considered as a0 the
greatest importance.
A fine sort of Turkish | |
Buclid treats of mensuration, as
the circle and the sphere. Archimedes
carried thie subject to a much greater ex-
i
regards surfaces, only of the measuringof
triangies; and in regard to curvilinear
figures, he attempted the measurement of
tent: he found the area of a parabola te ~
be two thirds of its circumscribing trangle ;
which, with the exception of the lunules
of Hippocrates, was the first instance of
the quadrature of a curvilinear space He
likewise determined the ratio of spheroide.
and conoids to their circumscribing cylin-
ders, and has left us his attempt at the
quadrature of the circle, He demonstrated
that the area of a circle is equal to the
area of a right-angled triangle, of which
one of its sides about the right angle is
equal to the radius, and the other to the
circumference ; and thus reduced the qua-
drature of the circle to the determining the
ratio of the circumference tothe diameter,
a problem, in the solution of which he
could only arrive at an approximation to
the truth, showing that the ratio between
the circumference amd the diameter was
less than that of 7 to 22. What Archimedes
failed to effect in this respect has continued
to this day unattainable, notwithstanding —
the efforts which have been made by sub- —
sequent mathematicians, particularly with-
in the last three centuries, to arrive ata
greater approximation. As all hopes of ac-
curately squaring the circle and some other
curves were at length given up, mathema-
ticians applied themselves to the finding
the most convenient series for approxima-
ting towards their true lengths and quadra-
tures ; and the science of mensuration hag
in consequence assumed 3 more consistent
form.
MERCAPTAN. A liquid composed of
sulphur, carbon, aud hydrogen.
MEPHITIC. Poisonous, like the Me-
phitis, or Damp, as it is called by the
miners; as Mephitic Air, another name for
hitrogen gas, en account of its noxious
quality ; and Mephitic Acid, carbonic acid,
so called because it cannot be reaps
without causing death
MERCATOR’S CHART. A sea charts
in which the parallels of latitude and the
meridians are represented by straight
lines.
MERCER. One who deals in wrought
silks. The mercers’ company In London
was incorporated in 1393
MERCHANT. In England, one that ex-
ports and imports merchandise. In the
U_ S8., the term is applied to large donlegy
generally
.
ri,
.
_MEROURY, In mythology, the god of
Log ome and trade, and the messenger
of the gods. ea ee
‘fa MERCURY. In astronomy, the planet
a nearest the sun, from-which he is dis-
tant about 36,000,000 miles. His mean
ry sidereal revolution is performed in
ve 78-969258 mean solar days. His diameter
_ isabout 3,140 miles. He revolves on
ig his axis in 24 hours, 5 min. 2@ sec. In
ee mineralogy, a white metal which is
_ fluid at common temperatures ; quick-
silver. Its specific gravity is 13-5; its
equivalent is 200. Formula, Hg.
MERGANSER. An aquatic fowl, the
goosander,
Shy sae =
MERIDIAN. In astronomy and geog-
_ raphy, an imaginary great circle of the
- sphere, passing through the earth’s
axis and the zenith of the spectator,
} dividing the spere into two hemis
_ ing the equinoctial atright angles. In
+ geography, the meridians are as numer-
- ous as the places on the earth, and the
_ first meridian is that from which the
reckoning commences. This is fixed
_ differentlyby different nations, the cap-
ital ofeacIf country being mostly chosen
asthe first meridian for their respec-
_ tive globes. Meridional distance is the
_ difference of the longitude between the
Meridian under which the ship is at
present, and any other she was under
before.
_ MESMERISM. Another term for ani-
mal magnetism; an agent (as taught by
its advocates) by which one person can
pommunicate certain influences at will
4
pheres, eastern and western, and cross-
~
to the mind of the person mesmerized.
or put intoa state of sleep,in which
tion, is the act of producing the mes-
meric state.
MESOZOIC. In geology, an epithet
applied to the middle period of the’
earth’s crust as relates to animal re-
mains, y
METAGENESIS. In zoology, the
changes of form which the representa-
tive of a species undergoes in passing
from an imperfect to a more perfect
state.
METAL. An undecompounded body
of peculiar lustre, insoluble in water,
fusible by heat, and capable, in the
state of an oxide, of uniting with acids,
and forming with them metallic salts.
Metals are distinguished, in different
degrees, by malleability, ductility, fusi-
bility, tenacity, elasticity, and crystal-
line texture. Gold, silver, iron, copper,
mercury, lead, and tin were known to
the ancients from the earliest periods,
Gold andsilver were called noble metals;
the rest base metals.
Metals are distinguished into dif-
ferent classes, which have been thus
arranged by Hoblyn:—1. Metallic bases.
of the alkalies, viz., potassium, sodium,
andlithium. The oxides are termed
alkalies. and the metallic bases alkaline
or alkaligenous metals. 2. Metallic
bases of the alkaline earths, viz, bari-
um, strontium, calcium, and magne-
sium, and their oxides are termed al-
kaline earths. 3. Metallic bases of the
earths, viz., aluminium, zirconium,
glucinium, silicium, yttrium, and
&horium. 4. Metals yielding oxides,
which are neutral salifiable bases, viz.,
gold, silver, mercury, copper, lead, iron,
tin, platinum, palladium, nickel, cad-
mium, zinc, kismuth, antimony, cobalt,
and manganese. 5. Metals which are
acidifiable by combination with oxygen,
viz., tellurium, arsenic, chromium,
molybdenum, tungsten, columbium,
and selenium. 6. Metals magnetic,
viz.,iron, nickel, anc cobalt. Metals
are termed native when found in an
uncombined form; mineralized, when
combined with other bodies; com-
pounds of two or more metals, except
mercury, are called alloys, and possess
the characteristic properties of pure
metals; those of mercury with other
metals are called amalgams. Metals
rare the best reflectors of caloric, and
the worst radiators.
METAPHYSICS. The philosophy of —
mind, as distinguished from that of
matter; a speculative science, which
soars beyond the bounds of actual ex-
perience. Thescience has been divided
into six parts—ontology, cosmology,
anthropophosy, psychology, pneuma-
tology, and metaphysical theology.
METEOR. A general term for the phe«
nomena of the atmosphere, but particu:
questions are answered. Mesmeriza- _
farly for suck su iden and lamincais appear-
ances as are occasicnally visible, such as
fireballs or luminous bodies of considerable
magnitude, that are frequently to be seen
im the tropical climates ; shooting or falling
stars, that are of common occurrence ; and
the ignis fatuus, seen in marshes.
METEORIC STONES. Heavy, stony
bodies, that are supposed to fall from the
fireballs after they have exploded. ‘These
stones, which are looked upon by some as
concretions formed in the atmosphere, are
by a chymical! analysis found to contain
silica, oxide of iron, magnesia, sulphur,
lime and oxide of nickel,
METEOROLOGY. The doctrine of me-
teors in general, or the study of the vari-
able phenomena of the atmosphere. The
changes to which the atmosphere is most
subject are such as respect its temperature,
weight, moisture, and electricity, which
are marked and measured by the barome-
ter, thermometer, hygrometer, and electro-
meter. The results of these changes are
winds, rains, snow, heats, colds, dews, &c.
The intensity of the winds is measured by
the aerometer, and the quantity of rain is
measured by the pluviometer or rain-gauge.
METER, or Coat-Mrter. A measurer
of coals
METONIC CYCLE, OR METONIC
YEAR. A period of nineteen yéars in
which the lunations of the moon return
to the same days of the month.
METRIC SYSTEM. The system of
weights and measures first adopted i in|
France, the important pomts in which)
are—1. that it is a decimal system ;
2. that the units of length, superficies, |
solidity. and weight are » correlated.
METROGRAPH. An apparatus on|
arailway-engine to indicate the speed at
which the train is traveling, and time ot
arrival and departure at each station.
METROLOGY. Science of weights
and measures, or a treatise on them.
METONYMY (in Rhetoric). : : , % ei ¥
NAVIGATION ) 289
the Atlantic ocean, and being furnished
with a small armament of three ships by
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, he set
sailin August, 1492, and steered directly
for the Canary Islands; thence holding his
course due west, he stretched away into
unfrequentedand unknown seas. Aiteren-
countering incredible difficulties and hard-
ships from the elements, and a scarcity of
provisions, but above all from the mutt
nous spirit of his crew, he arrived at Gua
naini, one of the Jarge cluster of islands
called the Lucaya, or Bahama Isles. He
also discovered Cuba, Hispaniola, and seve-
ral other small islands, and, having left a
colony in a fort at Hispaniola, returned
to Spain in March, 1493. In September
following, he set out on his second voyage,
and sailed by the Leeward ‘Islands to
Hispaniola; and in a third voyage, under-
taken in 1498, he discovered the continent
of America. In the same year, Vasco de
Gama returned to Lisbon from a voyage
to the East Indies by the Cape of Good
Iiope. As from practice the art of navi-.
gation was thus materially improved, so
likewise additional efforts were now *aade
to advance it theoretically, and to e.tend
its cultivation. ‘he emperor Charlea V:
founded a lecture at Seville for the im-
provement of navigation, which derived
much advantage from the discovery of the
variation of the compass, and the use of
the cross staff. ‘The subject also now be-
gan to engage the pens of the learned,
Two treatises, the first of the kind, con-
taining a system of the art, were published
in Spanish, the first by Pedro de Medina,
at Walladolid, in 1545, called ‘Arte de
Navegar,’ the other at Seville, in 1556,
by Martin Cortes, under the title of ‘ Breve
Compendio deja Sphera y de la Arte de
Navegar, &c.? which was translated into
English and passed through several im-
pressions.
The finding of the longitude, which is
still a desideratum' im the art, bad even
early engaged the attention of writers ; for
we find that Pedro Nunez, er Nonius,
published a treatise on this subject in 1537
in the Portuguese language, which was
afterwards printed at Basil in Latin, urndor
the title of ‘De Arte et Ratione Navi
gandi.’? In this work the problem of deter
mining the latitude from two observationg
of the sun’s altitude and the intermediate
azimuth is resolved. In 1557, Bourne
published his ‘ Regiment for the Sea,’ in-
tended as a supplement to Cortes; and in
1581,Michael Coignet, a native of Antwerp,
idea ef exploring a passage to India by | published his ‘!nstruction Neuvelle des
gailing directly towards the west across | Points plus excellens et necessair” “tou.
|
ehant ’Art de Naviger,’? ntended as an
Improvement upon Medina. The discov-
ery of the dipping-needle was explained
by Robert Norman, in his ‘New Attrac-
tive,’ a pamphlet, to which is commonly
subjoined William Burrough’s ‘ Discourse
of the Variation of the Coimpass.’ In 1594,
Captain John Davis published a sma!l
treatise entitled the ‘Seaman’s Secrets,’
whieh was much esteemed at that time.
‘As the errors of the plane chart had been
much compiained of by those, who were
eonversant with the subject, Gerard Mer-
eator was led to construct a universal map,
for the purpose of obviating those objec-
tions, the use of which was afterwards
fully illustrated by Mr. Edward Wright of
Cambridge, whio, in hits ‘Correction of cer-
tain Errors in Navigation,’ printed in 1599,
showed the true method of dividing the
meridian from Cambridge, as also the man-
ner of constructing the table, and its uses
in navigation. ‘The method of approxima-
tion by what is called the middle latitude
is mentioned by Gunter in his worlss,
printed in 1623, but was not brought into
genera! use until some timeafter. ‘The ap-
plication of logarithms to navigation was
also made by this author in a variety of
ways; but Thomas Addison, in his ‘ Arith-
metical Navigation,’ is said to have been
the first to apply logarithmic tables to the
cases of sailing. From this time several
writers in England and elsewhere contrib-
uted to the improvement of the science, as
Gellibrand, in a ‘Discourse Mathematical
en the Variation of the Needle ;’? Norwood,
in his ‘Seaman’s Practice ;? John Baptist
Riccioli, at sclogna, in 1661; Father Mil-
fet Dechals, in 1674 and 1677; M. Bougier,
in 1698 ; William Jones, in a ‘ New Com-
pendiuin of the whole Art of Navigation ;?
Peter Bouque, in his ‘ Nouveau Traité
de Navigation ;? and Or,
‘Elements of Navigat? us,’ to which was
added a valuable preface by Dr. James
Wilson.
NAVIGATOR. One who follows the
practical part of navigation ; particularly
ane who goes on voyages of discovery.
NAJUMACUIA.,. The representation of
a sea fight, which among the Romans
formed a part of the Circensian games.
NAUTICAL. Anepithet for what be-
ngs to the navy or navigation, as the
Nautical Almanack, which in England is
published under the direction of the Board
of Longitude, for the use of mariners.
_NAUTILUS. A genus of testaceoas
worms, one species of which, called the
sail shell, floats on the surface of the sea
BQ tts shell, by the help of a membrane
Robertson’s |
NER
which it extends, so as to make it serv
the purpose of a sail.
NAVY. The whole naval establ
ment of any country, comprehending the
ships, officers, men, stores, &c.&c, That
| part of the navy of England, which is dis-
tinguished by the title of the Royal Navy,
comprehends al) ships of war and the
crews, &c
NAVY BOARD (in the English Navy)
consists of a lord high admiral or lords
cominissioners, with a number of inferior
officers.
NAZARENES, A term of reproach
among the Jews for our Saviour and his
disciples.
NAZARITES. A sect among the Jews
affecting certain peculiarities.
N, B. i.e. Nora Beng. Take notice
NEAP TIDES. Tides in the second
and last quarter of the moon, not so high
as the spring tides.
-NEEDLE-GUN. A_breech-loading
fire-arm, which is exploded by means
jof a steel point and detonating powder,
first used by the Prussians against the
Austrians in 1866.
NEEDLE-ORE. A native sulphuret
lof bismuth, found in a gold mine in
| Siberia.
NEBULZ. Spots inthe heavens, some
of which consist of clusters of exceedingly
small stars, others appear like luminous
spots of different forms.
NECK. That part between the head
and the body.
NECK. Any thing long in the form of
the neck, as the neck of a bottle, a violin,
é&c,
NECROLOGY., A register of the deaths
of benefactors in a monastery ; also a reg-
ister of distinguished persons who die
; Within a certain period.
NECROMANCY. A sort of magic prac-
tised by the Jews, Greeks and Romans,
by which they attempted to raise the dead
or make them appear.
NECTAR (in Mythology). The drink
of the gods, according to the poets.
NECTAR (in Medicine). A drink of a
delightful taste, smell, and color.
NECTARINE. A sort of peach, having
a smooth rind and a firm flesh.
NECTARY. The melliferous part of a
vegetable,
NEEDLE. An instrument of steel for
sewing, having a sharp point for pierving,
and an eye to receive the thread ; also an
instrument for knitting, which ts a simpte
steel wire,
NEEDLE, or Maenxstrcan Neepup.
A needle touched with the loadstone, ané
NEP.
waspended on a pivot, on which, playing
at Jiberty, it directs itself to the north and
south of the horizon. Magnetical needles
are called horizontal when balanced equal-
ly on both sides, and inclinatory or dipping
when they ore constructed so as to show
the dip of the needle, or how far it points
below the horizon.
NEGATIVE. An epithet for what im-
plies negation.
NEGATIVE ELECTRICITY. That
state of bodies, in which they are deprived
‘€ some portion of the electricity which
they naturally contain.
NEGATIVE PREGNANT (in Law).
A negative which implies an affirmation,
as when a person denies having done a
thing in a certain manner or at a cer-
tain time, as stated in the declaration,
which implies that he did it in some man-
ner.
NEGATIVE QUANTITIES (in Alge-
bra). Quantities having the negative sigr
set before them.
NEGATIVE SIGN (in Algebra). A
vign marked thus —, to denote less than
nothing.
NEGOTIATION. The conducting a
treaty, eXher in political or commercial
matters.
NEGROES. The black inhabitants of
Africa, having woolly hair and a peculiar
complexion. They have hitherto been the
objects of the inhuman traffic called the
slave-trade. ‘They are very numerous in
the central parts of Africa, and it appears
by the late Travels of Denham and Clap-
perton and others, that powerful king-
doms exist there, in a state further advan-
eed toward civilization, than was suppos-
ed. It has been imagined that the ne-
groes are inferior in capacity to the other
races of mankind, but a better knowledge
of Africa may throw doubt upon this |
opinion.
NEM.CON. An abbreviation for nem-
ine contradicente, that is, no one opposing,
applied to the decis:ons of the English par-
Hament and other public assemblies.
NEM. DISS. An abbreviation for nem-
ine dissentiente, no one dissenting, that
ig, with tmanimous consent.
’NEPHRITE A sort of stone of the
talc kind, of a dark leek-green colour,
verging to blue. It is found in China,
America, and Egypt, and is highly prized
by the Hindoos and Chinese, by whom it
ia made into talismans.
NEPHRITIC. Relating to the kidneys.
NE PLUS ULTRA, i.e. no farther. The
extremity, or ulmosi extent to which any
thing can gc
a rR TAM AUR Mme OU ah oe
fies sh ost a . >
NEW 25} @
NEPTUNE. The god of the sea, broth
er of Jupiter, in the heathen mytholegy
who is known by his trident.
= aes or
NERITA.
whose shells are adorned with a beautiful
painting in miniature.
NERVES (in Anatomy)
A sort of testaceous worms,
Long white
cords, the medullary prolongations of the
brain which serve for sensation.
NERVES (in Botany) Long tough
strings, which run lengthways in the leaf
of a plant.
NERVOUS. An epithet for what re-.
Jates to the nerves, as the nervous system,
nervous disorders, &c.
NEST. The lodging prepared by birds
for incubation and receiving their young.
WESTORIAN. One of an ancient
sect founded by Nestorius of Constan-
tinople in the fifth century, who taught
that the divine and human natures. of
Christ did not unite and form one person,
that Mary
but of Christ.
NEUROPTERA. An order of insects
in the Linnean system, including those
which have the wings reticulate, as the
dragon fly, the day fly, the lion ant, &c.
NEUTRALIZATION (in Chymistry}.
The process by which an acid and an a-
kali are so combined as to disguise eacts
other’s properties.
NEUTRAL SALTS, Salts which per-
take of the nature of both an acid and an
alkali.
NEWFOUNDLAND DOG. A very sa-
gacious kind of spaniel that is web-footed,
and an exeellent swimmer
NEWSPAPER. A periodical publica-
tion, which appears once or oftener in the
week, containing an account of the politi-
cal and domestic occurrences of tne time.
NEW STYLE, abbreviated N.S. The
Gregorian method of reckoning the days
of the year, so as to adjust the odd hunrs
and minutes in the peried of the eun’s
revolution
was not the mother of God,
————
NEG
NEWT. A small animal of the lizard
trihe.
NEWTGNRIAN PHILOSOPHY. The
doctrine of the universe as explained by
Bir Iseaze Newton, respecting tke preper-
ties, lawe, affections, forces, moticns, &c.
ef bodies, beth celestial and terrestrial.
The chief parts of the Newtonian philese-
‘phy are explained by the auther in his
Principia, or Principles of Natural Phile-
sophy. ‘
NICENE CREED. A particler creed
formed at the first general council assem-
bied at the city of Nice by Constantine
the Great, a.p. 315. This creed has since
been adopted by the church of England.
NICKEL. A metallic substance, most-
ty found in a metallic state, but sometimes
fa that of an oxide. Its ores have a cop-
pery red color.
NICKEL KUPFER, or the SunexuRET
er Nicxe., is a compound of nickel,
yrsenic, and a sulphuret of fron.
NICTITANT MEMBRANE (in Com-
parative Anatomy). A thin membrane
chiefly found in birds and fishes, which
covers the eyes of these animals, so as to’
shelter them from the dust and excess of
ight.
NIGHT (in Law). The period of dark-
Bess, When a man’s face cannot be dis-
cerned.
NIGHTHAWK. An American bird,
that makes its appearance at evening,
and is seen high in the air, flying about
in pursuit of insects. It has been erro-
neously supposed that it was the whip-
NIGHTMARE. A heavy, pressing sen-
sation on the breast during the n‘ght, to
which nervous persons are subject.
Pf I 8
NIGHTINGALE. A email brown Eo
repean bird, thi singe eee eee
the night.
NIGHTSHADE, or Deapty Nieuwe
sHapeE. A poisonows plant, bearing a bell-
shaped corolla, from the leaves of which
painters extract a fine green.
NIHIE DICIT (in Law). A failure on
the part of the defendant to put in an aa-
swer to the plaintifi’s declaration, &c., by
which omission judgment is of coume
had against him.
NILGHAU, or NYLGHAU. Tha Per
sian name for a species of antelope, Me
antilope picta of Linneus, having short
horns bent forward, and the upper and
under parts of the neck maned
NIMBUS (ameng Antiquarians). A
circle observed on some medals, er round
the head of some emperors, answering te
the circles of light drawn around the im»
ges of saints.
NISI PRIUS. In England, a com-
mission directed tothe judges of sasize
empowering them to try all questions wf
fact issuing out of the courts of Westmin-
ster, that are then ready for trial ; and
as, by the course of the court, all causes are
heard at Westminster, the clanse is added
in such writs, Nisi prius justictaril ad capi-
endas assisas veserint ; that is, Unless be-
fore the day fixed the justices come inte
the county in question; whenes the wrR
ce ROS
ga.well aa the commission, have recelved
the name.
NITRATES. Salts formed of nitric
acid with salifiable bases, as the nitrate of
potash, soda, &c. ,
NITRE, vulgarly called Sautrzrre.
A neutral salt, being a crystallized, pel-
bucid, and whitish substance, of an acrid
and bitterish taste, impressing a strong
sense of coldness on the tongue. It is
found ready formed in the East Indies and
in the southern parts of Europe, but by far
the greater part of the nitre in common
ase is produced by the combination of
substances in suitable situations, which
tend to produce nitric acid, particularly
where animal matter becomes decompos-
ed by the air, such as slaughter-houses,
drains, and the like.
NITRIC ACID. A heavy, yellow Ii-
quid, procured by the chymical combina-
tion of oxygen and nitrogen gas. Diluted
with the sulphuric and muriatic acids, it
rms the well known liquid aquafortis.
NITROGEN, or Azote. Theprinciple
ef nitre in its gaseous state, which consti-
tutes four fifths of the volume of atmos-
pheric sir, 1t has neither smell nor taste,
and is not to be procured in a separate
state ; but is remarkable for the properties
ef extinguishing flame and animal life,
NITRO MURIATIC ACID. A com-
pound of nitric and muriatic acids, for-
merly called aqua regia.
NITRO-CALCITE. Nitrate of lime,
having a greyish-white color, occurring
in efflorescences on old walls, and in
limestone caves.
NITRO-GLYCERINE. A powerful
blasting oil, and highly dangerous ex-
plosive agent, prepared by the action of
nitric and sulphuric acids on glycerine.
NITURET. A body ofoxygen, hydro-
gon. carbon, and one atom of nitrogen.
NOBLE. An English coin used in the
reign of Edward ILI. Value about $1.75.
NOCTANTER. By night.
NOCTURNAL, An epithet for what
ps.cngs to the night, as a necwurnal arch,
tne arch described by the sun or a star in
ee might
NOCTURNAL, or Noctenuevicn. Ag
instrument used at sea for finding the lat-
itude and hour of the night.
NODDY. A sea fowl! of the tern kind
NODS (in Surgery). A bard tumour
rising oat of a bone.
NODE (in Dialling) The axis or cock
of a dial.
NODES (in Astronomy). Twe points
where the orbit of a planet intersects the
ecliptic: the Northern or Ascending Node,
called the dragon’s head, is marked thug
| (2, the Southern or Descending Node, the
dragon’s tail, marked thus ?3.
NOLLE PROSEQUI. An agreement
on the part of the plaintiff not to proge-
cute his suit.
NO MAN’S LAND. A sea term for
the space in midships, between the after
part of the belfry, and the fore part of a
ship’s boat, when she is stowed upon the
beom.
NOMENCLATURE. A catalogue of
the most useful and significant words in
any language or in any particular science
NOMINATIVE (in Grammar). The
first case of a noun, or the name itself. ©
| NONAGESIMAL.° The ninetieth de-
gree of the ecliptic.
NONCHALANCE. An affected indit -
ference.
NGN COMPOS MENTIS (ia Law)
Not of sound mind,
NON CONDUCTORS (in Electricity)
Bodies which do not become electric by
being placed in the neighborhood of an
excited body.
NONCONFORMIST. In England, a
person not conforming to the church of
England,
NON EST INVENTUS, }. e. literally,
He has not been found. The answer made
by the sheriff in the return of the writ,
when the defendant is-not to be found in
his bailiwick,
NONPLUS, A difficulty or embarrass-
ment, when one cannot proceed any way.
NON PROS. i... Non prosequitur, He
dows not prosecute, A nonsuit, or the
forrm of renouncing er letting fall a suit by
the plaintiff.
NONRESIDENCE (in Law). In Eng-
land, the not residing on their beneficer,
as applied to spiritual persons.
NONSUILT. The letting fali er renenEe
fing a suit.
NORMAL. A perpendieniar.
NORROY KING AT ARMS. [In Eng
land, the third king at arms.
NORTH POLE. A point tn the north-
ern hemisphere, ninety degrees distam
j from the equator.
$63
NORTH POLE. In astronomy, an
{imaginary point in the northern hemi-
sphere, 90° from the equator.
NORWAY RAGSTONE. A coarse
variety of whetstone.
NOSING. Inarchitecture, themould-
ing upon the upper edge of a step.
NOSOLOGY. The doétrine of dig-
eases, or their classification and nomene
clature.
NGTATION (in Arithmetic and Alge-
bra). The method of expressing numbers
6r quantities by signs or characters ap-
propriated for that purpose. The Jews,
Greeks, and Romans expressed their num-
Bers by the letters of their alphabet; the
Arabians had particular characters called
figures, which have been universally
adopted in Europe in ail arithmetical ope-
rations. The Roman mode of notation is
also still in use in marking dates, or num-
bering chapters, &c.
NOTATION (in Music). The manner
ef expressing sounds by characters.
NOTE, Any short writing or memo-
tandum.
NOTE (in Music). A character to dis-
tinguish the pitch and time of a sound.
NOTE OF HAND A writing under a
man’s hand, by which one person engages
to pay another a sum of money on a cer-
tain day, or on demand: this may either be
in the form of a bill or of a promissory
note,
NOT GUILTY (in Law) The general
tssue or plea of the defendant in a criminal
action.
NOTICE (in Law). The making some-
thing known that a man was or might be
ignorant of, and which it was proper he
ehould be made acquainted with.
NOV. An abbreviation for November.
NOVEL. A narrative of fictitions events
and characters. When the incidents and
persons are not probable, it is called a
romance; and if only a short story, a
novelette.
NOVEMBER. The eleventh month of
the Julian year. It was called Novernber
because it was the ninth of Romulus’s
year.
NOVICE (in the Romish Church). One
who has entered his novitiate or year of
probation, before he takes his vow; ina
general sense, a learner in any profession,
an anakilful person.
N.S An abbreviation for new style, or
the new mode of forming the calendar.
NOUN (ir Grammar). A part of speech,
the name of the thing itself, as horse, dog,
&c.
NUCLEUS. The kernel of a nat, Acc.
RUT
NUCLEUS (in Astronomy). The body
of the comet, otherwise called the head
NUDE CONTRACT, A bare, naked
contract, without a censideration, which ig
void in law.
NUISANCE (in Law). Any annoyance
which tends to the hurt or inconvenience
of another,
NUBIBER (in Arithmetic). An assem-
blage of several units or of several things
of the same kind. Whole numbers are
otherwise called integers, as 1,2,3. Broken
numbers are fractions, as }. Cardinal num-
bers express the number of things, as 1, 2,
3. Ordinal numbers denote the order of
things, as Ist, 2d, 3d, &c. Even numbers
are those which may be divided into two
equal parts, without a fraction, as 6, 12,
&e. Uneven numbers are such as leave a
remainder after being divided, as 5, 13,
&c. A square number is the product of
any number multiplied by itself, as 4, the
product of 2 multiplied by 2.
NUMBER (in Grammar). An inflection
or change of ending in nouns and verbs,
to denote number. Numbers are singular
to denote one, dual to denote two, or plural
to denote more than one.
NUMBERS (in Poetry). Measures or
cadences which render a verse agreeable
to the ear.
NUMERAL. Any character which ex-
presses a number, as, 1, 2, 3.
NUMERAL LETTERS. The Romaa
letters I. If. IL. IV. &c. which denete
numbers.
NUMERATION. The art of expressing
in figures any number proposed in words,
or expressing in words any number pro-
posed in figures.
NUMERATOR. The number in the
upper line of a fraction, denoting the num-
ber of the given parts taken, as 3 in $, that
is, three out of the four parts of an integer.
NUMERICAL. Relating to numbers,
as numerical algebra, that which is per-
formed by the help of mrumbers.
NUMISMATICS. The science of medals
and coins.
NUNCIO. The pope’s ambaszador,
NUNCUPATIVE WILL. A will made
by word of mouth,
NUNNERY (in the Romish Church).
A religious house for nuns, or females who
haye bound themselves by vow to a singis
life.
NURSERY. A chamber for young chil
dren.
NURSERY. A place set apart for young
trees and shrubs.
NUTATION (in Astronomy). A treme
leus motion ef te carth’s exta.
att ad i
ofthe oak The Aleppo galls are imported
for the use of dyers, calico printers, &c.
NUT HATCH. A small species. of
Woodpecker,
NUTMEG. A spice, the fruit of a tree
az big as a pear tree, growing on the island
Ty
Cae ee
w
.
¥
ae fs
ue
=
Pais
O, the fourteenth letter of the alphabet,
used as a numeral! for eleven, and witha
stroke over it, thus ©, for eleven thou-
sand. :
OAK. A tree celebrated for its timber,
which is so tough that the sharpest tools
will scarcely penetrate it. It is also re-
markable for its slowness of growth, bulk,
and longevity. Oaks have been found to
grow only from fourteen to twenty inches
in diameter in the space of eighty years.
The live oak is a species particularly val-
uable for ship-building. Great quantities
are obtained in Florida.
OAKUM. Old ropes untwisted and made
into loose hemp for calking ships.
OAR. A long pele with a flat, thin end,
by which boats are driven along in the
water.
OATH (in Law). A solemn affirmation
or denial of a thing, accompanied with
an appeal to God.
OATH OF ALLEGIANCE. In Eng-
land, the oath which the subject takes
when required to bear true allegiance to
_ the king
OATH OF SUPREMACY. In Eng-
1and, the oath which establishes the supre-
macy of the king over every other power,
‘temporal or spiritual, within the realm,
whereby the supremacy of the pope was
reneunced at the Reformation.
_/ CATH OF ABJURATION. An oath
Which expressly establishes the succession
; NUTGALLS. ‘Excrescences on the leaf
na is =
‘Betis re!
of Banda, in the Eastern Ocega. [tis one
of the finest of spices, and is carried to all
parts of the world as an article of com-
merce The nutmeg is the kernel of
the fruit, not unlike the peach, the rind oF
coat of which is ealled mace.
NUX VOMICA. A flat, compressed,
round fruit, about the breadth of a shilling,
brought fromthe East Indies; it is a cer-
tain poison for dogs, cats, &c., and is ere
of the ingredients unlawfully infused imte
beer, to give it a stupifying quality.
NYL GHAU. See Nil Ghau.
NYMPILA®. The chrysalis, or third stage
of insects, between the grub and the fly.
NYMPHS. The goddesses of the woodg,
according to the poets» They were ce-
lestial and terrestrial, the former guiding
the heavenly bodies, the latter presiding
over the woods. They are represented ag
beautiful creatures, inhabiting every forest
and gien.
O.
of the reigning family to the throno of
England, to the exclusion of the Stuart
family or any other.
OATS. A grain, the peculiar food of
horses, and in Scotland and the north of
England, also the food of man. Oatmeal,
the flour of the oats, is also much used
medicinally.
OBELISK (in Architecture}. A square
stone growing smaller from the base to the
summit.
OBELISK (among Printers),
of reference, thus (f).
OBJECT GLASS. A glass in a tele
scope or microscope, at the end of the tube
next to the object.
OBIT (in the Romish Church).
annual service for the dead.
OBITUARY. A register of the deaths
OBLATE. Flattened, an epithet for a
sphere or spheroid.
ORLATION. What is laid on an alta
or given at the altar by way of offering.
OBLIGATION (in Law). A bond cer.
taining a penalty on condition cf not per:
forming certain covenants annexed.
OBLIQUE. Deviating from a perpen
dicular line or direction, as an obliqua
angle, &e. that which is not a right one.
OBLIQUE CASES (in Grammar). The
cases of nouns declined from the nomina
tive.
OBLIQUITY OF THE ECLIPTIC
The angle which the esliptte makea witf
A mark
An
ece
the equator, being now estimated at some. | bodies which do not admit of any retisa.d
thing less than 2} degrees 23 miaates, as | explanation.
the ecliptic appreaches nearer to a paral-
lelisma with the equater at the rate of
about 42 seconds in 100 years.
CBOLUS. A small Grecian coin, equal
to about three cents.
OBSERVATION. -The observing the
phenomena of the heavenly bodies by
means of any instrument.
OBSERVATORY. A place erested in
some lofty situation, and fitted up with
wlescopes, quadrants, &¢, for the purpose
of making astronomical observations, such
is the observatories at Greenwich, Paris,
Munich and Cambridge, which are the
most celebrated among the modern ob-
servatories. The ancient Chaldeans
had also similar places.
OBSERVATORY, EQUATORIAL, or
PortaBie. An instrument for solving ma-
ny problems in astronomy, as finding the
raeridian, pointing the telescope on a gitar,
though mot in the meridian, in full day-
light, éce.
OBSIDIONAL CROWN. A crown
meade of the grass that grew in a besieged
place, which the Romans gave to the
general by whom the town was taken.
OET. As sbbreviaticn for obedient.
OBTUSE ANGLE. Any angle greater
kan aright angle. See Ane iE.
OCCIDENT. Westward, as the occident
epuimoctial, &c.
OCCIPUT. The back part of tho head.
OCCULTATION. The obscuration of
say star er planet by the interposition of
ary other body, as the moon, é&e.
OCCULTATION, Cizexre or. An ima-
gimmry eirele round the poles, which coa-
trjas these stars that are not visible in our
hersisphere.
_GCCCULT DISEASES. Biseases, the
ssmses and treatment ef which are not
waderstood.
GRSCLT QUALITIES. Qualities in
OCCUPATION (in Law). The posses.
sion and use of lands or tenements.
OCEAN. A vast collection of salt and
navigable waters, enclosing the continents
or quarters of the globe, Europe, Asia,
Africa, and America, and comprehended
under the several divisions of the Atlantic,
the Pacific, Indian, Northern, and Seath-
ern Oceans.
OCELOT. A very fierce, but beautifui
animal of the cat kind, found in South
America.
OCHRE. A sort of earth consisting of
alumina and red oxide of iron.
OCTAGON. A figure of eight sidee and
angles.
OCTAHEDRON. One of the five regu.
lar bodies, consisting of eight equal and
equilateral triangles.
OCTANDRIA (in Botany). One ef the
Linnean classes, consisting of plants hav-
ing eight stamina to each flower.
OCTANT. An aspect of two planets
when they are distant from each other 45
degrees, or the eighth part of a circle.
OCTAVE (in Music). The eighth inter-
val in a scale of sounds.
OCTAVO, i. e. in eight, expressed by
printers thus, vo. The form of a pags
by folding a sheet into eight leaves, so aa
to make it consist of sixteen pages.
OCTOBER. The eighth month in the
year, containing thirty-one days.
OCULIST. One who cures the @isorders
of the eyes.
ODD. An epithet for any number in the
series of 1, 3, 5, 7, &e.
ODE. A poem written to be sung te
music.
ODOUR. The seept or smell.
CEDEMA. Any tameur or swelling.
CESOPHAGUS. The gullet, a mem.
branaeeous eanal, reaching from the feuces.
to the siomack,
Bs TaN OS
me , F
ny law ; this is capital, if punished with
death, and not cayital, if visited with any
ether punishment.
OFFERINGS {in Law). In England,
Church dues, payable by custom, as the
Easter offerings, or the offerings at mar-
Gages, &c.
OFFICE. That function by virtue
whereof a man hath seme employment,
either in the public affairs er those of a
private individual.
OFFICER (in Law). One filling an
effce or post under government.
OFFICER (in Military and Naval Af-
faire). One acting under government in’
@ military or naval capacity.
OFFICERS, Commrsstonxp (in the Ar-
my). Appointed by commission.
OFFICERS, Commissionexp (in the Eng-.
tt#2 Navy), hold their commissions from
the Lord High Admiral er Lords of the
Admiralty.
OFFICERS OF THE CROWN. The
great officers of the crown in England are
the Lord High Chancellor, the Lord High
Steward, the Lord High Treasurer, the
{ord President of the Council, the Lord
Privy Seal, the Lord Chamberlain, the
Lord High Constable, and the Earl Mar-
shal.
OFFIGIAL (in Law) A deputy ap-
pointed by the archdeacon for the execu-
tion of his office
OFFICINAL. An epithet for what is
sold in shops, as officinal plants, herbs,
medicines, &c
OFFING. The open sea, or that part
- of the sea at a distance from the shore,
where there is deep water
OFFSETS (in Botany). Young shoets
that spring and grow from shoots.
OFFSETS (in Surveying). Perpendic-
ulars let fall, and» measuring from the
stationary lines te the hedge, fence, or ex-
tremity of an enclosure.
OGEE (in Architecture).
formed like the letter 8.
A moulding
OTL. A fat, unctuous substance, which
derives ita name from olea, the olive, be-
cause {t was at first principally known as
the produce of the olive. Oils are distin-
guished by chymistry into volatile or es-
sential oils, which have a strong, acrid
taste, and a strong, fragrant smell, being
-etained from emelli g plants; and fixed
olts, which are thick and viscid, inso:u is
in water, and do not boil under 600 de
grees: these latter oils are obtained froii
both animal and vegetable substances, aa
train oil, olive oil, linseed oil, &c.
OiL GAS. A gas extracted frem fix’
oil, which is more expensive and not reci
oned so goed as that procured from ceala
OLERACE A One ef the Linnawar
naturab orders of plants, containing pot-
herbs, as spinage, thyme, mint, &c
OLERON, Laws or. A cede of mari-
time law, so called because it was framed
by king Richard I. em an island eff the
coast of France.
OLFACTORY NERVES The nerves
which give the sense ef stmelling.
OLIGARCHY. A form ef gevernmeni
wherein the administration ef affairs is
lodged in the hands ef a few persons.
OLIVE TREE. A tree, native ef the
southern parts of Europe, which rises with
solid upright stems, and branches numer-
ously on every side. The olive, which is
the fruit of this tree, yields an ei] that is
of an emollient and selvent nafare.
OLYMPIAD. The space ef four years,
whereby the Greeks reckoned thelr time
from the circumstance of the Olympic
games having been celebrated once im four
years. The first Olympiad is dated, ac-
cording to some, 774 years befere Christ.
OLYMPIC GAMES. Solemn games
ameng the Greeks, in honour of Jupiter
Olympus, at which five kinas of exercises
were exhibited, namely, leaping, ranming,
wrestling, quoiting, and whirlbats.
OMEGA, The last letter of the Greek
alphabet.
OMENTUM. A double notlike mea-
brane spread ever the entrails.
OMER. A Hebrew measure, about
three pints and a half English. t
OMNIUM.
kers for alf the kinds of stock, as 3 pat
cents, 4 per cents, &e., while exo wal
-—o=
A term among steek bra.
tegether as they were bought by the eon-
tractors from government.
ONION A bulbous edible root, grow-
ing in gardens, and used for various culi- |’
Rary purposes,
ONYX. A precious stone, accounted a
epecies of cpaque agate. Itis a semipel-
,ucid gem of different cotours, but the blu-
*sh white kind is looked-upon as the true
*myx of the ancients. ,
OPACITY That property in bodies by
which they are rendered impervious to the
yays of the sun, owing probably to the
eensity of the parts.
OPAL. A precious stone of various
eoteurs, which comes under the class of
peilucid gems. It is found in many parts
of Europe, especially in Hungary. When
first dug out of the earth, it is soft, but
it hardens and diminishes in bulk by ex-
posure to theair. The substance in which
it is found is a ferruginous sand stone.
OPERA. A dramatic composition set
to nusic. It is sung on the stage, accom-
panied and interspersed with dialogue.
OPERA-GLASS. A kind of glass con-
structed in a small wooden tube, so as to
view a person in a theatre, and, as the
glass is made to point at a different object
from that which is viewed, it may be used
without any one knowing exactly who is
observed.
OPERATION (in Surgery). Any exer-
cise of the surgical art which is performed
by the use of instruments.
OPERATION (in Chemistry). Any
process that leads to a given result.
OPERATION (in Military Affairs).
Any movement of an army for the attain-
ment of a particular object.
OPHTHALMIA. An inflammation of
the membranes of the eye, a disease which
particularly affected the English soldiers
during their stay in Egypt.
OPIATE. ) igi a , l | : . . PI
description of the organs or structure) 94, o¢ building their nests. Pliny’s re-
of plants.
ORGANOLOGY. In _ botany, that
branch of physiology whieh treats in
particular of the different orgaus of
animals.
ORGANON. An instrument; ama.)
chine for facilitating labor in archi-
tecture and the arts.
ORGUES. In fortification, long, thick
pieces of timber, forming a portcullis;
for the defence of a gate.
ORION. In astronomy, a constella-
tion of the southern hemisphere.
\
|
ORIOLE. A species of birds, of which
the Baltimore oriole, or hang-bird, is a
beautiful variety, well known in the U.
States .
GRLON. A constellation in the south-
ern hemisphere, containing from thirty-
eight to seventy-eight stars, according to
different writers.
ORNAMENTS (in Architecture).
Leaves, roses, channellings, and the like,
@hich ornament the different parts of a
column.
ORNITHOLOGY, That branch of Na-
tarsal History which treats of Birds, ana
eir natures, “abits, form, economy, and
uses. Birds, in the Linnran system, are
divided, under the clays Aves, into six
orders, according to the ferm of their bills:
ps the Accipitres, including the eagle, vul-
marks on birds are very desultory, and not
very extended. The first writer among
the moderns, who has treated of birds me-
thodically, is Peter Belon, who has classed
them principally according to their food
and habitation, He has likewise added
many observations on their external form
and character. Conrad Gesner, his cotem-
porary, has displayed much learning in
his work, having given alphabetical tables
of the names of birds in Hebrew, Chaldee,
Arabic, Greek, and Latin, and numerous
references to the writers from whom he
collected his materials. Aldrovandus, the
celebrated naturalist, followed in the steps
of Belon and Gesner, and added much to
their store of learning and research; at the
same time illustrating the subject with
numerous wood cuta. The next ornithol-
ogists of any distinetion, after these three,
were Willoughby and Ray, the latter of
whom published the works of the former,
24% friend, with many additions of his own,
in 1678. In this work, the external and
internal structure of birds fs described.
Jacob Theodore Kha {n his History of
Birds, divides them into families orders,
and tribes; the families distinguisned ac-
cording to their feet the wders by the form
of the bill, and the tribes by the form of
the head, &c. Inthe systematic arrange-
ment of Moehring, the classes, orders, and
genera of birds are distinguished by the
form of the feet and bill. The system of
Linneus, which follows here in erder of
time, is dated fram the year 1766. It is
formed from the manners and habits of the
birds, as well as their external form (see
Zoo.roer). Eriazon, in hig system of
| Ornithology, has distributed birds inte
twenty-six orders, from the form of tae™
billand feet, &c., including under these one |
hundred and fifteen genera, and thirteon
hundred species. The work, which is ig”
Bix yelumes 4to., is Uluetrated Wika mors
tha two hundred and twenty excellent
ongravings. The work of Butfon, though
popular, has but few claims to notice ina
scientific point of view. Mr. Pennant, in
his distribution of birds, prefers Ray to
Linneus ; but Mr. Latham, in his Synop-
sis of Birds, adheres to the latter with
very few exceptions, as does also Mr.
Shaw, in his General Zoology
Among the writers who have treated of
the birds of particular places, the most
distinguished are Juan [Hernandez on the
birds of Mexico, Marcgrave on the birds
of Brazil, Sir Hans Sloane on the birds of
Jamaica, Mr. Mark Catesby on the birds
of Carolina, Florida, &c., Schwenckfel on
those of Siberia, Brunnick on those of Den-
mark, Sonnerat on those of New Guinea,
Frisch on those of Germany, Vaillant on
those of the Cape, and Edwards on those
of the West Indies. Wilson’s Ornitholo-
gy of the U States deservedly places him
among the first writers on this subject.
ORNITHORUNCUS PARADOXUS.
A singular quadruped from New South
Wales, not yet properly classed in the
Linnean system. Its great peculiarity is
that the structure of its head, externally
and internaily, bears a greater resemblance
to that of a duck than to that of any ani-
ma! of the mammalia tribe.
ORPHAN. One bereaved of either fa-
ther or mother, or of both parents.
ORPIMENT. A fine yellow powder;
a mineral composed of sulphur and arsen-
ic ; one of the ores of arsenic.
ORRERY. An astronomical instrument
for exhibiting the several motions of the
heavenly bodies. The first maehine of
this kind was constructed by Mr. Graham,
but it derives its name from the Earl of
Orrery, for whom one wags made by Mr.
Rowley ; and Sir Richard Steele suppos-
Ing this to be the first ever constructed, he
gave it the above name in honour of the
earl. Orreries are constructed so as to be
more or less complete. That given in the
accompanying figure has all the planets
represented upon it; that is to say, the
sun, placed in the centre of the solar sys-
tem ; next to the sun is the orbit of Mer-
cury ; and next to that, the orbit of Venus.
Next to the orbit of Venus, is the orbit of
eur earth, represented by a silver plate, on
which the signa of the Zodiac, the degrees
ef the ecliptic, and the days of each
month are drawn; and the earth is repre-
gented by-an ivory ball placed upon an
the earth’s orbit in an angie of 8 degrees:
this represents the orbit of the moon, the
moon itself being represented by a silver
ball. The superior planets are Mars, Ju-
piter, and Saturn, in this order: Mara
stands next without our earth; next te
that, Jupiter ; and outermost of all, Saturn.
Ly the handle, the revolutions of these
planets are represented. While the earth
is carried round the sun by 365 turns and
a quarter, of the handle, Mercury is carri-
ed round the sun in 88 turns, and Venus
in 224; which represents that the length
of the year in Mercury is 88 of our days,
and the length of the year in Venus is
equal to 224 of our days. Mars performs
his revolution about the sun in 687 turns
of the handle, Jupiter in 4332 turns, which
answers to 4332 revolutions of our earth
about its own axis ; and Jast of all, Saturn,
in 10759 turns, completes his revolution,
whichris the length of the Saturnian yesz,
and is equal to about 30 of our years.
ORTHODROMICS. The art of safiing
in the arc of a great circle.
ORTHOEPY. Correct enunciation.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION OF
THE SPHERE. That projection which
is made upon a plane passing through the
middle of the sphere, by an eye placed
vertically at an infinite distance.
ORTHOGRAPHY. That part of gram-.
mar which teaches the nature and affee:
tions of letters, and the proper spelling or
writing of words.
ORTHOGRAPHY (in Geometry). The
art of drawing or delineating the fore ngat
plan of any object, and of expressing the
heights or elevations of esch part ; so call-
axis so as to make an angle with the | ed from its determinigeg things by perpen-
_ plane of the horizon of 66 degrees and a |
bait About the ivery ball there is a silver
dicular lines falling on the geometrical
i
ge plan.
tigcte which fe placed so es to meline te! ORTHOGRAPHY (in Arehitecture]
The elevation or representation of the front
of a building,
ORTOLAN. A delicate bird of the
bunting tribe, which visits Engiand before
the setting in of frest and snow.
ORYCTOLOGY. The science of or-
‘ganic remains
OSCILLATION.
‘clock.
OSCULATION. The contact between
‘any curve and its osculatory circle.
OSIER. The red water-willow, of
which wicker baskets are made,
OSIRIS. An Egyptian deity
OSPREY. The fish hawk, common
@ Barope and America.
The vibration of a
ANU eee
-OSSIFICATION. The formation of
*pones, or the hardening into a bony state.
OSTEOLOGY The description of the
‘bones.
OSTRACISM. A mode of passing the
sentenco of banishment among the Athe-
Mians py means of tiles, on which the
mame of the person to be banished was
written.
OSTRACITIS. A kind of crust stick-
amg to furnaces where the brasg ore is
melted.
OSTRICH The largest of all birds, be-
ieg usually seven feet high from the top
ef the head tothe ground, but from the
pack only four
-@pa Axabia, and lays forty or fifty eggs,
It is a native of Africa | th
whieh are as large as the head ofa calla
There are three birde allied to the ostrich
which are sometimes confounded with it,
the cassowary cf the Asiatic Islands, the
emeu ef New Holland, and the rhea of
Patagonia.
OTTER. A sagacious animal, that in-
habits the banks of rivers, and feeds prin
cipally on fish. Its fur is much esteemed.
It is fierce and crafty when attacked, but
may easily be tamed when young, and
taught to catch fish. Thesea otter, which
inhabits the northern seas, is the largest
of the species.
OVAL. An oblong curvilinear figure,
in the shape of an egg. The mathemati-
cal oval, which is a regular figure, equally
broad at each end, is called an ellipsis.
OVERSEERS (in Law)... Parish offi-
cers who take charge of the poor that re-
ceive parish relief.
OVERT ACT (in Law). A plain and
open inatter of fact, serving to prove &
design
OUNCE. In Avoirdupois weight, the
sixteenth part of a pound; in Troy weight,
the twelfth part ; in Apothecaries’ weight,
equal to eight drams
OUNCE (in Zoology). An animal of
the leopard kind, but smaller and milder
than the other species. It is trained to
hunting in the East Indies.
nae :
OVOLO (in Architecture). A eonves
moulding, the section of which is usually
the quarter of a circle.
OVULE, OR OVULUM.
e seed before it is perfect,
In botany,
ray ea |
tection Outlaws were anciently called
- Friendless Men, no one being permitted
to take them in, or afford them any relief.
OUTRE. Extravagant, ont of the way.
OGQUTRIDERS. Servants attached to
any travellirg equipage, who ride forward
for the purpose of paying the tolls, &c.
OUTWORKS. Works made on the
eutside of the ditch in a fortresa
OWL. A bird which, on account of
Rs weak sight; flies about in the dark, and
lives principally on vermin. Some of the
@pecies have great horns, or long ears, that
teek tike horns. There are at least fifty
var'eties of this bird.
OX. A well known domestic animal,
ef which taere are several varieties, as the
Abyssinian ox, having the horns pendu-
fous, adhering only to the skin, and the
African ox, having the body snowy, and
hoofs black, &c.
OXALIC ACID. An acid extracted
fren wood-sorrel, and also from sugar com-
bined with potash. It forms the juice sold
ander the name of Salt of Lemons, which
Is used for taking out ink spots. Oxalic
- Se Le SESS a T
acid fe a violent poison, and has fn some
cases been taken by mistake for Epsom
salts.
OXIDATION, or OXYDIZEMENT
The process of converting metals or othe,
substances inte oxides, by combining with
them a certain portion of oxygen.
OXIDES, or OXYDES. Substances
combined with exygen, without being in
the state of an acid.
OXYGEN. One of the constituent and
essential parts of atmospheric or common
air, which is necessary to the support of
life and combustion. In its gaseous state,
it is a colourless and aerial fluid. Oxygen
forms about a fifth of our atmosphere, and
exists in most vegetable and animal pro-
ducts, acids, salts, and oxides.
OXYMEL. A sirup made of honey
vinegar, and water, boiled together.
OYER-~AND TERMINER (in Law)
A court to hear and determine all treasons
felonies, and misdemeanours.
O YES (in Law). Corrupted from the
French ‘oyez, hear ye,’ the expression |
used by the crier of a court, in order to
enjoin silence when any proclamation :s
made.
OYSTER. A shell-fish which abounds
on the coast of Engiand and the U. States,
and is much esteemed as food. In the
East Indies, the oysters grow to an extraor-
dinary size, some of the shells being twe
feet-in width; and it is said that, on the
coast of Coromandel, an oyster will fur-
nish a meal forseveral men. At the same
time, it is universally agreed, that this
large sort falls very far short of the Europe-
an and American oyster, in delicacy of
flavour. The English oyster has a strong
copper taste, which at first is very disa-
gresable.
P.
P, the fifteenth letter ef the alphabet, |
stands as an abbreviation, in Music, for
piano; in Astronomy, for post, as P. M.,
Post Meridiem, after noon; among phy-
sicians, for partes, as P. 72. Partea AZqua-
les. &c.; in Law, for parliament, as M.P.
Member of Parliament.
PACE. A measure of two feet and a
belt; witk Geometricians, five feet
PACHA. The chief admzal in the
Turkish marine.
PACIFICATION. A negotiation for
peace; an Edict ef Pacification is a de-
eres published by a prince for the pacifv-
fg all partics
PACA. A small animal of S. Amer,
dark-brown color spotted with white.
PACHYDERMS. Animals distin.
guished by thickness of their skins, or
having hoofs, as the elephant and horse.
PADDLE. A sort of oar
PADDOCK. A smallenclesed meadow
attached to a dwelling.
PADLOCK. A kind of lock to hang on
the outside of a door.
PAGANS. Those whoadkered to idol-
atry after the establishment ef Christiani-
ty ; idolaterg, er the worshippers ef false
gods.
PAGE. In Errope, a youth retained
as ar honourable attendant on a prince, to | jects for religious purposes The first step if
bear up trains, robes, &c.
PAGODA. A Chinese dr Hindoo tem-
ple; also an Indian coin worth about
(3)
PAINS AND PENALTIES. In Eng-
land, an act of parliament to inflict pains
and penalties, beyond or contrary to the
common law, in the particular cases of
great public offenders.
PAINTED LADY A beautifully va-
riegated pea.
FAINTER. An artist who represents
ebjects by colours, as a portrait painter ;
also an artisan who lays colours on wood
or stone, &c., asa house painter. The
company of painters in London igof great
antiquity, but was not Incorporated before
the reign of Elizabeth.
PAINTER (a Sea Term)
hauling a boat on shore. 2
PAINTER-STALNER. A painter of
coats of arms. They were incorporated
with the painters,
PAINTING. The art of representing
all objects of nature by lines and colours
on a plain surface. In the exercise of this
art, the powers of imagination, imitation,
and invention, are required for making a
choice of the subject, and af the several
figures and subordinate parts of a picture,
which are comprehended under the name
of design. In the execution of the work,
there is likewise required a due regard
to the effects of light and shade, and col-
ours, Which is termed composition ; and
also a nice choice of the colours to be em-
ployed, which is known by the name of
colouring. Painting, as regards the sub-
jects, is distinguished into historical paint-
ing, portrait painting, landscape painting,
&c. ; as regards the form and the materi-
ais, into painting in oil, water colours,
fresco, miniature, distemper, mosaic, &c.
PAINTING, History or. Jt is to be
supposed that painting was among the ear-
Hest efforts of human ingenuity, for the
love of imitation would naturally suggest
the idea of representing the surrounding
objects which engaged the attention and
interested the affections. Thus it is that
the savages painted their own bodies, by
means of puncturing -he skin, and infus
ing different colours into the punctures,
and that they painted on their shields dif-
ferent figures according to the fancy of the
bearer. So, likewise, we find that the
Mexicans were in the habit of represent-
A rope for
beyond the rude outline was an attempt.
to complete the imitation by applying col-
ours, Which at first was effected by cover-
ing the different parts of the figure with
different colours, after the manner of our
coloured maps, as was done by the Egyp-
tians, and is still practised by the Indians
and Chinese.
Painting was partially cultivated by the
Egyptians, but was not carried to any per-
fection, because they principally employed
themselves in the representation of the
monstrous objects of their worship, rather
than in depicturing natural or real objects
| in consequence, their natural figures were
very stiff and unseemly, the legs being
drawn together, and the arms pasted to
the sides, like the mummies which they
copied. Their painters were likewise
very much employed on earthen vessels
or drinking cups, or in ormamenting bar
ges, and covering with figures the chests
of mummies. Pliny also informs us that
the Egyptians painted the precious metals,
which doubtless consisted in covering gold
or silver With a single colour. The Per-
sians, as well as the Arabians, had some
idea of mosaic; but the art was cultivated
by those people principally for domestie
purposes. Among the Indians, painting
is confined principally to the representa-
tion of their idols and monstrous objects
of worship; but the painters of Thibet
are remarkable for the delicacy of their
strokes, in which they might vie with the
Greeks, although deficientin every other
particular. The Chinese are remarkable
for the brightness of their colours, but thig
is the only perfection they can boast of.
Their figures are as unlike nature as pos-
sible, devoid of expression and of propor-
tion. The Etrurians were the first people
who appearto have excelled inthisart. Ma-
ny specimens of Etruscan painting have
been preserved, which consist of long paint-
ed frizes, and pilasters adorned with huge
‘figures. ‘The paintings are executed on a
sround of thick mortar, and many of them
are said to be ina high state of preserva
tion. There are likewise many Ca:npa-
nian vases extant, which are wonderful
proofs of the perfection of the art at a very
early period among these people. As te
the origin of painting among the Greeks,
itis not easy to define the period of its
commencement. TheGreeks themselves,
according to Pliny, speak of Polygnote ag
ing their warlike exploits by means of | their first painter of eminence, who flour-
picture-writing, which was something
eimilar to the hieroglyphics ef the Rgyp-
tians, that served to represent sacred ob-
ished in the 90th Olympiad, er 424 years
before Christ. That painting in dry ca}
ours existed in the time ef Homer, is ese”
-school; Titian, that of Venice.
=F
«
fain from several descriptions to be found
tm his Iliad and Odyssey ; from the same
seurce we also learn that they were then
acquainted with basso relievo, of which
the buckler of Achilles was a specimen
Polygnote was followed by Xeuxis and
Parihasias, whose skill in imitation is
said to have been such, that the first de-
eeived the birds by painting cherries so
ezactly, and the latter deceived his rival.
Apelles, Protogenes, and Euphranor con-
tributed to raise the art to its highest per-
fection.
The Romans de-sived their skill in paint-
‘ng from Esraria; but the art remained
very long neglected, while the people
were engaged in conquests, and struggles
for liberty. From the building of the city
tothe time of the emperors, there is men-
tion only of two who excelled in painting,
namely, Fabius, surnamed Pictor, and
Pacivius, the nephew of the tragic poet
Ennius. In the time of the emperors,
painting, as well as the other arts, flour-
ished. Acolossean figure, 120 feet long,
was painted by order of the emperor Nero,
which is the first painting on cloth men-
tioned among the ancients.
The artists who painted movable plic-
tures were superior to those who painted
on ceilings, or compartments of buildings.
They painted their movable pictures on
the wood of the fir, larch, or box; or on
canvass, as above-mentioned. The old
Greek and Roman paintings on walls are
supposed to have been done in distemper
or in fresco: they made use of oil in var-
nishing, for the preservation of their paint-
ings, but they do not appear to have ex-
Pressly used it in their colours.
After an interval, during which all the
arts languished, imperfect efforts were
made to represent religious subjects, which
paved the way for the revival of painting
in the thirteenth century. A noble Flo-
rentine, named Cimabuc, first learned the
art from a Greek, and cultivated it with
success, 80 that he may be reckoned the
founder of the Florentine school, of which
Miehael Angelo was the great ornament.
Baphael was the founder of the Roman
Corregio
was the father and greatest ornament of
the Lombard school, but the Caracci,
Lewis, Augustin, and Hannibal, whe
Were natives of Bclogna, also formed a
ackool, which has been called the second
Lombard school.
Ameng the French, miniature painting,
and painting on glass, were cultivated at
an early period ; but other branches of the
ert were at 3 low ebb until the age of Lou-
SS
is XIII., when Poussin arrived at such
eminence as to be called the Raphael or
France ; but he had no pupils, nor any in
fluence in forming the French school, the
honour of which was divided between
Vouet, who laid the foundation, and Le
Brun, who raised the edifice. The Ger
mans have never cultivated painting se ag
to form a school, but Albert Durer and
John Holbein have secured this nation
from being forgotten in a history of paint-
ing. .The Flemish school is remarkable
for having introduced oil painting, which
was first attempted, or at least brought
into general practice, by John de Bruges ;
but the master of the art was Rubens, the
founder of the Flemish sehool. The
Dutch have distinguished themselves in
miniature painting, of which Rembrandt
was their great master, and also as history
painters, among whom Lucas, of Leyden,
holds the first rank, and may be consid-
ered as the founder of the Dutch school
The English school is comparatively of
modern date, and owns Sir Joshua Rey
nolds as its founder. It is principally
known by its correct observance of the
great masters of the Italian and Flemish
schools.
PALACE. A royal dwelling, so called
from the Mount Palatine in Rome, where
stood the royal mansion.
PALMOGRAPHY. A description o:
ancient writings, inscriptions, characters.
&c.
PALAESTRA. A building where the
Grecian youth exercised themselves in
wrestling, running, quoits, é&c.
PALANQUIN. An Indian covered
chair, borne on men’s shoulders.
PALATE. ‘The roof of the mouth, and
organ of taste.
PALATINE. Invested with regal pre-
rogatives, as the counties palatine of Lan-
caster, Chester, and Durham, in Eng-
land, which have particular jurisdictions,
PALE (in Heraldry). One of the hon-
ourable ordinaries in a goat of arms re
sembling a palisado, used in fortifications.
PALE. A flat, pointed stake or board
which is used in making enclosures
*
AL
PALISADE. A finer kind of paling in
gardens.
PALISADOES, er PALISADES (in
Fortification). An enclosure*of stakes,
used to fortify the avenues of open forts,
&c. They were sometimes so ordered,
that they would turn up and down as oc-
easion required, and might be hidden from
the view of the enemy until he caine to
the attack.
PALLADIUM. A sort of metal drawn
from crude platina.
PALLAS. A small, newly discovered
planet, situated between the orbits ef Mars
and Jupiter.
PALLET. A painter’s colour board.
PALLET (among Gilders). a
self into the sea because she was unable
to beguile Ulysses by her songs.
PARTHENOPH. One of the newly-
discovered planets, first observed by
De Gasparisin 1250. Tits mean distance
from the sun is 283,610,900 miles; and its
periodical revolution 3 years, 306 days.
PARK (among Fishermen). A large
net disposed on the bank of the sea.
PARLIAMENT. In England, the great
council of the nation, consisting of the
King, Lords, and Commons, which forms
the legislative branch of the English gov-
ernment or constitution. The parliament
is assembled annually by summons from
the crown, to make laws, impose taxes,
and deliberate on other public affairs, either
of domestic or foreign policy. The Par-
liament is also styled the High Court of
Parliament, because the upper house as-
se
RR es Oe 0 NE A ody ee Oe Ve
mah
Di
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eter
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Sad
®
Ps = sists in the administration es well as in
as the making of laws
PARMESAN. A sort of cheese made
pt Parma in Italy
24% 4
ogy, one of tho sirens, who threw her-] oys kind of bird. of whi
s
eae a bee
PARNASSUS. A mountnin of Phecis
in Greece, on which stood the temple and
town of Deiphi. It was sacred to Apolle
andthe Muses
PARODY. A poetical pleasantry, which
consists in applying the verses of some
person, by way of ridicule, to another ob- °
ject, or in turning a serious Work into bur
lesque, by affecting to observe the same
ed the wheel, and Atropos cut the thread. Thymes, words, and cadences.
PAROL (in Law).
as parol evidence.
PAROLE (in Military Affairs) Word
of honour, a promise given by a prisoner
of war, when suffered to be at large, that
he will return at a time appointed.
PARRICIDE. A murderer of father or
mother. :
PARROQUET. A sort of parrot easily
taught to speak. It inhabits tropical re-
gions ; one species is found in the Southera
States
By word of mouta,
PARROT. A noisy. imitative, gregazi-
there are at
least fifty varieties. It is a native ef the ~
tropical climates, and easily tamed.
PARRYING (among Pencers). The
warding a push or blow from an adver
Sary. :
PARSING (inGrammar) Exzpounding
words and sentenzes so as te apply the
rules of grammar te them i
PARSLEY A petherb, and a peren.
nial, which grows in gardens.
PARSNEP. An edible root
PARSON. In England, the person
holding the office of rector or vicar in a
parish.
PART (in Arithmetic) A quantity con-
‘tained in a whole.
‘PART (in Music). “A piece of the score
°or partition, written by itself, for the con-
* venience of the musician
PART (in the Drama). The character
‘or portion of a piece assigned to a per-
former.
PARTERRE. Anopen part of a garden
“im the front of a house, commonly orna-
*“ mented with flowers.
PARTHENON. A temple at Athens,
“~gacred to Minerva.
PARTICIPLE (in Grammar). One of
“the parts of speech, so called because it
vopartakes both of the noun and the verb.
PARTICLE (in Physiology). A minute
‘part of any body which enters into its
composition.
PARTICLE (in Grammar). Small in-
declinable words, that serve to unite or
connect others together.
PARTIES (in Law).
ed in a deed.
PARTING. Separating gold and silver
by aquafortis.
PARTITION (in Law). Dividing lands
or tenements among coheirs or partners.
PARTNER, One who joins with anoth-
er in some concern or affair.
PART OWNERS. Partners possessed
of acertain shareinaship. .
PARTRIDGE. A bird of game which
abounds in al! parts of Europe, and is
highly esteemed for its flesh. It resem-
bles the quail of the United States, but is
larger.
Le
The persons nam-
The bird ca"ed partridge in New Eng-
fand, and pheasant at the South, is a spe
eisa of grouse.
PARTS OF SPEECH.
weal divisions of words according to their
eonnexion with or dependence upon each
wether; they are commonly reckoned nine
The grammat-
~ eg F
: in number, namely, the article, newn, pro
noun, verb, participle, adverb, canjunction —
preposition, and interjection ae:
PARTY (in Military Affairs) A smal
detachment or number of men sent upok
any particular duty, as a recruiting party,
&c
PART Y(in Public Affairs). Any number
of men combining together to follow their
own particular views, either in politics or
religion
PARTY-WALLS. Partitions of brick
made between buildings separately occu-
pied, to prevent the spreading of fire. .
PASQUINADE, A short satirical libel
that is generally stuck up to be read by
the passers by.
PASS (in Military Affairs), A strait
or narrow passage, which renders the en-
trance intoacountry difficult foran army.
PASS (among Miners). A frame of thin
boards, set sloping for the ore to slide
down.
PASS (in Fencing).
at the adversary.
PASSAGE (in Music). Asuccession of
sounds forming a member or phrase im &
composition. ‘
PASSAGE (in Military Affairs).
passing over bridges, mountains, &ce.
PASSAGE (in Navigation). Thecourse
pursued at sea, particularly that which has
been attempted to be taken by the north
pole in going to India. This attempt has
been made in two ways, namely, by coast-
ing along the northern parts of Europe and
Asia, called the north-east passage; and
another by sailing round the northern part
of the American continent, called the north
West passage ; besides which, an attempt
has also been made to sail over the pole
itself.
PASSENGER. Any one travelling by a
coach, vessel, or other mode of convey-
ance; also any one passing by. *
PASSEBRES. An order of birds in the
Linnzan system, comprehending such as
have the bill conic and pointed, as the
pigeon, the lark, the thrush, é&c.
PASSION WEEK The weok imme-
diately before aster. ;
PASSIVE. Suffering, an epithet fe
verbs which express the suffering or being
acted upon, as ‘ to be loved.?
PASSIVE PRINCIPLES (im Chymis-
|try). Earth and water, so called because
their parts are not so swiftly moved as
those of spirits, oil, and salt.
PASSOVER. -A festival ef the Jews,
commemorative of the angels passing the
doors of the Israelites when they slew all
the first born of the Egyptians,
A push or thrust
The
Ga nt Qo. ; * 2
PASSPORT, or Pass. In Europe, a
_ license or letter from a prince or governor,
granting liberty to @ person to pass through
the country.
PASSPORT (in Commerce).
te export or import goods,
PASS WORD. A secret word or coun-
tergign which enables any person to go
through military stations.
PASTE (in the Glass Trade). A kind
f coloured glass made of calcined crystal,
teed, and metallic preparations, 60 a3 to
Mitate gems.
PASTEBOARD, A thick kind of pa
ver, formed of several sheets pasted one
over the other.
PASTIL. , #LUS, i. e. Mors. A term m uigebra, ne
draught of ¢ field or any piece of ground, | @ denote addition, marked by the sign Rig
eurveyea wih an instrument, and laid
down in the proper figure and dimensions.
PLOTTING. The describing or laying
down on paper the several lines, angles,
&c , of @ piece of land.
PLOVER. A sort of bird which fre-
quents the shores of England in spring,
and migrates in autumn. The golden
plover, black-bellied plover, and Wilson’s
plover, are the varieties of this bird most
common in the Middle and Hastern States
They frequent coasts and open grounds.
PLOUGH (in Agriculture). A machine
for turning up the soil in preparation for
receiving the seed. It consists of a wood-
en frame, with a handle; a share, or
sharpened piece of iron, fixed on the bot-
.om of the plough ; and a coulter, anoth-
er cutting iron, that stands upright in the
PLOUGH (among Baokbinders).
machine for cutting the edges of books.
PLOUGHSHARE, The cutting iron
fixed at the bottom of the wood-work of
the plough, which forms the furrows.
A
PLUM A well known fruit of differ-
ent kinds; also the dried raisin, that is
imported.
PLUMBAGO, er Brack Leap
ere of a shining black colour. ‘°
PLUMBER. A maker of leaden ves-
els, or workerin lead. The company of
plumbers in London was incorporated
in 1611.
PLUMB-LINE (among Artificers) =
~—=
i
ae tn
eg a
aly
Per
f
pS
a.
te
*
is
ei!
e
- common resin, or turpentine, from the
pine; mastich from the pistacea ; sanda-
rach from the thuya; ladanum from the
ee exuding fens trees, as the
cystus, &c. Pure resina are soluble in al-
cohol, but the impure resins are not
soluble,
RESISTANCE, or Resistina Foror.
Any power which acts in an opposite di-
rection to another. .
RESOLUTION (in Mathematica). A
method by which the truth or falsehood
of a proposition is discovered.
RESOLUTION (in Chemistry). The
reducing a body to its component parts.
RESOLUTION (in Surgery). The dis-
persing of twmours.
RESOLUTION OF FORCES (in Me-
chanics). The dividing any force or mo-
tion into several others in other directions,
but which, taken together, shall have the
same effect ag the single one.
RESPIRATION. An important func-
tion of the animal body, which consists
in the alternate inhalation and exhalation
ef air, by which the lungs and chest are
alternately dilated and contracted.
RETAINER. An adherentor dependant.
RETAINING FEE. A fee given to a
barrister, or lawyer, to keep him from
pleading for the other side.
RETALIATION The act of return-
ing like for like
RETARDATION (in Physics). The
act of diminishing the velocity ofa moving
body.
RETE MUCOSUM. A mucous mem-
brane between the epidermis and the
cutis, which is one part of the integument
of the skin.
RETICULA. Acontrivance among as-
_tronomers for measuring the quantity of
esl "i ye
RETINA. The third or innermost
membraile of the eye, which is the most
important part of the organ of vision
RETORT. A chemical vessel of a
round figure, with a hollow peak or tube
curved downward.
“RETREAT. The retrograde movement
Sheets army or body of men.
RETRENCHMENT. Any work raised
rRO. Backward; a prefix to many
‘words, ag retrocession , retrogradation, &e
RETROCESSION OF THE EQUI
NOXES. The going backwards of the
equinoctial points of the signs Aries and
‘Taurus,
RETROGRADATION A_ moving
backwards.
RETURN. A certificate from sherifa
and bailiffs of what is done in the execu-
tion of a writ.
RETURN DAYS (in Law). Certain
days in term time for the return of writs,
RETURNS (in Commerce). That
which is returned, whether in goods or
specie, for merchandise sent abroad ; alse
the return of money laid out in the way
of trade.
-RETURNS OF A MINE Jn Fortifi-
cation). The windings and turnings of
a gallery leading to a mine.
REVELATION. The miraculous com-
munications made by God of his will tc
man, which are contained in the Bible.
REVENUE (in Law). The yearly
profit that accrues to a man from his land.
or possessions. In England, the revenue .
of the crown is that which peculiarly ac-
crues by way of profit to the king; in an
extended sense, the public revenue, or the
yearly income derived from the taxes ane
other sources, for the support of the gov-
ermiment.
REVERBERATORY. A very strong
furnace, used for calcining minerals, &c,
REVERSAL OF JUDGMENT. The
making it void.
REVERSE OF A MEDAL. The back
side, or that which does not contain the
principal figure.
REVERSION (in Law) is when the
possession of an estate, which was parted
with for a time, returns to the donor or
his heirs.
REVIEW (in Military Affairs). The
display of a body of men before the gens-
ral, that he may judge of their condition
REVIEW, Bix or (in Law). A bill
in chancery for the re-examination of a
cause
REVIEW (in Literature). A periodi-
eal publication, which professes to give a
eriticism of publications as they appear.
REVISE. A second proof sheet of a
work, for thd revisal or re-examination of
the errors corrected.
REVOCATION. The recalling or mak
ing void any grant.
REVOLUTION (in Astronoiny’ The
motion of any heavenly body in a chvulas
line, until it returns to the same pein
again.
REVOLUTIONIST A favourer of
political revolutions. |
RHEA. A large bird of the ostrich spe-
cies, found in the plains of Patagonia, and
incorrectly called the South American os-
trich
RHETORIC. The art of speaking on
any subject with propriety, and the force
ef persuasion.
RHEUM. A thin, serous humour, that
eozes occasionally from the a0 about
the throat and mouth.
RHEUMATISM. Wandering pains in
the body, accompanied with heaviness,
difficulty of motion, and sometimes a
fever.
RHINOCEROS. A large beast in India,
and the largest of all quadrupeds, except
the elephant, having a horn in his front,
and a skin full of wrinkles, which is so
hard that it can scareely be pierce by a
gword
RHODODENDRON. A shrub bearing
a very fine flower.
RHOMBOID. A quadrilateral figure,
whose opnosite sides and angles are equal,
but it is neither equilateral nor rectan-
gular.
\
RHOMBUS. A Quadrilateral figure
which is equilateral, but not rectan-
guter.
RHUBARB. A perennial, the root of
whieh is much used in medicine, particu-
teemed in tarts. ’
RHUMB. A vertical circle: of any Pant ee
or the intersection of part of such circle Once
with the horizon. ia
RHYME. A sort of verse whieh termi
nates with words of the same sound |
RIB (in Anatomy). A side bone of the
body.
RIB (in Carpentry). Any piece of tim
ber that strengthens the side. _
RIB (in Ship-building). The timber of
the futtocks, when the planks are off,
which resemble the ribs of the body.
RIBBON. A narrow sort of silk, chiefly :
used fer head ornaments. ae
RICKETS. A disease in the back bone, —
incident to children.
RICE. A sort of esculent grain, cuiti-
vated in warm countries, which grows i OR (i
husks of an oval figure. |
RICK-CLOTH. In England,atarpaw- -
ling, which is set up by stacks or ricks of Fa
hay or corn, while it is stacking. It is it
worked with pulleys, as represented un- Me
derneath fen ei
RIDER. A leaf inserted in, or attached | Me na
to other leaves. cts
RIDER (in Commerce). One who tra--
vels for a trading or mercantile house to
collect orders. f ; be
RIDER (inGunnery). A piece of wooed
equal to the length of the body of the axle —
tree of the gun carriage.
RIDER-ROLLE (in Law).
-BIDERS. (in Ship-building). ‘Timbers
; bolted | upon others to strengthen them.
RIDGE The top of a house that rises
to an acute angle ; also the top of the ver-
tebra of the back
RIDGE (in Husbandry). The highest
part of the land between two furrows.
RIDING. A division of a county, ag
the east and west riding of Yorkshire,
England.
RIDING-CLERK. In England, one of
the six clerks in chancery, who, in his
turn, keeps the comptrolment book of all
grants that pass the great eral.
RIDING SCHOOL. A public place
where persons are taught to sit gracefully
on a horse, and use the bridle with pro-
priety.
_ RIFLE. A gun having spiral channels
in the barrel.
RIFLEMEN. Soldiers armed with ri-
fles, and employed as marksmen to fire
behind hedges.
RIGGING. All the cordage or ropes
belonging to the different parts of a ship.
RIGHT (in Law). Any title or claim
by virtue of a condition, mortgage, &c.
RIGHT (in Geometry). Straight, as a
right line.
RIGHT ANGLE. The angle formed
by one line falling perpendicularly upon
another.
RIGHT SPHERE (in Astronomy). That
position of a sphere by which its poles are
in the horizon.
RIGLET (in Architecture). A flat, thin
piece of wood, like what is designed for
the frames of sinall pictures, before they
are moulded.
RIGLET (in Printing). A thin slip of
wood vsed in making up a form, for
tightening the pages, &c.
RIND. The skin of any fruit.
RINGDOVE. A European variety of
the pigeon.
_ RINGHEAD. An instrument for stretch-
ing woollen cloth with,
RINGLEADER. The head of a party
or faction.
-RING-OUGEL. A _ European bird,
4 _ marked withacrescent of white upon the
‘under part of the neck
RINGWORM A cutaneeus disorder
‘that comes on the skin in rings, and is
- eontagious
RIOT (in Law)... The forcible doing an
-enlawful thing by three or more persons,
4 assembled together for that purpose.
_ RIOT ACT. A legislative act, prohib-
ing riotous or tumultuous assemblies,
: reuieh, Bing at bi a Finestiate or peace
officer to the mob, obliges all persons to —
disperse within an hour. on pain of being
apprehended as rioters. :
RISING. The appearance of any star
or planet above the horizon, which, before
was hid beneath it.
RITUAL. A book directing the order
ang manner to be observed, in celebrating
religious ceremonies, and performing di-
vine service in the church.
RIVER. Astream_or current of fresh
water, flowing in a bed or channel, as the
river Amazon in South America, the Mis-
sissippi and Saint Lawrence in North
America, the Nile in Egypt, the Euphrates
and Ganges in India, the Rhine and Da-
nube in Germany, the Rhone and Seine in
France, the Tiber in Italy, the Tagus in
Portugal, the Thames in Great Britain,
&e.
RIVET A metal pin clinched at both
ends,
RIX DOLLAR. A coin in Germany
worth from sixty cents to one dollar,
“ROACH sA fish of the carp kind.
ROAD. A highway, or away prepared
for travellers ; it is either a carriage road,
where carriages may pass, or a foot road,
or path for foot passengers. Military roads
were formerly constructed by the Romans
for the passage of their armies, of which
there are still vestiges in England. Roads
in the latter country are now principally
made by small stones bound together with
the earth, which is called Macadamizing
ROAD. A sea term for any place fit
for anchorage, at some distance from the
shore.
ROADSTER. A horse accustomed to
travelling on the road
ROBIN, or Rosin Rxepsreast. A
pretty little European bird with a red
breast, which is very tame, and in wintez
time comes into the house. The Ameri-
can robin is larger, but is a great favourite,
and sings very sweetly.
ROCHE ALUM, or Rock Auum. A
mineral salt of a very binding quality.
ROCK. A stony mass, of which moun:
tains ase forthe most part formed. Rocks
are, however, to be met with in immensely
large separate masses.
ROCKET. A sort of fireworks, which,
when let off, goto a very great height in
the air before they burst.
ROCKBIL. for multi-
plication, - for division, == for equality,
SIGN (in Astronomy). The twelfth part
of the zodiac
SIGNALS Notices given toa distant
observer, forthe purpose of communicating
intelligence
SIGNATURE The signing any paper,
or putting any mark under a writing.
SIGNATURE (among Printers). A let-
ter of the alphabet, put at the eas of
the page in each sheet.
SIGNET. A seal setin aring ; also the
king’s seal, wherewith his private letters
are signed, :
SIGN-MANUAL (in England). ‘fre
signature to any bill or instrument in the
king’s own han¢writing.
SILICA. One of the primitive earths,
which forms one of the constituent parts
of all stones, and is found in greatest
abundance in agates, jasper, flints, quartz
and rock crystal. In the latter, it exists
nearly in a state of purity.
SILIQUA. A pod, like that of the pea
SILIQUOSAi One of the Linnewan
natural erders of plants, including those
which have silique or pods for their seed
vessels, like the pea, bean, lupin, &c¢
SILK. The production of different spe-
cies of the caterpillar, particularly the one
called by the generic name of the bombyy
mori, or silkwonn by distinction, which
is commonly used in Europe. The silk is
found enclosed in two sal] bags, from
which it is drawn in fine threads, te serve
the insect as a covering while it lies ip
the chrysalis state. The balls of silk which
the worm spins are called cocoons, which
are sold to pergons whese business it is to
reel them off. A single cocoon is never
reeled off separately, it being too weak
for that parpeae ; bay in the reeling» Bae
SiM
ends of several coecons are joined and
waticth they are put for the purpose of
softening their natural gum, and making | same-moment.
them stick.
SILK-THROWER, or Siitx-Turow-
erzR. One who throws or spins silk so
as to fitit for weaving. ‘The company of
SINECURE. An offiee to ‘hich little
or Do personal service is attached.
SINE DIE, i. e. Witnevt Day. A
term in law for a defendant who is dis-
silk-throwers in London, was incorporated | missed court without trial.
in 1629.
SINE OF AN ARC. A fright line
SLLKWORM. The worm from which | drawn from oneend of an arc perpendi-
silk is mest commonly procured.
MALE.
SILVAN. Pertaining to woods, as the
silvan nymphe, &c.
SILVER, The whitest of all metals, is
considerably harder than gold, but not
quite so ductile or malleable. It ignites
before it melts, and requires a strong heat
to fuse it.
SILVERING. The art of covering the
surfaces of substances with a thin coating
of silver. It is of particular use for euli-
nary utensils, as it resists the corroding
power of vinegar, &c.
SIMILAR (in Mathematics). An epi-
thet mostly applied to figures, angles, &c.
which have the same disposition and con-
formation of the parts.
SIMONY (in England). The corrupt
presentation of any one to an ecclesiasti-
cal benefice, for money, gift, reward, or
benefit.
SIMPLE (in Medicine). What is not
mized with any other thing, ras oppesed
to @ compound.
SIMPLE (in Pharmacy). A general
name for al] herbs which have any parti-
cular medicinal viroue.
cular to the radius drawn to the other end.
SINE QUA NON. What cannot be
dispensed with.
SINEW The ligament which joins
two bones.
SINGULAR NUMBER (in Grammar)
A noun which denotes a single thing.
SINKING FUND. A portion of the
public revenue set apart to be applied to
the reductio> or diminution of the national
debt. This measure of appropriating a
part of the revenue of the country for the
discharge of the public debt was adopted —
in Holland in 1655, and in the Eeclesiasti-
cal Stztesin 1685. But the particular fund
so called in England was first adopted by
Mr. Pitt.
SIPHON. See Syruon.
SIR.
knights, coupled with their Christian
name, as Sir William or Sir John, &c. ,
also a general complimentary form of ad.
dress.
SIRIUS, the Doasrar. A very bright
star of the first magnitude in Canis, Major
’ SIROCCO. A periodical wand in Italy
and Barbary, which prevails about Easter
SKELETON An assemblage of the
bones of any animal, cleaned, éried, ct
preserved in their ‘iatural pesition =.
SIZE, A aort of glue mad? of
SIMPLER. One who eg cimploe i"
resied together out of warm water, into | for the druggists. Ms
SIMULTANEOUSLY. At one. ore the
A title of address to baronets and
SIZER. 8troxt oF
Hany. The tricks of Juggiers performed
with such dexterity as to deceive the
kest eye
3 SLIDING-RULE A mathematical fa-
_ Btrament, to be ased without compasses in
gaging.
- BLING.
‘a musho o mung.
: 3 “ae bi
‘parings j
lam boiled 4g ‘water, and strained. Tt is
sed by painters, printers, &e.
“BLING (in me).
SLOOP. A email vessel with one mast
‘In the navy, sloops are tenders carrying ©
ten or twelve guna and about thirty men.
SLOTH. An animal NEN Y, “ fs
slow motion in walking. It elimbs brie
than it walks.
SLUG Avariety of the snail tribe, that .
has no shell.
gardens.
SLUG. A eylindrical or cubical piees
of metal shot from a gun.
SLUICE. A frame of wood. set in a
It ig very destructive ia
river, é&c to raise the water or to let
pass off, as occasion may require. °
SMACK. A small vessel used in the
fishing trade.
SMALL ARMS. A general name for
muskets, fusils, carabines, &c.
SMALL CRAFT. Ali manner of smal
sea vessels, as catches, hoys, &c
SMALL-POX. A cutaneous disorder,
to which persons are mostly subject once
in their lives. If taken by infection, it is
often dangerous, but if taken by tnocula
tion, It mostly passes off without any il
consequence.
with the cow-pox, is milder, but not 80
certain a remedy against future infection.
SMALT.
painting.
SMELL, or SMELLING. One of the
five senses, performed by a vascular porous
membrane which lines the internal cavity
ef the nostrils. This ie effected by the
odorous particles which preceed from @x- :
A lent vorn crap, © hich 2 | ternal substances
SMELT A fish of the sakmeon trim,
Vaccination or inoculation |
A sort of blue colour used in
A bandage for
| supporting a wounded lizab.
whieh iotenae rivers in vast shoals in the
spawning season.
SMELTING (ja Metallergy). The fu-
siea or melting of ores, in order to separate
the metallic from the earthy er stony parts.
The art of fusing ores after washing is one
ef the most impertant operations in metsl-
urgy.
SMITH. One who works in iron. The
vompany of blacksmiths in London, was
mcorporated in the sixteenth century
SMITHERY. The art of working iron
@%o particular shapes as occesion requires.
BMOKE A humid matter, exhaled in
ake form of & vapour, which ascends from
the fire.
SMOKEJACK. See Jacx.
SMUGGLERS (in Law). Those who
get prehiblted goods, clandestinely and
fraudulently imported.
BMUT. A disease in wheat, whieh
consumes the germ and substance of the
grain. -It is a sort of fungus
SNAIL. A sort of testaceous animal, of
whieh there are numerous species, that
vary mostly in regard to their shells.
Snails without shells are called slugs.
SNAKE. Ar amphibious animal, which
resembles an eel in its cylindrical body.
SNEEZING. A eonvulsive contraction
ef the chest.
SNIPE. A heath bird, nearly allied to
the woodcock
SNOW. A well knewn meteor, formed
by the freezing of the vapour in the at-
meesphere.
SNUFF. A nareotic powder prepared
from the leaves of the tobacco plant.
BOAP. A composition of ofl or fat, and
potashee, or any other alkali. The soft
soap ie made of potash, and cil or tallow;
the Spanish or Castile soap, of oll of
elives, and soda or brrilla: black soap is
& composition of train oi] and an alkali.
BOCIETY. A name given to any asgo-
giation of persons uniting together, and co-
s eperating to effect some particular object,
28 the societies or academies for promoting
the cause of liiersture; oharitable societies,
for purposes of public ehartty; missionary
- pocieties, for zonding missiemaries abroad,
swan the like
sea whieh, being dried Laka heatef
the sun, leave beds of soda, or natron, ag
it ls there called. Soda is, however, for .
the most part, procured from «a plant,
botanically called the salsola soda, which
grows among the cliffs on the coast, and:
also from other planis on the seashore;
but, in this case, it is more or lesa pure,
according to the nature of the plant from
which it is procured. Soda resembles pot.
ash very much, but it is rather more fusi-
ble; and when it comes into the air, it
crumbles into powder instead of liquefy-
ing, as potash does.
SODA WATER. Water impregnated
with carbonic acid gas.
SOI-DISANT. Self-styled *
SOIL. The ground in a state for cult
vation, or for the growth of plants.
SOLAR SYSTEM. That system of as-
tronomy, which is founded on the hypo- ~
thesis that the sun is the immoveable
centre of the universe, round which all
the other planets revolve st different dis-
tances, and in different spaces of time.
SOLDER. A metallic composition used
by plumbers and other artificers, for the
purpose of uniting metallic bodies more
finnly together. Iron is generally soldered
with copper; cepper and brass, with tin.
SOLE. An European fish much valued
for the table.
SOLECISM. An impropriety of speech
contrary to the rules of grammar.
SOLICITOR. A person who is employ-
ed in conducting suits in courts of equity
SOLID (in Geometry). A magnitude
which has length, breadth, and thicknegs.
SOLID (in Physics). A body whose
minute parts are so connected together as
not to yield readily to the impression of
external ferce, in distinction from a fluid.
SOLIDITY. That property ef matter
by whieh it excludes every other body
from the place which it occupies.
SOLITARY CONFINEMENT. Ths
confinement of prisoners by themselves in
cells,
SOLO (in Music Books). A name for
any part that is perfermed by ene single
person.
SOLSTICE. The time when the sun is
at the greatest distance from the equator,
namely, 23° 28°; which happe-ss about the
2ist of June, when he enters the tropic ef
Canser, or the summer soistice nd about
the 21st of December, when he enters the —
trepic of Capricern, ‘whieh is the —
sotsthoe
SOLSTITIAL POINTS The twe
- ~peints
_ Caneer, and the first of Capricorn, when
Othe solstices happen.
BOLVENT. Any menstruum of eorre-
sive liquor which will dissolve bodies,
BOLUTION. The intimate mixture or
perfect union of solid bodies with fiuids,
80 as seemingly to form one homogeneous
liquer.
SOMNAMBULISM. Walking in one’s
sleep.
SOOT. A volatile matter arising from
the smoke of wood or other fuel; or more
prenerly, the smoke itself dried and con-
densed on the sides ef the chimney.
SOPHISM. A specious but false argu-
ment, that serves to mislead.
- SOUND. That effect or impression en
the ear, supposed to be occasioned by the
tremulous motion of the air acting on that
ergan. If this motion be uniform, then it
produces a musica! note or sound.
SOUND (in Geography). Any great in-
jet of the sea between two capes or head-.
lands, where there is no passage through,
as Plymouth Seund, or that part of the
Baltic called by distinction the Sound.
BOUNDBOARD (in an Organ). A re-
servoir into whieh the wind is condueted,
and thence distributed to the pipes.
SOUNDING (in Navigation). Trying
' the depth of the water, and the quality of
the bottom, by a line with a plummet at
the end.
BOUP. A streng decoction of flesh or
other substances.
SOW (in the Iron Works). A block or.
lump of metal worked at once in the fur-
nace.
SPA. A mineral spring.
SPACE (ia Geometry). The area ~
any figure.
SPACE (among Printers). A slip of
wood or metal for maxing a space between
words or lines. .
SPANIEL. A sort of dog, with a long
shaggy coat and pendulous ears. There
SPAN AN “English measure of aise
inches.
SPANISH FLY. ‘An inseet eau is
used in raising blisters.
SPAR. Any sort of earth which breaks
easily inte cubical or laminated fragments
with polished surfaces.
SPARROW. A bird 30 nearly allied te
the finch, that they are classed by Linnswus
under the generic name of fringilla. But
the sparrow differs in its habits essentially
fromthe finch. It isa mischievous, cun
ning, spiteful bird, that is very destructive
in corn-fields, and in the roofs ef houses
where it builds. We here speak of the
European species. In America, there are
geveral varieties, of which the chipping bird
is the most common. !
SPARRCW-HAWK. A kind of short-
winged hawk.
SPASM. An involuntary contraction of
the museular fibres.
SPATHACES. One of the Linnean
natural orders, comprehending plants very
similar to the liliaceous plants, ag the nar-
cissus,' &c.
BPATULA. An instrument for spread-
ing salves or plasters.
SPAVIN. A disease in the feet of
horses, which causes them to swell.
SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF
COMMONS. In England, a member cho-
sén by the house, and approved by the
king, who regulates all their proceedings,
and speaks in the name of the whole on sli
public occasions. The speaker of legtsla-
tive bodies in the United States has similar
duties.
SPEAKING-TRUMPET. A sort of
trumpet used at sea, by the help of which
persons may hear si a great distance,
Pant a an ae Cs
SPEAR. A. sort ef lance with a sharp
point.
SPECIAL JURY (in Law). A Jury of
a higher order of persons, sworn to try @
particular cause.
SPECIALTY (in Law). A bend, bill,
er similar instrument.
SPECIE. Gold ¢ coin, in distinction
from paper money,
SPECIES. Any particular plant, ani-
mal, or mineral, contained under a genus,
SPECIFIC. A medicine having & par
ticular efficacy.
SPRCIFIC GRAVITY. The relative
mersing them in any fluid. —
SPECTRUM. A luminous spot formed
by a ray of light on a white surface, when
admitted through a smal! hole, ;
SPECULUM. Any polished body in:
pervious to the rays of light, such as
polished metals, looking-glasses, é&e.
SPERMACETI. An oilv substance
found in the head of the physeter macro-
cephalus, a species of whale
SPHERE (in Geometry). A solid con-
tained under one uniform round surface,
such as would be formed by the revolution
of a circle about a diameter thereof, as an
axis.
SPHERE (in Astronomy). The concave
erb or expanse which invesis our globe,
and in which the heavenly bodies appear
to be fixed, at an equa! distance from the
eye.
SPHERICS. The doetrine of the sphere,
particularly of the several circles described
on fits surface, with the method of project-
img the same on a plane.
SPHEROID. A solid body approaching
to the figure of a sphere.
SPHINX. A fabulous monster of Thebes,
said to have put forth riddles, and to have
killed those who could not expound them ;
also an Egyptian statue, with the head of
& woman and the body of a lion.
SPIDER, An insect which is remark-
able for its Ingenuity in forming its web,
which it effects by means of papille or
teats at the bottom of its belly. It uses
Web as a snare for flies and other insects,
whom it seizes and kills with great fo.
roeity.
IDER-WORT. A perennial and a
flowering plant, cultivated in gardens.
SPINAGE. A pot-h
SPINE (in Anatomy). The bony column,
' which consisie of the twenty-four vertebra
of the back.
SPINET A musical instrument some-
thing similar to a harpsichord.
SPINNING The act of drawing silk,
flax, or wool, into threads, which is per-
formed either by means of a wheel, or by
proportion of the weight of bodies of the |
same bulk, which is determined by im-_|
men, fro
wards. The term is ‘alas used in é
United States, in application to any wi
married woman. /
SPIRACULA. Holea or pores in the |
abdomen of insects, through whieh they t
breathe.
SPIRAL. A eurve line, which in ite —
progress always recedes more and more
from its centre
SPIRE. A steeple that rises tapering —
by degrees, and ends in a point.
SPIRITS. A general name for ali ve-
latile substancee collected by distillation,
now confined by chymists to alcohol,
SPLEEN (in Anatomy). A spongy vis.
cus, of a livid colour, lying en the left
side of the body.
SPLICING. Joining one rope to ano
ther.
SPLINTER. A small shiver of wood or
bone suddenly and violently broken off
SPOKES! The bars in the wheel of a
carriage.
SPONDEH. A foot of two syllables.
SPONGE. A substance which, at one
time, was supposed to be & sea-moss grow-
ing on rocks, but now discovered to be @
sort of zoophyte, that is torpid, and clothed
with a gelatinous porous flesh, by which it
absorbs or rejects water at pleasure
SPOONBILL. A bird so called from
its flat orbiculer peeks which is in the
shape of & spoon.
SFONTANEOUS. An epithet for things
that act of themselves, without any appe-
rent external agency, as the spontaneous
combustion of vegetable substances, which
when highly dried, and closely heaped,
will burst into a flame j ; So the spontaneous
geweration of the limbs or parts of animale
Inpchines particularly constructed for the | which have been eut off or destroyed.
Purpese «
, GPINSTER (in Law). In England, an! places ohserved on the sun, moon, ant
SPOTS ON THE BUN, &c. Dark
planets, of the nature of w
known at present.
_ SPRAT. A fish very similar to a herring,
but amaller. It ig a species of the same
_ genus, under the generic name of clupea
“@PRAY. The sprinkling of the sea
driven from the top of a wave in stormy
weather.
SPRING (in Astronomy). One of the
seasons, commencing in the northern hemi-
sphere when the sun enters Aries, about
the 2ist of March.
SPRING. A fountain or source of water
fising out of the ground.
SPRING (among Mechanies). A piece
of tempered steel, fitted te give an elastic
power to any machine, as the spring of a
Watch, represented underneath
hick, little is
SPRING COE. A species of African
Antelope. i
SPRINGER A lively and pleasant
species ef dog, very expert in raising
woodcocks and snipes
SPRING-TIDES. Tides at new and
* full moon.
SPRIT. Asmali boom or pole crossing
the sail of a boat diagonally.
SPRUCE. A fluid extracted by decoc-
tion from the spruce fir.
SPRUCE-BEER. A cheap and whole-
some liquor, made of treacle or molasses,
and the essence of spruce, well boiled in
water, to which yeast is afterwards added
to assist*the fermentation.
SPRUCE-FIR. A kind of Scotch or
Norway fir, common in America.
SPUNGE. See Sroner,.
SPUNGING-HOUSE (in England). A
victualling house, or place of temporary
confinement, for persons arrested for debt.
SPUNK. A substance growing on the
sides of trees, which serves as tinder.
SPUN YARN. The yarn of untwisted
ropes, the ende of which are scraped and
beaten thin, to be let into the ends of
other ropes.
SPUR. A plece of metal made to fit
the hee! of the horseman, and armed with
arowel, which is used for urging a horseon.
SPY. A person hired to watch the mo-
_ tions of another, particularly what passes
fm an eneniy’s camp.
SQUADRON (in the Navy). A detach-
ment of ships employed tn any expedition.
- BQU APRON (in the Army). A body
ef horse, from one to two hundred.
«SQUARE (i® Geometry). A quadrila-
STA
| teral figure, whose angles are right angles,
and sides equal.
SQUARE (in Arithmetic). The product
of any number multiplied by itself; also
the squares of lineal measures, as a square
foot, a square yard.
SQUARE (among Carpenters). An in-
strument for squaring their work or redu-
cing it to a square.
SQUARE (in Military Affairs.) A body
of soldiers formed inte a square.
SQUARE-ROOT. A number which,
multiplied in itself produces the square
number; thus, 2 is the square-root of 4.
SQUIRREL. An agile animal, that
climbs dexterously, and leaps nimbly from
tree to tree. It lives mostly on seeds and
fruit. The most common varieties ix
North America are the gray, red, and str
ped
STACK, or Rick. A structure of hay
or corn, so formed that it may be thatched
iby way of defence from the wet. The
stem or body or the stack should be about
two-thirds, and the roof one-third, of the
whole stack. A funnel or chimney, called
the well, is frequently left in circular
stacks, to prevent their heating too strongly.
As @ preservative against the wet, while
the hay or corn is stacking, rick-cloths
are fixed up.
STADIUM. A Greek long measure,
equal to our furlong; also the race-course
among the Greekg.
STAFF. An ensign of offise
STAFF (in the Army). A speeiied
number of officers acting together.
STAFF (among Mai mers). A light pele
erected in a ship, on which the colours
are hoisted.
STAFF-OFFICERS.
who constitute the staff.
STAGE. The elevated place in the area
of a theatre, where the actors perform
their parts; alse any elevated place for
the purpose of exhibiting any thing, or of
carrying on any work in building
Those officers
STAGE-COACH. A public peiieles bo
called because the horses go only a certain
distance ata time, which is called a stage.
STAG-BEETLE. An insect which lives
-h the decayed trunks of trees.
STAG. An elegant animal, the male of
which has branching and recurvate horns.
The branches of a-well grown stag are at
least six or seven. This animal is not
found in America.
STALACTITES. A sort of calcareous
earths, consisting of carbonace of lime,
earvonic acid, and wate.: it is found
Suspended from vault: or the roofs of
caverns in calcareous mountains.
STALK, Cauurs (in Botany). That
part of a plant which receives the nourish-
ment from the root, and distributes it to
the otter parts.
STALL. A particular seat in a cathe-
dral; alsoa partition in a stable; and an
epen shop in a market or fair. .
STAMEN (in Botany). One of the
principal parts of fructification in plants, on
which Linneus’s sexual system is founded.
STAMINA. The simple original parts
of an animal body, which existed in the
embryo.
STAMP, Any instrument with which
an impression is made; also in England,
paper bearing a particular mark or impres-
sion, which is used for receipts, deeds, and
ether instruments, and for which a tax is
paid.
STANDARD. An peli weight or
measure by which other measures are reg-
ulated These measures are committed
im Engiand, to the keeping of a magistrate,
‘er deposited in some public place, as the
Exchequer.
STANDARD (in Military Affairs). A
flag or banner, borne as a signal for the
forming of troops inte a body he royal
imperial arms of England, Scotland, an
Ireland are quartered, with those ef Han
over. : .
STANNERIES. Tin mines or works. Ty
STAPLE (in England). A town where
there were public storehouses for merchan-
dises.
STAPLE COMMODITIES. Articles -
such as wool, cloth, lead, &c. which might
be latd up in the staples or storehouses
without damage.
STAR. A general name for the heavenly
bodies, but more particularly for what are
otherwise denominated fixed stars, as dis-
tinguished from planets, comets, satellites,
&e. “The stars were distinguished by the
ancients into different collections, included
within imaginary figures called constella-
tions. The particular stars in each con-
stellation have been moreover distinguish-
ed, by the moderns, by the letters of the
Greek, and also according to their magni-
tude, from the first or largest to the sixtk
or the smallest that are visible to the naked
eye. :
STARBOARD. The right hand of a
ship, when ‘ooking towards*the head or
fore part.
STARCH. A powder drawn from wheat
flour, and used in stiffening linen.
STAR-CHAMBER. (in England). A
court where anciently the Lord Chancel.
lor, assisted by others, used te sit to punish
riots, forgeries, and other great offences.
STARFISH. See Sra-star.
STARLING. An European bird about
nine inches long, that is very docile, and
may be easily taught to speak. mk
STATICS. That branch of the acience
of mechanics which teaches the properties ’
of bodies in respect to their weight, equi-
librium, &c. when in a state of rest See
MeEcHANtcs.
STATIONER. A dealer in paper, pens,
and all writing utensils, &c. The station- —
ers in London, form one of the citycom- —
panies. ge
STATUARY. A branch of sculpture
employed in the making of statues, r ih
STATUES. Figures of men or. other
objects formee with the chisel, of marble
or stone, &c., cr carved in wood, and cast
in plaster of Paris, or in different kinde of
metals.
STATUTES (in England). Aetsofpar
liament made by the three estates of the |
realm, which are either public or private,
The ecourta of Westminster must take eog-
nizance of the public statutes without their —
heing specially pleaded, but not so of pee 7
\
: agli ‘epee
STAVE (in Music). The five horizontal
es
a
STEALING (in Law). The fraudulent
taking away of another man’s goods with
__-&N Intent to steaJ thein, against or without
the will of him, to whom they belong.
STEAM. The vapour which arises from
the application of heat to water or any
other fluid.
STEAM-ENGINE. An engine first con-
structed by Mr. James Watt, a native of
_ Greenock, for raising water by means of
O the expansive force of steam. It has since
undergone many improvements, and been
which requires an extraordinary moving
pewer. The steam engine was first suc-
cocsfully applied to navigation by Robert
Fulton of the United States.
STEEL. fron refined and purified by
_ buret of iron, or iron combined with a
smali portion of carbon.
STEEL-YARDS A balance, for weigh-
ing vee
STEGANOGRAPHY. The art of
writing in secret characters or ciphers.
“STEINERITE. In mineralogy, a
variety of iolite, of a blue color.
STEINMANNITE. (A mineral with
- afineg granular 2a adept and metallic
lustre: s . gr. 6°83; H=
aan Aas One of ae Linnean
made applicable to every sort of work.
‘fire. it is chemically described as a car- |
habural | ade ‘of. abil g So inecheudtna
those which have their leaves disposed
round the stem in the form of a star
STEM (in Botany). That part of a
piant which sustains the root, leaves, and
flower. :
STEM (in Shipbuilding). Thea circular
piece of timber into which the two sides
of the ship are united at the fore end; the
fore part of the ship, as opposed to the
stern. -
STENOGRAPHY, or SwHonrtr-Hanp.
The art of writing in short characters
instead of words.
STEPPES. Barren tracts of elevated
land in Russia, and the northern part of
Asia.
STEREOGRAPHY The art of repre~
senting solids on a plane,
STEREOMETRY,. The science which
teaches the measuring of solids.
STEREOTYPE, One entire solid piece
of type cast from an impression in gypeum, —
of a page composed with moveable types.
' STERLING MONEY. The lawful
money of Great Britain.
STERN. The hindermost part of a ship.
STEWARD.(in Law). A term applied
in England, toseveral officers of distinc.ion,
particularly the Lord High Steward, whe
presides at the trial of a peer or the corona-
tion of the king, &c.
STEWARD (in Conmerce,. One whe
manages the affairs of another, particularly
in the management of estates.
STIGMA (in Botany). The top of the
pistil.
STILL. The apparatus used in the dis
tillation of ardent spirits. See Distinna
TION
STILTS. A set of piles driven into the
ground plot, for the intended pier of a
bridge.
STIMULANTS. Medicines which tend
to excite the animal energy.
STING. A weapon in the form of a
barbed spear, with waiek some insects are
armed
STIRRUP. The step of a saddle
STIRRUP (in Shipbuilding). A piece
of timber put under the keel when some
part of it is lost; also the name of some
short ropes.
STIVER. A Dutch coin, equal to about
a penny.
STOAT. See Examine
STOCK. The wooden part of many tn.
struments, as the steck of an ancher, the
stock of a gun, é&c.
STOCK (in the Army). Part ef a sok
dier’a dress wern sound the necx instead
| of a neckeleth.
- 836 ETO
STOCK (in Commerce). Amy fund con-
sisting ef money or goods employed by a
person in trade, particularly the sum of
Money raised by a company for carrying
on any trading concern.
STOCK-BROKER. One who deals in
the public funds for others
STOCK-DOVE. An _ European bird,
supposed to be the origina! stock of the
various kinds of pigeons.
STOCK-EXCHANGE. The place where
stock is bought and sold,
STOCK-JOBBER. A_ speculator
dealer in the public stocks or funds.
STOCKING. A covering for the legs,
made either of silk, wool, cotton, or
thread, &c. knit with the hands or wove
in a frame.
STOCKS (in Domestic Policy). The
public funds or government securities,
which bear an interest, and are regularly
bought and sold.
STOCKS (in Law). A mode of con-
fining the legs of disorderly persons by
way of punishment, which was ordained
by statute
STOCKS (in Shipbuilding). A frame
of timber for building pinnaces, ketches,
and other small craft; also sometimes
emall frigates.
STOICS. A sect of philosophers among
the ancients, who maintained that pain
was no evil, and many other paradoxes
ef a similar nature.
STOLE, Gaoom or rHx. In England,
the head officer in the bedchamber of a
king or prince.
STOMACH. The membranous, oblong
receptacie in the lower region, destined to
receive the food and convert it into chyle.
STONE. A hard mineral, that may be
used in various ways in building. The
principal component parts of stones are
silica, alumina, zircona, glucina, lime, and
magnesia; sometimes the oxides of iron,
manganese, nickel, chronium, and copper
are also found te enter into their composi-
tion.
STONE-FRUIT. Fruit having its seed
enclosed in a stony substance.
STONEHENGE. A pile of huge stones
on Salisbury Plain, in England, six miles
distant from that city, which is generally
admitted by antiquaries to have been a
British temple. It consists of the remains
ef four ranks of rough stones ranged one
within another, and suszaining ethers the.
are laid across and fastened by mortices.
STONE-WARE. A general name for
every thing which ie manufactured of
earth er clay, particularly the eoareer
gorts of curthen-ware.
or
j
i
STOP (in Music), The pressure the
strings by performers on the violin
viotoncello, by which «they are ‘wrought, AN
into contact with the finger-beard. EA a
STOP OF AN ORGAN. A collection co NEA
of pipes similar in tone and quality, which ©
run through the whole ora creel pat of
the compase of an instrument. aN
STORAX. The gum benzoin,
STORES, or Navat Srones. The ma
terials laid up in store for the use of the
navy, such as ordnance, ammunition,
masts, sails, cordage, &¢. _
STORK. A bird nearly allied to the
heron and the crane, with which it is
classed by Linneus under the generic
name of ardea. It is a white bird, having
the orbits of the eye naked. This bird is
a native of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and \
feeds upon amphibious animals. In Hol Pe ae
land and Germany the storks are much ae
favoured, and are to be seen on the tops of on)
the houses, and even in the publie streets. sath
Ke
f
‘
Sek eee?
==
STORMY PETREL. See Pzrazn
STRAIT, or STRAITS. A narrow arm
of the sea shut in by iand on both sides,
as the Straits of Gibraltar, &e. ihe i
STRATUM. A bed or layer, andSrrata,
the beds or layers, of different earths or
mineral substances of which the whole
earth is composed.
STREAMER A flag or pendant in a
ship.
STREPDITEROS,. A species of Goat,
With tall spiral horns, found in the island
of Crete. rate
STRIKE. A measure of capacity,con-
taining four bushels. mint
STRONTIA, Asortof ponderousearthe =
STROUDS. The several twista at the
end of a cable.
STRUMA. A scrofulous smccihg:
STUCCO. A composition of white mar
ble pulverized and mixed with plaster of
lime, it is used en walls, or ib
ornamental Agures,
sails.
STUDENT. One studying for his de-
grees at the university; also one who is
preparing himself for the bar.
STUFF. Any sort of thin cloth made
pf wool or other matter.
STUM. “Wine revived by a new fer-
mentation.
STURGEON A Jarge kind of fish,
which inhabita the sea, but ascends the
rivers annually The flesh of all the spe-
cies 18 good.
STYLE, A sort of bodkin with which
‘the ancients wrote on wax or on lead,
now used for writing on ivory, leaves, and
paper particularly prepared for the pur-
STYLE (in Dialling). The pin which,
by its shadow, points out the hour,
STYLE (in Botany). The columnar
portion of the pista.
STYLE, A name which, in séveral sci-
ences, denotes a particular rule or method,
as in rhetoric and grammar, the manner
ef expressing one’s sentiments.
STYLE (in Chronology). The manner
of computing time, which is either old
style or new style. By the old style the
year consisted of 365 days and 6 hours;
but the new or Gregorian style was made
te correspond more nearly with the period
of the sun’s revolution, reckoning the year
to be 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 20 se-
eonds, by retrenching 11] days from the
eld style. The new style was introduced
into Germany in 1700, and in 1752 into
England by act of parliament, whereby
the 2d of September in that year was
reckoned the l4th.
STYLE (in Architecture, A particular
mode of erecting buildings, as the Gothic
style, Saxon style, &c.
STYPTICS. Substances which have a
binding juality, and are used to step
bleeding, &c.
SUB. A prefix which denotes inferiority
ef rank or defect of quality, as subaltern,
subordinate.
SUBALTERN. An inferior officer, act-
ing under the immediate direction of
another, as cornets, ensigns, &c,
SUBDIVISION. A_ division or part
under another or greater division.
SUBJ JNCTIVE MOOD. A mood of
verbs which imply a condition annexed
te an affirmation.
Re ‘SUBLIMATE. Any substance procured
avi IAL grup. a inack of breeding mares, par
theularty those of the finer sort.
- STUDDING SAILS. Light sails ex-
_ tended beyond the skirts of the principal
prevens ot robiimation, partioularly
ARORA
‘“guc
j the gabtincate of mereury, an extremely
acrid and violently poironous preparation
SUBLIMATION. A process by which
volatile substances are raised by heat, and t
again condensed in the solid form.
SUBMARINE. An epithet for what is
or happens »inder the sea or water, as @
submarine explosion or submarine naviga-
tion, &c.
SUBMULTIPLE. A number or quan-
tity contained in another number or quan-
tity a certain number of times exactly, aa
4, which is the submultiple of 24.
SUBORNATION. A hiring er getting
persons to,swear falsely.
SUBPQENA (in Law). A writ for sum-
moning witnesses
SUBSCRIPTION, The signing or set.
ting one’s hand to a paper ; also the giving
asum of money, or engaging to give it,
for the furtherance of some commen ob-
ject in which several are interested, as
subscriptions in support of Cho ane in-
stitutions, and the like.
SCAGLIOLA. In architecture, a
kind of ornamental plaster, or artificial
stone, prepared from | gypsum and
Flanders glue,“and made to imitate
the colors of marble.
SCALENE. In geometry, a triangle
having the three sides unequal.—A
scalene cone or cylinder is one of which
the axis is inclined to the base.
SCALESIASIS. In physiology, a
disease peculiar to swine, which is
purely parasitic, and depends for its
origin on the introduction into the
system of the mature and fecundated
ova of Teenia solium. . It is sometimes
known as the measles; and the malady
is most prevalent in those counties in
Ireland where pigs are reared..
SUBSTANTIVE. Another name fora
noun
SUBSTITUTE (in Law). One delegated
to act for another.
SUBSTITUTE (in the Militia). One
engaged to serve in the room of ancther.
SUBSTRATUM A stratum underneath.
SUBTENSE OF AN ARC. A nght line
opposite to an angle, supposed to be drawn
between the two extremities of the arc.
SUBTERRANEAN. Underground, or
within the bowels of the earth, as subter-
ranean caverns or subterranean fires.
SUBTRACTION. The taking of one
number or quantity from another, ex-
pressed by this character — ; as 5—deun2,
SUBTRAHEND. The quantity to be
subtracted.
SUCCEDANEUM. A medicine substh
tuted for another,
SUCCINIC ACID An noid re
from amber
838 SUI
SUCCOTRINE ALOES. A gort ef
aloss obtained from a species of the alos,
marmely, the aloe perfoliata of Linneus.
SUCCULENTA. One of the Linnean
mMatural orders of plants, including the
juicy evergreens, as the: mesymbrianthe-
Mum, &c,
SUCKER. The piston of a pump; also
a piece of leather laid wet upon a stone,
which owing to the pressure of the atmo-
sphere, adheres very closely, and is not to
be pulled off without great force.
SUCKER (in Botany) A young twig
shooting from the stock.
SUCKER (in Ichthyology). optica] place of the.
heavens.
SYNODICAL MONTH. The period
wherein the moon departing from the sun,
returns to a conjunction with him again,
this is twenty-nine days, twelve hears
SYLLABLE, An articulate sound Terma
ight minutes, Cwantyicignt ARE
on SYNGENESIA (in Botany). Ono of
the Linnean classes, containing plants the
momina ef which form a cylinder.
SYNONYMES. Words of the same or
stmilar signification, which serve to am-
plify a subject. —
SYNOPSIS. A general view of a sub-
jec..
SYNOVIA. An unctuous fiuid secreted
within the capsular ligaments of the joints,
which serves to lubricate them and facili-
tate their motion.
SYNTAX. That part of grammar which
treats of concord and government.
SYNTHESIS (in Mathematics). A meth-
od ef composition, as opposed to analysis.
Ay f
f, the twentieth letter of the alphabet,
stands as an abbreviation amongst the
ay Roman writers for Titus, Tiberius, &c.
TABBY. Arich kind of sikx that has
. undergone the process of being tabbied.
hee TABBYING. The passing any silk or
/ stuff through a calender, the rollers of which
are variously engraven, so as to give the
surface a wavy appearance.
TABLE. A level surface raised above
the ground, of various forms, and used for
meals anu various other purposes.
TABLE (in Perspective). The transpa-
rs rent or perspective plane.
“® TABLE (in Arithmetic). Any series of
_--—”—«saBmbbers formed so as to expedite calcu-
lations, as the tables of weighta and mea-
yures, «
TABLE (in Astronomy). Computations
of the motions and other phenomena of
* the heavenly bodies..
TABRET. A small drum.
> TACIT. Not expressed, as a tacit cen-
fession, one that may be inferred some-
times from a person’s silence.
TACKING. Changing the course.
_ ‘TACKLE, or Tacsiine. The general
furniture of a ship particularly the ropes
and the assembiage of blocks by which
heavy oodies are moved.
TAUIICB The ssience of disposing
either an army or 2 feet of ships, and
SYPHON, or SIPHON. A bent tabe
used in drawing off wine, liquers, and
other fluids eut of a vessel.
SYRINGA. A flowering shrub p.aniod
in gardens.
SYRINGE. An instrument that admits
of any fluid, and expels it again at plea-
sure.
SYRUP. A thick composition, formed
from the juices of herbs and fruits boiled
with sugar.
SYSTEM. An assemblage orchain of
principles, the several parts of which de
pend upon or are connected with each
other. Systems vary in different sciences
according to the hypothesis on which they
are founded, as in astronomy, the Coper-
nican or Ptolemaic system ; in botany, the
system of Tournefort, Ray, Linnaeus, &e
SYSTEM (in Musie), An interval com-
pounded or supposed to be compounded of
several lesser intervals. :
SYZIGY (in Astronomy),. The con-
junction or oppesition ef any planet in
regard to the sun
regulating their movements fer the mere
effectual attainment of the ends preposed.
TADPOLE. A frog in its unformed
state.
TAFFETY. A fine sort of silk remark
ably glossy.
TALC. A soft. kind of earth, soapy te
the touch, and composed of magresia,
alumine, and silica.
TALENT, A money of aecoun: among
the Jews and Greeks. The Jewish talent
of silver was equal to $1710.00, and that
of the Greeks to $970.00. The Jewish
talent of gold was equal to $22,800.00.
TALENT. A weight among the Jews,
containing one hundred and eighty-nine
pounds eight ounces fifteen penny weights
and seventeen grains ‘The talent among
the Egyptians ana Greeks did not weigh
so much.
TALES (in Law) Jurors added to make
up the number wanted.
TALLOWCHANDLER. A maker and
vender of tallow candles, as distinguished
from a waxchandler. The company ef
tallowchandlers in London, was sated
rated in 1461.
TALLOW TREE. A tree in Cnrina
which produces an unstuous juice, ef
which candles are made,
TALLY. Acieft racic horn)
an account ia seored —
TALMUD. The book of the otal law of
the Jows, containing their ya customs,
and traditions.
TAMARIND. The fruit ef an Indian
tree, which has an agreeable acidity com-
pined with sweetness. It is used very
mauch in medicine.
TAMBOUR (in Fortification). A kind
of work formed of palisades.
TAN. The bark of the oak or other tree
ground or chopped, and used-in tanning
leather.
TANGENT. A line touching a circle or
ether curve without cutting it.
\
TANNIN. The substance procured from
tan, by macerating it in cold water; this
has the property of forming with anima!
gelatine a tough insoluble matter, and is
therefore used in converting sking into
leather by the process of tanning.
TANNING. The process of preparing
heather from the skins of animals, which,
after being cleared of the hair, wool, and
fleshy parts oy the help of lime, scraping,
and other means, are macerated in an
astringent liquor formed from the bark of
the oak tree. This is usually done by
putting into the tan pit, layers of ground
oak-bark and ekins alternately, with the
addition of a smal) quantity of water.
TANREE. A small animal covered with
prickles mixed with hair, found in some
parts of Asia
TANTALUS. A sort of birds.
TAPESTRY. Cloth woven in figures.
TAPEWORM. A kind of womnns re-
sembling a tape in its form, which infests
the intestines of the human body, and
eauses many disorders,
TAPIOCA The starch of the cassava
reot.
TAPIR. A genus of animals of the class
maminatlia, order belluine, that inhabits
South America.
TAR. A thick, black, unctuous sub
stance, obtained from old pines and fir trees.
TARANTULA. The largest of all Eu-
repean spiders, the bite of which was
fermerly supposed to be venomous.
TARE. Anallowance to the buyer forthe
eutside package in the weighing of goods.
TARES. A sort of vetches much used
ge spring fodder fer cattle
‘TARGET. A kind of shield anciontly 4
used by the Scotch; a mark Bet sine as
fired at.
TARGUM. The Chaldee paraphrase a
the Old Testament.
TARIFF. A table of the rates er duties
agreed upon between two states to be
paid upon the goods of their respective
countries.
TARPAULIN. A canvass eloth to hic
off the rain.
TARTAN. A small coasting Vasant Pu
the Levant, having one mast and a bow-
sprit.
TARTAR. The concreted vabeteane
formed on the sides of wine casks.
TARTAR, Cream or. A powder com-
pounded of tartaric acid and potash.
TARTARIC ACID. An acid proeured
by the solution, filtration, and crystalliza-~
tion of the tartar.
TARTRATES. Salts formed by the
combination of tartaric acid with different
bases.
TATTOOING. Puncturing the skin and
rubbing in a dye, which is practised among
the natives of the South Sea Islands.
TASTE. One ofthe five senses, by which
the savour or relish of any thing is per-
ceived. This resides principally in the
papille of the tongue and palate.
TAURUS. The second sign of the zodiac.
marked thus & ; it contains among other
stars the two clusters called the Pleiade
and Hyades.
TAUTOLOGY., Useless repetition.
TAXES. [inpositions laid upon the eub-
ject by act of government
TEA. The leaf of a Chinese tree, from
which a oseful beverage of the same name
has been made ever since fits first intro :
duction inte Europe im the seventeentés
century The tea plant Is a native of
been found
other part of the world.
~ Beas, the Souchong, Camho, Congo, Pekoe,
byl vial: bi My a ‘
paa, and Tonquin, and has not
growing spontaneously im any
It offects valleys,
the sloping sides of mountains, and the
banks of rivers exposed to the southern
yays cf the sun, There are two principal
gorta of tea, namely, the Green and-the
Bohea, or black ; these are distinguished
into different species, according to the
nature of the leaf, as of the Greens, the
(mperial, Hygon, and Singlo; of the Bo
and Common Bohea.
TEAK TREE. The Indian eak, not
equa! in durability to the British oak.
TEAL, The smallest of the duck kind.
TEARS (in Anatomy). The limpid fluid
secreted by the lachrymal glands.
TEARS (in Chemistry). Any fluid fall-
ing in drops, as gums or resins exuding
in the form of tears.
TECHNICAL. Pertaining to arts and
sciences, as technical terms, terms of art.
TEETH. The hardest and smoothest
bones of the body, fixed in the alveoli or
socketa of the two jaws, which begin to
appear about the seventh or eighth month
eafter the birth, first the dentes incisuri or
incisores, the four front teeth of the upper
and lower jaw; then the canini, or eye
teeth, one on each side the incisores in
each Jaw ; and then the molares, or grind-
ers, mostly ten in each jaw, making alto-
gether thirty-two, although the number
varies indifferentsubjects. Intheseventh
year new teeth are formed, and in the
twenty-first the two last of the molares
mostly spring up, called the dentes sapien-
tie
TEGUMENTS (in Anatomy). Cover-
Inga ef the body, as the cuticle, rete mu-
cosum, skin, and adipose membrane
TEINT. An artificial colour.
TEAK. A tree of the East Indies, af-
fording durable timber for shipbuilding.
TELEGRAPH. An instrument by
which intelligence can be commanti-
cated rapidly to a considerable dis-
tance.—Hlectro-magnetic telegraph, an
instrument or apparatus for communi-|
cating words or language to a distance}
by means of electricity. There are also
the indicator telegraph, which conveys
its signals by the movements of point-
ers; the type-printing telegraph; the
symbol-printing telegraph; aud the
chemical-printing telegraph.
TELEGRAPHY. The art or prae-
tice of communicating intelligence by
a telegraph.
TELENGISCOPE. In optics, an in-
strument which combines the power of
_ the telescope and the microscope.
oa mee eee eee a re Ee I ne en a ee een OES eT
‘ware i
conveying information by sound. The
Telephone was first presented to the
world at the Centennial Exhibition in
1876; but its introduction as a practical
telegraphic apparatus dates from May
4, 1877, when Prof. Graham Bell ex-
hibited it in the Music Hall, Boston.
TELESCOPE. An optical instrument
composed of lenses, 80 situated cs to bring
remote objects neartothe view. Towhom
we are indebted for the discovery of the
powers of this instrument is not preciseiy
known. Wolfius infers from a passage vp
the ‘Magia Naturalis’ of John Baptinxa
Porta, that he was the first who made a
telescope, and this inference is the more
probable as Baptista Porta had particu-
larly directed his attention to optical in-
strumenca; but nocertain mention is made
of any te.escope before 1590, thirty years
afterwards, when a telescope sixteen inches
long was made and presented to Prince
Maurice of Nassau, by a spectacle maker
of Middleburg, whose name is not eyactly
known, being called Luppersheim, Jansen.
andaiso Hansen. Noadvances were, how-
ever, made in the construction of tele-
scopes before the time of Galileo, who
white at Venice accidentally heard thata
sort of optic glass was made in Holland,
which brought distant objects nearer, and
considering how this thing might be, he
set to work and ground two pieces of glass
into a form, as well as he could, and fitted
them to the two ends of an organ pipe,
with which he produced an effect that
delighted and astonished all beholders
After exhibiting the wonders of this inven-
tion to the Venetians on the top of the
tower of St. Mark, he devoted himself
wholly to the improving and perfecting
the telescope, in which he was so succéss-
ful that it has been usual to give him the
honour of being the inventor. Ananecdote
mentioned by F. Mabillon in his Travels,
of having met, in a monastery of his own
order, with a manuscript copy of the
works of Commestor, written by one Con-
radus in the thirteenth century, and con-
taining a portrait of Ptolemy looking
through a tube at the stars, would seem to
justify the supposition thaa this contrivance
of facilitating the view of distant objects
was of earlier datethan is generally con-
sidered ; but we are not informed whether
the tube was furnished with glasses, and
very probably tubes were then used to
defend and direet the sight, and render the
object more distinct by singiing it from all
other objects in the vicinity. It must not.
however, be denied that the eptical pia
?
x TELEPHONE. An instrument for wae
.
eteaae Upum which the effest of telescopes
ig founded are as old ss Euelid at least,
and wanted nothing but accident or re-
flection to lead to this mede ef applying
them.
Telescopes are either refracting or reflect-
ing ; the former consist of different lenses
through which the objects are seen by rays
refracted by them tothe eye, and the latter
consist of specula from which the rays are
reflected and passed to the eye. The lens
or glaas turned to the object is called the
ohject glass, and that next to the eye the
eye giass, and when the telescope consists
-of more than two Jenses al! but that imme-
diately next the ebject are called eye
glasses. Great improvements have been
made in the construction of telescopes,
both refleeting and refracting. ‘That eon-
gtructed under Dr. Herschel’s direction is
the largest instrument of the kind, and pos-
seases the highest magnifying power of any
that was ever made. The tube of this
telescope is thirty-nine feet four inches, it
measures four feet ten inches, and every
part of itis of iron that is rolled, or sheet
iron, joined together by a kind of seaming,
like the iron funnel of a stove. In order
to command every altitude, the point of
support is moveable, and its motion is
effected by the help of pulleys, so that it
may be moved backward or forward and
set to any altitude up to the very zenith.
The tube is also made to rest with the
point of support in a pivot which permits
tt to be turmed sidewise
TELLER. One in a bank, who receives,
and pays out money. .
TELLERS Those whoreckon the votes
in any legislature.
TELLERS. In England, officers of the
exchequer, who receive all moneys due to
the crown.
TELLURIUM. A kind of metal of a
blue white colour, sott, brittle, and easily
reducible to powder. It melts in a heat
something above the fusing point of lead.
TELLUS (in Heathen Mythology). The
goddess of the earth ; the earth itself.
TEMPERAMEN T (in Music). The
accommodation or adjustment of imper-
fect sounds.
TEMPERATURE, The constitution of
the air according to the diversity of the
geasons, or the different situations ofclimate
and ether circumstances
ness or softness.
TEMPERING (amen Sickuakorsy’ es
The duly mixing the materials of which —
bricks are made, that they may be more
easily cut and reduced to the proper shape.
TEMPLARS, or Keients Tuempvans
An agrcient order of knighthood, which
was absiished at the beginning of the
fourteenth century.
TEMPLE. A place appropriated for the
performance of public worship.
TEMPLE (in Anatomy). The upper part
on each side of the head, where the pulse
is felt.
TEMPORAL. Not spiritual; as the
temporal revenues of the church in Eng-
land, called the temporals, or temporalitiea,
TEMPORAL (in Anatomy). Pertaining
to the temples, as the temporal arteries,
&e.
TENACITY. The degree of force with
which the particles of bodies cohere or are
held together; a term applied particularly
to metals which may be drawn into wire,
as gold and silver
TENAILLE. An outwork of a fortress.
TENANT (in Law). One who holds
lands by any right, particularly one whe
occuples lands or tenements at a yearly
rent, for life, years, or will.
TENCH. A fish with a golden body
and transparent fina, that imhabits rivers
and ponds.
TENDEB (in the Navy). A small ship
that attends a larger.
TENDER (in Law). The offering of
money in payment of a debt.
TENDON ACHILLES. That which
connects the calf of the leg with the heel.
TENDONS. The extremities of the
muscles.
TENDRIL. The curling part of plants,
as in the vine, with which they lay hold
of any thing for support.
TENEMENT (in Law). Ary thing
which may be holden, particularly houses
or any other buildings.
TENNIS. A game with a ball, driven |
by a racket.
TENNIS-COURT. The place where the
game of tennis is played.
TENON. The square end of a piece ef
mer.
TENOR (in Music). The middle ‘ sea
hetween.
TENSE. That part of a verb which de ~
notes time, aw the present tense, denoting
the time that new 1s; the preterit er seat
the time that was: and the future, the time
-
that will be Some tenses Likew #9 damote Me "ie
a
.
x
4
y
yi
cM
~
— eon
Ca
= See e
ae
Ps x
<<
ed ad tind LE > Mad ake
iises pie. ae
sok Se he
° or
} time, asthe eran tense, which denotes
am unfinished action at a certain time; the
perfect, a finished action at any time;and
the pluperfect, a finished action before a
@ertain time.
TENSION. The act of stretching or be-
ing stretched, asthe tension of the muscles"
when the body ia in motion,
TENTER (in the Cloth Manufacture).
Arailing constructed tostretch cloths upon.
TENTERHOOK. A particular hook
on which th_ngs are hung that are to be
stretched.
TENURE (in Law). The conditions on
which lands and tenements are held.
/ TERCE. A wine vessel con!aining for-
ty-two gallons. !
TERM (in Geometry).
or bound of a magnitude.
TERM (in Law). A fixed and limited
time within which courts of judicature are
open.
TERM (in the Universities). The fixed
periods within which stu-ents ars obliged
to reside for the prosecution of their
studies.
TERMES The white ant, a genus of
insects, inhabitants of the East Indies,
Africa, and Scuth America, which are
said to exceed the common ant, the bee,
and the beaver in their skill, ingenuity,
and good government. They build pyra-
midal structures ten or twelve feet high,
that resemble villages in extent, and divide
them off into several apartments, as maga-
zines, ehambers, galleries,&c. They are
no less dexterous and remarkable in their
manner of providing themselves with food,
for they destroy food, furniture, books, and
timber with such rapidity, that a beam will
be eaten by them toa mere shell in a few
The extremity
TERMINI. Figures used by the Romans
Yer the support of entablatures, in the place
_ ef columns ; the upper part consisted of the
head and breast of a human body, and the
Yower of the inverted frustum of a cone,
They were so called because they were
principally ussd as boundary marks, and
Peacevonced their god Terminus.
' TERMS OF AN EQUATION. The
members of which it is composed.
_ TERN A birdof which there are seve-
the great, lesser. black
; ’ 'Phey live en fish, and are
‘sometimes ealled sea-swallows.
TERRACE, A platform or bank of earth
raised and breasted, particularly in fertifi-
Cations; also a raised walk.
TERRA FIRMA. Main land; the name
particularly given to a country of South
America, extending from the Atlantic te
the Pacific Ocean to the extent of 1368
miles*
TERRA JAPONICA. Japan earth, the
inspissated juice of a species of acacia.
TERRAR, or Teraizr. A land roll,
containing the quantity of acres, tenants’
names, and the like.
TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. An artificial
representation of the earth’s ‘surface, by
the help of which many problems in as-
tronomy and geography are worked. >
TERRIER A Kind ef dog that hunts
underground,
TEST (in England). An cath prescribed
by act of parliament for renouncing the
pope’s supremacy, &c.; also the Sacramen-
tal Test, which was formerly required as
the qualification of taking an office, but is —
now abolished
TEST (in Chemistry). A term applieu
to any substance which serves to detect
the presence of a poisonous ingredient in
@ composition; also a cupel or pot, for
aeparating base metals from gold or silver.
TESTACEA. ‘Testaceous animals, or
shell fish; the third order of animals under
the class vermes, in the Liangean system,
TEST ACT (in England). An act of
parliament which required al) persons te
take the sacrament according to the rites
of the church of England, on their accep-
tance of a public office.
repealed as relates to the sacramental test
for which a declaration is substituted, sig
nifying that the party will do nothing te
the injury of the established religion of
Engiand.
‘TESTAMENT (in Law). The solemn
act whereby a man declares his last will
as to the disperal of his estate after hig
death.
This act is so far
the volumes of the Holy Scriptures, that
is the Old and the New Testament.
TESTATOR. A man who makes his
will.
TESTATRIX A female whe makes
her will.
TESTUDO. A machine among the ar-
cients, which served to screen the soldiers
when they approached the walls to mine.
TESTUDO (in Zoology). , Sa
Y rey ee
i Sn
eta VESSEL (among Mariners). Every kind
of ship, Jarge or small, that serves to carry
gen or goods on water. ©
et eae
olny 4 r
VESSELS (in Anatomy). The conduits
er canals for conveying the blood or other
juices to the different parts of the animal
body, as the arteries, veins, &c.
VESSELS (in Botany). The channels
or reservoirs which convey the gap or air
to different parts of plants for their nutri-
ment.
VESTA (in the Heathen Mythology).
The daughter of Rhea and Saturn, and
the goddess of fire. ~
VESTA. A newly discovered planet.
VESTAL VIRGINS. Priestesses to the
goddess Vesta among the Romans, to whom
was committed the care of the vestal fire.
VESTIBULE. The entrance toa house,
or an open space before a door.
VESTIBULUM. A cavity in the bone
of the ear.
VESTRY. A small apartment adjoining
a church, where the vestments of the
clergyman are kept, and where the pa-
rishicners assemble for the discharge of
parochial business ; also the persons assem-
bled inthe vestry In England, a select
vestry is a certain number of persons per-
manently appointed to conduct the affairs
of the parish, who are chosen from among
the higher orders, and fill up their own
vacancies.
VESTRY CLERK. A scrivener who
keeps the parish accounts.
VESTRYMEN. Members of the vestry
who conduct the affairs of the parish.
VESUVIAN. A mineral found in lava,
especially on Mount Vesuvius, which is
often confounded with hyacinth ; the prim-
itive form of its crystal is a cube
VETCH. A kind of pulse or peas, bear-
tng a papilionaceous flower.
VETERINARY ART, otherwise called
Farrigery The art of managing cattle,
and curing their diseases, whence a vete-
rinary_ surgeon, vulgarly called a horse
doctor or farrier, and the veterinary col-
lege, where horses are taken in for cure,
and persons resort to acquire practice and
information in all that relates to tlie care
ofanimals. The principal diseases to which
horses are subject are the water farcy, or
dropsy of the skin; ascites, or dropsy of
the belly ; broken wind, supposed to arise
from a rupture of the cells in the lungs;
cracks in the heels, from gross habit or
from filth ; farcy, an infection of the skin ;
_ foot-foundering, wnen a horse is unable to
rest on any of his feet; greasy heels, from
weakness or ovenaovdr ; jampers, a aweil-
tag of the bare im the roof of the mouth: | kingdom, as the Viceroy of Ireland.
OEM ate? |
Bo MEY ian oe
VIC
mange, an affection of the skin, when the
hair falls off; staggers, a sort of lethargy,
and mad staggers, a sort of frenzy from
& pressure on the brain; strangles, a dis-
ease attended with a fever, cough, and
running at the nose; thrush, a discharge
from the frog of the foot ; pole evil, arising
from friction of the collar at the back of
the ears; besides inflammations, fevers,
dysenteries, and other disorders which
they have in common with human sub-
jects
VETURINO. A hirer of horses in Italy ;
also a guide to travellers.
V.G. Verbi gratia, as for instance
VIA LACTEA. The milky way.
VIBRATION. The alternate motion of
any suspended body, like the pendulum of
a clock, which swings this way and then
that. Theregular motion of the pendulum
of a clock is 3600 vibrations in an hour
Vibration is also a quivering motion that
acts by quick returns.
VICAR (in England). One that acts in
the stead of another; more particularly
taken for the parson of a parish where the
tithes are impropriated.
VICE (in Smithery). An instrument
used for holding fast any piece of iron whiek
the artificer is working upon.
VICE (among Glaziers). A machine fox
drawing lead into flat rods for case win
dows.
VICE. In the stead or turn; hence the
compounds vice-gerent, vice-admiral, &c.
VICEADMIRAL. In England, the se-
cond commanderin a fleet ; the admiral whe
commands the second squadron in a fleet.
VICECHAMBERLAIN. In England,
the officer next to the chamberlain, whe
acts in his stead.
VICECHANCELLOR. In England, an
officer appointed to assist the Lord Chan-
cellor; in the Uriversities, the superior
acting officer, whe performs the duties of
the Chancellor.
VICEGERENT A governor acting with
a delegated power
VICEROY. The Sore lientenant ef |
VIP:
VICE VERSA. On the contrary, the
side being turned or changed.
VIDELICET, generally written Viz.
That is, namely.
VIET ARMIS (in Law). By force of
arms, terms in an indictment charging a
forcible and violent-commission of tres-
pasa.
VIGIL. The service used in the Romish
cehureh on the night preceding a holyday.
VIGILS Certain fasta preceding festi-
vais.
VIGNETTE. A frontispiece, or an or-
namental picture preceding the title page.
VILLAINS (in England). Men of base
and servile condition, who in the feudal
times were immediately attached to the
land, and bound to the lord to do services
for him.
VINCULUM (in Algebra). A mark or
line drawn over a quantity, thus, al,
denoting it to be one quantity
VINE. A plant that flourishes most in
warm countries, as Italy, Spain, Portugal,
and France, where its cultivation forms a
partofhusbandry [t grows in those parts
in the open fields, and 1s not suffered to
rise much higher than gooseberry or eur-
rant bushes. The fruit of the vine is there
an important article of trade.
VINEGAR. Wine or any other liquor
exposed to the sun, until it is become acid.
In this country vinegar is chiefly made
from cider
VINEYARD. A place set apart for the
cultivation of the vine.
VIOL. A musical stringed instrument.
VIOLIN A common musical stringed
yastrument, which requires great skill in
the performe: to make it agreeable
VIOLONCELLO A small bass viol.
VIPER. An animal of the snake tribe,
the bite of which is more or less venomous
avery where; im Bot countries i: is almost
- mstantly fatal
VIOL@Y A plant bearing a blue sweet
scented flower; also the colour of the ret
let, or purple.
VIRGO. The sixth sign of the zodiac,
marked thus 12, and a constellation con-
taining from 32 to 110 stars, according te -
different authors.
VIRTUOSO. One skilled in antique or
natural curiosities ; a lover of the liberal
arts.
VISCERA. The intestines.
VIS INERTL&®. The power in bodies
that are in a state of rest, to resist any
change that is endeavoured to be made
upon them to change their state. This,
according to Newton, is implanted in all
matter.
VISCOUNT (in England).
next in degree to an earl.
A nobleman
The first vis-
’count was created in the reign of Henry VI
VISCOUNT’S CORONET. Has nei-
ther flowers nor points raised above the
circle, like those of superior degree, bu*
only pearis placed on the circle itself.
VISCUS. Any organ having an appr
priate use In the human body, as th
liver, gall, bladder, &c. ; but particularly
the intestines.
VISION. The sensation in the brain —
produced by the rays of light passing on
acting on the optic nerves of the eye.
VISITATION (in England). An act of |
jurisdiction, whereby the bishop once in
three years, and the archdeacon once
every year, visits the churches within his
diocess or district, to see that the discipline
of the church is observed
VISITOR (in Law). An pal pues ie
the government of a corporation.
VISUAL ANGLE An angle under
which an object is seen.
VISUAL POINT. A point in the hori
zontal line wherein all the ocular rays
unite.
VITAL AIR, now called Oxyvern
The air of which the atmosphere is prin.
cipally composed, which is, essential te
the support of life in animals and plants.
VITAL FUNCTIONS. Those functions
or faculties of the body, on which life hb,
immediately depends.
VIRTREOUS HUMOUR. The pelluci@
body which fills the whole bulb ef ewe yas
eye meget the crystalline lens.
: bet g | ’ LOL. 2
taste. It is a sulphate generally found in
mines’ in @ capillary state, or in a loose
' powdery effloresconce. The three princi-
_ pal sorts are the green vitriol, copperas,
or sulphate of iron; the blue vitriol, or
sulphate of copper; and the white vitriol,
or sulphate of zine.
VITRIOL, O11 or. Sulphuric acid.
VITUS’ DANCE, or Sr. Virus’ Dances.
A nervous disease accompanied with in-
voluntary gesticulations.
VIVA VOCE By word of mouth.
VIVIPAROUS. An epithet for animals
which bring forth living young.
VOCAL MUSIC. Musical sounds pro-
ceeding from the human voice; also com-
positions for the voice.
VOCATIVE CASE. The fifth case in
Latin nouns.
VOLATILE, An epithet for bodies that
are apt to evaporate
VOLATILE ALKALIES. Ammonia
and carbonic acid
VOLATILIZATION. The process by
which bodies are resolved into air.
VOLCANO. A burning mountain, such
as Vesuvius, A°tna, and Hecla, in Europe;
i whichsend forth flame, ashes, lava, stones,
i smoke, &c,
(| eae VOLTAIC BATTERY. See Bartzny
iB VOLUME (in Music). The compass of
a voice from grave to acute,
VOLUME (in Literature)
. any thing folded into the form of a book.
aN VOLUNTARY (in Music). An extem-
porary performance upon the organ, intro-
duced as an incidental part of divine
‘ service.
/ VOLUTE. A spiral scroll in the Ionic
Lt and Composite capitals.
+ VOMICA. See Nux Vomica.
, VOWEL. A letter which affords a com-
plete sound of itself.
a VOX POPULL
iin versal opinion.
i \ VULGATE. Avery ancient Latin trans-
tation of the Bible, which was translated
The popular or uni-
st”
W, the twenty-third letter of the alphabet,
composed of two V’s. It was not known
o the Hebrews, Greeks, or Romans, being
ey ern tribes
WACKE. An argillacscus earth
WADD Piumhege or “ack ‘ead.
t, of « very caustic |
A book, or
¢ W.
peculiar to the Teutones and other north- | forced into a gun, to keep im the powder
a the Greek of the Septuagint. Itt
the only one acknowledged by the Romaish
church to be authentic.
VULCAN, The son of Jupiter and Jano
and the god of fire. He is commonly re
presented with a hammer, anvil &e.
VULTURE. A bird eommon in all -
warm Climates, that lives chiefly on putrid.
flesh, and is very useful in removing filth, —
that would otherwise produce disease
The turkey buzzard, common in the
southern states, is a species of vulture sc
useful in clearing away offensive mat.
ter, as to be protected by law in large
cities
Black wadd is an ore of manganese, found
in Derbyshire in England.
WADDING. A stopple of paper or tow
and shot. Bh
WAFER. Paste made of fleur, egrs
isinglass, &c. cut inte a thin round cake
ead coloured, for the parpoce of seahag
otters. :
WAFER (in the Romish Chureh). A
thin piece of consecrated bread used at
the holy rite of the sacrament.
WAGNERITE. Y
hang them from slender & }
branches of trees and
shrubs, but others build
in companies, numer-
ous nests suspended,
from the branches of atree being under
one roof, though each one forms a sep-
arate compartment and has a separate
entrance.
warmer parts of Asia, of Africa, and of
Australia, none being found in Europe
or America,
WEDGE.
ericand, and a=
often called bald-pate,
nn the top of the head.
y-
WINGS (in Portifeation) The large
projecting sides of hornwork.
WINNOWING. Separating corn from
the chaff by the help ef the wind.
WINDMILL. A mill that is put in
motion by means of the wind acting on
the sails, as in the subjoined figure.
grire 98 yards long.
evidence in a cause
It is cultivated in the United States.
WINTER. That season of the year
when, in the northern hemisphere, the
sun is in the tropic of Capricorn, or in
his greatest-declination from the equator.
WIRE. A piece of metal drawn out to
the size of a thread, or even smaller, ac-
tording to the size of the hole which it is
made to pass through. One single grain
ef gold admits of being drawn out into a| sents some idea te the mind; in Militay
WITNESS (in Law) One sworn to give
WOAD. A plant growing in France
and on the coast of the Baltic, from which
a blue dye of the same name is extracted.
WOLF. A fierce animal of the dog tribe,
_ found in almost all cold, and temperate
_. climates. When pressed by hunger they
become very bold and will attack men and
farge animals They sometimes assemble
together npon the mountains, and encir-
¢ling the deer will rush upon them and drive
_ them over the precipices, where they are
He kitied and khecome the prey ef tne wolves.
purpose of engraving on copper This art
has been carried to very great perfection, —
and in many respects will be found te
effect the purpose quite as well as the
sister art of copperplate engraving.
WOODCOCK. A wild fowl, and a bird
of passage, which is esteemed for its flesh
WOODPECKER. A bird, 80 called
because it pecks holes in the bark of
trees.
WOOL. The covering of sheep, which
is an important article of commerce in
thiscountry. Much attention, therefore, is
paid to the breed, and also to the feeding
of sheep, to render their wool as perfect
as possible.
WOOLPACK. Literally, a pack of
wool; a name for the seat of the Lord
Chancellor in the House of Lords in Eng- ,
land.
WOOLSTAPLER. One who deals in
wool, and collects it for the manufacturer
WORD. An articulate sound that repre-
Affairs, a watchword, or peculiar word
that serves as a token or mark for all sen-
tinels to detect spies or other persons who —
may Wish to intrude into a camp.
WORM. A long winding pewter pipe,
placed in a tub of water to cool, and
thicken the vapours in the distillation of
liquors
WORM (in Gunnery). The instrument
used for drawing the charge out of a gun.
WRECK. The ruins of a ship at sea
that has been dashed to pieces.
WREN A smal] singing bird
WRIT (in Law). A precept issuing eu
of some court oflaw, commanding som;
thing to he dane touching zome suit.
foe DORIS, no word truly English,
but is chiefly used in words of Greek
origin, and hence it is frequently ap-
plied to terms of a scientific character.
- —Jn arithmetical science, as a numeral,
it stands for 10; when laid horizontally,
}4, for 1,000; and, on account of its corre-
pee with the Greek digraph Ch,
it is used as a contraction for Christ.
XANGTE. The name of the Supreme
Being among the Chinese.
XANTHIAN. An epithet pertaining
to Xanthus,the ancient capital of Lydia,
as the Xanthian marbles in the British
_ Museum.
i XANTHIC. In chemistry, an epithet
denoting an acid composed of sulphur,
carbon, and oxygen.
XANTHIDIUM. A name given to
minute organic bodies found in chalk
and flint, supposed to be fossil Infusoria.
XANTHINE. In chemistry, the
yellow dyeing matter contained in
-madder.
XANTHITE. ; pe
AY
Order I, —
Order III, -
ge: as the xenos, and stylops
Order XII, the Dipteres, having two wings: as the
usa.—-—Ciases IV, the ue
7
mat,
Ut
Boh de
aa
GEOGRAPHICAL VOCABULARY. ye
a
_ Weather-tide. Tho tide which sets against the lee-side of a ship, impelling
her to windward.
Weigh. To raise or lift so that it hangs in the air, as an anchor.
Well. An inclosure in the middle of a ship’s hold, around the pumps, from
the bottom to the lower deck, to preserve them from injury.
Wheel. A circular frame having antics on the periphery, and an axle on
which are wound the, tiller-ropes, connecting with the rudder.
Wheel-house. A small house on deck, which contains the steering-wheel.
Wheel-rope. A rope which connects the steering-wheel and the rudder.
Windbound. Prevented from sailing by a contrary wind.
Windlass. The machine in a merchant vessel used in weighing anchor.
Windward. The point from which the wind blows.
Yacht (pron. Yot.) A sea-going vessel, used for pleasure-trips, racing, &c.
Yard. A long, slender piece of timber, nearly cylindrical, suspended upon
the mast, by which a sail is extended.
Yard-arm. Either half of a ship’s yard, from the center or mast to the end.
Yaw. A movement of a vessel by which she temporarily alters her course.
GEOGRAPHICAL VOCABULARY.
Geography. A description of the surface of the earth. {and animals,
Natural, or Physical Geography, treats of land, water, atmosphere, plants,
Political Geography, treats of the divisions of the earth made by man.
Mathematical, or Astronomical Geography, treats of the form, size, motion,
~ and imaginary lines of the earth.
Empire. A country governed by an emperor.
Kingdom. A country governed by a king or queen.
Republic. A country governed by men chosea by the people.
State. A division of a country with a form of government peculiar to itself.
County. The largest division of a state.
Town. A division of acounty. ‘
City. A town invested with increased rights and privilege,
Capital. The seat of government.
President. ‘The chief magistrate of a republic.
Governor. The chief officer of a State.
Mayor. The chief officer of a city.
Metropolis. The largest and chief city in a country.
eaport. A harbor large enough for large vessels.
Cardinal Points. Fixed or chief points— north, east, south, and west.
Map. Gulf. of. 3-2. s occa paug ns See Gulf of Lepanto.
Enx‘ine:(yiiks'in) Sea. .....2.52s.5 ssessmense = <= een ee nee Black Sea.
Galilee (fal4-le); Seal Ofo.2 tic. oo. onion cee eee eee ee ee Tabaria.
Gallic. (gal/lik) Strait cau. teen's co ressanateee nek eee Strait of Dover.
Gallic galilik):. Gulf, i csceccwe snes cease ce tace= mee eee Gulf of Lyons.
Gangetic (gan-jet/ik) Gulf... --ia. 0. ens hee. ene eee Bay of Bengal.
Gennesareth (jen-nes‘a-reth) Lake of.............-..-------------- Tabaria.
Hellespont (hel/les-pont) :.- <5. 3 s- -. as ucnee ccm as as se eee Dardanelles.
Hercules (her’ku-léz), Strait of..............---s...08-- Strait of Gibraltar.
Hibernian (hi-ber’ne-an) Strait... -- 25.02 5.22 <- oce ee eees oneees Trish Sea.
JTonian:(@-0'nle-an) Seas. sc.4. seh < ac Wee cece + oa ew eee Part of Gulf of Venice.
Larius (ia/re-us) Lake... asso escapee sc-sc eres seenenenne es eam Como.
Ligustic (le-gus'tik) Gulf... -...--. 22... -3-2 -sepenweeeeemer eee Gulf of Genoa.
Leman (16'man) Lake.:oisss+ Sco sseercens o~pskne cube en eaenne Geneva.
Mediterranean (med-i-ter-ra/ne-an) .......-..-...-----.----- Mediterranean.
Palus Meotis (pa/lus me-0’tis).......-.-.-. CO eg en vee Sea of Azof,
Propontis (pro-pon’ tis). 2.3. 2-2 sce. e ene panee nen eeenee ee eae Marmora.
Saronic (sa-ron/ik- gulf). <2 5 oo cose sco ve perce eeetne Serene Gulf of Engia.
Sicilian (se-sil’yan) Straif..-- 0... coe satel eee ececeer Strait of Messina.
Syrtis.(sir'tis) Major 225.2 te cces eae ce ce aeacedemeer eevee as Gulf of Sidra.
Thormaie.(ther-ma'1k) Gulfios.. Conc e Set escae Seer eraseeee Gulf of Contessa.
Tiberias (ti-be’re-as), Sea+0f. loo. ccc ok ccc ose ebeeeetccc cceecaeee Tabaria. -
Verbanus (ver-ba/nus) Lake ...rssecvereseorereverseseserecsrees Mhagelore,
aes) 9 FT) ©
Love oe bt a
ui F
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 888
; ISLANDS.
ANCIENT. Y MODERN. ANCIENT. MODERN.
gina (é-ji‘nab) ...........--- Engia. | Lemnos (lem/nos)........- Stalimene.
Kolian (é-6'le-an) Isl’ds, Lipari Isl’ds. | Lesbos (les'bos)........--.-.- Metelin.
Amorgos (a-mor’gos) .....-.- Amorgo. | Leucadia (lu-ka/de-ah)....St. Maura.
Anaphe (ama-fe).........-- Namphio. | Lipare (lip’a-re)...........--- Lipari.
Andros (an’dros)...........-. Andro. | Melite (mel‘i-te) ..........-..- Malta
Aradus (ar‘a-dus)...........-. Larek. | Melite (mel/i-te)..........-..- Meleda.
Baieares (bal-e-a/réz), Majorca, Mi- | Melos (m6/los) ............--2.- Milo.
norcea, and Ivica. Mona (m0d’nah) ....--..---- Anglesea.
Calymna (Ka-lim‘nah) .....- Calmina. | Monabia (mo-na/be-ah) ......... Man.
Capracia (ka-pra’re-ab) ..--. Gomera. | Myeonus (mic/o-nus) ......-. Myconi.
Caprem (xa/pre-6) ........----. Capri. | Nax’os (naks/os).-..........-- Naxia.
Uarpathus (kar’pa-thus) ..Scarpanto. | Nisyros (ni-si/ros) ..........-.- Nisiri.
Cephalenia (sef-a-lé‘ne-ah), Cefalonia. | Olearos (0-l"/a-ros) -..-.-- Antiparos.
CS UES) 0) ee a Aig. | Paros (Paros) es oe oes uo Paros,
COGN KYO) S29255 Soy. ec. Scio. | Patmos (pat/mos) ..........-- Patino.
Cimolus (si-m6'lus).....- Argentiera. |:Psyra (si‘rah).......<...-..-- Ipsara.
Corcyra (kor-si/rah)........--. Corfu. | Rhodes (rdds)..........-.--. Rhodes.
Corsica (kor’se-kah).......-. Corsica. | Salamis (sal/a-mis) ....--..--. Colouri.
CEU ASG) ees ee Stanchio. | Samothrace(samothra/se)Samothraki
Sree (RLOt) a.ooe o-oo < =. oo Candia. | Samos (sa’mos).....-..-.----- Samos.
Crepsa (krep’sah)..........-. Cherso. | Sardinia (sar-din’e-ah) ...-. Sardinia.
Cyprus (si/prus)...........-. Cyprus. | Scyros (si’/ros) .-.-....--...---- Syra.
Cyth’nus (sith’nus)........-. Thermia. | Seriphus (se-ri/fus)..-....... Serpho.
Cythera (si-thé’rah).-......--- Cerigo. | Sicily (sis’e-le).........-....-- Sicily.
Delos: (déIos) 222-2223. 60..28- Delos. | Siphnos (sif’nos) .......--.- Siphanta
Ebusus (eb/u-sus)............-- Ivica. | Stoechades (sték’a-déz)....... Hieres,
Eukoea (@-b6/ah).......-- Negropont. | Strophades (strof'a-d6éz)...-. Strivali.
Fortunate(for’tu-nate)Isles,Canaries. | Syros (sI’ros) -.........-...---- Syra.
Hesperides(hes-per’e-d6éz) ..Bissagos. | Tenedos (ten’e-dos) ......-- Tenedos.
Hibernia (hi-ber’ne-ah).-.... Treland. | Tenos (t@’nos) .........<....--- Tino.
Tearia (i-ka‘re-ah) .......... Nicaria. | Thasos (tha’sos).........-.--. Thaso.
MiVaiiie VA een Soe wee ca okies Elba. | Thera (thé/rah)...........- Santorin,
Imbros (im‘bros) -.........-.- Imbro. | Thule (thile).-.-...-. Shetland Isles.
MINTER OS ois oat sore wks oc heaeialk Nio. | Vectis (vek’tis)......- Isle of Wight.
Ithaca (ith’a-kah) ........... Theaki. | Zacynthus (za-sin’‘thus)....... Zante.
RIVERS.
SARMATIA.
Sorysthenes (bo-ris/tiae-néz) Dnieper. | Tanais (tan‘a-is).........- pe Don.
lypanis (bip’a-nis) .......-.-.-.. Bog. | Taruntus (ta-run’‘tus) .....--. Dwina.
Brahh) sods ce cosa es oo bo ea st Volga. | Tyras (ti/ras) ...........-.- Dniester,
Bubo (ra’bo) ......-.--...-- Niemen.
GERMANY.
MPEMMAE TUS) foe 2 veh oan vc ow ened Elbe. | Rhenus (ré/nus) ...........-.- Rhine.
Amisia (a-mizh’yah) ..... spaSede Ems. | Viadrus (vi/a-drus) .........--- Oder.
ister (is'tr) 2.2.2.2... .--Danube. | Visurgis (vi-sur‘jis) ......-.-. ‘W eser.
icenus (m6/nus) ..........--- Mayne. | Vistula (vis/tu-lah).......... Vistula,
. . GAUL.
Beer Prat) oc 5626s ct ts - Saone. | Mosel’la (mo-sel/lah) ......-. Moselle,
Garumna (ga-rum/nah)..... Garonne. | Rhodanus (rod‘a-nus) ......-- Rhone.
BE READ oa tect see 5 Loire. | Scaldis (skal‘dis) ........... Scheldt.
Mosa (mo/sah) ............--- Meuse. } Sequana (sek’/wah-nah)........ Seine.
SPAIN.
Anas (f/nas) ...........--- Guadiana. | Iberus (i-bé/rus)......-........ Ebro.
Botis (bé'tis).......-. Guadalquiver. | Minius (min’e-us) ...........- Minho.
Durius CGU'TO-UR). covcceccees: uero, Tagus (ba/ZUS)..--eceeeccerer > LAGU
#8 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.
ILLYRICUM, DACIA, &c.
ANCIENT. MODERN. ANCIENT. MODERN.
Panubius (da-nfi’be-us) ...-.Danube. | Pyretus (py-ré/tus)..........-Pruth.
Dravus (dra/vus) .......------ Drave. | Savus (88/vus) .-: +. .ccceceesere Save.
Hebrus (hé/brus)........--- Marizza. | Tibiscus (ti-bis’/kus) .........- Theis.
nus (8/nus) ..--.-..-.2---.- 228 Inn.
ITALY.
Addua (ad/du-ah)..........-..- Adda. | Metaurnus (me-taw’rus) ...-.-. Metro.
Anio (A/ne-o) .-.....---...- Teverone. | Mincius (min/se-us).--....--- Mincio.
Arnus (ar/nus) <.0-<. ecole. Arno, | Padus (pa/dus)< .- ici .e-seeeene- Po.
‘Athesis (ath’e-sis) .-.-.....--- Adige. | Rubicon (ri’/be-kon) -.--. Fiumecino.
Aufidus (aw’fe-dus) ........-. Ofanto. | ‘Tiber (ti ber) = 22.2. see. ee eee Tiber.
Eridanus (e-rid/a-nus).-.......--. Po. | Ticinus (ti-si/nus).......-..-- Ticino.
Medoacus (me-d0/a-kus)-....-. Brenta. | Vulturnus. (vul-tur/‘nus) ... Volturno,
GREECE.
Achelous (ak-e-16/us), Aspro Potamo. | Eyenus (e-vé/nus) ..-......--. Firari.
Alpheus (al-f6/us) ......-----.- Alfeo. | Haliaemon (ha-le-ak’mon) ..Jenicoro.
Astreus (as-tré/us) ...-.---- Vistriza. | Peneus (pe-né/us) --.......-.- Peneo.
Axius (aks’e-us)...-.-.--.--- Vardar, | Strymon (stri/mon)........- Strimon.
EKurotas (i1-r0’/tas)......--.---- Basili.
ASTA.
Araxes (a-raks/6z) .........---- Aras. | Hydaspes (hi-das’p6éz)......-.. Behat.
Caicus (ka-i’/kus) .......-.. Germaisti. | Jaxartes (jaks-ar'téz).-.....-..-. Sir.
Calycadnus(kal-e-kad/nus) Kalikdoni. | Jordan (jor’dn).....--....--- Jordan
Caystrus) ka-is/trus) ...Minderscare. | Lyeus (li’/kus) ..-..-......-- Tonsalu.
Cyrusi(sl rus) oe a eee Kur. | Meander (me-an/dr).......- Meinder.
Daix (da/iks), or Yaik (ya#ik).-.Ural. | Orontes (o-ron’téz) .-....--- Orontes.
Etymander(et-e-man’der)..Hirmend. | Oxus (oks/us)...---.-.....---- Jihon.
Eulseus(a-16/us), or Ulai(ii/la-1)Karasu. | Phasis (fa/sis) -.......-.....-- Rione.
Euphrates (u-fra/téz) ....Euphrates. | Pyramus (pir’a-mus) -..-.--- Geihoun.
Granicus (gra-ni/kus). --..--- Ousvola. | Sangarius (san-ga‘re-us)..... Sakaria.
» Halys (ha/lis)........--- Kizil-ermak. | Thermodon (ther-mo/dn) ...Termek.
Mermus (hur’mus)..-....---- Sarabat. | Tigris (ti/gris) .........-....- Tigris.
AFRICA.
Bagradas (bag’ra-das)..... Mejerdah. | Nile.(nil) ..-. 2c .cceeeen eee eee Nile.
Daradus (dar’a-dus).......-- Senegal. | Stachir (sta/chir).1..--..... Gambia.
Miger (nijr) sss Se oe eee Nijer.
CITIES AND TOWNS.
GREAT BRITAIN.
que (a/kwe) Solis, or Cal/ide... Bath. | Durovernum (-ver‘num), Canterbury.
Camboricum (kam-bor’e-kum), Cam- | Londinum (lon-di‘num) -.... London.
Cantabrigia(kan-ta-brij’e-ah), [bridge | Londinium (lon-din’e-um) ... London.
CastraAlata(kas'traala’/ta)Edinburgh | Luguyallum (lu-gu-val/lum), Carlisle.
Eboracum (e-bor/a-kum, or Oxonia (oks-0/ne-ah)--..-..-- Oxford.
eb-o-ralikum) Jussi eee York. | Theodorunum(theod-o-rt/num) Weils
SPAIN. i
Asturica (as-tii’re-kah) ..... Astorga. | Hispalis (his’pa-lis) ....-..... Seville.
Barcino (bar’se-no) ....... Barcelona. | Herda (i-ler’dah).-...-..-.--- Lerida.
Bilbilis (bil/be-lis)........ Calatayud. | Italica (i-tal’e-kah) ..---- Santiponte.
Cesar (sé/zr) Augusta ..-.-. Saragossa. | Malaca (mal/a-kah)..-.....-.- Malaga.
Calagurris (Kal-a-gur’ris) .Calahorra. | Munda (mun/dab)..-...-.-...- Monda.
Callo(kalle):. 5. 2 oe ee Oporto. | Numantia (nu-man‘te-ah)...... Soria.
Calpe (kal’pe).-.--.-.----- Gibraltar. | Olisippo (o-le-sip’po).......-.. Lisbon.
Carthago(kartha/go)NovaCarthagena | Pompelo (pom’pe-lo)..-.. Pampeluna.
Complutum (kom-pla‘tum)...Alcala. | Saguntum (sa-gun/tum)..Morviedro.
Conimbrica (ko-nim’bre-ka) Coimbra. | Segovia (se-g0/ve-ah)-.....-- Segovia,
Corduba (kor’du-bah) ...... Cordova. | Tarraco (tar/ra-ko)....... Tarragona.
Gades (ga/déz) ..........+.----Cadiz. | Toletum (to-lé‘tum) ......... Toledo
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ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. $8?
GAUL.
ANCIENT. MODERN.” ANCIENT MODERN.
Aquz Sextix (i/kwé seks/te-é).. Aix.
Argentoratum (ar-jen-to-1a/tum),
Forum J ulii (fo’rum ja’le-1)..Frejus.
Geneva (je-né/vah) .......-..- Geneva.
Strasburg. | Limonum (li-m0/num) ..... Poictiers.
Avaricum (av-a-ri/kum)...-. Bourges. | Lugdunum (lug-di/num)...--. Lyons.
Avenio (a-vé/ne-c)....--..-. Avignon. | Lutetia (lu-té/te-ah) ....-....-.. Paris.
Aventicum (av-en-ti/kum), Avenches. | Moguntiacum(mo-gun-ti/a-kum) Metz
Augus‘ta Teyero/rum .....-.-. ‘Treves. | Narbo (nar’bo) ........-.. Narbonne.
Bibracte (bi-brak’te).-....... Auntun. | Nemausus (ne-maw’sus)..... Nismes.
Burdigala (bur-dig’a-la)...Bordeaux. | Rotomagus (ro-tom/a-gus). . . .Rouen.
Colo/‘nia Agrippi/na--....-... Colegne. | Tolosa (to-l0’/sah).......... Toulouse.
ITALY. :
Agrigentum (ag-re-jen/tum) Girgenti. | Mediolanum (me-de-o-]4/num), Milan.
Alba Longa (al/bah lon’gah), Albano | Mutina (mii’te-nah).......-. Modena.
Ancona (an-k6/nah)......-!- Ancona. | Mantua (man’tu-ah)......... Mantua.
Antium (an’te-um) ........-.. Anzio. | Neapolis (ne-ap’o-lis) ........ Naples.
Appii (ap’pe-i) Fo/rum..Fossa Nuova. | Messana (mes-sa/nah) ...-.-- Messina.
Aquileia (ak-we-lé’/yeh) .... Aquileia | Ostia (os’te-ah)..............-- Ostia.
Aquinum (a-kwi/num)..----- Aquino | Pestum (pés/tum)..........--.- Pesti.
Ariminum (a-rim/e-num)..... Rimini. | Panormus (pa-nor’mus) -...Palermo.
Arpinumi (ar-pi/num) --....-- Arpino. | Parma (par’mah) ..........-- Parma.
Augus’ta Taurino’/rum.....-..- Turin. | Parthenope (par-then‘o-pe) .. Naples.
Pele (pa e-b)-2 os... SS. Baia. | Patayium (pa-ta/ve-um) ...--.- Padua,
Beneventum (-e-ven’tum), Benevento. | Perusia (pe-ri’se-ah) ....--- Perugia.
Bononia (bo-nd/ne-ah) .....- Bolopna. (or say (pl se). 62s eee eo Sak Pisa.
Brundusium (-da/ze-um) .-.Brindisia, | Placentia (pla-sen‘te-ah) ...Placenza.
Caieta (ka-e-é'tah) .-..-...--- Cajeta. | Preneste (pre-nes’te)..... Palestrina.
Callipolis (kal-lip’o-lis) -..-. Gallipoli. | Puteoli (pu-té’o-li)......... Pozznolo.
Canusium (ka-ni’/se-um) ...-. Canosa. | Ravenna (ra-ven’/nah)...--. Ravenna
Capua (kap’u-ah)........-.... Capua. | Rhegium (ré/je-um) ......-... Reggio.
Caralis (kar’a-lis)...-.-.-. .. Cagliari. | Salernum (sa-ler/num) ...-.- Salerno.
Catana (kat/a-nah) .......... Catania. | Scyllaceum (sil-la-sé/um) . Squillace.
Centum Cellx (sel/lé), Civita Vecchia. | Sena (sé/nah) .........-.....-- Siena
Plusium (kli/se-um).......-.. Chiusi. | Spoletium (spo-lé/te-um) - ...Spoleta
Comum (k6/mum)..-.-....-.--- Como. | Tarentum (ta-ren’tum) ..... Tarento.
Cosentia (ko-sen/te-ah) ..... Cosenza. | Tergeste (ter-jes’te) .... ..-. Trieste.
Crotona (kro-t0/nah)........ Crotona. | Tibur (ti/br) ............ ec. Tivoli.
Drepanum (drep’a-num) .-..Trapani. | Ticinum (ti-si/num)...... ..2...Pavia
Faventia (fa-ven’te-ah) -..... Faenza. | Tridentum (tri-den‘tum)......Trent.
Florentia (flo-ren’te-ah) . ...Florence. 2 usculum (tus’/ku-lum).... Frascati
Genua (jen’u-ah) ............- Genoa. Venafrum (ve-na/frum)..... Venafro.
Hadria (ha/dre-ah)...<.....--- Adria, | Venusia (ve-nii/se-ah) .....-- Venosa
Hydruntam (hi-drun‘tum) ..Otranto. | Vercelle (ver-sel/lé) ........ Vercelli.
Interamna (in-ter-am’‘nabh) - -. . Terni. Verona (ve-ro'nah) 22.2. Verona
Leontini (le-on-ti/ni) .....--- Lentini. Vicentia (vi-sen‘te-ah) .....- Vicenza
Lilybxum (iil-e-bé/um)...--- Marsala. | Volsinium (vol-sin’e-um)....Bolsena.
. MACEDONTA.
Amphipolis (am-fip’o-lis) ....Hmboli. | Edessa (e-des/sah) ..-......-- Edessa.
Apollonia (ap-ol-lo’ne-ah) -. - - - Polina. | Pella (pel/lah) .----.-....--- Jenitza.
Berga (be-ré/ah)...........--- Veria. | Potidzea (pot-e-dé/ah) ....Cassandra.
Dium (di/um) ...-.-..-- oa Standia. | Stagira (sta-ji/rah).....-.-.-.. Stavros,
Dyrrachitim (dir-rak’/e-um), Durazzo. | Thessalonica(thes-a-lo-ni/ka) Salonica
GREECE.
Actium (ak’te-um)............. Agio. | Cenchrea (sen/kre-ah) ....-.- Kenkri
Anticyra (an-tis’e-rah), Aspro-Spitia. | Chalchis (kal/sis) ....-...- Negropont.
MERON (A0'P0s)..22.\ 2)... -..... Argo. | Corone (ko-r6/ne)........----- Coron
Athens (ath’enz) .........--- Athens. | Corinth (kor‘inth) .......--. Corinth.
Wlis (aw’lis)......... Megalo-Vathi. | Cyllene (sil-lé’ne)......... Chiarenza.
888 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.
GREECE.
ANCIE MODERN. - ANCIENT. MODERN,
Delphi (del’f) Sh awe Sy ake FPS Castri. | Nicopolis (ni- kop/o-lis)...--- Prevesa.
Eleusis (e-li/sis).....--....-. Lepsina. | Messene (mes-sé/ne) . ..Macra-mathia.
Epidaurus (ep-e-daw’rus) ... Pidaura. | Nauplia (naw’ple- ah) tahoe Napoli
Lacedxmon(las-e-dé’mon) Paleo-chori | Patrw (DWOE6) shoo eee Patras
Larissa (la-ris/sah) ........-- Larissa. | Pharsalia (far-sa/le-ah) -..-.--- Farsa.
Leuctra (lak/trah)......-- Livadosta. | Pylos (pi/los).....-.----.-- Navarino.
Methone (me-th0o/ne)......--- Modon. | Sicyon (sis’e-on) .-....------ Basilico.
Megara (meg’a-rah) .......-- Megaro. | Sparta (spar/tah)-.....-- Paleo-chori.
Naupactus (naw-pak’tus) . - -Lepanto, Thebes (thébs) .......-.-..--.. Thiva.
ASIA MINOR.
Abydos (a-bi/dos).........--- Nagara. | Halicarnassus (-kar-nas/sus), Bodrum.
Adramyttium (-mit’e-um) - .Adramiti.
Amasia (a-ma/se-ah) .......- Amasia.
Amisus (a-mi’sus)......---- Samsoun.
Ancyra (an-si/rah) ....------ Angora.
Antioch (an/te-ok) .......-. Akshehr.
Apamea(-mé/ah) Aphiom-Karahissar.
Attalia (at-a-li/ah) .....-..--- Satalia.
Berisa (be-ri/sah) .........---- Tocat.
Cxsarea (séz-a-ré/ah) ....- Kaisarieh
Cerasus (ser’a-sus) .--..--- Keresoun.
Chalcedon (kal-sé/dn) . . . .Kadi-Keni.
Chrysopolis (kri-sop’o-lis) ...Scutari.
Clazomene (kla-zom/e-né) ... Vourla.
Colossx (ko-los’sé) ....-..... Chonos.
Constantia (-stan’te-ah) ...Constanza.
Ephesus (ef’e-sus) .-....--: -Ajasolue.
Eupatoria(a-pa-to/re-ah), Tchernikeh.
SYRIA,
Antioch (an’te-ok).......... Antioch. Epiphania (ep-e-fa- nyah). .--Famieh.
Apamela (ap-a-mé/lah) --..-.. Famieh. | Hierapoiis (bi-e-rap’o-lis), Bambouch.
Arbela (ar-bé/lah) .........---- Erbil. | Laodicea (la-od-e-sé/ah) ..-.. Latakia.
Babylon (bab/e-lon)..... near Hellah. | Nisibis (nis/e-bis) .........-- Nisidin. _
Berea (be-ré’ah) .......-.--- Aleppo. | Tadmor (tad’ mor) one eke Palmyra,
Berytus (ber’e-tus) -........ Beyrout. | Samosata (sa-mos/a-tah) ....Samisat.
Ctesiphon (tes/e-fon) ...---.- Modain. | Sarepta (sa-rep/tah)......... Sarfend.
Eebatana (ek-bat/a-nah)...Hamadan. | Seleucia (se-li/se-ah) .......- Bagdad.
Edessa (e-des/sah) ........---- Ourfa. {:Sidoni(sV'dn)s = ss-.3+eee eee Saida.
Emesa (e-mé/sah) ............- Hems. |} Tripolis (trip’o-lis) .......... Tripoli.
Heliopolis (he-le-op’o-lis)..... Balbec. | Tyre (tir)... ose seers ceae eee sur.
PALESTINE.
Arimathea (ar-e-ma-thé/ah)...Ramla. | Jerusalem (je-roo’sa-lem), Jerusalem.
Azotus (a-Z0'tus)-. 22.2.0. 2. “Ezdoud. | Jezreel (jez're-el)......... Ezdraelon.
Bethlehem (beth/le-hem),Bethlehem. | Nazareth (naz‘a-reth) ..... Nazareth.
Bethsan (beth’san) .......-..- Baisan. | Ptolemais (tol-e-ma/is).....---. Acre,
Emmaus (em/ma-us)........- Amoas. | Samaria (sa-m4&/re-ah)......- Sebaste.
Gaza(ea'zah) 5st eee Gaza. Scythopolis (si-thop’o-lis) . ...Baisan.
Hebron (hé/bron) ........-. El Khail. | Sephoris (sef/o-ris) ....-..- Sephouri.
Jericho (jer’e-ko) ..........- Jericho. | Sychar (si/kar) -...........- Nablous.
AFRICA,
Abydos (a-bi/dos) .........- Madfune. Lycee (li-kop’o-lus)......--. Suit.
Arsinoe (ar-sin’0-€) ......-...-- Suez.-| Gia*(eah)e eer fee Tripoli. ©
Ceesarea (S@z-a-16/ah).....- Shershell. | Ptolemais (tol-e-ma/is) ....Tolometa.
Canopus (ka-no'pus) ...-.-.. Aboukir. | Syene (si-6/ne).......-.....--- Syene.
Citta-(siritah): c2.-< 224, Constantina. | Tingis (tin'jis).....-...-.-.- Tangier.
Darnis (dar/nis) ...--..-...--. Derne. | Utica (a@’te-kah) ...... .-Boo-Shatter.
Heliopolis (he-le-op’o- -lis) .-.Matarea. | Zama (z@’Mah)... scaceccecee- LaMalk
Iconium ,.(i-k6/ne-um).-..---- Konieh.
Laodicea (la-od-e-sé/ah) ..-Eski-hissar.
Mazaca (maZ/a-kah).......Kaisarieh.
Miletus (me-lé/tus) .....--.-- Palatia.
Nicomedia(nik-o-me-di/ah)Is-Nicmid.
Paphos (pa/fos) ..-.-.:--...--- Bafta.
Patara (pat/a-rah) .....2..27- Patera.
Perga (per-gah)
Pergamos (per’ga-mos) ....Pergamo.
Philadelphia (-del’fe-ah), Alah-Shehr.
Salamis (sal/a-mis) .....-- Constanza.
Sardis: (sar'dis) 22.222. ceneeeees Sart.
Seleucia (se-lii/se-ah)........ Selefke.
Tarsus (tar’sus)\soseeee eee eee Tarso.
Telmissus (tel-mis/suz)....-.-- Macri.
Thyatira (thi-a-ti/rah)..... Akhissar,
Trapezus (tra-pé/zus)...--. Trebizond.
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390 NEW YORK AND BROOKLYN BRIDGE.
BRIEF HISTORY AND STATISTICS OF THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE
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William C. Kingsley has plans and estimates drawn, 1865. —
Slenry C. Murphy introduces act of incorporation in Senate of
New York, January 25, 1867. Act passed, April 16, 1867.
Act transferring Bridge to the two cities passed, June 5, 1874,
Company organized, May, 1867.
John A. Roebling appointed engineer, May 23, 1867. _..
John A. Roebling died, July 22, 1869.
Washington A. Roebling appointed engineer, July 1869,
Work commenced at the Brooklyn tower, January 3, 1870. _
Brooklyn caisson towed to its berth, May, 2, 1870.
First blocks laid on it, June 16, 1870. :
Excavation under it commenced, July-10, 1870.
Fire in the Brooklyn caisson, discovered, December 2, 1870.
Great fire in the Brooklyn caisson discovered, December 2,1870.
Engineer Col. Roebling partially paralyzed, December 2, 1870.
Caisson filled and finished, March 11, 1871.
New York caisson towed to its berth, October, 1871.
Filled and finished in May, 1872.
Brooklyn tower completed, May, 1875.
New York tower completed, July 1876.
First wire rope stretched over the river, August 14, 1876.
First crossing on the wire, August 25, 1876.
Foot-bridge finished and crossed, February 9, 1877.
First cable wire run over and regulated, May 29, 1877.
Running and regulating cable wires commenced, June 11,1877,
Last wire run over, October 5, 1878.
Strand broke loose, June 14, 1878.
Henry C. Murphy died, December 1, 1882.
Bridge opened, May 24, 1883.
Cars commenced running, September 24, 1883.
Length of New York approach, 1562} feet.
Length of Brooklyn approach, 971 feet.
Size of anchorages at base, 129 x 119 feet.
Size of anchorages at top, 117 x 114 feet.
Hight of anchorages in front, 85 feet. i
' Hight of anchorages in rear, 80 feet.
Weight of anchorages, about 60,000 tons each. :
Weight of anchor plates, each 23 tons. © :
Length of each land span, anchorage to tower, 930 feet.
Size of Brooklyn eaisson, 168 x 102 feet.
Thickness of top of Brooklyn caisson, 15 feet.
Depth of Brooklyn foundations below. hich-water mark, 441 ft,
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KuW Yor AND BROORLEN BRIDGE, 81
Timber and iron in eaisson, 5,253 cubic yards.
Concrete filled into Brooklyn caisson, 5,669 cubic feet. |
Size of New York caisson, 172 x 102 feet.
Thickness of top of New York eaisson, 22 feet.
Depth of New York foundations below high-water mark, 783 ft.
Weight of New York caisson, 7,000 tons.
Concrete filled into New York caisson, 7,000 tons.
Bolts and angle irons of New York caisson, 250 tons.
Size of towers at high-water mark, 140 x 59 feet.
Size of towers at top, 1386 x 53 feet.
Hight of roadway at towers, 119 feet.
Hight of arches above roadway, 117 feet.
Hight of towers above roadway, 159 feet.
Potal hight of towers above high-water, 271 feet 6 inches.
Total hight of Brooklyn tower, base to summit, 316 feet.
Total hight of New York tower, base to summit, 350 feet.
Width of opening through towers, 33 feet 9 inches.
Cubic yards of masonry in New York tower, 46,945.
Cubic yards of masonry in Brooklyn tower, 38,214.
Length of main span, tower to tower, 1595 feet 6 inches.
Hight of main span above high-water mark, 135 feet 6 inches.
Number of cables, 4.
Diameter of cables, 15 feet 9 inches.
Length of each cable, 3,578 feet 6 inches.
Number of wires in each cable, 5,434.
Number of wires in the four cables, 21,736.
Total length of wire in each cable, unwrapped, 3,515 miles.
Total length of wire in the four cables, unwrapped,14,060 miles. |
Weight of wire, one pound to nearly 11 feet.
Greatest length of cable wire run in one day, 88 3-5 miles.
Length of wrapping wire on each cable, 243 miles 943 feet.
Weight of 4 cables, wrapped, 3,5883 tons.
Ultimate strength of each cable, 12,200 tons,
Greatest load that can come cn one cable, 3,000 tons.
Number of suspenders from each cable, main span, 208.
Number of suspenders from each cable, land spans, 86.
Strength of asingle suspender, 70 tons.
Greatest weight in a single suspender, 10 tons.
Number of postbands, each land span, one cable, 35.
Number of overfioor stays, 482.
Total length of bridge, 5,989 feet.
Full width of flooring, 85 feet.
Grade of roadway, 3} feet in 100.
Natural elevation above high-water, Brooklyn terminus, 61} ft.
Natural elevation above high-water, New York terminus,384 ft.
Weight of the whole suspended structure, 6,740 tons.
Maximum weight to be got in it, 1880 tons.
Maximum weight of roadway and traffic in cables, 6,920 tons,
Maximum weight of roadway and traffic on stays, 1190 tons,
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2, Slipknot, seized.
3. Single bowknot.
4.Square knot, or
ruf-knot.
5.Square bowknot.
6.Weaver’s knot.
7.German, or fig-
ure-of-8 knot.
8.T wo half-hitches
or artificer’s knot
9. Double artificer’s
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10.Simple _—_galley-
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11.Capstan, or pro- 3
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14. Clove-hitch.
15. Blackwall hitch.
16. Timber-hitch.
17. Bowline-bight.
18, Running bowline
19.Catspaw.
20. Doubled running
knot.
21.Double knot.
22.Sixfold knot.
23. Boat-knot.
24,Lark’s head.
25.Lark’s head.
26.Simple boat-knot
27. Luop-knot.
28.Double Flemish
knot.
29.Running-knot, —
checked.
30.Crossed running
knot.
31. Lashing-knot.
32. Rosette.
33.Chain-knot.
34. Double chain-
knot.
35.Double running-
knot,with check-
not.
36. Double twist-
not.
37. Builders’ knot.
38.Double Flemish
knot.
39.English knot.
40,Shortening knot.
41.Shortening knot,
42.Sheepshank.
43. Dogshank.
44, Mooring-knot,
45. Mooring-knot.
46, Mooring-knot. . t
47,Pigtail worked , 44 45
., onend of arope. . }
48.Shroud-knot.
49.4 knot used by
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fast to a spar or a :
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through the loop, will not jam therein. ] —5), A granny’s knot.—5l. A weaver’s knot.
—_—>-——.
The principlo of tying all kinds of knots is, that no two parts which
would move in the same direction, if the rope were to slip, should lie along: -
side of and touching each other,
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‘& 7 vous OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE.
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CONDENSED RULES APPLICABLE TO REFERENCES ON
OPPOSITE PAGE.
—
Trace each motion to its respective references on the next page, and you
master at a glance the intricacies of Parliamentary usages, comprising some
three hundred points of order :—
Motion:to adjourn 17... 1e2.i as. sess peace eveen weaeEee 1-6 * 3B ahi
Motion to determine time to.which to adjourn............. 2atAatIl_x
Motion ‘to amend es . <<... < sickice '- eee ve sialeereiner aie axe eee 3atAaIx
Motion to amend an amendment.....2--....0.Geccc~ ences 3a*AatIlx
Motion to amend the rules.......--....... Cee ee ee 3atAbIIx
Motion to appeal from Speaker’s decision in re indecorum..1 a ¢ A a II y
Motion to appeal from Speaker’s decision generally........ 3a*AatIly
Call to orders. [5.7.3 nas ann cee ae PE ee ee ce a la*AaTily
Motion to close debate on question.....-.......-...--.-..-- latAbIIx
Aiosion to COmMMIty oo eee ee ee ovine ow ay neeels's ogee 3btAaIx
Motion to extend limits of debate on question. ........2..-- latAaI[_x
Leave to continue speaking after indecorum...............- la*Aalzx
Motion that...do lie on the table.-...-...-......-.eeseeeee lia'*-O ia the
Motion to limit debate on question. .................------- latAbITx
Objection to consideration of question...................-- la*ADbTIily
Motion for:the orders of the day. -22..~....c.sstexecceoubes la*AaTIily
Motion to postpone to a definite, time...........--------.-- 4atAatiIi[_x
Motion to postpone indofinitely...................--..002-- 3 b* A aH x
Motion for previous question :-- viz. eek ba cee eee eee la*AbITx
Questions touching priority of business............-....--- latAatIix
Questions of privilege....iic2 ac. tees eo cec wena sewtee peers 3atTA@ILx
ending Papers. ull... Ae ewueh ee eee eke eee ee la*AatIx
Motion to reconsider a debatable question...............-- 3b* Ballz ¥
Motion to reconsider an undebatable question.............. la*Batz
motion to: refer a question ’::.2-.. poceeeesv nose eneee aiexe soot Ae flex
Motion that committee do now rise ...........eeeeeeeeeeeee la*Ballx
Question whether subject shall be discussed.........-.---- la*ADbTIily
Motion to make subject a special order........-...-.--+--- 3aftAbIIx
To substitute in the nature of an amendment............-. 3afAatIi[_x
Motion to suspend the rulesacizek tacos ee ua ee GbE eee eens oe la* BObILx
Motion to take from the table. 2... 0200 cie cesecet eaves la*CaIix
To take up question out of its proper order ...........-.-.- lia* Abate
Motion to. withdraw a motion. =. .0....2s-0.sencencdcceccees la*AaIx
Questions of precedence of questions........-..---.-.+----- 56789 10 12
Forms in which questions may be put..........-...--- 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
RULES OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCHDURE.
1, Question undebatable: sometimes remarks tacitly allowed.
2. Undebatable if another question is before the assembly.
8. Debatable question.
4, Limited debate only on propriety of postponement.
a. Does not allow reference to main question.
b. Opens the main question to debate.
*, Can not be amended.
t. May be amended.
A. Can be reconsidered.
B. Can not be reconsidered. ;
C. An affirmative vote on this question can not be reconsidered.
b. Requires two-third vote unless special rules huye been enacted.
a. Simple majority suffices to determine the question.
II. Motion must be seconded.
Il. Does not_require to be seconded.
x. Not in order when another has the floor.
y- Always in order though another may have the floor.
z. May be moved and entered on the record when another has the fivor,
but the business then before the assembly may not be put aside. The mo-
tion must be made by one who voted with the nrevailing side, and on the
same day the original vote was taken.
5. Fixing the time to which an adjournment may be made; ranks first.
LO adjourn without limitation; second.
. Motion for the Orders of the Day; third.
. Motion that...do lie on the table; fourth.
. Motion for the previous question; fifth.
10. Motion to postpone definitely; sixth.
12. Motion to commit; seventh.
13. Motion to amend; eighth.
14. Motion to postpone indefinitely; ninth.
15. On motion to strike out words, ‘‘Shall the words stand part of the
motion?” unless a majority sustains the words they are struck out.
16. On motion for previous question the form to be observed is, “Shall
the main question be now put?” This, if carried, ends debate.
17. On an appeal from the Chair’s decision, ‘‘Shall the decision be sus-
tained as the ruling of the house?” The chair is generally sustained.
18. On motion for Orders of the Day, ‘Will the house now proceed to the
Orders of the Day?” This, if carried, supersedes intervening motions.
19. When an objection is raised to considering question, ‘Shall the ques-
tion be considered?” objection may be made by any member before de-
bate has commenced, Lut not subsequently.
Comoran
I
OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND TERMS,
Allow, for expect, imagine, doubt not ; as,“ allow he with suc.
cecd.” “I alow he will be in town to-morroy.”
Allow, for intend, design, purpose ; 28, ‘1 allow to go on Monday.”
“ They allow to return next week.”
A power, for a large amount or quantity, a great number ; as,
‘He has a power (a great amount or quantity) of money; a power
‘great number) of friends,” etc.
After a bit, for soon or presently ; as, “‘I will be there after a
bit.” ‘He will be along after a bit.” sai
Ary, for either; as, ‘Take ary one of them.’ ‘“ Ary one of you
may go.”
Above my bent.—“ That is altogether above my bent,” for,
‘out of my power,” “ beyond my strength,” “ beyond m~ cana-
city.”
All aiong of, as, ‘‘ That was all along of you,’ for, “‘ that was
all your fault.”
Anyhow, when used too frequently, suggests that one is in
the habit of talking ‘‘anyhow.” No how is still more liable to
objection.
A’ry, na’ry.—“ I haven’t a'ry one,” “TI have na’ry one.” Say
‘‘T have neither,” “ I haven’t either,’ ‘I have none.” ‘I haven’t
got na’ry red.” Very low. Say “TI have not one cent.”
As how.—“‘ He said as how you was to doit.” Say “he said
that you were to do it.”
_At loggerheads is uncouth. If roughness of expression 1s
not desired, say “at variance,” or, ‘‘ on ill terms,” or speak of a
disagreement, a misunderstanding, or a quarrel.
Any, for at all ; as, ‘‘He was not injured @eny,” “ He cannot
see any from the effects of the accident,” .
398
OBIHOLIONABLA WORDS AND THRMG, 808
Averse from, for averse to; as A miser is averse from nothe
ing so much as from parting with his money.”
Allot on, or ’lot on, for rely on, count on, or upon; as, “TI alleé
on, or "lot 01 his ability and readiness to aid me.”
Among, for with ; as, ‘‘ The deception passed among each of the
company.” ‘The money was current among every one of the
banks.”
Among, for between, where two only are referred to; as ‘‘ He
divided it among the two.” “John and George were the persona
among whom the estate was equally divided.”
A little ways, for a little way, a short distance ; as “I will goe
tittle ways with you.” “ He is a little ways in advance of us.”
Awful, for disagreeable, ugly, disgusting, etc.; as, ‘ This is awfut
(disagreeable) medicine.” ‘He has an awful (ug, countenance.”
His conduct was awful (disgusting).”
Ain’t, for are not, am not ; as, ‘‘ Ain’t (are you not) going to the
city ?” “T ain't (am not).”
After, for for ; as, “‘He has no regard after his father’s con
mands.”
A good little bit, for @ considerable time, a considerable distance,
etc.; as, ‘‘ He has been gore a good little bit.” ‘He is a good litile
bit ahead, or in advance of you.”
A long mile, for @ Uittle over, or a little more than a mile ; as, “1%
is a long mile to the city.”
As good’s go, as good’s do it, etc., for may as well go, might
as well do it, etc.; as, You’d as good’ s go (you may as well go) as stay,”*
“You'd as good’s do tt (you might as well do it) as not.”
Budge, for move off, stir ; as ‘‘ You have no right here—yom
must budge (move off).” ‘I will not budge (stir) an inch.”
Between, or betwixt, for among or amongst, where more thar
two are referred to; as, ‘“‘ Let this be divided detween the three.”
Bad box.—“ He is in a bad box” has a vulgar air. Say baé
predicament, or unpleasant situation.
Bamboozle gives the impression of disrespect from which
deceive and mislead are free.
Barking up the wrong tree is an expressive and comical
back-woods phrase which is not found in cuitivated circles.
Bran new, or brand new is condemned by some writers. It
seems unobjectionable as a colloquialism, but should pot be us4
too freely where dignity is to be regarded,
i]
1
400 INXACGURATH TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS,
Balanco, for remainder ; as, “I move to retain the first section
of the bill, and to strike ‘out the balance.” “TI spent a part of the
evening with a friend, and the balance at home.” “A part of the
army were killed, and the balance taken prisoners.”
Be, for are, or am; as, “ Be (are) you going to church? I be
(am).”’
Be to be, for am to be, or must be; as, “I be to be there at the
hour appointed.”
|
Bad, for i ; as, “The patient is very bad.’ ‘‘ My friend is not
so bad to-day as he was yesterday.”
Bimeby, for by and by, or (which is, perhaps, in better use),
presently, soon, ina short time; as,“I shall be there bimeby.” “If
you will come dimedy, I will return with you.”
Back, for ago; as, “It was almost two years back.” “It was
along time back, that I read the history of Cromwell.”
Bravely, for well, or intimately ; as,“ I knew him bravely.” “ He
knew me bravely before I came to the city.”
By Jupiter, By Jove, By Jimini, and the tike, are oaths by
heathen gods.
Bother, bother it, botheration, plague on it, plague take tt,
plague, show the disposition to say worse things; only the will is
not equal to the attempt. ‘ Avoid even the appearance of evil.”
This should be enough on this point, without citing other illus-
trations.
Bain’t, for are not ; as, ‘They dain’t at home.”
By good right, for by right ; as, ‘‘ He is entitled, by good rijhte
to the whole amount.”
Better, for more; as, ‘It is better than a month since I saw
him.” “TI have resided Jettcr than seven years in the city.”
Calculate, for purpose, design, intend ; as, “I calculate to go a
journey.’ ‘I calculate to return in the spring.”
Calculation, for intention or design ; as, “ It is my calculation to
visit him on my return.”’
Conceived, for expressed ; as, ‘‘ His letter was conceived in the
following words.”
Cleverly, for quite well, or in good health; as, “‘ How is your
friend to-day ? He is cleverly ; or he is getting along cleverly.”
Cave in.—Low. Say give up, submit, or yield.
Considerable of, for a considerable ; as, ‘‘ He is considerable of -
a poet,” instead of ‘ He is a Lasoo bok poet,” ;
> ee
‘
OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND TERMS, 401
*Cute.—Say acute, keen, sharp, intelligent. The American use of
this word corresponds nearly with the English idea of clever.
Chance, for an appearance, prospect, or probability ; as, ‘There
is a chance,” or, as many say, “a smart chance,” or, ‘a right smart
chance of a shower.”
Call to be.—‘‘ You have no call to be angry with me.” Say
** no occasion to be,” or, ‘‘ no reason for being.”
Chicken fixins is a frivolous expression for which tries,
small matters or little things may be advantageously substituted.
Clever, as generally used in the United States, signifies good
natured, kind, accommodating. In England it signifies smart, ready,
quick, apt. This is its proper meaning.
Curry favor has an air of disrespect.
Cut.—It is an ungracious act to “cut” an acquaintance; but
it is more ungracious to speak of it under that term.
Clear out, for go away, be gone ; as, ‘ You have been here long
enough ; so, clear out.”
Curious, for excellent ; as, ‘‘ These are curious apples.” ‘‘ This
is curious wheat.”
Carry, for take or lead ; as, ‘‘ Carry the horse to water.”
Come of, for overcome ; as, ‘‘ He will soon come of that habit.”
Confide on, for confide in ; as, ‘You may confide on his honor.’?
‘“‘They confide on what he says.”
Cahoot, for partnership or company ; as, ‘‘ They do business in
exhoot (company).” A very common vulgarism in the West.
Chunk, for piece ; as, ‘“‘ He has a chunk of bread.”
Comeatable, for approachable ; as, ‘‘ European monarchs are
not easily comeatable.”
Crack’d up, for- represented, recominended ; as, “I found him
by no means what he was crack’d up (represented) to be.” “ He
was crack’d up (recommended) to me as a skillful teacher.’’
Chomp, corrupted from champ, to chew loudly, greedily; as, “‘ The
horse chomps his bit.’ “ They chomp their food.”
Clip it, for to run with speed ; as, “You can get there before
the coach starts, if you clip tt.” “ He was obliged to el zt, or he
would have been too late.”
Cut, for to run > as, “ Cut on.” ‘Cut ahead.”
Different than, for different from; as, “ This is very different
than that.”
. Done, for did, as, “‘ He done the work.”
408 INACCURATH TERMS AND BXRPRESSIONS,
Dicker is a colloquialism of wide currency for bargain or trade:
It is not admitted in books nor favored in polite society.
Dreadful fine is a contradiction. Say very fine. Dreadful,
like awful, is often misapplied in this way to qualify words of the
contrary significance.
Do don’t, done gone, together with you uns, are vulgarisms
of the Southern plantation which it should be the first business of ;
those addicted to them to disuse. f
Don’t ought, for ought not ; as, “‘ You don’t ought to return evil
for evil.”
Don’t know as I shan’t, for do not know but I shall; as,
‘Shall you go to Boston to-day ? I don’t know as I shan’t.”
Done come, for come; as, “You may now go and dine, as
your brother is done come.”
Differ with, for differ from; as, ‘‘ My plan differs with yours.”
“The Latin language differs with the Greek.”
Derights, or torights, for presently or directly ; as, “ He will
be here derights.” ‘I will do it torights,”
Dump, for unload ; as, You may dump your cart in the’yard.”
In Dickens we have a diminutive of divil (vulgarly pronounced
div’), the process of corruption being Devilkins, Divitkins, Dilkins,
or Divkins, Dickins or Dickens.
Disremember, for forget, or do not remember; as, “I know him,
but I disremember his name.”
Dragged out, for fatigued, exhausted ; as, “I have been so
much deprived of my rest, of late, that I am dragged out,” or, as
some qualify the phrase, by way of emphasis, “ fatrly,” or ‘ com-
pletely dragged out.” ge
Done up brown, for handsomely, thoroughly, effectually, or
adroitly done ; as, ‘‘ His defence of the prisoner was done up brown.”
A very low phrase. So, in the other tenses of the verb; as, ‘“‘ He
will do it up brown.” “ He did tt up brown.”
Dreadful, for very, exceedingly, extremely ; as, “ He is dreadfus
kind.” ‘She is dreadful neat.” ‘‘ We are dreadful thirsty.”
Dassent, to venture, for dares not, dare not; as, ‘He dassent
(dares not) approach the cage.” ‘‘ We dassent (dare not) disobey
our instructions.”
EH’enamost, for almost ; as, ‘‘ He is e’enamost through with the
work.” ‘He is eenamost persuaded to be a Christian.”
Memory
Mixture
Muskmelon
Mulatto
Mandarin
Mechanism
Messuage
Miracle
Marbles
Medicine.
Mineralogy
Monument
Mosquitoes
Many
L.
Incorrectly pronounced, Correctly pronownesd.
lek tur
lezh’ur
lev ur
led ;
lee’tl
larn
luy’yur
luth’ur
le’gate
length’ waze
len’e-ent
lib’re
lay’ -lock
lu-the-re-an
leaf
legend
M.
mane-tane
mas a-cre
mu ze-um
mild
moun’tn
med dur
mem re
mix tur
mush milyun
mu-lat’tur
man dur-in
me kan-izm
raes su-idge
mer a-cl
mar vls
med -cine
min-er-ology
mon-i-ment
mos-quters
iM-Ly
lek’tshure
le‘zhure
le vur
lid
litt)
lern
luvur
leth’ur
leg’ate
length’ wigze
le ne-ent
li’ bra-re
li’ -lack
lu-the-ran
leave
lej end
men-tane’
mas’sa-kur
mu-ze um
mile
moun tin
med do
mem’mur-re i
miks tshur
musk’mel-un
mu-lat' to
man-da-reen’
mek’ kan-izm
mes swadge
mir‘a-cl
mar bls
med-i-cine
min-er-al-ogy
mon-u-ment
mos-kee-toes
men-ney
438
Correctly spelled.
Marchioness
Mattress
Matron
Mischievous
Nature
Neither
Nominative
National
Narrow
Next
Natural
Negro
Nonplus
Nowise
Nape
Nothing
Nephew
Norwich
Neighborhood
Oblige
Oblique
Oil
Only
Ordinary
Octavo
Onions
Otherwise
Offence
Odorous
Of
Off
Omniscience
Orchestra
Organization
Ostrich
Parent
Partner
Pasture
Patron
Pincers
Pith
Point
WORDS MISPRONOUNCED.
Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronouneed, )
march’-yun-ness
mat’-trass
mat’ -ron
mis-cheev us
N.
na tur
ni ¢hur
nom’e-tiv
na shun-al
nar rur
nex
nat ral
nig gur
nun’plush
no waze
nap —
noth in
nev-vy or nef-u
nor-wich
nay -bur-wood
0.
o-bleeje’
o-bleek’
ile
on'le or un’le
or na-re
ok-ta'vo
ing’ uns
uth’ ur-waze
o-fence
od’-ur-us
of
awf
om-ni-sci-ence
or-ches-tra © s
or-ga-ni-za-shum
os-tridge
J ooh
pa rent
pard nur
pas tur
pat’ run
pinsh' urs
peth
pint |
mar-shun-es8 5 ;
mat -tress Ae
md -trun
mis -chiv-us
na tshure
ne thur
nom’e-na-tiv
nash‘un-al
nar Tro
next
nat tshu-ral
ne gro
non plus
no wize
nape
nuth ing
nev-u
nor-ridge
nay-bur-hood
o-blije
ob-like’
oil
one le
or’ de-na-re
ok-ta’vo
un’ yuns
uth’ ur-wize bas
of-fence _ .
o-dur-us
ov
of :
om-nish’-ense io
or-kes’-tra ee
or-gan-e-za-shUm)
os’ -trich ‘
par’ent - ea
part‘nur oon
pas tshure ae
pa trun se
pin’surs “ .
pith
poing >
Correctly spelled.
Precept
Preface
Prelude
Process
Product
Profile
Pother
Poison
Plaintiff
Pedestrian
Particular
Partiality
Patriot
Philosophy
Plagiarism
Pretty
Pristine
Partridge
Pageant
Partisan
Patent
Physiognomy
Poet
Poic aant
Pomegranate
Precedent
Predecessor
Princess
Progress
Progress
Prologue
Pronunciation
Pantomime
Parsley
Perhaps
Phaeton
Piano
Pillow
_ Promiscuous
Quoit
Quarrel
Quantity
Quandary
Quorum
Quench
pres sept
pre fase
pre lude
pro’ses
pro dukt
pro file
both'ur
piz’n
plan tif
pe-des' trin
pu-tik lur
par-shal’e-te
pat’ re-ut
fi-los’o-fe
pla’ ga-rizm
put te
pris tine
pat ridge
pa-jant }
par-te-san
pa -tent
phys-e-ov-omy
po-z
poig’-nant
pum-gran’ -it
pre-ce -dent °
pre -de-ees-sur
prin-cess’
(as a verb)
(as a substantive)
pro -loge
pro-nun-she-a-shun
pan-to-mine
pasley
praps, or prehaps
fe’-ton
pe-an-ner
piller
pro-mis-cus
Q.
kwate
kworl
kwan ‘te-te
kwon’ du-re'
ko rum
kwinsh
FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 439
Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced.
pre sept
pref fas
prelude
pros ses
prod ukt
pro feel
puth’ur
poe z’n
plane tif |
pe-des tre-an }
par-tik u-lur
par-she-al e-te
pa tre-ut
fe-los’0-fe
- pla‘ja-rizm
pret te
pris tin
par tridje
paj ant
par’ -te-zan
pat’ -ent
phys-e-og-no-my
po-et
poy -nant
pome-gran’-ate
pres -e-dent
pred-e-ces’ -sur
prin -cess
pro-gress
prog -ress
prol’-og
pro-nun-ce-a -shun!
pan-to-mime
par-sley
per-haps
fa’ -e-ton
pe-an-o
pil-low
pro-mis-cu-ous
kwoit
kwor ril
kwon 'te-te
kwon-da re
kwo rum
kwensh |
WORDS MISPRONOUNCED.
Correctly spelled. Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced.
Quay . kwa ke t
Quash skwosh kwosh
Quadrille kuod-ril ka-dril’
Query kuir’-y kwe’-ry
Quoth kwoth kwuth
R
has two sounds—the strong vibratory 7, heard at the beginning -
of words and of syllables, as in rage, error; and the smooth 7,
which is heard at the termination of words, or when it is sue-
ceeded by a consonant. The first is formed by jarring the tongue
against the roof of the mouth, near the fore teeth; and the second,
by a vibration of the lower part of the tongue, near the root,
against the inward region of the palate. Insome parts of Ireland,
the 7 before the final consonant, as in card, is pronounced with
the force of the commencing 7, accompanied by a strong aspira-
tion at the beginning of the letter; whereas in England, and par-
ticularly in London, it is entirely sunk, and the word sounds as if
written caad. The Scotch frequently give it with more roughness
and clearness at the termination than at the beginning. But the
sound which they give at the commencement is not the English
terminational sound; it is a negligent and imperfect quivering of
the first English 7. In such words as thorn, worm, many of the
Scotch, as well as the Irish, sound the 7 as if they formed a sepa
rate syllable. Many persons, from indolence or inattention, in-
stead of quivering the tip of the tongue in this letter, give it a
burring sound by quivering the epiglottis. In looking into the
mouth of these persons, on desiring them to sound 7} the tongue
is seen thrust behind the lower teeth; by causing them to lift up
the tongue, balance it in the mouth, and then breathe strongly,
they will frequently at once give the true sound of the letter. The
difficulty afterwards lies in teaching the terminational 7, which
they will for a time give with the old sound; in such cases they
should use the first 7, though it is harsh, and soften it gradually,
' Reptile rep tile rep til
Rind rine rind
Rinse rense rinse
Rosin roz’um roz in
Routine rou tene _roo-teen’
Rapture rap tur _ rap’tshure
Record re-kord’ rek’ord
Really ra le real-le —
FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. = 44)
Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced. ~
mR: Radishes
a Roof
ES Radiance
o> Ratio
i be Rational
P Rivet
4 Rather
: Rheumatism
% Recognize
‘if Reparablo,
; Raillery
“ Release
ee Resort
‘ Resound
Respite
Revolt
Route
Regular
Remunerate
Ridicule
">
%®<
Scarce
Schedule
Since
Slothful
Soot
Spoil
Steelyard
Stamp
Stint
Sword
Synod
Salad
Spirits
Subject
oldier
wallow
Search
i} Slept
, Sassafras
. Seatter
Skirmish
Saucy
Saucer
Seminary
See te
:
. ees
en.
et
oa. oe ee ee
T1Z
rep
red dish-iz
ruf
rad’e-anse
ra sho
ra shin-al
rib’ it
ruth'ur
roo ma-tiz
re-kog’ nize
re-par a-bl
rail’-ery
re’-lease
re-sort
re-sound
res -pite
re-volt
rout
reg -lar
re-num-er-ate
red-i-cule
8.
skass
sked jule
sense
slaw?th ful
sut
spile
stil yurdz
stomp
stent
sword
si nod
sal lit
sper itz
sub jik
so jur
swol lur
sartsh
slep
sas sa-fax
sket tur
skur’midje
sas'se
gas sur
sim’e-na-re
rose
reep’t
rad’ dish-iz
roof
ra de-anse
ta she-o
rash‘un-al ,
Tiv it
rath ur
roo ma-tizm
rek kog-nize
rep par-a-bl
ral ler-ey
re-lease’
re-zort
re-zound
res -pit
re-volt
root
reg’-u-lar i
re-mu-ner-ate 4
rid-i-cule
8
skarse
sed‘jule
sinse
sloth ful
soot
spoil
_ steel’ yard
stamp
stint (task)
sord
sin’ud
sal lad
spir itz
sub jekt
sol jur
swollo
sertsh
slept
sas’ sa-fras
skat’tur
sker mish
saw se \
saw sur .
sem’e-na-re
Oortettiy spelled.
Seldom.
Scared
Stereotype
Sorrow
Saffron
Sapphire
Singular
Steady
Surcingle
Sphere ,
Stupendous
Suavity
Saturday
Sacrament
Satan
Satanic
Satire f
Saunter
Sausage
Scenic
Shone
Solecism
Specious
Stomachic
Strove
Suggest
Saith
saw
Sepulchre
. Shocking
Subpeena
Subtraction
Tour
Treble
Towards
Trophy
Tuesday
Turnips
Tassel
Thousand
Touch
Terrible
To-morrow
Tobacco
‘Tomatoes
Trivial
sil'dum
skart
ster’ o-tipe
sor rur
saf frun
saf fire
sing glar
stid de
si sing-gl
spere
stu- pend’ u-us
pu-av e-te
sat’a-de
§a’-cra-ment
* sat’-an
sa -tan-ic
Sa -tire
sawn-ter
808-sidge, or sas-sage
scenic
shone, or shun
so -le-cizm.
spesh' -us
stumatchic
struv
suj-gest
seth
sawr
sep -ul-kree
shaw-king
$00-pe-na
sub-strak-shun
T.
tour
trib’bl
tu-wardz’
trof fe
tshuz ‘de
turn’ups
tos’sl
thou’z’n
tetsh
tur’ re-bl
_to-mor’rur
to-bak‘ur
to-ma te-siz
triv’e-al
_ WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. :
Incorrectly pronounced, Correctly PO ke
sel'dum
skaird
ste’ re-o-tipe
sor ro
saf furn
saf fir
sing gu-
sted’ de
sur sing-gl
- sfere
stu-pend’ us
sway e-te
sat ur-da |
sac’-ra-ment
sa -tan
sat’-an-ic
sat’-er
san’ -ter
saw -sage
sce-nick
shon
sol’-e-cizm
spe -shus
stum-ak'-ik
strove
sud-gest
saith
saw
sep -ul-ker
shock-ing
sub-pee-na
sub-trak-shun
toor
treb’ bl
to urdz
tro fe
tuze’de
turn ‘ips
tas’ sel
thou’zand
tutsh
ter’ re-bl
to-mor’ro
to-bak’‘ko
to-ma'toz
triv‘'yal |
FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 448
Correctly spelled. Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced.
Tyranny ti’ ran-e tir’ran-ne
Teat tit teet
Temperament tem-per’-a-ment tem’-per-a-ment
Tenure tenure ten’-ure
Tenable te’-na-bl ten’-a-bl
Tenet te’-nit ten’-et
Than . th than
Tremor tre -mor trem’-or
‘Tapestry ta’ -pes-try tap’-es-try
Theatre thay -ter the’ -a-ter —
Trestle trus’-sel tres-tle
Therefore should be pronounced ther’-fore, not thare-for, but
there should be pronounced thare in the other compounds, there-
from, there-in, there-in-to (00), there-of, etc., all of which should
have the accent on the last syllable, except there-un-der.
To (particle or preposition) is seldom articulated as it should
be. To be is commonly pronounced éwbbe; to think, ter think;
go to him, go ter him. To should always be clearly, but not pe-
dantically, articulated. It should be pronounced like wo, in
counting one, ¢wo, three, fast.
Too, the adverb, should be pronounced like ¢wo, in counting
one—two—three, slowly.
U.
Umbrella — um-bur-rel’ lur um-brel'la,
Unknown un-be-none’ un-none’
Unawares on-a-warz’ un-a-wara’
_ Unerring un-ur ing un-er ring
Ungenial un-jeen yul un-je’ne-al
Vie
Mane English persons, particularly natives of London, often!
substitute the sound of w for », “and v for w. To cure this, often
repeat a few words beginning with or containing the v, and bite
the under lip while sounding the 2, until the letter be well pro-
nounced ; then repeat words beginning with or containing the w,
which must be. pronounced by a pouting out of the lips, without
suffering them to touch the teeth. V is formed by pressing the
lower part of the upper teeth against the inside of the lower lip.
Verdure vur dur ver jur
Volume vol lum vol'yume
Vendue van du ven-due’
vidje voe’adje
444 WORDS MISPRONOUNCED.
Correetly spelled. Incorrectly pronounced. Correctly pronounced,
Verbatim ver-bat'im - -¥er-ba'tim
Volatile vol’a-tile vol'a-til $
Vase é vawze vaze
Vivacious viv -a-shus vi-va -shus
Venison ven -son ven -i-son
W.
Was wuz Woz
Weary wary were
Were ware wer
Wont wont wunt
Wrath rath rawth
Waistcoat wes -cutt waist-coat
Willow — wil -ler wil -low
Worcester wor-ces-ter wooster
Yi
Yacht yat wuree yot
Yellow yul-low, or yal'le yel-low
Z.
Zebra zeb ra ze'-bra
Zenith ze -nith é zen -ith
Zodiac 7Z0-di-ac z0-de-ak
Zoology z00-lo-gy z0-0l-0-gy
‘Words ending in ence and ance.—It is important to give
the pure vowel sounds of short a and short ein words ending in
ance and ence; examples, maintenance, surveillance, sustenance, confi-
dence, Providence, etc. A common fault in the United States is to
blur the vowel, and give it the half-sound of an indistinct short
u, ‘“maintenunce,” surveillunce,”’ ‘‘sustenunce,” ‘‘ confidunce,”
“Providunce.” The same remark is applicable to adjectives end-
ing in ant and ent, as ‘‘providunt,” “confidunt,” instead of provi-
dent, confident. The cultivated speaker may always be known by
his giving attention to the accurate pronunciation of these final
syllables. .
Present participles, and words ending in ing.—The
habit of slurring the terminal g in present participles and other
words ending in ing, should be carefully guarded against. ' Say
“ going,” not “ goin’.” ‘He is standing there,” not ‘‘ he is stand-
in’.”’ ‘‘Good-morning,” not ‘“ good-mornin’.” All the present
participles, and many other words ending in tzg, come within the
range of this observation. .
ne, gua A 2 Ne ies
eke Oe
FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 445
Words ending in a.—The proper pronunciation of the last
syllable in all words ending in a; is as the ain father. Two errors
are of frequent occurrence. One is to drawl out thea@as if it had
any after it. In this case the rv is sounded with more force than
is commonly given to it in words that properly end in 7. Some-
times the @ is changed, and the syllable pronounced as if it ended
in er. The other error is to pronounce the syllable as if it ended
in te, ory. ‘“‘ Emma” is pronounced “ Emmy,” ‘‘ Sarah,” ‘ Sary.”
The @, with the power of the broad a@ in father, should be pro-
nounced very quickly.
Words ending in ar and er.—An error of the opposite
character is committed in the case of words ending in ar and er.
The r is often vut off, and a broad sound it given to the a, stronger
than in father, and often as strong as the @ in water, ‘ Waitah,”
“altah,” ‘mistah,”’ ‘‘watah,” for ‘‘ waiter,” “altar,” ‘‘ mister,”
water.” The vr should always be heard in such words.
Cork, fork, curtain, morsel.—Be careful to sound the r
Do not say “‘cawk,” “ fawk,” ‘‘ cu’tain,” ‘‘mo’sel.”’
Car, card, kind, and other words beginning with ¢ or f, as
well as many beginning with g, are often given ane or y sound
that does not belong to them. As “‘kyar,” “kyard,” “ kyind”
“evard,” etc., for car, card, kind, guard, etc.
Harriet, superior, interior, etc.—In these words, and in
others in which 7 is followed by a y sound, we sometimes perceive
that it is omitted, hearing such pronunciation as ‘‘ha’yet,” ‘‘ supe’-
-yor,”’ ‘‘inte’yor,” etc. Be careful to sound the +,
While x should always be sounded when it occurs, it is not
trilled or rolled in the English as it is in other languages, or as
the Irish roll it in their brogue. ‘“ Warm” should no more be
pronounced “warrum” than ‘“wawm.’’:.. “Stormy” no more
“storrumy,” than ‘‘ stawmy,’’
Words and syllables containing ow and ou.—Avoid
the sharp nasal pronunciation of ‘‘ how,” “ cow,” ‘‘ confound,” and
other words containing the ow sound; as ‘“heow,” or ‘“h’yow,”
“keow,” ‘‘confeound.” The sound of this diphthong, should be
formed deep in the chest, and should be pure and rotund.
U in tune, mute, etc.—The in tune, mute, etc., has a pecu-
liar sound, which cannot be represented by any other letter, or by
any combination of letters. It must be heard. Some persons err
by sounding it like 00, saying ‘‘ toon,” *‘dook,” “‘dooty,” for “tune,”
RUMP UT UES thee: ek
AAAS une ail Aas
AAG WORDS MISPRONOUNCED.
‘ duke,” “duty.” Others make it excessively sharp, as if it hada
dj sound before it. They say “tjewn,”’ “ djewk,” “djewty.” The
correct sound must be heard, carefully observed, and copied.
Do, to, have also a peculiar sound, which cannot be represent-
ed. It is alike distinct from the sound of ‘‘too,” and from that
of ‘‘dew.” This sound also must be heard, then followed.
Boot, shoot.—Do not pronounce them “ bute,” ‘ shute.”
Butcher.—Another difficult ~ sound is that in butcher. It oc-
curs in but few, if any, other words. Some pronounce it “ booch-
er;”’ that isa word of very different sound. The w« is formed
deep in the chest, and is made very short.
Hither, neither.—A fashion sprung up in England a few
. years ago, of giving to e? in these words the long sound of 7, as in
eye. It has been extensively copied in the United States by cler-
gymen and others who pride themselves on precision in speech.
The proper pronunciation is with e as e long, as in recewe, grief.
That pronunciation is as old as the words; it is sanctioned by all
lexicographers, and by the critics who have written upon the sub-
ject since the innovation came into notice,
Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper Wames.—There
are no difficulties as to the pronunciation of these, since they are,
most of them, so much used in modern speech, as to have long
ago adapted themselves to the ordinary rules of English pronun-
ciation. The foregoing rules, therefore, when applicable to this
class of words, are to have full force; and the only particular
which requires notice here is as to their division into syllables. 4
It is evident that unless we divide words properly we must mar: a
the pronunciation. Thus Ca-to may, by improper division, be pro-
nounced Cat-o; and a similar error may convert Mi-das into Mid-! ‘i
as, So-lon into Sol-on, and so on, to the destruction of all that is -
sacred in the mechanism of ancient literature. Reference to :
“Webster ’’ will give the accent of all classic names, and likewise
the proper mode of dividing them for purposes of pronunciation, Coen
Usually the words have a full sound. The accent generally falls Bes,
late in the word, and i, e, and 0, especially, are used as long ;
vowels, ane
The diphthongs 2 and o, which are found only in classic words, df
are to have the sound of e, as described in connection with the © ss
digraphs; ai is to be sounded as our alphabetical a, and ¢ unlike
FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 447
the sound of it in ordinary English e, must, in classic words, have
the sound of 7,
Cand g, before e, +, y, @, @, must have their soft sounds, like s
and j; but ch in Greek words is always sounded 4, and in Scrip-
ture names also, though with one or two exceptions, Ph has the
same sound as in English, namely, f; while ex, ct, gn, inn, pn, ps, pt,
phth, tm, and other similar combinations, when they occur at the —
commencement of words, drop their first letter in the pronun-
ciation.
In all classic names the seat of accent is the important matter;
this, with a few exceptions, is always on the last syllable but one,
or on the last but two,
The termination es, in Greek proper names, should have a dis-
tinct utterance, and by giving it this, the accent will indicate itself
to both ear and tongue. For instance, we once heard an incipient
orator pronounce Hippocrates, Hip’-po-crah’-tes, and Socrates,
So-kraytes. Had the learned gentleman ever struggled for a
scholarship, or passed through the tortures of matriculation, he
would have known that es was not to be so trifled with, but would
have given the termination its importance, thus—Hip-pock-ra-tees _
Sock-ra-tees. I should not have called attention to this subject,
_ from a belief that the veriest tyro in book knowledge would be
well aware of the necessity of giving es its due in classic proper
names, had I not observed the deficiency, even in public speakers.
The following instances will suffice to place the reader on his
guard, and serve as keys to the pronunciation of names having
this termination—Pericles, Perry-klees; Socrates, Sock’ -ra-tees ;
Thucydides, Thu-sid’-i-dees’; Prazitiles, Pracks-it -i-lees ; Harmoni-
des, Har-mon’-i-dees’; Stmonides, Sigh-mon’-i-dees’.
Foreign Names of Persons and Places.—Continental
languages have an almost uniform alphabet, and the sounds of the
vowels are as nearly as possible identical in each separate tongue.
A is usually sounded like our a in ah, or the second ain afar. It
has, however, its sound of @ as in may, in all continental languages,
but this sound occurs very seldom. E has the sound usually of @
in way, and sometimes a shortened sound, approaching to er, made
by curling over and pressing the tongue against the lower palate,
at the same time breathing outward. The vowel i has almost in-
variably the sound of-e; o maintains its English sound of 0, as in—
go, but has occasionally the sound of 00; in Italian it has the digs,
448 WORDS MISPRONOUNCED.
tinct sounds of o as in so, and aw in saw. Theu in French has a
delicate sound, the lips being compressed; but in Italian it inva-
riably bears the full sound of 00; as, Luisa, pronounced Loo-e-zah.
With respect to the consonants, their sound, generally speaking,
is the same in all European languages, and little hazard will be
incurred by adhering in this respect to English custom. Among
the exceptions is th, which, on the. Continent, is usually sounded
astsimply. Thus the French name Berthollet is sounded Bare-
tol-lay’. X is often sounded as s, or ce, as in Aix-la-chapelle,
Ace’-la-sha-pel. The French nasal sound of n it is sometimes
proper to retain, as in Nantes, Nongt, the Simplon, Sang -plong;
_ and sometimes to sink the nasal sound, as in Lyons, Orleans, which
_ two words, and many others, easily receive a purely English pro-
nunciation. It must be confessed that this point is very doubtful,
as in the word Ghent, which some call Gongt, and others Guent.
Similar remarks apply to Caen (the place in Normandy), which
some call Cang, and others Ca-en. The last syllable in Hibeuf,
has its diphthong sounded with a medium between the English u
in buff, and the oo in roof. If the reader will curl up the tongue
against the lower palate, and the inner side of the lower front
teeth, and breathe outward, this sound may easily be produced.
In La Saone, the ao have the sound of long o, and so have the
the eaux in Bordeaux; while in Bruxelles the x is sounded as s.
In Boulogne the concluding sounds are oim, with a sound as of
y consonant added, With regard to Italian, the c always has the
sound of tch before eand7,; and of & before a, 0, u, or any other
letter. Gis soft before e and i, and hard before all other letters,
except 7 orm. J always has the sound of # ory; Ajaccio is pro-
nounced .4-yat-che-o. G before] orn takes the sound of y after
it, as in Bentivoglio, Benti-vo-le-yo. In Spanish, the y is sounded
as in Italian.
Double consonants in Italian must always be doth sounded: as
Machiavelli, Ma-kee-a-vel-ee. When two gs, or two cs come to-
gether, the first always alters the sound of the second: thus Guic-
ciardini is pronounced Gwitch-tche-ar-de-ne. In this beautiful
language there are no diphthongs. very vowel has its own clear
sound, however many may occur together, as calzolaio is cal-tzo-
lah-eo. The only approach to a diphthong which this language
contains is in cod and gia.
French Names.—In regard to French names, they occur 80.
FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 449
often in newspaper reading, they mingle so much in our every-day
conversation, that we feel it a duty to offer a few plain instruc-
tions on this head.
There are some few sounds so common to the French, that every
one not acquainted with the language should at least know the
correct utterance of these few. The article Ze (the) is pronounced
der ; the article Za (the) /ah ; and the indefinite articles wn and wne,
as nearly as possible as they are written. The plural Jes is pro-
nounced Jay béfore a consonant, and days before a vowel. De (of)
is pronounced der; and des, day before a consonant and days be-
fore a vowel. 3
We have already given, in the above quotations, a sufficiently
clear account of the sound of the French vowels. ‘There are, how-
ever, a few combinations that require notice. The most impor-
tant of these is oz,as% in mot, me, pronounced mwor ; mouchotr,
handkerchief, smouschwor 5 Vwe le Roi, Veev ler Rwor, long live the
King.
Another important compound is aw, which has the sound of o¢$
or when united to x, and followed by a vowel, ose. The e having
the sound of our a, and m and m having a nasal twang, causes the
pronunciation of some words to be very difficult to a novice;
for instance, the M. Druon de L’huys will be pronounced Mong-
senur Droo-ong der Lwees. In addressing titled personages the
French say Monseigneur, instead of the ordinary Monsieur; the
latter is pronounced short Mongsur, and so much abbreviated by
the tongue and rapidity of utterance, that it is almost impossi-
ble to place the sound on paper. The nasal sound must, how-
ever, not pass through the nose, but rest in it; and the g must not
be fully uttered.
In verbs of the third person plural, the ext with which they usu-
ally terminate is always mute. The consonant y must be trilled
freely at all times.
In sounding u or eu, the mouth should be contracted as if for
whistling, so as to accomplish a sound between our w and oo,
Thus Moniteur is pronounced, as nearly as possible, mon-e-tur,
amateur, generally pronounced am-a-tew-er, should be am-a-tur.
Where at occurs as a compound vowel, i has the sound of our a,
with a minute dash of ¢ in it—so minute, however, as to be but
scarcely perceptible.
Terminal consonants are usually mute; as, for instance, St
- “
450 WORDS MISPRONOUNCED. ©
Arnaud is pronounced Sarntarno—Charngarnier, Shangarneay— -
Anglais, Aunglay—Canrobert, Kangrobare—Pellissier, Pel-leece-ce-ay,
etc. When the article le or la is abbreviated, as it always is be-
fore a vowel or silent A, it combines with the word to which it is
attached, thus 7’ Hmperor—the emperor—is pronounced laungp’rer.
French words have no decided accent; and where the reader is at
a loss, he must give the accent as if it were an English word.
Italian Names.—tThe Italian language is the most musical
of any in the world. It is like the song of the nightingale ren-
dered into syllables. Hence it is easy of utterance: there are
no harsh gutturals, such as perplex us in German and Dutch, and
which have been humorously described as compounded of a cough,
a sneeze, a hiccough, and a husk of barley in the throat. The
vowel a has two sounds, one of which, at the end of words, is
sharp, and the vowel 2 the full sound of the English e. The Italian
vowels are said to represent the seven notes in music, a, A, e, i, 0,
d, u, having the graduations of do, re, mt, fa, sul, la, ct. The con-
sonant-compounds are not difficult; zz has the sound of ¢, and
serves to break the syllables, as in Mazzini, pronounced Mat-zee-
ne; Pestalozzi, Pes'-ta-lot-ze. Ina general sense, the correct pro-
nunciation of Italian names is very easy, the great point being to
give the syllables, vowels, and double consonants their full music
and distinctness.
German Names.—tThe pronunciation of German is exceed-
ingly simple. ‘The rule is,” says Mr. Lebahn, ‘to speak it as it
is written, and to write as it is spoken.’” The sounds are mostly
the same as the French, though their uses and combinations vary.
The frequent occurrence of the long vowel, as 4, 6, i, is a striking
peculiarity. When 4 occurs long, with the dieresis, its sound is
the same as our ain hay. Otherwise the sound of a in German is
broad, like our ain cart, The 6, when so made long, has just the
Same sound as our u in purse; hence, Carl Theodor Kérner is pro- |
nounced Carl Ta-o-dor Kur-ner; th, as before explained, being
equivalent to ¢ in English. How many thousand blunders have
been made over those well-known names, Schiller and Goethe,
names, of all others, most easily pronounced when the rule is
once made plain. We have heard the first converted into Skiller,
and the second into Gurthey, Go-e-the, and Goat. The e@ is
equivalent to 6, and hence, if we proceed in the same way as in
the Korner, we shall have Qur-e-tay, a very slight trill of the r
FALSE PRONUNCIATION CORRECTED. 45°
giving it the roughness with which a German utters such words.
Schiller is pronounced exactly as it is written, and sch has always
a soft sound, exactly the same asin English. Ng has the sound
of nk, and w generally that of 00, The consonant v is equivalent
- to f, and w to v, while j is used precisely as we use y when a
consonant. :
The great terror of all Americans, however, is the German ch.
This is described by Mr. Smart as being sounded in the same way
as the English k. This is an error; for although those who can-
not easily accomplish it may fall back on k, yet the German sound
of ch has but little resemblance tok in English. Mr. Lebahn pro-
" poses not to consider ch “as a letter at all, but merely as a loud
breathing.” However bold this assertion may appear, still, fre-
quent trials have proved its accuracy. ‘‘For instance, if you are
to pronounce éch, pronounce the i with the short sound of ee, then
push a loud breath through the upper teeth, but be not con-
founded by the ¢ or ch, which is not to be considered at all, nor
is the breath to be interrupted, but joined to the ee, and tch will
~ be correctly pronounced.” We advise the reader to practice this,
as ch occurs so frequently in German names and in ordinary news-
paper reading, that to slur it over, or halt before the word, has
an illiterate appearance, and greatly reduces the pleasure of read-
ing and conversation. The vowel compomnnds ie and ei are sounded
respectively like e in bee, and like yin my. The second vowel of
the two has its full English sound, the other remaining mute.
The vowel combination eu or aeu has the sound of o7 in ot, and
of @ broad, has a.slight sound, but scarcely so much as to give it
the charactér of a syllable. du has always the sound of ow.
Remembering these particulars, and the general rule that Ger-
man is written as it is pronounced, the reader will find no difficulty
in pronouncing German words correctly. For instance, the Ger-
man paper, Allegemeine Zeitung, is pronounced Al-ge-mi-ne-zi-toonk ;
Vaderland, Far-ter-lant (d being like English t); Oesterrissche Cor-
respondens, Urs-ter-is-sher Kor-res-pon-dens. The Fremden Blatt is
frequently pronounced Fremden Biah, but the correct mode is as it
is spelt, Frem-den-blat. Kreuz Zeitwng must be pronounced Kroiz
Zi-toonk. J
The following example will show how easy is the atin ae of
@ correct pronunciation of German :
Was is das Deutchse Vaterland. Vos is das Doitcher Fahterlant, '
452 WORDS MISPRONOUNCED, -
Wieland, Véland ; Mosheim, Mosh-ime; Geswer, Gues-ner;
Schwartsenburg, Sthvart’ -zen-burg ; ‘Lihtonsten Lick’-ten-stine ;
Souderhausen, Sou’-der-how-sen; Stahl, Stahl; Hohenlohe, Ho-hen-
lo-he; jager, yay-ger Schlegel, Schlay’-gl1; Kielmeier, Keel -mi-er;
Fitchte, Fick-ta; Tieck, Teck; Moller, Meel'-ler; Miller, Meel’-ler;
Grundtwig, Grunt’'-vig; Niebuhr, Neeb -ur-r; Gmelin, G-may' -lin;
Gottingen, Geat-tin-gen—the g in each syllable hard; Jellachic, .
Yel-iak-ik; Metternich, Met-ter-nick.
Dutch Names come within the scope of what has been said as to
German names, though with a few exceptions; wy has the sound
of 00, as Zuy-der-zee, pronounced Zoo-der-zee ; the consonant t be-
comes d in sound, and ch is the same eubtncal Aapirate as in the
German.
Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian come within the rules first laid
down.
ExamrLes.—Schleiermacher, Schli-er-mah-ker, the last syllahle
following the rule already given for ch; Oehlenschiiger, Air-len-
schlay-ger, the g in the last syllable hard; Oersted, Air-sted; Lan-
geland, fale oor lahnt; Welt Chronich, Malice antl Sehonbein,
Schean-bine; Neue Beitrage zu den Geist tn der Natur, Noi-er Bi-
trah-ger zoo dem Gist in der Nah-tur (Contributions to the Soul
ix. Nature).
y
2
eA
Peta
‘“
COMMON ERRORS
IN SPEAKING AND WRITING CORRECTED.
Accept of.—' Please accept of this gift.” Say “please accept
this gift,”
Admit of.—" His conduct adinits of no apology.” Say ‘his
conduct admits no apology.”
Ascend up.— He ascended up the mountain.” Omit wp.
Ask for why.—‘‘If you ask for why I didit.” Say “if you
ask why I did it.”
At all.— Some found fault with me for dealing at-al/ witn the
matter.’ dt all adds no force to the remark, and is generally
superfluous. In ‘‘ without any pains at all,” it tends to make the
expression weaker. .
Before—first.—‘‘ Before I do that I must jirst be secured
against loss.” Omit jrst.
Both alike.—‘‘These two watches are both alike.” Say
“these two watches are alike.”
Both of.—‘' Give me both of those books,’ Say “both those
books.”
But—however.—'But climate, however, always stampsits seal
upon the human race.” LKEither dué or howeveris enough. Both
should not be used.
But that.—‘ There can be no doubt but that he will succeed,”
Say “there can be no doubt that he will succeed.”
But what.—“ They will never believe ut what I have been to
blame.” What is that which. But what would be but that which.
The sentence might be supposed to read, ‘“‘ They will never be-
lieve but that which I have been to blame.” That is nonsense.
Say ‘‘thoy will never believe but that I have been to blame.”
458
.
454 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING
“ They will never believe that I have not been to blame” is ore
erable.
_ Cannot by no means.—‘ I cannot by no means allow it.” Say
“TJ can by no.means allow it,” or, ‘‘I cannot by any means allow
it.” .
Combine—together.—“ He hee them iccthier. Omit
together.
Consider of —‘ Let me consider of this matter.” Omit of.
Continue on.—‘‘ He continued on thus.” Say “he continued
thus.” Omit ov also in such expressions as “he continued on his
journey.” But it is proper to use on in such expressions as ‘‘ he
continued on the road,” because he might have continued his jour-
ney off the toad—that is, through the fields, or by a bye-way.
Converse together.—‘ They conversed together for more than
an hour. Omit together.
Cover—over.—“ He covered it over.” Say “he covered it.”
Dead corpses.— Evil spirits are not occupied about the
dead corpses of bad men.” Omit dead ; it is implied in corpses.
Descend down.—“ He descended down the hill very rapidly.”
Omit down.
Enter in.—They told mé to enter in.” Omit i.
Equally as.—As should not be used after equally. Say equally
high, equally dear, equally handsome, etc.; not equally as high, equally
as dear, equally as handsome.
Equally as well as.—‘‘I can do it equally as well as he.”
Omit equally ; it is implied in the words as well as.
Equally the same.— It is equally the same.” Say “it is
the same.”
First of all, last of all.— First of all he measured the
ground.” Omit of ail, saying simply, frst. ‘We must do this,
last of all.” Omit ofall. What is first, or what is last, is necessary
first of, last of, all.
From hence, from thence, from whence.—Hence is
equivalent to from here; thence to from there; whence to from where.
Hence using from with either of these words is equivalent to using
it twice when it is wanted but once. 3
Funeral obsequies.—‘ After the funeral obsequies were per-
formed.” Say obsequies. The sense of funeral is contained in this
word. It cont be as proper to speak ofa wedding marriage-
ceremony ” as of “ funeral obsequies.’ | .- »
j
AND WRITING CORRECTED. 455
Go fetch.—‘‘Go fetch me my riding whip.” Say “ fetch it,” or
“so and bring it.” Fetch has the sense of go and bring.
‘Have got.— John has got a sorrel horse.” Say “ John has a
sorrel horse.” Have signifies to be in possession of anything. Get
signifies to obtain possession. When one has got athing, he ceases
getting it, and from that time has it. |
If in case.—‘‘If in case he comes, all will be well.” Say “if he
come ;’’ or “‘in case he come.”
Issue out.—‘“ A warrant was isswed owt for his arrest.” Say
‘a, warrant was issued,”’
It—what.—“ It is true what he says,’ Say ‘ what he says is
true.”
Latter end.—‘“ I expect to get through by the Jatter end of the
week.” Say ‘by the end of the week.” ‘The latter end of that
man shall be peace.’’? Say ‘the end of that man.”
More than one thinks for.—‘ It amounts to more than you
think for.’ Say “to more than you think,” or ‘than you sup-
pose,” or “imagine.” Prepositions are often thus unnecessarily
tacked upon the ends of sentences.
Wever—whenever.—‘‘ I never fail to read whenever I can get
a book.” Say ‘ when I can get a book.” One ever is enough.
New beginner.—Say beginner. When one begins anything,
he is new at it of course.
Wobody else.— There was nobody else but him.” Omit else.
Of four years old.—‘‘A child of four years old.” Say “a
child four years old,” or “a child of fotir years.”
Off of.—‘ There were ten yards of the cloth before I cut this
apiece off of it.”” Say “before I cut this piece off it,” or “ from it.”
Plunge down.—‘ He plunged down into the stream.” Omit
‘down.
Retreat back.—‘ They retreated back.’ Say “they re-
treated.”’
Return back.—“ After a yeekis absence he returned back.”
Say “he returned.”
Rise up.—‘ He rose up and left the room.” Say ‘‘he rose;”
say also, raise, lift, hoist ; now raise up, lift up, hoist up.
Sink down.—‘‘The stone sunk down in the water.” Omit
down.
Some one or other.—‘‘ Some one or another has it.” Say
“some one has it,” hail
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456 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING
o
They both, you both, and we both.—“ They both met.”
Say “‘ they met.” “My friend came to see me, and we both tock a
walk.” Say ‘‘we took a walk.” .
Throughout the whole.— They sought him throughout the
whole country.” Omit the whole. The ideaof the whole is embodied
in throughout. “They sought him through the whole country,”
asing through instead of throughout is also correct.
Double negatives.—Two negatives used in the same clause
contradict each other, and give the sense of an affirmative. . Yet
nothing is more common than to use two negatives in this way.
“T did not do nothing,” or “I didn’t do nothing,” means that “TI
did something.” Say instead, ‘‘I did nothing,” or “I didn’t do
anything.”
“T have zot but one.” Say ‘‘I have but one.” A
“T did not see him but once.’’ Say “I saw him but once,’’ or
* only once.”
“He is not improving much, I don’t think.” Say ‘“ I don’t
think he is improving much,” or “I think he is not improving
much,”
“He had not hardly a minute to spare.” Omit mot,
Above.—‘‘It is above a month since.’ Say ‘more than a
month since.” Instead of ‘‘ the above discourse,” it is better to
say {the preceding discourse,”’ or ‘‘ the discourse above quoted.”
Aggravate.— His indifference aggravates me.” Say “ dis-
pleases me,” ‘irritates me,’’ or ‘makes me angry.” But if the
displeasure already exists, his indifference may aggravate it, that
is, increase it, or make it heavier.
Almost with a negative.—‘ They pay almost no rent.”
Say ‘“‘they pay scarcely any rent,” or hardly any rent.” The
thought of ‘‘ almost nothing ”’ is ridiculous. )
Alternative.—‘ You may take either alternative.” Say “you
may take the alternative of either.” Alternative relates to the
choice of things, rather than to the things themselves.
Balance.—“ You may pay me five hundred dollars down, and
the balance in a year.” ‘‘I cut partof my hay yesterday, and shall
cut the balance to-day, if 1t does not rain.” Instead of balance say,
in both cases, the rest.
‘Calculate. —“ The failure of the house of is calculated to
cause great excitement in the money market.” ‘‘ Weston’s feats
have this additional recommendation, that they are oaloulated to
-
sR
AND WRITING CORRECTED. « 57
promote the species of exercise to which most people have a mor-
bid aversion.” ‘I calc’late, friend, you are a stranger in these
parts.” For ‘7s calcudated” in the first example, say ‘7s likely.”
In the second example, say ‘‘ have a tendency to.” In the third
say “I suppose, sir, you are a stranger here.”
Caption.— The caption of the paragraph.” Say “the head-
ing of the paragraph.”
Catch, —“If oe hurry you may catch the cars.” Say “ catch
up with the cars,” or overtake them.
' Convene.—‘‘The President convened Congress.” - Say, the
- President convoked Congress, or called a session of Congress. But
Congress convened (that is, came together) at the call of the Pres-
ident.
Directly. — Directiy Mr. Hendricks: finished his speech, Mr.
Thompson rose to oppose the motion.” Say ‘as soon as,’ ete.
“J will come directly,” Say “immediately.”
Dry.—‘‘I am dry, let me have a glass of water.” Say “I am
thirsty.”
Empty.—‘ The Ohio river empties into the Mississippi.’ It is
better to say “ flows.” The river cannot be emptied while any
water remains in its channel.
Endorse.—‘ He endorsed this proceeding.” Say “ he approved,”
or ‘‘ commended this proceeding.”’
Enjoys bad health.—‘ This business would suit any one who
enjoys bad health.” Say ‘‘ who is in delicate health,” or ‘‘ who is in
bad health.”
Expect.— I expect ray brother sold his house yesterday.” Say
“T expect to hear that ao it,” or, “I think,” *‘ believe’ or ‘'am
confident,” ‘I think,” ‘‘T hope that he sold it.’ We do not
expect things of the ca but of the future.
First, the First.—‘I have not yet heard of the Jirst objection
to the scheme.” Say ‘‘a single objection,” or ‘I nave heard of
no objection.”
Get.—‘‘I am afraid Mary is getting crazy.” Say ‘‘is growing,”
or ‘is becoming crazy.” ‘John gotleft by the train.” Say “ was
left.” We get any thing that we come in possession of. We may
also get a disease. But get must be followed by a noun as its ob-
ject.
Gratuitous.—‘ That is a gratuitous assumption.’ It is better
to say “unfounded,” ‘‘ unreasonable,” or ‘“‘ unwarranted.”
PK Ae RY
tdi
459 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING
Halfi—'‘Cut it in Aalf.” Say “cut it in halves,” or “cut it in
two.” There must be two halves.
Hearty.—‘‘ He ate a hearty meal.’ Say “he ate heartily of
the meal.” It is the eater not the meal, that is hearty.
Inaugurate.—“ He receives regular information of the official
changes to be inaugurated at Albany and Washington.” ‘A sub-
Scription was inaugurated last evening to purchase a house for Gen.
Sherman.” Say ‘‘changes to be made,” “a subscription was
commenced,” ‘started,’ “opened,” or ‘ begun.” Inaugurate
means to induct into office under solemn ceremonies. The Presi-
dent of the United States is ¢naugurated, as also are the Presidents
of colleges. Pastors are installed. A ball is opened, a new business
is established.
Initiate.—‘ He initiated the proceedings,” Say “he opened
them.” ‘He took the itiatiwe in the affair.” Say he “com-
menced,”’ “ begun,’’ or ‘‘ opened ”’ the transaction.
Leave.—‘I shall Zeave this morning.” Leave what? If any
thing, or any place, name it. If you mean ‘‘ go away,” say “I
shall go away.”
Light.—‘In reading Macaulay’s essays, I suddenly Ut upon the
passage I wanted.” Say “‘met the passage,” or “ found the pas-
sage.” Another, bad expression is, ‘‘I came across the passage.”
Limb.—‘‘She fell, and bruised her im.” Say what limb.
The arm is a limb, as well as the leg. The foolish shame which
avoids mentioning the leg by name, is not modesty but prudery.
Like.— We don’t do that “ke you do.” Say ‘as you do.”
Midst.—‘In our midst.” Say ‘among us,” or “in the midst
of us.”
Most for Very, &c.—“‘ It is a most melancholy and most unac-
countable fact.”” Say ‘very melancholy” and ‘quite unac-
countable.”
Monstrous.—‘“‘It was a monstrous gathering.” Say “large,”
‘‘ great,’’ or ‘“‘immense.”’ Monstrous means ill formed, misshapen.
Wever.—‘ Washington was never born in New York.” Say
“ Washington was not,” etc. Do not use never in denial of events
which by their nature could take place but once.
Wotice.—‘I shall notice a few particulars” is frequently used
when ‘I shall mention a few particulars ’’ is meant.
Obnoxious.—“ His conduct is obnoxious to me.” Say “his
oonduct is offensive to me,” Obnozious means exposed to, A per-
AND WRITING CORRECTED. 45%
son or his conduct may be obnoxious to blame, to ie to re-
proof, etc., but not to persons.
Of all others.—“ The guerilla style of warfare is of all others
the most barbarous.” Say “of all styles,” or “‘above all others.”
Over, under.—‘ He wrote over the signature of Junius.” Say
‘“¢ under his signature,’’ in all cases.
Over, with a number.—Over 800 persons were present.”” It
is better to say “wpwards of 800 persons,” or ‘‘ more than three
hundred persons.”
Over a bridge.—‘“ He went over the bridge.’ It is more ex-
act to say, “he went across the bridge.’’. A bird may fly over a
bridge, if it does not touch the bridge.
Partial—Partially.—“ This view is partially correct.” Say
“‘nartly correct,” or “‘in part correct” is better. Partially means,
properly, one sided, with bias.
Portion. —“A large portion of the town was burned.” Say
“part.” A portion is a part set aside for any one.
Posted.—‘ He is posted on that paieet ” Say ‘‘he is well in-
formed.”
Predicate.—‘“ My opinion is predicated on the belief,” etc. Say
‘is based upon the belief,” or ‘‘ formed upon it.”
Prejudice.—‘ I was prejudiced in his* favor.’ Say “ was pre
possessed.” We are prejudiced against people or things.
Promise.—‘‘I promise you I was much astonished.” Say ‘‘}
assure you.”
Repudiate.—“ Secretary Stanton repudiated the policy of Mr.
Johnson’s administration.” Say ‘‘ disowned it,” ‘“‘ condemned it,”
' disapproved of it,” or ‘‘ denounced it.”
~ Section.— Mr. Smith does not live in this section.” Say “in
this neighborhood,” “vicinity,” or “part of the country.” A sec-
tion, in geography, is one square mile, or 640 acres of land, which
has been jaid out by the government surveyors, and called ‘“ Sec-
tion No. —~-.”’ ‘The use of the word as a term of place in any
other sense is im roper-
Stand.— He stane® upon security.” Bay “ insists upon
security.”
Stop.—“ Mr. Fergusox is stopping at the Americon House.”
Say “is staying.” Stopping ise momentary act. As soon as one
has stopped he stops stopping, and begins to stay. i$ is custoniary,
460 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING
however, to express a very brief stay by stop. ‘‘We stopped at
Altoona twenty minutes for breakfast.”
Transmit.— He transmitted his check for the amount,” Say
‘the sent his check.’
Transpire.—‘‘More than a century transpired.” Say ‘ elapsed.”
‘¢ The bass-ball match for the championship between the Atlantics
and the Mutuals transpired yesterday.’ Say ‘took place.” News
or a secret may transpire, an event cannot. The word means to
breathe through, to leak out, and can be correctly used only when
‘such a construction can be put upon it. ‘‘ What took place at the
cabinet meeting yesterday "that is, news, report, or knowledge ~
of what took place—“ has not transpired,” is correct.
Try and.——‘‘I will try and do it.’ Say ‘I will try to do it.”
Undeniable.—‘ Mr. Jones is aperson of undeniable character.”
Say ‘‘of unexceptionable character.” An undeniable character is one
that cannot be denied. Ji may be good or bad, but whichever it
is, there can be no dispute about it. An wnexceptionable character
is one to which no exception can be taken.
Existing truths—Matters that are as true now as at the
time spoken of, should be stated in the present tense, no matter
what may be the tense of the context. ‘‘ His text was, that ‘God
was love,’”? should be “ His text was, ‘God is love.’” ‘‘ The truth
was, that John struck him first.” Say “the truth is, that John
struck him first.” ‘‘I told him that the Mississippi ran south-
wardly.” Say “runs southwardly.” ‘ Did you tell him you were
Johnson’s brother.” Say “that you are Johnson’s brother.”
“They ascertained that the great pyramid stood near the banks
of the Nile.” Say “that the great pyramid stands.”
Instead of.—‘‘ I have seen him last week.” Say “I saw him last
week.” ‘“ Last week” is a pasttime. ‘‘I saw him this week.” Say
‘¢ T have seen him this week.” This week still continues.
“The Lord hath given, and the Lord hath taken away.”
Say ‘‘the Lord gave.”
“‘ All the brothers have been greatly indabees to their father.”
Say “‘are greatly indebted.’ But if by any strange circumstance
they may have discharged the obligation, ““have been indebted” —
would be correct.
A.dverb with the infinitive —‘ Teach scholars to carefully
scrutinize the sentiments advanced in all the books they read.”
Say “carefully to scrutinize,” or “to scrutinize carefully,’
AND WRITING CORRECTED. 461
Befell—befallen.—“ It has befeli me.’ Say “It has befallen
me.” But say, in the imperfect, ‘it befell me.”
Began—begun.—“I have began to study history.” Say “I
have begun.” But it is correct to say, using the imperfect, ‘‘He
began to cut his wheat yesterday.” ‘I begun” is also used as
an imperfect form.
Broke—broken.—‘“ I have broke my gun lock.” Say “have
broken.” But say, using the imperfect, “I broke the lock yes-
terday.”
Chose—chosen.—‘“ She has chose the blue silk.” Say “has.
chosen.” But say, in the imperfect, ‘she chose him in preference
to the others.”
Come.—‘‘ I come to town yesterday.” Say “I came.” But
say, using the imperfect, “I have come from Pittsburg to attend
to this business.”
Did—done.—‘ Who done it?” Say “ who did it?” “ who has
done it ?”
Drank—drunk.—“ He was very thirsty, and drunk eagerly.”
Say ‘‘drank.” -“‘ He has drank three glasses of soda water.” Say
“has drunk.” ‘‘ Drunken,” the ancient form of the participle, is
not now used, )
Drove—driven.—‘ They have drove very fast.” Say “they
have driven.’’ But using the imperfect, say ‘‘they drove the
- people out, and locked the gates.”
Froze—frozen.—‘ The potatoes are froze.” Say ‘‘ the pota-
toes are frozen.” But say, in the imperfect, ‘“‘it froze very hard
last night.’ Avoid saying frozed or frizen.
Rode—ridden.—‘‘I have rode fifty miles on horseback to-
day.” Say “I have ridden.” But say, using the imperfect, “a
courier rode up with great speed to warn them of the approach
of the enemy.”
Rang—rung.—‘‘I have rang the bell half a dozen times.”
Say “have rung.” But say, in the imperfect, ‘they rang the bells
metrily for Christmas day.”
Saw—seen—see.—‘'I see him last Monday.” Say “I saw
him.’ “I seen him yesterday.” Say “I sawhim.” “TI havn't
saw him for a long time.” Say “I hav’n’t seen him.’ See is pres-
ent, saw imperfect, seen the participle. The habit of confusing
them prevails widely.
Shook—shaken.—‘ Have you shook the carpet?” Say shaken.
462 ¢ COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING
But say, in the imperfect, ‘they shook it well.” Do not in any
case say shaked. |
Spoke—spoken.—“ It was poe in my hearing.’”’ Say “it was
spoken.” But say, in the imperfect, “Mr. L. being called upon,
spoke as follows.” Spake, the ancient imperfect, is not now in >
use.
Swam—swum.— I have swam across the river many a time.”
Say “have swum.” But say, in the imperfect, “the mate swam
to the shore with a rope.’’ Swwm may also be used as the imper-
fect. “The mate swum” would be correct.
Took—taken.—‘ Mr. Smith and family have arrived in Wash-
ington and fook up their quarters for the winter.”’ Say “ have ar-
rived in Washington and taken up their quarters,” etc.
Went—gone.—“ He would have went with us, if he had been
invited.” Say “he would have gone.” But say, in the imperfect,
‘being invited, he went with us.”
Wove—woven.—‘ This cloth is wove very compactly.” Say
*‘is woven.” But say, in the imperfect, “the girls wove jeans and
linseys enough to clothe the family.”
Beholden—beholding.—“ I am deholding to you for it.” Say
“* T am beholden.”’
Know—knew—known.—“I knowed it.” Say ‘I knew it.”
“T have knowed it all along.” Say ‘‘I have known it.”
Plead.— He plead earnestly,” say ‘‘he pleaded earnestly.”
Proved—proven.—“ That is not proven.” Say “ that is not
proved.”
Idiomatic use of some verbs.—Sometimes an active sand
transitive verb is used in.its entire form intransitively or in a pas-
sive sense. ‘The cloth tears too easily ;” ‘‘ Mahogany planes
smoothe ;” “ These lines read well.”” Sometimes an intransitive
verb takes a kindred noun as an object. ‘“ He lived a virtuous
life ;” “This dream which I (Pharaoh) have dreamed.”
Words like scissors, snuffers, tongs, trousers, etc,, denoting arti-
cles which are paired or coupled, are plural, and take a plural
verb. ‘The scissors are dull,” not ‘is dull.”
“Many is the exhortation given.”’ Say “many are the
exhortations given.”
As he has.—“I can lift as many pounds. as he has.” As “he
has’ what? Say as ‘‘ he has lifted,”: ait
AND WRITING CORRECTED 463
«he first remark I have to make shallbe.” “Say “ the first re-
mark I shall have to make will be,”
Is ceased.—“ The storm 7s ceased.”’ Say “ has ceased.”
Was burning since.—“ The fire was burning since Wednes-
day night.” ey “‘the fire had been burning since Wednesday
night.” |
Fach of the daughters take an equal share.”? Say
“‘takes.’’ ‘“‘ Every leaf, every twig, every blade, every drop of
water, teem with life.” Say “teems.” Also, instead of ‘“ one of
those house have been sold,” say ‘has been sold.”
“Where is it, says I to him.’’—Say in all such instances,
“ said I.”
“ John wiil earn his wages When his work is done.” Say
* will have earned.”
Use the subjunctive form instead of the madientive
in hypothetical cases.— Was I to tell of all her good qualities
it would look like flattery.’ Say ‘were I totell.’? ‘Be that as
it will.” Say “be that as it may.” - :
Was you ?P—you was.—Say “ were you?” “ You were.”
I who is.—‘‘ It is I who 7s to go.”” Say “‘ who am to go.”
Itis one of the subjects that is, etc.—Say “it is one of
the houses that was built by Mr. Jones.” Say ‘it is one of the
houses that were built,” etc.
“ & Be wise and good that you might be happy.”’—Say
4 « that you may be happy.”
Among—Between.— The father divided part of his prop-
erty among his two children, and distributed the remainder between
his other kin,” should be “he divided a part between his two chil-
dren, and distributed the remainder among his other kin.”
«¢ John will be apt to catch the fever if he goes into that house,”
should be ‘‘ John will be liable,” etc. A person who. is studious
may be spoken of as apt to learn, and kable to become dyspep-
tic. :
Atlength—At last.—‘ I have heard from my friend at/ength,”
may mean, and often does mean, that a detailed statement of his
affairs,—a setting of them forth at length—has been received.
“T have heard from him at Jast”” must mean that he has been
heard from, after long waiting for news from him.
Than him.—‘ You are stronger than him.” Say “than he,”
It was them.—Say “it was they.” -
464 ; COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING
is it me.—-“‘ Is it me you mean?” Say “is it I?” or “do you
mean me ?”
It is him whom.—“ It is ham whom you said it was.” Say
“Sit is he.”
“In consequence of me negiecting.’’—‘ The horse got
away in consequence of me neglecting to fasten the gate.” Say
*‘in consequence of my neglecting,” etc.
- With James and I.—“ They went with James and J.” Say
*‘ with James and me.”’
Wot me.—‘ Who made that noise 2”? ‘‘ Not me.” Say “not J.”
“It wasn’t me.” Say ‘‘ It wasn’t F.”’
Me being.—‘ Me being absent, the young folks lived high.”
Say “ Z being seman ” or ‘‘ while J was absent,’ ‘or “ during my
absence.” .
Between you and oe eat This isa secret between you and J.”
Say “ between you and me.” Better ‘with you and me,”
Let you and I—Say ‘let you and me.”
As good as me.—Say “as good as J.”
It is me.—Say “it is 7.”
“You and us enjoy many privileges.”—Say “you and
we.”
He and they we know.— He and they we know. but who
are you?” Say ‘him and them we know.”
‘If I was him.—‘“I would do the same if I was him.” Say ‘‘if
I was he.”
He that was mentioned.— They chose William, he that
was mentioned before.” Say, him that was mentioned,” or better,
‘him who was mentioned.”
Lam hin.—‘I know T am him whom he meant.” Say “I am
he.” ;
That is him—that is her.—Say “ that is he,” “that is she.”
From him having.—“ From him having always ae pi
{ again applied to him for help.” Say ‘‘ because he had,” .
“What you saw was but a picture of him, a ‘not
him.”’—Say “and not he.”
To be they.—‘“I knew it to be they.” Say “to be them.”
As for who.—‘ The boy as is reading.” Say “the boy whe
fs reading.”
Who for whom.—" Do you know i) this cane belongs to 2”
Say “to whom this cane belongs.” ‘ Whom this cane belongs — .
AND WRITING CORRECTED: 465
to’’ is correct, and less formal. “ Who do you wish to see?”
Say “whom.” ‘He did not know who to suspect.” Say “whom
to suspect.’ ‘He isa person who I respect very much.” Say
whom T respect.” .
Which for who.—‘‘ The men which you saw.” Say “the
men whom.you saw.” But, of an animal, ‘the horse which you
saw.” ‘
Of the relative pronouns, who is used exclusively with per- ”
sons, which exclusively with things, and that with persons and
things. In common conversation that is more frequently used
with persons than who. But who is considered more elegant.
Where for in which.—“ It is a cause where justice is partic-
ularly concerned.” Say in which. ‘We presented a paper where
his case was fully explained.” Say “a paper im which.” But
where may be used instead of which and a preposition when place
is the prominent idea. ‘The old house where I was born.”
Them books,—“‘ Give me them books.” Say ‘ those books.”
Thus for this.—‘‘ The manner of itis thus.” Say “the man-
ner of it is this,” or ‘‘ this is the manner of it,”
This for thus or so.—‘ This much is certain.” Say “ thus
much,” or, “so much.”
I who is.—‘It is I who ts to receive the appointment.” Say
it is lL who am to receive the appointment.”
Those set.—‘“I will take those set of books.” Say “ that set.”
This twenty years—‘‘I have not been there this twenty
years.” Say “ these twenty years.”
One another — themselves.—“ These authorities differ
among one another.” Say ‘ differ among themselves.”
' Every for all.— The men deserve every praise.” Say “all
praise.” <“ Zvery human being has this in common.” Say “ail
human beings have,”’ or, ‘‘ each human being has this in common
with every other one.”
Every for entire.—‘‘I have every confidence in him.” Say
“ entire confidenco.” Every means “each of all,” and should not .
be used in any other sense.
All for each.—“ Seven lads were present, and he gave them
all a, book.” Say “he gave them each a book,”
Such for so.—‘ Such distinguished virtues seldom occur.” Say
&€ 90 distinguished virtues,” or, ‘‘ virtues so distinguished.”
All—the whole.—“ Almost the wicle inhabitants were-pres-
?
466 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING \
ent.” Say ‘almost @W the inhabitants.” But say ‘almost the
whule society attended the ceremonies.” Use ai/ in speaking of a
multitude or collection by the individual parts, the whole when it is
spoken of as a body.
Number of every.—“ Every rifleman and lancer were at their
post.” Say ‘was at his post. Ms
The indeterminate possessive.—‘ Every child should
obey their parents.” Say “Ais parents.” ‘No one should incur
censure for being careful of their good character.” Say hzs, or
her, if talking more particularly of women. ‘Let each of us mind
their own business.” Say “Ais own business.”
‘When he was entered.”? Say ‘when he had entered.” —
So also say ‘“‘ when he had departed,” ‘‘ when he had returned.”
**T catched it.” Say “1 caught it.”
** Of two evils choose the least.””—-Say “‘ the less.”
“Is this or that the best road?’’—Say “the better
road.”
*‘The prisoner has, of all the gang, committed the fewer
misdemeanors.” Say ‘‘the fewest.” :
Perfect.— This is the more perfect of the two.” ‘ This is the
most perfect piece of mechanism Leversaw.” Such expressions are
in common use. They are allowed but not encouraged. ‘‘ More
nearly,” or ‘‘ most nearly perfect,’’ is a more accurate term.
Chief.—‘ He sought the chdefest positions.” Say “the chief.”
The chief positions are the head positions; ‘‘ the chiefest ” would
be “the headest,”
Universal.—“ Of all vices, pride is the ae universal.” Say
“ most general.”” What is * universal,” extending over, and in-
cluding the whole universe and every thing in it, cannot be more
80.
Right—wrong.—“ That is very right.” ‘ Thatis very wrong.”
Omit very in both cases.
Agreeable—agreeably.—‘‘Agreeable to my promise, » Say
agreeably.
Bold—bolder—more boldly. —‘ He acts bolder than was ex-
pected.” Say more boldly.
Comformable — comformably. — “ Comformable to your —
orders.’’? Say ‘‘ comformably to your orders.”
Distinct—distinetly—‘The girl speaks disting.” Bay
“speaks distinetly,”
’
A oe nt ig sith a ahi a
Cees Ai © Pk elbe eles Amoi, A) Oe Te eee
CAN RRP IS it itice BAER hs OR RPC ay
ihe dyett Wh Adie 1 t yy eS tie ,) Hie 4-
- AND WRITING CORRECTED. 4G
“ Exceeding—exceedingly. —‘ He was exceeding kind to me.”
Say exceedingly kind. “She was exceeding careful.” Say exceedingly
careful.
| Fluent—fiuently.— He speaks very fluent.” Say very flu-
ently.
Indifferent— indifferently.— He was indifferent honest.”
Say indifferently honest.
Wear—nearly.—‘‘I lost ear twenty pounds.” Say “ nearly
twenty pounds.”
| Previous—previously.— He wrote me previous to his com-
ing.” Say “ previously to his coming.”’
Remarkable —remarkably.—“ She is a remarkable pretty
girl.’ Say remarkably pretty.
Shocking—shockingly.—‘“ This letter is written shocking.”
Say shockingly. Shockingly is generally too strong a term to em-
ploy in this case. Badly is a better word. Bad writing is not so
uncommon or so important a matter as to cause a shock.
_Wever—not for.—‘ He was xever an instant diverted from his
purpose.” Say “‘ not for an instant.”
Seldom or ever—‘I seldom or ever |sbe him now.” Say
seldom tf ever,” or “seldom or never.”
Almost never.—Scarcély ever, or hardly ever, is better.
Wever so.—‘ He is a man of honor, be he ever so close in
trade.” Say ‘ ever so close.”
Such a—for so.— He was such a disagreeable fellow that no
one liked him.” Say “he was so disagreeable a fellow.”
This—thus—so.— This much is certain.” Say “ ¢hus much,”
or “so much is certain.”
So for very.—“ That was so nice.” Say very nice,
Very—very much — greatly.—‘I was very disappointed,
Say “very much disappointed,” or “ greatly disappointed.”
Very much of.—“ He is very much of a gentleman.” Say
‘the is very gentlemanly.*
. Over for more than.—“ There were not over twenty persons
present.” It is better to say “‘ not more than twenty persons.”
As for that.—‘“ Not as I know.” Say “ not ¢hat I know.”
But for if—‘“I shouldn’t wonder dut that was the case.” Say
“4f that was the case.”
But for than.—‘ We suffered no other inconvenience but that
arising from the rain,” Say “no other inconvenience than that,”
4
468 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING
etc., or omitting other, and using but, “ We suffered no inconvenience
but that arising from the rain.” ¢
But for that.—“ I have no doubt but he will be here to-night.”
Say “I have no doubt that,” etc. ‘I doubt not’ but I shall be
able.” Say ‘I doubt not that I shall be able.” Some writers
have a habit of omitting the conjunction altogether, saying, “I
doubt not I shall be able.” This is a slipshod style.
i Ifthat.—, = “
ee s. -S-
GUIDE TO BUSINESS,
Abandonment.—In marine insurance, when the person who
has insured goods, exercises his right, in certain cases of accident
to the ship, of abandoning the property insured to the person or
company that granted the insurance, in order that he may claim
indemnity for the value of the property.
Abstract.—An abridgment or epitome of a deed or document.
An epitome is a cutting or lopping applied to a whole throughout,
abridging it generally and not in parts only.
Acceptance.—Acceptor.—See Bit,
Accommodation Bill.—A bill not representing any trade
transaction, but merely concocted between two or more parties,
with a view to its being discounted, for the temporary accommo-
dation of either the drawer, acceptor, or indorsers, or, frequently,
for all; the several parties agreeing to provide the acceptor, at or
previous to its due date, with the portion for which they have re-
ceived the discounter’s money.
Account.—A statement showing the several sums and amount
due by one person to another for goods, cash, &c., or arising out
of any mutual transactions. Accounts are kept under their re-
spective heads in the ledger, from which they are copied when
the account is to be sent in or is asked for.
When invoices giving the particulars and items were either sent
with the goods, or by mail, or messenger, it is not necessary to
repeat the particulars of the entries in the account, but only tae
dates and sums need be given,
When no invoice was sent, all the particulars must be given.
These particulars must be copied frém-the day-book, as the ledger
contains only the amount of each entry,
AT?
fie
1 edd
478 - @UIDE To BUSIVESS.
If the account has to be sent again, it is only necessary to give
the date when sent, or of the last entry, with the words “‘ Account
rendered ” or “ To bill delivered,” and the total amount.
Account Current.—A statement of the transactions that have
taken place between two parties during a certain time, drawn out
‘in Dr. and Cr. columns, in the order of their dates. An Account
current is usually sent in at the end of any adventure, or series of
transactions, and in a general way at stated periods, yearly, half-
yearly, or quarterly. Interest is frequently charged or allowed
upon each item,
Account Sales.—An account drawn out by a commission agent
or broker, showing the sales he has made of goods on account of
another; also an account rendered by a merchant to the consignor
of goods. It states the weights or quantities sold, and the prices _
at which they were sold with the total amount due to the owner
after deducting the charges for freight, cartage, advertising, &c.,
and the agent’s commission,
An “ Account Sales Book” is generally used for entering sales of
goods on commission,
Acquittance.—A discharge in writing for money, debt or lia-
bility.
Actuary.—One who makes the calculations fora Life Assur-
ance company, and advises on wh matters relating to its finances
and statistics.
Adjustment.—In marine insurance when the insured party
agrees to accept certain terms for the loss incurred, and the in-
surer writes on the policy—‘ adjust this loss at — per cent., pay-
able,”—naming the rate per cent. and time for payment.
Adjustment of an Account.—Is the agreeing to, or arrang-
ing the particulars of a faulty or disputed account.
Ad Valorem Duty.—Duty levied on goods according to their
value, and not on the quantity, or by their weight or measure.
Administrator.—A person legally authorized to take charge
of the estate of a deceased individual, dying without a will, or
when a named executor refuses to act.
Advances.—Money advanced by merchants and agents on
goods which they are commissioned to sell. Loans of money are
AGREEMENT FOR THE SALE OF LAND , 479
often termed advances. Also, additional price or profit, as, an
__, adwanee on the former price.
Adventure.—A term applied to shipments of goods on the
merchant’s own account, to or from some foreign market. Thus,
if a merchant shipped goods to Jamaica, an account would be
kept in the ledger under the head ‘“‘ Adventure to Jamaica,’ stat-
ing the proceeds and expenses, and showing how much was gained
or lost by the transaction.
Bill of Adventure.—A writing signed by a person who. takes
goods on board of his ship wholly at the risk or the owner.
Advice or Advices.—Mercantile information sent by letter,
which is called the “‘ Letter of Advice.”
Agent or Factor.—A mercantile agent who buys and sells
goods and transacts business for others on commission. He may
be a home factor or a foreign factor. He may buy and sell ip
his own name, and is entrusted with the possession and control of
the goods; and in these respects he differs from a broker,
Agencies, Mercantile.—Places to which bankers and mer-
chants refer to ascertain the credit and particulars relating to
dealers in town and country.
Agio (ad-ge-o, Italian).—The difference in value between bank
notes and metalic money in Venice and Holland, formerly, but
now applied to other countries; also, between one sort of money
and another.
Agreement for the Sale of Land.
.
’ AGREEMENT made and entered into the Twelfth day of May, 18~, between
} Walter Graham, of Kinney, County of Hudson, and State of New Jersey,
and Henry Kerr, of Kinney, County of Hudson, State of New Jersey,
Witnesseth, that the said Graham, in consideration of the sum of five hun-
dred dollars now paid and the further sum of fifteen hundred dollars to be
aid when a deed is executed, doth grant, bargain and sell unto said Kerr,
his heirs, and assigns, all that piece of ground situate, etc. (describing the
premises) together with all and singular appurtenances thereunto belonging
or in any wise appertaining. ; f
And the said parties bind themselves, their heirs, executors and adminis-
trators, for the performance of all and every part of the above agreement ; as
witness their hands and seals, day and year above-written.
Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of
Wm. KERBY Wartrr Granam. LL. 8.
JNO. JOHNSON Henry Kerr. L. 8.
Received, May 12th, 18—, of Hunny Kez, five hundred dollars, the first
- Heyment abovermentioned,
WaLrtzr Gran,
on GUIDE TO BUSINESS.
“Agreement for the Sale of Grain.
Itts agreed, this first day of June, 18—, by and betweer %Wm. Morris of
Aberdeen, County of Harford and State of Maryland, and Bromwell Bros.,
of Baltimore city, State of Maryland, as follows: The said Bromwell Bros.,
in consideration of five hundred bushels of wheat, to them this day sold by
the said Morris, and by thesaid Morris agreed to be delivered to them, the said
Bromwell Bros. on or before the first day of October next, free of all charges,
agree to pay to the said Morris within one month after such delivery the sum
of five hundred and seventy-five dollars. And the said Morris,in considera-
tion of the aforesaid agreement of the said Bromwell Bros. doth hereby agree
to forward and deliver to the said Bromwell Bros., at Baltimore, aforesaid,
free of charge, the said five hundred bushels of wheat, so to them sold as
aforesaid, hereby warranting the same to be good, clean and merchantable
grain. i
Witness our hands and seals, day and year first written.
Sealed and delivered in presence of :
Wm. Morris. L. 8.
E, RicHAaRpson, j
Gro. RixHaM. BuomweEwu Bzos, L. 8.
Agreement with a Clerk, or Salesman, for services.
It is agreed, this first day of January, 18—, between Geo. Blackie & Co. and
John Simple, all of the city of New York and State of New York, in man-
ner following, to wit:
That said John Simple covenants and agrees, faithfully and dilligently to
serve and act as clerk (or salesman) of the said Geo, Blackie & Co. in their
’ store in said city, from the day of the date hereof, for and during the space
of one year, if both parties shall so long live, without absenting himself from
the same; during which time he, the said John Simple, will in the storeof ~
the said Geo. Blackie & Co. faithfully, honestly and dilligently attend, doing
and performing,all matters pertaining to his duties as clerk (or salesman)
aforesaid, and in all respects complying with the request and desire of said
Geo. Blakie & Co., relative to the discharge of such duties.
In consideration of which services so to be performed by the said Simple,
we, the said Geo. Blackie & Co., covenant and agree to allow and pay to the
said Simple, the yearly sum of one thousand dollars, by four quarterly pay-
ments, or oftener if required; provided, nevertheless, that payment for all
time, during which the said Simple may be absent from the store of the said
Geo. Blackie & Co., is to be deducted from the sum, otherwise by this agreee
ment due from, and payable by, the said Geo. Blackie & Co. to said Simple.
Witness our hands and seals, day and year first written.
Signed, sealed ana delivered in presence of
‘Wattrr Dorsey.
Gro. Buacriz & Co. L. 8
RosBERT MICHAEL.
JoHN SIMPLE. L. &
Agreements between Landlord and Tenant.
LANDLORD'S AGREEMENT.
THIs Is TO CERTIFY, That I have Let and Rented unto P. J. Cox, the
House and Lot, known as 27 Doolittle street, in the village of Newburgh,
New York, for the term of one year, from the firstof May, 18—, at the yearly
rent of two hundred and fifty dollars, payable quarter yearly.
The premises are not to be used or occupied for any business deemed extra-
hazardous on account of fire, nor shall the same, or any part thereof, be let
or underlet without the written consent of the Landlord, under the penalty
of forfeiture and damages. ‘
Given under my hand and seal the 10th day of June, 18—.
\ W. H. Wass,
TENANT’S AGREEMENT.
Tuts 18 TO CERTIFY, That I have Hired and Taken from W. H. Wass, of
the Village of Newburgh, New York, a House and Lot, known as 27 Doolite i
ASSETS. 481
‘ . Seer J
tle street, in the village of Newburgh, aforesaid, for the term of one year,
from the first of May, 18—, at the yearly rent of two hundred and fifty dollars,
payable quarter yearly.
nd I hereby promise to make punctual payment of the rent in the man-
ner-aforesaid, and quit and surrender the premises, at the expiration of said —
term, in as good state and condition ag reasonable use and wear thereof will
permit, damages by the elements excepted, and engage not to let or underlet
the whole or any part of the said premises, without the written consent of the
Landlord, under the penalty of forfeiture and damages; and also not to oc-
cupy the said premises for any business deemed extra-hazardous without the
like consent, under the like penalty. ry
Given under my hand and seal the 10th day of April, 18—. ey
-v. UOX,
Surety.
In Consrprnation of the letting of the premises above deseribed, and for
the sum of one dollar, I hereby become Surety for the punctual payment of
the rent, and the performance of the covenants in the above written _agree-
ment mentioned, to be paid and performed by P. J. Cox, and if any default
‘shall be made therein, hereby promise and agree to pay unto W. H. Webb
such sum or sums of money as will be sufficient to make up such deficiency
and fully satisfy the conditions of the said agreement, without requiring any
notice of non-payment or proof of demand being made.
Glven under my hand and seal the 10th day of April, 18—.
; Wu. Gorpon.
Annuity.—A payment made yearly or at stated periods.
Arbitration.—The settlement of disputed accounts, claims, or
other matters, by the decision of one or more persons, having no
personal interest in the matter, who are called arbitrators, and are’
authorized by a court of law, or by the parties concerned, to de-
cide the disputed points. One, person only may be appointed to
arbitrate; hut it is usual to choose two or three; or for each -
party to name one, and these to name a, third, who is called the
umpire. Their determination is called the award.
Arbitration Bond.—A deed which obliges one to abide by the
award of the arbitration.
Arbitration of Exchanges.—The calculation of the rate of
exchange of the currency between two places, through the cur-
rency of intermediate places, in order to ascertain whether it is
most profitable to forward drafts or money, directly to the place
or indirectly through another place. When one intermediate
_ place only is to be considered it is termed Simple Arbitration, but
when more are concerned Compound Arbitration.
Assets.—Cash and property of every description, belonging to
@ person or firm. Originally it meant goods and chattels suffi-
eient for the discharge of all legal claims, but now merely the ac-
Cs 8 Poe ©
Bh 483 GUIDE TO BUSINESS. ©
_tual-property of an individual, in contradistinction to his liabil-
_ ities,
Assignee (as-se-ne¢).—A person to whom an assignment is made,
In case of bankruptcy, the court appoints an Official Assignee to
_ take charge of the bankrupt’s property or estate, as it is termed ;
and the creditors appoint a Zrade Assignee, from their own body,
_ to take care of their interests.
_ Assignment.—The appointment of a person to take charge of
and manage preperty ; also, the transfer of property of any de-
“scription, or making over a right or claim to another person, by a
legal document which is called a Deed of Assignment. The peg-
son who makes over the property is commonly called the Assigner, -
but in legal phraseology the Assignor’.
Assignment of Bond, Assignor being Liable. i
For value received, I do assign and set over the withir obligation, and all
moneys due thereon, unto John Jones, his executors, administrators and as-
signs, hereby guaranteeing the payment thereof, in case of default being made
by the within named Josiah Hopkins. »
Witness my hand and seal this first day of November, 18—.
Signed, sealed and delivered.in presence of
Aveustus Marsn. R. Ramsay. L. 8.
Sil
Srston CLODPOLE.
est Assignment of Account indorsed thereon.
In consideration of one dollar, value received, I hereby sell and assign to
Emmet Jones the within account, which is justly due from the within named
Alex. Harris, and I hereby authorize the said Emmet Jones to collect the ee
© Yo. same. RICHARD SMITH. ie iy
‘3 New York, October 2, 18—. : aie
a Attachment.—A legal process by which an embargo is” laid Lowi
upon money, money due, or goods in possession of other persons si
who are thereby prohibited from parting with the goods or money,
or paying the money due until a claim against the owner is settled. a
’ See GARNISHMENT.
The term is also applied toa seizure or taking both of persons
or property. ite
Attorney, Power of.—A legal document conveying to a per-
gon, usually residing in another country or distant part of the “i
: same, authority to act and sign~-for another person, either ina — )
special case or without reserve. It is sometimes called a Letter
of Attorney. See PRocuration, ‘
- Audit.—A scrutiny of accounts and vouchers by duly authors’
ized persons, called auditors, f
Average.—In shipping transactions, the term general average is
appiled to the proportionate contribution levied upon the value of
a ship and its cargo generally, when part of the sails, masts, &c.,
or part of the cargo, has been voluntarily sacrificed in a storm, or
under peculiar cicumstances in order to save the rest; the loss is
distributed amongst the owners of the ship and the various owners
_of the cargo in fair proportion. This risk is covered by the ordinary
insurance policies. If the full value was not insured a proportion
according to the amount of insurance is recoverable.
Particular average is the term applied to partial damage of the
ship alone or part of the: cargo alone, arising from the ordinary
wear and tear, or from the ordinary mishaps of a voyage, and not
involving the general safety of the ship or cargo. Such partial or
particular risks are not usually covered by the insurance policies,
unless speciaily provided for. It is usual for the underwriters to
except certain goods, by a clause in the policy warranting them
free of particular average, on account of such goods being very lia-
ble to be damaged by sea water, heat, &c. However, when the
loss exceeds a certain percentage, or if the ship is stranded, sunk
or burnt, partial damage to goods, &c., is recoverable from the
underwriters, under an ordinary insurance, notwithstanding the
clanse. To prevent paltry claims being made, it is customary to
warrant a ship, freight, and cargo, free of particular average un-
der 3 per cent.
Petty averages are certain small charges, which occur regularly,
and are necessarily defrayed by the master in the usual course of
the voyage; such as port charges, common pilotage, and the like,
which formerly were, and in some cases still are, borne partly by
the ship and partly by the cargo.
In the clause commonly found in bills of lading, “ primage ang
average accustomed,” average means a kind of composition estab-
lished by usage for such charges, which were formerly assessed
by way of average.
Average of Payments.—Is the method of finding the time
when payment of several sums due at different times, may be
made at once without loss of interest to either'party. To find the
average time when all the terms of credit begin at the same time,
_ Rule.—Multiply each amount by its term of credit and divide the sum of
the ce i seen by the sum of the debts; the quotient will be the average
a
AVERAGE OF PAYMENTS == 488
2
i
4)
.
si
4
“@UIDE TO BUSINESS,
EXAMPLE.”
A merchant purchases goods on May Ist amounting to $750.00; $350.00 pays —
able in 3 months, $250.00 in 6 months, and $150.00 it 8 months. When may
the whole be paid without loss to either party ! ;
$350 for 8 mos. equals.ee.seeereeseeeeees- $1050 for 1 month
950 +8 6 i) 66 CRescdotvcscerevocaesiouT ee. Nd 66
150 &6 8 ss 6 bop buseance devas ce sem eue 66 sé ee
750 ‘ 4 ')8750(5 mos. average time.
_ Note.—if the result contains a fraction less than a day reject it. When the
cents are less than 50 disregard them, when more call them 100.
To find the average time when the credits begin at different
times.
Rule.—Find the date when each debt becomes due. Find the time interven-
- ing between the earliest of these dates and the date of each succeedi
amount. Multiply the amount first due by 0. Multiply each succeeding
amount by the time intervening between the earliest date and the time the
amount becomes due.
Divide the sum of the products by the sum of the debts; the quotient will
be the average time required. Add this average time to the day of maturity
of the amount first falling due for the day of payment.
EXAMPLE.
Required the time when the amount of the debts as below stated becomes
_ due per average.
Date of Purchase. Amount. Time. When due. Time from. he
Jan. 6th...... ....$300....6 mos... July 6th..July 6th to Aug. 7th, $2 days,
Apt. 10th......... 200....6 mos..-Oct. 10th..
May 7th.......... 400....3 mos...Aug. 7th. July 6th to Oct. 10th, 96 days,
Amount, Time in days.
Tuly 6th... sccceec BSI). coerce ccecereonsOrecececccconsnce 0. %
Aug, TET see sb olsie Keres BOO So ee eee ee ee eee ae OL ew sum oe
Oct. LOthiiseesdaenses DOD iad bic tiatce ca hbiemreoOes babes mene eceee 19200.
}82000(85 5-9 days.
900
Ans, 36 days from July 6th is August 11th.
Bailment.—A delivery of goods in trust for some special ob-
_dect or purpose, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the 5 i
trust shall be faithfully executed. |
pis Balance.—the difference of money required to make the Dr.
and Cr. sides of an account equal.
Balance Sheet.—A paper giving a summary and balance of
accounts. | ; nt
Balance of Trade.—The difference in value between the ex- ay ‘
ports and imports of a country, by which also the rates of exe yes
change are much affected. }
| - Banco.—A term used to distinguish between the value of
ing money at a bank, and its current value; as, at Hamburg banco ig
worth about 23 1-3 per cent, more -¢kan currency.
Balancing Aecounts.—It is often of advantage to the account.
ant te find the difference between the sums of the debit and credit
BEARS AND BULLS.
columns of his ledger by addition instead of subtraction, For
example,-if he wishes to find the difference between 1897 and 682,
instead of placing the lessser number under the greater, he will
add mentally to 682 such a number as will make the whole equal
to 1897, ene the figures as he proceeds under 682.
1897 682
1215—balance,
! When each side contains several amounts, first add the greater
side in the usual manner, then commence at the top of the col- ny
umns on the lesser side of the account and add downwards, in-
serting such figures as may be necessary to make tae required
balance. To prove its correctness add the whole of the lesser
columns including the balance.
Dr. ‘ Epwanp Srarrerr. . Cr.
18— ; . 18—
Feb. 1. To Mdse. 184.50 Feb. 20. By Cash.....+.-++>»150.00 AN
66 BOL ce cease @eevee e*enreveee 903. 10 Apl. Ts Ge Wee Adee Siok a a oan
Apl. 10. *®eecetenaeoeweaoeeceseeae 115. 95 Balance.....secees-412.85
502.85 501.85.
Bankrupt.—A trader unable to meet his engagements, who, |
by his own acts or those of his creditors becomes amenable to
the bankruptcy laws.
Banker.—A dedfer in money, who grants loans, discounts bills
and receives deposits at interest ; he also receives the deposits of
others for safe custody, acts as an agent in their payments and re-
-ceipts, and facilitates the remittances of money from one place te
another,
Barratry.—A fradulent breach of duty or wilful act of known
illegality on the part of a master of a ship, in his character of
master, or of the mariners, to the injury of the owner of the ship’
or cargo, and without his consent; it includes every breach of
trust committed with dishonest views, as running away with the
ship, sinking or deserting her, embezzling the cargo, &c.
Bears and Bulls.—Cant names for persons engaged in the
gambling transactions of the stock exchange. A Bear is a specu-
lator who engages to deliver stock or shares which he does not
possess, ata stated price, at a stated time, calculating that a fall
in the market price will take place before the settling day, when
he will be able to buy them at a lower price than he has agreed —
to deliver them at, A Suis is a speculator who purchases stock
8 - QUIDE TO BUSINESS. ©
_ or shares, which he does not intend to take up, to be delivered at
a stated price, at a stated time, calculating that a rise in the mar-
_ ket price will take place before the settling day, which will enable
him to sell them at a profit. Hence, in the intervening time, it is
_ the interest of the former to depress stocks, as the bear pulls
_ down with his strong paws, and of the latter to raise stocks, as the
bull throws upward with his horns, The stock is, in fact, never
delivered, and was never meant to be. When the time for delivery ©
arrives, the losing party pays the difference between the price of
the stock then, and at the time when the contract was made,
Lee Bill of Entry.—A written account of goods entered at the
Custom House, whether imported or intended for exportation,
Bill of Exchange is a written order or request from one per-
son to another, desiring the latter to pay to some person designa-
ted, a certain sum.of money therein named ona certain day. It
generally is, and, to be negotiable, must be, made payable to or-
_ der or to bearer, and it also states that it is given for “‘value re-
ceived.” The person who draws the bill is called the Drawer, the
person on whom it is drawn is, before acceptance, called the
Drawee; he accepts it by writing his name either below that of the
Drawer, or, more commonly, across the face offhe bill; he is then
termed the acceptor of the bill, which is often called an acceptance ;
the person to whom the money is directed to be paid is called the re
Payee. The person making the order himself may be the Payee. ‘if
- The bill itself is frequently called a Draft. The banking house or ee
place where the bill is made payable is also generally stated by ~
the Acceptor, Any person into whose hands it may come is called
,the Holder. Now, if the drawer of the bill wishes to make use of ©
. it, he indorses the bill—that is, writes his name across the back of )
_ it—and thus.it becomes negotiable paper, and may be paid away Ry)
- to a third party; and this Aolder indorsing it below the other’s Get
_ name, may pay it away to a fourth, and so on; the person to Big
- whom he makes it payable is called the Indorsee. Thus the bill pricey
may be transferred an indefinite number of times, each time
liquidating a debt to the amount for which it is drawn, till the
day of payment by the acceptor arrives, when it is duly presented
py the last holder. Instead of being thus “paid away,” the bill
may at.any period be discounted by a banker or bill-broker, who
_ will give the money for it, less a certain sum for dnterest,
5 alae iuesaanay | ge
) An Inland Bill of Exchange.
_ $968 83-100. Cryomnnartt, Oct. 10, 18—. ©
Sixty days after sight, pay to the order of Messrs. Bulinger & Co. the sum
of nine hundred and sixty-three, 83-100 dollars, value received, and charge ©
the same to the account of JaMeEs ELLIs.
To\Messrs. Howrs & Macy, Broadway, New York.
This is accepted by the drawee’s writing across the face,
- Accepted Oct. 20,18—. Payable at the Park Bank.
Howes & Maoy.
‘ Set of Foreign Bills of Exchange.
£100. No. 850. : New Yorks, Feb. 10, 18—.
Thirty days after sight of this, my first of exchange (second and third of
same tenor and date not paid), pay to the order of Francis Waters, one hun-
dxed pounds, value received (with current rate of exchange), and charge the
same without further advice to Samara & Co.
To Messrs. Kump, Casyu & Co., London
£100. No. 350. ip |
Thirty days after sight of this, my second of exchange (first and third of
same tenor and date not paid), pay to the order of Francis Waters, one hun-
dred pounds sterling, and charge the same without further advice to
To Messrs. Kemp, Caso & Co., London. ; Smita & Co.
£100. Wo. 350.
Thirty days after sight of this, my third of paeneere (first and second of the
same tenor and date not paid), pay to the order of Francis Waters, one hune
dred pounds sterling, and charge the same without further advice to
To Messrs. Kemp, Caso & Co., London. _ Smite & Co,
All foreign bills must be indorsed in fuil, thus:
Pay tothe Oriental Bank or order, value received.
J. M. STEwaRrT.
All bills, except Prommissory Notes require to be presented for
payment on the exact day they become due—that is, on the last hs
day of grace, which see; if not presented, they lose the peculiar
privileges of bills, and become mere evidences of debt. Whena
bill is not duly paid-on presentation, it is said to be dishonored, and
is taken to a Notary Public, who again presents it, when, if not
paid, he motes its non-payment, and afterwards draws out a formal ©
protest, that legat proceedings may be taken for recovering the
amount. A bill may be passed from hand to hand without any of
the persons indorsing it, in which case none of them are liable to
the last holder if it should be dishonored. Any material alteration
of a bill after it has been drawn-or accepted, makes it useless. A i
bill is renewed when a creditor receives a new bill instead of
payment.
Bills are sometimes drawn at sight, or at so many days after
sight. A bill of this kind is usually drawn by a person residing — tr
at a distance from his debtor; and he sends it to the debtor to be | a
sighted, which consists in his accepting it by signing his name, and
adding the dzy en which he hag done so. Is is now negotias
4gs GUIDE TO BUSINESS. MM iig eck aay
ble, ané on tho third day after the time named for payment it {s
presented, -
Foreign bills of exchange are drawn at so many days after
sight; and are of exactly of the same nature as the ordinary bills,
but for the sake of security in transmission, they are drawn in
sets of three, two of which are sent by different mails, and ‘on
payment of one the others become void. The third bill of the
same tenor is retained by the drawer or holder, until he learn
whether the first or the second has been received; and if both
have been lost, it is sent. Such bills are seldom co by the ac-
tual drawer, but are usually paid away or sold on the spot to an-
other party, who transmits them to a creditor of his own, who
obtains the payments.
A bill of exchange puts 2 debt in atangible form; thus, fnsteae
of leaving a debt to be paid at an indefinite period, ‘if it be putin
the form of a Dill, the creditor possesses the power to compel
payment very soon after the time named, by legal process, with-
out the delay of an ordinary suit at law, unless the bill has been
fraudulently or falsely obtained, in which case an application
must be made to a judge, who can stay the process.
‘ Promissory Notes~Note on Demand.
$600. New Yorks, Nov. 2, 18—
cH On demand I promise to pay to John uxt or order, six hune
Sie Gred dollars, value received. Bung. SMITH. »
Note on Time.
$275 55-100 Hew York, Nov. 2, 18—
Ninety days after date we promise to pay to Eli Josking, or
order, two hundred and seventy-five and 55-100 dollars, value received.
GOODSELL & BAREUM,
ih Note not Neg onan e.
eee diss 62-100 New York, Nov. 10, 18—
Thirty days after date I promise to pay to William Cannon
one hundred and fifty and 62-100 dollars, value received.
,THomas CAvrTiIous,
e000. ns Form of Judgment Note.
For value received I promise to pay to Henry James, or order, a
the sum of nine hundred dollars, ninety days after date, and I hereby nomie
nate, constitute, and appoint the said Henry James, or any attorney-at-law
of this State, my true and lawful attorney irrevocable, for me, and in my
_ name, to appear in any Court of Record of ‘this State, at any time after the F -
_ above Promissory Note becomes due, and to waive all process and service there-
ay of, and to confess judgment in favor of the holder hereof for thesum that may
Wer be due and owing hereon, with interests and costs, and waiving all errors, &c.
oii: In Witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal at the city
y. of Cincinnati, State of Ohio, this 10th day of May, one thousand eight hune
a elivered in the presence © , .
. L. SoPER. T.C,Srencer. L. 8
dsauns O’ NEL.
a a ON
BILL OF LADING. 489
Bue Bill.
$25.00 New York, Nov. 12, 18—
Due Charles Merritt Twenty-five dollars on demand, value
received. JOHN SMART.
Negotiable Note Payable in Merchandise.
$300.00. Boston, May 28, 18—
Thirty days after date, for value received, I promise to pay to
Henry Jackson, or order, three hundred collars in merchantable corn, at the
current price. JosiPH JOHNSON.
A note on demand is due at any time when demanded. A note
payable to 8. H., or order, may be sold or negotiated if 8. H.
writes his name upon the back; and if payable to S. H., or bearer,
it can be sold without being indorsed, and will be good to the
holder. In the State of Pensylvania the words “ without defalca-
tion” are inserted after dollars. When two or more persons sign
a note “severally and jointly,” they are each responsible for its
payment. The words “value received” should be written on a
note to make it valid.
A person indorsing a note, or writing his name across the back,
becomes responsible for its payment. If, however, the person
thus indorsing is not notified when the note becomes due, of its
non-payment by the drawer, he can no longer be held responsible
for its payment. A partial payment of a note should always be
indorsed on the same.
The principal difference between a sealed note and one without
a seal, is that the former must. be first paid in the settlement of a
decendent’s estate, and is not barred by the statue of limitation.
A Promissory Note is a written promise to pay to some person
named, and at a time specified therein, a certain sum of money,
It is frequently called a note of hand. It is subject to the same
laws, and may be transferred by indorsement in the same way as
an acceptance.. It is complete in itself, not requiring to be accepted
by another person, and consequently only one person is responsible
for the payment toits holder; whereas the amount of an acceptance
may be recovered from the drawer if the acceptor should not be
found, or otherwise not be made to pay it.
Bill of Lading.—A receipt, usually a printed form filled up
with writing, given by the master of a vessel for goods that have
been shipped with him, and agreement as to their delivery, freight,
&e. It states the number or quality of the bales, &c., with their
brands or marks, Four or more copies are filled up, one for the
490 | GUIDE TO BUSINESS.
master; another is reserved by the shipper of the goods as -
*‘ proof of interest” in case any claim should be made against
the underwriters; a third is sent in a letter by the ship; and the
fourth by the next mail, in case of the preceding not reaching
the consignee. The shipper gives the person to whom he sends
the bill the right to receive the goods. A bill of lading, like a bill -
of exchange, may be transferred by indorsing or writing the name
of another person on the back of it, who thus acquires the right ©
_to the goods. When one of the bills has been used the others be-
* come void, The master usually makes certain exceptions in writ-
ing ; as, “contents unkown” of dry goods in bales, &c. ; “‘ weight un-
known” of loose goods; “ not accountable for leakage or breakage” of
liquids in bottles ; ‘‘ not accountable for leakage” of liquids in casks,
and “‘ pieces in dispute ;” if the skipper’s list of articles differs from
the ship’s account. The master also makes notes of any goods
which seem to be in bad order or condition, lest he should be
compelled to make good or pay for any defect, as the bill of lading
begins by stating them to be “shipped in good order and well-
conditioned.”
Form of Bill of Lading.
SHIPPED, in good order and well-conditioned, by Rawlinson and Co., in and.
upon the good ship called the Neptune, whereof is Master,
-—— for this present voyage, George Thornton, and now at an-
| C.K. | chor in this port, and bound for Singapore,
1 to 10 Ten hogsheads beer,
R. & Co. 16to18 Three casks brandy,
being marked and numbered as in the margin, and are to be
delivered in the like good order and well-conditioned, at the
aforesaid port of Singapore (the act of God, fire, and all
and every other dangers and accidents of the seas, rivers,
and navigation, of whatever nature and kind soever, ex-
cepted), unto Arthur Wilkinson, or to his assigns, freight
for the said goods being paid here, with primage and aver-
age accustomed. Im witness whereof I, the said master of
the said ship, have affirmed to three bills of lading, all of
this tenor and date; the one of which three bills being ace
complished the other two to stand void.
Dated in New York, 3lst March, 18—
. _ GEORGE THORNTON,
Contents and weight unknown, and not accountable for
leakage or breakage.
Bill of Parcels.—A list of goods that have been sold, with
their prices, sent by the seller tothe buyer. It is nearly the same
as an Invoice, and that term or Accownt is now generally used in-
stead.
=) * «GRNERAL FORM OF A BOND. 491
Bill of Parcels.
Nrw Yorx, May 10, 18—
Messrs. Warens & Sons, ! Ware Hi yi"
‘ Bought of D. Aprpitetron & Co.
2 Doz. Ready Reckoner....scccsescsseseseess+0+$2.00 per doz. $4.00
CH one, Books (cloth).\.\ sc Wuisies etek ’owis'a'sels'= sy 3.00 18.00.
34°) So) Hand Books......... oc ececascoerecerces=+-0.00 § 3.00 jy
Garis National Copy Books....sccc-cecccccccoes1.25 & 6.25 rae
1 Gross Paper Pass Books........... Bre diné Wale) woke 2.63
yw = «Leather Memorandums, 8vo.......-..- --.16.50 per gross 8 25
aime Magia Playing Cards. seit ccsoces dee csieses 40.00 |, 86 13.34
1 Ream Fancy Note Papor..e.rcccrveccsccccscncrece 3.50
ia $54.97
_ Bill of Sale.—A legal document conveying or transferring
the right to certain goods, &c., from one person to another.
Bill of Sale.
Know ail men by these presents, that I, Wm. Hart, of Athens, County of
Henderson and State of Texas, in consideration of three hundred dollars, to
me paid by George Boyd of the same place, have bargained and sold to the
said George Boyd the following gopds and chattels, to wit: two mules, one
wagon and four cows. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and
seal, this third day of August, 18—
Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of ) !
Tomas SMOLLET. } Wiiuiam Hart. 1.8.
JOHN BLUEBOTTLE.
Bill of Sight.—A form of entry made at the Custom House
when the importer of goods or the person to whom they are con-
signed, does not know the exact description or quantity, by which
form they are permitted to be landed for his examination or
“ sichting,”’ and he then makes a correct form of entry for the
goods. . . :
Bond.—A legal document by which a person binds himself to
pay a certain sum at a stated time, or to perform a contract, —
General Form of 2 Bond.
Know all men by these presents, that I, Robert Smith of Oxford, County of
Benton, and State of Alabama, am held and firmly bound unto Josiah Field-
ing, of the same place, in the sum of two thousand dollars, lawful money of
the United States, to be paid to the said Josiah Fielding, his certain attorney,
executors, administrators or assigns; to which payment well and truly to be
made, I do bind myself, my heirs, executors and administrators, firmly by
these presents; sealed with my seal, and dated this first day of march, one
thousand eight hundred and seventy-tbree. The condition of this obligation
}: is such that if the above bounden Robert Smith, his heirs, executors, adminis-
bi, trators, or any of them, shall and do well and truly pay, or cause to be paid,
P unto the aforesaid Josiah Fielding, his executors, administrators or assigns, the
full and just sum of one thousand dollars, lawful money as aforesaid, with
i legal interest on the same, on or before the first day cf July next, without
- fraud or further delay, then this obligation to be void and of none effect; ne
otherwise to be and remain in full force and virtua, Y
Signed, sealed and delivered in presence oy
JoHN WALTERS, i -Ropert Surra. L.&
@znry Morr, oe
492 GUIDE TO BUSINESS.
t
‘
Bonded Goods.—Imported goods liable to duties, left in
charge of the officers of the customs, for the duties on which
bonds are given at the Custom House; and they are then depos-
ited in government warehouses, where they remain until the du-
ties are paid. The goods are said to be In Bond.
Bond-Creditor.—aA creditor whose debt is secured by a bond.
Bond-Debt.—A debt contracted under the obligation of a
bond.
Bonus.—An extra dividend to the shareholders of a joint stock
company, out of accumulated profits; also applied to periodical
additions made to policies of life assurance, out of the general
profits,
Book Debts.—The debts owing toa trader, as shown by his
books, and usually classed as good, doubtful, or bad debts.
Bottomry.—A contract by which the owner of a ship, or the
master as his agent, hypothecates and binds the ship as security
for the repayment of money advanced or lent for the use of the
ship, such as repairing her, fitting her out for the voyage, procur-
ing a cargo, etc., if she terminates her voyage successfully. If
the ship is lost, the lender loses the money; but if the ship ar-
rives safe, he is to receive the money lent, with the interest or
premium stipulated. The tackle of the ship, also, is answerable
for the debt, as well as the person of the borrower: The deed is
called a Bottomry Bond.
Broker.—An agent employed to effect bargains and contracts,
as a middieman or negotiator, between other persons, for a.com-
pensation or percentage, commonly called Brokerage. He takes no
possession, as broker, of the subject matter of the negotiation.
He generally contracts in the names of those who employ him,
and not in his own. The principal are Bil Brokers, who buy
and sell notes and bills of exchange; Exchange Brokers, who buy
and sell uncurrent money, and deal in exchanges relating to
money; Insurance Brokers, who are agents in procuring insurance
on vessels, or against fire; Produce Merchandise Brokers, who buy
and sell goods; Ship Brokers, who deal in buying and selling
ships, procuring freight, etc.; and Stock Brokers, who deal in stocks
of moneyed corporations ae other securities,
Brokex’s Coutracts.—A paper signed by the broker, and Auk
~ maa
ten eS
ee er
CHARTER-PARTY. _ 492
to the person for whom he has bought or sold goods, immediately
upon completing the bargain, describing the goods and the price,
and conditions upon which they were bought or sold,
Bulk.—In a mass, or solid state,as pork in bulk, or bulk pork,
pork not cut up or prepared for packing. Laden or stowed in bulk
is having the cargo loose in the hold, or not inclosed in boxes,
bales, or casks. Sale by bulk is a sale of goods as they are, with-
out weight or measure. To break bulk is to begin to unload.
Bullion.—Properly, the precious metals are called bullion when
smelted and not perfectly refined, or when refined, but in bars,
ingots, or in any form uncoined, as in plate. But the word is
generally used in commerce to denote gold and silver, both coined
and uncoined, when reckoned by weight and in mass.
Capital.—The net amount of property belonging to a public
company or trader, after deducting the debts owing. The term,
however, is more correctly applied, either to the sum of money
with which the business was commenced, or to the available sum
which is afterwards at command for carrying it on.
Cargo.—The lading or freight of a ship, goods, merchandise,
or whatever is conveyed in it. Tho term does not apply to live
animals or persons.
Cash Account.—In book-keeping, an account to which nothing
but cash is carried, and from which disbursements are deducted.
In banking, an account of advances made by a banker to an in-
dividual who has given security for their repayment.
Cash Credit.—The privilege of drawing money from a bank,
obtained by personal or deposited security.
Cashier.—One who has charge of money; the clerk who su-
perintends the books, payments, and receipts of a bank or
company.
Charter-Party.—An agreement in writing respecting tha hire
of the whole or'a part of a vessel, made between the owner or
master and the freighter, on a determined voyage, and under cer-
tain specified conditions. No exact form of words is absolutely
necessary, or could be used, as the purposes of such parties must
vary considerably. Two copies are drawn out and signed by both
the owner or master, as his agent, and the charterer or hirer, each
party having one,
oa GUIDE TO BUSINESS. =
Cheek.—An order on a bank or banker for a sum of money
payable on demand to a person named, or to his order, or to
bearer. Checks should be presented as soon as received; if dee
tained after the date drawn, and the banker fail, the amount can-
not be recovered from the drawer of the check. The holder must
be identified by the teller when presenting a check payable to
order, as the person indorsing it. This inconvenience can be ob-
viated by the drawer’s writing beneath the indorser’s name on the
back, Indorsement correct, Bush & Co. The teller may also certify
the check, which means that the bank has sufficient money belong-
ing to the drawer to meet it; it can then be used as cash, provid-
ing the bank’s credit is good. A certified check is at once charged
against the account of the drawer. A check deposited by a dealer
and returned through the clearing house as not good, or no funds,
is at once charged against the depositor’s account. Checks in-
tended for payment of notes or drafts, placed in bank for collec.
tion, must be certified.
Circular Note.—A bill or note issued by bankers for the con-
venience of travellers, who can get it cashed ab any one of the
various places named.
Clearing a Vessel.—To clear a ship at the Custom House is to
exhibit the documents required by law, give bonds, or perform
other acts requisite, and procure a’ permission to sail, and such
papers as the law requires.
Clearing.—In banking is a method adopted by banks and
bankers for making exchanges of checks and settling balances at
a place called the Clearmg House, where a clerk from each bank
attends every day, and balance sheets are made; by which method
the transferring of a large amount of money back ants anid fore )* ey
wards from bank to bank is obviated. ae
C. 0. D.—Collect upon delivery. Goods sent by express,
marked in this manner, must be paid for when delivered, or they
will be returned to the sender.
Collateral Security.—Secondary security for the perform-
ance of covenants, or the payment of money, besides the principal —
sectrity. It is generally applied to the deposit of deeds or docu-
ments conveying the right to property which may be made availa-
ble if the chief security fails. ‘
Commission.—A charge of so much per cent, upon the amount
=
COMPOSITION. : | 495
of goods bought or sold, or upon transacting or‘negotiating busi-
ness of any kind, by an agent for another. ©
Commissioner.—A person who has a commission or warrant
from proper authority, to perform some office, or execute some
business, for the person or government which employs fim, as,
commissioners for adjusting claims.
Commission Merchant.—A merchant who transacts business
on commission, as the agent of others, receiving a rate per cent. as
his commission.
Compound Interest.—Compound interest is on both principal
and interest. To compute compound interest :
Rule.—Find the interest on the given principal to time the interest becomes
due, and add the principal. Then find the interest on this amount for the next
period, and add as before, and so continue for each successive period to the
ltime of settlement. Subtract the given principal from the last amount, and
the remainder will be compound interest.
EXAMPLE.
What is the compound interest on $1.000 for 4 years, at 6 per cent. ¢
Given principal..... etoertevrerteoeorseeeeaeategeseaertene $1,
Intervent Lor Ist Fearssircscovceocesecrvinetaccscsses 60.00
1000.00 .
Principal for'2d year... .scocccccscccccccccscccuvecse 2 on i if ‘ 1060.00
, i -06
Interest for 2d OPT A RN RE RB 8 Pe 63.6000
1060.00
Principal for 8d year..cerccsrevcececevcccccessccese a: .? eee
Interest for 3d year:..csoccssccce scvcccscccsscccces > oe 67.4160 -
1123.60
Principal for 4th VEAL. ccecrccccscrneereccossecace eo = is 1191.0160
‘Interest for 4th VEAL. ccc ccccesaevscssccevccsrsoesue - 71.460960
. 1191.0160
ca 1262.476960
Given principal....cessrecoveccsecscccsscccscvscons ae 1000.
Compound interest for 4 years........-cccsccecccce $262.476960
Composition.—A payment of so much on the dollar by a
debtor to his creditors on their agreeing to accept that sum by
way of composition for the full amount of the debts, and giving
an acquittance for the whole; which act is called compounding or
compromising with creditors, and saves the expense and publicity
of bankruptcy,
FS ee eS +e
496 QUIDE T0 BUSINESS. 0 ne
Conditions of Sale.—The terms upon yah iti is nesnened to
sell property at auction; also the writing containing or express-
ing these terms.
Consignee (con-si neé).—The person to whom goods or other
things are delivered in trust, for sale or superintendence. The
thing consigned is termed the consignment, and the person who
consigns it, the consignor’, written also consign er.
Consul.—A person commissioned to reside in a foreign coun-
try as an agent or representative of a Government to protect the
rights, commerce, merchants, and seamen of the state, and to aid
in any commercial, and sometimes diplomatic, transactions with
such foreign country.
A Consul-General is a consul having jurisdiction in several places
or over several consuls,
Consulage.—A duty or tax paid by Manchadte for the protec-
tion of their commerce in a foreign place.
Contraband.—Prohibited merchandise or traffic. It is fre-
quently applied to smuggling.
Contraband of War is applied to goods which neutrals are pro-
hibited from carrying during war to the belligerent parties, or
which a belligerent has, by the law of nations, the right of pre-
venting a neutral from furnishing to an enemy, and which is lia-
ble to seizure ‘and confiscation, as warlike munitions, &c.
Contract.—An agreement between two or more persons, upon
a, sufficient consideration or cause, to do, or to abstain from doing,
some act; as, to contract or a contract for carrying ,the mails, sup-
plying an army with cattle, buying certain goods, &¢. Also, the
formal writing which contains the agreement of the parties, with
the terms and conditiens, and which serve as a proof of the ob-
ligation. Each of the parties is a contractor, but that term is gen-
erally applied as below, and the persons named are styled the
contracting parties. y
Contractor.—Specifically one who contracts or engages to per-
form any work or service for the public, or to supply certain
quantities of goods or materials at a certain price or rate.
Contract for Building.
Contract for Building, made the day of one
thousand eight hundred and by and between
of the second part, in these words: the sana party of the second coves
nant and agree to aud with the said party of the second us t unlte ok
CREDITOR, 497
ei build, and nish, in a good, substantial, and workmanlike manner, on
the agreeable to the draft, plan, and
expianation hereunto annexed, of good and substantial materials, by the
day of “next. And the party of the first part covenants
and agrees to pay unto the said party of the second part, for the same the
sum of lawful money of the United States, as
follows: the sum
of
and for the true and faithful performance of all and every of the covenants
and agreements above mentioned the parties to these presents bind themselves
each unto the other in the penal sum of dollars, as fixed
and settled damages to be paid by the failing party.
In witness whereof, the parties to these presents have hereunto set their
hands and seals the day and year above written.
Sealed and delivered in the presence of
Conveyance.—An instrument in writing by which property, or
the title to property, is conveyed or transmitted from one person
to: another.
Conveyancer.—One who employs himself in drawing up and
_ preparing convenances of property.
Coupons (%od-pong),—Certificates of interest due, printed at the
bottom of Government or other bonds, given for a term of years,
designed to be cut off and presented for payment as the interest
becomes due.
Credit.—Mercantile reputation entitling to be trusted, or to
receive goods or loans on promise of after payment, applied to
individuals, firms, corporations, companies and governments, which
are thus said to be in good or bad credit.
In book-keeping the side of an account on which are entered
all items reckoned as values received or transferred from the party
or category (as cash, bills receivable, &c.), named at the head of
the account; also, any one, or the sum of these items. Zo credit
a person is to enter his name in your books, as ‘‘ Cr. dy” the cash,
goods, &c., you have received from him.
Creditor.—One to whom money is due. Opposed to debtors
When you receive goods from a person without paying for them
at the time, he is said to be your creditor to the amount; and
when you pay him money or bills you are his creditor that is,
you are credited by him for that amount.
In book-keeping ‘by double entry the entries, instead of being
only posted to the Dr. and Cr. side, are entered twice, being first
posted to the Cr. side of one set of accounts, and then a second
time to the Dr. side of another set. of accounts,
In the cash book or ledger, the right-hand side—that is, the side
ppnceiie to your right hand—is called the. Cr. side,
ee
a
498
GUIDE TO BUSINESS.
Currency.—Coin, notes or other media which are in circula~
tion, or given and taken as having value, for the exchange of com-
modities, or as representing property.
Customs and Excise.—Duties levied to provide revenue for
acountry. Cusioms are duties imposed on commodities on their
being imported into, or exported from the country. Szcise duties
are those imposed upon goods and articles at the period of their
manufacture in the country, and thus operate as indirect taxes up-
on the consumer; also a tax levied on licenses to pursue certain
trades, and deal in certain commodities.
Days of Grace.—Days allowed by law or custom for the pay-
ment of a note or bill of exchange, except those payable on de- _
mand or at sight, after the specified day of payment; thus, when
three days of grace are allowed, a note or bill due on the
seventh of the month is payable on the tenth. It is presented on
the last day of grace. If the day on which a bill falls due hap-
pens to be a Sunday or a bank ondey, the bill is payable the day
previous.
The number varies according to the usage of the place where the.
bill is made payable, In the United States three are allowed.
The following are the number of days allowed at the respective
places :
A MMELETOATN is anicdocecaecccskee nes 0 Leipsic CeeaetGoateenseessaeareaeee 0
Alone LIE! yp | Lisbon and Oporto 4 forearm aa7 cg em
Bahia ee e@erte ee @Ceeerteaeseeaateasese 15 Madrid ..... eeeeeteeereeeeteeeeaateane TE M
Barcelona vic: vcuwed Gacehes we ecees 14 Malta eoepeeteeetasevreee te eeteana eee 13 at,
Berlin pied a wien sob) Cole o BG mew aeibica a O53 Naples. iv. sssleuise so teeticndemeneas 0 Lan 3
Bilb0a fcc ccccevesceccevepaccece sc: 44 | Now, Work... ssccce ss pit cole ocean
BTL sleine yeaa Leena ae babe eine See te Paris and the whole of France... O- .
DATICACL Ns coca eee Eres Sa ern din Rio de Janeiro... io... sie cuce ees ce (LO
Frankfort-on-the-Main ....es+-+ Rotterdam vis, 6 Sine Veneers eee a
5 after date...... 10 C
0 | St. Petersburg © gightsooces, 10
ece 8 is at 6 eeeeceo 3°
Gibaraltar'ecccscouns ves dace cake ee 14 Trieste eeeoecreoeanesaeeeaeseeeeseaeeeaee 3 +
Hamburg. Peeetnmecetecataeaaeeneee ees 12 Venter s cis oc'e easel oki eos cise tained 6 °
Leghorn. eeeetseeeeeePeeaseecern eae Vienne); sceste ctascctcneonheaen 3
Debenture.—A Custom House certificate entitling anexporter
‘
of imported goods to a drawback of duties paid on their impor-
tation.
Also, a certificate of mortgage or loan on railway or other pub-—
lic works, giving authority to seize the bihaee if the cone iia iong
named are not carried out,
fe
DEED. 499
- - Debit.—An entry to the Dr. or debtor side of an account. To
debit a person is to enter his name in your books as “ Dr. to” the
goods, cash, &c., he has received from you.
- Debtor.—One who owes money—opposed to creditor. When a
person who receives goods from you without paying for them at
.the time, he is said to be your debtor to the amount, and when a
person to whom you owe money receives your money or bills from
you he is also said to be your debtor to the amount.
In book-keeping by double entry, all the entries are first posted
to the Dr. side of one set of accounts, as in single entry, are then
posted a second time to the Cr. of another set of accounts. In
the cash book or ledger, the left hand side, that is, the side op-
posite to your left hand, is called the Dr. side.
Deed.—A sealed instrument in writing, upon paper or parch-
ment, duly executed and delivered, containing some transfer, bar-
gain, or contract. 7
A document is an original or official paper relied upon as the
proof or support of anything else. |
Short Form of Deed.
Know all men by these presents, that I, Abram King, of Hudson, County of
Morris, and State of New Jersey, for and in consideration of the sum of fifteen
hundred dollars to me paid by Benjamin Thornton, of Arlington, County of
Hudson, and State aforesaid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, do
give, grant, sell and convey unto the said Benjamin Thornton, all that. (de-
scribe the premises) ; to have and to hold the same to the said Thornton, his
heirs, and assigns, to hisand their usefor ever. And I, the said Abram King,
covenant with the said Thornton, his heirs and assigns, that { am lawfully
seized in fee of the premises; that they are free from all encumbrances; that
I have a good right to sell the same as aforesaid ; and that I will warrant and
defend the same to the said Thornton, bis heirs and assigns, against the law-
ful claims and demands of all persons. :
In testimony whereof I, the said Abram King, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this tenth day of November, 18—
Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of
JOHN RANDOM. ApramM Kina. L. 8.
PETER WISEACRE.
The foregoing short form of deed is to be accompanied by an
acknowledgment before a magistrate, which is as follows: ~
Acknowledgment of Deed.
Morris County ss.
. Before me, the subscriber, one of the Justices
of the Peaoe, within and for the said County, personally appeared the above
meationed Abram King, who, in due form of law, acknowledged that he did
sign and seal the above indenture as his free act and deed.
In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this tenth day
of November, 18—
_Joun Kewes, J ustice of the Peace.
gf te
it
A if
Wo
M
a
500 GUIDE TO BUSINESS. © ma
‘Del Credere.—An agresment by which an agent or Te rg ng
consideration of an additional premium or commission, called a — }
del credere commission, engages when he sells goods on credit, to
insure, warrant, or guarantee to his principal the solvency of the
purchaser, the true engagement of the factor being to pay the
debt himself if it is not punctually dischar ged by the buyer.
*
Demurrage.—Payment made to the owners of a ship for the -
detention of a vessel by the freighter beyond the time allowed by
her charter party for loading, unloading,.or sailing. The term is
also applied to land carriage, by wagons, railways, &e.
Deposit.—A sum of money left with a bank or banker, subject
to order, for a fixed period at interest. The account is called a
Deposit Account as distinguished from a Current Account. —
Derelict.—A ship voluntarily abandoned at sea.
Deviation.—The voluntary departure of a ship, without neces-
sity, from the regular and usual course of the specific voyage Bs
issued ; or sailing before or after the period in which she was
engaged to leave, thus releasing the underwriters from their re-
sponsibility.
Director.—One of a body of persons appointed to manage ches
affairs of a company or corporation.
Diseount.—A deduction from, or abatement of, a sum of mo-
ney forming the object of a business transaction; or allowance __
made for any reason upon an account, debt, demand, price asked, __
&c. Thus, a person who owes an account of $100, on settling it
a receive an allowance of 10 per cent.; and would therefore
‘pay only $90. ie
Also, a deduction made for interest, in advancing money upon i
a bill or note not due; or payment in advance of interest upon ~
money lent. It'is equal to the interest which would be acquired
at the given rate for the given time, either by the whole sum speci-
fied to be paid, or by that sum after it is itself deducted; in the
former case it is called Bank Discount. To discount signifies to lend
money upon bills or notes, after deducting the discount or interest.
Discounting Bills of Merchandise.—In making discounts _ WE
on goods sold, losses sometimes occur when they are not suspected. re.
If an article is sold at a profit of 25 per cent. and 5 per cent. de- Bi
@ucted from the selling price it is not 20 per cent,, but 18 8-4 pes
gold for cost. .
DUNNAGH. } wl
eent., because the discount is calculated on the selling price, while
the profit is calculated on the cost.
So also if 25 per cent. be added and 20 per cent. be deducted,
the apparent profit is 5 per cent,, when in reality the goods are
EXAMPLE, *
Cost $100.00 Cost 100.00
25 per cent. 25.00 25 per cent. ; 25.00
Selling price 125.00 Selling price 125.00
Less5 percent. 6.25 Less 20 per cent, 25.00
Cash price 118.75 Caeh price 100.00 same as cost,
Cost fi 100.00 i if
os
18.75, Net profit—18 3{ per cent.
To SELL at Cost.
* Rule.—Multiply the cost by 100 and divide the product by 100, less the rate
per cent. to be deducted
Bought goods for $160.00, fox how much shall I sell them to deduct 40 per
eent. and yet obtain what they cost?
160 by 100 equals 16000. 16000 divided by 60 equals $266.67. Answer,
Hq PROOF.
Selling price. Discount.
266.67 by 40 pecan. equals ae
elling price. iscount
266.67— 106.67 equals 160.00 cost.
Dividend.—A term applied to the profits divided among the
shareholders of Joint Stock Companies, &c.
Document Bills.—Bills with shipping documents for goods
. attached to them, given as collateral security available if the bill
should not be duly honored.
Praft.—A term frequently applied to checks and bills. Also,
an allowance or deduction made from the gross weight of certain
kinds of goods.
Drawback.—A certain amount of duties or customs, some-
times the whole and sometimes only a part remitted or paid back
by the Government, upon the exportation of excisable articles
upon which they were levied, or upon the re-exportation of for-
eign goods upon which duty has been paid. This repayment is
made to enable the exporter to sell his goods in the foreign mar- .
‘Ket unburdened with duties.
- Dunnage.—Fagots, boughs, or loose materials of any kind,
laid on the bottom of a ship to raise heavy goods above the bot-
tom to prevent injury by water in the hold; or, to trim the ship
502
by slightly raising heavy cargo; also, loose articles of merchan-
dise wedged between parts of the cargo.
Embargo.—An order of the Government prohibiting the de-
parture of ships or goods.
Entrepot (éxg-ir-po').—A place where goods are received and
deposited, free of duty, for exportation to another port or country ;°
a free port.
Export.—A commodity exported or conveyed from one coun-
try to another; used chiefly in the plural,
Firm,—The name, title or style under which a business estab-
lishment conducted by more than one person, such as a house or
partnership or company is carried on; as, Hurst & Co,
Free Port.—A port where ships of all nations may load and
unload free of duty, provided the goods are not carried into an
adjoining country ; or where goods of all kinds are received from
ships of all nations at equal rates of duty. |
GUIDE TO BUSINESS,
Freight.—The sum which is agreed ,or paid for the transpor-
tation of merchandise; or for the hire or use of a ship in whole
or in part. When the rate of freight is not agreed upon previous ©
to shipping goods, the full rate current is charged. All goods
are liable for freight, and their delivery can be refused if payment
is not made, but they cannot be detained on theship. In general,
goods must be delivered to claim freight, but in some cases it is
recoverable under a general average although thrown overboard,
It cannot be claimed if the ship is totally lost.
Garbles.—The dust, soil, or filth, separated from good spices, —
drugs, &c. ate
Garnishment.—Warning or legal notice to a person in whose
hands the goods of another are attached, not to pay the money or
deliver the goods, but to appear in court and give information as
garnishee,
Goods.—A general name for merchandise,
Good-Will.—The custom of any trade or business,
Lord Eldon says: “ The good-will of a trade is nothing more
than the probability that the old customers will resort to the old
_ place.” |
Guarantee.—A promise to answer for the payment of some
debt, or the performance of some duty, in case of the failureof
eR a 2 eee
ola
Oe
ss
se a st =4
: INSURANOR. | 508
another person, who is, in the first instance, liable to such pay-
_ment or performance, the person so bindiug himself being gener-
- ally called by the same name, but guarantor is the word more
correctly used in this sense.
House.—A firm, but sometimes applied to a commercial estab-
lishment carried on under the name of one person only.
Import.—Anything brought from a foreign country, or from a
province, dominion, or colony of the mother country, as from Ire-
Jand, Canada, Australia, &c.; used chiefly in the plural, Lmports,
a person who #nports’ the an ‘ports is called an import er.
| Indemnity.—Compensation or remuneration for loss, injury, or
damage sustained. Insurance is a contract of indemnity. Also,
security from penalty, or the punishment of past offences,
Indenture:—A mutual agreement in writing between two or
more parties, whereof each party has usually a part. Indentures
were originally duplicates laid together and indented, so that the
two papers or parchments corresponded with each other. But in-
denting has gradually become a mere form, and it often neglected.
Indorse.—To write one’s name upon the back of, as a paper
- for the purpose of transferring it, or to secure the payment of, as
a note, draft, &c., or as a receipt for payment. The person who
writes is called the zvdorser ; the one to whom any right is trans-
ferred is the indorse¢ ; and the writing upon the back the indorses
snent, or indorsation.
Injunction.—A writ or kind of prohibition granted by a court
to prevent the commission of any act by which frand or injury
may be done, whereby a party is required to do or refrain from
doing certain acts, according to the exigency of the writ. It is
more generally used as a preventive than as a restorative process,
although by no means confined tothe former, It is often obtained
for the purpose of preserving property in dispute pending a suit.
It may be procured to prevent the negotiation of bills, the trans-
fer of stock, piration of copyrights, trade marks, &c., and gener-
ally where persons’ rights are infringed, and further injury might
be done during the delay of an ordinary suit at law.
Insurance.—-A contract whereby, for a stipulated consider. .
ation called a premium, certain persons called underwriters, or In-
‘surance Companies, engage to make good to the insurer, or party
dnsuring, any losses he may sustain of ships or their cargoes at
504 _ QUIDE To BUSINESS., Re
ge2, or of houses or goods by fire. The Aad ten ng bis oe.
tract is called the Polley of Insurance. -
Interest.—Tho premium paid for the use of money et the per-
son using it to the person who lent it. The interest charged is at
the rate of so much per cent., or in the hundred dollars, on the
sum lent. Interest at 5 per cent. means $5 on every hundred dollars. —
The sum lent is called the principal. Simple interest is that which
arises from the principal sumonly. Compound interest is that which
arises from the principal with the interest added as it becomes due,
making interest on interest. The term interest is also applied to
any right in, or advantage to be derived from, a business, manus
factory, property, &c.
INTEREST TABLE (SIX PER CENT.)
Showing the Interest on any Sum from $10 to $10,000,
at 6 per Cent.
FOR FOR FOR FOR
1 pay, | 15 Days, {1 MonrH.| 1 YEAR.
GRRE rere entncitnteeneteena ieee ean T EET ean eeseteeene =| | OIA ern oo
i P10 pe maneeetecraciecmsaencincscvel's 0 8 ‘7 60
2 COC SPECS EESEHTORSOKOG OTE EFEHOED 0 5 10 $1.20
bUSO ise plese crenc Ua cise closy met sicmine 1 8 15 a 1.80
‘AQ sierwiaiveie esis cities areee ec veecteos i 10 20 9.40
BOs dice vsecn ce site cchadekesaece Lae 1 13 25 3.00
| COirseewees eeses eeoereeeevonrece 1 15 30 38.60
eCeertescaateoeteeereesrteeerncs 1 18 35 4.20
: BIN Ode Se eeSe Misblocnashs cess ashe 1 20 46 4.80
Saldgiawisipea bin's's aleeale ioe ois ieee tere 2 23 45 5.40
WOO cecien pew ve voce cnewetucivcacet ok 2 25 50 6.00
MOOT ORGS ee ole cleo ucieeu web eens 3 50 $1.00 12.00
SOO ccvccacscccviesveve vaeeceme se 5° 75 1.50 18.00
400. cc ncvcccvecesovrces sev aieconec 7 | $1.00 2.00 24.00
OOO ek adie perigic® en eeeee eeeeeee 8 1.25 2.50 80.00
600. eeeoetesereeareaeseesnaseaeeseaees)] 10 1.50 8.00 36.00
haba aaa eco k Wielhrs wictne a tin mialeiere 12 1.75 3.50 42.00
B00... evccencvccceccreccsascsecs 13 2.00 4.00 48.00
F 900. went eceseoateeeteeereessecese 15 V2 S35 4.50 54.00 f
J,000. cc cacccvcccencccvcccvecscees 17 2.50 5. 00 60.00 2
2,000... 2 ccvncceccecscccccceveccrses 34 4.99 10.01 120.00
sUU0 Caine b hela ealmleeteiomeis alate celebs Giclee 52 7.49 15: 01 180.00
AOU ea csccicnae biekueie oe laaslay sibs sini 69 9.99 20.01 240.00
BQO visa wevetuins cob eres bin eulb mans acme 86 12.48 25.02 300.00
GIOU0 ss ee'sbce Uae vies paisltes seiner ais $1.03 14.98 380. 02 860.00
FiO ceases ane sean pee erelelen cee 1:20 17.48 35. 02 420.00
8,000. eeeaeeoaneteeeereeeeeeareaeeteooaee 1.36 19. 97 40. 03 480.08
9,000. ewe weeeeetseorenseeeeeeteeeerstoae 1.55 22. 47 ° 540.08.
BO,000....eccsesescsecsnncenense vers 1.92 24.97
I
INTEREST TABLE (7 PER CENT.)
Sihowing the Interest on any Sum from $10 to $10,000,
INTEREST.
at 7 per Cent.
SiO wana seca t ccwssesccess ce eee
2 FOSS Pee TESS EHTSSTESSEOBESE esse
eivowacaiae veneer caw iicc ps cde lee.
MUreiataaalagisleac cia ck ced cou seccas
BO ivecancvacbincccccscaccccccees
LUM ereee cca dais ohe'abon cei eae eiate
Dros eavaw.ces = eeeoer Peereesresats
MOU rs a wieaeltdataicloas eeeee eeereoaens
Ce ae a ae aaa! giolard evewerd wie! oahte
GOO ae aw as aise als eoeere eereoeneeosee
7 Peer re sere ee eeeFOeeresess Oees
BOO irs deities e 4c Peeoreesrteeareaves
UUuigeicts svisie'se Soden sels cle esedivedals
IU EME a celal asia s's'ciaotd's eaves Cc'svele'e
SrA cerolat eras salvia cored alnn ainie'e se. svlce
MUD) relaiets Clelsicisia ait cleieis\a-a eielelse'slem ya's
5, sew ere sereseCoGeeoreonteserees
SONI amie e euee lc sihadbie's oc necele ace
PMI oeld ed ewies was onec ese cee cpl
DU alata Gefdeis ae ajceiee eisie'd co a'alts'e «0
NNO pkicawe denesiceds e rFeerecersecess
J0,000. 2. ccc cccccccceg se sccccccccess
FOR
1 DAY.
1.92
OD PDD He HH et SO
TOR
FOR
505
FOR
15 Days.) MoNTH.| 1 YEAR.
14.38
17.26
20.14
23.01
25.89
28.77
5.83
11.67
17 50
23.33
29.17
$5.00
40.83
46.67
52.50
58.33
. <=
i)
A IDO ai coho bons
SS8S8SSSS5
bo bo h
Or ip
Sss
56.00 —
63.00
70.00
140.06
210.00
280.00
350.00
420.90
490.00
560.00
630.00
700.00
A TABLE OF DAILY SAVINGS AT COMPOUND IN-
TEREST.
CENTS, PER DAY. PER YEAR.
2%. $10.00
534 20.00
11 40.00
27% 100.00
BS 200.00
$1.10 400.00
1.37 500.00
By the above table it appears that if a mechanic, or clerk, saves
only 2 1-4 cents per day, from the time he is 21 until he is three
IN TEN YEARS.
IN FIFTY YEARS.
$2.900
5.800
11.600
29.000
58.0060
116.000
145.000 «
acore and ten, the aggregate, with interest, will amount to $2,900;
3
8
506 GUIDE TO BUSINESS.
and a daily saving of 27 1-2 cents reaches the important sum of
$29,000. A sixpence saved daily will provide a fund of nearly
$7,000—sufficient to purchase a good farm. There are few em-
ployees who’cannot save daily by abstaining from the use of cigars
and tobacco, liquors, etc. twice, or ten times the amount of the
six cent piece. Every person should provide for old age, and the
man in business who can lay by a dollar a day will eventually find
himself possessed of over $100,000.
Investment.—Tho laying out of money in the purchase of
some kind of property, usually permanent.
Invoice.—A written account of the particulars of merchan-
dise shipped or sent toa purchaser, consignee, agent, &c., specify-
ing the contents of each package of goods, their price, and the
charges upon them. The term is now generally used for all ac-
counts of goods sold wholesale. The invoice is sent by the seller
to the buyer, either along with the goods, or separately by mail,
Merchants often write “ errors excepted”? on the accounts which they
send, that they may not be precluded from the correction of errors
afterwards, if any be discovered.
Jetsam.—Jettison is the act of voluntarily throwing goods over-
board, or cutting away masts, casting away sails, &c., in cases of
extreme peril, in order to lighten a ship, and preserve her and the
rest of the cargo. The owners of the ship or goods can claim in-
demnity by general average from the owners of the goods saved,
and the owners of the goods, if insured, can recover from the un-
derwriters. Jetsam is where goods are cast into the sea, and there
sink, and remain under water; Flotsam is where they continue
swimming; and Ligan is where ne are sunk i in the sea, but tied
to a cork or bugy.
Lay Days.—Days allowed to a merchant or charterer to load
or unload cargo. .
Lazzaretto.—A place in which goods landed from ships in
Quarantine are fumigated previous to their delivery.
Lease.—An agreement for letting of lands or tenements to an-
other for life, for a term of years, or at will, or for any less inter-
est than the Lessor or person who lets has in the property, for a
rent or compensation to be paid by the Lessee, 2 person to whom
the lease is granted,
Lease of House.
Tits st bar this first day of January, 18—, between Frederick Seemon of
Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, of the ong
part and Wm. Long, of Philadelphia, aforesaid, of the other part, as follows: |
The said Frederick Seemon, doth agree to let unto the said Wm. Long, all
that certain lot of ground, with the house thereon, being and situate (here de-
scribe the premises), for one year from this first day of January, 18—, and for.
such longer time after the expiration of the said year as both the said parties
shall agree, and until the end of three months after notice shall be given by
either of the said parties, to the other of them, for leasing the said premises
at and for the yearly rent of seven hundred dollars, payable quarterly on the
first days of April, July, October, and January, in equal proportions; which
said yearly rent, payable quarterly as aforesaid, the said Wor Long, for him-
self, his executors, and administrators, doth hereby covenant and agree to pay
to,the said Frederick Seemon, his executors, administrators and assigns, ace
cordingly, for so long a time as he shall hold and enjoy the said premises ag
aforesaid, and until the end of the said three months next after notice shall
have been given by either of the above parties to the other, for leasing the said
premises as aforesaid.
Witness our hands and seals, day and year first written.
Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of '
C RO FREDERICK SzEMom. L. 8.
Wu. Lona. L. 8.
HAs. A. BROWN.
Lewis GoLDsBOROUGH.
Letter of Credit.—A letter from bankers or mercantile houses.
addressed to their agents or correspondents elsewhere, requesting
them upon the credit of the writer, to pay or advance money to &
certain third party—the bearer of the letter.
Form of Letter of Credit,
New York, July 10, 18—
Messrs. Guo. Coox & Co., Gentlemen:
Please deliver to John Myers, of this place, mers
?
chandise to any amount not exceeding ten thousand dollars, and I will hold
myself accountable to you forthe payment of the same, in case Mr. Myers —
should fail to make payment thereof. 2 \ ‘ :
You will please notity me of the amount for which you may give him credit,
and if default should be made in the payment, let me know immediately, —
I ata, gentlemen, your most obedient servant,
UrntaH HEEp,
Messrs. Guo. Cooz & Co., No. — Market Street, Philadelphia.
Letter of License.—An agreement signed by the creditors of
an insolvent or embarrassed trader, permitting him to carry op
business for a certain time without satisfying their claims.:
Liabilities.—The whole amount of debts owing by, and pecu-
niary responsibility of, a person or company, as opposed to As-
sets,
Lien.—A right or claim upon a real or personal property, vol-
untarily granted by its owners for the security of some debt or
duty ; also, a right in one to hold and retain the property of an
other until some claim of the former is paid or satisfied,
508 GUIDE TO BUSINESS. Pa)
Lighterage—tThe price paid for dhleeeine ships by ianeewo or
boats used to convey the goods on shore.
- Liquidation.—Settling and adjusting debts,
Lloyd’s Register.—Is a register of vessels, giving the tonnage,
age, build, character and condition of each ship whose owners
conform to their rules. It is published yearly, with occasional
supplements when alterations or additions are necessary.
Log-Book.—A book in which is entered the daily progress of
a ship at sea, as indicated by the log, or apparatus for measuring
the rate of a ship’s motion through the water, with notes on the
weather.
Manifest.—A document containing a specific description of a —
ship, with the list of the names of the passengers, and a descrip-
tion of the whole of the cargo, number, and marks of the pack-
ages, &c., with the ports of destination, made out and signed by
the master before leaving port. to be exhibited at the Custom
House.
Marking Goods.—lIt is customary in most business houses to
use a private mark, which is placed upon goods in order that the
proprietor or salesman may be able at any time to ascertain exactly
the cost and selling prices of an article. A word or short sentence
containing ten different letters is selected, and as each letter repre-
sents one of the ten digits, any amount, no matter how large .or
small, can be written with the same facility as in figures. Take
for example the sai
BLES T.0'N.
aid 5678810
Twenty-five cents a be written hl, $2.25 hhl, $6418:87
erca tl, &c. An extra letter called a repeater is often used and
may be any letter not contained in the original word. X is the
most used, thus: 663 would be written exa.
Lee
Sometimes a sentence containing ten words is used and the —
initial letters of the words taken as the representative ones, thus:
“In walking down Broadway James sees many very curious
things,” the representative letters in this sentence are,
IwvBISMYVOCOTR
1234567 8 9 10
Measurement Goods.—Goods on which freight is charged by
measurement.
PARTNERSHIP. 509
Merchantable.—Fit for market. Goods not in a sound state
are said to be in unmerchantable condition, but are often made mer-
chantable by separating the damaged from the sound parts.
Mercantile and Commercial.—Commercial is the wider term,
being sometimes used to embrace mercantile. In their stricter use
commercial relates.to the shipping, freighting, forwarding, and oth-
er business connected with the commerce of a country (whether ex-
ternal or internal), that is, the exchange of commodities; while
mercantile applies to the sale of merchandise and goods when
brought to market, As the two employments are to some extent
intermingled, the two words are often interchanged,
Monopoly.—the sole power of dealing in any species of goods,
or of dealing with a country or market, obtained either by en-
grossing the articles in the market by purchase, or by a license
from Government. |
Mortgage.—A conveyance of property, upon condition, as
security for the payment of a debt or the performance of a duty,
and to become void upon payment or performance. It was called
a mortgage or dead pledge, because, whatever profit it might yield,
it did not thereby redeem itself, but became lost or dead to the
mortgager upon breach of the condition. But in equity a right of
redemption is an inseparable incident of a mortgage, until the mort-
gager is debarred by his own laches (neglect), or by judicial de-
eree, The person who conveys the property is called the mort'-
gager, and the one to whom it is conveyed the mortgageé,
Negotiable.—Any document which by indorsement or assign-
ment may be transferred to another person, conveying to him a
legal right to the money or property specified, as a Dock Warrant,
Bill of Exchange, &c., is said to be negotiable.
Notary.—A public officer who attests or certifies deeds and
other writings, usually under his official seal, and to make them
authentic in another country. His duties chiefly relate to docu-
ments used in commercial transactions, such as protests of nego-
tiable paper, ships’ papers in case of loss or damage. He is
generally called a Notary Public, and his acts are recognized and
respected in all commercial countries.
Partnership.—A contract between two or more persons for
joining together their money, goods, labor and skill, or any or all
ef them, under an understanding that there shall be a communioy
610 GUIDE TO BUSINESS,
of profits, according to the shares agreed upon between them, and
for the purpose of carrying on a legal trade, business, or adven-
ture, The term is generally applied to associations in which the
partners personally direct the business, those of a more extensive
character, managed by elected directors, being called Companies.
A sleeping, stlent, or dormant partner, is one who furnishes capital
only, taking no active share in the business of a company or part-
nership, but is entitled to a share of the profits,{and liable toa
share in the losses. iy
Articles of Coepartnership,
Articles of agreement, made and concluded this first day of January, in the
Aiged of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and seventy three, between
Richard Howe, of Augusta, County of Kennebec, and State of Maine, of the
one part and Thomas Thompson, of the same place, of the other part. The
gaid partners have agreed, and by these presents do agree, to associate thems
selves as co-partners in the art and trade of*buying and selling books and
stationery ; which said co-partnership shall continue from the date of these
presents, for, and during, and to the full end and term of thirteen years next
ensuing. The name, style, and title of such partnership shall be Howe ané
Thompson. For the purpose aforesaid, he, the said Richard Howe, hath upon
the day and date hereof, put into partnership, as capital stock, the sum of
four thousand dollars; and the said Thomas Thompson has also invested the
like sum of fourthousand dollars; both of which sums are to be used, laid out
and employed in common between the parties hereunto, for the management:
of the said business to their mutual advantage. And it is hereby agreed bee
tween the parties, each himself respectively, and for his own special and par-
ticular part in manner and formas follows: That they shall not and will not,
at any time hereafter, during the period above named, exercise or follow the
said trade, or any other, to their private emolument, or advantage; but shall
and will, from time to time, and at all times during said period (if they shall
£0 long live), use their utmost endeavors, to the best of their skill and ability,
for their mutual advantage, with the stock as aforesaid and its increase. And
also, that they shail and will, during the period aforesaid discharge equally
between them the rent of such premises as they may rent or hire, for the man-
agement and conduct of the trade or business aforesaid. And that all profi
ain, or increase, that shall or may arise from, or by reason of said join
usiness, shall be equally and proportionally divided between them, share and
share alike; and also all losses that may happen inthe said business, by bad
debts, bad commodities, or howsoever otherwise, shall be paid by and borne
equally between them. 4
~ And it is further agreed, that there shall be kept, during the said period and
joint business, perfect, just, and correct book accounts, wherein each of the
said co-partners shall enter and set down, as well all the money by him ree
eeived and expended, in and about the business aforesaid, as also all merchan-
dise by him bought and sold, by reason and on account of the said co-partner-
ship, and all other matters and things in anywise belonging or appertaining
thereto, so that either of them may at any time have free access thereto.
And also, that the said co-partners, once in twelve months, or oftener, if
need shall require, upon the request of either of them, shall make and render,
each to the other, or to the executors and administrators of each other, a true
and full account of all profits and increase by them and each of them made,
and all losses by them, or each of them, sustained, and also, of all payments,
receipts and disbursements, and all other things whatsoever bv them, or
either of them, made, received, and disbursed, acted, done and suffered in the
said co-partnership; and the account so made, shall and will clear, adjust, pay
and deliver each unto the other, at the time of making such account, their
equal share of the profit so made as aforesaid.
2. hwy, Se a oe
my
t
~ PARTNERSHIP SETTLEMENTS. 511
~ And that, at the end of the aforesaid period of thirteen years, or other sooner
spans bata’ of these presents (whether by the death of one of the parties
hereto, or otherwise), they, the said co-partners, each tothe other, or, in case
of the death of either, the surviving party to the executors or administra-
tors of the party deceased, shall and will make a true, full and final account
of all things as aforesaid, and in ail things well and truly adjust thesame; .
and also, that, upon making such accounts, all and every the stock, as well as
the gain and increase thereof, which shall appear, or is found, to be remaining,
shall be equally apportioned and divided between them, the said co-partners,
their executors or administrators, share and share alike.
In witness whereof the said parties to these presents have hereunto set their
hands and seals, the day and year first above written.
Signed, sealed. and delivered in presence of t
RrcHaRD Hower. L. 8.
Tuomas THompson. L. 8.
HENRY FRANELIN.
JOSEPH FAULKNER.
i Notice of Dissolution.
Notice is hereby given, that the partnership, lately subsisting between
Thos. Wallace and George Gray, of Cincinnati, County of Hamilton, and
State of Ohio, under the firm name of Wallace and Gray, was dissolved b
- mnutual consent (death of John Kelly, or limitation) on the thirty first day o
May last.
All debts owing to the said partnership are to be received by the said Thos.
Wallace, and all demands on the said partnership are to be presented to him
for payment ; (07, ezther partner is allowed to use the name of the firm in liquidae
tion of all debts due to and from the partnership).
‘ THOs. WALLACE.
Crnornnati, June 1, 18— GEORGE GRAY.
Dissolution of Partnership.
We, the undersigned, do mutually agree, that the partnership formed be«
tween us by the within articles, be and the same is hereby dissolved, except
for the purpose of the final liquidation and settlement of the business thereof;
and upon such settlement wholly to cease and determine.
In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals, this first
day of January, 18—. :
Pe Gen wen tt wae, Moomn sea
LAWRENCE CATE. Joun Coster. L.8.
The above to be indorsed upon the back of the original agreement.
Partnership Settlements.—Partnership is the association of
two or more persons for transaction of business. Such an associ-
ation is called a firm, house or company, and its members are
called partners.
The.means contributed by the members of the firm is called its
capital. ;
Money, property, notes and debts due from others are called its
Assets or resources. Debts which the firm owe are termed Liabil-
tties. Amounts withdrawn affect the original investment. When
it is desired to retain the net capital at starting unchanged, the
amounts withdrawn may be treated as resources ; but they must
be taken from each partner’s capital to obtain his true share.
Obligations assumed by the firm for a partner are to be treated in
fhe same manner as sums withdrawn by him; and additional sums
~
512 GUIDE TO BUSINESS,
invested or to which he is entitled, imcrease his original invest~
ment. If the resources are greater than the liabilities, the dif-
ference is termed the met capital; if the liabilities are greater
than the resources the difference is termed met insolvency. The dif-
ference between the total gains and the total losses is called the
net gains or net losses. The gains and losses of a firm are divided
among the partners in accordance with the original agreement or
contract between them. The division is seldom made in exact
proportion to the amount invested ; it is more customary to credit
each partner with interest on his capital, less interest on sums
withdrawn during the year.
Sometimes the skill of one partner is considered equivalent to
another’s capital; in some cases certain privileges are granted to
him who invests most; and sometimes a stated salary is allowed to
each partner according to his ability, and is taken from the gains
of the firm before they are divided. ©
| A partnership is not constituted merely by an interest, but de-
pends upon the joint liability to loss, as well as on the participa-
tion in the profits. A stipulated portion of the profits as a mere
compensation for his labor or services does not constitute a part-
nership.
A General Partnership is one formed for trade generally with-
out limitations, and comprehends whatever business the partners
may engage in.
A Special Partnership is one which is confined by the terms of
she agreement to some particular kind of trade or business, or
gome praticular transaction or speculation. ‘
A Limited Partnership is one in which the responsibility of one
or more partners is limited to the amount invested by him or them
in the concern. Ina limited partnership the special partner has’
the advantage of investing where the profits are equal to the
gains of actual business, without risking more than the sum con-
tributed.
Pass-Book.—A book passing between bankers and their cus-
tomers, in which are entered all payments and receipts of cash.
It is written up by the clerks as often as 7equired, and balanced
once a month. Also,a book in which a trader enters articles .
bought on credit, and then passes or sends it to the purchaser.
Per Cent.—A contraction of per centwn, Latin words meaning
per hundred, and applied te rates of interest, discount, &c, Per
PRICE CURRENT. 518
Centage is the allowance, duty, interest, or commission on one hun-
dred. .
Permit.—A written license from the Excise Office to permit
_the removal of excisable goods upon which duty has been paid,
from one place to another.
Policy.—A writing or instrument in which a contract of Life
Assurance, or other insurance is embodied, containing the terms
and conditions. , It is almost invariably a printed form, in which
the names, &c., are filled up in writing, and the various companies
and insurers use nearly the same forms.
An Interest Policy shows by its form that the assured has a real
interest in the matter insured.
A Wager Policy shows on the face of it that the contract it em-
bodies is a pretended insurance, founded on an ideal risk, where
the insured has no interest in anything insured. A policyis valued
when the agreed value of the subject is expressed on the face of
it; open when the value of the subject is not fixed or agreed in it,
When the sum insured under an open policy is not sufficient to
cover the value of the goods, an additional insurance may be
obtained, and a supplementary policy is granted; and when the
sum insured is more than the declared value of the goods, the dif-
ference is termed Short Interest, and a portion of the premium is
returned upon proper notice, if the fact was duly declared on the
policy.
Posting.—Copying or transferring into the ledger the entries
made in the day book or other books.
Post Obit Bond.—A bond in which the obzigor, in consideration
‘of having received a certain sum of money, binds himself to pay
a larger sum, on unusual interest, on the death of some specified
individual from whom he has expectations,
Premium.—tThe per centage or sum of money paid to a com-
pany or underwriters for Life Assurance, or any other kind of
insurance. The term is also used to signify a sum in advance of
the capital or sum lent. It also signifies an extra sum beyond a
fixed price. Thus, shares are said to be at a premium when their
market price is beyond the sum paid upon them; thus, if shares
upon which $45 has been paid are selling at $50, they are said to
be at a premium of $5.
Price Current, or Price List.—A statement or list, published
§14 - -@QUIDE TO BUSINESS.
statedly or occasionally, of the prevailing prices of merchandise,
stocks, species, bills of exchange, rate of exchange, &c. ,
Principal.—A capital sum of money, placed out at interest, due
as a debt or used as a fund—so called in distinction from interest
or profit. Also the responsible person ina transaction, or the head
of, or partners in, an establishment.
Procuration.—A written document, either a letter or power of
attorney, by which a person is empowered to transact the affairs.
of another. When the representative signs any paper it is cus-
‘tomary for him to say “per procuraiion,” and add his own name.
Pro Forma.—Latin words signifying “for the sake of form.”
Pro forma invoices or account sales are papers made up previous
to entering upon an adventure for the purpose of forming an
opinion as to its probable success,
Promissory Note.—See Bit.
Prompt.—A limit of time given for the payment of an account
for produce purchased, this limit varying with different goods.
Pro Rata.—Latin word signifying ‘‘ i proportion,” to divide o or
distribute proportionally.
Quarantine (/wor'-an-teen).—Specifically, the term originally
ef forty days, but now of undetermined length, during which a
ship, arriving in port, and suspected of being infected with a
malignant contagious disease, is obliged to forbear all intercourse
with the shore; hence, restraint or inhibition of intercourse to
which a shi is subjected on the vresumption that she may be in-
fected.
Quotation.—The current prices of stocks or commodities.
When, as in certain articles, the prices named include all charges
for shipping them, they are termed quotations F. 0. B. (free on
board).
Rebate.—Deduction of interest, or any sum, &c., on account
of prompt payment. The term is used for any return of discount,
by bankers and bill discounters, upon bills being taken back, be-
fore they become due, by those for whom they were discounted,
Receipts.—An acknowledgment in writing of a certain sum of
money having been received from a person named.
An account may be acknowledged as settled by the person who
receives the money writing at the bottom of it “ Paid.” or “ Bee
Y
~
¢ |. +1
RECEIPTS. 4 515
. %
ceived Payment,” and then signing his name, When one-person re-
ceives money for another, he signs his name thus, ‘ Paid, John
Thompson for Charles Howard.” Also, a writing acknowedging
the taking of money or goods,
Receipt on Accounts.
‘ New Yours, April 27, 18—. Received from James Moore, seventy-five dollara
on account. Kayser & TROXELL.
Beceipt in Full.
New York, May 11, 18—. Received from Messrs. Smith & Curlett, one hun«
dred and four dollars and seventy-three cents, in full of account to date.
$103 78-100. WILLIAM JOHNSON.
A receipt like the first acknowledges the partial payment of 4
debt, and one like the second of all claims, excepting negotiable
notes,
Receipts for Cash Payment in Full of all Demands,
Received, New York, Feb. 1, 18—, of Charles A. Brown, four hundred and
fifty dollars and twenty-five cents. in full of all demands.
$450 25-100. SmrrH, RoBerts & Co.
In Full of Account Rendered.
Received, Cairo, Oct. 10,18—, of John Paywell, six hundred dollars in full
for account rendered to iirst instant.
$600.00 RECEIVER & Co.
Im full for Goods Solid and Delivered Without a Bill.
Received, Richmond, Sept. 1. 18—, from Henry Thomas, one hundred and
fifty dollars, in full for three cows, now sold and delivered to him.
Simon SHARP.
Receipt to Guardian for Payment on account of his
Ward.
Received, St. Albans, June 10, 18—, from Edward Morse, Esq., guardian of
Kitty Clyde, one of the minor children of John Clyde, deceased, two hundred
dollars, in full for board and tuition of said Kitty Clyde, from June 10, 18—
to date. JONATHAN WISEHEAD.
Receipt for Lading a Wagon.
Received, Belleville, Aug. 10, 18—, from Alonzo Cooper, in my wagon, fhe
following goods, marked, numbered, and weighing as follows:
J.T. B. No. 1 One hogshead weighing 700 pounds
“ 66 2 One 66 66 680 if %
ae “6 3) One box bk 420 =
“4 «(One bale s 850s “¢
4 1S) Le ey
All in good order and condition, with which articles I promise to proceed
without delay or unnecessary detention to Parkersburgh, West Va., and to de-
liver them in the same good order and condition unto Philip Silver, in the
gaid Parkersburgh, or his order, on his paying the sum of seventy-five centa
per hundred pounds for said load. FREDERICK DRivEn,
516 GUIDE TO BUSINESS.
Receipt for Stock put out to Winter.
Received, Belleville, October 10, 18—, from John Jacobi, ten cows and six
swine, which I promise to keep through the winter and feed with good hay,
etc., and return in good condition on the first day of May next; casualities ex-
cepted, he paying me ten dollars each for the cows, and two dollars each for
the swine. Witness my hand. Gero. SMITH.
Re-Exchange.—The expense chargeable on a bill of exchange
or draft which has been dishonored in a foreign country, and re-
turned to that country in which it was made or indorsed, and then
taken up. The rate of re-exchange is regulated with respect to the
drawer, at the course of exchange between the place where the
bill of exchange was payable, and the place where it was drawn.
Register.—A document issued by the Custom House, contain-
ing a description of a vessel, its name, tonnage, country, ownership,
&c., always to be kept on board ona foreign voyage as evidence
of its nationality. Coasting vessels are enrolled, not registered.
Re-Insurance.—A contract whereby an insurer of property,
who has incurred too greata, liability, or become dissatisfied with the
nature of the risk he has contracted to take upon himself, obtains
indemnity against loss, by his insurance from some other insurer.
Release for Freight.—A document signed by the owners of
vessels or their agents on receiving the payment of freight, giving
x formal release to dock companies and wharfingers to whom they
nad previously given notice not to deliver goods.
Remittance.—A sum of money, bill of exchange, or the like,
transmitted from one person to another,
Rente.—A French term, equivalent to government annuity.
The holder’is called a Rentier (rong'-te-a’).
Returns.—Bills of exchange, or goods bought and transmitted
as a medium of returning the proceeds of consignments ; also,
the amount of goods sold.
Reversion.—A payment which is not to be received, or a ben-
efit which does not begin, until the happening of some event, as
the death of a person.
Salvage.—The compensation allowed to persons who voluntae
rily assist in saving a ship or her cargo from peril, or goods and
property from fire. The salvors have a Hen upon the property
saved, and can detain it until the claims are legally settled. The
term is also applied to property saved. ,
Sample.—A small portion taken from the bulk or quantity of
SHORT EXCHANGE. 51%
any kind of merchandise as a specimen of the whole. A collec.
tion of samples or average sample is called a Muster,
Scrip.—A certificate of stock subscribed to a bank or other
company, or of a share of other joint property, preliminary to the
registration of the subscribers; also one of the forms of certifi-
cate given in exchange for a public loan, previous to the issue of
the bonds,.as consol scrip, reduced scrip, which may be sold separately
as such until all the installments of the loan are paid.
| A Scrip Company is one having shares which pass by delivery
without register or transfer,
Securities.—Documents showing evidence of, and securing a
right to a debt or property of any kind, as bills of exchange, bills
of lading, bonds, certificates of stock, deeds, dock warrants, leases,
policies.
Set-Off.—A counter-claim or cross-debt filed or set up by the
ee defendant against the plaintiff’s demand. Set-of differs from Re-
duction and Recoupment, as the latter generally grows out of the
same matter or contract with the plaintiff's claim, while the for-
mer grows out of a distinct matter, and does not of itself deny
the justice of the plaintiff's demand. Of-set is sometimes impro-
perly used for the legal term Set-off.
_ Share.—The part allotted or belonging to one, of any property
or interest owned by a number.
Ship’s Papers.—Papers with which a vessel is required by law
i to be provided, and the production of which may be required on
certain occasions; such are the register, passport, or sea-letter,
charter party, bills of lading, invoice, log-book muster roll, bill of,
health, shipping articles, and the like.
S _ Shipping Articles.—Articles of agreement between the mas-
“iad ter or captain of a vessel and the seamen on board, in respect to
a the amount of wages, length of time for which they are shipped, &c.
Short Exchange.—Bills of exchange made payable at sight,
_ or at Short Sight, that is, in a little time, three days or so, after
being presented to the payer.
The Shorts on the Stock Exchange are those who are unsupplied
with stocks which they have contracted to deliver. To Sell Short
is to sell for future delivery what the party selling does not own,
but hopes to buy at a lower rate,
518 GUIDE TO BUSINESS.
Sinking Fund.—A fund created for sinking or paying a publie
debt, or purchasing the stock for the government; also applied to
a fund set apart for a special purpose, as the paying of a debt.
Solvent.—Able to meet all just debts and liabilities,
~ Specie —Any kind of coined money.
Specification.—A written statement containing a minute de-
scription or enumeration of particulars.
Standard.—That which is established by authority as a rule or
measure of quantity, as a pound, gallon, or weight; hence the
original weight or measure sanctioned by government; also the
proportion of weight of fine metal and alloy established by
authority for coinage.
Staple.—The chief article of a country’s es anelich or manu- —
facture.
Sterling.—A term applied to the lawful money of Great
Britain.
Stock.—This term has several applications in commerce ; as,
capital which an individual employs in business; in book-keeping;
the account which is credited with all values contributed or added
to the capital of the concern, and debited with whatever is at any
time subducted therefrom ; money funded in government securi-
ties of different countries, called also the Public Funds. Shares
in joint-stock companies arealso called stock. The goods kept for
sale by a storekeeper are termed his Stock in Trade. Dead Stock
comprises the implements of husbandry, and produce stored up
for use ;—in distinction from Live Stock, or the Comestic animals
on a farm. ‘
Stock Exchange.—A building where stocks and shares are
bought and sold by an association or body of stock brokers and
stock jobbers, who meet and transact business by certain recog-
nized forms, regulations, and usages. The stock brokers deal inthe
purchase and sale of stocks and shares upon commission; the
stock jobbers speculate in the purchase and sale, through the bro-
kers, for gain. The public are excluded, and can only purchase
or sell through a stock broker, who charges his commission, and
also have indirectly to contribute to the profit of the stock jobbers — vi
through the fluctuations which they cause in the market price,
The Stock Exchange is managed by a committee, |
TENDER. 519
Stoppage in Transitu.—The exercise of the right of a seller
of goods to stop them ‘‘on the passage” to the purchaser or his
agent, if the purchaser has become bankrupt since they were
bought.
Subpena (colloqually pronounced sup-pe'-na).—A writ com-
manding the attendance in court of the person on whom it is
served, as a witness, &c., ‘‘ under penalty.”
Supercargo.—An officer or person engaged to proceed ina
merchant ship to manage the sales and commercial concerns of
the voyage. .
Suspension of Payment.—The act of a trader or firm de-
clining to pay any one debt upon finding that they are unable to
meet all their liabilities- also, when a bank stops cashing ib
checks and notes.
Tale Quale.—Latin words meaning “ such as,” a term used in
contracts where grain is sold off the coast, by a sample drawn at
the port at which the ship has touched; and signifying that the
cargo is held to be the same in quality as the sample, and that the
buyer takes the risk of any damage the cargo may afterwards sus-
tain.
Tare.—Deficiency in weight or quantity of goods, by reason of
the weight of the cask, bag or other thing containing the commo-
dity, and which is weighed with it; hence the allowance or abate-
ment of a certain weight or quantity.
Actual tare is the deduction made where each cask, &c., is
weighed separately from its contents ; Average tare is where there
are many of similar size and description, and some are weighed
to take an average for all; and Estimated tare is where the cover-
_ ings of certain goods are always so nearly ofthe same weight that
a fixed per centage is allowed for them.
Tariff.—A. list or tables of goods with the duties or customs to
be’ paid for the same, either on importations or exportations,
Tender.—An offer in writing to supply certain articles, goods,
ships, or anything that may be required, at prices and conditions
specified in the tender ; also, an offer, either of money to pay a
debt, or of services to be performed, in order to save a penalty or
forfeiture, which would be incurred by non-payment or non-per-
formance; as the tender of rent due or of the amount of a note
520 2? Sl GUIDE TO BUSINESS.
or bond, with interest. To constitute a legal tender, such money
must be offered as the law prescribes. So also the tender must be
at the time and place where the rent or debt ought to be paid, and -
it must be the amount due.
Time Bargain.—A contract for the sale or purchase of stock,
&c., at a certain future time.
Tonnage.—The amount of waient: in tone or cubical contents
that a ship will carry.
Traveller.—A commercial agent who travels for the purpose
of receiving orders from merchants, collecting money, and repre-
senting their interests.
Tret.—An allowance to purchasers, for waste or refuse matter,
of 4 pounds on every 104 pounds of suttle weight, or weight after
the tare is deducted.
Ullage.—What a cask wants of being full.
Underwriter.—The name given to the individual marine in-
surers at Lloyd's and elsewhere; so called because they underwrite
or sign their names to the policy of insurance, for the purpose of
becoming answerable for loss or damage, upon certain conditions,
for a certain premium per cent.
Usance.—The time which by usage or custom, is allowed in
certain countries for the payment of a bill of exchange. In New
York foreign bills are usually drawn at thirty days sight, but the
banker often accommodates himself to the usance of the place
upon which he draws, The following are the usances at the re-
spective places:
Amsterdam......es. 1lmo.date , Hamburg........-se. 1 mo. date
ADUWELD sc cis'sesteeuer dk ene. Leghorn.) setesessees ia. tt
IN IGONIOM ETc pe cise wn Tk ae noe WLCIDSICiareiaw ales Sako sae days’ sight
Barcelona..cecceceses 60 days’ date | Lisbon ......c.see--- 60 date
Berlin sens hag ceccsove L140) Sight) | Madrid cc ocseauee aa 60
211} 60
Balance to next month.... . 827] 20
1038] 80.
Feb. 5. || * | By Bill Payable, No. 104, due this day.| 20] 00.
Balancer iis ecin'ssewctceercecces! Os) BO
827} 20
——oIIIyl Ill SEEEE—_~—LEEE_EESS=a»|[ ===) SS
Mar. 5. By Bill Payable, No. 101, due this day.| 20] 00
Eye Do, do. 102, do. 451 00
65] 00.
Balance....... Weird stare ith arale 742) 20
! ' 807| 20
we —oOoEOoeoEoEeEeEoE>EoEoEoEeoeeeeeeeeee—ETEeeEEE es | | SS
April 5. By Bill Payable, No. 103, due this day.| 30} 00
7. Ackerman & Co. for Strange’s Accep-
i tance, due this day returned un-
7 DAG wiene tie a relaerel eciw el viens 15] 40
8, One month’s rent due this day....... 40] 00
—Income Taxes. ....seeds 10} 12
*| — City Taxes. revereccees 7| 60
| 103) 12
POIANA! Dac.s's ius ana e PG 657} 90
761) 02
R6
' Folio 1.
1873. |
Jan. 21
1
Dec. |} 81
HAND-BOOK OF BUSINESS.
Dr : R. M.
To Dash. 2.80.6) ane erent 40 00
"To Balance carried down...... 20 00
To Bills Payable, No. 101.....]} 15 10
———
75 10
Folio 2. Dr HURST
1874. |
Jan. ‘} To Cash. . See ahee eee SeSePeseore 60 00
2 || 1 || To Bills Payble, No. 102......|| 45 00
Dec. 31 To balance carried down....... 15 50.
120 50
Folio 3. Dr. | FISHER
1874. !
Jan. 2 A Wel Golo YaviM ban TA RELAY) Gin 75 00
9 To Bills Payable,No. LOBOS Sor eH 380 00
Dec. 81 To balance carried down......|| 55 00
| | 150 | 00
Folio 4. Dr.
1874.
Jan, 2
Qt
Dec. 31
t
To Cash oy has os eae
To Bill Payable, No. 104......
To balance carried down......
Jan. 1 1 By GOnds isieedcesccedsse cee 15 10
75 10
Dec. 31 By Balance brought down...... 15 | 10
AND Oo. Cr.
1874. |
Jan, : 1 1 By GOOdB rss eweeeeeas e@eeevee 120 50
‘20 | 50
Dec. 31 By Balance brought down......|| 15 50
axp DENISON. : Cr.
1874.
Jan, BOW UB W) GOUGK is .
eis r
BANES. 531
Banks.—The word is from the Italian word banco (bench),
from the custom of the Jews to assemble in the market-place,
seated upon benches, loaning money at enormous rates of
interest.. The Bank of Venice was the first banking institu-
tion of importance. It was founded in 1171, during the
Crusades.
The Bank of Amsterdam was established in 1609.
The Bank of England was chartered in the reign of William
and Mary, 1693. .
The Bank of France was organized in 1803. In 1781
Robt. Morris proposed a bank, to be called the Bank of
ee Cea which went into operation with a capital of
. The Bank of the United States went into operation in
1791, with a capital of $10,000,000. It was revived several
times, only to cease to exist in 1836.
_ The Bank of New York was opened in the Walton House,
in 1784.
In 1799 the Bank of the Manhattan Company was started,
with Aaron Burr as one of its managers.
In 1812 there were 89 banks, with an aggregate capital of
$40,000,000.
National Banks, as they are now, were organized in
-1864, mainly out of the old State banks.- They are banks of
deposit, discount and circulation. They enjoy peculiar ad-
vantages, having, in addition to the profits of discounting, the
interest on the bonds deposited with the Treasury Department
to secure their circulation, and the use of their circulation itself,
There are 2,087 National Banks, with an aggregate capital of
$500,000,000. The amount of bonds to secure national notes -
is about $360,000,000. The amount of notes in actual circula-
tion is about $310,000,000, with 675 million of deposits.
State Banks are banks of deposit and discount only, and
their business and standing depend aaa upon local cause
and the individuals who manage them. ‘There are 907 State
Banks, with a total capital of $164,366,669.
Savings Banks are banks of deposit, only allowing interest
on all sums left with them for a certain length of time. It is
gaid one was founded in Hamburg in 1778; also at Berne,
Switzerland, in 1787. The Savings Banks of this country now
have on deposit the surplus earnings of the laboring classes,
amounting to about $1,000,000,000—an immense amount,
when we consider the short time in which it must have been
accumulating. There are 166 Savings Banks and 2,375 Private
Banks in this country.
Bank Rules.—The rules of banks vary so in different lo-
calities, it is impossible to put them in positive form. Savings
532 BANK LAWS.
banks usuaily pay a little less than the regular rates for money
—usually about 5 per cent.
Business banks are usually open from 10 A, M. to3 P. M.
Make your deposits early in the afternoon.
__ List bills and checks separately on your deposit ticket, lay.
ing the former all one way.
See that your deposit is correctly entered on your book be.
fore leaving the bank.
Leave your book every thirty days to be balanced.
Strangers presenting notes, drafts or checks, payable to or-
der, must in all cases be identified by some one who knowa
them and is known atthe bank.
Bank Laws.—Banks may own such real estate only as is
necessary for transaction of business, but cannot speculate or
hold real estate as an investment. Banks cannot take usury in
any form. A bank may reject its bills if stolen, the forging
of one signature invalidating a bill. ‘The certification of a
note or check makes the bak liable ;a verbal certification is
sufficient to hold the bank." The payment of a raised or al-
tered check by a bank is its own loss. A bank must not pa
a check before its date; if it does so, it must take the risk. x
forged check paid to a bona fide, innocent holder, is the bank’s
loss, and the amount cannot be recovered. Share-holders are
liable for all the acts of the bank’s officers to double the par
value of their stock. A depositor may stop the payment of any
note or check by notifying the bank, which must refuse to pay
it. A bank is responsible for paper left for collection; ane if
worthless money or check is received for it, itis the bank’s
loss. It is the duty of a bank to pay all paper of a depositor
payable at his bank, when properly presented; the bank is lia-
ble if it fails to doso. The bank is bound to the strictest se-
crecy, and must not divulge anything to, damage its custom.
ers.. If an account is not good for a check, and the holder
will surrender it for the balance of the account, crediting it on
the check, the bank must pay it; a bank, however, is not
bound to pay the amount of a check, under any circumstances,
when not good. Checks payable ‘‘to order” must be paid
only to the proper person named therein.
Commercial Paper.—Bills of Exchange and their legiti-
mate offsprings, checks, notes, and drafts, haveformed a most
important factor in the world’s financial history. They origi-
nated among the Jewish money changers on the Mediterranean
coasts, during the fourteenth century. Negotiable paper may
be divided into Bills of Exchange (Drafts), the Prommissory
Note, and Checks,
The Duty of the Holder of a Draft.—Immediately after
receiving a draft, the payee or holder should present it for ac:
A
:
By.
it
= ¢
HE DUTY OF THE HOLDER OF A DRAFT, 533
ceptance to the drawee, if payable after sight or date, or for
_ payment; if drawn at sight, the drawee will, if correct, ac-
cept or pay it, butif he does not, it should be immediately
protested if a foreign bill; or if a domestic draft, the drawer
and endorser (if any). Ifa time draft is accepted, the duties
_ of a-holder are similar to that of a payee of a note.
Laws and Decisions in relation to Notes, Drafts, etc. Three
days’ grace are allowed on prommissory notes. Bills of ex-
change or drafts drawn payable at sight, at any place within
this State, shall be deemed due and payable on presentation
without any days of grace being allowed thereon. All checks,
bills of exchange, or drafts, appearing on their face to have
been drawn on any bank or individual banker, payable on any
specific day, or in any number of days after the date or sight
thereof, shall be due and payable on the day mentioned, with-
out days of grace, and it is not necessary to protest the same
for non-acceptance. All notes in writing, made and signed
by any person, whereby he shall promise to pay to any other
person or his order, or to the order of any other person, or
unto the bearer, any sum of money therein: mentioned, shall
be due and payable as therein expressed, and shall have the
same effect, and be negotiable in like manner, as inland bills
of exchange, according to the. custom of merchants. Every
such note, signed by the agent of any such person, under a
general or special authority, shall bind such person, and shalt
have the same effect, and be negotiable as above provided,
The word ‘‘ person” shall be construed to extend to every cor-
poration capable by law of making contracts, The payees
and endorsees of every such note payable to them or their or-
der, and the holders of every such note payable to bearer,
may maintain actions for the sums of money therein men-
tioned, against the makers and endorsers of the same respect-
ively, in like manner as in cases of inland bills of exchange,
and not otherwise. Such notes, made payable to the order of
the maker thereof, or to the order of a fictitious person, shall,
if negotiated by the maker, have the same efiect and be of
_ the same validity as against the maker and all persons having
knowledge of the facts, as if payable to bearer. Demand of
payment must be made on the day of payment in oder to hold
the endorser liable, and if not paid must be protested, anda |
note of protest served on the endorser. Makers and endorsers
can be sued in one action.
Notes or drafts falling due on Sundays, and all legal holi-
days, are payable on the day next preceding.
Paper of all kinds should, when possible, be made payable
‘at a bank or bankers; but when payable at a residence or
}) a
534 CHECKS,
place of business, it must be presented there during ordinary
business hours,
Banks usually notify drawers or acceptors when not made
payable at a bank or bankers, when their paper is due, and if-
not attended to before the closing of the bank, it is given toa -
notary, who then presents it, and if it is not paid, protests it.
In such cases it is much better to attend to it in time, as much
annoyance, and frequently expense, is saved by promptness.
The notary’s fees depend upon its being protested ; consequent-
ly, he is not anxious to have it paid after it gets into his hands.
Notes and Drafts do not draw interest unless the words
‘‘ with interest” or ‘“‘ with use” is inserted inthem. It is not
necessary to, insert ‘‘for value received.”
Banks will accept only certified checks, or the money in
payment of paper, from strangers. Checks should be drawn
to the order of the bank, or endorsed by a.person known at
the bank.
Notes made by a married woman, to be binding, should have
the words ‘‘I hereby charge my private estafe,” or ‘‘ Value re.
ceived for benefit of my private and separate estate,” inserted
in them,
Checks, :
New. York, March 1st, 1881.
The Atlantic National Bank,
Pay to Geo, Ward. occ ooo eee or order (or bearer),
One Hondred eo eee Cle aN is en ee Dollars.
$100.00
ALFRED BEERS.
A bank check is a written order to a bank or banker, direct-
ing the payment of a certain sum to a person therein named,
or to bearer. It differs quite materially from other forms of
negotiable paper, being due immediately upon presentation.
The drawer of a check is never entirely released from liability
through failure, on the part of the holder, to present, except
in so far as he may be damaged by such negligence, Itis not
customary, in business centers, to protest checks, yet it is
necessary to notify prior endorsers, within a reasonable time,
if payment should be refused, the drawer, as I have said,
being responsible, without notice, unless some special damage
can be shown to have resulted therefrom,
Laws relating to Checks.—There is no tegal difference
between a note or check payable to bearer or a particular per
son or bearer. A note or check payabie to a fictitious person —
is in effect payable to bearer. There is no legal objection toa
note or check dated on Sunday. When date or amount is left
\
WILLS. 538
blank, it may be filled up, the amount to correspond with the
marginal figures; the date should be the day it was drawn.
Checks are similar to bills of exchange, payable on demand,
and are not entitled to grace under any circumstances. A
check should be presented upon the drawee within a reason-
able time; but, if the drawee does not fail, or no damage can
be shown resulting to drawee by want of diligence in present-
ing, he isin no way released. If the drawee have no fund, -
the bark, or the bank is restrained by order of the Court from
doing business, presentment is excused, because the law does
not require the performance of acts which are merely ceremo-
nial and nugatory, and the drawee is not injured by the omis-
sion. In an action against a drawee of a check, the holder
cannot, in general, recover unless hé shows that it has been
presented for payment and dishonored, and that notice of non-
payment has been properly given, If the sum for which a
check is drawn be fraudulently altered and increased, and the
' bank pay the raised amount, it must itself bear the loss.. The
death of the drawee is generally considered as a revocation
of the banker’s authority to pay a check; but if it be paid be-
fore notice of such death the payment is good.
~Wills.—A person making a will 1s the testator ; or, if a
female, testatriz. Real estate is a devise s personal property a
legacy. No precise form is essential to the validity of a will,
but it is important that the wish of the testator be put in clear
and. unmistakable language, and that it be subscribed by at
least two witnesses. A will is of no effect until the death of
the testator. The act of one executor is the same as the act
of all which refers to the delivery or sale of the testator’s goods.
Commencement of Suits.—In commencing a suit, the
laintiff must state in his complaint facts sufficient to estab-
fish a cause of action. The defendant, in his answer, must
make either a general or specific denial of each material alle-
tion in the complaint.
Contracts are agreements, upon sufficient consideration, to
do or not to do a particular thing. Verbal evidence is allowed
to explain, but not to vary a written agreement. When a per-
son puts in the post office an acceptance of a proposition made
through mail by another, the contract is complete. To render
a contract usurious, the interest must be received at the time
of the agreement. Where no particular time is mentioned, it
is presumed that the thing to be done, is to be done immedi-
ately.
Paudiord and Tenant.—Leases should be written; each
party having an original. The landlord is bound to secure to
the tenant the quiet enjoyment of the premises leased, and, in
the absence of an express covenant to the contrary, is bound
536 SUMMONS.
to keep the premises in a habitable condition. If a tenant
makes an unconditional covenant to repair, he can be com-
pelled to rebuild the premises, if destroyed ; he is bound to
repair all injuries occasoned by his own negligence. If he as-
signs’ his lease, he is still responsible for the rent, unless re-
leased by his landlord. ‘The tenant may remove anything he ©
may have added to the premises, proviane he does not injure
them in so doing, orit has not been so a
portion of the premises itself.
Summons are served on commencement of suit in Justices’
and District Courts. A long summons is the usual process,
and must be served not less than six or more than twelve days
before the time for appearance. A short summons, usually
served upon non-residents, must be served not less than two
or more than four days before time of appearance mentioned
therein.
Attachments may be issued against the real or personal
property of an absconding, concealed or non-resident debtor.
A Married Woman is bound by all contracts relating to
her own private property. Tho law protects the property
she owned at the time of her marriage, and its rents, issues
and profits.
Her contracts in respect to her property are not binding
upon her husband.
Arrests are allowed when a debtor is guilty of fraud in
obtaining or keeping property, or when he retains stock
or money with fraudulent intent. But no feniale shall be
arrested, in any action, except for a wilful injury to person,
character or property.
Lost Time.—313 working days in a year, 10 hours per day—
Days. ret Ms
5 minutes lost each day is, in a year -.-.--- 2
90 6é iar 46 ee phaser ete ine 138 0 20
60 6é a4 ce BCE Le hy ea ape 39 1 a
An Acre, 20 feet front and 2,187 feet deep.
40 «é 66 1) 089 “6
50 éé cé 8764 €¢
T7 6é &
100
A team must travel 8} miles to plough one acre, turning a
foot slice. | ,
A Certain Test for Gold or Silver is a piece of lunar
caustic. Slightly wet the metal to be tested, and rub it with
the caustic. If gold or silver, the mark will be faint ; but,if
an inferior metal, it will be black.
Interest Rules.—The commercial year consists of 360 days,
80 days to the month, ;
ded as to become a ~
SHOEMAKERS’ MEASURE, 537:
4 percent, Multiply the principal by number of days,
divide by nine, and points off.
& percent. Multiply by number of days and divide by 72.
6 per cent. Multiply by number of days, divide by 6, and
point off three figures from the right.
Shoemakers’ Measure.—Shoes are measured by the size
of the /ast. No. 1, children’s measure, is 42 inches ; every ad-
ditional number is one barleycorn, or } of an inch longer.
No. 1, adult’s measure, 8} inches long ; each size larger is 4 of
an inch longer. No. 9 is 114 inches,
Size of Nails. 2penny, 1 inch, 557 nails per pound.
4 Sor rhe inches, B08 oe Ur iis
6 “ce 2 é 167 6 ¢ €é
8 <6 23 6 101 <“ 66 66
12 “6 8 6é 54. 66 6eé 6é
A Cubic Foot of soil weighs 124 pounds ; clay, 185 ; lead,
7082 ; brass, 5842; copper, 555; wrought iron, 4862; coal,
50-55, ; charcoal, 18}; cork, 15; bricks, 125; granite, 165;
oak wood, 55 ; pine, 35.
Bank Discount.—To find it. Cast the interest on the face
of the note or draft for three days more than the specified time;
the result will be the discount. The discount subtracted from
the face of the note will give the present worth of a note dis-
counted ata bank. If you want to find what sum, payablein
a specified time, will give you a certain amount when dis-
counted, divide the given amount to be raised by the present
worth of $1, for the time at the rate of discount, and the
answer will be the sum required.
Mensuration.—The diameter given to find the circum-
ference ; multiply the diameter by 22 and divide it by 7. The
circumference given to find the diameter, multiply the cir-
cumference by 7 and divide by 22. To measure inch boards,
multiply its breadth in inches by its length in feet, and divide
the product by 12 ; the answer is its contents in square feet.
To find the contents (board measure) of boards, planks, etc.,
multiply the thickness in inches by the width in inches and
that product by the length in feet, which last product divide
by 12.
"Rapid Multiplication.—When the unit figures added
equal ten, and the tens are alike, multiply the units and set
down the result ; add one to either numbers, in ten’s place,
and multiply by the other, and you have the product.
To multiply any number by 665 add 3 ciphers and divide by 1 4
6é 66 6é 66% 66 6¢ 66 6é i
cé 6¢ “¢ 125 €é ce sé 6¢ 2
The three ciphers increase the number to be multiplied one
thousand times, or two ciphers one hundred times, and divid:
538 ODD QUESTIONS.
ing it by the number of times the multiplier is contained in
100 or 1,000 gives the product.
To multiply any number of two figures by 11, write the sum
of the figures between them.
Odd Questions.—Q. What is the difference between twenty
four-quart bottles and four and twenty quart-bottles ?
A. 56 quarts difference.
Q. If five times 4 are thirty-three, what will the fourth of
poe ?
cut one yard every day, how long will it take ?
A. Twenty-nine days.
. What is the difference between six dozen dozen and a
half dozen dozen ? :
A. 792. Six dozen dozen is 864; half a dozen dozen is 72,
Place three sixes together so as to make seven—68,
A cheese being put into one of the scales of a false balance
was found to weigh 16 lbs. ; when put into the other only 9
pounds ; what was the true weight ? The true weight is the
mean proportional between the two false ones, and is found ey
extracting the square root of the product. Thus 16 x 9—144;
and square root, 144—12 Ibs., the true weight.
Counterfeits.—The art of imitating genuine money prob-
ably originated as soon as money was used. Genuine money
is not much mentioned in ancient history, and we read very
little of counterfeits. Gold, in modern times, has been very
successfully counterfeited, and lead and pewter silver pieces
were often seen in circulation. State bank bills were couter-
feited, bills issued on banks which never existed, and various
ways were successfully adopted to defraud people handling
money previous to the issue of Greenbacks.
HOW COUNTERFEIT NOTES ARE MADE.
A party of men, say from three to a dozen, get together and :
hold frequent meetings, and act according to a plan laid down. ©
One or two will find out some copper-plate printer in the
employ of the bank note company—in fact, all such printers
are known by the party. ‘These men will then manage to
meet one of the printers in the evening, get acquainted, drink,
and have a good time generally with him, and so proceed for.
afew evenings. Then they offer him from $50 to $100 to pro-
cure a certain kind of impression. This impression is made
in this wise: The printer will take the impression upon tin-
foil from the plate from which he is printing, which can be
done ina moment. Thus you see every line, and the size is
obtained correctly. From this tin-foil an electrotype plate is
made. They then get some plate printer that can be found
. St.
Q. If you cut thirty yards of cloth into one-yard pieces, and —
GREENBACKS, 539
about the city, have a good time with him, and engage him at
twenty dollars a day to do the printing. By this plan thou-
sands of copies are struck off that defy detection, except in
the quality of the paper, which will differ from the genuine.
They are also engraved from the bills themselves, butitis a
strange fact that in no case have they been precisely like the
genuine.
Greenbacks.—The latter issues of greenbacks have not been
counterfeited to any great extent, the patent fibre paper having
proved an effectual safeguard against imitation. A few very
good imitations of the old legal tender issues are still circu-
lating. ‘They, like the old genuine bills, are miserably ex-
executed, compared with the greenbacks now issued.
Look Out For—all issues of legal tenders prior to 1869,
particularly the following:
1s, on U. 8S. Treasury notes (Greenbacks). The head of
Chase is poorly engraved; the mouth is crooked. The backis
slight green.
; i Greenbacks, issued Aug. 1st, 1862. Examine all 2s care-
ully.
rel dated March 10th, 1862, and Feb. 25th, 1862.
10s, dated March 10th, 1862, letter C. The pink seal is
badly done, but the general appearance is likely to deceive.
208, same issue, are well engraved, the face particularly be-
ing well executed; the back is rather dark and blurred.
50s. The imitations of the first issues are very nearly as
good asthe genuine, and have deceived many good judges.
pee Moe good imitation $500 notes are in circulation, issue
0 Le bya
50s, on new issue, 1869, are not good imitations, the patent
fibre paper being but poorly imitated. They are so poor that
but few of them are in circulation.
National Notes,—The getters-up of the gueer have of late
concentrated their efforts successfully on national notes. It is
estimated that over forty million doliars in counterfeit national
bank notes are in circulation. A complete list of these would
confuse rather than aid a person in detecting them; we have
therefore selected a few of the most dangerous. As soon ag
spurious notes are discovered, a circular is issued by the
Treasury Department to banks, who are authorized to brand
and destroy them whenever presented. The following are the
principal counterfeits. Refuse them unless assured of their
genuineness,
540 OFFICIAL LIST OF COUNTERFEIT NOTES,
t
Official List of Counterfeit National Notes,
ON ES.
National Eagle Bank........ veeceee - BOBtON, Mass.
TWOSs.
Fourth National Bank................ New Work, N. We
Ninth 66 HEPES Fy Ct | 66 “6
Wiarine bad Heb bach ure ene he OLY ft Ape 66 re
Market 66 tae Pa area 66 Sets
St. Nicholas 66 he sccke Sh, eaoue ee 6e x4
Union 66 Ct ee 66 ; a
Union K 66 OS eics'd Ween Kinderkook, 66 :
WestchesterCo.§ ne. cece eee Peekskill, 66
Sixth ASR E Se ree Sh 50 Philadelphia, Pa.
Newport, OE i A eR ORE Newport, R. I.
National Union Bank (No such Bank).Linden Park, N. W.
ELLY HS.
Globe National Bank.................. Boston, Mass,
WE GPC RAE Ge)! Le ee ee New Bedford, sé
Hampden 06 Te Singers S SEN HEB Westfield, hy
Ist BON ee BLL UA Northhampton, **
ist SPRUCE c Oh aac Nite ly Aurora, Hl.
Ist oe SPRY ee WS Ny Canton, ‘*
Ist 66 ae ee ute oka Galena, *
ist A HU yA ie eieseaik wns Chicago, **
3d 66 ae ditiseeaacns ree 66 66
Merchants? ‘* SPO AEN BUA Cat “6 66
Traders? 66 Ss ae NS 66 +f
ist hoe URAA AARP SE ALINAL ay ha HMianover, Pa.
Ist AAMT bS eS A MEP MA) IE Wamaqua,‘**
Merchants? Se a eee eee Waly Bikes New Work, N. W.
Marine SARE WEA taal ive KC pS 4¢ ay
Manufacturers’? National Bank....Amsterdam, ‘§¢-
Pacific 66 .... Boston, Mass,
THENS.
Westchester Co. National Bank....Peekskill, Ne. W
Ist id .... Poughkeepsie, ‘‘
Farmers? & Manfrs? 66 Ga 66 66
Flour City “i. Rochester, S§
City 66 .... Auburn, 66
Farmers? & Mechanics? ¢¢ .... Buffalo, “ xf
ist
Tioga
ist
9th
Warine
COUNTERFEIT NATIONAL NOTES,
Wiechanics).
Union
Lafayette
Richmond
Ist
ist
3d
1st
' Tradesmens?
Mechanics?
6s
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
ert eo eneeseosese
National Bank cf Commerce
Utica City
ist
Oneida
1st
Ist
ist
ist
ist
ist National Bank
City
City
ist
ist
Ohio
4th
4th
66
66
66
6é
56
66
66
eeeos tee ese oeeesee see
eee er eee eres eeaeererae
ee
ed
ey
eee e ee eee ese urs eeeeeses
re ee a
National Exchange Bank
Canada Bills are, if all right, worth nearly the same as
ote coin.
66
66.
$6
$6
66
66
§6
$6
66
.
ee a
enews een eeeseee
seer eeee
Shoe and Leather National Bank.
Tradesmange?
ee ee ied
66
66
66
66
Di
New York, N
6
6
66
66
66
66
66
66
Utica,
66
66
National Bank.... Palmyra,
... Owego,
. New Work,
66
»
.... Lafayette, Ind.
.... Richmond, **
... Paducah, Ky.
. Philadelphia, Pa.
66 66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
“BA
N. W.
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
. Whitehall, N. WY.
TW ENT.
Central National Bank
National City Bank. ..................
Market National Bank
66
' National Bank State of New York.
rien GF
Plainfield, N. J.
Indianapolis, ind.
Chicago, ill.
Paducah, Ky.
Portland, Conn.
ETRTIENS and ONE MUNDREDS.
Boston, Mass
Lymn,
Auburn, N. WY. 50s.
Kilmira,
66
66
100s.
Jersey City, N. J.
Cincinnati, O.
66
66
100s.
100s.
New Work, N. W. 50s.
Baltimore, Wid.100s,
Refuse $4 and $10 bills on Consclidated Bank of
ontreal, printed from genuine stolen plates, countersigned by
W. Irwin.
542 FAILED BANKS,
Failed Banks,
Mechanics’ Bank of Montreal. Commercial Bank, New Bruns.
Bank of Western Canada. wick. |
Colonial Bank, Canada. Bank of Acadia, Nova Scotia.
Westmoreland Bank, New Zimmerman Bank.
Brunswick. Bank of Clifton.
Counterfeits.,
1’s Dominion of Canada. 5’s Bank of Commerce, Tor.
4#’s Dominion Bank, Toronto. 10’s Ontario Bank.
6’s Dominion Bank, Toronto. 10’s Bank of British North A.
All the above are poorly done and easily detected by those
used to handling money, with the exception of the $1 on
Dominion of Canada. ‘This bill is somewhat darker than the
genuine; though by no means a finely-executed counterfeit, is
well calculated to deceive the public.
Four dollar notes of the Canadian Bank of Commerce raised
to $10’s are in circulation in Toronto.
Rules for Detecting Counterfeits. A genuine note is
the result of the combined skill of many superior artists, aided
by the finest machinery money can procure. Counterfeits are
usually gotten up by two or three engravers; while some part
—the vignette, for instance—may be well executed, there is
always an important defect somewhere. The finest work
on bills is done by the Geometric Lathe, and cannot be equalled
by any counterfeiters, that of the latter always having the
scratched appearance of wood cuts. The ink used in imita-
tions is seldom equal to that used in genuine notes, and when
examined closely will be found of a dim, lustreless appearance,
quite in contrast with the beautiful metallic appearing colors
of the genuine.
The features of the portraits in counterfeits always have a
hard, expressionless appearance, while in the genuine they are
the most natural and life-like. In the historical scenes on the
backs of national notes the figures and portraits in the counter-
feits are seldom well executed, the eyes particularly being not
much more than a dot, and hardly distinguishable. In the
genuine they have a clear and expressive appearance.
An expert never studies a bad bill, but becoming perfectly
familiar with good money, at once detects the slightest dis-
crepancy. Counterfeits are never as well engraved or printed
as genuine notes, and with care can always be detected. The
following rules will help a person, but expertness can only be
acquired by long experience and careful study.
Study carefully good bills of every issue in which there are
counterfeits.
CAs AE al aa a
PI a wre MITER | iC Toe ie
Aye A NO WO seat Ihe UL
CUT BILLS. 543
Notice carefully the engraving and printing, the general
- appearance of the bill. A microscope is a great aid in examin-
ing the finer work.
he paper, especially in issues on the patent fibre paper, is
an excellent test. |
The backs are not usually as good as the faces.
Counterfeits are usually darker than the genuine.
The first impression of a person accustomed to the handling
of money is usually correct.
Cut Bills. A number of national notes (usually) are taken,
and a little strip is cut from one, a little larger strip from the
next, and the strip cut from the first is pasted in the place of
it, and so on, until by skillful cutting, one extra bill out of
about every ten is made. Each piece is from separate bills,
frequently on different banks, so they are easily detected.
Stolen Bills are the most dangerous of worthless notes,
and can only be detected by keeping a list of them; and refus-
ing them is always the proper course.
The following include most of those which have been
recently stolen:
4 Stolen National Bank Biank Bills.
The National Bank notes described below were stolen before
signed, the signatures of the Bank officers since forged, and the
notes put in circulation. They are rejected. when presented
for redemption at the National Bank Redemption Agency.
The National Bank of Barre, Vermont........ 10s and 20s
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—911 to 936.)
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—932,805 to 932,830.)
National Hide and Leather Rank,' Boston,
PUMA ere ad Wa Oars U at ek Hew ahiy na ae ieicle sie e'wea' Ces 10s and 208
(Bank No. lower left; hand corner—11,919 to 11,972.)
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—22,900 to 22,953.)
First National Bank, Jersey City, N. J.......50sand 1008
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—671 to 750.)
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—19,609 to 19,688.)
Merchants? National Bank, Albany, N. W.....10s and 20a
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—759 to 766.)
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—45,195 to 45,202.)
National City Bank, Lynn, Miass............ 50s and 1008
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—121 to 150.)
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—66,796 to 66,825.)
Third National Bank, New York, N. Y..... 10s and 208
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—9,414 to 9,428.)
(Treas, No, upper right hand corner—644,416 to 644,430,)
544 GOLD.
Osage National Bank, Osage, Towa..............+++- ebhiey 58
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—1,751 to 2,200.)
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—560,958 to 561,407.)
Northampton National Bank, Northampton, Mass...5s
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—1 to 128.)
National Bank of Pontiac, HLIS...............-..000 cocecees 58
(Bank No. lower left hand corner—741 to 765.)
(Treas. No. upper right hand corner—252,111 to 252,185.)
Gold.—The detection of spurious gold is no easy matter.
Experts can usually detect it by the dull thud it makes when
thrown upon the counter. Its size and weight is also con-
sidered a good test. The real acid test, however, is the only
reliable one, and should be resorted to in all uncertain cases.
Smooth Gold is worth only its weight, and as gold, by very
jittle wear, becomes smooth and subject to a discount, it is
well to be careful in taking such pieces. Holes drilled in or
pieces filed out of gold coin, or anything which lessens their
weight, decreases their value proportionately. Gold Certifi-
cates are not counterfeited. —
Silver is now being extensively counterfeited. Half dollars —
are more frequently imitated than Quarters and Dimes.
“ Jingling” them is quite a good test, but some are so minted
that they give forth a dull, leaden sound, and still are genuine.
In such cases nitric acid is the best test, and in some cases the
only reliable one.
Rive Cent Pieces (nickel) have been extensively counter-
feited. ‘They are usually easily detected, being made of pew.
ler or soine poor composition.
Counterfeit United States Bonds and Interest.
Bearing Notes.
#50. Compound-Interest Note, series of 1864, dated July
15, 64. Issued under act June 30, 64, payable
3 years after date. Signatures, L. H. Chittenden,
Register; F. E. Spinner, Treasurer. ‘‘Com-
pound-Interest Treasury Note” printed on face —
in gold letters. ‘
$50. Compound-Interest Note, series of 1865, dated May
15, 1865. Same description as above.
G50. 7.80 Note, dated July 15, 1865 ; issued under act of
March 3, 1865. §S. B. Colby, Register; F. E.
Spinner, Treasurer; payable 3 years after date
and convertible into 5.20 U. 8. bonds.
$100, Compound-Interest Note, series of 1865; dated
May 15, 1865; issued under act June 30, 64;
payable 3 years after date. Vignette of Gea.
PENALTY FOR MUTILATING DU. 5S. COIN. 545
Washington. The words ‘‘ Compound-Interest
Treasury Note” appear on face printed in gold
letiers.
($1000. 7.30 Note. 8. B. Colby, Register; F. E. Spinner,
Treasurer. Dated June 15, 1865. A very dan-
gerous counterfeit.
@1000. 5.20 U.S. Coupon Bond ; consol ’67; 4th series ;
act Feb. 25, 62. Date May 1, 1862. .
$1600. U.S. Coupon Bond, 6’s of 1881. Acts of July 17
and August 5, 1861. Mature June 30, 1881.
Penalty for Mutilating WU. S. Coin.
We give below the law on this subject. Section 5459, Re-.
vised Statutes reads: ‘‘ Every person who fraudulently, by
any art, Way, or means, defaces, mutilates, impairs, dimin-
ishes, falsifies, scales, or lightens the gold or silver coins which
have been, or which may hereafter be, coined at the mints of
the United States, or any foreign gold or silver coins which
are by law made current or are in actual use and circulation
as money within the United States, shall be imprisoned not
ae than two years and fined not more than two thousand
oars.”
ISSUE AND REDEMPTION OF SILVER AND
' NECKEL.
Issue and Redemption of Fractional Silver Coins,
Issuzk OF F'RACTIONNAL SILVER Corns.
1. The Treasurer and Assistant Treasurers of the United
States will exchange Fractional Silver Coins in sums of twenty
dollars, or any multiple thereof, for lawful money of the
United States, on demand of any holder thereof.
2. The Treasurer will forward Fractional Silver Coins, at
the expense of the Government, in return for remittances of
Fractional Currency in sums of $500 or more.
8, The Treasnrer will forward Fractional Silver Coins, de-
ducting express charges at the rate of three mills per mile for
each $500 or multiple thereof—
I. Upon the receipt at this Office from any person of an origi-
nal (duplicate will not do) certificate issued by an Assistant
Treasurer or National Bank Depositary, that.a deposit of Cur-
rency has been made to the credit of the Treasurer in general
account. Deposits with the Assistant Treasurer in New York
may be made by checks payable to his order, forwarded di-
rectly to him, with instructions to deposit the amounts on ac-
count of Fractional Silver Coins, and to forward the certificates
therefor to the Treasurer.
546 ISSUE AND REDEMPTION OF MINOR COINS.
II. Upon the receipt at this Office of United States Notes or
National Bank Notes.
IIL. Upon the receipt and collection of a check on New
Ai payable to the order of the Treasurer of the United
ates.
REDEMPTION OF FRACTIONAL SILVER COINS:
1. The holder of any of the silver coins of the United States
of smaller denominations than one dollar may, on presentation
of the same in sums of twenty dollars, or any multiple thereof,
at the office of the Treasurer or any Assistant Treasurer of the
ceed States, receive therefor. lawful money of the United
tates.
2. The coins for exchange should be put up by denomina-
tions, and each package marked with the amount it contains.
No coins mutilated so as to be unfit for circulation will
be received. wie?
4, When the coins are forwarded to the Treasury by ex-
press, they should be addressed to the Treasurer U. &., Wash-
ington, D. C.
Issue and Redemption of Minor Coins,
Issuz oF Mrnor Corns.
1. The Minor Coins of the United States of the denomina-
tions of one cent, three cenis, and five cents, are issued and:
forwarded free of expense, upon application to the Superin-
tendent of the Mint at Philadelphia, for lawful money of the
United States in sums of $20, or multiples thereof. Remit-
tances may be made by post office money orders or sight drafts
to the order of said Superintendent, payable in New York or
Philadelphia. ¥
2. The Treasurer and Assistant Treasurers are authorized to
pay out, for United States Notes, any Minor Coins not needed
in the current business of their offices.
REDEMPTION OF Mrnor Corns.
1. Coins of copper, bronze, and copper nickel may be pre.
sented in sums of $20, or multiples thereof, assorted by de-
nominations and issues, at the Mint in Philadelphia, or to the
Treasurer or any Assistant Treasurer, for redemption in law-
ful money. |
2. A letter of advice should accompany the package, stating —
the amount and kind of coins, and the name of the owner.
3. Mutilated Minor Coins will not be redeemed or exchanged.
547
GOLD——-SILVER—MINOR COINAGE.
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548 HOW TO CONDUCT PUBLIC MEETINGS.
HOW TO ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT PUB:
LIC MEETINGS.
Every American believes that it is an inherent right in citi-
zens to meet, organize, and then discuss any subject that the
may deem fit to direct their attention to. To conduct suc
meetings so as to avoid confusion, and consequent disturb-
ance, there is an unwritten law which every sensible man is
willing to obey, and expects every other man to bow to.
These rules are not enforced by any statute, but are the wise
precedents worked out from time to time by our ancestors
either in the old world or in the new. The British Parliament
and the American Congress follow the same rules, with such
slight deviations as the different forms of government demand, -
It matters not whether the persons meet to form a church or:
elect a president, the first requirement for success is that all
should be done decently and in order. Any member can call
a meeting to order by nominating a temporary chairman, who,
if elected by an unquestioned majority, thanks the assembly, |
and asks what is their further order. Some one rises, and
nominates a permanent chairman, Upon his election, the tem-
porary chairman welcomes his successor to his seat. The
chairman then addresses the meeting, thanking them in a
speech, brief and to the purpose. No man should accept this
position unless he is at least tolerably versed in the duties of
his office. He should be sure in his decisions on points of
order, and firmly maintain his findings as suavely as possible,
but maintain them at all hazards. The meeting can now
either vote for a secretary or direct the chair to select a proper
person, The officers, having now the management of the
meeting, proceed to business in the following order: ‘The ob-
ject of the meeting is stated; resolutions are to be handed in;
votes taken on all motions duly seconded, and result stated;
members debating questions to be kept in order; to receive
communications, and have them read aloud; unless the meet-
ing does so, it is for the chair to name committees; and gener-
ally i act as the personification of the good sense of the as-
sembly.
The secretary records all transactions at chairman’s desire;
reads all papers; calls roll of members; reads record of pre-
vious meetings; calls the ‘‘yeas” and ‘‘nays;” notifies com-
mittees, and gives them needed papers; authenticates, at bid-
ding of chair, all official papers; attends to correspondence,
and makes reports.
A meeting is initiated by two or more people addressing g
HOW TO ORGANIZE PUBLIC MEETINGS. b49°
eircular, or by advertisement, stating object and asking attend-
ance of all interested, at certain place and date.
At the hour appointed the meeting is organized in the man-
ner already described. “When a motion is made and seconded,
debate is then in order. Usually the one presenting the reso-
lution speaks, explaining its object. The chairman will then
ive the floor to the first person who rises and catches his eye.
the first two or three speeches the speakers may be allowed
a little latitude ; but it is well, as soon as possible, to keep
them in the traces, and confine the debate pretty close to the
matter in hand. Always have a written resolution before the
meeting, so that everything may proceed ship-shape. The
chairman should scan the whole house, so that he may give
every one a chance to attract his eye, whether the persons are
near the platform or at a distance. In this, as in every other
action of life, the true rule is to do as you would like to be
done by. But it is not only the chatrman who has duties.
The audience has much to do with keeping order. After you
have appointed a presiding officer, do not attempt to do his
duty for him, by shouting ‘‘order,” ‘‘ order,” and thus mak-
ing confusion worse confounded. Where would a regiment
be if every private was to give the word of command? When
a person has the floor and proceeds to speak, it is to be remem-
bered that no one has a right to interrupt him, but by
appealing to the chair, and asking that the speaker be called
to order. On the other hand, no speaker is justified in making
personal allusion to or questioning the motives of any other
person in the meeting.~ Should any person so offend, the
chairman owes it to the dignity of the assemblage to instantly
call the offender to order, and insist that he be obeyed.
A caus is an assemblage of members of any political
party to adopt a course of action, or nominate a person for a
certain office. The proceedings, with slight variations, as in
the meeting already described.
Political conventions are composed of persons elected by
their party to nominate suitable persons to represent such
arty.
: anos every class of persons, religious, scientific, etc., hold
conventions, and the same rules apply to them ali, with minor
changes, that speak for themselves.
Resolutions may be presented either spoken or written—the
latter way is preferable. Simple motions are usually spoken,
as ‘‘ Mr. Chairman, I move that we take a recess for half an
hour,” or any similer motion. A resolution duly offered,
seconded and spoken to, can only be withdrawn by leave of
the meeting. If during the debate a motion to adjourn is
cairied, the resolution goes into the unfinished business de-
yea ae a
and the motion to simply adjourn, or te adjourn sine die, must
550 HOW TO ORGANIZE PUBLIC MERTINGS,
partment, and can only be further acted upon when it comes .
up in due course at a following meeting. I
Amendments may be proposed to add to the resolution, to
explain or to alter. Amendments cannot be introduced to
suit a whim ; they must have a plain bearing on the matter of
the resolution. The limit is reached at the second amend-
ment cr third proposition. An amendment can be offered to
strike out some terms and insert others. No proposition once
rejected can be offered again in different words. .
Division may mean to divide on a vote, or to divide a ques-
tion into two or more parts. A vote on a question being
given, the chairman says: ‘‘The ayes have it,” or ‘‘the
noes have it.” Any person can then call for a count. The
meeting itself decides what number can demand the yeas and
nays. A bare majority of both Houses of Congress make a
quorum for business. When appeal is taken from ruling of
chairman, if it is seconded, it may be debated. The chair-
man and any member may speak once on the subject. A Ras.
second appeal cannot be made until the first is settled. The ‘
chairman may call any one to preside, and go upon the floor .
to speak ; but this is only done on important matters. No
person has a right to speak twice on the same subject.
Privileged questions are the motion to adjourn, the motion to —
lie on the table, and the motion for the previous question, and
the motion to postpone. ,
Motions to reconsider are usually regulated by the sense of
the meeting. on
In legislative bodies the house is sometimes formed into the :
Oommitiee of the W hole, when much latitude is given to debate, adi:
formality is less observed, and bills are got into shape. this:
During a discussion any person may Faise the point, ‘‘no iM,
quorum present,” anda call of the house follows. No mem- ee
ber can come in, or leave, until the roll ig called andthe ques- =
tion decided. . oR ual
‘‘No more business before the meeting,” says the chairman,
be at once decided, without discussion. The announcement
must be formally made by the chairmaw, and that closes the
meeting. ;
«
HOW £0 ORGANIZE PUBLIC MEETINGS. 551
A FARMER’S CLUB.
In a Farmer’s Club, which has for its object social inter-
coure and the acquisition of knowledge, there need be few
arbitrary rules of order enforced, but, instead, the discussions
may be more or less conversational. But, as all business is
facilitated by good regulations, the officers of the club ought
to be armed with by-laws, and empowered to enforce their
provisions whenever necessary.
CONSTITUTION.
Art. 1.—This association shall be known as the Castana
Farmer’s Club. Its object shall be to promote a knowledge
of practical Farming and Gardening among its members and
the community, in connection with social enjoyments by the
Imembers and their families.
ART. 2.—The members of the club are those who frame this
constitution and conform to its requirements, and others who
Miay be invited to join ‘by the executive committee, all of
_ whom shall pay $00—annually in September (or monthly) into
the treasury.
Art, 3.—The officers of the Club shall be a President, a
Secretary, who shall be the Treasurer, and three members,
who, with the President and Secretary, shall constitute the
Executive Committee. The Secretary shall keep records of
transactions, and be custodian of the funds and other property
of the Club, being accountable at all times to the Executive
Committee, giving bonds, if required, and shall prepare and
present a full report to the Club at the annual meeting. The
Executive Committee, three members of which shall be a
quorum, shall have general charge of the interests of the Club
and the carrying out of its objects. It shall fill vacancies
among its officers, make rules, invite. new members to join,
regulate expenditures, manage exhibitions or fairs, publish
ofiers of prizes and the awards, be responsible for the welfare
a ne Club, and report at the annual meeting through its
erk.
Art. 4.—The meeting of the Club shall take place on the
first Tuesday of each month ; the meeting in January being
known as the ‘‘ Annual Meeting.”
Art. 5.—This Constitution may be amended by a vote of
two-thirds of the members present at any regular meeting,
notice having been given at the preceding regular meeting,
~
552 HOW TO ORGANIZE PUBLIC MEETINGS,
.
INSURANCE CLUB.
It is a wise practice in some social organizations, among the
industrial classes, to agree upon a mutual guaranty of help in
cases of sickness and decease. A portion of the Society dues
is set apart as a Benefit Fund, for members who are in need
of assistance and support. One form of benefit is presented
by a guaranty of the expenses of a deceased member’s funeral,
and the form of an insurance article to that effect, in the By-
Laws, may be as follows :
Sxc. 1. On the decease of any member of this Society in
good standing, each member shail pay one dollar and ten cents
to the Treasurer, who shall pay one dollar of the same to the
widow of the deceased member, or the nearest relative, and
any member failing to pay when notified, the same shall be
charged as dues ; and no member who shall be in arrears for
three months will be entitled to receive the above.
Szc. 2. All officers and members of the Society shall attend
the funeral of deceased members, and for non-attendance the
officers shall be fined $1.00, and the members shall be fined
25 cts. Officers shall wear at all funerals a white rosette, and
members 2 white ribbon, on the left lappel of their coats. The
funeral arrangements shall be under the charge of a marshal,
appointed by the President for that purpose.
Src. 3. There shall be elected a chaplain, whose duty shall
be to attend the funerals of the deceased members, and he may
adopt such services as he shall think proper. «
Szc. 4.—No member will lose his right in the above sec
tions, except at his own request, on his taking his cards ; but
he must keep at all times his residence registered in the books
of the Society, and for neglect of so doing, or failure to pa
his dollar and ten cents, after sixty days’ notice, his name shall
be dropped from the roll, and he shall cease to be a member of
the Insurance. The ten cents shall be held to pay expenses,
and the Treasurer shall, on the death of a member, report all
money collected, with the expense thereof.
HOW TO ORGANIZE PUBLIC MEETINGS. 558
BY-LAWS FOR A SOCIAL CLUB. \
ARTICLE I.
This Association shall be known as the Onawa Social Union. ©
ARTICLE Il.—OFFICERS.
_ Suc. 1. The Officers of the Union shall consist of a President,
Vice-President, Recording Secretary, Treasurer and Marshal,
who shall be elected at the first meeting in the month of
October, and shall hold office one year.
Src. 2. The President shall preside at all meetings, and in
his absence the Vice-President shall perform his duties,
Src. 8. The Secretary shall keep a true record of the pro-
seedings of the Union.
Src. 4. The Treasurer shall keep all property and moneys,
and hold the same to the order of the Union, and keep a book
with a correct account of all receipts and disbursements.
ses 5. The Marshal shall obey all official orders of the Pres-
ent.
ARTICLE IlI.—MEMBERSHIP.
Propositions for membership must be made in writing, and
presented at least one meeting prior to the time of election,
and a majority of all the votes, on the payment of one dollar
by the applicant, shall be necessary to admit to membership.
ARTICLE IV.—COMMITTEES.
Sc. 1. The President shall, with the consent of the Union,
apvoint a committee of five, to be known as the Executive
Committee, who shall hold office one year.
Sec. 2. The Executive Committee shall have charge of all
Excursions, Balls, Parties, and all amusements.
Suc. 3. The officers of the Union shall be members of the
Executive Committee. .
ARTICLE V.—ASSESSMENTS,
Src. 1. No Assessment shall at any one time exceed one
dollar.
Suc. 2. The name of any member failing to pay his assess-
ment within thirty days after having been notified by the
Treasurer, shall be dropped from the roll, and he shall cease
40 be a member.
Sxc. 8. The By-Laws shall not be altered or amended un-
less notice shall have been given of the same at least two
meetings previous, and then only by a two-third vote.
ABORIGINES OF NORTH AMERICA,
DISCOVERY AND DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA, |
ae " :
NAME. { PLACE, TIME
Chris. Columbus,| San Salvador, | 1492
pone & §. Cabot,| Labrador, 1497
Hee Cortereal Canada, 1501
once de Leon, | Florida, 1512
‘Juan Verrazani, Coast of N.C.} 1524
’ pLACE. %& |TIME
NAME.
Jacques Cartier, | Gulf of St. L.} 1534
Hernan. Cortes, |California, | 1536
Ferd. de Soto, Mississippi R} 1541
Sam. Champlain, |R.St. John, |1604
Henry Hudson, | Hudson Riv. | 1604
ABORIGINES OF NORTH AMERICA.
NAME OF TRIBE. RESIDENCE. NO.
Apaches ..:..-.. New Mexico -..7,300
Arapahoes ....-- Upper Platte R. 720
Arapahoes ....-- U.Arkansas R. 3,000
‘Arricarees ...... U.Missouri R. 1,080
'‘Assinaboines. -.. tg 3,280
‘Blackfeet ......- iy ‘* 2,080
Bloods Beka fs ‘* 2,400
BESPRLLOS Ses o's oo 3 veg Ras 0)
California Tribes, California. -. 33. 590
Camanches ..... ‘U. Arkansas R. 1,800
Cayugas,Senecas, New York...-.-.- "147
Cherokees ..... W Arkansas R.17,530
Cheyennes Sak Cie, U. Platte Riv. 1,800
BRS By ete His a trai U. Arkansas R.1,600
Chickasaws..-.-.. W.Arkansas R.4,787
Chippewas of Lake Superior,
Michigan, Wisconsin, and} 4,940
Minnesota,
Ch.of the Miss. ..Minnesota .- -..4,028
Ch. and Ottawas, Michigan ...-. 5,006
Ch. of Saginaw &
Swan Creek. - -Michigan ....- 1,629
Chippewas, with
Pottawatomies Michigan .... 247
Choctaws ....-. W.of Arkansas, 16,000
Christian, or
Munses .-..... ICA SaB sa eats 90
Creeks .......- W.of Arkansas,25,000
Crows! 2834 c0cee U. Missouri R. 3,900
Delawares .....-. Kansas. 200% 1,071
Gros Ventres .:.U. Missouri R. 1,000
TOWAS Coo i. Nebraska .... 291
Kansas Kaws, &c. Kansas ..-.-- TAL
' Kaskaskias, Weas
Peories; W. Mi-
amies,and Pian- Kansas .... 384
keshaws Tile ost
Kickapoos ..--.-. Kansas.-....2 1340
Kiaways.-...... U.Arkansas R. 1,800
Mandans ......- U.ArkansasR. 120
Menomonees....Wisconsin ... 1,724
Miamies ........ ndiama ...... 384
Missouris and Ot-
%OOS Es Nebraska .... 470
Minnecongonx ,,U.Missouri R. 1,280
Botale cee che ee
NAME OF TRIBE. RESIDENCE. NO.
Muhuache Utahs,New Mexico, 566
Navajoes & Mo-
QUIS 6o2 aes New Mexico. .15,000
Omahas 4c ou see Nebraska... 953
Onondagas ...-.- New York.... 422
Oneidas\ 257 . oe a
‘¢ with Onon- i
dagas Wee oe RN (74 6c eat 70
“” with Stock-
bridge, &c..--. Wisconsin ... 323
Oregon Tribés... Oregon....--- 13,000
Osages BNR Mi 5 WVis of Arkansas, 4, 098
Pawnees(4 bands)Nebraska -... 3,414
Primos Mescale-
96
TOS, GoGo acre: New Mexico. 400
POnCas alae Nebraska... 864
Pottawatomies,
with Kickapoos, Kansas......- 69
Do. of Huron....Michigan .--. 50
Do.at Agency pro. Kansas-..-.- 2,259
Preblos ste sew New Mexico. 10, 000.
Quapaws-.....-. W.of Arkansas, 314
Sacs_ and Foxes
(Miss jinueces ee Kansas .:.1.. 1,280
Sacs and Foxes
CMO y Se ee Nebraska --.-.-
Sans Arcs....... U.Missouri R. 1,600
Senecas kee ses New York ... 2,988
Do., with Shaw-
neeay ues don W.ofArkansas 159
Seminoles...... W.of Arkansas 2, 500
Shawnees ......- Kansas 30 525% 830
Sioux of the Miss. U. Missouri R. 8, ce
Sioux of the Mo..U.Platte R... 6, 000
Stockbridge, with
Munsees Se ey a Wisconsin ... 323
Tuscaroras...... New York..-. 305
Two Kettles ....U.Missouri R. 960
Utah Tribes... Utah. - 22222. 1,200
Utahs (N. Mex.),New Mexico, 2,500
Uncopapas ...... U.Missouri R. 2,680
Wash.'Ter.Tribes, Wash. Ter. _ 14, 000
Winnebagoes ...U.Missouri R. 2, 256
Wyandots 435
Yanctonnais(Mo.)U.MissouriR, 3,840
eel
‘ FIRST SETTLERS.— THE REVOLUTION. 555
EARLY SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
STATE. SETTLERS. TIME STATE. SETTLERS. TIME
Maine sso. English ....... 1625 || Mississippi....} French........ 1716
N. Hampshire. . Bee Nae cae 1623 |} Louisiana ..... Hear ce wea ee 1699
Vermont. .2).... RG crise. see LSet hi Mexase soo Spanish ....... 1697
Massachusetts .} Puritans .....- 1620 |} Arkansas ..... French so 042 1836
Rhode Island - . Bete See 1634 || Tennessee ....| Vir. & N. Car.,| 1765
Connecticut. .-. Pee ee om 1631 |} Kentucky..... Virginia ...... 177%
New York ..... Bs Us ee sep Sd 16141} Ohio Jo225. 52) Vir. & N. Eng.,| 1788
New Jersey. -.-.| Swedes ......- 1607 || Michigan ..... French... 2% 1670
Pennsylvania ..| English ......- 1631 || Indiana....... PU Pe tae 1730
Delaware ....-. Swedes .-.....: 1627 || Illinois. .....-. Odi ee wee 1749
Maryland ...... po ers Sr 2 1634 || Wisconsin -... red Atha aaeeals 1670
Virginia ....... English....... 1607 || Iowa...-.-.--- N. & E. States. | 1832
North Carolina.| English -..-.... 1650 || Minnesota ....| Fr. & States. ..| 1845
South Carolina. Nap ans fea 1689 || Missouri .....- Krench' 2 oie 1763
Georgia. . 222... btu NRPS Vet hse Californias: so All Nations ...} 1769
PIOVIGS yo. ss: Spanish ...., .-| 1580} Oregon. ..... jaa Stag Uh ..-1 1840
Alabama. 2.2... Brench. oi24! L713)|| Wansas) 2.5.22. Mass., Ct., Mo.,| 1854
TROOPS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
STATES. REG’L’S.| MILITIA. STATES. REG’L’S.| MILITIA.
New Hampshire ...| 12,496 2.093 || Delaware ......4.. Pee ly 376
Massachusetts -.... 68,007 |. 15,145 || Maryland ......... 13,912 4,127
Rhode Island ...... 5,093 4284 ib Virginia oo 22 oo 25,668 5,620
Connecticut......-.. 32,029 7,702 || North Carolina ... 7,263) | ieecece
Newyork oie cue: 18,331 3,304 || South Carolina.... GAL i ioc tos
New Jersey.--..--. 10,726 6,055 || Georgia .........2- POTS iL pean
Pennsylvania...... 25,322 | 7,327 || Tot’l Slave States. | 58,256 | 10,123
Total in Free States,| 172,819 | 45,910 |} Grand Total ...-... 231,075 56,033
BATTLES AND LOSSES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
BRIT. AMER. BRIT. AMER.
Lexington, April 19,1775, 273 84 | Red Hook, Oct. 22,1777, 500 32
Bunker Hill,June17,1775, 1,054 456 | Monmouth, June 25,1778, 400 130
Flatbush, Aug. 12,1776, 400 280 | R. Island, Aug. 27,1778, 260 114
White Pl’ns,Aug.26,1776, 400 400 | BriarCreek, Mar.30,1779, 13 400
Trenton, Dec. 25, 1776, 1,000 9 | Stony Pt., July 15,1779, 600 100
- Princeton, Jan. 5, 1777, 400 100 | Camden, Aug. 16, 1779, 375 ~=610
Hubbardstown, Aug.7, 77, 800 800 | King’s Mt., Oct.1,1780, 950 96
Bennington, Aug.16,1777, 800 100 | Cowpens, Jan. 17, 1781, 800 72
Brandywine,Sept.11,1777, 500 1,000 | Guilford, March 15,1781, 531 400
Stillwater, Sept. 17,1777, 600 350 | Hobkirk Hills, Ap.25,’81, 400 460
Germantown, Oct.5,1777, 600 1,250 | Eutaw Spr’gs, Sept.1781, 1,000 550
Saratoga, Oct.17,1777(sur) 5,752 .... | Yorkt’n, Oct., 1781 (sur.), 7,072 -..
Eat etn ere ee eae
556 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary fer one
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with
another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and
eqnal station to which the laws of Nature and Nature’s God entitle them,
a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should de-
clare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal;
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights;
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to
secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their
just powers from the consent of the governed: that whenever any form of
government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people
to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foun-
dation on such dapaire F and organizing its powers in such form as to
them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence,
indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed
for light and transient causes; and ago all experience hath shown
that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than
to right themselves, ie eases the forms to which they are accustomed.
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the
same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it
is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide
new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance
of these colonies, and such is now-the necessity which constrains them to
alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king
of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having
in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States.
To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world:
He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for
the public good.
He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be
obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to
them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre-
sentation in the legislature—a right inestimable to them, and formidable to
tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort-
able, and distant from the repository of the public records, for the sole
‘ purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time after such dissolution to cause others to
be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have
returned to the people at large for their exercise, the State remaining, in
the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and
convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that
purpose obstructing the laws of naturalization of foreigners; refusing to
pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions
of new appropriations of lands.
Heyhas obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to
laws for establishing judiciary powers.
He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their
offices and the amount and payment of their salaries.
}Ye has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of
officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance.
ile has, kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the
consent of our legislatures.
Me has affected to render the military independent of and superior te
the civil power.
ae. Y
;
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 55t
He has combined with others to ge a a us to a jurisdiction foreign te
our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent te
their acts of pretended legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them by a mock trial from punishment for any murders
which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing taxes on us without our consent:
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury:
For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences:
For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province,
establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries,
so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the
same absolute rule into these colonies:
For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
altering, fasdathentally. the forms of our government:
For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection,
and waging war against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and
destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at. this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to
complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, with
circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar.
barous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas,
to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages,
whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages,
sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in
the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only
by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every
act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them
of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured
them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations,
which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation,
and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace
friends.
We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of Ameriea, in
General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of
the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States;
that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all
political connection between them and tho State of Great Britain is, and
ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent States,
they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab-
lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States
may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm
reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge te
each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.
558 DEZLARATION OF INDEPBNDENCE.
SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
——— | S| | |
Allg
NAMES AND PLACE OF BIRTH. 5
John Hancock, Mass..-......- 1793)56
Josiah Bartlett, Mass........ 1795/65
William Whipple, Me ..--...- 1785/55
Matthew Thornton, Ireland. .|1803/89
Samuel Adams, Mass.--..-.-- 1803)81
John Adams, Mass .........- 1826/91
Robert Treat Paine, Mass. - .|1814/83
Elbridge Gerry, Mass. -...... 1814|70)
Stephen Hopkins, R. I-7-...-. 1785)78
Wiliam Ellery, R. I.--...... 1820/93
Roger Sherman, Mass ...-... 1793|72
Samuel Huntington, Conn. . . |1796|64
William Williams, Conn..... 1811/80
Oliver Wolcott, Conn-....... 1797) 71
William Floyd, N. Y........- 1821/87
Philip Livingston, N. Y...... 1776/62
Francis Lewis, England pea 1803]90
Lewis Morris, ac oh RRR A 1798}72
Richard Stockton, ENG eae oe ee 1781/51
John Witherspoon, Scotland - {1794/72
Francis Hopkinson, Pa.--..-.- 1791|54
DOUTHELArE WN. td tue L ew cleee Ley 1780166
Francis L. Lee, Va..-.......- 179763
Carter Braxton, Va-.-..--... 1797/61
William Hooper, Mass ..-..- 1790/48
Joseph Hewes, N.J..-..----- 1779|49
John Penn, Warauhe ee woe 178847
\Edward Rutledge, SOs 1800/51
ESE SEEN CORE RIE RAIL GO
Abraham Clarke, N.J....... 1794/68
Robert Morris, England..... 1806)73
Benjamin Rush, Pa.......... 1813/68
Benjamin Franklin, Mass. .../1790/84
John Morton, Pa ..-.22..5-.. 1777/53
George Clymer, Pa..-.....-- 1813)74
James Smith, Ireland........ 1806|86
George Taylor, Ireland -2 2.2. 1781/65
James Wilson, Scotland ...~.}1798/56
George Ross, Del..... --+----{1780)50
Caesar Rodney, Del --...... = -|1783)53
George Reed, Md.....- Py Poe? .|1798|64
Thomas McKean, Pa ....-2..{1817/83
Samuel Chase, Md.-..........1811/70
William Paca, Md: ... ccc re ese rooiee
Thomas Stone, Md... eee eae
Charles Carroll, Mado ca. ceeems 1832/95
George Wythe, Va..........- 1800|74
Richard . Lee, Vidoes Nee 1794/62
Thomas J efferson, WVaricetne 1826/83
Benjamin Harrison, Veer 1797/55
Thomas Nelson, Va---..-..-- 1789}51
Thomas Heyward, jr., S.C ... {180963
Thomas Lynch, 8. C .....-... 1777|30
Arthur Middleton, S.C svsees 1788}45
Button Gwinnet, England {1777/45
Lyman Hall, Connicescge bes 1784|63
George Walton, Va.........- 1804/64
PRESIDENTS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS,
Peyton Randolph, Virginia-.... 1774
Henry Middleton, S. Carolina. ..1774
Peyton Randolph, Virginia.---. 1775
John Hancock, Massachusetts. .1776
Henry Laurens, S. Carolina. .... 1777
John Jay, New York.--........ 1778
Samuel Huntington, Conn.-...-. 1779
John Hanson, Maryland........1781
Elias Boudinot, New Jersey. ...1782
Thomas Mifflin, Pennsylvania. .1783
Richard Henry Lee, Virginia. ..1784
Nathaniel Gorham, Mass....... 1786
Arthur St. Clair, Pennsylvania.1787
Cyrus Griffin, Virginia eovecvecsh ion
Thomas McKean, Delaware...... 1781
”
ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION.
The Articles of Confederation were adopted November 15, 1777, and.
were ratified by all the States March 1, 1781.
agreed upon September 17, 1787, which was adopted March 4, 1789,
A form of Constitution was
GONSTITUTION Of THH UNITED STATES 659
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES,
PREAMBLE.
WE, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com-
mon defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of
liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Consti-
tution for the United States of America. :
ARTICLE TI.
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.
Section I.— All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House
of Representatives.
SECTION IIl.—1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of
members chosen ‘every second year by the people of the several States;
and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for
electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.
2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the
age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in
which he shall be chosen.
3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev-
eral States which may be included within this Union, according to their
respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole
number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of
ears, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. .
he aetual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first
meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent
term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. ‘The number
of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each
State shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration
shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose
three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania,
eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five;
South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three.
4. When vacancies happen _in the representation from any State, the
executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such va-
' Gancies.
5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other
officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
Section I11.—1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of
two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof for six
years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The
seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of
the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year,
and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third
may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation
or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive
thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the
legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.
3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of
thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who
Abe not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall
chosen. :
4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the
Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided.
5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro
tempore in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the
office of President of the United States,
560 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
_6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When tho
President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: and
no person shall be convicted without the eoncurrence of two thirds of the
members present,
7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of
honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and
punishment, according to law.
Secsion IV.—1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for
Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the
legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or
alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.
2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and suck
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
law appoint a different day.
SECTION V.—1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns,
and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall consti-
tute a quorum to do business; but a smallernumber may adjourn from day
to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members,
jn such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.
2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two thirds,
expel a member. :
3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
time publish the same, peeud hrey such parts as may in their judgment
require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on
any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered
on the journal.
4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.
SEcTION VI.—1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a com-
pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the
treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason,
felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their
attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and
returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house
they shall not be questioned in any other pla e.
2. No Senator or Representative shall, ¢ ie the time for which he was
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United
States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall
have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office
under the United States shall be a member of either house during his con-
tinuance in office. ‘
Section VIL.—1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the
House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with
amendments, as on other bills.
2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
the Senate, shall, before it become adaw, be presented to the President of
the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; butif not, he shall return
it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated; who
shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to recon-
sider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall agree
to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other
house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two
thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes
of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the
persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of
each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President
within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 564
him: the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless
the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it
shall not be a law.
3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a ques-
tion of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United
States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him;
or being perproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate
and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations pre-
scribed in the case of a bill. -
Section VIII.— The Congress shall have power— i
1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; to pay the debts,
and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United
States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout
the United States:
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States:
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
States, and with the Indian tribes:
4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the
subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States:
5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and to
fix the standard of weights and measures: :
6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
current coin of the United States:
7. To establish post-oflfices and post-roads:
8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for
limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respec-
tive writings and discoveries:
9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court:
10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high
seas, and offences against the law of nations:
il. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
concerning captures on land and water:
12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that
use shall be for a longer term than two years:
13. To provide and maintain a navy:
14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and
naval forces:
15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions:
16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and
for governing such parts of them as may be employed in the service of the
United States; reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the
officers and the authority of training the militia according to the diszipline
prescribed by Congress: ;
17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular
States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of
the United States; and to exercise like authority over all places purchased,
by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be,
for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful
buildings :—and
18. TS make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department
or officer thereof.
Section [X.—1. The immigration or importation of such persons as any
of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro-
hibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and
eight; but a tax, or duty may be imposed, og such importation not exceeding
ten dollars for each person,
’
562 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
--unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may
require it.
3. No bill of attainder or ex vost facto law shall be passed.
4, No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to
the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.
5, No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No
preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the
ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from
one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.
6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from
time to time.
7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no
person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the
consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any
kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. '
SECTION X.—1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confed-
eration; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of
credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of
debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the
obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility. ;
2. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or
duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for
executing its inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts
laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury
of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and
control of Congress.
3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage,
keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or
compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, un-
less actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
ARTICLE II. ’
THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.
SrcTION I.—1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the
United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four
years; and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be
elected as follows: Bh
2, Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof :
may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators
and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Congress: but
no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit!
under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. t
3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot
for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same
State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted
for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shail sign and
certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United
States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate
shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all
the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having
the greatest number of votes shall be President, if such number be a ma-
jority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than
one who have such a majority, and have an equal number of votes, then
the House of Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of
‘ them for President; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five
highest on the list, the said House shall, in like manner, choose a President. ~
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the rep- |
resentation frou each State having one vote: a quorum for this purpose
shall consist of a 2ember or members from two thirds of the States, anda
majority of all the States shall be necessary te a choice, In every case,
\
Wier
~
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 56%
after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number
of votes of the eleetors shal! be Vice-President. But if there should remain
two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by
ballot, the Vice-President.
4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the eleetors, and
the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same
throughout the United States.
5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible te
the office of President: neither shall any person be eligible to that oflice
who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been four-
teen years a resident within the United States. ‘
6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said
office, the same shall devolvo-on the Vice-President; and the Congress may,
by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability,
both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then
act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability
be removed, or a President shall be elected. ‘
7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com-
pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the
period for which he shall have been eiected; and he shall not receive within
that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.
8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol-
lowing oath cor affirmation:
“fT do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office
of President of the United States: and will, to the best of my ability, pre-
serve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.”
SECTION I1.—1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army
and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when
called into the actual service of the United States. He may require the
opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive depart-
ments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices;
and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against
the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and
he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
shall appoint ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls, judges
of the Supreme Court, and ali other officers of the United States whose
appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be
established by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment
of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the President alone, in the
courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen
during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall
expire at the end of their next session.
SECTION ITT.— He shall, from time to time, give to Congress information
of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such meas-
ures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary
occasions, convene: both houses, or either of them; and in case of disagree-
ment between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may ad-
journ them to such time as he shall think proper. He shall receive ambas-
sadors and other public ministers. He shall take care that the laws be
faithfully executed; and shall commission all officers of the United States.
SECTION IV.— Tho President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for. and con-
viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
ARTICLE Ii.
THE JUDICIAL. DEPARTMENT.
Section I.— The judicial power of the United States shall be vested ig
one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts ag Congress may, from time
/
564 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior —
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at stated
times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be dimin-
ished during their continuance in office.
Section IJ.—1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and
equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and
treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases
affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United
States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; be-
tween a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different
States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of
different States; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, foreign
states, citizens, or subjects.
2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, ether public ministers, and consuls, —
and those in which a State shall b- a party, the Supreme Cours shall have
original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme
Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both asto law and fact, with such ©
exceptions and under such regulations as Congress sha)! make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be b
jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shali
Maas been committ ad; but when not committed within any State, the trial
shall be at such place or places as Congress may. by law have directed.
SecTION ITI.—1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in
levying war against them, or in adbering to their enemies, giving them aid
and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testi.
mony of tavo witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court,
2. Congress shall have power to deelare the punishment of treason; but
no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except
during the life of the person attainted.
ARTICLE IV.
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.
Section I.—Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the
atta acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State; and
ongress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts,
records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. .
SEcTION Ii.—1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.
2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,
who shall fiee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand
of the executive authority of the State from which he fied, be delivered up,
to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.
3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof,
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein,
be discharged from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up on
claim of the party to whom such service or !abor may be due.
SECTION IIT.—1. New States may be admitted by Congress into this
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction
of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more
States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the
States concerned, as well as of Congress.
2. Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules
and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the
United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to
rejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State.
SEcTION LV.— The United States shall guarantee to every State in this —
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them
.Against invasion: and, on application of the legislature, or of the executive
(when the legislature can not be convened), against domestic violence.
ARTICLE ¥.
The Congress, whenever two thirds ef both houses shall deem it neces.
gary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution ; or, on the application
* CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 665
of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a conven-
tion for Breen ne amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid, to all
intents and purposes, as parts of this Constitution, when ratified by the
legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by conventions in
three fourths thereof, as the one er the other mode of ratification may be
proposed by Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made
prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner
affect the first and, fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article;
and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage
in the Senate.
ARTICLE VI.
1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adop-
jtion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under
this Constitution as under the Confederation.
2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made,
under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the
land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the
constitution or laws of any State to’ the contrary notwithstanding.
3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members
of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial ofticers, both
_of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or
affamation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be
required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United
States.
ARTICLE VII.
The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for
the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the
same.
Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand
seven hundred and giciat aaron and of the Independence of the United
States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto
subscribed our names.
GEORGE W ASHINGTON,
President, and Deputy from Virginia.
Amendments to the Constitution of the United States.
ARTICLE I.—Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom
of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,
and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
ARTICLE Il.— A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be
infringed. ‘
ARTICLE III.—No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any
house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a man-
ner to be prescribed by law.
“ARTICLE IV.— Tho right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,
shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause,
supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to
be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
ARTICLE V.— No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on a presertment or indictment of a grand jury,
except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when
in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be
subject for the same offence to be put twice in jeopardy of life or limb; nor
shall be compelled in any criminal case to be witness against himself; nor
be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor
shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.
ARTICLE Vien all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the
566 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
tight to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and
district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall
have been previously ascertained by law; and to be informed of the nature
and cause of the aceusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against
him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and
to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.
ARTICLE VII.—In suits at common law, where the yalue in controversy
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved;
and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of
the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
ARTICLE VIII.— Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
ARTICLE [X.— The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
ARTICLE X.—The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
respectively, or to the people. f
ARTICLE XI.—The judicial power of the United States shall not be con-
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted
‘against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens
or subjects of any foreign state.
ARTICLE XII.—1. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and
vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least,
shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. They shall
name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct bal-
lots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct
lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as
Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each; which lists they shall
sign and eertify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the
United States, direeted to the President of the Senate. The President of
the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representa-
tives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The
alee i having the greatest number of votes for.President shall be the
resident, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors
appointed: and if no person have such majority, then from the persons
having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted
for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately,
by ballot, the President. But,in choosing the President, the votes shall
be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote: a
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two
thirds of the States, and a majority.of all the States shall be necessary to a
choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President,
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth
day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President,
as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. —
2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President
shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole
number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then frem
the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-
President. A quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the
whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be
necessary to a choice.
3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall
be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
ARTICLE XTIT.— Section I.— Neither slavery nor inyoluntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
jurisdiction.
SECTION II.— Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro-
priate legislation.
ARTICLE XTV.—SEcTION T.— All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United
he
fae tek
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FLAG. 567
| States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce
any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the ~
United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
reperty, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
SECTION II.— Representatives shall be apportioned among the several
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number
of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right
to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-
President of the United States, Represéntatives in Congress, the executive
and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is
denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years
of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except
for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation
therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male
citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years
of age in such State.
SEcTION LII.—No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress,
or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any oftice, ciyil or mili-
tary, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously ~
taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an oflicer of the United States,
or as 2 member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer
of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or com-
fort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two thirds of
each house, remove such disability.
Section 1V.— The validity of the public debt of the United States, au-
thorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and
bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be
questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or
pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any
ag but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and
void, ut
SECTION V.— The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate
legislation, the provisions of this Article.
ARTICLE XV.—SEcTION I.— The right of citizens of the United States
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any
State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section I1.—'The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by
appropriate legislation.
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FLAG.
THE idea of Standards originated with the Egyptians, at an early age.
The Crusaders added the cross to their banners. The union of the three
crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick, marks, first the union
of England and Scotland, into the Kingdom of Great Britain; and then,
his Kingdom with Ireland. This is termed the Great Union Flag of Great
ritain, and was brorttght by the colonists to America. When the thirteen
colonies began to feel the pressure of British rule, they placed upon their
banners a rattlesnake, cut in thirteen pieces, representing the thirteen
colonies, with the motto, ‘‘ Join, or die.’”” When these colonies became more
united in their purposes of resistance to British tyranny, they placed upon
their flag a well-formed rattlesnake, in the attitude of about to strike, with
the motto, ‘' Don’t tread on me.”’
Dr. Franklin, seeing this emblem on one of the drums of that day, writes
as follows: “On inquiry, and from study, I learned that the ancients con-
sidered the serpent an emblem of wisdom; and, in some attitudes, of endless
duration. Also, that countries are often represented by animals peculiar
to that country, Tho ratilesnake is found nowhere but in America. Her
Mee a!
BRS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FLAG.
eye is exceedingly bright, and without eyelids,—emblem of vigilance. She
never begins an attack, and she never surrenders,— emblem of magnanimity
and courage. She never wounds even her enemies, till she generously gives
them warning not to tread on her,—which is emblematical of the spirit of
the people who inhabit her country. She appears apparently weak and
defenceless, but her weapons are nevertheless formidable. Her poison is
the necessary means for the digestion of her food, but certain destruction
to her enemies,— showing the power of American resources. Her thirteen
rattles, the only part which increases in number, are distinct from each
other, and yet so united that they can not be disconnected without breaking
them to pieces,— showing the impossibility of an American Republic with-
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Public Debt of the United States, From 1391 to 1883.
1791...... $15,463,476 62 | 1824....... $90,269,777 77
1799. 00% . 17,227,924 66 | 1825...... 83,788,432 71
1793...... 80,352,634 04 |1826...... 81,054,959 99
1704604, . 78,427,404 77 | 1827...... 73,987,357 20
1795...... 80,747,587 39 | 1828...... 67,475,043 87
4798. 08 83,762,172 O7 | 1829...... 58,421,413 67
1797...... 82,064,479 33 | 1830...... 48,565,406 50
1798......° 79,228,529 12 | 1831...... 39,198,191 68
1799...... 73,403,669 77 | 1832...... 24,329,935 18
TRIO nig 82,976,294 35 | 1833...... 7,001,698 83
Ee 1) Oe 83,038,050 8) | 1834..... . 4,760,082 03
1802...... 86,712,632 25 | 1835...... 37,513 05
ht ee 77,054,686 30 | 1836...... 236,957 83
FEY a a 86,427,120 88 | 1837...... 3,308,124 07
TBG8 Spe <7 82,312,150 50 | 1838...... 10,434,221 14
1803..... .. 75,723,270 66 | 1839...... 3,573,343 82
1807...... 69,218,398 64 | 1840...... 5,250,875 54
1808." 2’. 65,196,317 97 | 1841. 13,594,480 73
1809...... 57,023,192 09 | 1842...... 90,601,226 28
1810...... 53,173 237 52 | 1843...... 32,742,922 00
1811.1... 48,905,587 76 | 1844...... 93,461,652 50
1812...... 45,209,737 90 | 1845...... 15,925,303 01
1813032, 55,962,827 57 | 1846.....3 ~ 15,550,202 97
Isle Asie 81,487,846 24 | 1847...... 38.826 534 77
$8350 00, 99,833,660 15 | 1848...... 47,044,862 23
1826...... 127,334,933 74 | 1849...... 63,031,858 69
1817...... 123,491,965 16 | 1850...... 63,452,773 55
PERE ey 103,466,633 83 | 1851...... 68 304,796 02
THO: . 95,529,648 28 | 1852...... 66,199,341 71
1820... . . 91,015,566 15 | 1853...... 59,803,117 70
1821 ,..... 89,987,427 66} 1854...... 42949 999 49
1822,..... 93,546,676 98'| 1855...... 35,586,858 56
1893...... 90,875,877 28 | 1856...... 31,972,537 90
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58,496,837 88
65,842,287 88
90,580,873 72
521,176,412 13
..WA1,119,772,138 63
1,815.784,370 67
wae 62,080,647,869 74
2,173,236 173 69
2,678,126,103 87
2 611,687,851 19
9.,588,452,213 94
9 480,672,427 81
-2 353,211,332 32
2,253.251,328 78
2.934. 482,993 20
251,690,468 43
.2,932,984 531 95
2,180,395,067 15
2,205,301,392 10
.2,256, 205,892 53
2,245 495,072 04
2,120,415.370 63
-2,069.013,569 58
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vee 0,884,171, 728 07
Anmatunt of Paper Money in the United States.
DENOMINATIONS,
National
bank notes.
Dollars.
ONES ...0 cc cececcseseces ed svin vacates 573,768
TWOS..sseseses Duda eee ABR rhe eseae 353, 232
DSU VEM sicldiud ais e's s.clec'e.ejeie as 91,523,205
PLOVS ios slew Staal ete Shavah ehtaiare ey ante aves ae 118 317,310
Twenties..... ad ee sinlotig sts SUN ere 83.084 160
BULGES bigs las ce dinls sie o's elgins(s prvi ay 23 265,300
One-hundreds,....+.--++eeeeee 32,559,700
Five-hundreds........... 0 ceeseee 898,000
One-thousands............-eereeee 185 000
Wive-tHOUSaNds (evs. seccc fearisnee aliens ss ye
ARTA EE URTATA CE She 252i c''.\6.'s oo! sa agen inte sreiseaoiae si ois salar
Unredeemed fragments of Nat-
ional Bank Notes..:.......- «s+. 19,761
Deduct for Legal Sender Notes
destroyed in Chicago fire......-.].-+.5.6.
Totals.
eoeee
wee etererrs er eee reese
850,779,436
1883.
Legal ten-
der notes
Doliars,
30,211 497
27,156,964
72,994,415
70,958 096
59.298 309
23 012,845
33,431,890
14,997,500
15,244 500
255,000
120,000
se eeeeeserees
—1,000 000
346 681 0°6
Total.
Dollars
30,785.265
27 610,196
164,517,620
1:9,275 406
142 332,469
46 278 145
65,991,590
15,895,500
15,429,500
255.000
120,000
19,761
—1,000,000
697.460,452
Lf SPT BE TAREE RO TSE SESE BE EFPIA TE PON RITCHEY SEY NLT OTS ORT EADS.)
The printing of one and two dollar notes was discontinued Nov. 1, 1873.
ra
574 _ POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.
‘AREA AND POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES
States and Tensitaries fren io
Alabama. as. cae. Myeh 50,722
WA TIZOU A cadisn'cl aa ee clas 113,916
Arkansas ...... aaeek 52,198
BEN Tn Cay a ob Wa RS aR RD 188,981
Colorado..... Suede 104,500
Connecticut.........- 4,750
Dakotavere ees 150,932
Delaware ...........- 2,120
District of Columbia - 64
IONIC Bie Seo. 59,268
WPOOTTIB cdewateenceue 58,000
OAM OCS EOC See ee eee 86,294
iD Hoisy es Se 55,410
A Sess Ney aes ae ayia OLS 33,809
OWA tem ee ila Came seh 55,045
WONSAS aia Was Lee 81,318
Kentucky..........-- 37,680
PW OUISIANS sos Dow ie bi 41,346
VES ITIO (Ce ret) oa 35,000
Moryiand ...-......-- 11,124
Massachusetts ......- 7,800
Michigan |i... 22 ate 56,451
Minnesota ....-.....- * 83,531
Mississippi ....-....- 47,156
WHSSOUTE! ooecl coe oboe 65,530
MONTANA casce sete 143,776
Nebraska............ 75,995
CCL eV MESO ag ap UNH 112,090
New Hampshire ..... 9,280
Now Jersey---.....-- 8,320
New Mexico......-.-- 121,201
INGW oY OP ico Gast 47,000
North Carolina ...... 50,704
Oh See eos 39,960
Oregon encoseasy seas 95,274
Pennsylvania .......- 46,000
Rhode Island .......- 1,306
South Carolina....... 34,000
Tennessee .........-- 45,600
Mera s ec a ees hes 274,356
PUR Sie ek hn ee 84,476
WOrmMOoNnb. ec ese eee 10,212
PAR RUNIS 9/5), 0'.nes ea 38,348
Washington ....... re 69,994
‘West Virginia ....... 23,000
Wisconsin ....... gata 53,924
WyOMING 20. oC. 97,883
1790.
enacee
eeseses
141,885
184,139
340,120
393,751
~ 68,825
Grand Totals ......| 2,965,644 | 3,929,214
1800.
151,719
3411548
422845
evens
183,858
211,149
589,051
478,103
45,365
602,365
69,122
345,591
105,602
154,465
880,200
1810.
406,511
716,556
2287705
380,546
472,040
4, 762
214,460
245,562
959,049
555,500
230,760
810,091
76,931
415,115
261,727
217,895
974,600
7,239,881
‘1820.
erecee
55,162
75,448
1,372,111
638,829
581,295
235,966
1,065,116
—_——————$ |__| | |
5,308,483
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 575
_ AT EACH CENSUS FROM 1790 TO 1880
* Deemenes
States and’ ;
Territories. | 1830. | 1840. | 1850. | 1860. | 1870. 1880.
se T Ao AS SERA pe) Toa. alll wide tS
Alabama. .....- 309,527) 590,756} 771,623] 964,201 oe vivid
A TAOT ete tees Na ile alae! Hr | oan cain [hy Mholareretenys piri ter aaa an 85 ;
Arkansas .....- 30,388} 97,574) 209,897} 435,450] 484,471} 802,564
OP Flop 1h 2 eas BA pee 92,597| 379,994] 560,247] 864,686
we TE fy Pegs Ta aS Si ee ae ar hae sake 34,277] 39,864] 194,649
Set hana de -.-| 297,675} 309,978] 370,792] 460,147 shibea Leet
CMM at Obes ed a eos Sa SP VA ok ow Geo Ate 4,837 : :
Delaware ...... 76,748} 78,085} 91,532} 112,216} 125,015) 146,654
Dist. Columbia. 39,834} 43,712} 51,687) 75,080} 131,700] 177,638
Piorida 2.2. se5 34,730] 54,477) 87,445] 140,424) 187,748] 267,351
ee Pome Sos 516,823] 691,392}. 906,185) 1,057,286 abe: nop le
CAE 0 pth Ra Uaink PEEL TANG guia ated 1 Ina Sipe ADB CES UR, tar 14, :
Illinois........- 157,445] 476,183] $51,470] 1,711,951] 2,539,891) 3,078,769
Indiana........ 343,031] 685,866] 988,416] 1,350,428} 1,680,637] 1,978,362
TO WS rere tabs: Phd Sonne. 43,112] 192,214) 674,913} 1,194,020] 1,624,620
MC AUBU Meer Mee eb tlh ong Wows tau ore eae 107,206] 364,399] 955,966
Kentucky.....- 687,917] 779,828} 982,405] 1,155,684] 1,321,011] 1,648,708
Louisiana.....- 215,739] 352,411} 517,762} 708,002) 726,915} 940,103
Maine) ee. 2 399,455} 501,793] 583,169} 628,279} 626,915] 648,945
Maryland .....- 447,040} 470,019} 583,034] 687,049] 780,894] 934,632
Massachusetts-| 610,408} 737,699) 994,514) 1,231,066] 1,457,351} 1,783,012
Michigan .....- 31,639} 212,267; 397,654] 749,113] 1,184,059] 1,636,331
AMIOBOLA Sos 10) wvebie cel. eeecces 6,077} 172,023! 439,706} 780,806
Mississippi -...| 136,621] 375,651] 606,526) 791,305) — 827,922| 1,131,592
Missouri......- 140,455} 383,702} 682,044] 1,182,012] 1,721,295] 2,168,804
MODTARY< bacee cl haese'cns AE Hite. yal oil Pal be ta Ue at 20,595 39,157
i ar PAL egy gy ni a ty OA AA 28,841 says eae
GUetrees vest deca asap ta yes ade wake ahs 6,857 42, 22
NewHampshire|] 269,328} 284,574] 317,976] 326,073] 318,300] 346,984
New Jersey.-.-} 320,823} 373,306] 489,555) 672,035} 906,096] 1,130,983
. New Mexico..-| ~....-.- qa at 61,547] 93,516] 91,874] 118,430
New York ....- 1,918,608] 2,428,921] 3,097,394] 3,880,735} 4,382,759] 5,083,810
NorthCarolina.| 737,987) 753,419] 869,039} 992,622] 1,071,361] 1,400,047
6) ye -----} 937,903] 1,519,467] 1,980,329] 2,339,511) 2,665,260} 3,198,239
he at Ce and Fae UaNng Ue INEMe Mm Ole 13,294] 52,465} 90,923] 174,767
Pennsylvania ..| 1,348,233} 1,724,033] 2,311,786] 2,906,215) 3,521,951] 4,282,786
Rhode Island -. 97,199} 108,830} 147,545] 174,620} 217,353) 276,528
South Carolina.| 581,185] 594,398] 668,507] 703,708] 705,606} 995,622
Tennessee ..--- 681,904] 829,210} 1,002,717] 1,109,801| 1,258,520] 1,542,463
eee taut thesis ow: meade 212,592} 604,215] 818,579] 1,592,574
VT RIS SE TRORCRS FS Boeene pote) Rinese ates 11,380} 40,273) 86,786] 143,906
Vermont.....-- 280,652} 291,948} 314,120} 315,098] 330,551] 332,286
Virginia ...-..- 1,211,405) 1,239,797) 1,421,661} 1,596.318} 1,225,163] 1,512,806
MP ASHINMtOM 2: | i, aves) 4 weeeees wee aalas 1594) 23,955, 75,120
SATEEN RS Ly |e agen Valor | 442,014. 618,443
Wisconsin ..... eyed 30,945} 305,391] 775,881! 1,054,670] 1,815,480
Wyoming ..... doves acl WARMER OS DM Od eue oe Dee 9,118 20,788
Grand Totals . .|12,866,020/17,069,453| 23,191,876) 31,443,321 /38,558,371| 50,162,866
PUBLIC DEBT ‘OF THE UNITED STATES.
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578 POPULATION OF o1TIE“S OF 10,000 anp UPWARDS.
Population of the Towns and Cities of the United States
having a Population of 10,000 and upward, according
to the United States Census of 1880.
\ —e
Akron, Oiesres Soe case ewer ee oak
AIDANY ING Vacesice kocsis wince
Alexandria, Va......ccecs.ees s
Allecheny, Pass (ccc sctece
ATIONtOWN, Paiicsalscccceetewwics
Amsterdam, N. Y......... Arai
TACCHISON, | EOS, ol edi cle Gets aieltiee
SALLOONG WEG: 65, S00) cis 2c dies |- 2-520 41,824,000)... eee
Montana .....- 92,016,640] 143,776 147| 624,694) 10,543,827) 81,472,813
Nebraska ..... 48,636,200} 75,995) 72,240) 630,164; 39,936,807 8,699,993
Nevada ....... 71,737,741] 112,090} 96,147) 188,656) 11,538,890} 60,198,710
New Mexico ..| 77,568,640} 121,201 9,701} 541,429) 8,471,880} 69,096,760
1 OR 25,576,960| 39,964|........]..-..2-. 25,576,960) 00 NG
Oregon.....-.. 60,975,360] 95,274! 592,556] 611,490] 21,127,862] 39,847,498
rat 54,065,075} 84,476] 322,624] 263,227] 8,960,385] 45,104,255
‘Washington. ..| 44,796,160} 69,994) 679,661) 573,317) 13,821,545) 30,974,615
Wisconsin ....| 34,511,360} 53,924)........|........ $4,511,260) sssrca dunce
Wyoming..... 62,645,120} 97,883] 234,705] 135,281) 8,101,049] 54,544,071
Total...... 1,814,769,656/2 835,578 \° 697,727/8 041,012|724 311,477) * 720,931,571
* Or, adding Alaska, 1,090,461,171 acres,
§82 PUBLIO LANDS OF THE UNITED STATES.
PUBLIC LANDS OF THE UNITED STATES,
THE public lands of the United States which are still undisposed of and
open to settlement lie in nineteen States and eight Territories. In each
case,—except Ohio, Indiana, and Blinois,—land offices are established, in
charge of an officer known as Register of the Land Office, where the records
of all: surveyed lands are kept, and all applications concerning lands in each
district are filed and inquiries answered. ‘The public lands are divided into
two great classes. The one class has a dollar and a quarter an acre desig-
nated as the minimum price, and the other two dollars and a half an acre.
Titles to these lands may be acquired by private entry or location under
the homestead, pre-emption, and timber-culture laws; or, as to some classes,
by purchase for cash, in the case of lands which may be purchased at pri-
vate sale, or such as have not been reserved under any law. Such tracts
are sold on application to the Land Register, who issues a certificate of pur-
chase, the Receiver giving a receipt for the money paid, subject to the issue
of a patent, or complete title, if the proceedings are found regular, by the
Commissioner of the General Land Office at Washington.
Entries under land warrants (given mostly for military services, under
acts of Congress,) have fallen off very largely by the absorption of such
warrants, there having been no military bounty land warrants provided for
on account of services in the late civil war.
Entries under the pre-emptien law are restricted to heads of families, or
citizens over twenty-one, who may settle upon any quarter-section (or 160
acres), and have the right of prior claim to purchase, on complying with.
certain regulations.
The homestead laws give the right to one hundred and sixty acres of a
dollar and a quarter lands, or to eighty acres of two dollar and a half lands,
to any citizen or applicant for citizenship over twenty-one who will actually
settle upon and cultivate the land. This privilege extends only to the sur-
veyed lands, and the title is perfected by the issue of a patent after five
years of actual settlement. The only charges in the case of homestead
entries are fees and commissions, varying from a minimum of $7 to a max-
imum of $22 for the whole tract entered, according to the size, value, or
place of record.
Another large class of free entries of public lands is that provided for
under the timber-culture acts of 1873-78. The purpose of these laws is to
promote the growth of forest trees on the public lands. They give the right
to any settler who has cultivated for two years as much as five acres In
trees, to an eighty-acré homestead; or if ten acres, to a homestead of one
hundred and sixty acres; and a free patent for his land is given him at the
end of three years, instead of five. The limitation of the homestead laws
to one hundred and sixty acres for each settler is extended in the case of
timber-culture, so as to grant as many quarter-sections of one hundred and
sixty acres each as have been improved by the culture for ten years of forty
acres of timber thereon, but the quarter-sections must not lie pevieer Oar
Rep nenous. The following is the complete list of United States lan
olices :—
Aiabama.— Mobile, Huntsville, Montgomery.
Arkansas.— Little Rock, Camden, Harrison, Dardanelle.
Arizona Territory.— Prescott, Florence.
Oalifornia.—San Francisco, Marysville, Humboldt, Stockton, Visalia,,
Sacramento, Los Angelos, Shasta, Susanville, Bodie. weis
ny ee City, Fair Play, Central City, Pueblo, Del Norte,’
ake City.
Dakota Territory.—Sioux Falls, Springfield, Fargo, Yankton, Bismarck,
Deadwood.
Florida.— Gainesville.
Idaho Territory.— Boise City, Lewiston.
qs Ads rae weal Ind a Wichita, Kirwin, C el
ansas.— Topeka, Salina, ependence, Wichita, Kirwin, Concordi
Larned, Hays City., : Us Geena 4
FREE HOMESTEADS ON THE PUBLIC LANDS. 583
Louisiana.— New Orleans, Monroe, Natchitoches.
Michigan.— Detroit, East Saginaw, Reed City, Marquette.
Minnesota.— Taylor’s Falls, Saint Cloud, Duluth, Fergus Falls, Worth.
ington, New Ulm, Benson, Detroit, Redwood Falls.
Mississippt.— Jackson.
Missouri.— Boonville, Ironton, Springfield.
Montara Territory.— Helena, Bozeman.
Nebraska.— Norfolk, Beatrice, Lincoln, Niobrara, Grand Island, North
Platte, Bloomington.
Nevada.— Carson City, Eureka.
New Mexico Territory.—Santa Fe, La Mesilla.
Oregon.— Oregon City, Roseburg, Le Grand, Lakeview, The Dalles.
‘ Utah Territory.—Salt Lake City.
Washington Territory.— Olympia, Vancouver, Walla Walla, Colfax.
Wisconsin.— Menasha, Falls of St. Croix, Wausau, La Crosse, Bayfield,
Eau Claire.
Wyoming Territory.— Cheyenne, Evanston.
FREE HOMESTEADS ON THE PUBLIC LANDS.
THE fact is not so widely known as it should be, that any one willing to
work ean secure a. farm on the public domain of the United States, free of
cost.
By our present laws, any citizen or applicant for citizenship, over
twenty-one years of age, may enter one quarter-section (that is, 160 acres)
of any unappropriated public lands, which are sybject to pre-emption at.
$1.25 per acre. Or he may enter by pre-emption eighty acres of such unap-
propriated lands, valued and classed at $2.50 per acre by the Government.
This privilege extends to women who may be the heads of families; and
each person availing himself or herself of its benefits must make affidavit
before the Register of the Land Office of the district in which the entry is
to be made, that he or she is the head of a family, or else twenty-one years
or age. The affidavit must also set forth that the land entered is for the
exclusive use and benefit of the applicant, and for the purpose of actual
settlement and cultivation, and not either directly or indirectly for the use
or benefit of any other person.
The applicant under the Homestead Law must pay the sum of ten dollars
on filing his affidavit with the Register, and is thereupon permitted to enter
the 160 acres, or 80 acres on payment of five dollars, as the case may be.
But no certificate is given or patent issued for the land until the expiration
of five years from the date of the entry above provided for. If, at the ex-
piration of five years, or at any time within two years thereafter, the person
making such entry, or his direct heirs, shall prove by two credible witnesses
that he, she, or they have resided upon and cultivated the land for five
years immediately following the date of its original entry, and shall make
affidavit that no part of the land has been alienated, then the settler is en-
tled to the issue of a patent for the land, without further delay. This patent
is a valid title from the United States; and those who have earned it by
_ actual residence and cultivation of the land during the full term of five
years have nothing to pay, except the original ten dollars for 160 acres, or
five dollars for an 80-acre homestead. Any one who chooses to complete
his title before the expiration of the five years, with a view to sell or re-
move, can do so only by payment to the United States of the valuation-price
of the land, at $1.25 or $2.50 per acre, as the case may be. But he has at all
times the prior right to do this, and so become full owner of the land he
has settled, as against any other person.
There is a proviso in the law that no lands acquired under the provisions
of the Homestead Act shall be liable for any debts of the settler, contracted
prior to the issuing of the patent for his homestead.
There is another proviso, intended to guard the interests of the Govern-
ment, and compel all pre-emptors of public lands to act in good faith, which
584 THE CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC.
declares that if, at any timo after the filing of the required affidavit, and
before the expiration of the five years’ probationary residence, the pre-
emptor shall change his residence, or abandon the land for more-than six
months at any time, then the land shall revert to the United States Gov-
ernment. No individual is permitted to acquire more than 160 acres under
the provisions of the Homestead Act; but there is no limit to the quantity
of land which may be purchased by individuals. All existing pre-emption
rights are maintained unimpaired by the provisions of the act.
. The five years’ residence required of all other settlers under the Hume-
stead Law is waived in favor of all soldiers or sailors who served ninety
days or longer in the United States army or navy during the war of 1861-65,
and were honorably discharged. Every such soldier (or his widow, or chil-
dren, in case of his decease,) is entitled to free entry of 160 acres of the
public lands on condition of actual residence and cultivation of the same
for one year only.
Any settler on the public lands who has set out and cultivated for two
years as much as five acres of trees on an 80-acre homestead, or ten acres
on a homestead of 160 acres, is entitled to receive a free patent for his land
at the end of three years, instead of five. And any person who has planted
and cultivated for ten years forty acres of timber on any quarter-section of
the public lands is entitled to a patent for each 160 acres so improved, on
payment of $10, provided that only one quarter in any section shall be thus
granted. This is the only exception to the limitation of free homesteads to
160 acres to any one person, unless in the case of a settler under the aoe
provision, who is not debarred, through having occupied a homestea
under the law previously, from acquiring a second 160 acres through his
service in the army.
THE CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC.
bE EFF RANEY CEST = ERE ELE SOLES SE ETON TELS UNG SDT IED RE BDL AT To PETER ENT NM TELE HE GL ek
NAMES. Connecting Points. Cost.
| Miles
[Locks
DELAWARE CANAL. i
Chesapeake & Delaware|Delaware City to Ches. City....| 12.6) 3, $3,547,561
MARYLAND CANAL.
Chesapeake & Ohio ....|Georgetown to Cumberland, Md/184}| 74,11,375,000
ILtINots CANAL.
Illinois & Michigan ....|Chicago to La Salle, Il.....-.-- 96 | 17| 6,170,226
INDIANA CANAL
Wabash & Erie...._... Evansville to Ohio State Line ..|374 | 64! 6,000,000
New JERSEY CANALS. ;
Delaware & Raritan ...|New Brunswick to Bordentown| 43 | 14} 3,935,287
Morris & Essex ........ Jersey City to Phillipsburg ..+.|101 | 29) 2,825,997
New York Canals.
maldminsyville oo! 243s ae ele UYU 5$| 1) = 23,556
Diack i. (canal & feeder). .eeer Ua a, ae 50 }109 3.224.779
Diack Riv improvement): oe. Sao eee 42 lig. Leone
Cayiga & Seneca enlarg) 00.0. £0005. .cee ea ceeben eee 23 | 11) 1,520,542
SPMOMOMIAIN eh gL UA i Ee --| 66 | 20) .....--.
Champlain, Glens Falls|feeder ..............--.-00+e+-- 12 | 12)\2.2 eee
Chemungicanal & feed)| is .)6 cee ta 39 | 53} 1,273,261
Ly oc PSR AO BO ye RR any UM WAY SY PPC IAL eh 97 |116| 2,782,124
THE CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETO. 585
THE CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC.— (Oontinwed.)
2) 2
oO +.
NAMEs. Connecting Points. = 9 Cost.
Le ea
New York CaANALs.
oS OS Rs Ue aS RMI Ba MLS RUC ae EG a RR 8 | 271$ 333,287
Efrie (original) .-....... Buffalo to ‘Albany CDEP at dale 363 46,018,234
Erie (enlargement) steely Buffalo to“Athany vers seuss 350%) 72
Geneseo Valley HEGRE G 5 AE Ne aie ee eyeil e e a y BEE i 1243/112)] 5,827,813
Oneida Lake aid ie ISIS yg a Rag AED RR eae UME A TA RANE ME a 7 64,837
Peas niy. waprovem bs a a eck hoses eee ae 20? 2 146,944
Oswego (enlargement) .|.....-.............- Byes at) nac«fioo) 18 3, 490, 949
Onto CANALS.
OGG 5.8. eee, Carroll to Athens ..... sales dard 56 | 26) 975,481
VETER ete esas hsb Cincinnati to Toledo .......... 291 1105] 7,454,727
Muskingum improve’nt|Dresden to Marietta........... 91 | 12} 1,627,378
MIO e oe hee a tees wikis Cleveland to Portsmouth.....-. 332 |152} 4,695,204
Walhonding ..........- Branch of the Ohio...........- 25 | 11] 607,269
PENNSYLVANIA CANALS.
Delaware and Hudson .|Honesdale to Rondout, N. Y-. be 106 S 317,653
Delaware Division..... Kaston-to Bristol cose Se ORs aetna
East Division .........- Duncan's Island to Columbia -. 46 11
Juniata Division ......- Duncan’s Isl’d to Hollidaysburg}127 | 66
North Branch Division. |Northumberland toWilkéesbarre| 64 43, G731,750
West Branch Division .| Northumberland to Far’ndsville| 804
Susquehanna Division -|Duncan’sIsl'd toNorthumberl’d| 41 | 44
SBNCLON. Sale c oe eM oe State line to Elmira, N. Y...--. TDR A oi
Lehigh Coal and Nav ..|Kaston to Coalport..........-.. 48 | 53] 4,455,000
Monongahela Navies es: Pittsburg to North Geneva....| 85 | 8 1, 132, 452
Schuylkill Coal and Nav| Mill Creek to Philadelphia..... 108 | 71 13, 207, 152
- Susquehanna .......... Columbia to Havre de Grace...| 45 | 30 4°857,105
MAMIE re, Ose ak wa gatas Middletown to Reading ........ 174/132} 5,907,000
Witonisce {62028242422 Millersburg to Clark’s Ferry...| 12 | 7| 512,000
Vircinta CANALS.
mpenIAre sc CUSAANORK os eee alee ud neat cielo civnd als 83| ..| 170,000
Alexandria & Georget’n| Alexandria to Georgetown. ...- 7 | ..}| 1,068,762
Dismal Swamp......--. Elizabeth R.to Drimimond I Lake} 33 | ..| 1,151,000
James Riv. & Kanawha! Richmond to Buchanan.......--|1963| 90) 6,139,280
SHIP CANALS.
Beauharnois, Canada. ..|.......c.eneceee- peer ind a eR 113] 9) 1,611,424
AUTH Wali ty anaes feel Rue any IN COUN a as et a 114} 7} 1,933,153
Lachine, Canada: 23.3) Around rapids above Montreal) 83/ 5} 2,587,533
Galop’s, Farran’s Point,|and Rapide Plat, Canada...--- 123} 6) 1,320,656
Welland, @anadas ooo 5% Lake Ontatio to Lake Erie..... 27 | 27) 7,638,240
Michigan Ship Canal...|/Around St. Mary’s Falls......- HANG Sas 4 so Se Ob
‘Louisville & 1 Swe Round Falls of Ohio..........-. 2} 3} 4,250,000
Caledonia, Scotland ....|/Moray Frith to Loch Linnhe...} 60 | ..} 5,118,140
Crinan, Scotland .....-. Loch Gilp to Jura Sound......- Ea SERS SAR TE
North Clyde, Scotland pees owes eh Ome es ieee Bo OO au sos ay
North Holland......... Amsterdam to Zuyder Zee..... SEE Sehdh ew ene
OLAS TPOUaNG 6.4) bobo d ete te Cece cia TAR he alan
SUCH UPsGuaswtokas sscces Port Said to Suez, about.....-- 100 “181, 000,006
eee
—_
The Army of the United States. _
The army of tho United States on the 27th of October, 1883, consisted of
the following forces, in officers and men :
rari Enlisted Men,
2
Ten cavalry regiments.......seccecc cence ‘ 6,811
Five artillery regiments.........cceeeeseee . 280 2,410
Twenty-five infantry regiments.......-.-.. 861 10,555
Engineer battalion, recruiting parties, or-
dinance department, hospital service, In-
dian scouts, West Point, Signal detach-
ment and general SEFViCe. ....eceeeeevere 573 3,559
; Oth or Cacao eee ee cate erecta ae Q4s 23,335
For convenience, and to fix responsibility, the country is divided into
three military divisions, each with several departments, as follows:
1. Military division of the Missouri, commanded by Major-General John
Pope, headquarters Chicago, comprehends the departments of the Missouri
(Maj.-Gen. John Pope); Texas (Brig -Gen. C. C. Augur); Dakota (Vrig.-Gen.
A. H. Terry); and the Platte (Brig.-Gen. O. O. Howard). ‘Lhere are 8 regi-
ments of cavalry and 20 of infantry in this division.
2. Military division of the Atlantic, commanded by Major-General Win-
fleld S. Hancock, headquarters New York. Includes department of the
East (Maj.-Gen. Hancock); department of the South (Col. H. J. Hunt, New-
port Barracks, Ky.) The department of West Point, formerly attached to
this division, went out of existence as a department, September 1, 1882.
This division includes 4 regiments of artillery and 2 of infantry.
3. Military division of the Pacific, commanded by Major-General John M.
Schofield, headquarters San Francisco. Includes departments of California
(Maj.-Gen. J. M. Schofield); the Columbia (Brig.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles); Ari-
zona (Brig.-Gen. George Crook); comprises 1 regiment of artillery, 3 of
cavalry and four of infantry.
The maximum military force allowed under existing laws is 2,155 com-
missioned officers and 25,000 enlisted men. Thereport of the General of
the Army exhibits the actual number in service as 2,143 officers and 23,335
enlisted men, October 27,1883. The following table exhibits the number in
each rank of the army: Hy
1. COMMISSIONED OFrFicrRs: Colonels, 66; lieutenant-colonels, 85; majors,
243; captains, 603; adjutants, 40; regimental quarter-masters, 40; first
lieutenants, 563; second lieutenants, 433; chaplains, 34; storekeepers, 25; —
total, 2,143.
2. THE ENLISTED MEN embrace 39 sergeant-majors, 40 quarter-master
sergeants, 638 musicians, 196 trumpeters, 10 saddler-sergeants, 114 ordnance
sergeants, 146 hospital stewards, 134 commissary-sergeants, 424 first ser-
geants, 2,107 sergeants, 1,647 corporals, 225 farriers, 82 artificers, 106 sad-
dlers, 75 wagoners, and 17,350 privates; total, 23,335. Besides these, there
are employed in the Signal Corps, 495 non-commissioned officers and pri-
ort Military Academy, 7 professors, 279 cadets, 204 enlisted men; total,
08.
The number of retired army officers is 424; number of privates discharged
during the fiscal year 1883, 5,950; number died during same period, 221;
number deserted, 3,578; number enlisted and re-enlisted, 8,998.
Entered the Army.
General of the Army ..........Lieut.-Gen. Philip H. Sheridan........ 1853.
Major-Generals—
(Limited by law to three).. Winfield S. Hancock...........0..06-- 1844.
Jobn M. Schofield 0.6.02. cccecccccete 1863.
Brigadier-Generals— John Popes ik vaee's sisclsltela Rena s acanee mt dete
(Limited by law to six)....Oliver O. Howard........csccescceseee 1854.
Alfred H. Terry....... ja Kisjetsie'e 9/46 ite aa be eLILEORS
Christopher C. AUgUrP...cccccesesseeee 1843.
George ‘Crook ii ccuicecisiswecs ss'oc sesenarmaooae
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PAY OF THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES.
‘s100IJO peryjoxy yo Avg “Q0IALOG GATJOW UI s1OdO jo Avg
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SHLVIS CALINOQ AHL JO AWUV AHL AO AVA. ; |
588 THH NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES.
The Navy of the United States.
There were in service December 1883, 45 naval steam vessels, all serew
Wat enepld except six, besides 14 wooden sailing vessels, 19 iron-clad vessels
torpedo rams and 16 tugs; total 96, of which about 52 were in efficient ser-
vice. The number of guns is 575.
The active listof the Navy is composed of 1 admiral, 1 vice-admiral, T
Tear admirals, 21 commodores, 46 captains, 87 commanders, 78 lieutenant-
commanders, 272 lieutenants, 94 lieutenants junior grade, 97 ensigns, 103
ensigns junior grade, 119 naval cadets (who have passed the four years
academic course, and are performing two years service at sea before final
graduation ) and 190 naval cadets on probation at the Naval Academy, all of
whom are officers of the line.
Of the staff there are 1 surgeon-general, 15 medical directors, 15 medical
inspectors, 50 surgeons. 79 passed assistant surgeons, 9 assistant surgeons, 1
paymaster-general, 13 pay directors, 13 pay inspectors, 49 paymasters, 30
passed assistant paymasters, 20 assistant paymasters, 1 engineer-in-chief, 70
chief engineers, 94 passed assistant engineers, 78 assistant engineers, 24
chaplains, 11 professers of mathematics, 1 secretary for the admiral and 1
for the vice-admiral, 1 chief constructor, 11 naval constructors, 9 assistant
constructors, and 10 civil engineers.
The warrant officers consist of 50 boatswains, 48 gunners, 53 carpenters, 37
sailmakers, and 38 mates. :
The retired list is composed of officers of the line, as follows: 48 rear-ad-
mirals, 20commodores, 11 captains, 12 commanders. 16 lieutenant-command-
ers, 16 lieutenants, 11 lieutenants junior grade, 16 masters, 6 ensigns, 1
ensign junior grade, Staff officers, viz: 21 medical directors, 2 medical in-
spectors, 4 surgeons, 5 passed assistant surgeons, 7 assistant surgeons. 10
pay directors, 2 pay inspectors, 4 paymasters, 2 passed assistant paymasters,
lassistant paymaster, 12 chief engineers, 20 passed assistant engineers, 26
assistant engineers, 1 naval constructor, 8 chaplains. and 6 professors of
mathematics. Warrant officers, viz: 13 boatswains, 10 gunners, 9 carpen-
ters, and 7 sailmakers.
The active list is therefore composed of 1,116 officers of the line. 606 offi-
cers of the staff, and 226 warrant officers; total, 1,948 officers of all grades.
The retired list is composed of 152 officers of the line, 131 officers of the
staff, and 39 warrant officers; total, 322. .
They were (July, 1883 )in the service, provided for the Navy appropria-
tion act for the fiscal year 1884, '7,500 enlisted men, and '750 boys.
The marine corps consists of 89 commissioned officers, 372 non-com-
missioned officers. 31 musicians, 96 drummers and fifers, and 1,500 enlisted
men; total, 2,028.
Navy-Yards of the United States,
Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Charlestown Navy-Yard, Charlestown, Mass.
Gosport Navy-Yard, near Norfolk, Va.
Kittery Navy-Yard, opposite Portsmouth, N. H. r
League Island Navy-Yard, seven miles below Philadelphia.
Mare Island Navy-Yard, near San Francisco, Cal. 4
New London Naval Station (unfinished), New London, Conn.
Pensacola Navy-Yard, Pensacola, Florida.
Washington City Navy-Yard, Washington, D. O.
OAS ym ge pe
ww
*
—
PAY OF THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 589
PAY OF THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES,
Ce 00000 eee
On
On
Leave,
At Sea. aa waiting
Y- | orders.
RANCUSS TES MIO es lato a oe aia eles d iclaa outa atl oe eee $13,000 |$13.000 |$13.000
NGG CIP ALN Sy hee eee c ces dee dae tuu tau yw 9,000 8.000 6.000
eae gy TEN Tied se RTS BE SS pe Ten A age 6.000 5.000 4.000
WONNIBNCOLOR re st eects cue late dees ise een 5,000 4.000 3.000
MRR GOS Seats ooo SU a o's v'e dv nike ot dln ame eae a» 4,500 3.500 2.800
INCOSE a GLE) 2 UENO aise SSIS GS a AC NE i 3,500 3,000 2,300
Lieutenant-Commanders—
First four years after date of commission....| 2,800 2.400 | 2.000
After four years from date of commission....} 3,000 | 2,600 | 2,200
Lieutenants—
DUIMAO HNOUVGATS Wrc ands ssa acs Gent caemelace aus 2,400 2.000 1.600
PRATER ENR TGPATA ilocos pone ede seek Ute, whe 2,600 | 2,200 | 1,800
Masters—
NEUNEIUY E COALN aie ns cos sn Spee oct cie sauna A 1.800 | 1.500 1,200
After five Years .-..0220--5--55--4 Loans ioe dni nist 2,000 1,700 1,400
Ensigns—
EPR I VOVWVOATS Solow oein.n ws amasmamed vanes: sa 1.200 1.000 £00
WREST HVOVYOSES 2. 6c ton knee ha anatae yaw aren 1,400 | 1,200 | 1,000
Bo ECC a UR RS sas PARA ap Sgt Ald UN 1,000 £00 600
CRPERIMAUSHIDMIOR <2 pele ke. os ese due kp ants a5 <0: 500 500 500
OMe esis ie Sole 3 oR adn oy ea Min aan eo Spe 900 700 500
Medical and Pay Directors and Medical and Pay
Inspectors and Chief Engineers, having the
BAMeTaUkiauses Pow eek eee eae hy £2400 be UE Pa ei =
Fleet Surgeons, Fleet Paymasters, and Fleet En-
Ns Vey Gag ore eR AMIDES LE Bite DOR aT TA ia 4,400 hose ate eee e
Surgeons, Paymasters, and Chief Engineers—
irst five years after date of commission ....| 2,800 2,400 2.000
MOCOMUMILV OS VENEMe bass luca sate mbaaae ca claw a 3,200 | 2,800 | 2,400
PRELE DVO ORAVN Cte io lace banned p swaps ce sates 3,500 | 3.200 | 2,600
SEO TRD ALVES VOMLS.. Calc bara dosh naa sync as teas 3,700 | 3.600 | 2.800
IBALOMUWOTUY VOATS) 65 6 ois is ae a as ois ie 5 4,200 | 4,000 | 3,000
Passed Assistant’ Surgeons, Passed Assistant
Pavmasters, and Passed Assistant Engineers—
First five years after date of appointment . . 2,000 1,200 1,500
PP EUBRINO MORTB Ss. 2th wae os ose use Sales sien 2,200 | 2,000°] 1,7
Assistant Surgeons, Assistant Paymasters, and
, Assistant ‘Engineers—
First five years after date of appointment ...} 1,700 | 1,400 | 1.000
ATLON IV. YCATS | so uinieins ena aueinee § Aye Ap 1,900 1,600 1,200
Chaplains—
SESE VOATR. vac cte Sloane nn a pon ayo’ 2,500 2,000 1,600
PASEO ESEV ONT OATS oUt eee. Nai la hats cre 2,800 2,300 1,900
Boatswains, Gunners, Carpenters, and Sailmakers| .
MUATRU GNTOC VOSTS:- so intto cnt wad aan wats 1,200 $00 700
Bedond ‘thves years 3.4. Sees oe 1,300 | 1.000 £00
PUIG. WOLOOY OATS: os psa apleneeccapanwesnats 1,400 | 1,300 900
MGMT ON DNTOe VEaTS):. 25. cases kes deeb 1,600 1,300 1.000
ATER LWELVA VOATS ... =o. 5s sess us ld occ nem ane 1,800 | 1,600 | 1,200
Cadet Engineers (after examination).............} 1,000 800 600
§90 MILITARY STRENGTH OF THE UNITED STATES.
THE MILITARY STRENGTH OF THE UNITED STATES DURING
THE REBELLION.
NUMBER OF MEN FURNISHED BY
EACH STATE AND TERRITORY,
FROM APRIL 15, 1861, TO JUNE
30, 1865.
States and Terri- |Men fur
tories.
Maine
New Hampshire -
Vermont
Massachusetts - .-
Rhode Island ....
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania ....
Delaware
Maryland
West Virginia -.-
Dist. of Columbia.
eee eee ew ee
emer emas
‘Michigan
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Sowa
Missouri ..-.......
Kentucky
Kansas
Tennessee
Arkansas
North Carolina .-.
California
Nevada
Oregon
Washington Ter.
Nebraska Terr’y.
Colorado Terr’y. -
Dakota Territory
New Mexico Ter.
Alabama
Florida) .). 2.2000.
Louisiana ........
Mississippi
Texas
Indian Nations ..
-cemeseeee
wa eeee
NUMBER OF MEN CALLED FOR, PERIODS
OF SERVICE, AND NUMBER OF MEN OB-
TAINED, UNDER EACH CALL, TO JUNB
30, 1865.
Paid
number] periods
com- number
: Date of Call. Malle’ of ith
nished. peyelan ors weenie obtain’d
69,738 puis ee 15, 1861,} %5,000) 3 mos. 93,326 |
33,913 ay 3, 1861 .- 82,748
33,272| 1,974 || July 22&25,’61| 500,000) 2 YTS: | 714,231
146,467) 5,318 || May, June, ’62).---...- 3 mos. |. 15,007
23,248) 4631) July 2,1862-- “| 300,000} 3 yrs. | 431,958
55,755} 1,515 August 4, 1862 300,000) 9 mos. 87,588
445, 959 “4 es a une 15, 1863 - 100,000} 6 mos. 16,361
"5, 315 ctober ‘ 63] 300,000
338,155, 28,171 || Febru’y 1,64) 200,000| 3 YTS: | $74,807
12,265} 1,386 || March 14, 1864 200,000} 3 yrs. 284,021
46,053) 3,678 || April 23, 1864, 85,000/100 days} 83,652
32,003 tee eve July 18, 1864. 500.000}1,2,3 yrs} 384,882
15:53 : 838 Dee’ 19, 1864-| 300,000|1,2,3 yrs} 204,568
654! 6, pea , eA AG):
See! =e ve Totals sii 2 942,748 2690,401
1 AOA ROPE AG OER fo ce BE gat
ghar 2,008 '| ‘The calls of October 17, 1863, and Feb-
91,021] 5,097 h
24'002| 1032|| TUary 1, 1864, were combined, and the
75°'793| 61 produet of the draft of J aly, 1863, was
108773 credited thereon.
75, 975| 3.965 In addition to the above number,
90095 : 63,322 men were obtained, chiefly from
31/092 the territories and the rebellious tates,
ee aan under different calls, and for various
3'156|_..... periods of service.
45°795| "10 .. The whole number of men obtained by
1080... draft was 168,649. The whole number
1 8101... __|| of colored troops obtained was 186,097.
964 i) ae Na PRESS ASEY 1 PELE IP Ld Fa AEN SERIE SI ELSES
S AST STRENGTH OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY
4. OD3 SETS AT VARIOUS DATES.
UGH ee
pte Bea We Date. Present|Absent.| Total.
Ray (ay pear ————---— | | |] ————.
L200) 220.5 January 1,’61,| 14,663 1,704 | 16,367
D224 ieee July 1, 1861 ..| 183,588 3,163 | 186,751
BAS Aaies January 1,’62,| 527,204 | 48,713 | 575,917
ROGSieZoSe January 1,’63,| 698,802 | 219,389 | 918,191
SAO) SELES January 1,’64,| 611,250 | 249,487 | 860,737
———. January 1,’65,} 620,924 | 338,536 | 959,466
2 666 999' 86,724 || May 1, 1865 ..| 797,807 | 202,709 |1 000,516
oo ET LE SVE A EE A BOA PRA RRS A DSS RE SITES REE SEL a hs ESET RANTS Se AIRC FS |
TROOPS FURNISHED THE UNION ARMY. 591
AGGREGATE OF TROOPS FURNISHED THE UNION ARMY BY STATES, 1861-65.
Popula-| Troops | Color’ 2A bad label rm | Bounties : “J
erritorics. tion in | farnished Treo e Num, | Patled) px. |Furn’a| Held) paia by |3®
"| 1860 1861-65, |1861-65]drawn. report empted stam ee States. ad
Connectic’t; 460,147 57,379) 1,764) 12,031; 1,014) 6,804) 3,842) 202) $6,887,554)12.4
Maine 628, 279) - 72,114 "104 27, 324 3,760 12, 997 4, 946) 1,991] _7,837,644)11.5
Massachn’s/1,231, 068 152,048 3,966) 41,582} 5,167 27, 070 8. 333| ’912| 22, 965, 550} 12.3
yeah rope 326,073} 34,629 125] 10,806} 464) 5,478] 3,654] 210] 9,636,313]10.6
B. Island 174,620 23,699] 1,837| 4,321 249] 2,809 1,142] 117 "820,769|13.6
ee t 315,098 35,262 120 7,743 429} 4,096 2, 646] 437] 4,528,775)11.2
. aD ————_——— | | ee
States 3,135,283} 375,131] 7,916/103,807{ 11, "11,083 “59 254 24, 613 3,869] 52, 52,676,605 605 20 at
New Jersey 672,035 81,010; 1,185) 32,325) 6,205) 8,224) 9,650} 951) 23,868,967)12.0
New York. |3,880, fr 467,047} 4,125/151, 488 31,745| 68, 006 31, §29| 3,210 86, 629, 228 ]12.0
Pennsyl’ia 2,906,21 366,107) 8,612 178,873 873} 31,309] 70,913 40, 807| 8,615] 43,154,987]12.5
cDrtecsetahel rite ecaed behest il Be detail Moaa ehh Nacior
Mid. States}7,458, = 914,164] 13,922|362,686 69,259] 147,143]81,986112,7761153,653,182]12.2
Gol. Ter. 34,277 nant OBR, z 4 tM eta hy be ae ce 14.3
1,811; 32,085} 9,519) 9 5,459 3,538 17,296,205115.1
Indiana {1,350,428} 197,147} 1,537) 41,158} 6,235) 15,478) 5,966) 7,597 9,182,354|14.6
owa 674,913 76,309] "440 7,548 702| 2,446) 1,264) 1,862} 1,615,171/11.3
Kansas 107,206 20,151} 2,080} 1,420 419 287; 210) | 119 57,407 {18.8
1,387} 227122] 4,294] 7,130] 3,773] 1,809] 9,664,855]11.9
104} 10,796] 2,058 4,449 1,291 862] 2,000,464 14.5
eere eere sere .
5,092} 50,400] 9,368) 19,751/10,988) 4,241] 23,557,373]13.6
Michigan 749,113}... 89,372
Minnesota | 172,023 25,052
Nebraska T} 28,841 3,157
N.Moxico f 93.516 6,561
Ohio 2,339, oe 319,659
hbo rc 775,88 96,424} 165 38,39 11,742 14,732) 6,718] 3,722 5,855,356 12.4
BS) Yc) pen ated PaaS presi oat ELS MER USS | 2 SEARED ao EES pA EE ES
& Ter. 8,042,497} 1,098,088] 12,711|203,924| 44,337 | 73,828 '35,669 |23,750} 69,229,185 13.6 6
ifornia | 379,994 ABL7 2] as Oe sts oie wate CM pat RACE eae te ray i
Nevada 6,857 EOS0TeS 6. Sat Maisie ARS RN tials sin [ais Ne aes fee 15.7
Oregon 465 PLO eae seater miehe LAME aS eas Mieraoh [enced tesla Tok) olbtatetgn 3.4
Wash, Ter. 5594 Ed ee FES) Flee Raa ral aC BSN a tM Re a Fes 8.3
Pacific Sts. | 450,910 19,5794 ore! aes VAR BE SRAN Wiineeeits =! Ram atin He NAR: Goeth | 4.3
Delaware | 112,216 13,670 954) 8,635) 1,443) 4,170) 2,534) 425) 1,136,599)12.2
Dist. of Col.| _ 75,080 16,872} 8,269] 14,338) 5,954 5,665 1,751} 968 134,010/22.4
Kentucky {1,155,684 79,025] 23,703 29,421) 9,503) 8,088) 5,787] 1,860 692,577| 6.8
Maryland "687,049 60,316} 8,718) 29,319} 9,207] 11, 011 6,134| 1,426] 6,271,992} 7.3
Missouri {1,182,012 109; lll 8, 344] 21'519| 9,444 5,781 1,638] 1,031} 1,282,149] 9.2
W. Virg’ias 393,234 32, 068} "196 3, 180} 1,014 569} 219] 242 "864, 737| 8.1
Border Sts. |3,605,275| 301,062! 45,184!106,412| 36,565] 35,284/18,063| 5,952| 10,382,064| 8.3
Alabama 964,201 QOD EN 4.969 bane sae Lovartale fis. kate 2
Arkansas 435,450 ‘B ZEN GiOSOLS eteler Peale Stole , 1.9:
Florida 140,424 g M?st 0) ate 07 3 bate Me eae Re eee d 9
Georgia 1,057,286} .... Oh ERY E ME LINE Ag 3 ae A .0
Louisiana | 708,002 6,224} 3,486] .... Ver: PAE it ORM a “7A
Mississippi} 791,305 645] 17,869] .... ees pt ENA RE i -0
N. Carolina} 992,622 SIS DiOSap pac aecie eee lars Lidice a? Pecese yA aj
S. Carolina 703, MOS Sipe 5,462) . Sake. SaNk rete -.0
Tennessee 1,109,801 81, 092 ZO; LBB |e’ sig a rss Ae: SE hr egeheee 2.8
Texas 604,215 iS 965 tg Dee ahs Le ot a ae io
Virginias 1,203,084 POSS ORCA OFTEN BAAR Sy UB SacoueT | SBCA MORN ce ESI .0
South’nSts. [8,710,098 5437 GSyBZT Rae aa NaS ar Brig ne ce Mee Tt ily Sat here 6
Ind. Nation] .... 3.530 RSIMe iN fhe Pn id Pan Dr rbnt iby cu oat (yc Beem wg
©’dTroopsi] .... PEAR AM Sie; cots AY ARN eNG Ie CUM Ra Mae Cato ds Pe a
GrandTot.| .... |22, ah 22,859,132 73, 79 776, 520 isi, 7m is, 00 73,007 FG 3H 285,941,036 9. 1
At large Saige Me
Notac’dfor] .... ids 5,083
Officers ARs eee J 7,122
186,017
1, This gives colored troops enlisted in the States in rebellion; besides this, there were 92,576
colored, included (with the white soldiers) in the quotas of the several States; the 3d column
gives the aggregate of colored, but many enlisted South were credited to Northern States.
2. This is the aggregate of troops furnished for all periods of service—from 3 months to 3 years
time. Reduced to a uniform 3 years’ standard, the whole number of troops enlisted was 2,320,272,
8 Virginia and West Virginia populations by census of 1860, as divided by counties in 1863,
‘592 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY.
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES,
1492. America discovered by Christopher Columbus...:......-.- «-Oct. 22,
1497. Labrador discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot.........-.-Jduly 3.
1498. Coast of North America explored by Sebastian Cabot.
Continent of South America discovered by Columbus......-- Aug. 10.
1499. South America visited by Amerigo Vespucci.
1512. Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon...........-..--.- April 6
1513. The Pacific Ocean discovered by Vasco Nunez de Balboa...-Sept. 29
1520. Carolina visited by Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon.
1521. Mexico conquered by Fernando Cortez.
1524. Coast of North America explored by John Verrazani.
1534. The St. Lawrence River discovered by Jacques Cartier........d une.
1541. The Mississippi River discovered by De Soto.
1562. Colony of Huguenots settled at Port Royal entrance,
1564. Colony of Huguenots settled in Florida.
1565. St. Augustine, Florida, founded by the Spaniards........ ----Sept. 18.
Huguenot colony in Florida destroyed by the Spaniards......-Oet. 2.
1583. Newfoundland taken possession of by Sir H. Gilbert.
1584. Amidas and Barlow explored the coast of North Carolina.
1585. First attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke, by Sir W. Raleigh.
1587. Second attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke.
1602. Cape Cod discovered by Bartholomew Gosnold
1605. Port. Royal, in Nova Scotia, settled by the French.
1606. London and Plymouth Companies received charters
1607. Jamestown settled by the London Company. .......-.......- May 23.
Plymouth Company began a settlement on Kennebec River, Aug.
1608. Quebec settled by the French, under Champlain.............. uly 3.
1609. Virginia received its second charter.............-....-- weet June 2.
The Hudson River discovered by Henry Hudson ...........- Sept. 21
1610, “The Starving Time” in Virginia.
1612. Virginia received its third charter
1613. Pocahontas married to Rolfe
1614. The coast of New England explored by John Smith.
New York settled by the Dutch. *
1616. The culture of tobacco commenced in Virginia.
1620. Commencement of Negro slavery in the English colonies; Aug.
Charter granted to ‘‘The Council of Plymouth,”
Massachusetts settled, at Plymouth........... PMMA ISAS 15 5) 85
1621; Treaty with Massasoit made... 2.0... Lc see ebeenee eben April i.
1622. First Indian massacre in Virginia. -....--2..0.2. sli feces eae April 1.
1623. New Hampshire settled. at Little Harbor and Dover.
1633. Connecticut settled, at Windsor
1634. Maryland settled, at St. Mary’s
1636. Rhode Island settled, at Providence.
Harvard College founded.
i637. The Pequod War.
1638. Delaware settled, near Wilmington
641. New Hampshire settlements united to Massachusetts.
ei ee i
1643. Union of New England colonies formed.....-.........--..--- May 29.
1644, Second Indian massacre in Virginia. ...............+.------ .--April.
1645. Clayborne’s Rebellion in Maryland.
1650. North Carolina settled, on the Chowan River.
1651. The ‘Navigation Act”’ passed by the British Parliament
2652. The Maine settlements united to Massachusetts.
1655. Civil War in Maryland.
New Sweden conquered by the Dutch.......-.... da cena av amcmen Gct.
1663. Carolina granted to Clarendon and others.
1664. New York became an English province.--... da caccubasdduccepteeiior
New Jersey settled, at Elizabethtown.
1670. South Carolina settled, on the Ashley River.
3673. Virginia granted to Culpepper and Arlington.
S
‘
i
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 593
#675. King Philip's War begun, by an attack upon Swanzey........Jduly 4
1676. Bacon’s Rebellion.
1680. Charleston founded.
New Hampshire made a, Royal Province..........-.4 TEND URES Sept. 28
1682. Pennsylvania settled.
Delaware granted by the Duke of York to William Penn. ...Aug. 31.
1686. Andros arrived at Boston as Governor of New England.....- Dec. 30.
1689, King William's War commenced. Attack upen Dover....... July 7.
1690. Schenectady burned by the French and Indians..............- Feb. 8.
; Port Royal taken by the English, under Phipps.........--.....- May.
1692. ‘‘Salem Witchcraft” delusion prevailed.
Pan neta a Nar terminated... 0c. u ee see ek Sept. 20.
1702. Queen Anne’s War commenced.
1710. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, captured by the English............ Oct. 13.
1713. mere Une Sh yvel POLMINALEG. <3 22-3 U Lace n sev ee ned April 11.’
1729. North and South Carolina became separate provinces. .......--- July.
1732. Washington born, in Westmoreland County, Virginia.......- Feb. 22.
Bide. Atedreia BOLLICd, Bb: Savannah oo. 0.15. See enecinenadesevsincen ss Feb. 12.
1741, “The Negro Plot,” in New_York.
1744. King George’s War begun.”
1745. Louisburg captured by the English... .\0.....0..52.-ecesee-- June 28.
Satu te eeOroe Ay Wal CNGed.\ ooo geo eo eee ei Oct. 18.
1753. Washington sent with a letter from Dinwiddie........-...--. Oct. 31.
754. Washington delivered St. Pierre’s reply to Dinwiddie.-...... Dec. 11.
ihe battisiof Great Meatows ). siecle eee laete le: May 28.
Congress of Commissioners met at Albany.......-.----+....--- une.
re, Wanueor Fort Necessity 06 eee et eased. July 4.
YiS5. French expelled from Nova Scotia by Moncton................- June.
Braddock’s defeat at the battle of Monongahela.............-- July 9.
The British defeat by Dieskau, near Lake George............ Sept. 8.
Dieskau defeated by the British, at Lake George.......-...-. Sept. 8.
1756. Great Britain declared war against France.........-......-.. May 17.
France declared war against Great Britain .....-....-.....-.. June 9.
The French, under Montcalm, captured Oswego. .-...--...--- Aug. 14.
dndians deteated at Kittaning .o. soos oe ts ee Sept. 8.
1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to Montcalm .............-- Aug. 9.
The massacre at Fort William Henry .....--...-2.......222: Aug. 10.
1758. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish at Ticonderoga ........------- July 6.
Abercrombie repulsed by Montcalm at Ticonderoga ........-- July 8.
Louisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe. .................--- July 2€.
Fort Frontenac surrendered to the English. ........-.....-.- Aug, 27.
Grant defeated by Aubry, near Fort Duquesne........-....- Sept. 21.
1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French.
Niagara surrendered to the English, under Johnson.....-.... July 25.
BAGO OLA MONEMGTENCH 101 ho Soe COU oe Ohana ee July 31.
Barieor the Piains of Abraham... .025s.25...5-tsccsessien Sept. 13.
Quebec surrendered to the English. . 5.252.220.5292 005 4.) 028 an Sept. 18.
1760. The French attempted the recovery of Quebec. ..-.....-...- April 28,
Montreal and the whole of Canada surrendered to the English,Sept. 8.
1763. The Peace of Paris between Great Britain and France ...... -Feb. 10.
Florida ceded to Great Britain by Spain...-...-......-....--- Feb. 10.
1765. The Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament........... March 8,
A Colonial Congress met at New York .........-.......------- Oct. 7.
1766. The Stamp Act repealed bv the British Parliament........ March 18.
1767. A bill imposing duties on glass, paper, &c., passed.........-.. June 29.
1768. A body of British troops arrived at Boston ................-. Sept. 27.
RAE POG BORGO MASSACTS os. cele eso anak Uke ee alne os be March 5.
All duties, except on tea, repealed by Parliament ........... April 12,
1773. The cargoes of tea at Boston thrown overboard .............- Dec. 16.
1774. “Boston Port Bill” passed by Parliament.............-......- March.
“The First Continental Congress” met at Philadelphia. -..... Sept. 5.
1775, Tho battle Of LOXIDZWD sc ceveseresscevevrgrentsrrvedeesvesss APE 12
94
1775.
1776.
TCG:
1778.
1779.
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY.
Ticonderoga, New York, captured by Allen and Arnold...... May 10.
Crown Point, New York, captured by the Americans ......-- May 12.
Washington elected commander-in-chief................-..-- June 15.
The battlé of Bunker Hill. 5050.02. eee eee cee June 17.
Washington took command of the army.............--------- July 12.
Montreal surrendered to Montgomery. ..-......0-.-.0++----- Noy. 13.
Battle of Quebéd,:.2/.5. boo. os. ee Peet le Sie Deer a Dec. 31.
Norfolk, Virginia, destroyed by Lord Dunmore......--- a Jan. 1.
Boston evacuated by the British troops...............----- March 17.
The battle of Fort Moultrie, South Carolina ...........-.--+- June 28.
The Declaration of Independence........ BAD IL iy Sh Se ean July 4.:
The battle of Long Island, New York.-.-...........-.------- Aug. 27.!
The city of New York abandoned by the Americans -.-....- Sept. 15.
The battle of White Plains, New York...) -202.22.0. 2.220222. Oct. 28.
The battle of Fort Washington, New York........--...-.-.-- Noy. 16.
Fort Lee, New Jersey, taken by the British.............---.- Nov. 18.
Gen. Lee surprised and taken prisoner.............-.-------- Dec. 13.
The battle of Trenton, New Jerseyiu7.-+-- +... -<..-- 0 Casas Dec. 26.
The battle of Princeton, New Jersey... ..-....----.ac2s-encers Jan. 3.
Tryon’s first expedition against Connecticut. .-...-....-------- April.
Meigs’s expedition against the British at Sag Harbor...-..--- May 23.
Invasion of New York by Burgoyne.....-....-.-.2.----sesesene une.
Ticonderoga abandoned by the Americans.....--..---.-----+- July 5.
The-battle of Hubbardton,: Vermont. 2a. tee. 7 eee July 7.
Gen. Prescott captured by Colonel Barton .........-...------ July 10.
Murder of Miss Jane McCrea, near Fort Edward ......-..--. July 27.
Fort Schuyler, New York, besieged by St. Leger.........-..---- ug.
The battle of Oriskany, near Fort Schuyler. ...........-..---.- Aug. 6.
The: battle of Fort: Schuyler vi.) ssa he eecc tase ce nneeee eee Aug. 6. 6,
The battle of Bennington, Vermont:..2.21 2.32.2. 09. 202-252 Aug, 16.
The battle of Brandywine, Pennsylvania .....--..-..--..---- Sept. 11.
The battle of Bemis Heights, or first of Stillwater.....-....-Sept. 19.
The battle of Paoli, Pennsylvania v.22 0602, oe ee Sept. 20.
Philadelphia entered by the British...............-.. pape Sept. 26.
The battle of Germantown, Pennsylvania ......-.-.-..-------- Oct. 4.
Forts Clinton and Montgomery taken by the British ..... ust Oct. 6.
The battle of Saratoga, second of Stillwater ..........-------.- Oct. 7.
The surrender ef Burgoyne’... 00. J ula es eee soe Obes Ade
The British repulsed at Fort Mercer, New Jersey.-...--.----- Oct. 22.
The British repulsed at Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania.........-- Oct. 22.
Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress ....-..- pind pete Nov. 45.
Fort Mifflin abandoned by the Americans ....-.....--..----- Nov. 16.
Washington encamped at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania .-...-..- Dec. 11.
American Independence acknowledged by France ...-.--.-.--- Feb. 6.
Treaty of Alliance with France. ...-- ad a Ose ESO ee Oe aes ree Feb. 6.
British commissioners sent to America.
Philadelphia evacuated by the British .+.......-.-...---.2.- June 18.
‘The battle of Monmouth, New Jersey...---.-+---------+----- June 28.
The battle of Wyoming, Pennsylvania, and massacre. .....-..- July 3.
The French fleet, under D’Estaing, arrived ....---..------ .---duly 11.
The battls' of Rhode Island). 5.0 ois ee eed eaeieanmies ae 29.
Grey’s ravaging expedition to the eastward..--..-----.----.---- ept.
Ferguson’s expedition against Egg Harbor ...---..-------------- Oct.
The massacre at Cherry Valley, New York..--.-......-.-- Nov. 11, 12.
The battle of Savannah, Georgia .. 2.2.2.2 ies. Dee Dec. 29. ,
Sunbury, Georgia, captured by the British ..............--.-.- Jan. 9. 4
The battle of Kettle Creek, Georgia..........-....-..-..0---. Feb. 14. a
The battle of Brier Creek, Georgia...... 20.2.0. 0.00- ee aces March 3. ¥
Tryon’s second expedition against Connecticut ............-.- March. x
Stony Point, New York, captured by the British .........-... May 31.
Verplanck’s Point, New York, captured by the British....... June 1,
War declared against Great Britain by Spain.........----...dune 2
Si tat sy : . i
1779.
lg780.
3781.
1782.
1783!
f
1787.
1789.
1790.
1791.
1792.
1793.
1794.
‘CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. f 595
The battle of Stono Ferry, South Carolina............. o--s.0Une 20,
Tryon’s third expedition against Connecticut..... dans se teow ----duly.
The battle of Stony Point, New York ..........--.-.-- Se aid 2 July 15.
British garrison at Paulus Hook surprised by Lee .........-. July 19.
The battle of the Penobscot, Maine. -...... 22.2222 262. 0.e-e- Aug. 13.
Sullivan’s expedition against the Indians.
“The battle of the Chemung,’’ New York -...2......-..--.-- Aug. 29.
Savannah besieged by the French and Americans..-.....-. Sept., Oct.
Paul Jones’s naval battle off the coast of England -.-.......- Sept. 23.
D’Estaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah.......-........2- Oct. 9.
Charleston besieged by the British... -.--.22.lL2. 2/222: April, May.
The battle of Monk’s Corner, South Carolina..............2. April 14.
Charleston surrendered to the British ..-........---..24....- May 12.
The battle of Waxhaw, South Carolina.......22..2-0.20-.22.. May 29.
The battle of Springfield, New Jersey ......---..-.---2--.--. June 23.
French fleet arrived at Newport, Rhode Island -...-......... July 10.
The battle of Rocky Mount, South Carolina......-..-.-..-4.- July 30.
The battle of Hanging Rock, South Carolina...........--....- Aug. 6.
The battle of Sanders Creek, South Carolina..-......2....-.. Aug. 16.
The battle of Fishing Creek, South Carolina................- Aug. 18.
Arnold's treason. )
Andre executed as a spy at Tappan, New York......--..--.... Oct. 2
The battle of King’s Mountain, South Carolina ......--.......- Oct. 7.
The battle of Fishdam Ford, South Carolina........ ........ Nov. 12.
The battle of Blackstocks, South Carolina .......-... Sens seriae Nov. 20.
Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops ........-..--..---. Re sie sey Jan. 1.
The battle of the Cowpens, South Carolina.......---...4 he ee Jan. 17.
The revolt of New Jersey troops ............-------+-0 a>---.dan. 18,
Arnold's dopredation in Virginia ........-......-.--+-6- Casieeniacs Jan.
Cornwallis’s pursuit of Morgan and Greene..-..--------... Jan., Feb.
Articles of Confederation ratified by the States.
The battle of Guilford Court-House, North Carolina.......-. March 15.
The battle of Hobkirk’s Hill, South Carolina..............-- April 25.
Siege of Ninety-Six by General Greene ..........-...-...- May, June.
The battle of Ninety-Six, South Carolina ...-..---...-2...--- June 18.
Colonel Hayne executed by the British, at Charleston. .....-. July 31.
Arnold's expedition against Connecticut.......---...-.---...-. Sept.
The battle of Fort Griswold, Connecticut}....--.-.-.--.---.4- Sept. 6.
The battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina ........--..---.. Sept. &
Fume Mipge Ol LOL Kio, VITAIia. fue Ses fiche mare dpw nave nes Oct.
The surrender of Cornwallis, at Yorktown.....-...--...-.---- Oct. 19.
Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris ........--.....- Nov. 30.
Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in the American army...April 19.
Savannah, Georgia, evacuated by the British.-.....-..-......July 11.
Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris..-..........-..-.--. Sept. 3.
American army disbanded by orders of Congress. .-.-..-.-.-.-. Nov. 3.
New York; evaciated by thé. British... 2.2. 2oh soe. Nov. 25.
Charleston, South Carolina, evacuated by the British......-.- Dee. 14.
Washington resicns: his- commission...5..5...0525c.seedeee se. Dec. 23.
Shay’s Rebellion, in Massachusetts.
Constitution of the United States agreed on by the convention
of delegates at. Philadelphia... .--....- +22. 2 lees. Sept. 17.
The first Congress under the Constitution met at New York, March 4.
Washington inaugurated President of the United States. ...April 30.
Harmar defeated by the Indians, in Indiana. .............- Oct. 17, 22.
United States bank established at Philadelphia.
Vermont admitted into the Union.....-..-...........-...--- March 4.
St. Clair defeated by the Indians, in Ohio.-.................--- Noy. 4.
Kentucky admitted into the Union ..-...............24. Arise D June L
The difficulties with France.
Wayne defeated by the Indians, on the Maumee............-Aug. 20
“Whiskey Insurrection” in Penusylvahia
¥795. “Jay's Treaty” with Great Britain ratified..........-.«0....00M6 24
Treaties with the Western Indians, Spain, and Algiers. ;
1796. ‘'ennessee admitted into the Union.................-.. neces ULO as
797. John Adams inaugurated President of the United States ... March 4
1799. ‘The death of Washington .......-. re tsps ISiny= Bcc olain o's elu aaa Dee. 14,
3800. The seat of government removed to Washington.
Treaty of peace concluded with France. -..........-2-.00---- Sept. 30.
1801. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President..........-... .----March 4,
War declared against the United States by Tripoli.......--- June 10.
1202. Ohio admitted into the Union.................... ~ ain «bea Nov. 29.
1803. Louisiana purchased of France. ............--..- von cen April 30.
Commodore Preble sent against Tripoli.
1804. ‘The frigate Philadelphia destroyed by Decatur ......-.------ Feb. 15,
The duel between Hamilton and Burrs... o.oo ae eee July it,
1805. Derne, a Tripolitan city, captured by Haton........2.......- April 27.
Treaty of peace conclhided with Tripoli. ....-....2....c0L22 22% une 3,
1806. British blockade from the Elbe to Brest declared ...........- May 16,
Bonaparte issued his ** Berlin’ Decree”’... 2.2... Nov. 21.
1807. British “Orders in Council” prohibited coast trade with France, Jan. 7.
American frigate Chesapeake attacked by the Leopard-....- June 22,
British armed vessels ordered to leave the United States ....... July.
British ‘Orders in Council” prohibited all trade with France
aud her allies. ol Soo ot ese eye ee 2 ~- Seen ee Noy. 11.
Aaron Burr tried for treason, and acquitted. ...............+..-- Sept.
Bonaparte issueG his ‘Milan Decree”... 2.222.525 Recon Dec. 17.
Embargo on American ships laid by Congress .........--..-- Dec. 22.
1809. Commerce with Britain and France interdicted by Congress, March 1.
James Madison inaugurated President........--2..----..--- March 4.
1811. Action between the frigate President and Little Belt .......-. May 16.
Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana: 6... eesk ese seek eee eee aN ene
1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union . (20. -.-2 5 2 oleh ou April 8.
War against Great Britain proclaimed by the United States. .June 19.
Invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull..2.5.. 0.000220 a ee July 12.
Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, Michigan........----:t--...... July 17.
The first battle of Brownstown, Michigan .............. GUS ais Aug. 5,
The second battleiof Brownstown 2.2.2.2. ol ienwenee se neene Aug. 9.
Surrender of Detroit, Michigan, by Gen. Hull..............-. Aug. 16.
British sloop Alert taken by the frigate Essex .............- Aug. 13.
British frigate Guerriere taken by the Constitution ......... Aug. 19.
The battle of Queenstown, Canada...........-----+--+-- hey sok Oct. 13.
British brig Frolic taken by the Wasp .--.5-. si icc Spee enw Oct. 18.
British frigate Macedonian taken by the United States....... Oct. 25.
British frigate Java taken by the Constitution....-.........- Dec. 29.
2813. The battle of Frenchtown, Michigan .........-......-2...-.2- Jan. 22,
British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet.........:..-.-..-.- Feb. 24.
Madison commenced a second presidential term.-....--...-- March 4.
The battle of York, Canada.......... aN Meme try Ah SN Fe April 27.
Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, besieged by Proctor.............. ay 1.
. The battle of Fort Meigs; Ohio 12.205 leo eee ete eeeeneee May 5.
Fort George, Canada, taken by the Americang ......-.-.-.... May 27. |
The battle of Sackett’s Harbor, New York.-..-...2...2.5-.4- May 29.
American frigate Chesapeake taken by the Shannon. ......... June 1.
The battle of Fort Stephenson, Ohio... ..-...-.2--0------- 200s Aug. 2.
American brig Argus taken by the Pelican...............- --Aug. 14,
Creek War commenced by the massacre at Fort Mims....... Aug. 30.
British brig Boxer taken by the Enterprise....-..-.-.-..--.. Sept. 5.
Perry's victory on Lake Erie.) 000. so Se ee ood Sept. 10.
The battle of the Thames, Canada..-.....-2--.----++--2-- «----Oct. 5.
The battle of Chrysler’s Field, Canada. ...........-...... ----Noy. 11
1814. The battle of Tohopeka, the last of the Creek War......... March 27.
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY.
American frigate Essex taken by the Phebe and Cherub..March 28
‘The battle of La Colle Mill, Canada ......casss-eeasenncennsDMarch 30,
44 British brig Epervier taken by the Peacock........ fe leadcep ADT 20.
British sloop Reindeer taken by the American sloop Wasp. ..June 28,
Fort Erie captured by the Americans........2...2.2..... 0000: July 3.
The battle of pol enikey Canada imereuer tone sodas ade ve July 5.
The battle of Lundy’s Lane, or Bridgewater, Canada. ......-. July 25.
The first battle of Fort Erie, Canada ..32) 20.00 lle. elise. Aug. 15.
The battle of Bladensburg, Maryland...... 2.2.02 .0.2-e ee eee Aug. 24.
The city of Washington taken by the British....- he am eatery Aug. 24.
British sloop Avon taken by the American sloop Wasp...-..-- Sept. 1.
McDonough’s victory on Lake Champlain ...........-......- Sept. 11.
The battle of Plattsburg, New York..........0.05.........2-Sept: 11.
The battle of North Point, Maryland ?..2.2.. 0... ......eceee- Sept. 12.
The battle of Fort McHenry, Maryland ...............2..--- Sept. 13.
The battle of Fort Bowyer, Alabama...........2... cee ee: Sept. 15.
The second battle of Fort Erie, Canada... 22:22 esol. ee. Sept..17.
The British driven from Pensacola by Ger. Jackson....-....- Nov. 7.
The battle on Lake Borgne, Louisiana .-......-.-......-.---- Dec. 14.
Hartford Convention...-.........- BP PRY SE ALR ELLIE 2B Roe EMR 58 i Dec.
The battle nine miles from New Orleans..........-.--.------ Dec. 23.
Treaty of peace between the United States and Gt. Britain... Dec. 24.
Iolo ene: batole.or New Orleans 22205 0520) 28 oN ee dca Jan. &
American frigate President captured by a British squadron. .Jan. 15.
The Cyanne and Levant taken by the Constitution..........-. Feb. 20.
The British brig Penguin taken by the Hornet..........-- March 23,
War with Algiers declared by Concress...........-.---.----- March,
Commodore Decatur sent against Algiers. ......-..2.-....-.---- May.
1816. Bank of United States re-chartered for twenty years.....-.- April 10.
iueiena admitted into-the Unions... sy. e vse ee del ec. 11.
1817. James Monroe inaugurated President. ............-..------- March 4,
Mississippradmitted into the Union. 22g lupo elas Dec. 10.
The Seminoles and Creeks commenced depredations.
_ 1818. General Jackson went against the hostile Indians............ March,
Pensacola seized by General Jackson..........-.--.--...--.- May 24.
diHingis admitted into the Union... 22.0. 025.55..2ee eee: Dec. 3.
1819. Alabama admitted into the Union. -.............-2...-...--- Dec. 14.
1820. Maine admitted into the Union ..........--...----.---.--- March 15.
Florida ceded to the United States by Spain..........-...-...--- Oct.
1821. Missouri admitted into the Union.......-..2......025.-0065 Aug. 10.
1824. Lafayette.visited the United States.......-...2...42.2.0.--.2.0- Aug.
i8?5. John Quincy Adams inaugurated President...-..........--- March 4, ~
1826. Death of the twe ex-presidents, Adams and Jefferson.......--. July 4.
1829, Andrew Jackson inaugurated President.....-......-.....-- March 4,
» 1831. Death of ex-president Monroe........... dacea Serene ete talot July 4.
1832. ‘The Black Hawk War.”
1833.
1835.
; 1836,
. 1837,
ee 1641,
E
1842,
: 1845,
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 597
“Nullification” in South Carolina.
Removal of the government funds from the United States Bank, Oct.
War with the Seminoles commenced.
Gen. Thompson and friends massacred by the Seminoles..... Dee. 28.
Major Dade and party massacred by the Seminoles .........- Dec. 28.
Arkansas admitted into the Union. -.:...-+..2.... 5220200 cece eune 15.
Michigan admitted into the Union --..2-.-.-. 52.022. 2 eet Jan 826.
Martin Van Buren inaugurated President.................- March 4.
The battle of Okechobee, Florida. -....-. 222.222 02 2. cece ese Dec. 25.
William Henry Harrison inaugurated President..-......... March 4.
meetner William Henry Harrison 20. 6. jarcl en sede dees April 4.
John Tyler inaugurated President. ... 2.2.20 .22.0c0. cece cn eee April 6.
The War with the Seminoles terminated.
The “Dorr Rebellion” in Rhode Island.
Joint resolutions for the annexation of Texas signed........ March 1,
James K. Polk inaugurated President ...........-...-...--March 4.
Plorids-adiwnitted, into the, Union... vege pase coe cee ee hee March 3.
Texas admitted ito the ULi0n .sesesvcvvevevsesesersvenrerra eer am
698
1846.
1847.
1848.
1849.
1850.
1853.
1854.
1857,
1858.
1859,
1860.
1861.
1862.
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY.
Thornton’s party captured by the Mexicans, Texas .........April 26
Fort Brown bombarded by the Mexicans ............-..2..----- May.
The battle of Palo Alto, Texas 2.0... seee eo. 3. en emeeene May 8
The battle of Resaca de la Palma, Texas ..............2..0-+0-- May 9.
Congress declared ‘‘war existed by the act of Mexico”’.....- May 11.
Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Matamoras ..-.....-- May 18.
Monterey, Mexico, surrendered to Gen. Taylor ...-....-...-- Sept. 24.
The battle of Bracite, Mexico... 4. Wnt os eee Dec. 25.
Towa admitted; into the Onion?) 20a. ese echoes Ss hans Dec, 28.
The battle of Buena Vista, Mexico, co222.0. 2.22. ..-cedewenee Feb. 23. ,
The battle of Sacramento, Mexico -.-...2.. 2... cc. cones BI CoE SL Feb. 28.
The surrender of Vera Cruz to General Scott.....-.. ------March 27,
The battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexico. ...2............1 of
Australia ..... Pound of 1852. . |$5.32|| Italy ......... Twenty lire -../$3.84
SD ig ec eels Sovereign, 1855.| 4.86)| Japan........ Old cobang -.-..| 4.44
Astrid ue Ducaw soa.) 2.28 ay aise ls oe New cobang ..-| 3.59
DOS so Sovereign...... 6.75|| Mexico....... Doubloon .....- 15.61
IOS oe es: Union Crown ..| 6.64 Naples ......- Six ducati (0c. 5.04
Belgium. .....-. Twenty-five fr’s| 4.72/| Netherlands -.|'Ten guilders. .:} 4.00
Bolivia ........ Doubloon ..--.-. 15.59} New Granada Bogota doubl’n-|15.61
1 Ele? n | Ue aaa Twenty milreis /10.91 Doses sas Popayan doub’n/15.38 |
Cent’l America|Two escudos...| 3.69}| Do. .....-- Ten pesos. ...-- 9.68
Bi a Olid doubloon ..|15.59)| Peru.....--... Old doubloon ..|15.56
Wyaeve sus vee Ten pesos.4-..-| 9.15|| Portugal ..... Gold crown....| 5.81
Denmark...... Ten thaler..... 7.90)} Prussia, . 20222 Union crown..-| 6.64
Heuador..2 55: Four escudos oe TOT Ph PROTOS aie ce MO TICEL Ah crecki ns 2.60
England....... Pound, sover’gn| 4.86}| Russia ......-. Five roubles. ..| 3.98
France .-...... Napoleon, 20 frs.| 3.86 SPaine Je - noe 100 reals ....-.. 4.96
Germany,north = er thaler..... 7.90 BOcKE Se sultow BO reals Soule et 3.26
Oy ies 2 28 l’en thaler, Pr’n| 7.97|| Sweden ...... DURA Te. oe 2.24
NOs me 52 Krone (crown) H+ G.G4 SEONG Poke Css. 25 plastres...... 3.00
Do. south. .|Ducat ......... 2.28}| Turkey ....-- 100 piastres ....| 4.37
Greece. .-...<- Twenty drachm| 3.44/| Tuscany ....- SeQGin oan Val aeiok
Hindostan ...:\Mohur......_.. 7.08 ‘
SILVER COINS
28 oi
Country. | Denomination. |-3> Country. | Denomination. | 3
- > oe be “a
Austria .......|/Old rix dollar .. a. “a Capans sence: hizebmen uo $0.38
NO ge Se peo ld scudo.....- 1.0 Gs ous canus New itzebu,-..| .34
PGs wade xa Florin bef. 1858. si Mexicosss3ue. Dollar, new... .| 1.07
DOlgtacesont Union dollar...| .73|| Naples ..-..-..- ScudhsVstays sae 95
Belgium......- Five francs..-..| .98)]| Netherlands ./24 guilders.....| 1.03
Bolivia.......- New dollar ..-.} .79}| Norway ---..- Specie daler-..| 1.11
LO go shea ak Half dollar... -. .39|| New Granada |Dollar of 1857..| .98
VAM eeu. Lc Double milreis.} 1.03 ha 6 Hb ane Rees Old dollar. ..--. 1.06
Canada. .....-- Twenty cents..| 19} Do.......-... Dollar of 1858 -.} 95
Cent’l America|Dollar .......-- 1.00 Dee es Ya Half dollar, 1835} | .38
ee So... Old dollar.....- 1.07|| Prussia ..---- Thaler bef.1857| .73
4 New dollar ....| .98 Doo eke eds New thaler-...] .73
Denmark...... Two rigsdaler..| 1.11]) Rome ......-- Somdohl ste s2 LS 1.06
England....... Shilling ©»... 2. 23}} Russia 2583 ous. 2.0 552: .79
Iranee se 3 Five frances . 98]| Sardinia...... ive Liredst le 98
Germany,north| Thaler bef. 1857] .73 Spain woes: New pistareen -| 1.20
eS e aea New thaler . .73|| Sweden ...... Rix dollar .-... ati &
Do. south..|Florin bef.1857.| .42|| Switzerland ..|Two franes.-..| 40
O., «eres.
New florin .----
Greece ....---- Five drachms..
Hindostan -...|Rupee
Tunis ee
Five piastres ..| .64
Turkey
20 piastres ....- 87
Hlorin’ wees... 28
610
POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS.
THE UNITED STATES,
TO WHICH IS ADDED THE DEBT OF EACH CITY, AS FAR AS ASCERTAINED,
Notr.— The ‘‘net debt” of cities is the aggregate funded and floating
indebtedness, less amounts in sinking funds.
IN "
Alabama.
Huntsville.....
Mobile ......-.
Montgomery .-
Selnias gc?
Arkansas.
Little Rock. ...
California.
Los Angelos...
Oakland -. 2...
Sacramento... .
San Francisco .-
Stockton .....-
Colorado.
Denver........
Connecticut.
Bridgeport ....
Danbury ..-.-.-.
MPELOY oe a SO
Greenwich ....
Hartford .....-
Meriden.......
Middletown ...
New Britain...
New Haven ...
New London ..
Waterbury....
Windham .....
Delaware.
Wilmington...
Dist. Columbia. - -
Georgetown ...
Washington -..
Florida.
Jacksonville...
Key West.....
Georgia.
PA TIANTA 2 .Usces
ATHENS Joe... os
Augusta....-..-
Columbus .....
Macon.........
Savannah......
Diinois.
LANTOM Coe ees ote
AUTOLA cscensee
Popula-
Popula-| wet debt.
| | Oo | || -
Dollars.}| Illinois (contin’d)
tion, | Net debt.
1880.
4,977 46,800
31,205] 2,671,100
16,714; 567,900
7,529] 323,600
13,185] 335,243
11,311 310,177
34,556] 669,126
21,420} 861.000
233,956] 3,059,285
12,567 None.
10,287) 385,615
35,630 20,000
14 820) AEs
29.148] 831.000
11,669] 255.415
11.649 80,243
7.892] 183.307
42.553) 3.689.855
18.340]. 788,317
ft Mr KS epoca WR me
13.978} 494,843
62.882} 1,359,619
10.529} 496,611
13,956} 522,495
21.141) 1,191,256
11,298 165,000
20,269} 361,508
8,265 44,193
42,499) 1,372,450
a Rated 1A liane ae
147,307] 23,310,146
TAGES 270,916
9,890 10,000
37,421} 2,180,000
6,094} 107,950
23.023] 1,961.319,
6,152} 540.800
12.748] 743,000.
30,681] 3,425,000,
9,851) 110,491!
11,825 25,506)
Belleville......
Bloomington. ..
Carag ee Eas
Ghi¢ago, 20.22 2.
Deeatur...-....
East St.Louis. .
LP: WORk an eons
Freeport ......
Galena. 2225 2.
Galesburg >....
Hyde Park ....
Jacksonville. ..
Peoria sie).
Quiney ee
Rockford... ..
Rock Island ..-
Springfield ....
Indiana.
Evansville.....
Fort Wayne...
Indianapolis...
Jeffersonville. .
Lafayette .....
Logansport. ..-
Madison.......
New Albany...
Richmond .....
South Bend....
Terre Haute...
Vincennes.....
Towa. |
Burlington ....
Cedar Rapids...
Council Bluffs. .
Davenport... -..
Des Moines..-.
Dubugque.....-
Towa City ..-..
Keokuk ...-...
Muscatine.....
Ottumwa .....-
Waterloo.....-
Kansas.
Atchinson.....
Lawrence .....
Leavenworth ..
Topeka. ...--0-|
tion.
1880.]| Dollars.-
10,682 217,712
17,184 221,463
9,012 270.000
503.304] 12,794.271
9,548 80.075
9,185 272.800
8,789 34.336
8,516 69,220
6,453 147,076
11.446 53,250
15; TIB LR owen ae
10,927 273.336
16,145 54.000
7,805 28.071
7,598 60.000
29.315 716.500
27,275) 1,917,888
13,136 178.0906
11.660 289,050
19,746 778,780
29.280 None.
26.681 856.900
75,074) 1,914,500
10,422) 240.350
14.860 None.
11.198 456.276
8,945 232,051
16.422 358, 482
12,743 167.000
13,279 337.600
26,040 267.224
7,680 38,831
19.450 128.062
10,104 40,867
18,059 138,400
21,834 290,675
92,408 578,000
22,254 804,611
7,123 74,967
12.117 372,375
8.294) oh
9,004 17,795
5,630 2,000
15,106 449, 687
8,511 654,115
16.550 396,573
15,451 833,249
" es
~
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 611
POPULATION AND DEBTS OF CITIES, &c.—(Continued.)
Popula- Popula-
tion, | Net debt. tion, | Net debt.
Kentucky. 1880.| Dollars.||/ Massachusetts. 1880.) Dollars.
Covington ..... 29,720} 1,030,000|)' Waltham...... 11,711 477,000
Lexington .....| 16,656 84.316}|. Westfield. ..... 7,587 404,788
Louisville ..... 123,645] 4,842,935 eee nronet Bie eet Ole 64.392
Newport .--.-.- 20,433 966.618}; Woburn....... 10,198 626.602
Owensborough 5,516 67.000}! Worcester..... 58,295] 2,447,543
PauGube 12... 8,376 138,000) | Michigan,
Lonisiana. AGYIAI eke 7,849 59,400
New Orleans...| 216.140} = -..-.- Ann Arbor.... 8.061 16,000
Shreveport ....| 11,017) = .-.... Bay City ...... 20.693 433,100
Maine. Detraitng Ae 116,342] 1,282,772
GANPOT Ns vic sss 16,257] 2,661,000); East Saginaw..| 19,016] 611.055
Biddeford ..-... 12,652 183.874); Grand Rapids .| 32,015 471,000
Lewiston .---... 19,083) 1,038,102)| Jackson ....... 16,105 183,500
Portlang:>. 5-42 33,810] 4,322,154|| Kalamazoo ....| 11.937 25,000
Maryland. Lansing ....... 8,319} 105,400
Baltimore ..... 332,190) 27,092,690}} Muskegon..... 11,262 180,000
Cumberland ...| 10,666 394,064|| Port Huron.... 8,883 349,000
Bratenelkin 25. (ug se 559,989|| Saginaw City ..| 10,525 202,800
Massachusetts. ; Minnesota.
Abington...... 3.697 fiimreutenicreyy Minneapolis ...| 46,887} 1,137,467
Attleborough..| 11.111) 16,600|| Red Wing..... 5,876] 45,445
Beverly ......-. 8.445 986.969 Stillwater ..... 9,054 82.400
Boston): hs.) 362, 535! 28,244.017}|* Saint Paul..... 41,498) 1,526,715
Brockton ;..... 13,608 71,200} Winona ......- 10,208 183,000
Brookline ..-.. 8.053) 1,476,350}| Mississippi. :
Cambridge ....| 52,740} 3,403,723/| Natchez.....-. 7.058 21,734
Chelsea :....-. 21,785} 1,554.496]| Vicksburg..... 11,814 373,218
Chicopee ...... 11,325} 100,050|| Missouri.
Clinton’ 4.2. 8.030 99.500: Canipbell s yocat ae BS tine
Fall River..... 49.006] 3,169,765|| Central........ TABS AL
Fitchburg ..... 12.405} 70.778}} Hannibal...... 11.074] 144,027
Gloucester ....| 19.329} 193,370|| Kansas City...| 55,813) 1,339,224
Haverhill...... 18,475 393,428]| St. Joseph..... 32,484} 2.445.600
Holyoke....... 21,851 878,454 St. Louis ...... 350,522} 22,847, 761
Lawrence ..... 39,178] 1.712,000]| Sedalia ........ Stig d ede Ae
Lowell ......2. 59,485]. 1,554,275|| Nebraska.
TANI cs be: 38.284] 2,072,815|| Lincoln........ 13,004} 199,615
Malden.......- 12,017 483,523)|) Omaha .. 2.5.2: 30,518 227,578
Marlborough ..| 10,126 151,951}| Nevada.
Medford......- LOt€ 463,726|| Carson City -... FOOT eae
MIN DPO S22... 9,310 194,550||_ Virginia City..; 13,705 112,000
ENSL EEC pees ood 's-ule 8,480 303,303]; New Hampshire.
New Bedford..| 26,875} 1,086,000}} Concord ....... 13,836 615,500
Newburyport..| 13.537 428.706|| Dover ......... 11.687} 458,830
ING Wton cs. 16,995 993.591|} Manchester....| 32.630 §$29.000
North Adams..| 10.192 267,894|| Nashua.....-.-. 13,397 458,661
Northampton..| 12.172 537,500|| Portsmouth ... 9,690 448, 400
Peabody....... 9,028 289,300||New Jersey.
Pittsfieid ...... 13.367 385.341 Bayonne. :..... 9.37 650,275
EUMIGY ocak... 10.529 65.980|| Bridgeton ..... 8,729 74,060
ALM... 27.598} 1,162.487}) Camden....... 41.658] 1,164,900
Somerville..... 24.985| 1,596.974|| TElizabeth...... 28,229) 5,512,638
Springfield ....| 33.340) 1,928,000} Hackensack...| ...-.-| ------
Taunton.......| 21,213} '449,735|] Hoboken...... 30,999] 1,099,250
s
612
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS.
POPULATION AND DEBTS OF CITIES, &c.— (Oontinued.)
New Jersey.
Jersey City....
Millville.....-.
Newark
NewBrunswick
Orange
Paterson)... 2...
Plainfield....--.
Trenton
New York.
Albany
Amsterdam ...
Auburn
Binghamton . -.
Brookhaven .- -.
Brooklyn
Buffalo
Cohoes
Elmira
Fishkill
Flushing -....-
Greenburgh . ..
Hempstead ....
Hornellsville -.
Hudson as. 5202
Huntington ...
Th ts Coes Rtg
Jamaica
Johnstown .--
Kingston
enor ees Se
Lockport
Long Isl’d City
Middletown ...
Morrisania ....
New Lots
Newburgh ....
Ogdensburgh ..
ween ee
Oyster Bay .-
Palmyra pose
Poughkeepsie -
Port Jervis....
Rochester
Sangerties.....
Schenectady ..
Seneca
Syracuse
~secreceee
Hope
tions: Net debt.
| Popula-
tion,
——q— | | — |
1880.| Dollars.
120,728) 15,598,435
7,660 37, 000
136.400 9,070,032
17,167} 1,618,946
13,206 253, 832
50,887| 1,359,500
8,126 45,500)
29,910) 1,664,501
90,903} 3,138,500
DET as oes
21,924 530,000
17,315 299,500
11,544
566,689] 38,040,000
155,137} 8,211,934
19,417 141,214
20.541 270,400
LOLS Qin
15919) ee
S61) ize aye i
TS AGO) there
8,195 54,400
8,669 321,250
BO9B
9,105 66,303
10,089 Ue Joes
1G, P21 CH ewe ae ot
18,342 644,880
TO. QAO is cae cea
13,522 108,667
17,117 950,000
TS:GSLW ieee
1206,599| 109 425, 414
18,050} 313,400
10,340 135,000
21,117) 1,264,224
DSBS} aay Cas ba
TSO Dri ah eae abs
D1 AOS ah ye
20,207} 1,939,198
4,824 None.
89,363} 5,701,686
12,045 160,000
10,822 297,600
AOSTO ax need Ce
13,675 118,000
2. BUT etHe keaee Lhe
51,791} 1,351.500
56,747 958,296
33,913 766,000
AL A483 iieranio see
New York(Cont’d)
Watertown....
Watervliet ....
West Troy ....
VYonkers®.2.. .).
North Carolina.
New Berne ....
Raleigh
Wilmington ...
Ohio.
-eeeeee
eee ew woe
Canton
Chillicothe ....
Cincinnati... .-.
Cleveland
Pere
RATLAOTA elt ok
1 fades yuh
Fremont
Sandusky
Springfield ....
Steubenville. .-
Youngstown .
Zanesville
Oregon.
Portland
Pennsylvania.
Allegheny...--
Allentown.....
Altoona
Bethlehem ..-.
Carbondale..-.
Carlisle
Chester
Columbia.....-
Cornplanter ...
Danville. ......
Easton
Brie. so 4
Harrisburg....
Hickory t
Lancaster
Lebanon
18,892
6,443
14,110
17,361
16,512
8.025
12,258
10,928
255,708
160,142
51,665}
38,677
6,894
8,451
12,121
8,857
9,859
9,602
6,033
5,560
11,314
15,838
20,729
12,093
7,879
50,143
6,252
7,026
15,431
18,120
17,598
718,681
18,068
19,716
5,193
1,714
6,209
14,996
8,312
Net debt,
Dollars.
407,500
Nothing.
1,388,000
3,227
138,357
539,845
17.619
106,000
180,657
None.
21,992,500
4,076,946
1,259,162
1,101,520
77,300
44,000
48,067 _
243,758
195,737
55.402
294,219
151,000
317,809
381,215
58,627
30,190
55,500
3,232. 666
32,903
66,187
193,406
529,097
16,500
1,596,429
430,443
368,830:
140,700
9,369
139,100
357,084
wee eee
mee ees
219,949
1,201,229
1,065,300
464,142
208 708
- POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 7 613
POPULATION AND DEBTS OF CITIES, &¢.— (Oontinued.)
. | Fevula-| net debt. Popula-}-Net debt.
Pennsylvania. 1880.| Dollars.||Texas. ~~ 1880.| Dollars.
Lock Haven... 5,845 208,743) |) Austin 20 . 10,960 106,744
Mahanoy...:.- pa toa Re esas by Brenham ...... AUT AN re ta Glee
Meadville ...-. 8,860 TEBOG ts: Dallasient tras a. 105358 304,356
New Castle. -.. 8,416 72,624|| -Galveston ..-..| 22,253] 1,023,249
Norristown.-...| 13,064 81,200!| Houston....... 18,646; 1,501,591
, Oi City is. 2. 7,315 122,400] San Antonio...} 20,561 155,266
, Philadelphia ..| 846,984) 16,251,696)| Sherman ...... 9,248} .129,000
Pittsburgh ....| 156,381) 14,134,296}|_ Waco ......... 7,296 100,000
Pottsville... 2 .: POLIS awe heise Utah.
Reading ......- 43,280 999,000}} Ogden City...) ...... 3,333
Scranton ...... 45,850 325,202} Salt Lake City. 20,768 67,000
Shamokin ..... 8,184 37,680|| Vermont.
Titusville ..... 9,046 328,267}, Burlington ....| 11,364 383,427
Wilkesbarre ..| 23,339 95,096||, Rutland ....... 12,149 202,460
Williamsport..| 18,934 651,272|| Virginia.
GEE ees o's 13,940 33,000}; Alexandria....| 13,658} 1,037,088
Rhode Island. Dan River... .- S382 piace Wah cena
Lincoln.......- 13,765 50,000}} Lynchburg...-} 15,959 794,837
Newport ..-... 15,693 116,408 INOFTOLE gfe 21,966) 2,187,371
N. Pr ey: 1,467 39,800|| Petersburg....} 21,656) 1,136,100
Pawtucket . 19,030 935,000} Portsmouth ...| 11,388 283,014
& Providence... .--} 104,050] 9,373,026|| Richmond...-- 63,803] 4, 399, 021
Warwick...... 12,163 57,500|/ West Virginia.
Woonsocket.--} 16,053 230,000|| Parkersburg . GO D82) Wi onenere
: South Carolina. Wheeling ..... 31,266] 531,882
: Charleston -...| 49,999] 4,129,102 Wisconsin.
Columbia.-...-. 10,040 900,000|| Eau Claire ....| 10,118 101,000
St. James, Fond du Lac ..| 13,091 165,000
Goose Creek,| 10,615 Koad Green Bay .... 7,735| 147,140
St. John’s, Janesville ..... 9,018 34,000
Berkeley ---. DS 58G tna. pease La Crosse ..-... 14,505 135,000
St. John’s, Madison. ..-.-.-. 10,325 136,768
Colleton ....- TORS i een was Milwaukee....| 115,578] 2,160,289
Tennessee. Oshkosh....... 15,749} ‘ 130,500
Chattanooga...| 12,892 71,566)).. Racine 2). 6.2. 16,031] 218,512
Knoxville ..... 9,690 212,288]| Sheboygan ..-- 7,314 230,000
Memphis ...... 33,593 None.|| Watertown.... 7,883 229,400
Nashville... --- 43,461! 1,606,200
See ee ara TEER EnLLEE: =r SasEEEESSUEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE eee are
Total Population of 299 Cities and Towns.............. 11,876,146
Aggregate Debt of 299 Cities and Towns..-.........--. $549, 904,979
AREA AND POPULATION OF THE EARTH.
i wg : Pop. to
Divisions. Area. Population. Sq. M.
PANTIE eee og ole uate ema sue eames 14,700,000 95,495,500 6%
PT GROEUP MET Utica ule «=e Jevanaasunou cas 3,800,000 315,929,000
PANES Ree ob lo wav ob obiaisieh win clei pie er 15,000,000 834,707,000 554
EAE LORE RIE RON Ue hein cic aa ccd ulaluaaid 6 able 10,800,000 205,679,000 19
COU Gee eit 2S MRS RS a SP 4,500,000 27,896,000 6
Mb PRON es Ce 48,800,000 | 1,479,706,500 } 305
614 RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT.
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POPULATION OF UNITED STATES BY RACES. 618
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, BY RACES, IN 1870 AND 1880.
Tnd'‘as, >. ‘Ind ns.
States nd nae White. | Colored. bee civ. or| White, Colored. Baas civ. or
iteri é 80. i *1t ; 370. S€. | taxed.
Territories 1480, 1880 1880 1880. reg 1870. 13870 1870, te
y{Alabama, | 1,262,794] 601,936] 600,141 4| 213) 621,384) 475,510] ....} 98
3| Arizona 40,441) 35,178 1 9,581 2
6} 20) = 3l
362,115} 122,169} 98
499,424) 4,272)49,310] 7,241
21 456 rg S|
527,549 ay 2). 235
eee
102,221} 22,794] .... | ....
88,278} 43,404) 8] 15
3)Arkansas} 802,564) 591,611] 210,622) 7134] 19
4|Calitornial 864,686] 767,266 6,168} 75,122|16,13
5/Cvlorado 194,649} 191,452 2,459 610} 128
6)Conn, 622,683} 610,884) 11,422 130} 241
7|Dakota 135,180} 133,177 38] 238} 1,384
8|Delaware}| 146,654] 120,198] 26,456 Silks (aN oe
9| Dist. of C.| 177,638] 118,236] 59,378 18
10| Florida 267 351} 141,249] 145,262 18 37 96,057| 91,689} ... 2
i1/Georgia | 1,539,048] 814,218] 724,654 17 94} 638,926] 545,142 1 40
32|Idaho 32.911 29,011 58} 3,378] 164 10,618 4,274 7
343) Lilinois 3,078,769} 3,022,174] 46,248] 214) 133] 2,511,096] 28,762 1 32%
14|Indiana | 1,878,362] 1,939,094] 38,998 37| 233) 1,655,837] 24,560) ... 240
15|lowa 1,624,620} 1,614,510} . 9,442 47; 464) 1,1
16|Kansas 995 966} 952,056} 43,096 22) 792
17|Kentucky| 1,648,708] 1,377,077) 271,462] | 10 50
18|Louisiana] 940,103} 455,063) 483,898] 483] 819 ,065! 364,210} 71) 569
19| Maine 648,945] 646,903] 1,427 8] 607] 624,809 ,606 1} 499
20\Maryland| 934,632} 724,718} 209,897 6] 11] 605,497] 175,391 4
21|Mass. 1,783,012) 1,764,082} 18,6441 256) 341| 1,443,156] 13,9 97} 151
22|Michigan | 1,636 331] 1,614,078] 14,986 29| 7,238] 1,167,282] 11,849 2| 4,926
23|Minnes’ta] 780,806] 776,940] 1,558 54] 2,254) 438,257 759| 2.2.
24|Mississ’pi | 1,131,592] 479,371] 650,337 52} 1,832] | 382,896] 444,201} 16} 809
25|Missouri | 2,168,8C4| 2,023,568} 145,046} — #94! 96} 1,603,146} 118,071 3) 75
26|Muontana 39,157} 35,468 202] 1,737] 1,750 306 183| 1,949] 157
27\Nebraska| 452,433} 449,805} 2,376 18} 233] 122,117 TSO eee
28\Nevada |° 62,265) 53,574 465] 5,423] 2,803) 38,959 857] 3,152] 23
29|N. Hamp.| 346,984} 346,264 646 14 317,697 580], 23
80|N. Jersey | 1,130,983! 1,091,856] 38,796 182 58} 875,407} 30,658 15 16
81|N.Mexico} 118,430} 107,188 907 55|10,280 393 ee at
$2|New York} 5,083,810] 5,017,142} 64,943] 942] 783] 4,330,210} 52,081; 20] 439
83|N. Carol’a} 1,400,0 867,467) 531,316 1] 1,216] 678,470) 391,650) .... | 1,241
81/Ohio 3,198,239] 3,118,344) 79,665} 117]. 113] 2,601,946] 63,213 1
$5|Orezon 174,767] 163,087 493; 9,508] 1,679 ,929 346, 3,330} 318
36|Penn, 4,282,786] 4,197,106] 85,342] 17 3,456,609] 65,294 14) 34
87|Rhvdel’d| 276,528} 269,933) 6,503 27) 67) =212,219] 4, seae tueOe
38!S. Carol’a| 995,622) 391,253] 604,325 9} 114] 289,667) 415,814 124
39/Teun, 1,542,463} 1,139,120] 402,992 26} 326} 936,119] 322,331] .. 70
40|'Texas 1,592,574} 1,197,493} 394,007! 142] 932] 564,700) 253,475} 25 9
41|Utah 143,906] 142,381 204| 518] 804 044 445| 179
42/Vermont | 332,286] 331,243] 1,032) .... 11} 329,613 924| .... 14
43|Virginia | 1,512,806] 880,739] 631,996 6| 65] 712,089) 512,841 4) 229
44\Washin’n| 75,120} 67,349 357) 3,227| 4,187) 22,195 207| 234] 1,319
45|West Va, | _ 618,443} 592,433] 25,729 14) 17} 424,033] 17,980) ....
46) Wiscon’n | 1,315,480] 1,309,622} 2,724 16} 3,118} 1,051,351 d +. | 1,206
47\Wyoming| 20,788) 19,436 299} 914] 139 5726 1 143] 66
' |Total U.S. }50,152,866 |43,402,408 16,577 497 | 105,679 |65,880|33,592,245|4,886,387 | 63,254 |25,731
SUS eh AE a oc ee 2d ara a i i hs Sahat be A rc beet eed i at ek asst oe election ea A
Per Cent. or IncrEasE FRom 1870 To 1880,
Total Population.......+.- ++++2-30.06 per cent. | Chinese Population........ ....67.07 per cent.
White Population....-. Rasiiea ard 28,2 as Indian Population (civilized or
Colored Pupulation.... .+++-++0> SETS hn Paxld) desta nvancs saemoaes 156.02.
. Norg.—The inhabitants of Alaska and the Indian Territory (both nnorganized as yet) are not
included in the above total. The census of Alaska in 1880 showed: White, 392; Creoles (issue of
fntermarriages between the whites and natives), 1,683; Aleuts, 1,960; Innuits, 17,483; Indians,
8,655; total, 30,178. ;
_ The Indian Territory is estimated to contain 60,000 to 75,000 inhabitants,
The Indians included in the census in each State and Territory are those reckoned as civil-
ized, or outside of tribal organizations. Indiansnot taxed are by law excluded from the gensus.
Estimates of their numbers vary widely—from 200,000 to 350,000 (the latter as estimated in the
census of 1670).
‘In the Chinese colnmn have been reckoned a very few Japanese, East Indians, and Sandwich
landers, Rotexeseding 200inalh ss. :
&
VD bie Me Es 3
}
616 POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTE.
POPUZAR AND ELECTORAL VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, 1880.
Total Electoral vote,
Popular | Gar-; Han-) To-
Gar- Han- | Weav-| goat. |@’rfa’s| H’ck’s
TATES, field. cock. er. ; ; q
r Rep. _ Dem. Gr, | tering.|Plu’ty.|Plu’ty.| vote, | field.| cock.|tal.
Alabama 56,178| 90,687| 4,642] .... |... | 34,509] 151,507] ....{ 10! 10
Arkansas 41,661] 60,489] 4,079] .... | .... | 18,828) 106,229] ....1 6] 6
California 80,348} 80,426} 3,392) .... | -... 78| 164,166 1] 5] 6
Colorado 97,450| 24,647|. 1,435) .... | °2,808)-.... | 58,5321 8). 8
Connecticut 67,073} 64,417} 868} 412]. 2,656) .... | 132,770} 6} ....| 5
Delaware AL I5O} 15,183} esc s- | bowel ee ee ch ok, O88) 29, 388) troany cen nee
Florida 23.654). 27,964). occ | cages: [ucewho 104,300) 61,618) Valor inser ae
Georgia 52,648| 102,522] 481] .... | .... | 49,874] 155,651 sl1| 11
Illinois 318,037| 277,321| 26,358] 596] 40,716} .... | 622,312) 21 21
Indiana 932,164] 225,528] 12,986] .... | 6,636] .... | 470,678} 15} ....| 15
Iowa 183,904] 105,845] 32,327] 630) 78,059] .... | 322,706} M1] ....} 11
Kansas 121,520] _ 59,789] 19,710] .... | 61,731] .... | 201,019] 5} ....) 5
Kentucky 104,550| 147,999] 11,498} 257] .... | 43,449] 264,304] ....] 12] 12
Louisianal 31,8911 65,310) 6c Peed aeee | S849}. 97,200 OU ee Bie
Maine2 74,039; 65,171] 4,408) 235] 8,868! .... | 143,853) 7] ....) 7
Maryland - 78,515| 93,706] 818] .... | .... | 15,191] 173,039] ....] 3! 8
Massachusetts | 165,205) 111,960] 4,548! — 799] 53,245] .... | 282,512) 13] ....} 13
Michigan 185,190} 131,300} 34,795] 1,156] 53,890] .... | 352,441) 11} ....} IL
Minnesota 93,903} 53,315) 3,267 286} 40,588} .... 150,771 15) PR tod nek #3
Mississippi 34,854] 75,750) 5,797 677} .... | 40,896] 117,078} .... 8) 8
Missouri 153,567| 208,600) 35,045} .... | .... | 55,042] 397,221] ....] 15} 15
Nebraska 54,979] 28,523} 3,853} .... | 26,456] .... 87,355] Bll 8
Nevadas _ 8,732) 2° 0,011) Veena coding as 879} 18,343] .. 3} 3
N. Hampshire | 44,852} 40,7941 528] 189) 4,058] .... 86,363} 5] ....] 5
New Jersey 120,555} 122,565] 2,617} 191] .... | 2,010] 245,928) ..., 9| 9
New York _ 555,544] 634,511! 12,372] 2,177] 21,033] .... {1,104,605} 35] ....| 35
North Carolina | 115,878] 124,204) 1,136] .... | .... 8,326} 241,218) ....] 10; 10
Ohio 375,048] 340,821] 6,456] 2,642] 34,227] .... | 724,967] 22| ....] 22
Oregon i 20,619} 19,948} 249] .... 671| .... | 40,816} 3 3
Pennsylvania 444,704] 407,428] 20,668] 1,983] 37,276] .... | 874,783} 29) ....| 29
Rhode Island 18,195} 10,779] 236 25) 7,416) ss |e Ocoee ens yen Oe
South Carolina | 58,071] 112,312} — 566 7| .... | 54,241] 170,956] .... They
Tennesseé 107,677}; 128,191} 5,916 43) .... | 20,514} 241,827] .... 12} 12
Texas4 57,845] 156,228] 27,405] .... | .... | 98,383] 241,478} .,.. 3} 8 .
Vermonts 45,090] 18,181] 1,212] 110] 26,909] .... | 64,593} 51 ....] 5
Virginiaé 84,020] 127,976] 139] ....| .... | 43,956] 212,135} .- .f 1) 11
West Virginia 46,243] _ 57,391] 9,079] .... | ..-- | 11,148} 112,713] ....) 5] 5
Wisconsin 144,397| 114,634] 7,980] 161] 29,763} .... | 267,172) 10} ....} 10
Total 4,442,950} 4,442,035 |306,867| 712,576 |537,001|536,086|9,204,428| 214] 155/369
Plurality 915 915 5O}
Per cent. 48 .26 48.25; 3.33 BL Re £8 SOY aca wee» |58.00}42.00
Notr.—Numerous variationsin the Presidential vote are found in the different tables published.
One principal source of discrepancy is in taking the vote for different Electors, of either party,as
representing the vote for President. As the votes for Electors vary greatly, some tables take
the highest vote cast for any one Elector; others, the highest cast for any Elector-at-large; and
others still, the average vate cast for all the Electors of each party.
1. In Louisiana, two Republican Electoral tickets were voted for: the regular Republican, and
the Beattie, or Grant Republican. The latter received about 9,740 votes, not enumerated above:
2. In Maine, the Hancock Electoral tickc¢ was styled ‘‘ Fusion,” containing 3 Democratic and
4 Greenback Electors. Besides this, a ‘‘Straight’”’ Greenback Electoral ticket was voted for,
with Weaver’s name at the head.
3. The above vote in Nevadaand Tennessee is from the State Officers. Other statements vary
largely in the vote of both parties,
4, The footings in Texas are correct, as rendered to the Secretary of State. but three Counties
made noreturn of votes for President (Denton, Galveston and McMullen). If thesecast as many
votes for Electors as for Governor, it would increase Hancock’s vote in the State, 5,820, and
Garfield’s 1,746, and Weaver’s 593.
' 5. These figures are the finally corrected returns in the Officeof the Secretary of State.
Farlier statements gave Garfield 45,567 votes, and Hancock 18,316 votes,
6. Two Democratic Electoral tickets were voted for in Virginia, the Regular or Debt-paying Han-
cock Ticket, and the Re-adjuster. or Mahone Hancock ticket. Both are added together above.
7. Of the scattering votes, 10,305 were cast for Neal Dow, ‘‘ Prohibition ’’ candidate for Prese
{dent, and 707 votes for John W. Phelps, ‘‘ American” or Anti-Secret-Society candidate.
8. The Electoral vote of Georgia was cast irregularly, on the 2d Wednesday of December, ins
stead of the 1st Wednesday, as required by Act of Congress. In the count of the Electoral vote,
February 9, 1881, Congress declared Hancock to have received 155 votesif Georgia were counted,
and 144 votesif not counted; thatin either case, Garfield had received a majority of the votes,
fad was duly elected.
Lye:
617
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Governments. , Rulers, Title, z ete va
a Accession.
Argentine Republic....|Julio A. Roca.........|President..|.... Oct 12, 1880
Austria-liungary ......|Franz Joseph I........|/Emperor ...|1830'Dec 2, 1548
Belgium........se+++-.|Leopold IT............ RANG cao eca 1835|Dec 10,1865
Bolivia..... eeveseees--|Nicolas Campero......|President..|.... Ju 1, 1880
Brazil ......-.....-.+.-.|Pedro II. Alcantara....|Emperor....|1825/Apr 7, 1831
OMI oes es BE Domingo Santa Maria.|President..}.... Sep 18,1881
CHINA assis Ue aise eele teis's| KK WONTSHU, |. 3 eee eas Emperor.... |1871|Jan 12,1875
DOLOMIDIA ties sa steas 4s |J./.: Otalota.. 43.05 0s. sie eleisisieisisie bisa ees 1861
PLOT AICRUMILEOL) Seth slice a cles Teig siete Sia ARE ciain’eia/e saan! Wola suarshewlcas 1861
PyUSvian Porm vlockaded by Denmarky 132. 20 seis e'e'cis cies clesessusveicive 1864
Feace between Prussia and Denmark..............006. Weishaieises ola irelnie . 1864
First Parliament of the Dominion of Canada .............. cee eeeee --. 1866
PNET RE Sa als as oC alla ear Nea es atpUtele Rldlc'a'e au we 04 abare Bn as 1866; 4%,
Gen. Sir R. Napier defeated the troops of Theodore, King of Abyssinia,
eM PONTURIN 5 dio dco gathen ts Gace CaR@ a ph ke Sst cua de aaleie .-- 1868
George Peabody, the philanthropist, died........... 2... cee ee ec eeeeceee 1869
Oneem isabella Ii, of Spain, abdicated. oo. ose es aideicecie'ssles)4 «einialsly dine LOTO
See CEaGrE Paris: Li A WALLOOM: s.csis Daladalcie sie vielen vedere ass shicids ves ecwe 1870
Battles of Vionville, Gravelot, and Sedan.........06 cc ccescelkecececucsce 1870
RT LEEFUC OIG CVO Wiirais ticsad a.ere (aie als vislbie Stella Ble sg sul Sietala » saleies@Nibse Severe 1870
Imperial crown of Germany conferred on William of Prussia,........ . 1870
PEAT ULE CO MO CLALT cus ucaiie's, wletaaaiaga elaine e's pial e s'eleis Mabeaie lire wn doit ata aa ale -» 1870
DIATMIONAS GISCOV ELGG: 1 SOULD ATPICH. cia s\clsreels wre eis els bbc clones s desiee 1871
Livingstone and H. M. Stanly meet in Africa!....... 2... cc ccc cece sence 1871
Tunnel under Mount Cenis opened..........-.-..20- eWelliaeeceleraieratetare LST
Thiers elected President of the French Republic................ Er ey tei |
Osptain Halt of the Polaris; died oo gis ees Seis cine oe siee eve ciae Biek cate etal Gk 1871
Old Giscovered. IN NOW Zealand 5 5. ils nic!t cio side cisiei s/s stead Slee eis oae.sivlelcie's 1871
William of Prussia proclaimed Emperor of Germany................. . 1871
The Tuileries destroyed by Communists ........... Dalaletmatuiaivis ats tw alateiteg 1871
King Amadeus I., of Spain abdicated..... Sg, Slaieicca el diate Stee ate se Meise sicisrers 1873
Belfort restored to France...............- A atbtste &(Gle Wis, wie rara uss heh AienGis Sespatone aye 1873
Death of Napoleon ITI............ Natale onal etal den aialsislere a Nias 6 Walcunicere see 1873
Miata en B AL AIG G:stIIKs 1OSS;) 100; cscie’ coos ve'scss ofa cneecicciacse sivas 1873
PUGET OUUVT Tacos pela dinle(chibiulccletale sees ate Saige wislaivicleaalan Rai visit era taie 1874
Fiji Islands become British Colonies ae PAL Risleales apieinncdvale’e sine seaown se iLone
Bulcan abdul Aziz Of LULrkey, BOAICaAbEG.\is\vis/s:cainieisias os vie'gc cele ev's s/ele eels 1876
Sultan Murad: V. of Turkey, abdicated ......6.0. ccc cece ccceccrcece aie Ce LOLe
OEE WOMLSLEN CO. 1 so ce Uiasclast's sds stave etelaie eve a niaie al tie iors aufatalaathaleherwee aie Y. HLST6,
PRDUREr TAU ox OT OLLLOIU AD LUABOLS ic 18 pedaleinie es ste bid Uidic aleie ciate arenes nels Se LORD
Escape of Fenianprisoners from West Australia........cceseese-seenes 1876
ERO MDG CLASS, DT OOUCOUrs 2 cablte co siclscsiatala ie sities ete'e ialei vce nia(s ea elelarniannuote . 1876
Freedom of the City of London conferred on ex-President Grant....... 1877
Zurich, cremation of human bodies legalized. ... ces... escsccecsceeee 1877
Great Exposition in Paris ............. LbdielnGaicivinwiels Viale duieicaleye sige tela stenrecrit
Peace between Russia and Turkey... Pali stet are diaiercioeis.e: aia say M said ear om aiatend lar 1878 |
England at war with Zulus.. Melelcetd' sie wisls'ers a Ware ila dia $e ela weiaicisialete Swls tle hi Ley ho
Prince Jmperial killed by TREN COURT STON UU BYE ht Aca SSR Si bs)
Lesseps Company begin work on Panama Canal ....- 2... ...eeeeeeeeees 1880
Trish Home Rulers silenced by majority in House of Commons..... eee 1881
Bombardment of Alexandria by the British fleet, July 11.............. 1882
Italy resumed Specie payments suspended since 1866,................. 1883
The Brooklyn and New York Suspension Bridge formerly opened
Java and neighboring islands devastated by volcanic eruptions, 100,-
UNRINEMROSD CA USUAL. veces os delelcincass ciple Suu epee slow se vessedae ¢esie let Lond
Defeat ‘of Egyptian rebels under Osman Digna by the British,
LENE SOE ee een a beg a aba abin.e Ravin a 4 Peele cular REC eTE heb wce dee ceeens eevee LOGS
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634 GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES.
A. O.
861. Ferne Islands, discovered about this time by a Scandinavian vessel.
871, Iceland, discovered by some Norwegian Chiefs, who were compeiled to
leave their native country. According to some accounts, it had been
visited before this by a Scandinavian pirate, Naddodd,
950. Greenland, discovered by the Icelanders about this period. The first
colony established there was destroyed bya pestilence in the 14th cen.
tury, and by the accumulation of ice between Greenland and Iceland
all intercourse was cut off.
1002. Winland dat Gode (Good Wine Land), a part of America, was discovered
by the Northmen, Eric and Biorn.
1344. Madeira, the well-known wine-producing island, was discovered by
Juan Gonzalez and Tristan Vaz, Portuguese.
1345, Canary Isles, discovered by some Genoese and Spanish seamen, having
been known to the ancients.
1364. Guinea, the coast of, discovered by some seamen of Dieppe, about this
period,
1418. Porto Santo, discovered by Vaz and Zarco, Portuguese,
1440-1445. Senegal River, discovered by the Portuguese,
1446. Cape Verde, discovered by Denis Fernandez, a Portuguese,
1448. Azores Islands, discovered by Gonzalio Vello, a Portuguese.
1449, Cape Verde Islands, discovered by Antonio de Noli, a Genoese in the
service of Portugal.
1471. Island of St. Thomas, under the Equator, discovered.
1484. Congo, discovered by the Portuguese, under Diego Cam.
1484. Cape Bojador, or Nun, doubled for the first time by the Deere
1486. Cape of Good Hope, discovered by Bartholomew Diaz.
1492. Lucayos, or Bahama Islands. These were the first points of discovery
by Columbus. San Salvador, one of these islands, was first seen by
this great navigator on the 11th or 12th of October in this year.
1492, Cuba, Island of Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, discovered by Columbus
in his first voyage.
1493. Jamaica, St. Christopher’s Dominica, discovered by Columbus in his
second voyage.
1497. Cape of Good Hope, doubled by Vasco di Gama, and the passage to In-
dia discovered.
1497. Newfoundland, discovered by John Cnbot, who first called it Prima
Vista and Baccalaos.
1498, Continent of America, discovered by Columbus,
1498. Malabar, coast of, discovered by Vasco di Gama. Y
1498. Mozambique, island of, discovered by Vasco di Gama,
1499. Guiana and Venezuela, discovered by Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci,
under Portuguese flag.
1501. Brazil carefully explored by Amerigo Vespucci.
1501. Labrador and River St Lawrence, discovered by Cortecal, who sailed
from Lisbon on a yoyage of discovery for the Portuguese.
1502. Gulfof Mexico. Some of the shores of this gulf explored by Columbus
on his last voyage.
J502. St. Helena, the island of, discovered by Jean de Nova, a Portuguese.
1506. Ceylon, discovered by the Portuguese. Ceylon was known to the Ro-
mans in the time of Claudius.
1506. Madagascar, island of, discovered by Tristan da Cunha, and revisited
by the Portuguese navigator, Fernandez Pereira in 1508. This island
was first called St. Lawrence, having been discovered on the day of
that Saint.
1608. Canada, visited by Thomas Aubert. Known before to fishermen, whe
had been thrown there by a tempest.
1508, Ascension Isle, discovered by Tristan da Cunha,
1508. Sumatra, island of, discovered by Siqueyra, a Portuguese,
1611. Sumatra, more accurately examined by the Portuguese,
;
¥
‘
A. 6,
1511,
1511,
1612.
1512.
1613.
1513.
1515.
1616.
1516.
1517.
1517.
1518,
1519.
1520.
1621.
1521.
1524.
1524,
1525.
1527.
1530.
1534,
1535.
1637.
1541,
1641.
1542,
1545.
1552.
1553.
1553.
1575.
1576,
GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES. 635
Molucca Isles, discovered by the Portuguese.
Sunda Isles, discovered by Abrew, a Portuguese,
Maldives. A Portuguese navigator, wrecked on these islands, found
them in occasional possession of the Arabians.
Florida, discovered by Ponce de Leon, a Spanish navigator.
oes and Java. The Portuguese became acquainted with these
islands.
South Sea. The Great Ocean was discovered this year from the moun-
tains of Darien, by Nuguez de Balboa, and subsequently navigated by
Magellan. The supposition of the New oud being part of India atc
ceased.
Peru, discovered by Perez de la Rua.
Rio Janeiro, discovered by Diaz de Solis.
Rio de la Plata, discovered by the same.}
China, discovery of, by sea, by Fernand Perez d’Andrada.
Bengal, discovered by some Portuguese thrown on the coast by a tem-
pest.
Mexico discovered by the Spaniards; conquered by Certes in 1519,
Magellan, Straits of, passed by Magellan with a fleet of di-covery fitted
out by the Emperor Charles V. The first voyage round the world was
undertaken by this navigator; and his vessel performed the enter-
prise, although the commander perished.
Terra del Fuego, discovered by Magellan.
Ladrone Islands, discovered by Magellan.
Philippines. This archipelago was discovered by Magellan, who lost
his life here in a skirmish.
New France. The first voyage of discovery made by the French under
Francis the First, one of whose ships, after reaching Florida, coasted
along as far as 50 degrees north latitude, and gave to this part the
name of new France.
North America, travelled over from Florida to Newfoundland by Verri-
zana, & Florentine, in the service of France.
New Holland, discovered by the Portuguese about this time; this im-
mense tract was for some time neglected by Europeans, but was vVis-
ited by the Dutch, at various periods, from 1619 to 1044.
Ae Guinea, discovered by Sanvedra, a Spaniard, sent from Mexico, by
Cortez.
Guinea, the first voyage to, made by an English ship for elephants’
teeth.
Canada, visited by Cortier, of St. Malo; a settlement having previously
been made in 1528, by Verrizzani, who took possession in the name of
Francis I. of France.
California, discovered by Cortez,
Chili, discovered by Diego de Almargo, one of the conquerors of Peru.
Labrador, discovered by a French engineer, Alphonse.
India, the first English ship sailed to, for the purpose of attacking the
Portuguese.
Japan, discovered by the Portuguese, Antonio de Meta and Antonio de
Peyxoto, who were cast by a tempest on its coast.
Potosi, mines of, discovered by the Spaniards.
Spitzbergen, observed by the English, but mistaken fo part of Green-
land. Visited by Barentz, a Dutch navigator in Sarah of a north-east
passage, in 1596.
White Sea. This sea, which had not been visita since the time of Al-
fred, was now supposed to be discovered by Chancellor, the English
navigator.
Nova Zembla, discovered by Willoughby, an English seaman.
Solomon’s Isles, discovered by Mendana, a Spaniard, sent by the Gov-
ernor of Peru.
Frobisher’s Strait, discovered by the English navigator whose name it
|
636 _ GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES.
A. 0.
1576. Greenland, further explored by Frobisher, who also penetrated farther
between this country and Labrador.
1577. New Albion, discovered by Drake, who was the second to attempt a
voyage round the world, which he performed in three years.
1580. Siberia, discovered by Yermak Timophelevitch, Chief of the Cossacks, |
1587. Davies’ Straits, discovered by the English navigator whose name it
bears, in his voyage for the discovery of a north-west passage.
1594, Falkland Islands, discovered by the English navigator, Sir John Haw-
kins.
1596. Marquesas, discovered by Mendana, a Spaniard, on his voyage from
Peru to found a colony in the Solomon Isles. ‘
1596, Solitary Island, discovered by Mendana on the above-named yoyage. ~
1606. Archipelago del Espirito Santo, discovered by Guirus, a Portuguese
sent from Peru. These islands are the cyclades of the Bougainville,
and the New Hebrides of Cook.
1606. Otaheite, supposed to be discovered by Guiros, who named it Segit-
taria.
1607-1610. Hudson’s Bay, discovered by the celebrated English navigator,
Hudson, on his third voyage. Venturing to pass the winter in this
bay on his fourth voyage, he was, with four others, thrown by his sail-
ors into a boat, and left to perish.
1607. Chesapeake Bay, discovered by John Smith.
1615. Straits of Le Maire, discovered with the island of Staten on the east,
by Le Maire, a merchant of Amsterdam,, and Schouten, a merchant of
Horn.
1616. Cape Horn, doubled by Le Maire and Schouten, Dutch navigators, who
called it after the town of which Schouten was a native.
1616. Van Dieman’s Land, discovered by the Dutch.
1616. Baffin’s Bay, discovered by William Baffin, an Englishman.
1636. Frozen Ocean. In this year the Russians discovered that this ocean
washed and bounded the north of Asia. The first Russian ship sailed
down tine Lena into this sea.
1642. New Zealand, with the southern port of Van Dieman’s Land, discovered
by Tasman, a Dutch navigator.
‘654. Bourbon, isle of, occupied by the French.
4673. Louisiana, discovered by the French. This country received its name
* from Le Salle, a Frenchman, who explored the Misgissippi, in 1682.
1686. Easter Islands, discovered by Roggewein, a Dutch navigator.
1690. Kamschatka, the principal settlement of the Russians, on the coast of
Asia, discovered by a Cossack chief, Morosko. This country was taken
possession of by the Russians in 1697,
1692. Japan, carefully visited by Kemfer, a German.
1699. New Britain. This island, and the straits which connie it from New
Guinea, discovered by Dampier. This enterprising seaman made a
voyage round the world at the period of this discovery.
1711. Kurile Isles, occupied by the Russians. The people of these islands,
which are twenty-one in number, still pay tribute to Russia. They are
principally volcanic.
1628. Behring’s Strait, explored and designated by a Danish navigator in the
service of Russia, whose name it bears. Behring thus established that
the continents of Asia and America are not united, but are distant
from each cther about thirty-nine miles.
1728. Kamschatka, ascertained by Behring to be a peninsula.
1741. Aleutian Isles, on the coast of North America, discovered by Behring.
A more accurate survey of these islands was made under the Russian
Government, by Captains Billing and Sarytchef, from 1781 to 1798.
1765. Duke of York’s Islands, discovered by Byron.
1765. Isles of Danger, discovered by Byron.
1767. Otabeite, discovered by Wallis.
1768. Cook’s Strait, discovered by Captain Cook on his voyage round the
world, which occupied from 1768 to 1771.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES, 637
A. @.
1770. New South Wales, discovered by Captain Cook,
1772, Island of Desolation, the first land south of India, discovered by Ker-
guelen, and called by his name, Subsequently called the Island of
Desolation by Captain Cook,
1774, New Caledonia, discovered by Captain Cook in his second voyage,
1772-1775.
1778, Icy Cape, discovered by Captain Cook,
1778. Sandwich Islands, discovered by Captain Cook in his third voyage,
which commenced in 1776. He lost his life in 1779.
1797. Bass’s Straits. Mr. Bass, surgeon of H. M. 8. Reliance, penetrated as
far as Western Port, in a small open boat, from Port Jackson, and was
of opinion that a strait existed between New South Wales and Van
Dieman’s Land. In 1799, Lieut. Flinders circumnavigated Van Die-
man’s Land, and named the Strait after Mr. Bass.
1804, 5, 6, Missouri, explored to its sources by Captains Lewis and Clarke,
and the origin and source of the Columbia ascertained.
1819. Barrow’s Straits, discovered by Lieut. Parry, who penetrated as far as
teal ea Island, in lat. 74 deg. 26’ min. N. and long. 113 deg. 47 min.
1819. New South Shetland, discovered by Mr. Smith, of the ane William,
bound to Valparaiso.
1819-1822. North America, the northern lintits of, determined by Captain
Franklin, from the mouth of the Coppermine River to Cape Turna-
gain.
1821 Asia, the northern limits of, determined by Baron Wrangle.
1825-26. North America. Franklin’s second expedition, in which the coast
between the mouths of the Coppermine and M’Kenzie’s rivers, and
the coast from the mouth of the latter to 14914 W. long., were discov-
ered.
1827. North America. In August of this year, Captain Beechey, in H. M. 8.
Blossom, discovered the coast from Icy Cape to Point Barrow, leaving
about 140 miles of coast unexplored between this Point and Point
Beechey. Point Barrow is 156% W. long.
1829-33. North America. North-west passage. Discoveries of Captain Ross,
October 18th, 1833.
1830. The Niger (termination of) discovered by Richard and John Lander,
November 18th.
1838. Arctic discoveries by Dease and Simpson.
1849. Livingstone and friends trace River Zouga, Africa.
1855. Livingstone discovers Victoria Falls, Africa.
1856-1859, Du Chaillu explores Equatorial Africa.
1857. Captain Burton crosses Equatorial Africa.
1858. Captain Speke discovers Victoria Nyanza.
1875. Cameron crosses the continent of Africa.
1876, British Arctic expedition within 1,000 miles of North Pole.
1877. Stanly surveys, take Tanganyika and crosses Africa from east to west,
and identified the Lualaba with the Congo river.
1878-79. Nordenskjold accomplishes the North-east passage from the Atlan-
tic to the Pacific.
1884. The Jeannette sailed for the Arctic regions, July 8, 1879. Crushed by
ice June 23,1881. The remains of Lieut. Commander DeLong and
party arrived in New York February 18, 1884,
A BRIEF List
OF
MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES
IN THE FABULOUS HISTORY OF THE GREEKS AND ROMANS.
Achates (a-ka/téz). The faithful friend of Aineas, the hero of Virgil’s Aneid.
Acheron (ak/e-ron). The son of Sol and Terra, changed by Jupiter into a
river of hell, or the infernal regions ;—used also for hell itself.
Achilles (a-killéz). A Greek, who signalized himself in the war against
Troy; and having been dipped by his mother in the River Styx, was
invulnerable in every part except his right heel, but was at length
killed by Paris with an arrow.
Actzon (ak-té/on). The son of Aristeus, and a famous hunter, who, havin
surprised Diana as she was bathing, was turned by her into a stag, an
killed by, his own dogs.
Adonis (a-do’nis). A beautiful youth beloved by Venus. He was killed b
a wild boar. When wounded, Venus sprinkled nectar into his blood,
from which flowers sprang up.
Egeus (e-jé/us). A king of Athens, who threw himself into the sea, which
after him was called the Aigean Sea.
Egis (jis). A shield given by Jupiter to Minerva.
Mneas (e-né/as). A Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Venus,
the hero of Virgil’s poem, the Afneid.
Eolus (6’o-lus). The god of the winds and storms.
Asculapius (es-ku-la’/pe-us). The god of medicine, and the son of Apollo,
illed by Jupiter with a thunderbolt on account of his skill, and par-
ticularly for having restored Hippolytus to life.
Agamemnon (ag-a-mem/non). King of Mycenez and Argos, brother to”*Men-
elaus, and commander-in-chief of the Grecian army at the siege of Troy.
Aganippe (ag-a-nip’pe). A fountain at the foot of Mount Helicon, conse-
crated to Apollo and the Muses.
Ajax (a/jaks). The son of Telamon, and, next to Achilles, the bravest of
all the Greeks in the Trojan war.
Albion (al’be-on). The son of Neptune, who went into Britain, where he
established a kingdom.
Alceste, or Alcestis (al-ses‘te, or -tis). The daughter of Pelias and wife of
Admetus, brought back from hell by Hercules.
Alcides (al-si/déz). A patronymic or title of Hercules.
Alecto (a-lek’to). One of the three Furies.
Ammon (am’mon). A title of Jupiter. i
Amphion (am-fi‘on). The son of Jupiter and Antiope, who built the city
of Thebes by the music of his harp. He and his brother Zethus are
said to have invented music.
Amphitrite (am-fe-tri‘te). The daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, goddess
of the sea, and wife to Neptune.
Andromache (an-drom/a-ke). The daughter of Eetion, king of Thebes, and
wife of Hector.
Andromeda (an-drom/e-da). The daughter of Cepheus and Cassiope, who,
contesting with Juno and the Nereids for beauty, was exposed to a s¢a-
monster, but was rescued and married by Perseus.
Antwus (an-té’us), The son of Neptune and Terra, a famous giant, killed
by Hercules, gn
MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 689!
Antigone (an-tig’o-ne). The daughter of Gidipus and Jocasta, famous for
her filial piety.
Apollo (a-pol’lo). The son of Jupiter and Latona, and the god of music,
poetry, eloquence, medicine, and the fine arts. ,
Arachne (a-rak’ne). A Lydian virgin, turned into a spider for contending
with Minerva at spinning.
Arethusa (ar-e-thi’sa). One of Diana’s nymphs, the daughter of Nerens
and Doris, who was changed into a fountain.
Argus Feet cag The son of Arestor, said to have a hundred eyes; but being
killed by Mercury when appointed by Juno to guard Io, she put his
eyes on the tail of a peacock. 3
Ariadne (a-re-ad’/ne). The daughter of Minos, who, from love to Theseus,
gave him a clew of thread which guided him out of the Cretan laby-
Tinth, and she became his wife; but being aftePwards deserted by him,
she was married to Bacchus, and made his priestess.
Arion (2-ri‘on). A lyric poet of Methymna, who, in his voyage to Italy,
saved his life from the cruelty of the mariners by means of dolphins,
which the sweetness of his music brought together.
Astrwa (as-tre’a). The goddess of justice; changed into the constellation
Virgo.
Atalanta (at-a-lan/ta). A princess of Scyros, who consented to marry that
one of her suitors who should outrun her. Hippomenes was the suc-
cessful competitor.
Atlas (at/las). One of the Titans, and king of Mauritania, who is said to
have supported the world on his shoulders, and was turned into a
mountain by Perseus.
Aurora (au-ro’ra). The goddess of the morning.
Bacchantes (bak-kan'téz). Priestesses of Bacchus,
Bacchus (bak’us). The son of Jupiter and Semele, and the god of wine and
of drunkards.
Bellerophon (bel-ler’o-fon). The son of Glaucnus, king of Egypt, very beau-
tiful. With the aid of the horse Pegasus, he destroyed the Chimera;
Bellona (bel-l0’na). The goddess of war, and sister of Mars.
Belus (bé/lus). The son of Neptune and’*Libya, and one of the first kings
of Babylon or Assyria, to whose statue divine honors were paid, and to
whom a magnificent temple was built. :
Boreas (b0're-as). The son of Astr#us and Aurora; the name of the north
wind.
Briareus (bri-a’re-us). A giant that warred against heaven, and was feigned -
to have had fifty heads and one hundred hands.
Busiris (bu-si’ris). The son of Neptune and Libya, a tyrant of Egypt, and
a monstrous giant, who fed his horses with human flesh, and was killed
by Hercules.
Byblis (bib‘lis). The daughter of Miletus, who wept herself into a fountain
through love of her brother Caunus.
* Cacus (ka’/kus). The son of Vulcan, a most notorious robber, slain by Her-
cules for stealing his oxen.
Cadmus (kad’mus). The son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, the founder of
the city of Thebes, and the reputed inventor of sixteen letters of the
Greek alphabet.
Calliope ao De). One of the Muses, who presided over eloquence and
epic poetry.
Calypso (ka-lip’so). One of the Oceanides, and one of the daughters of »
Atlas, who reigned in the island Ogygia, and entertained Ulysses.
Camilla (ka-mil/la). A famous queen of the Volsci, who opposed Aineas on
- his landing in Italy.
Capaneus (kap’/a-neis). A famous Grecian, killed by a stone at the siege
of Thebes.
Ceasandra (kas-san’dra). The daughter of Priam and Hecuba, endowed
with tue gift of prophecy by Apolio,
640 MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES.
Castalides (Ias-tal’i-dés).. The Muses, 80 called from the fountain Castalius,
at the foot of Parnassus.
Castor (kas’‘tor). A son of Jupiter and Leda. He and his twin brother ~
Pollux shared immortality alternately, and were formed into the con-
stellation Gemini. 4 :
Ceerops (26’krops). A very rich Egyptian, the founder and first king of
Athens, who instituted marriage, altars, and sacrifices.
Centaurs (sen’taurs). A people of Thessaly, half men and half horses, van-
quished by Theseus, ;
Cerberus (ser’be-rus). The three-headed dog of Pluto, which guarded the
gates of hell. Hercules overcame and brought him away.
Ceres (sé/réz). The daughter of Saturn and Cybele, and goddess of corn,
harvest, and flowers.
Charon (ka/ron). The son of Erebus and Nox, and ferryman of hell, who
conducted the souls of the dead, in a boat, over the Rivers Styx and
Acheron.
Charybdis (ka-rib’dis), A ravenous woman, turned by Jupiter into a very
dangerous gulf or whirlpool on the coast of Sicily.
Chiron (ki/ron). The son of Saturn and Phillyra, a Centaur, who was pre-
ceptor to Achilles, taught Zsculapius physic, and Hercules astronomy;
and who was made the constellation Sagittarius.
Chryseis (kri-sé'is), The daughter of Chryses, priest of Apollo, famed for
beauty and for her skill in embroidery. She fell to Agamemnon’s lot
in the cause of the Trojan war, but was afterwards restored, in order
to stop a Pete amongst the Grecians, which Apollo had sent at the
request of her father.
Circe (sir’se). The daughter of Sol and Perse, a noted enchantress.
Clio (kli/o). One of the Muses. She presided over history.
Clytemnestra (klit-em-nes'tra). The faithless wife of Agamemnon, killed
by her son Orestes for her crimes. *
Comus (k6‘mus). The god of revelry, feasting, and jollity.
Crocus (kro‘kus). A young man who was enamored of the nymph Smilax,
and changed into the flower of the name of crocus.
Croesus (kré/sus). The king of Lydia, and the richest man of his time,
Cupid (ka-pid). The son of Mars and Venus, a celebrated deity; the god
- of love, and love itself.
Cybele (sib’e-le). The daughter of Colus and Terra, the wife of Saturn,
and the mother of the gods. d
Cyclops (si‘klops). Vulcan's workmen, giants who had only one eye, in
t
e middle of their forehead, and were slain by Apollo in a pique
against Jupiter.
Deedalus (dé’da-lus). A most ingenious artist and artificer of Athens, who
formed the Cretan labyrinth, and invented the auger, axe, glue, plumb-
line, saw, and masts and sails for ships.
Danaides (da-na'i-déz). The fifty daughters of Danaus, king of Argos, all
of whom, except Hypermnestra, killed their husbands on the first
night after marriage, and were therefore doomed to draw water out
of a deep well, and eternally to pour it into a cask full of holes.
Daphne (daf’ne), The daughter of the River Peneus, changed into a
laurel-tree.
Daphnis (daf’nis). A shepherd of Sicily, and son of Mercury. He was
educated by the nymphs, and inspired by the Muses with the love of
oetry.
Geelanus (dar’da-nus). The son of Jupiter and Electra, and founder of
Troy. ;
Deidamia (de-id-a-mi‘a). The daughter of Lycomedes, king of Scyres, wife
of Achilles, and mother of Pyrrhus. ‘
Deiphobus (de-iffo-bus), The son of Priam and Hecuba, who married
Beers after the death of Paris, but was betrayed by her to the
Tee : e
eee
MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 641
Dejanira (dej-n-ni/ra). The daughter of (Eneus, and wife of Hercules, who
killed herself in despair, because her husband burnt himself to avoid
the torment occasioned by the poisoned shirt that she had given him
to regain his love, according to the direction of Nessus, the centaur,
from whom she received it. ;
Dalos (dé/los).. An island in the Hgean Sea, where Apollo was born, and
where he had a famous oracle. ,
Delphi (del’fi). A city of Phocis, famous for an oracle of Apollo.
Dewcalion (deu-ka‘li-on). The. son of Prometheus, and king of Thessaly,
who, with his wife Pyrrha, was preserved from the general deluge,
and repeopled the world by throwing stones behind them, as directed
by the oracle. ;
Diana (di-a’na). The daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and the goddess of
hunting, chastity, and marriage.
rage ame (dic-tin‘na). A nymph of Crete, and one of the attendants of
jana.
Dido (di‘do). The queen of Carthage, daughter of Belus, and wife of
Sicheus. She built Carthage, and, according to Virgil, entertained
Aineas on his voyage to Italy, and stabbed herself through despair,
because Aineas'left her.
Diomedes (di-o-mé/dez). The son of Tydeus, and king of Aitolia, who
gained great reputation at Troy, and who, with Ulysses, &c., carried
off the Palladium. '
Dirce (dir‘se). The wife of Lycus, king of Thebes, dragged to death by 4
mad bull.
Draco (dra‘ko). An Athenian lawgiver, so severe as to punish every crime
with death.
Dryades (dri’‘a-déz). Nymphs who presided over the woods.
Echo (ek’o). The daughter of Aer, or Air, and Tellus, who pined away
through love for Narcissus.
Electra (e-lek’tra). The daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, whe
instigated her brother Orestes to revenge their father’s death upon
their mother and #gisthus.
Elysium (e-lizh’e-um). ‘The happy residence of the virtuous after death.
Enceladus (en-sel’a-dus). The son of Titan and Terra, and the stronges¢
pi the giants, who conspired against Jupiter, and attempted to scase
eaven.
Endymion (en-dim’i-on). A shepherd and an astronomer of Caria, coa-
demned to a sleep of thirty years.
Epeus (e-pé/us). An artist, who made the Trojan horse, and invented the
sword and buckler.
Erato (er‘a-to). One of the Muses:—she presided over lyric and amorcus
poetry.
Erebus (er’e-bus). The son of Chaos and Nox, an infernal deity:—a river
of hell, and often used by the poets for hell itself.
Erinnys (e-rin’‘nys). The Greek name for the Eumenides, or Furies.
Fumenides (i-men‘i déz). A name of the Furies.
Euphorbus (i-for’bus). The son of Panthous, slain by Menelaus in the
Trojan war.
Euphrosyne (u-fros’e-ne). One of the three Graces.
epee (a-ri‘a-le). A queen of the Amazons:—also one of the three
orgons.
Euryalus (a-ri/a-lus). A Peloponnesian chief in the Trojan war:—also a
Trojan and a friend of Nisus, for whose loss Auneas was inconsolable.
Eurydice (a-rid’i-se). The wife of Orpheus, killed by a serpent on her
marriage day. ;
Eurylochus (a-ril‘o-kus). One of the companions of Ulysses, and the only
one who was not changed by Circe into a hog.
Karystheus (i-ris’the-us). The son of Sthenelus, and king of Mycenz, who,
at Juno’s instigation, set his brother Hercules twelve difficult labors.
Euterpe (i-ter’pe), One of the Muses,the one who presided over musie
642 MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES.
Fates (fates). Powerful goddesses, who presided over the birth and the
life of mankind, were the three daughters of Nox and Erebus, named
Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. Clotho was supposed to hold the distaff,
Lachesis to draw the thread of human life, and Atropos to cut it off. ;
Fauna (faw’/na). A Roman deity, the wife of Faunus.
Fauni (faw’ni). Rural deities, described as having the legs, feet, and ears
of goats, and the rest of the body human.
Faunus (faw’nus). A king of Italy about thirteen hundred years B. C.;
fond of agriculture, and revered as a deity.
Flora (fl0’ra). The goddess of flowers and gardens.
Fortuna (for-ti’na). A powerful deity, the goddess of fortune, from whose
eee derived riches and poverty, happiness and misery ;—said to
e blind.
vs
Furies (fa’ries). The three daughters of Nox and Acheron, Alecto, Tisi- —
phone, and Megera,
Galatwa (gal-a-té’a). A sea-nymph, the daughter of Nereus arid Doris,
passionately loved by Polyphemus.
Ganymede (gan’e-méde). The son of Tros, king of Troy, whom Jupiter, in
phe ey of an eagle, snatched up and made his cup-bearer, instead
of Hebe.
Geryon (jé/re-on). A monster, represented as having three bodies and
three heads, and as having fed his oxen with human flesh, and was
therefore killed by Hercules.
Gordius (gor’de-us). A husbandman, but afterwards king of Phrygia, re-
markable for tying a knot of cords, on which the empire of Asia de-
ended, in so very intricate a manner, that Alexander, unable to unravel
it, cut it asunder.
Gorgons (gor’gons). The three daughters of Phorcus and Ceto, named
stheno, Euryale, and Medusa. ‘heir bodies were covered with im-
penetrable scales, their hair entwined with serpents; they had only
one eye betwixt them, and they could change into stones those whom
they looked on.
Graces (gra/sez). Three goddesses, represented as beautiful, modest virgins,
} and constant attendants on Venus.
Marpies (har’péz. The three daughters of Neptune and Terra, named
Aello, Celeno, and Ocypete, winged monsters with the faces of virgins,
the bodies of vultures, and hands armed with claws.
Hebe (hé/be). The daughter of Juno, goddess of youth, and Jupiter’s cup-
bearer, banished from heaven on account of an unlucky fall.
Hector (hek’tor). The son of Priam and Hecuba, the most valiant of the
Trojans, and slain by Achilles.
Hecuba (hek’u-ba). The daughter of Dimas, king of Thrace, and wife of
Priam, who tore her eyes out for the loss of her children.
Helen (hel’en). The daughter of Tyndarus and Leda, and wife of Menelaus,
the most beautiful woman of her age, who, running away with Paris,
occasioned the Trojan war.
Helenus (hel’e-nus). The son of Priam and Hecuba, spared by the Greeks
for his skill in divination.
Helle (hel/le). The daughter of Athamas, who, flying from her stepmother
Ino, was drowned in the Pontic Sea, and gave it the name of Hellespont.
Hercules (her’ku-léz). The son of Jupiter and Alemena, the most famous
hero of antiquity, remarkable for his great strength.
Hermione (her-mi/o-ne). The daughter of Mars and Venus, and wife of
Cadmus, who was changed into a serpent.
Hero (hé/ro). A beautiful woman of Sestos, in Thrace, and priestess of
Venus, whom Leander of Abydos loved so tenderly that he swam over
the Hellespont every night to see her; but at length being unfortu-
nately drowned, she threw herself, in despair, into the sea.
Hesione (he-si/o-ne). The daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, delivered
. om a seamonster by Hercules, i
MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 643
Plesperides (hes-per‘i-déz). Three nymphs, daughters of Hesperus, who
guarded the golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter.
Hesperus (hes’per-us). The son of Japetus, and brother to Atlas; changed
into the evening star.
Hippolytus (hip-pol’e-tus). The son of Theseus and Antiope, or Hippolyte,
who was restored to life by Ausculapius, at the request of Diana.
Hippomenes (hip-pom’e-néz). A Grecian prince, who, beating Atalanta in
the race by throwing golden apples before her, married her. They
were changed by Cybele into lions.
Hyacinthus (hi-a-sin‘thus). A beautiful boy, beloved by Apollo and Zephy-
rus. The latter killed him; but Apollo changed the blood that was
spilt into a flower called the Hyacinth.
Hydra (hi‘dra). A celebrated monster, or serpent, with nine, or, according
to some, a hundred heads, which infested the Lake Lerna. It was
killed by Hercules.
Hymen (hi‘men). The son of Bacchus and Venus, and god of marriage.
Jearus (ik’a-rus). The son of Dedalus, who, flying with his father out of
Crete into Sicily, and soaring too high, melted the wax of his wings,
and fell into the sea,—thence called the Icarian Sea.
To (0). The daughter of Inachus and Ismene, turned by Jupiter into a
cow, and worshipped after her death, by the Egyptians, under the
name of Isis.
Iphigenia (if-i-je-ni‘a). Ths daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra,
and a priestess of Diana. ’
Iris (iris). The daughter of Thaumas and Electra, one of the Oceanides,
and messenger of Juno, who turned her into a rainbow.
Ixion (iks-i‘on). A king of Thessaly, the father of the Centaurs, who killed
his own sister, and was punished by being fastened in hell to a wheel
perpetually turning round.
Janus (janus). The son of Apollo and Creusa, and first king of Italy, who,
receiving the banished Saturn, was rewarded by him with the knowl-
edge of husbandry, and of things past and future.
Jason (ja/son). The leader of the Argonauts, who obtained the golden
fleece at Colchis. :
duno (ja‘no). The daughter of Saturn and Ops, sister and wife of Jupiter,
the great queen of heaven, and of all the gods, and goddess of marriages
and births.
Jupiter (ji’pe-ter). The son of Saturn and Ops, the supreme deity of the
heathen world, the most powerful of all the gods, and governor of all
things.
Zaocoon (la-ok’o-on). The son of Priam and Hecuba, and high priest of
Apollo, who opposed the reception of the wocden horse into Troy.
Laomedon (la-om’e-don). A king of Troy, killed by Hercules, for denying
him his daughter Hesione after he had delivered her from the sea-
monster, to which she had been exposed, on account of her father’s
refusal to pay Neptune and Apollo for building the city walls.
Lares seks Inferior gods at Rome, who presided over houses and
families.
fLatona (la-to’na). The daughter of Cus the Titan and Phebe, and mother
'. of Apollo and Diana.
Leda (lé‘da). The mother of Castor and Pollux, of Helen and Clytemnenira.
Lucifer (la’se-fer). The name of the planet Venus, or morning star; said
to be the son of Jupiter and Aurora.
Lucina (lu-si‘na). A daughter of Jupiter and Juno, ang a goddess who
presided over childbirth.
Luna (li/na). The mocn, the daughter of Hyperion and Terra.
Medea (me-dé/a), The daughter of Hetes, and 9 wenderful sorceress, or
magician ; ‘ oh ae eg
-
644 MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES.
Medusa (me-dii’sa). Ono of the three Gorgons, whese hair Minerva changed
into snakes. She was killed by Perseus.
Melpomene (mel-pom’e-ne). One of the Muses,—the one who presided over
tragedy. :
memsion (mem/non). King of Athiopia, the son of Tithonus and Aurora,
and king of Abydon, killed by Achilles for assisting Priam, and
changed into a bird at the request of his mother.
Menelaus (men-e-la/us). The son of Atreus, king of Sparta, brether of
Agamemnon, and husband of Helena.
Mentor (men‘tor). The faithful friend of Ulysses, the governor of Telema-
chus, and the wisest man of his time.
Mercury (mer’ku-re). The son of Jupiter and Maia, messenger of the gods,
inventor of letters, and god of eloquence, commerce, and travelers.
Minerva (mi-ner’va). The goddess of wisdom, the arts, and war; produced
from Jupiter’s brain.
Minotaur (min‘o-taur). A celebrated monster, half man and half bull,
killed by Theseus.
Mnemosyne (ne-mos/e-ne). The goddess of memory, and the mother of the
nine muses,
Momus (m0‘mus). The son of Nox, and god of folly and pleasantry.
Morpheus (mor’fe-us). The minister of Nox and Somnus, and god of dreams,
Naiads (na/idz). Nymphs of streams and fountains.
Nemesis (nem/e-sis). One of the infernal deities, and goddess of vengeanee.
Neptune (nep’ttine). The son of Saturn and Ops, god of the sea, and, next
to Jupiter, the most powerful deity; represented with a trident in his
right hand. ?
Nestor (nes’tor). The son of Neleus and Chloris, and king of Pylos and
Messenia. He fought against the Centaurs, was distinguished in the
Trojan war, and lived to a great age.
Niobe (ni/o-be). The daughter of Tantalus, and wife of Amphion, who,
preferring herself to Latona, had her fourteen children killed, and
wept herself into a stone.
Nox (noks). One of the most ancient of the deities, and goddess of night.
Oceanides (6-se-an‘i-déz). Sea-nymphs, daughters of Oceanus; three thou-
sand in number.
Oceanus (6-sé/a-nus). A powerful deity of the sea, son of Celus and Terra.
Orpheus (or/fe-us). A celebrated Argonaut, whose skill in music is said to
have been so great that he could make rocks, trees, &c., follow him.
Osiris (0-si'ris). The son of Jupiter, married to Io, and worshipped by the
Egyptians under the form of an ox.
Pan (pan). The son of Mercury, and the god of shepherds, huntsmen, and
the inhabitants of the country.
Pandora (pan do’/ra). A celebrated woman, and, according to Hesiod, the
first mortal female that ever lived. Jupiter gave her a box which con-
tained all the evils and miseries of life; but with hope at the bottom.
Paris (par’is). The son of Priam and Hecuba, a most beautiful youth, who
ran away with Helen, and thus occasioned the Trojan war.
Pegasus (peg’a-sus). A winged horse belonging to Apollo and the Muses,
which sprung from the blood of Medusa,when Perseus cut off her head.
Penates (pe-na‘téz). Small statues, or household gods.
Penelope (pe-nel’o-pe). A celebrated princess of Greece, wife of Ulysses,
ceapeane for her chastity and constancy in the long absence of her
usband.
Philomela (fil-o-mélaz). The daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, whe
was changed into a nightingale.
Pluto (pli’to). The son of Saturn and Ops, brother of Jupiter and Neptune,
and the god of the infernal regions.
Plutus (pla/ tus). The son of Jasius and Ceres, and the god of riches,
Pomona (pomi/na), Tho goddess of gardens and fruit-trees.
>
oe
MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 645
Priam (pri/am). The last king of Troy, the son of Laomedon, under whose
reign Troy was taken by the Greeks.
Prometheus (pro-mé’the-us). The son of Japetus. He is said to have stolen
fire from heaven to animate two bodies which he had formed of clay;
and he was therefore chained by Jupiter to Mount Caucasus, with a
vulture perpetually gnawing his liver.
Proteus (pro‘te-us). The son of Scaenus and Tethys, a sea-god and prophet,
who possessed the power of changing himself into different shapes.
’ Psyche (si/ke). A nymph beloved by eb and made immortal byJupiter.
Pygmies (pig’/mies). A nation of dwarfs only a span high, carried away
by Hercules.
Remus (ré/mus). The elder brother of Romulus, killed by him for ridiculing
the city walls, which he had just erected.
Rhadamanthus (rad-a-man‘thus). Son of Jupiter and Europa, and king of
Lycia, made one of the three infernal judges on account of his justice
and goodness.
Romulus (rom‘u-lus). The son of Mars and Ilia; he was thrown into the
Tiber by his uncle, but was saved, with his twin brother Remus, by a
shepherd; and he became the founder and first king of Rome.
in 9 ante The daughter of Cadmus and Thebe, and mother of
acchus. ,
Semiramis (se-mir’a-mis). The wife of Ninus, and celebrated queen of
Assyria, who built the walls of Babylon, and was slain by her own son
Ninyas, and turned into a pigeon.
Silenus (si-lé’nus). The foster-father, master, and companion of Bacchus,
who lived in Arcadia, rode on an ass, and was every day inebriated.
Sirens (si/rens). Sea-nymphs, or sea-monsters, the daughters of Oceanus
and Amphitrite.
red ta (sis’e-fus). The son of Aolus, a most crafty prince, killed b
heseus, and condemned by Pluto to roll up hill a large stone, whic
constantly fell back again.
Somnus (som’/nus). The son of Erebus and Nox, and the god of sleep.
Sphinx (sfinks). A monster, who destroyed herself because Gidipus solved
the enigma or riddle she proposed,
Stentor (sten’tor). A Grecian, whose voice is reported to have been as
strong and as loud as the voices of fifty men together.
Sylvanus (sil-va/‘nus). A god of the woods and forests.
Tantalus (tan’ta-lus). The son of Jupiter, and king of Lydia, who served
up the limbs of his son Pelops to try the divinity of the gods.
Tartarus (tar’ta-rus). The part of the infernal regions in which the most
impious and criminal were punished.
Terpsichore (terp-sik’o-re). One of the Muses:—she presided over dancing.
Themis (thé’mis). The daughter of Ceelus and Terra, and goddess of justice.
Tisiphone (ti-sif’o-ne). One of the three Furies.
Titan (ti‘tan). The son of Celus and Terra, brother of Saturn, and one of
the giants who warred against heaven.
Tithonus (ti-tho’nus). The son of Laomedon, loved by Aurora, and turned
by her, in his old age, into a grasshopper.
Triton (tri/ton). The son of Neptune and Amphitrite, a powerful sea-god,
and Neptune’s trumpeter.
Venus (vé‘nus). One of the most celebrated deities of the ancients, the
wife of Vulcan, the goddess of beauty, the mother of love, and the mis-
tress of the graces and of pleasures.
Vertumnus (ver-tum/‘nus),, A deity of the Romans, who presided over
spring and orchards, and who was the lover of Pomona.
Vosta (ves’ta). The sister of Ceres and Juno, the goddess of fire, and
patroness of vestal virgins.
Vulcan (vul’kan). The god who presided over fire and workers in metal
646 INTEREST TABLES, |
INTEREST TABLES, — cy
Four per cent.
a eS ne Ry
Time. | $1 | $2 Rey $4 | $5 | $6 | $7 | $8 | $9 |$10/$25 |$50 |100}1,000
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INTEREST TABLES. 647
SIX PER CENT.
Time. | $1 | 73 | $8 | $4 | $5 | $6 | $7 | $s | $9 1910/$25/850/ 100/1,000
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648 INTEREST TABLES.
SEVEN PER CENT.
Time. | $1 | $2 | $3 | $4 | $5 | $6 | $7 | $8 | $9 |$10/$25/$50/ 100|/1,000
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660 THE HEIGHT OF MOUNTAINS. ,
THE HIGHEST MOUNTAINS OF THE WORLD.
Names of Mountains. Country. Feet. Miles.
Mount Everest (Himalayas)....-..--.---.-.- Thibetiseeeeece 29,002 .... 53
Sorata, the highest mountain in America .. Bolivia .......-.. 25,380 3229
PMI AUS Cee deals dws cso wh Ua aa etek ou peeO Ay Bolivia We sere cade 21,780 .... 4%
REIIOEMAD is aoa oun bce aati. cee Gkeane Honadoriig se. cues 21,444 .... 43
PAN GUGM OORR oso Ue i ee aie Afghanistan ..... 20,600 .... 3%
Cotopaxi, highest volcano in the world .... Ecuador ......... 19,408 .... 3}
WAS LIS AITO ee oid Ke tok Som ene aku beer aa ane Houadoriiter yoke 19,150 22 2u-3e
St. Elias, highest mountain in N. America . Canada .........- 18,000 .... 34
Popocotepetl, volcano. -....-.-222.---22-00- Mexicoic gine. Vent 17, 735 se
Mt. Roa, highest mountain in Oceanica .... Hawaii ...-...-..- 16,000 ....3
Mt. Brown, highest peak Rocky Mountains, Canada .......--. 15/900 22 aes
. Mont Blanc, highest mount.in Europe, Alps, Savoy........--.- 15; 76622223
Mont Rosa, next highest peak of Alps ..... SAVOM ee vo. ava. 15,380% S13
Limit of perpetual snow at the ............ Equator. ...3.. 15,207 /... 2%
PAN COINGCAwe werewicc ee ele elec walewue Cae eee eee Hewauores. seco: 15,200 2Se527
Mount Wihlimeyiouis Ula te ccc awe sie ee sea ae Californian: 2.2... 15,000 .... 22
Mono Fair weabher occ ciwod ceece tee un aeue Alaska st ete 14,796 ._.. 2¢
Mount Sasha seotedccpoep co oheneeee jae eae California. oo... 2. 14,450... 23
Pikes Peake oC NF ous is ae ae Colorado 2.25.22... 14,320... 22
Demavend, highest of Elburz Mts.,volcano, Persia ...-...--.- 14,000 .... 28
VEO COD BIT see Ct se ates awe ae eel aR Sumatra ......-.-. 13,800 .... 28
Fremont’s Peak, Rocky Mountains ........ Wyoming........ 13,570... . 2
Long’s Peak, Rocky Mountains.........-.. Colorado...-..---. 13,400 ....2%
MOUND Ranier Gero glee e lt Ue eee Wash. Territory . 13,000 .... 24
IMEOUIRE A TAT AG Ne es UE Rnd a eee ATrMeniatsss. 2c. 12,700... . 23
Peak or Tenerifie, 20 620) Uh cee ee dad Canary Islands .. 12,236 ....23
Miltsin, highest of Atlas Mountains -...... Morocco. -2l-,.-- 12,000... 2
LM ACaNsh GN ofS & Loft h Were seeh e tem AUER ap UU eB BoC ig A 2 A Oregcon woe cues 11,570... . 24
MONG Wie DaTON se Lies Ves ek eee Ls ee OVEIS Lowe tee 11,000 .... 24
Mount Perdu, highest of the Pyrenees. .--. ETAanCe i eocew ce es 10,950 ....2
Mounted elena: shes e ye, ae PS ee Orevon' = cea eee 10,150 ....1%
Monn Astin a, VOLCANO. 2. Sole ee ee Sicthy see ae 10,050 ....1%
Monte Corno, highest of the Appenines.... Naples.......-.-. 9,523 25. ..1¥
Sneehattan, highest Dovrefield mountains . Norway .-....--. 8,115....1%
PTO TEN Sappho. atc te (Gy er woke Mise owt eeu Ara diate ee 8,000 ....14
Pindus, highest mountain in.-.-....-....-. Greece... 22.- Petia Oh Vg Pave
Black Mountain, highest mountain in--..-.. North Carolina .. 6,476....14
Mount Washington, highest White Mount’s, New Hampshire . 6,234-...1}
Mount Marcy, highest mountain in.....--. New York ...-. AO AOT cece
Mount Hecla volcano: cio 2 ue tie 2a eeu Tceland vu seaeve ss D000 1
Ben Nevis, highest mount. in Great Britain, Scotland .......-. 4,379 .... ¥
Mount Mansfield, highest of Green Mount’s, Vermont......... 4,280... £
meee ot Other.) ie osuie tee ees dean sue oe 4 Wirginias seins 4,260.... =}
MOUNG WOsUVIlSs Pat Sua. Le Oe eS Naples. peeenae 3,932 .... ¥
Round Top, highest of Catskill Mountains . New York...... ~ 3,804.... %
NUMBER OF PLANTS AND QUANTITY OF SEED TO USE.
Asparagus roots.—1000 plants to bed | Melon.—1 ounce for 120 hills.
4 by 225 feet. Onion.— Four pounds to the acre.
Beans.—1 qt. plants 150 feet of row. | Radish.—1 ounce to 100 ft.of ground
Beets.—1 ounce plants 150 ft. of row. | Spinach.—1 ounce to 250 ft. of row.
Oabbage.—1 ounce gives 2.500 plants. | Sqwash.—1 ounce to 75 hills.
Oelery.—1 ounce gives 7,000 plants. | Tomato.—1 ounce gives 2,500 plants
Cucumber.—1 ounce for 150 hills. Turnip.—14 pounds to the acre, —
.—1 ounce gives 7,000 plants. Re a eae ,
-
OCEANS, SEAS, BAYS, LAKES, AND RIVERS. '6bL
THE OCEANS, SEAS, BAYS, AND LAKES OF THE WORLD.
OcEANS. Sq. Miles. Length.
Pacific, dione 25.---2-..... 80,000,000 BAyYs. Miles.
A tlaniaGy i ieee. 2ss-05-— 40,000,000 | Hudson’s, about ....- Jenbuwed ocd, 20
InGiaw eas. st Sey ae 20,000,000 | Baftin’s, SiH oemewbic setae aac GOL
Bouter cess ous-+.-- 2: 10,000,000 | Chesapeake, eee aweneeee-- 250
ATOUICH MR ahs: oo dae vue soe 5,000,000
Note.— The seas, bays, gulfs, &¢., Likes Length. Width.
connected with each ocean, are in- : Miles. Miles.
cluded in the foregoing estimate. It | Superior ........... S80 SO ee 120
may be proper to remark, however, | Baikal :-..........- SOO soe crs ae 3a
that the exact superficial extent of | Michigan .-......... Sa0 use oes 60
the several oceans is not known | Great Slave ........ 300) 2 er uias 45
with certainty, nor the exact propor- | Huron ............. Pl Baebes ies: 90
tion of land and water. Winnipeg ..-.-..-.-.- 240 Firs ae 40
Lensth | Briegsssyie 253s sf 2. 210s eee 50
SEAS. in Miles. | Athabasca .......-. DUOs caeweseae 20
Mediterranean, about ......... 2'000'| Ontario’. specs el.) TSO 2 sees co
Caribbean, about .-.......-.--- 1,800 | Maracaybo......... 150d Caen ys 60
China, TiN eden n Senne as 1,700 | Great Bear.......--. TSO. ote £0
Red, DWN: Maker se saredp 1,400 | Ladoga... .......--- Np Sea Se ae 75
Japan, has ge yeh gle ar 1,000 | Champlain ......-... EQS oe UPd Wi
Black, Wy sb we ee sth wink sae 2 932 | Nicaragua ..... doy 1 ee id 40
Caspian, ie a ee A eee 640} Lakeof the Woods... 70.........- 25
Baltic, rile aac Bp ION os 600 | Geneva ........ BARNES] DEPRES SBER 10
Okhotsk, Vit wad sab se cesione ahi. | CONSTANCE. coe ace YG AD BN 10
White, DT ewiale abide ae seemed) S00! CRY IELR alate ys's'n'sn a! 36... a seage- 4
Aral, ot COE ae IO 250 | George.........--.- SOL stv ees 3
THE LONGEST RIVERS OF THE WORLD.
Rivers. Locality. Rise. Discharge. Miles.
Missouri ....- N.America.. Rocky Mountains...... Gulf of Mexico. 4,194
Mississippi... N.America.. Lake Itaska ..........- Gulf of Mexico . 3,200
Amazon...) BTAAW ecm A OSes oe ates Sa Atlantic Ocean . 3,800
Hoang-Ho.... China....... Koulkoun Mountains .. Yellow Sea..... 3,000
Murray -.---. Australia ... Australian Alps ....... Encounter Bay . 3,000
2) RE Ra A Siberia. -....- Altaian Mountains..... Arctic Ocean. .. 2,800
Nees ce Ce Egypt, Nubia Blue Nile, Abyssinia... Mediterranean . 2,750
. Yang-tse-Kia. China....... BOOB eas Seas wh China Sea ....-- 2,500
1 a Siberia...... Heights of Irkutsk .... Arctic Ocean... 2,500
INSEER'¢ 25 2 '.!! Soudan ..... Base of Mt. Loma...... Gulf of Guinea - 2,300
St. Lawrence. Canada ..... River St. Louis ........ Glf.St. Lawrence 1,960
Volga ........ Russiaeecee Lake in Volhonsky..... Caspian Sea. -.. 1,900
Maykiang.... Siam -..-..-- OIC Wig ae Sen dauewus Chinese Gulf... 1,700
SNS 2s. 2s. Hindostan .. Little Thibet .......... Arabian Sea... . 1,700
Danube ...--. Germany -.. Black Forest..........- Black Sea --..-.- 1,630
Mackenzie ... N.America.. River Athabasca....... Arctic Ocean... 2,500
Brahmapootra Thibet.-.---.- Himalaya ...- 25 .\ eee Bay of Bexgal .. 1,500
Columbia .... N.America.. Rocky Mountains...... Pacific Ocean --. 1,090
Colorado ..... N. America. San Taba: ..- 225222522. Gulf of Califor’a 1,000
Susquehanna. N.America.. Lake Otsego ..........- Chesapeake Bay 400
James. 05.5- N.America.. Allegheny Mountains.. Chesapeake Bay 500
Potomac ..... N.America.. Gt.Black Bone Mount’n Chesapeake Bay 400
Hudson ...-... N.America.. Adirondacks, Mt.Marcy Bay of N.York. 325
652 CHURCHES IN THE UNITED STATES,
STATISTICS OF CHURCHES IN THE UNITED STATES.
| cat es a nese ok Nae RET MN SRT IES ST ASE RSTO ENE AS TURAY 9 Saif} Y AEE RAMEN
Church Chureh| Church Church
DENOMINATIONS. Organi-|,7;. gr
zations..~“ifices| Sittings. | Property
Baptist (regular) Pe veer rrereyey ayy 14, 474 12, 827 3,997,116 $39,229, 29%
Baptist (other) -.--.-.------ eccsee} 1,355 | 13105 1) ° 363,019 2,378,977
Christian. c,d cacnneabe souk amie’ wae 3, 578 | 2,822 865,602 6,425,137
Congregational oo cso eee seks. 2.887 215) 15117;212 25,069,698 .
Episcopal (Protestant) ........-.. 2,835 | 2,601 991,051 36,514,549
Evangelical Association ........-- 815 641 193,796 2,301,650
HTIBNUS Sea eeu celesceseyscsbeesan 692 662 224,664 3,939,560
JOWISH Voseccclodeohessaeen musa 189 152 73,265 5,155,234
Tnttheran scadadnomesmsercecowncnes 3,032 2,776 977,332 14,917,747
MetNOdIShE ris vids suctaueoupoE ne 25,278 | 21,337 | 6,528,209 69,854,121
Miscellaneous sie) eso opuwure sie Q7 17 6,935 135,650
Moravian (Unitas Fratrum).-.... 72 67 25,700 709,100
Mormon eich olen eon iy 189 171 87,838 656,750
New Jerusalem (Seen ta, 90 61 18,755 869,700
Presbyterian (regular) ......-...-. 6,262 5,683. | 2,198,900 47,828,732
Presbyterian (other) ......-.-.... 1,562 1,388 499,344 5,436,524
Reformed Church in America (late
Dutch Reformed) ii Pleas 471 468 227,228 | 10,359,255
Reformed Chureh in the United
States (late German Reformed).| 1,256 1,145 431,700 DTT OpeLo.
Roman Catholic ..)...-...-.-..--- 4,127 | 3,806 | 1,990,514| 60,985,566
Second Adventec. uss e ses) 225 140 34,555 306,240
Phakerern coches see suas euens 18 18 8,850 86,900
DPPIUAISt ie chew eee ede 95 22 6,970 100,150
UMItArTIaAn ceee co Suet Me boe es 331 310 155,471 6,282,675
United Brethren in Christ.....--. 1,445 937 265,025 1,819,810
Wnrversalists: ou ul ee ay 719 602 210,884 5,692,325
Unknown (Local Missions) .-....- 26 27 11,925 687,800 ~
Unknown (Union) ..........-...-- 409 552 153,202 965,295
Total—AJl Denominations .-.-.. 72,459 | 63,082 |21,665,062 | $354,483,581 |
SEE ed aes Ee eT nee eee ee
GENERAL COUNCILS.
A.D. A.D.
Jerusalem.....AgainstJudaizers 51| Rome .....-..-Third Lateran. ..1179
APLAR 5. che Against Donatists 314] Rome ..-...-.- Fourth «voice dei
i fh SR ea First Gicumenical 325 | Iyons......-.. Empe’r Frederick
Oonstantinople, Arian ........-.-. 337 deposed........
ie 7) ee coe Athanasian .-.... 342 | Lyons......-.. Reunion of Greek
Sardis ss.) Against Arius ... 347 Latin churches 1274
\Oonstantinople, SecnaA Ecumen’l 381 | Vienna ....--- 15th Gicumenical,1312
Ephesus. -...-.Third 4315) PAas@ wuoewcnnas Popes Elected &
Chalcedon... -.. Fourth e. 451 Deposed .....-- 1409
v ‘onstantinople, Fifth ! dand |. 22 eee 2,474) 1,386/111,855 Aan
Dunkards (Brethren). . 710) 1,665 90,000] | Presbyterian, Reformed 4] 31} 6,020 ery
Episcopal, Meotasent: -| 3,049} 3,496] 342,590] Presbyterian, United.. 793} 658} 80,236 tes "
Episcopal, Reformed. . 55 63 10,459|/ Reformed Church in ; ¥ at
Evangelical Association 1,332) 1,340 99,607 LA MeYICh, Recor ceae. ws 489| 6519) 78,917 ee eT
PTisndsisweseaeeeses wes 621} 876 67,643 Reforinedchwrch in the : Hire ele
BWR. suger Es an Wee eiee 269} 202 13,683]! United States....... 1,384) 752|154,742 ©.
Tutheran 22.40 5,556) 3,102) 684,570} Roman Catholic*.--... 5,975} 6, Peas A) Eh eate
Mennonite, New. .--..-- 31 44. 2.990) (Shaker .2.\ huey ane ee oe 17 68] 2,400
Methodist Episcopal. 16,721] 9,261] 1,680,779] UnitarianCongregat’n’l| 342) 394) 17,960. ate
Methodist Episcopal ‘United Breth. in Christ} 2,207] 2.200) 155,437 ;
(Bowbh) cs oe Aa te sien 3,593] 828,013||United Evangelical....| 366} 363 144,000
, Methodist Episcopal Universalist ..--.-...-- 719| 713) 26,238
RoloKeds. 2s eel o ses 1,038; 648] 74,195]; Winebrennerians,
Methodist, Free ...._.. 287) 601 12,120}| (Church of God)....- 569) 498) 20,224
* The Roman Catholics claim to have 6,370,858 adherents in the United States (Catholic }
7,000, 000
ae ey.
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING,
“ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING.
A. A.S. (Academie Ameri-|C., Cap. (Caput.) Chapter. |Ep. Epistle.’
cane Socius.) Fellow of|Cal. California; Calends. E.S. E. East South-east.
the American Academy. Capt. Captain. Esq., Esqr. Esquire.
A.B. (Artium Baccalaureus.)|Cath. Catholic. - [Pleas.|Et al. (¢ alii.) And others.
Bachelor of Arts. €. € P. Court of Common! Ki al.(#é alibi.) And elsewhere.
A.B. S. American Bible So-/C. E. Civil Engineer. Kie., &. (Et cetera.) And
ciety. [fore Christ.|Cent., Ct. (Centum). A hund-! others; and so forth,
A.C. (Ante Christum.) Be-| red.
Acct. Account. C.H. Court-House. Fahr. Fahrenheit. [of Arts,
A. D. (Anno Domini.) In|€. J. Chief Justice. F.A.S. Fellow of the Society
the year of our Lord. Co. County; Company. F. H.S. Fellow of the Histor-
Adjt. Adjutant. €.0.D. Collect on Delivery. | ical Society.
Adjt.-Gen. Adjutant-General.|Col. Colonel ; Colossians. FL, Flor., Fa. Florida.
Et, HB. (4tatis.) Ofage; aged.|Con. (Contra.) Against, or|/Fo., Fol. Folio.
A. &F.B.S. American andj in opposition. F.R.G. 8. Fellow of the Royal
Foreign Bible Society. Con. Cr., C. C. Contra, Credit.) Geographical Society.
A.H. M.S. American Home|Cong., €C. Congress. F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal
Missionary Society. Conn,, Ct. Connecticut. Society.
Al, Ala, Alabama. [Cre Credit ; Creditor.
A. M. (Arvtium Magister.)—|Ct. Cent; Court. Ga. Georgia.
- Master of Arts.—(Ante Me-|Cur. Current, or thismonth. |G. B. Great Britain. ,
ridiem.) Before noon.—/Cwt. (Centum and weight.)|Gen. General; Genesis.
(Anno Mundi.) Inthe year} Hundred-weight. Gov. Governor.
of the world. ; D., d. (Denarius.) Penny.
Am., Amer. American. D.C. District of Columbia, |H., h., hr. Hour.
An. (Anno.) In theyear. |D.C.L. Doctor of Civil Law./Hag. Haggai.
Anon, Anonymous. D.D. (Divinitatis Doctor-)|H. B.M. Her Britannic Majesty
Ark, Arkansas. Doctor of Divinity. Hhd. Hogshead,
A.-S. Anglo-Saxon. Del. Delaware; Delegate.” |H. M. His or Her Majesty.
A.S.S.U. American Sunday|Del. (Delineavit.) He drewit.|H. M.S. His or Her Majesty’s
School Union. Dep., Dept. Department. Ship or Service.
A.T.S. American Tract So-|Dep. Deputy. Hon. Honorable,
ciety; American Jemper-|Dept., Dpt. Deponent. H. R. House of Representatives
ance Society. i Dft., Deft. Defendant. H. R. H. His er Her Royal
Att., Atty. Attorney. D.G. (Det Gratia.) By the| Highness.
Atty.-Gen, Attorney-General.} Grace of God.
A.U.C. (Anno Urbis Condite.)|Dict. Dictator; Dictionary. jIa. Iowa. [place.
In the year from the build-|Dist.-Atty, District-Attorney. |Ib., Ibid.(Jbidem.}In the same
ing of the city [Rome], D. M. Doctor of Music. Id. (Jdem.) The same.
[ish America.]Do. (Ditto.) The same, Ioe., i.e. Ud est.) That is.
B. A. Bachelor of Arts; Brit-|Dols., $. Dollars. LH.S. (Jesus Hominum Salva-
B. €. - Before Christ. D. P. Doctor of Philosophy. tor.) Jesus the Saviour of Men
B.C. L. Bachelor of Civil Law.|Dr. Doctor: Debtor; Dram. |Ill. Illinois.
B.D. Bachelor of Divinity. D. VY. (Deo Volente.) God will-/In. Inch; Inches.
Bd, Bound. - ; ing. Ind, Indiana.
Bds. Bound in boards. Dwt. (Denarius and weight.)|Ind. Ver. Indian Territory.
Bk. Bank; Book. Penny weight. Inst. Of the present month.
B. L. (Baccalaureus Legume.) h Int, Interest. {passage,
Bachelor of Laws. KE. East; Earl; Hagie. In trans. (Jn transitu.) On the
B.M. (Baccalaureus Medi-|Ecelus. Ecclesiasticus. I. T. Indian Territory.
cme.) Bachelor ofMedicine.|Ed. Edition; Editor, J.C. D. (Juris Civilis Doctor.)
Brig. Brigade; Brigadier. E. G@., e. g. (Exempli Gratia.)| Doctor of Civil Law.
Brit. Britain; British. For example. J.D. (Jurum Doctor.) Doc-
E. Lon. East Longitude.’ tor of Laws.
C. © (Centum.) A hundred;|E.N. KE, East North-east.j] |%.P. Justice of the Peace,
Cent; Congress, Eng. England; English. dr., Jun. Junior.
‘WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA.
ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED,
I. U. D. (Juris Utriusque Doc-|N. N. E. North-North-east. |R. BR. Railroad.
tor.) Docter of both Laws;/N.N.W. North-North-west. |Rt, Hon, Right Honorable,
i. ¢., Canon and Civil Law.|Non pres. (Non prosequitur.)|Rt, Kev, Right Reverend.
Ky. Kentucky. He does not prosecute.
N. P. Notary Public; New|S. South; Shilling; Sunday.
L., lb. (Libra.) Pound weight.} Providence. S., St. Saint.
L., 2... Pound Sterling. N. S. New Style; Nova Scotia.|S. A. South America.
La. Louisiana. N.T. New Testament, S.C, South Carolina.
Lat. Latitude; Latin. N. W. North-west. Se., Seulp. (Sculpsit.) He, or
L,I. Long Island, N. ¥. New York. she, engraved it; Sculpture.
Lib. Librarian. (Liber.) Book. 8S. E. South-east.
Lieut., Lt. Lieutenant. 0. Ohio; Oxygen. Sec., Sect. Secretary; Section.
Lieut.Col.Lieutenant-Colonel.|Ob. ob., (Obiit.) Died. Serg., Serjt. Sergeant.
LL.B. (Legum Baccalaureus.)|Ont. Ontario. ~ 8.d.C. Supreme JudicialCourt.
Bachelor of Laws. [of Laws.|/Or. Oregon. Sol.-Gen. Solicitor-General.
LL.D. (Legum Doctor.) Doctor|O.S. Old Style (before 1752).|S. P. A.S. (Societatis Philo-
Lon., Long. Longitude. 0.'T. Old Testament. sophice Americane Socius.)
L. 8. (Locus Sigilli.) Place|Oz., oz Ounce, or ounces. |,,“Member of the American
of the Seal. Philosophical Society.
L. S. D., 1.8.d. Pounds, shil-|/P, BE. Protestant Episcopal] |Sq., Sqr. Square. [namely.
lings, pence. P.E.I. Prince EdwardIsland.)$S., ss. (Scilicet.) To wit;
Per an. (Per annum.) By the|S,8, E. South-South-east,
M., Mon. Monday. [Academy.| Year. 8.8. W. South-South-west.
M. A. Master of Arts: Military|Per cent.. peret. (Percen-|S,7.D. (Sacre Theologie
Mass., Hs. Massachusetts. tum,) ‘By the hundred. Doctor.) Doctor of Divinity.
M.B. (Medicine Baccalaure-|Ph.D., P.D. (Philosophie|Ster., Stg. Sterling.
us,) Bachelor of Medicine.] Doctor) Doctorof Philosophy |S, T. P.( Sacre Theologie Pro-
M.B. (Musice Baccalaureus,)|Pinx., Pxt. (Pinit.) Heor| fessor.)Professor'of Theology
Bachelor of Music. she painted it. Supt. Superintendent.
M.C. Member of Congress;|P. M. (PostMeridiem.) After-|S. W. South-west.
Master Commandant. noon ; Postmaster.
M. D. (Medicine Doctor.)|P.M.@. Postmaster-General.|/Tenn, Tennessee.
Doctor of Medicine. P. P.C. (Pour prendre conge.)|Tex, Texas.
Md. Maryland. To take leave.
Me. Maine. P.Q. Province of Quebec. Ult. (Ultimo.) Last month.
M.E. Methodist Episcopal. |Profs Professor. [the time.|U, 8. United States.
Mem. (Memento.) Remember.|Pro tem. (Pro tempore.) For|U. 8. A. United States Army;
Mem, Memorandum. Prox. (Proximo.)Next month.| United States of America.
Messrs. BM. (Messieurs.)|P.S. Privy Seal. (Postscrip-|U.8. M. United States Mail;
Gentlemen; Sirs. tum.) Postscript. United States Marine.
Meth. Methodist. Ps, Psalm, or Psalms. U.S. N. United States Navy.
Mex. Mexico, or Mexican. U.8.S,_ United States Ship.
Mich, Michigan; Michaelmas./Q.98., q- 8 (Quantum stf-|U.T. Utah Territory.
Minn. Minnesota. [tentiary.| jicit.) Asufficient quantity. ;
Min. Plen. Minister Plenipo-|Qu.,Qy.,q- (Que@re.) Query.|¥., Vi, Vid. (Vide.) See.
Miss. Mississippi. Q. Vey qe Ve (Quod vide.)|Vsy vs. (Versus.) Against.
Mo. Missouri; Month. Which see;—( Quantum vis.)|VYa. Virginia.
Mons. Monsieur or Sir. As much as you please. Y.-C. Vice-Chancellor.
M. P. Member of Parliament; Viz.( Videlicet.)To wit; Namely
MS. Manuscript. R. (Rex.) King ;—(Regina.)|V. R. (Victoria Regina.)
MSS. Manuscripts, Queen. Queen Victoria.
‘ R. A. Royal Academy; Royal|Yt. Vermont.
N. A. North America. Academician; Royal Artil-
N. B. New Brunswick; North] lery; Rear Admiral. W. Welsh; West.
Britain ;—(Nota bene.) Mark|R, E. Royal Engineers. W. J. West India; West Indies.
well; take notice. Rec. See. Recording Secretary|Wis._ Wisconsin.
N.C. North Carolina. Ref. Ch. Reformed Church. |W. Lon. West Longitude.
N.E, New England; North-east/Reg. Prof. Regius7’Professor.|W. Vae West Virginia.
Neb. Nebraska. Rep., Repub. Republic, ’
N. F. Newfoundland. Rey. Reverend; Revelation. |Xmas., Xm. Christmas,
N.H. New Hampshire. R. I. Rhode Island. Xu., Xtian, Christian,
N. J. New Jersey. R. N. Royal Navy,
N. Lat., N. L. North Latitude.|Rom, Romans. Y.,or Yr. Year.
N.M. New Mexico. Rom. Cath. Roman Catholie.|¥d. Yard;—Yds. Yards.
ie
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA.
A-1
661 #ESTHETE
SUPPLEMENT
ADDITIONAL
WORDS AND DEFINITIONS,
COMPRISING ALL THE WORDS OF ANY IMPORTANCE NOT CONTAINED IN THE BODY OF THE BOOK,
A LAEGE PROPORTION OF WHICH ARE
NOT TO BE FOUND IN ANY OTHER DICTIONARY.
Al
#STHETE
Al(awun),a.registry-markde-|Acceésive (ak-ses’siy), @. ac-|Adiathermic(a-di-a-ther’mik),
noting a ship of the first or
cessory ; additional. a. not pervious to heat.
highest class; hence, collog.,|Acclimatation (ak-kli-ma-ta/-| Adipsous(a-dip’sus),a.tending
the very best; first-rate.
Abalone (ab-a-lo’ne),n. a shell
shun), ». acclimation; ac-| to quench thirst, as fruits.
climatization. Adjuratory (ad-jar/a-to-re), a.
found on the coast of Califor-|Accrescent (ak-kres/sent), a@.| pertaining fo adjuration,
nia, worked into ornaments.
growing larger; increasing.|Admissive (ad-mis/siy), a. of
Abandon (a-ban’‘dn), n. unre-| Acetated (as’e-tat-ed), @ com-| the nature of admission.
served devotion toa particu-
bined with acetic acid. ‘ Admittable (ad-mit/ta-bl), a.
larobject, taste, emotion, &c.|Acetify (a-set’e-fy), v. to be| that may be admitted.
Abandonment(a-ban’dn-ment)
changed into acid orvinegar.| Admittedly (ad-mit/td-le), ad,
mn. the yielding to a passion,|Acetin (as’e-tin), m. an ether} by admission; confessedly.
taste, object, or emotion.
derived from glycerine. Adobe (a-dd’ba), n, a brick
Ahanga (a-ban’gah), mn. the/Acetone (as’e-tén), m. acolor-| baked in the sun.
fruit of a West Indian palm.
Abas (a-bah’), a French excla-
less, limpid, very inflamma-| Adonis (a-d6/nis), n. a foppish
ble liquid, of peculiar odor. young man; a dandy; a fop,
mation, equivalent to Eng-|Achromatopsy (a-kro-ma-top’-| Advance (ad-yanse’), n. a sum
lish ‘‘ Down with.”’
Abeam (a-bém’), ad.ina line at
se), 2. incapacity to distin-} of money paid in advance.
guisb colors; color-blindness.|Advaneed (ad-vanst’), a@. im-
rightangles to a vessel’s keel.) Acidifie (as-id-ifik), @.render-| bued with new ideas.
Abey (a-ba’), n. kindof mahog-
any found in St. Domingo.
Abiogenesis (2-bi-o-jen’e-sis),
nm. living beings developed
from dead matter; sponta-
neous generation of life.
Abiogenist (a-bi-oj’e-nist), n.
a believer in abiogenesis.
Abiogeny (a-bi-oj’e-ne), 2. the
same as Abiogenesis.
Able-bodied (a’bl-bod’id), a.
noting a seaman of sound
body, skilledin seamanship.
Abloom (a-bioom’), ad. or a.
in full bloom; blooming.
Aborted (a-bort’ed), a. noting
an organ slightly developed.
Aborticide (a-bor’te-sid),n. de-
stroying foetus in the womb.
Abortient (a-bor’shent), a.
sterile; barren; unfruitful.
Absinthiate (ab-sin’the-at), v.
. toimpregnate with absinthe.
Absolutist (ab’so-li-tist), a.
characterized by absolutism;
absolute; despotic.
Abselvable (ab-solv’a-bl), a.
capable of being absolved.
Absorptivity (ab-sorp-tiv’e-te)
n. capacity for absorption.
Abstainer (ab-stan’er), n. one
who abstains from liquors.
ing acid; causing acidity. |Molus (€’o-lus), m. the god of
Acidimetrie (a-sid-e-met’rik),| the winds; 2 portable engine
a. relating to the measure-| forchanging the airin rooms,
ment of the strength of acids] Kon (€’on), mn. an immeasura-
Acidulated (a-sid’/G-lat-edj, a.| ble period of time; an eon.
slightly imbued with acid. |#piornis (ep-e-or’nis), ». a gi-
Acidulent (a-sid/i-lent), a.| gantic bird, now extinct,
somewhat sour; acidulous. remains of which have been
Aciernge (as/ér-ij), 2. coating} found in Madagascar.
metal plates with steel. Aeriferous (4-er-if'er-us), a.
Acierate (as’ér-at), v. to con-| conveying air; air-bearing.
verfinto steel. [barnacle./Aerognosy (a-er-og’ro-se), n.
Acorneshell (a’korn-shel), m.a| the science of the properties
Acosmism (a-koz’mizm), .de-| and phenomena of the air.
nying existence of the world. | Aeroklinoseope (4-er-o-klin’o-
Acosmist(a-koz/mist),n.denier| skdp), 2. a device to show
of the existence of the world.| the way the wind blows, and
Acoustically(a-kow/stik-al-le),} to exhibit variations in bar-
ad. as regards acoustics. ometric pressure,
Acoustician (a-kow-stish’an),|Aerolithology (a-er-o-le-thol’-
m. one versed in acoustics. o-je), n. science of aerolites.
Acoustics (a-kow’stiks),. the|/Aerophobia (a-cr-o-fo/be-ah),
science of sound, including} m. a disorder accompanying
vibrations of elastic bodies. hydrophobia, hysteria, &.
Acrobatic (ak-ro-bat‘ik), a, | sthesiography(cs-thé-se-og’-
pertaining to an acrobat, ra-fe),2.description ofsenso-
Acrotism (ak’ro-tizm), m, ab-| rial apparatus of the body.
sence or defect of pulse. JEsthesodic (es-the-sod’ik), a.
Acting (akt/ing), a. discharg-} conveying sensory impulses.
ing the duties of another. |Aisthete (es-thét’), n, one who
Adam’s-appie (ad’amz-ap’pl),| affects a peculiar propriety
n. & Variety of banana. of manner, taste, dress, etc.
_ WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. :
JESTHETICIAN
662
AMPHI
Esthetician (es-the-tish’an),n.|Agriology (ag-re-ol’o-je), . the; Alfalfa (al-fal/fa), m. a plant of
a person of zsthetic tastes.
Estheticism(es-thet/e-sizm),n.
zsthetic principles,taste,&c.
Mistival (es'te-val), a. relating
to or occurring in summer.
Estivation (es-te-va/shun), n.
dormant state of some ani-
mals during the hot season.
Afferent (af’fer-ent), a. noting
nervesthatconvey sensations
to the nervous centers,
Affiliable(af-fil’e-a-bl),a. capa-
ble of being affiliated.
Aflow (a-flo’), ad. or a ina
flowing state.
Afoam (a-fom’), ad. in a state
Africander (af-re-kan‘dr), n.a
comparative study of man-
kind in the natural state.
Ahead (a-hed’), ad. farther for-
the clover family.
Algoid (al’goyd),a.resembling
or of the nature of seaweed.
ward; inadvance; onward. | Algonquin (al-gon‘kin),q@. not-
Ai (ah’e), n. an ape-like ani-
mal of South America,
Air-bath (air’bath),. a meth-
ing a tribe of Indians.
Algonquins (al-gon’kinz),n.pl.
family of American Indians.
od of drying bodies in air of|Algous (al’gus), a. relating to,
any required temperature.
Air-brake (air’/brak), n. a rail-
road brake operated bymeans
of compressed air,
Air-cushion (air-kush'un), n.
a cushion inflated with air.
{of foam.| Air-drain (air/dran), n. cavity
between the external wallsof
a building, for ventilation.
native of South Africa, of|Air-flue (air’/fii), m. a flue for
European descent.
Africanization(af-re-kan-i-za/-
shun), n. negro ascendency.
Africanize (af're-kan-iz), v. to
place under negro domination
Afterdamp(af’tr-damp), 7. gas
emitted in coal-mines, very
fatal to life; choke-damp.
After-years (af’tr-yérz), . pl.
after-times ; later times.
Agamic (a-gam‘ik), a. noting
any mode of reproduction
without union of the sexes.
Agamogenesis (ag-a-mo-jen’e-
sis), m.reproduction without
the sexes; parthenogenesis,
Agamogenetic (ag-a-mo-je-
net/ik), a. pertaining to aga-
mogenesis. (bling agate.
Agatine (ag’a-tin), @. resem-
Agave (a-ga/ve), n. American
aloe, from the juice of which
the liquor piiquwe is made,
Age (aj), v. to grow old; to
show the effects of age.
} Azedness (aj’ed-nes), n. state
of being aged or old.
Ageless (aj/les), a. having no
age or limits of duration.
Agenesic (aj-e-nes/ik), @. per-
taining to agenesis,
Avenesis(a-jen’e-sis) n.incapa-
bility of producing offspring.
Aging (4j'ing), . the process
of growing old or older.
Agnostic (ag-nos’tik), m. one
who professes to know noth-
ing in regard to the being of
aGod,&c.;—a. professing in-
ability to judge of God, &c.
Agnosticism (ag-nos’te-sizm),
n. inability to affirm or deny
in regard to God, &c.
conveying air to the various
parts of a building.
Air-machine(air/ma-shén’), n.
or of the nature of, seaweed.
Alienage (4l'yen-aj), 2m. the
Alienism (al/yen-izm), § statc
of being an alien.
Alienist (al’yen-ist), n. a phy-
sician who makes a specialty
of insanity;—a. relating to
insanity, or to the study ofit.
Alligator-apple — (al’/le-ga-tr-
ap’pl), 2 a West Indian
fruit of narcotic properties.
Alligator-pear (al'le-ga-tr-
pare),n.a West Indian fruit.
an apparatus to regulate and|Alkalify (al-kal’e-fi), v. to be-
purify the air in mines, &c.
Air-trunk(air’trunk),n. a tube
passing from the ceiling ofa
room to the open air.
Air-valve(air’valv), 2.2 valve
in the boiler of a steam-en-
gine, to prevent a vacuum
when the steamiscondensing
Alarm-gauge (a-larm’gaj), 7.
a devicein asteam-engine to
show when the steam is too
strong or the water too low.
Albata (ai- ba‘tah), nm. a com-
pound of tin, zine, nickel,
and copper ; German silver,
Albeseence (al-bes’sense), 7.
the process of growing white.
Albicant (al’be-kant), a. grow-
ing white; albescent.
come changed into an alkali.
Allocation (al-lo-ka’shun), 7,
apportionment; assignment.
Allottee (al+lot-té’), m. one to
whom anything is allotted.
Alpen (alp’en), a. belonging to
the Alps; alpine.
Alpensteck (alp’en-stok), n. a
strong iron-pointed etyy
used in climbing the Alps, &e
Alphabetize (al’ta-bet-iz), v. to
arrange alphabetically.
Althorn (alt‘horn), m. instru-
ment Jike the French horn,
Altruism(2l’tru-izm),2.regard
for the rights, interests, feel-
ings, and well-beingof others
Altruist (al’tru-ist), 2. a pro-
moter of the welfare ofothers.
Albinotie (al-be-not/ik), a. af-|Altruistie(al-tru-is'tik),a.per-
fected with albinism.
taining to altruism.
Albion (al’be-un), n. the an-|Amarin (am’a-rin), n. the bit-
cient name of Great Britain.
ter principle of vegetables.
Albronze(al’bronz),n. mixture|Amateurish(am-a-tewr'ish),a.
of copper and aluminum.
like an amateur. [love.
Albuminine (al-bi/me-nin), m.| Amative (am’a-tiv), @.given to
the substance ofthe cells in-| Ameer (a-méér’), x. the title of
closing the white of eggs.
a Mohanimedan prince.
Albuminoids (al-bi/me-noydz)| Ameliorative (a-mél’yo-ra-tiv)
n. pl. a class of substances
a, producing amelioration,
foundin all living organisms.| Amenomania (a-mé-no-nla/ne-
Aleoholism (al/ko-hol-izm), 2.
ah),n.a gay form of insanity,
disease caused by the exces-} Amenorrhea (a-men-o-ré/ah),
Sive use of alcoholic liquors.
Aldermanie (al-dr-man’ik), a.
n.absence or stoppage of the
menstrual discharge.
appropriate to an alderman.|Amnion (am/ne-un), ». inner
Alethoscope (a-leth’o-sk6p),n.
optical instrument through
which pictures are viewed.
Agriologist (ag-re-ol’o-jist), 2.| Alewife(al’wif),7. a fish of the
astudent of human customs,
herring kind; a gaspereau,
membrane which surrounds
the fetus in the womb.
ai (am'fe), prefixin words
of Greek origin, signifying
around, about, &c.
AMPHIGEAN
lating to or extending over
all the zones of the globe.
Anemia (a-né’me-ah), 2 a
diminution ofthe quantity of
blood in the human system.|/Annihilatory (an-ni’hi-14-to-| Antipodism (an-tip’o-dizm), n
Anemic(a-nem’ik),a@. pertain-
| dng to anemia; bloodless.
-WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA.
663
Amphigean (am-fé'je-an),a.re-) Animism (an/im-izm), n. the|Antiperiodie (an-te-pé-re-od'-
doctrine of spiritual beings.
Annihilationist (an-ni-hi-la/-
shun-ist),7. a believer in the
annihilation of man at death
re), a. tending to annihilate
or destroy; destructive.
Angmotrophy(an-e-mot/ro-fe)| Anonyme (an’o-nim), m. an
nm. a deficiency of blood.
Anesthesia (an-es-thé'zhe-ah)| Anonymity (an-o-nim/e-te), n.)Amtizymie (an-te-zim'ik), a.
m. loss of sensation.
Anestheties(an’es-thet/iks), n.| Antagonize (an-tag/o-niz),v. to} Aphasia (a-fa/zhe-ah), n. loss
pl. agents that produce in-
sensibility to pain, as ether. | Antaphrodisiac
Anegsthetize (an-es’‘the-tiz), v.
assumed or false name.
the state of being anonymous
actin opposition; tocombat.
(ant-af-ro-
dizh’yak), a. having quality
to put under the influence of} of quelling sexual desire.
an anesthetic.
Anamniota (an-am-ne-6’tah),
n.pl.the group of vertebrates} Antenatal (an-te-na’tal),
in which the fetus is desti-
tute of an amnion.
Anamorphism (an-a-mor’fizm)
Antaphroditie ant-af-ro-dit/'ik
m, Same as Antaphrodisiac.
a.
before or preceding birth,
Antenave (an’te-nay),7. porch
at the entrance of a church.
n. progression from a lower|Antennal (an-ten’nal), a. of or
type toa higher one.
pertaining to the antenna.
Anchor-ice (ank/ur-ice), ”. ice| Antennules(an-ten’/nulz),n.pl.
formed at the bottom of ariver
Android (an’droyd), a. resem-
bling a man or male.
Androphagous(an-drof’a.gus),
a, addicted to cannibalism.
Anelectric (an-e-lek’trik), a.
not electric.
Anemoscope (a-nem/o-skép),
2. an instrument toshow the
direction of the wind.
Angle-bar(ang’gl-bar), }
Angle-iron (ang’gl-i’/urn),
bar ofironrolled to the shape
of the letter L, designed to
n.
the smaller pair of antenne.
Anthography (an-thog’ra-fe),
n. a description of flowers.
Anthropogenetic (an-thro-po-
je-net'ik), @. pertaining; to
the origin of mankind,
Anthropogeny. (an-thro-poj’e-
ne), n. the origin and devel-
opment of mankind.
Anthropoid (an’thro-poyd), a.
resembiing aman; man-like.
a |Anthropomorphic(an-thro-po-
mor’fik), @, characterized by
human qualities.
form the joints of plate-iron| Anthropomorphism (an-thro-
for girders, boiler-plates,&c.
Anglican(ang’gle-kan), @. not-
po-mor’fizm), m. ascription
of human qualities to God.
ing the high church party| Anthropopathical(an-thro-po-
of the church of England.
Anglicanism(ang’gle-kan-izm)
n, the principles of the high| Anthropophagist
church party, of England.
path’e-kal), a. subject to hu-
man feelings and passions.
(an-thro-
pof’a-jist), m. a cannibal.
Anglo (ang’glo), aprefixsigni-| Anthropophuism (an-thro-po-
fying English.
fi'izm), m.the nature of man
Anglo-American (ang’glo-a-|Antilithie (an-te-lith/ik), a.
mer’e-kan), m. an American
born of English ancestors.
tending to prevent or destroy
stones in the bladder.
Anglomania(ang’glo-ma’ne-ah| Antiparalytie(an-te-par-a-lit’-
nm. excessive attachment to
England or her institutions.
ik), m. medicine or remedy
against paralysis.
Anglophobia (ang’glo-fo’be-ah| Antipathetic (an-tip-a-thet/ik)
m. insane hatred of England.
Angola (an-go'lah), 2. a light| Antiperistaltic
cloth made from the wool of
the Angora goat.
Angola-seeds (an-go'lah-sédz),
n. pl. small red seeds of wild] Antipharmic (an-te-far/milk)a.| Aquatinta (a-kwa-tin’ta),
' liquorice, used for beads, &c.
eee rie: se
resulting from antipathy.
(an-te-per-e-
Stal’‘tik), a, noting an un-
natural or reversed action of
the alimentary canal.
counteracting poison.
AQUATINTA
ik), n.amedicine or remedy
against periodic ailments.
Antipodal (an-tip’o-dal), a. on
the opposite side of the earth.
condition of being antipodal.
Antiguarianize (an-te-kwa're-
an-iz), v. to pursue. anti-
quarian researches.
preventive of fermentation.
of the memory of words.
Aphasie (a-fa’/zik), q. relating
to or affected by aphasia.
Apiomb (a-plom’), n. down-
rightuess of'manner; self-
possession; coolness.
Apo (ap’o), a prefix in words
of Greek origin, signifying
from, away from, off.
Apogamie (ap-o-gam/ik), a.
characterized by apogany.
Apogamy (a-pog’a-me), 7. ab-
sence or Joss of reproductive
power, as in certain plants.
Apotheosize (ap-o-thé’o-siz),v.
to elevate to the dignity ofa
diyinity; to deify.
Apparitional (ap-pa-rish’un-
al), a. pertaining to or re-
sembling an apparition.
Appellability (ap-pel-la-bil’e-
te), m. capability of appeal.
Appellable (ap-pel/la-bl), a,
capable of being appealed.
Appellate (ap-pel’lat), a. relat-
ing to appeals.
Appendicular (ap-pen-dik’i-
lar), a. noting those parts of
the skeleton, as the limbs,
attached to the axial column,
Appetizer(ap-pe-tiz’er),n. that
which excites an appetite.
Apple-bee (ap’p!-bé), ; Nn. |
Appie-cat (ap’pl-kut), § collec-
tion of young people to cut
up apples for drying.
Apple-borer (ap’pl-bor’er), n.
a worm infesting apple-trees.
Apple-brandy (ap’pl-bran’de),
m. applejack; cider-brandy.
Apple-butter (ap’pl-but/tr), n.
sauce made of apples stewed
down in cider.
Applejack (ap’pl-jak), 7. a liq-
uor distilled from fermented
apple-juice; apple-brandy.
Aquatics(a-kwat/iks),n. collec-
tive name for aquatic sports.
Aquatint (3/kwa-tint), bn
engraving by aquafortis,
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA.
ARBOREAL 664 AZULINE
Atomistic (at-o-mis’tik), a.per-
taining to atoms.
Atomization (at-om-e-za/shun)
mn. act of reducing to atoms.
Atomize (at’om-iz), uv. to re-
duce to atoms.
Atrabiliar (at-ra-bil/e-ar), a.
atrabilious; atrabiliary.
Arboreal (ar-bé’re-al), a. fre-;Arteritis (ar-te-ri’tis), “”% ins
quenting or inhabiting trees.| flammation of an artery.
Arborized (ar'bor-izd), a. fig-|Artotype (ar’to-tip), n.a pid-
ured likeatree; arborescent.| ture produced by artotypy.
Arbor vite (ar’bor vi'té), n.|/Artotypy (ur-tot’e-pe), 2. pro-
ramifications in the human] cess of taking pictureson a
brain, resembling a tree. film of sensitized gelatine.
Archaist (ar/ka-ist), nm. an ar-|Ash-cake (ash’kak), m. a corn-
cheologist; an antiquarian.| cake baked in the ashes. Attal (at’tl), m. waste matter
Archbrick (arch’brik), mn. a|Asininity (as-e-nin’e-te),n.ob-| from mines; refuse; rubbish,
wedge-shaped brick usedin} stinate stupidity; assishness. | Attitudinize(at-te-ti/de-niz)v.
the construction of arches. |Asphyxiated. (as-fiks’e-at-ed),| to assume affected attitudes.
Archebiosis (ar-ke-be-d/sis),.} @. suffering from orin a state| Audiphone (aw’de-fon), n. an
the origin oflivingfromnon-| of asphyxia. instrumentto enable the deaf
living matter; abiogenesis.|Asphyxiation(as-fiks-e-4’shun)} to hear, by conveying the
Architectonics (ar-ke-tek-ton’-| . state of asphyxda, sensation of sound tothe au-
iks), m. arranging of knowl]-|Aspiratory (as-pir‘a-to-re), a.) ditory nerve through the
edge intoasystem; capacity) pertaining to breathing. medium of the teeth.
for organizing knowledge. |Assegai (as-se-gi’),~. a kind of|Audition (aw-dish’un), 2. the
Architectoni¢ (ar-ke-tek-ton’-| javelin used by the Caffres,} act or sense of hearing.
ik),a.havingscientific,archi-} Zulus, &c., of South Africa.}Auditorium (aw-de-td/re-um),
tectural, or constructive skill.|Assish (ass'ish), a. resembling) m. the part of a theater or
Arctogeal (ark-to-jé’al),a. not-| an ass; stupid ; asinine. public hail in which the au-
ing colder parts of the earth.! Assishness (ass'ish-nes), m.ob-| dienceis placed. [the ear.
Ardassine (ar/das-sin),. very| stinate stupidity. (starfish. |Aural(aw’ral), a. pertaining to
fine variety of Persian silk. |Asteridian (as-ter-id'yan), n.a|Auriscope (aw’re-skop), 7. in-
Are (ar), 2. 2 measure of su-|Asthenia (as-then’e-ah), .| strument for examining the
perficies equal to 100 square} bodily weakness; debility. interior parts of the ear.
meters, or 119.6 square yards] Astrogeny (as-troj’e-ne), n. the|Auriscopy (aw-ris‘ko-pe), n.
Areal(a're-al), @ pertaining to} creation of the heavens. examination of the ear by
area, or superficial extent. |Astucity (as-ti’se-te), m. as-]| means of the auriscope.
Arenated (ar’e-nat-ed), @.| tuteness; craftiness. Aurite (aw’rit), . salt consist-
ground into sand. Asymmetric(as-im-met'rik),a.| ingofaurous acid and a base.
Arenicole (a-ren’e-kél),”. ani-} Dot symmetrical, Auroral (aw-rd’ral), a. relating
mal or plant living in sand.|Asymmetrical (as-im-met/rik-|_ to dawn, or to the aurora.
Aretaics(ar-e-ta/iks),7. partof| al), a. unsymmetrical. Autogenetic (aw-to-je-net/ik),
ethics relating to virtue. Atajo(a-ta/ho),%.[Sp.]adrove| a.self-generated or produced.
Argentate (ar/jen-tat), 2. salt} of pack-mules. Autogenous (aw-toj‘e-nus), a.
of argentic acid and a base.|Athermaney (a-ther’man-s@),| self-generated; autogenetic.
Argonaut (ar’go-not), m. oneof| 2. impermeability to heat. |Automorphie (aw-to-mor’fik),
the pioneer settlers of Cali-| Athlete (ath’lét), 2. onedevot-| a. patterned after one’s self.
fornia, who went in 1849. ed to athletic exercises. Autonomy (aw-ton’o-me), n.
Arius (a/re-us), 2. a species of|Athleties (ath-let/iks), n. ath-| self-government; political
catfish found on the coast| letic exercises and sports. independence.
of South America. Atmologie (at-mo-loj’ik), Autophagi (aw-tof‘a-jf), n. pl.
Arming-press (arm’ing-pres), Atmologieal(at-ino-1ojiXe-al) ¢ birds which, soon as hatched,
mn. 2 bookbinder’s tool for] a. pertaining to atmology. obtain food for themselves,
stamping titles on books. Atmology (at-mol’o-je), m. de-|Autophagous (aw-tof’a-gus),
Armor-plated (ar‘mor-plit/ed)} partmentof physical science| a. feeding one’s self.
a. covered with iron plates} which treatsofaqueous vapor|Autotype(aw’to-tip),n. picture
for defense, as a ship ofwar,|Atmolyzation (at-mol-e-za/-| taken by meansof autotypy.
Armure (ar’mir), n. a twilled| shun),. separation ofgases.|Antotypy (aw-tot/e-pe), n. a
woolen fabric,surface-ribbed.|Atmolyze(at’mo-liz),v.tosep-| photographic process of fine-
Army-worm (ar’me-wurm),m.| arate gases and vapors. art printing, or phototyping.
@ voracious caterpillar, ap-| Atmolyzer (at’/mo-liz-er),. an} Avian (av’e-an), a, relating to,
pearing in vast numbers. instrument for separating} or of the nature of, birds.
Arrow-wood (ar’ro-wood), ”.| gases from one another. Avieular (a-vik’i-lar), a. per-
a shrub of which Western|Atmolysis(at-mol/e-sis),n.sep-| taining to birds.
Indians make their arrows, | aration of gases of different| Awesome (aw’sum), a. full of
Arta (ar’ta), m. a remarkable} densities from one another. awe; awful; appalling.
species of catfish found in|Atom (at‘om), n. the smallest] Awn (awn), n.the beard ofsuch
Ceylon waters, having the] particle of matter. plants as barley,
power of moving on land by/Atomivity (at-o-mis‘e-te), m.}Azuline(azh’i-lin),n. fine blue
means of its side fins. condition in regard toatoms.| color, produced from aniline.
WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA.
BABA 665 BEGGAR'S-LICE
5
small flag into a bull’sneck.{ ceous, half-living matter, at
B. . Bandicoot (ban‘de-koot), n. a} the bottom of the sea.
species of rat found in India/Bathymetric (bath-e-met’rik),
Baba (b3’ba), 2. kind ofcake| and Australia. a. pertaining to bathymetry.
filled with plums. Bandmaster (band’mas-tr), n.| Bathymetry(ba-thim’e-tre), 2.
Babbitt metal (bab/it met’l),,| conductor ofa musical band,} the artof deep-sea sounding.
alloy ofcopper, tin, and zinc.|Bandoline (ban‘do-lin), 2. a; Batswing(bats’wing),n.a form
Baby-farm (ba/be-farm), m. a} preparation for the hair. of gasburner giving a jetin
house where board and at-|Bang-up (bang’up), a. of su-} shape of a bat’s wing.
tendance for babes are offered| perior quality; first-rate. {Batten (bat’tn), m, a skylight-
Baby-farming(ba/be-farm‘ing)|Banjo(ban/jo)nmusicalinstru-| shutter; a flap.
2. Keeping a baby-farm. ment resembling the guitar.| Battens (bat/tnz), n. pl. boards
Bachelorhood(bach’e-lor-Hood)|Bank (bank), v. to deposit, as} used for flooring, &c.
nm. state of being a bachelor.| money,in a bank; to cover|Bawhee(baw’bé)n. old Scottish
Backbone (bak-bén’), 2. moral] With small coal or ashes, as} coin of the value of one cent.
stamina; firmnessof purpose} a fire in a furnace. Bayberry(ba’ber-re) n.ashrub
Backing (bak’ing),n, the act of|Bantingism (bant'ing-izm), .|_ having fragrant leaves.
supporting and encouraging} a dietary system designed to|Bayberry-tallow (ba’ber-re-
another in a difficulty, &c. reduce corpulence. tal’/l6), n. a green wax con-
Back-pressure (bak-presh’ur), |Barbadoes-cherry(bar-ba/duz-| stituting the outer coating of
n. resistance to the piston of} cher-re),n. West Indian tree,| the bayberry; myrtle-wax.
@ steam-engine by waste] yielding pleasant, tart fruit.|Bay-ice(ba’ice),n. ice of recent
steam or by the atmosphere. |Barbadoes-tar(bar-ba/dtiz-tar)| formation, in bays, &e.
Back-settler (bak-set/lr), 7. a| m. a kind of bituminous oil|Bay-leaf (ba/léf), n. leaf of the
settler in the remote and} usedinmedicineandsurgery| bay-tree. [a lake.
wild parts of a country. Barbotine(bar’bo-tin),7, mode] Bayou (bi’00), n. the outlet of
Back-stream (bak’strém), m. a} of ornamenting pottery-ware| Baywood (ba’wood), n. name
side current in ariver, flow-|Barege(ba-razh’) n. gauze-like] for Honduras mahogany,
ing up-stream. material for dresses, veils, &c| Beachcomber(bétsh’kom-er)n.
Backwoods (bak/woodz), n. pl.|Barkentine (bark’en-tin), 21.a]| a long wave rolling on the
partly cleared lands of a} bark rigged as a schooner. beach; a vagabond sailor.
newly settled country. Barograph (bar’o-graf), m. an|Beach-wagon (bétsh’wag’on),
Baggage-master(bag’gaj-mas’-| instrument for recording] n. alight open wagon, with
tr),.man onarailroad who} changes in the air. two or more seats.
takes charge of baggage. - |Barrel-vault (bar’rl-volt), ».|Bend (béd), v. to form bead-like
Baggy (bag’ge), a. bulged out] asimple semicircular vault.| bubbles, as liquors.
like a bag. [mercial traveler.|/Barrette (bar-ret’), m. the|Beading (béd’ing), n. 2 mould-
Bagman (bag’man), n.acom-| squareredcapofacardinal.| ing formed torepresent beads
Bah (bah), interj. an exclama-|Barwood (bar’wood), 2. a red|Beading (béd’ing), n. a prep-
tion of contempt or disgust.}_ wood used as a dyewood. aration for causing liquor to
Balance-sheet (bal’anse-shét),|Bashi-bazouk(bash’e-ba-zook’)| form beads in a glass.
n. ashbeet having Dr. and Cr.} .aTurkishirregular soldier| Beady (béd’c), a. bead-shaped;
account, striking a balance.} whoactsasaskirmisher,&c.| small, clear, and globular.
Balanism (bal’a-nizin), n, the|Basso (bas’so), n. the bass or|/Beak (bék), m. a policeman.
application of a pessary. base part; a singer of base.|Bear (bar), v. to depress or
Balanitis (bal-a-ni'tis), m. in-| Basswood(bas’wood),m. Amer-}| lower the price of stocks or
flammationoftheglanspenis| ican linden; whitewood. shares, by false reports, &c.
Baleen(ba-lén’),n. platesofthe|Bate (bat), m, an alkaline|Bearing-rein (bar’ing-ran), n.
palate of whalebone whales.| lixivium made of the dung} acheckrein used to make a
Baling-press (bal’ing-pres),.| of animals, used in tanning.| horse hold his head up.
a press used for compressing|Bathbrick (bath’brik), nm. #|Beaucatcher (bd’Katsh’er), »,
goods into bales. block of compressed sand,} a small flat curl worn on the
Balk (bawk), v. tostop abrupt-| taken from the bed of the} temple by women.
ly or turn aside, as a horse.|’ river near Bath, England. |Beefwood (béf’wood), 2. a red-
Baiky (bawk’e), a. apt to balk.|/Bathchair (bath’char), m. a} colored wood from Australia.
Balloon-fish (bal-loon’fish),n.| hand-chair in which an in-|Beeswing (béz’wing), n. crust
a fish which inflates itself] valid is wheeled about. of tartar formed on wines
with air; the globe-fish. Bath-metal (bath/met/l),.an] which have been long kept.
Ballooning (bal-loon’ing), .| alloy of copper and zine. Befog (be-fog’), v. to mystify.
running up stock beyond its| Bathometer (bath-om/e-tr), n.|Befrizzed (be-frizd’), a. having
value by fictitious sales, &c.| aninstrumentusedfordeter-| the hair frizzled.
Banderillero (ban-der-él-ya’-| mining depths in the sea. Befuddle(be-fud’dl), v.to cloud
T6),7.in a Spanish bullfight, |Bathybius (ba-thib’e-us), m. a] and confuse, as with liquor.
one who sticks a dart with a} plastic,gelatinous, proteina-|Beggar’s-lice (beg’garz-lis), n,
- WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA. -
BEGONIA 666 BLASTEMA
Bioplasmie (bi-o-plaz’mik), a.
pertaining to orconsisting of
bioplasm; bioplastic.
pl. prickly seeds of a plant,|Bibliolater (bib-l¢-ol/a-tr), n.
which adhere to theclothing.} a worshiper of the Bible.
Begonia (be-g6’ne-ah), n, a|Bibliolatrist (bib-le-ol’a-trist)
genus of hothouse plants. n. one given to bibliolatry. |Bioplast (bi‘o-plast), 2 @ mi-
Begum (bé/gum), n. an East-|Bibliolatry (bib-le-ol’a-tre),.} nute particle of bioplasm.
Indian lady of high rank. excessive or superstitious|Bioplastie (bi-o-plas’tik), a.
Bejuco (ba-hi’k6), nm. a thin,| reverencefor the Scriptures.| pertaining to bioplasm.
pliable, reed-like twining|Biconcaye(bi-kon’kav), @.con-|Biotaxy (bi’o-taks-e), m- the
plant, of tropical America, cave on both sides. systematic classification of
Belaying-pin(be-la/ing-pin),”.| Biconvex (bi-kon’veks),q@.con-| animals and plants.
a@ strong pin round which| vex on both sides, as a lens.|Biotite (bi’o-tit), mn. a mag-
ropes are belayed in a ship. |Bicycle (bi’sik-l), m. a vehicle} nesia-iron variety of mica.
Bellbird (bel’bird),”. an Aus-}| with large wheelin front and|Birk (birk), 2. the birch tree.
tralian bird, with a tinkling| a small one behind, between|Birthmark (birth’mark), n. a
voice heard over two miles. which is the seat for therider}| congenital mark on the skin
Bellbuoy (bel’/bwoy), ”. a buoy|Bicyeling (bi’sik-ling), m. act] from some prenatal cause.
having a bell attached, used} or art of riding on a bicycle.|Birthroot (birth’root), m. a
to mark arock, shoal, &c. |Bicyclist (bi/sik-list), 2. one] plant of the lily family.
Belleek (bel-1ék’), m. a green-| who rides on a bicycle. Bise (béz), 2. a cold northwest
glazed Irish pottery-ware. |Biela’s comet (bé/la’s kom’ect),| wind on the Mediterranean. -
Bellfiower (bel/flow-er), a] ashort-period comet, which|Bisexual(bi-seks'a-al),a,.char- '
choice variety of apple. returns every 644 years. acterized by two sexes,
Bellows-fish (bel/l6z-fish), x. a|Biforked (bi’forkt), a. having] Bisque (bisk), nm. a soup made
spiny fish; the trumpet-fish.| twopron ; two-forked. With shellfish.
Belongings (be-long'ings), .|Bile-duct (bil’dukt), n. a pas-|Bissextile year (bis-seks’til
pl. what belongs toa person; sage for bile; he tic duct. | yér),leapyear—every fourth
or thing ; personal property.|Biliousness (bil’y -> s), m.| year, haying 366 days.
Belting (belt’ing), m. system] the state o/ being bilious. |Bitter-cress (bit/tr-kres), n. a
of belts from a steam-engine|Bimetalism (bi-mct/al-izm),n.| plantofthegenus Cardamine
tothe machinery ofafactory.| the useof two metals of fixed] Bitternut (bit’tr-nut), n. the
Beluga (be-loo’gah), mn. the} relative valucs, ascurrency.| swamphickory,an American
white sturgeon, which fur-|Bimetalist(b)-met/al-ist),2.an| tree of the walnut family, me
nishesisinglass andcaviare.| advocate o! bimetalism. Bitts (bits), 2. pl. vertical pro-
Bench-show (bentsh’shé), 7.|Bimetallie (bi-me-tal’lik), a@.| jectionsin thedeck of aship,
an exhibition of dogs, &c. consisting of two metals. for securing ropes, &c. i
Bend (bend), n. form of aship|Bioblast(bi/o- last),7. minute] Blackbird (blak’burd), nm. the in
from the keel upward. mass of living protoplasm. grackle,or American starling ‘
Bender (bender), n. aspree; a|Biogenesis (bi-o-jen’e-sis), .| Blackeap (blak’kap), n. Amer- is
frolic; a jollification. doctrine t at living matter] ican titmouse; the chicadee. -
Benjamin (ben‘ja-min), m. a] arises from living matter. ~|Black-hole (blak/hdl),n. adark +9
kind of Wnglish overcoat. |Biogenetic (bi-o-je-net/ik), a.| dungeon in a prison. in
Benthamic (ben-tham/ik), a.| pertaining to biogenesis. Black-list(blak/list),n. a list of ‘
pertaining to benthamism. |Biogenist(bi-oj'e-nist),2.abe-| personsdeserving censure or i
Benthamism (ben’tham-izm),| liever in biogenesis. i punishment,
n, the greatest happiness of|Biogeny (bi-oj’e-ne), n. origin| Black-maria (blak-ma-ri’ah),
the greatest number. of life from pre-existing life.]| 9. the close van in which
Benthamite (ben'tham-it), n.|Biological (bi-o-loj'ik-al), a@.| prisoners are conveyed from
a believer in benthamism. pertaining to biology. one city prison to another.
Benzoline (ben’zo-lin), 7. fluid} Biologist (bi-ol’o-jist), 2. a stu-| Black-sheep (blak’shép),2. one
obtained from coal tar. dent of biology. ofafamily guilty ofloosecon-
Berg (berg), ». a towering|Biology (bi-ol’o-je), %. the sci-|_ duct, and unlike the others.
mass or mountain of ice, ence of living organisms,|Blaek-silver(blak’sil-vr),72. an
Bergilt (ber’gilt), n. a fish re-} whetheranimalor vegetable.| ore ofsilver, consisting ofsil-
sembling the perch. Biolytic (bi-o-lit‘ik), a. de-] ver, sulphur, and antimony.
Blackstrap (blak/strap), n. a
mixture of gin and molasses,
Bianck (blansh), v. to scald or
Berlin-wool (ber/lin-wool), ».| stroying or impairing life.
a kind of fine worsted yarns. |Biomagnetic (bi-o-mag-net/ik)
Berlin-work (ber/lin-wurk),7.| a, relating to biomagnetism.
embroidery of berlin-wool. |Biomagnetism (bi-o-mag’net-| parboil vegetables or fruit,to
Bertha (ber’tha), m.akindof| izm), m. animalmagnetism.| remove their hulls or skins.
cape worn by ladies. Biometry (bi-om/e-tre), n.cal-| Blase (blah-za’), a. surfeited or
Besique (ba-zék’), n. a French| culation of the length of life.|| palled, as with pleasure, &c.
game at cards. Bioplasm (bi'o-plazm), n. the|Blastema (blas-té’ma), n. fluid
Bethel (beth'l), m. 2 house of] germinal self-propagating| capable of forming animal
worship for seamen. matter of living beings. and vegetable tissues,
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA.
BLASTHOLE
667 BRAIZE
Blasthole (blast’hél), m. hole
in the bottom of a pump.
Blastogenesis(blns-to-jen’e-sis)
overawe jn. bullying talk.)Bonne (bon), ”. a nursemaid,
Blunderhead (blun‘dr-hed), 7.| Bonspiel(bon’spél), n.amatch
a stupid, awkward fellow. at the game of curling.
m. increase of organisms,|Blunging(blunj‘ing),n. process
by budding or gemmation. of softening clay for the pur-
Blather (blath’er), v. to talk! pose ofmaking earthenware,
nonsense ; to babble. Blunt (blunt), 2. money ; cash.
Blazing-star (blaz'ing-star),n.| Bob (bob), . English slang
plant named fromits flower.| name for a shilling.
Blets (bletz), ». pl, spots on|Bobbery (bob/er-re),n, & noisy
Bon-viyant (bong’vé-voug’),.
a jovial companion,
Boof (boof), n. peach-brandy.
Boodle (boo’di), m. money.
Boohoo (boo'hoo), v. to weep
aloud; to blubber; to bawl.
Bookmaker (book’/mak-er), 7.
decaying fruit.
Blindfish (blind’fish), 2. a ge-}Bobolink (bob/o-link), nm. an
nus of fishes found in the
Mammoth Cave of Kentucky,
Blizzard (bliz/zrd), n. ablind-
squabble; a tumult. a sporting man who keeps
a record of his bets.
Bookplate (book’plat), 7. label
on a book to indicate owner-
ship or place in a library.
American singing-bird,—the
reed-bird, rice-bird, or rice-
bunting, [the bobolink.
ing snowstorm, with violent) Boblincoln (bob/ling-kun), n.|Boom (boom), m. an enthusias-
wind and extreme cold.
Blockage (blok’ij), 2. a block-
ing or closing up.
Bobwhite (bob’whit), mn. the
popular name of the North
American partridge or quail.
tic and spontaneous popular
movement in favor of a per-
son, thing, or cause.
Bloodguilty (blood’gil’te), a.| Bock-bier(bok’bér),n. a stroug| Boomerang (boom’er-ang),7. &
guilty of murder.
Bloodmoney (blud/mun’ne) ,n.
money paid to a witness for
testifying on a murder-trial.
Bloodwood (blood’ wid), n.log-
wood, socalled fromits color.
Blow (516), v. to boast; to brag.
Blueback (bli/bak), 2. a spe-
cies of trout found in Maine.
Bluebottle (blu'bot-tl),2.plant
having blue bottle-shaped
flowers ; the cornflower.
Bluecap (bla’kap), n. the blue-
bonnet, or blue-titmouse.
Blue-curls (bli’kurlz), n. an
American plant of the mint
family; bastard pennyroyal.
Blueedevils (bla'dev/1z),n. low-
ness of spirits; hypochondria
Blue-eyed-grass (bliid-gras),
n. & plant of the iris family,
with delicate blue flowers,
Bluefish(bla‘fish),.fish allied
sort of lager-beer.
Body-snatcher (bod’e-snatsh’-
er), %. 2 resurrectionist. Bootlick (boot’lik), n. a lick-
Body-snatching(bod’e-snatsh-| spittle; a toady.
ing), n. act of stealing bodies| Bort (bort), 2. fragments from
from the graye fordissection.| diamonds in cutting. [grove.
Boer (b0’er),7.a South-African|Bosk (bosk), n. a thicket; a
farmer of Dutch origin. Boss(bos),v. to govern; torule.
Bogie (56’ge),7.a kind of four-|Boston (bos’tn), m. 2 gameat
wheeled railroad-truck. cards, played by four persons
Bogus (b0’gus), @ Sspurious;| with two full packsof cards.
counterfeit ;—n, a2 mixture of| Bothersome (both’er-sum), a.
rum and molasses. causing bother; vexatious.
Bogwhort (bog’kwurt), 2. the|Bottle-helder (bot/tl-hdld’er),
whortleberry. m. an attendant on a prize-
Bogwood (bog’wood), ». hard] fighter, to supply him with
jet-black wood found in peat} water, sponge off blood, &.
bogs,—madeintoornaments.| Bottom (bot/tm), m, rich, allu-
Bohemisem (bo-bé’me-an), 2. a} vial,flatland, near astream,
literary man or artist of ir-| Bottom fact (bot'tm fakt), the
regular or dissolute habits. whole truth in a matter.
Bohemianism (bo-hé’me-an-|Bouilli(b6dl-yé’)7.stewed heef,
izm)n. literary vagabondism| served with sauce.
missile weapon used by the
natives of Australia, .
to the mackerel, but larger. |Bolide (bd/lid), 2. a large and| Boule (bool), %. a decoration of
Blue-grass (bli’gras),n. a val-| ' brilliant shooting-star.
tortoise-sheill and brass.
uable kind of pasture-grass,| Bolt (bolt), n. a sudden spring| Bourbon (bdér’bun),n, an anti-
which attains its greatest
perfection in Kentucky.
Biuejay (b10'j4), 2. a beautiful| Bolter (bolt/er), 2. a deserter
American bird, with bluish
feathers of changing hue.
Bluejoint (blijoynt), nm a
kind of grass common on wet
grounds in North America,
Bluelight (bli’lit), 2. a light)Boneash (bén’ash),
used as a signalin ships, &c.|} Boneblack (bén/blak),
Bluepill (blu’pil), n. a pill of
prepared mercury.
Bluestone (bli’stén), mn. blue
Bluespar (bli’spar), m. a min-
eral of an azure blue oolor.
Bluetangle (bli'tang-gl), n,
the same as Danglederry,
[vitriol.| Bonecave(bon/kav),n.acavein
or start to one side; deser-| quated, obstinate politician.
tion of one’s political party.| Bourbonism (bddr/bun-izm),2.
antiquated political notions.
Bow-oar (bou’ér), nm. the oar
nearest the bow of the boat.
Bowse (bowz), n. a drinking-
bout; a carouse;—v.to drink;
to revel; to carouse,
from a political party.
Bonanza (bo-nan/za),n. @ min-
ing term signifying an abun-
danceofore; hence, success,
prosperity, good fortune,
; n. the| Boxberry (boks’ber-re),”. the
resi-| wintergreen,orcheckerberry
due from calcined bones. Boyeott(boy’/kot),v. to have no
dealings or communications
which fossil remains of pre-| with; torefuse to sell to, and
historic animals are found. | decline to buy from; to re-
Boneset (b6n/set),2, medicinal] fuse to work for or toemploy.
plant of sudorific and tonic) Braise 2 (braz), v. to stew, as
properties, [the tunny kind./Braize ; beef, vegetables, &.,
Bluff (bluf), v. to bluster; to|Bonite (bo-né’to), m. a fish of| inaclose-covered kettle. |;
WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA. —
BRAISER 668 BYZANTINE .
Braiser (braz’er), 2, a close-; graded inrank; cashiered. | who intimidates another by
covered kettlo for stewing. |Bromategraphy (brom-a-tog’-| violent and unlawful means.
Braising ; (braz’ing), m.aslow| ra-fe),n. description of foods.| Bulletin-koard(bul’le-in-bérd)
Braizing § process of stewing. |Bromatology(brom-a-tol'o-je),| 2. a board on whieh an-
Branch-pilot(branch-pi‘lot) m.|_ m.a treatise on the nature,| nouncemepts are posted.
a commissioned pilot, quality, andusesoffood, |Buliheaded (bull’hed-ed), a.
Brandied (bran’did), a. mixed|Bromism (bré‘mizm), .con-] obstinate; unyielding.
ortreated with brandy. [new| dition of the system induced|Bullnut (bull’/nut), m, a large
Brand-new(brand’nu),a.quite| by the use of bromine, kind of hickory-nut.
Brant (brant), m. a wild goose.|Bronco (bronk’k6), n. cross be-| Bullwhacker(bull-whak’er),n.
Brazen age (bra’zn-aj), prehis-|| tween a horse and mustang.| slangname for acattle-drover
toric age of the world which! Bronze age (bronz’aj), prehis-| Bummer (bum’‘mr),n.2 spong-
succeeded the silver age. toric age characterized by} er; a drunken loafer,
Breadroot (bred’root), m. root} implements and ornaments|Burl (burl), 2. a knotin wood.
resembling the beet, growing] of copper or brass, which|Burlap (bur’lap), 2. @ coarse
near the Rocky Mountains, succeeded the stone age. fabric made of juteorhenmip.
Breadwinner (bred’win-nr), .|Brownbread (brown’bred), n.| Burning-bush(burn’ing-bush)
one who supports a family. bread made of wheat or rye| . an ornamental shrub,
Break(brak),v.todegrade orre-| mixed withmaize, bearing crimson berries.
duce toa lower rank. Brown-thrasher (brown-| Burnoose (bur-noos’), n.a loose
Breakbone(brak’b6n), 2. fever} thrash’er), m.asong-bird of} cloak worn by women.
causing painsin the bones.| the thrush family. Bernt-ear(burnt/ér),n.disease
Breakdown (brak/down), ». a|Brumous (broo’mus),a. foggy.| in grain, resembling smut.
failure ;—a riotons dance. |Brusquerio (brus‘ke-re), m.|Bur-eoak (bur’6k), 2, a kind of
Breastbeam(brest/bém), 2. the; bluntness of speech orman-| oak,yieldingaclose-grained,
front crozsbeam of a lecomo-| ner; brusqueness, tough, durable timber.
tive frame; the buffer-beam.|Bubo (bi’'bo), m. an inflamed|Bus (bus), m. an omnibus,
Breastbone (brest’b6n),n. the| swelling in the groin. Busby (buz’be), m. a tall, mili-
bone to which most ofthe ribs} Buck(buk),m.amale American| tary bearskin cap.
are attached, in front. Indian; also, a male negro.|Bushbean (bush’bén), m. the
Breasthooks(brest’/hooks)n.pl. | Buckskot (buk’shot), 2. coarse} common low garden-bean.
iron or timber knees gonnect+| shot, used for large game. |Bushelman (bush’l-man), n.a
ing the two sides of a ship, |Buffalo-berry(buf'fa-lo-ber’re)| tailor’s assistant for repairs.
Breastwheel (brest/whél), m. a} . & shrub bearing edible,|2ushman(bush’man),m. one of
wheel turned by the force of| acid, scarlet berries. a degraded, stunted race of
water }:v. withits center. |Buffaloechips(buf’fa-lo-chips),} South-African savages. .
Breeze (bréz), m. refuse from] .dry dung of buffaloes, used| Bush whacker(bush’whack-er)
burning coke or charcoal. as fuel on the prairies. n.a guerilla, robber, &c.,who
Breozy(bréz’e),a.brisk; lively.|Buffaloeclover (buf’fa-lo-kl6’-}|_ lurks among bushes.
Breloque(bra-lok),n.a trinket.| vr), ”. @ species of clover|Bushwhacking (bush’whack-
Bretzel (bret’zl), ». ~ hard} common on the prairies. ing), ”. making one’s way
brittle cake in ‘ormofaring,|Buffaio-fish (buf’fa-)p-fish), 7.
Brewing (broo‘ing , 2, extrac-| the American gar-pike.
tion of malt liquor fromgrain|Buffalo-grass (buf’fz-lo-gras),
Bric-a-brac (brik’ah-brak’), 2.| 2. a species of short grass} .a beautifulupivalveshell,
a collection of articles of ver-|_ on which the buffaloes feed.| resembling a butterfly.
tu, as of china, curios, &c. |Buffaloenut (buf’fa-lo-nut), 2.|Butterine(but’tr-in), nm. oleo-
Brimmer (brim’r), nm. a drink-| ashrubof the sandal-wood| margarine,—artificial but-
ing-cup full to the brim. family ; the oilnut, ter, made from animal fat.
Brit (brit), m. afish of the her-|Buffer (buffr), m. a good-|Butler-scotch (but'tr-skotsh),
ring kind, 1to4inches long.| humored, jolly old fellow. n. kind of candy, composed
Broad-arrow (brod-ar’ro), 7. 2| Buffo-singer(buffo-sing’er),.| mainly of sugar and butter.
British government-markon| asinger of comic songs in|Buttonbali (but'tn-ball),n. a
materials used in the nation-| opera-bouffe. [protuberant | large tree; the buttonwood.
al ships, dockyards, &c, Bulgy (bulj’e), a, bulging out;|Buttonhole (but/tn-hdl), v. to
Broadbill (brod’bil), m. a spe-|Bull (bull), v. toraise the price} detain in close conversation.
eies of wild duck. of stocks, illegitimately, Buttons (but’tnz), n. a name
Broadbrim (brod’brim), m. a|/Bullbrier (bull-bri‘er), 7. a! foraboy employedasa page.
sportive name for a Quaker.| large species of brier from|Buttonwood (but'tn-woed), n.
Broad-gauge (brod’gaj),a.not-| the root of which the West-| the Western plane-tree,
‘ing arailroad whose width is} ern Indians make bread. Byzantine (biz’an-tin), a. re-
4 feet 814 inches or upward.|/Bulldoze(bull’déz),v. tointim-| latingto Byzantium,orto the
Broken (bro‘kn), p. a shat-| idate; tooverawe; to bully.|, Eastern empire, of which it
tered in body ; infirm ;—de-|Bulldozer (bull/déz-er), m.one] was the capital.
through bushes; — fighting,
robbing, &c., among bushes,
Butterfiy-shell(but’tr-fil-shel)
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA.
GABLE 669 OCENTRALIZE
Cc. Calorie(kal’o-re),”.the French ; does iris ase ter ees d
unit of measure of heat. arpus (kar’pus), n. the sm
Cable (ka’bl), v. to send a mes Calorimeter(Kal-o-rim’e-tr},n. aes forming the wrist.
Sage by telegraphic cable. instrument to measure heat.|Carrara (kar-rah‘ra), a. noting
Cablegram (ka'bl-gram), ”. a/caj\ing (kav/ing),n. breaking| a marble used for statuary.
message by telegraphiccable.| “of of icebergs from glaciers. |Carry(kar're),.a portage from
Cable-laid(Ka’bl-lad) a.twisted/ (2 misole (kam’e-s6l), m. dress-|. one river or lake to another,
in the styleofacable. ing-jacket; straight-jacket. | round waterfalls, rapids, &c.
Caeaine (ka-ka‘in), 2. essential Campanile (kam’pa-nil),n. the|Cashmeret (kash’me-ret), n. a
principle of cacao. upper part ofa cupola. fabric resembling cashmere.
Cachou (ka-shoo’), n. aconfec-/¢ampbellite (kam’bel-it), m.|Cassolette (kas-so-let’), nm. a
tion to sweeten the breath. | oneofasectwhorejectcreeds,| perforated scent-box.
Cachuea (ka-tshi’ka), 7. lively) taking the Bibleas their guide| Cussowary (Kas’so-wa-re), n. a
dance by a man and woman.-! Camwood (kam’wood), m.ared| bird found in New Guinea.
Cabinet-picture (Kab’e-net-| “ ayvewood; barwood. Cast-steel (kast/stél), n. steel
kt'yur),”.apicture ofsmall| Gaynabin(kan’na-bin),”.sub-| fused and cast into bars.
size, for close inspection. stance obtained from hemp.|Catalpa (ka-tal’pa), n. atreeof
Cad (kad), m. a mean, vulgar,/(anaille (ka-nal’), 2. name for| southwestern states, whose
affected fellow; a snob. shorts, orlow grades of flour.| wood is of great durability.
Cadaver (ka-da’vr),'n. a dead! canned (kand), p. a. preserved | Catalytic (kat-a-lit'ik),n. medi-
human body; a corpse. in airtight cans. cine to purify the blood.
Cadmium (Kad’me-um), 2. 2) ¢annel-coai(ian’nl-kdl)'n.coal|Catbird (kat/bird), n. a bird
white, soft, tin-like metal. | “used for gas-making, &c. allied to the mocking-bird.
Cadre (ka'dr), n. the frame or Cannery (kan’ner-e), 7. a place|Catblock (kat’blok),. block to
skeleton nd aregiment, &c. |" for canning meat, fruit, &c.| raise the anchor to cathead.
Cesar (se’zr}, n. general naMe| pay ojst (ka-noo’ist), n.one who|Catehdrain (katch’dran), n. a
for an emperor; a kaiser, manages 2 canoe, drain across a declivity, to
Cesarism (sé'zr-izm), ”. PeI-| cant (kant), m. hypocritical re-|_ intercept surface-water.
sonal rule ; imperialism. ligious pretence; slang talk.|Cathead (kat/hed), n. projec-
Caffeine (Kkafe-in), m. a bitter! ¢. fatrice (kan-ta-tré’che), n.| tion from the bow of a ship.
crystalline alkaline base,| “4 female professional singer.|Catnap(kat’nap),n.short sleep.
found in tea, coffee, &c. Cantores (kan-t0'réz), n. pl. a| Catoptries(ka-top’triks),2.sci-
Caffre-bread (Kaf fr-bred),n. a general name forsong-birds.| enceof the reflection of light.
plant found in Africa, from Canyon (kan’yon), 2. deep nar-|Cattle-plague (kat'tl-plag), n.
which bread is made. row gorge, with steep sides.| contagious distemper affect-
Cahow (ka‘how), n. a bird of Cantilena (kan-té-la’na), 2. a] ing cattle and sheep.
Bermuda, the shearwater. little song; a melody. Caudate (kaw’dat), a. belong-
Calamites(Kal’a-mits, or kal-a-| canine (kan-tén’), 2. case of| ing to the tail; caudal.
mi'téz), n.pl. fossil reed-like) “), ottles and glasses forliquors.|Cave (kav), 7. the falling in of
plants found in coal. =r €aniiniere (kan-tén-yar’), z.a| the top of a mine, &c.
Caleareous rocks (Kal-ka re-us} “tomate sutler; a vivandiere.|Cavendish (kav’en-dish), #. @
zoks)rocks composedof shells) cantor (kan’tr), n. the leader] particular sort of tobacco.
_andcoral. or precentor of a choir. Cavette (isa-vet’), m. a small
Calearia (Kal-ka’re-ah), 2. FUs/ Canel (ica’pl), x. rock of quartz,| concave molding.
dimentary legs in snakes, hornblende, and schorl. Cavort (ka-vort’), v. to bound;
Caleic (kal’sik), m. chief con-|o.)itaries(kap'il-la-riz),n.pl.| to frisk ; to prance.
stituent of shells and coral. | “s.tem of veins and arteries. |Cayman (kd’man), n. a reptile
Calelfieation _(Kal-se-fe-ka’-| ¢. hitalization (kap’e-tal-e-za’-| of the crocodile kind.
shun), ”. change into lime.| “<1 un), n. the conversion into| Ceiba (sae-ba), 7. the silk-cot-
Caleified (kal’se-fid), a. formed capital, as stock or money. ton tree, of tropical America,
of lime or calcareous matter. Capsicum (kap’se-kum), 7. a|Celebre(se-leb’r),a.celebrated.
Caleify (kal’se-fi), v. tochange| “Fant from which Cayenne|Uello (chel'ld), 2. 2 Violoncello.
into lime. _ {of lime.| pepper is obtained. Celt (selt), n. a prehistoric im-
Calcite (kal’sit), 2. carbonate! q. st (ka-raf’),n.glass water-| plement of stone or bronze.
Calibration(Kal-e-bra'sbun),| “ pottie for the table or toilet. |Centennial (sen-ten’ne-ai), n.
the peereremncnt of tubes. Caramel (Kar’a-mel),2.akind| commemoration of an event
Calicium (ka-lis’e-um), n. fUN-| “oF confection. which occurred a hundred
gus patches on damp wood. |.) oie acid (kar-bol'ik as‘id) years previous; a centenary.
Callus (kal/lus), m. hardened), ..:4 obtained from coal-tar/Centralism (sen'tral-izm), 7.
skin; hard deposit on a bone. Carnivora (kar-niv’o-ra),2,pl.| doctrine of a supreme cen-
Caimative(kam’‘a-tiv), v.medi-| “foch-eating animals. tral governmental power.
cine for soothing the syste™.| oo pothagsertiar’pet-bag’er),|Centralize (sen’tral-iz), v. to
Caloreseence (Kal-o-res'ens).7.)" »°, noliticaladventurerina| combine detached elements
conversion ofheatintolight.) part ofthe country where he| into one force or power; to
ar:
WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA.
CENTURY-PLANT 670 CLAPE
a string in a carriage to call|Choker (chék’er), . a cravat.
Chop (chop), m. sort; quality.
Chordee (kor-dé’), 2. a painful
affection of the penis,
Choves (chérz), n. pl. the odd
increase central authority.
Century-plant (sen’'tu-re-] the attention of the driver.
pleut), 2. plant that ‘lowers|Cheek (chék), n. cool impu-
once in a hundred 3 vars. dence; insolent conduct.
Cepheus(sé’fe-us), 2, one ofthe} Cheeky (chék’e), a. saucy; for-
northern constellations. ward; impudent; insolent.| jobs ofa household. |
Cerebration (ser-e-bra/shun),|Cheeper (chép’er), 2. a name|Christmas-tree (kris’mas-tré),
n, the workingsof the brain. given to young gamebirds, n,. asmall evergreen tree, set
Cerebro-spinal (ser’e-bro-spi’-|Chef (shaf), n. a head-cook. up about Christmas-time.
nal), a. relating to the brain|Chef-@’euvre (sha-doo'vr), 2.|Chromatism (kr6’ma-tizm), n.
and spinal cord. {brain.| amasterpiece, asin art, &c.| aberration of rays of light.
Cerebrum (ser’e-brum), 7. the/Chelonia (ke-l6’ne-ah), 2. pl.|Chromaty py (kro-mat’e-pe), n.
Cerise (se-réz’), @. ci.:rry-col-| tortoises and turtles. chromatype photography.
ored; of a cherry color. Cheloniphagous (ke-lon-if’a-| Chrome-red(kroém-red’),7. pig-
Cetacea(se-ta’sha),.pl.aquat-| gus), a. feeding on turtles. ment obtained from red lead.
ic animals, as whales, &c. {Chenille (she-nél’), n. silken|€hromism (kré'mizm), m. un-
Chablis (shab-1é’), m, a white] cord for trimming dresses. natural color of flowers, &c.
wine made in France. Chervot (she-rd6t’), n. a kind|Chromo (kré’mo), n. abbrevia-
Chaff (chaf), 2. insincere or| -of cigar of delicate flavor, ation for chromo-lithograph.
sportive talk ;—v. to ridicule|Cherry-bird (cher’e-bird), #%.|Chromogen(kré/mo-jen),n. the
or hefool a person by talk. the American waxwing. coloring-matter of vegetables
Chaffer (chaffr), v. to talk|/Cherry-bounce(cher’e-bowns),|/Chromo-lithegraph (kré’mo-
much and idly ; to chatter. n. cherry brandy and sugar.j lith’o-graf), n. a lithographic
Chaffering (chaf fr-ing), p.éa.|Cheviot (chev’e-ot), 2. arough]| picture in oil-colors.
chirping; chattering. woolen fabric for clothing. |Chromo-lithography (kré’mo-
| Chaffinch (chaf’finsh), m. a/Uhiaroscuro(ké-a-ro-skiro),m.| le-thog’ra-fe), m. production
bird of the finch family. the distribution of light and| of lithographs in oil-colors,
Chalet (sha-la’), 7.a summer} dark colors in paintings. Chromometer (kro-mom’e-tr),
hut on amountain. Chic (shék), m. style; Knack ;] #2. device for ascertaining the
ChamLer-music (cham’br-mii’-}_ manner ;—a. stylish. chemical constitution of a
zik), m. music suited for a|Chiffehaff (chif’chaf),. small] body, based on its color,
select or private assembly. European song-bird.[picker.| Chrome-phvtugraphy(kr6’mo-
Cham pak (cham’pak), 2. a tree|Chiffonier (shif-fon-ér’),2. rag-| fo-tog’'ra-fe), 2. art cf yro-
of India, having a rich odor.|Chignon (shéu’y6n), backhair} ducing « Jored photographs,
Chancre (shank’er), 2 a ve-} oOtfalady, naturalor artificial} Chromo-typography (kré’mo-
nereal sore, or ulcer. Chigo (ché’go),”.asmall kind| ti-pog’ra-fe),n. the artor pro-
Chansonnette (shon’son-net),] of West-Indian sand-flea. cess of printing in colors,
n. alittlesong; a ditty. Chills (chils), n. pl. moulds of|Chronopher (kron’o-fer),~, in-
Chanterelle (shan-ter-el’), 2.) metal in which iron is cast. strument’ signaling ie.
an edible mushroom. Chimney (chim‘ne), ”. in min-|Chronoscope (kron’o-sk6},, n.
Charivari (sha-ré’va-ré’), n. a] ing, arich spot in @ lode. apparatus for measuring the
serenadeof discordant music|Chimney-swallow (chim’ne-) velocity cf projectiles, &c.
Charqui (char’ké), n. strips of} swol'ld), ”.aspecies of swift,|Chuckle (chuk’l), n. a short,
beef dried in the sun. building nests in chimneys.| suppressed laugh.
Chartography(char-tog’ra-fe),|Chimpanzee (chim-pan’zé), 7.|Chuecklehead (chuk’l-hed), 2.
n. art of constructing maps.}| the African orang-outang. a numskull; a dunce.
Chat (chat), m. popular name|Chineapin (chink’a-pin),.the|Chuckesteak (chuk’stik), n.
ofagenusofsmall birds; as,} dwarf chestnut, beefsteak cut from between
fallow-chat, stone-chat,&c. |Chinchbug (chinch’bug), . a] the neck and the collar-bone.
Uhatelaine (shat‘e-lin), m. an} bug resembling the bedbug. |Ci-devant (sé-de-vong’), @, for-
ornamental watchguard, &c.|Chipmunk (chip’munk), m. the}. mer; previous; late.
Chattiness (chat/te-nes)n. talk-| small striped squirrel. Cigaret (sig-a-ret’), n.a paper
ative disposition or habits, {Chipper (chip’pr), a. lively ;| tube filled with fine tobacco,
Chauvinism (shé’vin-izm), ”.| cheerful; talkative; gay. |Cirri(sir’ri), n. pl. twining ap-
fanatical patriotism. Chippewas (chip'pe-waz), v.pl.|_ pendages, tendrils, &.
Chauvinist (sho’vin-ist), 2. an] a tribeof American Indians.|Cirrus (sir’rus), 2, small light
intense patriot or partisan. |Chipping-bird (chip’ing-bird),| ¢louds. {herring kind.
Chauvinistic(shé-vin-is'tik),a.| .a sparrow of small size. |Ciseo (sis’ko), m. a fish of the
intensely partisan. Chiropody (ki-rop’o-de), n. art/Civet-eat (siv’et-kat), nm. a
Checkerberry (chek’er-ber’re),} of treating disease of the feet.}| small carnivorous animal.
m. & creeping plant whose|Chokeberry (chok’ber-re), n. a/Claim(klam),n.a miner’s term
foliage and brightred berries} shrub related to the apple. for a located space of ground.
have an aromatic flavor, Chokecherry (chok'cher’re),n. | Clape (klap), x. golden-winged
Checkstring (chek’string), n.| an astringent wild-cherry. woodpecker, or flicker.
| Collodion (Kol-lé‘de-un), ”, a
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA.
OLAQUE 671 COSMOPOLITE
Qlaqne (klik), 2. a band of) ether and alcohol. plant of tonic properties,
persons hired to applaud. |Collodionize (kol-16’d¢-un-iz),|Cooper (koop’er), n. a2 mixture
Claqueur (klak’ur), 2. ahired| v. to treat with collodion. of porter and stout.
Colorado-beetle (kol-o-ra/do/Cop (kop), 7. a policeman ;—so
Clarence (klar’ense), 2. aclose,| bé’tl), m. a small, yellowish,} called from copper badges
light, four-wheeled carriage.| destructive kind of beetle. formerly worn,
Clasplock (klasp'lok), 2, alock|Color-blind (kul/ur-blind), a./Copperbell (kop’pr-bel), n, a
thatsecuresitselfbyaspring} unable to distinguish colors.| nameofthecopperheadsnake
Clear-stuff (klér’stuf), n. name|Color-blindness (kul/ur-blind-|Copperhead (kop’pr-hed), n. a
for lumber clear of knots. nes), 2. inability to distin-| venomous serpent of the rat-
Clientage (kli‘en-tij), us cli-| guish colors; daltonism. tlesnake kind. [oring matter.
Clientele (kli/en-tél),§ ents/Color-sergeant (kul’ur-sar’-|Coralline(kor‘al-lin),n.redcol-
collectively ; body ofclients.| jent), . sergeant who car-/Cordelier (kor’de-lér), . a ma-
Clove (klov), ». a gorge in a| ries thecolorsofaregiment.| chine for rope-making.
mountain; arayine; a gap./Colostrum(ko-los’trum), ». the|/Cordeliere (kor-de-ly-ar’), n. a
Coach (kéch), v. toprepareone| firstmilkofanimalsafterde-| black knotted neckerchief.
to pass any ordeal; totrain.| livery; mixture of turpen-|Cordiilera (kor-dil-lé’ra), n. a
Coalheaver (k6l’hév’r), m.one| tine and the yolk of anegg.| series ofranges of mountains
who loads and unloads coal.|Comedown (kum/down), 2. a/Corespondent = (ko-re-spon’-
Coaloil (kél’oil), m, petroleum,| sudden descent; adownfall.| dent),n,anassociateinasuit
from beingderived from coal.|Commode (kom-m6d’),n,acon-| at law; a joint respondent.
Coalpasser (k6l’pas-er), m. one] venience for a bedroom. Corinthian (ko-rin’the-an), n.
who passes coal toa furnace.|Commonish (kom’mn-ish), a@.| orderof Grecian architecture
Coamings (k6m‘ingz),”.raised| somewhat common. Corked (korkt), a. tasting of
edges of the hatches of aship.|Compass-plant(kum’pas-plant)| the cork ;—said of wine.
Coastline (kést/lin), 2.the line] . a plant growing on the|Cornbread(korn’bred),n.bread
or boundary of a seacoast. Western prairies, havingfive] made of Indian-corn meal.
Coati-mundi(ko-at’e-moon’de),| leaves resembling the spread/Corneracker (korn-krak’er), n.
n.an animalofSouth Amer-| fingers of the human hand,| auative of Kentucky.
ica, similar to the raccoon. which present their edges|Corncrake eens na
Coceyx (kok’siks),n. terminal] north and south,—the rough|Cornerouw (korn’kro), bird }
portion ofthe spinalcolumn.| side facing the east,and the} which frequents cornfields.
Coceygeal (kok-sij’e-al),a.con-| smooth side facing the west. |Corn-exchange (korn’-eks-
nected with the coccyx. Compsognathus (komp-sog’-| chanj), n. place where grain
Cochlea (kok’le-ah), x. spiral] nath-us), 7”. a reptile which| is sold by samples.
cavity of the internal ear. hops like a bird. {nal ear. |Cornfritter(korn’frit’tr) } na
Cock-of-the-plains(kok-of-the-| Concha (kong’ka), 22. the exter-|Cornoyster(korn‘oys'tr) § kind
plans), n. a species of grouse|Concretianism (kon-kré/sban-| of fritter made of batter of
found near the Pacific coast.| izm), m. the doctrine that| grated green Indian corn.
Cock-of-the-rock (kok-of-the-| body and soul are generated|Cornsheller (korn’shel-er), ,
rok),”.South-American bird] and grow together. a machine to separate corn
of brilliant orange plumage.|Conductivity (kon-duk-tiv/e-| from the cob.
Cockshy (kok’shi), m. object to| te), m. quality of conducting. | Cornshuck(korn’/shuk),n.husk
throw sticks, stones, &., at.|Confederacy (kon-fed’er-a-se),| covering ears of Indian corn.
Cocktail (kok’tal),»”. spirits} m.ageneral name for South-|Cernstarch (korn’/starch), n. a
sweetened, flavored,andiced| ern States during the war. preparation of Indian corn.
Cocky (kok’e), a. conceited ;|Confidence-man (kon’fe-dense-|Corporealism(kor-p6‘re-al-izm
self-assertive ; swaggering. man), %. plausible swindler.| s.doctrinethatthe body isthe
Codilla (ko-dil'la), n. coarsest) Consensus(kon-sen’sus),”.hur-| only existence; materialism.
part of flax or hemp; tow. | mony; unanimity; concord.|Corpuscle (kor’pus-sl), ». an
Coiffure (koif‘fir),. style of|Consomme (kong-som-ma’), n.| ultimate organic body; a
dressing the hair. a kind of strong broth. protoplasmic cell.
Coldchisel (k6ld/chiz-1),. n. a/Constabulary (kon-stab’i-la-/Corral (kor-ral’), nm. inclosure
stout, blunt steel chisel, tem-| re),n.the bodyofconstables;| for cattle;—v. to surround
pered to cut cold metal. constables collectively. and inclose; to coop up.
Coldcream (k6ld’krém) ,n.oint-| Contango (kon-tang’go), n. in-|Correectible (kor-rek’te-bl), a.
mentmadeof whitewax,rose-| terest charged by brokers. capable of being corrected.
water,almond-oil,and borax,|Contretemps (kon’tr-tong), m.|Corsage (kor’sej), 2. the waist
Coleoptera (kol-e-op’te-ra), .| [Fr.] unexpected accident. of a woman’s dress.
pl.insects of the beetle kind.| Conventionalize (kon-ven’-|Cosey (k6/ze), n. covering for a
Collard (kol’lard), nm.akindof| shun-al-iz), v. to establish.| teapot, to retain the heat.
open‘leaved cabbage. Convivium (kon-viv’e-um), 2.|Cosmopolitan (koz-mo-pol’e-tn
a convivial gathering. Cosmopolite(koz-mop’o-lit),n.
Coolwort (kool’wurt), m. a] manofenlarged,liberalviews
or interested applauder.
solution of guncotton in
e ~
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA.
COTTONADE _— 672 CUTTER-BAR
Cottonade (kot’tn-ad), n. stout) m. operation in obstetrics. roads ; walk across a street.
thick fabric ofcotton cloth. |Crank (krank),7.ill-tempered,|Crosslode (kros/léd), n. a lode
Cotton-belt (kot’tn-belt),n.ex-| odd, or half-crazy person. crossing the main lode.
tent of territory adapted to/Cranky (kran’’e}, <. ill-hu-|Croton-oil({kré’tn-oil), n. anoil
the cultivation of cotton. mored; wiimsical; oad. forming a powerfulcathartic,
Cotton-boll (kot’tn-bdl), m. the|Crash (krash), n.acoarse kind| and also used externally.
pod of the cotton-plant. of linen of unbleached hewp.|Crown-antler(krown’ant-Ir),n.
Cotton-flannel (kot’tn-flan’nl),|Crayon (kra’un), n. pencil of| highest branch ofstag’s horn
nm. heavy twilled fabric of] carbon used in producing|Crown-wheel (krown’whél), n.
cotton cloth, with plush nap.| electric light, &c. a wheel having teeth cut.on
Cottonmoth (kot’tn-moth), ”,.|Craze (kraz),.adefect inthe} the edge of the rim.
thesame as Cotton-worm. glaze of earthenware which|Crumbly (krum’ble), a, easily
Cottonmouth (kot/tn-mowth),} causes it to crack. crumbled ; friable; brittle.
n. & poisonous serpent. Creamery (krém’er-e), n. place|Cruorine (kroo’o-rin), n. the
Cotton-press (Kot/tn-pres),.a] where milk and its products] coloring-matter of the blood.
machine for pressing raw] are prepared for market. Crush-hat (krush’hat), n. a
cotton into bales. Creeper (krép’er), m. a small} soft compressible hat.
Cotton-seed(kot/tn-séd), n.the] iron frying-pan ; aspider. |Cryptonym (krip’to-nim), n.a
seed of the cotton-plant. Cremate (kre-mat’), vy. to con-| secret or concealed name.
Cotton-waste (kot’tn-wast), 2.| sume a dead body by fire. |Crystalline lens,ethe fibrous,
refuse of a cotton-factory. |Cremationist(kre-ma’shun-ist)| doubly convex lens in theeye
Cotton-worm(kot‘tn-wurm),7.| 2. one who believes in burn-| Crystalloids (kris’tal-oydz), n.
a destructive worminfesting] ingthe bodiesofdeadpersons.| pl. resemblances to crystals.
the growing plants of cotton.|Crematory (krem/a-to-re), 2.|Cueujo (ku-koo’ho), . a firefly
Cotton-zone (kot/tn-z6n),n.:the| a furnace for the purpose of| found in tropical America.
girdle of the earth within] burning dead human bodies.|Cucumber-tree (kua'kum-br-
which cottoncan be grown. |Crepitant (krep/e-tant), «.| tré), m. a tree whose fruit
Count (kownt), n. a terrapin| crackling; rattling. resembles a cucumber.
. over seven inches in length.|Crescentie(kre-sen’tik).a, hav-|€ulls (kulz), 2. pl. refuse tim-
Coupler (kup’ler), n. a hook to] ing the form of a crescent. ber, fish, oysters, apples, &c.
unite railroad-cars. Cretonne (kre-ton’),n.a strong| Cult (kult), m, particular form
Cousinship (kuz’n-ship),n. the} whitefabricofhempand flax] of worshipor religious belief.
relationship of cousins. Cretonnes (kre-tonz’), n. pl.|Culture (kult’yur), m. high
Cowbird (kow’bird), . one of} prints of gay patterns. civilization; refinement.
the American starlings. Cribbing (krib’bing),2. plank-| Cultus (kul’/tus), 2. cult; cul- }.
Cowboy (kow’boy),”. a cattle} liningofthe shaft of a mine.| ture; worship.
j drover; a herder. Crinkly (krink’le), a having|Cundurango(kun-du-rang’go),”
Cowper’s Glands, glands situa-| crinkles; wavy. [maker.| m. vine growingin Ecuador.
ted between the prostate and|Crispin (kris’pin), m. a shoe-|Cunner (kun’nr), n. the salt-
the bulb of the urethra. Crith (krith),n. unit of weight} water perch; the chogset.
Cowtree(kow’tré),7.a plant of! of aeriform substances. Cuprie (ka’prik),a. pertaining
Brazil, from which a kind of|Croaker (krok’er),n.small fish] to or obtained from copper.
milk is obtained, found onthe Atlantic coast. |Curare (ku-ra’re), 2. resinous
Coxalgia(koks-al'je-ah)n.pain|Crooked whisky, whisky on} substance used by Indians
in the hip; hip-joint disease.} which the internal-revenue| for poisoning their arrows.
Coyote (koy’ét), 2. the small} tax has been evaded. Curarize (Kt'ra-riz), v. to poi-
barking prairie-wolf. Crookneck (krook’nek), m. a| son with curare.
Crabwood(krab’wood),».light] kind of curved-neck squash.|Curassow (kt-ras’s6), 2. a bird
cabinet wood from Guiana. |Croon (kroon), v. to sing in a! resembling a turkey.
Crackled(krak/ld),p.a. having} lowtone; tohum. [a horse.|Curios (ki’re-6z),n.pl. curiosi-
cracked surface, as pottery.;Cropper (krop’pr), 2. fall from] ties, or articles of virtu.
Crackleware (krak’l-war), ».|Crops (Kreps), n. parts above|Curviform (kury’e-form), a.
the same as Cracklin. the shoulder of an ox. curved in shape or outline.
Cracklin(krak’lin),. a kindof|Croquet (kro-ka’), m. an out-|Cush (kush), 2. a preparation
china with cracked enamel.}| door game played with long| of boiled crackers.
Cracksman (kraks/man), n. al mallets and wooden balls. |Cuspidore (kus’pe-dér), n. an
burglar by force or violence.) Croquette (kro-ket’), m. a ball| earthenware vessel to receive
Cradle-hole (kra’dl-h6l), ».lit-| ofminced meat, &c., fried. waste matter; a spittoon.
tle gully acrossasleigh-track|Crossbones (kros’bénz), m. hu-|Cuteness (kut’nes), n.-acute-
Crane (kran), v. to stretch the} man thighbones crosswise. ness} sharpness; smartness
neck forward, to see better. |Crosseut (kros’kut), 2. a level|Cutis (ki’tis), nm. layer of true
Cranial (kra‘ne-al), a. belong-} cut across a-veinin amine.| skin beneath the epidermis.
ing tothe cranium, or skull.|Crossing (kros‘ing), m. mixing|CQutter-bar (kut/tr-bar), m. bar
Craniotomy (kra-ne-ot’o-me),| ofbreeds; anintersection of] to fasten cutting-tools.
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA.
OYANINE 673 ~ DENTURE
-
Cyanine (si’a-nin), 7. the blue;Dash (dash), . asingle trial of Decimally (des’e-mal-le), ad. |
coloring-matter of flowers. speed on a racecourse. in accordance with decimals,
}Cymrie (kim/rik), a. Welsh;—|Dashy (dash’e), a. ostenta-] or with the decimal system,
nm. Welshlanguage. ([race.| tiousl¥ fashionable; showy.|Decime (da-sém’), n. a French
Cymry (kim‘re), x. the Welsh |Davyum (da/ve-um),7,asilver-| coin, worth nearly 2 cents.
Cypress-vine (si’pres-vin), .| white, hard metal. Decister (des‘is-tr),n. the tenth
an American climbing plant.|Dawdle (daw’dl), v. to waste} partofastere,orcubic meter,
Cysted (sis’ted), a. in acyst. time by trifling. Decitizenize (de-sit/e-zn-iz), vy.
Cysticle(sis’te-kl),7.small cyst. |Deadbeat (ded’bét),.a plausi-| to deprive of citizenship. |
tytode (si'tod),2. the simplest} bleswindler;'an artful rogue.|Deckhand (dek’hand), mn. a
form ofindependent life. Deadbroke (ded’/brok), a.with-|_ worker onthe deck ofavessel
Uy logenesis (sit-o-jen’e-sis),”,| out money. Decollette (da-kol-le-ta’),a.cut
the development of cells in|Deadhead (ded/hed), ~. one] low in the neck; low-necked.
organic structures. who obtains privileges with-|Deerberry (dér’ber-re), n. a
Cytogenetic (sit-o-je-net/ik), a.] out payment, plant with large, greenish,
pertaining to cell-formation.|Deadheat (ded’hét), 2.aracein} mawkish berries.
Cytogenous (se-toj’e-nus), a.| which two competitors come|Deergrass(dér’gras), n. aplant
producing or forming cells. in even. : with large, showy flowers,
Cytogeny (se-toj’e-ne), n. cell-/Deadhouse (ded’house), 2. a] and bright purple petals.
formation ; cytogenesis. place for temporary recep-|Defibrinate (de-fi/brin-at), v.
Cytoplasm (si’to-plazm), m.| tionofunknown dead bodies.| to deprive of fibrin.
the same as Protoplasm. Deadlock (ded'lok),”, a state of|Defibrination. (de-fi-bre-na/-
Czardom(zar‘dom),. the rule] legislative affairs in which} shun), n. the act or process
or authority of the Czar. no progress can be made, of depriving of fibrin.
Czarist (zar’ist), n. an adher-|Deadset (ded’set), 2. a com-|Deflected (de-flekt/ed), a. bent
ent or partisan of the Czar. bined attack. downward; curved over.
Czarevna (za-rev’nah), n. wife|Deadwall (ded’wal), n.a blank|Defoliated (de-fo'le-at-ed), a.
or consort of the ezarowitz. wall, unbroken by openings.} stripped of leaves.
Czech(tshek),n.onecofabranch|Deadweight (ded’wat), mn. a|Deforest(de-for’est), v.toclear
of the Slavonic race. weightthatimpedes progress] of forests.
Deathlike (deth’lik), a, resem-|Defrayal (de-fra’al), n. act of }
2 bling death. defraying or paying, ascosts.
By, Deathrate (deth’rat), n. ratio] Deglutitory(de-gli’te-to-re),a.
of deaths to population. pertaining to deglutition.
Dado (dah’do), ». imitation|Death’s-head (deth’s’hed), n.|Delaine (de-lane’), n. a fabric
wainscoting ofpaperorwood.| the skull of a dead person. for ladies’ dress-goods.
Dagos(da’g6z),n.pl.namegiven|Debeige (de-bazh’), n. a kind/Deliriant (de-lir’e-ant), n. a
in Louisianato Italians, Por-| of goods resembling alpaca.}| drug which causes delirium.
tuguese, and Spaniards. Debuscope (dé’bus-kop), w. a|Delirifacient(de-lir-e-fa/shent)
Daintify(dan‘te-fy)v.torender} modifiedkind ofkaleidoscope] ™. any preparation or sub-
dainty, delicate, or fastidious| Debutant (da-bu-tong’), m.one} stance that causes delirium.
Dairy-farm (da/re-farm), 2. af who makes his first appear-|Demi-monde (dem’e-ménd), n.
farm where dairy-produce is} ance before the public. a collective name for women
chiefly raised. Debutante (da-bu-tont’), 2. a} of doubtful reputation.
Dairy-produce (da/reprod’ts),}] female making her first ap-|Demobilization (de-mob-e-le-
milk,butter,cheese, cream &c| pearance beforethe public. za'shun), n. the disarming,
Daitonism (dal’tn-izm), 7. in-|Decadent (de-ka’/dent), a. fall-} disbanding, and dismissal of
ability to distinguish colors.| ingoff; decaying; declining.| troops from active service.
Dangleberry (dang’gl-ber-re),|Decagram (dek’a-gram), n._ a|/Demobilize(de-mob’e-liz),v. to
n. a kind of whortleberry. weight of ten grams. disarm, disband, and dismiss
Danites (dan’its), 2. pl.a secret| Decaleomania (de-kal-ko-ma’-] troops from active service.
association of Mormons, ne-ah), n. art of transferring| Demonetization (de-mon-e-te-
Danseuse (don-sooz’), n. a fe-|_ pictures to china, glass, &c.| za/shun), n. act of divesting
male dancer in public. Deecaliter (dek-a-lé’tr), %. ten} money of its value.
Darbies (dar’bez), . hand-| liters. Demurral (de-mur’rl), n. hes-
cuffs, or fetters; manacles.|Decarburization(de-kar-bu-re-| _itationin decidingor acting.
Darwinian (dar-win’e-an), a@.| za’shun), mn. act, process, orj/Denseness (dense’nes), m. the
pertaining to Darwinism. resultef decarburizing. state or quality of being
Darwinism (dar/win-izm), n.|Decarburize (de-kar’bu-riz), v.] close, compact, or thick.
the doctrine of continuous] to deprive of carbon. Densimeter (den-sim/e-tr), n.
development, based on the|Decaster (dek’as-tr),”. a solid] instrument for ascertaining
theories of natural selection,| measure equal to ten steres.| thespecific gravity ofliquids.
struggle for existence, and Decigram (des’é-gram), n.one-| Denture’ (dent/yure), n, an ar-
survival of the fittest. tenth of a gram. tificial tooth or set of teeth,
ce
WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA. :
DEODORANT 674, EPILEPTOID.
%
Deodorart(de-3/dr-ant),2. any|Dimorphie (di-mor’fik), a 0¢-|Elephantiasis(el-e-fan-ti’a-sis)
substance which destroys or| curring under two forms, ~ n. a disease of the Bkin, at-
removes disagreeable odors. |Dimplement (dim’pl-ment), n. tended with deformity,
Dermalgia (der-mal'je-ah), .| the state of being dimpled. Elite (a4-lét’), m. a choice or
neuralgia of the skin. Dingo (ding’go), 7. the native select body. : {a tumult.
Derringer(der’rin-jer)n. short-| or wild dog of Australia. Emeute(a-mot ), 2. an uproar ;
barreled, non-revolving pis- Emir (@’mir), m. an Arabian
4 tol, carrying a large ball. ' Upbed Of eeanun ieee a
re ee Sey tet yak E, pier iee : repurchasing
in a despotic manner, arte! F °
pote peel oi An wane forae ot mere
,
pekiche apodeean = gokrer es, ostrich, found in Australia,
Devastator(dev’as-ta-tr)”. per- Encke’s comeny® comet which
son or thing that devastates. returns every a eeres 7
Devil’s darning-needle,n.com- Endocardium (en-do-karde-
mon nameof the dragon-fiy. um), ”. an ee lining
Sled rier niisge ne age uae
sh of hideous form ;—also gar 2 he Rap rsid tee
called sea-devil,fishing-frog, pat eel bab oe Lares
bellows-fish, goose-jish, &, Pad the sane oe ye os
nh Sites pie eons csc Tmarriage to members of the
chief; deviltry. 1 t
Devilwood (dev’/l-wood), . B : poe family Debio ae
sedeotihe Southern States: qustrument for making ex-
Deekores eeihen eo Ae aminations of the bladder,
low species of blackberry. Endoskeleton(en-do-skel’e-tn)
Dhow (dow), ”.akind of coast n.the internal or bony struct-
vessel used in Eastern seas. ‘| ure oe and mie Snips
Diactinie(di-ak-tin’ik)a.trans- sa ha Mpa Rot J
mitting actinic rays oflight.} gyrrent. Bosilage (entsete Aes AH
Diagnose (di'ag-n0z), v. to dis-| Bleetrogenesis (é-lek-tro-jen’-| of preserving fresh fodder for
cover a disease by diagnosis. e-sis), . the production of| cattle by berying iieende
dit biprareeeg ah orien ML Enieralgia (en-ter-al/ge-ah), tt.
ik), @. exlubited > hae ke Eleetrogenie(8-lek-tro-jen'ik),| pain in the intestines; colic.
ted by a aid of a diagram. Rleetrogenetie (é-lek-tro-Je-| Bnierliis (en-te-ri/tis), . ine
Diamonded (di'mund-ed), 4.) ner/ik), a. pertaining to the] flammation of the intestines.
paras ay al er sigan production of clectricity. |Entoiie (en-tot/ik), a. pertain-
ey ate eerske vo nm, oven |Electro-gilt (c-lek’tro-gilt), @.| “ing to the interior of the ear.
Da eer eae colored figures! gilded by means of Voltaic| Entr’acte (on-trakt’), .inters
eee . eer fa ant electricity. val between theactsof a play
Diavt : is (di-af'e-sis yee Electro-magnetism (e-lek’tro-| Entree (on-tra’), n.2 name for
vealed art ofa Ae bans ©) mag’net-izm),n.therelation| a side-dish at dinner.
Dinpnol ans aKy ne. | of electricity to magnetism. |Entremets (ong-tr-ma'), % @
Bpnols AU Apes phaetti Electrometer(é-lek-trom’e-tr),| food-dainty ; a delicacy.
Se teaticn an insensible per-| n, instrumentto measure the| Entrepot (ong-tr-po'), 2. a free
Diey athe ‘aia -et'ik) force of an electric current. port where goods are re-
‘ada ee Py ti » &-|Electrometry(é-lek-trom’e-tre] ceived and deposited, for
Minne Gi ite LOD nm. art or process of making| exchange or sale.
hator AS jake ema), % 8) electrical measurements. Entropy (en’tro-pe), #. loss of
Diath os le At Electropathy(é-lek-trop’a-the)| energy and usefulness.
fathermometer (di-a-ther-} , the treatment of diseases] Zon (é/on), n. a long period of
opel 15 Pay in pers by means ofclectriccurrents.| time; an 2ge.
ating power fli nee Electrophone(e-lek’tro-fon),n.| Rosine (é/o-sin), n. a rose-red
Dicker (dik’en) pe iquie’s.) an instrumentfor producing| fluorescent dyestuff for silk.
Feineustiate aoe hartee cel sound by electric currents. |Epieal (ep’e-kal), a. containing
Diosinker(di’sink-er) a ee Electro-plated (e-lek’tro-plat/-| narration; narrative; epic.
raver ofdies for coins &o. | ©): @ plated by means of|Epigastrinm (ep-e-gas'tre-um)
pitt tiata(dif-fer-en’/sh oy] ger o talc electricity, m. upper part of the abdomen.
erentiata(dif fer-en'she-at)| Eleetrotypie (é-lek-tro-tip'ik), | Epileptiform (ep-e-lepte-form
Niy dally (dil/ledal/ley oto |yir por eaining to electrotypy.| a. resembling epilepsy.
Dilly-dally (dil'le-dal'le), v. to | Rlegize (el/e-jiz),v. toeelebrate|Epileptoid (ep-e-lep’toyd), a
loiter,or wastetimeintrifiing| jn elegiac verse; to bewail. ' resembling epilepsy; epilepth
Earwig (ér/wig), ”. 2 species
of caterpillar.
Eearte (a-kar-ta’), 2. a French
game at cards,
Egret (6/gret), 2. a small white
heron; tuft of feathers or hair
Egyptologist(é-jip-tol/o-jist)n.
one devoted to the study of
Egyptian antiquities.
Egyptology (@-jip-tol’/o-je), n.
the science or the study of
Egyptian antiquities.
Eidograph (i'do-graf), m. an
instrument used for the re-
production of drawings.
Elan (4-lon’), 2. passionate
enthusiasm; ardor; zeal.
Bleetrie light, light evolved
from materials heated to in-
candescence by the passage
through them of an electric
aoe
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA.,
EPIORNIS 675 GET-UP
Epiornis (ep-e-or'nis), 2. large; tractof lowland mostly cov- |Fiasco (fe-as’ko), 7. @ failure;
ostrich-likebird, nowextinct| ered with water. a blunder.
Epitaphial (ep-e-taf’e-al), a.|Evolutional (ev-o-li/shun-al), | Filicide (fille-sid),. the mur-
pertaining to an epitaph. a. relating toeyolution. der ofone’s ownchild.
Epsom salts, a salt of cathar- | Evolutionist (ev-o-lu’shun-ist)|Find(find),n.somethingfound;
tic properties, prepared from| mn. a believer in evolution. a discovery.
sea-water. Ex (eks), a prefix to words, sig- | First-elass(first-klas),q@. ofthe
Equestrienne “2-kwes-tre-en’),| nifying out of. best quality ; first-rate.
n. a female equestrian. Exacting (eks-akt/ing), a. se-|Fizzle (fiz’/zl), 7. a failure,
Ergo (er’g0), ad. therefore;; vere; hard; extortionate. |Flicker (flik’er), 7. thegolden-
consequently. Exactingness(eks-akt/ing-nes)| headed woodpecker.
Ermine-moth (er‘min-moth),| n.themaking ofand insisting|Fluke (fluk), m. an unexpected
mn, @ species of moth having} upon oppressive demands. advantage.
wings resembling ermine. |Exanimate (eks-an’/e-mat), n.|Foothill (fcot/hil),. a lower
Errata (er-ra'ta), n. pl. errors| destitute of life; spiritless. hill at the foot ofamountain.
in writing or printing. Excelsior (eks-sel/se-ur), a.|Forecast (for’kast),n.a predic-
Eruptionai (c-rup’shun-al), a.| still higher; ever upward. tion in regard to the future,
pertaining to eruptions. Exeretory organs, the skin,|Formalism (for’mal-izm)”. an
Erythrogen (e-rith’ro-jen), %.| the lungs, and the kidneys.| excessive adherence to form, |
the base of the coloring mat-| Exogamous (eks-og’a-mus), @.| Fourth estate, the whole body
ter of the blood. marryingoutofthe sametribe| of journalists.
Erythroid (er’e-throyd), @ of|Exogamy (eks-og’a-me),n.pro-|Fraud (frawd), n. a deceitful
a red color; reddish. hibition of marriagebetween} person; adeceiver; acheat.
Esthetics (es-thet/iks), m, the] membersofthe same tribe. |Fresh (fresh), @. forward;
science of taste and beauty.|Exoskeleton (eks-o-skel’e-tn),| bold; impudent.
Etagere (et-a-zhar’), n. apiece] n.shells oflobsters,crabs,&c.|Fuiminate (ful’me-nat), n. an
of furniture with shelves for) Ex-parte (eks-par’te), @upon} explosive compoundofgreat
articles of elegance or use. or from one side only., destructive power,
Itherize (é’ther-iz), v. to put|Expropriate (eks-pro’pre-at)
under the influence ofether.| vv. to deprive of property.
Ethnogeny (eth-noj’e-ne), ”.|Expropriation (eks-pr6-pre-a’ G.
the origin ofracesandnations} shun), 2. act of depriving of
Lihnologist (eth-nolo-jist), 2.| orseparating from property.|G@adabout (gad’a-bowt), 2. one
a stadent of ethnology. Extradite (eks’tra-dit), vy. to} who rambles about idly.
Etiology (é-te-ol’o-je), m. the} deliver an offender to the|@ala-day (ga’/la-da),n.a day
science or study of causes,; governmentunder whichhis| of mirth and festivity.
as exhibitedin thestructure| offence was committed. Gallinipper (gal'le-nip-pr), 7.
of animals and plants. | |Eyns(i'as),n.ahawktooyoung| a Species of large musquito.
Ethnograph (eth’no-graf),2.@| to leave its nest, Gallivant (gal/le-vant), ¥. to
history or description of a/Eyebolt (i/bolt), n. abolthav-| play the beau; to bean.
race or tribe of mankind. ing an eye at one end. Galoot (ga-loot’>,#. a worthless
Etude (a-tid’), 7. a piece for|Eyebright (i’brit),m. a herb] fellow; a rowdy.
study, in music,finearts, &c.| used medicinally fortheeyes. |Gameness (gam'nes),. plucky
Euchre (i'ker), v. to outwit;| Eyeglass (i’glas),n.spectacies.} endurance; pluck.
to baffle; to foil. Byelids (i/lidz),7.pl. the folas(Gamin (gam’in), 7. an unruly
Eudiometer (G-de-om’e-tr), m.| of skin which cover the eyes. street-urchin.
instrument to measure gases. | Eyepiece (i’pés), 7. lensin an|@askins (gas‘kins), 2. pl. inner
Endiometry (i-de-om’e-tre),n.| optical instrument %o which} part ofthe thighs of a horse.
the measurement of gases. the eye is applied, Gassy(gas’se),a.full ofinflated,
Eugenesic Scheme gt a. conceited, or deceitful talk.
Eugenetic (i-je-net'ik) Spreed-|—-~— Gastric fever, a fever accom-
ing with a different species EF panied with severediarrhea.
Engenesis (i-jen’e-sis),. pro- t) Gastro-enteriiis (gas’tro-en-
duction of offspring between te-ri’tis), 7. inflammation of
parents of different species./Falling weAtshery 2 rainy or| theintestines, —
Euphemize (i’fe-miz),v-to ex-| snowy tim. _ Gastritis (gas-tri’tis), 7. in-
press in delicate language. |Faubourg ‘fo/bGdrg),. asub-| fiammation of the stomach.
Euphuism (i'fi-izm),”.anaf-| urb in French cities. Gastronome (gas‘tro-nom), n.
fectation ofextra refinement|Faux pas (*)-paw),afalsestep;| one fond of good eating.
EBuphuize(i/fi-iz), v. tobefas-|_a mistake, Genesis (jen’e-sis),n. the mode
tidiousin the useof language|Feraze (féz) %.condition of fret-|_or conditions ofreproduction.
Erentlesa(e-vent/les), a. with-| ful excite™ent; worry. Geomancy (jé’om-an-se), n. the
out events ; monotonous. Femur (femur), mn. the thigh-} rulesof wind and water.
Everglade (ev/er-glid), m. a| bone. Get-up (getup), m. combina-
—7 < <= CFIA oc
ee fe SP el) _, ~~ 2” 87 yl Pre :
ey ae 2 8° eT EL BR b OR LAS Heap tar gnu
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA,
GINGLES
676
KANAKA
tion of parts ; style ofdress.;Quaco {gwaw’ko), ”. a SouthjImpecuniosity {im-pe-ki-ne-
Gingles (jing’glz), 7. pl. small
shells, &c.,on the seashore.
American plant used as an
antidote to serpent-bites.
Glade (glad), n. tract of land |@uipure (gé-pur’),7. animita-
covered with water, inter-
tion of antique lace.
os’e-te), n. the lack of money.
Impresario (im-pra-sah’re-6),
m. conductor of an opera-
troupe.
spersed with bunches of|Qulch (gulch), ”. a ravine, or|{nsensuous (in-sen’shu-us), a.
grass, &c.
dry watercourse. [deceived.
not sensuous; insentient.
Glamour (g14/moor), 7. fasci-|Gullible (gul’le-bl), @. easily|Insistence (in-sist’ence),2. act
nation; witchery; charm,
Gloaming (glém’ing),7.partial
darkness; twilight; dusk.
Glower (glow’r), v. to regard
eagerly; to stare fixedly.
Glucose (gli’kése), . a kind
of sugar obtained from dried|@urt (gurt), 2. a channel for
grapes, honey, and starch.
Gulden (gul/den), m. an Aus-
of insisting ; persistence.
trian silver coin, worth 40cts.|Insistent (in-sist’ent), @. per-
Gunny (gun’ne), m. a strong,
sistently urgent.
coarse cloth, t0 make sacks.|Insomnia (in-som‘ne-ah), 2.
Gurry (gur’re), 2. the offal of
fish ; crude fishoil.
water in a mine,
want of sleep.
Insouciance (an-soo-se-ons),n,
carelessness; indifference;
apathy.
Go-ahead (gd’a-hed), a. pro-|@Gushing (gush’‘ing), a. effus-|Intelleetion (in-tel-lek’shun),
gressive; pushing; energetic.
i Goatee (goat-é’),7. beard hang-
ing down from the chin,
Geb (gob), n. a mouthful; also,
the mouth.
Go-by (g0’by), nm. a passing
without notice.
ively sentimental; demon-
Stratively affectionate.
Guy (gi), v. to sportively de-
ceive: to fool.
Gynecology (jin-e-kol’o-je), n.
n. intellectual activity.
Interaction (in-tr-ak’shun),.
mutual or reciprocal action.
Intermediary (in-tr-mé‘de-a-
Te),n. go-between; mediator.
the science of the nature|Itemize (i'tem-iz), v. to state
and diseases of women.
Godspeed (god’spéd), m. pros-|Gyratory (ji/ra-to-re), @ moy-
fH perous issue; success.
{ Goldfinch (gold’finch), 2. the
yellow-bird; thethistle-finch,
Gourmet (goor-ma), n. a deli-
cate eater; an epicure.
Gram (gram), ”. the unit of
weight,in the metric system.
Grape-sugar (grap/shug-ar),7.
the same as Glucose.
Gvass-widow (gras/wid-6), wife
livingapartfrom her husband
Grassecloth (gras‘/Kloth), n. a
fine fabric resembling linen.
Greenback (grén’bak), 2. a le-
gal-tender U.S. bank-note.
Greenbacker (grén'bak-er), n.
an advocate of the issue of
legal-tender bank-notes.
Greenbrier (grén’bri-er), n. a
climbing shrub witha prick-
ly stem, bearing blue-black
berries ; the cat-brier.
ing in a circle,
EH.
Habitue (ah-bit-u-a/),2. a con-
stant attendant at a certain
place. [cod family.
Hake (hak), n. a seafishof the
Handicap (han’de-kap), v. to
burden ; to encumber.
Hard-up (hard’up),a.destitute
of money; poverty-struck.
Haricot (har’e-ko), n. a ragout
of meat and vegetables.
Heat (hét), n. sexual excite-
ment of animals.
Heliotype (hé’le-o-tip), n. a
Sun-picture or photograph.
Heredity (he-red’e-te),,trans-
mission of the characteris-
tics of parents to offspring.
Griffe (grif), n. a half-bseed ;| Hinny (hin’ne), n. offspring of
a mulatto.
a Stallion and female ass.
Griping (grip'ing), n. exact- Highfaluten(hi-fa-li’tn) high-
ing; extortionate; grasping.
Grilse (grilse), 2. a salmon
under two years old.
flown language; bombast.
Hoodlum(ho6d'/lum),n.arough
fellow; a young rowdy,
Griqua (gré‘Kwa), n. the child Hoosier (h60’zher), n. anative
ofa Dutch boer and Hotten-
tot female.
Groschen (grosh’en), n. a Ger-
man coin worth two cents.
Grouper (groop’er), n. a fish
of the perch family.
Grouty (grou'te), a. cross-tem-
pered; surly; irritable.
of the state of Indiana.
nr rR
I.
Ichthyotomy (ik-the-ot'o-me),
n. the anatomy of fishes.
Eland (i/land), ~. this is the
proper spelling of Island.
in full detail.
J.
Jab (jab), v. to thrust.
Jackass (jak’ass), n. a dolt; a
xery stupid person ; aplock-
ead.
Jamboree (jam-bo-ré’), n. @
drunken frolic; a spree.
Jayhawker (ja’‘hawk-er), n.a
lawless armed man; arob-
ber; a guerilla. |
Jeu-d’esprit. (zhii'des-pré), nm.
a Witticism; a joke,
Jibe (jib), v. to suit ;toagree;
to harmonize,
Jiffy (jif'fe),n. a very short
time; an instant.
Jimber-jawed (jim’br-jawd),
a. having a projecting lower
jaw. {ium-tremens.
Jimjams (jim/jams), n. delir-
Jimmy (jim’me), n. a sharp-
pointed iron lever.
Johnny-cake (jon'ne-kak), n.
bread made of the meal of
Indian corn.
Jug (jug), m. a prison. ;
Julienne (ja-le-en’), n. a kind
of vegetable soup.
Junebug (jan’/bug), n. a beetle
which appears in the month
of June.
K,
Kaiser (ki’zr), n. an emperor.
Grubby (grub’be), a. greedy ;| Impecunious (im-pe-kt/ne-us),| Kanaka (ka-nah’ka), mn. a na-
a. destituteof money; poor.| tiveofthe Sandwich Islands,
meanly avuricious,
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA.
KATYDID 677 PHENOMENAL
Katydid (ka/te-did), . @ spe-| Lark (lark),n. a prank; a frolic N.
cies of grasshopper. Leatheret (leth-er-et’), n. art-
Ken (ken), m. a low tavern. ificial or imitation leather. |Nag v. to tease; toannoy;
Khedive (ke-dev’), n, title of} Liabilities (li-a-bil/i-tes),.pl.| to worry ; to scold.
the viceroy orrulerofEgypt.| amount of obligations or in-|Natty (nat/te), a. neatly fine;
Kid (kid), n, achild; a boy. | debtedness; debts collectively} spruce.
Kilo (kil’o), a prefix implying|Lightwood (lit/'wood), ». pine|Nickel (nik’l), n. ‘a five-cent
one thousand. knots, dry sticks, &c., for} coin made of nickel,
Kilogram (kil’o-gram), mn. a] kindling a fire. Nincompoop(nin’kum-poop),n.
French measure of weight,|Lignose (lig’n6s), n. an explo-| a silly focl; a blockhead.
equal to 1000 grams, sive compound of woody fiber|Nobby (nob’be),a.stylish; fash-
Kiloliter (kil/o-li-tr), m. a} and nitro-glycerine. ionable; modish.
French measure of capacity,| Lilypad (lil’e-pad),n. the broad|Nonchalance (ndn-sha-lons’),
equal to 1000 liters. floating leaf of the water-lily.| m. inditference; carelessness.
Kilometer (Kil/o-mé-tr), n. a}/Limelight (lim’‘lit), 2. a very|Nonchalant(non-sha-long’), a.
French measure of length,} brilliant light obtained from| indifferent; careless; cool.
equal to 1000 meters. quicklime. {talk.| Nutrient (ni'tre-ent), a nour-
Kilostere (ke’lo-stér), m.-a|Lingo (ling’o), ». language; ishing; nutritious.
French measure of solidity,|Linoleum (lin-d’le-um), n. a
equal to 1000 steres. kind of floorcleth made of
Kingbird(king’bird),n.asmallj hardened linseed-oil. oO
bird, noted for its courage in| Lithofracteur(lith-o-frak’tur), :
attacking larger birds. n. a powerful explosive com:|Octopus(ok-td’pus),n. akind of
Kingerab (king’krab), 2. a} pound of nitro-glycerine, cuttle-fish having eight arms,
species of crab, having the|Litterateur (lé-ta’ra-tur), n. a|Oleomargurine —_(6-le-o-mar’-
form of a horse’s foot. writer for the press. ga-rin), m. artificial butter
Kingeup (king’kup), m. the|Lobbyist (lob’be-ist), 2. a per-} made from animal fat. —
buttercup. : son who frequents the lobby|One-horse (wun’hors), a. infe-
Knick-knack (nik/nak), m. a] of a legislature for the pur-| Tior; insignificant; limited.
trifle or toy; a gewgaw. poseofinfiuencing legislation|Open (6’pn), m. open space of
Knowing (n0'ing), a. artful;|Loony (loon’e), a.crazy; men-} land in a forest, &.
shrewd; sharp. tally unsound. Opera-bouffe (op-er-a-bddf’),n.
Kouniss (koo’mis), n. a spirit-| Lopsided (lop’sid-ed), @. un-] @ comic opera.
uous liquor distilled from| evenly proportioned; uubal-|Oroide (6’ro-id), 7. an alloyre-
mare’s or camel's milk. anced, z sembling gold.
Kreutzer (kroot’zr), n. a small|Love-child (luv’child), . an|Outre (60-tra’), a. uncommon;
German coin. illegitimate child. : extravagant. —
Krooman (kroo‘man), m. one|Lush (lush), n. liquor; drink. Outrigger (owt’/rig-gr), n. pro-
of a negro race inhabiti1 3|Lushy (lush’e), a. drunk. jecting rowlock of a boat.
Outspoken (owt-spok’n), a.
free-spoken; candid; frank.
the coast of Western Africa.
M,
LL. Majoliea (ma-jol’e-ka), n. a P,
soft enameled earthenware.
Lacrosse (1a-kros’), 2. & Cana-| Menhaden (men-ha/dn), n. a|Papeterie(pap-a-tré’),n. a box
dian game at ball. salt-water fish of the shad] or case for stationery.
Lactein (lak’te-in), 2. concen-}| kind; the moss-bunker. Parti-colored (par'te-kul’urd),
trated or solidified milk. Menu (me-noo’), m. the bill of} @. of various colors; varie-
Lambrequin (lam/ber-kin), 7.]| fare at a banquet. gated.
ornamental drapery pendent| Mesa (ma’sah), n.atable-land|Part-song (part/song), n. a
from the top ofa window, &c.! bordered by mountains. song in two or more parts.
Landlordism (land’lord-izm),|Miff (mif), ». a slight degree] Passe (pas-sa'), a. out of use;
m. the ownership of land] of anger. {fended.}| worn; faded.
rented to tenants; interest|Miffed (mift), a. slightly of-|Peritenitis (per-e-to-ni’tis), n.
and influence of landowners.| Moonglade (m66n’glad), 2. the] inflammation of the lining
Land-warrant(land-wor'rant),| track of moonlight on the} membrane of the abdomen.
m. a government warrant en-| water. Pesky (pesk’e), a. mischievous;
titling a person to a certain|Moony (mé6n/e), a. dreamily} troublesome ; vexing.
tract of the public lands. sentimental; moonstruck. {Petite (pe-teet’), @. small in
Lantern-jawed (lan’tern-jawd)|Morceau(mor-s6’), m.amorsel;} size; little and neat.
nm. having a thin face. ~ a bit. Phenomenal (fe-nom’e-nal), a.
Larcenous(lar’se-nus), @.char-| Mossbunker (mos’bunk-er), m.j extraordinary ; exceptional;
acterized by larceny. a fish of the shad kind. extremely rare.
WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA.
PHILOGYNIST 678 SHINDIG
Philogy nist (fi-loj’e-nist), m. af up; tomakeover; torenew.} salt-water fish; the pig-fish.
lover of women, fof women.|Rhino (ri’no), nm. money; cash. |Seaspider (sé/spi-dr), 7. a spe-
Philogyny (fi-loj’e-ne), n. love/Rigor mortis (rig’or mor’tis),j cies of crab, having long and
Photophone (fo'to-fon), m. an} the stiffness of death. hairy legs; the spider-crab.
apparatus for producing ar-|Road-agemt (rod’-4-jent), n. a|Seatang (sé/tang), 2. anedible
ticulate speech by the inci-| highway robber. seaweed; tangle.
dence ofbeams offight flashed|Reue (roo-a’), n. a rake; a de-|Seeretive (se-kré'tiv), a. char-
on a sensitive diaphragm. bauchee; a libertine. acterized by secretiveness.
Phylarch (fi’/lark), . the chief|Houstabout (rows’ta-bowt), n.|Seetionalism (sek’shun-al-izm)
of a tribe. @ deckhand on a Western| mn. sectional preference or
Phylloxera (fil-lox’e-ra), n. a} steamboat; a vagabond. feeling.
species of plant-lice infesting|Rowdy (row’de), 2. a riotous, |Secularist (sek/i-Ir-ist), n. one
grapevines. turbulent fellow. _who rejects revealed religion.
| Phylogenesis(fi-lo-jen’e-sis),.|Rowdyism (row’de-izm), 7.|Seediness (séd’e-nes), m, shab-
thetheory ofthedevelopment| noisy blackguardism, biness ; wretchedness.
of varied races of mankind. |Royalty (roy’al-te), n. asum of|Seed-wool (séd’ wool), n. cotton
Phylogenetic ((fi-lo-je-net/ik),| money paid to an inventor,| not cleared ofits seeds.
a. pertaining to the develop-| owner, &c., from the product/Seep (sép), v. to drain or ooze
ment of a race or tribe. ofhisinvention,property,&c.} out slowly.
Phylogeny (fi-loj/e-ne), . de-|Ruche(roosh), n. a delicate ma- |Seepage(sép'ij),.liqguidrefuse;
scentofatribe; tribaldescent| terial of blonde, net, &c. leakage; drainage. [moist.
Physicism (fiz'i-sizm), ». the Seepy(sép’e), a. oozy; swampy;
science or study of physical S Self-assertive (self-as-sert/iv),
phenomena. [a negro baby. ma . a. confident in assertion or
Pickaninny (pik’a-nin-ne), n.|Sage-brush(saj’brush),m.alow,] manner. [self-love; egotism.
Pickerel (pik’er-el), n. a fresh-| irregular shrub, growing on|Selfism (self'izm), m. excessive
water fish of the pike family.| the Western plains. Septemia(sep-té’me-ah),7.poi-
Pie-plant (pi’plant), n. a name|Sage-cheese(saj’chéz),r.cheese] sonous infection of the blood
of the garden rhubarb. flavored with sage. from pus or putrid matter.
in horses, resembling catarrh.|Sage-grouse(saj‘grouce) ¢large} mn. the same as Septemia.
Plucky (pluk’e), a. spirited ;|Sage-hen (saj’/hen), Sp ¢-|Septiferous (sep-tifver-us), a.
courageous; resolute. cies of prairie-fowl; thecogk-} producing putrid poison.
Possum (pos/sum), 2. a com-j of-the-plains. Septin (sep’tin), m. a peculiar
mon name for the opossum. |Scalawag (skal'a-wag), ”. a] poison in-putrefying blood. .
Potency (pé’ten-se), 2. poten-|_ Mean scamp; a scapegrace. |Shaky (shak’e), a. likely to fall;
tial power or ability. Sealy (ska’le),a@.mean; shabby.| tottering; insecure; unsound;
Pyrmia (pi-é’me-ah),”. blood-|Serawny (skraw’ne), a. low in| —wavering; uncertain.
poisoning caused by the ab-| flesh; bareboned ; scraggy.|Shebang (she-bang’), n. a low
Pinkeye (pink’i), n. a disease|/Sage-cock (saj’kok), Us alSepticemia (sep-te-sé’me-ah),
sorption of pus. Scrouge(skrowj), v. tosqueeze;} drinking-house; a crib.
to crowd. Shedder-eral(shed’dr-krab) n.
@ Serub-oak (skrub’6k), 2 a] acrab which hasrecentlycast }
» dwarfish species of oak. its shell; a softcrab.
Quahog (kwaw’hog), . @ spe-|/Serumptious (skrum’shus), @.|/Sheeny (shén’e), % cant name
cies of clam, {money.| very fine or nice; excellent. | fora Jew. :
Queer (kwér), m. counterfeit/Seuppernong (skup’r-nong), n.|Sheep-laurel (shép'law-rl), n.
Quod (kwod), n. a prison. the Southern foxgrape. a plant of poisonous proper-
Surry (skur’re), ». to run in] ties; also called calj-kill and
R haste; to scud. lamb-kill.
.
Seythewhet (sithe’whet), m. al|Sheepshead (shéps’hed), n. a
Rabies (ra/be-éz), 2. rabidness;| species of American thrush.}| fine, large, salt-water fish.
hydrophobia, Seacat (sé’kat), m. the catfish;|Shagbark (shag’bark), 2 2.tall
Recker (rak’er),. a horse that] the sea-wolf; the wolf-fish. |Shellbark (shel/bark), ; and
moves with aracking pace. |Seadevil (sé/dev-1l),2. the devil-|_ handsome species of hickory.
Ramshaeckle (ram/shak-l), a.| fish. (coral. |Shenanigan(she-nan’e-gan), 7,
falling to pieces; loose; old./Seafern (sé/fern), n.akind of} a scheming trick; trickery;
Ranchman (ransh’man), n. a/Seagoing (sé/gé-ing), a. going] chaff; foolery; nonsense,
cattle-breeder; a herdsman.| to sea; seafaring. Shimmer (shim’r), m, a quiv-
Rattler (rat’Ir), n.arattlesnake Seugrape (sé/grap), n. the sar-| ering light; a glimmer.
Razorefish (ra’zr-fish), nm, al gassum, or gulfweed. [louse./Shimmering (shim’r-ing), a.
Razor-shell (ra’zr-shel), § bi-/Sealouse (sé/lous), m. the fish-| gleaming tremulously; glim-
valve shellfish shaped like Searaven (sé’ra-vn), m.afish of] mering.
the handle of a razor. the bullhead orsculpin family |Shindig (shindig), n. a riotous
Revamp (re-vamp’), v. to patch|Searobin (sé'rob-in), m.asmall} dance; ashindy; aspree.
Pe ee cape oF)
ear AD 7 aD
4 ein gered Fat a a ag
WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA,
SHINDY 679 THERMOPILE
Shindy (shin’de), 2 @ riotous|Spooney (spoon’e), a. weakly|Technicist (tek'ne-sist), .one
spree; a row. or foolishly fond. skilled in any practical art.
Shin plaster (shin’plas-tr), m.a/Spreadeagle (spred-é’gl), a.|Technique (tek-neek’), n. the
banknote of less valuethana| boastingly grandiloquent;} same as Technic.
dollar, [the heronspecies.| bombastic; pompous, Technism (tek/nizm), m,. skill §
Shitepoke(shit/pok),m.abirdof|Spruced-up (sproost/up), a.| in technics; technicality.
Shotgun (shot/gun)n.asmooth-| madeneator fine; welldressed|Teknology (tek-nol’/o-je), 2. a
bore fowling-piece. Sternum (ster‘num), ”. the] treatise on children.
Silkgrass (silk’gras),”,aplant} breastbone. . Telegrapher (te-leg’ra-fr), 2.8
otherwise called Bear-grass.|Stirpiculture (stir/pe-kul-tir),} telegraphic operator. ;
Skipper (skip’r), m. a small} m. the breeding of special|Telemeter (te-lem/e-tr), 2. an
maggot found in cheese. Stocks or races. instrument used for measur-
Skullduggery (skul-dug’er-e),| Stock(stok),n. to take stockin;} ing distances.
m, underhend plotting. to feel confidencein. [thick.|Telepheny (te-leffo-ne), m. the
Skunk-bear (skunk’bear), 2.|Stocky (stok’e), a. short and| artor process of reproducing |}
the wolverine; the carcajou.|Straight-out(strat/owt)a.pure;| Soundsata distance by means
Skunk-blackbird (skunk’blak-| genuine; unsophisticated. of the telephone.
bird), 2. the marsh blackbird|Strapped (strapt), a hardup|fendo-achillis (ten-do-a-kil’is)
Skunk-cabbage(skunk’kab-ij),|_ for money. m. a tendon connecting the
n, astrong-scented plant, o1|Straw bail, worthless bail. heel and the calf of theleg.
repulsive odor. Stuckup (stuk’up), @. vain and|Tensioned (ten/shund), @ ex-
Sky-pilot (ski/pi-lot), 2. slang} affected ; conceited.’ tended, or drawn out.
name fora clergyman. Stuffy(stuffe),a. angry; sulky;|Teredo (te-ré’do), n. a worm.
Slabsided (slab’sid-ed), @. hay-| obstinate. that bores and penetratesthe |
ing thin, flat sides; lank. |Sucrose(soo’krés),”.sugarob-| bottoms of ships.
Slopwork (slop'wurk), n. work| tained from beets, corn, &c.|Terpsichore (terp-sik’o-re), .
done cheaply and imperfectly | Swell-mob(swel/mob),, well-| the muse that presided over
Sneaky (snék’e),a.likeasneak;} dressed thieves, who appear| singing and dancing.
sneaking.. [alcoholic liquor.| like gentlemen. Terry (ter/re), m. a material of
Snifter (snift/er), n. a dram of silk and worsted used in up-
Snippety (snip’et-e), a. ridicu- T holstery.
lously small; insignificant. : Thermally (ther’mal-e), adv.
Sociable (sd’sha-bl), 7. asocial|Tableanx-vivants (tab/16-vé-| with reference to heat.
gathering of friends. von), 2. pl. [F'r., living pic-|Thermal unit, a unit chosen
Sockdologer (sok-dol/o-jr),m. a] tures], groups of persons so} for the comparison or caleu-
heavy finishingblow;asettler| dressed and placed astorenp-| lation ofthe quantity ofheat.
Soft money, paper money, as| Tresentpaintings, statuary, &c|/Thermo-chemistry (ther’mo-
distinguished from coin. Table-d’hote (tah’bl-dot), m.| kem/is-tre)n.thescience ofthe
Soft-sawder (soft-saw'dr), m.| the general table for guests} relations existing between
flattery; blarney. at a hotel, chemical actionand the force
Soft-soap (soft-sdp’), m. akind|Tachometer (tak-om/e-tr), m.| termed heat.
of soap :—flattery ; blarney.| instrument for measurement|Thermo-electrometer (ther’-
Soilpipe (soil’pip), 2. a drain} of velocity of machinery. mo-e-lek-trom’e-tr), n. anin-
to carry off night soil, + |Tantrum(tan/trum),72.awhim| strument for measuring the
Solferino (sol-fe-ré’no), m. bril-| or burst of ill-humor. strength of an electric cur-
liant deep-pink aniline color.|Tartuffe (tar-tuf’), n.anhypo-| rent by the heat which it pro-
Somnambular(som-nam’bu-lar| critical devotee. duces.
a. pertaining to sleep. Tasimeter (ta-sim/e-tr), n. an|Thermogenous(ther-moj’e-nus
Soph (sdf), 2. an abbreviation] instrument for detecting or] a@. producing heat.
of Sophomore. measuring minuteextensions|Thermograph (ther’mo-graf),
Soppy (sop’e),a.saturated with| ormovements ofsolidbodies.| m. an instrument which reg-
moisture; soaked; sop-like.|Teak (teck), 2. an HastIndian| isters variationsin heat.
Soupecon (soop’sén), m. & very| treewith very durabletimber|Thermology (ther-mol’o-je), n.
small quantity; a taste. Teal (teel), 2. a water-fowlal-| the science of the properties
Spelter (spel’tr), 2. crudezine.} lied to the common duck, and relations of heat.
Spider-erab (spi/dr-krab), m.|Team (tém), m. a number of/Thermo-magnetism (ther’mo-
aspecies of crab havinglong| persons associated in a per-| mag‘net-izm), n. the science
and hairy legs; sea-spider. formance, asin a game, &c.} of the relations of heat and
Spirality (spi-ral/e-te), 2. the) Tea-rose (tée'rdz), m. a2 delicate} magnetism.
state of being spiral. rose, introduced from China.|Thermophone(ther’mo-fén),7-
Splurge (spiurj), . a bluster-|Teasthings (té/things), .pl.| an apparatus for producing
ing demcustration ; a dash. a tea-service or tea-set, sound from heated bodies.
Spondulicks (spon-doo'liks), .|Teehnie (tek/nik), m. technical/Thermopile(ther’mo-pil),.an
a slang term for money. skill; artistic execution. | instrument for measuring
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA.
THERMOSTAT 680 VIPERISH
minute differences or degrees|Tsarina (sah-ré/nah), . the|/Unveracity (un-ve-ras’e-te), 7.
of heat. title ofthe empressof Russia.| want of veracity; untruth-
Thermostat (ther’mo-stat), .|Tsarowitz (sar/o-wits), 2. the] fulness.
anelectricalapparatuswhich| title of the eldest son of the|Upgrowth (up'gréth), n. new
gives an alarm of fire on the] emperor of Russia. growth; upspringing.
leastincrease of temperature.|Tulie (tul), n. a kind of silk|Urmmia (i-ré’me-ah), n. a dis-
Thickhead (thik’hed), m. astu-| open-work or iace. ease produced by retention
pid person; ablockhead. |Tunny (tun’e), n. a fish of the] of urea in the blood.
Threnody (thren’o-de), m. a] mackerel family. Uremic(a-rée’mik) 2 a. pertain-
song of lamentation. Turbot (tur’bot), 2. a flat fish,|Uremie (i-rem‘ik) ; ing to or
Throttle-valve(throt'l-valv),n.| with a body nearly cireular.| tending to produce uremia.
a valve working in a pipe, so/Tureo (tur’ko), 2. an Arab|Urination (i-re-na/shun), n.
as to regulate the quantity of|Turko (tur’ko), f soldier in the] the act of passing urine.
steam, water, &c., passing} French army, or one dressed |Urogenital (t-ro-jen’e-tl), a.re-
through in a given time. in Eastern fashion; azouave.| lating to the urinary and
Tie-douloureux (tik-doo-loo-|Turcoman Seoul ae m.| reproductive organs.
roo’), n. neuralgia in the face|‘Purkeman (tur’ko-man), § one|Urogenitals (a-ro-jen’e-tlz), n.
Toady (téd’e},n.a mean flatter-| of a nomadic peopledwelling| pl. collective name for the
er; a base sycophant. in Turkestan, and parts of} urinary and reproductive
Toggle-joint (tog’l-joint), % a]! Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan.| organs.
bar jointed inthe middle. |Turfite (turf'it), te @ vo-|Ureter (i-ré’tr), m. a tube pass-
Tomalley (tom-al'le), % the|Turfman(turf’man),$tary of; ing from the kidney to the
liver of the lobster. the turf, or racecourse. bladder, conveying urine.
Tomeat (tom'kat), m. a male)Turntable (turn’té-bl), m. alUrethra(i-ré'thra),n. atubeby
cat, of large size. platform capable ofrevolving| which the bladder is emptied
Tomeod (tom’kod), .asmall} horizontally on railroads, to|Urinary organs, the kidneys,
fish found on the American} turn engines, &c., around. ureters, bladder, urethra.
coast; the frostfish. Twiddle (twid’dl), n. to play|Urinometer (a-re-nom’e-tr), 2.
Tomfool (tom’fool), x. a great} withortwirl withthefingers.} an instrument for measuring
fool; a trifier. Twinlike (twin‘lik), a. like a} the density of urine.
Tomfoolery (tom-fool’er-e), m.| twin, or twins. Usquebaugh (us-kwe-baw’), n.
foolish trifling. Type-writer (tip’ri-tr), m. an] the Scotch name for whisky.
Tomnoddy (tom’‘nod-e), m. a| instrument for reproducing|Uterus (i’tr-us), m. the womb.
fool; a dunce; a blockbead.| manuscripts, &c., in printed|Uvula (a’yu-la), m. a prolonga-
Tomtit (tom’tit),2.alittle bird; letters. tion of the soft palate at the
the titmouse. - back of the mouth.
Tonite (t6n’it), 2. an explosive U Uxorial (uks-d/re-al), @. ex-
compound of great destruo- ® cessively fond of a wife. |
tive power. Umbreua-bird(um-brella-bird
Toupee (too-pee’), nm. acurlor| m. abird of South America, V
artificial lock of hair. having an umbrella-like if
Tourmaline (t6r’ma-lin), m. a] plume adorning its head and|Vaceinin (vak’se-nin), 2. the
mineral of the topaz group. a tuft of feathers hanging] specific matter of cowpox.
Tourniquet (toor’ne-ket), n. a] from its breast. Vacuity (va-ki’e-te), n. lack of
bandage applied to prevent|Unconventional (un-kon-ven’-| object or interest; mental
the flow of the blood through] shun-al), a. not having re-| vacancy.
an artery. gard to conventionalities ;|Vaquero (va-ka'ro), n.a man
Tout-ensemble (toot-ong-song’| natural, having charge of cattle, &.
bl), m. the general effect tak-|Underestimate (un-dr-es'te-| Varicose (va‘re-k6s), a. dilated;
én as a whole. mat), v. to undervalue ;—n.| swollen.
Trichinous(trik’e-nus), a. per-| too low an estimate; under-|Variolin (va-ri/o-lin), m. the
taining to or infested with} valuation. matter or virus of smallpox.
trichine. Ungrudging (un-gruj'ing), a.|Vesicle (ves‘e-kl), . a small
Tricycle (tri/sik-1), 2, a three-| without grudge; liberal;| bladder. [fervor; spirit; life.
wheeled velocipede. hearty. Verve (very), 7. animation ;
Trisection (tri-sek/shun), .|Union-jack (in’yun-jak), ,|Via (vi'ah), adv. by the way of.
divisionintothreeequalparts| the national flag of Great|Vim (vim), 7”. enthusiasm ; en-
Troupe (treop), nm. a band or| Britain. ergy; vigor; spirit.
company of performers, asin|Unmerchantable (un-mer~|Vinaigrette (vin-a-gret’), n. a
opera, &c. [cringing fellow.| chant-a-bl), a not fit for| sauce made of vinegar,oil, &
Truckler (truk'Ir),. aservile,| market; unsalable. Vin-ordinaire(van-or-de-nair)
Tsar (Sar), m. the title of the|Unveracious (un-ve-ra/shus),a.| m. a common French wine.
emperor of Russia ;—a better] withoutregard for truth; un-|Viperish (vi’pr-ish), a, likea
form of spelling czar, &c. truthful. viper; venomous; malignant,
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA.
VODKA 681 ZYMOSIS
Vodka (vod’ka), m. a Russian) Xanthrophyll (zan’thro-fil),7.| dye, and for medical purpoges
liquor distilled from rye. a bright yellow coloring mat-|Yellowthroat (yel’lo-throt), n.
Vraisemblance(vra-son-blons),} ter found in leaves. @ small singing bird of the
n. appearance of truth; prob-| Xerodermia (zé-ro-der’me-ah),} warbler species.
ability; likelihood. 2. an unnatural dryness and|Yellowtop (yel/lo-top),.aspe-
harshness of the skin. [fish.] cies of herdsgrass.
WwW Xiphias (zif’e-as),n.thesword-|Yellowwood (yel/lo-wood), 1.
® Xylite (zi'lit), m, a mineral,| a flowering tree of the locust
Wait (wat), n. a strolling mu-] chiefly iron-ore. family, having yellow wood
sician. Xylo (zi'lo), a prefix implying| used for dyeing.
Walkever (wawk’é-vr), ». aj some relation to wood. Yerba (yer’ba), n. a South
complete and easy triumph.|Xyloid(zi‘loyd), a. resembling} American holly, whoseleaves
Warpath (war’path),7. warlike| wood. are used as tea.
expedition of the Indians. |Xylene (zi’leen), } n. a hydro-|Yokel (y6’kl), n. @ raw coun-
Wastage (wast/aj), n. acciden-| Xylote (z1'ldl), carbon pre-| \tryman; a greenhorn.
tal wasteof abarrel, box,&c.} pared from coai naphtha. Yoni (y6’ni), nm. the Hindoo
Waterseape (waw’'tr-skap), m.|Xylophilous (zi-lof‘e-lus), a.) name for the female power
a view of the sea, lakes, &c,| growing upon, or living in,| in Nature.
Watershed (waw’tr-shed), n.| decayed wood. Yopon(yo’pn), n.a plant found
thedistrictofcountry drained|Xylopkone (zi'lo-fon), m. a} in North Carolina, whose
by 2 river. ; musical instrument consist-| leaves are used as tea.
Waxplant (wax’plant), n. a] ingofpiecesof woodarranged|Younker (yunk’er), n. ayoung
white, fleshy plant, looking] in the order of their notes,| person; a youngster; alad.
asifmadeofwax. _ played on with two little|Yuca (yi’ka), n. a nameof the
Westernmost (west/ern-mést),] Wooden mallets. mandioca, or tapioca root.
a. situated farthest toward Yucea (yuk’ka), 2. an Ameri-
the west. VY can liliaceous plant; Adam's
Whole-souled (h6l/séld), a. a needle.
noble-minded; free-hearted.|Yahoo (yah/hoo), » 2 raw
Wideawake (wid'a-wak),@.on| countryman; a greenhorn; a
the alert; prepared; ready.| lout; anoodle. [suddenly. SZ.
Wing-dam (wing’dam), . a|/Yank(yank),v.totwitchorjerk
dam extending but partly} Yankeedom (yank’e-dm),n,the|Zeus (zis), m. the supreme di-
across a stream. New England States; also,| vinity in Greek mythology.
Wintergreen (win’tr-grén), .| the United States. Zither (zith’er), 2”.amusic-
a plant of the heath family. | Yankeefled(yank’e-fide),a.like|Zithern(zith’ern), ; al instru-
Winter-killed (win'tr-kild), a.) a Yankee; Yankee fashion.| ment, having 28 strings,
killed by the cold of winter,|Yankeeland (yank’e-land), m.} placed on the table before
as wheat, clover, &c. | New Engtand; alsothe Unit-| the player, and played with
Wirepulling (wire’pul-ing), m.| ed States. both hands.
political intriguing. Yawp(yawy),7.a loud outery;|Zoon (zd’on), n. an individual
Wishy-washy (wish’e-wosh’e),| —v. to cry out; to bawl. animal, whether mammal,
a.insipid; trashy; weak. |Yeleped (e-Elept’), p.p.called;| bird, &.
Woodchuek (wood’chuk), ».a] named. Zoonic(zo-on‘ik), a.relating to,
speciesCsmarmot; the ground! Yearbook (yére’book), . an| or derived from, animals or
hog, : annualreport or summary of| animal substances,
Woodlot (wood'lot), 2. a piece} thestatistics or factsof ayear|Zootic (zo-ot/ik), a. containing
of land where wood for fuel,! Yeasty (yést’e), @ like yeast;| fossil animal remains.
&c., grows. {of Wood.| frothy; foamy. Zoroastrian (Zor-o-as'tre-an),
Woodriek (wood’rik), n. a pile] Yellowbird (yel'lo-bird), m. a] a. pertaining to Zoroaster,
Worm-fenee (wurm’fens), m. a! small incessorial bird of the} the founder of the ancient
rail fence laid up inazigzag| family of finches. Persian religionor Parsecism
manner. Yellowhammer (yel/lo-ham-|Zoroastrianism: (zor-o-as’tre-
Worriment (wur're-ment), 7.| mr), m. the golden-winged| an-izm), 7. the religious sys-
trouble; anxiety; worry. woodpecker. [low fever.| tem founded by Zoroaster.
Worrisome (wur're-sum), @.|Yellow jack, aterm for the yel-|Zounds (zowndz), interj. an
causing worry or annoyance.| Yellowjacket (yel'lo-jak-et),m.| exclamation expressive of
Wrathy (rath’e),@ very angry.| a small but venomous wasp} anger or wonder.
of yellow color, Zygoma (zi-go’/mah), m. the
xX Yellowlegs (yel'lo-legz), m.an| arch at the side of the skull.
° American gamebird of the/Zymic (zim‘ik), a. relating to
Xanthate (zan’thit),n. 2.com-| snipefamily; thestone-snipe.|| or producing fermentation.
bination of xanthic acid with| Yellowroot (yel’lo-root), n. al\Zymosis(zi-mo’sis),n.amorbid
a base. root used by the Indians as al ‘condition of the blood.
WORLD’S CYCLOPEDIA.
682 Historical and Statistical Table of the United States,
HISTORICAL & STATISTICAL TABLE OF THE UNITED STATES
AND THE TERRITORIES,
SHOWING THE AREA OF EACH IN SQUARE MILES AND IN ACRES; THE DATE OF ORGANIZATION:
OF TERRITORIES; AND DATE OF ADMISSION OF NEW STATES INTO THE UNION,
Ratified the | Areas of the States.
Constitution. |Sq. miles.| In Acres.
New Hampshire ............ ubevese ence Eb cenbeas June 21, 1788. 9,305 5,955,200
Massachusetts xy ewe te gee ear soeberes nicat aces aaes| (ke CD, oes a rae 8,315 §,321,600
Rhode Island ........... apa aeteatwekedek eases May 29, 1790. 1,250 800,000
Connecticutsts..bascescss. sete Unece weceveuceees Jan. 9, 1788. 4,990 3,193,600
IN GW OPK is poce cubs see ae ce waeteeer ete anes July 26,1788. | 49,170 31,468,800
New Jersey ........02-+.- te eae ge Died Dec. 18, 1787.| 7,815 5,001,600
PONNEYIVAIIA so i8e- ws aces semen oo ce eee RR O55 Dec. 12, 1787. | 45,215 28,937,600
Del Dec. 7, 1787.
Maiviand meer nt toes aamenaes pees eo .--| April 28, 1783, |. 12,210 7,814,400
Virginiascesooe Ul cece oskeu caboose eomem an auepee June 25, 1788. | 42,450 27,168,000
North Caroling sis. coh cs soc wn dece eee owes pee Noy. 21, 1789. | 52,250 33,440,000
South: Carolina ss. -ss eas swe os eens paae elaeee May 23, 1788. 30,570 19,564,800
COT RIA sa See ELC a eo Bueds ine ee aeeee Jan, _ 2, 1788. 59,475 38,064,000
Tue THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES.
Admission
Act organizing
Act admitting
State.
Admitted. Territory. took effect. acres.
Kentucky .....| Out of Virginia}, Feb. 4, 1791. | June 1, 1792. 25,856,000
Vermont ...... OutofN.H&N.Y| Feb. 18, 1791. | March 4, 1791. 6,121,800
Tennessee ..... Out of North Ca.| June 1, 1796. | June 1, 1796, 26,912,000
Ohid..=.5. .----| Ordinance, 1787.| April 30, 1802. | Nov. 29, 1802. 26,278,
Louisiana..-.... March — 3, 1805.) April 8, 1812. | April 30, 1812. 31,180,800
Indiana ....... May 7, 1800. Dec, 11, 1816. | Dec. 11, 1816. 23,264,
Mississippi. .-.. April 7, 1798.| Dec, 10, 1817. | Dec. 10, 1817. 29,958,400
THinGis': i cae ss February 3, 1809.) Dec. 3, 1818. | Dec. 3, 1818. 36,256,
Alabama .. Merch — 3, 1817.| Dec. 14, 1819. | Dec. 14, 1819, 33,440,
Maine... Out of Mass’tts.| March 3, 1820. | March 15,1820. 21,145,
Missouri. June 4, 1812.| March 2, 1821. | Aug. 10, 1821. 44,425,000
Arkansas March 2, 1819.] June 15, 1836. | June 15, 1836. 34,464,000
Michigan January 11, 1805.| Jan. 26, 1837. | Jan. 26, 1837. 37,705,000
Florida .. March 30, 1822.} March 3, 1845. | March 3, 1845. 37,555,200
Iowa ..-- June 12, 18338.| March 3, 1845. | Dec. 28, 1846. 35,856,000
Texas ..... ..| Annexed ......- March 1, 1845. | Dec. 29, 1845. 170,099,200
Wisconsin. ...- April 20, 1836.} March 3, 1847. | May 29, 1848. 35,865,000
California ..... From Mexico...| Sept. 9, 1850. | Sept. 9, 1850. 101,350,400
Minnesota. .... March 3, 1849.| May 4, 1858. | May 11, 1858. §3,353,600
Oregon ........ August 14, 1848.| Feb. 14, 1859. | Feb. 14, 1859. 61,459,200
Onsas: we May 30, 1854.| Jan. 29, 1861.) Jan. 29, 1861. 52,531,200
W. Virginia....| Out of Virginia.| Dec. 31, 1862. | June 19, 1863, 15,859,200
Nevada.....--. March 2, 1861. March 21,1864. | Oct. 31, 1864. 70,848,000
Nebraska ..----. May 30, 1854.| Feb. _ 9, 1867. | March 1,,1867. i 49,187,200
Colorado ------ Feb. 28, 1861.1 March 3, 1875. | Aug. 1, 1876. fi 66,512,000
ORGANIZATION AND AREA OF THE TERRITORIES.
Act organizing | Area of Territories.
Geeks f Territory. |Sq. miles.) In Acres,
MEW MLESICO 0.0. ssc22 2g aeten hep ae cee Sept. 9, 1850.] 122,580 | 78,451,200
AeA ee pee c coals Sen ataccise see eRe Smee eee Sept. 9, 1850. 84,970 | 54,380,800
Washington...... sedendesceweneeateonsetee rs March 2, 1853, 69,180 | 44,275,200
SPUR eer ee Ls Ae eee oe ee March 2, 1861. | 149,100 | 95,424,000
TREO 125, Se Ee Ry nd eee lb EO Fy ig Feb. 24, 1863, | 113,020 | 72,332,800
MAAN OWeree tech ds socs ace scos creas seeenete eceee-e-| March 3, 1863, 84,800 | 54,272,000
WIOHCAN A Geced aa cs sas cow ase cctcadscocctonadouceens May 26, 1864. 146,080 | 93,491,200
WIV GIMME emese rage tics sou na can sccae soso eee seee July 25, 1868, 97,890 | 62,649,600
Indian [no territorial sop oment Wecabarteeeals June 30, 1834, 64,690 ideas
District of Columbia [no territorial government]| March 3, 1791. 70
Alaska ......... Pemer artes ¢ sau8 1,591,749 | 262;290 | 297,259 | 287,562 6.07| 1.13] 105.46] 5.35
Ue ae 143,963 | 82,190} 28373] 26,710 1.75 | 0.35| 365.38] 5.07
Vermont ......-- 332,286 9,135 73,092 66,769 36.38 | 8.00 17.59 | 4.55
MANTIS: oes. ssc 1,512,585 40,125) 282,355 | 265,611 37.70 | 7.04 16.98 | 5.36
Washington By 3 A 75,116 66,880 16,380 15,512 1s12] 0.24] 569,83} 4.59
‘West Virginia... 618,457 24,645 | 111,732] 108,349 25.09 | 4.53 25.50 | 5.54
Wisconsin.....-. 1,315,497 54,450 | 251,530 | 239,361 24.16] 4.62 26.49 | 5.23
Wyoming ....--- 20,789 | 97,575 4,604 4,289 0.21} 0.05 |3,003.90 | 4.52
| | |] —
United States ....|50,155,783 |2,900,170 |9,945,916 |8,955,812 17.29 | 3.43 37.01 | 5.04
oF Deg 2 Ect ide el a iat WE td I het hii etal peor eile a wet pc Regehr e seeded tia 5
* Land surface only. The total given fcr the United States is exclusive of the Indian
Territory and tracts of unorganized territory, aggregating 69,830 square miles.
Re
WORLD'S CYCLOPEDIA.
684
Population, Capitals and Area of all Nations,
POPULATION, CAPITALS, AND AREA OF ALL NATIONS.
CounTRIES.
——_=
ALZOTIR. cic soy se nie otsie es ia:h-eeb'/>
Argentine Republic...........-
Austria-Hungary. ..c.sesee
Bel Sinise ssacicnecotevats saesm
Boliviass .cccccccescscccccscccs
BraZil cpisssess ts = esl py eogace
Canada, Dominion of.,.....-..
Cape of Good Hope .....
Ceylon... s
CONETT Te", craic wip actue’aieraie stale nies eal
Chinese Empire........%......
Colombia, United States oe aeeiate
Costa Rica..... ese we pace des os
DENMArK Tec veg ccecss ce saes alge
EcUad Or ccccwecsccedevccsesct<
By Db isc ccs valcees sree
RYADCG voc on at vecbe tee seets Abe
IROTINANY sic ccysesetiecges esis $54
Great Britain and Ireland. Lae
MSTGOGE: sc ciieosccste nize
Guatemala....
eeeere toons
sete ewer ere teoees
HMavil sc stewcace bins wana cieten te
HGDANESSC Ce ep eaves ee o cesses
Hong Kong. osicn tee Sopes ceeea
India, British.............. ose
BERL Sete b a teciwe eV cats tae Moroes
DADLD sireic cons Semisigtuiva's ik folsi wes
AN Sa ciey 0s wives dices ners Seleiae ee
TUBCTIA Recep cues coos ccus'ee his Jee
MAS TIUS pee cselae eodeee ne oan
WextGGr css ccensie ses lenses nice
Montenegro.
Morocco.....
INALST Eiciecnm cap ore Bimrerate
Netherlands. Gi cies sais s Srtoe
New South Wales..............
New Zealand............. Samer
INICATALURT Ss vais clejeweee eeecie « os
Norway....
Paraguay cc<.ce vceces
Persia.,...
POLtugal. psice Bowe
Queensland... csecessesccs sere
BOMMANIA:, sce sup sleics alone snes
Russian Empire.....:......00s
San Domingo...
San Salvador...
BREYER a iie'ns sas Rt eerek
BSANE octcinis cicecaco cee ani rales be
South Australia........ccccceee
GRICE sia a'a's.c Wide oa Goeromemanee
sh 20 (2 ae
Switzerland .............06.0,
RLS uaeisav oa wiels's eect c vist es
PEUMLROV Gs wp acscsislsncesessooses
CAPITALS,
Algiers... oa 6 pa pris
Buenos Ayres..
Viens. isssicsseenes
Brussels, 96 s.0n6 ore aes
Li PAZ sors outcese pa vee
Rio de Janeiro...
Otla Ws cecpeeciat se ssnr
Cape Town.........s.
Colombossessciaatrerae
Santiago ...sccessoe.-
Pekin; sneee es
fee
wees
Copenhagen ....
QUITO. o cscccasiennseesns
Calrou vs pslscscinse Selttia
Parisiccsencaees
Beri. seemsaeeae pee sis
London.. .....
AIDODSS 6s a'bs defer wisisd
Santiago deGuatemala
Port-au-Prince........
Comayagua.... cccee-
eeceeee
Hong Kong... P
Calcuttas cccitsc. ssces
ROME Siecle encase °
Yeddo...... a daislapalowe
Batavia sicet ws aaeewe
Monrovia....... T5
Port Louis...... sn sme
DECRIOO. fine ore tani ae ere
Cetiene. so cise. snes
Morocco.....
Port Natale. kc.
s’Gravenhage........
BLANGYvicscsetcns o nears
eee eeeroeee Be eeses -
Managua..cesscercoes
Christiana... .ceccees
ASenCiOn, Mies acean:
HW ONCTAN ute rcceeen tae
DATA Soe ae cwa'e chasis arene
LISDON: samen svesls ees
BrispauGssceabecescce
BuUucHAreShe sy cscsseeee ee
St. Petersburg........
San Domingo.........
San Salvador..........
Belgrades. veces tices
BaneKOkKuweenhste ees
Adelaide .....
Madrid: ccs.
Stockholm,...........
Berne scasicrcces we
ste eeeee
eee eee
Constantinople,.......
Montevideo,........
Washington, .........
Caracasieietesecsesct
Population,
2,867,626
2,400,000
37,741,413
5,476,668
2,080,000
10,108,291
4,352,080
720,984
2,758,166
2,400,396
434,626,000
2,951,323
180,000
1,969,454
1,146,000
17,419,980
36,905,788
45,194,172
35,246,633
1,679,775
1,215,310
572,000
250,000
139,444
252,541,210
28,209,620
34,338,404
19,067,829
1,068,000
357,339
9,389,461
250,000
6,370,000
406,675
3,981,887
503,981
534,008
350,000
1,806,900
293, 844
7,000,000
3, 050, 000
4) "348,551
"213, 525
5,376,000
82,330,864
250,000
554,785
1,589,650
5,750,000
279,865
16,333,293
4, 531, 863
{2,831,787
2,100, 000
25,036,480
447,000
50,155,783
1,784,197
Inhabi-
tants to
Square
Mile.
Area
Square
Miles,
165,500
827.177
240,415
bon'sae
3,218,166
3,204,381
199,950
24,702
124,084
4,560,107
320,638
26,040
o48's13
1,152,948
204,030
208,624
121,571
20,018
41,730
10,204
39,600,
29
810,542
114/380
146,568
51,336
14/300
676
141,598
3,550
313,560
21,150
12)727
310,938
105,342
49,500
122,823
91,980
636,203
12,413
34,595
669,520
50,159
8,138,541
18,045
9594
18,781
280,564
903,690
193,171
170,927
15,908
42,000
860,322
72,151
8,602,990
439,119
LE I CE, CC IS
. , A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
APPENDIX.
A.
BORN,
685
DIZD.
Aaron. First High Priest of the Jews.....esscccceseesesTS74e.145T BCs
Abbot, Joseph Hale. Scientist, Philologist, Teacher........ 1802..
1873
Abbott, John Stevens Cabot. American Historian.......... 1805..1877
Abd-El-Kader. Arab Prophet and Military Chieftain...... 1807..1879
Abdul-Aziz. Sultan of Turkey. ...............cccccccccccs . 1830... 1876
Abell, Mrs. Elizabeth. (Memoirs of the First Napoleon).... — .«.
Abercrombie, John J. Bvt. Brigadier-General, U. 8. Vols. 1804..
Abercromby, David, M.D. Medical and Miscel. Writer.... —..
Abert, John J. American Engineer..........ccccccecceseces I7QO+-
1871
1877
1701
1863
Abijah. King of Judah (8. 0. 958-955)..... ed vuselsegatssesdime B.C.O04
Abner. Captain of Saul, King of Israel......cccccccccsesecs —BC.1048
ewabtam < Patriarch 22.3. aceon canine fodvedpetcecsiiecesiGQ0saLOar Be Ce
Absalom, son of David, King of Israel...... Beee eee tseeccudl == E.C.IO2E
Achard, Touis Amédée Eugene. French Writer............. 1814..
Acton, Charles Januarius Edward. English Cardinal........ 1803..
1875
1847
Acworth, George, Lu. Dp. Civilian and Controversialist...... — ..1577?
Adalbert, Heinrich Wilhelm. Prussian Admiral............ 1811...
Adalbert, William George Lewis. Prince of Bavaria........ 1828..
1873
1875
Adams, Clement. Authorof Travels...............ccccecces 1519 «1587
Adams, Daniel, m.p. Author of School Text-books....co0. —..
Adams, Edwin. American Actor. .......00..cecccsccsccccce 1834..
Pair BICHON ce E OOb 4% sc wshieucc csc eatinccuveccosebecesenes Sich
Adamson, John. Author...... eosece CPP ee roee reese e OO leSsoe W7O7 a0
1863
1877
1661
1855
Addison, John, D.p. Roman Catholic Writer............... fi. 1538
Ade, Charles. Antiquary and Artist.........ncceccscscces so eee rere
Adler, George J., PH, D. Ger. Scholar and Philologist..... we ESaEe:
Afzelius, Arvid August. Swedish Historian ...... ......... 1785...
Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe, M. D., PH. D., F.R. 8. Scientist.
Prorousor ir uarvard. COlere so sie ehcccacseed ete secaeaae 1807..
Agoult, Marie Catherine Sophie de Flavigny, Countess d’.
Daniel Stern. Authoress.,..... Rag dee deers codee eee SER LOO te
1858
1868
1871
1873
1876
Ahab. King of Israel (B. c. 918-897).......ccccsccccsccsesece = B.C.897
Ahaz. King of Judah (. ©..742-726) 0... ccccccsccccsceccss . —B.C.726
Ahaziah, son of Ahab. King of Israel (B. 0. 897-896)......++ — B.C.896
Ahaziah, son of Jehoram. King of Judah (8. c. 885-884)..926..884 B. Cc.
Ailkins, Arthur. Scientist and Writer. ....0.sccccscsccareess 1773;-
11876
Aird, Thomas. British Poet eee reer ee @oPePGeeeeaegeeseeeeree 1802,
Alberi, Eugenio. Italian Historian...............cccceceeee « 1809...
Albrecht, Wilhelm Eduard. Ger. Jurist and Scholar....... - 1800..
.1834
Aldridge, Ira. ‘‘The African Roscius.”” Negro Actor..... . 1805?..
Aldini, John. Italian Experimental Philosopher............ - 1762.
1854
1878
1876
1867
Alencar, Jose Martiniano de, Brazilian Statesman and Auth. 1829,,1877
686 — --1869
Bergmann, Karl. German-American Musician............... 1821..1876
Berlioz, Louis Hector. French Musician and Composer...... 1803, ,1869
Bernard, Claude. French Physiologist...... ASS RC 1813..1878
Bernard, William Bayle. Dramatist......... .. ae team en & c 1808, .1875
Bernhardy, Gottfried. German Philologist... ... meas saa acl 1800, .1875
Berri, Marie Caroline Ferdinande de Bourbon, Duchess de..., 1798..1870
Berrien, John Macpherson. Amer. Lawyer and Statesman... 1781..1856
Berry, Miss Mary. Friend of Horace Walpole............... 1763 2.1852
Berryer, Pierre Antoine. French Politician and Author..... 1790. .1868
Berthold, Arnold Adolphus. German Naturalist............. 1803. .186r
Bertin, Louise Angélique. French Artist and Poetess....... . 1805,.1877
Bertini, Henri. French Pianist and Composer............... 1798..1876
Berwick, William. English Historical Painter.............. 1796..1866
Beta, Heinrich. German Novelist. 22... 62. icc e ce cece ene — ..1876
Bethmann-Hollweg, Moritz August von. German Jurist..... 1795..1877
Betts, Samuel R.,1u.p. American Jurist........ Tekeg detente 1787..1868
Bibb, George M. American Jurist and Statesman............ 1772. .1859
Bibra, Ernst von, Baron. Bavarian Naturalist...... oN oeeh alas 1806. . 1878
Biddlecomb, Sir George. British Naval Officer.............. 1507. .1878
Biel, Gabriel. German Theologian and Philosopher.......... — ..1495
Bienvyille, John Baptist Lemoine, Sieur de. Second Colonial
‘Governor of Lonisiana..... ,...0..0..200 ait newe els Bike 1680. .1768
Bigelow, George Tyler. American Jurist..........s.esseee0- I8I0..1878
Bigelow, Jacob, American PHYSician....ccccssyeevveeseesees 1787-21879
ope
692 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
BORN. DIED,
Bigsby, Robert. English Historian and meine 1806, . 1873
Binney, Horace. American Lawyer...........2.2..-- Lik eese 2780 kere
Bird, Rev. Charles Smith. Controversialist. . paw cs Vs ee oveesss a 705.0860
Bird, Robert M., m.p. American Meda aber oo 1803. .1854
Birney, David Bell. American General.............0.- eerek 1825. .1864
Birt, John Baptist. French Savant...............-i cs lecses .- 1774..1862
Bixby, Thomas. Classical Scholar and Book Collector...... . 1799..1863
Bizet, Georges. French Composer:s....i2.......:ceecececcee 1840, ,1875
Blaauw, William Henry. English Antiquarian. (The Ba-
PONS’ WAT). eave av viele ccatvc cee Seem ran tase bop ee 1793..1870
Black, Adam, m. p. British Publisher and Politician......... 1784..1874
Black, David. American Clergyman, Historian, Author...... 1779..1874
Blackford, Isaac. American Jurist and Law Writer......... — ..1859
Blackwood, John. British Publisher......................- 1818..187g
Blagden, Miss Isa. English Novelist............... asocectss tt erege
Blair, Francis Preston. American Journalist............. ... 1791. . 1876
Blair, Francis Preston, Jr. Amer. Journalist and Politician... 1821..1875
Blake, Rev. John Lauris, p.p. Writer. (Biogr. Dict.)....... 1788. .1857
Blake, William Hume, tu. p. Canadian Jurist............... — 1870
Blanchard, Joshua P. American Philanthropist............. 1782. .1869
Blanchard, Thomas. American Mechanic and Inventor..... 1788. . 1864
Blasius, Ernst. German Physician............cccecvesvceese 1802. .1875
Blatchford, Richard M. American Diplomatist.............. 1798. 1875
Blau, Dr. Otto. German Archzologist..............0eeeeree — ..1879
Bleek, Wilhelm Heinrich Emmanuel. Philologist............ 1827. .1875
Blenker, Louis. American General..............seesceeeeses 1812, .1863 -
Blunt, Edmund. American Hydrographer..... Soe ustac ees 1799. .1866
Blunt, George W. American Marine Surveyor............... 1802. .1878
Bockh, August. German Classical Antiquary and Philologist, 1785..1867
Bodisco, Alexander. Russian Diplomatist................... 1779..1854
Bogardus, James. American Scientist and Inventor......... 1800, .1874
Boglé,; Jantées. | American: Painter, >< .35.3,252...s0eeeenamnee 1817. .1873
Bohlen, Henry. American General...................-- eee — 2.1862
Boileau, Sir John Peter, Bart. Physicist and Antiquarian... 1795..1869
Bonaparte, Mrs. Elizabeth Patterson..............-...c0e0ee 1785..1879
Bonaparte, Napoleon Eugéne Louis Jean Joseph, Prince
Imperial of France 2/0) eos foc nnc sh cose 1856. .1879
Bonaparte, Jerome Napoleon (Patterson)........... SOP ES 1805. .1870
Bondi, Rev. J. Hebrew Rabbi and Editor............... veeee 1804..1874
Boner, Charles. English Author, Journalist, Translator..... + = ..1879
Bonomi, Joseph. English Archeologist...............-...60- 1796. .1878
Boole, George, Prof. Mathematician and Metaphysician..... 1819?..1864
Booth, James. English Clergyman and Author.............. 1814..1878
Bopp, Franz. German Philologist.............2.scecsevceees . 1791..1867
Borden, Gail. American Inventor and Philanthropist........ 1801. .1874
Borland, Solon. *‘Confederate”’ General... svecwes sew sues — ..1864
Bosio, Astyanax Scevola. French Sculptor.............++++.. 1798?..1876
Bosworth, Joseph. Anglo-Saxon Scholar........ boas’ 000 sige s Lg Oman mE
Bottiger, Karl Wilhelm. Swedish Poet...... Seite Seeks .. 1807..1878
Botts, John Minor. American Politician.............. oo cies se POOR AGO
Bouiilhet, Louis. French Author and Poet., cove eroeereve or 1824, ’ 1869
_¢. 4 BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONA::
o—
Bourbon, Enrique Marie Ferdinand, Prince de..........0....
Bourbon, Marie Amélie de. Widow of Louis Philippe.......
Bourdon, Peter Louis Mary. French Mathematician.........
_ Boutaric, Edgar Paul. French Wistorian...........5........
- Boutell, Charles. Brit. Archzologist. (Hnglish Heraldry.)..
Bouton, Nathaniel. American Congregational Clergyman...
Bowen, John’S.: ‘Confederate’ General...........6.. 0.000.
Bowers, George Vining. American Actor.................00.
BORN.
1823,
sir fable.
..1854
. .1878
EST 7
3. 107G
. 1863
Bowes, Andrew Robinson Stoney, m.p. Husband of Countess —
of Strathmore. Life by Jesse Foot... 0. .ccsccesccccoees
Bowles, Sir George. British General..............cscceceees :
Bowles, Samuel. American Journalist............ Ceara cddes
Bowring, SirJohn. Poet, Philologist, Publicist........ Sea ede
Boyd, James. Classical and General Editor.........2........
Brace, John Pierce” American Teacher and Journalist.......
Brachvogel, Albert Emil. German Novelist and Dramatist..
Brackenbridge, Henry M. Amer. Polit., Diplom., Author..
Bradbury, William B. Musical Teacherand Composer......
Bradford, Alexander Warfield. Amer. Jurist and Editor. ....
Bradley, Warren Ives. Glance Gaylord. American Author..
Brady, Hugh. American Military Officer..... Aerie hy Feet Lee
Brady, James Topham. American Advocate and Politician..
Bragg, Braxton. ‘‘ Confederate” General..........-.....--2.
Brainerd, Thomas. American Clergyman and Author........
- Brancaleone, Dandolo. Senator of Rome................ ate
Branch, Lawrence O’Brien. ‘‘ Confederate’? General........
Brande, William Thomas. Eng. Physician, Chemist, Author.
Brandis, Christian Auguste. German Philosopher...........
Brascassat, Jaques Raymond. French Painter............. 5
Braun, Alexander. German Botanist..............c.,ccceecces
Bravo, Nicholas. Mexican General and Statesman...........
-Braybrooke, Richard Neville Griffin, Third Lord. Antiquary.
(History of Audley End: Hvelyn’s Memoir.)............
Breckenridge, John Cabell. American Statesman...........
Breckinridge, Robert Jefferson. Amer. Clerg., Prof., Author.
Breese, Sidney. American Jurist..............00.00. Si Ase ee
Bremer, Miss Frederika. Swedish Novelist........ Wore ceissk «
Brewer, John Sherren. Eng. Prof., Antiquarian, Author....
Brewster, Sir David, Kk. Hn. British Physicist and Author...,
Briggs, Charles Frederick. American Writer............ BA
Bright, Edmund, of Malden. Noted for weight, 6161bs......
Brion, Gustave. French genre Painter..... .......... 0.000. .
Briot, Peter Francis, of Besancon. Phys., Medical Writer....
Briscoe, Joseph C. Brevet-General, U.S. A............000. A
Bristed, Charles Astor. American Author......... Sree cee
Bristow, Edmund. British Painter................. Se PRs
Brockedon, William. Author, Artist and Inventor...........
Brockett, John Trotter. Antiquary..................000- wees
Brockhaus, Hermann. German Linguistic Scholar..........
’ Broderick, David Colbreth. American Politician.........
Brodhead, John Romeyn. Amer, Hist. and Diplomatis...
1745.
TOT se
1826,
1792..
I795..
T7030
1824.
1786.
1816,
1815.
1847..
1768.
18r5.
18157.
1804.
1820.
1786,
179°..
1805...
1805,
1792,
1783..
1821,
1800,
1800.
1802,
1810.
1781.
1804.
1721.
1824.
1773?.
1834.
1820.
1786.
1787.
1788..
1806,
. 1819.
1814,
693
DIED,
-1870
1866
.1878
.1810
1876
. 3878
1874
1856
1872
.1878
.1871
. 1868
.1867
1868
-1851
. 1869
1876
.1866
~ 1258
.186a
. 1866
1867
1867
.1877
.1854
1858
-1875
-1871
.1878
. 1865
.1879
.1868
S207 7,
1759
.1877
1826
. 1869
.1874
.1876
1854
1842
.1877
-1859
1879
694 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
BORN. DIED,
Brodie, Alexander. Scottish Sculptor..... ct'e 0's kelp og bpeees au Meee
Brodie, George. Scottish Historical Writer................. 1786. 1867
Brofferio, M. Angelo. Italian Statesman, Poet, Historian?... 1803..1866
Broglie, Achille Charles Séance Victor, Ducde. Statesman
and Publicist.5.. 7.Lui5 5 eee te tan J eeteeee eoee 1785,.1870
Bromley, Valentine Walter. British Artist Ji Bison vevees, 1848. .1877
Bromme, Traugott. German Geographer........ < ou. eaee eee 17712. 1865
Brongniart, Adolph Théodore. French Botanist............ 1801..1876
Brooke, Mrs. Avonia Jones, American Actress.............. 1838..1867
Brooke, George M.. American General: 052. ...ss5-0eedeees — ..1851
Brooke, Sir James, English Knight-errant, Philanthropist,
and Governors: oe (150.6. pcaeee eeres se velegge exebiate aaeOse meee
Brooke, William F, H. Major-General a: S. Vols. weve a ob ae eeee
Brooks, James. American Journalist and Politician i . 1810,.1873
Brooks, Preston S. American Politician............... vase ROIQaaeay
Brough, William. English Comedian and Writer............ 1826, .187a
Brougham, Henry, Lord Brougham and Vaux. British States- :
man ani Reformer.d: 80st se see ss 8 2282 9778 0868
Broughton, Sir John Cam Hobhouse. English Statesman.. 1786..1869
Brown, David Paul. American Lawyer and Author..... oie RTOS TET
Brown, J.C. Scottish Landscape Painter .........-.....0.. 1805. ,1867
Brown, Sir George. General; distinguished in Crimea... .» 1790 1865
Brown, Goold. American Grammarian ELE ikeeies sees 1791..1857
Brown, Dr. Samuel, of Edinb. Chemical Theorist; Poet.... 1817..1856
Brown, John Newton, p. p. Baptist Clergyman and Author.. 1803..1868
Brown, John Porter. Amer. Diplomatist and Orientalist... 1814..1872
Brown, Sir William. Merchant and Philanthropist.......... 1784..1864
Browne, Charles F. Artemus Ward. Amer. Humorist...... 1834?. 1867
Brownell, Rt. Rev. Thomas Church. American Theologian
and Educator a ak die b wlv's bork micig ele dies iz Ca oe Re eee 1779..1865
Brownell, Henry Howard. American Author and Soldier... 1820..1872
Brownlow, William Gannaway. American Clergyman, Jour-
nalist, Politician 0. .v2.¢ cy ccisves ans on See bee senen ae 1805..1877
Brownson, Orestes Augustus, 1u.p. American Author...... 1803..1876
Bruat, Armand Joseph. French Admiral............ ovevsece 1790. 2055
Bruce, Archibald, m.p. Amer. Physician and Mineralogist... 1777..1818
Bruce, Sir Frederick William Adolphus. Eng. Diplomatist.. 1814..1867
Bruce, George. American Type Founder........... cose desgstl7Olsy2BO0R
Bruce, John. English Journalist and Antiquarian........... 1802. .1869
Bruck, Baron de. Austrian Financier................s0.06-- 1799..1860
Pl
b
Brunnow, Baron Philipde. Rus. Statesman and Diplomatist, 1797..1875
Brunswick, Charles Frederick Augustus William, ex-Duke of. 1804..1873
Bryant, William Cullen. American Poet and Journalist..... 1794..1878
Buchan, Peter. Scottish Antiquary............. Ran secret — oakeee
Buchanan, Franklin. ‘‘ Confederate’? Admiral........ ae 1800: . 1874
Buchanan, James, President of U. S., 1857-1861........ wecee F7QI.. 1808
Buchanan, John, p.p. Am. Luth. Clerg., Naturalist, Author. 1790. .1874
Buchanan, McKean, American Actor. ...... voces. Joe ROMS ae eoge
Buchanan, Robert C. Brevet Major-General, U. 9.A:. ee «1878
Buchanan, Dr. Robert. Scottish Clergyman......cssccsseces 1800?. 1875
Buchholtz, Reinhold. German Naturalist. Che ner regeeerere® 1836, ° 1576
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
695
BORN, DIRD,
Buckhout, Isaac Craig. American Civil Engineer............ 1831..1874
Buckingham, Joseph Tinker. American Journalist......... 1799..1861
Budington, William Ives, D.D. Amer. Congl. Clergyman... 1815..1879
Buell, Rufus F. Amer. Missionary to Greece.......... erste 1813..1866
Buford, John. American Cavalry Officer............... $2oce, 38265; 1863
Bulfinch, Thomas. Amer. Author. (Age of Chivalry). ean tee E7075 c1SG7
Bulgaris, Dimitri. Greek Statesman... 2) .5.........ccccccees 1801, .1878
Bullions, Rev. Peter, p. p. American Educator and Author.. 1791..1864
Buloz, Francois. Founder of the Revue des Deux Mondes..... 1803..1877
Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle, Baron Dalling. Eng-
Lisi Diplomatist arid Author... f..0ci0.0: sees cveeccdaces 1804. .1872
Burdach, Ernst. German Physiologist............e.e0e- wee. I801,.1876
Burden, Henry. American Inventor...............ccccescees 1791. . 1871
Burgeoise, Sir Francis, x. A. Painter. Founder of Dulwich
CaO eye ee aero cts o clets cis aidchale ores tv ulerela eorcels Soceecst) ——— we LOT
Burges, Tristam. American Sistearion: cee i Soe ape ese en S77 es1OSs
Burgess,,George. Protestant Episcopal Bishop. Poet....... 1809. 1866
Burgoyne, Sir John Fox. English Military Officer........... 1782. .1871
Burleigh, Charles C.’ Amer. Abolitionist and Preacher...... 1810, .1878
Burleigh, William Henry. Amer. Jour., Reformerand Poet. 1812..1871
Burlingame, Anson. Amer. Statesman and Diplomatist..... 1822. .1870
Burnap, Rev. George Washington. Amer. Theol. Writer.... 1802..1859
Burnet, John. English Engraver and Author................ 1784..1868
Burnétt, Fanny. English.Translator and Authoress...,..... 1843..1875
Burnham, Samuel. American Journalist and Hist. Writer... 1833..1873
Burns, Jabez. English Baptist Minister ................0.08. 1805. .1876
Burns, John. ‘Hero of Gettysburg”’..... ERGO te Feeeor 1794. .1872
Burns, Col. William N. Son of the Poet.................-05 1792..1872
Burrill, Alexander M. American Lawyer and Legal Writer... 1807..1869
Burritt, Elihu. ‘*The Learned Blacksmith”’’.............. ee. I8IT..1879
Burton, Henry 8. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A......... 1818, .1869
Burton, William Evans. Comedian. (Cyclopedia of Wit
LOL UTIOL i eked nce SOO e Oe ok Hole cc ees pees wate timeslots 1804..1860
Bury, Lady Charlotte: Novelist. 00.25.00. 0. ses sete etec essen’ 1775..1861
Bush, George. Aermerican. THEGlOMIAN: -o2. ts os ccs incase we on ne +. 1796..1859
Bushnell: Horace, D.D. American Clergyman.............. 1802... 1876
Buss, Franz Joseph von. German Jurist and Writer......... 1803..1878
- Bustamente, Anastasius. Mexican Soldier and Statesman... 1782..1851
Bute, John Stuart, Fourth Earl and First Marquess of........ 1744..1814
Butler, Andrew Pickens. Amer. Lawyer and Politician...... 1796. 1857
Butler, Benjamin F. American Lawyer and Statesman...... — ..1858
Butt, Isaac. Irish Lawyer and Statesman..............+.000. 1813. .1879
Buxton, Charles, M. P. English Critic and Author........... 1823..1871
Byron, George Anson. Seventh Loré, Admiral............. 1789. .1868
Byron, George Anson. Highth Lord.......... evel seid eeetcere ce kOlLO. T1570
Byron, Lady Noel. Wife of Lord Byron,...,.coseseccorseees 3793, 3868
2
696 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTiuNARY,
C.
BORN. DIED.
Caballero, Fernan. (Cecilia de Arrom.) Spanish Novelist... 1797..1876
Cabrera, Don Ramon. Carlist General.....,..........0. 0008 1810. .1876
Cairnes, Prof. Eng. Writer on Soc. and Polit. Questions.... 1828, .1875
Caldwell, Charles, m.p. Medical and Miscel. Writer........ 1772. -1853
Caldwell, Charles H. B. American Commodore............. 1838. .1877
Calhoun, George Albion. Am. Clerg. and Polemic Writer... 1789, 1867
Calvin, John. Life by Beza, 1564 (also in Latin and German) ;
Bolsec, 1572 (also in German); J. P. Masson, 1598; Zie-
genbein, 1789-90; Tischer, 1794; Mackenzie, 1809;
Henry, 1885, enlarged and rewritten, 1846 (also in Eng-
lish and Dutch); Audin, 1840 (also in German and Ital-
ian); Haag, 1840; Guizot, 1844; Dyer, 1849; Strihelin,
1863's ‘Bunpenere. 2.) cesta tetas cs csue dee cstac aves eae ae 1509..1564
Cameroni, Angelo. Italian Sculptor.....................00-- — ..1867
Cameron, Dr. Archibald. Scottish Jacobite; executed...... 1698. .1753
Cameron, James, of Lochiel, brother. Scottish Jacobite..... 1696. .1758
Campbell, Alexander. Founder of the ‘‘ Disciples of Christ.’ 1786. .1866
Campbell, John. English Clergyman and Editor........... - 1794. .1867
Campbell, Sherwood Coan. American Singer.............:. 18302..1874
Canby, Edward Richard Spriggs. Brevet. Maj. Gen. U.S. A. 1819..1873
Candlish, Rev. Robert Smith. Leader of the Free Church of
Scotlang .... see sisgd seg eevee Seay sae wea ee ee 1807. .1873
Canterbury, Charles Thomas Longley, p. p., Archbishop of, 1794..1868
Capendu, Ernest. French Novelist and Dramatist.......... 1828 ., 1868
Carafa, Michael Henry. Italian Musician and Composer Md 4785..1872
Carbuccia, Gen. French Archeologist.........2.....5..-005. — 1.1854
Cardigan, James Thomas Brudenell. English Nobleman and
Army Officer s'4.25.25 8.5. onde alae ea doe + Sean sees 1797... 1868
Carey, Henry Charles. _American Political Economist....... 1793..1879
Carey, John L. American Political Economist.............. > ..1852
Carleton, James H. Brevet Major-General, U. 8. A....... ... 1814..1873
Carleton, William. Irish Novelist..................sseseees- 1798. .1869
Carlisle, Richard Risley, Professor Risley. Athlete......... 1814. .1874
Carmiencke, John Hermann. Am. Landscape Painter...... 1809..1867.
Carne, Louis Marcein, Countde. French Publicist.......... 1804..1876
Carnwath, Robert Dalziel, Sixth Earl of. Scot. Jacobite... 1673..1726
Caroll, Sir William Farebrother. Naval Officer.. ........... 1785.. 1862
Carot, Jean Baptiste Camille. French Artist...........5..... 1796. .1875
Carpeaux, Jean Baptiste. French Sculptor......... oats a a BaP Loom
Carpender, Edward W. American Commodore........ ecces 1796. 1877
Carruthers, Dr. Robert. Scotch Editor and Author......... 1799..1878
Carson, Christopher. Brevet Brig.-Gen., U.S.A. ‘Kit... 1809. .1868
Cartwright, Rev. Edmund, r.s.a. Topographer. (Sussew.). 1777. .1833
Cartwright, Peter. American Methodist Preacher. ........ 1785..1872
Cary, Alice. American Poetess and Prose Writer...... PIPE 1820. , 187%
Cary, Phebe. Sister of Alice. (Poems of Faith, Hope and
Love.).. FOOT THTHES OF OO COEEE EOE TOO? COPS O99 20809 OCOl 0008 00 1825,.1878
. A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
697
: BORN, DIED.
Cass, Lewis. American Statesman.,....c..csccceccssoeeccess 1782, .1866
Cassidy, William. American Journalist............. Seeakedet Folds .1872
Cassin, John. American Naturalist.............cccsccceceeece 1813. .1869
Castilho, Antonio Feliciano, Viscount. Portuguese Poet.... 1800. .1875
Castilla, Don Raymon. South American Statesman ......... 1799..1867
Catlin, George. American Artist and Author....... ......... 1796. .1872
Cattermole, George. English Water Color Artist............ 1800, , 1868
Caulfield, James, Earl of Charlemont. Life by Francis |
NMED Diyos u's ose ds die dowd ecne recdneodeeyoth 1728. .1799
Caumont, Arcisse de. Archseologist and Author............. 1802. .1873
Cavada, lrederico. Cuban Patriot... ......... cece es ceses 1832.,1871
Cavendish, Elizabeth Hardwicke, Lady..................... 1519. .1608
Cavendish, George. Usher and Biographer of Wolsey...... 1500?.1562?
Caventon, i oseph Bienaimé, French Chemist.............. 1795..1877
Cayley, George John. English Poet and Journalist.......... 1826, .1878
Cerise or Cerisi, Laurent Alexandre Philibert, m.p. Italian
ToyCDOLOSISG SCP AULNOL, cig. 05 ces ad Suck ace tesa dae cece 1809... 1869
Cervantes. Spanish Novelist. (Don Quixote.) Life by
Mayans y Siscar, 1737, Englished by Ozell, 1738;.Sar-
miento; J. de Iriarte; Montiano y Luyando; J. M. de
Flores; VY. de Los Rios, 1780; Claris de Florian, 1785 ?
Pellicer, 1778, enlarged 1798; Jarvis, 1801; Merimée,
- 1806 ; Fernandez de Navarrete, 1819 ; Auger, 1825; Fil-
leau Saint-Martin, 1825; Roscoe, 1839; Aribau, 1849;
NIN 5 ieee are eae peri Re SAAR ae ars aenee Ke 1547..1616
Cesare, Joseph.. Italian Historian ..........5...c.cccccceccee 1783..1856
Chacomac, Jean. French Astronomer................-.04 + 1823..1873
' Cham, nom de plume of Amédée de Noé. Fr. Caricaturist... 1819..1879
Chambers, David N. Brother of Robert ... .........3..... 1819. .1871
Chambers, George. American Jurist and Author............ 1786. .1866
Chambers, Robert, tu. p. British Publisher................. 1802. .1871
Champlin, Stephen. American Commodore................ « I789.,.1870
‘Champollion, Jean Jacques. French Author, Historian,
Publicist 2 2% . 005333 fans Poe ei dni aee Mas atest pA Gad wis-3* 1778. .1867
‘Chandler, John G. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A......- 1832 ?,1873
Chandler, Zachariah. American Senator and Politician..... 1813..1879
Chandos, John Brydges, created Duke of................-... 1673..1744
Buhari and Hng» Siamese Twink... ... Sec cc. ecb. eee ee neg 1811... 1874
Changarnier, Nicolas Anne Théodule. French General..... 1793..1877
Chapman, Reuben Attwater. American Lawyer............. 1801, .1873
Charles, Theodore, Prince of Bavaria.............c.esere sees 1795..1875
Charles, William Louis, Prince of Hesse...............-... 1809, ,1877
Charles, Thomas, of Bala. Methodist Minister. Life by
SAIAPATL .s sin.¢ 53's g Sou M mabe ee CRU de 2 sd os «eee 1819. .1877
Cousin, Victor. French Metaphysician. Vonndet of Eclectic
Schooltof Philosophy ei bec cbs cee ae oe ck eR ee eee 1792. .1867
Couture, Thomas. French Painter of the Idealistic School.. 181§.1879
Covyode, John, American Politician. ...................0.- .. 1808, .1871
Cox, Edward William. English Lawyer and Author.......... 1809, ,1879
Coxe, Richard Charles, Archdeacon of Lindisfarne. Divine
and Poet. os2 seo 20507 abe sos Des ee ca ee ee 1799..1865
Cozzens, Frederick. American Humorist. (Zhe Sparrow-
GARE FADES.) var es ak ec ae hare eT cate ee . 1817,.1869
Crace-Calvert, Frederick, M.p. English Chemist..... ‘saceee 1819. 3873
Cradock, Joseph, F. s.a. (Literary Memoirs.).......c.20:- 1741 or 2.1826
Cranes, James’: Politicignt (ie. ecsensekee aus owe weniaictey Ga SG ae ea ae
Craig, Robert H.- American Actor... \s-u5.o55 Ute eusneeeee 1842. . 1872
Craik, George Lillie. Scot. Author and Belles- Lettres Writer. 1798. .1866
Cranworth, Robert Monsey Rolfe, Lord. Jurist............- 1790. . 1868
Craven, Alfred W. American Civil Engineer...<).6cs0cc eee — ..187g
Craven, Tunis Augustus Macdonough. American Naval Com-_
TANASE wise ee os Sei eee ela ter oe an eee — ..1864
Crawford, John, F.R. 8s. Oriental Scholar................... 1783..1868
Crawford, Nathaniel Macon, p. p, American Scholar and
College ‘Presidents. 5 cos sii. she een cku.s ts ons oe eee 1811..1871
Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd. Eng. Lawyer and Historian... 1812..1878
Crele, Joseph. Oldest Man in America........ ook coeiom a SKeeieeee . 1725..1866
Cremer, Camille. French General............. tL a:esain Walete samt 1840. .1876
Creswick, Thomas, rR. A. English Painter...... sha eerie: 1811. .1870
Cretineau-Joly, Jacques. French Writer .................6. 1803. .1875
Crockford, William. Originator of Crockford’s Club........ 1775 2.1844
Cromartie, George Mackenzie, Earl of. Scottish Jacobite... 1710..1759
Crosby, Rev. Alpheus. American Scholar and Professor..... 1810,.1874
Crosby, SirJohn. Alderman, Builder of Crosby Place...... — ..1475
bs
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 7or
BORN. DIED
Croswell, Edwin. American Journalist and Politician...... '1797..1871
Crowe, Eyre Evans. Eng. Historian. (History of France.).. 1799?.1868
Crowes tev urederitk. © Writer as. ociis. ss coceedbewee es — ..1858
Crowell, William, p>. p. Clergyman, Journalist and Author.. 1806. .1874£
Croxton, John Thomas. Brevet Major-General, U. 8. Vols.. 1837..1874
' Cruikshank, George. English Caricaturist.. Supe Sean ee tTH2 elO7o
Cruveilhier, Jean, French Physician, Prof., “Auth ok . 1791..1874
Cullen, Paul. Roman Catholic Cardinal............. week pee - 1803. .1878
russert,» CONCHOLOPISE, ost. cee ewe ces Geceesataes 1791 ?,1865
Cummings, Jeremiah W. Rom. Cath.Clerg. and Author.... 1823..1866
Cummins, Miss MariaS. American Authoress.............4. 1834 ?,1866
Cunningham, Rev. Francis, of Harrow. Divine............. 1785 ?.1863
Cunningham, Peter. English Author and Critic............. 1816. . 1866
Curtis, Benjamin Robbins, tt. p. American Jurist.......... 1809..1874
Curtis, Samuel R. Major-General, U.S. Vols.............4. 1807..1866
Curtis, Dr. Thomas. Editor of Encyclopedia Metropolitana
BNO) LONGO HIM YOODDOI 5% ooh 8 oe Saas Deed be debs 1788..1859
Custs, Rev. Thomas I. American Professor and Author..... 1816.,1872
Cushing, Caleb, American Statesman and Diplomatist...... 1800, .1879
Cushing, William B. American Naval Commander.......... 1844..1874
Cushman, Charlotte Saunders. American Actress. Life by
POMP AMEE LIM von woRe 1827..1879
Dall’ Ongaro, Francisco, Ital. Poet, Dramatist, Revolutionist. 1808..1873
D’ Alton, John. Irish Historian and Genealogist.........5.. . 1792..1867
Dana, Richard Henry. American Poet and Essayist Pt eee 1787..1879
Dana, Samuel Luther, M. p. American Chemist........ gsbese 2795-1008
Danby, John, Musical Compokerys 2 oc S readies oe ets — ,.1798
Dandolo, Ct. Emilio. Ital. Patriot, Soldier, and Litterateur.. — ..1859
Daniel. Hebrew Prophet..:.. 5.0... ..cc ces es Mt tos 5 fl. B, ©. 607-534
Daniel, William Francis. Naturalist....... SRP NT. ss feces ers 1.1808
Daniels, John M, American Editor, ..seessrrevveveseevceeses — ,,1865
~
702
Dante degli Alighieri. Life by Fielfo. MS. until 1828;
Vilani, MS. until 1826; Boccaccio, 1544; Panchiatichi,
1576 ; Bruno Aretino, 1672; Manetti, 1747; Pelli, 1759;
Chabanon, 1773; Fabroni, 1803; Cesare, 1811 ; Petroni,
1816; Orelli, 1822 ; Gamba, 1825; Blanc, 1834: Fauriel,
1834; Balbo, 1839, and Engl. 1852; Missirini, 1840;
Savelli, 1841; Artaud de Montor, 1841; Torri, 1843;
Wegele,' 1852's Véricour, 1858. ...csceepaets puis .aeua eee =
Darboy, Rev. Georges, D. D. Rom. Cath. Prelate and Author.
Darby, Prof. John. (Botany of the Southern States.)........-
Dargan, Edmund Sparon. American Jurist..................
Darley, William. American Geographer and Statistician.....
Darling, James.
clopedia Bibliographica.).. : aivAganens
Dartmouth, George Legge, First Baron. ‘Admiral. . ban hee
Dartmouth, George Legge, Earl. Statesman................
Daubeny, Charles. Archdeacon of Sarum.
ORUPCHh) Bier ec Be se ch iie oe Cette te Goes eae oe eee
Daubeny, Charles Giles Bride. Eng. Physicist and Author..
D’Aubigne, (Merle) Jean Henri. (History of the Reformation.)
Daubigny, Charles Francois. French Painter...... ....... A
Daumer, Georg Friedrich. German Writer and Poet..... ane
Daumier, Henri. French Caricaturist. abit ase use
Davenport, Edward L. American Actor........ eccscceecces
Davenport, N. T. American Actor............. yaescis paced as
David, Felicien César. .French Composer.............-+ Caves
Davies, Charles. American "Mathematician........ Pee rey
Davies, Thomas Stephens. Mathematician................ oe
Davis, Charles Henry. American Naval Officer and Writer...
Davis, Edward. English Painter.................... Soa eet
Davis, Hasbrouck. Brigadier-General, U. 8. Vols............
Davison, John,s.p. Theol. (Discourses on Prophecy.)......
Davy, John, M. p., F.R. 8 Physicist and Author........,.. ;:
Dawes, Rev. William Rutter, F. x. s. English Astronomer..
Dawson, Henry. English Landscape Painters, «7 .,e.hse eer
Day, Jeremiah, p. p. American Clerg. and Col. President..
Deak, Francis.. Hungarian Patriot: -.. ..f. ..,-7 sa0kss semen
Dean, Amos, Lt. p, American Jurist and Author............
Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell, American Writer...
De Bar, Benedict. “American Actor. 5.25 ...:,.0.cssceseseane
De Bow, James Dunwoody Brownson. Am. J ournalist. onl ee
Decatur, Stephen. American Commodore..................+
Deguerry, or Du Guerry, Abbé Gaspard. French Scholar and
Orator.....cacrsedeusep vie dime ts Gueabices Ono wfaraietata-nte
De Haven, Edwin J. American Arctic Voyager.
De Koven, James, D. D. American Clergyman..............
Delafield, Edward. American Physician............ Rese onee
Delafield, Richard. Brevet Major-General, U.S. .A......+..-
Delafosse, Gabriel. French Scholar............+.. ag
Delane, John Thaddeus. British Journalist,.........sese+00.
Delangle, Claude Alphonse. French Jurist and Statesmaa..
ereetecoerere
eceeve
os
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
BORN.
London Publisher and Soaauae (Cy-
(Guide to the
DIED,
1265,..1%322
1813..1871
1804. .1877
1805..1879
1775-1854
1797..1862
1648, . 1691
1755..1810
1744,.1827
1795, .1867
1794..1872
1817.,1878
1800. .1875
1810..1879
1816, .1877
1831,.1867
1810. . 1876
1798. .1876
1794 2.1851
1807..1877
1833..1867
.. 1870
1777. .1834
1790... 1868
1890, . 1868
. 1811..1878
>. 1793 k SOO
1803..1876
1803. . 1868
1783..1851
1812..1877
1820, .1867
1815..1876
—
.. 1871
. 1865
1832, . 1879
1794..1875
1798. .1873
1795..1878
1817..1879
1797.» 1809
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 703
BORN. DIED,
Delaporte, Michel. French Vaudevilliste...........sceeeee04 1802,.1872
De la Rive, Auguste, m.p. Swiss Physicist and Author.,.,. 1801..1873
Delavan, Edward C. Amer. Philanthropist and Reformer.... 1793..1871
Delavigne, Germain. French Dramatist................... es 1789..1868
Delitzsch, Johannes. German Theological Professor....... . 1846. .1876
_ Delord, Taxile. French Writer and Politician............ eoee 1815, .1877
Dembinski, Henry. Polish General... 0.3.26.0000kvccescs . 1791..1864
De Morgan, Augustus. English Mathematician and Author. 1806, . 1871
Denin, Miss Susan. American Actress............... sepa aee 1835..1875
Denio, Hiram, 1u.p. American Jurist...................06. » 1799..1871
Dennett, John Richard. American Journalist and Professor. 1837. .1874
Denny, Thomas. American Merchant and Banker...,....... 1804..1874
De Puy, Henry Walter. American Author...... aga Sees
1798, .1869
1802..1878
1783..1865
1803..1865
_ 1794..1873
I794..1870
1821, ,1877
1815..1876
1798..1876
1816, .1878
1803..1862
1806..1858
1797..18066
English Critic and Commentator.....,.1798..186g
1817,,1874
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
.
785
BORN, DIMD.
Eames, Charles. American Lawyer, Journalist, Diplomatist,. 1812. .1867
Early, John, D.p. Methodist Episcopal Bishop............... 1785..1873
Eastburn, Manton. Protestant Episcopal Bishop.......... *. 1801, .1872
Eastman, Harvey G. American Educator ................... 1832..1878
Eastman, Oman. American Presbyterian Clergyman....,... 1796..1874
Haton, Amos.. American Botanist............-.. sccecscceves 1776 2.1842
Eckfeldt, Jacob R. Chief Assayer of U.S. Mint............. 1802, .1872
Hddy, Edward. American Actor...........-...-.22eseccececes 182%..1875
Eddy, Norman. Amer. Politician and Government Official... 1810, .1872
Eddy, Rev. Thomas M. Journalist and Author .............. 1823..1874
Eden, Hon. Emily. English Traveller and Authoress ........ 1795 ..1869
Eggert, Franz Xavier. German Painter on Glass............. 1802. .1876
Eglinton, Archibald William, Earl of. Lord Lieutenant of
Prt PE eee vaats Ss ee bese ste's CSA RR o,.'On eRe boi sane 1812, ,1861
Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried. German Naturalist......... 1795..1876
Ehrnfeuchter;Frederick August Eduard. Ger. Theologian. 1814,.1878
Eichwald, Karl Eduard. Russian Naturalist................. 1795..1876
Elah. King of Israel (B. 6. 930-929)........+- Pee Poe us degen: — B.C. 929
Eli. High Priest and Judge of Israel. ...2...........ce0cceee fl. B. Cc, 1171
Eligius,, or Eloy, St. Bishop of Tournay and Noyon......... §88.. 659
Poseraneropliel Of LarAaeloee., .c'sccd coc dasicen ede oeeus vane fl. B.C. 910. .896
Eliot, Thomas D. American Lawyer and Politician.......... 1808 . 1870
Elizabeth. Princess; daughter of Charles I............... -. 1635..1650
Elizabeth. Queen-Dowager of Prussia..................-00- 1801, .1873
Ellenborough, Edward Lan, Earlof. English Statesman.... 1790..1871
Ellet, Charles. American Engineer..............ecececescess 1810, ,1862
Ellet, Mrs. Elizabeth F. L. American Author............«... 1818..1877
MiG, WOWard, MPs Politician). - 5.520.200 dest eck lec cee ce 1789. . 1863
Elliot, Charles. American Clergyman, Editor and Author.... 1792..1869
Elliot, Charles Loring. American Portrait Painter........ +s. 1812,.1868
Elliotson, John. English Physician and Author........... +. 1788,.1868
Elliott, Charlotte. English Hymn Writer..................45 1789. .1871
Elliott, Sir Gilbert, or Earl Minto. Gov.-Gen. of Bengal..... 1751... 1814
Elliott, Stephen, Jr. ‘* Confederate’ Brigadier-General...... 1832, .1866
Ellis, Sir Henry. Bibliographer and Author...........--..-08 1777..1869
Ellis, John Willis. ee Shh eels of North Carolina; prominent
RoR CORIO ING Prarie cb TLE. oly rnin sc vis oid wi.s aad 8s eee 1820, . 1861
Ellis, Rev. Robert Leslie, of Cambridge. Mathematician and
PONORODMOK: tata Seer Be ie oa day cane ak acun dolagitapen em 1817. .1859
Ellis, Welbore, created Lord Mendip. Politician .......... ¢++ 1714, .1802
Ellis, Rev. William. Eng. Missionary, Traveller, Author..... 1795..1872
Ellsworth, Ephraim Elmer. American Military Officer...... 1837..1861
Elmes, James, Architect and Author................. easewe< ¥793..1802
Eloy, or Eligius, St. Bishop of Tournay and Noyon......... 588.. 650
Elton, Romeo, p.p. American Clerg., Prof. and Author...... 1792..1870
Xlwart, Antoine Amable Elie. French Composer......... oe. 1808..1877
Elzey, Arnold. ‘Confederate ’’ Brigadier-General.......... « 1816, .1871
Emerson, Brown, p. D. American Divine..... ehiids Zee eee an » 1778..1872
Engles, William Morrison, Amer, Pres, Clerg, and Authors. 3797»:
1867
406 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
BORN, DYED,
Eotvos, Baron Jozsef. Hungarian Statesman and Author... 1813..1871
Erman, Georg Adolf. German Scholar ..... .........+.-000e 1806. .1877
Espartero, Joaquin Baldomero. Sp. Soldier and Statesman. 1792.
Esquiros, Henri Alphonse. French Writer and Politician.... 1814.
.1879
.1876
Ettmiuller, Ernst Ludwig. German Scholar................-- 1802. .1877
Evans, Arthur Benoni. Classical Scholar; Writer........... 1781..1855
Evans, Prof. Evan William. Professor and Celtic Scholar.... 1827..1874
Evans, Sir George de Lacy. British General and Author..... 1787..1870
Evans, N. George. ‘‘Confederate’? General................- 1828?. .1868
Evans, Robert Wilson. English Clergyman and Author..... 1789. .1866
Evans, William. English Water Color Painter............... 1797..1878
Ewald, Georg Heinrich August von. German Orientalist.... 1803.
.1875
Ewart, William, m.r. (The Reform of the Reform Bill.)..... 1798..
1869
Ewbank, Thomas. English Scientist................-ceeee0e 1792..1870
Ewell, Richard Stoddard. ‘‘ Confederate’ Lieut.-General.... 1820.,1872
‘Ewing, Thomas, tu.p. American Jurist and Stutesman...... 1789..1871
Exeter, Henry Phillpotts, p.p. English Prelate and Author,. 1778..1869
Eyre, Sir William, Major-General, ecesvere eeee ever eeerggaese 00 EB59
F.
Faber, Peter Christian Frederik. Danish Pott,......sse0-006 20f0,.1879
Fagnani, Joseph. Portrait Painter.:......5..0cccnsecceve os LOLO £073
Fairbairn, Patrick, p.p. Scottish Clergyman and Author... 1805..1874
Fairbairn, Sir William. British Civil Engineer.............. 1789..1874
Fairbanks, Erastus. American Manufacturer and Statesman, 1792..1864
Fairchild, Cassius. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A....... 1828. .1868
Fairholt, Frederick William. English Author and Artist..... 1814..1866
Falke, Johannes Frederich Gottlied. German Historian..... 1823..1876
PFanfani, Pietro. Italian Philologist, :..........2cceceececosee 1815..1879
Faraday, Michael, F.rn.s. English Physicist................ 1791..1867
Farini, Carlo Luigi. Italian Author and Statesman...... ese. 1822, .1866
Farmer, George Edgar. Lieutenant-Colonel, U.S. Vols...... 1840, .1870
Farnham, Mrs. Eliza W. Amer. Philanthropist and Writer.. 1815..1864
Farnum, J. Egbert. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. Vols... 1824,.1870
Farragut, David Glascoe. American Admiral................ 1801. 1870
Farrar, Mrs. Eliza Ware. American Authoress............... 1792..1870
Faucher, Julius. German Political Economist.............. . 1820.,1878
Faud, Mehmed, Pacha. Turkish Statesman and Author...... 1814. .1869
Fawsitt, Miss Amy. Actress...............-. eee cs eth iva ensue e070
Fay, Joseph. German Painter. ..........cccccccccces eee 1813. .1875
Fazy, Jean James. : Swiss Politician...0/2. 3.5 oc..ecke ee eee 1796..1878 ©
Fechter, Charles Albert. French Actor..... j tan Sek ea eee 1824..1879
Felice, Guillaume de, D.D. French Author and Professor..., 1803..1871
Felt, Rev. Joseph Barlow. American Antiquarian Writer.... 1789..1869
Fenno; A. W. American Actor......2...... sc. Sokal ces acceso OLA cumnmEe
e Ferdinand I. Ex-Emperor of Austria........ 9 oe s-ag's 00 en's cat OR
Ferdinand, Maximilian Joseph. Emperor of Mexico. Exe-
CUIGU rcs beobee See bebcaceeccen eco thaekhvh walkthriee ,eeee 1832-.1867
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 727
BORN, DIED,
Fernkom, Anton Dominick, Austrian Sculptor............. 1813.,1878
Ferrari, Giuseppe. Italian Philosophical Writer............ 1812..1876
Ferre, Théophile Charles. Communist Leader.............+-. 1846..1872
Ferris, Isaac, p. p. American Clergyman and Teacher....... 1799..1873
Ferry, Orris 8. U.S. Senator and Brigadier General......... 1823..1875
Fessenden, Samuel. American Lawyer............. te . 1784..1869
Fessenden, William Pitt. American Statesman...........,. 1806, ,1869
Fetis, Francois Joseph. Belgian Music Composer, Critic and
Sa UAILGSIS. |Fish RRR EE APS be GE gee eile Ot rea iahar Uitte a 1784..1871
Feuerbach, Ludwig Marie. German Philogopher......... «+2 1804,.1872
Fichte, Immanuel Hermann. German Philosopher........., 1796..1879
Field, David Dudley, p. p.. Amer. Congl. Clerg. and Author. 1781..1867
Hie10, George, Chemist and Writer... 0.0.0.0... cccccwcdecss — ..1854
Field, Mrs. Henry M. Amer, Artist and Conversationalist.... — ..1875
Field, Jonathan Edwards. American Lawyer............... . 1813..1868
Fillmore, Millard. Amer. Statesman, President, 1850-1853. 1800..1874
Hinlay, George. British Historian:.: 0. 2 sc. Soi cee 1800, . 1875
Finney, Rev. CharlesG. Evangelist and College President... 1792..1875
Sipe ASA. AMON Cal LAWY Cleese: dees oe hoe hans ccs an eee e veee 1820,.1879
Fisher, Redwood. American Journalist, Political Econo-
MUSE and Statistician ss. suse wey soul Spee eceue dee ne 1783..1856
Fitch, Eleazar Thompson, p. p. Amer. Theol. and Prof..... 1791..1871
Fitzpatrick, Benjamin. American Statesman............... 1802, ,1869
Fitzpatrick, John Bernard. Rom. Cath. Bishop of Boston .. 1812. . 1866
Flagg, Azariah C. American Politician and Financier........ 1790, .1873
Flahaut de la Billarderie, Auguste Charles J oseph,
Comte de............ DUE ee leone eas es Beet aeince ea ieee 1785 ..1870
Fletcher, Richard. American Jurist. ........00..00. Fiat ar 1788, .1869
Flocon, Ferdinand. French Publicist and Novelist.......... 1800, 1866
Floyd, John Buchanan. American Politician and Secessionist;
SOM LCO.CPALGie: GCHOr tint inra os oe See ub alaic oe ee we eet eee 1805..1863
Floyd-Jones, David K. American Political Leader.......... 1812,.1871
Flusser, Charles W. American Naval Officer................. 18327, 1864
Foley,John Henry. British Sculptor......... Sucaens beers . 1818, .1874
Foley, Thomas, p. D. Roman Catholic Priest................ 1822,.1879
Folsom, George. Diplomatist, Antiquarian, Author......... 1802. .1869
oiz, Eniipp yon, « Germam Painter, .5.2 26.2 fie eel ee lees 1805..1877
Fonblanque, Albany William. English Author............. 1795..1872
Foot, Solomon. American Statesman............... ag vee vane 1802. . 1866
Forbiger, Albert. German Classical Scholar.............-+5 1798. .1878
Forcade-Laroquette, Jean Louis de. French Cabinet
MIN ISLERStannee ae et ee ee ci aoe coectec cos + suisd caleviedonanaa 1820. .1874
Force, Peter. American Historian and Journalist............ 1790. .1868
Forey, Elie Frédéric. French Marshal and Senator.......... 1804..1872
Forrest, Edwin. American Tragedian..............cceeeo-es 1806. . 1872
Forrest, Nathan Bedford. ‘‘ Confederate’ General.......... 1821. .1877
Forrest, Robert. Scottish Sculptor...............seceseeees — ..1853
Forrester, Aibert Henry. Alfred Crowquill.. Eng. Artist... 18c5..1872
Forster, John. British Biographer...........sc.seeseeeereves 1812. .1876
Foster, John G. Brevet Major-General, U. 8. A..........-.. 1823..1874
Foster, John Wells. American Scientist and Paleontologist., 1815, .1873
708 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
. f£ORN. DIR,
Foucher, Paul. French Dramatic Writer.........+0-..seee+s 1810,,1875
Fould, Achille. French Statesman and Financier............ 1800, . 1867
_Fourdrinier, Henry... Inventor opes - 1800..1859
Frost, William Edward. British Painter.-................--- 1810, .1877
Frothingham, Nathaniel Langdon. Unit. Clerg. and Author. 1793..1870
Fry, Joseph Reese. Scholar and Musical Writer............. » — ..1863
Fuhrich, Joseph von. German Painter............00..e.+2+0 1800..1876
Fulford, Francis, D. D. Bishop of Montreal......... ....,... 1803..1868
Fuller, Richard. American Clergyman. (The Psalmist.).. oahier 1804, .1876
Funk, Heinrich. German Painter of Tyrolese Scenes.,,,.... 1807.,1877
G.
Gablentz, Ludwig Karl Wilhelm, Baron von, Ans, Soldier, 1814..1874
Gannett, Ezra Stiles, p. p. American Clerg. and Author.... 1801..1871
Garbett, James. English Scholar and Clergyman........... . 1802,,1879
Garcia y Tessara, Gabriel. Spanish Poet.................. 1817,.1875
Gardner, Charles K, American Military Officer and Writer. 1787..1869
Gardner, William. Writeron Music and Art................ 1764..1854
Garner, Thomas. English Engraver. (/?ake’s Progress.).... — ..1868
Garnett, Richard B. ‘‘Confederate’’ General ............. +. — ..1863
Garnett, Robert Selden. ‘*‘Confederate’’ General........... 1822,, 186%
Garnier-Pages, Louis Antoine. Fr. Politician and Historian 1803,.1878
Garrison, William Lloyd. Amer. Editor and Abolitionist.... 1804..1879
Gasparin, Agenor Etienne, Count de. Statesman, Philan-
thropist, AUthOr....cecccrssccssderesccseeen Seeceererseoe 1820, ,187r
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 7°9
BORN, DIED.
Gastaldi, Professor, Itaiian Geologist.........cerecseeeees se 1818,,1879
Gates, William. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A.......... 1788..1868
Gatty, Mrs. Margaret Scott. (Mrs. Alfred G.) En. Writer. 1809..1873
Gaume, Jean Joseph. p.p, French Roman Catholic Theo-
logian and Author...... Wenn ds Mae eee CA wademewaenls Peck es 1802. ,1869
Gauntlett, Henry John, mus. pr. Eng. Com. of Chh. Music. 1806..1876
Gautier, Théophile. French Poet, Critic, Novelist........... 1811. .1872
Geary, John White. Major-General, U.S. Vols.............. 1819..1873
Gegenbaur, Joseph Anton von. German Painter............ 1800..1876
Geiger, Abraham. Jewish Rabbi and Author............ wee. 1810..1874
George V. Ex-King of Hanover............... AT RS 1819... 1878
Gerstacker, Friedrich. German Traveller and Novelist...... 1816. ,1872
Gervinus, George Gottfried, pH. p. Historian and Statesm’n. 1805..1871
Geselschap, Eduard. Dutch Painter....................2.. 1808 ..1878
Gibbes, Robert Wilson. American Historian, Palsecontologist
and Physicist..... LAE AS ANGE Be GS Pie ee nop Seen a Bee 1809... 1866
Gibbs, Alfred. Brévet Major-General, U.S. A................ 1823..1868
Gibbs, George. American Philologist, Antiquarian, Author.. 1817. ,1873
Gibson, John, R,:.A.. Emelish Sculptor..2 22.2 Soe ee ce aes 1790. .1866
Gibson, William. American Surgeon and Author............ 1788, . 1868
Giesebucht, Ludwig, pH. p. German Poet and Historian... 1792..1873
Gilbert, George A. American Artist in Water Colors........ 1815. .1877
Gilbert, Mrs. John. American Actress.............2.. 000005 1801, ,1866
Gillespie, William .Mitchell, tu. p. American Engineer,
Beare toreceor- And -AUthOrs ys ti - 8 Sree aces: caeces See valde ones 1816, 1868
Gillett, Ezra H. American Clergyman and Author. (Life
MES evIOS Ofere lo LEAS Neo Fes ve ba SLE os ee eis aden 1823..1875
Gilliams, Jacob. American Physicist and Naturalist........ 1784..1868
Ginzel, Joseph August. Austrian Church Historian......... 1804..1876
Giseke, Bernhard Ludwig. German Philologist............. 1823..1876
Giskra, Karl. Austrian Statesman.......,......25 BS icdta ce ee 1820..1879
Giudici, Paolo Emiliani. Italian Author........ Ge adws a there 1812,.1872
Glassbrenner, Adolf. German Humorist ...............0+0- 1810, .1876
Godon, Sylvanus W. American Naval Officer............... — .,1879
Goicouria, Domingo de. Cuban Revolutionist............... 1799..1870
Goldschmidt, Herman. German Painter and Astronomer... 1802..1866
Goldschmidt, Paul. German Orientalist................+... 1850. .1877
Goodell, William. American Clergyman and Missionary .. - 1792..2867
Goodrich, Rey. Charles A. American Writer................ 1790, .1862
Goodrich, Rev. Chauncey. American Scholar and Author... 1817..1868
Goodyear, Charles. American Inventor....... eres cr 1800, .1866
Gordon, Sir James Alexander. British Admiral...........-. 1782. .1869
Gortchakoff, Prince Peter Dmitrievitch. Russian General., 1789..1868
Goszezyuski, Severinus, Polish Poet..........scseesceeeece 1806. .1876
Gottlieb, Johann. Austrian Chemist................20008- . — ..1875
Gottschalk, Louis Moreau. Amer. Pianist and Composer... 1829..1869
Gough, Hugh. British Military Officer... .................. 1779..1869
Gould, Augustus Addison. Amer. Naturalist and Physician. 1805..1866
Govone, Guiseppe. Italian Soldier and Statesman........... 1826, .1873
Gowans, William. American Bibiliopolist and Author....,.. 1805..1870
Gozlan, Léon, French Dramatist and Littérateur.......2.+», 1806,, 1864
7119 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
BORN, PIED,
Graham, Thomas. English Physicist and Chemist.......... 1805..1869
Graham, William A. American Statesman.......... wtocte se, L004 UEOTE
Granger, Francis. American Politician........ RSs cosh s ces - 1787..1868
Granier de Cassagnac, Paulde. French Journalist....... 1841..1870
Grannis, Theodore C. American Journalist................. 1831, ,1878
Grant, Robert Edmund. British Anatomist, Zoologist and
ATOR. Dae OG Wo AE, Se cae, Sete M ane mene eas Cree tree I793..1874
Grant, Sir Frantis;,; British Painter:\.35 focus tees es eee sone 1803..1878
Grass, Philippe.) French Sculptor <7. s.caeeuatawe ss er ee cee 1801, ,1876
Grassmann, Hermann Ginther. German Mathematician and
Oriental Scholar. 22. iv. on Vas scenes caewee es ce eeee 1809..1877
Gratry, Auguste Joseph Alphonse. Fr. Cath. Theologian... 1805,.1872
Graul, Charles. German Scholar and Writer............ cesee —— 0.1864
Gray, Francis Calley. American Scholar and Writer........ 1790..1856
Gray, Henry Peters, American Painter.....5...ce.cscescece0 1819..1877
Gray, John Edward. British Naturalist ................ 000. . 1800, ,1875
Grayson, John Breckinridge. ‘‘ Confederate’? General...... 1807, ,1862
Greeley, Horace. Am. Journalist, Founder of N. Y. Zribune. 1811..1872
Green, Rev. Beriah. American Reformer..... Ries awiesin oss a6 - 1794..1874
Green, Duff. American General, Politician and Editor....... — ..1875
Green, Horace. American Physician and Profesgor..... eeeee 1802,.1866
Green, Thomas J. ‘Confederate’ General...............006 1801, .1863
Greene, Albert Gorton. American Jurist and Poet..... nee siete 1802, .1868
Greene, David. Cong. Clergyman. (Church Psaimody.).... 1797..1866
Greene, William B. American Mathematician and Author... 1819,.1878
Greene, Nathaniel. American Journalist and Author...... 2 0797. 2t877
Greenough, George Bellas. Geol. and Physical Geog....... « 1777..1854
Gregg, John. ‘Confederate’? General..............--, aS 1828, . 1864
Gregory, Dr. William. Chemist and Writer on Chemistry... — ..1858
Gregory, Francis H. Rear Admiral, U. 8. N...............2% 1789, , 1866
Greiner, John. American Politician and Journalist, Writer
of ‘Political: Songs... i503 os gists nisaves hoe 3 ha oie eee ee 1811.,1872
Greswell, Rev. Edward. Theological and Chronological
W Titer o's sis a punaweeeeier ene ebaaene hee ioe 0 ote S707 Es TOO
Greville, Robt. Kaye. Scot. Botanist and Philanthropist.... 1794..1866
Grier, Robert Cooper. American Jurist............ Rnalaseeetre 1794..1870
Griffin, Charles. Brevet Major-General, U.S. A.........+2. - 1826. ,1867
Griffin, George. American Theological Writer.............. + 1778..1860
Gillparzer, Franz. German Dramatic Poet.. oe toc bee snare 7g kmen OMe
Grimm, Louis Emilius. German Engraver................. . 1790..1863
Grinnell, Henry. American Merchant and Philanthropist. . 1800, .1874
Griscom, John Hoskins. Amer. Physician and Humanitarian 1809. .1874
Grisi;Giulia. . Italian Opera Singer... 0..0ot yes scene eee 1812,.1869
Griswold, John A. Amer. Manufacturer and Politician... 1822,,1872
Groen van Prinsterer, Willem. Dutch Historian...... ss... 18Q1..1876
Grossmith, John. English Chemist and Author. (Zhe
Usury "Laws. Jo alecc eG hah Coes pipe ie Utes aa. ert anemia aa . 1814,,1867
Grote, George, D. 0. L., F. R. 8. Historian and Statesman,
-(History of Greece. Va Be oti Sans Ae Be mA es 1794,.1871
Grote, Mrs. Harriet Lewin. Wife of George Grote......... . 1792..1878
Grote, John. English Clergyman and Philosophical Writer. 1813,, 1866
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 7it
BORN. DIED,
Grover, Rev. Henry Montague. Rel., Scient. and Dram. Writer. 1791, .1866
Grund, Francis J.~ American Writer SOUR ME Es Wain hee ots uae 1803 2.1863
Gruppe, Otto Friedrich. German Philosopher and Poet...., 1804..1876
Gueranger, Dorn Prosper. French Benedictine Monk....... 1806. .1875
Guericke, Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand. German Theologian.. 1803,,1878
Gueronniere, Viscount Louis Etienne A.D. H.,dela. Writer
PIETER. lap nuerec cz erased Meneame Hiplet 1816. .1875
Guerrazzi, Francisco Dominico. It. Revolutionist and Writer. 1805..1873
Guest, John. American Naval Officer..............c0.0eceees 1821. .1879
Guiccioli, Teresa Gamba, Countess. (My Recollections of Lord
MEIINM IG Vlei eeoe ono ae lr Me Nar teary etalave: miatoicioteee, ake Soam e Nee 1801, , 1873
Guidi, Filippo Maria. Italian Cardinal.............. RAN See 1815. . 187g
Guidicini, Guisseppe. Architect and Painter................ 1812, .1868
Guigniaut, Joseph Daniel. French Scholar................ - 1794,..1876
Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume. French Statesman, Diplo-
matist, URIAe Eta Veer sore aS oo ceo iat he eset dele Cae 1787..1874
Gunnison, J. W. American oderannical Fingineer........ — ..1853
Gurney, Rey. John Hampden. Writer............... ghee duit 1802, .1862
Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy, English Inventor..... Beh Soraats be 1793..1875
Gurney, William. American Military Officer.............. «» 1821..1879
Gurowski, Count Adam de. Polish Publicist...........5.... 1805..1866
Guthrie, James, tu. p. American Statesmati................. 1792. .1869
Guthrie, Thomas, p. p. Scotch Clergyman and Author...... 1803, .1873
Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand. German Novelist............... . 1811, .1878
Gwinn, William. American Naval Officer.........sesceecceoe 1831, ,3863
H.
Hackett, Horatio Balch, p. p. American Biblical Scholar..., 1808,.1873
Hackett, James Henry. American Actor.................. ++ 1800, .1871
Hacklander, Friedrich Wilhelm. German Novelist.......... 1816, .1877
Hackleman, Pleasant A. American General................. — ..1862
Hadley, James, ru. Dp. Amer. Schol., Philologist and Prof... 1821..1872
Haffner, Karl. German Novelist and Dramatist.............. 1815..1876
Hagenbach, Karl Adolf. German Theologian and Author... 1801..1874
Haidinger, Wilhelm. Geologist, Geographer; Engineer...... 1795..1871
Haigh, Rev. R. B., 11. p. Orientalist and Philologist........ 1804..1869
Halbertsma, Hilde J. Anatomist and Physiologist.......... 1820. . 1865
Hale, Benjamin, p.p. American Writer.............0..0008. 1797..1863
Hale, John Parker. American Senator and Diplomatist..... . 1806. .1873
Hale, Mrs. Sarah Josepha Buel. American Authoress......-. 1795..187g
Hall, Alien A. American Journalist and Diplomatist......... —. ..1867
Hall, Baynard, p. p. American Writer and Educator......... 1798... 1863
Hall, Caldwell K. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. Vols....... 1839. .1870
Hall, James. American Lawyer, Editor, Author, Banker..... 1793. «1868
Hall, Hon. Willis. American Lawyer and Politician......... 1801. . 1868
Halleck, Fitz-Greene. American Poet.............. Bhoneasze 1790. . 1867
Halleck, Henry Wager. Major-General, U.S. A............ « 1815.,1872
Halett, Benjamin F, American Politician........se+++ses+++ 1798. 41864
{i2 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
a BORN, DIED.
Halliday-Duff, Andrew. : British Writer.........00+.00ee+e+« 1830..1877
Hallock, Gerard. American Journalist..........0.... s.e0e- 1800, . 1866
Halpine, Charles G. Poet, Scholar, Editor and Soldier...... 1829. . 1868
Hamblin, Joseph E. Brevet Major-General, U.S. Vols...... 1828, .1870
Hamilton, William John. English Geologist and Traveller.. 1805..1867
Hammerich, Frederick. Danish Theologian. .............. 1809. . 1877
Hammond, Jabez D. Amer. Lawyer, Legislator and Author. — ..1855
Haneberg, Daniel von. German Catholic Prelate............ 1816, .1876
Hannay, James. Scottish Novelist................c00ececese> 1827..1873
Hansen, Peter Andreas. German Astronomer............... 1795..1874
Hanson, Mrs. John T. Niece of Oliver Goldsmith........... 1786. . 1866
Hanson, Sir Richard Davies. Jurist. (Jesus of History.)..... 1805..1876
Harbaugh, Henry. American Clergyman and Theol. Prof... 1817..1867
Hardee, William J. ‘‘ Confederate ’’ Lieutenant-General..... 1817,.1873
Harding, Abner. Brigadier-General, U. 8. Vols............. 1807..1874
Harding, Chester. American Portrait Painter............... — ..1866
Hardwicke, Charles Philip Yorke, Earl of. English Admiral, 1799..1873
Hardy, Sir Thomas Duffus. English Antiquarian............ 1804. .1878
Haro-Harring, Paul. Danish Exile, Painter, Poet, Novelist. 1799..1870
Harper, James. American Publisher..............22-cc0seees 1795..1869
Harper, John. American Rublisher................2000-0+% . 1797..1875
Harper, Joseph Wesley. American Publisher................ 1801. .1870
Harrington, Marie Foote, Countess of. English Actress..... 1798. .1867
Harris, Ira. American Judge and Senator.................... 1802. ,1875
Harris, Sir William Snow. Physicist, Inventor, Author..... . 1791..1867
tt axt, Joel 'T. sAmerican Sculptor; y.ccues ss aber ene 1810?.1877
Hart, John Seely. American Author of Text-books.......... 1810..1877
Hart, Joseph 0! American Writers. o.oo .ta sks) eke pee — ..1855
Hartmann, Julius von. German General................+0+ 1817..1878
Hartsuff, George L. Major-General, U.S. A...........c00eee 1830, .1874
Hartt, Charles Frederick. American Professor and Geologist. 1840, .1878
Harvey, Sir George. British Painter..................04. _ee« 1805..1876
Haskell, Daniel N. American Journalist..................00- 1818..1874
Haskin, Joseph A. Brevet Brigadier-General U. 8. A........ 1817 ?.1874
Hastings, Thomas. American Music Composer and Author.. 1784..1872
Hauch, Jean Karsten von. Danish Poet, Novelist and Scien-
tist PIER GT seen Brith ER toa ee ie mmole eek She Sle Ribs Se ee a 1790..1872
Haug, Martin. German Orientalist...............-000500. ++. 1827,,1876
Haven, Joseph. American Clergyman and Author........... 1816, 1874
Havin, Leonor Joseph. French Publicist and Editor......... 1799..1868
Hawes, Joel, p.p. American Clergyman and Author........ 1789..1867
Hawks, Cicero Stanley. Bishop of Protest. Episcopal Church, 1812. .1868
Hawks, Francis Lister. American Clergyman and Author.... 1798..1866
Hawthorne, Mrs. Sophia. Wife of Nathaniel Hawthorne.... 1811..1871
Hay, David Ramsay. Scotch Portrait Painter............ eee 1798..1866
Hays, Alexander. American General.................- diewsise 1823. . 7064
Hays, Isaac. American Scientist and Physician............. - 1796..1879
Hayter, Sir George. Painter-in-Ordinary to her Masestyi. Fe tke 1792,,1872
Hazard, Samuel. American Archeologist, Historian and
PADMSHOr eatines cc nieles hove ceva tbineieoh ome e he Teme eee ... 1784.. 1870
Head, Sir Edmund Walker. English Statesman and Scholar.. 1805,.1868
e
COT Ona! Be a th A Ee eet ee
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
Head, Sir Francis Bond. English Diplomatist................
Heimann, Basili Alexandrovitch. Russian General..........
eis, Edaard: German Astronomer... ic cc... es endtetecc cee ons
Helps, Sir Arthur. English Diplomatist and Author.,.......
Helm, Benjamin Hardin. ‘Confederate’? General.........2.
Hemans, Charles Isidore. British Author. (Catholic Ital, iy
Henderson, J. Pinckney. Amer. Statesman and Diplomatist..
Hoengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm. Theologian and Hditor.....
Henneberg, Rudolf. German Painter.................005 Rte
Henry, Joseph. American Physicist............. Hastie esata A
Hensel, Louise. German Poetess............... et as tian Saat
Henshaw, David. American Politician..................005 :
Henshaw, Joshua Sidney. Belcher. American Lawyer,
Pepmieinatician, Od Writer: . 2s ccidip ec cc ces stew caceese
Herapath, John. English Author and Publisher.............
Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo, Alexandro. Portuguese
Scholarand Historian.................-0+ wbetarcaciner ere
Heron, Matilda. American Actress.............-.secceeeces re
Herrick, Edward Claudius. American Scientist and Bibliog..
Herring, James. American Portrait Painter..................
Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, Bart. Astronomer,
MMI, RELI cys fro at saee th cata neatrat dens «cer ree:
Hertzen, Alexander. Russian Exile and Author.............
Herwegh, Georg. German Poet........... Se yeaee comeice Peas :
Hess, Peter von. German Painter............. sep ode ceaeecees
Heuglin, Theodor von. German Explorer.............s0.---
Heunert, Karl. German Painter. ..............seccescocecess
Hewit, Henry Stuart. American Physician See deg Sates each re
Hewit, Nathaniel. American Cong. Clergyman and Author..
Hexamer, William. American Army Officer.................
Higgins, Matthew James. Jacob Omnium. Eng. Journalist..
Hildebrand, Bruno. German Statistician....................
Hill, Ambrose Powell. ‘‘ Confederate”? General...,..........
Hill, David Octavius. Scotch Landscape Painter.............
Hill, George. “American Author. i ioc... ccc isec cece cence noes
Hill, Sir Rowland. Originator of the Penny Postage in Eng..
Hillard, Francis, American Lawyer and Author of Legal
MG XG OOS seein ain tarapaaee ie sees a elt Silom ens be. eos fe shen
Hillard, George Stillman. American Lawyer, Orator, Author..
Hillier, George. Hnglish Antiquarian and Historian......... ;
Hillyer, William Silliman, Brigadier-General, U.S. Vols.....
Hindman, Thomas C. “Confederate ” General we age meee
Hinman, Royal Ralph. American Politician and Genealogist,
Hinton, John Howard. Eng. Baptist Clergyman and Author.
Hirst, Henry B. American Poet and Writer.............. eR
Hitchcock, Ethan Allen. Major General, U.S. Vols........ :
Hitzig, Ferdinand. German Biblical Critic................5..
Hoar, Samuel, ru. p. . American, Jurist. 00,5. de2 senses cece eee
Hodge, Charles. American Clergyman and Author. (Sys-
CLIMATE: TROOLOGY.) Fe lcalie Hed dapMeta Pod. asia k- Sei esas
Hodge, Hugh.Lenox. Amer, Physician and Medical Writer...
BORN,
1808,
1802,
1826.
1797..
1798,.
ee
r8rr,
I791..
1796?
1830,
r81r.
1793..
I792..
1816,
1817
1793.
1824.
1808,
1825.
1788,
1825.
18152.
1812.
1826.
1802..
1796..
LL7OS es
1806,
1808,
1816,
1831,
1818,,
1784..
1791.
1813.
1708..
1807.
1778,
1797+.
1796.
713
DIED.
1875
..1878
. 1877
+1873
, 1863
..1876
.1858
.1869
. 1876
1878
1876
1852
.1859
1868
.1877
.1877
.1862
1867
1871
.1870
. 1875
.1871
1876
.1876
.1873
.1867
.1870
1868
.1878
.1865
1870
1871
1876
.1878
.1879
.1866
.1874
1868
1868
.1873
. 1874
1870
.1878
1856
1878
+1873
i et ee
1). ee we
he =
414. A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
BORN. DIED. |
Hodge, James Thatcher. American Geologist and Engineer.. 1816,.1871
Hodgson, Joseph, ¥.R.s. English Surgeon..... Seroyal 1788, .1869
Hoffman, Murray. Amer. Lawyer and Author of Legal Terms, 1791..1878
Hoffmann, Heinrich August. German Poet, Philologist...... 1798..1874
Hofmeister, Wilhelm. German Botanist.. ............-. eee. 1824..1877
Hogg, Sir James Weir. British Statesman.).'; :26s-< cscs 1790. .1876
Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Friedrich Wilhelm Constantine,
erince Of 205). sah bree ee ees ee 180r.. 1869
Holbrook, J ohn Edward, u.’p. Amer. Naturalist and Author. 1795..187
Holland, George, American Actor...... cals EM an oe ars eeeee 1790..1870
Holland, Sir Henry. Traveller, Author, Physician .......... 1788..1873
Hollins, George N. American Naval Officer..... babeccccneues SE TOOSCnOE
Holmes, Alfred. British Composer...........0..ce.-eeecees . 1838, .1876
Holton, Isaac Farwell. Clerg., Botanist, Chemist, J our ne ahs - 1812..1874
Hood, John B. ‘‘Confederate” General Drie Beh ae Regent meas (< + 1831..1879
Hook, Rev. Walter Farquhar. English Dean, " (Lives of the
Archbishops of Canterbury.)......ce.seeeee aa - 3798..1875
Hooker, Joseph. American Major-General...........-..--- es 181§..1879
Hooper, John. American Botanist....... pisccecescecpics sn gsihouseemne
Hooper, Samuel, m.c. American Statesman............ eeoce 1808..1875
~Hopkins, Rev. Albert. Am. Astronomer and Physicist ...... 1807. . 1872
Hopkins, John Henry, p. pv. Bishop of Prot. Epis. Church. 1792..1868
Hopkins, Johns. American Philanthropist...............0- 1795 ..1873
Horsley, Charles Edward. American Musical Composer..... 1825..1876
Horvath, Michel. Hungarian Patriot and Historian......... 1809..1878
_Hosemann, Theodor. German Painter....... scccsks cls ewectt LOnTaniads
Hosmer, William H.C. American Author....... oe bebe es Ue coh abla CIOey
Houdin, Robert John Eugene. French Conjurer............. 1805.. 1871
Hoverbeck, Leopold, Freihere von. German Politician...... 1822..1875
Howard, Benjamin C. American Jurist.................202- I791..1872
Howard, Frank. English Painter and Writer........ coeccsss 1805... 1866
Howard, Jacob Merrit, Lu. p. American Statesman..,...... 1805..1871
Howe, Elias, Jr. American Inventor................. ackss cage Rbloe seo
Howe, Samuel Gridley. American Philanthropist............ 1801..1876
Howell, Robert Boyté Crawford. Clergyman and Author..., 1801..1868
Howitt, William. Eng. Poet, Novelist and Hist. Writer..... 1795..1879
Hows, John A. American Artist and Journalist........ oeseet 3038. 11078
Hoyt, Adolphus Davenport. American Actor..... Poe Socsvevs) MOST xylem
Huber, Johannes. German Scholar....... .......sceceseeee - 1830..1879
Huber, Victor Aimé. Ger. Historian, Publicist and Critic. ees 1800, .1869
Hubner, Otto. Ger. Statistician and Political Economist.:... 1818, ,1877
Hudson, Frederick. Journalist. (History of Journalism in
EA INEP UC.) ae oe nice ine ee aan ee nea wededecssece cocmloloenloys
Hudson, George. English ‘‘ Railway King.”.........ee0+.++- I8O..187%
Huet, Paul. French Landscape Pairter.. 22sec as eee . 1804,,1869 7
Hugel, Karl Alexander Anselm. Austrian Traveller and Nat-
Bea aGh. 5555 cs eie Vek captted ase eaeeeynen Sie didte's Reente NVeeees ons (2700. ,kage
Hughes, Ball. "Sculptor. Silents SEC EAS SW eye Fe Oy occpou'vas 1000s eames
Hugo, Madame Adéle Foucher. Wife of Victor Hugo........ 1806 ?. 1868
Haze. Charles Victor. Journalist and Author............... . 1826,,187%
Hugo, Francois, Son of Victor Hugo, Translator of Shake-
BPCale.cosecvoerce- 099080272 COGO SSTEORSSTOCBSG Geen seosesse ee 1828, 1373
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 725
BOBM DIED,
Hulsemann, John George, Chevalier de. Austrian Minister
POMUIIVGCE DS ERLOSS 2005 Tas. uch ces caae een kt wa dass des cove = 6 1864
Hulsse, Julius Ambrosius. German Scientist................ 1812, .1876
Humphrey, James. American Lawyer and M.C........... . 1811, . 1866
Hungerford, William, ru. p. American Jurist............... 1786. .1873
Hunt, Edward B. American Military Officer ; Inventor...... 1822. .1863
Hung, vredericls Knight. Journalist. 2. .0..0. 0 ctdeweteese 1814..1854
Hunt, George Ward. British Statesman.................-0. 1825..1877
Hunt, James. English Physiologist and Anthropologist .. coos. 1833..1869
Hunt, Thornton Leigh. English Artist, Critic, Journalist.... 1810, .1873
Hunt, William Morris. American Artist...............00.008 » 1824..1879
Hupfeld, Hermann. German Hebrew Scholar............... 1796. . 1866
Hurlstone, Frederick Yeates. English Historical Painter..., 1800. .1869
Hussein-Aoni Paska. Turkish Statesman and General..,, 1819,,1876
iy
Ingersoll, Joseph Reed. Am. Statesman and Diplomatist.... 1786..1868
Ingersoll, Ralph Isaacs. Am. Statesman and Diplomatist.... 1788..1872
Ingham, Charles C. American Portrait Painter.............. 1797..1863
Tmelic, John. A.. American Jurist... 3. cee ol ese es eeee nes 1813. ,1878
Ingres, Jean Dominique Auguste, Fr. Historical Painter...., 1781. ,1867
Irving, Ebenezer. American Merchant. Brother of Washing-
RR UOTMREE MIT] Ormi Sote ais erect hemiere Homie Cahiak dalais sale wise At he hie 1775..1868
Irving, J. Beaufrain. American Painter...... i aeee aes oda 1827 ?.1877
- Irving, Pierre Monroe. American Writer..... oessees o¢e'es de LGOUE TOTO
Isaacs, Samuel M. Jewish Rabbi and Editor..... Mdaceedecec 380}. 71878
Iverson, Alfred. American Jurist and Statesman........++-+ 1798..1873
RSP ER RHPA INS LY GR Ios oS irae Spon oss Dare wow arae Goer. cts data'e na nctesacs. E7T7OIIeOK
Ives, Levi Silliman, p. p, Bishop Of North Carolina. «+++. +0. 1797003807
J.
Jackson, Abner. Epis. Clerg. and Col. President............ 181%.,1874
Jackson, Claiborne F. American Secessionist; ‘*Confed-
OVA 2d CAOUECEAM cou se Nats ae vise aed Seicre cis ajeie evewh aa ou ee ako Mrs FOUS
Jackson, Conrad Feger. American Gener al see netlatc nese mel ce T SOR
Jackson, James §8. American General..............2.eceeee- 1822, .1862
Jackson, James. American Medical Professor and Author... 1777..1867
Jackson, John J. ‘‘ Confederate’ Brigadier-General......: « 1829. .1866
Jackson, Samuel. American Physician and Author.......... 1787.,1872
Jacobs, Melancthon, p. D. Luth. Clerg., Prof., Author....... 1806? , 1871
Jacoby, Johann. German Politician................. teiswed cet L005. 1877
Jahn, Otho. German Philologist. Archeologist, Critic....... 1813,.1869
James, Charles T. Inventor of Rifle-cannon and Shell........ 1806. .1862
Jameson, Charles Davis. American General,...,........... . 1827..1862
“f anes, Rev. Edward L. Methodist Clergyman and Author... 1807..1875
Janin, Jules Gabriel. French Critic and Novelist..... sesees. 1804,.1878
Jelf, Richard William. English Author and Teacher...+.e»s» 1798..187%
716 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
BORN, PIED,
- Jenks, William. American Cong. Clergyman and Author .... 1778..1866
Jerdan, William, Fr. s. a. English Journalist................ . 1782. .1869
Jesse, Edward. English Naturalist and Author.............. 1780. . 1868
Jessup, ThomasS. American Military Officer....:.......... 1790. . 1860
Jessup, William. American Jurist and Philanthropist....... 1797..1868
Jeune, Francis, Dp. p. English Prelate and Reformer......... 1800 ?, 1868
Jewett, Charles Coffin. American Scholarand Bibliographer. 1816..1868
Johnson, Andrew. Seventeenth President of U.8........... 1808, . 1875
Johnson, Edward. ‘Confederate’? Major-General........... — ..1873
Johnson, Rey. Herman M. Amer. Clergyman and Author.... 1815..1868
Johnson, Reverdy. American Statesman.................:.. 1796..1876
Johnston, Alexander Keith. British Geographer............. 1804. .1871
Johnston, Alexander Keith. Brit. Geographer and Explorer, 1841..1879
Jomini, Baron Henri. Swiss Historian and Military Critic... 1779..
1869
Jones, Ernest. English Journalist, Reformer, Orator........ 1819. . 1869
Jones, George. Episcopal Clergyman and Author............ 1799..1870
Jones, George, R. A. English Painter, (Battle of Waterloo.). 1786..1869
. Jones, Henry Bence, m.p. English Medical Writer. (Life
and Letters OF PAvAA AY Nites ne Cone ee ee ae Ee 1814. .1873
Jones, John N. ‘‘Confederate’’ General....... ws ibs seamen 1820. , 1864
Jones, Dr. Joseph 8. American Dramatist......... vee ceontenl k SOQLakaam
Jones, Mrs. Melinda. American Actress............+.6. Pee 1815..1875
Jones, Roger. American General............... Sinia 6 babe = Cee — ..1852
Josephine.’ Ex-Queen of Sweden............ ce scccsnces wee. 1807,,.1876
Juarez, Benito. Mexican Statesman and President. ....... .«. 18077,1872
Jubinal, Michel Louis Achille. French Politician and Author. 1810, .1875
Jukes, Joseph Bute. Geologist and Writer.................. 1811, , 1869
Julio, E.D.B. Painter. (Last Meeting of Lee and Stonewall
SACKSONY o's Baan ees veele eRe eee ene seh on tee eee ree 1843..1879
Juncker, Henry Damian,p. Dp. Roman Catholic Bishop...... 18107.1868
Junkin, George. American Clergyman and Author........... 1790..
1868
Juvara, Tommaso Aloysio. Italian Artist... scoveerevcersece 1909,,1875
K.
°:
Kamehameha V. King of the Sandwich Islands,........... 1836..1872
Kavanagh, Julia. British Authoress....... 0 vols bs tse uebatd se ENod oka
Karl XY., Louis Eugene. King of Sweden...........ssceees. 1826, .1872
Kaulbach, Wilhelm von. German Painter................... 1805..1874
Kaye, Sir John William. British Statesman and Historian... 1814..1876
Kean, Charles John, F. 8. A., F.R.G.8. English Actor........ 1811, .1868
Kearny, Lawrence. American Naval Officer................-. 1789. . 1868
Keble, John. English Clergyman and Poet.................- . 1792..1866
Keeler, Ralph. American Writer. (Vagabond Adventures.).. 1840..1873
Keeley, Robert. English Comedian.................. Son bens 1794..1869
Keene, Laura. American Actress........sscssceceseeeccees: . 1830. .1873
Keightley, Thomas. English Historian and Classical Writer. 1789. .1872
Keim, Theodor. German Theologian and Historian.......... 1825, ,1878
Keim, William H. American General..........seoesseccsceecs 1813... 1862
Keiser, Dr. German WHitOr vivcceentsiay Chere evereerrroe: soee 1779. 1862
ee
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. "Ip
BORN, DIED,
Keitt, Lawrence M. American Politician and Secessionist....1824..1864
Kellum, John. American Architect.......0si. ccc cc ee cece eee: 1809. .1871
Kelsieff, Basil Ivanovitch. Russian Revolutionary Writer.... 1835 ?.1872
Kemeny, Sigmund, Baron. Hungarian Author............... 1816, .1875
Kendall, Amos. American Statesman and Publicist......... 1789. .1869
Kendall, George Wilkins. American Journalist.............. 1807. . 1867
Kennedy, John Pendleton. Amer. Statesman and Author... 1795..1870
PCG Vtaete + Aierican Jurist 622s fos cag vedas sc osv ecg ume 1802. , 1861
Kensett, John Frederick. American Landscape Painter..... 1818, .1872
Kernot, Henry. Amer. Bookseller. (Bibliotheca Diabolica.}, 1806..1874
Were meneee.. American Politician... 0.0.02. 30s ewes et ~1827..1876
Kettell, Samuel. Amer, Journalist and Miscellaneous Writer. 1800. .1855
Khanikoff, Nicholas de. Russian Orientalist ................ 1819. .1878
Kidd, William. Eng. Naturalist. (Book of Brit. Song Bir Ue ) 1803..1867
Kiernan, James L. Brigadier-General, U.S. Vols........%.. 1837..1869
Kindler, Albert. German VON elf it WP Se ers Lea eee 1833..1876
King, Charles, tu. p. American Journalist and Col. Pres..... 1789. .1867
King, John Alsop. American Statesman............... OCS 1788..1867
King, Jonas. American Cong. Clergyman and Missionary.... 1792..1869
King, Richard John. English Author and Antiquarian....... — ..1879
King, T. Butler. American Politician and Secessionist....... 1804. .1864
Kingdom, JohnM. American Dramatic Writer.............. — ..1876
Kingsley, Rev. Calvin. Bishop of Meth. Epis. Church....... 1812..1870
Kingsley, Charles. English Clergyman and Novelist........ 1819..1875
Kingsley, Henry. British Journalist and Novelist........... 1830, .1876
Kirk, Edward N. American General................ccecceees — ..1863
Kirk, Edward Norris, p. p. American Pulpit Orator......... 1802, .1874
Klein, Johan Adam. German Painter...............0.... 2065 1792,.1875
Klein, Julius Leopold. German Dramatist and Literary :
a IRMIE RIS Saeko N oS aude We wns cde Sn 9 eater. ae ees oe 1804. .1876
Knapp, Rev. Jacob. American Evangelist................... 1800, .1874
Knight, Charles. Eng. Author and Publisher. (Popular
FTESUOPRG. OF TATIGUANG=).. 5 nak Poa ceca dso pvee's SS agg ule 1791..1873
Knight, Dr. Jonathan. Professor of Surgery................ 1789. ,1864
-ad.Ocn, H. A. German. Classical Scholar. .5..05...2 0s veces 1829..1876
Kock, Charles Paul de. French Novelist and Dramatist..... 1794. .1871
NoOen es dre Geral Painter a. occ ous ts Soe aes och ovine acct 1823..1875
Kohl, Dr. Johan George. Ger. Traveller and Antiquary...... 1808. . 1878
Kraas, Karl Nicolaus. German Writer on Agriculture........ 1810, .1875
Kraft, Henry, po.p. German Chentist..................00005 1801 . .1868
Krauth, Charles P. Amer. Luth. Clerg. and Col. Pres....... 1796. . 1867
Krebs, John Michael, p.p. American Pres. Clergyman..... 1804, 1867
Kreling, Dr. August von. Painter and Sculptor.............. 1819.,1876
Kremer, Joseph. German Philosopher. (System der Philos-
PMBLARY G55. 5 sain step MT Chea a dca a arusis'> 0,0 Come RADU SE ORISA 1808. .1875
Kriegk, Georg Ludwig. German Historian.......... Toit die Woe Wenn ss +'a0'e
Krug, Anna Charlotte. German Authoress.................0. 1805, .1877
Kruger, K. W. German Classicai Scholar...... BA we x oa oy 1796, .1876
Krummacher, Friedrich Wilhelm. Prussian Preacher and
PA TEOHLOSE Sete Cid sy05d Sth sige s fow wales cee opi owe Meter ieees te 2707..3E000
Kuh, Emil, German Poet and Critic Wea MiGaM tats. i poes sess EODG6, LOm
118 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
BOEN. DIED,
Ktihner, Raphael. German Philologist ...... ove ccececeséne) LOO uEEUE
Kuztz, Heinrich, po. p, German Professor and Author...... 1805,,1873
L “3
iJ ad
Laborde, Léon Emanuel Simon Joseph, Compte de. Arche-
ologist and Traveller............. AGC INO AE oe oateiearelae 1807. , 1869
La Borde, Maximilian. Amer. Physician and Writer....... . 1804, .1873
Lacunza, José Maria. Mexican Statesman and Poet........ 1809 ? . 1869
Lafont, Rev. Father Annet. American Clergyman..... Pres ht ry ts.
Lafont, Pierre Cheri,. French Actorsiy.2-..2.+. <5 caneeenen 1801. . 1873
Laing, David. - Scotch Antiquarian and Bibliographer ....... 1792..1878
La Marmora, Alfonso di, Marquis. Italian General......... 1804. .1878
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de. Poet, Historian
and ‘Statesman s,s... .0seansde eect etaic ss cock ee eee 1790. .1869
Lamballe, Antoine Joseph Joubert de. Surgeon and Author. 1799..1867
La Mountain, John. American Aeronaut.................0- 1829. .1870
Lander, Miss Sarah W. (Spectacles for Young Hyes.)....... . — «61872
Landseer, Charles. Eng. Painter. Brother of Sir Edwin L. 1799..1879
Landseer, Sir Edwin, rR. A. English Painter................ 1802..1873
Lane, Edward William. British Orientalist.................. 1801. .1876
Lang, Heinrich. German Theologian.............. wascceesee 1O20 pea anes
Langdon, Leander W. American Inventor....... oe ck shoes 1833..1875
Lange, Albert. German Political Agitator................... 1801. .1869
Langsdorff, George Frederick, Baron von. Bot. and Tray... — ..1852
Lanters, Paul. Belgian Painter in Water Colors............. 1806. .1875
Lapham, Increase A. American Scientist........ isis ta sloetere 1811. .187§
Lariviere, Pierre Charles. French Painter.................. 1798. .1876
Larochejaquelein, Henri du Virgier, Marquis de. French
Senator... to-w. fs wad pe eulg's « tysps.s sies's ea
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 719
BORN. DIED.
Lee, John. English Physicist......... eer etecarae cere ees 1783. .1866
Lee, Robert Edward. American Soldier and Educator........ 1807..1870
Leeser, Isaac. Jewish Rabbi and Author............... %.... 1806, .1868
Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan. Irish Novelist.......... Sikes 0) 1014. 21873
Lefevre, Andre. French Writer and Poet......... Sseree eas 1834. .1873
Leland, Henry Perry. American Author..........2...cceeces 1828, .1868
Lemaitre, Brederick,* Nrench Acton 2 oc ece.slecaecs cveeuend 1798..1876
Lemon, Mark. English Dramatist and Editor............... . 1809,.1870
eo; Heimtich. German Historian. : 2... 000000. . s eee ccectes 1799..1878
Leonhardi, Hermann Karl. German Philosopher............ 1809,, 1875
Leopold II., Jean Joseph Ferdinand Charles, ex-Grand Duke ©
RRM oe cS Neg ae Se Lo ale oe Oboe kd dares 1797..1870
Leroux, Pierre. French Philosopher and Political Economist, 1798.,1872
Leroy de Saint Arnaud, Louis Adolphe. French Senator
RNC RISD eo. aoe e he'evie sacs Give veh arac Sar ce tasae eat 1802, ,1873
Lespes, Napoléon. French ATEE NOR Se aes oe wee de ok caicldsalts er ok 1805.,.1875
Leutza, Emanuel. Historical Painter. (Washington Crossing
Ese LIGLEWOAT Ory cree ced cooks knee Canoes Soe dain Sek ole e's 1816, , 2868
Lever, Charles J ames, Irish Novelist..1.....s.cc+--00c-sec00 1806, .1872
Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph. French Astronomer ath oe 1801, ,1877
Levy; Michel.” French Publisher. . 0... ..5..ccdcesccccevessces 1821, ,1875
Lewes, George Henry. English Philosopher and Critic.
(Problems of Life and Mand. Jarag GPa eh ke atall Se ae ee eal 1817.,1878
Lewestam, Fryderyk Henryk. Polish Journalistand Author, 1817..1879
Lewis, Mrs. Harriet. American Authoress...........0.-s-00% 1841, ,1878
Lewis, John Frederick. British Artist.................. ot.e2 1805..1876
Lewis, Tayler. Amer. Writer. (Six Days of Creation.)...... 1802, 1877
Leys, Jean Auguste Henri. Belgian Painter.................. 1815..1869
Liebig, Baron Justusvon. Chemist and Scientist............ 1803,.1873
woisier, a ierre, French: Tragedians.. 6.5.5... ccccccctecsceccees 1797..1872
Lincoln, Heman. American Philanthropist.................. 1779. .1869
Lincoln, Levi, Lu.p. American Statesman and J urist.. Bi a eaare 1782. .1868
Lindblad, Adolf Fredrik. Swedish Composer............... 1801, .1878
Lindsay, James B. Scottish PAG DISh, toeae eo vas Sea weet 1800, 1862
Linderman, Dr. Henry R. Superintendent of the ee S. Mint. 1825..1879
Lindsley, Nathan L., 1u.p.. American Philologist.. .... 1816,,1868
Lisgar, John Young, “Baron. British Statesman...... Rae ie 1807. .1876
Littell, Eliakim. Founder of Litéell’s Living Age..........-. 1797..1870
Little, Charles C. American Publisher...............2.00+-+0- 1799..1869
Little, Henry. ‘‘Confederate’’ General............. délbo acs cay ESTGus ABOz
Littrow, Karl Ludwig von. Austrian Astronomer..... coed TORRE, 1877
Livingston, Rev. David.. Physician, Missionary, African
MERDLOVED J. 4 dene scauenc eee sna cas seese Sarecgn deen ee so ec SUL OE7 (204873
Locke, John, m.p. American Geologist........0.+-+-.e0se0) . 1792. .1856
Locke, Richard Adams. American Author and Journalist..:. 1800. .1871
Lohde, Dr. George. German Naturalist.......cccecsssesecees —— «+1875
Lohr, Emil. German Landscape Painter..........00.2++sseee0 1809..1876
Lomenie, Louis Léonard de. French Scholar................ 1818. .1878
Longley, Charles Thomas. Archbishop of Canterbury....... 1794..1868
Longman, William. British Publisher..... Wierda ests cso... 01877
Longstreet, Angustas Baldwin, American Jurist and Author. 1790..187¢
2
IP Bo REY an, Meee Se ae
$5" at wr Ie ae = Setse tae
720 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
, BORN, DIED,
Longworth, Nicholas, American Vintner..........00..++-- 1782..1863
Lonsdale, Rev. John. English Prelate and Scholar..... weeee 1788. 1867
Loomis, Gustavus. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A........ 1789. 1872
Lopez, Francisco Solano. President of Paraguay............ 1831..1870
Lord, Daniel, Lt. p. American Lawyer................- Ly Se 1795..1868
Lord, J. K. English Naturalist and Author.................. 1817. .1872
Lord, Nathan, p.p. American Clergyman and Educator..... 1798..1870
Loring, Frederick W. American Journalist and Author...., 1846..1871
Lough, John Graham. British Sculptor..................2.-. 1895. .1876
Lovelace, Ada Augusta, Countess of. Only Child of Lord ;
Byron. ‘‘ Sole daughter of my house and heart.’’........ 1815, .1852
Lovell, Charles 8. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A........ 1812, .1871
Lover, Samuel. Irish Artist, Novelist and Composer. ........ 1797. 1868
Low, Sampson, Jr. English Publisher and Author........... 1823..1871
Lowe, James. Inventor of the Screw Propeller.. .........- - — ..1866
Lowell, Mrs. A. Cabbot. American Writer for Children... — ..1874
Lowrie, Walter. American Statesman and Philanthropist... _ 1784. .1868
Lubbock, Ellen Frances. Wife of Sir John L. (Vacation
Tourists,\.t1 5323.5 seh aa Ae. das eee a 1835..1879
Ludlow, Fitzhugh. American Writer. (Hasheesh Hater.).... 1837..1870
Ludwig III. Grand Duke of Hesse... is. sn dc..4-..
i”
’26 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
BORN. DIED.
Olozaga, Don Salustiano. Spanish Statesman............... 18032, 1873
Omalino d’Halloy, Jean Baptiste Julien d’. Belgian Geolo-
Gist-and Hthnologist: ois. .cccieis s omeacaie ee eke seule 1783..1875
ONeill, John. Irish Patriot, 5. i..c.ssssenes eens on pee oss-s 1834,.1878
Ord, George. American Philologist and Naturalist........... 1782. .1866
Ormond, John Butler, Marquis of. Writer..................- 1808, . 1854
Orr, James Lawrence. American Statesman and Diplomatist. 1822..1873
Orton, James. American Naturalist ................sesc8- ..- 1830..1877
Orton, Jason R. American Physician, Poet and Editor....... 1806. .1867
Orton, Reginald. Surgeon and Writer on Med. Subjects ..... 1810, .1862
Osborn, Sherard. British Naval Officer.................sc0e.- 1822..1875
Osgood, Mrs. Helen Louise Gilson. Philanthropist........... 1835..1868
Ossorio, Juan Bautista. Cuban Patriot and Martyr..... nae 1839..1871
Otey, Rev. James Hervey. Good Bishop...........+ Salata Oe . 1799..1863
Otho, Frederic Louis. Ex-King of Greece............ sovececa ROLE EIOO
Overbeck, Friedrich. German Painter................002ee 1789. .1869
Owen, John Jason. Greek Scholar and Author.............. 1803. .1869
Owen, Rebert Dale. American Writer................. eecees 180%..1877
Owen, David Dale.; Geologist. ..: 2. eet ied Bel eae erates 1807..1860
Oxenford, John. British Dramatic Author,........... Socbece XO%2,, O77
P,
Pabst, Hermann, po.p. German Historian.......sseeseeees+ — ++1870
Pacini, Giovanni. Italian Composer..............seeeeeese0 1796..1867
Packer, Asa. American Philanthropist..................050- 1806..1879
Page, Charles Grafton. Physicist and Author................ 1812,.1868
Paige, Alonzo Christopher. American Jurist.... ............ 1797..1868
Palacky, Franz. Bohemian Historian and Statesman........ 1798..1876
Palikao, Charles Guillaume M. A. A. Cousin- Montauban,
The Count de: French Soldier... 7.5; J42 ts «aes Oe 1796, .1878
Palladins, Archimandrite. Russian Orientalist............. Nc EE (4)
Palmer, Christian von. German Theologian................. 1811,.1875
Palmer, Mrs. Phoebe. Evangelist, Missionary, Author..... . 1807..1874
Pangalos, M. Varnavas. Modern Greek Patriot.............. — ..1855
Papineau, Louis Joseph. Canadian Statesman.............. 1789. .1871
Parepa-Rosa, Euphrosyne. Operatic Singer ............... 1839..1874
Parisel, Dr. Francis. French Communist..........- .......- 1840, .1877
Park, Roswell. American Clergyman, Professor and Author.. 1807..1869
Parker, Col. Edward Griffin. Politician and Author......... 1826, . 1868
Parker, Joel. American Clergyman and Author.............. 1799..1873
Parker, Prof. Joel. American Jurist and Author............. 1795..1875
Parker, John Henry. English Publisher and Author. (Glossara
Of Architectures so ices cola tine Se Soke lok sae ee eee 1806, ,1870
Parlatore, Filippo. Italian Naturalist. (#lora Italiana.) ... 1816,.1877
Parsons, Usher. Amer. Physician, Professor and Author.... 1788., 1868
Parton, Mrs. Sara Payson Willis. Fanny Fern. Amerizaw
‘ PAUGDOP fo. «oo cncsfcen s ares ee ent ha ae ne ead een 1811 ,2872
Passavant, John David. Artist and Writer on Art .. Ceeveove “=F »86z
Pe ee ph ak iG ak aaa
A’ BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 727
BORN, DIND.
Patmore, Peter George. Writer.............cc0cees + ae 1787,.1855
Patria, Henri Joseph Guillaume. French Scholar..... ecceess 1798..1876
Patterson, Francie’P.’ American Generals... 2s doc. ceecececs cvclecccck
Paulding, Hiram. American Naval Officer.......... ae takra< 1797..1878
Paulding, Leonard. U.S. Naval Officer........... sates mie «2020, . 1867
Paxton, Edward F. ‘‘ Confederate” General................ — ..1863
Payne, Joseph. British Educator................. co tie eden 2 E008 2876
Peabody, George. Banker and Philanthropist. .... ona ote w+ + 1795..1869
Peacock, Thomas Love. English Novelist and Poet.. 1. 1786. .1866
Pearce, James A. American “Legislator encloses Walistela'd acae es 1805. . 1862
Pearson, George F. American Nayal Officer.............+02+ 1799..1867
Peck, Ashel.. American Jurist,...............6. tngesacess ons) LSORCCIOTG
Peck, John James. American General.............. Shen we kee 1821,.1878
Peet, Harvey Prindle. Instructor of Deaf Mutes............. 1794. .1873
Pegram, William Johnson. ‘Confederate’? General......... 1841..1865
Pelouze, Théophile Jules. French Chemist............ EAP YS 1807. . 1867
Pennethorne, Sir James. English Architect................ — ..1871
Pender, William D. ‘Confederate’? General...... Badontie eee — ..1863
Pennington, William. American Statesman................. 1797. .1862
Perce, Elbert. Amer. Authorand Inventor. (The Battle Roll.). 1832. .1869
Perier, Auguste Casimir Victor Laurent. French Statesman, 1811. .1876
Perkins, George Roberts. American Author of Text Books... 1812..1876
Perkins, Jonathan Cogswell. American Lawyer............+ 1809. .1877
Perkins, Samuel E. American Jurist.................cceceees 1811..1879
Perraud, J.J. French Sculptor. (Adam; Despair.)..... eee 1821..1876
Perrone, Giovanni. Italian Priest and Author....... RG ice 1794. .1876
Persiani, Giuseppi. Italian Musical Composer......... appa 1801, .1869
Persoz, Jean Francois. French Chemist..................... 1805. .1868
Perthes, Boucher de Crevecceur. Founder of the Science of .
RIOCMEDOLO OV va hat als ce cdo ie. ua's Seeker ced co benes woe ag oes sees 1788, . 1868
Peschel, Oskar Ferdinand. German Geographer............. 1826. .1875
Petermann, Dr. August. German Geographer............... 1822, .1878
Peters, Absalom. Congregational Clergyman and Author.... 1793..1869
Peters, Adolf. German Mathematician and Poet............. 1803..1876
-Peucker, Eduard.von. German General.................0. . 1791..1876
Pfleger-Moransky, Gustavus. Bohemian Poet............. - 1834..1875
Pfyffer, Casimir. Swiss Lawyer and Writer....... SOC ACSEGRA 1794..1875
Phillip, John, R.A. English genre Painter..............sc0008 1817.. 1867
Phillips, Willard. American Jurist and Author.............. 1784..1873
Picard, Louis Joseph Ernest. French Senator............... 1821. .1877
Pichot, Amédée. French Author and Translator......... oe
73° A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
; BORN, DIED,
Reisach, Charles Auguste, Countde. Cardinal Bishop....... 1800.,.1869
Remusat, Francois Marie Charles, Count de. Statesman and
WUGHOT yee e waned ek pe cte o etka lek em em niet tiki anne 1797.» 1875
Rennie, George. Eng. Engineer and Writer on Engineering. 1791..1866
Renouard, Anthony Augustin. French Bibliographer....... 1765..1853
Renouard, Rev. George Cecil. Hng. Geog. and Orientalist... 1780. .1867
Renschle, Karl Gustav. German Geographer...............- 1812, ,1875
Renshaw, William B. United States Naval Officer.......... — ..1863
Revel, Giovanni Pietri, D. p. Waldensian Clerg. and Bishop. 1810,.1871
Rianzares, Fernando Munoz, Duque de. King-Consort of
Marie Christing, ooo. eet a ee ee ee 1810. .1873
Richardson, Albert Deane. Journalist and Author. (Beyond
the Mississippi.) 2 eee en eer eeee REE ioc: .- 1833..1869
Richardson, Edward. English Sc: alptor Voc teicses of RRO eee . 1812..186g
Richmond, Dean. Amer. Political 7 Tlanager and Capitalist... 1803. .1866
Riley, H. T. English Historic>? end Critical Writer......... . 1818,.1878
Rinaldi, Rinoldo. Italian Sculptor, Pupil of Canova......... — ..1873
Rinehart, William H. American Scwptor... ...3.-......008 1827..1874
Ringgold, Cadwalader. American Naval Officer........... -. 1802..1867
Ripley, Henry Jones. Amer. Clerg., Author and Professor.. - 1798..187§
Ripley, James W. Brevet Major-General, U.S. A...........: 1794..1870
Ritchie, Mrs. Anna Cora Mowatt. American Actress and
Authoress:. 32, ones an eee ares nner eo ee eo eerinee Ren 4 . 1821?,1870
Ritschl, Friedrich. German Classical Scholar....... ESS 1806, ,.1876
Ritter, Heinrich. German Philosopher and Historian.
(Geschichie der Philosophie.) i. 0. .c0c. 5.5 teecc seen es veccee I7Q1..1869
Rives, William C. American Statesman and Diplomatist..... 1793..1868
Roberts, B. 8. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A........... . 1811. , 1875
Robertson, James Burton. British Scholar....... oe eseenneso LOG. eaagm
Robertson, Joseph. Scottish Antiquarian.............. seeeee 1811. .1866
Robertson, Thomas William. English Actor and Author.... 1829..1871
Robinson, Henry Crabb. English Conversationalist. (Diary. ). 1775..1867
Robinson, Horatio N. American Mathematician and Author. 1806..1867
Robinson, John Henry. English Line Engraver.............. 1796. .1871
Robinson, Mrs. Thérése Albertine Louise. Author and
"TranBlatore wes Fcs a's Cowes cw ceed + coe Cree ete er eee 1797..1870
Robinson, Thomas, p. p, Canon of Rochester, Prof. of Arabic. 1790..1873
Robinson, William 8. Warrington. American Journalist... 1818..1876
Rodbertus, Johann Karl. German Statesman.............. » 1805, .1875
Redman, Thomas J. Brevet Brigadier-General, U. 8. A.. aya . 182079. 1871
Roebling, John Augustus. Civil. Hnpineero.. ste. « vuln sane 1806. . 1869
Roebuck, John Arthur. English Politician: ..5.3.J3:..scesm 1802, .1879
Rogers, Henry Darwin. Prof. of Geology, Univ. of Glasgow. 1809. . 1866
Roget, Peter Mark, m.p. English Philologist and Author.... 1779..1869.
Rokitansky, Karl von. Austrian Anatomist and Physiologist. 1804. .1878
Rolph, John A. Artist, Landscape Engraver........ isch o-- 1798. .1862
Romer, Miss. English Operatic Singer...... .......+-.-+-0s- 1816, . 1868
Roon, Albrecht Theodor Emil, Count’ von. Ger. Field Marshal. 1803..1879
Roosevelt, JamesI, American Judge....... Ap Rae ey sid 398 eoees 1795. 1875
Roosevelt, Theodore. American Civilian. ........e.secceecss 1832..1878
Roscoe, Thomas. English Author and Poet,.....ssseeccccees 1798e+387E
D hed ee veh, Ga ate oo + CO ee ee ead
i,t Site an pt tend eee Sl Peat « phen ee
The © bate me ery 2 6) he ob Bi 7 roa y- oo
om. vie ge a a Z
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 731
BORN, DIED.
Rose, Gustav, px.p, German Chemist-and crate. ves 1798..1873
Rose, Henry John, Archdeacon of Bedford, Author... ...... 1800, . 1873
Roos, William Charles. Miniature Painter.................005 1794..1860
Rosse, William Parsons, Earl of. Astronomer and Physicist., 1800, .1867
Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio, Musical Composer............ 1792. .1868
Rossiter, Thomas P. American Painter. (Ruthand Naomi.). 1818..1871
Rothschild; Anselm, Baron. Financier............cseeseeeee 1773..1855
Rothschild, James, Baron. Banker................. webescerer L7Q2.. 1808
Rothschild, Lionel de, Baron. Financier....... A esa ties eens 1808. .1879
Rotscher, Dr. N. T. German Writer.................00-0ecce 1802. ,1871
Rouge, Oliver Charles Camille Emanuel, Viscount de. French
RECO EE SEG DPR a ales Js ician, hod ae Gainer cre Be a aie oecy ISEL E1873
Rous, Henry John. British Admiral and Sportsman. ........ 1795..1877
Rousseau, Lovell H. Major-General, U.S. Vols............. 1818, . 1869
Ruben, Christoph. German Painter..................00 bho ed 1805. .1875
Ruckert, Heinrich. German Historian................. oe ib's £823, 32875
SUC eat CHuCian ETeNiCIeSCULDUON sc. o pcg cecn cue eueseasies ede) 784i SSS
Ruggles, Edward. American Physician and Artist..... area ee 1817. .1867
Runeberg, Johan Ludwig. Finnish Poet and Scholar........ 1804, .1877
Rush, James. American Physician and Author. (Philosophy
GRR LEUIBAN, VOWE i ath al cause sever caine ch cticbas de Ouse 1786, .1869
Rusk, Thomas J. American General and Statesman.......... 1803. .1857
Russel, John, Harl. English Statesman and Author.......... 1792" °1878
Russel, William. American Author of Text Books.......... - 1798..1873
Rustow, Wilhelm. German Military Writer....... eye cea. . 1821..1878
Ryall, Thomas nee: English Historical Engraver,.... veoey ESIX..1867
8.
Sabine, Lorenzo. American Author.......ccccssscoecccsscens 1803.,1879
Sack, Karl Heinrich. German Theologian.................... 1790. .1875
Sacy, Samuel Ustazade Sylvestre de. French Academician
REGUS OW era, toe. Poke cae ee ac oleae s puis nc aisvcen ely ar ee 1801..1879
Sadlier, Louise. German Painter..............c.c cee ceeceees 1780, . 1866
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin. French Poet, Critic,
Academician and Senator............... Meh Cee Pi cual ved 1804. , 1869
Saint-Georges, Jules Henri Vernoy de. Dramatic Author... 1801..1875
Salles, Eusebe Francois, Count de. - French Orientalist....... 1797..1873
Salm-Salm, Prince Felix. Austrian Nobleman and Brig.-Gen.,
es ie eo is cere eres Swain he ain OG Sota ah oat miele . 1828..1870
Saltoun, Alexander George Fraser, Lord. Defender of Houg-
PPEPELIO ID Goins arco at a orttte ce Pr oir enforce =isve, uo artic la wae aiuarctaiaate mie 1785..1853
Salvador, Joseph. Jewish Historical Writer................. 1796. .1873
Sand, George. (Amantine Lucille Aurore Dupin-Dudevant).
Branch Novelists ..s2535 oss o4 6. ee cee Sede ue bigetcascess cs 1804. .1876
Sanders, William P. American General..:::0)-.20.csccesccce ue. 1808
Sandhurst, William Rose Mansfield. British General..... ... 1819..1876
Sanford, John Langton, British Historian.............. weeee 1824..1877
Sanger; William W. American Physician and Author..,,..., 1819., 187%
732 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
BORN,
DIED,
San Miguel, Evaristo. Spanish Journalist, Statesman and
OQLOIOE o. as aces Co shea Cie aE . 1780.,1862
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de. Mexican General a: bearers 1798. .1876
Santini, Giovanni. Italian Astronomer..............-.--0+0+- 1786, .1877
Sargent, Lucius Manlius, Am, Author, Journalist, Reformer. 1786. .1867
Sartwell, Henry Packer. American Scientist. (Husiccate.). 1792..1867
Savage, James. American Archeologist.............--...+-- 1784..1873
Savage, John. American Jurist............ceceeseeeeeee vpsee A779 sr eos
Savigny, Karl Frederich von. Prussian Diplomatist eS eee ae 1814..1875
Schaeffer, Wilscn. Brigadier-General, U. S. Vols............ — ..1870
Scheerer, Theodor. German Chemist and Geologist......... 1813..1875
Schleicher, August. German Philologist and Author........ 1821. . 1868
Schmid, Theodor. German Philologist.......... sas aa Corea 1798. .1877
Schmucker, Samuel 8. American Theologian.............. . 1799..1873.
Schnaase, Karl. German Art Historian............,.....2+- 1798. . 1875
Schonbein, Christian: « Chemistsigi2 0.4 ik sss4 5 on ore 1779. .1868
Schweitzer, Dr. J. B. von. German Socialist and Poet...... 1834..1875
Scialoja, Antonio. Italian Statesman and Political Economist. 1817..1877
Sclopis de Salerano, Paolo Federigo, Count. Italian Jurist. 1798. .1878
Scott, Sir George Gilbert, British Architect.................- 1811. . 1878
Scott, Winfield, tu. p. Brevet Lieutenant-General, U.S. A... 1786..1866
Scribner, Charles. American Publisher................ sere 1820, .1873
Scribner, John Blair, American Publisher..............-2-0. 1851..1879
Scroop, Willian.” Writers: <. sc. s)0 s,s sackets eae Pas. . 1771..1852
Seaton, William Winston. American Journalist..,......... . 1785..1866
Secchi, Pietro Angelo. Italian Astronomer....... ei see-- 1818,.1878
Sedgwick, Rev. Adam. English Geologist.............:..... 1786. .1873
Sedgwick, Catharine Maria. Amer. Novelist and Hetiee 1789. .1867
Sedley, William Henry. (W.H. Smith.) American Actor... 1806,.1872
Seemann, Berthold, px. p. German Scientist................ 1825..1871 _
Sefton, John, Bnglish Actor... 6.0225 Suc Shee ep eee 1805, . 1868
Segur, Philippe Paul, Count de. General and Historian...... 1780..1873
Seidl, Johann Gabriel. Austrian Poet and Archeologist...... 1805..1875
Selby, Prideaux John. English Naturalist................+.- 1789. .1867
Selwin, William. English Clergyman and Author............ 1806. .1875
Selwyn, George Augustus. Bishop of Lichfield.............. 1809. , 1878
Semmes, Raphael. ‘‘ Confederate’ Naval Officer............ 1809..1877
Seroff, Alexander Nikolaievitch. Musical Composer....)..... 1821..1871 .
Sewall, Samuel. American Clergyman and Antiquarian...... 1785..1868
Seward, William Henry, tu.p. American Statesman........ 1801, .1872
Seymour, Hezekiah C. American Civil Engineer............ 1812... 1853
Seymour, Thomas Hart. American Politician............. .» 1808, .1868
Shakespear, Sir Richmond Campbell. Military Officer..... . — ..1861 —
Shamyl, ‘‘ The Warrior-Prophet of the Caucasus”’........... 2797., ye
Sharps, Christian. Inventor of Sharps’ Rifle..... oc EAS oe I811..1874
Sheaffe, Sir Roger H. Military Officer..............ccc0 cece 1763..185% _
Shenton, Henry Crawner. British Line Engraver....... eee 1803..1866
Shepherd, Nathaniel G. American Poet and Journalist...... 1835..1869
Shepley, George F. American Jurist........:.cccccccceceees 1819. .1878
Shere Ali, Ameer of Afghanistan........... a aces aie did eww 6b. 6 eae aoe ees ae
Shermaa, Thomas W. American General..........eseeeeeee+ 1813, 41879
733
BORN, DIED.
Shields, James. American General...........cccceeceeceeecs 1810, .1879
Shilder-Shuldner, Jury Ivanovitch. Russian General...... — ..1878
Shimeall, Richard GC. Clergyman and Author................ 1803..1874
Shurtleff, Nathaniel Bradstreet, m.p. American Naturalist,
Pee AR RT IEE MONE LILOT shy 0409 ued dg ee sie bsp aie oil Peele SE 1810, .1874
Sibley, Henry H. ‘‘Confederate”? General................... I815. 1862
Sidell, William H. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A........ 1810. .1873
Siebold, Philip Franz von. German Botanist................ 1796... 1866
Sill, Joshua Woodrow. American General................6... 1831. .1862
Simms, William Gilmore. American Poct and Novelist...... 1806, .1870
Simrock, Karl. .German Poet and Author..................-- 1802. . 1876
Singer, Isaac Merritt. American Inventor...... NEY a acs 2 PRM IS11..1875
Skey, Frederick. English Medical Writer.................... — ..1872
Skinner, George Ure. English Botanist ...................2. 1805, .1867
Skinner, Thomas Harvey, Dp. pD., Lu. D. Professor and Author.. 1791..1871
Slane, Baron William MacGukin de. Arabic Scholar......... 1801, . 1878
Slaughter, William B. American Writer.................... 1798. .1879
Pleeper, Jobn S.) American: Editor...) sl ee ede 1794..1878
Sleifeusand, Xavier. German Engraver..................20. 1809. . 1376
Slemmer, Adam J. American General..............2...2.%-. 1828 7, 1868
Slidell, John. American Politician and Diplomatiat.......... 1793..1871
Sloat, John Drake. Rear-Admiral, U.S.N........... Vie hey > 1780..1867
Smallwood, Charles. Canadian Astronomer................. 1811. .1873
Smith, Asa Dodge. Amer. Clergyman and College President. 1804..1877
Smith, Augustus William. American Methodist Clergyman.. 1802..1866
mith, Benjamin Franklin. Brevet Brig.-Gen.,U.S.A...... 1831..1868
Smith, Rey. Eli. American Missionary and Orientalist....... 1801, 1857
Smith, Francis Gurney. American Physiologist and Author.. 1318..1878
Smith, George. British Oriental Scholar.... ................ 1840..1876
Smith, George, p.p. English Preacher. (History of Wesleyan
PEE URITOO Le A Sass wher cere lISaie OR: Covel Aare eatatale: Ste tes aie dts b.laia hese 1800. , 1868
Smith, Gerrit. American Philanthropist and Statesman...... 1797..1874
Smith, Henry Boynton. American Clerzyman and Writer.... 1815..1877
Smith, Major Henry. Eng. Antiquarian, Botanist and Actor.. 1793..1868
Smith, James. Scottish Geologist and Author......./....... 1782. .1867
Smith, Joseph Mather. American Physician, Professor and
MEG CGAL WEIDER une wala Sic Wc whe waMeueealoy aie is saya De aes eo) nN 7 820 TOG
Smith, Joseph R. Brevet Brigadier-General, U.S. A......... 1802. . 1868
Smith, Morgan L. Major-General, U.S. Volunteers.......... 1818. .1874
Smith, Prof. Nathan R. American Physician................ 1797..1877
Smith, Persifer F. American General..... PRA eae Coan aa Fn te — .,1858
Smith, Seba. American Journal’st and Author...:........... 1792..1868
Smith, Toulmin. English Publicist and Scholar.............. 1816, .1869
Smith, Wyndham. Zhe Assassin. Sonof Sydney S......... — ..1872
Smyth, Thomas A. American General................0.02006 — ..1865
Snowden, James Ross. American Numismatist.............. 1810, . 1878
Solger, Dr. Reinhold. Hungarian Patriot and Lecturer....... — ..1866
Somerset, Sir Henry. Lieutenant-General................... 1794. . 18f™
Somerville, Mrs. Mary Fairfax. Authoress and Physicist. Life
DV RIFOUMALD Tay heres dhs te dy nds teas cesuaueowe Peeper acai ss 1780, . Tore
Sophia, Queen of the Netherlands.......-.scsccceeccoeeseeces 1818, .1877
Sopwith, Thomas, English Geologist and Mining Engineer..
Soule, Rev. Joshua. Bishop of Southern Methodist Church..
Soule, Pierre. Politician and Diplomatist................ eae
Soulie, Endore, French Writer.,.......-...... hehehe cveurawes
South, Sir James. English Astronomer............... aaas
Sowerby, James de Carle. English Naturalist. ............. 4
Spalding, Benedict Joseph. Roman Catholic Clergyman.....
Spalding, Martin John. Roman Catholic Archbishop.......
Sparks, Jared. American Clergyman and Historian......-...
Spence, B:'K.) English Sculptor.) b.caev core ci, | eerie ,
Spiers, Alexander, PH. bp. French Philologist and Professor.
Sprague, Charles. American Poche ieee. ec cine Wee
Sprague, JohnJ. American General.............cccceeeeces
Sprague, William Buel. American Clergyman and Author...
Spring, Gardiner. American Clergyman and Author........
Stahr, Adolf Wilhelm Theodor. German Scholar........ AS
Stanger, William. Physician and Naturalist.............. nee
Stangford, P. E, A. Frederick William Smythe, Viscount.
Orientalist and Philologist.. 20; oo0, docta aye: 3.) ee
Stanhope, Philip Henry, Earl. Hnglish Historian, Essayist,
Legislators: Ne. itso ie naka ae ec eel towne cebuck sea amen os
Stanley, Anthony Dumond. American Mathematician...... a
Stanley of Alderley, Edward John. English Statesman....
Stanton, Edwin M. American Statesman.............. svigttas
Steele, William. American Revolutionary Soldier..........-
Steers, George. American Naval Constructor............ Die
Steinway, Englehard Heinrich. Piano Manufacturer..... Pils
Stephen, A. J.’ Lawyer and Writer........ 0.0... .cccccwcceee
Stephens, Mrs. Harriet Marion. Writer............... IN
Stephens, Linton. American Jurist and Politician..........
Stevens, John Austin. American Merchant and Banker.....
Stevens, Thaddeus. American Statesman and Reformer.....
Stevens, Walter H., ‘‘ Confederate” Brigadier-General......
Steward, Mrs. Isabella Travers. Eng. Novelist and Poetess.
Stewart, Alexander Turney. American Merchant GARE
Stewart, Charles. U.S. Naval Officer..........0...07.0cesees
Stifter, Adalbert. German Novelist and Painter..... vagpmes
Stirling-Maxwell, Sir William. British Author............
Stockton, John D. American Journalist. (Yow and Geese.)..
Stockton, Robert Field. American Naval Officer............
Stockton, Thomas Hewlings. American Clergyman, Author
and Poet; vdieo tec e Ades ae's aa slag maiden we tee ane ane a
Stoever, Martin Luther, pH. Dp. Lutheran Clergyman, Profes-
SOY aNd AUEOPP ey ee en aa ale oe ee Rem fateleiieat
Stone, Horatio. American Sculptor.................005 vanes
Stone, William Oliver. American Portrait Painter......... me
Storrs, Richard Salter, Sr. American Clerg. and Journalist...
Stoughton, Edwin H. Brigadier-General, U. S. Vols.........
Stow, Baron. Baptist Clergyman and Author..... a neaty Oeste
Strachan, John, p.p. Bishop of Toronto..............0.00e ’
Strandberg, C. W. A. Swedish Poet.........ccscccecccraces
"34 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
BORN, DIED,
1803..1879
1781... 1867
1800 ?, 1870
1817. .1876
1785. .1867
1787. .1871
1810. , 1868
1810, .1872
1789. . 1866
— ..1866
1807..1869 —
1791..1875
1810. .1878
1795. .1876
1785. .1873
1805. .1876
— *-1854
1825.. 1869
1805..1879
1812. .1853
1802, 1869
1814. .1869
1762, .1851
1821. .1856
1797..1871
1788. , 1864
1823..1858
1823. .1872
1795 ..1874
1793..1868
1827 ? 1867
1807 ? 1867
1803..1876
1779. .1869
1806. .1868
1818, .1878_
1836. .1877
1796. .1866
1808 . . 1868
1820. .1870
— ..1875
a |) See
1787..1873
— ..1869
1801. . 1869
1778. .1867
1818, .1877
“A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
BORN. DIED,
Strodtman, Dr. Adolf. German Poet and Translator. (Life
PRIMM ie cele katy het cares bob lobe Lia's Vedra Ou ebig bls 40.5
Strong, William K. Brigadier- General, AG) EN ViGidie de ee iu cn
Struensee, Gustav von. Gusfav von See. Novelist,.........
Struve, Gustave. German Revolutionist and Author,........
Stuart, Lady Louise. Last of the Stuarts.............0.......
| Sturges, Jonathan. American Merchant and Philanthropist.
American Painter. (Washington Crossing
Sully, ‘Thomas.
BUMEIARDOPE NS odie a ee Sk ae uid vis ean ee
Sumner, Charles, rp. p. American Statesman and Scholar...
Susini, Mrs. Isabella Hinckley. American Vocalist......... .
Swain, David Lowry. Amer. Statesman, Jurist and Educator.
Swain, William M. Founder of Philadelphia Public Ledger
GAG SHOT OU. veka sic Celeceseehledas Suemmaladets
Sweetser, Henry Edward.’ American Journalist............
Swinhoe, Robert. British Naturalist......... Raela eee Tt iivie seg
Symington, W. Scottish Theological Writer................
Symons, Jelinger Cookson. Writer....c....0.ceseccccsececee
Ai!
Tadolini, Giovanni. Italian Musical Composer..............
735
1828. .1879
‘1805. . 1867
1803. .1875
1805. . 1870
1776. .1875
1801. .1874,
1783..1872
_ 1811, .1874
— .,1862
1801, .1868
1809. . 1868
1837..1870
1836, 1877
1795..1862,
B810,. 1864
1793..1872
Talbot, William Henry Fox. English Author:........ Atte 1800, ,187}
Tallmadge, Frederick Augustus. Amer. Jurist and Politician, 1792... 186g
Tappan, John. American Merchant and Philanthropist..... 1781. .187%
Tatnall, Josiah. ‘‘Confederate.”” Commodore........ on iat 1796..187%
Tattam, Henry, p.p. English Theologian................... 1796. . 1868
. Tausig, Karl. German Pianist and Composer................ 1841,. 1871
Tay, Charles H. Brevet Brigadier-General, U. S. Vols........ 1836. .187x
Taylor, Bayard. American Poet, Traveller, Journalist, Diplo-
wut aS ta RUD eal NA Ae Ble eee mePnighalty aaiatuie cule aid foie Mah le 1825. .1878
Taylor, James B.,p.p. Baptist Clergyman and Author....., 1804.. 1871
‘Taylor, Richard. ‘‘Confederate” General. (Destruction and
LOCO MAMMUD Ce te Mh a ote alain Ala c Gal ee al a's Kola deo ae clo the slot.
i
MEOWANIOAL MOVEMEN'TS.
2 No, 8
528 afl 53 x ;
57. Walking-beam and fly-wheel.—5s, Reciprocating motion to pump or other rod by
means of eccentric disk and friction rollers. (See 81 and 104.)—59, Hoisting crane.— 60.
Friction gears. (See 43.)—61. Rotary into ge eS yao af rising and falling pinion acting
on endless rack.—62. By the revolving cam, a rising and falling or a reciprocating rectilinear
motion is imparted” to a drum.—63. Reciprocating motion toaframe by means of endless
rack and pinion.— 64. Reciprocating rectilinear motion to a toothed rack by a toothed seg-
ment on a lever-arm.—65, Reciprocating motion to a rod by means of revolving wheels
of different diameters. (See 110.)—66. Cam and elbow lever.— 67. Rod reciprocates by means
of cam.—68, Revolving into reciprocating motion, by an endless segmental rack and pinion.
69. Elliptic Sah es Bevel gear.—71. Worm and worm-wheel.—72. Transmitting motion
from one axle to another.—73. Continuous revolying into reciprocating, by acam disk acting
on an oscillating lever.—74. Intermittent revolving motion to a shaft with two pinions, an
segment gear-wheel on end of shaft. —75. Oscillating lever, carrying pawls which engage
teeth in the edges ofa bar to which rectilinear motion js imparted.—76. Oscillating lever,
connects by a link with a rod to which a rectilinear motion is imparted. —77. Oscillating lever .
and pawls, which gear in the ratchet-wheel.—78. Common treadle.—79. Describing on a re-
volving cylinder a spiral line of a certain given pitch, which depends upon the comparative
sizes of the pinion and bevel-wheels,— 80, Marking a spiral line, the graver moved by ascrew.
81. (See 58, )—82. Plunger and rods. 83. Crosshead and rods,—8&4, Leciprocating rod guided
by friction rollers,
ed el OF WB ra ee PR et) PS ee re al Vy ae dete Tid yr 4 if i hp ty
a SAS ioe rt aie . y ae oe
ae dee ee ae >
8. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by means of roller-arms, extendiis from a re-
volving shatt.— 86. Crank motion.—87. Reciprocating motion by toothed wheei and 3pring
bar.— 88. ‘Che shaft carries a taper, which catches a hook hinged to the drum, to carry drum
along and raise the weight on the rope. When the tappet has reached its Le ena’ position, the
hook strikes a pin,and disengages from the tappet,and the weight drops,—89, Reciprocating mo-
tion toa red by means of a groove in an oblique ring secured to a revolving shaft.—90. Doubte
crank.— 91. Cam groove in a drum, to produce reciprocating motion.— 92. Belts and pulleys.
93. Pulleys, belts, and internal gear.—4, As the rod moves up and down, the tecth of the
cog-wheel come in contact with a pawl, and an intermittent rotary motion is imparted to
said wheel,— 95. By turing the horizontal axles with different velocities, the middle wheel
is caused to revolve with the mean velocity.—96. Oscillating lever and cam groove in a disk.
97. Lazy tongs.— 98. Oscillating segment and belt over pulleys oho. Converting oscillating
into a reciprocating motion by a cam-slot in the end of the oscillating lever.—100. Oscillating
motion of a beam into rotary motion.— 101. Motion of a treadle into rotary motion.— 102.
Double-acting beam.— 193. Single-acting beam.— 104, (See 58 and 81.)—105, Device to steady
a piston by a slotted guide-piece.— 106. Rod operated by two toothed segmeuts.— 107, Two
cog-wheels of equal diameter, provided with crank, connected by links with a crossbar to
which the piston-rod is secured.— 108, Device for a rectilinear motion of a piston-rod.— 109,
Same purpose as 56.— 110. Action similar to 65.—117_ Revolving motion by a circular sliding
pinion gearing in an elliptical cog-wheel,— 112, Similar to 06, .
‘
«eu
use MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.—No. 5.
113. Carpenter’s clamp. The |
jaws turn on their pivot-screws, #3 MF 48
and clamp the board,— 114. An
irregular vibratory molion is
given to the arm carrying the
wheel A, by the rotation of the] |
pinion B.-- 1i5. Intermittent
rotary motion of the pinion-
shaft, by the continuous rotary
motion of the large wheel.—116.
Stop-motion used in watches to
limit the number of revolutions
in winding up. ‘The convex
curved part, a, 6, of the wheel
B, serving as the stop. — 117.
Several wheels, by connecting-
rods, driven from one pulley.—
118. Intermittent circular mo-
ion is imparted to the toothed
wheel by vibrating the arm B.—
119, Reciprocating rectilinear
motion is given to the bar by
the continuous motion of the
cam.— 120. Mechanism for re-
volving the cylinder in Colt’s
firearms. When the hammer is
drawn back the dog, a, attached
to the tumbler, acts on_ the
ratchet, 6, on the back of the
cylinder, and is held up to the
ratchet by a spring, ¢.— 121.
Alternate increasing and dimin-
ishing motion by means of ec
ceutric toothed wheel and
toothed cylinder.—122, Oscillat-
ing or pendulum engine. The
cylinder swings between trin-
nions like a pendulum. The
pistou-rod connects directly
with crank.— 128, Intermittent
rotary motion.—124. Longitndi-
nal and rotary motion of thi
rod is produced by its arrange-
ment betweentwo rotating roll-].
ers.— 125. Frictiom indicator o1
Roberts. Upon the periphery o:
the belt-pulley a loaded carriage
is placed, its tongue connected
with an indicator.— 126. Circu-
lar intermittent rectilinear re-
ciprocating motion.— 127. Con-
tinuous circular into intermit-
tent circular motion. The cam
is the driver.— 128, Sewing-ma-
chine, four-motion feed. ~The
bar B carries the feeding-points
or spurs. and is pivoted to slide
A. Bis lifted by a radial projec-
tiou 01 CamC,which at the same
time also carries A and B for-
ward. A spring produces the re-
turn stroke,and the bar B drop:
by gravity.—129. Patent crank|
motion,to obviate dead centers
Pressure on the treadle moves
the slotted slide A forward until the wrist passes the center,when the spring B forces the slid i
ic l is ses the ce Ww. e
stops. — 130. Four-way cock.— 131, One stroke of the piston gives a Apes revolution to the caked
132. Rectilinear motion of variable velocity is given to the vertical bar by rotation of the shaft of the
curved arm.— 133, I antagraph for copying plans, &c. ©, fixed point. B, ivory tracing-point. A, pencil
trace, the lines to be copied with, and B, the pencil, will reproduce it double size. Sh
which C is attached, also the pencil slide, and size of the copy will be varied. — 134, Ball-and-socket joint
for tubing.— 135. Numerical registering device. The teeth of the worm shaft- ear with a pair of worm-
LY
V
wheels of equal diaineter, one haying one tooth more than the other Ifthe first
> ¢ ing on > tha Pr, Y wheel has 100 te
and the second 101, the pointers will indicate respectively 101 and 10.100 revolutions. — 136, Mont olfer'a ‘ny
hydraulic ram. The riglit hand valve being kept open b ve] i i t
nULiC ] r i n by aweight or spring. the current flowing through
the pipe in the direction of the arrow, escapes thereby. When the pressure of the water petit Go: vet
_ comes the weight of the right valve, the momentnm of the water opens the other valve, and the water :
asses into the air-chamber. On equilibrium taking place, the left valve shuts and the right valve opens,
37. Rotary engine, Shaft Band hub C are arranged eccentric to the case, Sliding radial pistons, a, a, Py
moveinand out of hub C. The pistons slide through rolling packings iu the hub C.— 138. Qn
0 Mand o I } § “4 : 1.— 138, Quadrant en-
gine. Two single-acting pistons. B, B, connect with crank D. Steana is adniitted to actor the outer
sides of the pistons alternately through valve a, and the exhaust is between the pistons.— 139. Circular —
into rectilinear motion. The scolloped wheel communiestes motion to the horizontal oscillating ro
and imparts rectilinear movement to the upright bar.— Liv, Kotury motion transmitted by rulliug com
tact between two obliquely arranged shafts,
phe
ift the side to
AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE,
Genesis.
I & Il.
Il.
Ba
rt;
F4y is
17,
20,
Wily 3.
t Pet. ITI, 20.
2 Pet T's,
Gen, Vij.32:
ions
V, 31,
aq
VIL, x1.
Genesis.
VILL, x8,
20.
2348
f THE FIRST AGE OF THE WORLD.
IN the beginning God created the heaven and.the earth, ete..
and last of all, man, after his own image. ‘
Man falls from his first state, but is promised a Saviour, of the
seed of the woman. — 3
The world first peopled after Adam and Eve had left paradise.
About this time Cain and Abel offer sacrifice, and Abel is mur-
dered by his brother.
Seth born.
Enos born.
About this time men begin to call upon the name of the Lord.
Cainan born.
Mahalaleel born.
die born. \
noch, the seventh from Adam, born.
Methuselah born.
Lamech, the father of Noah, born,
Adam dieth, aged 930 years.
Enoch, in the 365th year of his age, taken up to God.
Seth dieth, aged 912 years.
e Noah, the father and patriarch of the new world after the flood,
orn,
Enos, the third from Adam, dieth, aged gos years.
Cainan dieth, aged gro years.
Mahalatleel, the fifth'from Adam, dieth, aged 895 years.
Jared, the sixth from Adam, dieth, aged 962 years.
God commands Noah to preach repentance, and to build the
ark, 120 years before the flood.
i Noah, aged 500 years, is born Japheth, and two years after,
em,
Lamech, the ninth from Adam, dieth; aged 777 years. He is
the first man whom the Scriptures mention to have died a natural
death before his father. ice
Methuselah dieth a little before the flood, in the 969th year of
his age. He was the oldest man.
The flood comes upon the earth in the 6ooth year of Noah’s age.
THE SECOND AGE OF THE WORLD
THE flood ceaseth, and Noah, with his family, and the crea-
tures he carried in with him, comes out of the ark, and offers a
burnt-offering, At the same time God makes a covenant with
Noah and his seed, promising never more to destroy the world b
water ; as a token whereof he placeth the rainbow in the cloud,
The same year Noah begins to plant vines, and is drunk.
Arphaxad born.
Salah born,
Eber born.
Peleg born: so-called, because in his days the earth was
divided.
About this time Nimrod begins to exalt himself, by laying the
first foundation of the Assyrian monarchy.
Nineveh, the metropolis of Assyria, built.
About this time the posterity of Nimrod begin to build the city
and tower of Babel, so-called from the confusion of languages —
which God sent among the workmen.
Reu born.
Mizraim, the grandson of Ham, leads colonies to Egypt, and
aye thé foundation of a kingdom, which lasted 1663 years ;
whence Egypt is called the land of Ham, and the Egyptian
Pharaohs boasted themselves to be the jsons of ancient kings.
746»
1921
1920
1913
I9II
IgI0
1908
1897
Genesis,
XI, 20,
22,
24,
19,
25.
IX, 28, 20,
» 3%
26,
29, 30.
xvit 17.
XI, 21,
ee
XIV, 1,
2, 3, etc.
XI, 31.
Genesis.
wehier 2,
3»
10.
Gal. III,
17.
Exodus
XIT, 40.
Genesis
XIII.
XIV, 4,
24, 25,
30%
AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE.
| tithe.
Serug born. on
Nahor born, | *
Terah, Abram’s father, born.
Peleg, the sixth from Noah, dieth.
Nahor, the ninth from Noah, dieth.
Noah dieth, aged 950 years, 350 year's after the flood.
Abram born: he was 75 years of age when his father Terah
died, aged 205 years; so that Terah begat not Abram in the 7oth
ear of his age, but Nahor and Haran, and in the x30th year of
is age begat Abram. See Acts vii, 4.
Sarai, Abram’s wife (called also Iscah), Haran, Abram’s
brother’s daughter, born ten years after her husband.
Reu, the seventh from Noah, dieth.
Serug, the eighth from Noah, dieth.
About this time Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, subdueth the kings
of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboiim, and Bela; who serve him
12 years, :
‘erah with his family leaveth Ur of the Chaldees, and dwells —
at Haran. A
THE THIRD AGE OF THE WORLD. .«
ABRAM, after his father’s decease, in the 75th year of his age,
is commanded by God to enter upon the land of Canaan, which
God promiseth to give unto his seed, and that in his seed (uvzz.
ol as our Lord) all the families of the earth should be _
essed,
In. the year following, a famine in the land of Canaan forceth
Abram with his family to go into Egypt. From his first coming _
into Egypt to the departure of the children of Israel out of it, are
reckoned 430 years.
Abram and Lot in this same year return into Canaan; but the
land not being sufficient for both their flocks, they part asunder.
Lot goeth to Sodom. God reneweth his promise to Abram; he ©
removeth to Hebron, and there buildeth an altar. .
Bera, the king of Sodom, with four other kings, rebel against
Chedorlaomer, but are overcome by him in the valley of Siddim,
Lot being taken prisoner, Abram rescueth him, slayeth Chedorla-
omer and his confederates, and in his return is blessed by Mel- _
chisedec, king of Salem, and priest of God, to whom Abram gives
The rest of the spoils, his partners having had their por- —
tions, he restoreth to the king of Sodom. i
Abram complaineth for want of an heir: God promiseth him q__
son, and a multiplying of his seed. Canaan is promised again, —
and confirmed by a sign.
Sarai, being barren, giveth Hagar, her handmaid, to Abram,
Ishmael, Hagar’s son, born.
Arphaxad, the third from Noah, dieth. Ae
God maketh a covenant with Abram, and in token of a greater ©
blessing changeth his name into Abraham, As aseal of this cove-
nant, circumcision is ordained. Sarai, her name is also changed
into Sarah, and she is blessed. God promiseth them a son, and
commandeth that his name be called Isaac; in him God promiseth
to establish his covenant. A
Abraham entertaineth three angels, who renew the promise to |
him of having ason. God revealeth to Abraham the destniction —
of Sodom, with whom Abraham intercedes for Lot and his family,
See Gen. xix, 29. .
Lot is commanded, for the preservation of himself and his
family, to get out of Sodom, and to flee to the mountain; but by
much entreaty he obtaineth leave to go into Zoar. Sodom, Go-
morrah, and all the cities in the vale of Siddim, with all the
inhabitants of them, are, for the most horrible sins, destroyed by
fire and brimstone from heaven, The Dead Sea remains a
monument thereof unto this day. Lot’s wife, for looking back
upon Sodom, contrary to God’s command, is turned into a pillar
of salt; and Lot himself, fearing to continue at Zoar, leaves the
plain country, and betakes himsolf to the mountain, carrying his
two daughters with him. i
14%
Pay
ie
1758
£757
1756
1755
1745
1739
1729
1718
3716
1715
1708
1707 |
Genesis.
XXI, 2.
XIX, 36.
XXI, 14.
MLS TS:
XXIL.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XI, rz.
XXV, 24.
Vor,
DT a7
XXVI, 34.
XXV, 17.
XXVIII.
XXVIII.
XIX.
32,
33,
34,
35
BON tia
XXXII.
XXXIL
XXXIV.
XXXV, 16.
XXXVIII,
16.
XXXVII.
XXXIX.
XL.
XXXYV, 28.
XLI, 25,
47,
5°,
Xi, r;
17s
20.
AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE,
Isaac born in the rooth year of Abraham’s age. Not long after,
to Lot are born Moab and Ammon, his sons and at the same time
his grandsons.
agar and Ishmael, at Sarah’s request, are cast forth.
Salah, the fourth from Noah, dieth, '
God tempteth Abraham to offer Isaac. Abraham giveth proof
of his faith and obedience. ;
Sarah dieth at Hebron, in Canaan, in the 127th year of her age,
Isaac marrieth Rebekah, the daughter of Bethuel, the son of
Nahor, in the goth year of his age.
Shem, the son of Noah, dietn.
Jacob and Esau born, in the 6oth year of their father-Isaac’s
age.
Abraham dieth, aged 175 years.
Eber, the fifth from Noah, dieth: from him Abraham and his
posterity were called Hebrews, Gen. xiv, 13.
Esau, aged forty years, marrieth Judith, the daughter of Beeri
the Hittite, and Bashemath, the daughter of Elon the Hittite.
Ishmael dieth, aged 137 years.
Jacob, by his mother’s instwuction, obtaineth the blessing from
Isaac, his father, which was designed tor Esau, Upon which he
is forced to flee into Mesopotamia, to shun his brother’s rage.
Upon the way are foretold unto him ina vision the blessings of
hi posterity. At length he cometh to his uncle Laban’s house,
and covenanteth to serve him seven years for his daughter Rachel,
but Laban deceiveth him with Leah; the marriage-week ae |
completed, Rachel also is given him to wife, upon condition o:
serving seven years more.
Of Leah are born,
Judah, from whom the Jews receive their denomination.
Rachel, having been long barren, at length beareth Joseph,
Jacob, desiring to depart, is persuaded by Laban to serve six
years more for some part of his flock.
Jacob, after he had been twenty years in Mesopotamia, sets
forward on his journey homeward, without acquainting his father
or his brothers-in-law. Rachel stealeth her father’s gods, and 1s
pursued by Laban, Jacob, by his prudence, is reconciled to his
brother Esau. He wrestleth with an angel at Peniel, and is
called Israel.
About this time, Dinah, Jacob’s daughter, is defloured by She-
chem, the son of Hamor. Simeon and Levi, Dinah’s brethren,
revenge their sister’s quarrel by putting all the males of Shechem
to the sword ; for which thing Jacob reproveth them.
Rachel is delivered of Benjamin on the way betwixt Beth-el, or
Beth-le-hem, and Ephrath, and dies in childbed. Some think
that Job lived about this time. a
Judah lieth with Tamar, his daughter-in-law, in disguise.
Joseph is hated by his brethren, and is sold to merchantmen,
Ishmaelites and Midianites, who carry him into Egypt, where he
is sold to Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh, and by him made oyer-
seer of his house.
Joseph resisteth the temptations of his master’s wife; he is
falsely accused by her, and cast into prison. He interpreteth the
dreams of Pharaoh’s butler and baker, which come to pass accord-
ing to his interpretation.
Isaac dieth, aged 180 years, and is buried by his sons, Jacob
and Esau.
Joseph interpreteth Pharaoh’s two dreams; he giveth Pharaob
counsel, and is made governor of the whole land of Egypt.
Here begin the seven years of plenty in the land of Egypt.
About this time Manasseh and Ephraim, Joseph’s two sons, are
born of Asenath, the daughter of Potipherah, priest of On,
Here begin the seven years of famine.
Jacob sendeth his ten sons to buy corn in Egypt; they are >
imprisoned by Joseph for spies; but are set at liberty on condi-
tion of bringing Benjamin, and Simeon is kept as a pledge
~ 748 a2
1706
1704
1793
1689
1635
1619
1577
1574
1573
159%
1531
1530
149
XLVII.
XLVIII.
XLIX,
L,
Exodus.
VI, 16.
I, 8.
VI, 7.
I, 35, 22.
I} x, 5;
II.
Josh. XIV,
7, 10.
Ex. IIT,
I, 2, etc.
VIL, 7.
Psalm.
LXXVIII.
Ey odus.
XII, 11,
"29, 41.
Numbers.
XXXIITI.
Exodus,
XIV,
AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE.
Jacob is with much difficulty persuaded to send Benjamin,
Joseph maketh himself known to his brethren, and sendeth for his
father by command from Pharaoh.
Jacob, having offered sacrifice to God for that his son Joseph
is yet alive, goes with all his family into Egypt, in the third year
of the famine, and x30th year of his age. He is seated in the
land of Goshen.
Joseph getteth all the money, lands and cattle of the Egyptians
for bread; only the lands belonging to the priests he buyeth not.
Jacob adopteth Ephra:m and Manasseh, and blesseth them,
and all hissons; prophesieth the descent of the Messiah from
qoeeh and dieth, aged 147 years; seventeen whereof he lived in
gypt. He is, with great pomp, carried into Canaan, and buried
in the sepulchre of his father.
Joseph, on his death-bed, prophesieth unto his brethren their
return to Canaan; takes an oath of them to carry his bones out of
Egypt, and dieth, aged r1o years.
The book of Genesis endeth in the death of Joseph, containing
the history of 2369 years; next to which in order of time the book
of Job follows, written (as it is generally believed) by Moses.
Levi dieth in Egypt, aged 137 years; he was grandfather to
Moses and/Aaron. |
Here begins the bondage of the children of Israel, when a king
rose up in Egypt, who knew not Joseph.
Aaron born, three years before his brother Moses, 83 years before
the departure of the children of Israel out of Egypt.
Pharaoh haying in vain commanded the Hebrew midwives to
destroy all the males of the Israelites, sets forth an edict, charging
that they be all cast into the river.
Moses is born, who, being hid in the flags by the river’s side, is
found by Pharaoh’s daughter, and becomes her adopted son.
Moses, in the goth year of his age, having slain an Egyptian,
whom he saw contending with a Hebrew, fleeth mto Midian,
where he marrieth Zipporah, the daughter of Reuel, or Jethro, a
priest, and liveth with him forty years.
Caleb, the son of Jephunneh, born.
Whilst Moses keeps his father-in-law’s sheep at mount Horeb,
God appeareth to him ina burning bush, and sendeth him to
deliver Israel.
Moses and Aaron having declared to Pharaoh the message on
which they are sent unto him from God, are charged by him as
heads of a mutiny, and sent away with many bad words; and
more grievous labors are forthwith laid upon the Israelites.
Moses being now 80, and Aaron 83 years of age, urged thereunto
by God, return again unto Pharaoh, where the magicians, by their
sorcery imitating the-miracles of Aaron’s rod turned into a ser-
pent, make Pharaoh more obstinate than he was before, Where-
fore God, by the hand of Moses, lays ten plagues upon the
Egyptians. ’
THE FOURTH AGE OF THE WORLD.
UPON the fourteenth day of the first month (which was May
the fourth, upon J/oxday with us), in the evening, the passover Is
instituted.
Upon the fifteenth of the same month, at midnight, the first-
born of Egypt being all slain, Pharaoh and his servants make
haste to send away the Israelites; and they, the self-same day
wherein they were let go out of bondage, being the complete term
of 430 years from the first pilgrimage of their ancestors, reckon-
ing from Abraham’s departure out of Charran, take their journey
and march away, being 600,000 men, besides children, and come
to Rameses, from whence by several encampings they come to the
Red sea, the Lord conducting them in a pillar of a cloud by day,
‘| and ina pillar of fire by night. They carry Joseph’s bones with
em.
At the Red'sea Pharaoh with his host overtakes them, Moses
divides the waters with his rod, and the children of Israel pass
749
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Christ
1491
=
1490
Exodus,
>:4
XV.
XVI.
XVII, 1,
8,9, etc.
XX.
XXI.
XXII, etc
XXIV.
9, 38.
XXYV, etc.
RXXI, 18.
XXXII,
20, 28.
RXV,
to.
XXXIX,
AN INDEX TO THE HOLY SIBLE,
Sar i Gino
pores
through on dry ground unto the desert of Etham ; whom, whe
Pay
Pharaoh and his army would needs follow, they are all over-
whelmed by the waters coming together at the dawning of the
day, whereby the Israelites are wholly freed from the bondage of
the Egyptians ; whose carcasses when they see floating all the sea
over, and cast upom the shore, they sing a song of praise and
thanksgiving unto God,
Upon the fifteenth of the second month (our Yune the 4th,
being Thursday), the Israelites come to the wilderness of Sin,
which lieth between Elim and Sinai, where, for want of food,
they murmur against God and their leaders: about the even-
tide God sends them quails, and the next morning rains upon
them manna from heaven; and upon that kind of bread they
lived afterward by the space of forty years, even till they came to
the borders of the land of promise. An omer of itis preserved
for a memorial.
At Rephidim, which was the eleventh place of their encamping,
the people murmur for want of water; Moses gives them water
by striking the hard rock in Horeb with his rod. |
The Amalekites, falling upon the rear of the Israelites, are dis-
comfited by Joshua, whilst Moses holds up his hands to God in
prayer.
God publisheth his Law, contained in the Ten Commandments
with a terrible voice from mount Sinai. Hak
The people being in great fear, God gives them sundry oth
laws, all which being written in the book of the covenant, Moses
proposeth them to the people: which done, rising early in the
morning, he builds an altar at the foot of the mountain, and sets
up twelve statues, according to the twelve tribes of Israel, and
sends twelve young men of the first-born (whom the Lord hath ~
consecrated to himself as ministers of those holy things, before the
Levitical priesthood was ordained), which offer sacrifice, first for
sin, and then for thanksgiving, to the Lord: and when Moses had
read the book of the covenant, he takes the blood of the calves
and goats so offered, and with water, scarlet wool, and hyssop,
sprinkles the book therewith, and all the people, or those twelve
statues representing them; and so performs a solemn covenant
between God and his people.
Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and seventy men of the
elders of Israel, go up into the mount, and there behold the glory
of God: the rest returning, Moses with his servant Joshua abides —
there still, and waits six days, and upon the seventh day God
speaks unto him, and there he continues forty days and forty hights
(reckoning those six days which he waited for the appearance of
the Lord), eating no meat all that while, nor drinking water —
(Deut. ix, 9); where he receives God’s’command touching the —
frame of the tabernacle, the priests’ garments, their consecration, —
sacrifices, and other things comprised inthis and the six follow- —
ing chapters.
At the end of the forty days God gives Moses the two tables of
the Law in stone, made by God’s own hand, and written with
his own finger; bidding him withal quickly to get him down, for __
that the people had already made to themselves a molten calf to
worship. Moses by prayer pacifieth God, and goes down from
the mount, and seeing the people keeping a festival in honor of
their idol in the camp, he breaks the tables of the law at the foot
of the mount: for which the Jews keep a solemn fast unto this —
day.
ters to death by the hands of the Levites.
God commands Moses to frame new tables of stone, and to
bring them with him into the mount: Moses brings them the
Moses having burned and defaced the idol, puts 3000 of the idola- Ae
Ja
‘
next morning, and while he stands in the cleft of the rock,Goad
passeth by, and showeth him a glimpse of his glory. ¥
God renews his covenant with his people, and upon certain
conditions gives them his laws again.
In the first six months of this year, the tabernacle, the ark of sat
the covenant, the altar, the table of show-bread, the priests’ gar-
ments, the holy ointments, the candlestick, and other utensils and
759 <
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1490 | XXXIX.
a XL.
Lev. X.
Numb. VIL
IX.
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Exodus.
XVIII.
Numbers.
ars
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
— 1489 | Deut. I, 46.
Numbers.
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XVI.
ees:
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XVII.
1452 XX,
82,
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bee 1K TPH a ee pt spate
PME ae TN NTN
AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE,
vessels belonging to the sacrifices, are finished in the desert at
mount Sinai, and are brought unto Moses.
The tabernacle is set up and anointed with holy oil.
and his sons are consecrated for the priesthood.
Nadab and Abihu, for offering strange fire, are struck dead in
the place by fire from heaven. P
The princes of the tribes present their offerings toward the
dedication of the tabernacle. God speaketh to Moses from the
mercy-seat.
The second passover is instituted. '
Jethro, who is called Hobab, brings his daughter Zipporah,
with her two sons, Gershom and Eliezer, which were left with
him, to his son-in-law, Moses: and having congratulated his aml
the whole people of Israel’s deliverance out of bondage, he openly
declares his faith and devotion toward the true God. By his
advice Moses imparts the government of the people to some
others, and ordains magistrates for the deciding of lesser causes.
Moses complains to God of the over-great burden of his governe
ment; God, to ease him of his charge, gives him for assistance
the court of seventy elders.
The people lust for flesh. God gives them quails in wrath;
and sends withal a most grievous plague among them.
God rebukes the sedition of Miriam and Aaron, and maintains
Moses’ right. im
From the wilderness of Paran, near Kadesh-barnea, twelve
men are sent (among whom are Caleb and Joshua) to discover
the land of Canaan. Returning, they bring with them 4 branch
of a vine, with a cluster of grapes upon it; ten of the twelve so
sent speak ill of the country, declare it barren, and magnify the
cities for their strength, and the giantly’stature of the inhabitants.
The people, terrified with this relation, are about to return into
Egypt, from which Caleb and Joshua endeavoring to dissuade
them are like to be stoned. At this God is so provoked that he
threatens to destroy them; but is prevailed upon by Moses,
through his prayers, tospare them. Nevertheless he denounceth
that all who are now twenty years old and upward (except Caleb and
Joshua) shall die in the wilderness. ‘The men who raised the evil .
report are all destroyed by sudden death. Some endeavoring to
enter upon the promised land, contrary to the command of God,
are smitten by the Amalekites and Canaanites.
In this place, v7z. Kadesh-barnea, the Israelites continue many
days; but thatin some places they continued many years, appear,
eth, for that in the space of 37 years there are but 17 encampings
mentioned.
To their long continuance in Kadesh, and the encampings from
thence, all that we find delivered in the xvth and four next ensu-
ing chapters of Wzzders seems to refer; as how Korah, Dathan,
and Abiram, for raising a mutiny against Moses and Aaron, were
swallowed alive into the earth, and 250 of their associates; and
how the people, murmuring against Moses and Aaron for the
calamity which had befallen their brethren, were destroyed by
God, to the. number of 14,700 men: and how twelve rods being
brought by twelve princes, and laid in the sanctuary, Aaron’s rod
only budded, and brought forth almonds, and was laid up before
the ark, for a memorial to those who should afterward be given
to rebellion.
In these 37 years the Israelites, by 17 encampings, having com-
passed the hill country of Seir and Edom, they come to the wilder-
ness of Zin, in the first month of the fortieth year after their de-
parture out of Egypt. s
Here Miriam, the sister of Moses and Aaron, dieth.
The people again for want of water murmur against Moses and
Aaron, whom when God had commanded to call water out of the
rock only by speaking to it, Moses, being moved in his mind
through impatience and diffidence of the thing, speaks something,
Aaron
| whatever it was, unadvisedly with his lips, and strikes the rock
thrice with Aaron’s rod, and thereby draws water from it; but for
transgressing God’s command, they are both debarred from en«
tering into the land of Canaan.
Zot
Before
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, 1452 | ?
23, 28:
XXI, 5,9,
John III, 14.
t Cor.%, "9:
Numbers.
2
21,
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XXII, 1,
oshua.
XIV, 9.
Numbers.
XRT 7;
35.
2 Pet. II,
15, 16.
Numbers.
# XXIII.
Deut.
> DG ER EES
Joshua,
XXIV, ro.
Numbers
I, 2, 3,.etc.
Deut. IV, 3.
Psalm.
CVI, 28.
. Rev. II, 14.
x Cor. X, 8,
Numbers,
Psalm.
CVI, 30.
Numbers.
XXV,
13, 17.
XXXVI.
XXVIL,
$372.
I2, 23.
Deut. III, 26,
27, 28.
Numbers.
Dy GDN
Joen. XIII,
21, 22.
AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIB
In the fifth month of this year Aaron dieth at Mosera, on the
top of mount Hor, at the age of 123 years, leaving his son Eleazar
his successor in the high priesthood. .
The people murmuring are plagued with fiery serpents, whereof
many die; upon their repentance God commands that a brazen
serpent be made and lifted up upon a pole, that as many as look
on it may live.
About the latter end of this year, all those who at Kadesh-
barnea mutinied against God being wholly extinct and dead, the
Israelites pass over Zared, and come to the borders of Moab at Ar,
and at length they arrive at Bamoth, a valley in the country of
the Moabites, and pitch at mount Pisgah. ;
Sihon, king of the Amorites, refusing them passage through his
country, is slain, and the Israelites possess his land. ~
Og, the king of Bashan, coming out against Israel, is destroyed
with‘all his people, not one left alive, and his country possessed
by the Israelites.
After these victories the Israelites set forward, and encamp in
the plains of Moab.
Balak, king of Moab, considering what the Israelites ‘sad done
to the Amorites, fears, lest under pretence of passing through his
country, they should possess themselves of his whole kingdom,
takes counsel with the princes of the Midianites his neighbors,
and sends for Balaam, a soothsayer out of Mesopotamia, to come
and curse the Israelites, promising him great rewards for his —
labor, purposing afterward to make war upon them,
Balaam, forewarned of God, refuseth at first to come; but bein
sent for asecond time, he importuneth God to let him go, an
goes with a purpose indeed to curse Israel; but God, offended
thereat, makes the dumb ass of this wizard, on which he rode,
speaking in a man’s voice, to reprove his Hels ;
Balaam twice offers sacrifice, and would fain have cursed
Israel, to gratify Balak therein; but being forced thereto by the
Spirit of God, instead of cursing, he blesseth them altogether;
foretelling what felivicy attended them, and what ca_amities shouid
befall their enemies.
By his advice the women of Moab and Midian are set on work
to turn the Israelites away to idolatry. Wherefore God commands
Moses first to take all the ringleaders of this disorder, and to hang
them up before the sun, and’ then gives order to the judges to put
to death all such as had joined themselves to Baal-peor. Las: of
all, God sends a plague upon the people, whereof die 23,000 men
in one day: which added to them which were hanged and killed ©
with the sword, amount in all to 24,000.
Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, by killing Zimri, the chief of his
father’s family, and Cozbi, the daughter of Zur, a prince of the
Midianites, appeaseth the wrath of God, and the plague ceaseth.
God therefore settleth the high priesthood forever upon the house ©
of Phinehas, and commands that war be made upon the Midian-
ites.
Moses and Eleazar, by God’s command, in the plain of Moab,
near unto Jordan, over against Jericho, number the people from
twenty years old and upward, and find them to be 601,730 men,
By
besides the Levites, whose number, reckoning them from oné
month old and upward, comes to 23,000; and then Moses re-
ceives command for the parting the land of promise among the
Israelites. f
The daughters of Zelophehad have their father’s land parted
among them, for want of issue male; this occasions the law for
succession in heritages to be made.
God signifies to Moses that he shall die, and Joshua is thereupon —
declared.to be his successor; upon whom Moses lays his hands,
and gives him instructions. Several laws are made. :
Twelve thousand of the Israelites under the command of Phine-
has vanquish the Midianites, and put to the sword all the males
among them, with their five princes, and among them Zur, the —
father of Cozbi, and Balaam the wizard ; but they save the women
alive; at which Moses is wroth, and commands that every male
child, and all the women, except such as be virgins, be killed, __
ye SR
‘
Numbers.
XXXII.
Deut. IIT.
Josh. XIII
and XXII.
Deut.
XXVITI.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX. |
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXII.
XXXIV.
Joshua.
iL
III.
IV.
Io.
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13.
Vi.
VII.
Vill,
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AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE, ~
Pi
The lands which belonged to Sihon and Og, namely, all from
the river Arnon to mount Hermon, Moses divides and gives to
the tribes of Reuben and Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh; sa
that their possessions lay on this side Jordan; nevertheless, they
assist the rest of the tribes in all their wars, till they have subdued
the Canaanites, and possessed the promised land.
Moses commands the people, that in their passage over Jordan
they shall set up great stones, and engrave the J’en Command.
ments on them, with the form of blessing upon mount Gerizim,
and of cursing on mount Ebal, exhorting them to observe the law
of God, by setting before their eyes the benefits that would ensue
thereon.
He also renews the covenant made by God with them and their
children on mount Horeb, and again persuades them to keep that
covenant by all the blessings and curses which would undoubtedly
follow the keepers or breakers of it; yet with a promise of pardon
and deliverance, if at any time, having broken it, they shall
repent them of their sin; and tells them further, that God had
therefore thus declared his will unto them, to the end that none
hereafter offending shall pretend ignorance.
Moses, having written this law, delivers it to the priests, the
sons of Levi, and the elders of the people, to be kept; the same
day also he writes his most excellent song, and teaches the same
to the children of Israel to be sung; and having finished the book
of the law, he takes order to have it laid up in the side of the ark.
Moses now drawing near to his end, blesseth every tribe in
particular, by way of prophecy, save only the tribe of Simeon.
In the r2th month of this year he goes up to mount Nebo, and
from thence beholds the land of promise, and there dieth, aged 120
Aa the body of Moses God translates out of the place where
e died into a valley of the land of Moab, over against Beth-peor,
and there burieth it; nor doth any man know the place of it unto
_| this day. The Israelites mourn for him 30 days.
Here ends the Pentateuch, or five books of Moses, containing
the history of 2552 years and a half, from the beginning of the
world; and the book of Joshua begins with the forty-first year
after the departure of the children of Israel out of Egypt.
Joshua being confirmed in his government by God, sends forth
spies from Shittim to the city of Jericho,.who, being harbored by
Rahab, are privily sent away, when search is made for them.
Upon the tenth day of the first month (Afvz7 30), to wit, the
same day that the Paschal Lamb was to be chosen out of the flock,
the Israelites under the conduct of Joshua, a type of Jesus Christ,
go up out of the river Jordan into the promised land of Canaan,
a type of a more heavenly country. They pass through the river
on dry ground, the waters being for the present divided; for a
memorial of which miraculous passage Joshua sets up twelve
stones in the very channel of Jordan, and taking twelve other
stones out of the midst thereof, sets them up at Gilgal, the place
where they next encamp. x
The day following Joshua renews the use of circumcision, which
had been omitted forty years.
Upon the 14th day of the same month, in the evening, the
Israelites celebrate their first passover in the land of Canaan.
Next day after the passover manna ceaseth.
Our Lord Jesus, Captain of his Father’s host, appears to Joshua,
the typical Jesus, before Jericho, with a drawn sword in his hand,
and promiseth there to defend his people,
Jericho, the ark of the Lord having been carried rouna about it,
is taken the seventh day, the walls thereof falling down at the
sound of the priests’ trumpets; all the inhabitants are put to the
sword, except Rahab and her family.
The Israelites besiege Ai, and are smitten by their enemies, God
having abandoned them, for sacrilege committed by Achan;
Achan’s sin being discovered by the casting of lots, and himself
found guilty, he is stoned to death, and, together with his children
and cattle, burned with fire. God being pacified hereby, Ai is
taken by ambushment and utterly destroyed.
On mount Ebal, according to the law made, is an altar erected,
753
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XI,
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XIV.
XV.
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XXII.
1443 AXIII.
XXIV.
1413 | Judges II, 7.
IIT, 6),7,
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AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE.
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and the Ten Commandments engraven on it; the blessings and >.
cursings are repeated on mount Ebal and mount Gerizim, and
book of the law read in the ears of the people. d
The kings of Canaan combine against Israel ; only the Gibeon-
making a league
with them ; but are afterward deputed to the servile offices of the
house of God.
Adoni-zedek, king of Jerusalem, with the kings of Hebron,
Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon, hearing that Gibeon is fallen off
from them, join their forces together and besiege it; but Joshua
raiseth the siege, pursueth those five kings, and smiteth them as
far as Azekah, the Lord in the meanwhile killing more with hail-
stones from heaven than the Israelites with their swords. Joshua
commands the sun to stand still over Gibeon, and the moon over
the valley of Ajalon, by the space almost of one whole day, until
the Israelites are fully avenged of theirenemies. The five kings
7
hide themselves in a cave at Makkedah; from whence they are
brought forth, scornfully used, and hanged.
From the autumn of this year, wherein, after the failing of
| manna, they began to till the ground, the rise of the sabbatical
| years is to be taken.
Joshua, now grown old, is commanded by Ged to divide all the
land on the west of Jordan among the nine tribes remaining, and
the other half-tribe of Manasseh. ‘The Lord and his sacrifices are
the inheritance of Levi.
The rest of the kings, with whom Joshua had waged war for six
comes upon them unawares, slays them, and possesseth their
countries,
Joshua now roots out those giants, the Anakims, with their
and generally out of all the mountains of Judah and all Israel.
And having gotten the whole land into his hands, he divides it
among the children of Israel according to their tribes; and the
land rested from war.
The first sabbatical year, or year of rest; from hence the year of
Jubilee, or every fifty years’ space, is to be reckoned. i
The tabernacle is set up at Shiloh (thought to be the same with
Salem), where it continued 328 years. .
The Reubenites, Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, with
i sae are sent home to their possessions on the other side of
ordan. : is
briefly recites God’s benefits to them, reneweth the covenant
between them and God, and dieth, 110 years old.
After the decease of Joshua, and the elders who outlived him,
mingle themselves with the Canaanites by marriage, and worship
their idols. In this time of anarchy and confusion, when every
man did that which seemed right in his own eyes, all those disor-
ders were committed which are reported in the last five chapters
of the Book of Judges ; to wit, the idolatry of Micah and the c
ren of Dan; the war of the Benjamites, and the cause thereof,
God, being highly provoked, gives them up into the hands of
ushan, king of Mesopotamia ; which first calamity of theirs holds
them but eight years.
Othniel, the son of Kenaz, and son-in-law to Caleb
by God as a judge and avenger of his people, defeats Cushan, and
delivers the Israelites out of bondage; and the land rested forty
years after the first rest which Joshua procured forthem,. =
Othniel dying, the Israelites fall again to sin against God, and
are given over into the hands of Eglon, king of Moab, who, joining
with the Ammonites and the Amalekites, overthrows
ites, and takes Jericho; and this second oppression continueth
eighteen years. r¢
Ehud, the son of Gera, is raised up by God to be an avenger
his people; for feigning a message to Eglon, he runs him into the
belly with his dagger; then getting away, he gathers all Israel
754
Joshua gathers together all Israel, exhorts them to obedience,
and who remembered the wonders which God had wrought for
Israel, there succeeds a generation of men which forget God, and —
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2 Sam. XI, 21.
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into a body on mount Ephraim, and slays 10,000 of the most
valiant men of Moab: and the land resteth forty years, after the
former rest obtained by Othniel
After him, Shamgar, the son of Anath, slayeth 600 Philistines
with an ox-goad, and he also avengeth Israel.
The Israelites, after the death of Ehud, returning to their old
sin, are given up by God into the hands of Jabin, king of Canaan;
and this thraldom of theirs continueth twenty years.
Deborah, the wife of Lapidoth, a prophetess, who at this time
judgeth Israel in mount Ephraim, and Barak, of the tribe of Naph-
tali, being made captain of the host of Israel, in sight of Megiddo,
overcomes Sisera, captain of Jabin’s army, whom Jael, the wife
of Heber the Kenite, afterward kills in her own tent. Fora
memorial of which victory Deborah composeth a song; and the
land resteth forty years after the former rest obtained by Ehud.
_ The Israelites sinning again, are delivered into the hands of the
Midianites; which fourth thraldom lasteth seven years. Here-
upon they cry unto God for help, and are reproved by a prophet.
Then Gideon, the son of Joash, of Manassch, is by an angel from
God sent to deliver them. He first overturns the altar of Baal
and burns his grove, and is called Jerubbaal. He, out of 32,000
men which came unto him, chooseth only (God so commanding)
300; but with them he puts.to flight all the host of the Midianites,
whom the Ephraimites ufterward pursue, and slay their princes
Oreb and Zeeb. Gideon having pacified the Ephraimites, whe
complain that they were not failed: to the battle at first, passeth
the river Jordan, and defeats the remainder of the Midianitish
army; he chastiseth also the men of Succoth and Penuel, who
had refused him victuals in his journey; and slays thetwo kings
of the Midianites, Zebah and Zalmunna, After which great vic-
tories, the Israelites offering to settle the kingdom upon him and
his posterity, he refuseth it; but receiving their golden ear-rings,
he makes thereof an ephod, which afterward proves an occasion
of idolatry. The Midianites being thus vanquished, the land
enjoys rest forty years, after the former rest restored to them by
Deborah and Barak.
Gideon dieth, and the Israelites, falling back again to idolatry,
worship Baal-berith for their god.
Abimelech. the son of Gideon (begotten upon his concubine),
urposing to get to himself the kingdom which his father had re-
fed slayet) seventy of his brothers all upon one stone; and
having, by the help of the Shechemites, got to be made king,
Jotham, the youngest son of Gideon, who only escaped Abime-
lech’s fury, from the top of mount Gerizim expostulates with them
the wrong they had done to his father’s house; and, by way of a
parable, foretells their ruin; which done, he flies, and dwells
quietly in Beer.
Abimelech, having reigned three years over Israel, Gaal, a
Shechemite, conspires against him; which being discovered to
him by Zebul, he utterly destroys the city of Shechem, and puts
all the inhabitants to the sword, and burns the temple of their god
Berith with fire ; from thence he goeth and layeth siege to Thebez,
where he is knocked on the head with a piece of a millstone, cast
upon him by a woman from the walls, and then killed outright by
his armor-bearer.
Judges X, 1,| _Tola, the son of Puah, after Abimelech, judgeth Israel twenty-
three years.
Jair the Gileadite succeeds Tola, and judgeth Israel twenty-two
ears.
‘4 The Israelites, forsaking again the true God, fall to worship the
sey of several nations, and are given up into the hands of the .
hilistines and Ammonites; which fifth thraldom'lasteth eighteen
fears Upon their repentance, and abandoning their idols, at
ength they obtain mercy.
Jephthah the Gileadite, being made captain of the host of
Israel, subdues the Ammonites; before the battle he vows his
daughter unaware to be offered in sacrifice, and afterward performs
it. He puts to the sword 42,000 Ephraimites, who had behaved
themselves insolently against him, and judgeth Israel six years.
Before
Christ eee
1182 IL3}
1175 It,
1164 : ri
1156 1 Samuel,
IV, 18.
udges.
IAT,
I, 2,
TI55 24.
1137 XIV.
1136 XV.
S117 XVI.
1116 rt Samuel.
V.
Vi.
VII.
rog6
AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE. —
Ibzan, the Bethlehemite, succeeds Jephthah, and judgeth Israel —
seven years. 4
Elon the Zebulonite succeeds Ibzan, and judgeth Israel ten
ears.
4 Abdon the Ephraimite sacceeds Elon, and judgeth Israel eight
ears.
Eli the high priest (in whom the high priesthood was translated
from the family of Eleazar to Ithamar’s) succeeds Abdon, and
judgeth Israel forty years.. The Israelites again provoke the Lord
to anger, and he delivers them into the hands of the Philistines.
This sixth thraldom begins seven months after Eli’s entering upon
the government, and lasteth forty years, even till seven mon
after his death, when the ark was brought back again.
Samson the Nazarite, as an angel had foretold, is born at Zorah.
Whilst Eli the high priest executeth the office of a judge in civil
causes under the Philistines, Samson takes an occasion to quarrel
with them, by marrying a woman of ‘Timnath: for having on the —
day of his betrothing propounded a riddle to the Philistines, and —
laid a wager, his wife tells them the meaning of it; enraged here-
at, he goes and slays thirty men of Askelon, and gives them the
suits of raiment which he had stripped off their bodies, in perform-
ance of the wager which he had lost, and returns home to his
father.
Samson again in harvest-time goes to present his wife with a kid
at her father’s house, but finds her given away in marriage to
another man; Samson resolves to be avenged; he catches 300
foxes, and tying firebrands to their tails, turns them all into the
corn-fields of the Philistines, and into their vineyards, and olive-
gardens, and sets them all on fire. The Philistines take Samson’s
wife and father-in-law, and burn them; Samson in revenge slays
a great multitude of them, and sits down upon the rock Etam,
from whence being taken by 3000 of the Jews, and by them de-
livered into the hands of the Philistines, he slays of them a thousand
men with the jawbone of an ass; in which place he is miracu- —
lously refreshed, when thirsty and ready to faint.
Samson is betrayed by Delilah his concubine, bereaved of the -
hair of his Nazariteship, and delivered to the Philistines, who
put out his eyes, and bind him with chains of brass. The Philis--
tines gather together to offer sacrifice to Dagon their god, and
Samson is brought to make them sport; whose hair being grown, —
and his strength in a great measure restored, he takes hold of the -
two chief pillars whereon the house stood (wherein were the
princes of the Philistines, and a great multitude of people), and
pulls down the house, killing more men at his death than he did —
in all his lifetime. So he died, having judged Israel in the days
of the Philistines twenty years. es
The Israelites take up arms against the Philistines, but with
very ill success, for they lose 4000 men in one battle. Then they —
send for the ark of the covenant from Shiloh, and cause it to be ~
brought into the camp. The Philistines, seeing now all lie at
stake, encourage one another to behave themselves like men that —
day; and so falling on, they slay of the Israelites 30,000 men. —
The ark of God is taken, and Hophni and Phinehas, priests, and —
sons of Eli, are slain. Of all which, when tidings are brought to
old Eli, frighted thereat, he falls from his chair and breaks his —
neck, in the 98th year of his age. i. masa
The Philistines, having brought the ark into Ashdod, set it in
the house of Dagon their god. But when Dagon had been found —
two several times fallen groveling before it, and broken in pieces,
and the inhabitants of the place sorely plagued, they remove it
from thence to Gath, and from thence to Ekron. But the same
plagues and judgments following wherever it went, after seven
months, by the advice of their priests, they send home the ark
again, with presents and gifts, into the land of the Israelites, and it
is brought to Beth-shemesh, where 50,070 men are smitten for look-
ing into the ark. From hence it is carried to the house of
pene, in Kirjath-jearim, who sanctifieth his son Eleazar to
eep it. eS
After twenty years the Israelites, by Samuel’s persuasi
796
Before
Christ
1096
1095
1085
to60
1056
1055
1053
3048
har 7)
1 Samuel.
VII,
13.
VIll.
Hosea XIII,
10.
zr Samuel,
?
XXVIII.
z Chron XII.
rt Samuel.
XXVIII.
XXIX,
XXXI.
2 Samuel.
11 Oe
t Chron, XII,
23.
Samuel,
II, 8,
12.
II, 6,
22.
IV.
solemnly repent at Mizpeh, and, upon their conversion, God by
thunder from heaven delivers them from the invasion of the
Philistines, who are subdued, the hand of the Lord being against
them all the days of Samuel.
Samuel, being grown old, takes for his assistance in the govern-
ment his sons, by whose iil management of affairs the Israelites
require a king to be given them: whereupon God gives them a
king in his wrath, to wit, Saul, the son of Kish, after Samuel had
judged Israel twenty-one years. Saul is privately anointed by
samuel, and afterward publicly proclaimed king at Mizpeh:
About a month after Jabesh-gilead is besieged by Nahash, king of
the Ammonites, and the siege raised by Saul: whereupon the
whole congregation of Israel, coming together at Gilgal, again
proclaim Saul king.
David, the son of Jesse the Ephrathite, born at Beth-lehem-
judah, thirty years before he succeeded Saul in the kingdom, He
was his father’s youngest son. ;
God rejects Saul, and sends Samuel to Beth-lehem, there to
anoint David king, whom Saul ever after extremely persecuteth.
Yet Jonathan, Saul’s son, loveth him, and oftentimes rescueth
him from Saul’s cruelty.
David, having Saul twice in his power, forbears to hurt him.
David, fearing he may some time or other fall into the hands of
Saul, flies to Gath under king Achish, carrying with him 600 men;
and having obtained of him the town of Ziklag to dwell in, he con-
tinueth one year and four months in the land of the Philistines:
from whence he invadeth the countries of the Geshurites, Gezrites,
and Amalekites, and puts to the sword all, both men and women,
not leaving one alive to carry the news thereof to king Achish.
Achish, proposing to make war upor the Israelites, takes David
along with him in that expedition, to whom, whilst he is upon his
march with his 600 men, repair a great many others of the tribe of
Manasseh, and join with him,
Saul, seeing the army of the Philistines, is in great fear, and
(Samuel being now dead) goes to En-dor to consult with a witch
there; the woman raiseth an apparition of Samuel, and Saul re-
ceives from it that dreadful doom, The Lord will deliver israel,
together with thyself, into the hands of the Philistines.
The princes of the Philistines growing jealous of David, he and
his company early the next morning leave the army, and return to
Ziklag.
The armies join battle, anc the Israelites are defeated; the
three sons of Saul are slain, and he himself falls on his own sword.
Three days after, an Amalekite ‘brings Saul’s crown, and the
bracelet that was upon his arm, and presents them to David, pro-
fessing that, finding him fallen upon his sword, he had killed him
outright, and taken , ©. 4 8 i
2Sam. VIII.
1 Chron.
XVIIT
Gen. XV, 12.
Deut.
XI, 24.
t Kings IV.
2Sam. XI.
xt Chron.
XX.
2 Sam
XII,
25.
1 Chron.
XXII, 9.
2 Sam.
XIII.
XIV.
XV,
AVAL
XVIII.
XXIV.
1 Chron.
XXI,
x Kings.
XIV, 21.
x Kings I.
;
David, who in detestation of their treason causeth them immedi,
ately to be put to death. TEBE cee: ‘ .
The captains and elders of all the tribes, coming to Hebron,
anoint David'a third time, and make him king over all israel. —
David with all Israel marcheth to Jerusalem against the Jebu-
sites, and taketh the fort of Zion, and calls it the city of David,
and making Jerusalem the seat of his kingdom, reigneth there over ©
all Israel 33 years.
The ark of the covenant, which in the first sabbatical year was
brought from Gilgal to Shiloh, is this year, being also a sabbaticat
year, brought from Kirjath-jearim, out of the house of Abinadab,
and placed at Zion; 30,000 choice men of Israel attending it, and
singing the 68th Psalm.
David now dwelling in his honse of cedar, which he had built,
and living ina full and perfect peace, imparteth to Nathan the
prophet his purpose of building a house for God; but is answered
from God, that this was a work which should be done, not by him,
because he was a man of blood, and trained up in war, but by his
son Solomon, a man of peace, which should be born unto him.
The time which passeth from hence till the birth of Solomon is
spent in wars, wherein David subdues the Philistines, Edomites,
Amalekites, Moabites, Ammonites, and Syrians, and extends his
kingdom to the utmost bound of that land which had been promised
to the seed of Abraham, and never possessed by any of them, save
only by David and his son Solomon,
At the end of this year Joab, going with the army against the
Ammonites, besiegeth Rabbah, the metropolis of Ammon, whilst
David takes his ease at Jerusalem, and there commits adultery
with Bathsheba, the wife of Uriah the Hittite, who was then in
the army, whom he also procures to be slain. We
Theschild so gotten in adultery is born, David is convicted by ~
Nathan the prophet of his sin, and he repents; in testimony
whereof he composeth the 51st Psalm. The child dieth.
Bathsheba becomes now David’s wife, and beareth him a son
unto whom, as unto one who should prove a man of peace, God
gives the name of Solomon; and, as to one beloved of the Lord,
the name of Jedidiah. _
Amnon, David’s eldest son, defloureth his sisters Tamar. ve
Absalom avengeth his sister Tamar, and killeth his brother
Amnon; for which thing he fleeth to Geshur in Syria, where he
continues three years with king Talmai, his grandfather by the ~
mother’s side. ay as.
_ After three years’ exile he returns to Jerusalem, where he con-
tinues two years, before the king his father admits himinto his
presence, and is reconciled to him. Nie
This rebel son having got chariots and horses, and.a guard to
attend him, insinuates himself into the favor fof the people,and __
steals away their hearts from his father David. . aS aC ny
The next year following, under pretence of a vow, he obtaineth
leave to go to Hebron, where, by Ahithophel’s counsel, he breaks ip
out into open rebellion, and forceth his father to fly from Jerusalem,
Ahithophel, because his counsel in all matters is not followed bya
Absalom, hangs,himself. ARR
Absalom having lost 20,000 men, fleeth, and a bough of an oak
catching hold of him, he there hangs, and is run through by Joab.
David, tempted by Satan, commandeth Joab to ae oo the. 47"
people: God, offended thereat, sends a prophet to put three
plagues to his choice, wzz., the famine, sword, or pestilence.
David chooseth to fall into the hands of a merciful God, rather
than into the hands of men. So God sends a pestilence, whereof
70,000 men die in one day. The angel being about to destroy
Jerusalem, God bids him hold his hand; for he beholds David re~
penting in sackcloth, and entreating him to spare the innocent
peceley and to turn his hand upon himself, and upon his father’s
ouse. ee
Rehoboam is born unto Solomon by Naamah, an Ammonitish
woman. M
David being now 70 years of age, and broken with continual
cares and wars, grows so weak and feeble that clothes can ne
758
IO14
roI2
L005
1004
975
074
97t
958
957
955
IL.
LB Wah ed
2 Chron,
VII Axx.
1 Kings.
III, 5.
VEy.x.
2 Chron,
PE
x Kings.
Miva
VIII.
2 Chron.
V, VI, VII
1 Kings XI
2 Chron.
EX
‘t Kings.
XII,
25.
XIV, 17.
XII, 28.
XIV.
2 Chron,
XII.
XI, 17.
t Kings.
21 bees
XIII, 2.
XIV, 25.
2 Chron,
XII.
1 Kings.
ba
2 Chron,
‘the
1 Kings,
XV, 8,
BIBLE. ©
X TO THE HOLY
,
longer preserve heatin him, Therefore, Abishag, a young vi n
is appointed to keep him warm. Adonijah, seeing his aaah We
declining, by the assistance of Joab and Abiathar, makes himself
king: which David understanding, he presently commands Zadok
the priest, and Nathan the prophet, with other great men, to
anoint Solomon king. Adonijah hearing this, betakes himself to
the sanctuary, and is pardoned.
David, having given instruction to his son Solomon, dieth,
after he-had reigned in Hebron seven years and six: months, and
33 years in Jerusalem over all Israel. ;
haraoh, king of Egypt, gives his daughter in marriage to
Solomon.
The Lord appears to Solomon in a dream, and bids him ask
what he will, and it shall be given him. Solomon asketh wisdom:
God gives him wisdom from above, and adds thereunto riches and
honor. Of this divine wisdom Solomon makes an eminent mani-
festation in judging between two harlots.
THE FIFTH AGE OF THE WORLD.
SOLOMON layeth the foundation of the temple in the 480th
year after the departure of the children of Israel out of Egypt.
Solomon’s temple finished in the eleventh year of his reign,
having been seven years and a half in building.
Solomon this year (being the 9th Jubilee, and opening the fourth
Millenary of the world) with great magnificence celebrates the
dedication of the temple: at which time God giveth a visible sign
of his favor,
Solomon having, as it is with reason believed, forsaken his
lusts and vanities, to which he had been too intemperately ad-
dicted, and written, as a testimony of his repentance, his book
called the Preacher, dieth. He reigned 40 years.
The Israelites assemble at Shechem to crown Rehoboam, Solo-
mon’s son, king over all Israel. The people by Jeroboam sue
unto him for a removal of some grievances; to whom Rehoboam,
by the advice of young men, returning a harsh answer, alienates
the hearts of ten tribes from him, who make Jeroboam king over
them, and fall at the same time from the house of David, and from
the true worship of God. “
Jeroboam, in tlie beginning of his reign, repairs Shechem, de-
stroyed by Abimelech 258 years before, and there dwells; after-
ward going over Jordan he builds Penuel, and at length makes
Tirzah the seat of his kingdom. But fearing lest his new subjects,
by going to Jerusalem to worship, may be induced to revolt from
hinr, he deviseth a new form of religion, setting up two golden
calves, the one at Beth-el, the other at Dan, for the seduced people’
to bow down unto.
From the time of this dismal rent Rehoboam reigneth over Judah
and Benjamin 17 years, and Jeroboam over Israel, or the other
ten tribes, 22 years.
The Priests and Levites, and other Israelites who feared God,
stick to Rehoboam, and maintain the kingdom of Judah three
years; after which time Rehoboam falls to idolatry, and walketh
no more in the ways of David and Solomon.
Jeroboam sacrificing to his calf at Beth-el, a prophet is sent
unto him from God, who foretells the judgment which should one
day be executed upon that altar, and the Priests (vzz., those whom
eroboam had made of the lowest of the people)that served at it.
hich prophecy then and there is confirmed by signs and wonders
upon the king himself, and upon the altar.
Shishak, king of Egypt, spoileth Jerusalem and the temple; but
the king and the princes repenting at the preaching of Shemaiah
the prophet, God gives them not over to utter destruction.
Abijam, the son of Rehoboam, succeeds his father in the kingdom _
of Judah; and reigns three years.
e obtains a great victory over Jeroboam, killeth 500,000 men
in one battle, and taketh Beth-el.
Asa, in the twentieth year of Jeroboam, succeeds his fathet
Abijam, and reigns 41 years.
159
951
941
93°
ke
925
ian)
918
914
gi2
gor
899
898
897
2 Chron.
XIV,
9»
XV.
1 Kings.
XVI, 6, 8,
9,
II,
18,
aI,
22,
23, 24,
29.
XXII, 41.
2 Chron.
XX, 31.
XVII, 7.
1 Kings.
XX.
XXI.
XXII, sr.
2 Kings.
Lilia
Li
1 Kings.
XXII.
2 Chron,
XVIII.
2 Kings,
VIII, 2.
2 Kings I.
_puts the king in possession of the vineyard. Whereupon eg
Nadab, in the second i of A eletendeit his father Jeroboam |
in the kingdom of Israel, and reigneth not full two years.
Nadab, at the siege of Gibbethon (a town of the Philistines), i is
slain by Baasha, of the tribe of Issachar, in the third year of Asa
and .the same year, having made himself king over Israel, tie
utterly destroyeth the whole race of Jeroboam, and reigneth 24
years. At this time lived the prophets Jehu, Hanani, and Azarias. _
Asa destrcyeth idolatry, and enjoying ten years of peace, |
strengthens his kingdom with forts and a standing army. Aas
Zerah the Ethiopian, with an innumerable army, invadeth —
Judah: Asa overcomes him, sacrificeth to God of the spoil, and
maketh a solemn covenant with God. He also deposeth Maachah
his grandmother, a great patroness of idolatry ; bringeth into the™
temple those things which his father and himself had consecrated
unto God, and enjoys a long peace.
; Elah, the son of Baasha, succeeds his father in the kingdom of
srael.
In the second year of his reign, and the twenty-seventh of Asa’s
Zimri, one of his captains, conspires against him, kills him, an
reigneth i in his stead. As soon as he sits on the throne, he ed
stroyeth the whole family of Baasha; but the army which then.
lay before Gibbethon makes Omri “then king, who presently
besiegeth Tirzah, and taketh it ; which Zimri seeing, he sets on fire
the king’s palace, and perisheth i in the flames.
The people of Israel are now divided into two factions; one
follows Tibni, the son of Ginath, and endeavors to make him. king;
the other adheres to Omri; but Tibni dying, Omri reigns alone, in
the 31st year of Asa.
‘Omri having reigned six years in Tirzah, removes the seat of
his kingdom to Samaria, a place which he himself had built.
Ahab succeeds his father in the kingdom of Israel, and reigneth
22 years in Samaria. He did evil in the sight of the Lord above
all that were before him.
Jehoshaphat succeedeth his father Asa in the fourth year of
Ahab, king of Israel, and reigneth 25 years in Jerusalem. ey
Jehoshaphat being settled in his kingdom, and having de- . .
molished the high places and groves, in the third year of his —
reign he sends Levites with the princes to instruct the people in _
the law. God in the meantime subdueth his enemies under him. _ a
Ben-hadad, king of Syria, layeth siege to Samaria, who by the — 4
direction of a prophet is beaten off, and a vast number of the | ie
Syrians slain. o,
Ahab not being able to persuade Naboth to sell him his vine- %
yard, falls sick upon it; Jezebel, his wife, suborning false witnesses —
to accuse him of blasphemy, causeth Naboth to be stoned, and —
q
prophet Elijah denounceth judgments against Ahab and ezebel ;
wicked Ahab repenting, God defers the judgment.
Ahab, in the seventeenth year of the reign of Jehostauhany mn
maketh his son Ahaziah his associate in the government of his Me
kingdom,
Jehoshaphat also maketh J-horam his son copartner with him;
whence it Is, that Jehoram, the son of Ahab, who succeeded his Por
brother Ahaziah in the kingdom of Israel, in ‘the eighteenth year —
of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, is said to have begun his ei in ee a
the second year of Jehoram, the son of Jehoshaphat. 1S
Ahab having got Jehoshaphat to assist him in the siege of —
Ramoth-gilead, before he goes, he asketh counsel of 400 false
prophets, who promise him victory and success ; but, by Jehosha- ce
phat’s advice, Micaiah, a true prophet of God, is consulted, who —
foretells his overthrow, and according to his word Ahab is slain at
Ramoth-gilead, and buried at Samaria.
Ahab being dead, the Moabites revolt from Israel, who ha
continued in subjection ever since king David’s days.
Ahaziah, king of Israel, lying ill “of a fall, sends to consult
Baalzebub, the god of Ekron, concerning his recovery. Elijah the
prophet meeteth the messenger, and telleth him Ahaziah shall
surely die ; whereupon two captains, with over fifty men apiece are
sent to apprehend him, and bring him before the king; Bl
760
PE ee ee ck
Before
Christ
896
892
889
888
885
884
aki .
Ey
t Kings.
XX
°
2 Kings.
Tita
Te ex
2 Chron.
XXI, 2, 3.
2 Kings.
VIII, 16.
2 Chron.
Sul 45.5,
Genesis.
XXVII, 40.
2 Chron.
XXI, x10, rr,
12,
2 Kings.
VIII, 25, »
28.
IX.
2 Kings.
X.
IX.
», ae
2 Chron.
XXII, 10.
2 Kings.
XI.
2 Chron,
» XXITI.
2 Kings.
XII, 7.
calleth for fire from heaven, and destroyeth both them and theit
companies. A third captain, with his fifty men, being sent, and
behaving himself submissively, Elijah goes along with him; the
rophet certifies the king that he shall not come down from his
Bed alive. So Ahaziah dieth, having governed (partly by himself,
and partly together with his father) two years.
Jehoram succeedeth his brother Ahaziah in the kingdom of
Israel in the latter end of the eighteenth year of Jehoshaphat, and
reigneth twelve years. ‘
Elijah is taken up into heaven in a fiery chariot.
Jehoshaphat, grown old, gives to his sons many gifts, with fenced
cities in Judea; but his eldest son, Jehoram, he now more abso-
lutely investeth with the throne of the kingdom, in the fifth year of
Jehoram, king of Israel.
Jehoram new, by the death of his father, has the kingdom of
Judah to himself, which he holds four years. He is no sooner
settled in his throne, but he puts all his brethren_to the sword,
with many of the princes of Israel. At this time the Edomites,
who ever since king David’s time had lived in subjection to
Judah, revolt, and (as it was foretold by Isaac) they forever shake
off his yoke; Libnah also, a city of the priests in the tribe of
Judah, falls off from him about this time.
Jehoram, following the counsel of his wicked wife Athaliah, the
daughter of Ahab, king of Israel, sets up in Judah, and even in
Jerusalem itself, the idolatrous worship of Baal, and compels his
subjects thereto; a letter which was left for him by Elijah the
prophet comes to his hands, which reproves him, and denounces
all those calamities and punishments which afterward befell him.
Ahaziah succeeds his father in the kingdom of Judah (having
had part of the government bestowed upon him the year before),
in the rath year of Jehoram, king of Israel, and reigneth one year
in Jerusalem.
ehoram, king of Israel, and Ahaziah, king of Judah, lead their
armies to Ramoth-gilead against Hazael, who had newly suc-
ceeded Ben-hadad in the kingdom of Syria: Jehoram is danger-
ously wounded, and retires, himself, to Jezreel tc be cured. In the
meantime Elisha sendeth a young prophet with instructions to
anoint Jehu, the son of Jehoshaphat, the son of Nimshi, at
Ramoth-gilead, king over Israel, and to open to him the will of
God for the rooting out of the house of’ Ahab; who, being pro-
claimed king by the soldiers, marcheth straight to Jezreel, killeth
Jehoram in the field of Naboth, and causeth Jezebel to be cast out
at a window, where she is eaten by dogs. He dispatcheth letters
also to Samaria, and causeth seventy of Ahab’s children to be be-
headed. ‘hen taking with him Jehonadab, the son of Rechab,
he comes himself to Samaria, and destroys the whole family of
Ahab, and all the priests of Baal. Nevertheless, having put down
the worship of @aal, he departs not from the worship of Jeroboam’s
golden calves, but maintains that idolatry all the time of his reign,
which was 28 years.
Jehu proceeds further, and executes the divine vengeance upon
the idolatrous house of Judah; he pursues Ahaziah, who fled
toward Megiddo, and overtaking him at Gur, causeth him to be
killed in his chariot. Going also to Samaria, he meeteth with 42
of Ahaziah’s kinsmen, whom he causeth to be slain.
Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab, seeing her son Ahaziah dead,
usurps the kingdom, destroying those that had right to the suc-
cession; but Jehosheba, the daughter of king Jehoram, and wife
to Jehoiada the high priest, takes Jehoash, being then an infant,
and son to her brother Ahaziah, and hides him in the temple, and
so saves hint from that massacre which was made of the rest of the
blood royal,
Jehoiada, the high priest, brings out Jehoash, now seven years
old, and anoints him king; causeth Athaliah to be slain, and
restoreth the worship of the true God, destroying the house of
Baal, and commanding the idolatrous priest Mattan to be killed
before his altars. Jehoash now beginning his reign, in the seventh
year of Jehu, reigneth 40 years in Jerusalem.
Jehoash, in the 23d year of his reign, giveth order for the repalr
76%
841
840
839
836
825
810
808
784
773
772
77
XV,x.
XIV.
2 Chron.
XXV.
2 Kings.
XIV, 16.
2 Chron.
XXV.-
2 Kings.
XV.
XIV, 25.
Tsay hV pe;
Jonah IIT.
Matthew.
be Wy wo
2 Kings.
XIV, 29.
XV, 8,
Io.
Amos.
WITS 9.
2 Kings.
Ue Vegi 4s
19,
| of the temple, commis the
priest. ig :
Jehoahaz succeedeth his Given Jena § in the in, dom of |
and reigneth 17 years : during all which time Hazael, king of Syri
oppresseth him, and ¢xerciseth all those cruelties upon the Israel-
ites which Elisha the prophet had foretold.
Jehoash, the son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel, is’ taken acta S|
consortship of that kingdom by his father, in the 27th year
Jehoash, king of Judah, and reigneth 16 years. ‘
Zechariah, the son of ‘Jehoiada the high priest, for reproving the a
people of Judah that fall to idolatry after the decease of Jehoiada, is
stoned to death in the court of the house of the Lord by the com-
mandment of king Jehoash, who the next year after is murdered
by some of his servants, as he lay in his bed; and Amaziah his
son succeedeth him. ae
Jehoahaz dieth, and Jehoash his son succeedeth in the isncdaee Nae P
of Israel. Not long after his father’s funeral he visits Elisha the ~
prophet, then lying sick, and with many tears asketh counsel of
him, who promiseth him victory over the Syrians. A dead man
is brought to life by being laid in Elisha’s grave.
Jeroboam the second is this year taken into the consortship | orn ry Hd
the kingdom of Israel by his father Jehoash, going to war against
the Syrians, This is gathered from Azariah king of Judah’s be-
ginning to reign in aus 27th year of this Jeroboam.
Amaziah, king of Judah, growing proud upon a victory obtained ©
against the Edomites, this 14th year of his reign, provoketh
Jehoash, king of Israel, to battle. Jehoash overcomes him, and
takes him prisoner, breaks down 400 cubits of the wall of Jer
salem, and, having ‘spoiled the temple and the king’s house of
vast treasure, returns to Samaria.
Jehoash dies, fifteen years before Amaziah, and Jeroboam:
second, his son, reigneth in Samaria 41 years. ie
Amaziah, finding, a conspiracy against him at Jerusalem’ fics:
Lachish, where he is murdered; after whom comes his son Uzziah, ri
or Azariah, in the 27th year of Jeroboam the second, and reigneth
52 years in "Jerusalem.
Now is held the 13th Jubilee, under the two most Aeaushiv
kings ; in whose times live sundry great prophets in both king-
doms; Isaiah and Joel in Judah; Jonas, Hosea, and Bee
Israel.
Jonas of Gath-hepher, a town belonging to the tribe of Ze ulon
in Galilee of the Gentiles fovecrye here the blindness of the Phari-
sees, Fohn vii, 52), was afterward sent into Nineveh, the metropo- f
lis of Assyria, where both. king and people at his. Pr hin;
repented. :
Jeroboam, king of Israel (under whom that kingdom ca
its full height of glory), dieth; after his death all things fa
confusion, and the State is reduced to a plain anarchy, '
lasteth 11 years and a half; for such an interregnum or va
the synchronism of Kings requires, that the six months of —
ariah, the son of Jeroboam, may answer the 38 years an
month of Shallum, who murdered him, in the 39th year of Aza:
or Uzziah, king of Judah.
Zachariah, the son of Jeroboam, the fourth and last of the r
Jehu (as was foretold), begins his reign over Israel, in th
year of Azariah, or Uzziah, king of Judah, and reign th
months.
Shallum, the son of Jabesh, at the end of six months, m Ir
him in the’ sight of the people, and reigns one month, in the
year of Uzziah, king oe Judah. After Zachariah’s death :
those direful calamities foretold by Amos the prophet. -
Menahem, the son of Gadi, going from Tirzah to ‘sS
killeth Shallum, wasteth Tiphsah and the borders thereo
because the town would not open to him, he takes ity Sai)
all the women with child. Som
While Menahem in these broils labors to get the possessi of
the kingdom, Pul, king of Assyria, invadeth his country, to whom
Menahem giveth 1000 talents of silver, and, per ary, reig zneth —
quietly 10 years. Shi hs
162
2 Chron.
XXVII, s.
Mic. I, x.
742 2 Kings.
VES
2 Chron.
XXVIII, x.
Tsai VIt:
742
739 . 2 Kings.
XV, 30.
© 78) XVII, 3.
Mitine ir XVIII, x.
2 Chron,
. XXIX.
XXX,
sy i ce cbt
oy 2 Kings.
DG 8
XVIII.
XX.
Isaiah.
POG xe MOV LIT,
2 Kings.
XIX,
Isaiah.
XXXVIL.
4
_ 2 Kings.
‘ Bex},
, _2Chron.
XXXII.
Pekahiah succeedeth his father Menahem
Uzziah, king of Judah, and reigneth 2 years,
Pekah, one of his captains, kills him in his own palace at
Samaria, and reigneth 20 years.
Jotham succeedeth his father Uzziah in the kingdom of Judah,
at the age of 25 years, and reigneth 16 years in Jerusalem.
Jotham subdues the Ammonites, and makes them li pre for
3 years. Under him and his two successors the prophets Micah
and Hosea execute their prophetical office. About this time lived
the prophet Nahum, and prophesied the destruction of Nineveh.
Ahaz succeedeth his father Jotham, in the 17th year of Pekah,
king of Israel, and reigneth 16 years.
This year Rezin, king of Syria, and Pekah, king of Israel, are
confederate against Judah, which strikes a great terror into that
nation; but unto Ahaz, God, by the prophet Isaiah, sends a
gracious message, with a promise of deliverance ; fora sign whereof
(when the incredulous king, being bid to ask a sign, refused to do
it) God gives him the promise of Immanuel to be born of a virgin.
Rezin and Pekah.now lay siege to Jerusalem, and therein to Ahaz,
but are beaten off; Ahaz is no sooner delivered from his enemies
but he forsakes God his deliverer, and falls to idolatry. Wheres
fore God gives him over into the hands of the king of Israel, who
slays of the men of Judah 120,000 in one day, with a great many
of the nobility, and carrieth away 200,000 captives ; but these, by
the advice of the prophet Obed, are released and sent home.
Hoshea, the son of Elah, murders Pekah, king of Israel, and
gets the kingdom into his own hands, it is said, in the 2oth year
of Jotham, that is, from the time that Jotham first began to ey
which is the same with the 4th of Ahaz his son. Hoshea, by
reason of the tumults and disorders which ensued, cannot be said
to have reigned till 9 years after, the’state continuing all that time
in great confusion, without any form of government.
Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, comes up against Hoshea, and
makes him to serve him, and pay him tribute.
Hezekiah succeedeth his father Ahaz in the kingdom of Judah:
he destroyeth idolatry, and prospers: he also celebrates a solemn
passover, and reigneth 29 years in Jerusalem; his father had
made him, in the last year of his reign, his assistant in the govern-
ment. 9,
Hoshea, king of Israel, having consulted with So, king of Egypt,
refuseth to pay tribute to Shalmaneser: provoked hereby, and
jealous of some further design in that confederacy of Hoshea with
the king of Egypt, Sk&lmanesér layeth siege to Samaria, and
toward the latter end of the third year taketh it, and carrieth.
away the Israelites captive into his own country. This was the
end of the kingdom of Israel, when it had stood divided from the
kingdom of Judah 254 years. tiie
Sennacherib, king of Assyria, coming up against Judah, be-
siegeth their fenced cities, and taketh many of them, but is pacified
by a tribute.
Ahout this time Hezekiah falls sick, and is told by Isaiah that
he shall die, but pouring out his tears and prayers unto God, he
recovereth his health, and obtaineth a prolongation of- his life and
kingdom for 15 years. Forasign whereof the sun goes ten degrees
backward.
Sennacherib, not observing the articles of peace, at Ae siege to
adler. and sendeth a blasphemous letter to Hezekiah ; which
é€ opening, and spreading before the Lord in the temple, with
many tears, craves assistance from God against the Assyrians.
Whereupon the prophet Isaiah assures him that Cod will deliver
him, and defend that city. The self-same night an angel of the
Lord slays 185,000 men in the Assyrian army; and the next
morning Sennacherib departeth, and returns to Nineveh; where
not long after, whilst he is worshiping in the house of Nisroch
his god, he is slain by his own sons.
Manasseh, at 12 years of age, succeedeth his father Hezekiah,
and reigneth 55 years. He setteth up idolatry, and sheddeth
much innocent blood, Wherefore God delivers him up into the
hands of the Assyrians, who in the 22d year of his reign carry him
, in the soth year of
he , 4 bEe
330
The
Mace-
do- pes. Ant.
nian eet hp
Em- x Mac. I.
pire.
2
ab Jos. Ant.
ie, C23:
277 | 1. x2, ¢. 2.
| 3977 | 2 Mac. Ill.
176 1 Mac. I,
10,
175 | 2 Mac. IV, 7,
172 23, %4,
x70 27.
t Mac. I,
21, 22.
2 Mac. V.
js Jos. Ant.
ate. C. 7.
Daniel.
XI, 28.
~
AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE,
* x <7
and makes Manasses high priest thereof, to which resort all such
as are entangled in unlawful marriage, with all such offenders as
think themselves not safe at Jerusalem. This was the rise of that
schismatical Lonventicle of the Samaritans. See ¥ohz iv, 20.
Alexander marchcth toward Jerusalem, intending to besiege it.
Jaddusz the high oriest, hearing of it, putteth on his priestly orna-
ments, and. accompanied with the people all in white, goeth out to
mect iim. Alexander, seeing his habit, Mlls prostrate before him,
saying a
a
34
aD:
38
Acts.
Il.
III.
by
V, I-10,
17-42.
VI.
VII.
WALT
5>
14;
26,
EX} rf;
23.
2 Cor. XI, 32.
Gal. I, 18.
Acts XXII, 17,
Yee ere, ot Bae te te
AS ro aN
5, Foheathy
AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE,
Christ bringeth his apostles to mount Olivet ; commandeth them
to expect in Jerusalem the sending down of the Holy Ghost;
sends them to teach and baptize all nations, and blesses them ; and
while they behold, he is taken up, and-a cloud receives him out of
their sight. After his ascension the disciples are warned by two
angels to depart, and to set their minds upon his second coming;
they accordingly return, and, giving themselves to prayer, choose
Matthias to be an apostle in the place of Judas.
On the day of Pentecost (Jay 24), the Holy Ghost descendeth
on the apostles in the form of cloven tongues, like as of fire, and
enableth them to speak all languages. Peter the same day
preacheth Christ and the resurrection, and about 3000 believers
are added to the church,
Peter, by faith in Christ’s name, healeth a lame man.
The rulers of the Jews, offended at Peter’s sernion, and his
miraculous cure of the Jame man, cast both him and John into
prison ; upon their examination they boldly avouch the lame man
to be healed by the name of Jesus, and that by the same Jesus we
must be eternally saved. After this the Jews forbid them to speak
any more in that name; but the apostles answer, That it is fit
ey should obey God rather thanmen. They are threatened and
et go.
Ananias and his wife Sapphira, for their hypocrisy, are suddenly
struck dead. .
The apostles. are again cast into prison by the high priest; but
an angel sets them at liberty, and bids them preach the gospel to
the people without fear: being taken again teaching in the temple,
they are brought before the council, where, by the advice of
Gamaliel, a Pharisee, and doctor of the law, they are delivered.
The number of believers increasing at Jerusalem, the apostles
ordain seven deacons, who should distribute the alms of the whole
church to the widows and poorer sort of believers. Stephen, one
of these deacons, having confounded some that disputed with him,
is by them falsely accused of blasphemy, and brought before the
council, where he reprehends their rebellion, and murdering of
Christ. Whereupon they cast him out of the city, and stone him ;
he in the meantime praying for them.
A great persecution of the Church at Jerusalem follows after the
death of the first martyr, Stephen.
Philip, one of the seven deacons, preacheth at Samaria, and
converteth many; worketh miracles, and healeth the sick.
Simon the sorcerer, seeing the wonders that are done by Philip,
believeth, and is baptized.
The apostles at Jerusalem, hearing that Samaria had received
the faith, send thither Peter and John to confirm and enlarge the
Church. The apostles by prayer and imposition of hands confer
the Holy Ghost on all believers. Simon Magus offers them
money, that he may receive the power of conferring the same,
whose impiety is sharply reproved by Peter. Having completed
their ministry in those parts, they return to Jerusalem.
An angel sendeth Philip to teach and baptize the Ethiopian
eunuch.
Saul, a violent persecutor of all that call on the name of Jesus,
and one who consented to the death of Stephen, goes now toward
Damascus, with commission from the high priest and the council,
to apprehend all Christians in those parts, and to bring them
bound to Jerusalem ; on the way he is miraculously converted by
a voice from heaven, and three days after baptized by Ananias at
Damascus, where he preacheth the gospel of Christ with great
boldness, to the astonishment of those that knew upon what design
he was sent thither.
Saul having preached the gospel at Damascus a long time, the
Jews lay wait to kill him, but he escapeth from thence, and comes
to Jerusalem ; there he sees Peter, and James, the brother of our
Lord, and abides with them fifteen days. Here he speaks boldly
in the name of Jesus, and disputes with the Grecians, or rather
Jews that used the Greek tongue. ‘These also consult how they
may kill him.
While Saul prays in the temple, he is in a trance, and the Lord
775
After
Christ Acts.
38 XXII, 17.
IX, 30.
Gal. I, 21.
Acts.
IX, 32, 36,
41 X.
XI.
44 XIL
45 XIII.
46 XIV.
2 Cor.
XI, 25.
XII, 2.
2 shims, 2505.
52 Acts.
RV
Ve. ae
AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE.
appears unto him, and bids him to depart from Jerusalem, because
they will not receive his testimony; adding, that he will send him
to the Gentiles.
Saul, leaving Jerusalem, goes to his own country, Tarsus, and
from thence travels into Syria and Cilicia.
Peter visits the churches of Judea, Galilee, Samaria, etc. At
Lydda he cureth Eneas of the palsy, and at Joppa restoreth
Tabitha to life.
At Cesarea, Cornelius, a centurion, by prayers and alms finds
favor in the sight of God, and is commanded by an angel to send
for Peter, now at Joppa. God bya vision teacheth Peter not to
despise the Gentiles. Peter, being sent for by Cornelius, goes and
preacheth Christ to him and a great company that were met at his
house: while Peter preacheth the Holy Ghost falls upon them all,
and immediately the apostle baptizeth them.
Peter, at his return to Jerusalem, is accused by those of the cir-
cumcision for conversing with the Gentiles; but he declares to
them his vision, and the whole matter concerning Cornelius, and
they glorify God for granting to the Gentiles also repentauce unto
life.
The believers, who ever since the martyrdom of Stephen, and
the persecution thereupon ensuing, had been dispersed throughout
all Phenice and Cyprus, come now to Antioch, and preach the
gospel to the Greeks there, having before preached to none but the
Jews. The church at Jerusalem, understanding this, and that the
number of believers increased exceedingly, sends Barnabas thither
to confirm them; he goes to Tarsus, and takes Saul along with
him to Antioch, where they continue a whole year, convertin
multitudes to the faith. Here the disciples were first calle
Christians.
About this time James, the brother of John, is beheaded by the ©
command ot Herod Agrippa. He also imprisoneth Peter, whom
an angel delivers upon the prayers of the church. This same
Herod, not long after, speaking to the people at Cesarea, some of
them cry out, It is the voice of God, and not of man: and imme-
diately an angel of the Lord smites him, because he gave not the
glory to God, and he is eaten of worms, and dieth.
Barnabas and Saul set forward in their preaching of the gospel.
They plant the Christian faith in Seleucia, Cyprus, and other
places. At Paphos they preach the gospel to Sergius Paulus,
governor of that country : Tiscias: a sorcerer, withstanding them,
and endeavering to turn away Sergius from the faith, is at Saul’s
rebuke stryck blind. From this time Saul is always called by his
new name, Paul; he preacheth cz Antioch; the Gentiles believe,
but the Jews gainsay and blaspheme. Whereupon he and his
assistants turn to the Gentiles, and come to Iconium.
At Iconium they are persecuted and ready to be stoned. From
hence they fly to Lystra and Derbe, cities of Lycaonia. At
Lystra, Paul healing a cripple, the multitude cry out that the ©
gods are come down, and call Barnabas Jupiter, and Paul
Mercurius, and would have sacrificed to them, had not the apos-
tles, with clothes rent, run in among them, and assured them that
they were men like themselves. Soon after there come Jews from
Antioch and Iconium, who excite the people against them. Paul
is by the furious multitude stoned, and drawn out of the city as
dead; but whilst the disciples stnnd about him, he riseth up, and
the next day departs with Barnabas to Derbe.
In this year, perhaps at this very time, Paul was caught up into —
the third heaven, and heard unspeakable words, fourteen years
before he wrote his second cpistle to the Corinthians. ;
About this time Timothy, though a child, with his mother
Eunice, and his grandmother Lois, embrace the Christian faith -
preached by Paul.
Certain Jadaiang Christians come from Judea to Antioch, and
teach that the Gentiles ought to be circumcised, and observe the
law of Moses; these Paul and Barnabas oppose, and a council
is held by the apostles and others at Jerusalem to determine
this controversy. The decrees of the synod are sent to the
churches.
776
ar
“ANY
Sey
/
.
ves
oe
54
55
XVII,
XVIII,
18-23.
XIX.
“Acts.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE.
Paul and Barnabas, thinking to visit the churches together, fall
at strife, and part asunder: Barnabas and Mark’ go into Cyprus,
Paul and Silas into Syria and Cilicia.
Paul coming to Derbe, finds there Timothy, whom (because his
mother was a believing Jew, though his father a Gentile) he
causeth to be circumcised, and takes him along with him. He is
by a vision admonished to go into Macedonia: coming to Philippi,
the chief city of that part of Macedonia, he converts Lydia;
casteth out of a certain maid-servant a spirit of divination, whose
master, losing a considerable gain thereby, brings Paul and Silas
before the magistrates: these cause them to be whipped and im-
prisoned; but at midnight, Paul and Silas praying and singing
psalms, the doors of the prison fly open, and their bonds are
loosed: the jailer, ready to kill himself, is converted to the faith,
and baptized the same night, with his whole family. Next day the
magistrates come themselves, and pray them to depart the city.
From Philippi Paul takes his journey through Amphipolis and
Apollonia, and comes to Thessalonica, where he finds a synagogue
of the Jews ; there he preacheth three Sabbath-days ; some believe,
others persecute him. Leaving Thessalonica, he comes to Berea,
and soon after arrives at Athens, disputes with the philosophers
and declares unto them that UNKNOWN GOD whom they ha
ignorantly worshiped. He converts Dionysius the Areopagite,
and thence passeth to Corinth.
Paul, at Corinth, meets with Aquila and Priscilla, not long
before banished from Rome by the decree of Claudius. Here he
ames a year and six months, and thence writes to the Thessa-
onians.
Paul is accused by the Jews, and brought before Gallio, procon-
sul of Achaia, who refuseth to be judge in a controversy about re-
ligion, and so drives them away from the judgment-seat.
Paul departs from Corinth, and passeth to Ephesus, thence he |
sets out toward Jerusalem, that he may be at the feast; he lands
at Cesarea, goes down to Antioch, and comes into the regions of
Galatia and Phrygia, confirming the disciples in all those places.
Paul returns to Ephesus, disputes daily in the school of Tyran-
nus, and continues preaching there, and the parts thereabout.
He writes his epistle to the Galatians.
At Ephesus, Demetrius, asilversmith, jealous of his gain, raiseth
a tumult against Paul, which is appeased by the town clerk.
About this time a schism ariseth in the church at Corinth, which.
causeth Paul (now in or about Ephesus) to write his first epistle to
the Corinthians.
Paul departs from Ephesus, and comes into Macedonia, and
gathers a contribution for the relief of the saints at Jerusalem,
The apostle, having learned from Titus the success of his first,
writes now his second epistle to the Corinthians. Out of Mace-
donia he goes into Greece, and comes to Corinth, where he writes
his epistle to the Romans.
Paul purposing to go directly from thence into Syria, that he
may carry the collections to Jerusalem, the Jews lay wait for him;
he understanding this, thinks it best to return into Macedonia the
same way he came, and thence to pass into Asia.
After the days of unleavened bread Paul sails from Philippi,
and comes to Troas: there he restores Eutychus to life. Having
assed through several cities of Greece, he arrives at Miletus;
aes thence he sends to call the elders of the Church of Ephesus,
whom he earnestly exhorts to the performance of their duty,
Paul comes to Jerusalem, is apprehended in the temple, and
secured in the castle; he claimeth the privilege of a Roman, and
escapeth scourging.
Paul Bieadeth his cause before Ananias the high priest. The
chief captain, understanding that above forty Jews had bound
themselves under a curse neither to eat nor drink till they had
killed him, sends him to Felix, the governor of the province, by
whom he is imprisoned at Cesarea.
Paul is accused before Felix by Tertullus the orator: Felix goes
out of his office, and, to gratify the Jews, leaves Paul in prison
Portius Festus succeeds him in the government.
777
AN INDEX TO THE HOLY BIBLE.
After
Christ Acts.
62 XXYV. The Jews come to Cesarea, and accuse Paul before Festus. He
answereth for himself, and appeals unto Cesar. King Agrippa
comes to Cesarea, and Festus opens the whole matter to him.
XXXVI. Paul makes his defence in the presénce of Agrippa, who thereby
is almost. persuaded to be a Christian, and the whole company
pronounce him innocent,
63 XXVIII. Paul comes to Rome, is a prisoner at large, and preacheth there
two years.
Here ends the History of the Acts of the Apostles, written by
St. Luke, St. Pauls beloved contpanion in his travels.
64 St Paul, from Rome, writes his epistles ;
To the Philippians.
To Philemon.
To the Colossians.
To the Ephesians.
65 Heb. About the latter end of this year St. Paul is set at liberty, and a
XIII, 24. ‘| little before his departure out of Italy into Asia he writes his epistle
to the Hebrews.
tals s He preacheth the gospel in the isle of Crete, and leaves Titus
there to set things in order, and ordain elders in every city.
66 St. Paul writes his epistles :
To Timothy I.
To Titus.
To Timothy IT.
About this time the epistles of St. Peter, St. John, and St. Tuite
Euseb.
67 Hist, Ec.
If 2, c. 24.
70 Luke XIX,
43, 44.
seem to be written.
St. Pctcr and St. Paul are said to have suffered’ martyrdom at
Rome toward the latter end of Nero’s reign. >
This year Jerusalem (according to Christ’s prophecy) is besieged,
taken, sacked, and burned, by Titus ;
7,000 are taken prisoners ;
1,100,000 of the Jews perish, _
besides an innumerable company that
in other places of Judca kill themselves, or perish through famine, — es
banishment, or other miseries. 2
96 St. John is banished into the isle of Patmos by Domitian, and
there receives and writes his Revelation.
After the death of Domitian, St. John returns to Ephesus,and
at the request of the Church writes his Gospel. . ar
ANALYSIS OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS, -
BOOKS in the Old Testament....
Chapters...
Words,.....
Letters.....
PEC e eee eeoeeeseeerse
NIGTSCS. os vc ater anniee Aer eee
SOHC HOSS HOG AHeeeeree
Books in the New Testament.....
ASNAPCEKS, ene vc. cs Senet arate wets
BTS Sutera Sa ais Saco a weg oe Rican
39
929
23,214
592,439
2,728,100
27
260
The middle chapter and the least in the Bible,
is Psalm ecxvii.
The middle verse is the 8th of Psalm
CXViii.
The word avd occurs in the Old Testament
35,543 times.
e same in the New Testament also oc-
curs 10,684 times.
778
The word Yehovah occurs 6855 times.
The middle book of the Old Testament t is
Proverbs.
The middle chapter is Job xxix,” ;
The middle verse is 2d Chron., chapter xx.
the 17th verse. 2
The least verse is rst of Chron., chapter rf tS
and tst verse. a
The middle book in the New Tetouan is
2d Thessalonians.
The middle chapters are Romans xiii and -
xiv.
The middle verse is Acts xvii, 17th verse.
The least verse is in John xi, verse 35nen
The 21st verse, chapter vii, of Ezra, has all
the letters of the alphabet.
The xixth chapter of the 2d of Kin;
chapter xxxvii of Isaiah are both tke
ite a rie! one vi ag pas . * : 4 ‘ee NG ee ree et
MAS \ " “
‘ TABLES OF SCRIPTURE MEASURES,
\ WEIGHTS, AND COINS:
WITH AN APPENDIX,
CONTAINING THE METHOD OF CALCULATING ITS MEASURES OF SURFACE,
HITHERTO WANTING IN TREATISES ON THIS SUBJECT.
- BY THE RIGHT REVEREND RICHARD, LORD BISHOP OF PETERBOROUGH.
~ A MEASURE isa known quantity applied to another of the same kind that is less
known, to make its dimensions better known, by help of numbers expressing the propor-
tion that the known quantity bears to the unknown. ‘The dimensions to be measured are
three: x. Mere Zength, which hath but one dimension. 2. Surface, which consists of
length multiplied into breadth ; so it hath two dimensions, as it were, interwoven; and
this is always measured by some square surface already known, as by a square foot, or
a square cubit, or any other square already known, by help of its side. Moses generally
useth the square cubit. 3. Sodidity or capacity, which hath three dimensions multiplied
into each other: length, breadth, and height, or depth. Thisis measured by a known
cube. From solidity ariseth weight in all sublunary bodies; and by weight we measure
the value of coins. Therefore, I shall join weights and coins together in the fourth table.
I use = to signify Equal; :: to express Proportion; . zs called Separatrix, parting
Decimals from Integers.
i. TABLE. Measures of Length.
leapress the Cubit, and its Parts, both by Inch Measure and dy Foot Measure; which
Ll deduce from Inches by this Proportion :
Inch Measure. Foot Measure.
As 12.1 3: 21.888 1.824.
Inch Dec. Foot Dee,
RRINAE YEE i St=we= 10 s\,\arerala Wisiaic-a'd.ca's'a fale clove orn else odie dieis wiwislouic wwe ors 21.888 = 1.824
A Span the longer = ¥4 a Cubit...... eocccrccccccccccecessce = 10,044 = .Q12
A Span the less = ¥ of a Cubitysssemasecaeeti at heseucesenees 7-296 = .608
A Hand’s breadth = 1 of a Cubit.........scececccccccecees = 3.684 == .304
A Finger’s breadth = gly of a Cubiteccc.csessceecceeersseees == .QI2 == .076
3 Measures of many Cubits length I express only in Foot Measure.
Feet Deo.
PAMPIRA CHOI. 6 6515 6:6 dd .c tease Whe Cis Cannes oboe eetenss dane ema 4 Cubits == 7.296
Ezekiel’s Reed..cccccsscscccccvesscsccccsecsesecccsoee = 6 Cubits== 10.944
Schenus, the Egyptian Line for Land Measure, which I
think Scripture useth to divide Inheritances. Psalm
xvi, 6, and Ixxviii, 55. They used different Lengths,
but the shortest and most useful was,
Herodotus mentions a Schenus just 300 times as long: I judge that all the greater were
made in proportion to the least.
PERG OUUGita sed esiaewdeicluaese ceeccesesocssecescess = 4000 Cubits = 7296 Feet.
Stadium, ds of their WMilentiacah aveterecece ees eooe ™s 400 Cubits = 729.6
: : == 72,000 Cubits = 4 English
Parasang, 3 of their Miles Pe ecn6 oe): bsterssccses4 Miles and 580 Feet.
== 80 Cubits = 145.92
il. TABLE. Measures of Surface.
Moses hath described these by square Cubits. I here express them reduced to our
square Feet. The method of this reduction is taught in an Appendix, I first propose
three clear examples given by Moses; secondly, i place six instances of greater difficulty.
THE CLEAREST EXAMPLES ARE;
I. The Altar of Incense. Only two sides of it, wZz., its length and breadth, are ex-
ressed by Moses; each of them is affirmed to be one Cubit. Yet he declares it was
Peateuare whence we collect that it was just one square Cubit. See Zxodus xxx, 2,
: 779
SCRIPTURE MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND COINS.
Now, it is demonstrated in the Appendix that one Yewzsk square Cubit amounts to, In
surface, three Exg7ish square Feet, and about 47 square Inches.
II. The Table of Shew-bread, H.xrodus xxv, 23. It is affirmed to be two Cubits in-
length, and one in breadth. Nonc-doubt but it was rectangular, containing two Jewish
square Cubits. These amount to six Hvglish square Feet, and above half, vzz., 94
square Inches.
III. The Boards of the Tabernacle, each ro Cubits in length, and one and a half in
breadth, Exodus xxvi, 16, being rectangular, must contain 15 square Cubits, Fewzsh.
These are proved to contain very near 50 squard Feet of Luglish Measure.
THE MORE DIFFICULT CASES, RESERVED TO THE APPENDS, ARE:
I. The Mercy Seat, whose surface is = 12 square Feet and a half.
II. A general method is taught of reducing any given number of Yewisk Cubits to
Linglish square Feet.
ee The example of the 15 square Cubits in the Boards of the Tabernacle is made
clearer.
IV. The Court of the Tabernacle, described Exodus xxvii, 18, is found to be just half
the Leyptian Aroura, and to contain 1 Rood, 21 Perches, 27 square Feet, etc.
V. The whole Avoura is determined, and reduced to our Auglish Measures, 3 Roods,
2 Perches, 55 square Feet. :
VI. The suburbs, or Glebe Land, given to each city of the Levites, Num. XXXv, 3-5
is shown to be a square, on each of the four sides of every city, containing a million o
Fewish square Cubits, or 100 Avoure; which amounts to, in each square, 76 Acres,
1 Rood, 26 Perches, 80 square Feet. Whence we collect that all the four Squares
amounted to 305 Acres, 2 Roods, 1 Perch, besides 51 Feet square.
tll. TABLE. Measures of Capacity.
Wine Gal. Pints. Inch Solid.
Rpia OF. Matti. isa oa%ocekereehengesaey bacnaee eeesee 7. 4 15
Chomer, Homer in our translation........ as see ah bacaeae 75 5 7
Seah, *34:0f Ephacis ess ctmes a uns cones ae Ties ecmes tense 2 4 3
Hin = ¥ of Epha..... eeeesecsee ecccceves eoeceesseoceeee I 2 I
Omer, x5 of Ephadraces cane te ccreccaetrccne waste cree °o 6 ©°.5
Kab; why Ot pba: 000% cpues s4euuee Laegh hpeeserastee ° 3 Io
LOE oper OF DUA civsty vonne foocaaelventa deny? eeecveeee ° o% 10
Metretes of Syria (ohn ii, 6) = Cong. Rom........e00 ° 7% °
Cotyla, Eastern, yy of Epha ...ccccsesscccesssvicsnese 'O of 3
This Cotyla contains just ro Ounces Avoirdupois of Rain water; Omer 100; Epha 1000; |
Chomer 10,000,. So by these Weights all these Measures of Capacity may be expedi-
tiously recovered very near exactness.
IV. TABLE. Of Weights and Coins.
The Jewish Weights are reduced to the] The value of Yewish and Roman Weights
Standard Grains of our Z7yoy Weight;| and Coins, at the present rate of Silver
whereof 433 are equal to the oman! and Gold, expressed in Pence and Deci-
ounce, and to our ancient English Avoir-| mals of a Penny. :
dupois ounce. :
Grains Deo. Pence Dec. Si.@ings
Shekel is the original weight......... = 2190 == 28.2875 == 2 4 I
Bekah; %4 a Shekel...) J. cesses asics me 109.5 = 14.1437 = r 2 4X
Gerah, yg of Bekah... .....cs0seee00 = T0.95== «1.41437 0st HX
Maneh = 100 Shekel wt.. oi... scccec = 21,900
Cusuee
Maneh in’Coin, = 60 Shekels.....006 = 13,140 == 1,697.25 == 7 2 °5
Talent of Silver, == 3000 Shekels..... == 657,000 == 84,862.5 == 358 11 1000.
Talent of Gold the same Weight........ = 5075 15 700.
The Golden Darics, Ezra ii, 69, seem
to be coins of Darius the Mede.
= I31.4 = Ir 0 4
They weighed 12 Gerahs.
780
5 SCRIPTURE MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND COINS.
Roman Money Blentioned in the New Testament.
Penes. Farthings
MPRTUME OUVEN: Sohn ep ucdnsccpehas cr ieV ees oeeestireatebeucese. 7% 3
AERIS, (CODDET 9 occa ceseccceceseucesadbestépesvccscevg0eecsccesoe e 3
ASSATIUD, .ccccesescecsencccevccccscceccccecscccces wersccsesess O 1%
Quadrans....sccccceccccccervccccsccccccecscesssoccecccscsesssess O %
PP UICC UME celelaics citlacisiy vie tees sia dee tleldadpd se sionties vue eiiccieee o yy
AN APPENDIX
TO THE SECOND TABLE OF MEASURES OF SURFACE, DESCRIBED BY MOSES, SHOWING THE
METHOD OF REDUCING THEM BY CALCULATION TO THE MEASURES USED IN ENGLAND,
FOR THE BENEFIT OF THOSE THAT UNDERSTAND DECIMAL ARITHMETIC, AND DESIRE
TO TRY THE REDUCTIONS GIVEN IN THE TABLE, OR TO MAKE FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS
IN THIS KIND OF MEASURES.
1. The Mercy Seat.—I shall begin with Reduction of the Measures of the Mercy Seat,
which was God’s throne of Grace among the Fews. Moses, in Exodus xxv, 17, affirms
that its length was two Cubits and a half, its breadth one Cubitand a half. The fractions
adhering to its length and breadth make some difficulty to beginners in Arithmetic,
which the Decimal way doth much abate. Supposing, therefore, what I have elsewhere
proved, that the Fewzsh Cubit was in Foot measure 1.824; the length must be expressed
in Foot measure, and Decimals thereof, 4.560. The breadth in like measure will be 2.736.
Wherefore the product of these numbers multiplied into each other gives its surface
12.47,616 ; in number of its square Feet, and Decimals thereof, 12 square Feet, and very
near half a square Foot; if the Decimals had been .so, it had been just a half a Foot.
If we desire to express those Decimals of a Foot in square Inches, as is usual in Zxg-
land, we must multiply .47,616 by 144, the square Inches of a Foot, and the product will
be 68.56,704 ; which shows that the Decimals we found amount to 68 square Inches, and
about half an Inch more: we need not be nicer.
2. A Square Cubit reduced to our Measure.—z2. In the Altar of Incense Moses de-
scribes the ¥ewzsk square Cubit, which must be reduced to our Foot measure, thus,
$334. The product of these numbers multiplied will be the upper surface of this altar,
3.326,976, that is, three square Feet, and .326,976 Decimals of a square Foot, which we
may aS by 47 square Inches, and a few Decimals of an Inch square inconsiderable.
3. The Boards of the Tabernacle.—3. Moses’ description of the Boards of the Taber-
nacle, Exod. xxvi, 16, by 10 Cubits in length, and one and a half in breadth, naturally leads
a man to discern in each Board’s surface 15 Yewish square Cubits; because if we con-
ceive a linc drawn from the end of one Cubit at the bottom of the Board to the end of one
Cubit at the top of the Board, this must needs be 10 whole square Cubits on one side of
that line, and 10 half square Cubits (= 5 whole) on the other side of that line: here, there-
fore, are rsgsquare Cubits. The reduction of these into Ang7ish square Feet is performed
by multiplying 15, vzz., the number of Cubits given, into 3.326,976, the Feet and Decimals
of one square Cubit, and the product will be 49.90,464, and that is very near to fifty square
Feet; for those Decimals amount to above 130 square Inches; and little more than 13
square Inches would make it just 50 Feet, which abatement we need not here regard.
4. The Court of the Tabernacle.—4. Let us now go to the measure of the surface of
land. But we will begin with the Court of the Tabernacle, the ground on which the Priests
erformed all the solemn public worship of /svae/ in Moses’ time. The Area of this Court
is described by Moses, Exod. xxv, 18, by its length 100 Cubits, and its breadth every-
where 50 Cubits. Wherefore this Area must be in Yewish measure 5000 square Cubits,
for that is the product of 100 multiplied into 50. To reduce these 5000 Fewzsh Cubits intc
ee, square Feet, I must multiply 5000 into 3.326,976; the product is 16,634.88 English
square Feet.
Bat in cases of such long numbers of Feet we use, for brevity’s sake, and to help oui
memorics, to reduce them into Perches, or Roods, or Acres, which contain known num
bers of square Feet. A Perch contains 272% square Feet. A Rood is = to 10,890 square
Feet. An Acre is = to 43,560 square Feet. It is plain that the number 16,634.88 hath
- not Integers equal to those of an Acre; but it hath enough to answer those in a Rood.
and sore overplus, therefore I must divide 16,634.88 by 10,890, which is a Rood. By
such division, continued in the Decimal way, until I have a fraction of five or six places
which is exact enough, I find the quote to be 1.527,537, which assures me that my numbe:
16,634.88 hath but once entirely in it a whole Rood: but it hath moreover in it many
Decimal parts of a Rood. These, therefore, I reduce to the Perches contained in them.
by multiplying them into 40, which is the number of Perches that make up a Rood: anc
cutting.off six places from the product, which is 2r.101,480 ; so I find there are 2x Perches
entire, and the figures after the Separatrix are Decimals of a Perch. These, also, I mul-
781
INS. |
tiply by 272.25, which are the square Feet and Decimals ofa Perch. The product of this 2:
last multiplication, after eight places cut off from it by the Separatrix, because there were
six places of Decimals in one of the multipliers, and two in the other, is 27.62,793,000. cor
Hence I learn that there are therein but 27 entire Feet; all the eight Deena placest= =.
amount to little above half a Foot, and, therefore, I cast them away as inconsiderable in
the measure of land. This method of reduction by multiplication of Decimals I find to ;
be easier than the common way of reduction by division, and, therefore, I propose it to
be used by beginners in this practice of surveying. SolI find this Court to contain in
English measure 1 Rood, 21 Perches, 27 Feet, and little more than a half a Foot squared.
But reflecting upon JZoses’ measure*by Cubits, and finding them to be precisely 5000
square Cubits, 1 observed that they were just half 10,000, which I had observed from
Herodotus’ Euterpe to be the Area of the Zgyptran Aroura, by which their land was as
generally measured as ours is by Acres and Roods. See Herodot. 1. 2. c. 168. I called
alsoto mind a passage in Manetho, an Egyp~tian Priest, cited by Yosephus in his first
book against Afzon, where he affirms that //anetho, in his history of the reign, wars, and
expulsion of the Pastors (whom Africanus affirms to be Phenicians, or Canaanites, and a
Fosephus vainly believed to be Fews), wrote out of the public Records of Aeyft, that
these Pastors made at Adarzs a very large and strong encampment, that encompassed
10,000 Aroure, sufficient to contain 240,000 men, and long maintain their cattle. ence _
it appears, that not only the Zgy/tians, but the Phenicians or Canaanites also, that had
dwelt among them, and had reigned there during the time of six kings successively, used
the measure of land called Avoura. Now, this was long before J@oses’ time: for the be-
ginning of Amosis or Tethmosis, who expelled them out of Zgyft, was very near the time
of Abraham’s death, as appears by the annals of the learned Primate of /reland. -Where-
fore, I believe that Moses, who was skilled in all ZgyAtzan learning, especially surveying,
did of choice make the Court of the Tabernacle to be just half an@4rvouva, which was a
known measure to him and his people, who had long dwelt in ZeyZ¢, and Divine Author-
ity directed him so to do.
5. Lhe Reduction of an Aroura to English Measures.—s. Because we have shown
from Herodotus that an Aroura is the square of 100 Jewish or Egyptian Cubits, and 100
such Cubits may in Zxg/ish Foot measure be expressed by 182.4 English Feet, it follows
that the square of this number will express exactly the number of the English square feet La
that are contained in an Avoura. Now by multiplication of 182.4 into itself, I find the 3
product to be 33,260.76: therefore, I conclude that there are 33,269 square Feet entire, ea
and .76 Decimals of a square Foot, in an Avoura. Now, to reduce these English square Tok
Feet into Roods, Perches, and the remainder of square Feet, I use the fecthed!
used in the = §
last paragraph: First, I divide them by 10,890, the square Feet in a Rood ; and the quote é
I find 3.055,094, that is, 3 Roods, and .055,094 Decimals of a Rood. Secondly, I multiply
those Decimals by 40, which is the number of Perches in a Rood; the product is 2.202,-
60. Hence I conclude there are therein two Perches, and .202,960 Decimals of a Perch,
hirdly, I multiply these last Decimals by 272.25, which are the square Feet of a Perch, ©
The product is 55.25,586,000, that is, 55 entire square Feet; the eight places of Decimals
amount to little above 4 of a square Foot, therefore I reject them as inconsiderable in a
measure of land. By ijl these reductions it is found that an Aroura is,in English
measure, three Roods, two Perches, 551% square Feet. Hence it follows alsothatitismot
well translated by Yugerum, for it is much larger: nor is it well in Auglish called an
Acre, for it is considerably less, To this place I refer the use of the lesser sort of yotvog, — =
which yet is most convenient for the use of the Egyftzans, and of the Hews, to measure _
out private men’s inheritances by a line which was 80 Cubits long. For thelength ofthis
line will measure one side of an Avoura, if the other side be 125 Cubits long, which is the
length of this line, and its half, and 5 Cubits above half of it, which they might easily —=—
mark on it by a knot ora ring. And by this means they might easily jay any numberof
Aroure together, all of them rectangular and parallel to each other. SuchlinesI sup-
pose for measure of inheritances arc intimated, Psadm xxviii, 55, and xvi, 6, ete. ees:
6. The Levite’s Glebe.—6. I shall conclude with an example amounting after reduction
to a number of Exglish Acres, which measure we have not yet reached to. This I take —
from Num. xxxv, 3, 4,5, verses. There Moses describes what measure of land the
Levites were to be allowed for their cattle, their goods, and all their beasts, on the north,
east, south, and west sides of each of their cities. So that the city was to be in the midst wat
of the land belonging to it. This land in our translation is called suburbs, because of its
nearness to all their cities. But we must not thence imagine that it means houses and
streets adjoining to their cities, in which sense we sometimes use the word suburbs. For
Moses plainly tells us they were places for their several sorts of cattle tofeedin,such as
might also be orchards or gardens for fruit, or perhaps for a little corn, comprehended in
the words their goods. ‘These fields he limits by 1000 Cubits, which was just a quarter
of an eastern mile, but amounts in mere length to 608 yards ZugZish measure, and, there-—
fore, exceeds a quarter of an English mile by 168 yards inlength. But it is certain that Naan
cattle cannot feed upon mere length, but this must signify the side of some surface ofland
bounded thereby, and we must have two sides of that surface given before we can find: =="
782
oy
= ah 27) gai Nae:
SCRIPTURE MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND COINS.
the Area, or surface contained. Therefore, Moses, ver. 5, tells us, that on each side of
each city they must measure 2000 Cubits, which will determine no surface, unless we
understand it to mean the two sides of a square, bounded on every side by 1000 Cubits;
these two sides multiplied into each other will produce a square that contains just a
million of square Cubits, and that is a known and exact measure of just 100 Avoure ; and
this shows that the 2000 Cubits mentioned ver. 5 are the two sides of that square, where-
of the 1000 mentioned ver. 4 is one, and may be called the root of the square. This shows
the agreement of the two different.numbers. ‘The reduction of this million of square
Cubits will be performed by the same method that I have used before. Therefore, first, I
express 1000 Yewtsh Cubits by 1824 Lxglish Feet, without any Separatrix, according to
the principles owned in Decimal Arithmetic; and the square of that number will be
3,326,976, without a Separatrix. Secondly, I divide this number by 43,560, which are the
square Feet of an Acre, and find the quote to be 76.376,859, which signify 76 entire Acres,
and 376,859 Decimals of an Acre, ‘lhirdly, to find what Roods are contained in these Deci-
mals, I multiply them by four, the number of Roods in an Acre, and find the quote to be
1.507,436, which proves that there is but one Rood in them, and the six figures cut off by
the Separatrix (because there were six Decimals in one of the multipliers), are all Decimals
ofa Rood. Fourthly, therefore, to find what Perches are in these last Decimals, I multi-
ply them by 40, which is the number of Perches contained ina Rood. ‘The product is
20.297,440; hereby I find there are zo entire Perches, besides the Decimals of a Perch
placed after the Separatrix. Fifthly, to find what square Fcet are in those last Decimals,
I multiply them by 272.25, which are the square Feet and Decimals ina Perch, the pro-
duct is 80.97,804, which is 80 square Feet, and all the Decimals not amounting to a square
Foot I reject as inconsiderable in measure of land. Thus we have found that this, and
every other square on each side of every Levitical City, was prescribed to be 76 Acres, 1
Rood, 20 Perches, 80 square Feet in our measure, but was just a million of square Cubits
in their measure.
To add the four squares belonging to one Levitical City together, the best way will be
to take the first quote that we found in Acre measure, v2z., 76.376,859, and we must mul-
tiply it by four, and we shall find, by the method I have used, all the four squares
together to amount to 305 Acres, 2 Roods, r Perch; we need not take notice of any lesser
quantities in this case. We may also by this method find the sum of the Acres belonging
to all the 48 cities of the Levztes, and many other improvements in this kind of measuring
surfaces. But I leave them to the industry of others.
ASTABLE OF TIME,
: NISAN, or Abib........{ March. DAYS OF THE WEEK.
. pe First day of the week......0.- Sunday.
@ Jiar, oF Ziff. ..cccsseccees ae : Second day........ cesseess+e Monday.
Mae: Third Cay ave se cds ds ctewceie of MESHEM
BRPOIVAD sae hon eccceuseces J: Fourth day...... cecscccsccee Wednesday
June. Fifth day........ sessecsceces LRUISAAY,
A. Lhammuz...o:.ccswsecee June. Sixth days sak. wswceas seen LP1AGYN.
Ful * S
ae om of ; eventh day, ov Sabbath. .... Saturday.
5 eee eee eeeeeeeereee .
Gee. HOURS OF THE DAY.
6 iO ae eeeeeeceese reson September. The dey, reckoning from Dede ane the
“itl é September. night from sunset, were each divided into
7 Tisri, or Ethanim.....0. pet 12 equal parts, called the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th,
8 Marchesuan, ov Bul...... eee os Sie esate
November. WATCHES.
Bee esse ae0= 3042494) December, The First Watch, from sunset to the third
December. | hour of the night. .
BRE nS anand nese iiss ce: Fanuary. |The Second or Middle Watch, from the
tr Shebath..se.csceseeceenny POMMG"Y. | third hour to the sixth.
february. |The Third Watch, or Cock-crowing, from
I2 Adar. @eeeeeereeeeeseeereeeee February. the sixth to the ninth.
March. The Fourth, ov Morning’ Watch, /roam ke
33 Veadar, intercalary. - ninth hour to sunrise.
783.
A CHRONOLO
GICAL INDEX
OF THE YEARS AND TIMES FROM ADAM UNTO CHRIST, PROVED BY THE
SCRIPTURES, FROM THE COLLATION. OF DIVERS AUTHORS,
FR bees Adam unto Noah’s flood are years
i .
For Adam, being 150 years old, begat Seth.
Seth, being ros years, begat Enos.
Enos, being go years, begat Cainan.
Cainan, being 70 years, begat Mahalaleel.
Mahalaleel, being 65 years, begat Jared.
Jared, at the age of 162, begat Enoch.
Enoch, being 65 years, begat Methuselah.
Methuselah, at the age of 187, begat Lamech.
Lamech, being 182 years, begat Noah.
Noah, at the coming of the flood, was 600
years old, as appeareth in the 7th chapter
of Genesis. ~
The whole sum of the years are 1856.
From the flood of Noah unto Abraham's
departing from Chaldea were 422 years
and ten days.
For the said flood continued one whole year
and ten days.
Shem (who was Noah’s son) begat Ar-
phaxad, two years after that.
“tere begat Salah, when he was 35 years
ol
Salah, being 30 years old, begat Eber.
Eber, at the age of 34, begat Peleg.
Peleg, being 30 years, begat Reu.
Reu, being 32 years, begat Serug.
Serug, being 30 years, begat Nahor.
Nahor, being 29 years, begat Terah.
Terah, being 130 years, begat Abram.
And Abraham departed from Chaldea when
he was 70 years old.
These, accounted, are 422 years and 10 days.
From Abraham's departing from Ur in
Chaldea, unto the departing of the chit-
dren of Israel, are 430 years, gathered
as followeth :—
Abraham was in Charran five years, and
departed in his 75th year.
Begat Isaac when 100 years old, in the 25th
year of his departing.
Isaac begat Jacob, when 60 years old.
Israel was in Egypt 220 years.
Then deduct 80 years from this; for so old
was Moses when he conducted the Israel-
ites from Egypt.
So the rest of the years, that is to say, 130,
are divided between Amram and Kohath
Then Kohath begat Amram, at the age of 67
years.
é
4
Amram, being 65 years, begat Moses, who,
in the 8oth year of his age, departed with
the Israelites from Egypt.
So this chronology is the 430 years men-
tioned in the 12th chapter of Exodus, and
the 3d chapter to the Galatians.
From the going forth of the Israelites from
Egypt, unto the first building of the tem-
ple, are 480 years, after this chronology
and account.
Moses remained in the desert or wilderness
forty years.
peat and Othniel ruled forty years.
thud, 80 years.
Deborah, 4o years.
Gideon, 40 years.
Abimelech, 3 years,
Tola, 23 years.
pe: 22 years.
hen they were without a captain, until the —
18th year of Jephthah.
ephthah, 6 years.
bzan, 7 years,
Elon, 10 years.
Abdon, 8 years.
Samson, 20 years.
Eli, judge and priest, 44 years.
Samuel and Saul reigned 4o years.
David was king 40 years.
Solomon, in the 4th year of his reign, began
the building of the temple.
These are the 480 years mentioned in the __
first Book of Kings, Chapter 6.
From the first building of the temple, unto
the captivity of Babylon, are 419 years
and a half.
Solomon reigned yet 36 years.
Rehoboam, 17 years.
Abijam, 3 years.
Asa, 41 years
Jehoshaphat, 25 years.
Jehoram, 8 years.
Ahaziah, 1 year.
Athaliah, the queen, 7 years.
Jehoash, 40 years.
Amaziah, 29 years.
Uzziah, 52 years.
Jehoahaz, 16 years.
Ahaz, 16 years.
Hezekiah, 29 years.
Manasseh, 55 years.
wee
’
*-
OFFICES AND CONDITIONS OF MEN.
Amon, 2 years. From the re-edifying of the city, unto the
Fehoak 31 ead Cae of ft le as 483 years, after
ehoahaz, 3 months, is chronology.
liakim, 11 years. It is mentioned in the ninth chapter of
Jehoiachin, Jechonias, 3 months. Daniel, that Jerusalem should be built up ~
And here beginneth the captivity of Babylon. | again, and that from that time unto the
The sum of these years is 419 and 6 months. coming of Christ are 69 weeks, and every
Jerusalem was re-edified, and built again,| week jis reckoned for 7 years. So 69
after the captivity of Babylon, 70 years. weeks amount to 483 years: for from the
The captivity continued 70 Geb 32d year of Darius unto the 42d year of
The children of Israel were delivered the ‘Augustus, in which year our Saviour Christ
first year of Cyrus. was born, are just and complete so many
The temple was begun to be builtin the) years; whereupon we reckon, that from
second year of thesaid Cyrus, and finished | Adam unto Christ are 3074 years, 6
in the 46th year, which was the 6th year! months, and ten days ; and from the birth
of Darius, After that Darius had reigned | of Christ unto this present year, is 1876.
26 years, Nehemiah was restored to liber- | Then the whole sum and number of years,
ty, and went to build the city, which was| from the beginning of the world unto the
finished in the 32d year of the said Darius. end of the year of our Lord God, 1876,
All the years from the building of the temple | are 5850 years, 6 months,and the said odd
again, are 26 years. ten davs.
‘The whole sum of years amount to 70. 7
‘ A TABLE
OF OFFICES AND CONDITIONS OF MEN,
PATRIARCHS, or Fathers of Families,such as Abraham, Isaac, and ¥aceb, and his
sons.
Fudges, temporary Supreme Governors, immediately appointed by God over the chil-
dren of /srae/. :
Kings, and they either of the whole nation, or, after the falling off of the ten tribes, of
Sucre or Israel. !
F,*levs, senators, the LX X, or Sanhedrim,
Dficers, provosts, sheriffs, or executioners.
Fudges, inferior rulers, such as determined controversies in particular cities.
Israelites, Hebrews, descendants from ¥acod.
A Hebrew of Hebrews, an Israelite by original extraction.
A Proselyte of the Covenant, who was circumcised, and submitted to the whole law.
A Proselyte of the Gate, or Stranger, who worshiped one God, but,remained uncir-
cumcised.
OFFICERS UNDER THE ASSYRIAN OR PERSIAN MONARCHS.
Tirshatha, or Governor appointed by the kings of Assyria or Persia.
Heads of the captivity, the chief of each tribe or family, who exercised a precarious
government during the Captivity.
UNDER THE GRECIAN MONARCHS.
Maccabees, the successors of ¥udas Maccabeus, high-priests, who presided with kingly
power.
UNDER THE ROMAN EMPERORS.
Presidents, or Governors, sent from Rome with imperial power.
Tetrarchs, who had kingly power in the fourth part of a province.
Proconsuls, or Deputies of Provinces. .
Centurions, captains of a hundred men.
Publicans, or Tax-gatherers.
ECCLESIASTICAL OFFICERS, OR SECTS OF MEN.
High-priests, who only might enter the Holy of Holies.
tated Priests, or Sagan, who supplied the High-priest’s office in case he were dis<
abled,
High-priests for the War, set apart for the occasion of an expedition.
15
4
*
JUDEA, PALESTINE, OR THE HOLY LAND.
Priests, Levites of the sons of Aaron, divided into twenty-four ranks, each rank serving —
weekly in the temple. ens
Levites, of*the tribe of Zevz, but not of Aaron’s family; of these were three orders, —
Gershonites, Kohathites, Merarites, several sons of Levi. BE oN
Nethinims, inferior servants to the Priests and Levites (not of their tribe), todraw _
water and cleave wood, etc. 5g
: edna anciently called Seers, who foretold future events, and denounced God’s __
udgments. i
Children of the Prophets, their disciples or scholars. ieee
Wise Men, called so in imitation of the eastern Magi, or Gentile philosophers. Se
Scribes, writers and expounders of the law. me gue’
Disputers, that raised and determined questions out of the law. : Bias
Rabbins, or Doctors, teachers of Israel. SR RS
Libertines, freedmen of Rome, who, being Jews or Proselytes, had a synagogue or _
oratery for themselves. =o
Gautonites, or Galtleans, who pretended it unlawful to obey a heathen magistrate. at
Herodians, who shaped their religion to the times, and particularly flattered Herod.
Epicureans, who piaced all happiness in pleasure. ee
Stoics, who denied the liberty of the will, and pretended all events were determined by __
fatal necessity. 35 Be
Simon Magus, author of the heresy of the Gnostics, who taught that men, however
vicious their practice was, should be saved by their knowledge. i aie
Nicolaitanes, the disciples of Nicholas, one of the first seven Deacons, who taught the
community of wives. Aa eae
WNazarites, who, under a vow, abstained from wine, etc.
Nazarenes, Jews professing Christianity. os
Zelots, Sicarii, or murderers, who, under pretence of the law, thought themselves
authorized to commit any outrage. tes pele
Pharisees, separatists, who, upon the opinion of their own godliness, despised all others.
Sadducees, who denied the resurrection of the dead, angels and spirits. pee
Samaritans, mongrel professors, partly heathen, and partly Jews, the offspring of the
Assyrians sent to Samaria. Bee
Afostles, missionaries, or persons sent; they who were sent by our Saviour; from their
number, were called 7he Twelve.
Bishops, Elders, or Presbyters, spiritual overseers.
Deacons, officers chosen by the Apostles to take care of the poor.
PALESTINE is bounded on the north by mount Libanus, or Lebanon, which sepa
it from that part of Syria anciently called Phcenicia; on the east by mount Hermon, -
which divides it from Arabia Deserta; on the south by Arabia Petrea; and on the west
by the Mediterranean sea, or sea of Syria. a
This country received the name of Palestine from the Philistines, who dwelt onthe
sea-coast: it was called Judea, from Judah: and it is termed the Holy Land, being the
country where Jesus Christ was born, preached his holy doctrines, confirmed them by
miracles, and laid down his life for mankind. Palestine is about one hundred and eighty-
five miles in length, and generally eighty in breadth; it is situated between 31° and 33°
40’ north latitude. ; hale
The climate of Palestine is, during a great part of the year, very hot. The easterly
winds are usually dry, though they are sometimes tempestuous ; and those which ar
westerly are attended with rain. The heat here might be expected to be excessive;
mount Libanus, from its uncommon height, is covered all the winter with snow.
The first rains, as they are called, generally fall about the beginning of November; and
the latter rains in the month of April. In the country round Jerusalem, if a moderate
uantity of snow falls in the beginning of February, and the brooks soon after overflo
their banks, it is thought to forebode. a fruitful year; and the inhabitants make rejoicing:
upon this occasion, as the Egyptians"do with respect to the Nile: this country is seldor
refreshed with rain during the summer season. 3 ae
The rocks of Judea are, in many places, covered with a soft chalky substance, in which
is enclosed a great variety of shells and corals. The greatest part of the mountains ©
t,
JUDEA, PALESTINE, OR THE HOLY LAND.
Carmel, and those of Jerusalem and Bethlehem, are overspread with a white chalky
stratum, In mount Carmel are gathered many stones, which, being in the form of olives,
melons, peaches, and other fruit, are imposed upon pilgrims, not only as those fruits
petrified, but as antidotes against several diseases.
With respect to the rivers of the country, the Jordan, called by the Arabs Sceriah, is
not only the most considerable, but, next to the Nile, is the largest, either in the Levant
orin Barbary. It has its source at the bottom of mount Libanus, or Lebanon, and is
formed from the waters of two fountains, which are about a mile distant from each other,
One of them lies to the east, and is called Jor; the other, which is exposed to the south,
is named Dan. The confluence of the two streams is found near the ancient city of
Cesarea Philippi, which is at present only a village, and called Beline. The river takes
a course between the E. and S., and, after running seven miles, falls into the lake Samo-
chon or Mathon, at present called Huletpanias, about six miles in length, from north to
south, and nearly four in breadth, from east to west. The Jordan issues from this lake,
and flows through a great plain, passing under a stone bridge called Jacob’s bridge, con-
sisting of three arches well constructed. The river then continues its course as far as the
lake of Tiberias, near the ancient cities of Chorazin and Capernaum, where it mixes with
{ts waters. When it issues from this lake, which is about eighteen miles in length and
eight in breadth, it takes the name of Jordan major, dividing Peros from Samaria, the
lains of the Moabites from Judea, and receiving the waters of the Dibon, the Jazer, the
Wacob. and the Carith. After being augmented by these streams, in a course of sixty-five
miles from the lake of Tiberias, or sea of Galilee, it discharges itself into the Dead sea.
The Jordan, in the rainy seasons, overflows its banks to the distance of more than four
miles ; and, on account of the inequality of the ground, forms two or three channels. Irs
current is extremely rapid, and the water always muddy: but when taken from the river,
and put into any kind of vessel, it very soon clarifies, and is sweet.
The Dead Sea is a name of modern date; the ancients call it the lake of Asphaltites,
the sea of Sodom, the Salt sea, the lake of Sirbon ; the Arabs name it Bahheret-Lut; that
is, the sea of Lot. It is about fifty miles in length, and ten in breadth. The lofty moun-
tains of the country of the Moabites are on the eastern side, and discharge into it the
waters of Arnon and the Jaret. On the west and south it is bounded by very high moun-
‘tains also. It is likewise on the west that the brook Cedron, which rises at Jerusalem,
empties into this sea.
We are informed that this vast lake was covered formerly with fruit trees and abundant
crops, and that from the bosom of the earth, now’buried under its waters, arose the superb
cities of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboiim, and Segor. No plants of any kind grow in
this lake, The bottom of it is-black, thick, and fcetid. Branches of trees which fall
therein become petrified ina little time, The Dead sea produces a kind of bitumen,
which may be found floating on the surface, like large lumps of earth. This bitumen is a
sulphurous substance, mixed with salt; it is as brittle as black pitch, is combustible, and
exhales, while burning, a strong and penetrating smell. The ancient Arabs used jt for
smearing and embalming their dead, to preserve them from perishing. The mountains
near this sea produce a kind of black stone, which, when polished, has a beautiful lustre.
Acra, or Acre (now cailed St. John de Acre, and which the Arabs call Accho. or Akka)
is one of the places from which the Israelites could not expel the ancient Canaanites, and
was formerly reckoned among the ancient cities of Phcenicia. It is also known by the
name of Ptolemais. The situation is advantageous: on the north and east it is encom-
passed by a fertile plain; on the west, it is washed by the Mediterranean; and on the
south by a large bay, which extends from the city as far as mount Carmel. It contains
little more than a few cottages, and heaps of ruins. The residence of the bashaw of the
province is at this place.
To the south of Acre is Sebasta, the ancient Samaria, the capital of the ten tribes after
their revolt from the house of David. It is seated on a long mount, which rises in a
fruitful valley, and is now converted into gardens.
A little further to the south is Naplosa, the ancient Sychem, which stands in a narrow
valley, between mount Ebal on the north, and Gerizim on the south. Atasmall distance
from Na losa is Jacob’s well, famous for Christ’s conference with the woman of Samaria.
Jerusalem is encompassed with hills, so that the city seems as if situated in an amphi-
theatre ; there are few remains of the city as it appeared in Christ’s time; the situation
being changed ; for mount Sion, the highest part of ancient Jerusalem, is almost excluded :
while the places adjoining to mount Calvary are nearly in the centre. This city, which
is about three miles in circumference, is situated on a rocky mountain, on all sides of
which are steep ascents, except toward the north. The walls are not strong, nor have
they any bastions. The city has six gates, There are supposed to be about twelve or
_ fourteen thousand inhabitants in Jerusalem.
Jasa, the ancient Joppa, is the port where the pilgrims disembark. They generally
arrive in November, and repair without delay to Jerusalem.
Bethlehem, also called Ephrata, and the city of David, is famous for being the birth.
place of Christ. It is about two miles to the S. E. of Jerusalem, on the ridge ofa hill, at
present only an inconsiderable place.
One 787
* JUDEA, PALESTINE, OR THE HOLY LAND.
Raha, the ancient Jericho, is eighteen miles N. E. of Jerusalem, situated in a plain six
or seven leagues long, by three wide, surrounded by a number of barren mountains.
Habroun, or Hebron, is twenty-four miles S. of Bethlehem. The Arabs call it El-Kahil,
the well-beloved. It is situated at the foot of an eminence, on which are some remains of
an ancient castle. .
Nazareth, now only a small village, is on the top of a high hill.
Cana of Galilee, otherw.se called Cana Minor, celebrated for the miracle wrought by
Christ, of changing the wates into wine, is nothing more than a small village, with very
few inhabitants.
Sidon, called by the Turks Sayd, is situated on the sea-coast. It was anciently a place
of great strength, and had a very extensive commerce. Though it is still populous, and a
place of considerable trade, it has fallen from ts ancient grandeur. Its exports consist in
silks, with raw and spun cotton, the manufacturing of which employs most of the inhabit-
“igs amounting to about five thousand. ‘The city is defended by an old castle, built in
the sea.
Tyre, called by the Turks Sour, is about twenty miles to the south of Sidon. It was
once very celebrated for its purple, called the Tyrian dye, produced from a shell-fish.
This city was, in ancient times, the centre of an immense commerce and navigation, and
the nurse of arts and sciences. The ancient city stood, originally, on an island, joined to
the main land by a mole, the remains of which appear at present. It has two harbors ;
that on the north side is very good; but the other is choked up with ruins. The present
inhabitants are only a few poor fishermen, who live in vaults and caves.
Cesarea was at first called Strabo’s Tower, and was the capital of Palestine. This
aye was divided into two parts by a little hill, whereon was erected a temple dedicated
to Cesar.
Jericho is situated in a large plain, about twenty miles long and ten broad, bounded
by a variety of mountains on the southwest, the west, and north; it is at present inhab-
ited by a few miserable Arabs.
The Mount of Forty Days is situated on the north ‘side of the plain of Jericho: the
summit is covered neither with shrubs, trees, nor earth, but consists of a solid mass of
white marble; it is very difficult and dangerous to ascend, the path leading by a winding
course, between two dismal abysses. This mountain is one of the highest in the province,
and one of its most sacred places. It takes its name from the rigorous fast which Christ
observed here. From this mount may be seen the hills of Arabia, the country of Gilead,
the country of the Ammonites, the plains of Moab, and that of Jericho, the river Jordan,
a the whole extent ofthe Dead Sea. Opposite to Jericho, beyond Jordan, rises Mount
ebo.
Mount Carmel, on the south side of the bay of Acre, projects at one part into the sea,
forming a great promontory, called the point of Carmel. There are a number of grottoes,
ardens, and convents, on this mount; as also many cisterns for receiving the rain-water.
n this mountain was a fortress called Ecbatane.
Mount Tabor is most delightfully situated, rising amidst the plains of Galilee, distant
about twelve miles from the city of Tiberias; it is distinguished by different names, as
Itabyrion, Taburium, and by the Arabs Gibel-el-Tor. It is in appearance like a sugar-
loaf, and is covered from the top to the bottom with small trees.
Palestine, which comprehends the ancient country of Canaan, and was occupied by
nine tribes of Israel, has experienced many and severe revolutions; the extreme fertility
of the country, and its many advantages and happy situation, induced the neighboring
and powerful kingdoms to attempt its subjection; most of them succeeded in reducing to
obedience and slavery the peaceable inhabitants: the Persians, Saracens, Syrians, and
Romans, have alternately been masters for a time, and then obliged to yield to superior
force: they treated the conquered with the utmost barbarity, and committed the greatest
devastation and slaughter; not even sparing old or young, women or helpless children. —
Thus it continued changing its ferocious masters, until, in the twelfth century, the Turks
taking Cesarea, the whole country fell into their possession, and has continued under
their power ever since. ‘The innumerable scenes of blood and desolation exhibited in
this country have changed it from that happy, fruitful, and prosperous state, so beauti-
fully described in Deuteronomy, to an almost uninhabited desert, and hea of ruins ; few
traces of its ancient splendor remain ; and confusion and doubt hang over all the researches
of the inquirer.
The present masters exercise unlimited and tyrannical authority over their slaves in
Palestine, keeping the miserable inhabitants in the utmost subjection ; governing them by
Caliphs and Bashaws, with rods of iron; and holding them in the most deplorable ignore
ance and superstition.
788
CONTENTS.
Alphabetically.
eee ee ees se eseeFFSSFH SOSH eHeHeeseeeeses
PART I.
A Gomprehensive. Dictionary of Art, Science and Literature, eee
PAGE,
1 to 370
PART II.
A Brief Biographical Dictionary, Alphabetically Arranged..............685 to 739
PAGE.
PART [II.
PAGE
Abandonment (marine insurance)...477
Abbreviations Used in Writing and
MRP VIFIGANG coe ce ccwacicescccasecesees 659
_ Aborigines of North America.......554
_ Abstract (in Bue ness): COSCO ICE LL LE
Acceptance..
ACER DEOR Foose cs ccs voce ccccesseeces o s400
Accounts.......
Pe reeveereeteeeseeeoses ATT
Era arg
Account Current....2. sscsccccseees 418
Account, Sales........ RR eee Gree oe.
Acknowledgment of Deed...........499
ACGUITtANCE . 0 oe es eee ee recs 478
Acre, Different Measurements of....536
RGITEAEW cig i c's os cilee site's sans Bin arateiae ate 478
Adjustment (in insurance).........-. 478
Adjustment (of accounts)........... 478
AAMMistrator. . 6.5. sew ccces OCIA CI CIC 478
Adoption of the Constitution. . . 658
Aa Valorem Dutye.........s0- dalsle'ss : 478
Advances (in finance).....-.....-. 000418
Adventure (in marine)..............- 479
Africa, Ancient and Modern Geograph-
ETE ATY CD. OLS «a 'sresiinin's leis e oie @ sere’ 384
Africa, Cities and Towns in.......... 388
IAPPICOSORIVOLER Of. ccrcesc-cceescescecs 386
pee: MErCAaNtilos. cos cece. cosdees 479
PPOMIMITUICS n1, Colals vc due cig cscs oc css le40O
MPTLOMMETEET Ire on Sag o18'3)s ois waa cess ov slo e cio\e 479
Agreement between Landlord and
MRGERLIN GG ele. ae ops/<\e cece cla see, Sx cacare
Agreement for Sale of Land.........479
Agreement for sale of Grain......... 480
Agreement with a Clerk or Salesman
MI SBE VICES sc css tesa 'b.creic.e ces . 480
Alabama, Insolvent and ‘Assignment
SE eae aimee 603
Amendments to the Toca ie Se of
the United States.. 5
Americanisms.......
American Cities, Rate of Mortality of.654
PAGH
American Petroleum.,...... . 654
e@eenee
American Wars.. ais.c's 6 chaste sinters sO
Ancient Geogr aphical Names........ 383
AMMUIGY:.s ciate ces deiegas os tcicleinee Seep eee
Arbitration....... Seeisels shee cee tak
Analysis of the aja ‘and New Testa-
AWN GIEDL soaisip acaiersiate eet icleidim ai aus erere BACH Ait:
Assyrian and Persian Officers.......785
Arbitration Bond......... Povcaceanae 481
Arbitration of Exchanges........... 481
Area and Population of the Earth....613
Area and Population of the United
SUA LCM 3c eitla a) Sok ae arth wine came eee ome erate «574
Arizona, Insolvent and Assignment
Haws: Of cto cte ce. have toe te cn ee 603
Arkansas, Insolvent and Assignment
LIAWSOfs be ie arenas aera ciy eatatateiouer
Armies of the World..... a pa alsa rere 625
Army of the United States........... 586
Arrests (when allowed in debts).....536
Articles of Copartnership..........-.610
Aryan Languages, Divisions of.. 2
Asia, Ancient and Modern Geographi-
CalaNames- Of ceah cites casaetcmnets 38
Asia Minor, Cities and Towns in....388
Asig.,; RIVOPSAID: Jo. gicee cc cece cicelveaen 886
ASSEtS S20: 2 fans ete saiee ee Sdelatevem ater
Assignm ents.......... ADEA AG LE’ 482
ASSIOTIOO.cvclett aud ae tag's sa pee cece eon
Assignment Tawtitecccers epieniete 603
Assignment of Account.........0..-482
Assignment of Bond.....s..e.ss0.+-482
Attachment (in law)........ cievetenvow
Attorney, Power of......... RAR SY fe
Attorney-General, Salary of..........580
AULA emciticnire ule sixgua els 1e sete bislen Sats ee 482
Auditor of RailroadAccounts Salaryof 580
Average (in shipping transactions) ..483
Average of Payments.......++.000+--483
Avoirdupois Weight........sseecece.s620
. ae PAGE
y Baty Ont is os sas eae Se eee cles cet aoe
Balance (in Accounts)...........0...484
Balance-Sheet..... Raarsiele sie tinkieis watis ct 484 -
Balancing. ACCOUNTS... 2... eee eee 0 SOF
Balance of ‘Trade. s+. ces..s ES 484
FSB TICO rein Gis or kwie eee elk siete ee talin nla aba eo He OOS:
PS ATVIOT. ccna tcatene oie e wiavacaeiere o Bag Pee tale
SESLLLESULD) Gaeta stata a eiale © a sluie so leresior eine 485
DALE BIGIY itera wegteis's Tale o's e7o/e e's pw SKS 'C ageals 485
IBGAT STAN VOLS) s\n aes cise a Guleter edie 485
BOLL AGVENtUPC:.\.. os eisee seers estia
Bill of Entry....... ip imin tem eialbneragarn sso 486
Bila EMER CHANCO... Wort teases eee es 436
ESL MeroL PAIR ID ois eae wevere lee SPS eee we
Bill Of; Parcels sic. taceseseesiseces 490
TO LES ALD ooo wiecs slersaas edie sceecee ert tO0
Bit POL Siont.. ssn « RE A ae erica 490
PROT alts cee e wis clea Soe sen atee eats 490
BONG OLredilOLs: soc cetkscnee bake ee wrens 4992
Bonded Goods....... Sit Sie Ar ee 492
SINS,» (HULLS LO. . acc ee eacic woe eater ATT
Bond Debt... .. eeseee Ae couch Gee ues 492
Bonus. SAR i SAAB ee es 492
Book Debts.. Sag wa RIA eA 492
Bottomry.... ss... ocreisieb win ais't pls laine - 492
IBLOKOL |. Nisa senses sisciscle hime ee coed Cua
Broker sf CONWACH ic. rec ose s eae 492
ES UIE ocre ole are atoleinve ee Relsvsion CacpueeRaue.
BWHON oe eccit es piacere Ree Te Secs etos:
PaisINess-aW:. cs sec s vee tee ee eee eeaDoe
Bank Account, To Nfs and Keep...528
Bookkeeper’s Proof suteraretsscalare See pee ae 530
Janks, History Of-...s cesses as SSptnaiae al
Bank VR WLS es ecm s vote ca ok oe he ra 3!
Bank Laws........ A BH ee YA ares 532
Bank Discount......... Sab pe oOo
By-Laws for a Social Club. . Be Sag Se 22.053
Battles and Losses of the Revolution-
BEY EW BE es ate So ges vcklGess ae Seas es
Battles of the War of 1812........ oe ebT0
Boats and Vessels (Names and Tech-
nical Terms) eeeeee ese Pe Sa PSS td UR oy Fe
Business Vocabulary........+.e0 eeed00
British Imperial Measure............629
Bayalof the World acc: sushsce sos covesOD!
Common Errors in Speaking and Writ-.
ing Corrected........ pa wie lets ain ais ate,cle 453
Clerk, Agreement with..... Faerie ee 480
Oanital soos. sae Araswaa ne wear aa es 493
NGAP OOM c's. ae wale a vier Sian aoe te hee aeatee
Cash ACcOuntss i. sne «5 Stele Fate ween 493
Cash Credit..... rainve as pest suisse eos
NP AAIRTOT. class o's jax aie eels valeur aie we veces es 40D
Center of Population. Vaip odieee see sae OUD:
Charter Party.. Here rey ine S85)
Checkenen too. Peeeeae Migh es URI 08
GirenlariNote oka) Scsis Sel Saeawnan 494
Clearing a Vessel..........00. ase 494
Clearing (in Banking)..............- 494
COD ae eee ian} "a ucaneiareste inne .494
Collateral Security Riciateiaisere's Ceaiote owtaiene 494
Commission....... Rivieiseisvatuia'erpternorsis ot 494
Commissioner .......... Silas ete" e Osatete 495
Commission-Merchant...........000 495
Compound Interest...........eeeeeee 495
Composition siacees weno. es veh ees hs 495
Composition with Creditors aR aes ates 495
Ch ieees 5 win Se mepimeee 6 8
Consultcacs scree aieteve elcoaee Pe rietre be
Consulage eeeeeee se eeesecesesesae joe AOE a a WEE
Contraband aed gb 0pSObv eee ae -.
Contract eeeeees esse erence ereese << eves e406 ee
Contractors <2. s..c 4c tise oma e elem eine
Contract for Building..... + Onis baie EO
Conveyance of PrOperey «0 197 tee ee
Conveyanicer.......sseteeerss ocean eam
Coupons ase ss sa es a's tie d's ois eaters arama
Credit eee@Cseseeve eee cewes ots Com aaeeeun
Creditor dcuS'a es <8 bs 0:0 oN m sige aes =
Currency iio. use bin ac nec.b ug we Omen a elas
Customs and Excise. .<. .cescie pete sie i
Copartnership, Articles Of. ......+++0510
Cash-Book, Form of. eeeeeeeeeeeeee 526
Commercial Paper. coctios as cevble ajecseooee
Checks.e 3 sc. soca ee eee cae eee Ow
Checks, Laws Relating to. rh ane
Commencement of Lawsuits ese wae
Contracts... 3
Counterfeit Money......- Pages
Counterfeit National Bank Notes..
Counterfeit National Notes, Oma
List of Oss oe mee ee :
Canada Bills, Gounterfeits of. pos
States 6625 a. siecle ot eee ee
Coal Production of the Worla Set
Counterfeit United States Bondsand -
Interest-Bearing Notes... e
California Insolvent and Assignment ;
TB WSs wicy cin ise Sein menrstenes J
bis 3 eeeeee
‘Laws...
ay
ment Tawe! apie A
Commissioner of ‘Patents, ee, See
Commissioner of General Land Office
Salary Of. <.s\ss%\scr ese ateatee ote
Commissioner of Pensions, errs of Bs ;
eee
OL Eee aie sales ols te ES
Commissioner of Indian me
Salary:-of 2.1. 007s wise eaentaiens
Commissioner of Education, Salary fe)
Cities and Towns, Ancient Names of.
Christian Names of Men.......
Christian Names of Women.....
Classical and Mythological Names
Chronological Table-....... aes
Colleges and Universities in
United States..... Pea e st
Cloth Measure.....
Commerce of Nations
woes eer ese eeoe
eocoreceense
%)
im oy - “a
te
‘ee
Bs
Florida Insolvent and Assignment
MG ge sie b pda sero eorrerp ee sectreoe - 604
CONTENTS. 791
PAGE PAGE
Declaration of Independence....... 556 | German Names, To Pronounce......450
Greek, Latin and Scripture Proper
Debts, Revenues, Expenditures, and Names, To Pronounce..... re tase 446
Commerce of Nations........ ..-.624 ; Grain, Agreement for the Sale of....480
Debts of the Principal Cities and Guide to Business............ eeeteeeen
Towns of the World............... 610) Garblesieesics’. 6 SO Ee Bevelaioie Ole
Dictionary of Musical Terms........ Ofd 3) GaTAIShMONt css sivecerecs cee cute 2. 502
Due-Bill..... mierisle ele plies Simisiaes spies was SBOE GOOMUWALL gorse c eacele eM tere t ane alete arent 502
MOR GLACE) vci's cisecisie tips © ate 166-498 | Guarantee . 2. 06. cess arate oid crenata 502
WGDONTUTS osc0 coc ce cicess ce nees eece 498 | General Partnership .. ease DL2
PRIS UUM RCo aia (Winlnie mers! ehs/aids o's 6,00 ssa 'sie's 499 | Gold and Silver, Certain Test “for... .536
NAMIC gad dah a’e k viclawro Bois ss's's a ced ae 499 | Gold Coin, Counterfeit, To Detect....544
RL ersis te Ca Piaiclc sitieisis v ceisie sie ice va cs 499 | Guardian, Receipt on Account for....515
RIGO OLE! tos.creree siasio cs cscs Serene agtehs 500 | Great Britain, Cities and Towns in...386
PEPIMIEERIG ceva ceiseciecnccceqcsssssees 600 | Gaul, Cities and Towns ine ss e4 Sea 387
(LU SOE ASS Ss Soe aS See 500 Greece, Cities and Towns in ......... 387
PERU as Ore actrls Circe a's os vee ce'e ossie's 500 | Grecian Officers......+.ceseeeeeseues 78)
Deviation (in Shipping)............. 500 | Georgia Insolvent and Assignment
WEMGUDLO ig wis ov bie's cise cise radieisjoaee - -500 Laws.. oe iar
EMDR UL EM ciate sia sl e'e id gia a'sis.e aevche sve «5 si 500 | Gulfs, Ancient Names of.. ipdise fee COA
Discounting Bills of Merchandise. . 500 Germany, RIVETS INE owes) pacers coe SOOR
PPIVICGUG...c
ECE ATcinth s\s a5 eis aise t/0:< a 9-4/0 Rint ve. Tasers 501 | General Councils of the Church..... 652
Drawback (in Exports)............:. 501 | Geographical Discoveries..........e. 631
MEER race aici clk oe ite wscca.t fae'ces 501 | Geographical Vocabulary............371
Daily Savings at Compound Interest.505 | Geometrical Definitions............. 372
Dissolution of Partnership..........511
MPa OOK, MOLT OL 2. slog occas islets 523 | History of the United States Flag... .567
Director of Geological Surveys, Salary | History of the World from the Crea-
MERE s ssc s cies roles vaeuleeais e's 5 tion to the Present Time .......... 630
_ Dry, or Winchester Measure......... 629 | Heads of the Principal Nations of the ;
Director of the Mint, Salary of...... 580 AMG Yo sac see eave che sae te pee 619
Dakota Insolvent and ecg Highest Mountains in the World....650
MRR a cic ale's «pire spe 5OQ | LNGOrse 1.2.22. see eceescesereeee #0008
LN TUTIGELOM cs oes co caces Sonn css. aU
ANSULTANCE vostee Vs sx seas seeks a eet Re
False Pronunciation Corrected......422 | Interest.. E SC eihfere aie OO
Fifth Age of the World.............. 754 | Interest Table at 6 per noenbe tes 50+
First Age of the World........ 745 | Interest Table at 7 per cent.......... 505
Foreign Names of Persons and Places, ATIVOStMOND y went cy ce Sas vem a ee 506
PE OROUNCEs a2 oi oa sh veg h sa wees 447 | Invoice . astacn evans ails al Sarelat ates se ate 505
Fourth Age of the World............ 750 | Interest Policy Fold creo’ tases see 513
French Names, To Pronounce.......448 | Interest Rules..............2.-s0000- 535
RMN aaah O86 ibis Sain freislere to's, o% 479 | Interest Laws ofthe Different States .601
PIT rePIU Re isin" as 's's'0)o ev nels sid wae 502 | Insolvent, Assignment and Home-
PPEOTETS vide c's sse.s ale ois « Sanwa sas O02 stead Laws of the Various States. .603
ME MILUE Mal ca afshe vote ss tie 60's dw aie Zeae's 502 | Issue and Redemption of Silver and
Farmers’ Club, To Organize.........551 Minor Coins.. a ijtenanie pero
Foreign Bills of HXCHAN GO. seine p toc 0-0 487 | Interest, Legal Rate Of. i. Coke ee 521
meorm- OL Dill of Gading. ... 2.26.26. 6% 490 | IdahoInsolventand Assignment Laws 604
Five Cent Pieces, Counterfeit........ 544 | Illinois Insolvent and Assignment
_ Foreign Coins, Value of........ s002 e009 SAWS a anvetc Ce ooraia en owie bias eseateaterS 604
Indiana Insolvent and Assignment
WSeeeeveropeogrery oo Fete oeonense
792 CONTENTS.
PAGE
Iowa Insolvent and Assignment Laws.605
Italy, Cities and Towns in........... 387
TTItOLOSt LADIOS. «oe siscguienieeind ve ac fate 645
Illyricum, Rivers in.. Face borat alow OO
Ttaly; Rivers ines. sows ae so «00002000
Islands, Ancient Names of.... . 385
Interest, How it Increases...........629
MOLBAIN Gos shade b elvicccls s cicur aseaeds sie0U0
Kansas Insolvent and Assignment
UE WES Cais Eo oo owe eee etek eee cele 605
Kentucky Insolvent and Assignment
LGA AVM SISo is siln’Gac b's oe yeh re Uo caus 605
Knots and How to Make Them......394
Latin Proper Names, To Pronounce. .446
HietbercOf AGAViCO.)<.\v's\ss5 sa sawee beeen 479
Land, Agreement for the Sale of..... 479
Landlord and Tenant............ 480, 535
Wadasatiy Kors css .cscerckeen el hele DOB
Lay DaGW io. nce nee ee
CARO Lit Ae wens dle saicee lem ness ¢Fee DOG
GA SO.0L LLOUSOS cis vende eco ays uile dae 507
etter of Credit: sc s5sc cb ec'sais.< ee aae DOT
Letter of License... ..csc ccvecccscsee 507
ABA DUIGION 6 «ss: ac'e's sicle a taiele AB ORC sae DOV
Lien eeee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee es 507
Lighterage ............ qditeeemieeessne OOS
Liquidation....... sioieie"@siale eevee a a ote 508
Lloyd’s Register..... ace sie@hvcimoaes 508
DIOP BOOK Ie Jjalecine' sae eeeia eos «.--508
Laws Relating to Checks.. oe. O34
Laws Relating to Wills.............. 535
Limitation of Actions in Different
BLAtOS ccicas s,s canes wach sue cao ule ek 602
edger HOM VOL ste weaisss esos cease 526
Laws and Decisions Relating to
DITALUSS ise ule g sores ce bese 8 ewes tee esis « 533
Limited Partnership .............- 7.019
Lost Time Calculations.............. 536
TiGASOOfia APM 265; 56h e400 St os Blak 528
Legal Rate of Interest in Different
BtQteSiscsh i: neemios ss sae oe ee oh ekies 521
Laws Relating to Business........... 522
Longest Rivers of the World........651
Lakes, Ancient Names of......... 22 084
EATIOMD MCASULTO Cs sic eunenisiss dere 6 o- 628
Legal Weight of a Bushel............649
Lakes of the World 02.6 .eescs cencee O51
Louisiana Insolvent and Assignment
WGN GS fp eis se craic 6 eusiie's sisitibismiso 6 wes 605
Levites Glebe.....
Aa AS Aarne euNea pes
Mercantile Agencies.......... See vhs)
Manifest (in Shipping).............. 508
Marking Goods, Method of.......... 508
Measurement GOOdS,:......sseccesee 508
Merchantable Goods.........-...... 509
Mercantile and Commercial Goods. .509
MONOPOLY <7 dae caw tases sacs cs cadets £09
MOTORS... reap disp emateies aie ses
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