remote siortA^^^ i I u N 1VER5ITY or ILLINOIS 33\.a LJn3W <(.R2 ^ this material is re- rn to the library from awn on or before the below. rlining of books are reasons may result in dismissal from er, 333-8400 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/bituminouscoalmi12unit 61st Congress 1 £d Session / SENATE f Document 1 No. 633 EEPOETS OF THE IMMIGRATION COIMSSION IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES (IN TWENTY-FIVE PARTS) PART 1: BITUMINOUS COAL MINING (IN TWO VOLUMES: VOL. I) Presented by MR. DILLINGHAM June 15, 1910. — Referred to the Committee on Immigration and ordered to be printed, with illustrations WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 SENATE 61st Congress 1 M Session J / Document 1 No. 633 REPOKIS OF THE IIIIGRATION COMMISSION IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES (IN TWENTY-FIVE PARTS) PART 1: BITUMINOUS COAL MINING (IN TWO VOLUMES: VOL. I) Presented by MR. DILLINGHAM June 15, 1910.^ — Referred to the Committee on Immigration and ordered to be printed, with illustrations WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 THE IMMIGRATIOH COMMISSION. Senator William P. Dillingham, Chairman. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. Senator Asbury C. Latimer. « Senator Anselm J. McLaurin. & Senator Le Roy Percy, c Representative Benjamin F. Howell. Representative William S. Bennet. Representative John L. Burnett. Mr. Charles P. Neill. Mr. Jeremiah W. Jenks. Mr. William R. Wheeler. Secretaries: Morton E. Crane. W. W. Husband. C. S. Atkinson. Chief Statistician: Fred C. Croxton. Extract from act of Congress of February m, 1907, mating and defining the duties of the Immigration Commission. That a commission is hereby created, consisting of three Senators, to be appointed bv the President of the Senate, and three Members of the House of Representatives, to be appSnted by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and three persons to be aDDointed by the President of the United States. Said commission shall make toU inq^uky, examtoation, and investigation by subcommittee ^^he™^^ subject of immigration. For the purpose of said inquiry, examination, and iiwest gation said commission is authorized to send for persons and Pf Lrv travel either in the United States or any foreign country, and, through the chairman of the commission, or any member thereof, to administer oaths ^nd to examine witnesses and papers respecting all matters pertaining ^9 ^ . to emulov necessary clerical and other assistance. Said commission shall report to Coneress^he conclusions reached by it, and make such recommendations as in its Such sums of money as may be necessary for the said inauirv examination, aM investigation are hereby appropriated and authorized to be S’ ouToTtC‘‘immigrant fund” on the cptificate of the chairman of said com- mission including all expenses of the commissioners, and a reasonable compensation, to be fixed by the^President of the United States, for those members of the commission who are not Members of Congress; * * *. a Died February 20, 1908. ot; lona b Appointed to succeed Mr. Latimer, c Appointed to succeed Mr. McLaurin, March 16, 1910. Died December 22, 1909. II W 0 V- i-Z LIST OF REPORTS OF THE IMMIORATIOH COMMISSION. Volumes 1 and 2. Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission, with Conclusions and Recom- mendations and Views of the Minority. (These volumes include the Commission’s complete reports on the following subjects: Immigration Conditions in Hawaii; Immigration and Insanity; Immi- grants in Charity Hospitals; Alien Seamen and Stowaways; Contract Labor and Induced and Assisted Immigration; The Greek Padrone System in the United States; Peonage.) (S. Doc. No. 747, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volmne 3. Statistical Review of Immigration, 1819-1910 — Distribution of Immigrants, 1850-1900. (S. Doc. No. 756, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 4. Emigration Conditions in Europe. (S. Doc. No. 748, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 5. Dictionary of Races or Peoples. (S. Doc. No. 662, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volumes 6 and 7. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 1, Bituminous Coal Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volumes 8 and 9. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 2, Iron and Steel Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 10. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 3, Cotton Goods Manufacturing in the North Atlantic States— Pt. 4, Woolen and Worsted Goods Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 11. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 5, Silk Goods Manufacturing and Dyemg— Pt. 6, Clothing Manufacturing— Pt. 7, Collar, Cuff, and Shirt Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 12. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 8, Leather Manufacturing— Pt. 9, Boot and Shoe Manufac- turing— Pt. 10, Glove Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 13. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 11, Slaughtering and Meat Packing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 14. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 12, Glass Manufacturing— Pt. 13, Agricultural Implement and Vehicle Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 15. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 14, Cigar and Tobacco Manufacturing— Pt. 15, Furniture Man- ufacturing- Pt. 16, Sugar Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 16. I m migrants in Industries: Pt. 17, Copper Mining and Smelting— Pt. 18, Iron Ore Mining— Pt. 19, Anthracite Coal Mining— Pt. 20, Oil Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 17. Immigrants in Industries: Pt.21, Diversified Industries, Vol. I. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 18. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 21, Diversified Industries, Vol. II— Pt. 22, The Floating Immi- grant Labor Supply. (S. Doe. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volumes 19 and 20. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 23, Summary Report on Immigrants in Manufacturing and Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volumes 21 and 22. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 24, Recent Immigrants in Agriculture. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) VO o» Volumes 23-25. I mm igrants in Industries: Pt. 25, Japanese and Other Immigrant Races in the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain States. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volumes 26 and 27. Immigrants in Cities. (S. Doc. No. 338, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 28. Occupations of the First and Second Generations of Immigrants in the United States — Fe- cundity of Immigrant Women. (S. Doc. No. 282, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volumes 29-33. The Children of Immigrants in Schools. (S. Doc. No. 749, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volumes 34 and 35. Immigrants as Charity Seekers. (S. Doc. No. 665, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 36. Immigration and Crime. (S. Doc. No. 750, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 37. Steerage Conditions — Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes— Immi- grant Homes and Aid Societies— Immigrant Banks. (S. Doc. No. 753, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 38. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. (S. Doc. No. 208, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 39. Federal Immigration Legislation— Digest of Immigration Decisions — Steerage Legislation, 1819-1908— State Im m igration and Alien Laws. (S. Doc. No. 758, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 40. The Imm igration Situation in Other Countries: Canada — Australia— New Zealand — Argen- tina — Brazil. (S. Doc. No. 761, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 41. Statements and Recommendations Submitted by Societies and Organizations Interested in the Subject of Immigration. (S. Doc. No. 764, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 42. Index of Reports of the Immigration Commission. (S. Doc. No. 785, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) 575562 III « LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. The Immigration Commission, Washington^ D. Cl, June 15^ 1910. To the Sixty -first Congress: I have the honor to transmit herewith, on behalf of the Immif^ration Commission, Part 1 of the Commission’s general report on immigrants in industries. William P. Dillingham, Chairman. The Immigration Commission, Washington^ C . , June i5, 1910. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith Part 1 of the general report of the Immigration Commission on immigrants in industries, which was prepared under the direction of the Commission by W. Jett Lauck, superintendent of agents. The part transmitted deals with immigrants in the bituminous coal-mining industry in Pennsylvania, the Middle West, the Southwest, and the South. Other parts of the general report now in preparation deal with immigrants in the following industries: Iron and steel manufacturing. Cotton goods manufacturing in the North Atlantic States. W oolen and worsted goods manufacturing, Silk goods manufacturing and dyeing. Clothing manufacturing. Collar, cuff, and shirt manufacturing. Leather manufacturing. Boot and shoe manufacturing. Glove manufacturing. Slaughtering and meat packing. Sugar refining. Glass manufacturing. Agricultural implement and vehicle man- ufacturing. Cigar and tobacco manufacturing. Furniture manufacturing. Copper mining and smelting. Iron ore mining. Anthracite coal mining. Oil refining. Diversified industries. There will be included in the same general report a summary of the above-mentioned parts, and also reports on the floating immigrant labor supply, recent immigrants in agriculture, and Japanese and other immi- grant races in the Pacific Coast and Rock}" Mountain States. Respectfully, W. W. Husband, Secretary. Hon. William P. Dillingham, United States Senate^ Chairman.^ The Immigration Commission, CONTENTS. PART L— GENERAL SURVEY OF THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY. Chapter I. — Introduction: Expansion in bituminous coal-mining operations since 1860 3 Increase in number of employees 5 Geographical divisions studied 6 Households studied 6 Members of households for whom detailed information was secured 7 Employees for whom information was secured 13 Comparative scope of the investigation 17 Method of presenting data collected 19 Chapter II. — Racial displacements: Racial movements to, and displacements in, the bituminous coal-mining industry 21 Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households 24 Racial classification of employees at the present time 34 Chapter III. — Economic status: Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied . 39 Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States - 44 General occupation of women at the present time, in the households studied . 46 General occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied . 47 Status of the first and second generations compared 48 Occupations entered in the bituminous coal-mining industry 49 Daily earnings _ 50 Relation between period of residence and earning ability 59 Annual earnings of male heads of families studied 63 Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied . 68 Annual family income 73 Wives at work 78 Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied 80 Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers 80 Sources of family income 84 Relative importance of the different sources of family income 88 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Hours of work 93 Methods of wage payments 93 Deductions from earnings of employees 94 Company houses 94 The company-store system 95 Benefits received by employees in addition to wages 96 Regularity of employment 96 The imnugrant and organized labor 100 Chapter V. — Housing and living conditions: Housing and living conditions 105 Living arrangements 105 Rent in its relation to standard of living 106 Boarders and lodgers 112 Size of apartments occupied 117 Size of households studied 121 Congestion 123 VII vm Contents. Chapter VI. — Salient characteristics. ^ Literacy I44 Conjugal condition ’ ^ ^ ^^04 Agfctoificltion of employees and members of'theirhous^hoids 169 Chapter VII.— General progress and assimilation: ^ Ownership of homes / * i ' ' 1* V** j 180 Status of children in the households studied Citizenship 194 CHACTE'EVIlL-^Rwent immigration in its reiation to accidents in coal' mines: Death rate reported for the mines of the United States Distribution of accidents in coal-producing areas Comparison with conditions in foreign countries ^ The responsibility of employees for accidents ^3^0 Inex'perience as a cause of accidents - Racial composition of the operating forces of bituminous mines 218 Recent and old immigration compared Lack of experience on the part of recent immigrants Fatalities in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Indiana. - - - Opinions of state mine inspectors and agents of ^^eFeder^ Government. . 237 Opinions of mine workers and attitude of labor organizations Conclusion PART II — THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN PENN- SYLVANIA. GENERAL SURVEY. Chapter I. — Introduction: 245 Members of households for whom detailed information was secured 24b Employees for whom information was secured Chapter II.— Racial displacements: . , ^ • of^i Historv of immigration to Pennsylvania bifummous coal mines Period" of residence in the United States of foreign-bom employees and members of their households - - - Racial classification of employees at the present time ^^^Industol condhiOT abmid of members of immigrant Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United GellmToccupatio’n of women at the present time, in the households juried - 274 General occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied. 275 Daily earnings - ; -V 9Q1 Relation between period of residence and earning ability » Annual earnings of male heads of families studied. U ' VV ‘ V * i * ' 9 qq Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over m the households studied . 299 Actual annual earnings of representatives of selected races our Annual family income o^o Annua? eaTnings of females i 8 years of age or over in the households studied 304 Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers Sources of family income ; ‘ ' -V ' • 9nq Relative importance of the different sources of family income ouu Chapter IV.— Working conditions: 015 Hours worked per day and per week Frequency and methods of wage payments Deductions from earnings g2Q Regularity of employment - - . - ooo Description of a typical mining and coke village ^^3 Company houses 224 The companv-store system • 097 Benefits received by employees in addition to wages Contents. IX Chapter IV. — Working conditions — Continued. Welfare work The immigrant and organized labor Reasons for employing immigrants Chapter V. — Housing and living conditions: Systems of domestic economy General housing and living conditions Rent in its relation to standard of living Boarders and lodgers Size of apartments occupied Size of households studied Congestion ; Chapter VI. — General cost and standard of living: Explanation of study - Salient facts relative to the families studied Food and general living expenditures. Detailed expenditures of families studied Chapter VII. — Industrial progress and efficiency: Opinions of coal operators as to progress of immigrant employees Employers’ statements as to efficiency of immigrant mine workers accord- ing to specified standards The use of intoxicants in its relation to efficiency Chapter VIII. — Industrial effects of immigration: Employment of recent immigrants made possible a remarkable growth in the industry Changes in industrial methods and organization Immigration in its relation to mining accidents Displacement of former employees by recent immigrants Failure of native-born to enter the industry Chapter IX. — Salient characteristics: Literacy Conjugal condition Visits abroad Age classification of employees and members of their households Chapter X. — General progress and assimilation: Ownership of homes Public-school attendance Parochial-school attendance Status of children in the households studied Citizenship Ability to speak English Page. 328 330 334 337 337 340 344 346 346 347 353 353 355 357 415 416 419 423 423 424 424 425 429 435 443 445 451 452 456 457 459 465 REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY A. Chapter XI. — Introduction: Summary description of the community Industrial history Inducements and obstacles to immigration Chapter XII. — History of immigration: Present population of the community. Industrial distribution of the population History of immigration to the community Period of residence of mine workers Racial classification of mining employees '. Chapter XIII. — Economic status: Occupations entered by immigrants Daily earnings - - - Relation between period of residence and earning ability Chapter XIV. — ^Working conditions: Regularity of employment and method of wage payments Mining accidents Company houses and mining villages The company-store system Relations among the races . Hospital and medical service Labor disputes 473 476 476 479 479 481 482 482 485 487 489 491 491 492 496 499 499 500 X Contents. Chapter XV.— Industrial progress and efficiency: Industrial progress and efficiency. - The use of intoxicants in its relation to efficiency Preferences of the mining operators for mine workers Chapter XVI.— Salient characteristics: Conjugal condition of mine workers Location of wives of foreign-born mine workers „ - Age classification of employees 'Chapter XVII.— Industrial and other effects of immigration: Reasons for employing immigrants Changes in industrial methods and organization Housing conditions Employment of children Segregation Diseases peculiar to immigrants - - - Criminality - 'Chapter XVIII.— General progress of immigrants in tne community: Property holdings Bank deposits Money sent abroad Immigrants in business Ability to speak English of foreign-bom employees School attendance and progress Literacy Citizenship and interest in political and civic affairs Church facilities Americanization Page. 501 502 502 503 505 507 509 509 510 510 511 511 512 515 516 516 517 518 520 523 525 527 528 REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY B. Chapter XIX. — Introduction: Industrial significance of the community Description of the community Inducements and obstacles to immigration Chapter XX. — Population and racial displacements: Population Racial distribution of the population History of immigration to the community Chapter XXI. — Economic status: Occupations of immigrant employees in the mining industry Earnings of mining employees Money sent abroad Chapter XXII. — Working conditions: Wages and hours Liability to accident or disease Medical or hospital service Company stores Company houses Methods of securing recent immigrants Relations among the races of recent immigrants Organized labor Chapter XXIII. — Industrial progress and efficiency: Relative efficiency of immigrants and natives Industriousness and effectiveness Adaptability and supervision Sobriety : • * - : Preferences of mining operators as regards immigrant labor Chapter XXIV. — Housing conditions: Tendency to congregate near mines Housing of Americans compared with that of recent immigrants Permanent homes Chapter XXV. — Immigrant institutions: Church facilities Fraternal organizations Recent immigrants in business Employment and steamship agency Immigrant boarding houses 531 531 532 533 534 534 537 539 541 543 543 543 544 544 545 545 546 549 549 549 550 550 551 551 551 553 553 554 554 555 Contents. XI Chapter XXVI. — Salient characteristics: Page. Criminality 557 Conjugal condition of mine workers 557 Literacy 560 Age classification of employees 562 Chapter XXVII. — Effects of immigration: Diseases peculiar to immigrants and effect on public health 563 Industrial and social effects of immigration upon the community 563 Chapter XXVIII. — General progress of immigrants in the community: Ability to speak English 567 School facilities and attendance 569 Citizenship 570 Americanization 571 PART III.— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE MIDDLE WEST. Chapter I. — Introduction: Page. Households studied 575 Members of households for whom detailed information was secured 576 Employees for whom information was secured 578 Chapter II. — Racial displacements: History of immigration to the coal fields of the Middle West 581 Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households 587 Racial classification of employees at the present time 589 Racial movements to representative localities 591 Representative communities in Illinois 591 Representative communities in Indiana 610 Representative districts in Ohio 614 Chapter III — Economic status: Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied. . 619 Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States 622 General occupation of women at the present time, in the households studied 623 General occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied . 624 Daily earnings 635 Relation between period of residence and earning ability 637 Annual earnings of male heads of families studied 639 Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied . 641 Annual family income 642 Wives at work 643 Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers 643 Sources of family income 645 Relative importance of the different sources of family income 646 Chapter IV. — ^Working conditions: Hours worked per day and per week 649 Regularity of employment 649 Methods of mining 650 Methods of wage payments 650 The company-store system and company houses 650 Liability to accident and disease 651 The supply of immigrant labor 652 Relations among races employed ’ 653 The immigrant and organized labor 654 Reasons for employing immigrants 656 Chapter V. — Industrial effects of immigration: Recent immigrants have made possible the development of the industry. . 661 Effect of machine methods of mining upon wages 661 Displacement of old employees by recent immigrants 666 Subsequent history of old employees 668 Surplus labor supply of recent immigrants and its effects 668 XII Contents. Chapter V.— Industrial effects of immigration— Continued. Increase in the chances of accidents - - - - - - - - - Deterioration of working conditions and methods caused by employment of recent immigrants - - Chapter VI. — Housing and living conditions: Rent in its relation to standard of living Boarders and lodgers Size of apartments occupied Size of households studied Congestion ; Chapter VII. — Salient characteristics: Literacy - . ^ Conjugal condition Age dLs^i^cation of employees and members of their households Chapter VIII. — General progress and assimilation. Ownership of homes Citizenship Ability to speak English Page. 669 669 671 673 674 675 677 683 686 692 694 699 700 703 PART I.-GENERAL SURVEY OF THE RITUimOUS'COAL MINING INDUSTRY. 1 ( U . s . IMMIGRATION COMMISSION MAP PRESENTING SCOPE OF THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INVESTIGATION ike LlBKtM Of THE OjilVERSiTT OF ILLINOIS PART L-GENERAL SURVEY OF THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY. Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. Expansion in bituminous coal-mining operations since 1860 — Increase in number of employees— Geographical divisions studied— Households studied— Members of households for whom detailed information was secured — Employees for whom information was secured — Comparative scope of the investigation — Method of pre- senting data collected— [Text Tables 1 to 15 and Genej-al Tables 1 to 3]. EXPANSION IN BITUMINOUS COAL-MINING OPERATIONS SINCE 1860. During the past fifty years there has been a remarkable develop- ment of bituminous coal mining in the United States. The total production of bituminous mines in 1908 in round numbers was 332,000,000 short tons, as compared with 6,400,000 tons in the year 1860. The annual output has advanced by leaps and bounds, the increase for each decade between 1860 and 1900 being approximately 100 per cent. The rapid increase by decades, 1860 to 1900, and by years, 1900 to 1908, is made apparent by the following table: Table 1 —Bituminous coal production in the United States, 1860 to 1908. [From Production of Coal in 1908, Edward W. Parker. U. S. Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States.] Year. Short tons. Year. Short tons. Year. Short tons. 1860 6,494,200 17,371,305 42,831,758 111,302, 322 212,316,112 1901 225,826,149 260, 216,844 282, 749, .348 278,659,689 315,062, 785 IQOH 342,874,867 394,759,112 332,573,944 1870 1902 1 9f)7 1880 1903... . 1Qn<^ 1890 1904.. 1900 1905 . . If the five principal coal-producing States in the territory east of the Rocky Mountains be selected and the annual production of each be considered during the past fifty years, the districts in which the expansion of the industry has taken place at once become evident. The tables on the page following exhibit the output in short tons of the States mentioned above during the period 1860 to 1908 and the per cent of the total production of the United States furnished by each designated State during the same period. 3 4 The Immigration Commission. Table 2.— Bituminous coal 'production in States specified. PFrom Production of Coal in 1908, Edward W.^]grker.^U^.^S. Geological Survey, Mineral Resources 1860. 1870. 1880. 1890. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Output, in short tons. Total United States. Pennsyl- Vania. West Virginia. Illinois. Ohio. Alabama. 2’, 690, 786 7,798,518 18, 425, 163 42,302,173 79,842,326 82,305,946 98,574,367 103, 117, 178 97,938,287 118,413,637 129,293,206 . 150,143,177 117,179,527 728, 400 2,624, 163 6, 115,377 15,292,420 25,767,981 27,331,552 32,939,373 36.957. 104 36,475,060 38,434,363 41.480. 104 51,317,146 47,659,690 1,265,600 2,527,285 6,008,595 11,494,506 18,988,150 20,943,807 23,519,894 24,838, 103 24,400,220 25,552,950 27,731,640 32, 142, 419 26,270,639 10,200 11,000 323,972 4,090,409 8,394, 275 9,099,052 10,354,570 11,654,324 11,262,046 11,866,069 13, 107,963 14,250,454 11,604,593 6, 494, 200 17,371,305 42,831,758 111,302,322 212.316.112 225,828, 149 260,216,844 282, 749,348 278,659,689 315,062,785 342,874,867 394. 759. 112 332,573,944 608, 878 1,829,844 7,394,654 22,647,207 24,068,402 24,570,826 29,337,241 32,406,752 37,791,580 43,290,350 48,091,583 41,897,843 Table 3.— Per cent distribution of bituminous coal production in States specified. Per cent of total output of United States from— Year. Pennsyl- vania. West Virginia. Illinois. Ohio. Alabama. 1 QAO 41.4 11.2 19.5 0.2 isyn 44.9 3.5 15.1 14. 5 14.0 10.3 8.9 . 1 43.0 43 14.3 . 8 38.0 6.6 13.7 3. 7 A n 37.6 10.7 12. 1 4. U • A f\ 1901 36.4 10.7 12. 1 9. 3 9.0 4. U A A 1902 37.9 9.4 12.7 4. U 1903 36.5 10.4 13. 1 8. 8 4. 1 A A 1904 35.1 11.6 13. 1 12.2 8. 8 4. U 9 Q ] on.'; 37.6 12.0 8. 1 8.1 o. o O Q 1906 37.7 12.6 12. 1 6. o 1907 38.0 12.2 13.0 8. 1 3. 6 O K lQfl8 35.2 12.6 14 3 7.9 O. b It will be noted that during 1908 Pennsylvania produced 35.2 per cent of the total; West Virginia, which in 1870 produced 3.5 per cent, had increased in relative importance to a position of 12.6 per cent ot the total production in 1908; Illinois’s percentage was 11.2 in 1860 and 14.3 in 1908; Alabama in 1860 produced only 0.2 per cent, and since 1890 has produced from 3.5 to A1 per cent. The total produc- tion of Ohio has increased, but her relative production has decreased from 19.5 per cent in 1860 to 7.9 per cent in 1908. In addition to the five States given, others in the same territory experienced a similar development. The table on the page following shows the increase in production of a number of such States. 5 Bituminous Coal Mining. . Table 4. — Bituminous coal production in States specified. [From Production of Coal in 1908, Edward W. Parker. U. S. Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States.] Year. Output, in short tons. Kansas. Arkansas. Texas. Indiana. Kentucky. Tennessee . Virginia. Oklahoma. 1860 200 101,280 437,870 1,454,327 3,305,737 6,484,086 6, 918, 225 9, 446, 424 10, 794, 692 10,842,189 11,895, 252 12,092, 560 13,985,713 12,314,890 285, 760 150, 582 946,288 2,701,496 5,328,964 5,469,986 6,766, 984 7,538,032 7,576,482 8,432,523 9, 653, 647 10,753,124 10, 246, 553 165,300 133, 418 495,131 2, 169, 585 3,509,562 3,633,290 4,382,968 4,798,004 4,782, 211 5,766,690 6, 259,275 6,810, 243 6, 199, 171 473,360 61,803 43,079 784,011 2,393,754 2,725,873 3,182,993 3,451,307 3,410,914 4, 275, 271 4,254,879 4, 710, 895 4, 259,042 1870 32,938 771,442 2,259,922 4,467,870 4,900,528 5,266,065 5,839,976 6,333,307 6,423,979 6,024,775 7,322,449 6,245,508 1880 1890 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 14,778 399,888 1,447, 945 1,816, 136 1,943,932 2,229,172 2,009.451 1,934,673 1,864,268 2,670,438 2,078,357 184, 440 968,373 1, 107, 953 901,912 926,759 1,195, 944 1,200,684 1,312,873 1,648,069 1,895,377 120,947 869, 229 1,922,298 2,421,781 2,820,66i6 3,517,388 3, 046, 539 2,924,427 2, 860, 200 3,642,658 2,948,116 These statistics of the production in various States not only- show the expansion in bituminous mining in recent and former years, but also show that the areas of the greatest development in the territory east of the Rocky Mountains are Pennsylvania, the Middle West, and certain States of the South and Southwest, such as West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, Kansas, and Oklahoma. INCREASE IN NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES. The significance of the remarkable development of the coal indus- try from the standpoint of recent immigration lies in the fact that, in addition to the investment of capital and the invention and use of machinery, a large and constantly increasing number of miners and laborers were required to make possible the expansion in mining operations. This fact is obvious, but the field of employment thus opened is shown in the following table, which shows the increase in the average number of wage-earners in the bituminous coal-mining industry in the States under discussion. Table 5. — Average number of wage-earners in bituminous coal mining, 1870 to 1907. [U. S. Census: Industry and Wealth, 1870; Mining Industries, 1880; Mineral Industries, 1890; and Special Reports, Mines and Quarries, 1902. Also Production of Coal in 1908, Edward W. Parker. U. S. Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States.] Year. Penn- syl- vania. Kan- sas. Arkan- sas. Texas. Okla- homa. Ala- bama. Ken- tucky. Ten- nessee. Vir- ginia. West Vir- ginia. Ohio. Indi- ana. Illi- nois. 1870.. .. 1880.. .. 16,851 33,248 53, 132 252 3,617 05,956 130 57 1,513 6, 864 714 2,826 5,144 419 1,092 4,031 642 261 1,523 1,140 4, 497 9, 778 7,567 16, 331 19,343 1,369 4,496 6,448 6,301 16,301 23, 934 1889.... 677 543 1,862 1902.... 92,095 7,017 2,574 1,979 4, 763 12,930 9,077 6,220 3,004 23,914 25,963 10,593 36,617 1907.... 163,295 12,439 5,085 4,227 8,398 21,388 16,971 12,052 6, 670 59, 029 46, 833 21,022 65, 581 a Includes Nebraska. Some remarkable changes are indicated in the above showing. In addition to the large increase in the number of employees, due to the development of the industry in the various States since 1870, the immense growth in the number of employees in practically all the 48296° — VOL 6 — 11 2 6 The Immigration Commission. I States during the two periods^ of ^1889^ to^ 19^02 1902 should be careful^ noted. pmnloved in 1907, as compared with ar.St:n?.T.r M “fc sS.. i. .h.n .00 per cent. oeographioal divisions studied. In view ophe ra^W develop .nV.Tll.. indoMO- »d .h.* «*««.. M followed their employment. was divided geograph- For purposes of investigation he ^o^XX^of hftu^nous ically according to the di^tri^tion a, coal numng at the • found in largest numbers in reasons: U) tmimgrant emp y extensive; (O) thfwfoS'lreaTrepr^esented ^different methods of mining and ‘^°Se^Xi?7dlvl?ons'thus adopted as a basis for a working pro- Pernsylvania, bituminous mining, and coke re^on. 2; Middy West, iy‘ndin|Ohio Shoma Arkansas, and Texas. 1 |rth>1iudTnfwr|^^^^^^ Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. Th. to»dgr..ion C.«.m»io? the following table: Table 6.-Households studied, by general naUvily and race of head of household. Households. Households. General nativity and race of head of household. General nativity and race of head of household. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Native-born of native father: 108 4.6 1.1 Foreign-born— Continued. 42 1.8 Ur^lioVl 334 14. 1 27 10 . 4 1.8 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 42 43 1.8 11 . 5 11 ■ 3 15 .6 454 19. 1 _ V^rtrTi * .7 5.6 12 .5 Bohemian and Moravian. . 16 132 39 1.6 English 27 11 51 1.1 . 5 Grand total 2,371 100.0 2’. 2 Total native-born of foreign 50 2. 1 26 1. 1 Ti-ol?an "Mnrtll 316 13. 3 8.4 161 6. 8 93.2 Xtailolly T^r»UoTi Rmitli 200 Total native-born 2,210 179 7. 5 Total foreign- born Magyar 241 10.2 Bituminous Coal Mining. 7 Of the 2,371 households furnishing information in this industry, by far the larger proportion, 93.2 per cent, are foreign-born. Of the native-born, the American whites show the largest proportion, or 4.6 percent, as compared with 1.1 per cent of the negroes and less than 1 per cent each of the English and Irish. Comparing the foreign-born races, it will be seen that the Slovaks, North Italians, Magyars, and Poles constitute 56.7 per cent of the total number studied. The Slovaks, with 19.1 per cent, show the largest proportion. The Croatians, South Italians, and Lithuanians are the only races in addition to these reporting a proportion in excess of 5 per cent, while the proportions of the others range from 2.2 per cent for the Germans to 0.4 per cent for the Roumanians. MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS SECURED. The table next presented shows the persons in households studied, and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. Table 7. — Persons in households studied, and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father^ by race of father: English Irish Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English French German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Welsh Grand total Total number of house- holds. Persons in house- holds. Persons for whom detailed information was secured. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. 108 499 3.5 497 4.2 27 120 .8 120 1.0 11 54 .4 52 .4 15 89 .6 89 .7 16 95 .7 91 .8 132 942 6.6 568 4.7 27 147 1.0 147 1.2 11 51 .4 51 .4 51 300 2.1 300 2.5 50 292 2.1 292 2.4 316 1,803 12.7 1,500 12.5 200 1,289 9.1 1,091 9.1 179 1,021 7.2 819 6.8 241 1,512 10.6 1,205 10.1 42 196 1.4 196 1.6 334 2,087 14.7 1,781 14.9 10 51 .4 51 .4 42 265 1.9 173 1.4 43 293 2.1 264 2.2 11 71 .5 68 .6 454 2,798 19.7 2,379 19.9 12 70 .5 56 .5 39 184 1.3 184 1.5 2,371 14,229 100.0 11,974 100.0 26 161 2,210 143 762 13, 467 1.0 5.4 94.6 141 758 11,216 1.2 6.3 93.7 Total native-born of foreign father. Total native-born Total foreign-bom 8 The Immigration Commission. In the 2,371 households, consisting of 14,229 persons, 94.6 per cent of the total number of persons are foreign-born. The proportion of persons native-born of foreign father is 1 per cent, while that of the native whites born of native father is 3.5 per cent, and that of the negroes of native birth is less than 1 per cent of the total number of persons. _ . i i -o i As regards the foreign-born, it will be seen that the olovaks, x oies, North Italians, and Magyars, each representing over 10 per cent, con- stitute 57.7 per cent of the total number of persons, the proportions ranging from 19.7 per cent for the Slovaks to 10.6 per cent for the Magyars. The South Italians show the next largest proportion, or 9.1 per cent, followed by the Lithuanians and. Croatians with 7.2 and 6.6 per cent, respectively, while the proportions of the other races range from 2.1 per cent each for the Germans, Irish, and Ruthemans, to 0.4 per cent for the French and Roumanians. Of the persons for whom detailed information was secured, 93.7 per cent are foreign-born, 1.2 per cent are native-born of foreign father, 4.2 per cent are native-born white of natiye father, and 1 per cent are native-born negroes. Four of the foreign-born races constitute each more than 10 per cent of the total number for whom detailed information was secured; these races are the Slovak with 19.9 per cent, the Polish with 14.9 per cent, the North Italian with 12.5 per cent, and the Magyar with 10.1 per cent. The table which follows shows the number of households studied, by race of head of household, and the number ol families included, by race of head of family. A household includes all the persons living as one housekeeping group, without regard to relationship or race. Table S— Number of households and number of families studied. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head. Total number of house- holds. Total number of fami- lies. General nativity and race of head. Total number of house- holds. Total number of fami- lies. Native-born of native father: Whitfi 108 113 Foreign-born — Continued. Mexican 42 42 27 26 Polish 334 336 Negro. Native-born of foreign father , by race of father: Roumanian 10 10 Russian 42 44 11 11 Ruthenian 43 43 English 15 14 Scotch 11 12 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian . . . Croatian Slovaic 454 457 If) 132 17 129 SlnvpTiiDri 12 12 Welsh 39 40 En^'lish 27 29 Grand total 2,371 2,363 French 11 12 Gprmn n 51 54 Total native-born of foreign - Irish 50 50 26 316 304 father 25 200 188 Total native-born 161 164 Italian, South 179 178 Total foreign-born 2,210 2,199 Mnp'var 241 242 In these 2,363 families there were 11,974 individuals for whom detailed information was secured. These individuals are classified according to sex in the following table. Bituminous Coal Mining. 9 Table 9. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, hy general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number. Per cent of each sex. General nativity and race of head of household. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Native-born of native father: White 259 238 497 52.1 47.9 54 66 120 45.0 55.0 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 25 27 52 48.1 51.9 Irish 48 41 89 53.9 46.1 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 48 43 91 52.7 47.3 Croatian 329 239 5G8 57.9 42.1 English 91 58 147 61.9 38.1 French 29 22 51 56.9 43.1 German IGl 139 300 53.7 46.3 Irish 162 130 292 55.5 44.5 Italian, North 853 647 1,500 56.9 43.1 Italian, South 717 374 1,091 65.7 34.3 Lithuanian 482 337 819 58.9 41.1 Magyar 727 478 1,205 196 60.3 39.7 Mexican 112 84 57.1 42.9 Polish 1,018 34 763 1,781 51 57.2 42.8 Roumanian 17 66.7 33.3 Russian 100 73 173 57.8 42.2 Rnthenian 1.55 109 2G4 58.7 41.3 Scotch 39 29 68 57.4 42.6 Slovak 1,290 1,089 2,379 54.2 45.8 Slovenian 30 26 56 53.6 46.4 Welsh 98 86 184 53.3 46.7 Grand total 6,8G1 5,113 11,974 57.3 42.7 Total native-born of foreign father 73 68 141 51.8 48.2 Total native-born 38G 372 758 50.9 49.1 Total foreiffn-born 6,475 4,741 11,216 57.7 42.3 Of the total number of individuals shown in the table above, 57.3 per cent are males. . For the foreign-born the proportion of males is slightly higher, while for the native-born as a whole it is 50.9 per cent. In the proportion of the two sexes there is little relative difference between the group of persons native-born of native father and that native-born of foreign father. Among the American negroes the proportion of females is relatively very high. In the case of all the foreign races the males predominate. The excess of males is, however, considerably higher for some races than for others. The highest figure is 66.7 per cent, and the lowest is 52.7 per cent. The former percentage is for the Roumanians and the latter for the Bohemians and Moravians. The races having the largest proportion of males are, in the order of mention, the Roumanians, South Italians, English, Magyars, Lithuanians, and Ruthenians; those having the lowest proportion of males are the Bohemians and Moravians, Welsh, Slovenians, Germans, and Slovaks. The figures and percentages of the table seem to indicate no clear distinction in the matter of sex distribution between the races of recent immigration and the races of older immigration. That the proportion of females is markedly high for the native-born as com- pared with the foreign-born, is the salient feature of the table. The table on the page following shows the per cent of males among E ersons for whom detailed information was secured, by locality and y general nativity and race of head of household. 10 The Immigration Commission. Table 10.— Per cent of males among persons canvassed hy locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [ThistaLleincludesonly races o more localities. The General nativity and race oi head of household. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- 1 west. Total bitumin- ous coal mining .a Native-born of native father; 54.4 54.4 49.6 52.1 Foreign-born: 59.5 48.8 57.9 A1 Q English 58. 7 50.8 53.3 67.3 58.7 Di. 53.7 German 55.3 60.4 55.5 56.9 Af; 1 54.0 74.8 77.8 71.8 52.6 57. 5 61. 1 DO. 1 52.4 57. 8 63. 1 Oo. AO ^ 53. 8 70. 9 51. 4 DU. O K7 0 53.9 54.1 69.1 64.7 53. 9 49.6 0/» ^ 54.2 52.1 55.0 71.2 55.2 57.3 51.8 54.4 54. 4 56.5 50.9 57.7 51.8 55.0 71.2 . This total mcludes households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabu- lated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. As regards the proportion of males m the households studied m the bituminous coal-mining industry it will be seen that of the total number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, 57.3 per cent are of this sex, the foreign-born reporting 57.7 per cent, as compared with 50.9 per cent of the native-born. As among the several localities, thelargestproportion, 71.2 per cent, is reported from the South, and the smallest proportion, 52.1 per cent, is reported from the Middle West, while the proportions reported from Pennsylvania and the Southwest, between which there is prac- tically no difference, are but slightly m excess of the proportion re- ported from the Middle West. ^ ^ The South reports a larger proportion of males for each race re- porting therefrom, witliout a single exception, than does any other locality. For example, the per cent of males among the South Ital- ian hoLeholds studied was 77.8 in the South, 611 m the Southwest 57.5 in Pennsylvania, and 52.6 in the Middle West. of males among the Lithuanians was 71.8 m the South, 63.1 m the Southwest, 57.8 in Pennsylvania, and 52.4 in the Middle West. The following table shows the persons in the households studied loi whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. Attention is called to the fact that in this table the classification is by general nativity and race of individual, and not of head of household as in the preceding table. Bituminous Coal Mining. 11 Table 11— Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (study of households.) General nativity and race of individual Number. Per cent distribution. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Native-born of native father: White 321 324 645 4.7 6.3 5.4 54 66 120 .8 1.3 1.0 3 3 .0 .1 (“) Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 24 19 43 .3 .4 .4 2 2 .0 (a) (a) 96 92 188 1.4 1.8 1.6 53 25 78 .8 .5 .7 12 11 23 .2 .2 .2 72 82 154 1.0 1.6 1.3 116 89 205 1.7 1.7 1.7 287 281 568 4.2 5.5 4.7 175 142 317 2.6 2.8 2.6 184 139 323 2.7 2.7 2.7 208 201 409 3.0 3.9 3.4 45 39 84 .7 .8 . 7 324 338 662 4.7 6.6 5.5 R oumanian 4 4 8 .1 .1 . 1 Russif^n 30 19 49 .4 .4 .4 RuthPTiiaTi 44 57 101 .6 1.1 .8 18 14 32 .3 .3 .3 ployf^lr 527 570 1,097 7.7 11.1 9.2 PlnvP'TiifiTi 12 10 22 .2 .2 .2 Welsh 47 37 84 .7 .7 .7 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 29 25 54 .4 .5 .5 Bosnian 1 1 (a) .0 (a) Canadian (other than French) .... 2 2 .0 (a) (“) Croatian 233 144 377 3.4 2.8 3.1 Bo-iiisli 1 1 .0 (a) (“) English 48 39 87 .7 .8 . 7 French 18 12 30 .3 .2 .3 nprmn.n 81 64 145 1.2 1.3 1.2 Trisb 63 36 99 .9 .7 .8 Italian North 563 357 920 8.2 7.0 7.7 Italian South 543 226 769 7.9 4.4 6.4 Lithuanian . 296 194 490 4.3 3.8 4. 1 Magyar 481 277 758 7.0 5.4 6.3 Mexican 64 40 104 .9 .8 .9 Polish 698 415 1,113 10.2 8.1 9.3 Roumanian 39 13 52 .6 .3 . 4 Russian 101 54 155 1.5 1.1 1.3 Ruthenian 108 51 159 1.6 1.0 1.3 Scotch 20 19 39 .3 .4 .3 Slovak 751 521 1,272 10.9 10.2 10.6 Slovenian 18 17 35 .3 (a; .3 .3 PpRnisli 3 3 .0 (a) Welsh 50 42 92 .7 .8 .8 Grand total 6, 861 5,113 11,974 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total native-born of foreign father 2,278 2, 171 4,449 33.2 42.5 37.2 Total native-born 2,653 2,564 5,217 38.7 50.1 43.6 Total foreign-born 4,208 2,549 6, 757 61.3 49.9 56.4 - a Less than 0.05 per cent. 12 The Immigration Commission. Of the 6,861 males for whom detailed information was secured, 61.3 per cent are foreign-born, as compared with 38.7 per cent native- born. Of the native-born, by far the largest proportion are of foreign father. Comparing the persons native-born of foreign father, it will be seen that The Slovaks constitute the largest proportion, or 7.7 per cent of the total number of males, while the Poles and North Italians follow with considerably lower percentages. The Magyars, Lithuanians, and South Italians are the only other races reporting each a proportion in excess of 2 per cent. Among the foreign-born males, as in the case of the native-born, Slovaks report the largest proportion; their 10.9 per cent is followed closely by the Poles, North and South Italians, and Magyars, the last named reporting 7 per cent. With the exception of the Lithuanians and Croatians, who report 4.3 and 3.4 per cent, respectively, each of the remaining foreign-born races reports less than 2 per cent of the total number of males. The native whites born of native father, it will be noted, constitute less than 5 per cent, and the negroes less than 1 per cent. Of the 5,113 females furnishing information, 49.9 per cent are foreign-born and 50.1 per cent native-born. The races showing the largest proportion of foreign-born females also show the largest pro- portion of females of the second generation, and, with the exception of the Slovaks, the percentages for the foreign-born are slightly higher. Of the second generation, the Slovaks show the largest pro- portion, or 11.1 per cent of the total number of females, followed by the Poles, reporting 6.6, and the North Italians 5.5 per cent, the proportions of the other races ranging from 3.9 per cent for the Magyars to O.I per cent for the Roumanians. Of the foreign-born females, the Slovaks, with 10.2 per cent of the total number of females, show the largest proportion, followed by the Poles, North Italians, Magyars, and South Italians, with 8.1, 7, 5.4, and 4.4 per cent, respectively, while for the other races reporting females the proportions range from 3.8 per cent for the Lithuanians to 0.2 per cent for the French. The whites native-born of native father are exceeded only by the Slovaks, Poles, and North Italians of foreign birth and the Slovaks and Poles of the second generation. Only 1.3 per ce^nt of the total number of females are negroes, and but 0.1 per cent are Indians. A combination of the proportions of males and females, as set forth in Table 11, does not affect the relative position of the various races, as will be seen from the totals. Bituminous Coal Mining. 13 EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED. In addition to the study of households, a detailed study of 88,368 individual employees was made for the bituminous coal-mining in- dustry as a whole. The racial composition of this total is shown in Table 12 and its accompanying charts. Table 12. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Native-born of native father; White 18, 515 21.0 Negro 6, 702 7.6 Indian 2 («) Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Australia 4 (o) Austri a-H ungar y 823 .9 Belgimn 51 .1 Canada 49 .1 Denmark 10 (a) England 1,800 2.0 France 173 .2 Germany 2, 256 2.6 Greece 1 (a) Ireland 1,352 1.5 Italy 196 .2 Mexico 9 (a) Netherlands 19 (a) Norway 5 (a) Romnania 1 (a) Russia 176 .2 Scotland 925 1.0 Sweden 66 .1 Switzerland 28 (a) Wales 468 .5 Africa (country not speci- fied) 3 (a) Foreign-born, by race: Armenian 2 (a) Bohemian and Moravian. . 747 .8 Bosnian 1 (a) ■ Bulgarian 177 .2 Canadian, French 26 (a) Canadian, Other 30 (a) Croatian 2, 426 2.7 Cuban 1 (o) Dalmatian 6 (a) Danish 20 («) Dutch 106 .1 English 2, 497 2.8 Finnish 70 .1 Flemish 3 (a) French 786 .9 German 2, 699 3.1 Greek 113 1 .1 General nativity and race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Foreign-born, by race— Con. Hebrew (other than Rus- sian) Herzegovinian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Norwegian Polish Portuguese Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Scotch-Irish Servian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Syrian Turkish Welsh West Indian (other than Cuban) Australian (race not speci- fied) Austrian (race not speci- fied) Belgian (race not speci- fied) Swiss (race not specified). Grand total Total native-born of foreign father Total native-born Total foreign-born 6 («) 6 (“) 935 1.1 6,666 7.5 4, 272 4.8 113 . 1 1,892 2.1 18 (®) 4,571 5.2 116 . 1 136 .2 14 («) 7,370 8.3 7 (®) 157 .2 1,853 2.1 308 .3 1, 162 1.3 27 («) 132 .1 11,318 12.8 1,912 2.2 7 («) 307 .3 21 («) 4 (a) 399 .5 1 (®) 8 (®) 885 1.0 377 .4 24 (a) 88,368 100.0 8, 415 9.5 33, 634 38.1 54, 734 61.9 o Less than 0.05 per cent. This table shows that of the 88,368 employees for whom informa- tion was secured, 61.9 per cent are foreign-born, 9.5 per cent are native-born of foreign father, 21 per cent are whites native-born of native father, and 7.6 per cent are negroes native-born of native father. Number of male employees for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race. [This chart shows only races represented by 500 or more employees.] 14 The Immigration Commission, POLISH RUSSIAN Number of employees of each general nativity for whom detailed information was secured. Bituminous Coal Mining, 15 16 . The Immigration Commission, The following table shows, by locality, the race of the male em- ployees for whom information was secured. Table IZ.—Race of male employees for whom information was secured, hy locality; per cent distribution. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Per cent distribution in each specified locality. General nativity and race. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. I Total bitumi- lous coal mining. Native-born of native father; 32.0 13.1 32.6 23.8 21. ( 3.1 1.9 35.7 5.6 (a) 7.( (a) .0 .0 .0 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: ( 0 ) (a) .0 .0 (a) .9 1.2 .2 .4 .1 .1 (a) .1 .1 (a) (a) .1 (a) 2.6 (a) (a) .0 3.1 2.0 .5 2. .4 .1 (a) .5 4.7 2.5 .4 1. 5 2. (a) .0 .0 (a) .0 2.0 1.7 1.6 .6 1. .3 .1 .1 .9 (a) (a) (a) (a) .0 .0 .0 . 1 (a) (a) .0 . 1 (a) .0 (a) .0 .0 (a) .0 .0 .3 .2 .1 .3 2.1 • 1.5 .9 .5 1, .1 .1 (a) (a)'^ (a) .1 (a) (a) 1.1 .4 (a) .6 (a) ' A Ti frTT Tint QTipnifiPrl ^ .0 .0 (a) (a) iViriCa j llUt Foreign-born, by race: .0 .0 (a) .0 (a) 1.4 .9 .1 .4 (a) .0 (a) .0 .0 .1 .1 .9 . 1 (a) (a) .1 (a) .0 . 1 (a) (a) (a) (a) 1.0 4.0 1.9 .2 2 (a) (a) (a) .0 .0 . (a) .0 .0 (a) .0 .0 1 ( 0 ) (a) (a) (a) ' .1 .1 .1 .1 4.3 2.7 .9 3.6 2 .2 .1 .0 (a) riGHlisll .0 (a) .0 0 .0 1.0 .7 .3 3.1 4.6 3.1 .8 2.6 .1 .2 .2 (a) (a) TToVitoaxt ( ntliPT tVi ilTl T? ^ - ■ '“’.0 (a) (a) .0 (a) (a) .0 (a) .7 1.3 .3 1.4 16.6 ] It3'li3n 5.8 1.3 .3 1.8 (a)' 2 ^ 1 ^ 06(1 on i^rii .0 (a) .1 .0 Hfi^p’var 3.5 7.2 2.6 .7 («) .0 (a) 1.6 MontCDG^^in .2 (a) .7 .0 (a) 3.1 (a) Norw6gi3.D. - («) (a) .0 Polish 4.4 12.3 2.2 (a) PortU|^6SG .0 (a) .0 .0 Itouni^ni3>n - .1 .2 .3 . 1 Russian 2.0 2.6 .6 1. 5 RuthGui^rii .1 .6 (a) .0 Scotch - 1.9 1 1.1 .8 2.1 (a) Scotch“Irish - («) .1 .0 .0 .1 .2 .2 Slovak 4.2 ! 20.3 2.9 1 1.9 1 1 .2 .2 .5 2.7 .1 2.8 .1 .9 3.1 .1 1.1 7.5 4.8 .1 2.1 5.2 .1 .2 8.3 .2 2.1 .3 1.3 17 Bituminous Coal Mining. Table 13. — Race of male employees for whom information was secured, hy locality; per cent distribution — Continued . Per cent distribution in each specified locality. General nativity and race. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal mining. Foreign-born, by race— Continued. Slovenian 0.5 3.2 0.4 2.8 2.2 Spanish .0 (a) (a) .1 (a) Swedish .4 .4 (o) .3 .3 Syrian (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) Turkish .0 (a) .4 .0 .0 (o) Welsh .9 .1 .5 .5 West Indian (other than Cuban) .0 .0 .0 (a) (o) Australian (race not specified) (a) (a) .0 (a) (a) Austrian (race not specified) .7 .5 .4 6.5 1.0 Belgian (race not specified) .5 .3 (a) 1.6 .4 Swiss (race not specified) (a) (a) («) (“) (a) Grand total ! 100.0 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total native-born of foreign father 14.5 9.3 2.5 11.3 9.5 Total native-born 49.7 24.3 70.9 40.8 38.1 Total foreign-born 50.3 75.7 29.1 59.2 61.9 a Less than 0.05 per cent. COMPARATIVE SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION. The investigation in Arkansas, Texas, Kentucky, and Tennessee was not made in as great detail as in other States, because a prelim- inary survey revealed the fact that comparatively small numbers of recent immigrants were employed in these States. At the time the field work was in progress conditions in Texas and Arkansas were abnormal, and it was found that an investigation would not have yielded true results. It was also planned to study the coke industry in conjunction with bituminous mining and to embody the results of the investigation in a separate report. In the present report, however, it has been found necessary to include in the tabulations of bituminous coal mining the returns secured from employees of coke works, and to make no distinction, except in historical and descriptive matter, between mines engaged exclusively in the pro- duction of coal and mines having coke ovens in connection with their coal operations. In 1905, 10,154 persons were employed in the coke industry in Pennsylvania, 2,155 in Alabama, 1,094 in Virginia, and 2,533 in West Virginia.® Detailed information was secured for about 5,000 coke employees in Pennsylvania and a comparatively small number in Virginia, West Virginia, and Alabama. These returns are included in the tabulations of this report. a Twelfth Census, Special Reports on Selected Manufactures; Pt. IV, pn 515 528,529. > FF- , 18 The Immigration Commission. The following comparative figures will show in a summary way the territory covered, as well as the comparative amount of information secured ; Table 14 . — Comparative scope of investigation of employees. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Division. Pennsylvania. Middle West. Southwest. . . South Total. Number of emplovees in 1907.0 163,295 133, 436 20,837 87,087 404, 655 N um ber of employees covered by individual study. 49, 137 18, 737 7,036 13,458 88,368 Per cent of total employees. 30.1 14.0 33.8 15.5 21.8 sriould Se^'to be ?n“dl^at“te '“S'^gures in this column are compiled from various state reports. The first column in the table shows the total number of employees in the bituminous coal industry within the geographical area investi- gated; the second column shows the number of employees covered by the study of individual employees; the last column indicates the per cent of the employees covered by the investigation as compared with the total number employed in the industry. The number of persons from whom data were secured, as shown in the table above, was 21.8 per cent of the total number employed in the area of the investigation. The investigation and tabulations may therefore be said to be comprehensive and representative ol the territorv and conditions covered.® ^ u In addition to the study of employees, 2,371 households, com- nrising 14 229 persons, were studied. The table next presented shows the number of households studied, together with the number and sex of persons within the households for whom detailed inlor- mation was secured. Table 15 . — Scope of investigation of households. fSTUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Division. Pennsylvania . Midddle West Southwest South TotaU . Total number of households. Persons in households. Persons for whom detailed infor- mation was secured. Male. Female. Total. 1,340 171 309 476 8,871 758 1,893 2,305 3,747 373 1,281 1,241 3,066 343 519 1,009 6,813 716 1,800 2,250 2,371 14,229 6,861 5,113 11,974 a The schedules used and the field methods employed in collecting data are discussed in detafl in the summary report on manufacturing and mining. , wUUm n lornlitv no race was 6 This total includes households not given m the localities, because within a lo tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. Bituminous Coal Mining. 19 METHOD OF PRESENTING DATA COLLECTED. In preparing the report the following divisions have been adopted in the discussion and presentation of the data: 1. Presentation of industry as a whole. — This part of the report affords a brief summary statement of the facts and conditions devel- oped by the investigation. 2. Geographical areas. — A division has been made following the distribution of the bituminous mining industry in the United States, principally for the following reasons: (a) To show difference in work- ing and other conditions m the different sections of the country; {h) to compare the status of the various races under different envi- ronments ; (c) to exhibit relative inducements to immigration offered by different sections of the country. 3. Detailed reports on selected communities. — By selecting for intensive study representative communities connected with the industry, it has been thought {a) that a verification of the tend- encies exhibited by the more extended tabulations might be had; (Jb) that direct effects of recent immigration upon American life and institutions, not covered by the statistical tables, might be presented; (c) that more definite conclusions as to the economic effects of immi- gration might be reached. Chapter II. RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS. Racial movements to, and displacements in, the bituminous coal-mining industry— Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households — Racial classification of employees at the present time — fText Tables 16 to 22 and General Tables 4 and 5], RACIAL MOVEMENTS TO, AND DISPLACEMENTS IN, THE BITUMINOUS COAL-MINING INDUSTRY. Considering the bituminous coal industry as a whole, the history of the movements of the different immigrant races to the coal mines corresponds roughly to the period of immigration of each race to the United States. The time of employment of any given race in differ- ent coal fields, however, is conditioned upon the length of time each field has been developed and upon the period of its greatest expansion. The bituminous fields-of Pennsylvania have had their chief develop- ment since 1870. From that year to the present time the majority of bituminous mining employees have been of foreign birth. During the decade 1870 to 1880 the operating forces of the mines were made up of native whites and representatives of the English, Scotch, Irish, Welsh, and German races, the miners from Great Britain and Germany usually being trained men who had had practical mining experience before coming to this country English-speaking and northern European miners continued to arrive in large but decreasing numbers during the next ten years, but after 1890 comparatively few came to the Pennsylvania fields. Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe were first employed about 1880. The Slovaks were the first to arrive, followed by the Magyars. Both of these races continued gradually to increase up to 1890, after which year they entered the mines in constantly increasing numbers. Scattered representatives of the Polish, Italian, and Croa- tian races were also employed before 1890, but the steady immigra- tion of the Poles did not begin until 1890, of the Italians until 1895, and of the Croatians until 1900. During the past ten years practi- cally all labor for the ruines has been secured from southern and eastern Europe, and has included Russians, Bulgarians, Roumanians, Ruthenians, Syrians, Armenians, Croatians, Servians, Poles, North and South Italians, Magyars, and Slovaks. At the present time the operating forces of the mines are composed largely of races of recent immigration. During the past twenty years the older employees of native stock and of races of Great Britain and northern Europe have been in- creasingly displaced by the races of southern and eastern Europe. Ihe expansion of the ruining industry after 1880 opened many posi- tions requiring responsibility and training, which have been filled by natives and the races of older immigration. Many of the pioneer 48296°— VOL 6-11- 3 21 22 The Immigration Commission. operatives and races of older immigration also left The fi&d and sought work after 1890 in the coal-mmmg localities of the Middle WestTnd Southwest. Others found employment m mdus- tril other than coal mining. At the present time practically no nTivT, nor English, Irish, slotch, Welsfi, or Germans of the first or second generation, are entering the Pennsylvania bituminous coal mines. ^Those employed outside of positions of responsibility are principally inefficient survivors of the large numbers employed before ^^The bituminous coal-mining industry in the Middle West, and espe- ciallv in Illinois, has also assumed remarkable proportions since 187U. Prior to 1890 very few representatives of immigrant races, except those from Great Britain and Germany, were m the field. Durmg the decade 1890 to 1900 there was a change in the racial composition of the mi workers due to the development of two additional sources of labor suddIv (1) An influx of mine workers from other coal fields of the UnLd States; (2) the arrival of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. The migration from other fields in tins country was maL up principally of the Enghsh, Irish, Scotch Welsh, and Ger- mans who left the mines of Pennsylvania and West Virgmia because of labor disputes and the pressure of races of inore recent immigration who were entering the industry in the locahties mentioned. The European races which at the time were securing employment m the Middle West were North and South Italians, Lithuanians, Russians, French and French-Belgians, and a few Magyars. Ihe races of older immigration, however, mamtamed the ^cend^cy numbers, the immigrants from northern Europe and Great Britain constituting about three-fourths of the total number of mine workers in 1900, while the remaining one-fourth was composed ot the more recent arrivals from the south and east of Europe. During the past ten years, there has been an mcrepe m t he propor- tion of employees of the newer immigration m the mines of the Middle West This tendency has been especially marked m the more recently developed sections of Illinois and Indiana A ^oveme^ of the races of older immigration out of the names of the Middle West to other mining localities, especially those of Kansas and Oklahoma, under the pressure of the recent arrivals, has also been noticeable. At the present time, it is estimated that slightly more than one-halt of the total number of employees m the coal mmes of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois are of foreign birth, and that almost three-^urths ol those foreign-born belong to races of southern and eastern Europe. The racial movements to the Southwest are unique as comjmrecl with those to other coal-mining sections, for the reason that both Kan- sas and Oklahoma were sparsely settled about 1880, when mining on a considerable scale was begun, and the first employees were brought y special car or train loads from the minmg locahties of Pennsylvania and the Middle West. These pioneer operatives included representa- tives of all races, with English, Irish, and Scotch predominant, and the Germans, Poles, Lithuanians, French, and Croatians next m order of successive numerical importance. The ’ Scotch, Welsh, and Irish from Pennsylvania and the Middle West mining localities to the Oklahoma (then Indian Territory) mines was very strong until 1890, and to the Kansas mines until 189 . e period from 1890 to 1898 in Oklahoma was marked by labor disputes Bituminous Coal Mining. 23 and an exodus of the English, Scotch, Irish, and Welsh from Okla- homa to Kansas. The number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe at work in Kansas and Oklahoma was very small prior to 1895. Since that year, they have arrived in constantly increasing numbers and have largely filled the places left vacant in Oklahoma by the departure of the English-speaking miners, and have supphed the labor necessary to the expansion of the industry in both Kansas and Oklahoma. More than 30 races of foreign birth are now employed in the mines of the Southwest, the races of recent immigration which are present in largest numbers being the North and South Italians, Poles, Slovenians, and Slovaks. Employees belonging to races originating in Great Britain and northern Europe constitute about one-fourth, and those belonging to races of southern and eastern Europe about three-fourths, of the total number of mine workers of foreign birth. The employment of immigrant labor in the South has been of more recent date than in other sections. Native whites and negroes were principally used in developing the coal resources of that section, and it was not until the decade 1890 to 1900 that mine workers of foreign birth in considerable numbers made their appearance in the coal- producing area of the South. Immigration to the coal mines of Alabama began more than twenty years ago with the coming of the Scotch, English, and Welsh miners. Soon afterwards Slovaks, Poles, French, Irish, and a few Italians arrived. Within the past ten years immigration into the coal-mining communities has been of mixed character, the larger portion of it consisting of Italians, Bulgarians, French, Scotch, and a very con- siderable number of Russians, Croatians, and other races. About 30 different foreign races are at present employed in the mines of the Birmingham district. The greatest expansion of coal mining in West Virginia has taken f lace since the year 1893. Prior to that time, although English, rish, Scotch, Welsh, and German miners were employed in consider- able numbers, native white and negro labor was principally used by the coal operators. When this supply of labor became inadequate, em- ployees of foreign birth were secured from the Pennsylvania fields and through labor agencies in the eastern cities. These new men included North and South Italians, Poles, Slovaks, Magyars, Russians, Cro- atians, Lithuanians, and scattering representatives of other races. During the past fifteen years the mine workers have been recruited from races of southern and eastern Europe, and during the past twenty years there has been a steady movement of native whites, together with English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, from the West Virginia mines to the coal-mining localities of the Middle West and Southwest. More than one-half of the mine workers at present are of foreign birth, and are principally of races of southern and eastern Europe. The Virginia coal fields were developed at an even later date than those of West Virginia. Immigrants in small numbers were em- ployed during the period 1893 to 1900, but it was not until after the year 1900 that any considerable numbers arrived. The Virginia fields are located in a sparsely settled territory, and almost all the labor used has been secured from the outside. Negroes and native 24 The Immigration Commission. whites from other sections of the South were at first employed, but during the past ten years they have been gradually displaced by employees of foreign birth who have come from abroad and from other mining localities in this country. Magyars, North and South Italians, and Slovaks are in the majority among the mine workers of foreign birth. Poles, Roumanians, Servians, Ruthenians, Ger- mans, Macedonians, and Lithuanians are also employed, in compara- tively small numbers. PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS. Original information was obtained from 54,300 bituminous coal- mining employees as to the number of years each had been in the United States. These data were also secured from the members of the households studied who were born abroad. Although some of the employees had probably had employment after reaching this country and before they entered the bituminous coal industry, the number of such cases is small, and the facts put forward in^ the following tables may be considered as representative of the racial movements to the bituminous coal mines. As regards period of residence in the United States of individual employees, the number and per cent who have been in the United States each specified number of years are shown, by race, in the fol- lowing tables and the accompanying chart: Table 16. — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees in the United States under 1 year, 1 year, 2 years, etc., by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reportmg. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Number Ter cent in United States each specified number of years. Race. Bohemian and Moravian. . Bulgarian Croatian Dutch English Finnish French German Greek Irish Italian, North , Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian Swedish Welsh reporting complete data. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. 744 1.2 3.6 11.3 7.7 5.9 25.4 2.8 12.1 30.0 173 1.2 34.7 34.7 11.0 3.5 10.4 1.2 1.2 2.3 2,416 1.7 8.4 17.9 16.2 10.2 35.5 5.3 3.5 1.2 103 3.9 5.8 8.7 5.8 5.8 18.4 4.9 17.5 29.1 2,444 1.6 2.3 4.6 4.2 4.0 9.4 3.2 5.6 65.2 70 1.4 1.4 1.4 8.6 10.0 35.7 14.3 15.7 11.4 775 1.4 4.3 7.1 5.5 4.9 28.8 4.1 16.9 27.0 2,677 1.2 2.1 4.6 4.1 3.7 13.6 4.5 20.5 45.7 111 1.8 12.6 17. 1 10.8 9.0 27.9 7.2 ■ 7.2 6.3 916 .3 .8 2.2 1.2 1.3 4.0 3.1 6.6 80.6 6,622 2.5 5.7 11.9 12.2 8.8 36.0 9.5 8.3 5.1 4, 239 3.4 5.8 13.0 12.6 10. 1 37.5 8.9 5.3 3.4 109 .9 9.2 1(). 5 11.0 11.0 31.2 7.3 7.3 5. 5 1,885 1.0 2.0 5.9 7.9 8.8 37.8 16.4 14.4 5.9 4,543 3.3 9.1 16.2 12.4 9.7 32. 1 7.3 6.5 3.4 111 1.8 4.5 7.2 7.2 5.4 24.3 21.6 18.9 9.0 136 .0 30. 1 37.5 11.0 7.4 10.3 .0 .7 2.9 7,316 1.8 6.7 15.1 10.4 8.8 31.9 9.1 9.2 7.0 156 4.5 34.6 27.6 14. 1 5.8 10.3 .6 1.9 .6 1,831 2.5 9.9 19.6 11.3 7.5 27.8 9.1 7.4 5.0 307 1.6 8.5 21.8 9.1 11.7 23.5 11.4 7.2 5.2 1,139 1.9 2.3 3.4 3.7 3.4 10. 1 2.5 6.3 66.4 131 .8 5.3 19.1 9.2 10.7 38.2 11.5 .3.0 2.3 11,272 1. 5 5.5 11.4 9.2 9.0 31.6 11.4 9.9 10.4 1,899 2.7 6.2 15.4 10.7 9.6 36.6 8.6 6.6 3.7 306 .7 1.3 1.3 2.3 2.0 11.8 4.9 21.2 54. 6 397 1.0 1.8 2.3 1.3 2.0 2.8 4.5 6.0 78.3 . 54,300 2. 1 5.9 12.1 9.7 8.2 29.6 8.4 9.0 15.1 Total Bituminous Coal Mining. 25 26 The Immigration Commission. Table 17 . Per cent of foreign-horn male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race . (study of employees.) however is for all foreign-born.] Race. Number reporting complete - data. 1 744 173 2,416 103 2,444 70 775 2,677 Greek. . 111 916 6,622 4,239 TfoliQTi /’•nnt ) 55.8 German 14.8 86.4 54.5 10.0 21.8 19.2 Italian, North 63.9 68.0 96.7 83.7 75.5 Italian, South 81.3 71.8 94.7 88.9 86.3 Lithuanian. . 49.5 68.2 68.0 69.4 64.3 Magyar 65.6 85.3 63.9 74.1 Polish 75.0 65. 5 92.7 74.5 75.4 Russian 82.2 97.3 89.0 Slovak 60.0 76.1 59.0 61.1 Total 64.7 65.5 89.7 65.2 70.5 a This total includes persons not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated UDle.ss 10 or more schedules were secured. 6 Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining. 33 Table 20.— Per cent of foreign-horn persons in the United States each specified number of years, by locality and by race of individual— QonimuQdi. IN UNITED STATES UNDER 20 YEARS. Race of individual. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal mining.a Croatian 99. 1 (h\ English 15. 2 07 Q 100. 0 99. 2 German 32. 8 y< . o Q1 A i°) / 59. 3 Irish io!o 93.3 9 yi. ^ (°) 24.4 64.8 Italian, North 91.7 100.0 91.6 1 nn n 21. 2 95.1 97.8 93.5 Italian, South iUU. u OQ 7 97. 4 Lithuanian yo. ^ yo. i QA n 98. 1 Magvar i70. 'i 95. 1 yo. u 0(\ 7 94. 2 CQ 0 Polish 92. 3 Q1 fi yo. # QO A OO. 0 96. 5 94.2 97.4 Russian yi. D 96.7 SR 1 yy. ^ 97.3 QA 7 93. 4 Slovak OA n OO. J. yo. / oo. y 88. 6 Total 93.3 on 9 07 Q or 90.8 yu. ^ y/. o 85. 4 a This total includes persons not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. rn nf fnreitrn father 228 73.7 17.1 2.2 7.0 Totiil nTtivG-hom 428 80.8 12.6 1.4 5.1 Tot3/l forGign-boi'n 3,776 96.7 2.4 .8 .2 ' The significant fact exhibited by the totals for all races in the table above, as well as for separate races, is that practically all of the males 16 years of age or over in the households studied are engaged in work in or about the coal mines. Of the whites native- born'’of native father, only 8.3 per cent are in occupations other than coal mining, and only 3.1 per cent of the native negroes are engaged in other work. Of the whites native-born of native father, only ” 3 . 6 per cent above 16 years of age are at school, and 0.6 per cent at home. The males of the second generation show a stronger tendency than do either the foreign-born or the native-born of native father, to enter occupations other than coal mining, 17.1 per cent of the native-born of foreign father being engaged in other work than coal mining. Seven per cent are at school, and 2.2 per cent at home. Of the Irish of the second generation, 17.9 per cent are working outside of the coalmines, 7.1 percent are at school, and 3.6 per cent are at home. Practically all of the foreign-born males 16 years of age or over are at work in the mines, only 2.4 per cent of the total being at work in other occupations than coal mining, 0.2 per cent at school, and 0.8 per cent at home. In general, it should be noted that in the case ol all families studied for the purpose of making an exhibit of conditions existing among the bituminous mine workers, a negligible per cent ot the males are engaged in outside work and consequently, for the object in view, the families are as purely those of bituminous coal- mine workers as can be selected. STATUS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND GENERATIONS COMPARED. As regards the principal races for which sufficient material is available for a comparative showing, the table following, giving the per cent of males 16 years of age or oyer in each general occupation classified according to birth, whether in the United States or abroad, indicates the general situation for all races. Bituminous Coal Mining. 49 Table 32. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in bituminous coal mining, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States, and also 20 or more born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.] Per cent— General nativity and race of father. Birthplace of individual. Number employed. In bitu- minous coal mining. Otherwise employed. Native-born: White United States 161 91.3 8. 7 Negro United States 32 96.9 3.1 Foreign-born: English U nited States . . . 26 76.9 100.0 23.1 .0 Abroad 40 Irish United States 50 80.0 20.0 5.0 Abroad 60 95.0 Slovak United States 41 92.7 7.3 .3 Abroad 676 99.7 Upon reference to the foregoing table it will be seen that all the foreign-born English are engaged in mining, while of those of the second generation 76.9 per cent are in mining and 23.1 per cent are in other occupations. Of the Irish, those of foreign birth show a proportion of 95 per cent at work in the mines as contrasted with a percentage of 80 of those who were born in the United States; 5 per cent of those of foreign birth, and 20 per cent of those of native birth, are at work outside of the coal-mining industry. The only race from southern or eastern Europe for which a detailed showing has been made is the Slovak. Of the Slovaks of foreign birth, 99.7 per cent are at work in the mines, as are 92.7 per cent of the Slovaks of the second generation, 0.3 per cent of the foreign-born and 7-3 per cent of the native-born being in work other than coal mining. OCCUPATIONS ENTERED IN THE BITUMINOUS COAL-MINING INDUSTRY. As regards the status of the immigrant mine workers within the industry itself, the races of recent immigration are engaged in the occupations of digging and loading coal, and in the rough, unskilled work both inside and outside of the mines. Practically all of the occupations requiring training and experience or carrying responsi- bility are filled by the races of older immigration from Great Britain and northern Europe. The occupations which are termed day or shift places, and for which payments are made on the basis of so much per hour, day, or month, are also almost without exception held by natives and races of older immigration. This division has been brought about voluntarily by the natives and older immigrants for the purpose of avoiding direct working relations with the races of southern and eastern Europe. The races of recent immigration prefer the occupations of mining and loading because the work is paid for on a piece-rate basis and there are no fixed limitations upon earning possibilities. This preference is also largely responsible for the failure of recent immigrants to move upward in the scale of occupations. 50 The Immigration Commission. DAILY EAKNINGS. The data secured in the study made as to the dady earnings of 79 575 individual mine workers who were 18 years ol age or over are partly presented in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race, the per cent who earn each specified amount per day. Table 33 —Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF employees.) [This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. T he totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary England France Germany Ireland Italy - Russia Scotland Wales Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian . . . Bulgarian Croatian Dutch English French German Greek Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian Swedish Welsh Grand total Total native-born of foreignfather Total native-born Total foreign-born Average earnings per day. $1.25 or over. 15,972 6,179 496 1,470 142 1,977 1,151 107 102 744 384 705 161 2,278 93 2,283 731 2,540 108 841 6,141 3,909 1,767 4,171 106 127 6,793 145 1,763 290 1,053 124 10,575 1,783 293 3.56 79,575 6,768 28, 921 50,654 $2.31 1.98 2.16 2. 44 2.41 2.41 2.32 2.36 1.99 2.47 2.49 2.34 2.07 1.9.8 2.18 2.50 2. 28 2.35 2.01 2.24 2.28 2.14 2. 28 2.00 2.44 2.13 1.99 1.84 2.26 1.98 2.48 2. 04 2.03 2.18 2.41 2.41 2.19 Per cent earning each specified amount per day. 2.38 2.25 2. 16 97.8 95.7 96.0 97.5 95.8 97.8 97.9 95.3 88.2 98.1 97.3 98. 1 97.1 96.8 98.2 96.2 96.5 94.4 96.9 97.2 97.7 96.0 97.6 100.0 100.0 93.5 96.6 98.2 95.5 98.2 98.4 96.9 97.3 99.3 98.0 96. 9' 97.3 97.2 96, 1.50 or $2 or ! $2.50 or $3 or : $3.50 or over. over. over. over. over. 95.6 76.7 42.2 15.3 5.0 86.3 52.5 23.7 9.9 2.7 92.3 64.3 31.5 8.9 3.4 96.5 84.6 55.0 18.8 7.1 95.1 83.8 56.3 16.9 9.2 96.9 80.6 50.1 20.7 7.9 96.6 77.8 45.5 12.2 4.2 91.6 76.6 57.0 12.1 9.3 86.3 57.8 3.3.3 4.9 1.0 97.4 86.4 57.9 19.1 8.5 96.4 89.6 62.2 21.6 5.2 93.0 78.4 43.8 21.3 6.8 92.5 64.0 33.5 12.4 1.2 89.6 52.8 19.1 7.6 1.9 93.5 79.6 35.5 7.5 1.1 97.6 87.9 54.9 24.3 9.6 93.6 81.4 51.3 11.4 3.4 94.2 78.6 45.8 21.2 7.2 90.7 58.3 22.2 2.8 .9 94.1 71.5 39. 1 14.3 4.2 95.5 78.7 44.0 16.3 4.4 93.2 63.6 32.4 13.4 3.7 94.7 76.2 44.0 21.1 7.1 92.3 64.9 17.1 4.0 .7 100.0 96.2 73.6 9.4 1.9 99.2 61.4 31.5 19.7 4.7 89.2 61.3 18.5 5.5 1.2 88.3 44.8 12.4 .0 .0 95.1 78.7 38.1 13.6 5.3 87.6 53.1 14.5 2.8 .3 97.5 88.7 56.6 22.7 6.9 96.8 63.7 23.4 5.6 .8 92.7 58.3 17.8 4.9 1.7 95. 1 78.7 37.2 7.9 1.2 98.3 89.4 45.7 19.1 9.2 96.9 85.4 53.7 20.2 6.2 93.5 70.3 .34.6 12.4 3.9 9^f soT 50 fO " ^675 93. 7 72.5 40.2 14.6 4.8 93.3 69.0 31.4 11.2 3.4 *Thi<; tphlp shows waees or earnings for the period indicated, dul no doouunt 1:5 v timlor iS tiSlTrom s'Stdow^ or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Upon information obtained for 79,575 males in this industry, it will be noted that 70.3 per cent earn $2 or over per day, 34.6 per cent $2.50 or over, and 12.4 per cent $3 or over, while 3.9 per cent are earning $3.50 or over. As between the foreign-born and the native- born of foreign father, it will be seen that a considerably smalleyiro- portion of the former than of the latter earn the higher rates. paring the native-born of foreign father with the native-b(3rn o native father, it will be noted that the whites born of native father report only a slightly smaller proportion, while the negroes report a Average earnings in dollars per day of male employees 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and [This chart shows only races with 600 or more employees reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Bituminous Coal Mining. 51 52 The Immigration Commission. very much smaller proportion, than do the native born of foieign | father earning the higher rates. . i As regards the specified earnings of the various foreign-born races, it will be seen that none of the Mexicans earn under $1.50 and none of the Montenegrins earn under $1.25 per day. With these excep- tions, each race reports a comparatively small proportion earning under $1.50. Not, however, until the earnings reach $2 or over per day do the proportions vary to any great extent. Of those earning as much as $2, the Mexicans report the largest proportion, or 96.2 per | cent, and the Roumanians the smallest proportion, or 44.8 per cent. Following the Mexicans are the Swedes, Scotch, English, Welsh, and French, each reporting over 80 per cent, and the Dutch, North Italians, Russians, Slovenians, Germans, Bohemians and Moravians, and Lithuanians, each reporting between 75 and 80 per cent, while the proportions of the other races range from 71.5 per cent ot the : Irish to 52.8 per cent of the Croatians. Among those earning $2.50 I or over per day, the Mexicans again report the largest and the Rou- manians the smallest proportion, or 73.6 and 12.4 per cent, resp^- tively Comparing the other races earning at least $2.50, it \yiil be noted that the Scotch, who follow the Mexicans, report a slightly larger proportion than the English, Welsh, or French, and a consid- erably larger proportion than the Germps, Swedes, North Italups, Lithuanians, or Bohemians and Moravians, these races reporting, each over 40 per cent, while the proportions of those still lower range from' 39.1 per cent of the Irish to 14.5 per cent of the Ruthenians. None of the Roumanians earn $3 or over per day, in contra^ with 24.3 per cent of the English, who show the largest proportion. Closely following the English are the Scotch, Bohemians and Moravians, Ger- mans, Lfthuanians, Welsh, Montenegrins, and Swedes, the last named reporting 19.1 per cent. Of the remaining races earning this amount, the North Italians show the largest proportion, or 16.3 per cent, and the Greeks and Ruthenians, with 2.8 per cent each, the smallest pro- portion. The English and Swedes, each reporting a proportion slightly below 10 per cent earning $3.50 or over per day, show a larger pro- portion than the Germans, Lithuanians, Scotch, Bohemians and Moravians, W^elsh, or Russians, in the order named, and a much larger i proportion than that shown by any other race. ^ n u Comparing the proportions of males native-born of foreign lather i earnino* each specified amount, it will be noted that, with the excep- tion of those whose fathers were born in Russia, there ^ is compara- tively little difference among the races in the proportions earning $1.25 or $1.50 a day; also, in the case of each race shown m the \ foregoing table, only a slightly smaller proportion earn $1.50 than | earn $1.25 a day. j \ As regards the males earning $2 or over per day, those whose j fathers were born in Wales report 89.6 per cent, a larger proportion than of those whose fathers were born in Scotland, England, France, Germany, Ireland, or Italy, and much in excess of the proportion ot i those whose fathers were born in Austria-Hungary or Russia, the last i named reporting 57.8 per cent. The second generation ot VVetsh, occupy the same position among those earning $2.50 and $3 or overj per day, in that they show the largest proportion earning these | specified amounts. The lowest proportions shown for those earning i $2.50 or over per day are reported for the native-born ot Austro - 1 wider 50 per day, by general nativity and race. [This chart shows only races with 500 or more employees reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Bituminous Coal Mining. 53 □ O ¥ jOi°<§Zuj Zdi iS?2l 7 2: ^a:oocZQCLJ-..5St^ODOJ_jf“^ <0*^ iO Q (D a liJ ii_ O E !l L _i 5 CL cc in cn 0 O 2 Zb. o ii_ t- 48296 °— VOL 6—11 5 UNDER $ 2.00 Y/////^/////A = « 2.00 AND UNDER $2.50 54 The Immigration Commission. Hungarian father, with 31.5 per cent, and the native-born of Rus- sian father, with 33.3 per cent. Among those earning $3.00 or over per day the position of these two races is reversed, those whose fathers were born in Austria-Hungary reporting 8.9 per cent, while the native- born of Russian father report 4.9 per cent. As regards the proportions of males earning the highest specified amount, or $3.50 or oyer per day, it will be seen that those whose fathers were born in Italy show a slightly larger proportion than those whose fathers were born in France, Scotland, Germany, or England, and a very much larger proportion than those whose fathers were born in Wales, Ireland, Austria-Hungary, or Russia, in the order named — the last mentioned reporting only 1 per cent earning this amount per day. As between the whites and negroes native-born of native father, the latter, while showing a slightly smaller proportion than the former earning $1.25 and $1.50 or over, show a very much smaller proportion earning other specified amounts per day. The table next presented shows for the industry as a whole the per cent of males 18 years of age or over earning $2 or more a day. The information is tabulated by localities and by general nativity and race of the individuals reporting. This table includes only those races reporting 80 or more males in each of two or more localities, the totals, however, being for all races. Table 34 . — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning ^2 or over per day, by locality and by general nativity and race* (study of employees.) [This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal mining. Native-born of native father; White 87.2 70.1 65.8 96.1 76.7 Negro 83.9 60.0 44.1 90.4 52.5 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary 88.1 54.4 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a.) («). (o) 55.6 (a) 88.6 64.3 England 90.2 81.1 84.6 Germany 93.4 70.5 93.3 80.6 Ireland 87.0 72.1 96.8 77.8 Scotland 89.9 84.8 96.6 86.4 W ales 88.5 89.4 (a) (o) (a) 95.8 89.6 Foreign-bom, by race: Bohemian and Moravian 89.0 72.7 78.4 Croatian 94.3 48.1 52.8 English 92.0 84.2 84.4 87.9 French 80.2 72.3 (a) 84.4 94.6 81.4 German 92.4 68.3 97.1 78.6 Irish 83.3 65.5 (a) 65.3 96.5 71.5 Italian, North 84.2 71.2 97.0 78.7 Italian, South 90.8 54.8 59.2 95.6 63.6 Lithuanian 73.8 76.4 (a) 67.9 93.2 76.2 Magvar 63.9 64.4 (a) 79.3 64.9 Polish 74.5 58.4 73.1 61.3 Russian 95.0 73.3 (a) 85.1 94.1 78.7 Scotch 89.1 86.6 98.5 88.7 Slovak 80.3 55.2 82.9 91.1 58.3 Slovenian 71.4 76.5 (a) (a) 97.2 78.7 Welsh 86.7 82.0 (o) 85.4 Grand total 85.3 64.6 58.4 94.9 70.3 Total native-born of foreign father 90.3 73.8 66.3 92.2 80.7 Total native-born 87.9 70.5 54.6 94.2 72.5 Total foreign-born 83.1 62.9 67.6 95.3 69.0 ♦This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year, o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining. 55 It appears that 70.3 per cent of the individuals reporting in the entire industry earn not less than $2 a day. The greatest proportion earning this amount are in the Southwest, where 94.9 per cent are so reported. In the South the per cent who are earning not less than $2 a day is 58.4; in the Middle West it is 85.3, and in Pennsyl- vania 64.6. The earnings of the foreign-born Scotch reporting are greater than those of any other foreign-born race. In the Middle West, the per cent of Scotch employees who earn not less than $2 a day is 89.1 ; in Pennsylvania it is 86.6, in the Southwest 98.5, and in the entire bituminous coal-mining industry 88.7. The English employees follow the Scotch in the percentage of those who earn not less than $2 a day. In the Middle West the proportion is 92 per cent, in Penn- sylvania 84.2, in the South 84.4, in the Southwest 94.7, and in the entire industry 87.9 per cent. These two races are representative of the northern Europ^^an immigrants. Among the southern and eastern European races, the North Italians, Russians, and Slovenians each report 78.7 per cent of their number earning $2 or more per day. The Bohemians and Moravians in the Middle West report 89 per cent earning |2 or more a day; in Pennsylvania their proportion is 72.9, and in the entire industry it is 78.5 per cent. The Croatian and Slovak races have smaller pro- portions earning not less than $2 a day than has any other race. In the Middle West 94.3 per cent of the Croatians reporting earn $2 or more a day; in Pennsylvania the proportion is 48.1 per cent, in the South, 55.6 per cent, and in the entire industry, 52.8 per cent. In the Middle West the per cent of Slovaks who earn not less than "$2 a day is 80.3; in Pennsylvania it is 55.2, in the South 82.9, in the Southwest 91.1, and in the entire industry 58.3. The table next submitted shows the per cent of males 18 years of age or over earning $3 or more per day, by locality and by general nativity and race. Table 35 — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning ^3 or over per day, by locality and by general nativity and race.* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. ] General nativity and race. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South . South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal mining. Native-born of native father; White 25.1 7.7 12.9 18.9 15.3 Negro 32.5 3.7 7.9 16.0 9.9 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary 26.2 2.4 (a) (a) 8.9 England 34.7 10.0 (a) 17.1 18.8 Germany 38.6 8.7 (a) 8.9 20.7 Ireland 25.2 6.5 (a) 15.1 12.2 Scotland 38.3 9.0 (a) 15.1 19.1 Wales 30.3 16.7 (a) (a) 21.6 Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian 44.3 10.2 (a) (a) (a) 21.3 Croatian 69.9 2.3 3.8 7.6 English 41.7 16.3 13.8 18.2 24.3 French •. 19.8 7.3 (o) 8.3 11.4 German 46.3 6.5 14.7 31.6 21.2 Irish 31.3 12.0 (a) 8.2 14.3 *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tabies in this report showing annual earn- ings allowance is made for time lost during the year. a Not computed, owing to small number involved. 56 The Immigration Commission. Table 3b.— Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning $3 or over per day, by locality and by general nativity and race— Continued. General nativity and race. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal mining. Foreign-born, by race— Continued. ^ort.L 31.9 9.3 11.0 16.4 16.3 45.0 3.8 11.7 38.3 13.4 Litlm&iiiQiii. 21.4 13.5 (o) 56.8 21.1 9.8 2.8 6.2 (a) 4.0 Pn]iQh 15.8 3.2 11.0 27.4 5. 5 Riissis^n 37.9 6.0 (o) 22.5 13.6 Scotch 36.9 15.7 16.0 21.2 22.7 Slov&k. 26.2 2.7 19.4 8.1 4.9 Slovenian 22.6 6.2 (a) 16.0 7.9 Welsh 27.4 15.7 (a) (a) 20.2 Grand total 29.6 5.8 10.7 19.5 12.4 Totcil HQ-ti vC“horTi of forcij^n ff^thpr 33.5 8.2 12.4 12.9 iLl Totfil 28.0 7.5 10.3 16.9 14.6 Totsil forcign-h^m 31.0 5.3 11.4 21.2 11.2 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. This table is of special interest for two reasons: (1) Of all em- ployees in the industry from whom information was secured only 12.4 per cent earn $3 or over per day; (2) the per cent of employees who earn at least this amount in the Middle West is far larger than m any other locality, while the per cent shown for Pennsylvania is by far the smallest. As between the persons native-born of foreign father and the foreign-born, it will be seen that in each locality, with the exception of the Southwest, a larger per cent of the former than of the latter earn $3 or more a day. While this table is presented chiefly for the purpose of comparison of the several races in one locality with the same races in some other locality, it also shows the proportion of each race who earn a speci- fied amount in the entire industry. ^ Of the foreign-born races, the older immigrants, from Great Britain and northern Europe, show, upon the whole, a larger per cent earning at least S3 a day than do the more recent immigrants. The Middle West shows a larger proportion of each foreign race, with very few exceptions, earning S3 or more a day than does any other locality ; the next largest proportions earning this amount are reported from the Southwest, while with one or two exceptions the smallest proportions are shown in Pennsylvania. For example, the Croatians show 69.9 per cent of their race in the Middle West earning S3 or over a day, as compared with 3.8 per cent in the South and 2.3 per cent in Pennsylvania. The race showing the next largest propor- tion in the Middle West, and also a large proportion in the Southwest, is the German, 46.3 per cent of whose people in the Middle West, as compared with 31.6 percent in the Southwest, 14.7 per cent in the South, and 6.5 per cent in Pennsylvania, earn S3 or over per day. The Lithuanians, on the other hand, show 56.8 per cent of their num- ber in the Southwest and only 21.4 and 13.5 per cent in the Middle West and Pennsylvania, respectively, earning the above amount. The Poles also show a larger proportion in the Southwest than in the Middle West or other localities. Persons native-born of foreign father whose fathers were born in Austria-Hungary show only 8.9 per cent in the entire industry who earn S3 or over a day — the Middle West showing the largest proper- Bituminous Coal Mining. 57 tion, or 26.2 per cent, as compared with 2.4 per cent of those in Penn- sylvania, while in the other localities the number reporting is insuffi- cient for comparison. The Middle West shows for the second genera- tion of each race reporting a larger proportion earning the amount above specified than is shown by any other locality, the Southwest the next largest, and Pennsylvania the lowest. This is also true of per- sons native-born of native father. The most interesting fact, how- ever, in this connection is that the negro shows a larger proportion than the native white of individuals who earn S3 or over a day in the Middle West, or 32.5 per cent of the former as compared with 25.1 per cent of the latter. An extremely small proportion of native whites in Pennsylvania, and a but slightly larger per cent in the South, earn as much as S3 a day. That larger'proportions of all races reporting who earn S3 or over a day are found in the Middle West and Southwest than in the South and Pennsylvania, indicates that organized labor has played no small part in maintaining higher wages. In addition to the foregoing it is also safe to assume that a larger proportion of the several races in the Middle West and Southwest are, because of previous experience, gained perhaps in Pennsylvania, more efficient than the majority of those now eniployed in Pennsylvania and the South. In connection with the daily earnings of bituminous mine workers 18 years of age or over, the earnings of workers of all races and nativi- ties between the ages of 14 and 18 years may be noted. The follow- ing table embodying the information received from 3,629 employees between the age limits of 14 and 18 years shows the per cent by prin- cipal races and general nativity of those who earn each specified amount per day. Table 3Q.—Per cent of male employees U and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. * (study of employees.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary England Germany Ireland Italy Russia Scotland Wales Foreign-born, by race: Italian, North Italian, South Magyar Polish Slovak Grand total Total native-born of foreign father . . Total native-born Total foreign-born Number reporting complete data. 1,239 315 308 222 189 90 82 67 121 43 135 108 92 82 184 3,629 1,192 2,746 883 Average earnings per day. $1 or over. $1.51 1.24 1. 44 1.64 1.60 1.45 1.60 1.43 1.75 1.59 1.91 1.62 1.63 1.45 1.57 1.54 1.57 1.51 1.65 Per cent earning each specified amoimt per day. 93.5 72.7 93.2 97.3 96.8 94.4 95.1 98.5 97.5 97.7 100.0 95.4 97.8 92.7 92.4 93.2 96.1 92.2 96.4 $1.25 or over. 61.8 55.2 57.1 6410 55.6 56.1 46.3 71.9 65.1 85.2 75.0 73.9 64.6 71.2 64.0 62.2 61.2 72.6 $1.50 or over. *2 or over 50.0 40.3 43.2 58.6 57.7 42.2 52.4 37.3 64.5 62.8 79.3 66.7 64.1 52.4 59.8 53.0 52.7 50.0 62.2 21.1 10.8 20.8 32.9 29.1 18.9 35.4 23.9 44.6 23.3 60.0 30.6 40.2 19.5 26.6 26.7 29.5 23.6 36.5 $2.50 or over. 8.5 1.9 4.5 12.2 11.1 8.9 15.9 6.0 22.3 11.6 23.7 8.3 6.5 2.4 10.3 9.8 11.2 8.9 12.7 or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary anni!a^«rnii„An ™ shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual^arnmgs allowance is made for time lost during the year. ^ ° 58 The Immigration Commission. Upon comparing the percentages for the totals of the different groups of younger mine workers in the foregoing table, it is seen that of the grand total 6.8 percent are receiving less than $1 per day, 3.9 per cent of the persons native-born of foreign father, 3.6 per cent of the total foreign-born, and 7.8 per cent of the total native-born, being so reported. A relatively large proportion of foreign-born as com- pared with native-born persons is found in all classifications, entered in this table, and this comparison is especially significant in the classi- fications showing those who earn $2 or more than $2 a day. It is also noteworthy that the proportions of persons native-born of foreign father in the higher earning classifications are larger than those of persons native-born of native father. Another significant feature of the foregoing table is the showing of the relatively low earning capacity of the negro, 27.3 per cent of this race earning less than $1 a clay and only 55.2 per cent receiving $1.25 or more daily, 40.3 per cent $1.50 or more, and 10.8 per cent $2 or more a day. About the same proportions of all races native-born of foreign father earn $1 or more a day, with the exception of persons of Italian, Irish, and Austro- Hungarian parentage, who are a small per cent below other mine workers of the second generation. In the higher ranges of earnings, however, the distinctions among different peoples of the second generation become quite marked. In the showing as to percentages of persons earning $1.25 or more a day the Scotch stand first, followed in the order named by those whose fathers were born in England, Wales, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Ireland, and Russia. In the next classification, receiving $1.50 or more a day, the Scotch still show the largest proportion, but the English drop from second place to third, and the second place is taken by the Welsh. The Germans still show the fourth largest proportion, the Italians advance to fifth place, the native-born of Austro-Hungarian father go from fifth to sixth rank, and the Irish and the Russians remain seventh and eighth. In the next classification, of $2 or over, the Scotch still show the largest proportions, the Italians enter the second place, and the English the third, while those whose fathers were from Austria-Hungary and Ireland show the lowest proportions. In the highest classifications of earnings, $2.50 or over, the Scotch have the highest proportion, the Italians, English, Welsh, Germans, Irish, and the races of Russian and Austro-Hungarian parentage, following in the order named. Among the races of foreign birth, the Polish and Slovak show slightly more than 7 per cent earning less than $1 a day. None of the North Italians earn less than $1 a day, while 23.7 per cynt earn $2.50 or over, and 60 per cent have a daily earning capacity of $2 or more. Of the total number of South Italians only 8.3 per cent earn as much as $2.50 a day, but 30.6 per cent earn $2 or more. The Magyars stand next to the North Italians in the proportions earning $2 or more per day, but are fourth in the relative proportion of races earning $2.50 or more. Of the Slovaks 26.6 per cent, and of the Poles 19.5 per cent, receive a daily wage of $2 or more, while 10.3 per cent of the Slovaks and 2.4 per cent of the Poles earn at least $2.50 a day. The relatively large proportions of all races thus shown to be in the higher classifications of earnings indicate that the mine workers among the different races of foreign birth between the ages of 14 and 18 are in the same general class of work as the em- ployees of a greater age and have almost as great earning ability. ' On Bituminous Coal Mining. 59 the other hand, the greater proportions of native-born, both of native and of foreign father, are in the lower classification of earnings, show- ing, as compared with foreign-born, that the younger employees of native birth are engaged as trappers (opening and shutting doors for the passage of mine cars) and in similar occupations, and are not entering to so large an extent as the foreign-born the occupations in which adults are engaged. RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY. In addition to studying the present earnings of the miners by race, it is important to note the progress in earning capacity of the different races by years in the United States, in order to ascertain whether or not there is any increase in earning ability with a longer period of residence. In answer to this inquiry the following tables show the percentage of foreign-born mine workers 18 years of age or over earning each specified rate per day, by race and by length of residence in the United States. Table 37 . — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States * , (study of employees.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.] Number reporting complete data. Per cent earning each specified amoimt per day. Race and years in United States. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 or over. Bohemian and Moravian: Under 5 208 98.6 93.8 79.8 45.7 23.6 8.7 5 to 9 178 97.8 94.9 82.6 49.4 30.3 7.9 10 or over 319 96.2 91.5 75.2 39.5 14.7 5.0 Croatian: Under 5 1,223 818 95.9 86.3 44.3 11.6 3.6 .7 5 to 9 98.3 92.5 60.1 24.7 10.1 2.7 10 or over 237 99.2 96.6 70.9 38.8 19.8 5.9 English: Under 5 378 99.5 98.7 90.5 59.8 32.8 14.6 5 to 9 205 98.0 98.0 91.7 60.0 27.8 12.7 10 or over 1,700 97.9 97.3 86.8 53.2 22.0 8.2 French: Under 5 162 96.9 95.7 86.4 53. 1 9.3 2.5 5 to 9 211 97.2 95.3 82.0 50.7 14.2 5.2 10 or over 358 95.3 91.6 78.8 50.8 10.6 2.8 German: Under 5 389 97.4 95.1 83.0 50. 1 23.1 4.6 5 to 9 339 97.9 96.2 80.5 49.6 25.4 10.0 10 or over 1,812 50 96.0 93.6 77.3 44.2 20.0 7.3 Irish: Under 5 100.0 100.0 88.0 64.0 22.0 14.0 5 to 9 36 100.0 100.0 94.4 52.8 13.9 8.3 10 or over 755 96.6 93.4 69.3 36.8 13.8 3.3 Italian, North: Under 5 2,487 2,211 1,443 1,728 1,482 97.0 94.6 73.9 38.0 12.1 3.2 5 to 9 97.6 96.2 81.3 45.8 17.4 4.4 10 or over 96.9 96.0 82.8 51.8 22.0 6.7 Italian, South: Under 5 96.9 90.4 56.5 26.5 8.9 2.2 5 to 9 98.4 95.9 37.0 18.2 4.9 10 or over 699 98.6 94.4 69] 1 37.1 14.4 4.7 Lithuanian: Under 5 451 96.7 94.5 72.3 34.8 14.6 5.3 5 to 9 657 95.9 94.7 77.9 46.0 23.9 7.2 10 or over 659 95.6 95.0 77.1 48.3 22.6 8.2 Magyar: Under 5 2,097 1,355 97.5 91.0 61.3 12.2 2.1 .2 5 to 9 97.6 93.8 70.0 20.7 5.6 1.2 10 or over 719 97.6 92.9 65.9 24.9 6.4 1.1 * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. 60 The Immigration Commission, Table 37. — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States — Con. Number reporting complete data. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. Race and years in United States. $1.25 or over. $1..50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 or over. Polish: 2,906 93.0 87.5 56.6 16.1 4.5 0.7 5 to 9 2,151 94.6 91.0 65.5 20.0 6.0 1.7 1,736 92.9 89.9 63.7 20.5 6.6 1.6 Russian: 897 97.4 92.6 71.2 28.4 4.2 .8 5’ to 9 493 99.4 97.6 84.6 46.0 20.7 8.5 10 or over 373 98.7 97.6 88.7 50.7 26.5 12.1 Ruthenian: Unrlpr .*1 149 91.9 81.2 41.6 10.1 1.3 5 to 9 69 98.6 94.2 59.4 23.2 4.3 10 or over 72 100.0 94.5 70.8 15.3 4.2 1.4 Scotch: Under 5 155 100.0 99.4 94.8 62.6 31.0 7.1 5 to 9 102 95.1 95.1 85.3 59.8 26.5 5.9 10 or over 796 98.2 97.5 87.9 55.0 20.6 7.0 Slovak: Under 5 3,765 3,399 95.6 89.2 51.0 12.9 3.8 .8 5 to 9 97.8 94.7 61.1 19.6 5.7 1.8 10 or over 3,411 780 97.5 94.7 63.4 21.5 6.5 2.8 Slovenian: Under 5 96.8 94.0 75.5 29.4 6.9 .8 5 to 9 659 97.1 95.4 79.8 41.3 7.9 1.2 10 or over 344 98.5 97.1 83.7 44.5 9.9 2.3 Swedish: UnOpr.'i 21 100.0 100.0 95.2 19.0 9.5 5 to 9 35 100.0 100.0 94.3 51.4 17.1 11.4 10 or over 237 99.2 97.9 88.2 47.3 20.3 9.7 Welsh: Unrlpr .'i 31 100.0 93.5 83.9 41.9 6.5 5 to 9 11 100.0 100.0 81.8 54.5 9.1 10 or over 314 97.8 97.1 85.7 54.8 22.0 7.0 Table 38. — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-horn male employees 18 years of age or over, hy race and length of residence in the United States * (study op employees.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.] IN UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS. Number Per cent earning each specified amount per day. report- Race. ing complete data. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 or over. Bohemian and Moravian 208 98.6 93.8 79.8 45.7 23.6 8.7 Croatian 1,223 378 95.9 86.3 44.3 11.6 3.6 .7 English .* 99.5 98.7 90.5 59.8 32.8 14.6 French 162 96.9 95.7 86.4 53.1 9.3 2.5 German 389 97.4 95.1 83.0 50.1 23.1 4.6 Irish 50 100.0 100.0 88.0 64.0 22.0 14.0 Italian, North 2,487 1,728 97.0 94.6 73.9 38.0 12.1 3.2 Italian, South 96.9 90.4 56.5 26.5 8.9 2.2 Lithuanian 451 96. 7 94.5 72.3 34.8 14.6 5.3 Magyar 2,097 97.5 91.0 61.3 12.2 2.1 .2 Polish 2,906 897 93.0 87.5 56.6 16.1 4.5 .7 Russian 97.4 92.6 71.2 28.4 4.2 .8 Ruthenian 149 91.9 81.2 41.6 10.1 1.3 .0 Scotch 155 100.0 99.4 94.8 62.6 31.0 7.1 Slovak 3, 765 780 95.6 89.2 51.0 12.9 3.8 .8 Slovenian 96.8 94.0 75.5 29.4 6.9 .8 Swedish 21 100.0 100.0 95.2 19.0 9.5 .0 Welsh 31 100.0 93.5 83.9 41.9 6.5 .0 *'rhis table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Bituminous Coal Mining. 61 Table 38 . — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-horn male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United /Stores— Continued . IN UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS. Number Per cent earning each specified amount per day. Race. Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English French German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Russian Ruthenian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Swedish Welsh report- ing complete data. $1.25 or over. $1. 50 or over. $2 or over. $2. 50 or over. $3 or over. $3. 50 or over. 178 97.8 94.9 82.6 49.4 30.3 7.9 818 98.3 92.5 60. 1 24.7 10. 1 2. 7 205 98.0 98.0 91.7 60.0 27.8 12. 7 211 97.2 95.3 82.0 50.7 14.2 5.2 339 97.9 96.2 80.5 49.6 25.4 10.0 36 100.0 100.0 94.4 52.8 13.9 8.3 2,211 97.6 96.2 81.3 45.8 17.4 4.4 1,482 98.4 95.9 69.2 37.0 18.2 4.9 657 95.9 94.7 77.9 46.0 23.9 7.2 1,355 97.6 93.8 70.0 20.7 5.6 1.2 2, 151 94.6 91.0 65.5 20.0 6.0 1.7 493 99.4 97.6 84.6 46.0 20. 7 8.5 69 98.6 94.2 59.4 23.2 4.3 .0 102 95. 1 95.1 85.3 59.8 26.5 5.9 3,399 97.8 94.7 61. 1 19.6 5.7 1.8 659 97. 1 95.4 79.8 41.3 7.9 1. 2 35 100.0 100.0 94.3 51.4 17.1 11.4 11 100.0 100.0 81.8 54.5 9.1 .0 IN UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER. Bohemian and Moravian 319 96.2 91.5 75.2 39.5 14.7 5.0 Croatian 237 99.2 96.6 70.9 38.8 19.8 5.9 English 1,700 97.9 97.3 86.8 53.2 22.0 8.2 French 358 95.3 91.6 78.8 50.8 10.6 2. 8 German 1,812 96.0 93.6 77.3 44.2 20.0 7.3 755 96.6 93.4 69.3 36.8 13. 8 k 3 Italian, North 1,443 96.9 96.0 82.8 51.8 22.0 6. 7 Italian, South Lithuanian 699 659 98.6 95.6 94.4 95.0 69.1 77.1 37.1 48.3 14.4 22.6 4.7 8. 2 Magyar 719 97.6 92.9 65.9 24.9 6. 4 1. 1 Polish 1,736 92.9 89.9 63.7 20.5 6.6 1. 6 Russian Ruthenian 373 72 98.7 100.0 97.6 94.5 88.7 70.8 50.7 15.3 26.5 4.2 12.1 1. 4 Scotch 796 98.2 97.5 87.9 55.0 20.6 7.0 Slovak 3,411 97.5 94.7 63.4 21.5 6.5 2. 8 Slovenian 344 98.5 97.1 83.7 44.5 9.9 2. 3 Swedish Welsh 237 99.2 97.9 88.2 47.3 20.3 9. 7 314 97.8 97.1 85.7 54.8 22.0 7.0 It is evident that, with some few exceptions, the foreign-born races show an increase of earnings as the length of residence increases. Tak- ing the Croatians as an example, it will be noted that while only 11.6 per cent of those in the United States less than five years are earning S2.50 or over per day, 24.7 per cent of those here from five to nine years and 38.8 per cent of those here ten years or more, are earning this amount. Of those in this country under five years only 0.7 per cent are making as much as $3.50 a day, whereas 2.7 per cent of those here from five to nine years, and 5.9 per cent of those here ten years or more, are earning that amount. The exceptions referred to are principally the older immigrant races, such as the English, German, and Scotch. While 14.6 per cent of the English who have come to this country within the past five years are earning at least $3.50 a day, only 8.2 per cent of those here ten years or more are earning as much as that. 62 The Immigration Commission. Per cent of foreign-horn male employees 18 years of age or over earning p.50 or over per day, by race and years in the United rotates. [This chart shows only races with 800 or more employees reporting ] UNDER 5 V/////^fZA = 5 TO 9 lO OR OVER Bituminous Coal Mining. 63 ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED. The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race, the number and per cent of husbands at work, in the households of bitu- minous mine workers studied, together with their average annual earnings. Table 39 . — Husbands at worlc, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number of selected famUies.a Number of hus- bands. Number of hus- bands at work. Per cent of hus- bands at work. Average earnings of hus- bands at work. Native-born of native father: White 83 83 83 100.0 S607 Negro 24 24 24 100.0 384 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 11 11 11 («>) 708 Irish 13 13 13 («>) 758 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 13 13 13 (&) 413 Croatian 119 117 117 100.0 401 English 22 22 22 100.0 570 French 12 11 11 (^) 380 German 41 41 39 95.1 613 Irish 44 44 44 100.0 498 Italian, North 275 270 270 100.0 426 Italian, South 169 169 169 100.0 448 Lithuanian 165 165 165 100.0 425 Magyar 216 216 216 100.0 416 Mexican 39 38 38 100.0 391 Polish 299 298 298 100.0 450 Roumanian 10 9 9 (&) 615 Russian 39 38 38 100.0 375 Ruthenian 39 39 39 100.0 441 Scotch 9 9 9 (&) (&) Slovak 411 409 409 100.0 446 Slovenian 11 11 11 (fi) 384 Welsh 36 32 32 100.0 586 Grand total 2, 100 2,082 2,080 99.9 451 Total, native-born of foreign father 24 24 24 100.0 735 Total native-born 131 131 131 100.0 590 Total foreign-born 1,969 1,951 1,949 99.9 442 oFor selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. ft Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of the 2,100 families studied, 18 families only are without husbands. It is evident, from the table immediately preceding, that the hus- bands in all of the families classed as native white born of native father were at work. The same situation is disclosed in the case of the native-born negro, as well as in the English and Irish families of the second generation. Among the 1,969 families whose heads are of foreign birth, only two husbands (German) were not at work. The largest average annual earnings of husbands at work are found among the Irish of the second generation. The average income of the Irish native-born of foreign father is 24.9 per cent greater than that of the native white of native father and 7.1 per cent higher than the average earnings of the English heads of families of the second genera- tion. The English husbands native-born of foreign father, while earning less than the second generation Irish, have an average 16.6 per cent larger than the native white heads of families. The American white husbands at work, although they earn an average income less than the second generation English and Irish, receive annually 37.3 per 64 The Immigration Commission. cent more than the average of all foreign heads of families, and 58.1 per cent more than the American negro. It is a note- worthy fact, however, that the foreign-born German husbands earn more than the American, and that the Welsh and English of foreign birth receive an income but slightly lower than the .^erican. This is probably due to the fact that the heads of families of the « races from Great Britain and Germany were experienced miners before coming to the United States. Among the foreign-born heads of families, the lowest annual earnings are shown by the Russians. These are 15.2 per cent less than the low average *for the total foreign-born, and 38.2 per cent less than the American white. Moreover, the earnings of the French and Slovenian heads of households are but slightly greater than those of the Russians. The Bohemian and Moravian, Croatian, North Italian, Lithuanian, Magyar, and Ruthenian figures are also Below the average of the total for all husbands of foreign birth, while the Welsh, Slovak, Roumanian, Polish, South Italian, Irish, German, and English heads of households receive an annual income above the general average of those of foreign birth. The smallness of the average annual earnings of the heads of fam- ilies employed in the mines becomes more apparent when expressed in terms of a month instead of in terms of a year. By a simple division, the general averages may be presented in terms of months as follows: Average earnings per month of husbands at work. Grand total for all races Total foreign-born Total native-born Total native-born of foreign father Total native-born of native father: \\Tiite Negro $37. 58 36. 83 49. 17 61. 25 50. 58 32. 00 If to this general showing be added the exhibits of the heads of certain families of foreign birth who are below the general average, the showing is even more striking. A few selected races make the following exhibit: Average earnings per month of husbands at work. Russian French Mexican Slovenian Croatian ^ Bohemian and Moravian Magyar Italian, North Lithuanian Ruthenian $31. 25 31. 66 32. 58 32. 00 33. 42 34. 41 34. 67 35. 50 35. 42 36. 75 These tabulations indicate clearly that the average immigrant head of a family employed in or about the mines receives an annual income about equal to that of common unskilled laborers the country over. The range of annual earnings of male heads of families, and the relative proportion in each specified wage classification, are shown in the table following. The presentation is by general nativity and race. 65 Bituminous Coal Mining. Table Warnings per year of male heads of families, hy general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284.J General nativity and race of individual. Native-born of native fa- ther: White Negro Native-born of foreign fa- ther, by race of father: English Irish Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Mora- vian Croatian English French German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Welsh Grand total. Total native-born of for- eign father Total native-born Total foreign-born Number working for wages. Average earnings. Number earning— Under $100. Under $200. Under $400. Under $600. S a3 P 83 $607 21 40 70 24 384 16 24 24 11 708 3 5 7 13 758 1 (i 9 13 413 1 6 11 13 117 401 1 8 62 107 117 22 570 6 10 20 11 380 1 6 11 11 39 613 6 20 34 44 498 2 14 31 41 270 426 16 126 233 266 169 448 3 57 148 166 165 425 5 15 67 145 163 216 416 1 12 109 185 211 38 391 24 37 38 298 450 1 7 122 255 289 9 (o) 3 9 38 375 2 23 36 38 39 441 1 2 14 31 39 9 (a) 4 8 8 409 446 2 22 180 338 403 11 384 1 7 10 11 32 586 2 13 20 26 2,080 451 14 91 887 1,714; 2,013; 24 735 4 11 16 131 590 41 75 110 1,949 442 14 91 846 1,639: 1,903: Per cent earning- Under $1,000. Under $100. Under $200. Under $400. Under $600. Under $800. Under $1,000. 76 0.0 0.0 25.3 ; 48.3 84.3 ; 91.6 24 .0 .0 66.7 100.0 100.0 1 100. 0 9 (a) (a) (a) (a) (“) (a) .10 («) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 13 («) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 117 .9 6.8 53.0 91.5 100.0 100.0 21 .0 .0 27.3 45.5 90.9 95.5 11 (o) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 37 .0 .0 15.4 51.3 87.2 94.9 42 .0 4.5 31.8 70.5 93.2 95.5 270 .0 5.9 46.7 86.3 98.5 100.0 169 .0 1.8 33.7 87.6 98.2 100.0 163 3.0 9.1 40.6 87.9 98.8 98.8 216 .5 5.6 50.5 85.6 97.7 100.0 38 .0 .0 63.2 97.4 100.0 1100.0 296 .3 2.3 40.9 85.6 97.0 99.3 9 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 38 5.3 5.3 60.5 94.7 100.0 100.0 39 2.6 5.1 35.9 79.5 100.0 100.0 9 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 408 .5 5.4 44.0 82.6 98.5 99.8 11 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 28 .0 6.3 40.6 62.5 81.3 87.5 2,054 .7 4.4 42.6 82.4 96.8 98.8 19 .0 .0 16.7 45.8 66.7 79.2 119 .0 .0 31.3 57.3 84.0 90.8 1,935 .7 4.7 43.4 84.1 97. 6 99.3 aNot computed, owing to small number involved. The principal races to be considered in the foregoing table are the Croatian, North and South Italian, Lithuanian, Magyar, Polish, and Slovak, because they appear in larger numbers than do any of the others. Among the Croatians, 117 male heads of families reported the amount of their earnings, and of this number 0.9 per cent earned under $100, 6.8 per cent under $200, 53 per cent under $400, 91.5 per cent under $600, and 100 per cent under $800. Of the North Italian male heads of families, 5.9 per cent earned under $200, 46.7 per cent under $400, 86.3 per cent under $600, 98.5 per cent under $800, and 100 per cent under $1,000. Of the South Italian race 1.8 per cent earned under $200, 33.7 per cent under $400, 87.6 per 3ent under $600, 98.2 per cent under $800, and 100 per cent under $1,000. Among the Lithuanians, 165 male heads of families reported the imount of their earnings, and of this number 3 per cent earned under 66 The Immigration Commission. $100, 9.1 per cent under $200, 40.6 per cent under $400, 87.9 per cent under $600, and 98.8 per cent under $800. Of a total of 216 Magyar male heads of families, 0.5 per cent earned under $100, 5.6 per cent under $200, 50.5 per cent under $400, 85.6 per cent under $600, 97.7 per cent under $800, and 100 per cent under $1,000. Of the Poles, 0.3 per cent earned under $100, 2.3 per cent under $200, 40.9 per cent under $400, 85.6 per cent under $600, 97 per cent under $800, and 99.3 per cent under $1,000. Of the Slovak male heads of families, 0.5 per cent earned under $100, 5.4 per cent under $200, 44 per cent under $400, 82.6 per cent under $600, 98.5 per cent under $800, and ‘ 99.8 per cent under $1,000. . r. i The showing made by the whites native-born of native father is much better than that of any race mentioned above. Out of a i total of 83 heads of families, 25.3 per cent earned under $400, 48.3 ’ per cent under $600, 84.3 per cent under $800, and 91.6 per cent ' under $1,000. Comparing this race group with all others reporting, ' it is noticeable that a greater per cent received annually over $1,000 than did the members of any other race, excepting the Welsh. The following table shows, by locality and by general nativity and race, the average annual earnings of heads of families: Table 41 . — Average yearly earnings of male heads of families, hy locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 10 or more male heads of selected families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284.] General nativity and race of individual. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bi- tuminous coal mining.a nf noflATO fcifklpr WIlif.P. ...... $690 $586 $583 $607 Foreign-born: 403 397 401 GGrm3.li 573 $663 613 Italian North .542 374 544 422 426 ItsiliBn 399 462 456 446 448 Lithu.3ni3ii 422 362 568 425 393 480 387 416 Polish 324 458 483 432 450 Slovak 453 477 380 446 Grand total 470 429 500 460 451 ■ ■ ~ ===== 735 Totsl n3tivG“l^^rTi ■ 690 586 508 590 Total foreign-born 442 426 500 451 442 1 a This total includes persons in households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured, b Not computed, owing to small number involved. Tliis table shows that the average earnings of husbands of all races at work are highest in the Southern coal fields, in which locality the general average is $500 per annum, and that the lowest annual earnings are made in the Pennsylvania field, where the average for all persons is $429. Persons native-born of native father, as is evidenced in the foregoing table, receive the highest wages in the Middle West, where an average of $690 is reached. . Among the foreign-born husbands at work in the different bitumin- ous coal fields, only the North Italians, South Italians, and Poles are I Bituminous Coal Mining. 67 reported for all localities, and a comparison of their yearly earnings has an important bearing upon racial tendencies under different con- ditions. In the Middle West and the South the North Italians receive the highest wages of the three races, while the South Italians average the highest earnings in the Pennsylvania and Southwestern fields. The Poles earn more in Pennsylvania and the Southwest than the North Italians, and more in the South than the South Italians. The highest wages received in any locality among the foreign races are those reported for the Germans in the Southern fields, who average $663 per annum. In the Middle West the Poles receive the lowest wages reported, $324, and in Pennsylvania the Lithuanians receive $362, the next lowest average yearly earnings reported. During the discussion of the industry as a whole, attention has been called to the large number of mine workers who are earning less than $400 a year. Whether this smallness of earning capacity is a charac- teristic of certain races, or whether it arises from working conditions and lack of opportunity in different localities, may be inferred from the table which follows, showing, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male heads of families in the different localities who earn less than $400 a year. Table 42 . — Per cent of male heads of families earning under $400 per year, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more male heads of selected families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284.] General nativity and race. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitumin- ous coal mining, a Native-born of native father, White 0>) 15.4 50.5 64.7 40.7 65.8 55.9 39.2 41.7 38.5 65.0 46.5 18.8 3.1 (&) 48.6 64.4 25.3 53.0 46.7 33.7 40.6 50.5 40.9 44.0 Foreign-born: Croatian Italian, North 8.0 45.8 28.6 (^) 29.6 (b) 34.5 28.*3 (b) Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish 81.8 Slovak Grand total 30.1 47.2 26.5 44.9 42.6 Total native-born of foreign father 16.7 31.3 43.4 Total native-born 32.4 15.4 47.9 49.2 44.1 Total foreign-born 26.5 oThis total includes persons in households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabula ted unless 10 or more schedules were secured. b Not computed, owing to small number involved. Upon examining the totals for all races in the foregoing table, it is at once apparent that a relatively greater number of heads of families in Pennsylvania than in any other locality are earning less than $400 a year. As a matter of fact, nearly one-half of the heads of families employed in the Pennsylvania mines are earning less than $400. More- over, as compared with Pennsylvania, the Southwest makes only a slightly better showing in the percentage of all races earning less than $400 annually. In the Micldle West only 30.1 per cent, and in the South 26.5 per cent, of all reporting, earn an annual income less than $400. 68 The Immigration Commission. On contrasting the individual races which are all four localities some radical variations are noticeable. In the Middle 45.8 percent of the South Italians, for instance, as compared with 40 7 per cent in Pennsylvania, 29.6 per cent in the South, and 1^.8 per cent in the Southwest, are earning less than $400 annuallv. The South Italian has but recently entered the fi^ds of the Middle West, however, and has to meet the competition of English-speaking miners and of unusually efficient North Italians and Lithuanians. Of the Poles four-fifths are earning less than $400 annually m the Middle West! and the Slovaks, who are the oldest and most experienced miners of southern and eastern European races in western Penn- sylvania, make a comparatively poor showing in the Southwest. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The foregoing tables are confined to the average annual earnings and range of earnings of heads of families. A much larger numl^r of persons is covered by the following table and chart, which show, by general nativity and race of individual, the approximate annual earn- ings of all males 18 years of age or over in the households studied who were working for wages. T\ble 43.— Yearly earnings {approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Native-born of native fa- ther: White Negro Native-born of foreign, fa- ther, by race of father: Bohemian and Mora- vian English French German Irish Italian, North Lithuanian Magyar Polish Ruthenian Scotch Slovak Welsh Foreign-born: Bohemian and Mora- vian Bosnian Croatian English French German Irish Italian, North.. Italian, South. . Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Number Number earning- working for wages Aver- age earn- ings. Under Under Under Under 1 and reporting amount. $200. $400. $600. $lj000. 140 $549 11 44 82 132 30 377 1 29 30 30 2 (a) 527 2 2 2 23 2 9 16 21 2 (a) 475 2 2 14 1 6 11 14 44 532 4 14 29 41 5 (a) (o) (a) («) (a) (a) 373 3 5 5 3 3 3 7 3 6 7 6 4 6 6 3 2 3 3 5 5 6 6 16 1 10 15 16 10 466 7 7 10 22 413 1 10 20 22 1 (a) 378 1 1 1 194 22 119 177 194 36 592 8 15 35 16 341 3 10 16 16 64 562 1 13 39 62 58 517 3 17 39 55 438 427 18 212 388 437 435 434 8 167 385 435 266 386 437 413 27 19 122 186 239 343 264 386 57 379 1 1 39 55 57 Per cent earning- iNot computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining. 69 Table 4:“^.— Yearly earnings {approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, hy general nativity and race of individual — Continued. General nativity and race of individual. Number working, for wages and reporting amount. Aver- age eai n- ings. Number earning— Per cent earning— Under $20Q. Under $400. Under $600. Under $1,000. Under $200. Under $400. Under $600. Under $1,000. Forei gn-born— Coni inued . Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Spanish Welsh Grand total Total native-born of for- eign father Total native-born Total foreign-born 574 37 94 94 IG G09 16 2 40 $432 538 397 448 485 436 363 (a) 566 25 6 7 33 2 3 254 52 29 7 275 11 1 17 509 27 85 80 13 519 15 2 25 571 37 93 94 16 608 16 2 36 4.4 .0 6.4 7.4 (a) 5.4 (a) (a) 7.5 44.3 .0 55.3 30.9 (a) 45.2 (a) (a) 42.5 88.7 72.7 90.4 85.1 (a) 85.2 (a) (a) 62.5 99.5 100.0 98.9 100.0 (a) 99.8 (a) (a) 90.0 3, 7G6 443 199 1, 688 3,215 3,735 5.3 44.8 85.4 99.2 141 311 3, 455 471 497 438 8 20 179 65 138 1,550 111 223 2, 992 136 298 3, 437 5.7 6.4 5.2 46.1 44.4 44.9 78.7 71.7 86.6 96.5 95.8 99.5 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. From this table it will be seen that for 3,766 male employees fur- nishmg information the average yearly earnings amount to $443. Of this number 44.8 per cent earn less than $400, 85.4 per cent less than $600, and 0.8 per cent $1,000 or over per year. Of the total number, 91.7 per cent are foreign-born with average yearly earnings of $438, and 8.3 per cent are native-born with average yearly earn- ings of $497. The largest difference is found to exist between the native and foreign born earning under $600, 86.6 per cent of the lat- ter earning less than this amount, as compared with 71.7 per cent of the former. It will also be noted that a larger per cent of native than of foreign born earn $1,000 or over per year, due evidently to the fact that the native-born are employed in the more responsible positions. The whites native-born of native father show average yearly earnings of $549, as compared with $377 for the negroes. This is the more apparent when it is seen that 96.7 per cent of the negroes earn under $400, while only 31.4 per cent of the whites native-born of native lather earn under this amount. Of the persons native-born of foreign father, the Irish show higher average annual earnings than any other race, or $532. This is followed by the English with $527, the Germans with $475, and the Welsh with $466. The second generation Slovaks show average yearly earnings of only $373. Second generation English and Irish show proportions earning $1,000, which are not only larger than that of any foreign-born race, except the Welsh, but larger than that ot the native-born whites. With the exception of the Roumanians, who report the high aver- age earnings of $538 as compared with the other more recent immi- grant races, and the French, who among the older immigrants report the very low average earnings of $341, the average earnings of the 0 der immigrant races, or the races from Great Britain and northern Europe, are much higher than the average earnings of the races 1 rom southern and eastern Europe. Of the older immigrant races, 48296 °— VOL 6—11 6 Average yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. [This chart shows only races with 100 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] 70 TTie Immigration Commission. Bituminous Coal Mining. 71 excluding the French, the average yearly earnings range from $592 for the English to $485 for the Scotch; while of the more recent immi- grants, excluding the Roumanians, the average earnings range from $448 for the Ruthenians to $363 for the Slovenians. The English, while showing a slightly larger proportion than the Germans, a slightly smaller proportion than the Irish, and a much smaller proportion than the Welsh, earning less than $400 a year, show a much lower per cent than any of these races earning less than $600 a year. Of these same races the Welsh show the largest proportion earning $1,000 a year, having 10 per cent of their number so reported, as compared with 5.2 per cent of the Irish, 3.1 percent of the Germans, and 2.8 per cent of the English. Onl}^ one of the more recent immigration races, the Russian, shows as much as 1 per cent earning $1,000 a year. Of these same races the Croatians with 91.2 per cent, Bohemians and Moravians with 90.9 per cent, and Russians with 90.4 per cent, show the largest proportions earning less than $600, the others ranging from 89.8 per cent in the case of the Lithuanians to 72.7 per cent in that of the Roumanians. In the group of those who earn under $400, the Croatians show 61.3 per cent, while none of the Roumanians earn less than this amount. The proportions of the other more recent immigrant races who earn less than $400 range from 55.3 per cent of the Russians to 30.9 per cent of the Ruthenians. Of all males who earn less than $600 a year, the Mexicans show the largest proportion, or 96.5 per cent, while 68.4 per cent of this race earn less than $400. The next table presented shows the average annual earnings of all males 18 years of age or over in the households studied, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. Table 44 . — Average yearly earnings {approximate) of males 18 years of age or over work- ing for wages, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDS’ OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 10 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of individual. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. Total bi- South- tmninous v/est. coal mining.a Native-born of native father, White Foreign-born: Croatian English German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Russian Slovak 8696 539 404 423 330 8560 (6) 8496 372 (&) 406 493 8695 545 576 458 532 389 486 411 450 431 438 365 475 549 391 432 405 422 451 453 368 389 446 407 366 8549 378 592 562 517 427 434 437 413 432 397 436 Grand total Total native-born of foreign father. ITotal native-born Total foreign-born 473 423 449 448 443 ( 6 ) 677 445 399 471 420 429 451 447 471 497 438 oThis total includes persons in households not given in the localities, because within a locality no •ace was tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured, o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 72 The Immigration Commission. As will be seen from this table, the average yearly earnings of all males 18 years of age or over in the households stuched are higher in the Middle West and lower in Pennsylvania than in the South and Southwest. It is apparent that this condition in the Middle West is due to some extent to the high average earnings of the native whites of native father, the average in this locality amounting to $696, as compared to $560 in Pennsylvania and $496 in the Southwest. Because of the small number of persons native-born of foreign father who reported, a comparison of average earnings, by locality and by race of father, is impracticable. For the total of the second genera- tion, however, the average annual earnings are higher in the South- west than in Pennsylvania. Of the foreign-born, the North Italians of the Middle West show $539 as their average annual earnings, as compared with $486 in the South, $411 in the Southwest, and $389 in Pennsylvania. The South Italians, on the other hand, show average earnings higher in Pennsylvania and lower in the Middle West than in the Southwest and South. Another reversal of position is noted in the case of the Lithuanians, who show average earnings of $549 in the Southwest, as compared with $475 in the South, $423 in the Middle West, and $365 in Pennsylvania. The average earnings of the Poles in the South- west are but little higher than in the South and in Pennsylvania, yet much higher than in the Middle West. With the exception of the South Italians, above mentioned, and the Slovaks, both of whom show higher earnings in Pennsylvania than in other localities, the foreign-born races, when found report- ing from Pennsylvania, the South, and Southwest, show higher earn- ings in the South and Southwest than in Pennsylvania. The following table shows the proportion of all males 18 years of age or over in the households studied who earn under $400, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual: Table 45 . — Per cent of males 18 years of age or over worlcing for wages and earning under §400 per year, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) (This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of individual. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal mining.* Native-born of native father, White 10.0 18.8 (P) (P) 11.4 47.7 31.4 Foreign-born: Croatian 62.0 59.1 61.3 German. 31.0 20.3 Italian, North 9.6 61.7 25.0 55.2 48.4 Italian, South 44.4 40.4 39.4 24.4 38.6 Lithuanian 26.0 62.8 31.4 40.3 45.9 Magyar 54.4 41.9 P) 47.9 48.2 Polish 78.3 48.5 33.9 44.3 Russian 57.5 57. 1 55.3 Slovak 41.9 55.2 65.4 45.2 Grand total 29.5 47.7 37.3 52.0 44.8 Total native-born of foreign father (P) 14.3 56.7 («>) ip) 37.5 56.3 46.1 Total native-born 39.8 61.4 44.4 Total foreign-born 31.6 48.2 49.9 44.9 a This total includes persons in households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated imless 10 or more schedules were secured. 6 Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining. 73 It will be seen from this table that 52 per cent of the males fur- nishing information from the Southwest earn less than $400, as compared with 47.7 per cent in Pennsylvania, 37.3 per cent in the South, and 29.5 per cent in the Middle West. Only a slight varia- tion in the proportions shown for the foreign-born is noted in the several localities, while the native-born show a much larger propor- tion in the Southwest than in other localities who earn less than $400. As between persons native-born of foreign father in Pennsylvania and in the Southwest, the latter locality shows a slightly smaller propor- tion than the former, with earnings under this amount. Of the foreign-born races reporting, the position of the North Ital- ians in the several localities is of special interest. Only 9.6 per cent of this race in the Middle West earn less than $400 as compared with 61.7 per cent in Pennsylvania, 25 per cent in the South, and 55.2 per cent in the Southwest. It is evident from these proportions that the North Italians of the Middle West and South are either more efficient or more industrious than those in Pennsylvania and the Southwest. The South Italians show a smaller proportion in the South and Southwest than in the Middle West and Pennsylvania who earn less than $400. Of the Poles, 78.3 per cent in the Middle West earn less than $400, as compared with 33.9 per cent in the South, 47.9 per cent in the Southwest, and 48.5 per cent in Penn- sylvania. ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME. The earnings of heads of families and of male members of house- holds considered as individual mining employees having been dis- cussed, it will be next in order to set forth the family incomes of the mine workers, to show the relation of the family income to the earn- ings of the heads of families and to ascertain whether there are any sources of family income in addition to the earnings of the husbands, and, if so, the extent and importance of such sources. With this object in view the table submitted below shows, by general nativity and race, the average annual family income, as well as the range of family incomes, of the families studied. Table 46.— Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (study of households.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of family. Number Average Per cent of families having a total income— of selected families. a family income. Under $300. Under $500. Under $750. Under $1,000. Under $1,500. Native-born of native father: White 83 24 119 22 $707 470 528 858 798 803 n OQ Q 84.3 95.8 95.0 72.7 82.9 77.3 93.1 95.3 92.7 97.6 100.0 Negro u. u 4.2 16.8 4.5 .0 4.5 10.9 7.1 13.3 63. 9 01 1 Foreign-born: Croatian iO»\} yi. / CO n English Oo* o io a oy. y OA A 96.6 95.5 90.2 86.4 98.2 100.0 98.2 German 41 44 275 169 0 10 9 oo. 4 61.0 65.9 QA A Irish 1^. Z ICO Italian. North . . 559 547 566 Xo. ^ 51.3 52.7 43.6 Italian, South . . o4. 4 QA fi. Lithuanian 165 04. O 81.8 a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. 74 The Immigration Commission. Table 46. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family — Continued. General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families.o Average family income. Per cent of families having a total income— Under $300. Under $500. Under $750. Under $1,000. Under $1,500. Foreign-bom — Continued . Magyar 216 $565 12.0 50.9 79.2 91.7 99.5 Mexican 39 472 7.7 69.2 92.3 97.4 100.0 Polish 299 574 6.0 45.2 83.0 93.3 99.3 Russian 39 468 10.3 64.1 94.8 100.0 100.0 Ruthenian 39 525 12.8 35.9 97.4 100.0 100.0 Slovak 411 540 11.2 50.4 83.5 94.9 99.3 Welsh 36 737 11.1 27.8 63.9 69.4 94.4 Grand total 2,100 577 9.7 47.2 81.2 92.1 98.3 Total native-born of foreign father 24 855 .0 29.2 54.2 70.8 91.6 Total native-born 131 691 4.6 37.4 67.2 84.0 96.9 Total foreign-born 1,969 569 10.1 47.8 82.1 92.6 98.4 a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. The general averages of annual family income, as shown in the above table, are $569 for the foreign-born, $707 for whites native-born of native father, and $855 for immigrants of the second generation, while the average for all races is $577. Among the foreign-born the English, Irish, German, and Welsh races rank high, with averages of from $858 to $737. The lowest average is shown for the Russians with $468. It is interesting to note that the lowest average shown for the foreign-born is about the same as the lowest shown for the native-born, that of $470, for the native negro. As regards the range of family incomes, 63.9 per cent of the whites native-born of native father have a family income under $750 a year, and 35 per cent have an income between $500 and $750 a year, as compared with 82.1 per cent of the total number of foreign-born fam- ilies having an income under $750, and 34.3 per cent with an income between $500 and $750. On the other hand, 20.4 per cent of the whites native-born of native father have an income between $750 and $1,000, while only 10.5 per cent of the foreign-born have a family income of the same amount. In the higher ranges of income, the whites native-born of native father have a proportion of 15.7 per cent with an income above $1,000 a year, while foreign-born fam- ilies have a proportion less than one-half as great. At the other extreme, it is also seen that only 28.9 per cent of the whites native- born of native father have an income less than $500, while 47.8 per cent of the foreign-born families receive a similar income. It is also worthy of note that 22.9 per cent of the families of whites native- born of native father and 37.7 per cent of the foreign-born families, have an income between $300 and $500 a year. Among the families whose heads are of foreign birth, the Mexican race in the above table makes the lowest showing, 61.5 per cent of the households of this race having an income between $300 and $500, and 23.1 per cent between $500 and $750, while 7.7 per cent have an income less than $300. A relatively poor showing is also made by Rus- sian households, 53.8 per cent of which receive a family income between $300 and $500, while 30.7 per cent have an income between Average yearly income of family^ by general nativity and race of head of family. [This chart shows only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Bituminous Coal Mining, 75 76 The Immigration Commission. $500 and $750. On the other hand, 48.8 per cent of the Germans, 47.7 per cent of the Irish, 36.1 per cent of the Welsh, 33.1 per cent of the Slovaks, 61.5 per cent of the Ruthenians, 37.8 per cent of the Poles, 28.3 per cent of the Magyars, 38.2 per cent of the Lithuanians, 33.1 per cent of the North Italians, 31.9 per cent of the South Ital- ians, and 31.1 per cent of the Croatians have a family income rang- ing between $500 and $750 a year. Of the English families 36.3 per cent, of the German 21.9 per cent, of the Welsh 5.5 per cent, of the Irish 11.4 per cent, of the Magyar 12.5 per cent, of the Slovak 11.4 per cent, of the Lithuanian 10.9 per cent, of the South Italian 10.7 per cent, and of the Polish 10.3 per cent have a yearly income between $750 and $1,000. The Welsh report 30.6 per cent of their families having an income of $1,000 or more per year, the English 27.3 per cent, the Irish 22.7 percent, and the Germans 17.1 per cent. None of the Russian or Ruthenian families have an income of $1,000 or over, and of the total foreign-born only 7.4 per cent have an income of that amount. The general range of incomes for all foreign-born households is between $300 and $750, 72 per cent of the total foreign-born coming within these two extremes. The larger part of those receiving under $300 are recent immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, and the households having an income above $750 are principally of races of Great Britain and northern Europe. In addition to the above showing for the industry as a whole, the following table exhibits the average annual family income, by general nativity and race, in the principal bituminous mining localities. Table AT— Average family income per year, by locality a.nd by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 10 or more selected families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284.J General nativity and race of head of famil 3 L Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitmni- nous coal mining.o *KTrk + ?TTrk ‘Krvtm nf fotVior WVlit.P $711 $774 $679 $707 IN dtl V tJ'UlJl 11 U1 llclbiVC IcXbXJlC/l y T Y AXl Foreign-born: CroQ-tiOiii.. 550 427 .528 GcmiEn 785 $818 798 Italian, North 569 559 637 537 559 Italian, South 443 556 582 548 547 Lithuanian 504 515 (^) 764 566 Magyar 481 774 557 565 Polish 473 568 663 512 574 Slovak 542 759 434 540 Grand total 532 551 699 582 577 - - 855 Total native-born 711 774 599 691 Total foreign-born 509 546 699 579 569 a This total includes persons in households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured, b Not computed, owing to small number involved. It is evident from the table above that the native-born families have the largest income in the Pennsylvania bituminous field, the high average for this section being due in large measure to the fact Bituminous Coal Mining. 77 that the native-born employed in the Pennsylvania mines are largely in supervisory or responsible positions and are not miners to the same extent as in other localities. If the average for the total families whose heads are of .foreign birth be taken, the highest showing is made by the South and the lowest by the Middle West, the average family income for the foreign- born in the Southwest being higher than in Pennsylvania or the Mid- dle West. The relatively high showing for the South is largely to be attributed to the fact that the races of comparatively low effi- ciency which are employed in other sections are not found in such nurnbers in^ the South. Consequently the general showing for this locality IS higher than it would be if a larger number of races were represented. At the same time it is worthy of note that of the races represented in the South all have a family income of larger amount than they have in any other coal-mining region. In comparing the several races, the North Italian families are seen to have the lowest average income in the Southwest and the highest m the S^th, with the average showing for the Middle West hiMier than m Pennsylvania. The South Italian and Polish families show their lowest average family income in the Middle West and the hio-li- est m the South. The Slovak families have their smallest inconi^in the Southwest and the largest in the South. In order to bring out more forcibly the economic status of the various races, as well as the racial tendencies in the different coal helds, the following table is presented. It makes a comparison of the proportion of families having an income below the general level by showing the per cent of families having an annual income under $500 by locality and by general nativity and race. ’ Table 48.— Per cent of families having a total yearly income under $500, hy locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) This table ^chides only races with 20 or more selected families reporting in each of two or more localities The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. 11, p. 284?J General nativity and race of head of family. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bi- tuminous coal mining.o ^ative-born of native father. White Foreign-born: Croatian. . . (fi) 15.4 54.1 54.0 49.2 57.9 60.8 44.5 49.3 43.6 81.0 62.7 53.1 12.5 («>) 54.3 73.3 28.9 58.8 51.3 52.7 43.6 50.9 45.2 50.4 i-uaiidii, iNorcn - . Italian, South Lithuanian 32.0 83.3 46.9 AQ A («>) 42.6 0>) 24.1 37.7 Magyar Polish Slovak... Grand total ytal native-born of foreign father OtJ. D 46.6 49.8 28.3 52.2 47.2 29.2 37.4 47.8 0>) 50.3 15.4 50.6 28.3 55.6 51.5 otal foreign-born ... iNot computed, owmg to small number involved. ivithin a 1 ocality no 78 The Immigration Commission. As a class the families of the mine employees show in Table 48 M only 47.2 per cent of their number with incomes under $500, and ( the proportion would be considerably less were it not for the tor- eign-born element, whose percentage of 47.8 contrasts unfavorably i with the 29.2 per cent of the families native-born of foreign lather ; and the 37.4 per cent of the native-born as a whole. The families ot whites native-born of native father report 28 9 per cent. The four races of foreign birth in the Middle West rank as follows: North Italians first, with 32 per cent reporting incomes of less than $500; Lithuanians second, with 46.9 per cent thus reporting; Poles third, their percentage being 63.6; and the South Italians last, their proportion of families of this class being 83.3 per cent, the highest shown by any race in any geographical division. The native-born families are not reported in sufficient numbers for percentages to be Ii^^the Pennsylvania coal fields the American whites make the best showing among the races represented, only 15.4 per cent of them reporting an income under $500 a year. The Poles follow with 44.5 pev cent, and the South Italians with 49.2 per cent. The Magyar percentage of 60.8 is the highest in this locality. In the South no native-born and only three foreign-born races are tabulated. The latter present more creditable conditions than those in some other divisions, the proportions of families with incomes of less than $500 being only 24.1 per cent of the Magyars, 37.7 per cent ot the Poles, and 42.6 per cent of the South Italians. Eight races are included in the study of the Southwest, seven ot which are represented in sufficient numbers for tabulation. In this field the Croatians show 81 per cent having an income of less than $500 annually. The Slovaks, with 73.3 per cent, also appear unfa- vorably. The Lithuanians rank well, with only 12.5 per cent having an annual income of less than $500. WIVES AT WORK. In order to obtain a complete understanding of the economic status of the families of the bituminous mine workers it is necessary to ascertain the sources, and the relative importance of each scmrce, ot family income in addition to the earnings of the heads of the fami- lies whose daily and annual earnings have already been studied. A partial answer to this inquiry is found in the following tabulation, which is designed to show what tendency there may be on the part of wives of employees in the bituminous coal and coke industries in the United States to engage in gainful occupations. This table, which immediately follows, shows the number and per cent of wives at work for wages. Bituminous Coal Mining. 79 Table 49. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. 1 1 Number 1 of 1 selected families.a 1 N umber of wives. Number of wives at work. Per cent of wives at work. Average earnings of wives at work. Native-born of native father: White 83 83 1 1.2 12.5 (^) 2.5 2.4 Negro 24 24 3 Foreign-born: French 12 11 1 German 41 40 1 Italian, South 169 169 4 Magyar 216 216 1 Polish 299 298 3 1. 0 Slovak 411 410 3 .7 Grand total 2, 100 2,094 17 .8 $80 Total native-born of foreign father 24 24 . 0 Total native-born 131 131 4 3. 1 («>) 57 Total foreign-born 1,969 1,963 13 oFor selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. b Not computed, owing to small number involved. The total number of families furnishing data for this table is 2,100 and the number of wives is 2,094. The table shows 17 of the wives to have been engaged in gainful occupations. Of these, 4 were the wives of native-born and 13 of foreign-born workmen. Of the former, 3 were negresses and 1 was the wife of a white man native-born of native father. The group of employees native-born of foreign father is not represented. Of the 13 foreigners having wives at work, 4 were South Italians, 3 Poles, and 3 Slovaks. The occupations of boarding- house keeper and lodging-house keeper have not been considered gainful occupations for the purposes of this table. The proportion of married women of a given group who work out- side the home depends upon two general factors. Of these the first is availability of work, and the second is approval on the part of the members of the group of the outside employment of married women. One of the distinguishing features of the coal and coke industries is the fact that in the great majority of instances the employees are compelled by the very nature of their work to live in small and iso- lated communities. Bituminous coal mines are seldom located in or near towns. Mining work can be done only by men. The manufac- turing establishments of the cities and towns which employ such a large number of immigrant women are too far distant to be accessible to the wives of mine workers. For these, remaining in the home or entering domestic service are in general the only alternatives. Because of this small percentage of gainful employment, and inasmuch as the reason that it is no greater is in all probability the lack of oppor- tunities of employment, it would seem unsafe to attempt to base upon the data given any deduction as to the tendency of the different races to permit or to encourage the employment of wives outside the home. The significant fact in the present connection is, however, that less than 1 per cent of the married women are employed outside the home. 80 The Immigration Commission. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The annual earnings of these married women together with all females 18 years of age or over in the households studied, are shown in the table which follows: Table 50 . — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number working for wages and re- porting amount. Aver- age earn- ings. Number earning- Per cent earning- General nativity and race of individual. Under $200. Under $300. Under $400. under $500. Under $200. Under $300. Under $400. Under $500. Total native-born of foreign father 24 $272 3 8 20 24 12.5 33.3 83.3 100.0 Total native-born 35 256 9 17 29 33 25.7 48.6 82.9 94.3 Total foreign-born 17 98 15 15 16 17 (a) (a) (a) (a) Grand total 52 204 24 32 45 50 46.2 61.5 86. 5 96.2 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. The average earnings of the 52 females from whom information was secured for the foregoing table amount to $204. Of the number reporting, 46.2 per cent earn less than $200, 61.5 per cent under $300, 86.5 per cent under $400, and 3.8 per cent $500 or over. Over 25 per cent of the native-born earn less than $200, and 48.6 per cent earn less than $300, while persons native-born of foreign father report 33.3 per cent earning less than $300, and only 12.5 per cent earning less than $200 per year. No race shows a sufficient number of females at work to permit of computing percentages, and it is apparent from the table as a whole that a negligible amount of the family income of families whose heads are bituminous-mine workers is derived from the earnings of wives or female members of the families working for wages. RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE. OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS. It will be of value to show the proportion of wives who have employ- ment or who keep boarders or lodgers according to the amount of income earned by their husbands, in order to see whether there is any relation between the earnings of the husbands and the tendency of the wives to work independently. The tables following show the number and per cent of wives who have employment or who keep boarders or lodgers and whose husbands earn each specified amount per year. Bituminous Coal Mining, 81 Table 51 . — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.] General nativity and race of head of family. Num- ber of fami- lies. Number of husbands earning— Num- ber of wives having em- ploy- ment or keep- ing board- ers or lodg- ers. N umber of wives having employment or keep- ing boarders or lodg- ers where husband’s earnings are — Under S400.a $400 and under $600. $600 or over. Under $400. $400 and under $600. $600 or over. Native-born of native father: White 83 21 19 43 4 1 3 Negro 24 16 8 4 2 2 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 11 3 2 6 3 1 2 Irish 13 1 5 7 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 13 6 5 2 1 1 Croatian 117 62 45 10 70 35 29 6 English 22 6 4 12 2 2 French 10 5 5 1 1 German 40 8 14 18 7 5 2 Irish 44 14 17 13 2 1 1 Italian, North 2G9 126 106 37 111 67 34 10 Italian, South 169 57 91 21 93 28 49 16 Lithuanian 165 67 78 20 92 45 36 11 Magyar 216 109 76 31 109 57 37 15 Mexican 38 24 13 1 • 7 1 5 1 Polish 297 122 133 42 150 54 72 24 Roumanian 9 3 6 3 2 1 Russian 38 23 13 2 23 15 6 2 Ruthenian 39 14 17 8 25 7 15 3 Scotch 8 4 3 1 3 2 1 Slovak 408 179 158 71 159 54 72 33 Slovenian 11 7 3 1 4 2 1 1 Welsh 32 13 7 12 Grand total 2,076 887 825 364 873 372 366 135 Total native-born of foreign father 24 4 7 13 3 T 2 Total native-born 131 41 34 56 11 4 2 5 Total foreign-born 1,945 846 791 308 862 368 364 130 a This column includes 2 famihes in which husband’s earnings are reported as “none.” 82 The Immigration Commission. Table b2—Per cent of wives having employment or keeping hoarders or lodgers, by yearly \ earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head oj Jamily. (STUDY OB' HOUSEHOLDS.) rThi) 63. 8 28! 2 21.9 Italian, South 12.5 ^1. o Lithuanian 20.4 oo. u Magyar DZ, D 00. o Kr\ K Polish 22.7 53.' 3 41.9 67! 9 P) \^) OU. 0 Slovak 01. ^ 4 4 OU. 0 n oy. u Grand total 11.0 50.5 66.4 19.1 AO 1 1 Total native-born of foreign father 12.5 8.4 AA Q Total native-born (P) 12.4 7.7 51.5 9.5 20. 9 Total foreign-bom 66.4 ^4. 0 o This total includes persons in households not shown in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated tmless 10 or more schedules were seemed. ^ Not computed, owing to small number involved. From this table it is evident that among the foreign-born the greatest tendency for wives to work or to keep boarders or lodgers is observable in the South. Of the foreign-born households 66.4 per cent in the South, 51.5 per cent in Pennsylvania, 20.9 per cent in the Southwest, and 12.4 per cent in the Middle West, keep boarders or lodgers or have employment in some form. As illustrating the relative tendencies of any one race in different localities, a striking comparison may be made in the case of the South Italians. Of the wives of this race onlyl2.5 per cent of the total in the Middle West, as compared with 21.9 per cent in the Southwest, 77.8 per cent in the South, and 69.5 per cent in Pennsylvania, keep boarders or lodgers or have other employment. Of the Polish wives, 22.7 per cent in the Middle West and 31.4 per cent in the Southwest, as well as 53.3 per cent in Pennsylvania and 67.9 per cent in the ^outh, keep boarders or lodgers or are engaged in some other work. 84 The Immigration Commission. Of the Lithuanian wives in Pennsylvania 72.4 per cent work or keep boarders or lodgers,- as compared with 20.4 per cent in the Middle West and 62.5 per cent in the Southwest. SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. That the practice of the wives of coal-mine employees of keeping boarders or lodgers is widespread affords evidence in itself of the orio-in of a large amount of family income from this source. ^ The relative importance of the various sources of family income is set forth in the following series of tables. The table first presented shows the per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head ot family. Table bi —Per cent of families having an income within the year frorn husband wife children, hoarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race oj head oj family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of family. Native-born of native father: White Negro Foreign-born: Croatian English German -- Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Russian Ruthenian Slovak Welsh Grand total. Total native-born of foreign father. Total native-born Total foreign-born Per cent of families having an income from— Number of selected families. « Earnings of— Contri- butions of children. Pay- ments of boarders or lodgers. Other sources. Husband. Wife. 83 100.0 1.2 21.7 3.6 4.8 24 100.0 12.5 12.5 4.2 58.3 119 98.3 .0 5.9 59.7 3.4 22 100.0 .0 50.0 9.1 9.1 41 95.1 2.4 34.1 14.6 7.3 44 100.0 .0 47.7 4.5 15.9 275 98.2 .0 8.4 41.5 12.0 169 100.0 2.4 8.9 52.7 8.3 165 100.0 .0 7.9 55.8 24.2 216 100.0 .5 10.2 50.0 8. 3 39 97.4 .0 10.3 17.9 82.1 299 99.7 1.0 11.0 49.8 9.4 39 97.4 .0 7.7 61.5 5. 1 39 100.0 .0 7.7 64.1 5. 1 411 99.5 .7 10.9 38.7 11. 4 36 88.9 .0 44.4 2.8 22.2 2,100 99.0 .8 13.1 41.3 12.7 24 ~ 100. 0 To" 29.2 12.5 8.3 131 100.0 3.1 21.4 5.3 15. 3 1,969 99.0 .7 12.5 43.7 12.5 a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. Upon information secured from 2,100 families in this industry, 99 per cent have an income from earnings of husband, 41.3 per cent from payments of boarders or lodgers, 13.1 per cent from contributions ot children, 0.8 per cent from earnings of wife, and 12.7 per cent from other sources not specified. Bituminous Coal Mining. 85 All native-born families, as compared with 99 per cent of the foreign- born fanailies, receive an income from earnings of husband. As regards :he foreign-born races, the families of the English, Irish, South [talians, Lithuanians, Magyars, and Ruthenians report 100 per 3ent as receiving an income from the earnings of husband, while of :he remaining foreign-born races furnishing information the propor- :ions of families having an income from this source range from 99.7 3er cent of the Poles to 88.9 per cent of the Welsh. Among the races reporting an income from earnings of wife, the imericp negroes show the largest proportion of families, or 12.5 per '.ent, with incomes from such source, while of the other races report- ng the proportion in no instance exceeds 2.4 per cent and in nine ^ases is zero. Comparing the native-born with the foreign-born families, it will be ;een that a larger proportion of the former than of the latter receive contributions from children, the proportions amounting to 21.4 and 12.5 per cent, respectively. Of the families having an income from his source, the English report the largest proportion, or 50 per cent, ollowed closely by the Irish and Welsh, while the smallest propor- ion, or 5.9 per cent, is shown by the Croatians. Considering the proportions of families receiving an income from layments of boarders or lodgers, it will be seen that the native-born how a much smaller proportion than the foreign-born. Of the oreign-born, a much smaller proportion of the families of older im- nigrant races than of the families of the more recent immigrant aces have an income from boarders or lodgers, the proportions of he former ranging from 14.6 per cent of the Germans to 2.8 per cent 4 the Welsh; while the proportions of the latter range from 64.1 per ent of the Ruthenians to 38.7 per cent of the Slovaks. The native- )orn whites and negroes, on the other hand, report slightly smaller )roportions than do any of the older immigrant races with the xception of the Welsh. Of the families of all races having an income from sources other han those specified, the proportions of the Mexican and the native- )orn negro families stand out most prominently, the former report- fig 82.1 and the latter 58.3 per cent. Following these races, in the •rder named, are the Lithuanians, Welsh, Irish, North Italians, and u proportions ranging from 24.2 to 11.4 per cent, while he proportion of no other race is as much as 10 per cent, the Croa- lans, with 3.4 per cent, reporting the smallest. 48296 °— VOL 6—11 7 86 The Immigration Commission. The following table shows the source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family: Table 55 . — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of family. Native-born of native father: White Negro Foreign-born: Croatian English German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Russian Ruthenian Slovak Welsh Grand total. Total native-born of for- eign father Total native-born Total foreign-born 83 24 119 22 41 44 275 169 165 216 39 299 39 39 411 36 Per cent of families having entire income from- 2,100 24 131 72.3 20.8 37.0 36.4 51.2 43.2 45.8 ! 34.3 31.5 39.4 10.3 36.8 33. 3 25. 6 45.3 38.9 40.6 58.3 60.3 39.3 0.0 12.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 2.4 .0 .5 .0 .7 .0 .0 . 2 !o ^ £ ..Q M ^3 .0 2.3 18.1 4.2 .0 45.5 22.0 36.4 5.1 4.1 3.0 4.2 .0 6.7 2.6 7.7 6.6 27.8 1.2 .0 .0 .0 2.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 7.8 20.8 16.0 7.3 Husband and board- ers or lodgers. Wife. Wife and children. Wife and boarders or lodgers. Children. Children and board- ers or lodgers. Boarders or lodgers. Source or combina- tion of sources not before specified. 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 4.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 58.3 53.8 1 .0 .0 .0 .8 .8 .0 7.6 9. 1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 9.1 9.8 .0 .0 .0 2.4 .0 .0 12.2 2.3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 18.2 33.8 .0 .0 .0 .4 1 .4 1.1 13.5 47.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 11.2 38.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 27.3 43.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 12.5 5.1 .0 .0 .0 2.6 .0 .0 82.1 43.8 .0 .0 .0 .3 .0 .0 11.7 53.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 2.6 .0 7.7 61.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 5.1 34.3 .0 .2 .0 .0 .2 .0 13.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 8.3 2.8 .0 22.2 35.0 .0 i^) .0 .4 .2 .2 15.0 1 8.3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 12.5 ! 3.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 16.8 37.1 .0 .1 .0 .5 .3 .2 14.9 a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. b Less than 0.05 per cent. The most frequent source of income of the 2,100 families in this in- dustry from which information was obtained is the husband, and the second in frequency is the husband and boarders or lodgers, 40.6 per cent of the families receiving their entire income from the former and 35 per cent from the latter source. The husband and children m 7.8 per cent of the families furnish the entire income, while less than 1 per cent of the families report entire income as coming from any one of the other specified sources, and 15 per cent report sources or combi- nation of sources not specified in the above table. The native-born show a larger proportion than the foreign-born of families receiving their- entire income from the husband, or 60.3 per cent as compared with 39.3 per cent. The American whites show the largest proportion, or 72.3 per cent, of families supported by the husband alone. Comparing the foreign- born races, it will be seen that the Germans, North Italians, and Slovaks, each report proportions in excess of 45 per cent supported by the husband alone j while the Lithuanians, Ruthenians, and Mexi- Bituminous Coal Mining. 87 cans, with 31.5, 25.6, and 10.3 per cent, respectively, show much smaller proportions. The proportions of the other races range from 43.2 per cent of the Irish to 33.3 per cent of the Russians. Only five races, the American negroes. South Italians, Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks, show any families having their entire income from husband and wife, the negroes reporting the largest proportion, or 12.5 per cent. The older immigrant races, such as the English, German, Irish, and Welsh, show much larger proportions of families supported entirely by husband and children than do the more recent immigrant races. Of the older immigrant races, the English show the largest and the German the smallest proportion of families having entire income from this source, the percentages being 45.5 and 22, respec- tively, while the proportions of the more recent immigrant races range from 7.7 per cent for the Ruthenians to zero for the Groatians. The American whites, with 1.2 per cent, and the Germans, with 2.4 per cent, are the only races reporting any families having entire income from husband, wife, and children. The native-born of native father and the older immigrant races show very small proportions of families supported entirely by hus- band and boarders or lodgers, as compared with proportions shown by the more recent immigrant races, the former reporting propor- tions ranging from 9.8 per cent of the Germans to 2.3 per cent of the Irish, while the proportions of the latter range from 61.5 per cent of the Ruthenians to 33.8 per cent of the North Italians. Ihe Welsh alone report no families having entire income from this source. The following table shows the per cent of families receiving an income from the husband only, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family: Table 56 . — Per cent of families having entire income from husband, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDV OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reportin'? in each of two or more locali- ties. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284.] General nativity and race of head of family. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bi- tuminous coal mining.a Native-born of native father. White. . . (^) 57.7 25.5 27.7 22.0 18.4 47.6 34.6 43.2 76.9 90.5 53.3 46.9 .0 («>) 45.7 68.9 72.3 37.0 45.8 34.3 31.5 39.4 36.8 45.3 Foreign-born; Croatian Italian, North 90.0 83.3 75.5 ifi) 18.5 («>) 27.6 26.4 (») Italian, South Lithuanian Magvar Polish 68.2 Slovak Grand total 81.0 36.3 28.3 43.5 40.6 Total native-born of foreien father. “ 58.3 60.3 39.3 Total native-born (&) 80.7 57.7 35.8 55.6 41.4 Total foreign-born 28.3 households not given in the localities, because within a locality no raw was tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. ^ Not computed, owing to small number involve J. 88 The Immigration Commission. This table is of special interest in that it shows that only 40.6 per cent of all families reporting for the industry are de- pendent upon the husband’s income alone. The foreign-born show the smallest proportion, or 39.3 per cent, so dependent, as pared with 60.3 per cent of the total native-born. In other words, 59.4 per cent of all families furnishing information have some source of income other than the earnings of husbands in the mines. The smallest proportion, or 28.3 per cent, dependent entirely upon the income of the husband, is found m the South, and the largest proportion, or 81 per cent, is shown m the Middle West, while Pennsyl- vania and the Southwest report 36.3 and 43.5 per cent, respectively. Because of the insufficient numbers of certain races reporting from all localities, or because of the entire absence of such races, it is not possible to compare more than a few of the races in the several localities. Where it is possible to compare the sairie race m at le^st three localities, it will be seen that the proportion of families depend- ent entirely upon the income of the husbands is arger m the Middle West than elsewhere. Of the North Italian families for examiile 90 per cent in the Middle West, as compared with 53.3 per cent m the Southwest and 27.7 percent in Pennsylvania, are supported by earn- in2:s of husbands. . , n ^ • Although the South Italian families show smaller proportions sup- ported entirely from the husbands’ incomes than do the North Italians in the several localities, the same relative position of these localities is maintained, the largest proportion, or 83.3 per cent, being m the Middle West, only 22 per cent in Pennsylvania, and 18.5 per cent m the South. The data for the Poles show that 68.2 per cent of the families of that race in the Middle West are dependent upon the efforts of the husbands alone, as compared with 34.6 per cent m Pennsvlvania. The proportion in the South is lower than that of Pennsylvania, only 26.4 per cent of the families being supported entirely by the earnings of husbands, while m the Southwest the proportion is 45.7 per cent. relative importance of the different sources of family INCOME. The table which is next submitted indicates the relative im- portance of the various sources of income by showing the per cent ot total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race. Bituminous Coal Mining. 89 Table 57. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, hoarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totais, however, are'for all races.] Per cent of total income from — General nativity and race of head of family. Number of select- ed fami- lies.® Earnings of— Contri- butions of children. Payments of board- ers or lodgers. Other sources. Husband. Wife. Native-born of native father: White 83 84.9 0.6 11.7 1.6 1.3 Negro 24 81.7, 2.6 12.9 .8 2.0 Foreign-born: Croatian 119 74.8 .0 7.4 17.6 .3 English 22 67.3 .0 27.9 2.9 1.9 German 41 73.0 .0 23.1 2.5 1.4 Irish 44 62.1 .0 34.1 1.3 2.5 Italian, North 275 74.9 .0 5.3 18.4 1.5 Italian, South 169 82.0 .1 5.8 11.3 .7 Lithuanian 165 75.0 .0 5. 6 18.7 .7 Magyar 216 73.5 .0 6.3 19.8 .4 Mexican 39 80.7 .0 11.8 6.2 1.2 Polish 299 78.1 .2 6.4 14.5 .9 Russian 39 78.1 .0 5.9 15.7 .4 Ruthenian 39 83.9 .0 2.5 12.7 .9 Slovak 411 82.1 .1 7.3 9.1 1.2 Welsh 36 70.6 .0 23.8 .9 4.7 Grand total 2,100 77.4 .1 9.2 12.2 1.1 Total native-born of foreign father 24 86.0 .0 11.8 1.7 .5 Total native-born 131 84.7 1 .7 11.9 1.5 1.2 Total foreign-born 1,969 76.8 . 1 9.0 13.1 1.1 a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 2S4. It is evident from the table above that the largest part (77.4 per cent) of the income of the total number of families considered, is derived from the earnings of the husband, and, furthermore, the per- centage of total income contributed by the husband is higher for the native-born than it is for the foreign-born. The families of native- born whites of native parentage have a slightly lower percentage of total income from husbands’ earnings than those of native-born of foreign parents. Only 0.1 per cenhof the family income (considering the total number of families) is derived from earnings of wife. The contributions of children constitute 11.9 per cent of the total income of the native-born, whereas the corresponding proportion for the for- eign-born is only 9 per cent. Of the Irish, English, Welsh, and German families, however, the contributions of the children are relatively very large. The payments of boarders and lodgers are only 1.5 per cent of the total income of the native-born families, while from the same source is derived 13.1 per cent of the total income of the forei^rn families. Percent ivhicli earnings of Mishand form of total yearly income of family, by general nativity and race of head of family. [This chart shows only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] 90 The Immigration Commission. Bituminous Coal Mining. 91 Of the foreign-born, the largest proportionate income from earnings of husband, 83.9 per cent, is shown by the Ruthenians, and the smallest, or 62.1 per cent, by the Irish, no foreign race reporting a proportion as high as that shown by the whites native-born of native father. The income from earnings of wife, as shown by the various races, is too small to deserve specific mention. The largest pro- portionate income from contributions of children is shovm by the Irish, with 34.1 per cent, followed by the English and Welsh, with 27.9 per cent and 23.8 per cent, respectively, while the smallest, or 2.5 per cent, is shown by the Ruthenians. Of the income from pay- ments of boarders and lodgers, the largest proportion, or 19.8 per cent, is shown by the Magyars, followed by the Lithuanians and North Italians, with 18.7 per cent and 18.4 per cent, respectively, the proportions of the other races ranging from 17.6 per cent, as shown by the Croatians, to 0.9 per cent, as shown by the Welsh. Each race shows a certain proportionate income from other sources, ranging from 4.7 per cent as shown by the Welsh, to 0.3 per cent as shown by the Croatians. The following table shows tlie per cent of total yearly income from husband, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family : Table 58— Per cent of total family income within the year from earnings of husband, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (study of households.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting in each of two or more locali- ties. The totals, however, are for all races, f'or selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284.J General nativity and race of head of family. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. i South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal mining.o Native-born of native father. White 75.7 72.5 66.4 83. 1 70.2 81.6 80.1 83.1 86.0 88.5 74. 4 81.4 74.3 84.9 74.8 74.9 82.0 75.0 73.5 78.1 82.1 Foreign-born: Croatian Italian, North 95.2 90.0 83.8 (&) 78.5 (P) 62.0 72.8 62.9 Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish 68.6 84.4 87.6 Slovak Grand total 88.4 77.6 71.6 77.1 77.4 Total native-born of foreign father 86.0 84.7 76.8 Total native-born («>) 86.9 75.7 77.7 84.7 75.7 Total foreign-bom 71.6 oThis total includes persons in households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. ^ Not computed, owing to small number involved. This table shows that of the total number of families the heads of which are employed in the bituminous coal-mining industry, the proportion of the total yearly income from the earnings of hus- band is 77.4 per cent, the different localities ranging from 88.4 per cent, as shown in the Middle West, to 71.6 per cent, as shown in the South. The families of whites native-born of native father show the largest proportion, or 86 per cent, of total income derived from earn- ings of husbands in the Southwest, as compared with 75.7 per cent of the total income derived from husbands of families of the same class 92 The Immigration Commission. in Pennsylvania. Considering the foreign-born, the North Italians and Lithuanians show larger proportions of family income from earn- ings of husbands among families in the Middle West than among those of the Southwest and in Pennsylvania. The South Italians of the Middle West report 90 per cent of their total income derived from earnings of husband, as compared with 81.4 per cent of the family income derived from the same source in the Southwest, 83.1 per cent in Pennsylvania, and 78.5 per cent in the South. Of the Magyars, 81 .6 per cent of the family income in Pennsylvania arises from the earnings of husbands, and 62 per cent is reported for the South. The Poles and Slovaks depend more largely upon the earnings of the head for the support of the family in the Southwest and Pennsylvania than in the South and the Middle West. Chapter IV. WORKING CONDITIONS. Hours of work — Methods of wage payments — Deductions from earnings of employees — Company houses The conipany-store system — Benefits received by employees in Regularity of employment — The immigrant and organized labor — [Text Tables 59 to 64 and General Table 19]. HOURS OF WORK. The maximum hours worked by bituminous miners and the regu- lar hours for other employees of coal and coke companies throughout the United States vary in the several localities, within the same locality, certain localities, within the same mine. The most general difference occurs between localities controlled by organized labor and th(^e without any formal wage agreements. In nonunion localities m Tennsylyania, for instance, both the inside and outside men, with lew exceptions, work ten hours a day and sixty hours a week, while m localities that have been unionized, such as those of the Middle West and Southwest, the general practice is to work eight hours a day and forty-eight hours a week. In one section of the South, district, ten hours a day and sixty hours a week is the rule generally followed, although the employees in certain occu- pations work only fifty-five hours a week. In another section, the West Virginia district, some of the mines are unionized, and where this IS the case nine hours constitute a day’s work; otherwise the employees work as m the nonunionized mines of Pennsylvania and the South. In both the Middle West and Southwest, where the mines are strongly unionized, as a result of an agreement between the operators and the unions, eight hours and forty-eight hours con- stitute a day s work and a week’s work, respectively. The hours ol work are irregular for certain employees of the coke companies, although the einployees, generally speaking, are required to work ten hours a day and sixty hours a week. METHODS OF WAGE PAYMENTS. The frequency and methods of wage payments, like the required y urs of work are not the same in all localities. Throughout Penn- sylvania, the Middle West, and the Southwest, the employles are paid almost without exception, twice a month, while in the Birmingham aistrict, a,nd at the majority of the mines in the West Virginia and irginia districts of the South, they are paid once a month. Where ^ unions are in force in West Virginia, and by a paTdTeSonihir^""'" 93 94 The Immigration Commission. DEDUCTIONS FROM EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES. i In all localities on regular pay days wages are nominally paid in cash. In the interim, however, in the South and Southwest, scrip or store orders, and in the Middle West store orders, are issued to the employees, while in Pennsylvania the employee may “draw checks’’ from the pay clerk. This scrip, store order, or check is good only at the store of the company or at some store with which the company / has an agreement to honor it. These store orders, checks, or scrip , are presented to the companies on pay days, and the amounts ‘ deducted from the wages of the employee. In addition, many other items, such as charges for blacksmithing, rent of “company houses,” medical or hospital service, dues in benefit societies maintained by j the companies, dues in the union, etc., are also deducted from the ^ earnings of employees. COMPANY HOUSES. I In all localities where the mines are some distance from towns or cities some provision for the care of the employees and their families has been necessary. As a result of this situation, mining camps or villages have come into existence. These villages in which the employees live are much alike in all sections of the country. Cheaply constructed frame houses, usually double, in some localities one story, in others two, are built in regular rows. The streets are but slightly | improved. Some are covered with coke ashes or slate from the mines ; , others are the original clay, and in winter and spring are a mass of mud. The gutters are open, shallow ditches, often washed into ! gullies. At one end of the street is usually located the “company store,” at the other a schoolhouse and a church. In some villages the ground about the houses is fenced off, with sufficient space for small gardens. The water supply is often of doubtful purity. The type of house in which the employee lives varies in the different localities and very often in the same locality, some companies erecting a better class of house than others. In Pennsylvania, for example, the usual type is a two-story double frame building of 8 or 10 and in some cases 12 rooms, designed to accommodate two families. Some ' are plastered and fairly well finished inside; others are much rougher in their finish. Water is usually supplied by outside hydrants set at regular intervals on either side of the street. Toilets are invariably of the dry type and are built at the rear of the lot along the alleys. The houses in the South are of many types and sizes. In one com- munity in Virginia, for example, many of the houses are of 2 or 3 rooms, one story high. In other communities double houses are found. These are of two sizes and are two stories high, having 6 rooms to the house and 3 to the section, or 8 and 4, respectively. Where these houses have 6 rooms, the front is built two stories and the rear one story, with a wall from front to rear dividing the house into two sections, wliile the 8-room houses are two stories front and rear. Houses of this type are constructed of dressed lumber, painted on the outside, and ceiled with regulation 3-inch ceiling, dressed and matched. Another type in this section, and preferred to that first described, is the 4-room single house one story in height, budt of a good quality of lumber and well painted. These houses have an 8-foot haU and are either plastered or papered inside. In the West Virginia district the Bituminous Coal Mining. 95 houses are usually 2, 3, or 4 room single houses, or double houses con- taining from 6 to 12 rooms, built of cheap lumber and painted. The prevailing type of house in the Birmingham district is a one-story frame 4 or 5 room house with sufficient ground for garden or yard. The houses are in fair condition and repair. The rooms average about 10 by 12 or 12 by 12, with one or two windows of ordinary size. Almost every house has a front, and some have a rear, porch. The interiors are ceiled or whitewashed. In the Middle West most of the houses are small square or oblong structures of a temporary nature, having 3 or 4 rooms and costing from $300 to $400, while in the South- west one-story frame structures, cheaply built, usually of the same size, containing from 3 to 5 rooms, are the rule in the isolated dis- tricts. The rooms in these houses vary in size, the average being 14 by 14 feet. Where the mines are near towns the company houses are better. The usual monthly rental in all localities is from $1.50 to $2 a room. THE COMPANY-STORE SYSTEM. The laws of Pennsylvania prohibit a coal-mining company from owning or operating a company store.” As a consequence such stores, found in practically all mining communities, are usually organ- ized as a separate corporation, the stockholders of which are invari- ably officials of the coal niining company; or, on the other hand, com- pany stores, together with the mining company, are often operated by a holding company organized for that purpose. In a few instances the stores are owned by individuals who are members of the mining company. In all cases, however, there is a working agreement be- tween the mining company and the store, the former deducting from the wages of the employee for all items purchased. In isolated com- munities, where the “company store” is the only available place for the employee to make his purchases, it has been charged that the prices at the store were too high and that stock of an inferior quality was carried. In the majority of cases, however, the reverse is true, the employee being able to secure from the company store as good, if Qot better, articles for the same or a less price than would be charged by an independent store. For the convenience of the employees, ■^checks,” rarely in excess of the wages due, and good only at the com- pany store, are furnished between pay days by the company. Many of the companies issue store books to the emplo 3 mes, tlie items purchased being recorded, and deductions for these items, as in the case of tlie checks, are made from the wages of the employee on pay day. It is maintained that patronage of the company store is not com- pulsory, but the system of paying wages does not bear out this contention. This applies more or less to all localities. In the Southwest the miners are compelled to purchase their powder and Dther explosives from the stores only. In the Middle West and South patronage is said to be not compulsory; at the same time, when only 5crip or store orders are obtainable between pay days, and these 5crip or store orders are good only at company stores, it is apparent chat patronage is practically compulsory. The same policy in making leductions is followed in all localities. Outside of Pennsylvania, how- ever, the mining company either owns and operates the store or has 96 The Immigration Commission. an agreement with some individual whereby the scrip or store order is honored, the amount to be deducted from the wages, as in cases j previously cited. I BENEFITS RECEIVED BY EMPLOYEES IN ADDITION TO WAGES. Benefits in one form or another, in addition to wages, are received by the operatives. Each company has its own method of dealing with the situation, some giving more liberally than others. Among these benefits may be mentioned medical and hospital service. In Pennsylvania, for example, the majority of companies pay all the cost i of treating a workman injured while on duty, and furnish whatever i hospital service may be necessary; others pay these items only when , the man himself is unable to pay them, while still others pay only for i the first treatment. Again, some of the coal companies maintain I benefit societies for their workmen, paying stipulated weekly benefits 1 for injuries suffered while at work, and if the accident prove fatal a | specified sum is paid. In other localities the companies assess each ; employee a small sum monthly for medical and hospital service, the 1 assessment being larger for the married than for the unmarried man for the reason that the family of the married man is also entitled to this service. Another plan of paying for accidents is followed in cases where the company carries insurance on its employees in some liability company, deducting for this purpose a nominal sum from the wages of each employee. One company in the Birmingham district gives a certain sum each year toward the maintenance of churches and schools; another provides the land on which these i institutions may be erected; others erect and maintain buildings free of cost for these purposes. With an occasional exception, however, no organized or concerted welfare work is done by the mining com- panies. REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT. The operation of coal mines, because of conditions peculiar to the technical side of the industry itself, as well as by reason of seasonal and other fluctuations in the demand for coal, is irregular and, as a consequence, it is difficult to form any conclusions regarding the regularity of employment offered or the relative industriousness of employees of different races. In this connection, however, data ^ were secured as to the time worked by the members of the house- ! holds studied, during the twelve months immediately preceding the collection of the information. The results are presented in the fol- i lowing tables, showing, by general nativity and race of individual, the number of months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home. The totals are for all races, but the showing for the individual races is confined to those with 20 or more males reporting. The information covers the entire industry, and the tabulations show what proportion of each race w'orked twelve, nine, six, and three months, respectively. Bituminous Coal Mining. 97 .''able 59 . — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent working — General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. 12 months. 9 months or over. 6 months or over. 3 months or over. lative-born of native father: White Negro fative-born of foreign father, by race of father: English Irish Slovak 151 32 19.9 .0 47.7 .0 81.5 56.3 98.7 100.0 25 47 32 36.0 14.9 12.5 60.0 46.8 43.8 92.0 76.6 90.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 'oreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Welsh Grand total 'otal native-born of foreign father, 'otal native-born 'otal foreign-born 22 22.7 205 12.2 37 24.3 65 21.5 60 11.7 451 8.2 448 22.5 269 11.2 403 15.6 58 .0 579 14.7 37 73.0 96 12.5 96 59.4 635 17.5 43 18.6 50.0 95.5 57.1 83.4 37.8 91.9 52.3 98.5 45.0 80.0 40.6 76.9 46.4 93.8 36.4 89.6 34.0 90.8 1.7 63.8 50.8 93.3 91.9 100.0 35.4 90.6 77.1 87.5 58.9 91.7 32.6 74.4 3,928 16.8 46.9 188 371 3,557 19.1 17.8 16.6 50.0 44.7 47.1 88.1 87.2 82.2 88.8 100.0 99.0 100.0 100.0 98.3 99.8 100.0 95.2 99.3 98.3 99.0 100.0 97.9 100.0 99.4 97.7 99.0 98.9 98.9 99.0 It will be seen from the foregoing table that 19.9 per cent of the ^^hites native-born of native father had steady employment through- ut the year. On the other hand, none of the negroes native-born if native father had employment for as much as nine months. Of he native-born of foreign father, 19.1 per cent were employed during he entire year, while the foreign-born fall below the other two dvisions and report only 16.6 per cent of their number as having )een so employed. From these comparisons, it is evident that the diites native-born of native father lead all other race groups in ecuring steady employment, while persons native-born of foreign ather occupy an intermediate position, and the foreign-born em- >loyees come last. Of those reporting employment for nine months or more, the per- ons native-born of foreign father stand first, with a percentage of 50; he whites native-born of native father follow with 47.7 per cent, and he foreign-born report 47.1 per cent. Among the persons of foreign birth it will be observed that the loumanians and Ruthenians report the highest averages, the former eporting 91.9 per cent of their number, and the latter 77.1 per cent, mployed for nine months or over. This very high percentage is lue largely to the fact that these two races are emjnoyed in certain ocalities in Pennsylvania in which the mines are operated regularly, rhe Slovaks, Croatians, Germans, Poles, and Bohemians and Mora- dans report from 58.9 to 50 per cent of their number working nine 98 The Immigration Commission. | i months or more; the South Italians, Irish, and North Italians slmw ' from 46.4 to 40.6 per cent employed for that period, and the i^nglish, Lithuanians, Russians, Magyars, and Welsh, from 37.8 to 32.6 per cent. The Mexicans, with only 1.7 per cent of their number employed as long as nine months, show the least regularity in work. As regards employment for six months or over, the whites native- born of native father have 81.5 per cent of their number so reported; the negroes have 56.3 per cent and the native-born of foreign lather 87 2 per cent, while the foreign-born, 88.8 per cent, is the highest of all. Among the foreign-born, the Roumanians, Germans, Bohemians and Moravians, South Italians, Polish, English, Slovaks, Magyars, and Russians, report from 100 to 90.6 per cent, the Lithuanians, Ruthenians, Croatians, and Irish, from 89.6 to 80 per cent, the North Italians and Welsh 76.9 and 74.4 per cent, respectively, and the Mexicans 63.8 per cent. i ^ u i i Ten of the 21 races reporting show all their males to have worked at least three months of the year. One per cent of the foreign-born 1 1 per cent of the native-born of foreign father, and 1.3 per cent ol the native-born of native father white, worked less than that time. Among the foreign-born, 0.2 per cent of the North Italians, 0.6 per cent of the Slovaks, 0.7 per cent of the Magyars, 1 per cent each ol the Croatians and Polish, 1.7 percent each of the Irish and Mexicans, 2 1 per cent of the Russians, 2.3 per cent of the Welsh, and 4.8 per cent of the Lithuanians, the highest per cent reported, had employ- ment for less than three months. i p i As showing additional information relative to the regularity ol work among the numerous races studied, and also as affording a compari- son of the same kind among the bituminous coal-producing sections of the country, the table next presented exhibits by localities, and by general nativity and race of individual, the percentage ol ^ployees who worked nine months or over during the year studied. I his table includes only those races with 20 or more males reporting m each ol two or more localities, but the totals are for all races studied. Table 60.— Per cent of males 16 years of age or over working 9 months or over, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of individual. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal mining.® ■XT - 4-: fot'ViiiT* WnilA . - - 70.0 73.6 59.9 86.7 40.7 66.7 43.4 38.8 64.0 15.0 68.7 (b) («>) 22.9 64.5 50.4 38.9 32.4 44.4 35.1 23.3 21.7 31.8 47.7 57.1 52.3 40.6 46.4 36.4 34.0 50.8 35.4 58.9 ^ 8,tlVG"DOrn Ol Iltlll VC lUrtilCl y » » i-ll to Foreign-born: 19.4 .0 2.9 (.b) 4.2 76.9 11.1 62.7 4.3 5.5 Grand total 52.0 59.5 42.0 15.8 46.9 Total native-born of foreign father (^) Total native-born 2 Total foreign-born | 4J. 7 57.1 63.2 59.2 (*>) («>) 41.8 29.3 19.0 14.9 50.0 44.7 47.1 a This total includes households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was lated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. b Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining. 99 The North Italians, South Italians, Lithuanians, and Poles are the only races for which percentages are shown in all four of the different localities, while percentages for the whites native-born of native father and for foreign-born Slovaks run through three of the localities. In the Middle West 76.9 per cent of the North Italians reporting worked for nine months or more, in Pennsylvania 40.7 per cent of this race worked for the same period, in the South 64.5 per cent, and in the Southwest 19.4 per cent, showing, in general, that 40.6 per cent of all North Italians reporting in the entire bituminous coal- mining industry worked for nine months or longer. On the other hand, it is found that of the South Italians reporting from the Middle West only 11.1 per cent, and of those in the Southwest none, worked for nine months or more, while in Pennsylvania the proportion is 66.7 per cent, and in the South 50.4 per cent. In the Middle West 62.7 per cent of the Lithuanians worked nine months or more, in Pennsylvania 43.4 per cent of their number worked for a like period, in tlie South 38.9^ per cent, and in the Southwest 2.9 per cent. In Pennsylvania 64 per cent of the Poles worked for nine months or more, while in the Middle West only 4.3 per cent are so reported, in the South 44.4 per cent, and in the Southwest 4.2 per cent. In the Middle West 70 per cent of the whites native-born of native father worked for nine months or more, in Pennsylvania 73.6 per cent, and in the Southwest 21.7 per cent. In the South the num- ber of American white operatives reporting was not sufficiently large for computation and comparison with other localities. The Slovaks report 68.7 per cent in Pennsylvania, 23.3 per cent in the South, and 5.5 per cent in the Southwest as working nine months or more. The table next presented shows, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual, the proportion of males who worked six or more months during the year studied. It includes only those races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities, but contains the totals for all races. Table 61. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over working 6 months or over, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) This table includes only races with ^0 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of individual. 'Native-born of native father, White, ^oreign-born: Croatian German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Russian Slovak 7 Grand total. ’otal native-born of foreign father otal native-born ’otal foreign-born Middle W est. 100.0 96.2 88.9 100.0 100.0 97.1 ip) 100.0 96.7 Pennsyl- vania. 94.3 81.9 100.0 72.9 96.1 76.1 86.5 92.5 95.0 92.9 3.4 89.0 91.0 88.2 South. V>) (&) 97.1 96.8 95.6 97.2 95.2 95.7 81.1 90.0 95.0 ib) ( 6 ) 94.9 South- west. 63.8 95.4 67.5 80.9 100.0 («>) 83.3 81.8 75.2 73.2 64.8 77.9 Total bitumi- nous coal niining.o 81.5 83.4 98.5 76.9 93.8 89.6 90.8 93.3 90.6 91.7 88.1 87.2 82.2 88.8 households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabu- h X or more schedules were secured. Not computed, owing to small number involved. 100 The Immigration Commission. Discussion of the foregoing table is limited to the North Italian South Italian, Lithuanian, and Polish races represented in all of the four geographical groups, and to the whites native-born of native father and the foreign-born Slovaks, with percenta,ges in three. The whites native-born of native father, the Lithuanians and the Poles each show that 100 per cent of the mdividuals tabulated troin the Middle West worked six months or longer during the year studied, and the Lithuanians report the same figure in the Southwest, in no other locality do these races make so good a showing, in the South more than 95 per cent of the North Italians, South Italians, Lithuanians, and Poles, worked at least half the year. No percent- awe is "iven for the American whites m the South, as the number reportmg is too small to be representative. In . the Pennsvlvama fields the South Italians have 96.1 per cent, winch is a higher pro- nortion working six months or over than is shown in anv other locahtv by this race. The Lithuanians, North Italians, and Poles in Pennsyl- vania, however, fall below the average shown by these races for the industry as a whole. , . • i -i. • The best showing made by any of these six races in the bituminous coal fields is made by the South Italians, who show that 93.8 per cent of the total number worked six months or over. ^ the Poles come next, with 93.3 per cent. The other races, following m the order of their percentages, are the Slovaks, Lithuanians, whites native-born of native father, and North Italians. THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR. The extent to which the employee of foreign birth is affiliated, with labor organizations is largely a matter of local conditions of employ- ment. The mines of the Middle West and Southwest are operated under an agreement between trade unions and operators and employ- ment in the mines is conditional upon membership m the local unions. Only a few scattered mines in the South are unionized. The colm region in Pennsylvania is without labor organizations, and, outside ol the Pittsburg mining district, with the exception of one or two com- munities, there is no collective bargaining between operators and nployees. Statistics as to the affiliation of foreign-born employees . V y 1 • £ orlrwiU nf DTiv sfl ti sta.otorv con- with trade unions, therefore, do not admit of any satisfactory con- clusions as to racial tendencies, and should be considered m the light of the foregoing explanation.® The table following shows the number and per cent of males 21 years of ao'e or over in the households studied, who are affiliated with trade unions. The exhibit is by general nativity and race. O For a detailed discussion of the immigrant employee as a unionist in Pennsyl- vania, see pp. 330-334. Bituminous Coal Mining. 101 Table 62. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are work- ing for wages, hy general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Num- ber report- Affiliated with trade unions. Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. Affiliatedwith trade unions. ing com- plete data. Num- ber. Per cent. General nativity and race of individual. Num- ber. Per cent. Native-born of native father: White 132 78 29 59.1 100.0 F oreign-born— Continued. 451 427 259 396 56 567 34 84 77 16 632 16 Q Negro 29 Xtn.liRn fioiiMi 328 72. 7 Native-born of foreign lather, Lithuanian 93 182 88 56 92 21. 8 70.3 22.2 100.0 16.2 n by race of father: Magyar Bohemian and Moravian. 1 (a) Mexican English 16 3 (a) (a) 55.6 Polish German 7 Roumanian Irish 27 15 Russian 37 . U Italian, North 1 (a) (“) (a) (a) (a) (a) Ruthenian Scotch 44. 0 14.3 Magyar 2 1 11 o Polish 3 1 Slovak 76 (a) 12.0 (a) Scotch 3 Slovenian Slovak 7 Spanish Q Welsh 5 3 Welsh O 40 O 33 (a) Foreign-born: 82. 5 Bohemian and Moravian. 22 2 9.1 Grand total 3,676 1,226 33.4 Bosnian 1 1 (a) 21.7 .0 Croatian 189 38 41 Total native-born of foreign father ===== ■ ■ English 72 233 3,443 23 130 1,096 31.9 French 14 64 9 2 (a) 3. 1 Total native-born Tots-l forpisri-Lorn German 55. 8 Irish 57 40 70.2 31. 8 1 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. In the table above it is seen that of the white niine employees who are native-born of native father, 59.1 per cent are affiliated with labor organizations, as compared with 31.8 percent of the total for- eign-born. Among the immigrant races, the high proportion of the Mexicans, Welsh, North Italians, Lithuanians, and Irish affiliated with trade unions, as compared with other races, is apparent. This showing does not, however, indicate any relatively greater tendency on the part of the races mentioned to unite with organized labor, but IS due to the fact that these races are more extensively employed in the Middle West and Southwest where organized labor controls the labor supply and membership in the union is a condition of employ- ment. On the other hand, the larger proportions of the other races turmshmg information are employed in the nonunion districts of Penn- sylvania and the South. The general showing as to affiliation with labor organizations on the part of the immigrant workers, therefore ^ relative proportions which are employed in dilierent localities. The accuracy of this statement becomes mani- ™.by a glance at the table on page 103, which shows the extent of attiliation with labor organizations, by race and by locality. 48296°— VOL 6—11 8 V race of individual. 102 The Immigration Commission. native-born FOREIGN-BORN Bituminous Coal Mining. 103 Table 63.— Per cm^ of males 21 years of age or over working for wages, who are affili- ated with trade unions, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (study of households.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of individual. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bi- tuminous coal mining.® 'Native-born of native father. White 100.0 2,2 12. 0 59.1 21.7 ?'oreign-born; Croatian 87. 1 German ,0 5.7 Af\ 7 100. 0 Italian, North 100.6 65.4 98.0 J. 3. 1 72.7 21.8 70.3 Italian, South Ol. n 4U. / 11 A 97. 6 Lithuanian • u 11. 0 K. Q 97. 9 98.5 Magyar 00, ^ 0. y e Polish 100. 0 00, tj 1 Q • 0 (^) 97.9 22. 2 16.2 44.0 Russian CJ 1 It* 1. 0 80.0 4. 5 3.8 biova-K 4.6 1.8 100.0 12.0 Grand total 94 2 1 7 n 33.4 'otal native-born of foreign father 1/ « U 8, 0 96. 2 100. 0 7.7 A 0 (6 'otal native-born (b) 7 n 'otal foreign-born 93 ! 4 17 ^ 91. 1 97.1 55.8 31.8 i / . 0 /. y a locality no race was tabu- ited unless 10 or more schedules were secured. ’ i>Not computed, owing to small number involved. Upon comparing the localities in the table above, it is seen that Tactically all of the mine workers of all the races in the Middle West nd bouthwest are affiliated with trade unions, while the proportions ary materially in Pennsylvania and the South. In the South a rel- tively larp proportion of the North Italians, and in Pennsylvania a elatively lar^ proportion of the Russians, Lithuanians, and North talians are affiliated with labor organizations. In Pennsylvania this » due largely to the fact that the North Italians, Russians, and Lithu- nians Irom whom information was received, were principallyem- loyed in unionized localities; also, in a large measure, to the fact flat the JNorth Italians and Lithuanians tend more extensively as ompared with other races, to identify themselves with labor organ- lations and to seek work in localities in which the unions are in 3ntrol. As regards the effect of period of residence upon the extent of affilia- on with trade unions on the part of the immigrant mine employees, le table next presented is of value. It shows for members of the ouseholds studied, the number and proportion of those of the different ^es, according to period of residence in the United States, who are tnliated with trade unions. 104 The Immigration Commission. Table 64. — Affiliation with trade unions are working for wages, by years in of foreign-horn males 21 years of age or over the United States and race of individual. who (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 50 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-bom.] Number 21 years of age or over working for wages, by years in United States. Affiliated with trade unions, by years in United 1 States. Race of individual. 10 or over. Nrunber. Per cent. Under 5. 5 to 9. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. ItiiliSiii Nort/li . 151 158 142 98 127 103 18 91 43 27 38 64.9 19.1 47.3 Q 1 80.4 OA A 72.5. 25.7 7ft A • Tfolion Rnnt.ll - . . 230 127 70 44 31 73.9 OA 7 xtcliiciii; Lithuanian 55 88 116 26 65 31 31 27 /o. ^ ' 40.2' 17. 1 12.9 Mflpvar 173 116 107 14 o. i 10 1 on ft Polish 260 149 158 34 lo. i K Q zu. O 1ft 0 Slovak 187 150 295 11 0 . y lo. u Total 1,284 977 1,182 265 374 457 20.6 38.3 38. 7 > Of the total for all races in the above table, an increased proportion is seen to be affiliated with trade unions as the period of residence m the United States increases, 20.6 per cent of those who have been in the United States under five years, as compared with 38.3 per cent of those with a residence of from five to nine years and 38 7 per c^t of those who have been in the country ten years or more, being affil- iated with labor organizations. The general tendency exhibited by the totals is also apparent in the case of the several races, the pro- portions invariably increasing largely for the I period, and showing a still further increase, in the case of three ol the races, for the period of ten years or more. Chapter V. HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS. Housing and living conditions — Living arrangements — Rent in its relation to standard of living — Boarders and lodgers— Size of apartments occupied — Size of households studied — Congestion — [Text Tables 65 to 93 and General Tables 20 to 31], HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS. The statistical study of housing and living conditions, with special ireference to rent paid and to congestion within the household, in the bituminous coal-mining industry is based on a detailed investigation of 2,371 households. The great majority of the immigrant employees in the bituminous mining industry in all localities live in the “company houses’’ of the mining towns or villages.® The tendency of the recent immigrant is more pronounced in this direction than is that of the older immi- grant or the employee of native birth. These latter as a rule prefer to live wherever possible in houses of their own or as tenants of private landlords in the larger towns or centers of population. Where no such living arrangement can be conveniently made, however, the mine workers of native birth or of races from Great Britain and northern Europe will be found living, along with the races of recent immigration, in the houses of the company village. Within these villages or towns there is not much segregation into colonies according |to race, for the reason that the greater number of mining companies follow the policy of renting vacant houses without regard to the race of the applicant. An exception to this procedure, however, is to be found m the South, where the living quarters of negroes are usually separate from those of the native white and other employees. LIVING ARRANGEMENTS. As regards the domestic arrangements of the immigrant households, it is characteristic of all localities that family life in an independent form scarcely exists, and the distinguishing mode of living is that Df the group. The family life, which more largely prevails among the native-born and races of older immigration, needs no detailed iiscussion. The boarding group method of living, which is usual imong races of recent immigration, may be divided into two general systems. The first is the ordinary American plan by which the Doarder pays a fixed amount each week or month for food, lodging, md washing. This system is not followed to any considerable extent by the races of southern and eastern Europe. The second fian, however, which is the one generally adopted by these races, is “See general description of company houses in each locality, pp. 94, 95. 105 106 The Immigration Commission. termed the ^‘boarding boss’’ system, and under its provisions each lodger pays a fixed sum per month, usually between $2 and $3, tor lodging, cooking, and washing, the individual members of the group sharing equally the cost of food. There are many variations of this plan, but it constitutes the basis for the piwaihng system. The boarding boss is usually a married employee, wiiose wife does the cooking, washing, and other household work. KENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING. As regards rent as an item of cost of living, the series of Ubles next presented will be found to be of value, but the figures are chiefly of sivnificanoe as an indication of the standard of living maintained by households of bituminous mining communities. If no boarders or lodf'ers were kept, the rent paid per apartment would be indicative, in a general way, of the standard of living ; but inasmuch as inany races follow the custom of renting larger houses than are needed for their immediate family for the purpose of adding to the family income by keeping boarders or lodgers, it is believed that the rent per person is the only fair basis of comparison of standard of living. The fairest comparison possible would be the rent paid per adult, a presentation which is highly desirable; but such a plan would involve an arbitrary fixing of age limits and a large amount of work in tabulating, and it has, therefore, not been followed in this report. A table showing the average monthly rent per apartment, per room, and per person, for the 1,848 households studied, by race, is next presented. Table Average rent per month, hy general nativity and race oj head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 10 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.) Number of households Average rent per— General nativity and race of head of household. paying rent and reporting amount. Apartment. Room. Person. Native-born of native father: White 61 $8.43 $2. 10 $1.95 21 5. 17 1.60 1. ic Foreign-born: 115 7.21 1.79 .91 1 AC V*. n P’1 i ‘sTi - 21 7.60 1.77 1.78 1.93 1.79 1.67 1.91 1.87 1.63 1.72 1.31 1.67 1.80 1. 41 1 35 7. 10 1. ^ 17 6. 59 1. 4< 1 (\i 215 6.42 i.\jc It3iliB>n South- 157 6. 25 • 1 1^ LithuOfiiiciri * 134 6.90 1. It 1 u 225 6.96 1. It O' 36 4. 58 • O’ 269 6.27 • 1 Q 10 6. 70 X. 0 Qt 40 5. 30 . 1 n 38 7.01 i.u O’ 390 6. 10 1. 65 1.68 1.73 . y 1 Oi SlovGTiitin 10 6.20 1. / 1 Welsh 15 7. 73 1*0 Grand total 1,848 6.54 1.77 1.0 Total native-born of foreign father 14 8.84 1.96 1.6 1.7 1 0 'Prvfol r»c»f 96 7.78 1.99 fnrpi(TTi-.Virtrn 1,752 6. 48 1.75 l.U Bituminous Coal Mining. 107 The highest rent per apartment, per room, and per person is paid by the white households native-born of native father, the averages being $8.43 per apartment, $2.10 per room, and $1.95 per person. The Welsh pay the second highest average rent per apartment and per person, although eight other foreign races pay a higher average rent per room. The Irish pay the second highest average rent per room. The Mexicans pay the lowest average rent per apartment, $4.58. The employees of this race are found in the mines of the Southwest and occupy the least desirable, the most dilapidated, and consequently the cheapest, houses in the mining communities. The Roumanians pay the lowest average rent per room, $1.31. The Russians pay the lowest average rent per person, $0.85, and the third lowest average per apartment, $5.30. The average rent per person paid by some of the foreign races, compared with the average paid by whites native-born of native father, shows that the Russians pay 56.4 per cent less than the native- born whites, the South Italians 52.8 per cent less, the Croatians 50.8 per cent less, and the Mexicans, Poles, and Slovaks 50.3 per cent less. The Welsh most nearly approach the whites native-born of native father, but at the same time pay 19.5 per cent less; the English pay 23.6 per cent less, and the Irish 24.6 per cent less. The table showing, by geographical divisions, the average rent per apartment is next presented. Table 66. — Average rent per month per apartment, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 10 or more households reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bi- tuminous coal mining.a Native-born of native father. White $9. 43 $9. 81 $7. 10 $8.43 7.60 7. 10 Foreign-born: English 9. 45 $5.91 German 9. 07 5. 79 Italian, North 5. 97 6. 88 5. 80 5. 65 5. 17 6. 42 6. 25 Italian, South 6. 23 6. 68 6. 10 Lithuanian 7. 16 7. 10 6. 21 5. 97 6. 90 Magyar 6. 70 7. 67 («>) 5. 05 6. 96 Polish (^) 6.49 6. 02 6. 27 Slovak 6. 08 6. 93 (t) 6. 10 Grand total 7. 13 6. 05 6. 46 5. 54 6. 54 Total native-born of foreign father 8. 84 Total native-born 9. 43 9. 81 6. 29 5. 33 7. 78 Total foreign-born 6. 63 0. 60 0. 46 6. 48 “This total includes households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabu- lated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. i>Not computed, owing to small number involved. The preceding table shows that the white households, native- born of native father, in each geographical division in which they are represented, pay the highest average rent per apartment. In the South the whites native-born of native father are not repre- sented, and the highest .average is paid by the Magyars. In the Middle West the second rank is taken by the Lithuanians, in Penn- 108 The Immigration Commission. sylvania by the English, in the South by the Slovaks, and in the Southwest by the Lithuanians. The lowest average in the Middle j West is paid by the North Italians, in Pennsylvania by the Slovaks, I in the South by the Germans, and in the Southwest by the Poles, i The table next submitted shows the average rent per room paid in ! each geographical division. Table 67. — Average rent per month per room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (study of households.) I [This table includes only races with 10 or more households reporting in each of two or more localities. The | totals, however, are for all races.] i General nativity and race of head of household. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal mining.a Native-born of native father. White S2. 24 $2. 21 2. 15 2. 02 1.77 1.64 1.92 1.81 1.6G 1.64 $1.94 $2. 10 1.77 1. 78 1.79 1. 67 1. 91 1.87 1. 72 1.65 Foreign-born: Fnglish $1.41 1.58 1.58 1.62 1.43 2. 02 1.83 1.89 German Italian, North 1.95 1. 95 2. 14 1.95 1. 77 1.84 («>) 1.88 (b) Italian, South Lithuanian Magvar Polish («>) Slovak Grand total 2. 09 1.73 1. 75 1.80 1.77 Total native-born of foreign father 1.96 1.99 1.75 Total native-born 2. 24 2.05 2.21 1.72 1.81 1.80 Total foreign-born 1.75 o This total includes households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. 6 Not computed, owing to small number involved. The households whose heads are whites native-born of native father pay the highest average rent per room in the Middle West / and in Pennsylvania. In the South this race is not represented, and j the highest rent is paid by the Magyars. The North Italians in the j Southwest pay a slightly higher average than do the native whites. I Second rank in average rent per room is taken by the Lithuanians in the Middle West, by the English in Pennsylvania, by the Slovaks in the South, and by the native whites of native father in the South- west. The lowest average in the Middle West is paid by the North and South Italians, in Pennsylvania by the Slovaks, in the South by the English, and in the Southw^est by the South Italians. The average for all families studied is $2.09 per room in the Middle West, $1.80 in the Southwest, $1.75 in the South, and $1.73 in Pennsylvania. For reasons already set forth, rent payments per apartment and per room are not so satisfactory as rents per person for the purpose of determining comparative living conditions and standards of living. It is believed, however, that the rent per person is an entirely satis- i factory basis of comparison, the only disturbing factor being the varying proportions of women and children among different races. | Consequently the best indication as to standard of living afforded by rent payments is to be found in the table following, which shows the average rent per person in each geographical division. Bituminous Coal Mining. 109 Table 68. — Average rent per month per person, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 10 or more households reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal mining.a Native-born of native father, White Foreign-born: English S2. 81 U. 92 1.82 1.44 1.00 .78 1.09 1.07 .93 .97 $1. 18 1. 11 1. 18 .97 .93 1. 14 1.01 1.01 $1.65 $1.95 1.49 1.26 1.08 .92 1. 16 1. 10 .97 .97 German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian 1.90 1.53 1.44 1.17 1. 13 1.22 1. 19 (b) Magvar Polish (^) Slovak Grand total Total native-born of foreign father 1. 74 1.00 1.05 1.21 1.06 1.63 1.73 1.03 Total native-born 2.81 1.56 1.92 .99 1.45 1. 15 Total foreign-born 1.05 oThis total.includes households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabu- lated tmless 10 or more schedules were secured. & Not computed, owing to small number involved. It is at once evident from the foregoing table that the households whose heads are native-born white of native father pay the highest average rent per person in each of the three geographical divisions in which they are represented. In the South, where no households of that group are included, the English and North Italians average highest, the showing being the same for those two races, but very much smaller than the average of the native whites in the other localities In the Middle West the North Italians rank second, in Pennsylvania the English, in the South the Magyars^ and in the Southwest the Lithuanians. The Lithuanians rank lowest in aver- age rent per person in the Middle West, the South Italians in Penn- sylvania, the Lithuanians in the South, and the South Italians in the Southwest. ^ The average rent per person may be compared for some of the for- eign races with the average of households whose heads are whites native-born of native father in the Middle West, in Pennsylvania, and in the Southwest. Taking as a standard households whose heads are whites native-born of native father, it appears that in the Middle West the Lithuanians are 48.8 per cent less than the standard in the rate of rent they pay, the South Italians 45.6 per cent less, and the North Italians 32.4 per cent less. In Pennsylvania the South Italians are 59.4 per cent less, the Poles 51.6 per cent less, the Slovaks 49.5 per cent less, the North Italians 47.9 per cent less, the Magyars 44.3 per cent less, the Lithuanians 43.2 per cent less, the Germans 25 per cent less, and the English 5.2 per cent less, than the house- holds native-born of native father. In the Southwest the South Italians are 31.5 per cent less, the North Italians 29.1 per cent less, the Poles 27.9 per cent less, and the Lithuanians 26.1 per cent less. Three races only can be compared in all three geographical divisions with the whites native-born of native father. They are the North 110 The Immigration Commission. Italians, South Italians, and Lithuanians. The average rent per per- son reported by each of these three races, compared with the average rent per person reported by the whites native-born of native father, shows that the North Italians are 32.4 per cent less in the Middle West, 47.9 per cent less in Pennsylvania, and 29.1 per cent less in the Southwest; the vSouth Italians are 45.6 per cent less in the Middle West, 59.4 per cent less in Pennsylvania, and 31.5 per cent less in the Southwest; and the Lithuanians are 48.8 per cent less in the Middle West, 43.2 per cent less in Pennsylvania, and 26.1 per cent less in the Southwest. The following table shows the per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. Table 69 . — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number of house- Average rent per apart- ment. Per cent paying— General nativity and race of head of household. holds paying rent and reporting amount. Under $5. Under $7.50. Under $10. Under $12.50. Native-born of native father: White 61 .) 37.8 Italian, North 25.5 48.0 60.0 77 1 Italian, South 4 1 • 1 77 9 At K Lithuanian 4 i , ^ 41. O /I A n Magyar uO, O 4o. y 90 1 Polish 9i.3 CQ A OO. 1 44.0 Slovak uo. i 52.4 OO. 4 QC fi OO. 0 37. 4 Grand total 46.8 26.5 44 n A7 A 39.0 D< . D Total native-born of foreien father. . . === IQ 9 Total native-born lU, £» *^4 1 Total foreign-bom 51.0 27. 1 A± n o*±. 1 /U. O 39. 3 * includes households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. ^ t>Not computed, owing to small number involved The foregoing table shows great differences among the various coal- producing areas. Sixty-seven and six-tenths per cent of the house- holds in the Southwest, 46.8 per cent of those in the Middle West, 44 per cent of those in the South, and 26.5 per cent of those in Pennsyl- vania, occupy apartments of less than 4 rooms. The differences in ^e geographical divisions are marked for practically all of the races. The households whose heacls are whites native-born of native father, are reported in three divisions; the per cent occupying apartments M less than 4 rooms is 45.3 in the Southwest, 18.2 in the Middle West, and 9 in Pennsylvania. The Poles have a very high percentage in each division except Pennsylvania. The per cent for this race is 91.3 in the Middle West, 83.4 in the Southwest, 68.1 in the South and 21.7 in Pennsylvania. ^ The table next submitted shows the average number of rooms per apartment in each of the four geographical divisions. 120 The Immigration Commission. Table Average number of rooms per household^ by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with General nativity and race of head of household. Native-born of native father, White. Foreign-born; Croatian English German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Slovak Middle West. 4. 45 3.48 3.44 Grand total. Total native-born of foreign father. Total native-born Total foreign-born 3.69 4.45 3.58 Pennsyl- vania. 5. 27 4.14 4. 69 4.77 4.90 3.97 4.13 3! 73 3.95 3.74 3.92 5.27 3.89 South. Total South- bituminous west. 4. 18 3.67 3. 68 3.78 4.33 3.85 3.29 3.67 3.85 3.19 3.70 3.70 4. 18 3.09 3.11 3.50 3.20 2.78 3.00 coal mining.® 4.41 3.98 4.48 4.31 4.32 3.68 3.74 3.63 3.73 3.60 3.66 3.34 3.65 3.27 3.77 4. 73 4.27 3.73 a This total includes households not given in the localities, tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. because within a locality no race was If the total number of households shown by the above table be considered, the average number of rooms per apartment is lowest in the Southwest, second in the Middle West, third in the South, and highest in Pennsylvania. In the three localities where the native- born and foreign-born are represented, the average for the native- born is higher than the average for the foreign-born. The figures are : In the Middle West, native-born 4.45 rooms and foreign-born 3.58; in Pennsylvania, native-born 5.27 and foreign-born 3.89; and in the Southwest, native-born 3.65 and foreign-born 3.27. x t The variations by race within localities are of interest. J^he Southwest the Irish report 4.18 rooms per apartment the highest average for the locality. They are followed by the whites native- born of native father, with 3.85 rooms, and by the Lithuanians, with 3.50 rooms. The Poles report an average of 2.78 rooms, the lowest in the locality. In Pennsylvania, where the average number of rooms per apartment is highest, the households whose heads are whites native-born of native father have the largest apartments, the average number of rooms being 5.27. The Irish, with an average ol 4.90, are second, and the lithuanians, with an average of 3.69 rooms, are the lowest in the locality. Bituminous Coal Mining. 121 SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. As regards the range in size of households, the table which follows shows for each race the per cent of households of each specified num- ber of persons. Table 80 . — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Total num- ber of house- holds. Average number of per- sons per house- hold. Per cent of households of each specified number of persons. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 or more. Native-born, of na- tive father: White 108 4.62 0.0 14.8 25.9 15.7 7.4 13.9 11.1 6.5 4.6 0.0 Negro 27 4. 44 3.7 22.2 14.8 11.1 14.8 14.8 11.1 .0 7.4 . 0 Foreign-born; Croatian 132 7. 14 .0 7.6 9.8 11.4 11.4 14.4 9.1 6.8 6.8 22.7 English 27 5. 44 .0 3.7 18.5 7.4 22.2 18.5 11.1 14.8 3.7 .0 German 51 5. 88 .0 9.8 5.9 15.7 17.6 2.0 23.5 13.7 5.9 5.9 Irish 50 5. 84 .0 8.0 6.0 18.0 12.0 20.0 10.0 12.0 8. 0 6. 0 Italian, North.. 316 5.71 .9 9.2 14.2 16.5 13.0 13.0 7.6 9.5 5. 1 11. 1 Italian, South.. 200 6.45 .0 8.0 14.5 9.5 11.0 12.5 11.0 12.0 7.0 14. 5 Lithuanian 179 5. 70 .0 7.8 7.3 15.6 21.2 17.3 9.5 8.9 6.7 5^6 Magyar 241 6. 27 .0 6.6 10.8 16.2 14.5 8.3 11.6 12.9 3.3 15.8 Mexican 42 4. 67 .0 14.3 16.7 19.0 23.8 7.1 7.1 9.5 .0 2.4 Polish 334 6.25 .0 5.4 10.8 11.7 15.0 13.2 12.3 12.6 8.4 10.8 Russian 42 6.31 .0 16.7 14.3 9.5 7.1 9.5 9.5 9.5 7. 1 16. 7 Ruthenian 43 6. 81 .0 2.3 2.3 7.0 23.3 14.0 18.6 11.6 7.0 14.0 Slovak 454 6. 16 .0 6.2 8.4 15.9 12.8 15.9 13.7 10.6 6.2 10.6 Welsh 39 4. 72 .0 17.9 12.8 17.9 15.4 17.9 7.7 5.1 5.1 .0 Grand total. . 2,371 6.00 .2 7.9 11.8 14.2 14.1 13.4 11.3 10.3 6.0 10.7 Total native-born of foreign father. . 26 5.50 .0 3.8 23.1 15.4 11.5 11.5 11.5 7.7 11.5 3. 8 Total native-born . . 161 4. 73 .6 14.3 23.6 14.9 9.3 13.7 11.2 5.6 6. 2 . 6 Total foreign-born . . 2, 210 6.09 .1 7.5 10.9 14.2 14.5 13.4 11.3 10.7 6.0 1L4 The average number of persons in the 2,371 households covered by the above table is 6. Two-tenths of 1 per cent of the total number of households include but 1 person each; 7.9 per cent, 2 persons; 11.8 per cent, 3 persons; 14.2 per cent, 4 persons; 14.1 per cent, 5 persons; 13.4 per cent, 6 persons; 11.3 per cent, 7 persons; 10.3 per cent, 8 persons; 6 per cent, 9 persons; and 10.7 per cent, 10 or more persons. The Croatians have the highest average, 7.14 persons per house- hold, no fewer than 22.7 per cent of the Croatian households con- sisting of 10 or more persons. Other races having a considerable percentage of households of 10 or more persons are the Russian with 16.7 per cent, the Magyar with 15.8 per cent, the South Italian with 14.5 per cent, and the Ruthenian with 14 per cent. 122 The Immigration Commission. The following table shows for each race the per cent of households in each of the four geographical divisions having 6 or more persons per household: Table 81— Per cent of households of 6 or more persons each, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting in each of two or more localities. The '• totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitumin- ous coal mining, a iwT.-. 4- r\f T^o■^^TTn •fo + Vior Wllit0 18.1 57.6 30.2 36.1 JNa,tlV6“DOril Ol UdllVc laiuei, vv Foreign-born: 67.5 19.1 59.8 60.0 38.1 51.0 TfQliQn NTnrtFi 17.7 66.7 44.0 31.2 46.2 jt^lian 40.0 78.1 54.0 37.1 57.0 T i+VinoniQH ... - 26.0 65.3 36.1 48.0 49.9 60.8 51.9 Polish 26.0 67.6 50.6 36.2 57.2 57.8 71.3 42.9 56. 8 Grand total 24.6 61.5 53.1 34.4 51.8 : 4^ Total native-born of foreign latner r»QfiiTa-Knrn . . 18.1 57.6 31.3 37.3 Total foreign-born 25.6 61.5 53.1 35.1 52.9 a This total includes households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. It has already been pointed out that, for the 2,371 households studied, the average number of persons per household is 6. The fore- going table gives the per cent of households in which the number of persons is the average or greater than the average, by race, for each geographical division. 1 The per cents for the total number of households studied are: Pennsylvania, 61.5; South, 53.1; Southwest, 34.4; and Middle West, 24.6. Pennsylvania has the highest proportion of large households, not only when the total number of households is considered, but also ■ for the households of each race excepting the ^lagyar and the Slovak. ; For these two races the percentages are: Magyars in Penns 3 dvania | 49.9 and in the South 60.8; Slovaks in Pennsylvania 57.8 and in the ! South 71.3. In Pennsylvania, households of 6 or more persons are most commcDn among the South Italians, who have 78.1 per cent.^ Then follow m i order the Poles with 67.6 per cent, the Croatians with 67.5 per cent, ; and the North Italians with 66.7 per cent. The household of 6 or ^ more persons is least common among the Magyars, the percentage ot . such households being 49.9, or about one-half. This is the only i foreign race in this locality with a lower per cent than that of the whites native-born of native father. Bituminous Coal Mining. 123 CONGESTION. The degree of congestion indicated in the foregoing tables is set forth in greater detail in the series of tabulations next presented. The first table submitted shows for each race the average number of persons occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. Table 82. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 100 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms. 6. 7 or more. Total Native-born of native father. White Foreign-born: Croatian Italian, North Italian, South. Lithuanian Magyar Polish Slovak Grand total. Total native-born of foreign father Total native-born Total foreign-bom («) (a) (a) (a) (a) 2. 88 (a) 2.88 (a) (a) 3.11 3. 45 4.21 3. 93 4.14 4. 74 3. 96 5.11 5.02 5. 12 5. 27 5. 58 5. 33 5. 78 4. 46 7. 37 6. 47 7. 37 6. 10 6.63 7.17 6. 61 5.31 8. 61 6. 10 9.21 6. 64 7.17 7.14 6. 59 5. 27 (a) 8. 25 5.91 7. 14 (a) 8. 23 6. 60 3. 93 5. 28 6. 59 6. 90 7.1 (a) 2. 73 3. 99 (a) 4.20 5. 36 (a) 4. 63 6. 70 (a) 5. 48 7.08 (a) 5. 46 7. 26 6. 18 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 7. 50 («) 6.21 8. 32 4.62 7.14 5.71 6. 45 5. 70 6. 27 6. 25 6. 16 6.00 (a) 4. 73 6. 09 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. The table shows that, on the whole, the worst crowding is found in the small apartments. Of all households studied, there are but 17 occupying 1-room apartments, in which the average number of persons is 2.88; the average number of persons per household in 2-room apartments is 3.93, or 1.97 per room; the average in the 3-room apartments is 5.28, or 1.76 per room; in 4-room apartments 6.59, or 1.65 per room; in 5-room apartments 6.90, or 1.38 per room; in 6-room apartments 7.08, or 1.18 per room; and in apartments of 7 or more rooms 7.50 per household. Omitting the few households living in 1-room apartments, the greatest congestion is in the 2-room apartments, among the Lithuanians, the Magyars, the Poles, and the Slovaks. The greatest degree of congestion in the 3-room apart- ments is shown by the Slovaks, in the 4-room apartments by the South Italians and Croatians, in the 5-room apartments by the South Italians, and in those of 6 rooms by the North Italians and Poles. ^ In the case of all races except the Croatian and the South Italian, there is in general a gradual lessening of the crowd- ing per room as the number of rooms increases. 124 The Immigration Commission. The following table shows, in summary form for all races represented by 10 or more households, the average number of persons per apart- A ment, per room, and per sleeping room: , Table SS— Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUOy OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number Average number of persons per— of house- holds. Apart- ment. Room. Sleeping room. Native-born of native father: White 108 4. 62 1.05 2. 24 N egro 27 4. 44 1.36 2. 45 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Ti'.nfyli) 38.9 43.6 50.0 56.8 («>) 51.5 - Polish 39.1 75.8 58.0 44.4 65.6 Slovak 68.2 61.9 57.1 66.7 Grand total 40.4 62.2 56.3 41.8 55.4 46.2 Tot3.1 31.8 33.3 40.0 38.5 Total foreign-born 41.6 62.9 56.3 42.2 56.6 a This total includes households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated imless 10 or more schedules were secured. 6 Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of all the races engaged in bituminous coal mining and included in the above table, the Slovaks have the highest per cent of households with 3 or more persons per sleeping room, or 66.7 ; the Poles rank next Bituminous Coal Mining. 133 with 65.6 per cent, and the South Italians third with 60 per cent. The figures for these three races by locality show marked variations in the frequency of the specified degree of crowding. In the Southwest, 57.1 per cent of the Slovak households, in the South 61.9 per cent, and in Pennsylvania 68.2 per cent, show an average of three or more persons per sleeping room. The Poles have 39. 1 per cent in the Middle West, 44.4 per cent in the Southwest, 58 per cent in the South, and 75.8 per cent in Pennsylvania. The South Italians have 42.9 per cent in the Southwest, 56 per cent in the Middle West, 57.9 per cent in the South, and 73.4 per cent in Pennsylvania. The white persons native-born of native father have 31.8 per cent of households in the Middle West with 3 or more persons per sleeping room, 33.3 per cent in Pennsylvania, and 43.4 per cent in the Southwest. In the Middle West and in Pennsylvania the white persons native-born of native father have the lowest per cents reported from these localities. In the Southwest four of the six races have lower per cents than the whites native-born of native father. The per cents for the total of all races indicate that the specified degree of crowding per sleeping room is least common in the Middle West, most common in Pennsylvania, and more common in the South than in the Southwest. The average number of persons per sleeping room, which has already been presented for the industry as a whole, is given in the following table for each locality. Table ^1— Average number of ^persons per sleeping room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 10 or more households reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. Total South- bitumi- west. nous coal mining.® !^ative-born of native father, White, Foreign-born: 2.14 2. 27 2.24 Croatian. English German Irish Italian, North 2.32 Italian, South 2.75 Lithuanian 2.46 Magyar Polish 2.71 Slovak 3.29 2. 15 2. 63 2.50 2.65 3.21 2.50 2.48 3.03 2. 86 2.52 3.63 2.97 2.42 2.78 3.08 2.53 3.00 3. 13 2.67 3. 46 2.95 2.66 3.36 3.06 2.87 Grand total. 3. 18 2.54 3.14 2.58 2.83 2.47 2.77 3.08 2.67 3.05 3.21 3. 29 2. 97 1 fetal native-born of foreign father Total native-born Total foreign-born 2.14 2. 50 2. 27 3.21 • 3.00 2. 31 2.59 2.51 2. 32 3.02 includes households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was abulated imless 10 or more schedules were secured. The foregoing table shows the average number of persons per sleep- ng room for the entire industry and for all the races, to be 2.97. The ow^est average reported is 2.14 for the whites native-born of native ^ather in the Middle West; the highest average is 3.63, reported by the ,5011 th Italians in Pennsylvania. The averages for all races show that • 482nu°— VOL 6—11 10 134 The Immigration Commission. the crowding per sleeping room is greatest in Pennsylvania, followed t by the South, the Southwest, and the Middle West. In Pennsylvania the lowest average number of persons per sleeping room is 2.27, reported by white persons native-born of native father. Four other races average fewer than three persons. Of the six races which average three or more persons per sleeping room, the South Italians, with 3.63 persons, stand highest. The effect of the congestion by apartment, by room, and by sleeping j room, upon the general living conditions of the households studied is quickly apparent from a showing of the number and per cent of the | rooms of the households not used for sleeping. The reduction of the number of persons per household and per room makes the use of separate rooms for cooking, eating, and general living purposes pos- sible, while an increase in the number of persons per apartment and per room obviously has the opposite effect, reducing or wholly elimi- nating the space which may be utilized separately for other pur- poses than sleeping. The living conditions thus brought about are set forth in the tables which are submitted below, showing the num- ber and percentage of rooms not used for sleeping, according to general nativity and race of head of household. Table 92 . — Number and 'per cent df households regularkj sleeping in all except each speci- fied number of rooms, by gen'eral nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Aver- 1 Aver- age Number of households sleeping in— Per cent of households sleeping in— Total num- ber of house- holds. age num- General nativity and race of head of household. num- ber of 1 rooms per house- hold. ber of sleeping rooms per house- hold. All rooms. All ex- cept 1 room. All ex- cept 2 rooms. All rooms. 1 All ex- cept 1 room. All ex- cept 2 rooms. Native-born of native father: White - 108 4.41 2.06 25 38 0.0 23.1 35.2 27 3. 26 1.81 18 6 .0 66.7 22.2 ... - Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: "17 M frl 1 oVl 11 4. 73 2. 27 6 (a) (a) (a) Irish - - - 15 4. 73 2. 13 1 8 (a) (a) (a) Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian. Croatian 16 132 3.63 3.98 1.88 8 6 (a) (a) (a) 2. 27 3 57 48 2.3 43.2 36.4 59.3 En{’'li‘^h 27 4. 48 2.11 1 16 .0 3.7 Erprinh 11 2. 91 1.73 2 6 2 (a) (a) (o) 52.9 Cp''TnnTi 51 4.31 2.08 7 27 .0 13.7 50 4.32 2.36 18 18 .0 36.0 36.0 33.9 40.0 29.1 39.8 45.2 36.5 (o) Italian North 316 3.68 2.06 3 165 107 .9 52.2 Italian South 200 3.74 2.09 6 90 80 3.0 45.0 Lithuanian 179 3.63 2. 13 8 99 52 4.5 55.3 Magyar 241 3.73 2.06 2 112 96 .8 46.5 52.4 Mexican 42 2. 86 1.43 1 22 19 2.4 Polish 334 3.60 1.95 11 152 122 3.3 45. 5 (a) R 0 uma n i a ^ 10 5. 10 1.80 2 1 (o) Russian 42 3. 21 2.05 2 31 9 4.8 73.8 21.4 37.2 Rutb^'Ti'f'n 43 3.91 2.12 18 16 .0 41.9 Scotch 11 5.00 2. 73 2 4 (a) (a) 38.1 (0) Slovak 454 3.66 1.87 10 189 173 2.2 41.6 («) plovf'nia.n 12 3.75 1.67 3 5 (a) Welsh . 39 4. 54 1.97 6 15 .0 15. 4 38.5 Grand total 2,371 3. 77 2. 02 48 1,032 874 2.0 43.5 .36.9 Total native-born of foreign father 26 4.73 2. 19 1 14 .0 3.8 53.8 36.0 36.9 Total 161 4. 27 2.04 44 58 .0 27.3 Total foreign-bom 2,210 3.73 2. 02 48 988 816 2.2 44.7 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining. 135 j In this table 161 native-born and 2,210 foreign-born house- holds are represented. The average number of rooms per apartment : is 4.27 in the case of the native-born, and 3.73 in the case of the for- : eign-born. The corresponding average numbers of sleeping rooms I per apartment are 2.04 and 2.02, or, in other words, the apartments I used by the native-born average about half a room more than the j apartments occupied by the foreign-born, and this additional space I is not devoted to sleeping purposes. Not any of the native-born ! households use all rooms for sleeping, but 27.3 per cent use all but one room, and 36 per cent use all but two. Of the foreign-born households, 2.2 per cent use all rooms for sleeping, 44.7 per cent use all but one room, and 36.9 per cent use all but two rooms. The 108 I households whose heads are whites native-born of native father, I have an average of 4.41 rooms per apartment; this race has no i households which use all rooms for sleeping, but 23.1 per cent use all but one room for that purpose, and 35.2 per cent use all but two. The three foreign-born races represented by the largest number of households are the North Italians, Poles, and Slovaks. The North Italians report 3.68 rooms and 2.06 sleeping rooms per apartment. Nine-tenths of 1 per cent of their households use all rooms for sleep- ing, 52.2 per cent all but one room, and 33.9 per cent all but two rooms. The Poles report 3.60 rooms and 1.95 sleeping rooms per household. Of their households, 3.3 per cent use all rooms for sleep- ing, 45.5 per cent all but one room, and 36.5 per cent all but two rooms. The Slovak apartments average 3.66 rooms and 1.87 sleep- ing rooms. Two and two-tenths per cent of the Slovak households use all rooms for sleeping, 41.6 per cent all but one room, and 38.1 per cent all but two rooms. The per cent of households of the principal races who use either all rooms or all but one room as sleeping rooms, is shown by geograph- ical divisions in the next table presented. Table 93 . — Per cent of households regularly sleeping in all rooms, or all except 1 room, hy locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUD^ OF HOUSEHOLDS.) This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Middle Pennsyl- West. vania. South. 'fative-born of native father, AVhite ■^oreign-bom: Croatian German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Slovak Grand total 'otal native-born of foreign father. . jotal native-born 1 otal foreign-born 4.5 19.6 32.0 54.0 69.6 35.7 4.5 40.9 9.1 40.5 6.7 48.6 32.8 70.4 46. 1 29.3 38.3 39.9 9.1 40.6 23.8 20.0 47.4 (P) 45.9 71.0 61.9 46.9 Total bi- South- tuminous west. coal mining.a 39.6 23.1 71.4 45.5 13.7 86.5 88.6 55.6 (P) 97.2 79.6 53. 1 48.0 59.8 47.3 48.8 43.8 66.8 48.7 45.5 "Ti 27.3 70.5 46.9 households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabu- 5 or more schedules were secured. ; oNot computed, owing to small number involved. 136 The Immigration Commission. The great variations in the percentages within each locahty indicate f that the use for sleeping purposes of all rooms, including the kitchen, r or the use of all rooms except one, which is usually the joint kitchen, dining room, and living room, is not entirely the result of local cus- ^ tom. The proportions vary in the Middle West from 4.5 per cent i of the households whose heads are whites native-born of native ^ father to 69.6 per cent of the Polish; in Pennsylvania, from 6.7 per - cent of the German households to 70.4 per cent of the Lithuanian, i in the South, from 20 per cent of the North Italian to 71 per cent of 1 the Polish; and in the Southwest, from 39.6 per cent of the whites native-born of native father to 97.2 per cent of the Polish. It will be seen that the Poles have generally the highest per ce^ ot households occupying all rooms or all but one room for sleeping This is the case in every locality except Pennsylvania, in which locality they rank third from the lowest among the races of the community. Chapter VI. SALIENT CHAKACTEEISTICS, Literacy — Conjugal condition — Visits abroad — Age classification of employees and members of their households— [Text Tables 94 to 111 and General Tables 32 to 41]. LITERACY. As regards the literacy of mine workers, the following table shows for 86,908 individual bituminous mining employees, by general na- tivity and race, the per cent who can read and the per cent who can both read and write. Table 94 — Per cent of male employees who read, and per cent who read and write, by gen- eral nativity and race. (study of employees.) (This table Includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Num- ber re- Per cent who- Num- ber re- Per cent who — General nativity and race. porting com- plete data. Read. Read General nativity and race. and write. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Aus tria-IIungary Belgium Canada England France Germany Ireland Italy Russia Scotland Sweden Wales Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Mora- vian Bulgarian Croatian Dutch English Finnish French German 18,097 96.9 96.1 6,479 75.3 73.0 813 96.4 95.8 50 98.0 98.0 47 100.0 100.0 1,775 98.5 98.1 168 97.6 97.6 2,184 99.1 98.9 1,340 98.3 97.8 182 94.0 93.4 171 95.9 94.2 906 99.6 99.6 64 100.0 100.0 462 98.5 96.5 737 94.0 93.6 176 78.4 76.7 2,404 66.9 64.8 104 98.1 97.1 2,478 97.7 97.1 70 95.7 91.4 765 91.0 89.9 2,659 96.8 90.1 Foreign-born, by race— Cont’d. Greek Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian Swedish Welsh Grand total Total native-born of for- eign father Total native-born Total foreign-born porting com- Read plete data. Read. and write. 113 65.5 924 93.5 6,584 87.8 4,197 65.7 112 89.3 1,878 79.5 4,515 89.2 107 81.3 134 69.4 7,293 77.3 154 74.7 1,826 70.8 303 59.4 1,148 99.1 130 77.7 11,238 82. 4 1,877 83.6 305 100.0 396 94.7 62.8 91.2 86.6 62.7 87.5 74.2 88.0 74.8 68.7 74.1 72.7 67.1 57.4 98.5 75.4 80.3 81.6 99.3 92.7 86,908 86.7 85.1 8,240 98.3 97.9 32,818 93.0 92.0 54,090 82.9 80.9 Of the 86,908 male employees covered by this table, 54,090 are ' foreign-born and 32,818 are native-born. Of the native-born, 8,240 were born of foreign father, 18,097 are whites born of native father, and 6,479 are negroes born of native father. Of the whole number 137 GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE 138 The Immigration Commission t Bituminous Coal Mining. 139 reporting, 14.9 per cent are unable to read and write. Of the foreign- born, 80.9 per cent are reported as being able to read and write, while 92 per cent of all native-born, 96.1 per cent of native whites born of native father, and 97.9 per cent of natives born of foreign father can read and write. Of native negroes, only 73 per cent are able to read and write. Of the native-born of foreign father, 2.1 per cent are unable to read and write. This is a better showing than that made by the native- born whites of native father, of whose number 3.9 per cent are unable to read and write. In practically all cases, the per cent able to read is but slightly higher than the per cent able to both read and write. Of the total number reporting, 1.6 per cent more are able to read than are able to both read and write. Considerable difference in this respect is noted among the Mexicans, Lithuanians, and Finns. The native-born whose fathers were born in Austria-Hungary, Italy, or Russia are the only representatives of the persons native-born of foreign father who have a larger per cent of illiterates than have the whites native- born of native father. The greatest degree of illiteracy among persons native-born of foreign father is found among those whose fathers were born in Italy. Of 1,775 reporting father born in Eng- land, 98.1 per cent are able to read and write, and of 2,184 natives with fathers born in Germany, 98.9 per cent are able to read and write. Of the foreign-born, the Dutch, English, Scotch, and Swedes report a higher per cent of literacy than do native whites born of native father. The Germans report practically the same per cent, but all other foreign-born races have a lower per cent of literacy than have the native whites born of native father. Only 64.8 per cent of the Croatians and 67.1 per cent of the Russians are able to both read and write, as compared with 80.3 per cent of the Slovaks, 81.6 per cent of the Slovenians, and 88 per cent of the Magyars. Of the North Italians, 86.6 per cent read and write. The South Italians, on the other hand, have only 62.7 per cent able both to read and to write. Of the races of southern Europe, the Bohe- mians and Moravians lead in the point of literacy. The following races rank in the order named, the first having the highest per cent of literacy: Bohemian and Moravian, Magyar, North Italian, Slo- venian, Slovak, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Croatian, Greek, South Italian, and Ruthenian. As a whole, this table emphasizes the fact that there are more illiterates among immigrants from southern and eastern Europe than among those from northern Europe and Great Britain. In the households studied the heads of which were mine workers, information relative to literacy was also obtained from 7,834 persons 10 years of age or over. Of this number, 4,747 were males and 3,087 were females. As to general nativity, 6,257 were foreign-born, 1,041 were native-born of foreign father, 452 were native-born white of native father, and 81 were native-born negroes. The number and per cent who read and who read and write are presented in the table following, by general nativity and race. 140 The Immigration Commission. Table 95 — Per cent of 'persons 10 'years of age or over 'who read, and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (study of households.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all General nativity and race of individual. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Slovak Welsh Foreign-born: Bohemian and Mora- vian Croatian English German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Welsh Grand total Total native-born of for- eign father Total native-born Total foreign-born Number reporting com- plete data. Per cent who read. Per cent who read and write. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 9 . 9.2 230 1 452 98.2 96.1 97.1 97.3 95.7 96.5 41 40 81 87.8 90.0 88.9 87.8 87.5 87.7 37 15 52 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 46 79 100.0 97.8 98.7 100.0 97.8 98.7 84 58 142 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.3 99.3 53 49 102 100.0 98.0 ' 99.0 100.0 98.0 99.0 22 19 41 95.5 78.9 87.8 95.5 78.9 87.8 23 17 40 95.7 100.0 97.5 95.7 100.0 97. 5 42 39 81 95.2 97.4 96.3 95.2 97.4 96.3 57 69 126 96.5 98.6 97.6 96.5 98.6 97.6 105 116 221 95.2 95.7 95.5 95.2 95.7 95. 5 28 23 51 96.4 100.0 98.0 96.4 100.0 98.0 23 19 42 i 100.0 94.7 97.6 100.0 94.7 97.6 218 140 358 56.4 50.0 53.9 55.0 45.0 51. 1 44 30 74 97.7 96.7 97.3 97.7 96.7 97.3 73 55 128 91.8 92. 7 92.2 90.4 1 92.7 ; 91.4 61 33 94 96.7 97.0 96.8 93.4 97. 0 94. 7 517 326 843 87.0 73.9 82.0 86.1 1 72.7 i 80.9 505 202 707 57.2 1 35.1 50.9 56.2 35.1 50. 2 287 180 467 70.7 65.0 68. 5 63.1 1 46.7 56. 7 451 255 706 93.1 85.1 90.2 91.6 1 83.9 88.8 64 38 102 67.2 23.7 51.0 65.6 23.7 50.0 654 358 1,012 75.5 70.1 73.6 72.3 64.0 (.9.6 39 13 52 82.1 61.5 76.9 82.1 61. 5 76.9 99 44 143 61.6 27.3 51.0 61.6 25.0 50. 3 106 46 152 71.7 52.2 65.8 71.7 50. 0 65. 1 707 478 1,185 82.6 76.8 80.3 81.0 71.1 77. 1 48 38 86 97.9 84.2 91.9 95.8 81.6 88.4 . 4, 747 3,087 7,834 80.9 75.9 78.9 79.1 72.5 76.5 530 511 1,041 97.2 96.1 96.6 97.2 95.9 96.5 793 784 1,577 97.0 95.8 96.4 96.7 95. 4 96. 1 . 3,954 2,303 6,257 77.6 69.1 74.5 75.6 64.7 71.6 Of the total number furnishing information for this table 23.5 per cent are not able to read and write, and 21.1 per cent are not able to read. In comparing the whites native-born of native father with the foreign-born, it is seen that among the former there are only 3.5 per cent unable to read and write as against 28.4 per cent among the latter. Comparing the native whites with natives born of .foreign father, the same per cent able to read and write is found m both ^ Of the foreign-born, the Bohemians and Moravians have only 2.4 per cent illiterate, the English 2.7 per cent, the Germans 8.6 per cent, the Irish 5.3 per cent, and the Welsh 11.6 per cent. The Magyars have 88.8 per cent able to read and write, while only 65.1 per cent of the Ruthenians and 56.7 per cent of the Lithuanians are able to read and write. Another striking difference is found in comparmg the North Italians and South Italians,^ there being a considerably larger proportion unable to read and ^vrite among the South Italians than among the North Italians. A larger per cent of illiteracy is Bituminous Coal Mining. 141 found among the women than among the men, for all races except the German and Irish. This difference between the sexes is espe- cially marked among the South Italians, the Mexicans, and the Russians. The next table shows by locality the per cent of persons 10 years of age or over in the households studied who read, by sex and by general nativity and race. Table 96. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read, hy locality, hy sex, and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of individual. Per cent of males who read in each specified locality. Per cent of females who read in each specified locality. Middle West. Penn- syl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal min- ing.a Middle West. Penn- syl- vania. 1 South. South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal min- ing.® Native-born of native father, White 100.0 98.7 (<>) 97.8 98.2 96.7 98.6 («>) 95.1 96.1 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Slovak 95.3 (fc) 94. 1 95.2 94.3 0 >) 100.0 95.7 Foreign-born: Croatian 52.3 (^) 87.5 56.4 43.4 77.8 50.0 German . 93.9 90.0 91.8 100.0 84.6 92.7 Italian, North 100.0 82.2 92.7 86.7 87.0 100.0 62.1 93.8 77.0 73.9 Italian, South 62.9 57.5 53.6 71.2 57.2 50.0 28.6 26.2 51.3 35.1 Lithuanian 98.0 65.5 43.6 75.3 70.7 92.2 48.1 60.0 65.8 65.0 Magyar 93.2 92.9 (^) 93. 1 88.2 76.3 (^) 85.1 Polish 92.0 73.2 76.3 80.0 75.5 89.5 70.0 69.0 60.5 70.1 Slovak 82.9 82.8 79.7 82.6 79.3 70.8 58.3 76.8 Grand total 92.6 79.9 75.2 85.7 80.9 89.4 73.7 67.6 78.6 75.9 Total native-horn of foreign father 100.0 97.7 90.6 95.3 97.2 96.7 95.2 100.0 96.4 96.1 Total native-born 100. 0 97.9 88.9 95.0 97.0 96 7 95.9 90.0 95. 1 95.8 Total foreign-born 90.3 76.6 74.7 82.2 77.6 86.5 67.9 65.4 68.0 69.1 o This total includes persons in households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. Not computed, owing to small number involved. The foregoing table shows the Middle West in the lead, with 92.6 per cent of males and 89.4 per cent of females able to read. The Southwest ranks second, with 85.7 per cent of the males and 78.6 per cent of the females thus reported; Pennsylvania third, with 79.9 per cent and 73.7 per cent, respectively; and the South last, the per- centage in this section being 75.2 for the males and 67.6 for the females. The males show a greater per cent of literacy than the females in each division. The table next submitted shows the per cent of foreign-born per- sons 10 years of age or over in the households studied who read, and the per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and by race of individual. 142 The Immigration Commission. Table 97 . — Per cent of foreign-horn ^persons 10 years of age or over who read, and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read, by years in United States. Per cent who read and write, by years in United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Bohemian and Moravian . . . 42 95.0 100.0 100.0 95.0 100.0 100.0 Croatian 358 56.0 54.3 49.4 52.7 52.8 45.7 English 74 96.8 100.0 97.0 96.8 100.0 97.0 German 128 85.7 92.3 97.0 83.7 92.3 97.0 Irish 94 100.0 (a) 96.3 100.0 (a) 93.8 Italian, North 843 82.4 82.2 80.9 81.8 80.6 80.0 Italian, South 707 48.3 51.6 59.0 47.0 51.6 59.0 Lithuanian 467 59.3 69.0 74.3 52.5 54.6 61.7 Magyar Mexican 706 93.2 89.9 90.8 89.4 87.2 89.3 102 44.4 59. 1 49.3 44.4 59.1 47.9 Polish n 1 TTi Q n 1 Q n 1,012 52 72.9 80.6 i 72.2 1 68.8 76.3 69. 7 80.6 67.0 68.8 71.2 Russian 143 46.7 50.0 76.5 46.7 50.0 70.6 Ruthenian 152 64.2 69.0 65.1 62.7 69. 0 65. 1 Slovak 1,185 83.8 82.8 76.0 80.2 81.9 71.7 Welsh 86 94. 1 100.0 90.2 94.1 100.0 86.9 Total 6,257 72.5 73.8 77.5 70.4 70.8 73.8 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of the persons in the United States from five to nine years, the Bohemians and Moravians, the English, and the Welsh, show 100 per cent able to read and write. The Germans follow, with 92.3 per cent, and the Magyars report 87.2 per cent. The Slovaks and North Ital- ians each report in excess of the general average. The Russians, with 50 per cent, have the smallest proportion, although the South Italians with 51.6 per cent and the Croatians with 52.8 per cent are only a little higher. The lithuanians with 54.6 per cent able to read ! and write, and the Mexicans with 59.1 per cent, are far below the aver- ‘ age for the total of all races with a residence of five to nine years. The North Italians, Magyars, and Roumanians who have been in j the United States less than five years show a greater proportion able ; to read and write than is shown by those of their races here a longer | time. The race ranking first in this classification is the Irish, all of whom can read and write. The English follow, with 96.8 per cent, and the Bohemians and Moravians with 95 per cent. The Welsh percent- i age for those with a residence under five years is 94.1; the Magyar, | 89.4 ; the German, 83.7 ; and the North Italian, 81.8. The Roumanians and Slovaks, each showing a little over 80 per cent, pe considerably above the general average for all races with a period of residence less than five years, while the Poles, with 69.7 per cent, fall just below it. The Mexicans show the greatest illiteracy among the most recent comers, only 44.4 per cent being able to read and write. The Russians come next, with 46.7 per cent, the South Italians next with 47 per cent, and the Lithuanians and Croatians show 52.5 and 52.7 per cent, respectively, able to read and write. Of persons ten or more years in the United States, the Bohemians and Moravians, with 100 per cent able to read, stand highest. The English and Germans follow, with 97 per cent in each case, and the Bituminous Coal Mining. 143 Irish, with 96.3 per cent are not far behind. The Magyars report 90.8 per cent able to read, the Welsh percentage is 90.2, and the North Italian is 80.9. These races are the only ones exceeding the general average of 77.5 per cent. The Mexicans rank the lowest of all, with the Croatians but slightly higher, their percentages being 49.3 and 49.4 respectively. Of those in the United States as mucli as five years but less than ten, all of the Bohemians and Moravians, English, and Welsh are able to j:ead. The Germans, Magyars, Slovaks, and North Italians follow in the order indicated, and each exceeds the general average of 73.8 per cent for all races. The Russians, with only 50 per cent of their people able to read, rank the lowest, and the South Italian 51.6, Croatian 54.3, and Mexican 59.1, are percentages which make a very unfavorable showing. The most recent immigrants, or those who have a residence under five years, show 72.5 per cent of their number able to read. All of the Irish furnishing information are able to read. The English take second rank with 96.8 per cent, followed by the Bohemians and Moravians with 95 per cent, the Welsh with 94.1 per cent, and the Magyars with 93.2 per cent. The Mexican 44.4 per cent is the lowest among the races with this period of residence. The percentages for the Russians, South Italians, Croatians, and Lithuanians are also very low. The table next presented makes a comparison of the races with regard to literacy of all persons who at the time of furnishing infor- mation were 10 years of age or over, by age at time of arrival in the United States, and by race. Table 98 . — Per cent of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or over who read, and per cent who read and write, hy age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign- born.] Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read, by age at time of coming to United States. Per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. Under 14. 14 or over. Bohemian and Moravian 42 (a) 97.4 100.0 97.4 Croatian 358 81.3 51.2 75.0 48.8 English 74 95.2 98.1 95.2 98.1 German 128 100.0 90.2 100.0 89.2 Irish 94 100.0 95.7 96.0 94.2 Italian, North 843 93.3 80.3 92.5 79.2 Italian, South 707 67.6 49.1 66.2 48.4 Lithuanian 467 81.0 67.3 78.6 54.6 Magyar 706 93.4 89.8 92.1 88.4 Mexican 102 48.0 51.9 44.0 51.9 Polish 1,012 87.0 71.6 86.3 66.9 Roumanian 52 (a) 75.5 100.0 75.5 Russian 143 83.3 49.6 83.3 48.9 Ruthenian i 152 83.3 63.4 83.3 62.7 Slovak 1, 185 92.5 78.5 91.8 75.0 Welsh 86 100.0 87.0 100.0 83.3 Total 6, 257 88.0 72.5 86.4 69.4 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 144 The Immigration Commission. From the foregoing table it appears that foreign-born persons, with I the exception of the English and Mexicans, who were under 14 at time of coming to the United States show a larger proportion who are literate than do those who were 14 or over at time of coming. This difference in literacy in favor of those under 14 at time of coming is most marked among the Russians, Croatians, and Roumaniaiis. Comparing those who were under 14 at time of coming, it will be seen that the Bohemians and Moravians, Germans, Roumanians, and Welsh report their entire numbers as being able to both read and write, while the English, Irish, North Italians, Magyars, and Slovaks report larger proportions with ability to both read and write than that shown for the total of all races. Those below the percent- age for the total are the Poles, Russians, Ruthenians, South Ital- ians, and Mexicans. Of the foreign-born who were 14 or over at the time of coming to, the United States, the English, Bohemians and Moravians, Irish,] Germans, Magyars, Welsh, North Italians, and Roumanians, m the order named, show larger proportions with ability to both read and write than is shown for the total in this class. CONJUGAL CONDITION. The conjugal condition of the immigrant labor supply is also of importance in its bearing upon living arrangements, migratory habits, and permanent assimilation. The following table is entered for the purpose of showing, by gen- eral nativity and race, the per cent of males 20 years of age or over wlio are single, married, or widowed. Table 99. — Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condi- tion, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are — Single. Married. Widowed. Native-born of native father: Whitp 15, 697 24.3 72.8 2.8 Negro 6,023 31.7 63.1 5.1 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: A nctrif^-TTnnc^^iTV’ 309 65.0 35.0 .0 Canada - 46 15.2 84.8 .0 E ngland - 1,329 36.3 61.9 1.9 France 120 35.8 60.8 3.3 Germany 1,820 38.3 59.9 1.8 Ireland. 1,147 39.7 56.3 4.0 Italy 65 60.0 40.0 .0 H.iissi3* 53 64.1 35.8 .0 Scotland. 666 44.7 53.6 1.7 W 3 Ui til . . .......... Italian, South 38.7 Welsh 266 98.5 1.5 Italian (not specified) T i+V»nonian 53 882 60.4 80. 5 39.6 19. 5 Total 32,966 72.1 ! 27. 9 J^ltlltlCtllKXU * . ............. Magyar 2,818 54.5 45. 5 1 __ ±'er cent oj jorexgn-born employees who report wife abroad, by race of husband. [This chart shows only r ices with 503 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, i s f )r all foreign-born.] Bituminous Coal Mining. 159 T Z < X < z 0 h < 5 ) o h < > UJ > o !j (D o o o < o D o J -J 5 Q. Of (/) (0 ifi 160 The Immigration Commission. On the basis of the information furnished by 32,966 individuals in the foregoing table, it is seen that 72.1 per cent of this number, or nearly three-fourths, have their wives in the United States. The table also shows that one-third of the races furnishing infor- mation report that more than 90 per cent of the husbands have their: wives in the United States. The races that comprise this group are the older immigrants to this country, principally from Great Britain! and northern Europe, together with the Bohemians and Moravians and the Mexicans. The proportions of these races with wives in the United States range from 98.5 per cent of the Swedish and Welsh toj 92.5 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians. Among the more recent immigrant races the proportion of husbands with wives in the United States is by no means so large. Only one race, the Lithuanian, shows 80 per cent or over of husbands having wives in this country j four races, the Finnish, North Italian, Polish, f and Slovenian, show from 70 to 75 per cent each; five, the Greek, j South. Italian, Italian not specified, Servian, and Slovak, show between i 60 and 70 per cent; and three, the Magyar, Russian, and Ruthenian,,i show between 50 and 60 per cent. The Croatian shows 43.5 per centi of husbands with wives in the United States, while the Bulgarian, ' Montenegrin, and Roumanian races show 23.9, 22.7, and 19.6 per cent, respectively. The following table shows the per cent of husbands who report wife' abroad, by locality and race of husband: Table 105.— Per cent of foreign-horn husbands who report wife abroad, by locality and by race of husband. (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting in each of two or more localities. The total, however, is for all races.] 1 Race of husband. 1 Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- ! west. i Total bitumi- nous coal mining. Bohemian and Moravian 3.4 8.7 (a) (a) 7.5 Croatian. 42.9 57.0 65.4 (a) 56.5 English 4.4 2.7 1.1 1.1 3.0 French 4.7 8.6 (a) 2.3 6.0 Oerman 3.2 4.8 14.9 4.6 4.7 Irish . . 2.7 1.8 (a) 1.8 1.8 Italian, North 21.0 36.7 33.5 22.6 30.0 Italian, South 36.1 39.4 43.4 22.3 38.7 Lithuanian 20.2 20.2 («) 6.4 19.5 Magyar 36.2 46.8 48.3 (a) 45-5 Polish 20.9 28.1 34.9 22.4 27.5 Russian 36.6 47.1 (a) 17.2 44.4 Scotch.. 6.2 2.1 .0 2.2 3.0 Slovak 11.5 32.9 40.2 23.3 31.5 Slovenian 21.4 29.6 (a) 15.4 27.1 Swedish .0 2.0 (a) (a) 1.5 Welsh .0 2.9 (“) (a) 1.5 Total 16.5 30.7 40.7 14.3 27.9 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of all husbands reporting in the foregoing table 27 .9 per cent report that their wives are abroad. The greatest proportion of husbands whose wives are not in this country is found in the South. Of all husbands reporting from that locality 40.7 per cent report their wives Bituminous Coal Mining. 161 abroad, as compared with 30.7 per cent of those reporting from Penn- sylvania, 16.5 per cent from the Middle West, and 14.3 per cent from the Southwest. The Croatians show a greater proportion of husbands whose wives are abroad than do any of the other races for whom information was secured. The Croatians in Pennsylvania show a much larger proportion of wives abroad than is reported by this race in the Middle West, and those in the South report a percentage considerably higher still. In the South and Pennsylvania there is little difference in the proportions of Magyar husbands reporting their wives abroad, each of these localities, however, showing a larger proportion than does the Middle West. In regard to the South Italians, Poles, and Slovaks there is, as with the Magyars, very little difference between the South and Penn- sylvania in the proportions of husbands whose v/ives are not living in the United States, the South in each instance reporting a slightly larger proportion than Pennsylvania, and each of these localities showing a larger proportion than the Middle West or Southwest. As previously stated, the above-mentioned races in the South show larger proportions with wives abroad than are shown in any other local- ity, whereas of the North Italians, Russians, and Slovenians, larger proportions are noted in Pennsylvania than elsewhere. Because of the small number of Russians and Slovenians reported from the South, a comparison of this with other localities is precluded. It will be noted, however, that the Russians’ 47.1 per cent in Pennsyl- vania is a proportion considerably larger than that for the Middle W'est and very much larger than that for the Southwest. A similar statement is true of the Slovenians, except that there is not such a linarked difference in the proportions. The proportions of the Lithuanian husbands in Pennsylvania and in the Middle West ■'eporting wives abroad are identical, and are much higher than the proportion reported from the Southwest. As regards the remaining foreign-born husbands, the Bohemians md Moravians, French, Swedes, and Welsh show larger proportions in Pennsylvania with wives abroad, and the English, Irish, and Scotch larger proportions in the Middle West, than in any other ocality. With the exception of the German husbands, 14.9 per cent of whom in the South report their wives abroad, the husbands among ;Re older immigrant races in not a single locality report proportions iqual to 10 per cent, while in the majority of cases these propor- lons are less than 5 per cent. The table next presented indicates the relation between period of 'esidence in the United States of married males and the location of heir wives, or, in other words, the tendency on the part of wives who have been living abroad to join their husbands after the hus- bands have been in the United States a specified number of years. 162 The Immigration Commission. Table 106 . — Per cent of foreign-horn husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husbam and by years husband has been in the United States. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) (By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includei only races with 200 or more husbands reporting.] ( Race of husband. Number having been in United ! States each specified number of years who report location of wife. Per cent having been in Uniteci States each specified numbeii of years who report ^vif(! abroad. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Total. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Total, i Boheinian and Moravian 129 144 263 536 24.8 4.2 0.8 7.i Croatian 561 526 181 1,268 1,754 498 78.1 43.9 26.0 56.5 English 245 159 1,350 265 15.5 6.3 .3 3.(' French 96 137 15.6 3.6 3.8 6.(' German 221 240 1, 403 556 1,864 597 26.7 7.1 .8 4. 7 \ Irish 22 19 4.5 5.3 1.6 1.8' Italian, North 930 1,326 948 1,105 3,361 2, 237 882 58.8 24.8 11.9 30.C!| Italian, South 715 574 67.0 30.8 16.6 38. Lithuanian 138 305 439 52.2 17.7 10.5 19. SS Magyar 1,145 1, 354 422 1,033 1,559 640 2,818 4, 367 1,025 204 69.3 34.7 20.3 45.5! Polish 1, 454 56.6 20.9 7.4 27. £1 Russian 306 297 81.0 25.8 11.4 44.4 Ruthenian 82 55 67 76.8 32.7 11.9 43.6. Scotch 87 71 629 787 17.2 7.0 .6 3.0 Slovak 2, 049 284 2,685 436 3,128 272 7,862 992 63.6 27.8 13.6 31.5 Slovenian 48.6 22.0 12.9 27.1 Swedish 4 15 182 201 25.0 6.7 .5 1.5 Welsh 15 7 244 266 13.3 28.6 .0 1.5 That a much larger proportion of males of the races from Great Britain and northern Europe than of those from southern and eastern Europe are accompanied by their wives upon entering this country, or send for them within a short time after their arrival, is apparent from the above table. For example, the English show that only 15.5 per cent of those who have been in the United States less than five years, 6.3 per cent of those with a residence of from five to nine years, and 0.3 per cent of those who have been in the United States ten years or over, have their wives abroad. Of the more recent immigrants, those in the United States less than five years, the Russians show a larger proportion having their wives abroad than does any other race, their figure being 81 per cent. Closely following the Russians are the Croatians and Ruthe- nians, each showmg over 75 per cent without their wives in this country. In the second period of residence group, comprising those in the United States from five to nine years, it is noticeable that, of these three races, the Russians have only 25.8 per cent with their vdves abroad, as compared with 43.9 per cent of the Croatians and 32.7 per cent of the Ruthenians. Twenty-four and eight-tenths per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians with a residence of less than five years report wives abroad, as do only 4.2 per cent of those with a residence of from five to nine years, and 0.8 per cent of those who have been in the United States ten years or over. These percentages, it will be noted from the above table, are the smallest shown by any one of the more recent immigrant races. The fact that a large proportion of the males of foreign-born races do eventually bring their wives to the United States, as shown in the above table, indicates a certain tendency on the part of these races, greater with some than others, toward making a permanent residence Bituminous Coal Mining. 163 z < < r to 2 1. 1 < □ < I o 0 cr o cc z u CO o y CD - i _l r Z < I u (/3 in h $ _J m o o O D u -I Q. a: lO 10 UNDER 5 I ^ m = 5 TO 9 Vy///y/////A lo OR OVER 164 The Immigration Commission. VISITS ABROAD. Among the mine workers of recent immigration there is a constant i movement in progress both within this country and between this country and Europe. Owing to the fact that a large proportion of mining employees of recent immigration are unmarried, and even when married are not in any considerable numbers property holders, and, at the same time, are unimpeded by personal belongings which are of value or difficult to transport, they move readily from one community to another of the coal industry, and, with equal facility, from coal mining to another industry, according to the fluctuating demands for labor. This tendency is especially noticeable in times of industrial depression, when there is an exodus of immigrant rnine workers from the affected districts and an influx into communities and localities where work is still available. The mobility of the ' immigrant labor supply is also evident in the development of new coal fields, as in the case of the opening of the coal-producing territory of the Southwest, where immigrants are brought long distances to operate the new mines. Immigrants also make many visits abroad. These visits may be made for one or all of several reasons. Many immigrants who have been in this country for a period of years return to their native land to bring over their wives and families; others owning property abroad return to settle up their affairs preparatory to making the United | States their permanent home; a great many immigrants, especially I those from southern and eastern Europe, come to this country with the idea of remaining only a few years, or until they can save suffi- cient money to return to their native land, and others go to Europe solely for a visit to friends and relatives. Very often during a strike or suspension in the coal-mining industry, numbers of immigrants return to Europe and remain there until work in the mines is resumed. For example, during a recent strike in Oklahoma, over 100 South Italians left one small mining town within a week and returned to Italy, where they remained until mining was resumed, bringing other immigrants with them when they returned to the United States. In other coal fields many immigrants declared that the cost of living was so much lower in Europe that in times of unsteady work or strikes in this country they could return to their native country and in five or six months’ time the difference between what they would have to spend for living in the United States while idle and the cost of living abroad would pay their traveling expenses to and from Europe. In the course of the individual study of foreign-born mining em- ployees information regarding the number of visits made abroad was secured. These data are set forth in the table next presented, by race and period of residence in the United States. Bituminous Coal Mining. 165 Table 107 . Visits abroad made by foreign-horn male employees, by years in the United States and race. (study of employees.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States This tahV includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for alllnS.Kir. . Race. Bohemian and Moravian. Bulgarian Croatian English French German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Swedish iVelsh Total . Number in United States— Under 5 5 to 9 10 years years. years. or over. Total. 164 133 197 494 130 17 7 154 619 419 131 1, 169 315 184 1,231 1,730 140 181 294 615 311 246 1,319 1,876 28 25 399 452 1, 943 1,922 1,280 5,145 1, 279 1,148 509 2, 936 365 557 568 1,490 1,070 802 488 2, 360 27 23 51 101 no 12 3 125 1, 602 1, 173 870 3,645 84 12 4 100 691 368 258 1,317 64 42 41 147 106 79 618 803 1,948 1,709 1,713 5, 370 533 491 259 1,283 13 21 136 170 21 9 247 277 12, 020 10, 051 11,117 33, 188 Per cent reporting one or more visits, who have been in United States— Under 5 years. 4.3 .8 10.7 9.8 2.1 4.2 7.1 9.9 14.5 2.7 11.9 37.0 .9 7.2 7.1 7.2 15.6 15.1 14.3 8.4 7.7 28.6 5 to 9 years. 10.0 6.0 35.3 22.7 25.5 8.8 7.3 12.0 26.0 29.9 6.8 23.1 30.4 16.7 14.3 33.3 16.3 28.6 36.7 26.1 13.0 14.3 33.3 21.0 10 years or over. 3.6 14.3 22.9 23.1 21.4 9.1 15.3 38.3 36.3 10.9 27.5 31.4 33.3 15.6 .0 15.9 34.1 27.8 26.2 14.7 19.1 21.5 Total. 4.5 5.2 16.3 20.9 13.3 8.0 14.6 23.0 24.3 7.4 18.9 32.7 3.2 11.5 10.0 11.5 24.5 27.0 21.9 11.5 17.6 22.4 22.4 17.5 Of the 33,188 foreign-born males reporting, 17.5 per cent are shown )y the loregoing table to have made one or more visits abroad. Those vho have been in this country under five years show 10 per cent who lave made visits abroad; those here between five and nine years ihow 21 per cent; and those with a residence of ten years or over show 12 4 per cent of their number making such visits; indicating for the otal loreign-born an increasing per cent visiting their native lands IS the period of residence in the United States is extended. Immigrants from Mexico show the highest per cent visiting their lative land, 37 per cent of those who have been in this country under ive years, 30.4 per cent of those here between five and nine years -nd 31.4 per cent of those with a residence of ten years or over having uade one or more visits to Mexico. Most of the Mexicans reporting ^ere from the coal mines of Oklahoma, and as the trip from there to lexico IS neither a long nor an expensive one, many Mexicans visit heir native land each summer, returning to this country in the fall ^hen work is more steady. Montenegrins show the lowest per cent ^ 10 make visits abroad, only 3.2 per cent of the total number report- ig having visited abroad. On account of the small number of this ace from whom data were secured, however, the figures given are ot condusive Races from northern Europe given in the table iclude English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, French, German, and Swedish, h these races the Scotch show the highest per cent visiting Eurone r 27 per cent of the 803 reporting. Of Scotchmen 15.1 per cent t those who have been m this country under five years, 36.7 per 3nt ot those here between five and nine years, and 27.8 of those 48296 °— VOL 6—11 12 166 Thz Immigration Commission. Per cent of foreign-horn male employees reporting one or more visits abroad, by years in | the United States and race. [This chart shows only races with 1,000 or more employees reporting.] UNDER S VRS □ Yres.0R OVEI Bituminous Coal Mining. 167 1 , with a residence of ten years or over, have made visits to their native land. Germans rank the lowest in the matter of visits abroad among the races in this group, or 8 per cent of a total of 1,876 report- ing. Of the total number in the United States under five years 4.2 per cent have visited abroad; of those with a residence of between 1 five and nine years 7.3 per cent, and of those here ten vears or over 9.1 per cent. It was found that many Germans came to this countrv in order to escape niilit ary service and, consequently, do not visit ! Europe for fear of being forced into the army. The small numbers returning to their home country would also indicate that the interests of members of this race who are here are thoroughly centered in the United States. The percentages show that more visits abroad were made by races from Great Britain than by the other races included in the group from northern Europe. Of the English-speaking races, the Irish show the lowest per cent; of 452 reporting, only 14.6 per cent have visited abroad. Both North and South Italians show a large jier cent visiting abroad. Of the 5,145 North Italians reporting, 23 per cent have "Visited their native country. Those of this race in this country under five years show 9.9 per cent making visits abroad; those here between five and nine years show 26 per cent, and those with a residence of ten years or over show 38.3 per cent. Data were secured from 2,936 South Italians, 24.3 per cent of whom have made one or more visits abroad; the proportions of those visiting abroad are 14.5 per cent of those in this country under five years, 29.9 per cent of those here between five and nine years, and 36.3 per cent of those with a residence of ten years or over. Slavic races include the Croatian, Polish, Russian, Slovak, Slove- nian and other ra^s reporting in smaller numbers. Of the races in this group, the Polish, Russian, and Slovenian each report 11.5 per cent visiting abroad, and the Croatians report 16.3 per cent. Of the 5,370 of the Slovak race reporting, 21.9 per cent have visited tiieir native land. Li thuaifians, numbering 1,490, show only 7.4 per cent making visits ai^oad. Of those of this race in the United States under five years, -.7 per cent have made one or more visits to the liome country; those with a residence between five and nine years show 6.8 per cent, and those here ten years or over show 10.9 per cent. Members or this race have come to this country with the idea of making it tlieir permanent home, and of those interviewed very few expressed any desire to visit their native land. The significant showing of the table in its bearing upon the charac- ter ot recent immigration as contrasted with that of past years is the xact that the races of old immigration, as a rule, revisit their native ,^ands only after an extended residence in the United States, indi- atin" that the races have become more or less permanently estab- ished m this country, and the visits abroad are mainly for the :)urpose of renewing temporarily old ties and associations. On the )tiier hand, the races of recent immigration revisit Europe with com- Daratwely greater frequency and after a shorter period of residence n this country, which makes them a more fioating and transitory )art of the population. Per cent of Joreiqn-honi male employees repoHing one or more risils abroad, by race. [This chart shows only races with 1,000 or more employees reporting. The total, however, is tor all loreign-bom.] 1 168 The Immigration Commission. O oo a o Ld U < q: SLOVENIAN Bituminous Coal Mining. 169 The percentage of foreign-born males making one or more visits abroad is set forth by locality and by race in the following table: Table 108 . — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees reporting one or more visits abroad, by locality and by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Race. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal mining. Bohemian and Moravian 3.2 4.6 (a) (a) 4.5 Croatian 16.0 16.4 16.4 (a) 16.3 English 20.6 22.6 25.0 13.4 20.9 French 11.1 16.4 (a) 11.2 13.3 German 7.3 8.6 9.2 7.7 8.0 Irish 12.5 15.8 (a) (a) 14. 6 Italian, North 20.4 24.0 29.1 22.7 23.0 Italian, South 20.0 27.6 22.3 24.1 24.3 Lithuanian 7.7 4.4 (a) 13.6 7.4 Magyar 14.4 20.5 20.5 (a) 18.9 Polish 7.9 12.1 10.5 17.9 11.5 Russian 10.1 12.1 (o) 14.3 11.5 Scotch 24.3 25.4 36.3 31.7 27.0 Slovak 10.3 24.6 19.4 5.9 21.9 Slovenian 7.0 12.7 (a) 8.2 11.5 Welsh 22.0 21.4 (a) (a) 22.4 Total 14.0 18.8 19.1 17.2 17.5 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. An ‘inspection of the totals of the preceding table shows that the percentages of males of all races, making trips abroad differ but little for the several localities. The variation among the entries is within 6 points, the highest percentage for any one locality being entered for the South. There are seven races for which percentages are computed in every locality. These may be divided into two groups, the first to include Germans, English, and Scotch, and the second, Poles, Slovaks, and North and South Italians. In the first group the Germans show the lowest percentages for all localities, ranging from 7.3 in the Middle West to 9.2 in the South. On the other hand, the Scotch included in the same group show not only the highest percentage for this group, but, with the exception of the South Italians in Pennsyl- vania, the highest percentage for all localities. In the second group the Italians report the highest average proportions, varying between 20 and 30 per cent. The entries for the other two races in the sec- ond group are comparatively low, except for the Poles in the South- west and the Slovaks in Pennsylvania and the South. AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSE- HOLDS. Information as to the ages of the coal-mining employees and the members of their households is of value as indicating both the general composition of the working body and something of the conditions under which the workers live. Data upon this subject were secured by means of the household study, and are presented in the tables which follow. The classification is according to age groups, sex, and general nativity and race of heads of households. The presentation IS by percentages. 170 1 The Immigration Commission. Table 109 .— Per cent of persons within each age group, hy sex and by general nativity . and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]- MALE. Per cent within each specified age group. General nativity and race of head of household. i Number reporting complete data. Under 6. 6 to 13. 14 and 15. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign fattier, by race of father, Irish Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian ] English German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Russian Ruthenian Slovak Welsh 259 54 48 48 329 91 1 161 1 162 853 ! 717 481 727 112 1,018 100 155 1,290 98 19.7 13.0 18.8 18.8 24.9 11.0 1 15. 5 1 14.8 24.2 20.8 26. 6 18.6 23 2 22.9 25.0 18.7 23.3 10.2 19.3 20.4 29. 2 27.1 9.4 22. 0 21.7 17.9 14.7 10.0 13.7 14.3 17.0 13.6 7.0 12.9 17. 1 23.5 3.5 7.4 6.3 6.3 .9 5.5 4.3 6.2 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.9 .9 1.3 2.0 .6 2.4 2.0 8.1 5.6 4.2 6.3 4.6 11.0 6.8 15.4 4.3 6.3 3.5 5.2 4.5 4.8 1.0 14.8 4.7 13.3 15.1 9.3 16.7 16.7 26.7 18.7 16.1 13.6 22.3 30.5 18.9 22.3 17.0 23.6 33.0 20.6 19.9 15.3 21.2 37.0 12.5 14.6 28.0 17.6 22.4 12.3 25.4 26. 1 31.0 30.1 27.7 28.4 31.0 24.5 25.3 14.3 13.1 7.4 12.5 10.4 5.5 14.3 LI.O 19.8 6.9 4.5 4.6 7.6 9.8 5.5 1.0 7.7 7.3 21.4 Grand total 6, 860 21.6 14.9 2.3 5.7 22.0 26.1 7.5 Total native-born of foreign father Total native-born Total foreign-born 73 386 6,474 19.2 18.7 21.8 27.4 21.0 14.5 5.5 4.4 2.1 4.1 7.0 5.7 15.1 14.2 22.4 17.8 22.8 26.3 11.0 11.9 7.2 FEMALE. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Russian Ruthenian Slovak Welsh 238 66 41 43 239 56 139 130 647 374 337 477 84 763 73 109 1,089 86 14.7 22.7 14.6 20.9 31.4 16.1 17.3 12.3 28.6 27.0 28.5 30.0 27.4 29.8 24.7 33.9 31. 6 11.6 24.4 25.8 24.4 23.3 11.3 21.4 24.5 25.4 19.0 18.2 15.1 15.5 13.1 21.4 15.1 20.2 21.1 23.3 4.2 3.0 7.3 2.3 1.3 7.1 5.0 8.5 2.5 2.9 1.5 2.3 4.8 3.0 .0 4.6 2.9 4.7 9.2 7.6 9.8 14.0 3.8 5.4 10.1 10.8 4.3 4.5 3.0 5.2 8.3 3.3 4.1 4.6 4.1 10.5 19.7 18.2 19.5 16.3 31.4 14.3 11.5 14.6 22.7 25.7 27.9 23.1 11.9 21.9 41.1 18.3 18.8 9.3 18.9 19.7 19.5 14.0 17.6 21.4 20.1 13.8 19.0 17.6 20.5 20. 1 25.0 18.0 13.7 18.3 17.6 17.4 8.8 3.0 4.9 9.3 .3.3 14.3 11.5 14.6 3.9 4.0 3.6 3.8 9.5 2.8 1.4 .0 3.8 23.3 Grand total 5,112 27.3 19.4 3.2 5.1 21.6 18.5 5.0 Total native-born of foreign father Total native-born Total foreign-born 68 372 4,740 17.6 16.7 28.2 2.3.5 24. 5 19.1 8.8 4.8 3.0 7.4 8.6 4.8 17.6 19.1 21.8 22.1 19.6 18.3 2.9 6.7 4.9 I Bituminous Coal Mining. 171 Table 103 . — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued . TOTAL. General nativity and race of head of household. Number reporting complete data. Per cent within each specified age group. Under 6. 6 to 13. 14 and 15. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Native-born of native father: White 497 17.3 21.7 3.8 8.7 17.3 20.1 11. 1 Negro 120 18.3 23.3 5.0 6.7 14.2 27.5 5. 0 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish 89 16.9 27.0 6.7 6.7 18.0 15.7 9.0 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 91 19.8 25.3 4.4 9.9 16.5 14.3 9.9 Croatian .568 27.6 10.2 1.1 4.2 28.7 23.6 4.6 English 147 12.9 21.8 6.1 8.8 17.0 19.0 14.3 German 300 16.3 23.0 4.7 8.3 14.0 21.3 12.3 Irish 292 13.7 21.2 7.2 13.4 14.0 13.0 17.5 Italian, North 1,500 26.1 16.5 2.3 4.3 22.5 22.7 5.6 Italian, South 1,091 22.9 12.8 2.2 5.7 28.9 23.2 4.3 Lithuanian 818 27.4 14.3 1.6 3.3 22.6 26.7 4.2 Magyar 1,204 23.1 14.8 2.1 5.2 22.6 26.2 6.1 Mexican 196 25.0 15.3 2.6 6.1 14.8 26.5 9.7 Polish 1,781 25.8 16.9 2.0 4.2 22.9 23.9 4.3 Russian 173 24.9 10.4 1.2 2.3 36.4 2,3.7 1.2 Ruthenian 264 25.0 15.9 2.3 10.6 19.7 22.0 4.5 Slovak 2,379 27.1 18.9 2.7 4.5 19.3 21.8 5.7 Welsh 184 10.9 2,3.4 3.3 12.0 12.5 15.8 22.3 Grand total 11,972 24.0 16.8 2.7 5.5 21.8 22.8 S 6.4 Total native-born of foreign father 141 18.4 25.5 7.1 5.7 16.3 19.9 7.1 Total native-born 758 17.7 22.7 4.6 7.8 16.6 21.2 9.4 Total foreign-born 11,214 24.5 16.4 2.5 5.3 22.1 22.9 6.2 The total number of individuals for whom complete data were reported is 11,972. Of these, 6,860, or 57.3 per cent, are males. Itwill be noted that the great majority of individuals of both sexes belong to households the heads of which are foreign-born. This is due to the fact that the taking of data was confined almost entirely to house- ; holds whose heads are foreign-born, a small number of native-born schedules having been taken in each district for purposes of compari- son. Of the males for whom information is incorporated in the tables, 6,474, or 94.4 per cent, of the females 4,740, or 92.7 per cent, and of both males and females 11,214, or 93.7 per cent, are classified as ‘Toreign-born.” Inasmuch as the classification according to race is I based upon the birthplace of the heads of households, it is obvious * that the tables give no exact indication of the nativity of the indi- I viduals. This fiact is, however, immaterial for the purposes of the tables. Of the total number of individuals for whom information was reported, it will be seen that 51 per cent, or about one-half, are 20 yeps of age or over. Twenty-four per cent, or about one-fourth, are I children under 6. Children of school age constitute 16.8 per cent, or 1 about one-sixth of the entire number. There is a very small propor- I tion, 6.4 per cent, of individuals 45 years of age or over. A com- j parison of households the heads of which are foreign-born with those ^ the heads of which are native-born shows for the native-born a lower percentage of young children and a higher percentage of children of for the foreign-born, of individuals from 14 school age and ot persons 45 or over thar Among the native households the proportion 172 The Immigration Commission. to 19 years of age is higher than among the foreign households. The proportion of individuals 20 years of age or over is less for the native- Lrn than for the foreign-born. In the group of households whose heads are classified as native-born of foreign father the percentage of children under 6 years of age and of individuals 20 to 44 years of age is lower than for either the foreign-born or the total number of ■ individuals. Among the foreign households the races having t e largest percentage of young children are the Croatians, Lithuanians Slovaks, and North Italians; those having the largest percentage of children of school age are the Bohemians and Moravians, Welsh, Germans, English, and Irish; and those haying the largest percentage of individuals 45 years of age or over are the Welsh, Irish, English, *^”co^PMhig the table for males with that for females, it will be noted that for all individuals for whom information was reported as well as for the individuals in households the heads of which are foreign-born, the percentage of males who are 15 years of age or over is consider- ably higher than the percentage of females who are 15 ^ears ot age or over The relation of the percentages for the sexes is indicated by general nativity in the following table : Table UQ.— Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number report- ing com- plete data. Per cent within each specified age group. General nativity of head of house- hold and sex of individual. Under 6.1 6 to 13. 14 and 15. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Native-born of foreign father: Male 73 19.2 27.4 5.5 4.1 7.4 15.1 17.8 99 1 11.0 2.9 Female 68 17.6 23.5 8.8 17. 6 Native-born: Mal'^ 386 18.7 21.0 4.4 7.0 8.6 14.2 22.8 1 Q A 11.9 6.7 F6II13'l6 372 16.7 24.5 4.8 19. 1 ly. D Foreign-bom; Mnlp 6,474 21.8 14.5 2.1 5.7 22.4 01 Q 26.3 7.2 4.9 Female 4,740 28.2 19.1 3.0 4.8 Zv. O io. o Total male - 6,860 21.6 14.9 2.3 5.7 5.1 22.0 26.1 IOC l.b 5.0 TotStl f6rD.3(lG 5,112 27.3 19.4 3.2 21. 6 lo. 0 J From this table it appears that among the foreign households the proportion of females in the lower age groups is h^her than the pro Urtion of males in the same groups. Summarizing briefly, it may be said that the proportion of children under 6 years of age is greater in the foreign households than in the native; that the proportion of persons 45 or over is greater among the native than among the foreign; and that for all households the proportions of females under 15 years of age are higher than for the males of the same age group, the difference in age between the sexes being especially marked m the case of the foreign-born. t/Ll© OS'S© 01 LIl© iUl il* ^ ^ As regards the age characteristics of the immigrant mine workers the following table shows, by general nativity and race, the per ceni of male employees within each age group. Bituminous Coal Mining, 178 Table 111 . — Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race. (SlUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number Per cent within each specified age group. General nativity and race. reporting complete data. Under 14. 14 to 19. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 44. 45 to 54. 55 or over. Native-born of native fa- ther: White 18,410 0.1 14.3 18.1 17.0 14.3 20.1 11.3 4.8 Negro 6,659 .4 8.8 17.6 19.6 14.8 19.8 14.3 4.7 Native-born of foreign fa- ther, by country of birth of father: 2.2 .1 Austria-Hungary 820 .1 62.0 27.2 6.8 1.3 .2 Belgium 51 .0 62.7 23.5 11.8 2.0 .0 .0 .0 Canada 49 .0 6.1 8.2 14.3 22.4 32.7 10.2 6.1 England 1,792 .3 25.3 22.2 15.3 12.6 15.8 6.4 2.1 France 172 .0 30.2 18.0 18.0 11.6 7.6 9.9 4. 7 Germany 2,248 (a) 18.6 22.2 15.5 10.7 18.5 11.1 3.4 Ireland 1,344 .0 14.1 17.5 13.4 12.9 21.9 15.8 4.4 Italy 196 .5 66.3 22.4 8.2 2.0 . 5 .0 .0 Russia 176 .6 69.3 22.7 4.0 1.1 1.1 .0 1.1 Scotland 921 .1 27.0 26.5 16.9 11.1 11.5 5.4 1.4 Sweden 66 .0 39.4 33.3 18.2 6.1 3.0 .0 .0 Wales 464 .2 18.3 15.3 18.1 13.4 22.0 8.2 4.5 Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Mora- 10.6 6.5 vian 742 .0 5.1 10.9 17.7 19.9 29.2 Bulgarian 176 .0 6.2 22.7 35.2 14.2 14.8 4.5 2.3 Croatian 2,411 .0 9.4 28.2 21.4 15.8 18. 5 6.0 .6 Dutch 104 .0 8.7 9.6 21.2 14.4 22.1 20.2 3.8 English 2,486 .0 3.0 7.3 12.1 15.7 23.2 23.1 15.6 Finnish 70 .0 4.3 8.6 17.1 22.9 31.4 11.4 4.3 French 778 .1 6.0 10.3 16.1 18.1 24.3 17.6 7.5 German 2,680 .0 4.3 7.7 11.4 15.0 25.6 16.3 19.6 Greek 113 .0 5.3 26.5 24.8 14.2 19.5 7.1 2.7 Irish 923 .0 . 7 4.6 8.9 9.2 22.8 31.7 22.2 Italian, North 6,613 (a) 7.2 20.6 23.3 19.7 21.4 6.4 1.3 Italian, South 4,247 (a) 9.9 22.9 22.9 17.6 19.0 6.5 1.3 Italian (not specified) . . 108 .0 5.6 30.6 22.2 13.9 20.4 7.4 .0 Lithuanian 1,885 .0 1.6 17.9 27.0 19.8 25.4 7.4 1.0 Magyar 4,542 .0 8.2 18.3 20.8 18.8 24.8 7.8 1.3 Mexican 111 .0 6.3 15.3 14.4 15.3 23.4 19.8 5.4 Montenegrin 136 .0 8.8 30.9 22.1 17.6 14.0 6.6 .0 Polish 7,302 .0 5.3 19.0 22.8 18.3 24.5 8. 5 1.7 Roumanian 155 .0 10.3 13.5 21.9 16.1 25.8 11.6 .6 Russian 1,841 .0 5.3 20.0 25.1 18.3 22.9 7.4 .9 Ruthenian 303 .0 10.6 15.2 26.4 15.5 25.4 5.9 1.0 Scotch 1,153 .0 3.8 7.4 11.4 15.1 21.2 26.6 14.6 Servian 129 .0 7.8 30.2 29.5 13.2 14.7 3.1 1.6 Slovak 11,230 .0 7.4 18.8 20.3 16.8 25.7 9.3 1.7 Slovenian 1,897 .0 7.8 20.8 24.0 18.3 19.6 7.5 1.9 Swedish 307 .0 1.6 7.8 9.4 14.3 30.9 23.5 12.4 Welsh 394 .0 2.0 5.8 7.4 13.2 21.6 26.4 23.6 Grand total 87,765 .1 10.3 18.3 19.1 15.9 21.7 10.6 4.1 Total native-born of foreign father 8,378 .1 27.3 22.0 14.2 10.3 15.1 8.3 2.7 Total native-born 33, 449 .2 16.4 19.0 16.8 13.4 18.8 11.2 4.2 Total foreign-born 54,316 (a) 6. 5 17.8 20.5 17.5 23.4 10.3 4.0 a Less than 0.05 per cent. It appears from this table that of the male employees for whom, information was secured only a fraction of 1 per cent are under 14 years of age, 10.3 per cent are from 14 to 19, 18.3 per cent are from 20 to 24, 19.1 per cent are from 25 to 29, 15.9 per cent are from 30 to 34, 21.7 per cent are from 35 to 44, 10.6 per cent are from 45 to 54, and only 4.1 per cent are 55 or over. The proportion of employees under 25 years of age is largest for those native-born of foreign father ; of those from 25 to 44 years of age it is largest for the foreign-born; and of those 45 years of age or over it is largest for the native-born of native father. GENERAL NATIVITY AND RACE 174 The Immigration Commission, t 1 1 -o cn c o o CO eI.Ii II.IiiIiIL. IIiI m > ZcD^< UJ lij > >o < ) 12.3 Slovak 457 56 Slovenian 12 2 (^) 60.0 Welsh 40 24 Grand total 2, 363* C491 20.8 Total native-born of for- eign father 25 11 44.0 34.8 Total native-born 164 57 Total foreign-bora 2,199 C434 19.7 “These houses are described in considerable detail in the sections of the report which take up the various coiumunities studied. In each locality the “company houses” are much alike, being generally TOiisiructed after one plan with a variation only in the number of rooms. See Chapter V, p. 105, on Housing and living conditions.” - Not computed, owing to s^all number involved. <=Not including 1 family not reporting complete data. 177 Per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family. ■■This chart shows only races with 100 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. 178 The Immigration Commission. O 00 O CD O UJ o o 2: < > < _I < cc LxJ z LiJ o Cfc! > 5 < O z u. I I h- h z Qd D Or: O O z o z Z tn < ID < z tt: T 1 z CD o z < z < _j < 3 X CD -L cn Ij O Qd < < H < o UJ 0^ U 1- 1- 2 Gu cn z Z o Of CD ° I ? z u CD ii Q h Bituminous Coal Mining. 179 This table shows that of the 2,363 families studied, 20.8 per cent own their homes. Among races represented by 20 or more fami- lies, the race having the highest per cent of families owning homes is the foreign-born Irish, with 62 per cent; the second the foreign-born Welsh, with 60 per cent; the third the native whites of native father, with 37.2 per cent. Among the races of recent irnmigration, the North Italian has the highest rank, with 32.6 per cent of its members, and the Lithuanian the second, with 24.7 per cent, owning homes. The Magyars, the Slovaks, and the Croatians all have a very low proportion of home owners, the percentages being 6.2, 12.3, and 12.4, respectively. Besides considering the extent to which homes have been acquired, it is worth while to determine whether the tendencies exhibited in the showing for the industry as a whole are characteristic of the races, or whether they arise from different opportunities in the various localities studied. For this reason the table which follows is pre- sented. This table brings into comparison the per cent of families owning their homes in each of the four geographical divisions of the bituminous industry. Table 113 . — Per cent of families owning home, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) (This table includes only races with 40 or more families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.) General nativity and race of head of family. Middle Pennsyl- West. vania. South. Total South- bitumi- west. nous coal mining.a Native-born of native father. White. Foreign-born; Croatian German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Slovak 36.4 70.6 40.0 36.0 87.0 42.4 35.1 37.2 2.8 61.9 45.5 0.0 10.4 (^) 51.1 10.6 cl. 6 65.7 7.4 (^) 55.6 3.3 2.7 (&) 8.4 .0 47.2 4.1 .0 83.3 12.4 27.8 32.6 C21.8 24.7 6.2 18.2 12.3 Grand total Total native-born of foreign father Total native-born Total foreign-born 53.8 9.2 cl. 1 50. 6 C20.8 44.0 36. 4 56.4 42.4 8.4 ci.i 28.9 34.8 55.2 C19.7 “ This total includes families not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabu- lated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. Not computed, owing to small number involved, c Not including 1 family not reporting complete data. An examination of the preceding table strongly indicates that the tendency to acquire homes is largely a matter of opportunity. Con- sidering the total number of families studied, the Middle West has 53.8 per cent of the families studied owning their homes, Penn- sylvania 9.2 per cent, the South 1.1 per cent, the Southwest 50.6 per cent, and the industry as a whole 20.8 per cent. The per cent of white families native-born of native father owning homes is 36.4 in the Middle West, 42.4 in Pennsylvania, 35.1 in the Southwest, and 37.2 in the industry as a whole. 180 The Immigration Commission. Much more marked variations among localities are found for the races of foreign birth. The Croatian race shows 2.8 per cent of its families in Pennsylvania and 61.9 per cent in the Southwest owning homes; the North Italian reports 70.6 per cent in the Middle West, 10.4 per cent in Pennsylvania, and 51.1 per cent in the Southwest. No representatives of races employed in the South give evidence of any pronounced tendency to acquire homes, owing principally to the lack of opportunity under the conditions of employment prevailing in that section. STATUS OF CHILDKEN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. In a study of the industrial condition of foreign-born mine workers in this country the status of their children is of value. The table following shows the per cent of children of both sexes in the house- holds studied, 6 and under 16 years of age, at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of individual. Table 114.— Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more children reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Male. Female. Total. General nativity and race Num- ber Per cent- 1 Num- ber 1 Per cent- Num- ber Per cent- of individual. report- ing com- plete data. a o < o o o w o report- ing com- plete data. 1 o 'o O tn < o < report- ing com- plete data. a3 s o rCl "o 0 1 M u o 4.2 Native-born of native fa- ther, White 87 8.0 86.2 5.7 92 9.8 89.1 1.1 179 8.9 87.7 3.4 Native-born of foreign fa- ther, by race of father: 4.5 92.4 3.0 German 33 3.0 90.9 6.1 33 6.1 93.9 .0 66 Irish 37 .0 94.6 5.4 41 4.9 95.1 .0 78 2.6 94.8 2.6 Italian, North 85 5.9 90. 6 3.5 95 14.7 85.3 .0 180 10.6 87.8 1.7 Italian, South 42 26.2 66.7 7.1 42 16.7 83.3 .0 84 21.4 75.0 3.6 Lithuanian 55 27.3 69.1 3.6 39 25.6 74.4 .0 94 26.6 71.3 2.1 Magyar 71 12.7 81.7 5.6 60 20.0 80.0 .0 131 16.0 80.9 3.1 Polish 101 17.8 78.2 4.0 125 22.4 76.0 1.6 226 20.4 77.0 2.7 Slovak 200 12.5 82.5 5.0 207 23.2 74.4 2.4 407 17.9 78.4 3.7 Foreign-born: 18.6 77.5 3.9 Italian, North 59 13.6 79.7 6.8 43 25.6 74.4 .0 102 Italian, South 43 14.0 79.1 7.0 37 48.6 51.4 .0 80 30.0 66. 3 3.8 Magyar 46 19.6 76.1 4.3 24 50.0 50.0 .0 70 30.0 67.1 2.9 Polish 49 30.6 65.3 4.1 61 39.3 60.7 .0 no 35.5 62.7 1.8 Slovak 51 17.6 78.4 3.9 57 24.6 75.4 .0 108 21.3 76.9 1.9 Grand total 1,174 16.1 78.0 5.3 1,156 22.1 77.2 .8 2,330 19.1 77.9 3.1 Total native-born of foreign 1.1 1,484 17.6 79.4 3.0 father 748 15. 6 79.4 4.9 736 19.6 79.3 Total native-born 850 14.7 80.2 5.1 847 18.1 80.9 1.1 1,697 16.4 8a 6 3.1 Total foreign-born 324 19.8 74.4 5.9 309 33.0 67.0 .0 633 26.2 70.8 3.0 The grand totals in the table above show only 3.1 per cent of the children at work, while 19.1 per cent are at home and 77.9 per cent at school. That a greater proportion of foreign-born than of native- born children are at home is also indicated. Bituminous Coal Mining. 181 Of the native-born children whose fathers were of native birth, 3.4 per cent, as compared with 3 per cent of the second generation and 3 per cent of the foreign-born, are at work. The highest percentage of children at work is shown by the foreign-born North Italians, 3.9 per cent of whose children are employed. Other races with a greater than average proportion are the foreign-born South Italians with 3.8 per cent, and the second generation of the same people with 3.6 per cent, the second generation of Slovaks with 3.7 per cent, and of Magyars with 3.1 per cent. The proportion of children at work is greater in the second generation of the Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks than in the first. The only girls at work are one native white, and two Poles and five Slovaks of the second generation. The South Italians show the highest percentage of bo 3 "s at work, the numbers being 7 per cent and 7.1 per cent for the first and second generations, respectively. The foreign-born North Italians rank next, with 6.8 per cent, followed by the Germans of the second generation with 6.1 per cent. The native whites show 5.7 per cent, the second genera- tion Mag 3 ^ars 5.6 per cent, and the Irish 5.4 per cent. The percentage for the total number of children at school is reduced by the low rating for the foreign-born, only 70.8 per cent of whose children are so reported. The whites native-born of native father report 87.7 per cent, as compared with the general average of 77.9 per cent. The highest percentage is that of the second generation Irish, whose 94.8 per cent exceeds even the 92.4 per cent of the second generation German. The second generation Nortli Italians, with 87.8 per cent, rank third, the other races with a greater than average proportion being the Magyars and Slovaks of the second generation, with 80.9 per cent and 78.4 per cent, respectively. All of the foreign- born show percentages less than that for the grand total. The second generation Irish and Germans rank first and second in the comparison relating to girls at school. The whites native-born of native father follow. The Irish boys of the second generation are more generally in school than are those of other races, the Germans of the second generation again ranking second, with the North Italians of the second generation third, and the native whites foiirtli. The Poley and Slovaks of the second generation rank higher than the average in this comparison, though falling below it in the education of their daughters, each of these races showing a much greater pro- portion of girls than of boys at home. The percentage of foreign-born children at home is very much greater than those of the other groups. The Poles have the highest percentage, with 35.5 per cent of their children at home, followed by the Magyars and South Italians, each with 30 per cent. The Lithu- anians, not tabulated among the foreign-born on account of small numbers, show 26.6 per cent of the children of the second generation at home. The Lithuanians and South Italians of the second gener- ation have a greater proportion of boys than of girls at home, the percentage of boys in school being extremely low. The table next presented shows by race of father the relative num- bers of children of native and foreign birth at work, at school, and at horne. It includes children between the ages of 6 and 16 years, and exhibits only those races reporting 20 or more children born abroad and also 20 or more born in the United States. The exhibit is 48296 °— VOL 6—11 13 182 The Immigration Commission. arranged according to general nativity and race of father and birth- 1 place of child. Native-born children of native father are added for !i comparative purposes. Table \lb— Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at hoim, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) FThis table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or more ^ born abroad. The native-born are shown for comparative purposes.] General nativity and race of father. Birthplace of child. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Native-born: White United States. 179 Negro United States. 34 Foreign-born: Croatian /United States 34 Italian, North (Abroad /United States oU 180 102 84 80 94 34 131 70 226 110 407 108 Italian, South \ ATiroSid /United States Lithuanian (Abroad ...... jUnited States Magyar t A-broad /United States Polish (Abroad ...... /United States Slovak (Abroad /United States \Abroad Number— At At home, school. 16 157 1 32 13 20 7 22 19 158 19 79 18 63 24 53 25 67 11 20 21 106 21 47 46 174 39 69 73 319 23 83 Per cent— At work. At home. At At school, work. 6 8.9 87.7 3.4 1 2.9 94.1 2.9 1 1 3 4 3 3 2 3 4 2 6 2 15 2 38.2 23.3 10.6 18.6 21.4 30.0 26.6 32.4 16.0 30.0 20.4 35.5 17.9 21.3 58.8 2.9 73.3 3.3 87.8 1.7 77.5 3.9 75.0 3.6 66.3 3.8 71.3 2.1 58.8 8.8 80.9 3.1 67.1 2.9 77.0 2.7 62.7 1.8 78.4 3.7 76.9 1.9 The purpose of this table is to contrast the status of native- born and foreign-born children 6 and under 16 years of age of the same race. For example, it shows for the Polish race that 20.4 per cent of the children born in the United States and 35.5 per cent oi those born abroad are at home, 77 per cent of the children bom m this country and 62.7 per cent of those born abroad are in school, and 2.7 per cent of the children bom in the United States and 1.8 per cent of those of foreign birth are at work. CITIZENSHIP. The relative degree of naturalization is also a very pertinent factor in determining the tendency of the races of recent immigration toward assimilation, and adaptation to, and interest in, American institutions. In this connection the following tables, based upon data secured from individual mine workers, show the present political condition of foreign-born males who were 21 years of age or over at the time of immigration to the United States, according to residence in the United States, and race. Bituminous Coal Mining. 183 Table 116. — Present political condition of foreign-horn male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (study of employees.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] ' Number reporting complete data. Number — Per cent— Race. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Bohemian and Moravian 262 1 16 5 106 ' 89 40.5 (a) fn,\ 91 n Bosnian ol. U ( 0 ) (a) (a) (a) Bulgarian 4 Canadian, French 1 3 0 ' 1 2 (a ^ Canadian, Other 6 fn \ Croatian 617 2 42 9Q A fi Dalmatian 1 D. 0 (a) (a\ (a) ' (a) (a) 17 9 Danish 10 33 845 39 1 15 569 1 Dutch O A (d \ English ‘± 14.A A7 Q Finnish i*±o in Di . 0 (a\ 1( • 6 (a) on K. French 325 1,151 32 1 1 112 784 2 lU QO \r) 0 4 C German UV 182 0 fik 1 oU. 0 1 C Greek A oo. 1 (a\ lo. 0 (“) (a) 1 A 9 Hebrew (other than Russian) [a) (a) [rish 379 2,339 1,302 29 702 2 305 Italian, North 623 238 q oa ou. 0 lU. 0 99 1 Italian, South 0‘±X. 4-0. 0 1 fi 9 Zo. 1 1 c: 7 Italian (not specified) — UO A lo. 0 ( (l\ lo. / (a) 111 Lithuanian 240 9-1 9 Macedonian i 0-1. Z (a) 1 n 9 11. 1 (a) 11 A Magyar 1,432 43 12 7 146 I 158 Mexican 4 1 1 10. ^ Q 9 11. u 9 9 Montenegrin 2 7 y. t> (n \ Z. 0 (a) .'Norwegian (a) 1 1 A Polish 2 557 373 ‘>C1 (a) A Q Portuguese 5 2 11. 0 ( 0 ) { n\ y. 0 (a) (a) Roumanian 12 541 76 414 3 1 80 ' 7 o Russian o 1 c: 0 luthenian OO 7 10. y Q 9 10. 2 A 9 Icotch 261 y. z A9 n y. z 1 C /I Icotch-Irish 3 i 0 Oo. U (a) (n \ 18. 4 (a) (a) A 9 Servian 31 3,699 650 144 5 3 Slovak 497 0 9il 1 9 ,1 Slovenian 108 O'!! 1 nn lo. 1 1 A A y. z 91 A Swedish 104 lUU 1 10. 0 79 9 Zl. 0 10 1 Syrian 1 113 2 4^0 1 1 / w. Z f n\ lo. 1 (a) 1 9 A •Velsh 1 140 6 319 163 6 1 j 1 Q ' en 7 ^lUstralian (race not specified) 19 j oU. i (a) 21.9 A A 9 lo. 0 (a) 19 A Austrian (race not specified) 70 72 136 4.^ Belgian (race not specified) IZ. D 97 A Swiss (race not specified) 4 11. Z (a) Z/ . 0 (a) Total 18,363 4 930 1 9 70 Q 9A C t A A ^ i ZO. 0 14. y “Not computed, owing to small number involved. ll 134 The Immigration Commission. |- ^ Bituminous Coal Mining. 185 Table 117. — Present 'political condition of foreign-horn male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States and race. (study of K.MrUOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Race. In United States 5 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. In United States 5 years or over. Numbei Per cent— Number Per cent— Number report- ing com- plete data. Per cent — report- ing com- plete data. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. report- ing com- plete data. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Bohemian and Moravian. . 145 6.2 52.4 ] 117 82.9 11.1 202 40.5 34.0 Croatian 484 2.1 3.3 1 133 24.1 9.8 617 6.8 4.7 English 175 8.6 46.3 670 82.7 9.7 845 67.3 17.3 French 1G3 8.0 32.5 162 61.1 28.4 325 34.5 30. 5 German 270 14.4 38.5 881 84.6 8.9 1,151 68.1 15.8 Irish 28 17.9 32.1 351 85.5 8.5 379 80.5 10.3 Italian, North 1,460 11.8 24.5 873 51.5 20.8 2,339 26.6 23. 1 Italian, South 880 7.3 16.5 422 41.2 14.2 1,302 18.3 15.7 Lithuanian 367 16.9 10.4 335 53.1 11.9 702 34.2 11. 1 Magyar 959 2.8 8.7 473 25.2 15.9 1,432 10.2 11.0 Polish 1,503 1.0 6.7 1,054 33.1 14.3 2, 557 14.6 9.8 Russian 312 4.8 5.1 229 31.0 17.0 541 15.9 10.2 Scotch 84 4.8 35.7 330 77.9 13.9 414 63.0 18.4 Slovak 2,022 2.1 6.2 1,677 27.1 12.9 3,699 13.4 9.2 Slovenian 437 3.9 28.6 213 42.7 16.4 650 16.6 24.6 Swedish 24 20.8 50.0 120 82.5 11.7 144 72.2 18.1 Welsh 7 14.3 42.9 133 84.2 12.0 140 80.7 13.6 Total 9,820 5.8 15.7 8, 537 51.1 13.8 18,363 26.8 14.9 These tables are based upon complete data for the political con- dition of 18,363 foreign-born males employed in the bituminous coal-mining industry. Each individual mine worker has been in the United States five years, the requisite number of years’ residence before final naturalization papers can be issued. Of the total number furnishing information, 26.8 per cent are fully naturalized, and 14.9 per cent have first papers only, the remaining 58.3 per cent being aliens. Of the 8,537 males here ten years or more, 51.1 per cent are citizens, 13.8 per cent have first papers only, and 35.1 per cent are aliens. Of the 9,826 males who have been in this country from five to nine years, 5.8 per cent have full naturalization papers, 15.7 per cent have first papers only, and 78.5 per cent have taken no steps to acquire citizenship. In the group which has a period of residence of five years or more, it is seen that the Welsh lead with 80.7 per cent of their number fully naturalized; the Irish follow with 80.5 per cent, and the English and Germans have 67.3 and 68.1 per cent, respectively. Upon com- paring the totals for the races of southern and eastern Europe, the Bohemians and Moravians are found to have the highest per cent fully naturalized. The North Italians come next with 26.6 per cent, as compared with 40.5 per cent for the Bohemians and Moravians. The Magyars, the Poles, the Russians, and the Slovaks show similar tendencies, while the Lithuanians, with 34.2 per cent fully natural- ized, have relatively twice as many citizens as these races. In the group showing all races who have been here from five to nine years, the Swedes have 20.8 per cent who have acquired full citizen- ship, and 50 per cent with first papers only. The Lithuanians, with ,367 reporting, have 16.9 per cent with complete papers, as compared 186 The Immigration Commission. Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United iStates 10 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at the time of coming, by race. [This chart shows only races with 100 or more employees reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Bituminous Coal Mining. 187 NATURALIZED ^ZZZZZZZZA-TXnsr PAPERS ONLY 188 The Immigration Commission. with 14.4 per cent of the Germans and 8.6 per cent of the English. The North Italians report 11.8 per cent of their number as citizens, while the Poles have only 1.6 per cent, and the Slovaks 2.1 per cent. The figures for first naturalization papers are fully as significant for the last-mentioned group as are the figures for second papers. The races having a high percentage taking out first papers during •’ the early period of their residence in this country show almost the same relatively high percentage of citizens after they have been here ten years or more. This appears in the case of the Bohemians and Moravians; of those who have been here from five to nine years, they lead with 52.4 per cent having first papers, and in the next group, with a residence of ten years or over, although not of first rank they stand comparatively high. As regards first papers among immigrants of a residence between five and nine years, after the Bohemians and Moravians come the Swedes, the English, Welsh, Ger- mans, Scotch, French, Irish, Slovenians, North and South Italians, Lithuanians, Magyars, Poles, Slovaks, Russians, and Croatians, in the order named. Among the employees of foreign birth who have been in the United States ten years or more, the Irish lead with 85.5 per cent fully naturalized; the next in order, according to the proportion who have attained complete citizenship, are the Germans, Welsh, Bohe- mians and Moravians, English, Swedes, and Scotch. The Lithua- nians show 53.1 per cent of their number to be citizens. Less than one-half as many Magyars as Lithuanians are naturalized. Political conditions among the bituminous coal miners of foreign birth from whom data were secured in the course of the family study are next presented. The tabulation includes only such males as were at least 21 years of age when they came to the United States and who have been here five years or more. The showing is by race of individual. Table 118 . — Present political condition of foreign-horn males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, hy race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] Number Number — Per cent— Race of individual. reporting complete data. Fully natu- ralized. Having first pa- pers only. Fully natu- ralized. Having first pa- pers only. Bohemian and Moravian 9 3 3 (a) 12.2 (a) Croatian 82 10 12 14.6 English 13 10 2 (o) (“) French 7 4 2 (a) (a) German 26 15 6 57.7 23.1 Irish . . . 21 18 1 85.7 4.8 Italian, North 218 58 51 26.6 23.4 Italian, South 136 26 13 19.1 ' 9.6 Lithuanian 113 21 19 18.6 16.8 Magyar 146 25 15 17.1 10.3 Mexican 30 .0 .0 Polish 193 26 29 13.5 15.0 Roumanian 8 (a) 8.0 (a) 12.0 Russian 25 2 3 Ruthenian 26 4 1 15.4 3.8 Scotch 10 8 (o) («) Slovak 251 43 34 17.1 13.5 Slovenian 6 1 (a) (o) (a) Welsh 17 10 4 (.P Total 1,337 283 196 21.2 14.7 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining. 189 Referring to the totals in the preceding table, only 21.2 per cent are found to be fully naturalized and only 14.7 per cent hold first papers, the remaining 64.1 per cent being alien. The Mexicans re- porting are 100 per cent alien, no representative of this race having taken steps to acquire citizenship. The Irish show the lowest pro- portion of aliens, 85.7 per cent of this race being fully naturalized, and the Germans follow, with 57.7 per cent fully naturalized and 19.2 per cent alien. The North Italians come next, with 26.6 per cent fully naturalized and 50 per cent without either first or second papers. These races are the only ones exceeding the general showing of 21.2 per cent fully naturalized, and, though ranking first, second, and tliird, they show very great differences in percentages. The North Italians and Germans lead as regards the holding of first papers, reporting 23.4 and 23. 1 per cent, respectively. The South Ital- ians follow the North Italians with 19.1 per cent fully naturalized, but show a much larger proportion of aliens and a consequently small proportion of men with first papers. The Lithuanians come next, with 18.6 per cent naturalized and 16.8 per cent with first papers, leaving 64.6 per cent alien. The Magyars and Slovaks, with 17.1 per cent each, hold sixth place in the comparison of persons fully naturalized. After the Mexicans, the Russians show the smallest proportion of fully naturalized males, only 8 per cent being thus reported; 12 per cent hold first papers and 80 per cent are aliens. The Ruthenians’ percentage of aliens is 80.8, this race, though report- ing 15.4 per cent fully naturalized, showing the smallest proportion holding first papers. The Croatians show 73.2 per cent who have taken no steps toward becoming citizens, their percentage of fully naturalized males being but 12.2, although a somewhat larger pro- portion hold first papers. The Poles report 71.5 per cent alien and the South Italians 71.3 per cent. The latter race, however, shows a considerably larger proportion of American citizens, the Poles report- ing only 13.5 per cent in contrast with the Italians^ 19.1 per cent. The table next submitted carries the discussion of the effect of residence upon citizenship one step further by showing by locality and by length of residence in the United States the present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming. The presentation is by race or individual. 190 The Immigration Commission, Table 119 — Present political condition of foreign-horn male employees who have been in the United States eadi specified number of years and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by locality and by race. (study of employees.) in thft TTnitecl States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes mceTwlih^O^^^^^^ in each of two or more localities. The total, however, ,s for all foreign-born.] UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS. Per cent fully naturalized in each speci- fied locality. Per cent having first papers only in each specified locality. Race. Middle West. Penn- sylva- nia. South. South- west. Total bitu- minous coal mining. Middle West. Penn- sylva- nia. South. South- west. Total bitu- minous coal mining. Bohemian and Mo- 5.2 6.1 (a) (a) 6.2 60.3 7.1 53.4 29.2 51.8 14.3 25.4 11.3 10.2 46.3 2.4 33.3 (a) 0.0 1 («) (a) 52.4 3.3 46.3 32.5 38.5 32.1 24.5 16.5 10.4 8.7 6.7 5.1 35.7 6.2 28.6 42.9 P.f oa ti a.n 9.5 1.3 0.0 (a) 2.1 English 8.2 12.5 .0 0.0 8.6 5/. i (a) (a) (a) Q Q 00. 0 dk A Erpneh 8.3 2.7 (a) 18.9 8.0 28. 8 30.5 15.4 13.8 12.3 8.1 5.7 5.1 ^0. o 70 7 German 21.7 9.1 (“) 18.2 14.4 (a) d Irish 14.3 23.1 (a) (a) 17.9 Italian N orth 21.6 7.0 9.8 8.4 11.8 0. O 6.3 (a) 5.0 Oo. 66. 3 OO 7 Italian South 13.7 6.2 9 7 14.7 7.3 IiithuaR'a.Ti 24.5 4.0 (a) 18.2 16.9 (a) OCL A Mapvar 8.1 1.8 .0 (a) 2.8 22.4 "Pr^HoVi 3.0 1.4 4.7 1.6 14.5 3. 0 (a) (a) C A ZO. 0 11.5 66.7 51.9 80.0 (a) Blissian 16.2 1.0 (a) 7.7 4.8 7. 4 3.9 13.9 Scotch 2.9 5.6 (a) .0 4.8 50.0 25.3 (a) Slovak 14.1 1.3 1.2 14.8 2. 1 4. 4 oo o o. ^ (a) i^lnyPTiian (“) .0 3.3 (a) 8.9 3.9 25.0 Welsh 25.0 (“) (a) 14.3 50. 0 Total 14.8 3.0 2.7 1 11.4 5.8 24.8 9.3 8.1 56.7 15.7 IN UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER. Bohemian and Mo- ravian 92.3 81.4 (a) (a) 82.9 3.8 ' 18.4 4.6 26.5 5.2 15.0 16.3 1 14.0 5.7 7.9 15.8 9.7 (a) A A (a) f Cl'\ 11.1 9.8 9.7 Croatian 42.1 15.9 0.0 (a) 24.1 U. U 1 A 1 28.6 51.1 21.1 English 91.4 81.4 80.6 67.5 82.7 10. 1 (a) (a) (a) OA A 28.4 8.9 8.5 20.8 14.2 11.9 15.9 14.3 17.0 13.9 12.9 16.4 12.0 67.6 68.4 (a) 44.4 61.1 Upf'cnan 92.9 81.2 (a) 78.9 84.6 Irish 82.5 88.2 (a) (a) 85.5 4. 6 Italian North 71.8 42.3 32.0 41.8 51. 5 15. 1 12.9 11.2 14.8 13.3 1 O C 1 A Q 4:1. O 34.1 24.0 (a) 22.2 .0 35.7 Italian South .... 59.5 42.6 27.2 47.7 41.2 8.1 i iu. y (a) OA A LithuaTiifiTi 65.8 31.6 (a) 52.0 53.1 9. 4 Magyar 45.5 20.4 13.3 (a) 25.2 20.8 20.1 18.1 18.6 18.3 (a) zU. U A Q Polish 39.6 33.0 20.7 19.4 33.1 D. y (a) (a) Q K Russian 54.2 18.1 (a) .0 31.0 lo. o A A pootf'h 79.1 81.3 (a) 54.8 77.9 O. U 11.8 Slovak 62.9 21.6 31.0 62.1 27.1 y. 0 (a) (a) O 32.3 Slovenian (a) 38.3 (a) 58.1 42.7 14. 2 13.1 Welsh 87.5 83.6 (a) (a) 84.2 8.9 \^) Total 71.1 44.8 42.3 52.8 51.1 13.4 11.6 13.9 32.2 13.8 IN UNITED STATES 5 YEARS OR OVER. Bohemian and Mo- ravian 1 32.1 44.6 (a) (a) 40.5 42.9 12.5 17.8 28.0 16.2 14.9 21.8 10.6 29.8 3.0 1 0 1 (a) A A (a) (a) 34.4 50.0 29.4 (a) 52.0 56.1 23.4 (a) 24.1 23.8 42.6 42.9 60.5 (a) 34.0 4.7 Croatian 25.0 4.1 0.0 (a) 6. 8 U. U OQ Q 17.3 English 68.9 70.0 55.6 55. 9 67.3 Iz. 1 oo 1 zo. y (a) (a) Q ^ 30.5 French 32.9 36.2 (a) 32.9 34. 5 zz. 1 1 A K 15.8 German 76.1 64.4 (a) 69.1 68. 1 80.5 26.6 14. 0 5.1 10.3 Irish 72.3 85.1 81.0 (O) y. o 19 (\ 23.1 Italian North. 41.5 19.1 19.8 21.3 14. Z 12.5 9.5 8.7 8.4 7.9 'T A iz. o 7 A 15.7 Italian, South 24.2 19.4 9.8 25.2 18.3 i . D (a) 9.1 4.2 («) (“) k k 11.1 Lithuanian 44.5 16.2 (a) 36.2 34.2 9.8 21.8 17.2 12.9 27.5 20.7 («) 10.3 11.0 Magyar 20.2 8.1 3.6 (a) 10.2 9.8 Polish 20.1 14.3 6.3 11.4 14. 6 10.2 Russian 35.7 7.9 («) 19.0 15. 9 18.4 Scotch 57.5 67.8 («) 42.6 63.0 7. 4 *7 A 9.2 Slovak 46.0 10.2 11.2 39.3 13. 4 7. D O. 0 (a) (a) 24.6 Slovenian (a) 14.1 28.9 16.6 ly. / 13.8 13.6 Welsh 84. 5 80.0 (a) 80.7 Total 44.0 22.1 1 17.4 31.1 26.8 18.9 10.3 10.2 1 45.0 ~ 14.9 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining. 191 Of all bituminous coal-mine employees of foreign birth who have been in the United States from five to nine years, 5.8 per cent, as can readily be seen in Table 119, are fully naturalized and 15.7 per cent have first papers. It is, therefore, evident that 78.5 per cent have taken no steps toward naturalization. Upon com])aring the four localities, however, 68.1 per cent of the foreign-born employees in the Southwest are found to have either first or second papers; the Middle West follows, with 39.6 per cent; and Pennsylvania and the South rank third and fourth, with 12.3 per cent and 10.8 per cent, respectively. In the Middle West the Lithuanians lead in the per cent of fully naturalized persons. The Germans, North Italians, Russians, Irish, and Slovaks follow, in the order named. In Pennsylvania only 3 per cent of all reporting have second papers. Of the Irish 23.1 per cent, and of the Welsh 25 per cent have become citizens, while less than 2 per cent of the Croatians, Magyars, Poles, Russians, and Slovaks are fully naturalized. In the South only 2.7 per cent of those reporting are naturalized, the North Italians showing the highest per cent. In the Southwest the races with the greatest number fully naturalized are the French, German, Lithuanian, Slovak, and South Italian, in the order named. The English and the Scotch have none naturalized among those reporting. Upon comparing the per cents of several races in the four mining areas having first papers only, the Bohemians and Moravians in the Middle West display the greatest political interest, 60.3 per cent having taken the first step toward naturalization. The English, German, and Scotch follow in the order named. The Croatians, with 7.1 per cent, and the Russians, with 7.4 per cent, show the least proportions holding first papers. In Pennsylvania, also, the Bohe- mians and Moravians have the highest per cent with first papers. Only 2.4 per cent of the Croatians in Pennsylvania have taken out their first papers, while the Lithuanians, Magyars, Poles, Rus- sians, and Slovaks are each below the general showing for all the races in the locality. In the South 8.1 per cent of those reporting have first papers, as compared with 56.7 per cent in the Southwest. The English exhibit 57.1 per cent with first papers. All the other races have below 9 per cent. In the Southwest, where the tendency toward acquiring full citizenship is quite marked, the Slovenians, with but few persons reporting, show that 80 per cent of their num- ber have first papers. The Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians are the only races with less than 45 per cent who have first papers. Proceeding further in the consideration of residence in its relation to citizenship, the second section of the table shows the present political condition of foreign-born males 21 years of age or over at the time of coming to the United States, who have been in the United States ten years or over, by locality and by race. This tabulation shows that 51.1 per cent of the foreign-born males with a residence of ten years or over are fully naturalized, and that 13.8 per cent have first papers, or, in other words, that only 35.1 per cent have made no attempt to secure either first or second papers, as com- pared with 78.5 per cent for those who have been here five to nine years. The Middle West leads the other localities in political or civic mterest. In that section 71.1 per cent of those reporting information 192 The Immigration Commission. are fully naturalized, while in the Southwest the per cent fully nat- uralized is 52.8, in Pennsylvania it is 44.8, and in the South 42.3. Comparing the different races in the Middle MTest, the Germans lead with 92.9 per cent having second papers, closely followed by 92.3 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians. The Poles, the Croatians, and the Magyars are the lowest, in the order named. In Pennsylvania, upon comparing the races, the Irish are found leading in the num- ber fully naturalized, followed by the Welsh, the English, the Scotch, and the Germans, in the order named. The lowest showing is made bv the Croatians, with 15.9 per cent; then come the Russians wdh 18.1 per cent, the Magyars with 20.4 per cent, and the Slovaks with 21.6 per cent. The North Italians have 42.3 per cent and the South Italians 42.6 per cent fully naturalized. In the South, the English show 80.6 per cent with second papers. All the other races are below 35 per cent, the highest being the North Italian with 32 per cent, and the lowest the Magyar, with 13.3 per cent. In the South- west the Germans have 78.9 per cent fully naturalized. The Eng- lish, Slovaks, Slovenians, and Scotch follow in the order named. None of the Russians reporting have either first or second papers. Only 19.4 per cent of the Poles are fully naturalized. As regards the relative standing of the races reported for the whole industry, the table shows that the Welsh, Irish, Germans, and English lead in taking out full naturalization papers. The Croatians and the Magyars, in the order named, have the smallest per cent fully naturalized. Of the total of 18,363 bituminous coal- mine employees of foreign birth 26.8 per cent are fully naturalized. Upon comparing the four localities, it is seen that the Middle West leads, 44 per cent of the miners having taken out full papers. The Southwest shows 31.1 per cent citizens, Pennsylvania 22.1 percent, and the South 17.4 per cent. In the Middle West the Welsh have 84.5 per cent fully naturalized males. The Germans show the next highest per cent. Of the races of southern and eastern Europe the Slovaks lead, with 46 per cent, and the Lithuanians come next, with 44.5 per cent. Most of the races have a higher per cent of naturalization in this region than m the other localities. In Pennsylvania the Irish have 85.1 per cent fully naturalized. The Welsh, English, Scotch, and Germans follow in the order named. The races showing very little interest in acquiring citizenship are the Croatians, Russians, and Magyars. For this locality the North Italians, with 19.1 per cent, and the South Italians, with 19.4 percent of their numbers fully naturalized, exhibit practically the same tendencies. The Lithuanians of Pennsylvania do not display the same political interest as members of the same race in the Middle West or the Southwest. In the South the Irish and English show 81 and 55.6 per cent ol their numbers, respectively, who are naturalized. They are the only races from northern Europe which have reported in sufficient numbers to be considered. The Croatians show no desire for naturalizaation, and the Magyars and Poles exhibit only slight tendencies in this direction. In the Southwest almost twice as large a proportion of the miners are naturalized as in the South. Here the Germans lead in the per- centage of citizenship, with the English following. The Scotch, however, are only sliglitly above the Slovaks, and the French are Bituminous Coal Mining. 193 below the Lithuanians and Slovaks. The Poles are lowest, with 11.4 per cent of their number fully naturalized. On comparing the proportion of those having first papers only it is seen that 45 per cent of all the employees reporting in the Southwest have first papers. Con- sidering the relative activity of the employees in this region in secur- ing second papers, and taking it in connection with the very high per cent having first papers, the returns show that the Southwest leads all localities in the desire for citizenship. The Middle West shows a high percentage of immigrants who have been in the United States for a long time and who have secured their second papers. Consequently there is a correspondingly small proportion having first papers. The Bohemians in the Middle West show 42.9 per cent who have taken out first papers, while the Lith- uanians in the same section have only 9.8 per cent. Upon the basis of a comparison of those having first and those having second papers, Pennsylvania ranks but little above the South. The Bohemians and Moravians lead the other races in first papers. All except 9.8 per cent of the Irish reported in Pennsylvania, and all but 17.9 per cent of the English, have either first or second papers. Ninety-two and nine-tenths per cent of the Croatians, 84.2 per cent of the Russians, 83.2 per cent of the Magyars, 82.2 per cent of the Slovaks, 77.3 per cent of the Poles, and 74.3 per cent of the Lithu- anians in the Pennsylvania mines have not secured first papers, or, in other words, have made no effort toward becoming citizens. The table next presented makes the comparison of the political condition of the members of the households studied, according to the geographical divisions of the industry. Percentages are computed for those races only which have 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The percentages for the total bituminous industry are the same as for Table 118 relating to households, and are reprinted in the following table for comparative purposes. Table 120. — Present political condition of foreign-horn males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by locality and by race of individual. (study of households.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Race of individual. Per cent fully naturalized in each speci- fied locality. Per cent having first papers only in each specified locality. Middle West. Penn- syl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitu- minous coal miningo Middle West. Penn- syl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitu- minous coal mining.o Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian 44.8 ip) 42.9 31.6 34.0 10.2 20.3 15.0 17.2 d>) 3.8 11.8 7.7 12.5 17. 1 (&) 14.8 («>) («>) 20.7 26.6 19. 1 18.6 17. 1 13.5 17. 1 37.9 P) 17.9 18.9 12.0 10.2 14.5 15.0 11.1 P) 1.9 P) 2.9 5. 1 8.3 25.6 (&) 33.3 P) P) 34.5 23.4 9.6 16.8 10.3 15.0 13.5 Magyar Polish i^) P) Slovak Total 41.0 20.6 9.5 23.4 21.2 21.7 12.7 6.3 24.2 14.7 « This total includes persons in households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated unless 10 or more shcedules were secured. 0 Not computed, owing to small number involved. 194 The Immigration Commission. In this table the Middle West is far in the lead of other sections, with 41 per cent of its bituminous coal miners fully naturalized and 21.7 per cent holding first papers. However, no conclusions may be drawn from the relatively small number of households reporting, the study of employees being of more value in this comparison. The Southwest follows, with 23.4 and 24.2 per cent, respectively; Penn- sylvania stands third, with 20.6 per cent and 12.7 per cent; and the South fourth, only 9.5 per cent of foreign-born males in this locality being American citizens and only 6.3 per cent holding first papers. As only the principal races are here tabulated, the races under comparison are few. In the Middle W^est, the North Italians and the Lithuanians only are reported in sufficient numbers for computa- tion. Of these, the Italians appear to slightly better advantage, with 44.8 per cent fully naturalized and 37.9 per cent holding first papers, while the Lithuanians, although reporting 42.9 per cent fully naturalized, show but 17.9 per cent with first papers. In the Southwest the Slovaks lead, with 20.7 per cent naturalized and 34.5 per cent holding first papers. The North Italians follow, with 17.1 per cent naturalized and 25.6 per cent having first papers; and the Lithuanians are third, their percentages being 14.8 and 33.3, respectively. . , ^ t r* i j f In the households of Pennsylvania the Italians are lar ahead ol the other races as regards citizenship. The South Italians lead, with 34 per cent naturalized and 12 per cent holding first papers, while the North Italians show 31.6 per cent naturalized and 18.9 per cent with first papers. The Magyars rank third, with 20.3 per cent of their number naturalized and 14.5 per cent holding first papers; and the Slovaks fourth, their percentages being 17.2 and 11.1, respectively. The Lithuanians show only 10.2 per cent of their number who have acquired full citizenship. . • j Only four races with sufficient numbers for the computation ol percentages are reported in this table for the South, and the propor- tion of American citizens is very small. The Slovaks lead, with 12.5 per cent fully naturalized and 8.3 per cent holding first papers. The Magyars, with 11.8 per cent and 2.9 per cent, respectively, are not far behind as regards complete naturalization, but show a much larger proportion of aliens. The Poles rank third, and the South Italians, the race appearing to best advantage in Pennsylvania, come last, their proportion of full}^ naturalized men being but 3.8 per cent, while of those holding first papers it is only 1.9 per cent. ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH. To acquire a knowledge of the English language is the first and most important step toward Americanization, besides being abso- lutely preliminary to any form of progress. A study of the series of tables next presented will give a clear idea of the tendencies mani- fested by the coal-mining employees along these lines. The table first presented shows the per cent of persons 6 y^^^s or age and over in the households studied who are able to speak English, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual. Bituminous Coal Mining. 195 Table 121 . — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English^ by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all non-English-speaking races.] General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting com- plete data. Per cent who speak English. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: German 50 61 Ill 100.0 100.0 100.0 Italian, North 99 108 207 96.0 96.3 96.1 Italian, South 47 48 95 95.7 87.5 91.6 Lithuanian 59 45 104 93.2 95.6 94.2 Magyar Polish 82 69 151 97.6 97.1 97.4 117 139 256 93.2 91.4 92.2 Slovak 244 250 494 93.0 91.6 92.3 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian i 26 24 50 57.7 54.2 56.0 Croatian ! 230 143 373 47.4 32.2 41.6 German | 79 61 140 77.2 72.1 75.0 Italian, North i 545 344 889 61.8 33.7 51.0 Italian, South 1 Lithuanian ?i 524 219 743 41.2 28.3 37.4 294 191 485 67.0 47.6 59.4 Magyar j 472 265 737 52.8 41.5 48.7 Mexican i 64 39 103 21.9 15.4 19.4 Polish 673 386 1,059 39.5 36.0 38.2 Roumanian 1 39 13 52 2.6 15.4 5.8 Russian j 100 49 149 24.0 14.3 20.8 Ruthenian i 107 49 156 27.1 12.2 22.4 Slovak j 730 501 1,231 47.4 32.1 41.2 Grand total 1 4,710 3,119 7,829 55.6 50.0 53.4 Total native-born of foreign father 1 787 805 1,592 92.8 92.3 92.5 Total foreign-born j 3,923 2,314 6,237 48.1 35.4 43.4 According to the foregoing table, which presents data for the non- English-speaking races in the bituminous mining industry, 53.4 per cent of all persons 6 years of age or over in the households studied are able to speak English. This rather low percentage is, of course, attributable to^ the preponderance of the foreign-born, 79.7 per cent of all persons included in the table under consideration having been born abroad. The remaining 20.3 per cent are persons native-born of foreign father. Of this latter class, 92.5 per cent speak English. The race of the second generation showing the lowest per cent of English-speaking people is the South Itahan, with but 91.6 per cent thus reported; the Poles follow, with 92.2 per cent, and the Slovaks with 92.3 per cent. The Lithuanians, North Italians, and Magyars rank in the order named and the German households head the list, with 100 per cent of their members able to speak English. The North Italians and Lithuanians show a slightly larger proportion of females than of males able to speak the language of their parents’ adopted country, but the reverse is true of the other races; the greatest difference is found in the case of the South Italians of the second generation, only 87.5 per cent of whose females speak the language, though 95.7 per cent of the males can do so. ^ Among the total foreign-born the percentage able to speak English IS 43.4. The Germans rank first with 75 per cent. The Lithuanians lollow, with 59.4 per cent, and the Bohemians and Moravians succeed ‘/hem with 56 per cent. Of the other races only the North Italians, 1 196 The Immigration Commission. with 51 per cent, and the Magyars, with 48.7 per cent, exceed the percentage of 43.4 for the total foreign-born. The race which falls furthest below the general average is the Roumanian, only 5.8 per cent of whom can speak English.® . -.u oa o + The Mexicans with 19.4 per cent, the Russians with 20.8 per cent, and the Ruthenians with 22.4 per cent, show much more progress than the Roumanians, although ranking considerably below the other races. South Italians, Poles, Slovaks, and Croatians also re- port a less than average proportion of their people able to speak ^mong the foreign-bom, a considerably greater proportion of males than of females are able to speak English, the percentages beino- 48 1 and 35.4, respectively. The Roumanians are the only exception to this general rule. The relatively smaller proportion of females who have acquired the use of English is due^ to the tact that the females of the households of races of recent immigration are more closely segregated than are the males. The next table submitted shows the ability to speak English on the part of 48,656 individual mine workers of foreign birth and of non- English-speaking races, from whom*detailed inf ormation was secured. Table 122 . — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees who speak English, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) fThis table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more males reporting. ^ is for all non-Enghsh-speakmg races.] The total, however, 1 Num- j her re- Tvnrtinfy Speaking Eng- \\ lish. j Race. Num- ber re- j porting Speaking Eng- lish. Race. p/Ul tii-lg com- plete data. Num- ber. Per cent, i com- 1 plete data. Num- ber. j Per cent. Bohemian and Moravian. . KOI 72.2 1 30.2 i Mexican - 107 80 74.8 1 do 172 Ooi 52 Montenegrin 136 49 36.0 52.1 47.7 Bulgarian Croatian 2,394 1, 384 57.8 84.2 74.3 1 Polish. 7,190 151 1,810 3,746 72 1,093 Dutch 101 70 85 52 Russian 60.4 44.3 61.4 58.6 60.9 Finnish 760 539 70.9 ! Ruthenian 300 133 French. 2, 639 111 2,387 90.5 ‘ Ser\’ian 127 1 78 German 74 66.7 Slovak 11,137 6,522 6 528 4,059 62. 2 Slovenian 1,864 ' 1, 136 Tfolion .QnntE 4 , 188 103 1, 870 2)548 62 1,411 60. 8 Swedish 306 1 295 96.4 OUUtli Italian (not specified) 60.2 , 75.5 i Total 48,656 i 29,775 61.2 Magyar 4)470 2,322 51.9 1 Older immigrants and those races which mingle freely with Ameri- cans show in this table a larger percentage speaking English than do either the more recent immigrants or the races which segregate themselves in colonies. . w n. oo 771 ^ nr Of the 48,656 immigrants reporting complete data, 29 , 7 / 5 , or 61.2 per cent, can speak English. In this connection it is interesting to note the races from northern Europe which show the highest average per cent of persons speaking the English language; 96.4 per cent of the Swedes, 90.5 per cent of the Germans, 84.2 per cent ol the Dutch, and 70.9 per cent of the French are able to sp eak English. « The table on p. 28 shows that no members of this race in the households studied have been in the United States as much as ten years. I'er cent oj joreign-born male employees who speak JUngiish, by race. [This chart shows only non-English-speaking races with 100 or more employees reporting. The total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.] Bituminous Coal Mining. 197 48296 °— VOL 6—11 14 198 The Immigration Commission. The remarkable progress made by the Germans is particularly notice- able, as out of a total of 2,639 individuals reporting, 2,387 have mastered the English language. The Swedes show a larger per cent speaking English than do the Germans, but this fact is less significant, inasmuch as information was secured from only 306 members of this race as compared with 2,639 Germans. The reasons which are considered accountable for the better showing made in the knowledge of English by the races mentioned above are, (1) They have been in the United States in considerable numbers for a longer period than immigrants from other parts of Europe; (2) they do not segregate themselves to the extent of other races, and they mingle more freely with natives; (3) more of them have come to this country with the idea of making it their permanent home, and hence are anxious to learn the English language. As regards the races from southern and eastern Europe, out of a total of 1,870 Lithuanians furnishing information 1,411, or 75.5 per cent, speak English. This race shows a marked inclination toward early Americanization, and seems very desirous of learning English as soon as possible after arrival in this country, this tendency being especially noticeable in the Southwest. Although Lithuanians live in colonies and settlements to themselves, they associate more with natives than do Italians and the Slavic races and hence are able to master the language in a shorter time. A slightly larger percentage of North Italians than of South Italians speak English. Of the 6,528 North Italians shown in the table, 4,059, or 62.2 per cent, speak English. From the returns of the 4,188 South Italians who give complete data, it is seen that 2,548, or 60.8 per cent, speak English. Both North and South Italians usually live m segregated communi- ties, trade at stores owned by members of their own race wherever possible, have little association with Americans, and, consequently, hear very little English spoken. Many come to the United States with the intention of remaining only a few years and have no desire to learn the language. Italians seem to learn English much more quickly than the Slavic races, and it is noticeable in mining districts, where representatives of all the races have lived for an equal length of time, that Italians are more proficient in the use of English than are Slavs. Slavic races in the table are the Croatian, Magyar, Polish, Russmn, Slovak, Slovenian, Ruthenian, Bulgarian, Bohemian and Moravian, and other races from which only a few individuals report complete data. It is apparent that there is a smaller average percentage of in- dividuals belonging to these races able to speak English than that shown in the table of percentages for races from northern Europe and from North and South Italy. The table shows 735 Bohemians and Moravians, of whom 531, or 72.2 per cent, speak English. This race is followed by the Slovenians, of which race 1,136, or 60.9 per cent, are able to speak English. The Russians, numbering 1,810, follow with a percentage of 60.4. Particular attention is directed to the Slovaks. Out of 11,137 reporting, only 6,522, or 58.6 per cent, can speak English. Some 1,384, or 57.8 per cent, of the Croatians speak English out of a total of 2,394 reporting. Of the Magyars 4 470 report complete data, showing 2,322, or 51.9 per cent, speaking English. Of the 7,190 Poles shown in the table 3,746, or 52.1 per cent, speak English. Other Slavic races have reported in limited numbers, Bituminous Coal Mining. 199 and no fair conclusion can be drawn as to their relative or proportionate ability to speak English. Reasons assigned for the low percentage of the Slavic races speak- ing English are, (1) They are the more recent immigrants and, having been in this country a shorter time than races from northern Europe, have not had time to acquire the language; (2) they live in colonies by themselves where English is rarely spoken, and are usually segregated at work, so that there is little association between them and Amer- icans; (3) the Slavic races seem to have more difficulty in learning the language than have immigrants from other countries. The Mexicans and Greeks reporting complete data show percentages of 74.8 and 66.7, respectively, who speak English. In reviewing the table it will be seen that of the three larger racial groups the races from northern Europe show the highest average per- centage of those who speak English, followed by North and South Italians and the Slavic races in the order named. Individual races, according to the table, have progressed in the knowledge of English in the following order: Swedes, Germans, Dutch, Lithuanians, Mexi- cans, Finnish, Bohemians and Moravians, French, Greeks, N.orth Ital- ians, Servians, Slovenians, South Italians, Russians, Italians not specified, Slovaks, Croatians, Poles, Magyars, Roumanians, Ruthe- nians, Montenegrins, and Bulgarians. Of the last named race, only 30.2 per cent are able to speak English. In the following table the ability to speak English of the members of the households studied is shown by locality and by sex and race. Table 123 . — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, hy locality and hy sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all non- English-speaking races.] Per cent of males who speak English in each specified locality. Per cent of females who speak Eng- lish in each specified locality. General nativity and race of individual. Middle West. Penn- sylva- nia. South. Total bitu- South- minous west. coal min- ing .a Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Italian, North Magyar Slovak Foreign-born: 100.0 95.2 95.7 93.4 (&) 100.0 (&) (&) (b) 90.0 96.0 97.6 93.0 German Italian, North 87.9 Italian, South 52.5 Lithuanian 100.0 Magyar Polish 100.0 Slovak 42.5 94.1 72.6 60.5 54.9 67.6 41.9 47. 1 (b) 64. 4 35.2 30.2 61.5 38.6 27.8 37.9 79.3 Q>) 51.1 47.7 66.3 («>) 38.6 60.3 47.4 77.2 61.8 41.2 67.0 52.8 39.5 47. 4 Grand total Total native-born of foreign father Total foreign-bom ^.5 60.2 38.0 54.0 55.6 100. 0 94. 3 85. 4 50. 8 98.2 34.7 74.5 50.8 92.8 48.1 Middle West. Penn- sylva- nia. South. South- west. Total bitu- minous coal min- ing .a 96.2 95.2 (&) (&) 96.3 97.5 100.0 (M 97.1 90.8 (^>) 97.2 91.6 22.6 ip) 71.4 32.2 100.0 46.9 (&) 72.1 28.6 40.5 41.2 23.8 33.7 48.5 29.5 17.6 27.5 28.3 88.5 35.6 45.5 22.0 47.6 49.7 27.1 («>) 41.5 81.0 37.3 27.8 22.0 36.0 31.6 20.8 41.5 32.1 70.4 51.7 36.2 *44.2 .50.0 96.7 . 92.3 95.3 88.1 92.3 60.0 35.5 28.2 30.1 35.4 total includes persons in households not given in the locality, because within a locality no race tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured. 0 Not computed, owing to small number involved. 200 The Immigration Commission. A comparison of the totals in the foregoing table shows the Middle West in the lead, with 88.5 per cent of the males pd 70.4 per cent of the females able to speak English. Pennsylvania follows with the percentages 60.2 and 51.7, respectively, while those for the Southwest Ive 54 and 44.2, and for the South 38 and 36.2. In each section the percentage of the females is less than that of the males, the differ- ence being considerable in each division with the exception ot the South, where 36.2 per cent of the females and only 38 per cent ot the males are able to speak English. Also in each locality the per- centage of the foreign-born is very much below that ot the second generation, the greatest difference being in the South, where the foreign-born males speaking English number but 34.7 per cent, as contrasted with 98.2 per cent of the second generation, and 28.2 per cent of the foreign-born females in contrast with 95.3 per cent ot the second generation. i at In the Middle West four foreign races are shown. Only the JNorth Italians appear in any considerable numbers in the second genera- tion and practically all of these speak English, the males reporting 100 per cent and the females 96.2 per cent. Of the foreign-born in the Middle West all the Lithuanian and Polish males can speak English, and 88.5 per cent and 81 per cent, respectively, of the females can do so The North Italian males show a creditable proportion, the percentage being 87.9, but the females lower the average for the race bv their percentage of only 28.6. The South Italians appear least favorably, only 52.5 per cent ot the males and 48.5 per cent ot the females being able to speak English. Pennsylvania shows a greater number ot races than the other geographical divisions, .y^ong the races of the second generation the Magyars rank first, with 95.7 per cent of the males and 97.5 per cent ot the females able to speak English, and the North Italians are second, with 95.2 per cent for both males and females. It is noteworthy that the females of the Magyar race make a better showing than do the males, while the percentages for males and females of the North Italians are al^e. Among the foreign-born in Pennsylvania the Germans lead, witk 94.1 per cent of the males and 100 per cent of the females speaking English. The North Italians follow with 72.6 per cent ot their males thus reported, though the percentage for the females is only 40.5. The Magyars show 67.6 per cent and 49.7 per cent, respectively , while the South Italians and the Lithuanians exceed the general average of the males and the Poles and Lithuanians exceed that ot the females. . n i In the South, persons native-born of foreign father comprise num- bers so small that only the Magyars are considered m this p^ticular tabulation. All of this race, both males and females, speak Englisli. The Germans rank highest among the foreign-born, 64.4 per cent ol the males and 46.9 per cent of the females being able to speak the English language. The Lithuanian, Magyar, Slovak, and North Italian males follow in the order indicated, and all exceed the general aveiage for the foreign-born, the only races falling below that figure being the South Italians, with 30.2 per cent of the males and 17.6 per cent ol the females speaking English, and the Poles, only 27.8 per cent o whom, both male and female, come under this classification. Ihe North Italians in this comparison show the unusual condition or 41.2 Bituminous Coal Mining. 201 per cent of the females, in contrast with 35.2 per cent of the males, able to speak English. The Southwest division shows the lowest percentage speaking English among persons of the second generation, only 74.5 per cent of the males and 88.1 per cent of the females speaking that language. The Slovak females of the second generation are in advance of the males, in the Southwest, 97.2 per cent speaking the language, although •only 90 per cent of the males are able to do so. The foreign-born in the Southwest appear to better advantage than lin the South. The Croatians rank first, with 79.3 per cent of the males jand 71.4 per cent of the females speaking English; the only other races : which exceed the general average are the Lithuanians, with 66.3 per cent of the males and 22 per cent of the females, the Slovaks, whose percentages are 60.3 and 41.5, respectively, and the North Italians, with 51.1 per cent reported for the males and 23.8 per cent for the females. In the table next presented, progress among the individual mine workers of the several races in acquiring the use of English is shown by geographical divisions. Percentages for the whole bitu- minous coal industry are added for comparative purposes. The table shows the ability to speak English, by locality and by race, of the 48,656 bituminous mine workers of non -English -speaking races from whom information was secured. Table 124.— Per cent of foreign-horn male employees who speak English, by locality and by race. (study of employees.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.] Race. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bitumi- nous coal mining. Bohemian and Moravian 77.3 78.9 68.4 89.4 68.0 50.2 75.9 50.0 57 3 69.4 54 2 / a'i (a) («) 7yf 0 70 0 >oatian 71 n 57.8 70.9 90.5 62.2 French 7L6 91. 0 # 1 . u /'a) Clerman on n 0 D1 A Italian, North 58.8 60.3 71.1 50. 8 yu. u yi. u AO A Italian, South DO. 0 Q vZ, 4 AA A Lithuanian DO. y Q9 7 DD. U QQ 0 60. 8 ilagyar y^. i 00 . Z A 75. 5 “ 51.9 Poiish DO. 0 lO. u AC 1 Russian 67.' 9 73. 5 OU. o 56 9 DO. U AC DO. 1 7A 0 52. 1 60.4 Slovak 57 ! 1 Do. 0 AQ 1 /U. 0 AC 0 Slovenian 72^3 92. 5 DO. i 0 DO. 0 58. 6 Swedish oy, 0 Q7 9 04. y 68. 1 (a) 60. 9 96. 4 Total 69.7 58 2 AQ A AA 1 61.2 DO. D Dy. 1 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. , Upon comparing the totals of all races in this table for the our localities it is seen that the Middle West and the Southwest 5how the highest percentages of those speaking English. Pennsyl- t^ania shows the lowest per cent, while the South exhibits a slightly cent than does the Middle West or the Southwest. . Uermans show the most consistent high percentages for all ocahties, varying only from 89.4 per cent in the Middle West to 1 per cent in Pennsylvania and the Southwest. The Croatians, 202 The Immigration Commission. with 54.2 per cent in Pennsylvania, 71 per cent in the South, and 78.9 per cent in the Middle West, show the widest variations. In Pennsylvania the North Italians have as compared with 68 per cent m the Middle West. The North Italians of the South and the Southwest are slightly below those of Middle West. The South Italians of the Middle West, however, show a low per cent as compared with the proportion of the same race speaking English in Pennsylvania, the South, and the South- ^^The next table submitted shows the per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over in the households studied, who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. Table 125 .— Per cent of foreign-horn 'persons 6 'years of age or o'oer who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) FThis table includes only non-Englisb-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, how- ever, is for all non-Enghsh-speaking races.] Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English, by age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. 50 90.9 46.2 373 84.8 35. 5 140 84. 2 71. 6 889 88.2 76.6 43. 3 743 30.8 485 91. 5 54 9 737 79.4 43.5 103 42.3 11. 7 1,059 81.9 29. 5 52 66.7 58.3 2.0 149 17. 5 156 50.0 17.9 1,231 83.3 33.4 6,237 81.3 36.4 The foregoing table brings out strongly the greater aptitude of children than of adults in acquiring the English language, only 36.4 per cent of those persons who were 14 years of age or over at tlie time of coming being able to speak English at the present tune, as compared to 81.3 per cent who were under 14 years of age at the time of their arrival in this country. Among those over 14 at time ot arrival who can now speak English, the Germans rank hrst with 71.6 per cent, followed by the Lithuanians with 54.9 per cent, the Bohemians and Moravians with 46.2 per cent, the Magyars with 43.5 per cent, and the North Italians with 43.3 per cent. All the other races fall below the general average. The Roumanians with per cent, the Mexicans with 11.7 per cent, the Russians with 17.5 per cent, and the Ruthenians with 17.9 per cent, make a comparatively unfavorable showing. Of those under 14 years of age at time ot arrival, the Lithuanians show the highest percentage able to speah Eno-lish at present. The 91.5 per cent of this race is followed by the 90 9 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians, the 88.2 per cent ot the North Italians, the 84.8 per cent of the Croatians, the 84.2 per Bituminous Coal Mining. 203 cent of the Germans, the 83.3 per cent of the Slovaks, and the 81.9 per cent of the Poles. The percentages falling greatly below the general average of 81.3 are the Mexican 42.3, Ruthenian 50, and Russian 58.3. It is interesting to note that the Germans who came as children rank only fifth, though their race ranks first in the adult group. Moreover, the Magyars who came under 14 ^^ears of age take eighth place in the order of ability to speak English at present as compared with the fourth place of those who came at an age greater than 14. On the other hand, the Roumanians who came as adults make the poorest showing in that class, although those who came while children are fourth from the foot in the comparison among the young people. The Russians alone rank the same among adults and children, stand- ing eleventh in each case. Table 126 . — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.] Race of individual. Number reporting! complete data. Per cent who speak English, by years in United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Bohemian and Moravian 50 29.6 57.1 100.0 Croatian 373 21.3 51.5 65.4 German 140 47.5 86.7 97.0 Italian, North 889 26.8 54.6 84.9 Italian, South 743 18.3 53.7 76.2 Lithuanian 485 28.7 56.4 85.1 Magyar 737 25.8 54.6 83.2 Mexican 103 .0 13.6 23.9 Polish 1,059 52 16.0 42.3 74.5 Roumanian 2.8 12.5 Russian 149 8.5 28.9 70.6 Ruthenian 156 .0 32.6 48.8 Slovak 1,231 14.5 42.2 61.2 Total 6, 237 19.8 48.6 72.3 This table clearly shows an increase in the proportion of persons able to speak English corresponding to the length of residence in the United States, 72.3 per cent of those here ten or more years hav- ing acquired the language, in contrast with only 19.8 per cent of those in the country less than five years. Without exception, a steady increase is shown in the case of each race, the percentage frequently doubling and sometimes trebling from the first residence classification to the next. The Germans rank highest among the persons of recent arrival. Their 47.5 per cent able to speak English IS followed by the Bohemian and Moravian 29.6 per cent, the Lithu- anian 28.7 per cent, the North Italian 26.8 percent, the Magyar 25.8 per cent, and the Croatian 21.3 per cent. No other race reaches the general average of 19.8 per cent. None of the Mexicans and Ruthe- nians in the United States less than five years speak English. The Roumanians rank next, with but 2.8 per cent speaking English, and the Russians next with 8.5 per cent. All the races are represented in the next comparison, which concerns the persons five to nine years in the United States. The Germans 204 The Immigration Commission. with 86.7 per cent able to speak English are again far in the lead, the Bohemians and Moravians ranking second with 57.1 per cent. Other percentages in excess of the general average of 48.6 are the Lithu- anian 56.4, the Magyar and North Italian 54.6, the South Italian 53.7 , and the Croatian 51.5. All the others fall below the average, the poor- est showing being made by the Roumanians, with 12.5, and the Mexicans with 13.6 per cent, both being much below the Russian 28.9 per cent, which is next in the ascending order of percentages. No Roumanians in the households studied have been in the United States as much as ten years. Of the other races, the Bohemians and Moravians rank highest, with 100 per cent speaking English. The Germans take second place, their proportion being 97 per cent. The Lithuanians follow, with 85.1 per cent, and the other races which exceed the general average of 72.3 are the North Italians, 84.9, the Magyars, 83.2, the South Italians, 76.2, and the Poles, 74.5, this being the first classification in which the last-named race shows a percent- age higher than the average. The races with a less than average pro- portion of their people speaking English, even after a residence of ten years or more, are the Mexicans with 23.9 per cent, the Ruthe- nians with 48.8 per cent, the Slovaks with 61.2 per cent, the Croatians with 65.4 per cent, and the Russians with 70.6 per cent. The table which is next submitted shows the per cent of foreign- born bituminous mine employees who speak English, according to age at time of coming to the United States. Two divisions are made according to age, one showing all males under 14 years of age, the other all males 14 or over, at the time of arrival in this country. Table 127 . — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (study of employees.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.] Race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English, by age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. Total. BotiBiniOrii cIikI Mortivicin. 735 98.6 65.6 72.2 Bulgarian 172 100.0 29.4 30.2 CroQ-tiodi - 2,394 74.2 57.6 57. 8 Dutch 101 96.2 80.0 84.2 French 7G0 97.0 63.6 70.9 Genno-n.. 2,639 111 99.9 87.2 90. 5 Greek 100.0 65. 7 66.7 It3*liQ>n North 6,528 94.1 60.7 62.2 ItRliRH South 4,188 87.5 59.4 60.8 ItRlicin. (not specified, )...... - 103 100.0 58.6 60.2 Lithuanian. 1,870 96.1 74.6 75. 5 Magyar 4,470 89.1 50.8 51. 9 Mexic8.n 107 87.5 72.5 74.8 Montenegrin 136 100.0 34.6 36. 0 Polish 7,190 95.3 50.1 52. 1 It ouni3.nicin 151 47.7 47.7 ItussiciD. 1,810 84.6 59.9 60. 4 Itutheni3.n 300 77.8 43.3 44. 3 Servicin 127 75.0 61.0 61. 4 Slov3.k 11,137 92.7 56.9 58.6 60.9 96.4 Slovenian 1,864 95.1 59.3 Swedish 306 100.0 95.7 Total 48,656 95.0 59.0 61.2 Bituminous Coal Mining. 205 Immigrants who were under 14 years of age when they came to the United States show a much larger per cent speaking English at the time the information was secured, according to the foregoing table, than those who were older at the time of arrival in this country. This is naturally the case, as the younger immigrants are able to learn more easily, since they have the advantage of attending Amer- ican schools and associating with native-born children. The older the immigrant at the time of landing in this country the greater the difficulty he experiences in acquiring the English language. The table shows 101 Dutch reporting, 96.2 per cent of whom under 14 years of age and 80 per cent over 14 at the time of immigration speak English. Of the 760 French, 97 per cent under 14 and 63.6 per cent over 14 are able to speak English. Of the 2,639 Germans reporting, 99.9 per cent under 14 and 87.2 per cent over 14 speak English. Out of 306 of the Swedes reporting, 100 per cent under 14 and 95.7 per cent over 14 are able to speak English. A comparison of the above races shows the Bulgarians with the lowest per cent over 14 at time of coming to the United States, and the Croatians with the lowest per cent under 14, speaking the English language at the present time. North Italians reporting complete data number 6,528, 94.1 per cent of whom under 14 years of age on coming to this country and 60.7 per cent over 14 are now able to speak English. Of the 4,188 South Italians shown in the table 87.5 per cent under 14 and 59.4 per cent over 14 at the time of their arrival can at present speak English. Data were secured from 2,394 Croatians, of whom 74.2 per cent under 14 3 ^ears of age at time of landing and 57.6 per cent above this age speak English. Eighty-nine and one-tenth per cent under 14 years and 50.8 per cent over 14, of the 4,470 Magyars reporting; 95.3 per cent under 14 years and 50.1 per cent over this age, of the 7,190 Poles; and 84.6 and 59.9 per cent of those under and over 14 years of age, respectively, of the 1,810 Russians reporting, are able to speak the English language. Slovaks report in the greatest numbers, and of the 11,137 of this race shown in the table, 92.7 per cent under 14 years and 56.9 per cent over this age at the time of coming to this country, can now speak English. The Slovenians, numbering 1,864, show percentages of 95.1 and 59.3 for immigrants under and over 14 years, respectively, at the time of immigration, who can speak English. Of all the Slavic races, Croatians, Servians, and Ruthenians show the lowest per cents speaking English at the present time of those who were under 14 years of age at the time of arrival in the United States. Lithuanians who furnished information number 1,870, 96.1 per cent of whom under 14 years of age and 74.6 per cent over this age at the Lme of coming to the United States are now able to speak English. These people rank well up with the races from northern Europe and, considering the fact that they segregate themselves, the showing made denotes progress toward Americanization. As regards the relative progress of the different races in acquiring the use of English, the table next presented exhibits by race the proportion of foreign-born employees able to speak English after designated periods of residence in the United States. 206 The Immigration Commission. Table 128 Per cent of foreign-horn male employees luho speaJc English, by years in the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) r-o .. in fho TTnitpH ^tatps IS meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table „“ly ^ ith 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, ,s tor all non-English-speaking races.] Number reporting Per cent who speak English, by years in United States. complete data. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Total. 735 43.3 72.6 91.0 72.2 Bohemian and Moravian 172 19.2 94. 4 87. 5 30. 2 2,394 47.2 68. 1 78. 9 Oi . o QA O 101 66. 7 78.9 96. 2 o4. Z 70 Q 760 36.8 65. 9 90. 0 1 u. y on 2,639 63.9 85. 1 97. 4 yu. 0 AA 7 111 52. 6 74.2 91. 3 DO. # AO 0 6,528 40.3 71.5 70.5 86. 7 OZ. Z AA Q 4,188 43.2 85. 4 oO. O AA 0 103 40.4 77. 4 85. 0 89.3 DO. Z (not spBCifiod). 1,870 47.9 80.6 75. 5 4, 470 34.4 65. 0 81.5 78. 9 ol. y 7A ft 107 67.9 75. 0 oA n 136 29.9 64.3 60.1 100. 0 uO. U KO 1 7, 190 30.5 78. 8 OZ. X 47 7 151 43.9 66.7 73.9 100. 0 AA A 1,810 41. 5 87. 4 DO. 4 44 ^ 300 20.9 55. 1 75.5 63.2 84. 9 A1 4 127 43.1 80. 0 Dl. ^ 11, 137 35.3 80. 7 Oo. c AO 0 1,864 42.2 72. 1 83. 3 DU. 0 AA A 306 60.9 94. 4 100. 0 yo. *i 48, 656 38.8 68.2 85.6 61.5 1 Tliis table, showing the per cent of foreign-born males who speak Eno-lish by years of residence in the United States, includes onh races with 100 or more males reporting. As the table is ^ivideu into three periods, showing immigrants who have been in the Lmted States under five years, those with residence of five to nine years, and those living in this country ten years or over, the percentages indicate which races have mastered the language in a short which have been slow in learning to speak English. A general idea is also given of the progress made toward immigrant races have progressed m the knowledge of English so have they advanced in adopting American ways and customs. Of the total of 48,656 non-Enghsh-speakmg immigrant employee, covered by the above table, 38.8 per cent who have been m the United States under five years, 68.2 per cent in this country from five to nine years, and 85.6 per cent with a residence of ten years or ovei, are aide to speak English. ^ A review of the entire table shows the races from northern Europe to be the older immigrants, with a larger average per f^t speaking English than of other immigrant races. Lithupians also show hi^ percentages able to speak English, and the majority of those report- ing have been in the United States over five years Italians are more recent immigrants than the races mentioned and show only lair progress in acquiring English. Bituminous Coal Mining. 207 Slavic races shown in the table are very recent immigrants and are very slow in learning to speak English. Some reasons assigned for the backwardness of the Italian and Slavic races are their living in colonies and settlements by themselves where little English is spoken, their being in many instances segregated at work where con- versation is entirely in their own language, and a certain amount of racial prejudice between them and Americans, as a result of which they are not encouraged to associate with natives. The same condi- tions do not obtain among races from northern Europe, and this fact is clearly illustrated by the progress these races have made toward Americanization. E •'• ■ ' -TO ■< J . v"? ‘ -ii^-'' ttr^' " 4>««^' £ 5 “ Chapter VIII. RECENT IMMIGRATION IN ITS RELATION TO ACCIDENTS IN COAL MINES. Death rate reported for the mines of the United States— Distribution of accidents in coal-producing areas — Comparison with conditions in foreign countries — The responsibility of employees for accidents — Inexperience as a cause of accidents — Racial composition of the operating forces of bituminous mines — Recent and old immigration compared — Lack of experience on the part of recent immigrants — Fatalities in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Indiana— Opinions of state mine inspectors and agents of the Federal Government — Opinions of mine workers and attitude of labor organizations — Conclusion— [Text Tables 129 to 152]. DEATH RATE REPORTED FOR THE MINES OF THE UNITED STATES. In the year 1908, 2,450 men lost their lives in the coal mines of the United States. During the period of fourteen years, 1895 to 1908, inclusive, the loss of life reached a total of 23,857, an average of 1,704 lives a year. The following table shows for the period the actual number of fatalities, and the number of fatalities for each thousand men employed and for each million tons of coal mined. Table 129. — Number of fatalities per 1,000 men employed and per 1,000,000 tons oj coal produced, in the coal mines of the United States, 1895 to 1908. [Compiled from Bulletin No. 333 of the United States Geological Survey, 1907. ‘‘Coal-mine Accidents: Their Causes and Prevention.”] Year. Fatali- ties. Fatalities per 1,000 men employed. Fatalities per 1,000,000 tons of coal produced. Year. 1895 1,057 2. 67 6. 13 1904 2896 1,120 2. 79 6. 53 1905 1897 947 2. 34 5.30 1906 1898 1,049 2. 59 5. 34 1907 1899 1,243 2.98 5.49 1908 1900 1,493 3.24 6. 20 1901 1,594 3.24 6.08 Yearly aver- 1902 1,828 3. 49 6. 79 auft 1903 1,794 3.14 5. 62 Fatali- ties. Fatalities per 1,000 men employed. Fatalities per 1,000,000 tons of coal produced. 1,999 3.38 6.24 2,097 3. 53 5.97 2,061 3. 40 5.57 3,125 4.86 6.87 2, 450 3. 60 5.97 1,704 ! 3. 23 6.01 The figures of the table are given graphic presentation in the accompanying charts. It will be noted that from 1895 to the present time there has been a marked, though by no means constant, increase in the yearly num- ber of fatalities. In 1895 the fatalities numbered 1,057, and in 1908, there were 2,450, an increase of 131.8 per cent. The loss of life for each thousand men employed was 2.67 for 1895 and 3.60 for 1908. The average for the period is 3.23. These figures seem to indicate that the increase in the actual number of fatalities has not been occa- sioned solely by the employment of a greater number of men than were formerly employed.® “It will be seen from the table that both the actual number of fatalities and the death rate per thousand men employed are higher for 1907 than for 1908. That this IS the case does not, however, indicate a general improvement within the past few years in conditions making for safety. The year 1907 was, as regards accidents, an abnormal year, and the figures for 1908, while indeed lower than mose for 1907, show an increase over the figures for 1906 and preceding years. 209 210 The Immigration Commission. Bituminous Coal Mining. 211 Number of lives lost per 1,000 employees in the anthracite and bituminous coal mines of the United States, 1895-1908. 212 The Immigration Commission. There has been, during the fourteen years covered by the table, a sl ight decrease in the loss of life for each million tons of coal produced The rate reported is 5.97 for 1908, as ® “ e of the period. This showing may be due to the f^t that the use of machinery for mining has become more general and that it is, there fore possible to mine a given tonnage of cold with less manual labor than formerly. It is clear, however, frorn the figures showing fatal- ities for 1,000 men employed, that the introduction of machinery has not materially lessened the danger to the workmen. In its rela- tion to production, the loss of life m the mines is slightly less than formerly; in its relation to the number of employees, it is greater. DISTRIBUTION OF ACCIDENTS IN COAL-PBODUCING AREAS. The table presented below indicates the distribution of fagfc amonff the different States and Territories of the United btates, t^ether with the number of fatalities per 1,000 men employed, for the years 1907 and 1908. Table 130 —Number of fatalities in the coal mines of (/le United States and number of fatalities per 1,000 men employed, by States and Territories, 1907 and lOOS. [C 0 „,pne k ! I f ; ! ( i Bituminous Coal Mining. 215 For Belgium, which is troubled with fire damp to a greater extent than any other coal-producing country, the figures are not so good as those just given for France* but even in Belgium better results have been obtained for the three years 1904-1906 than in the United States, as will be seen from the following table: Number of men hilled in the coal mines of Belgium for each million tons of coal produced. 1895 1896 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 7. 70 6. 39 5. 77 7. 78 5. 77 5. 96 6. 93 6. 29 6. 68 5. 66 5. 64 4. 96 Prussia shows less favorable results than the United States in regard to lives lost per million tons of coal, yet during the past ten years there has been an almost steadv decrease in tne number killed per million tons mined, and the number of lives lost per 1,000 inen employed has also decreased from 2.54 to 1.80, showing that the high death rate based on amount of coal produced is largely due to the natural conditions existing in the ccal mines of that country. By comparing these statements with the figures given for the United States in Table 129, page 209, it will be seen that the loss of life per million tons of coal mined is higher in the United States than in any European country except Prussia. In all the foreign countries mentioned, Prussia included, the decrease in the death rate has been much more rapid than in the United States. Natural conditions are more favorable here than elsewhere for the mining of coal with a minimum of danger to the workmen employed. The mines of the United States are, in general, not so old as those of Ureat Britain and Europe; the veins of coal are thicker and the operations nearer the surface of the ground. Gaseous mines are not more prevalent here than abroad, while the abundance and relative cheapness m this country of timber for use in propping should be a factor working for comparatively greater safety.® The high death rate reported for the coal mines of the United States IS of importance in connection with a study of immigration because of the fact, elsewhere established, & that persons of foreign birth are now very extensively employed in mining. The question naturally arises whether the presence of the immigrant mine workers is m any material degree responsible for the large and increasing number of accidents and fatalities. THE RESPONSIBILITY OF EMPLOYEES FOR ACCIDENTS. The following statements are made in the report of the Penn- sylvania department of mines for 1907: bp?^ causes at least one-half could have been saved if the victims and their fellow workmen had observed greater care in their The number of fatal accidents in 1907 was 806. “Coal-mine Accidents: & Chap. II, p. 21. 216 The Immigration Commission. A careful examination of the reports shows that 332 accidents, or 41.19 per cent, were due to the carelessness of the victims; 291 or 36.10 per cent, to the carelessness of others' 159, or 19.73 per cent, to unavoidable causes; and 24, or 2.98 per cent, to causes undetermined. The 623, or 77.25 per cent, caused by carelessness include the 273 fatalities of the Naomi and Darr mines, which were caused by the careless- ness of other persons. Omitting Naomi and Darr fatalities the remaining 533 are distributed as follows; Carelessness of victims, 332, or 62.29 per cent; carelessness of others, 18, or 3.38 per cent; unavoidable, 159, or 29.83 per cent, and 24, or 4 50 per cent, not determined. At least two-thirds of these accidents could have been prevented by the exercise of proper care on the part of the workmen and officials in direct charge of the mines. The following is from the report of the Pennsylvania department of mines for the year 1903: Ordinary precautions on the part of the victims would have prevented probably 50 per cent of the accidents by falls and by cars and machinery. Similar statements are frequently met with in the official reports of the different mining States. Figures for the country as a whole are not to be had, but it seems to be the opinion of those best miorined upon the subject that a high percentage of all the accidents occurring in mines are due to the negligence or incompetency of the miners themselves. INEXPERIENCE AS A CAUSE OF ACCIDENTS. It is everywhere admitted that the percentage of fatalities is nmch higher among inexperienced than among experienced miners. Data upon this subject, collected by the department of mines ot the State of West Virginia, are presented in the table on the page following. [From Annual Report, Department of Mines, West Virginia, 1908.] Bituminous Coal Mining. 217 s o o ■B.B 9 d cj W CO CO Sgg .sag •IBIOX 00t^OC0r^000505O'^00.I^OiOC5t^'^CS| ^ JH ^ o t >- ':0 O CS . Tf lO • t-H O CM 1, 467 •IBIBJUO^I rHLOC£0-^COCOt^(Mt^TtllOOO>OOt^'^^ 05 Tti o lO CO (M r-f (N CO 1 •COt-I • CO I-H o o 842 CO ^ 00 00 O O 05 00 CO (M 05 O .-H • CO to O CD Tf CO CO CO CO ■— 1 1— 1 . . 1-H 'TtH 1 >o ! ^ 1 •I^iox 00 00c0iOC000'^^OCOC^r-« ^ O lO CO CO CS T-H t-H r-H lO CO CO 1 00 1 ■ CO 356 1 1906. •moj. lO CM »0 CO lO CO CO 1 1— 1 (M ,— ( ._! (N lO — 1 i-f OCMCMCM 1-H lO 298 ;^OiOOOO'^T-Hc0^i-fOi-Hj>-C^ ‘T-HC^ C\ C^COC^T-Hi-Hr-H 1-H t-Ht-H . OJ CO 50 g CM 1905. •IBIOX 9 9 13 9 31 ^ 00 ^ CO • CO CM CO uo ■'f CM CM ■—! CM "— 1 <— 1 1— 1 11 3 1 47 444 •IBIBJ UQX 2;oocp.-i050-^05C'3i>. •o5ooooi>. c-irH i CO i—l CM CO r-l r-i .— 1 . . ^ T-H t-H i-H CO 250 ^ ^ ^ ® • CO 194 1904. •IBIOX ^^Ot^C^iOO^C500COOrHlCOC^ T-H • lO 351 •IBIBJUON ^Jf;5^M^05MC0C0>0CM'^c0CMc0 • O • CM iO ! ^ CM ;ooo»o^oocoo5coco.-H.-(eMiocococM 00 • ^ ! 140 1903. •IBIOJ, t^CMlOCOi-Hi-HC0 <35 CM 00 239 ^ <05 CO -ct* CO 00 CO CM .-H CO rH IC CM CM .-H r-l ^ CM CM • CO 120 1901. •IB^OX OOa5CO;^Oi-HrHCO^<05COt^lO— IrHCO TTi-HCOC^t-Ht-Hi-Hi-H t-Ht-H I-H t-H (M CO 1-H CO 310 O«O^C0t^05OCMi0C0rH0000'-ICM rH »0 IM CO GO 180 00 CO CO 00 -Ml CM CO CM Tfi i cO !>. CO • i-H CD • CO O I 130 '“'J a > > >>>> «00 (M c*5 WMOTWMMWOO 03c3c30sc3c3c3c8 ICOIOOICOIOO ’-H(M(NCOCO-^t«io W3bj0fcJ0tiCWib£tCtJ£> .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .S .9 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ "'3 BBBBB !=*!=*!=* 'o'o'o’o'o'o’o'o .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 Tj'd'O'OTJT^'C'Ta flflrtaaacc wwwwcocococo csoscsososcs^^ca''^ > >> >5 >> >> >1 t>> g _ ^ c3c3c3c3c3iSaJ(H(.(Doaj>,a)a)flja> > >>>>>>>^03^53 iotot>.ooo3.-iOOOOOOOOoQS<5t> 218 The Immigration Commission. The figures are for the years 1901 to 1908, inclusive. It will be seen that out of 4,684 men killed or injured during the period 508 were known to have been employed in the mmes three months or less One thousand eight hundred and eighteen casualties or 38.8 per cent of the total, were among men with from a few weeks to two years experience in the industry. . . -i i , Data for States other than West Virginia are not available, but the situation in other coal-producing areas is about the same, llie reason for this is obvious. Mining is to a considerable extent a technical occupation. If a miner is to work in even comparative salety he must not only be able to handle pick and shovel, but must under- stand the placing of props and the use of explosives, and must know something of coal and roof formations and of the dangers of coal dust and fire damp. Ignorance relative to any of these matters may lead to serious injury or death. It is only by several years of practi- cal experience that a mine worker gams the knowledge that qualities him as a skilled miner. -in The importance of this fact is generally recognized by mmmg experts and inspectors. The mining laws of the State of Illinois provide that only those men shall be employed as miners who have certificates of competency issued by one of the several examining boards appointed under the authority of the State. ^ To be entitled to a certificate a man must be able to answer questions concerning minino- asked by the members of the board by which he is examined, and rnust present evidence of having had at least two years ol prac- tical experience as a miner or with a miner.® RACIAL COMPOSITION OF THE OPERATING FORCES OF BITUMINOUS MINES. It having been seen that the responsibility for many of the acci- dents in the mines rests with the employees themselves, and the connection between fatalities and inexperience having been noted, it becomes evident that the composition of the working force and the characteristics of the workmen are matters of the very nrst The statement has already been made that a large proportion of the employees are of foreign birth.^ Figures showing the race and nativity of all the coal-mine employees of the country are not avail- able. The ground has never been completely covered. It is pos- sible, however, to determine the composition of the working force in a representative way by means of statistics from several sources. Original data collected from individual mine workers supply mate- rial relative to between 20 and 25 per cent of the employees m the bituminous coal mines of the United States. As infqrmaDon has been secured from all the important mining districts, it is believed that the figures are representative of conditions for the entire indus- try. These figures are given for the entire bituminous coal helds covered in the table next presented. a Illinois Revised Statutes, 1909; Hurd, chap. 93 secs. 53-60, inclusive^ b Data upon this subject have been presented and discussed at length in Lnap. , pp. 21-24. Bituminous Coal Mining. 219 Tablb 133 . — MaU »mploye§s for whom information was securtd, by gsnsral nativity and raci. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. General nativity and race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Native-born of native father; White 18,515 6, 702 2 21.0 Foreign-born, by race— Contd. Norwegian 14 (“) 8.3 7.6 Polish 7,370 7 (“) Portirguese (a) .2 Foreign-born, by race: Roumanian 157 2 (“) .8 Russian 1,853 2.1 Bohemian .and Moravian. . 747 Ruthenian 308 .3 .2 Scotch 1 , 162 27 1.3 Bulgarian 177 Scotch-Irish (a) .1 Canadian, French 26 (a) (“) 2.7 Servian 132 Ca.nndia.n, Other .80 Slovak . . . . 11,318 1,912 7 12.8 Croatian 2, 426 1 Slovenian 2.2 Cuban (a) (a) (a) .1 Spanish (a) .3 Dalmatian 6 Swedish 307 Danish 20 Syrian 21 (c) (a) .5 Dutch 106 Turkish 4 English 2,497 70 2.8 Welsh 399 Finnish .1 West Indian (other than Cuban ) Flemish 3 1 (a) French 786 Australian (race not spec- ified) German 2, 699 113 3.1 8 (a) Greek .1 Austrian (race not speci- fied) Hebrew (other than Rus- sian) 885 1.0 6 (a) (a) 1.1 Belgian (race not speci- fied L - Herzegovinian 6 377 .4 Irish 935 Swiss (race not specified) . 24 (a) Tt.nl in.n ^nrtVi 6, 6(.6 4,272 7.5 4.8 Italian, South Grand total... 88,368 100.0 Ttnlion f^nrit Pi Prl ^ 113 1,892 18 .1 2.1 Xl'CtliaiJ. opiTrL/liJCU. y. • • . . Lithuanian Total native-born of foreign father Macedonian (a) 5.2 8, 415 33.634 54,7.34 9.5 Magyar 4,571 Total native-born 38.1 Mexican 116 .1 Total foreign-born 61.9 Montenegrin 130 .2 a Less than 0.05 per cent. It will be seen that 61.9 per cent of the individuals included in this table are of foreign birth. The numbers and percentages of the native-born and foreign-born and of the different foreign races are shown for each bituminous mining area in the following table : Table 134 . — Race of male employees for whom information was secured, by locality; per cent distribution. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number in each specified locality. Per cent distribution in each speci- fied locality. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Native-born of native father: White 6,003 584 6,448 913 4,389 4,809 1,675 396 82.0 3. 1 13.1 1.9 32.6 35. 7 23.8 6.6 (a) .0 Negro Indian 2 .0 .0 .0 .0 Foreign-born, by race: Armenian 2 .0 (a) .1 .0 Bohemian and Moravian. Bosnian 253 457 1 8 29 1.4 .0 . 1 .9 (a) . 1 .4 .0 Bulgarian 17 31 123 6 9 . 1 Canadian, French 11 11 4 . 1 (a) (“) 4.0 .0 (a) 1.9 . 1 Canadian, Other 8 19 2 1 (a) 1.0 («) .2 Croatian 183 1,971 ! 258 14 a Less than 0.05 per cent. 220 The Immigration Commission. Table 134— i?ac6 of male employees for whom information was secured, by locality; per cent distribution — Continued. General nativity and race. Number in each specified locality. Per cent distribution in each speci- fied locality. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Middle 1 West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Foreign-born, by race Con. 1 , 0.0 0.0 (a) 0.0 6 .0 (a) 0.0 .0 7 10 2 1 (a) (a) (a) (a) 22 56 19 9 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 3.6 812 1,312 119 254 4.3 2. 7 . 9 29 39 2 .2 .1 .0 (a) 3 .0 (a) .0 .0 194 339 38 215 1.0 .7 .3 3.1 2.6 (a) 864 1,538 112 185 4.6 3. 1 . 8 12 75 23 3 .1 . 2 . 2 Hebrew (other than Rus- 2 3 1 (a) (a) (a) .0 3 3 .0 (a) (a) .0 128 663 45 99 . 7 1.3 .3 1.4 16.6 6.1 .1 1,716 3,379 402 1, 169 9.2 6.9 3.0 422 2, 239 1,182 429 2.3 4. 6 8. 8 Italian (not specified) Lithuanian 4 C9 10 (a) 5.8 .2 .0 1,086 640 41 125 1.3 .3 1.8 nn ion 5 13 .0 (a) . 1 .0 Magyar 648 3,528 346 49 .3.5 7.2 2.6 .7 1.6 1 1 114 (“) .0 (a) ATI pjrri n ,33 12 91 .2 («) .7 .0 7 5 2 (a) (a) .0 («) Polish 823 6,025 301 221 4.4 12.3 2.2 .0 3.1 .0 crnpcp 7 .0 (“) Roumanian 11 105 37 4 .1 .2 .3 .1 1.5 .0 Russian 377 1,283 86 107 2.0 2.6 . 6 20 284 4 .1 .6 (a) Scotch 350 562 102 i 148 1.9 1.1 .8 2.1 QpAfpVi-T tiqIi 1 26 1 (a) .1 .0 Servian 24 86 21 1 .1 _ 2 .2 («) 1.9 2.8 Slovak 796 9,998 391 133 4.2 20^3 2.9 Slovenian . 99 1,560 57 196 .5 3.2 . 4 Spanish 1 1 5 .0 (“) (a) . 1 Swedish 67 216 5 19 .4 .4 (a) .3 (a) Syrian 8 5 5 3 (a) (a) (a) 4 .0 (a) .0 Welsh 160 191 11 37 .9 .4 .1 1 West Indian (other than Culr>£in) 1 .0 .0 .0 («) Australian (race notspeci- flprl ^ 1 5 2 (a) (a) .0 1 (a) Austrian (race not speci- fied ) 127 247 56 455 .7 .5 .4 6.5 Belgian (race not speci- fied) 102 1.53 7 115 .5 .3 (a) 1.6 (a) Swiss (race not specified). 8 14 1 1 (a) (a) (a) Grand total 18,737 49, 137 13, 458 7,036 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total native-born of foreign father 2,717 4,560 343 795 14.5 9.3 2.5 11.3 40.8 59.2 Tot al native-born 9, .304 11,921 9,541 2,868 49.7 24.3 70. 9 Total foreign-born 9,433 37,216 3,917 4, 168 50.3 75. 7 29. 1 a Less than 0.05 per cent. The proportion of foreign-born individuals is largest in Pennsyl- vania and smallest in the South. The figure for Pennsylvania is 75.7 per cent; that for the South is but 29.1 per cent. In the South- west the proportion of foreign-born is slightly higher than in the Mid- dle West. Further data as to the nativity of the employees of the coal-mining industry are supplied by the official reports of the min- ing de])artments of the three States leading in the production of coal. Pennsylvania, Illinois, and West Virginia. Number of foreign-horn employees and total number of employees for whom detailed information was secured, by locality. Bituminous Coal Mining. 221 222 The Immigration Commission. The figures of the following table are from the report of the Penn- sylvania department of mines for the year 1907: Table Nationality or race of employees w the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania, [From annual report of Secretary of f f Nationality or race. Per cent Number, distribu- tion. Native-l)om: Whites Negroes Foreign-born: Slavonians . . Italians Hungarians. Poles English Swedes Austrians. . . Germans Lithuanians. Russians Irish Scotch French Norwegians. Welsh Belgians 21 , 987 147 884 735 764 748 294 ,053 , 462 ,310 ,220 no ,051 683 564 533 409 384 27.7 .2 16.3 13.5 7.3 7.3 4.2 2.6 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 ! Nationality or race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Foreign-born— Continued . 220 0.3 209 .3 Croatians 196 .2 Fiun.s 136 .2 Yyrolppn.'; 108 .1 Armenians 50 .1 30 (fX) RoumaTiian.'t 19 (a) Canadians 10 (a) PypjfipS 2 (a) Hebrews 1 (a) Mixed 6,941 8.8 TotOfl Ti3.tivo-)^or^ 22, 134 50, 185 27.9 Total foreign-bom 63.3 6,941 8.8 - 79,260 100.0 1 1 a Less than 0.05 per cent. NOTE.-Total number of companies, 512; Sf tWs“lue, ™%“o7o'iS of companies not reportmg on labor blank, 37. Nu p , ^ 1907,183,121. (Annual report of number of employees in the Tl BituSoS P L Two himdred and seven “ferano- coribiued with ..Hungarians-; and 78 “ Howats ” (presumably Hervats) combined with Croatians. The data for Pennsylvania cover 79,260 out of a total of l|3,12l employees. It will be noted that a large number are classified as “ imxed. ” Sixty-three and three-tenths per cent of all the employees classified according to general nativity and race are of foreign birth. A comparison of the percentages of this table with those given for the Pennsylvania district in the table on page 249 is of interest. 1 he locality is the same in either case. A larger proportion of all employ- ees are included in the table compiled from the figures of the state report than in that compiled from original data. Upon the other hand, there are in the last-mentioned table no employees classified as mixed, and the classification by race is probably more rehable_ The proportion of foreign-born reported in the original table is 75.7 per cLt, as against the 63.3 per cent of the table compiled from the figures of the state report. Bituminous Coal Mining. 223 In 1899 the State of Illinois collected data for the classification, according to general nativity and race, of nearly all the employees in the coal mines of the State. The results are shown in the following table : Table 136 . — Nationality of employees of Illinois mines, 1899. [Compiled from Illinois Coal Report, 1899, pp. LXXII and LXXV.] Nationality or race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion of those reporting nation- ality or race. Nationality or race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion of those reporting nation- ality or race. Native-born 15, 580 43. 12 Foreign-born — Continued . Foreign-horn: Russian 498 1.38 English 3,394 9. 40 Danish, Swedish, and Scotch . 1, 412 3.91 Norwegian 619 1.71 5. 77 Welsh iij UoU 645 1^79 Native-born 15, 580 43.12 German 4,138 11.45 Foreign- born 20, 550 56.88 Ti'rpn pIi 373 1. 03 Italian 3,016 8! 35 Total 36, 130 100. 00 Austrian and Bohemian.. 975 2. 70 Unknown 861 TTnnp’arif^n 774 2. 14 Polish ... 2, 133 5^90 Grand total 36, 991 Belgian 487 1.35 General nativity and race are given for 36,130 out of a total of 36,991 employees. Fifty-six and eighty-eight hundredths per cent of all those classified according to general nativity and race are foreign-born. The following figures are for West Virginia: Table 137 . — Nationality of employees in the bituminous coal mines of West Virginia, June 30, 1908. [Compiled from annual report of the Department of Mines of West Virginia for the year ending June 30, 1908, p. 92.] Nationality or race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion of those reporting nation- ality or race. Nationality or race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion of those reporting nation- ality or race. Native-born white 23,979 46. 312 Foreign-born— Continued. Native-born negro 11,270 21. 766 Belgian 25 0. 048 Foreign-born : Danish 23 .044 Italian... . 6,046 11. 677 Syrian . . . 20 .039 Hungarian 3,668 7. 084 Macedonian 13 .025 Polish 1,901 3. 672 French . 11 .021 Austrian 1,013 1.956 Roumanian 8 .015 Russian 851 1. 644 Spanish 7 .014 Slavish 620 1. 197 Bohemian 5 .010 Eithiianian 506 . 977 English 488 !943 Native-born 35, 249 68. 078 German... 430 .831 Foreign- born 16,528 31. 922 Irish. 264 . 510 Litvitch 180 ! 348 Total 51,777 100. 00 Greek 147 .284 Unknown 8, 707 Welsh 118 . 228 Scotch 115 .222 Grand total 60,484 Swedish 69 .133 224 The Immigration Commission. Information as to nativity and race is given for 51,777 out of a total of 60,484 employees. Thirty-one and nine-tenths per cent ot the employees classified according to race and na^vity, or 27.3 per cent of all the employees, are of foreign birth. The figures of the table are for the year 1908. ^ Upon the authority of the data presented it seems safe to make the assertion that a very large proportion, at least one-halt, ot all the employees in the bituminous coal-mmmg industry ot the United States are of foreign birth. RECENT AND OLD IMMIGRATION COMPARED. The foreign-born workmen may be further classified, by race, as the old immigrants and the recent immigrants. The meaning ot the distinction has been explained elsewhere in this report.® The fact that many of the mine employees are men ot the races ot recent immigration is shown by the preceding tables. In order to make the comparison more graphic, the figures of these tables have been rearranged in racial groups. In the six tables next presented Group I in every case comprises the native-born and the races ot northern and western Europe and of Great Britain, and Group II comprises the races of southern and eastern Europe. In arranging these groups, those entered in the state reports as ‘‘unknown” have been omitted.^ mixed" or bfhfdmlrenTraces and nationalities have been divided into two general group^ In the first of these are included the Americans, together mth the immigrants from northern and western Europe— the less recent immigrants. The second poup is made UD of the natives of southern and eastern Europe. These are the recent immigrants. ^This division into groups is made for two reasons. In the first place, the ^l^ct of the tables being to cLtrast in a general way the number of old ^ ^ number of recent immigrants, it is believed that the grouping enables this to be done much more clearly than had the races and nationalities been left uncombined. In the second place, grave doubts are entertained, in the case of the three tables com- niled from figures in state mine reports, as to the accuracy of the classification ^^co d- Fncf to TtioSality and race. Information seems to have been set down as received from operators or workmen without aiiy attenipt at ‘ ‘ IlunSirian^” ^ and of the renorts consulted the words Hervat and Croatian, Munganan “Magyar” frequently appear in the same table. The list of bee/found to differ materially from year to year. have little reason to be, and are not, trained ethnologists, and clearly mistakes nave S made It is believed that by the grouping these mistakes have been rendered of less importance. That a Pole Ihould be sported as Austrian a Rutheni^^^^^^ Russian or a Slovak as a Hungarian would appear quite possible, but there is nuie likelihood that any of these or an Italian would be reported as an Enghshman or a Scandinavian. By dividing the nationalities into the menlre more recent imraigrLts, it is possible to be reasonably certain that all the men are deluded at least in the general group in which they properly belong. Bituminous Coal Mining, 225 The data secured by the Immigration Commission are presented in the following table: Table 138. — Classification of employees hy general nativity and race and by groups.^' (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. General nativity and race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Group I: Group II: Native-born of native Bulgarian 177 0.2 father 25,219 28.5 Croatian 2, 426 2. 7 Native-born of foreign Greek 113 !l father 8,415 9.5 Italian, North 6 666 7. 5 Foreign-born— Italian, South 4^272 4! 8 Bohemian and Mora- Italian (not specified) 113 .1 vian 747 .8 Ta't.hnanian 1 892 9 1 Dutch 106 .1 Magyar 4 571 ^ 9 English 2, 497 2. 8 Mexican 116 0. z ^ 1 Firmish 70 .1 Montenegrin 136 . 2 French 786 .9 Polish . 7 370 8. 3 German 2,699 3. 1 Roumanian ’ 157 . 2 Irish 935 1. 1 Russian 1 853 2. 1 Scotch 1,162 1.3 Ruthenian 308 . 3 Swedish 307 .3 Servian 132 Welsh 399 .5 Slovak 11 318 12. 8 Other races of old Slovenian l’912 2! 2 immigration 502 .6 Other races of recent im- m 1 £Trf5 f 1 nn 992 1.1 Total 43,844 49.6 dtlUll Total 44,524 50.4 Grand total 88, 368 100.0 oFor explanation of grouping, see p. 224. In this table all localities are combined. It will be seen that 50.4 ►er cent, slightly over one-half, of all the individuals are included in iroup II. The following table gives the figures for Pennsylvania in 1907: Table 139. — Classification of Pennsylvania employees hy nationality or race and hy groups. (I (Compiled from annual report of Secretary of Internal Affairs of Pennsylvania for 1907, Part III, Industrial Statistics, pp. 95 and 96.] Nationality or race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Nationality or race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Group I: Native-born white. Native-born negro. Foreign-born— English Swedes Germans Irish Scotch French Norwegians . . . Welsh Belgians Bohemians Firms Danes Canadians Total . . . 21,987 147 3,294 2,053 1,310 1,051 683 564 533 409 384 209 136 30 10 (&) (^) 32,800 Group II; 30.4 Slovenians .2 Italians Hungarians 4.6 Poles 2.8 Austrians 1.8 Lithuanians 1. 5 Russians .9 Greeks .8 Croatians .7 Tyroleans .6 Armenians .5 Roumanians .3 Syrians .2 Hebrews 12,884 10,735 5,764 5,748 1,462 1,220 1,110 220 196 108 60 19 2 1 («>) («>) (*•) Total 39,519 17.8 14.8 8.0 7.9 2.0 1.7 1.5 .3 .3 .1 54.6 45.4 Grand total 72,319 100.0 For explanation of grouping, see p. 224. 5 Less than 0.05 per cent. 226 The Immigration Commission. Tn fhk table 72 319 employees are classified according to nationality or race The rices included in Group II constitute 54.6 ^Tcompirison Ae figures of the above table with the original data for^the same territory, secured m 1909, is of interest. The original data appear in the following table: Table 140 -^Classification of Pennsylvania employees by general natmty and race and by groups. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Group I; Native-born of native father - • - Native-born of foreign father Foreign-born — Bohemian and Mora- vian Dutch English Finnish French German Irish Scotch Swedish Welsh Other races of old im- migration Per cent Number, distribu- tion. 7,361 4,560 Total. 457 56 1,312 39 339 1,538 663 562 216 191 15.0 9.3 232 17, 526 .9 .1 2.7 .1 .7 3.1 1.3 1.1 .4 .4 General nativity and race. Per cent Number, distribu- tion. 35.7 Group II: Bulgarian Croatian Greek Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) . . - Lithuanian Magyar Montenegrin Polish - ■ - Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Servian Slovak Slovenian Other races of recent im- migration 31 1,971 75 3,379 2,239 640 3,528 12 6,025 105 1,283 284 86 0.1 4.0 .2 6.9 4.6 .2 (^) 7.2 12.3 .2 2.6 Total. Grand total . 1,560 296 31,611 49, 137 .2 20.3 3.2 64.3 100.0 o For explanation of grouping, see p. 224. b Less than 0.05 per cent. Of the 49,137 individuals classified according to general nativity and race, 64.3 per cent are natives of southern and eastern Europe. In this table the proportion of recent immigrants reported is highe than in the table compiled from the figures gi.^en in The difference in the percentages may he due in part to the difference in dates, the figures for one table having been secured, as has been noted, in 1907, and those tor the other in 1^909 In comparing the percentages of the several tables, the tact should not be over o hiat the number of men employed in mining is much sylvania than in any other State or locality exceptionally high percentage of eastern and southern Europeans employed in the mines of the State is therefore sigmfica . Conditions in Illinois in the year 1899 are shown by the next table presented. aProduction of Coal in 1908, Edward W. Parker. V. S. Geological Survey, Min- eral Resources of the United States. Table on page 39. f Bituminous Coal Mining. 227 Table 141. — Classification of Illinois employees by nationality or race and by groups. [Compiled from Illinois Coal Report, 1899, pp. LXXII and LXXV.] Nationality or race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Nationality or race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Group I: Group II: Native-born 15,580 43. 12 Italian . ... 3,016 8. 35 Foreign-born— Hungarian ’774 2! 14 English 3,394 9. 40 Poli.sh . 2, 133 5. 90 Scotch 1,412 3.91 Russian 498 L38 Irish 2,086 5. 77 Welsh 645 l! 79 Total 6, 421 17. 77 Germ an . 4,138 11. 45 French 373 1.03 Grand total. 36, 130 100.00 Austrian and Bohe- mian 975 2.70 Belgian 487 1.35 Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian . . 619 1.71 Total 27, 709 82. 23 a For explanation of grouping, see p. 224. 6 The Austrians and Bohemians are classified together in the state report. The majority of persons of Austrian nativity employed in the mining industry are probably of the recent immigration. Upon the other hand, a large percentage of the Bohemians have been in the United States for a considerable period of time. (See Table 144, p. 229.) It being impossible to separate the figures, '‘Austrian and Bohe- mian” have been included in this table, arbitrarily, in Group I. In this table only 17.8 per cent of the 36,130 individuals classified according to nationality or race were natives of southern or eastern Europe. It is over ten years since the data for the table were secured and there has been, in the interval, a change in the racial composi- tion of the working force of the mines of the Middle West. The prevailing tendency in Illinois, as well as in the neighboring States, is probably fairly indicated by the original data for the Middle West, presented in the following table: Table 142. — Classification of employees in the Middle West by general nativity and race and by groups. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Group I: Native-born of native father Native - bom of foreign father Foreign-born— Bohemian and Mora- vian Dutch English Finnish French German Irish Scotch Swedish Welsh Other races of old im- migration Total Number. Per cent distribu- tion. General nativity and race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Group II: Bulgarian 17 0.1 6,587 35.2 Croatian 183 1.0 Greek 12 2,717 14.5 Italian, North 1,716 9! 2 Italian, South 422 2.3 Italian (not specified) 4 i^) 253 1.4 Lithuanian 1,086 5.8 22 .1 Magyar 648 3.5 812 4.3 Montenegrin 33 .2 29 .2 Polish 823 4.4 194 1.0 Roumanian 11 .1 864 4.6 Russian 377 2.0 128 .7 Ruthenian 20 350 1.9 Servian 24 2 67 .4 Slovak 796 4! 2 160 .9 Slovenian 99 .5 Other races of recent im- 137 .7 migration 146 .8 12,320 65.8 Total 6,417 34.2 Grand total 18,737 100.0 For explanation of grouping, see p. 224. & Less than 0.05 per cent. 228 The Immigration Commission. It will be seen that of the 18,737 individuals included in the table 6,417, or 34.2 per cent, are of the races of recent immigration. The data for this table were secured in 1909 . . The following table gives the figures for West Virginia . Table 143 -Classification of West Virginia employees hy nationality or race and by groups. [Complied from annua, report o. the Department^. Mines o. West Virginia for the year ending lune Nationality or race. N umber. Per cent distribu- tion. Native-born white 23, 979 Native-born negro ll,27U Foreign-born— English German Irish Welsh.. Scotch.. Swedish. Belgian Danish French Bohemian Total 36,797 46. 312 21. 766 .831 .510 .228 .222 .133 .048 .044 .021 .010 Nationality or race. Per cent Number, j distribu- tion. '1. 068 Group II: Italian Hungarian... Polish Austrian Russian Slavish Lithuanian . Litvitch Greek Syrian . . - . Macedonian . Roumanian . Spanish Total Grand total 6,046 3,668 1,901 1,013 851 620 506 180 147 20 13 11. 677 7.084 3.672 1.956 1.644 1.197 .977 .348 .284 .039 .025 .015 .014 14,980 51,777 28. 932 100. 00 a For explanation of grouping, see p. 224. Data are presented for51,777 indmduals. _ Of these, 14,980, or 28.9 Tier cent are of the races of recent immigration. 4. • ^ From all the data secured it is clear that the men of recent mimi- gration employed in the bituminous coal mines of the United bta . Sv outnumber the men of old immigration so employed. It further appears that in one locality at least thn recent immigran outnumber the old immigrants and the native-born combined. LACK OF EXPERIENCE ON THE PART OP RECENT IMMIGRANTS. In considering the characteristics of the mine workers, as a cause of accTdents, a clear distinction must be made between the races of the old and those of the recent immigration. ... The length of residence in the United States of foreign-born em ployees of the different races is shown by the following table. 229 Bituminous Coal Mining. Table 144 .— Per cent of foreign-horn male employees who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction IS made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting The total, however, IS for all foreign-born.] Race. Bohemian and Moravian. . . Bulgarian Croatian Dutch English Finnish French German Greek Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian Swedish Welsh Austrian (race not specified) . Belgian (race not specified) . . Number Total. Per cent in United States each specified number of years. ing complete data. Under 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. 744 1.2 3.6 11.3 7.7 5.9 25.4 2.8 12.1 30.0 173 1.2 34.7 34.7 11.0 3.5 10.4 1. 2 1.2 2.3 2, 416 1.7 8.4 17.9 16.2 10.2 35.5 5.3 3.5 1.2 103 3.9 5.8 8.7 5.8 5.8 18.4 4.9 17.5 29. 1 2,444 1.6 2.3 4.6 4.2 4.0 9.4 3.2 5.6 65.2 70 1.4 1.4 1.4 8.6 10.0 35.7 14.3 15.7 11.4 77 5 1.4 4.3 7.1 5.5 4.9 28.8 4.1 16.9 27.0 2, 677 1.2 2.1 4.6 4.1 3.7 13.6 4.5 20.5 45.7 111 1.8 12.6 17.1 10.8 9.0 27.9 7.2 7.2 6.3 916 .3 .8 2.2 1.2 1.3 4.0 3.1 6.6 80. 6 6, 622 2.5 5.7 11.9 12.2 8.8 36.0 9.5 8.3 5.1 4, 239 3.4 5.8 13.0 12.6 10.1 37.5 8.9 5.3 3.4 109 .9 9.2 16.5 11.0 11.0 31.2 7.3 7.3 5.5 1, 885 1.0 2.0 5.9 7.9 8.8 37.8 16.4 14.4 5.9 4, 543 3.3 9.1 16.2 12.4 9.7 32.1 7.3 6.5 3.4 111 1.8 4:5 7.2 7.2 5.4 24.3 21.6 18.9 9.0 136 30.1 37.5 11.0 7.4 10. 3 7 9 Q 7,316 1.8 6.7 15.1 10.4 8.8 31^9 9.1 9! 2 iS. a 7.0 156 4.5 34.6 27.6 14.1 5.8 10.3 .6 1.9 .6 1,831 2.5 9.9 19.6 11.3 7.5 27.8 9.1 7.4 5.0 307 1.6 8.5 21.8 9.1 11.7 23.5 11.4 7.2 5.2 1,139 1.9 2.3 3.4 3.7 3.4 10.1 2.5 6.3 66.4 131 .8 5.3 19.1 9.2 10.7 38.2 11.5 3.0 2.3 11,272 1.5 5.5 11.4 9.2 9.0 31.6 11.4 9.9 10. 4 1,899 2.7 6.2 15.4 10.7 9.6 36.6 8.6 6.6 3.7 306 . 7 1.3 1.3 2.3 2.0 11.8 4.9 21.2 54.6 397 1.0 1.8 2.3 1.3 2.0 2.8 4.5 6.0 78.3 874 3.8 4.7 13.5 9.3 10.2 40.2 5.2 8.2 5.0 375 2.9 1.9 3.7 3.7 8.0 22.4 3.7 22.4 31.2 54,300 2.1 5.9 12.1 9.7 8.2 29.6 8.4 9.0 15.1 This table is compiled from original data and includes all the toreign-born employees of the industry for whom this information was secured. The classification is by years in the United States and by race. It will be noted that the English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, Germans, Swedes, and other natives of northern and western Europe have m general been in this country much longer than have the men or the races of southern and eastern Europe. In the columns showing the percentage of individuals who have been in this country three 7cars or less the distinction between the old immigrants and the recent immigrants is particularly obvious. A very considerable pro- portion of the latter have been in the United States less than four fears. The experience which the men of the different races had in mining oetore coming to the United States is indicated by the tables and chart aext presented. 48296 °— VOL 6 — 11 - -16 L 230 The Immigration Commission Table 145 -Per cent of foreign-bom male emphyees who were engaged in mining before i ABLE i«. y ^ ^ roce. (STUDY 01<' EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 100 SFfo^SboS'f locaiities. The Race. Middle West. Pennsyl- vania. South. South- west. Total bi- tuminous coal mining. 72.4 41.0 (a) (a) (a) 57.6 o A Bohemian and Moravian 7.1 3.4 2. 5 o. O 82. 6 87.8 78. 5 56.9 -49.9 ("') (a) (a) oi . 0 90.3 72*. 2 65.8 01 A 55.0 13.7 22.8 .5.3 3. 7 Zi. D O A 7 7 23.3 4.8 5. 1 y. 4 11 n 4. 3 3.6 4. 5 (a) ii. U fn\ 10. 9 17.7 9.2 5. 0 [a) QQ 1 9.8 14.2 7.2 7. 2 oO. 1 ( n\ 7*8 7.3 7 . 3 (a) (a) ( n\ 88.2 92.4 84. 5 (a) CJ, 1 10.7 15.1 8. 7 10. 4 0^. 1 30.5 14.4 10.4 43.0 20.7 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Table 146.— Per cent of foreign-horn male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 100 or n^or^'^jjales reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign- 1 Per cent who were engaged in — Race. Number reporting complete data. Mining. Farming or farm labor. General labor. Manu- facturing. Hand trades. Other occupa- tions. D /aVi c»TYi 1 Q n ATorjivifin - 408 57.6 16.4 5.9 1.2 .0 1 O 10.4 5.1 3. 9 2.5 2.5 1.9 T^nlo*nrin,n . - - 158 9.5 75.3 7.6 4.7 1,212 3.6 84.7 i. Z o n 3. 8 6.1 Enj^listi- 1,277 82.6 2.6 3. 0 Z. U o n 2. 8 6.0 352 72.2 6.8 10. 2 z, u A 1 11 0 4.6 1,423 55.0 18.6 6.7 4. i 1 o 2. 8 2.5 321 59.2 25.9 7.8 1. y O /I 10. 2 4.8 Ttcilinn North 4.840 13.7 57.2 11. 6 14.4 8.2 9.5 1 A 7*1 3.3 1.2 Italian South 2,883 7.7 66. 5 1. u 1 7 LitliUtini3-ii- 1,570 4.3 79.2 1. i 1 o o. o 7. 8 2.2 2,423 10.9 68.5 1. Z A 1 7 1.7 ai - . - - ATnntpnPfTrin 118 4.2 91. 5 .8 8.8 6.3 . U O A 2.1 Polish. 3,771 9.8 68.9 z. y 1 Q i . O 3. 1 1.2 Russi^/H 1,389 7.8 79.8 1. O O A 1. 3 2.C R.uthpn.i3-n 151 15.9 66.2 11. 9 2.5 Z. D A 2. 7 4.f Scotch. - 561 88.2 1. 8 . 4 1 A 5. 2 2.2 Slovo-k. 5,378 10.7 68.4 12. 1 i. 4 O A 11. 1 3.f SlovcoiBiii. - 1,248 20.0 57. 6 5. 7 9.9 3.4 Z, 0 1 A 11. 3 4.2 Swedish 142 15.5 57.7 1. 4 A 2*. 2 5.1 Welsh 178 87.6 1.7 . u Total 31,325 20.7 58.0 9.3 1.9 7.0 3.( Per cent of foreign-bom male employees m mining and in farming or farm labor before coming to the United States, by race. [This chart shows only races with 400 or more employees reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign»born.] f Bituminous Coal Mining. 231 232 The Immigration Commission. The tables are compiled from original data. Of al the individuals for whom information was secured, only 20.7 per cent were employed i^nhnrn^ Sr“ coming to the United States. Except in the case of the Swedes the proportion of the men of the races of northern wPstT^n Eurone who were employed abroad in mining is not less and western tturope wno we gg 2 per than 55 per ^elsh is 87.6 per cent. Among the southern Td ealr^Europeansle p\ no case exceeds 20 per cent Thk nfoportion is reported for the Slovenians, while only 3 A per cent of the Croatians were miners before coming to the United States. A very krge moportion of the individuals of the races of this group were farmers or farm laborers abroad. The proportion varies from 01 5 per cent for the Montenegrins to 57.2 per cent for the North Italians A smaller proportion of the recent immigrants were em- Italians. ^ be noted that of the men of the racL of northern and western Europe comparatiwly few were famiers or farm laborers. The contrast in occupations before coirimg to the United Ks between the old and the repent immigrants is made mines of the United States for many years. As a result of their e™^ rience both in this country and abroad they are far better qualified as miners than are the southern and eastern Europeans. The older immisrrants speak English either as their native tongue or, as m the case of the G-mans and Scandinavians, because of long residence m this country. They may be treated m almost every respect upon the s £11116 bsisis £is tli6 A-incric^/ii iiiiii6rs. ^ The employees of the races of the recent immipation, on the other l3 have been in the United States for so short a period of £e tLt e^en though it be assumed that they have been empl^^^^^^^^^^^ mmmcy pver since their arrival, they must have had but a oner expe rience'^at most in the mines of this country. The data further show that very few of their number had mining experipce abroad As it has been seen that a very large proportion of the deaths and iniuries reported for the coal mines of the United States occur among the less experienced miners it is clear that of southern and eastern Europe, having had little experience m mining- either in this country or abroad, are particularly hab Sents And as the responsibility for accidents rests m mo^ cases with the men injured, to say that they are partmularly traccTdents is in effect to say that they are responsible lor a con- siderable proportion of all the accidents occurring in the mines. The mine accidents for which the workmen ‘‘re themselves respon- sible faU naturally into two Uasses-those due to careless^^^^^^^ those due to ig-norance. As regards the first of these, it is pro that the foreigner is no greater offender than the person o na Si The imericans fnd other English-s^^^^ doubtedly reckless, and a very large PropoU^m of all the acc^^^^^^ occurring among their number seem to be due to this cause^ Grave risks are often incurred for the sake of avoiding a ^ j labor. Props are left unplaced, open lamps are lnmn«? cars are driven in a careless manner, explosi hritl r”ckieSy-^Iu in ^efi^ of the most, elementary rules of hutious mining Ind by men of long experience in the industry. Bituminous Coal Mining. 233 Among the recent immigrants, on the other hand, many of the accidents are unquestionably due to ignorance. Unlike the majority of the American miners, almost all the recent immigrants employed in the mines are without previous training or experience in their work. As has been seen, most of them were farm laborers in their native countries. Upon coming to the United States they decided to follow the occupation of mining because the work was better paid than any other obtainable. Many of them have been here only a few months and many more but a year or two. Under these cir- cumstances it is not surprising that they know little or nothing of rock formations, of fire damp, of the properties of coal dust, and of the handling of explosives — matters about which every coal miner should be thoroughly informed. To determine whether a piece of slate or roof is or is not likely to fall, often requires a considerable degree of experience, and the majority of the Slavs, Magyars, and Italians have not this experience. Another element of danger is contributed by the fact that few of the recent immigrants speak or understand English, while almost none are able to read or write the language. It is probable that the instruc- tions of the mine bosses and inspectors are, because of this fact, fre- quently misunderstood. An inspector, for example, tells an immi- grant miner, in English of course, that his roof needs propping. The miner seems to understand, but does not, and a fall results. In some mines printed signs are used to indicate the presence of gas or other peril. These are quite unintelligible to most of the foreigners. Because, through lack of training, they are unable to recognize the presence of danger, and further because of their keenness for earning money, the immigrants are often willing to work in places where more experienced or more intelligent men would refuse to work. For the same reasons they will frequently be satisfied with and accept mine equipment too defective for safety. As has been stated, it is generally conceded by the persons best informed upon the subject that the responsibility for a majority of the accidents in coal mines rests with the men injured. This being the case, it is evident that the relative number of fatalities among the employees of a given race or group of races will serve as a valuable mdicMion of the extent to which the high death rate in the mines IS to be attributed to the employment of men of this race or group, in other words, an inquiry as to the responsibility of a given race for accidents may perhaps best be answered by showing the extent to which its members are sufferers from accidents. FATALITIES IN WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA, AND INDIANA. The extent to which the different groups of employees suffer from iccidents ^ay be shown for the State of West Virginia by statistics. Ln the table presented on page 228 information has been given as .0 the race or nationality of employees of the bituminous mining ndustry of the State. The tables next presented show the race or lationahty of all the men killed or fatally injured in the mines during >he period of five years, 1904 to 1908, inclusive. 234 The Immigration Commission. Table .-Number of fatalities in the bituminous coal mimes of West Virginia, by race or nationality of individual, 1904 to 1908. Nationality or race. 1904. 1905. 1900. 1907. 1908. Total. 57 100 89 129 71 176 551 Of; /I 29 41 03 50 2o4 Foreign-born: 13 13 29 50 200 311 1 Tnnp"n,vin.ti 0 11 20 30 10 15 12 27 94 on 4 8 14 44 80 Q 4 6 1 9 3 o4 n/* 5 4 4 71 yii 0/4 Gr6riii3.n- - 3 3 1 11 6 7 1 2 4 1-1 2 2 2 6 7 4 1 15 8 7 1 00 o 1 1 1 0 1 3 15 3 12 8 8 Welsh 1 6 1 1 3 1 4 Not reported 8 7 10 1 5 31 Total 140 194 1 266 356 625 1 1,581 1 J Table \ 4 &.— Number of fatalities in the bituminous coa\ mines of West Virginia, 1904 to 1908, by racial groups per cent distribution. [From annual reports ot the State Inspector of Mines for innt; ^ iriQ. Tjonnrt f nr 1 <40(1. n. Ifil ! Ret)ort for 1907, p. 205, Keport lOt iyu», p. Zi/.J Nationality or race. Group I: Native-born white , Native-born negro. Foreign-born— English German Irish Scotch Welsh Belgian Scandinavian.. Total. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. 551 35.5 254 16.4 34 2.2 24 1.5 7 .4 3 .2 6 .4 5 .3 884 57.0 Nationality or race. Group II: Italian Hungarian. . Polish Slavish Austrian Lithuanian. . Servian Syrian Russian Greek Roumanian. Percent Number, distribu- tion. 311 94 Total. Grand total ^1; ^50 20.1 G.1 5.2 6.2 1.2 2.3 .1 .2 1.0 .3 a For explanation of grouping, see p. 224. ^Not including 31 not reporting nationality. In the second of the foregoing tables the figures for the period have been combined, the nationalities have been grouped and tlie percentages have been computed. Comparing these percentages with those of the table on page 228, it will be seen that while, m 1908, only 28.9 percent of all the employees were of the races classihed under Group II, 43 per cent of all the men killed or fatally injured during the five years 1904 to 1908, inclusive, were of these races. This means that the proportion of fatalities is decidedly great^ amo g the employees of Group II than among the employees of Group 1. Upon the basis of the average yearly number of fatalities tor tn Bituminous Coal Mining. 235 period of five years, 1904 to 1908 inclusive, and of the number of employees classified according to race or nationality in 1908, the death rate per thousand is 8.89 for the natives of southern and eastern Europe, as against 4.80 for the northern and western Euro- peans and the native-born, and 5.99 for all employees. Owing to the lack of comprehensive data as to the nationality of employees, to which reference has already been made, it is impossible to compute a death rate for any State or locality other than West Virginia. While there are no complete data available as to the race or nation- ality of employees in the mines of Pennsylvania or Indiana, the mine reports of these states have in recent years contained tables showing the race or nationality of persons killed. The figures for Pennsyl- vania for the five years, 1904 to 1908, inclusive, are given in the fol- lowing table : Table 149 . — Number of fatalities in the bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania, 1904 to 1908, by nationality or race of individual. [From Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Report, 1907, p. LXIII; and Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Report, 1908, p. 85.] Nationality or race. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Total. Native-born 100 104 63 131 107 505 Foreign-born: English 22 14 10 8 25 79 Welsh 3 3 4 3 3 16 Scotch . 4 7 11 7 7 36 Irish 5 11 6 12 6 40 German 13 13 19 45 10 100 Slavonian 69 90 95 118 97 469 Italian 73 57 71 121 73 395 Polish 44 71 63 70 57 64 298 Hungarian 34 39 177 43 364 Austrian 39 45 • 46 69 32 231 Swede 5 5 3 2 15 Russian 11 14 22 27 41 115 Belgian 2 4 4 10 Bohemian 5 5 1 3 14 French 2 2 5 3 3 15 Finnish 4 2 1 4 1 12 Canadian 1 1 2 Lithuanian 8 6 5 9 11 39 Greek 1 3 1 5 Danish 1 1 2 Croatian 1 1 1 2 5 Japanese 1 1 Syrian 1 1 Montenegrin 2 2 Hervat 4 2 6 Roumanian . . 1 1 Not reported 54 1 37 92 Total 536 479 477 806 572 2,870 236 The Immigration Commission. In the following table the nationalities have been rearranged in groups and the percentages have been computed. Table 150. Number of fatalities in the bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania, 1904 to 1908, by racial groups o- ; per cent distribution. Nationality or race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Group I: 505 18.2 Foreign-born— English 79 2.8 Welsh 16 .6 Scotch 36 1.3 Irish 40 1.4 German 100 3.6 Belgian 10 .4 French 15 .5 Einnish 12 .4 Canadian 2 .1 Scandinavian 17 2.6 Total 832 29.9 Group II: Slavonian 469 16.9 Italian 395 14.2 Nationality or race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Group II— Cont’d. Polish 298 10.7 ' Hungarian 364 13.1 Austrian 231 8.3 Russian 115 4.1 Bohemian 14 .5 Lithuanian 39 1.4 Greek 5 .2 Croatian 5 .2 Japanese 1 («>) Syrian Montenegrin 1 (^) 2 .1 Hervat 6 .2 Roumanian 1 («>) Total 1,946 70.1 Grand total c2, 778 100.0 a For explanation of grouping, see p. 224. ^ Less than 0.05 per cent, c Not including 92 persons not reporting nationality. The data for Indiana cover but two years, 1907 and 1908. They are presented in the following table : Table 151 . — Number of fatalities in bituminous coal mines of Indiana, 1907 and 1908, by nationality or race of individual. [From reports of State Department of Geology, 1907, p. 566, and 1908, p. 242.] Nationality or race. 1907. 1908. Total. Nationality or race. 1907. 1908. Total. Native-born white 27 30 57 Foreign-born— Cont’ d . "Mot iTTo-Krvrn noo-rn 1 1 Austrian 1 1 2 Foreign-born: Italian 4 1 5 T7r>orli(;Ii 1 5 6 Polish 6 1 7 Tie'll 1 2 3 Roumanian 1 1 lyolch 1 1 Russian 1 1 r»Vi 3 1 4 Finlander 3 3 OL/U l/CU Irish 1 1 riorman 4 2 6 Total 53 45 98 In the following table the nationalities have been rearranged in groups and the percentages have been computed. Table 152 . — Number of fatalities in the coal mines of Indiana, 1907 and 1908, by racial groups^; per cent distribution. Nationality or race. Nmnber. Per cent distribu- tion. Nationality or race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Group I: Group II: xJq titrP-Iynrn wViitp 57 58. 2 Austrian 2 2.0 XN tx tl VC* UUl Lx » Lil l/C. Tvl n f i VP-} mrn Tipp^rn 1 1.0 Italian 5 5.1 IN ct 1/1 V C*UU1 1-1 •■••••• Foreign-bom— Polish 7 7.1 English 6 6. 1 Roumanian 1 1.0 Erpnrh 3 3.1 Russian 1 1.0 Wplsh 1 1.0 Finlander 3 3.1 Scotch 4 4.1 Irish 1 1.0 Total 19 19.3 German 6 6.1 98 100.0 Total 79 80.6 a For explanation of grouping, see p. 224. Bituminous Coal Mining. 237 The foregoing tables are, for the reasons already mentioned, of no value for purposes of comparison. The figures and percentages are of interest, however, as indie iting the large number of immigrant workmen killed or fatally injured in the mines. OPINIONS OF STATE MINE INSPECTORS AND AGENTS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. The indications of the foregoing statistics are sustained by the evidence of the men best informed with regard to existing conditions, as can be seen from the statements and opinions of agents of the Federal Government who have made a special study of accidents in mines, of the mine inspectors of different States, and of skilled mine workers, which are quoted below. The following statement is taken from the Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Internal Affairs, Bureau of Mines, for the year 1905:® It is also a fact that 50 per cent of the employees, especially the miners and loaders, are men that can not understand the language of this country and are ignorant of the dangers that surround them. Lack of experience and inability to understand instructions given them (on part of foreigners) cause frequent accidents. It would be a most humane act if the foreigners could be prevented from working in the mines until they have acquired at least the rudiments of the English language, unless they can be put to work with competent men of their own nationality. The department is unable to saj^ what proportion of the employees in the mines are English-speaking persons, but it is evident that the fatalities among the employees designated as non-English-speaking are largely in excess of their proportionate num- ber. This is not surprising, however, and will continue to be the case until these people acquire sufficient knowledge of the English language to understand orders given by foremen, and thus be able to protect themselves in the performance of then- duties. From the annual report of the state inspector of mines for West Virginia for the year 1902, the following statement has been selected: It is the confirmed belief of the inspection forces of this State that this increase [in the number of fatalities] is due to the inexperience and carelessness of a very large number of the underground employees relative to existing dangers. In this State the larger nurnber of mine employees come from parts without the State and are composed of foreigners from Europe, and the negroes from Virginia and North Carolina. With this class of employees, many of whom have had no experience m coal mines prior to their introduction into the mdnes of this State, it becomes neces- sary that the mine foremen should exercise special care to see that these workmen adopt the proper precautions to keep their working places safe. In his annual report for the year 1907, the chief mining inspector of West Virginia gives expression to the following opinion: The mining industry of the State is passing through its most crucial period— in the Uansfiion from English-speaking workmen to those who, speaking the tongue of many European countries, are a menace to the safety of a mine. Until a new generation is had, which has taken on the intelligence of a practical mine worker and which embraces the teachings of American institutions, there will remain a factor of danger within our mines that legislation can not easily eliminate. When the foregoing statements appeared in the West Virginia reports, Mr. James W. Paul, who is now with the United States Geological Survey, was chief of the state department of mines. Mr. “Several of the Pennsylvania mine reports of recent years contain statements to the same general effect. 238 The Immigration Commission. John Laino-, Mr. Paul’s successor in office, has discussed the situation in a letter to the Immigration Commission dated March 7, 1910. Mr Laing says, in effect, that tlie mines have been developed Zch Zfe rapidly than it has been possible to secure exjDerienced labor qnd that the employment of inexperienced labor has, therefore, been uravoidab^ He sthes that, in the United States, coal minmg is often a temporary occupation with those wlio engage m it, that men do not continue as miners long enough to become skilled m t e rhe"t"ntt^dTtit°;rrbl,![eve these =fSs3r2Bsf3~S:SS:~SH srnmMmsmss. n Hoiro rliirincr thc last vGap installed a "JafufarouSelV^^setrbVb^ r"nfs 1 a^lrirreru“ -d making such a record that all of her That witrtt large number of foreign and inexpenenced labor m gem eral that must be employed in the mining business *13 country th^^ ^ method and proper way to operate a mine ^ith saf^y, wo Y such as has been enumerated above, and in such a ^^omnelled by law tt his experience or inexperience, closely Jiarde^^ comply in all measures to a system that will protect not only themselves out ai employed in the same mine. * * *. Bituminous Coal Mining. 239 calling. He further says that, in order to mitigate the evil conse- quences arising inevitably from the employment of workmen of this sort, and to lessen, if possible, the heavy death rate, it has been found necessary to introduce, in the mines of West Virginia, a system of mine discipline. Assistant mine foremen are to be employed, and ventilation, timbering, the installation of electric wiring, and the use of electric locomotives and mining machines, etc., are to be carefully supervised. In Mr. Laing^s opinion, it is only by the introduction of some such system as this that mines in which a considerable propor- tion of ignorant and inexperienced labor is employed, can be operated with comparative safety. Mr. Laing says that many serious acci- dents have undoubtedly been due to overconfidence and willingness to take chances on the part of experienced miners. The secretary of the state mining board of Illinois expresses him- self as follows : ® I believe that the accidents are materially increased by the employment of foreigners who have had no experience whatever in mining until coming to the United States. There is no question in my mind that the discipline in the mines can not be as thorough as in former years because of the fact that 75 per cent or 80 per cent at least of all the miners in this State are coming from foreign countries and entering the mines at the ages of from 20 to 40 years. These men can not be as good miners as the ones who have had earlier training in the mines, and for these reasons I believe that the accidents have been materially increased through the ignorance of the mining business by so many of the immigrants who enter our mines at this time. I am merely giving you this as my opinion, having worked in the mines of Illinois for something like twenty-three years. The secretary of mine industries for the State of Kansas, in a letter of recent date, says : ^ In answer to your question will say I am convinced the high death rate in mines in this State could be reduced 30 per cent if there were no ignorant immigrant laborers employed here. The chief mine inspector of the State of Oklahoma, in response to a letter of inquiry, makes the following statement : ^ * * * Ninety per cent of the people who are killed and injured in the mines of this State are foreigners. * * * The high death rate in the coal mines of the United States is caused by the employment of men who are ignorant of mining. In Bulletin 333 of the United States Geological Survey, already quoted from, entitled ‘X^oal-mine Accidents: Their Causes and Pre- vention,” the employment of foreigners is referred to as follows: Another important factor in the United States is to be found in the nationality of the miners. Most of the men are foreign-born, a large proportion of them are unable to understand English freely, and a still larger number are unable to read or write that language. Some of them are inexperienced and do not take proper precautions either for their own safety or for the safety of others. This becomes a most serious menace unless they are restrained by carefully enforced regulations. The Industrial Commission says: ^ A more frequent explanation is to attribute the accidents not only to the natural conditions but to the presence of foreigners. The mixture of several nationalities who do not speak the same language and understand one another with great difficulty, is a disturbing condition and complicates things in the face of danger, where quick thought and promptness of execution are often able to prevent accidents. O' Letter to the Immigration Commission, dated March 4, 1910. & Letter to the Immigration Commission, dated March 5, 1910. c Letter to the Immigration Commission, dated March 17, 1910. ^ Report (published 1901), Vol. XV, p. 418. 240 The Immigration Commission. Language and mode of thought are not the only danger in the employment of for- eigners. Their io-norance, combined often with recklessness, leads them into danger- ous places without consciousness of the danger. In connection with their ignorpce, the foreigners are often driven into the most dangerous places or they may wdlingly take the greatest risks in order to show their willingness to work. Aside from this their desire to make good earnings, while they at the same time work cheaply, leads them to neo-lect many of the ordinary precautions because the time spent on that is to them waste^d It is thus that through ignorance they may enter a dangerous place with a naked lamp, or willfully fail to put up props at the proper time. ^ ^ ^ n ^ The increase in the number of accidents in the bituminous mines followed the increase in the number of foreigners who entered the mines. The only dissenting opinion on the part of a state mine inspector or other state or federal investigator, that has been found, dates from 1897. In that year the chief mine inspector for Pennsylvania said in his annual report : Some people attribute the cause of so many mine accidents to the large foreign ele- ment employed in and about the mines. I have my doubts as to that being the case. My experience and observations have been that this class are as careful of danger, if not more so, than many of the experienced miners. It will be noted that reference is made in the last sentence to lack of caution, and not to ignorance or want of training as a cause of accidents. It has never been urged that the foreigners are more reck- less or careless than the Americans, the high death rate among their number being attributed rather to their lack of experience m and knowledge of the calling that they follow. The above statement was published twelve years ago, and, as has already been seen, widely dmer- ent views have since been expressed in the Pennsylvania mine reports. OPINIONS OF MINE WORKERS AND ATTITUDE OF LABOR ORGANIZA- TIONS. In the course of the field investigation, expressions of opinion were also secured from many people well informed relative to the employ- ment of foreigners in the mines. Of especial interest are the views of the older generation of miners — the Americans, English, Scotch, Welsh, Irish, and Germans. Among these men the belief is pneyal that the presence of the immigrants is largely responsible tor the high death rate prevailing. It is affirmed that the foreigners are killed m large numbers in many instances solely because of their own igno- rance and lack of training. The English-speaking miners further say that the employment in the industry of a large body oi rnen who, from their intense desire to earn money, are willing to work m almost any place to which they may be assigned, however dpgerous or unwholesome, or with any equipment however defectiye, retards and discourages the introduction of better general conditions tor ah the workers in the mines. An illustration in point will be ot interest. An American miner went to the mine boss with the staternent that the roof of the chamber in which he worked was in need of timbering. The mine boss looked at the roof, and said that he thought it would “hold a while longer.” The miner then requested pother chamber in which to work, saying that he would leave the mine m prwerence to continuing where he was. He was told that no other chamber was available, and was allowed to leave, a foreigner being immediately assigned to his old chamber. At the time the agent secured his mtor- Bituminous Coal Mining. 241 mation the foreigner was still working in the chamber and no accident had occurred — a fact that would seem to indicate either an excess of caution on the part of the American or extreme good fortune on the part of the foreigner. CONCLUSION. The quotations presented above, together with the tables submitted, seem to indicate that the ignorance and inexperience of the workmen of the races of recent immigration employed in the mines are respon- sible in a large measure for the high death rate reported. Owing to the large number of factors affecting the situation, no hard and fast conclusion can be drawn, but the inference from the data available clearly warrants the assertion that the employment of immigrant mine workers has a direct bearing upon mining casualties. m I M ;#• ■'H rtdV-.v SlV. ‘V' ' tai.# ^ ^ c< P“ j.' : , ir'iS;'//!i^$^ ", •:^r »^iiijiiii3Br.’^lM» ;• ji . ' •jw •>>,;-f/!^3H y,^. i>‘ ■ • r\S^ ' i»i r/. ^ ^ ->•'•• !,*L.' • ■-’r-fe'^' !J i,. r 1 *#.“•. PART II.-THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA. PART II.— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA. GENERAL SURVEY. Chapter I. IN'TRODUCTIOlf. Households studied— Members of households for whom detailed information was secured— Employees for whom information was secured— [Text Tables 153 to 157 and General Tables 51 to 53]. HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. As regards the scope of the study in Pennsylvania, the table sub- mitted below shows, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold, the total nuinber and relative proportion of households of the several races investigated. These households were selected from the different districts of the Pennsylvania bituminous regions in order to show differences in living and working conditions. The table follows: Table .—Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Households. General nativity and race of head of household. Households. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Native-born of native father, White Forelgn-boni: Bohemian and Moravian.. Croatian. . . English German Irish 33 16 111 16 30 10 144 64 81 152 i 2.5 1.2 8.3 1.2 2.2 .7 10.7 4.8 6.0 11.3 Foreign-born— Continued . Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Slovenian Grand total Total native-born .... Total foreign-born 198 10 36 43 384 12 14.8 .7 2.7 3.2 28.7 .9 Italian, North. Italian, South.. 1,340 100.0 Lithuanian. . Magyar 33 1,307 2.5 97.5 Of the 1,340 households studied, it will be seen that the largest proportion, or 97.5 per cent, are foreign, as compared with 2.5 per cent which are native. Of the several races, the Slovak shows the mrgest proportion, or 28.7 per cent, followed by the Polish, Magyar, oyn Italiaiy and Croatian, with proportions ranging from 14.8 per -ent ior the Polish to 8.3 per cent for the Croatian. The smallest 48296° — VOL 6 — 11 17 245 246 The Immigration Commission. proportions, on the other hand, are shown for the Irish and Rou- mXan rac^s, each reporting 0.7 per cent The native whites with 2 5 per cent, it will be noted, show a slightly larger percentage than the Germans and a much larger proportion than the English, each, however, reporting a very small proportion ol the total. members or HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS STT'.r'TTTJF.n. The following table shows the persons in households studied, and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household: Table 154 —Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number Persons in house- holds. Persons for whom detailed informa- tion was secured. of house- holds. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. 33 184 2.1 182 2.7 ^ RLlVG'DOru. Ol Xlclli V tJ icitiid f y* Foreign-born: 16 95 1.1 91 1.3 7.1 111 858 9.7 484 16 92 1.0 92 191 1. 4 30 191 2.2 2.8 10 60 . 7 60 . 9 144 994 11.2 733 372 10.8 64 526 5.9 6. 5 5,2 9.7 81 522 5.9 353 152 943 10.6 664 1,090 51 ividgy 198 1,358 15.3 16.0 10 51 .6 .7 36 230 2.6 140 2.1 3.9 43 293 3.3 264 384 2,404 27.1 1,990 29.2 12 70 .8 56 .8 Grand total 1,340 8,871 100.0 6,813 100.0 TotTl ncitivp"V>orp 33 184 TT 182 97.3 'Prvfol fr^roicrn-Vinm 1,307 8,687 97.9 6,631 1 1 1 From the above table it will be seen that, of the grand total of 8 871 persons, 97.9 per cent are in foreign households, as compared with 2.1 per cent in native households. The Slovaks show the largest proportion, or 27.1 per cent, followed by the Poles and North Italians, with 15.3 and 11.2 per cent, respectively, while the proportions ol the other races range from 10.6 per cent as shown by the Magyars to 0.6 per cent as shown by the Roumanians. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 247 In the households studied detailed information was received for a total of 6,813 persons, of whom 3,747 are males and 3,066 females. The number and percentage of males and females in these house- holds are found in the following table: Table 155. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race o f head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Number. Per cent of each sex. Male. Female. Total, Male. Female. Native-born of native father, White Foreign-born: 99 83 182 54.4 45.6 Bohemian and Moravian 48 43 91 52.7 47.3 Croatian 288 196 484 59.5 40.5 English 54 38 92 58.7 41.3 German 97 94 191 50.8 49.2 Irish 32 28 60 53.3 46.7 Italian, North 396 337 733 54.0 46.0 Italian, South 214 158 372 57.5 42.5 Lithuanian 204 149 353 57.8 42.2 Magvar 357 307 664 53.8 46.2 Polish 587 503 1,090 53.9 46.1 Roumanian 34 17 51 66.7 33.3 Russian 76 64 140 54.3 45.7 Ruthenian 155 109 264 58.7 41.3 Slovak 1,076 914 1,990 54.1 45.9 Slovenian 30 26 56 53.6 46.4 Grand total 3,747 3,066 6,813 55.0 45.0 Total native-born 99 83 182 54.4 45.6 Total foreign-born 3,648 2,983 6,631 55.0 45.0 The table above includes 182 persons in native households and 6,631 persons in immigrant households, or a total of 6,813 individuals, of which number 3,747, or 55 per cent, are males and 3,066, or 45 per cent, females. In the households visited were some 2,000 additional persons, chiefly boarders and lodgers, for whom detailed information was not secured, but who are accounted for in the series of tables giving numbers of persons in households, by race and general nativity. Were these persons, most of whom are males, included in the fore- going table the percentage of males within the households would be considerably higher. ^ The table next presented shows the persons in the households studied for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and gen- eral nativity and race of individual, and not by sex and general nativ- ity and race of head of household, as in the previous table. 248 The Immigration Commission. Table Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number. Per cent distribution. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 103 96 199 2.7 3.1 2.9 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 24 19 43 .6 .6 .6 85 77 162 2.3 2.5 2.4 .8 1.9 35 19 54 .9 .6 2.2 60 68 128 1.6 18 21 39 . 5 .7 5.0 . 6 161 152 313 4.3 4. 6 2.4 2.1 3.9 7.1 .1 85 77 162 2.3 2. 5 80 60 140 2.1 2.0 130 138 268 3.5 4. 5 ivxti^y ai. Polish 228 256 484 6.1 8.3 Rouin&niSiD 4 4 8 .1 . 1 Russi3.n 28 17 45 .7 .6 1.9 .7 1.5 (a) Ruthf^TiifUTi 44 57 101 1.2 2 2 .0 . 1 gloy^k 457 475 932 12.2 15. 5 13.7 PloYf^nifiTi 12 10 22 .3 .3 .3 Foreign-born: Roh6mi34.7 Cro3.ti3.n 202 116 318 5.4 3.8 English 18 15 33 . 5 . 5 (a) . 5 (a) 1 1 .0 GormOin. - - 34 27 61 .9 .9 . 9 .3 £X 1 Irish 14 6 20 . 4 .2 5.9 ItSilis^n North. 235 180 415 6.3 D. 1 3.1 3.1 5.7 jt^lian 129 80 209 3.4 2.6 Lithu3.ni3in. 124 87 211 3.3 2.8 Magyar 220 169 389 5.9 5. 5 7.9 Polish 366 243 609 9.8 8. 9 RoumOinio^n 36 13 49 1.0 . 4 . 7 Russi3«n. 43 47 90 1.1 1. 5 1. 3 Ruthenian 108 51 159 2.9 1.7 2.3 (a) Gpotoh 1 1 .0 (a) plnyfjV 617 441 1,058 16.5 14. 4 15. 5 Slovenian 18 17 35 . 5 . 5 (a) . 5 (a) Welsh 1 1 .0 Grand total 3,747 3,066 6,813 100.0 100.0 100.0 Tot3.1 n 3 .tiv 6 -born of foreign fether 1,451 1,452 2,903 38.7 47.4 42.6 45.5 54.5 Total native-born 1,554 1,548 3,102 41.5 50. 5 Total foreign-born 2,193 1,518 3,711 58. 5 49. 5 a Less than 0.05 per cent. From the above table it may be seenThat of a total of 6,813 persons for whom detailed information was secured, 58.5 per cent of the males are foreign-born and 41.5 per cent are native-born, while 50.5 per cent of the females are native-born and 49.5 per cent foreign-born. Ot the various races, the Slovaks, both native-born of foreign father and foreign-born, stand out prominently, the proportion of the former being 12.2 per cent and of the latter 16.5 per cent, as shown lor the males, and 15.5 per cent and 14.4 per cent, respectively, as shown lor the females. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 249 EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED. In addition to the households and members of households studied, detailed information was secured for 49,137 male workers in the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania. The number of individuals studied is shown, by general nativity and race, in the following table: Table 157 . — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (study of employees.) General nativity and race. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. General nativity and race. Native-born of native father; White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by covmtry of birth of father; Australia Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada Denmark England France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands Roumania Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Wales Foreign-born, by race; Bohemian and Moravian. . Bosnian Bulgarian Canadian, French Canadian, Other Croatian Dalmatian Danish Dutch English Finnish Flemish French German Greek Hebrew, other than Rus- sian 6,448 913 3 592 31 24 3 964 65 1,220 803 62 13 1 91 426 37 15 210 457 1 31 11 19 1,971 6 10 56 1,312 39 3 339 1,538 75 13.1 1.9 (a) 1.2 .1 (a) (a) (o) (a) 2.0 .1 2.5 1.6 .1 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) .2 .9 .1 .4 .9 .1 4.0 (a) 1 2.7 .1 .7 3.1 .2 Foreign-born, by race— Con- tinued. Herzegovinian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar Montenegrin Norwegian Polish , Portuguese Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Scotch-Irish Servian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Syrian Turkish Welsh Australian (not specified). Austrian (not specified)... Belgian (not specified) Swiss (not specified) Grand total Total native-born of foreign father Total native-born Total foreign-born 3 («) Number. Per cent distribu- tion. 3 (a) 663 1.3 3,379 6.9 2,239 4.6 99 .2 640 1.3 5 (a) 3,528 7.2 12 (a) 5 (a) 6,025 12.3 7 (a) 105 .2 1,283 2.6 284 .6 562 1.1 26 .1 86 .2 9,998 20.3 1,560 3.2 1 (“) 216 .4 5 (a) 4 (a) 191 .4 5 (a) 247 .5 153 .3 14 (a) 49,137 100.0 4,560 9.3 11,921 24.3 37,216 75.7 a Less than 0.05 per cent. The racial composition of the operating forces of the mines may be more readily grasped from the accompanying chart, which shows in graphic form the data presented in the above table. Number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. [This chart shows only races represented by 100 or more employees.] 250 The Immigration Commission, o o o CO o Q> Q z u.u.< z ^ z < LJ OOOfp < 5 < z < LJ g o o Z 5 < X X z (/) ct = - *0 O < UJO;^. b_iZ5X-; X X 1 - >- Qi D Z O O < Z Z 0)^ < ZZ<< xi >- to < o 5 0 - ■LJZJ >o RUSSIAN RUTHSNIAN SCOTCH Chapter II. RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS. History of immigration to Pennsylvania bituminous coal mines — Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households — Racial classification of employees at the present time — [Text Tables 158 to 167 and General Tables 54 and 55]. HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO PENNSYLVANIA BITUMINOUS COAL MINES. The developments in bituminous coal mining in Pennsylvania dur- ing recent years have been very extensive. In 1870 the output of the mines of the State was 7,798,518 short tons, and in 1880 the pro- duction was 18,425,163 tons. During the next two decades the figures for 1880 were more than quadrupled, and by the year 1907 Pennsyl- vania bituminous mines were annually producing 150,143,177 tons. This extraordinary increase in production, as might be expected, required a large and constant increase in operating forces, the average number of persons employed in the mines in 1909 being 185,921 as compared with 16,851 in 1870, an increase of nearly 1,000 per cent during the period. As the native labor supply was insufficient and the natural increase in population was too slow to meet the increasing demand for mine workers at the same time that other industries were expanding and creating a demand for labor, operating forces for the mines had to be secured from sources of sup- ply outside the State. Under the existing conditions the most avail- able supply was found in the various races of northern, southern, and eastern Europe which immigrated to the United States during the period 1870 to 1907. It is safe to say that from 1870 until the present time the greater part of all the employees in the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania have been of European birth. All of the immigrant races of recent and former years have been represented in greater or less numbers. Among the older English, Scotch, German, and Welsh immigrants there were many individuals who had followed the occupation of mining before coming to the United States, and who naturally sought similar work in the Pennsylvania mines on their arrival in this coun- try. On the other hand, the immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, who constitute the bulk of latter-day immigration, have been in their own countries largely farmers, farm laborers, and unskilled laborers, but coming to this country have been attracted by the inducements to labor held forth by the expansion of the coal industry and have in increasing numbers entered the Pennsylvania bituminous mines. 251 252 The Immigration Commission. The proportional representation of the different races among bitu- minous mine employees during past periods can not be exactly determined. With the exception of very recent years, all estimates must be based upon general observation or upon fragmentary and inaccurate reports. Definite figures are not to be had. The federal ^ census for 1890 classifies all the mine employees of Pennsylvania according to nativity, but the figures given include the workers in anthracite and iron-ore mines as well as those in the bitumi- nous mines. It is believed, however, that the racial composition of the several groups of miners was, and is, sufficiently alike to make the census report valuable as an indication of the proportional repre- sentation of the different races among the bituminous mine workers, and that report may be presented to indicate roughly the racial com- position and changes during the past twenty years. The returns for the Eleventh Census as to the general nativity of mine workers in Pennsylvania in the year 1889 are given in the fol- lowing table: Table lb%.— Number of miners 10 years of age or over in the State of Pennsylvania in 1889. [Compiled from United States Census, 1890; Part II, Occupations, pp. 602-603.] Nativity. Number. Nativity. Number. Native white: Foreign-born, by country of birth— Con- Native parents 23,062 tinued. 11,606 25, 055 Ireiand 25, 783 flrpa.t Britain 259 whifp 48,117 Canada (Engiish) 18 67, 790 Canada (French) 1,881 'Pntfll nnlnrprl a 849 Sweden and Norway 53 npnmarV 21,878 116,756 other countries Vjr X dJLiU. LCll Foreign-born, by country of birth: Total foreign-born 67,813 Germany 6,335 a Includes persons of negro descent, Chinese, Japanese, and civilized 'Indians. It is unfortunate, as mentioned above, that no distinction is made between bituminous and anthracite coal miners or between these and other miners in the State; but assuming that the racial com- position in bituminous mining followed the same general lines of division as other forms of mining enterprise in the State, it will be noted thafout of a total of 116,756 miners in Pennsylvania in 1889, about 19 per cent only were native white of native parents, 21 jper cent were native wliite of foreign parents, and 58 per cent were for- eign white. Of the foreign-born 67 per cent were English, Scotch, Irish, Welsh, Germans, and Scandinavians, showing conclusively that the races of Great Britain and northern Europe were dominant in the mining industry in that year. In the census of 1900, as will be noted in the next table, which gives figures for the year 1899, a change as compared with the census of 1890 is made in the classification. Place of birth is given for foreign- born parents, but not for the foreign-born. Quarrymen are also included in tlie report, as well as miners of all classes. The figures are, however, of considerable value as indicating the relative increase in the number of miners of parentage assigned to southern and east- ern Europe, and the decrease in the racial element of northern Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 253 European parentage among the mine workers. The native white of native parents and the native white of foreign parents in the mines in 1899 maintained about the same proportions (20 per cent each) of the total number of employees as in 1889. The foreign white miners in 1899 constituted about 58 per cent of all miners in the State, as they did ten years before. The general situation as regards the proportions of native white and those born of foreign parents, therefore, had not changed materially during the period 1889 to 1899. The significant feature of the situation, however, in 1899, as contrasted with 1889, was the large additions to the number of persons engaged in mining in the State whose parents were born in southern or eastern Europe. Of the miners and quarrymen reported, 40,076 were of Austro-Hungarian, 8,972 of Italian, 10,999 of Polish, and 5,327 of Russian parentage. The table showing in detail the various divisions follows: Table 159. — Number of miners and quarrymen 10 years of age or over in the State of Pennsylvania in 1899. [Compiled from United States Census, 1900; Occupations, pp. 374-375.] Nativity. Number. Nativity. Number. Native white: Native parents . . . 36, 297 36,716 Persons having both parents born as specified or one parent born as speci- PTiH HTIP TIqIiAto Foreign parents Total native white 73,013 105,845 dlllA IJLLKD yjCLLK^Hb XlCtt 1 V L (J,* Great Britain. . 31,849 22, 958 8,972 10,999 5,327 2,778 2,683 Foreign white Ireland Colored o 1,616 Italv. . Poland . . . Grand total 180, 474 Russia Scandinavia, Persons having both parents born as Other countries specified or one parent born as speci- fied and one parent native: Total 138,215 4,356 Austria-Hungary 40, 076 303 34 12,236 Mixed foreign parentage Canada, English Canada, French Total, one or both parents foreign- born Germany 142, 571 a In this instance all are of negro descent. Since the last census period more direct information regarding the situation has been afforded by the action of the secretary of internal affairs of Pennsylvania, who has attempted to classify the mining employees of the State by nationality. The information secured, however, has not been satisfactory for two reasons: (1) The usual defects of an attempt to classify by nationality have been aggra- vated by a loose use of designations; (2) in none of the years cov- ered have all the mines in operation reported as to the nationality of the men employed. The proportion reporting has varied from year to year. Wliile the shov/ing is deficient in these respects, the figures given by the Pennsylvania state authorities indicate at least the general situation as regards the nationality of the persons employed in bitu- minous mining and add a sanction to the changes in racial composi- tion of mine workers which have been inferred from the more general showing of the federal census reports of 1890 and 1900. From the figures available a table has been compiled for the period 1903 to 1907 and is here submitted. In this table the nationalities reporting 254 The Immigration Commission. have been divided into two groups, the first comprising American and all nationalities of Great Britain and northern Europe, and the second the nationalities of southern and eastern Europe. Table im.— Nationality of bituminous coal miners in Pennsylvania, 1903 to 1907. rrmriDiled from the Annual Reports of the Secretary of Internal Affairs, Pennsylvania, Part III, ^^ndustrial Statistics; 1903, p. 433; 1904, pp. 402,403; 1905, pp. 474,475; 1906, pp. bo, 66; 1907, pp. 95,96.] Nationality. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. Group 1: American English Scotch Welsh Irish German Scandinavian 23,798 4,799 1,616 411 3,093 2,557 3,519 23,563 3,540 1,607 576 1,781 2,878 3,114 17,347 2,751 1,189 313 731 1,721 1,745 20,939 3,087 856 402 1.212 1,270 2,508 21,987 3,294 683 409 1,051 1,310 2,618 39,793 37,059 25,797 30,274 31,352 Group II: Polish Hungarian Slavic Italian Austrian Russian Other nationalities 6,326 8,343 17,439 12,714 2,118 1,133 5,720 5,657 4,803 14,657 11,411 3,960 868 2,514 5,524 3,289 8,586 6,824 2,712 897 1,954 5,247 5,042 12,204 9,166 2,008 788 2,545 5,748 5,764 12,884 10,735 1,462 1,110 10, 205 Total 53,793 43,870 29,786 37,000 47,908 Total reporting nationality. , Total not reporting nationality Grand total 93,586 58, 159 80,929 74,818 55,583 109,358 67,274 105,654 79,260 103,861 151,745 155,747 164,941 172,928 183, 121 In referring to the foregoing table, it should be carefully borne in mind that the number of each nationality reporting, or the total of each group, is not indicative of the proportion of each nationality or of each group employed in the mines, for the obvious reason that the information received is very incomplete and inaccurate. Ine only value of the table consists in supplementing the returns ot the census of 1900 by showing in the five years, 1903 to 1 907 , the presence among the mine workers of a large number of Slavic, Hungarian, Polish, and Italian employees, and by indicating the presence m the industry after 1900 of the English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and German immigrants of former years. If to the evidence furnished by this fragmentary statistical material be added information from original sources, a general history of racial movements to the bituminous mines of the State may be given. _ ^ n .-u During the decade beginning with 1870, the greater part or the emplovees in the bituminous regions of Pennsylvania were Americans or representatives of the English, Scotch, Welsh, German, and Irish races. Of the foreigners, many, perhaps the majority, had been in this country for some years previous to the great expansion ot the coal-mining industry. English-speaking miners continued to imini- grate and to find emplovment in the mines in large numbers until about the year 1890. Since that year comparatively few immi|^rants from Germany and Great Britain have entered the mdustrv. Swedes and other Scandinavians have been constantly employed since the early eighties. i - ip « The employment of immigrants from southern and eastern Hurope hetman in about 1880. The Slovaks were the first arrivals and immi- Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 255 grated in considerable numbers. They were followed within a year or two by a few Magyars, and the number of immigrants of this race gradually increased each year. The Polish immigration began about 1890, although individual members of the race had been coming for a period of nine or ten years. After the year 1890 Poles and Slovaks arrived in great numbers. A few Italians were employed before the year 1895, but the immigration of this race did not begin upon a large scale until about 1900. Croatians were employed in some sec- tions before 1890, and Servians began to arrive in small numbers in the early nineties. The great bulk of all the immigration from southern and eastern Europe, however, has occurred within the past eight or nine years. Russians, Bulgarians, Roumanians, Ruthenians, Syrians, Armenians, Macedonians, Croatians, Servians, as well as Poles, Magyars, Slovaks, and Italians, have been among the recent arrivals. As a result of the rapid expansion of the mining industry already referred to, man;^ of the mining communities have been founded, and their population is largely made up of immigrants who have been coming to the region during recent years.® Wherever mines have been in operation for a period of thirty years or over, the course of immigration to the locality has been substantially the same as the immigration to the entire region since 1870.^ As regards the bituminous region of Pennsylvania as a whole, it may be said that the immigration of English-speaking and northern European races has been proportionately very small since 1890, and at the present time has practically ceased. On the other hand, the races of southern and eastern Europe continue to arrive and to find employment in the mines in undiminished numbers. In order that the movements of the different races to the bitu- minous regions may be made more apparent, the history of immi- gration to certain localities and districts may be presented in detail. With this object in view, the district which is probably the most instructive as well as the most representative for study is the section known both scientifically and popularly as the Connellsville coke region. This region is a narrow strip of territory extending along the western foot of the Chestnut Ridge from Point Marion, Mason- town, and Brownsville on the Monongahela River to Greensburg and Latrobe, over 60 miles to the northeast. Very extensive develop- ment has taken place in this district, and immigration has been heavy. The first coke in the Connellsville region was made in the year 1841. The business increased slightly by 1851, but its development was very slow. In 1855, on both rivers above Pittsburg, there were only 26 coke ovens. In 1860, a railroad completed its eastern branch through Connellsville into Pittsburg. The latter city began getting its coke from Connellsville, and the real development of the region immediately began. During the year 1860, 30 ovens were con- structed. Although somewhat hindered by the civil war, the in- dustry grew very rapidly, and after the war there was an extensive development until the panic of 1873. During this same period the first mines were opened in the northern end of the region, though some years passed before coke was made there. During the seven 1 «See History of Immigration to Community A, p. 479. ^ See History of Immigration to Community B, p. 534. i 256 The Immigration Commission. years 1873 to 1879, the coke business was very dull and development was checked. Beginning with 1880, however, the industry began to recover, and since that date great development has taken place. The following table shows the number of ovens in operation each year, together with the amount of coke shipped during the period, 1880 to 1907: Table 161 —Number of coke ovens and number of tons of coke shipped in Pennsylvania, 1880 to 1907. [Compiled from annual reports of the Secretary of Internal Affairs, Pennsylvania.] Year. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883, 1884, 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 Num- ber of ovens. 7,211 8,208 9,283 10, 176 10, 543 10,471 10, 952 11,923 13,975 14, 458 16, 020 17,204 17,256 17,513 Tons of coke shipped. Year. 2,205,946 2,639,002 3, 043, 394 3, 552, 402 3, 192, 105 3, 096, 012 4, 180, 521 4, 146, 989 4,955, 553 5,930,428 6,464,156 4, 760, 665 6, 329, 452 4,805,623 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. Num- ber of ovens. Tons of coke shipped. 17,834 17,947 18, 351 18, 628 18, 643 19,689 20,954 21,575 26, 329 28,092 29, 119 30,842 34, 059 35, 697 5,454,451 8,244,438 5,411,602 6,915,052 8,460,112 10,129,764 10,166,234 12,609,949 14, 138,740 13,345,230 12,427,468 17,896,526 19,999,326 19,029,058 The table next submitted shows the production of coal in Westmore- land and Fayette counties since 1890. While this table embraces a little more than the coke region itself, by far the greater part ot this production came from those mines which also operate coke ovens. The table is of value, therefore, as showing the rapid development in the later years of this period. Table 162 . — Production of bituminous coal in Fayette and Westmoreland counties, Pennsylvania, 1890 to 1907. [Compiled from Pennsylvania State Mining Reports.] Year. Tons of bituminous coal produced in— Fayette County. Westmore- land County. 6,790,277 10, 120,541 15,043,277 23,729,085 28,989,053 7,308,842 10,325,245 14,872,546 23,172,556 28,635,824 The pioneer operatives in the coke industry were Americans, Irisly and Germans. There were a few English and Scotch, but then numbers before the civil war were almost negligible. TV hen the industry began its rapid course of development m 1860, the nrs demand for increased labor was met by native Americans, and b} Germans and Irish, but after the civil war the immigration ot these two races, together with that of the English and Scotch, became rela- tively large. This was due entirely to the expansion ot the coKe Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 257 : industry and the consequent demand for more labor. The immi^ra- ‘ tion of the races from Great Britain and Germany brought sufficient ! labor to the district during the rapid development which took place ; up to 1879. Men of these races, together with native Americans, mined the coal, fired the ovens, and drew and loaded the coke. They were an intelligent, thrifty, and ambitious class of employees. As shown by Table 161, page 256, the development which took place after the year 1879 was very extensive and rapid. The pro- duction for 1881 was practically treble the production for 1879. During a number of years there was an annual increase of approxi- mately 1,000 ovens in operation with proportionate increase in pro- duction. Roughly speaking, one man must be employed for each oven burned. Consequently, in the early eighties there was a yearly demand in this district from the coke plants alone for 1,000 additional men. This is the development which brought the races from southern and eastern Europe. Some operators who, in the urgent demand for labor, had secured a few Slovaks and Poles from New York employ- ment agencies, found that these races could be used in the unskilled occupations of the industry and promptly set about securing more of them. In 1882 some companies had agents in Europe soliciting and ■encouraging the immigration of Slovaks, Poles, and Bohemians. This was prior to the contract-labor law of 1885, and some immigrants may have been imported as contract laborers. At any rate, large numbers of these races were influenced to come to the Connellsville region and, after they had been given employment, were urged to induce their friends and relatives to join them. This programme of encouragement of immigration of these races, conducted not only by ; agents in Europe and in the Atlantic ports of the United States, but also by the immigrants themselves, who were promised work for their relatives, resulted in a great immigration of Slovaks, Poles, Magyars, Croatians, Bohemians, North and South Italians, and other southern and eastern European races. As indicating how rapid this immigration actually was, a general statement of the racial classification of the workmen of one large mining and coke company in 1886 is of interest. This company, which may be called Plant A, in the year 1886 was employing about 3,500 men. Of this number 50 per cent were Slovaks, Poles, Mag- yars, and Bohemians, though the great majority were Slovaks and Poles; 10 per cent were Germans, and the remainder were Irish and Americans with a few English, Scotch, and Welsh. In this connec- tion it is significant to remember that the immigration of the Poles, ■ Slovaks, Magyars, and Bohemians in any considerable numbers had begun only in 1882, though a few had been employed some years before. Within the short period of four years after their arrival in the region, however, these races constituted one-half of the working force of the company under discussion. Taking as a further illustration another plant, which may be desig- nated as Plant B, in operation more than thirty years, it was found that the employees up to the year 1882 were Americans, Germans, and Irish, together with a very few English and Scotch. During the year 1882 the first Slovaks and Bohemians were employed; in ^83, the first Poles; in 1886, the first Magyars; in 1888, the first I 258 The Immigration Commission. North and South Italians. As contrasted with 1882, a complete canvass of the employees of Plant B reveals a racial composition of the force employed at the present time as follows: Table Racial composition of Plant B, by occupation, 1908. Old immigrants and natives. New immigrants. Occupation. 1 American. 1 English. 1 Scotch. 1 Irish. j German. j French. o . & (U 1 3 -1 . i 03 , O Zi B H a D O 32 1 Slovak. 1 Lithuanian. 1 Polish. j Bohemian. Croatian. j Total. 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Engineer: Xlrtiof 6 6 1 1 TC'q 1 1 1 1 .... 1 1 "i'l 1 7 5 1 8 5 Mason 4 1 1 6 1 1 1 3 6 2 2 3 1 1 5 1 1 T?r\o/lTYion 5 5 5 4 1 8 28 7 7 Teamster 1 1 "PnmT^or Bo'nH 3 1 2 1 1 3 11 7 1 8 Cager 1 10 2 5 18 1 3 5 2 1 7 19 Q 4- Q 1 £» TTI Q Ti 1 1 1 1 2 Vn n It'TTI o r» 1 1 1 1 f^ar* cVii'ftOT* 4 4 8 2 2 1 8 7 1 1 , 22 Cok^ fork^r 1 6 8 15 loV\/^ror 4 5 9 18 HroxiroT* 2 1 . 2 30 81 . 116 Mifip la.hnrpr 7 2 2 7 4 1 2 . 3 7 8 14 . 57 Piplf miner . . 11 2 4 5 2 2 "2 33 58 "i' 90 21 "i 232 Trapper . 3 3 Total . 85 23 3 43 13 3 12 11 44 123 1 205 57 1 1 624 1 — Another plant, which may be called C, and which has been operated for more than thirty years, had very much the same original force as Plant B — Germans, English, and Scotch. In 1885 the first Slovaks were employed, together with a few Bohemians; in 1886, the first Poles; in 1888, the first North and South Italians; in 1891, the first Magyars; in 1892, the first Croatians; in 1894, the first Ruthenians. The present racial classification of its employees will be found on the page following. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 259 Table 164. — Racial composition of Plant C, hy occupation, 1908. Old immigrants and natives. New immigrants. Occupation. American. English. Scotch. Irish. German. North Ital- ian. Magyar. Polish. Slovak. 1 Bohemian. 5 1 Slovenian. Russian. Croatian. 1 Total. Superin tendent 1 1 Mine foreman 1 1 Fire boss 1 1 1 3 Rib boss 1 1 Track boss 1 1 Yard boss 1 1 Stable boss 1 1 Driver boss I 1 1 Engineer: Haulage 1 Hoist 2 2 Charging 1 1 Motor 2 1 3 Motorman 1 1 Machinist 1 1 Machinist helper 2 2 Electrician 3 3 Blacksmith 3 3 Carpenter 5 5 Mason 2 1 3 Mason tender 1 1 2 Fireman 6 6 Teamster 1 1 2 Coke leveler 3 1 1 1 6 Pumper 4 4 Driver 4 1 3 1 9 Tippleman 2 2 4 Roadman 6 2 1 1 10 Charger 1 1 1 3 Lamp cleaner 2 2 Car shifter 1 1 2 Laborer; Outside 8 2 1 5 1 17 Inside 14 1 1 8 9 2 35 Coke drawer 15 1 4 3 5 55 3 86 Pick miner 23 2 6 3 72 4 4 16 1 41 172 Ash carter 4 1 1 6 Trapper 4 4 Total 122 3 1 g 12 10 11 12 152 7 4 16 1 48 405 As an illustration on a larger scale, the following has been the course of development and racial change in one particular portion of the coke region, which we may call District A. Mines were opened and operated as follows during the years specified : Year. Number of mines operating. Year. Number of mines operating. 1871 1 1900 8 1879 2 1901 9 1882 3 1902 10 1887 4 1905 11 1891 5 1906 13 1892 6 1907 14 Not only did the number of mines increase, but the number of men employed also increased as the workings were extended. In addition to this development of the mining and coke industry, with its con- sequent demand for labor, two important manufacturing establish- ments were also opened in 1889 and 1890. This steady demand for 260 The Immigration Commission. more and more labor was first satisfied by the employinent of the native Americans themselves, together with the immigration of Swedish, English, Irish, Germans, and a few Welsh. About the year 1893, however, the point had been reached where not enough em- ployees of these races could be secured, and the first Slovaks and Poles were employed. Shortly afterwards several North and South Italians were given work, and in the rapid development beginning about the year 1900 the additional laborers secured were practically all southeastern Europeans. Many more of these later immigrants were also required to take the places of the former operatives who were entering manufacturing plants, not only in the immediate district, but as far west as Pittsburg. At the present time, of a total of 4 500 mine and coke workers in District A, the combined number of American, English, Irish, Scotch, Swedish, and German employees is not over 30 per cent. ^ i i . i Such changes as those shown in the specific cases cited have taken place at all of the older mines and plants of the entire coal and coke region. The newer operations have opened with a labor force com- posed sometimes of a dozen different races, principally of foreign birth and of recent immigration. i i i The connection between the expansion of coal mining and coke manufacturing and the arrival of immigrant workers is thus made apparent. In order that the chronology, however, may be made clear in connection with the racial movements to the Connellsville region, it will be worth while, at the risk of repetition, to indicate briefly the periods of arrival and employment of the different races. Prior to 1860 there had been a steady movement of Germans and Irish to western Pennsylvania and to the particular section where coke making was later developed, the Irish immigration being greater after 1835, and the German after 1848. After 1860 immigration became much more rapid and extensive. In addition to the Ipsh and German immigrants mentioned above, a few Scotch, English, and Welsh had also been entering before 1860, but never in large numbers. About the year 1870 many English, Scotch, and Irish and some Welsh began settling in the district. In the latter part of the seventies and the early eighties this immigration was relatively large. After the year 1885 it continued, but in decreasing numbers, principally to the northern end of the region up to 1893 or 1894. During the two years 1893 and 1894, arrival of immigrants from Great Britain and Germany ceased almost entirely, due partly to the depression of those years, but also ascribable to other causes which will be mentioned later.® A few Swedes came to the northern part of the region about 1880 and continued to 1894, though their numbers were relatively About the vear 1879 the first Slovaks arrived in the Connellsville district. In T882 they began coming more generally and their number increased very rapidly until checked by the financial depres- sion of 1893 and 1894. About 1896 and 1897, with the revival ol industry, the movement began again, and in recent years has assumed very large proportions. More of this race than of any other have come to the region. a See chapter on Industrial Effects of Immigration, p. 423. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania, 261 At practically the same time that the Slovak immigration started, the Poles began to enter the United States and pursue much the same course, although only about one-half as many Poles as Slovaks came. About 1886 the first appreciable number of Magyars arrived. The imrnigration of this race also increased rapidly until checked by the panic of 1893. It was renewed with the resumption of active business after the panic and assumed its largest proportions in the succeeding years. In numbers there seem to have been about three- fifths as many Magyars as Poles. Some Bohemian immigration, chiefly to the northern part of the region, also began about the time the Slo- vaks and Poles first made their presence felt, but did not assume much numerical importance, and practically stopped during 1893 and 1894. Both North and South Italians were in the district as early as 1879, but their immigration seems to have been not large until after 1888. Since the latter date they have come in rapidly and, together, probably number as many as do the Poles. The Groatians began arriving in appreciable numbers about 1893. Their immigration was not large, however, until after 1896 or 1897. Since the latter year, they have entered the region rapidly and to-day number as many as the Poles. Several other races have also settled in the region, but as yet their num- bers are relatively small. A few Ruthenians arrived in 1892 and 1893, pd a few Servians, Bulgarians, and Roumanians since 1900. The immigration of all these later races is still in progress. The Slovaks, Poles, Magyars, Groatians, and North and South Italians are arriving in large numbers, and although scattered individuals of the other races are also finding employment at the mines and coke ovens the heaviest immigration at present is by the races above mentioned. PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS. Figures showing the period during which foreign-born mine workers have lived in the United States throw valuable light upon oie time wlmn each race was employed in the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania, and to this extent substantiate the statements about the history of immigration. It is generally true that the period ot employment of a foreign-born employee coincides with his period 01 r^idence m the United States, for the reason that the greater numbp of immigrants come directly from the port of landing to the bituminous mining districts. On the other hand, a considerable number are employed in other industries or in other coal fields belore entering the Pennsylvania mines, and this fact prevents any hard and fast statement that the period of residence in this country IS the same as the period of employment in the Pennsylvania mining regions. Period^ of residence in the United States is, however indicative of period of employment for the races of less recent immi- gration, and for races of more recent immigration practically a positive critpion. With these reservations in mind, the following tables, showing, by general nativity and race, the period of residence m this country of the foreign-born bituminous mining employees of Pennsylvania will be found very interesting and instructive. The nrst table, which immediately follows, gives figures for 37,016 mine nip oyees covered by the study of individual mine workers. 48296 °— VOL 6—11 18 262 The Immigration Commission. Table 165.— Per cent of foreign-horn male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Race. Number reporting Per cent ii complete - data. Under 5. 455 26.2 rSOiiGniiaii aiiu 1,963 56.6 56 23.2 1,285 12. 5 334 20.1 1,528 12.0 37.3 Greek — 75 656 4. 4 3,365 47.7 47.0 2,224 96 . 49.0 iiaiiaii bpcL/iiicAi^ 637 32.0 3,520 52.7 5,990 44. 4 105 90. 5 1,279 56. 6 283 51. 2 555 14.8 85 48.2 9,962 37.8 1,553 46.2 216 7. 9 191 9.9 Total 37,016 40.3 ber of years. 5 to 9. 24.2 34.3 21.4 7.0 28.7 13.7 37.3 2.4 33.5 34.5 31.3 10 to 14. 30.7 31.0 5.7 25.4 23.7 10.1 34.1 31.8 36.6 10.6 3.1 2.2 4.5 7.1 4.2 1.5 5.4 8.0 2.7 29.0 8.4 7.3 11.9 7.3 8.8 1.0 8.0 12.4 2.7 12.9 11.3 8.3 5.6 6.3 8.3 15 to 19. 20 or over 12.5 3.4 19.6 7.2 22.2 23.2 10.7 7.0 7.1 6.4 7.3 13.5 6.3 9.1 1.9 6.0 7.4 6.3 3.5 9.6 6.1 22.7 7.3 34.9 1.1 28.6 69.0 27.5 45.6 6.7 83.4 3.1 3.7 5.2 5.7 3.1 6.7 1.0 4.0 5.3 66.1 1.2 9.6 2.8 .53.2 73.3 13.5 It is noticeable in the foregoing table that the imm^ration of tne past ten years has been far in excess of all also that the immigration of the periods P™'' was mainly of English, Irish, Scotch, and other Englisti-speaKing peoples, while that of the last decade has been of southern and eastern European countnes. The total number individuals from whom information was secured was 37,016^ U thl number, 40.3 per cent, or 14,914 individuals have ^en in ^ United States under five years, while 29 per cent or viduals, have been m the United States from J Thus it can be seen that considerably more than one-halt, o, accurate, 69.3 per cent, of all the foreign-born males reporting infor- mation have been in the United States under ten years. From the twenty-year period down to, and including, Uie te y period, the number reporting is perceptibly smaller M the tota number, only 8.3 per cent, or 3,084 individuals, have been m Uie United States from ten to fourteOT years; 8-9 per ?’ g^rs viduals, have lieen in the United States from tfteen to nineteen yeare and 13 5 ner cent, or 4,987 individuals, have been in the United State., twity yfars or Wre’. As already stated the most import-nt and most interesting fact disclosed hy the table under eonsideration ^ that the incoming of English-speaking during the past decade, while immigration from among «« southeTi and eastern European races has rapidly increased 4nr g , period. Taking on the one hand the English, Irish, Scotch, Scotcli Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania, 263 Irish, and Germans, and on the other the Croatians, North and South I Italians, Lithuanians, Magyars, Poles, Russians, Slovaks, and Slove- i nians, such a statement is found to be amply supported. Of a 1 total of 1,285 English, 887, or 69 per cent, have been in the United States twenty years or more, while only 12.5 per cent have resided in the United States less than five years, 7 per cent have resided here from five to nine years, 4.2 per cent from ten to fourteen years, and 7.2 per cent from fifteen to nineteen years. The same situation is brought out even more forcibly in the case of the Irish. Out of a total of 656 individuals, 547, or 83.4 per cent, have resided in the United States twenty years or more, while the other periods are represented as follows: Residence of less than five years, 4.4 per cent; five to nine years, 2.4 per cent; ten to fourteen years, 2.7 per cent; fifteen to nineteen years, 7 per cent. Similarly the Scotch show that of a total of 555 individuals 66.1 per cent have resided in the United States twenty years or more, 6.3 per cent have resided here from fifteen to nineteen years, 2.7 per cent from ten to fourteen years, 10.1 per cent from five to nine years, and 14.8 per cent under five years. The Scotch-Irish, of whom only a small number of indi- viduals are reported, follow, in period of residence, very much the same course as do the Irish and Scotch. Of a total of 191 Welsh individuals reported, 73.3 per cent have been in the United States twenty years or more, 7.3 per cent fifteen to nineteen years, 6.3 per cent ten to fourteen years, 3.1 per cent five to nine years, and 9.9 per cent under five years. The study of German individuals is suffi- ciently Inrge to show clearly the course of northern European immi- gration into western Pennsylvania in contrast with that from southern and eastern Europe. Of a total of 1,528 Germans, 697, or 45.6 per cent, have been in the United States twenty years or more, 23.2 per cent fifteen to nineteen years, 5.4 per cent ten to fourteen years, 13.7 per cent five to nine years, and 12 per cent under five years. The course of immigration from southern and eastern Europe, it will be seen, has, on the other hand, constantly increased during the past twenty years. Out of a total of 9,962 Slovak individuals, 3,766, or 37.8 per cent, have resided in the United States under five years; 31.8 per cent, from five to nine years; 11.3 per cent, from ten to fourteen years; 9.6 per cent, from fifteen to nineteen years; and 9.6 per cent, for twenty years or more. The recent arrival of Croatians IS even more marked than that of the Slovaks. Of a total of 1,963 Croatian individuals, 1,112, or 56.6 per cent, have been in the United States under five years; 34.3 per cent, from five to nine years; 4.5 per cent, from ten to fourteen years; 3.4 per cent, from fifteen to nineteen years; and 1.1 per cent, twenty years or more. Thus it will be seen that 90.9 per cent of all Croatian individuals reporting have resided in the United States under ten years. The course of Magyar immi- gration runs almost parallel with that of the Croatians. Out of a total of 3,520 Magyar individuals, 52.7 per cent have been in this country under five years; 30.7 per cent, from five to nine years; 7.3 per cent, from ten to fourteen years; 6.3 per cent, from fifteen to nineteen years; and 3.1 per cent, twenty years or more. In other words, 83.4 per cent of all Magyar individuals reporting have been in the United States under ten years and only 16.6 per cent over ten years. Of a total of 1,279 Russian individuals, 56.6 per cent have 264 The Immigration Commission. resided in the United States under five years; 25.4 percent, from five to nine vears; 8 per cent, from ten to fourteen years; 6 per cent, trom fifteen to ninkeen years; and 4 per cent, for twenty years or more. The courses of North Italian and of South Italian immigration run almost identical. Of a total of 3,365 North Italians, 47.7 per cent have been in the United States under five years, as compared with 2 224 South Italians, of whom 47 per cent have been here under five years; 33.5 per cent of the North Italians have been here from five to nine years, as compared with 34.5 per cent of the South Italians for a like period- 8.6 per cent of the North Italians have been here rmn en to Cteen years, while 8.4 per cent of the South Ita bans have been here for the same period; 7.1 per cent of the North Italians have been here from fifteen to nineteen years, as compared with 6.4 per cent of the South Italians, and, finally, 3.1 per cent of the North Italians have been in the United States twenty years or more, as cZZred with 3.7 per cent of the South Italians for a like period. Of a total of 5,990 Polish individuals, 44 .4 per cent have resided here under five years; 31 per cent, from five to nine years; 8.8 per cent, from ten to fourteen years; 9.1 per cent, from fifteen to nineteen vears- and 6.7 per cent, for twenty years or more. ^ The Lithuanians appear in smaller numbers, only 637 of this race reporting. Of that number, however, 32 per cent have been m the United States under five years; 36.9 per cent “n 11 9 per cent, from ten to fourteen years; 13.5 per cent, Irom tilteen to nineteen years; and 5.7 per cent, for twenty years or more. _ The only conclusion to be drawn from the foregoing exhibit is that, in the case of western Pennsylvania, during the past ten years immi- gration from southern and eastern Europe has supplanted that from ““Th^^geMral table “ gives the number of each race that have resided in the United States for each year during the past five years. The number residin'^ in the United States less than one year is remarkably farS^ f hfmedominating races of recent immigration are well rep- rinted anS the individuals are, doubtless persons who have had relatives and friends already employed m the -“4 gone into the Pennsylvania bituminous localities to join them imme studied who have been in the United States each specified number ot yiraccording to race of individual, is set forth in the table on the page 'following. f^See General Table 54, Vol. II, p. 366. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 265 Table 166 . — Per cent of foreign-horn persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.) Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent of persons in United States each specified num- ber of years. Under 5. Under 10. Under 20. Bohemian and Moravian. Croatian English German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Slovenian 51 318 33 61 20 415 209 211 389 609 49 90 159 1,058 35 56.9 43.7 12.1 14.8 .0 37.8 43.1 29.9 38.6 38.6 67.3 50.0 45.3 32.9 34.3 68.6 78.0 12.1 14.8 10.0 68.0 71.8 68.2 65.6 65.5 100.0 82.2 73.0 60.0 74.3 82.4 99.1 15.2 32.8 10.0 93.3 95.2 93.4 95.1 91.6 100.0 96.7 95.0 88.1 97.1 Total. 3,711 37.4 65.5 90.2 The preceding table shows, by race of individual, the percentage of 3,711 foreign-born persons who have been in the United States under five, ten, and twenty years, respectively. The grouping in this instance is cumulative. Of the 1,058 Slovaks reported, only 11.9 per cent have a residence of over twenty years’ duration; and of the 20 Irish listed, only 10 per cent have been in this country less than twenty years. The Roumanians reported have all been in the United States under ten years, and 67.3 per cent under five years. ^ Croatians, Italians, Lithuanians, Magyars, Russians, and Slovenians, with the exception of a very small percentage, have been in this country less than twenty years, in contrast with the Irish, English, and Germans, who show the largest proportions to have been residents for a longer period than twenty years. RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME. The effect of the influx of races of recent immigration, together with the racial composition of the operating forces of the mines at the present time, can be quickly seen from tlie table next presented, which shows the number of employees of each race, in a total of 49,137 mine workers for whom information was secured. 266 The Immigration Commission. Table m .—Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number. | Per cent distribu- tion. Native-born of native father; Whilft 6,448 13.1 913 1.9 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: 3 (a) 592 1.2 31 .1 24 (a) 3 (a) 964 2.0 Fr3iIlCB 65 .1 Q^nxiciny 1,220 2.5 Trplf^nrl 803 1.6 Italy 62 .1 Netherlands 13 (a) 1 (a) 'RnociQ. 91 .2 Scotl^^p^l 426 .9 QwaHPTi 37 .1 Switzerland 15 (a) Wales 210 .4 Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian.. BoSTlIflT^ 457 1 .9 (a) Bulgarian . 31 .1 11 (a) j J. IC'AX'-AX ........ Canadian Other 19 (a) CroSitiSiH - 1,971 4.0 6 (a) Danish. 10 (a) Dutch 56 .1 1,312 2.7 39 .1 3 (o) 339 .7 1,538 3.1 Qrppif 75 .2 Hebrew (other than Rus- 3 (a) a Less than General nativity and race. : Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Foreign-bom, by race— Con- tinued. TTiZkr'zoornVl'nlj^.n . 3 (o) 1.3 XlCl //CgV V XXJ.AC4»J-1. ♦ Irish 663 T+olion 3,379 2,239 99 640 6.9 XtClli-Ulll; UAA IttlliSiIl Pontic 4.6 Italian ’(not specified) L ithuanian .2 1.3 Mnd 343 2. 30 98.8 97.7 84.8 42.9 9.0 Wale'S 180 2. 43 98.9 98.3 89.4 52.2 16.7 Foreign-born, by race: SoliBHiiB'ii ^nd ]Vf orSiViBiii. 433 2. 18 97.5 91.2 72.7 31.4 10.2 1.2 Croptif^^ 1,849 1.90 96.6 87.5 48.1 12.6 2.3 .4 2.6 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 Engli^^ 1,223 2. 32 98.0 97.1 84.2 39.7 16.3 Fr*^TiPh 313 2.09 94.9 91.1 72.5 29.4 7.3 German 1,454 2.09 95.0 91.5 68.3 26.0 6. 5 Irish 618 2.14 97.1 93.7 65.5 28.2 12.0 Italian Nnrtb 3,153 2,090 615 2.11 97.5 94.8 71.2 26.8 9.3 Italian South 1.97 98.1 91.9 54.8 18.9 3.8 . 5 3.7 Lithuanian _ 2.17 94.0 91.7 76.4 31.4 13. 5 MSHyB-F • 3,306 1.98 98.3 92.3 64.4 13.9 2.8 3.2 .4 Pnliqb 5,639 1.95 92.7 87.8 58.4 14.3 .8 Roumanian 98 1.85 94.9 89.8 52.0 9.2 .0 6.0 2.6 15.7 2.4 2.7 6.2 16.3 15.7 .0 Rn';n 1,230 2.11 98.0 94.1 73.3 27.6 .7 Ruthenian 271 1.95 95.2 86.7 49.8 14. 4 .4 1.4 .0 Scotch 515 2. 35 98.8 97.9 86.6 43. i Servian 82 1.91 97.6 95.1 48.8 12.2 Slovak 9,380 1.99 97.0 92.4 55. 2 13. 4 • 5 Slovenian 1,470 2.14 97.3 94.8 76.5 30.9 1.0 5.7 1.1 Swedish 209 2. 33 99.0 98.6 88.0 38.3 Welsh 178 2. 27 98.3 97.8 82.0 40. 4 Grand total 45,052 2.07 96.8 92.9 64.6 22.1 5.8 1.0 Total native-born of foreign father. . Total native-born 3,627 10, 178 2.20 2.17 97.5 97.9 ' 95.8 95.7 73.8 7T5 34.8 29.5 8.2 7.5 1.0 1.3 Total foreign-bom 34,874 2. 04 96.5 92.0 62.9 19.9 5. 3 .9 1 ♦This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost tim^dr lost time TrorSutdow^^^^^ cames. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. A noteworthy feature of the above table is seen in the fact that very few persons of any race earn less than $1.25 per day. A con- siderably less proportion of the native-born than or the forei^-born earn this low wage. The Poles, among the foreign-born, with about Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 289 1 in 14 in this class, have relatively the greatest number of these small wage-earners. The next group, consisting of those earning $1.50 per day or over, shows but little change from the preceding column. Of the native-born, 95.7 per cent earn $1.50 or over per day, as compared with 97.9 per cent who earn $1 .25. Among the foreign-born, the table shows 92 per cent in the $1.50 group, as against 96.5 per cent in the $1.25 group. This small general change in the percentage figures is due to the fact that for nearly all the employees in the industry the general level of daily earnings is above $1.50. In the next group, however, which includes those earning $2 and over per day, this limit has been reached for an appreciable number of workers. Many coke- yard and mine laborers who are paid on a day basis receive less than $2. The less efficient pieceworkers are also affected when the $2-rate of daily wages is reached. Of the native-born, 95.7 per cent earn $1.50 and over per day, while only 70.5 per cent earn $2 and over per day, or, to use another mode of expressing the same com- parison, 25.2 per cent earn between $1.50 and $2 per day. Among the foreign-born the falling off is still greater, 92 per cent of the immigrant mine workers being found in the preceding group as com- pared with 62!9 per cent in the group earning $2 or more per day, showing 29.1 per cent to be earning between $1.50 and $2. If this comparison be restricted to the foreign-born of the races of recent immigration, the proportionate decrease is much greater. The older immigrant races do not show such decreases as do the later and, therefore, raise the general average for the foreign-born. The English drop from 97.1 per cent in the group earning $1.50 or more per day to 84.2 per cent in the group earning $2 or more per day; the Irish, from 93.7 per cent to 65.5 per cent; the Scotch, from 97.9 per cent to 86.6 per cent; the Swedish, from 98.6 per cent to 88 per cent; the Germans, from 91.5 per cent to 68.3 per cent; and the Welsh, from 97.8 per cent to 82 per cent. On the other hand, among the races of recent immigration from southern and eastern Europe, the Croatians drop from 87.5 per cent in the group earning $1.50 or more per day to 48.1 per cent in the group earning $2 or more per day; the South Italians, from 91.9 per cent to 54.8 per cent; the Poles, from 87.8 per cent to 58.4 per cent; the Servians from 95.1 per cent to 48.8 per cent; the Puthenians, from 86.7 per cent to 49.8 per cent; the Koumanians, from 89.8 per cent to 52 per cent; and the Slovaks, from 92.4 per cent to 55.2 per cent. This is also true of the native-born of foreign father; those of Austro-Hungarian parentage show the greatest falling off in earning capacity in tliis gtoup. Of the later immigrating races, the North Italian, with 71.2 per cent, the Lithuanian, with 76.4 per cent, the Kussian, with 73.3 per cent, the Slovenian, with 76.5 per cent, the Bohemian and Moravian, with 72.9 per cent, and the Magyar, with 64.4 per cent, in the group earning $2 per day or over, show relatively the highest earning capacity. The next group, composed of those earning $2.50 or more than $2.50 per day, shows that 29.5 per cent of the native- born and 19.9 per cent of the foreign-born earn this amount. This ^oup also accentuates differences in relative efficiency and position in the industry among the different races. The second generation English, Scotch, and Irish, and the English, Scotch, and Welsh foreign-born, have relatively the largest numbers in this group'. Of 290 The Immigration Commission. the races of recent immigration, the Bohemians and Moravians i North Italians, Lithuanians, Russians, and Slovenians, make the best showing. The next two groups, consisting of mmii^ employees earning $3 and over and those earning $3.50 and over per day simply serve to bring out further the differences already noted. The lead- ing position is occupied by the Enghsh Scotch Welsh Germa^^ and Irish immigrants and their children born in this country . This is significant and is of interest in connection with the fact that many of the immigrants of these races have been mine employees abroad, and conseqiTently entered the industry here with valuable experi- ence while the later immigrants were mostly farmers or farm laborers, and hence inexperienced when entering the industry. The English, Irish, Welsh, Scotch, and German imnugrants also came to the bituminous regions prior to the great expansion of the industry and were ready to advance to positions of responsibility and better pay which the development of the industry made availably The relatively poor showing made by the group of persons of native f atlmr is due to the fact that the children in this classification have been steadily leaving the industry for more attractive vocations, and consequently an undue proportion of the less skilled, less ambi- tious, and^less enterprising, are enumerated m this group, and the DOor6r sliowins!’ is tlie result to bo expectod. * 1 . ^ In connection with the earnings of the adult mine employees it is also ofTmportance to consider the earnings of the imne workers w^io have not reached maturity. The following table therefore is pre- sented showing, by general nativity and race, the per cent of males 14 but under 18 years of age who are earning specified amounts per day. Table m .-Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of agejarning each specified amount per day, hy general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) iThis table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number Per cent earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. reporting complete data. iVVtJl d-fec earnings per day. $1 or over. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. Native-born of native father, White 498 $1.46 95.2 64.9 50.2 16.9 3.2 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father; A no+rlo-TIlTnaf^.TV 240 1.40 92.1 57.1 68.2 63.6 40.8 17.5 26.0 24.8 16.9 28.6 2.S 3.2 ALloL'l EnglS'iid. 154 1.52 98.1 04. 0 •4.7 riprmfiriV 129 1.51 96.1 OD. U in s 7.C Ireland 71 1.42 94. 4 100.0 54. 9 4U. O 60. 3 l.t Scotl^n^ 63 1.56 by. o Foreign-bom, by race: Tfolion "WArtTi 72 1.83 100.0 86.1 83.7 77.5 80.6 AQ R 55.6 25.6 40.8 22.1 11.1 2.J Tfplipn Rnnt.Vi 43 1.56 97. 7 oy . u 66.2 55.9 61.3 7.C -------- 71 1.65 100.0 92.6 94.2 2.1 Polish Slovak 68 155 1.48 1.55 D/ . D 73.5 25.2 6.1 Grand total 1,899 1.51 96.1 66.5 53.6 24.5 Ti' Total native-born of foreign 792 1.46 95.8 95.6 61.1 AO Q 49.4 49.8 fi9 1 22.6 20.5 3.1 3.t 1,316 1.47 0^. y 74.6 33.6 7.1 1 ULJ/l VC UUl 11 - Total foreign-born 583 1.60 97.1 01. i annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. account is taken of volunt^ tables in this report showmi Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 291 In the foregoing table, as in the case of the preceding tables, the races are presented according to general nativity in three groups: those native-born of native father, those native-born of foreign father, and those foreign-born. In general, there is little difference in earning ca- pacity between the first two, 95.2 per cent of the whites native-born of native father earning $1 or over per day as compared with 95.8 per cent of the persons native-born of foreign father. In the wage class composed of those earning $1.25 or over the percentages are 64.9 for the whites native-born of native father and 61.1 for the persons native-born of foreign father. Fifty and two-tenths per cent of the whites native-born of native father and 49.4 per cent of the second generation earn $1.50 or more per day; and 16.9 per cent of the whites native-born of native father and 22.6 per cent of the persons native-born of foreign father earn $2 or over per day. In the last class, consisting of those earning $2.50 or over per day, be- tween 3 and 4 per cent of both groups of native-born are found. Compared with the persons native-born of native father and the group native-born of foreign father, the foreign-born youths have a higher percentage in the higher wage classes, the average percentages for the foreign-born by wage classes as compared with the total native- born being as follows : General nativity. SI per day or over. $1.25 per day or over. $1.50 per day or over. $2 per day or over. $2.50 per day or over. Total native-born 95.6 97.1 62.9 74.6 49.8 62.1 20.5 33.6 3.6 7.0 Total foreign-born This showing, apparently so unfavorable to the native-born males of these ages, may be readily explained. Almost all of the native-born youths attend school and become Americanized, and the more enter- prising and ambitious soon seek employment in other industries than ^al mining, where the work is more pleasant or the wages are better. On the other hand, the greater number of foreign-born youths do not know English and do not attend school, but go into the mines as soon as possible and remain there. Consequently, the fact that the Qumbers of the foreign-born earning larger amounts are relatively ^r^ter is a result which would be expected from the existing situation. From a racial standpoint, the North Italians show the highest 3arning ability among the foreign-born, followed by the Magyar l^ouths. The lowest earning capacity is found among the Poles. Mnong the group native-born of foreign father, the English, Ger- aians, and Scotch are the leaders. DELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY, As regards the earning ability of foreign-born mining employees, )ne of the most interesting points that arises is the question of rela- tion between earnings and period of residence, or, in other words, the question whether a more extended period of residence brings with t a greater industrial efficiency and adaptation among the foreign- i>orn and consequently an increased earning capacity. This inquiry s answered in the tables next submitted, which show, by race, the |)6rcent of foreign-born male employees who earn specified amounts line! who have been in the United States a specified number of years. i 292 The Immigration Commission. Table 178 —Per cent of foreign-horn male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes lay yed,i£> m 2 oo or more males reporting^ ] umber Pace and years in United States. ^ eporting ;omplete « data. ^ Bohemian and Moravian; Under 5 5 to 9 10 or over Croatian: 113 102 218 1,035 643 171 1 English; 1 151 82 990 French: 59 89 165 German: 166 Q 196 1,092 Irish: 28 5 to 9 16 to nvpr 574 Italian, North: Under 5 1,488 5 to 9 1,063 1 0 or p>vpr 602 Italian, South: U nder 5 .. 961 5 to 9 730 10 or nvpr 399 Lithuanian: Under 5 203 5 to 9 225 10 or ovor 187 Magyar: Under 5 1,720 5 to 9 1,023 10 or over 563 Polish: Under 5 2,492 5 to 9 1,748 to or ovor 1,399 699 Russian: Under 5 5 to 9 .^14 to ari'l over 217 Ruthenian: Under 5 137 5 to 9 64 1 0 or ovpr 70 Scotch: Under 5 72 5 to 9 46 to or over 397 Slovak: Under 5 3,433 5 to 9 3,039 10 or over 2,908 Slovenian: tT^^tpr .5 664 to 9 546 10 or over 260 Swedish: JTfider .5 - 15 5 to 9 .1 22 10 or over 172 Per cent earning each specified amount per day. !5 or Tr. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. 99.1 91.2 73.5 27.4 98.0 94.1 79.4 35.3 96.3 89.9 69.3 31.7 95.4 84.1 41.7 9.3 98.0 90.8 54.3 15.4 98.8 95.3 63.2 22.2 98.7 97.4 82.8 31.1 98.8 98.8 89.0 39.0 97.9 96.9 84.0 41.0 94.9 93.2 81.4 25.4 96.6 92.1 . 74.2 25.8 93.9 89.7 68.5 32.7 94.6 91.6 69.3 26.5 98.5 95.9 74.0 30.6 94.5 90.7 67.1 25.1 100.0 100.0 78.6 35.7 100.0 100.0 87.5 37.5 96.9 93.2 64.3 27.5 97.4 93.8 67.1 24.0 97.6 95.4 74.3 29.2 97.5 96.3 75.9 29.4 97.9 89.8 47.2 14.4 97.9 94.1 61.6 22.9 98.7 93.0 60.7 22.3 96.6 93.6 75.9 25.6 93.8 92.0 78.2 36.9 91.4 89.3 74.9 31.0 97.9 90.6 61.4 9.9 98.7 94.5 68.7 16.6 98.8 93.6 65.5 21.3 92.3 86.0 54.2 12.6 93.7 89.5 63.0 15.8 92.0 88.7 60.2 15.6 97.1 91.8 67.4 23.3 99.4 96.8 79.0 33.4 99.1 97.2 83.9 .32.7 91.2 79.6 36.5 10.9 98.4 93.8 56.3 21.9 100.0 94.3 70.0 14.3 100.0 98.6 93.1 45.8 100.0 100.0 87.0 50.0 98.5 97.5 85.4 42.6 9.5.7 88.7 48.3 9.7 97.8 94.4 58.4 15.4 97.7 94.6 60.0 15.6 96.7 93.5 73.2 24.8 97.1 95.2 78.9 36.1 99.2 : 97.3 , 80.0 1 . 35. 4 100. C ( ■ 100. C 1 93.3 ; 13. 3 100. C 1 100. C 1 95. S 1 54. 5 ‘98.J ! ■■ 98. 2 1 ■■ 86. f i »8. 4 $3 or over. $3.50 or over. 15.7 0.2 9.2 1.4 1.7 .2 2.6 .5 4.1 1.8 9. 9 18.3 3.7 17.1 2.9 3. 4 5.6 2.2 9.7 1.2 4 8 9.2 2.6 6.3 1.4 7.1 3.6 12.5 12.2 ■ 1.2 8.0 1.1 11.0 2.3 9.5 . .8 2.2 .4 5.5 .7 4.5 .3 8.4 1.5 18.2 5.8 13.4 3.7 1.5 .1 4.2 . 7 4.3 .7 2.8 .e 3.7 l.C 3.3 .£ 2 4 11.5 9.7 ^ C 1.5 3 1 4.3 26.4 .5.( 1.5.2 13.9 .i 1.6 3.4 3.2 5.3 6.6 1. 7.7 1. 6.7 22.7 ii 16.3 5. * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicat^', but no sho^in lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report snowi annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 293 Table 179 . — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-horn male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States* (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.] IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS. Race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 or over. Bohemian and Moravian 113 99.1 91.2 73.5 27.4 7. 1 Croatian 1,035 95.4 84.1 41.7 9.3 1.7 0.2 English 151 98. 7 97. 4 82. 8 31. 1 Q Q French 59 94. 9 93. 2 81. 4 25. 4 "i 4. German 166 94. 6 91. 6 69. 3 26. 5 0. ^ Irish 28 100.0 100.0 78! 6 35! 7 'I. 0 7. 1 3.6 Italian, North 1,488 97.4 93.8 67.1 24.0 8.0 1. 1 Italian, South 961 97.9 89.8 47.2 14. 4 2.2 .4 Lithuanian 203 96.6 93.6 75.9 25.6 8.4 1. 5 Magyar 1,720 97.9 90.6 61.4 9.9 1.5 ! 1 Polish 2,492 92.3 86.0 54. 2 12.6 2.8 .6 Russian 699 97. 1 91. 8 67. 4 23. 3 2. 4 Ruthenian 137 91. 2 79. 6 36 5 10. 9 1. 5 Scotch 72 100.0 98.6 93! 1 i5.8 26! 4 5.6 Slovak 3,433 95.7 88.7 48.3 9. 7 1.6 .2 Slovenian 664 96.7 93.5 73.2 24.8 5.3 .8 Swedish 15 100.0 100. 0 93.3 13.3 6.7 IN UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS. Bohemian and Moravian 102 98.0 94. 1 79.4 35.3 15. 7 2.0 Croatian 643 98.0 90.8 54.3 15.4 2.6 .5 English 82 98.8 98.8 89.0 39.0 18.3 3.7 French 89 96.6 92.1 74.2 25.8 5.6 2.2 German 196 98.5 95.9 74.0 30.6 9.2 2.6 Irish 16 100.0 100. 0 87. 5 37. 5 19 ^ Italian, North 1,063 97.6 95! 4 74! 3 29! 2 1^. 0 11.0 2.3 Italian, South 730 97.9 94. 1 61.6 22.9 5.5 . 7 Lithuanian 225 93.8 92.0 78.2 36.9 18.2 5.8 Magyar 1,023 98.7 94.5 68.7 16.6 4.2 .7 Polish 1,748 93.7 89.5 63.0 15.8 3.7 1.0 Russian 314 99.4 96.8 79.0 33.4 11.5 2.2 Ruthenian 64 98. 4 93. 8 56. 3 21. 9 ^ 1 Scotch 46 100. 0 100. 0 87. 0 50. 0 0. X 1 *> 9 Slovak 3,039 97.8 94.4 58! 4 15! 4 Xu. ^ 3. 4 .7 Slovenian 546 97.1 95.2 78.9 36.1 6.6 1.1 Swedish 22 100.0 100.0 95.5 54.5 22.7 13.6 IN UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER. Bohemian and Moravian . Croatian English French German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Russian Ruthenian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Swedish 218 96.3 89.9 69.3 31.7 9.2 1.4 171 98.8 95.3 63.2 22.2 4.1 1.8 990 97.9 96.9 84.0 41.0 17.1 2.9 165 93.9 89.7 68.5 32.7 9.7 1.2 1,092 94.5 90.7 67.1 25.1 6.3 1.4 574 96.9 93.2 64.3 27.5 12.2 1.2 602 97.5 96.3 75.9 29.4 9.5 .8 399 98.7 93.0 60.7 22.3 4.5 .3 187 91.4 89.3 74.9 31.0 13.4 3.7 563 98.8 93.6 65.5 21.3 4.3 .7 1,399 92.0 88.7 60.2 15.6 3.3 .9 217 99.1 97.2 83.9 32.7 9.7 .9 70 100.0 94.3 70.0 14.3 4.3 1. 4 397 98.5 97.5 85.4 42.6 13.9 .8 2,908 97.7 94.6 60.0 15.6 3.2 .7 260 99.2 97.3 80.0 35.4 7.7 1.2 172 98.8 98.3 86.6 38.4 16.3 5.2 .. shows wages or earnmgs for the penod indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost lime or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual allowance is made for time lost during the year. 48296 °— VOL 6—11 ^20 294 The Immigration Commission. In the preceding tables the different races fall into two distinct ' groups — (1) those races in which the relative numbers of persons i earning the larger amounts per day generally increase with length of ' residence in the United States, and (2) those races in which the j relative numbers of those earning the larger amounts decrease with 1 length of residence in the United States. In the first group are the i principal races of recent immigration, such as the Croatians, North 1 and South Italians, Magyars, Poles, Russians, and Slovaks. A brief j examination of the tables shows that in every wage class the Croatians n have an increase of relative numbers with length of residence. By ' way of illustration, among the Croatians who earn $2 and over are only 41.7 per cent of those who have been in the United States less than five years, in contrast with 63.2 per cent of those here ten years and more. In the class earning at least $2.50 per day are found 9.3 per cent of the Croatians who have been in this country less than five years, as compared to 22.2 per cent of those who have resided here more than ten years. These tendencies^ are found to be generally true also of the other races of recent immigration. .... In the second general group are the races of earlier immigration, such as the English, Irish, German, Welsh, and Scotch. Among these races length of residence results in little, if any, increase of the relative numbers in the higher wage groups. This situation is espe- cially manifest where the immigrants of ten or more years’ residence are compared with those of five to nine years. Such a comparison uniformly shows a decrease among those of longer residence, though the five to nine year class may show an increase over the residents of less than five vears. Taking the Irish race, by way of example, it is seen that in the class earning $2 or more per day the percentages for less than five, five to nine, and over ten years of residence, are 78.6 per cent, 87.5 per cent, and 64.3 per cent, respectively, while in the next wage class, consisting of those earning $2.50 per day and over, the percentages are 35.7 per cent, 37.5 per cent, and 27.5 per cent, respectively. These conditions do not mean, however, that the races of older immigration are less progressive in the industry than are the races of recent immigration, but are due to the fact that, of the earlier immigrant races, many who have resided in this country over ten years have either left the mining industry entirely or moved away from the Pennsylvania bituminous regions, while those that remain are now becoming old and their earning power has begun to diminish. This situation is clearly illustrated by the large numbers of men of these races resident in the United States ten years or more, as compared with those of a shorter period of residence. Of the 618 Irish from whom information was secured, 574 have been residents ten years or more; of the 1,223 English, 990; of the 1,454 Germans, 1,092; and of the 515 Scotch, 397. On the other hand, the races of more recent immigration, such as the Slovaks, Poles, Croatians, and North and South Italians, have not advanced to the stage where the more enterprising are leaving the industry, nor have so many reached an age of diminishing earning capacit} as in the case of the English, Scotch, Irish, and Germans. Among the races of recent immigration the greatest numbers occur not in the groups of oldest residence in the United States, as in the case of the races of older immigration cited above, but in the groups ol Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 295 relatively short periods of residence. Of the 1,849 Croatiaiis fur- nishing information only 171 have been in this country ten years or over, as compared with 1,035 who have been here less than five years; of the 3,153 North Italians only 602 have been residents ten years or more, and 1,488 have been here less than five years; of the 5,639 Poles, one of the earliest of the recent immigrating races to enter the Pennsylvania mines, the figures are 2,492, 1,748, and 1,399, according to groups of less than five, five to nine, and ten years' residence and over, respectively. The Poles furnish an illustration of a much more even distribution by length of residence than the Croatians, and in this connection it is significant that the Poles show less difference in the relative numbers earning the large amounts when the second and third periods of length of residence are con- sidered, as compared with the Croatians. The Slovaks, another of the earlier races of the recent immigrants, afford almost a parallel case with the Poles. This condition of affairs brings up another important consideration that must be borne in mind when studying the foregoing table, and that is the fact that by far the greater number of all the individuals of the recent immigrating races were farmers, farm laborers, or other unskilled laborers abroad, while, on the contrary, large numbers of the English, Irish, Scotclp and Germans were experienced in mine work before coming to this country. The races of recent immigra- tion, therefore, would be expected to show much greater relative progress in earning ability after a short period of residence, for the reason that they begin work knowing practically nothing of the indus- try. On the other hand, the experienced English, Germans, Irish, and Scotch stand w^ell up in the scale of earnings at. the outset. ANNUAL EAKNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED. In addition to the extent to which the races are earning specified amounts per day and the relation between period of residence and earning ability, it will be of even greater value in discussing earnings to carry the presentation further and consider the annual earnings of the different races of irnmigrant mine workers. A comparison of the yearly earnings of the foreign-born with those of persons native-born will also be of importance in arriving at a conclusion regarding the economic status of the immigrant mining employee. In the investigation of households of immigrant mining employees information was secured as to the general economic condition of the families, together with the annual earnings of the head and the male members of the households who were working in or around the mines. From this detailed study the table next presented has been prepared, showing, by general nativity and race, the number and per cent of husbands at work, and their average annual earnings. 296 The Immigration Commission. Table \m— Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (study of employees.) General nativity and race of individual. Number of selected families.® Number of hus- bands. Number of hus- bands at work. Per cent of hus- bands at work. Average yearly earnings of hus- bands at work. Native-born of native father: Foreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian Italian, North 26 13 98 14 24 9 137 59 76 143 182 10 35 39 347 11 26 13 97 14 24 9 136 59 76 143 181 9 34 39 345 11 26 13 97 14 22 9 136 59 ' 76 143 181 9 34 39 345 11 100.0 («>) 100.0 («>) 91.7 (P) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (*>) 100.0 100.0 100.0 («>) $586 413 403 476 573 P) 374 462 362 393 458 615 363 441 4.53 384 1,223 1,216 1,214 99.8 431 26 2% 100.0 Total foreign-born 1,197 1,190 1,188 99.8 427 Tr^Ts^ion of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. b Not computed, owing to small number involved. It will be observed from this table that, with the ^ception of the Germans, all the husbands reporting are at work. This feature, which in the case of other industries would be significant, has no special importance in connection with the coal-mmmg mdustry, tor the reason that the tabulation covers families resident m c(^hminmg vdlages or connected with the coal-mining mdustry. ihe coal- mining industry gives opportunity for employment to males alone, and unless a son can take the husband’s place as head, those families in which the husbands can no longer engage in mining move out ot the mining towns and seek other employment for their members. In this connection it must be remembered that m the isolated coal- mining villages there is almost no opportunity for women to Imd remunerative employment. As regards the average yearly earnmgs, some variations occur among the different races, which are discussed m detail below, but as a whole the earnings are relatively low. This may be due m part to a low scale of pay, but it is due also to the conditions of employment in the industry. For the majority of employees work is irregular, and during the year many days are lost. In most districts the mines operate less than two hundred and fifty workmg days in the year, and even when reported as operating the force may be much reduce . This large number of days lost materially reduces the total earnings The^ average yearly earnings of the husbands are affected by both the relative efficiency and the relative position in the mdustry, o the various races represented. It will be observed that the native white husbands have the highest average yearly earnmp. Ifiis is due not so much to the greater efficiency of this group of earners, as Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 297 f • to the fact that more of them are in the better-paid occupations ■ positions entailing responsibility, such as that of foreman, or requir- ing technical knowledge, such as that of engineer. To a certain extent this is true of the Gerinans, though industriousness is also an important factor. The English show a much lower average as compared with either of the two races mentioned above. This is partly due to the fact that for a number of years the more pro- gressive and ambitious English and Irish immigrant workers have been leaving the nonunion districts of Pennsylvania and going into other coal fields. In consequence of this movement the English and ^ish as races occupy less advantageous positions in the industry in Pennsylvania than do the natives, and this situation is reflected in their earnings. Of the races of more recent immigration the South Italians, Poles, and Slovaks show the highest earnings. The South Italian stands higher than the North Italian. This is largely ascribable to the fact that the Smith Italian seeks employment more often as a mine, yard, or other laborer at a day wage than as a miner or other pieceworker and is less affected by partial or occasional cessation of operations m the imne or coke plant than is the North Italian, who is more trequently a pick miner, loader, or other pieceworker. The Polish and Slovak races owe their relatively high positions to greater efli- ciency and longer service in the industry. By many mine superin- tendents and employers they are considered the best races employed m the rank and file of the industry and the above showing only con- their efficiency. Although as long in service as • and Slovak races, the Magyar shows a lower earning power, -loo number of 1,214 male heads of families reporting f yearly earnings of $427, were foreign-born, while 2b heads of families reporting average annual earnings of $586 were whites native-born of native father. point it will be profitable to take into consideration another tabulation, which repeats the average earnings of the mining employees and shows also the number of representatives of the different races who are earning annually, specified amounts. From an examination ot this table, which is next submitted, it may be seen which races are above or below the general average for the foreign-born, and to amount members of a given race are earning designated 298 The Immigration Commission. Table lil.-Earnmgs per year of male he^s of families, by general nalwily and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only male heads ol selected lamilles. For selection ol families, see Vol. II, p. 284.] General nativity and race of individual. NuiU' ber work ing for wages Native-born of na- tive father, White. Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English German. ... Irish Italian, North.. Italian, South.. Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Slovenian Av- erage earn- ings. Number earning- 26 $586 Grand total. Total native-born . Total foreign-born. 136 59 76 143 181 9 34 39 345 11 1,214 26 1,188 413 403 476 573 (a) 374 462 362 393 458 (a) 363 441 453 384 431 586 427 14 14 78 78 12 573 11 87 10 13 8 119 50 68 126 152 3 33 31 280 10 134 56 76 141 176 Per cent earning- 0.0 13 97 14 21 9 136 59 76 143 180 1,013 12 1,001 34 39 340 11 1,192 24 1,168 34 39 345 11 1,212 26 1,186 (a) 1.0 (a) .0 (a) .0 .0 6.6 .7 .6 («) 5.9 2.6 .6 (a) 0.0 1.2 (a) 8.2 (a) .0 (a) 10.3 3.4 19.7 7.7 2.8 (a) 5.9 5.1 5.5 (a) 15.4 6.4 .0 6.6 (a) 50.5 (a) 27.3 (a) 64.7 40.7 65.8 55.9 39.2 (a) 64.7 35.9 41.7 (a) 46.2 47.2 15.4 47.9 (a) 89.7 (a) 59.1 (a) 87.5 84.7 89.5 88.1 84.0 (a) 97.1 79.5 81.2 (a) 92.3 100.0 (a) 100.0 (a) 86.4 (a) 98.5 94.9 100.0 98.6 97.2 (a) 100.0 100.0 98.6 (a) 83.4 46.2 84.3 (a) 100.0 (a) 95.5 (a) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.4 (a) 100.0 100.0 100.0 (a) 98. 2 99. 8 92.3 98.3 100.0 99.8 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. A oomBarison of the foreign-born with the native whites reported in the above table is of interest in that it shows a marked contrast in the yearly earnings of the two groups. Of the *ore'g»-born, ^ ner 4nt receive less than $400 per year, as against 15.4 per cent ol t^he native wMtes: also, only 157 per cent of the iomgn-born earn over $600, as compared with 53.8 per cent of the whites native- orn ^ The^Foreio-n-born may be properly classified in three groups: (1) The pioneer and GermL employees; (2) the older of the^n^^^^^^ English-speaking races, such as the North ’ p • nkL, and Lithuanians; (3) the more recent arrivals of foreign j^irth— the Russians, Ruthenians, Croatians, Poles, Magyars, Sout Italians and other races of smaller numerical importance. As will be noted from the above table, the English and Germans average more per year than do the other immigrant races. At the slme K their average annual earnings are not so high as those of ^^Ortlds^fim^t dass it may be noted that only 27.3 per cent of the Germans earn less than $400, tps being a smaller proportion than that shown for any other race of the foreign-born, while 4.5 per cent, the highest in this group, earn over $1,000 annually. Of the second group, composed of the earlier non-Enghsh-speakmg immigran?r4^ 7^pcr cent of the Slovaks earn under $400 as against 6U7 per ceAt of tL North Italians and 65.8 per cent of the L^hn^ nians. A comparison of members of these same races who earn Bituminous Coal Mining In Pennsylvania. 299 than $600 shows that the Slovaks report 81.2 per cent, the North Italians 87.5 per cent, and the Lithuanians 89.5 per cent. In the third and last group, consisting of races of most recent immigration, the Lithuanians report the smallest proportion earning under $400 annually, or 35.9 per cent, while the Russians report the largest, or 64.7 per cent. None of the Croatians, Russians, and Ruthenians earn over $800 annually, while 5.1 percent of the South Italians, 2.8 per cent of the Poles, and 1.4 per cent of the Magyars earn this amount or more. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. A greater number of individuals are covered by the table which is next presented. This tabulation, in addition to the heads of families, includes all other male members in the households studied who are working in the mines, and shows by general nativity and race of individuals 18 years of age or over, the average annual earnings, as well as the number and per cent earning specified amounts. Table IS2.— Yearly earnings {approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual . (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Native-born of native father, White Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Mo- ravian English German Irish Italian, North Lithuanian Polish Ruthenian Slovak Foreign-born: Bohemian and Mo- ravian Bosnian Croatian English German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Slovenian Grand total . Total native-born of for- eign father Total native-born Total foreign-born Number working for wages and re- porting amount. Average earnings. Number earning Under $200. Under $400. Under $600. Under $1,000. 48 $560 3 9 25 47 2 (a) 2 2 2 11 349 2 6 10 11 13 475 1 6 10 13 6 (a) 3 5 Q 4 (o) 3 4 4 2 (a) 2 2 5 (a) 3 5 5 3 : (a) 2 3 3 14 ! 358 1 9 13 14 21 463 1 9 19 21 1 (a) 1 1 1 171 372 22 106 155 171 17 493 7 12 17 29 545 1 9 18 28 12 458 1 3 10 12 167 389 15 103 146 166 99 450 5 40 85 99 113 365 27 71 98 113 171 391 17 93 152 171 305 422 20 146 271 304 34 538 24 34 40 368 2 23 39 40 94 448 7 29 80 94 499 446 29 209 422 499 16 363 2 11 15 16 1,897 423 156 905 1,626 1,893 60 399 4 34 54 60 108 471 7 43 79 107 1,789 420 149 802 1,547 1,786 Per cent earning- Under S200 6.3 (o) {a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 4.8 (a) 12.9 (o) 3.4 (a) 9.0 5.1 23.9 9.9 6.6 .0 5.0 7.4 5.8 (a) 8.2 6.7 6.5 8.3 Under $400. 18.8 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 42.9 (a) 62.0 (a) 31.0 (o) 61.7 40.4 62.8 54.4 48.5 .0 57.5 30.9 41.9 (o) Under $600. 47.7 56.7 39.8 48.2 52.1 (a) (a) («) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 90.5 (a) 90.6 (a) 62.1 (a) 87.4 85.9 86.7 88.9 88.9 70.6 97.5 85.1 84.6 (®) 85.7 90.0 73. 1 86.5 Under $ 1 , 000 . 97.9 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 100.0 (a) 100.0 (a) 96.6 (a) 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (a) 99.8 100.0 99.1 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. 300 The Immigration Commission. Among the individuals covered by the preceding table the highest averao’e earnings are those of persons native-born of native father, with $560 a year. The persons native-born of foreign father average but $399 a vear, while the foreign-born persons average $420 a year. The showino’ made by persons native-born of foreign father is poor because of tlie fact that the more ambitious and enterprising of these vouths generally go into other work as soon as they are old enough, and consequently leave only the younger and less efficient m the industry. . ^ The Germans have the highest average earnings ot the immigrant races reporting, with a showing of $545 a year, followed by the manians with $538, the English with $493, the Bohemians and Mo- ravians with $463, the Irish, South Italians, Ruthenians, and Slovaks all earning about $450 a year, and the other races grouped between $360 and $425 a year. The difference in the average annual earnings of the English and Irish as compared with the whites native-born of native father is due chiefly to the fact that, from the district where these individuals are employed, most of the younger and more enter- prising Irish and English workers have gone to take up similar work in fields where wages and conditions are better, and many of the older and the less enterprising, and therefore the less capable, males are represented in the above earnings. The percentages of persons earn- ing specified amounts show that of all races of foreign birth only the Germans approach the native-born in relative numbers of persons in better-paid positions. The Croatians and Lithuanians, with 12.9 and 23.9 per cent, respectively, earning less than $200, indicate the lowest earning ability. , In the group composed of those earning under $400 a year, the persons native-born of native parents are far in the lead. Only per cent are earning less than $400 a year, as contrasted with 56./ per cent of the native-born of foreign father and 48.2 percent of fh© total foreign-born. When the fact is considered that nearly one-hall of the immigrants are earning under $400 a year, their economic condition is seen to be of a low order. With certain races this is even more clearly the case. The Germans and Ruthenians have relatively the lowest numbers in this group — the former showing 31 per cent and the latter 30.9 per cent. This is a distinctly better show- ing than those of the South Italians and Slovaks, with 40.4 and 41.9 per cent, respectively, earning less than $400 a year, and much better than the percentages reported for the Lithuanians and Croatians, with 62.8 per cent and 62 per cent, respectively. In considering the next group, made up of those earning under $600, it seems advisable, since this group includes both the preceding, to state the percentages earning $600 or over, which are derwed by subtracting the percentages given in the table for the fhird group from 100. This shows the relative numbers who are able to earn the larger amounts per year. On the basis of such a showing, the group of persons native-born of native father is again far in the lead. Nearly one-half, or 47.9 per cent, earn $600 a year or over, as compared with 10 per cent of the persons native-born of foreign father and 13.5 per cent of the foreign-born. Among the foreign-born, the Germans lead with 37 .9 per cent of their numbers earning $600 or more. The other foreign races range from 29.4 per cent of the Roumanians to 2.5 per cent of the Russians earning over Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 301 $600 a year. Of those earning $1,000 a year or over the numbers are very small. Only 1 person classed ' as native-born of native parents, 1 German, 1 North Italian, and 1 Pole, are found earning as much as $1,000 a year. A general consideration of this table shows that the immigrant workers in this industry in the Pennsyl- vania bituminous regions must be content with relatively low earn- ings. This fact becomes more evident when it is considered that their average earnings are only $35 a month, and that 48.2 per cent are earning less than $33i per month and 86.5 per cent less than $50 per month, while only 3 in 1,789 receive as much as $1,000 per year. ACTUAL ANNUAL EARNINGS OF REPRESENTATIVES OF SELECTED RACES. By way of supplementing and corroborating the preceding exhibits regarding annual average earnings of heads of families and specified annual earnings of individuals of the different races according to designated classifications, the following table, showing the total annual earnings of representative races for the year 1908, secured from the pay records of a coal and coke company, by specified occu- pation, will be of value: Table Actual annual earnings for 1908 of employees of selected representative races, by occupation. Race and occupation. Total annual earnings. Race and occupation. Total annual earnings. Bohemian and Moravian: Pick miner $604. 98 Polish: Pick miner $670. 24 409. 60 487. 18 721. 36 Do 581. 24 Driver Irish: Stable boss Coke drawer 816. 00 Carpenter Driver and nick miner. . . 439. 05 Slovak: Roadman.. . Italian, South: Pick miner 582. 12 671. 55 605. 27 564.20 682. 08 577. 80 Do Do 549. 39 Pick miner Tipple boss 582. 66 Do Engineer 910.00 Coke leveler For the reason that the above table includes only 17 coke and mine workers, no inference can be drawn from the table regarding tl^ general level of earnings by occupations or races, with the pos- sible exception of pick mining. The figures afford some interesting comparisons, however, regarding the relative earnings of the different races m the same occupations. In that they have been compiled from the pay records of a large and representative mining and coke company, they are also of value in practically verifying the informa- tion received from individual employees. ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME. The earnings of the heads of families having been considered, the annual family income of families whose heads are engaged in bitumi- nous coal mining inay be examined to ascertain to what extent the lusband s earnings in the mines are supplemented from other sources, and the amount and importance of such supplementary sources of amily income. In the two tables which follow the average annual lamily income, by race, together with the per cent of families having a total income of specified amounts, is shown by general nativity and race of head of family. ^ 302 The Immigration Commission. Table 184 . — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent of families having a total income— Number of selected families.a Average family income. General nativity and race of head of family. Under $300. Under $500. Under $750. Under $1,000. Under $1,500. Native born of native father. White 26 $774 7.7 15.4 61.5 88.5 96.2 Foreign born: Ci'oatian 98 550 19.4 54.1 88.8 93.9 83.3 95.9 91.7 96.4 100.0 97.4 99.3 98.9 100.0 100.0 99.4 Oprmnn 24 785 .0 20.8 58. 3 Italian N orth 137 559 18.2 54.0 82.5 91.2 TtalifITi Smith 59 556 8.5 49.2 81.4 95. 0 J ■ith'if'nia.n 76 515 25.0 57.9 84.2 96.1 IHngyn.r 143 481 18.2 60.8 90.9 97.9 Pnlish 182 568 6.6 44.5 85.2 94. 5 Russian 35 452 11.4 68.6 94.3 100.0 Ruthenian 39 525 12.8 35.9 97.4 100.0 96.0 Slovak 347 542 10.7 49.3 83.6 Grand total 1,223 551 12.9 49.8 84.1 94.8 98.4 Totfll nntivp-bnrn 26 774 7.7 15.4 61.5 88.5 96.2 98.4 Total foreign-born 1, 197 546 13.0 50.6 84.6 ' 94.9 a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. On comparing the average family income of the white persons native-born of native parents with that of the total for persons foreign-born of all races, it is seen that the income of the American famhy is 41.8 per cent greater than the average income of the immi- grant family. It is also a significant fact that only 7.7 per cent of American families have an income between $300 and $500, as con- trasted with 37.6 per cent of the total immigrant families having an income of this amount. Of the families of foreign birth 50.6 per cent have an income less than $500 a year, while only 15.4 per cent oi the native-born families have an income less than this amount. Of the American or native white families 46.1 per cent receive an income between $500 and $750, as compared with 34 per cent of the foreign- born families; and 27 per cent of the American families have an income between $750 and $1,000 a year, as contrasted with 10.3 per cent of the total foreign-born having a similar income. More than four-fifths, or 84.6 per cent, of the households designated as native- born of native father receive an income above $500 annually, as against 49.4 per cent of the immigrant households which have an income of like amount. . As regards the different races, the Germans are far m advance ol the other immigrant families in the amount of family income avail- able. The average income of tliis race is $785, which is somewhat in excess of the average income of the American households, and is 43.8 per cent greater than the average income for foreign-born fami- lies. Only 20.8 per cent of the German families have an income less than $500. Tlie income of the Lithuanian, Magyar, Russian, Ruthenian, and Slovak families is below the general average for immi- grant families. Ten and seven-tenths per cent of the Slovak, 12.8 per cent of the Ruthenians, 11.4 percent of the Russians, 25 per cent ol the Lithuanians, and 18.2 per cent of the Magyars have a family income less than $300 a year. Though the average family income ol both the Croatian and the North Italian is greater than that ol the Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 303 total foreign-born, 19.4 per cent of the Croatian and 18.2 per cent of the North Italians report an income less than $300 a year. Of the Ruthenian families 23.1 per cent receive an income between $300 and $500, and 61.5 per cent an income between $500 and $750 annually. Only 2.6 per cent of the families of this race have an income in excess of $750 a year. Of the Russian families 57.2 per cent have an income ranging between $300 and $500, and 25.7 per cent an income between $500 and $750, with no families receiving more than $1,000 a year. Of the Polish families 37.9 per cent receive an income between $300 and $500, 40.7 per cent between $500 and $750, and 14.8 per cent an income greater than $750 a year. Of the Magyar households 42.6 per cent have an income between $300 and $500, and 30.1 per cent have between $500 and $750 annually. Of the Lithuanians 57.9 per cent are below $500 of annual income and 84.2 per cent below $750. Of the Croatian families 34.7 per cent depend upon an income which is between $300 and $500 and an equal per cent upon an income between $500 and $750 a year. Only 11.2 per cent of the Croatian households have an income in excess of $750 a year. Of the North Italians 17.5 per cent also have an income above $750 annually, while 28.5 per .cent are between $500 and $750 and 35.8 per cent between $300 and $500. Of the South Italians 18.6 per cent have a family income above $750 a year, while 32.2 per cent of the families of the same race receive an income between $500 and $750 a year and 40.7 per cent between $300 and $500 a year. WIVES AT WORK. The extent to which the families of the different races have yearly incomes of specified amounts has now been set forth. The following table shows the extent to which the wives of mine employees are engaged in regular paid employment and the average income of those at work: Table 185. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Number of select- ed fam- ilies.a Number of wives. Number of wives at work. Per cent of wives at -^ork. Average yearly earnings of wives at work. Native-born of native father. White 26 26 1 3.8 $338 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 13 13 (b) Croatian 98 98 V J . 0 English 14 14 (b^ ' German 24 23 \ j . 0 Irish 9 9 (b) ' Italian, North 137 137 . 0 Italian, South 59 59 . 0 Lithuanian 76 76 . 0 Magyar 143 143 1 '.7 78 Polish 182 181 3 1.6 97 Roumanian 10 10 (b) Russian 35 35 . 0 Ruthenian 39 39 . 0 Slovak 347 346 2 .0 117 Slovenian 11 11 (b) Grand total 1,223 1,220 7 \ J .6 134 Total native-born 26 26 1 3.8 338 Total foreien-born 1,197 1,194 6 .5 100 o For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. & Not computed, owing to small number involved. The Immigration Commission. 304 The highest percentage of wives employed, it will be noticed, occurs among the native white families, among which 3.8 per cent are at work. The conclusion to be drawn from the table as a whole is obviously that practically none of the wives of the mine workers are employed for wages. One native-born wife out of 26, and 6 foreign- ^ born out of 1,194, or less than 1 per cent of the total number of wives, are at work. This condition is due, as has been previously stated, to the fact that there is little or no opportunity in the mining vil- lao-es for wives to work outside of the home. The wife of native birth receives an annual income of S338, and the 6 foreign-born wives earn an average annual wage of $100. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The situation becomes more apparent when all the females 18 years of age or over in the households studied, who are working for wages, are considered. The next table, which is submitted below, shows the number of such females who are earning specified amounts, as well as their average annual earnings: Table 186 . — Yearly earnings {approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, hy general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number working for wages and re- porting amount. Number earning- General nativity and race of individual. Average earnings. Under S200. Under $300. Under $400. Under $500. 3 (a) (a) 1 1 1 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 1 1 1 1 17ncrlicli 1 (a) 1 1 norTTiQn 3 (a) 2 3 2 (a) 2 2 ClnTTQlr 3 (®) 2 3 3 Foreign-born: 06rm9/ii 1 (a) 1 1 1 1 Soiitli- 1 (a) 1 1 1 1 1 (a) 1 1 1 1 * Polish * 2 (a) 2 2 2 2 Slovak 2 (a) 2 2 2 2 • Grand total 20 . $264 7 11 17 18 rm-f iiTCi.Krw-n frvrAitrn fnlViPr . . . . . 10 317 _____ 3~ 9 io nPn+ol rtof ............. 13 346 4 10 11 Totod foroigii"born. 7 (a) 7 7 7 7 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Upon examining the above table it is seen that only 20 females report themselves as working for wages. Of this total, 13 are native-born and only 7 are of foreign birth. Of the 13 native-born, however, 10 are Irish, German, English, Bohemian, and Slovak women of the second generation, most of whom are doubtless employed as domestic servants. Their average annual earnings are $317, and the average earnings of the foreign-born are $264. The conclusion, in short, is obvious that a very small number of the women of the households of coal-mining employees are working for wages, and the earnings of the small percentage thus engaged scarcely constitute any appreciable part of the family incomes. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 305 RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS. Although very few wives are working for wages in regular occupa- tions outside the homes, a very considerable number derive an in- come from keeping boarders or lodgers. One of the principal factors responsible for the extent to which boarders and lodgers are found is^ the comparatively low earnings of the heads of families of foreign birth. The extent to which this factor is operative is indicated in detail m the following tables, which show the relationship between the in- come of the husband and the tendency on the part of the wife to find employment or to keep boarders or lodgers, according to general nativity and race of head of family. « Number of families in which ivife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Native-born of native father. White Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian. . . Croatian English German Irish Italian, North ” Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian ' ” Ruthenian ! . ! ! Slovak Slovenian " Grand total Total native-born Total foreign-born i . Number of se- lected families.a 13 97 14 23 9 136 59 76 143 180 9 34 39 344 11 Nirmber of husbands earning — 1,213 26 1,187 Under $400.6 22 14 143 7 574 4 570 $400 and under $600. 31 26 18 46 81 3 11 17 136 3 440 $600 or over. 432 199 14 185 Number of wives hav- ing employ- ment or keeping boarders or lodgers. Number of wives having employment or keep- ing boarders or lodgers where husband’s earn- ings are— 3 20 25 144 4 613 2 611 Under $400. $400 and mider $600. 35 297 1 296 29 233 233 $600 or over. 83 o For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. 6 This column includes 2 families in which husband’s earnings are reported as ‘"none.” 306 The Immigration Commission. Table 188 —Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps hoarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head ojjamiiy. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting The totals, however, are for aU Fnr Lwtinn nf families, see Vol. II. n. 284. Of the selected families only those which have both General nativity and race of head of family. Number of se- Per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers where husband’s earnings per year are— lected families. Under $400. $400 and under $600. $600 or over. Total. Vvnm •nofiATP ff^tVlPr Wllllft . 26 (a) 0.0 7.1 7.7 .N 3(X1 V 6*DOril U1 lid 11 Vc IdtllCi j VT XAi Foreign-born: 97 • 71.4 76.3 60.0 72.2 23 .0 14.3 12. 5 8. 7 136 65.9 54.8 35. 3 59.6 59 62.5 76.9 66.7 69. 5 76 74.0 77.8 50.0 72.4 143 52.5 43.5 41.2 48.3 180 53.5 51.9 57. 1 53.3 34 63.6 45.5 (a) 58.8 39 50.0 88.2 37.5 64. 1 344 33.6 49.3 44.6 41.9 Grand total 1,213 51.7 53.0 41.7 50.5 26 (a) T TA Yfi ■frYT'Pi oTi-Bnm 1,187 51.9 53.9 44.3 51.5 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. In considering the foregoing tables, the point already estabHshed, to the effect that practically no wives have outside regular employ- ment, should be constantly borne in mind, together with the resultant inference that almost all the wives referred to as either having em- ployment or keeping boarders or lodgers are, in fact, keeping board- ers and lodgers. It is apparent that foreign-born families show a much greater tendency to supplement the family income than do the native-born families. In general, the highest percentage of wives keeping boarders and lodgers occurs in the families the heads of which earn less than $600 a year. In families where the husband earns more than this amount, there are usually relatively fewer wives so occupied. It will be noted that the Croatian and Idthuanian families exhibit the greatest tendency, as compared with all other races, to keep boarders and lodgers. In part, at least, this is due to the fact that these races are both of more recent immigration than either of the Italian races, the Slovaks, Magyars, or Poles, and among them there are relatively more single men seeking board and lodging. They naturally prefer to live in families belonging to their own race. This percentage is also raised by the fact that these races seem to have less objection to turning the family into a boarding group. Both show a decreased percentage 'where the income of the husband exceeds $600 a year. In the North Italian families, relatively fe\yer wives keep boarders and lodgers than in the South Italian, and this difference becomes more marked as the husband’s income increases. This is due almost en- tirely to the generally higher standard of life among the families of the former race, the result of which is a tendency not to keep bonders and lodgers unless such work be necessary to augment the family in- come. Of the Magyar, Slovak, and Polish families, the last narned show the strongest inclination to keep boarders and lodgers. This is pos- Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 307 sibly due to the lower regard for independent family life, and perhaps also to a stronger feeling on the part of this race that the wife should also contribute to the family income than exists among the two other races mentioned. This is borne out by the significant fact that the highest percentage of Polish families keeping boarders or lodgers occurs among those in which the husband earns $600 or over a year. In general, it may be said on the basis of these tables that the tendency of the wives to keep boarders and lodgers increases as the earnings of the husbands decrease. By comparing the totals for the foreign-born this tendency becomes evident. Where the husbands earn less than $400 each year slightly more than one-half of those of foreign birth have boarders and lodgers; 53.9 per cent of those whose husbands earn between $400 and $600 annually, also keep boarders and lodgers. After $600 of annual earnings has been secured by the husbands, the proportion of foreign-born wives having boarders and lodgers drops to 44.3 per cent, indicating that, although there IS a uniform and constant tendency on the part of the foreign- born families to have boarders and lodgers as a supplementary source ot income, many of the wives who would not otherwise do so are forced into keeping boarders and lodgers because of the small amounts earned at the mines by their husbands. It now remains to be seen what are the other sources of family in- come in addition to the earnings of the husband, the regular employ- ment of wives, and the keeping of boarders and lodgers, and also to ascertain the relative importance of each source of income. All these points are covered by the following series of tables, which show the different sources of income and the weight to be attached to each source. SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. The following table shows the per cent of families having an income trom husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources by general nativity and race of head of family: of families having an income within the year from husband, wife children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of family. Native-born of native father, White Foreign-born: Croatian German " ’ y Italian, North ” Italian, South ^ ^ Lithuanian ^ ] Magyar Polish ’ ’ ‘ ' Russian Ruthenian Slovak ‘I ’ ^ Grand total ^tal native-born Potal foreign-bom Per cent of families having an income from— Number of se- lected fami- lies.« Earnings of— Contri - butions of chil- dren. Pay- ments of boarders or lodgers. i Other sources. Hus- band. Wife. 26 100.0 3.8 38.5 3.8 0.0 98 99.0 .0 6. 1 ^ 72.4 3. 1 24 91.7 .0 41.7 8.3 12.5 1.37 99 3 i -0 11.7 59.1 9.5 59 100.0 .0 10.2 69.5 5. 1 76 100.0 ! .0 7.9 72.4 10.5 143 100.0 1 -7 4.2 47.6 3.5 182 99.5 1.6 14.3 52.2 4.9 35 97.1 1 .0 5.7 60.0 5. 7 39 100.0 .0 7.7 64.1 5. 1 347 99.4 .6 11.2 41.5 10.9 1,223 99.3 1 .6 12.3 50.1 ^ 100.0 38.5 3.8 .0 1,197 99.2 .5 11.7 51.1 7.5 “For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. 308 The Immigration Commission. Upon information secured from 1,223 families in this locality it will !i be noted that almost the entire number, or 99.3 per cent, have an ; income from earnings of husband, 50.1 per cent from payments of | boarders or lodgers, 12.3 per cent from contributions of children, 0.6 | per cent from earnings of wife, and 7.4 per cent from some other 1 source. All of the native-born families receive an income from the earnings : i of the husband, while 99.2 per cent of the foreign-born receive an j income from this source. The Germans, with 91.7 per cent, and the iS Russians, with 97.1 per cent, are the only races showing less than 99 * per cent of their families receiving an income from earnings of hus- band. The proportions of families having an income from earnings of wife - are too small for comparison, the native whites reporting only 3.8 per cent, and the Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks each reporting less than 2 per cent, while the other races report no proportions having an income from this source. The native-born families show 38.5 per cent receiving an income i from contributions of children, as compared with 11.7 per cent of the ; foreign-born. Among the foreign-born families having an income i from this source the Germans show the largest proportion, or 41.7 ' • per cent, while the proportions of the other races range from 14.3 per cent of the Poles to 4.2 per cent of the Magyars. The whites native-born of native father and the Germans show • very small proportions of their families receiving an income from ) payments of boarders or lodgers, or 3.8 per cent and 8.3 per cent, : respectively. Of the foreign-born families, 51.1 per cent have an income from payments of boarders or lodgers. The Croatians and i Lithuanians each report 72.4 per cent, while the Slovaks, with 41.5 per cent, show the smallest proportion among the races of recent i immigration. With the exception of the American whites, each race reports a cer- ' tain proportion of families having an income from sources other than c those specified in the preceding table, the proportions ranging from / 3.1 per cent of the Croatian families to 12.5 per cent of the German t families. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 309 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. The following table shows the source of family income in detail bv general nativity and race of head of family: ’ Table 190. Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however , are for all races.] Per cent of families having entire income from — General nativity and race of head of fam- ily. Native-born of native father, White Foreign-born: Croatian German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Russian Ruthenian Slovak Grand total Total native-born Total foreign-born Number of select- ed fami- lies.® Husband. * Husband and wife. Husband and chil- dren. Husband, wife, and children. Husband and board- ers or lodgers. Wife. Wife and children. 1 1 Wife and boarders or lodgers. Children. Children and board- ers or lodgers. Boarders or lodg- ers. Source or combina- tion of sources not before specified. 26 57.7 0.0 34.6 3.8 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 98 25.5 .0 .0 .0 65.3 .0 .0 .0 .0 1.0 .0 8. 2 24 41.7 .0 33.3 .0 8.3 .0 .0 .0 4. 2 .0 . 0 12. 5 137 27.7 .0 6.6 .0 52.6 .0 .0 .0 .0 . 7 .0 12. 4 59 22.0 .0 5.1 .0 66.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 . 0 6. 8 76 18.4 .0 5.3 .0 63.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 13. 2 143 47.6 .7 2.1 .0 44.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 . 0 4. 9 182 34.6 1.1 8.2 .0 46.7 .0 .0 .0 .5 .0 !o 8.8 35 34.3 .0 2.9 .0 54.3 .0 .0 .0 .0 2.9 . 0 5. 7 39 25.6 .0 7.7 .0 61.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 5. i 347 43.2 .3 6.3 .0 36.6 .0 .3 .0 .0 .3 .0 13.’ 0 1,223 36.3 .3 7.8 .1 45.2 .0 .1 .0 .2 .3 .1 9.6 26 57.7 .0 34.6 3.8 3.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 . 0 . 0 1,197 35.8 .3 7.2 .0 46.1 .0 .0 .2 .3 !i 9!9 a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. Upon information obtained from 1,223 families in this locality, 45.2 per cent derive the entire family income from husband and boarders or lodgers, 36.3 per cent from husband alone, and 7.8 per cent from husband and children. None of the families reporting have their entire income from wife or from wife and boarders or lodgers, and only 0.1 per cent derive the entire family income from husband, wife 11 from wife and children, or from boarders or lodo*ers. Of all Magyar families reporting, 47.6 per cent have their entire income from husband's earnings, as compared with 43.2 per cent of the blovaks, 41.7 per cent of the Germans, and 34.6 per cent of the Toles. ^ The race reporting the smallest proportion of families whose entire income comes from husband is the Lithuanian, the per cent being 18.4. In contrast with these foreign-born races, the native- born whites report that 57.7 per cent of all families derive entire income from husband's earnings. The Poles, Magyars, and Slovaks 3ach report a small proportion of families having entire income from lusband and wdfe. Of those having entire income from husband and children, the larg- est proportion or 34.6 per cent, is reported by the native whites, fol- owed closely by the Germans ; of the other races studied, the pro- portions of families having entire income from this source range Tom 8.2 per cent of the Poles to 2.1 per cent of the Magyars, the .^roatians alone reporting no proportion. 48296°— VOL 6—11 21 310 The Immigration Commission. The native-born white families report a small proportion, or 3.8 per cent, as having entire income from husbpd, wife and ^ The principal source of income for the families reporting is from the combined contributions of husband and boarders or lodgers. Or the Croatian families reporting, 65.3 per cent derive income from this source, and of the South Italians 66.1 per cent. These are the faces showing the highest proportion, although they are followed closely by the Lithuanians, with 63.2 per cent and the Ruthenians, with 61^ per cent. The Russians, North Italians, Poles, and Magyars follow 1 in the order named. Contrasted with the foreign-bom races who, as i shown above, report a large proportion of families having income fiom i husband and boarders or lodgers, only 3.8 per cent of the American ; white families derive income from this source. None of the families reporting have income from \nfe, or from wife and boarders or lodgers, entirely, while of those having entire Scome from wife and children the Slovaks report a proportion of • ^®®Only^two races'^ report any families who have children. The Germans report 4.2 per cent of all families, and the Poles 0.5 per cent. The Croatians, North Italians Russians, and Slovaks each report a small proportion of families who derive entire income from children and boarders or lodgers. _ None of the families * reporting from any specific race have entire income from boarders “’^o/fh^families who derive income from “source or combination of sources not before specified” the Lithuanians report the largest Soportirn, or 13 2 percent, followed by .the Slovaks with 13 per Lnt, while the Germans and North Italians each report slightly ^'^The "following table shows the relative weight from specified sources, by general nativity and race of head of fam y. Table 191 —Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, ‘teife^jtmren, hoarders or lodgers, and other sources, hy general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more iamilles reporting. The totals, ho'vever, are lor all races! Per cent of total income from— General nativity and race of head of family . Number of selected families. a Earnings of— Contribu- tions of Pay- ments of boarders or lodgers. Other Husband. Wife. children. sources. 26 75.7 1.7 21.4 1.2 0.0 NativG-Dorn oi naiiv b idiuei, >v Foreign-born; 98 72.5 .0 6.8 07 Q 20.5 2. 7 .2 2.5 24 67.0 .0 7 A 24. 7 1.5 137 66. 4 .0 .0 1 . 4 A 1 11. 7 1.1 XNUl 111. 59 83.1 4. i 7 A 91 -I 1.1 .3 76 70.2 .0 .1 7. 4 0 Q zi . 0 15. 3 143 81.6 Z. 0 Q A 10. 2 .9 jyi p which, in form, is an assignment to the store company of money iwed by the mining company to the workman, with spaces left blank or the amount and the assignor’s signature. If the mine employee’s warnings to date, less previous checks, equal or exceed the amount lesired, the check is made out, signed by the man, and received at store m pyment for the goods bought. On pay day the total imount of these checks is deducted from the man’s earnings and 'Urned over to the store in payment of his bills. t IS presumed that the employees of the mining companies are ree to patronize any outside store if they see fit. When company )lhcials are asked if men are required to patronize their stores, the isual answer is that a man is free to trade anywhere he wishes. )ince the company stores are ope rated for profit, however, and since purchase goods and the corresponding deductions ediL H JoU a earnings have already been shown by races in the pre- eding detailed exhibit. See pp. 318-320. ^ 48296° — VOL 6 — 11 22 326 The Immigration Commission. a greater volume of business means a larger profit, it is only natural ! that the companies should seek to make the trade at the stores as i large as possible. Various means are employed to accomplish this ; end ranging from overmanning the plants and practical coercion to simple dependence on lower prices and better goods. On the other i hand trade at many company stores is favored by the inaccessibility i of competing stores. The plants are often remote from towns and ,i villages. During the winter months especially the roads are usually ( bad and because of convenience and sometimes of necessity, a large proportion of the employee’s purchases must be made at the com- c ^^As already noted, competing stores of importance are usually not ^ permitted in the company towns. Hucksters and peddlers of fruits, vegetables, and meats are excluded as far as possible. Where the ( company village is located on the company’s own land this is very : easily accomplished. Trespass notices are posted and such hucksters i and peddlers are prosecuted. As showing the relationship between the mining and the supply companies it is of interest here to remem- i ber that the prosecution is conducted by the mining company owning the store, though the mining company as such has nothing to lose by the presence of these vendors. Under such circumstances fruits, vege- tables, meats, and groceries are sometimes carried from hucksters wao-ons which wait out on the public highway a mile or so away . i here are companies which do not exclude hucksters, farmers, and other per- sons from selling in the villages, and may even permit the establish- ment of some other small stores, but this is not the ordinary condition. The store check system also operates to stimulate trade at the com- pany store. Such checks are good only for trade there. A workman is not permitted to draw his wages in cash at irregular intervals, but is given a store check which necessitates his purchasing his supplies at the company store. Their spending is not discouraged by the company so long as it does not involve more than is due the workman. Another very effective means of increasing trade at the store is that of having the manager and possibly sopae of the clerks ‘Take orders at regular intervals. Each housewife is visited and solicited to order from the store for the next week or two weeks such articles as she may desire. These goods are then delivered and the amount charged to the husband’s store account. Not only does this give the store a definite amount of trade, but the manager also secures inuch yaluaWe information as to the trade peculiarities of different fam^ihes. He learns to know personally those families which are giving him all, oi nearly all, of their trade, and those which are withholding a part of it and trading elsewhere. This enables him to concentrate to the best advantage his efforts at increasing the business of the store. Nc doubt his call to secure orders is sometimes considered by the house- wife as more or less of a command to buy. In some instances tin. opinion is doubtless well founded, while in others it is a mistake, du( to previous unhappy experiences under similar conditions or to i misinterpretation of the manager’s speech. At some stores other far less legitimate measures are employed t< keep up the workman’s store account. Cases are reported when each employee is expected to spend a certain proportion or his earn ings each week in the store. A list is kept of those families wine ; Bituminous Coa! Mining in Pennsylvania 327 fall short of the expected amount. If purchases do not increase, the head of the family is given an unpleasant place to work, a wet head- ing, a room with a bad roof, or a place where the conditions are other- wise unfavorable. If the employee, under these conditions, does not move, or if his store account does not reach the approximate amount expected, he is discharged at the first opportunity and a more sub- servient workman substituted. The attitude of the employees under such a system is naturally a matter of interest. Briefly stated, as a body they are antagonistic to the company store and often buy inferior goods at higher prices at other stores simply because they feel free from compulsion. The quality of the goods and the prices charged vary with different companies. Many company stores han- dle first-class goods throughout and charge prices no higher than in the best-managed town and city stores. They buy in very large quantities, thereby receiving unusually favorable quotations. They have few or no bad debts and consequently are able to make more than the average profit at moderate prices. These prices are main- tained fairly, although the store enjoys a practical monopoly of trade and might exact higher prices. At the other extreme are stores in which the goods are of poor quality, and frequently the prices charged are above those for the same brand or kind of goods as charged else- where. No general statement can do justice to this situation. In some cases the employee receives reasonable value for his money,* in others he is unquestionably exploited. At a few company stores trade is not req^uired. Every workman is distinctly told that he can buy anywhere ne pleases and is asked to inform the store manager it he considers the prices unfair and the qualities of goods inferior. It is the effort of such stores to deal with the company employees on a commercial basis. The managers of such stores report a better trade and much better spirit on the part of the workmen than do the managers of neighboring stores, where it is tacitly understood that the man will trade at the company store. BENEFITS KECEIVED BY EMPLOYEES IN ADDITION TO WAGES. As regards benefits received by mine workers in addition to their wages, medical and hospital services may be mentioned. In this respect coal and coke companies can be divided into four general classes. The majority of companies pay all the cost of treating a workman injured while on duty, and furnish whatever hospital service may be necessary; others pay these items only when the man himself IS unable to pay them; still others simply call a physician or send the employee to [a hospital and pay for the first treatment; and a few lurnish neither medical nor hospital service, leaving the employee to run the risk of fatal or permanent injury, and to pay the cost of anv treatment he may require. Some mimng companies also maintain benefit societies for their workmen. Dues of these societies range from 35 to 50 cents per month. Benefits, generally of $5 or $6 per week, are paid for injuries suttered while at work, and in case the accident is fatal a death Deneht (usually of $100) is paid. In some instances these companies provide that if the wife of an employee dies the husband is paid a Deneiit ot $50. Membership in these societies is usually compulsory at tne mmes where they are organized. 328 The Immigration Commission. WELFARE WORK. For the most part there is no organized or concerted welfare work bv^ the mining companies, though there are occasional exceptions I^re and there a company furnishes free coal to its workere and pays the funeral expenses of its fatally injured employees. Taken as a whole however, there is almost a total lack of any orgamzed effort alons’ these lines. One company which is dimg welfare work is a remarkable example of what might be done. The general aim of the company is to improve, so to speak, its human machmery. wm the most orderly,^ efficient, and faithful worsen it can get, and is tSiiS to secure a permanent body of employees as distmguis ied f?om the usual shifting labor force of the mmmg regions. It is itt^mW S ends by the following measures: Its wage scale exceeds ^that of its competitors, in some ^stances '•ate being 5 ner cent higher. It maintains a company store, but patronage is not reauired and the people are distinctly told that they are free to trade rywherrthey wish, and are asked, in case the^ wants are not met at the store, to explain what seems wrong to them, md if tlie S-Lvance is real it is promptly remedied Farmeip and huck- sters^ and others with legitimate busmess are free to enter the com- pany village and seU their wares. Pack peddlers and beer and 'Wfbis y Ss alone are excluded. Good houses are also provided Unde- snable buildings are being replaced by tages, with comfortable porches, large grounds, water in the bouses, and electric lights. The standard two-story, double, frame, eight- room houses are being repaired and fitted with electric lights an water cXecft^ns. It is the policy to encourage the better work- men by putting them in the better houses, puit trees are planted in the ywds, Ihich will eventually furnish fruit flud will be cared for by the miner. Water is supplied by a SOO-toot well and is filtered before being used. The toilets, at some distaime from the houses, are fitted with removable boMS m narv ground vaults, and are cleaned each week. In addition to the^etter physical conditions, the company is trying to maintain fdeSffi L^d o'rderly village. To this end ---1 - J- nlans have been adopted. No workman is called a clago or a ^hunkie ” but on the contrary all are treated with consideration and reS A ^puty sheriff is -employed at a. regular salary to main- tain order and supervise the sanitary nffi of the village. He arrests offenders agamst the aw but does not receive the fees. These go mto a charitable funcL This nrpvents anv tendency on the part of the officer to arrest tor reve Le,” and eLourages him to have as little disorder ^ he is paid no more in troublesome than m peaceful times, and the reten^n orhis position depends on his ability t® He sees in detail to the sanitary conditions of the tovn, repo drain that needs repair or a house and yard that need cleaning, a the company furnishes him a team and the laborers and ®®PPb ^eded for this purpose. He sees that the bouses and pounds are kent clean and orderly and reports those that are not. In order lo secure beLr Uer and higher efficiency and to .reduce the number of accidents, the company controls the sale of intoxicating in the village. A committee composed of the supermtendent, the Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 329 deputy sheriff, and some of the more intelligent foreign workmen, handles the entire beer and whisky business of the town. This com- mittee employs a beer agent’’ and pays him a fixed salary per month. He receives no commissions. He is permitted to sell several recog- nized brands of beer and whisky and is not permitted to favor one brewing or distiHing company over another. No other beer or whisky agent is allowed on the premises of the company. It is the policy of this committee systematically to cut down the amount of beer and whisky consumed. To this end the agent takes orders on Tuesday morning after the men have gone into the mine, so that he receives the order from the housewife, not from the husband or from some irresponsible boarder. Then the superintendent and the police officer go over these orders and reduce those that seem too large. The efficiency of the agent is based on his ability to keep the amount ordered at a low figure. Each week a statement is prepared showing the amount of liquor each family and boarding group has purchased, the prices paid, the total receipts, total expenses, and total profits. These profits are turned over to the charity fund of the committee and are used for the aid of needy families in the village. The books of the committee are open to anyone at any time and show how the money has been spent. The company has adopted the policy of systematically eliminating the largest consumers of beer and whisky, and the whole campaign has resulted in reducing the consumption of the working force about 40 per cent. This has greatly improved the good order of the village and the general efficiency of the employees.® No cows or chickens are permitted in the yards. This is in the interest of the general cleanliness of the town. The company fur- nishes pure milk from inspected cows at 5 cents per quart. The company is also limiting the number of boarders that may be kept by any one family to four. This is done because there is a tendency to greater uncleanliness, disorder, and immorality where a larger number of boarders are kept. Children reared in a house of four rooms, with perhaps from 8 to 12 boarders, are considered to have little chance of becoming good citizens. All children in this village attend school if they are of school age. If the family is too poor to purchase books and other needed articles, the company furnishes them free, and the children may go to either the public or the paro- chial school as their parents choose. The village officer enforces attendance. A benefit system is conducted for the company employees. In this the dues are 50 cents per month, with death and accident benefits of no absolutely fixed amount. If the family is large, the amount paid is often higher than the usual $5 or $6 per week. In case of death, a benefit of $100 is paid, together with free transportation for the widow and children wherever they may wish to go, even to their original home in Europe. An employee permanently injured in the company’s service is given work about the plant so that he may support himself and family, or is furnished free transportation to any point he may specify, together with $100 in cash. The results of this system have been very gratifying to the operators. When other ° Just how \vddely this handling of the beer and whisky business differs from the usual situation can be seen by referring to the chapter on industrial progress and efficiency, pp. 419 to 422. 330 The Immigration Commission. companies have been handicapped by a shortage of labor supply, this company has turned men away. It sells its product for more money, and is able to pay higher wages. As a result, more and better work is done, greater care is taken of the company property, , and much better order and general living conditions prevail in its village than in those of its competitors. j THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR. The following table is suggestive as regards the extent of member- < ship in labor organizations of representatives of immigrant races, , though it does not give a complete showing because most of the - men included in the tabulation were working in nonunion districts: : Table l^^.—Amiiationwith trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting Affiliated with trade unions. complete data. Number. Per cent. 45 1 5 6 4 1 2 7 21 1 167 17 29 12 173 103 106 183 307 31 40 77 526 16 1 2.2 («) (a) («) (“) (a) (a) (“) 9.5 (a) 12.0 .0 .0 59.4 38.3 1.3 .0 80.0 14.3 4.6 (a) Native-born of native fatner, Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Irish ........... 2 Foreign-born: 2 1 20 89 63 70 4 32 11 24 1,880 319 17.0 71 1,809 2 3 316 TJ 4.2 17.5 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. The greater part of the persons represented in the foregoing table were employed in regions where they had no opportunity to become affiliatecl with labor unions. This is true of all the races enumerated except the North Italian, Lithuanian, Magyar, Kussian, and Ku- thenian. Most of the individuals of these races were in a unionized locality, and this accounts, in part at least, for the seemingly greater tendency to join the unions. p j. • u The table immediately following shows the number of foreign- born males in the households studied who are members of labor organiza- tions, accorchng to period of residence in the United States; Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 331 Table 199 . — Affiliation with trade unions of foreign-horn males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by years in the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 50 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-bom.] Number 21 years of age or over v/orking for wages, by years in United States. Affiliation with trade unions, by years in United States. Uace of individual. Number. Per cent. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Polish 109 82 116 1 1 2 0.9 1.2 1.7 Slovak 153 119 254 2 12 10 1.3 10.1 - 3.9 Total 551 498 700 54 no 152 9.8 22.1 20.0 The first efTectual organization among the bituminous coal opera- tives of Pennsylvania was that of the Knights of Labor. In the early seventies this body grew rapidly and by the latter part of the decade had attained a strong position in the bituminous region. Its decline was almost equally rapid, and by 1885 it was no longer powerful enough to bargain successfully with the operators, though it con- tinued in existence until 1890. In the year 1885 the Miners’ National Progressive Union was formed and quickly spread through the mining regions of the western part of the State until it was finally equal in strength among the miners to the Knights of Labor. Con- stant friction between the two organizations, however, so hampered the activities of each as to make it evident that neither would long survive if the struggle continued. -This resulted in 1890 in the union of Lodge No. 135 of the Knights of Labor with the National Progressive Union to form ^the present United Mine Workers of America, which took over the local unions of both the older organi- zations throughout the western part of Pennsylvania. Since that time it has been the predominant organization among the mine operatives in that section. As Slovaks, Poles, Lithuanians, Magyars, Croatians, Italians, and other immigrants of different race and speech began to enter the industry in great numbers, the union quickly found that if it was to live it must organize these newcomers. This was a difficult task. The new workers v/ere coming from lands where labor organizations were considered revolutionary. They were, therefore, naturally suspicious and slow to join them here. Very few could understand the English language, and agitation among them had to be con- ducted through interpreters. Most of them were new to the industry, and it is said did not know what hours, wages, and conditions of employment they should expect, but arrived with practically no funds and were obliged to accept work immediately. Moreover, the operators were opposing organization among these new workmen, and, it is claimed, were using one race or faction against another, and other means to prevent their organization. In spite of these hindrances, however, the unions were successful in enrolling many of the immigrants, and at present in those districts where the unions still exist many members are from races of recent immigration. 332 The Immigration Commission. In some respects the members from races of recent immigration are considered less satisfactory than the native-born or the members from races of older immigration. The presence of different races and nationalities, some of which may be more or less hostile to each other, such as the North and South Italians, and most of which differ in language and customs, not only from one another but from the older employees, prevents the formation of a com- pact homogeneous union and gives rise to some troublesome prob- j ferns of organization and administration. In strikes the recent j immigrant members are generally faithful and loyal, but are often s inclined to resort to violence and other methods that bring the i union and its cause into disrepute, while in peaceful times it is i often difficult to make the immigrant worker see the need of con- • tributing steadily to the union. He is prone to save the amount I of his dues by letting his membership lapse. This undermines the : organization not only numerically and financially, but morally as - well, and requires constant work to offset its weakening effects. It is claimed by some of the older operatives and labor leaders, and apparently with "good reason, that the unions are the best means of i effecting general improvement in working and living conditions among the coal-mine employees. They are able, it is argued, to effect this improvement through securing shorter hours, better wages, safer mines, and safer methods of mining. They are further able in some degree, it is also asserted, to prevent exploitation of workmen through store, rent, and other deductions, and, b}^ insisting on proper living conditions, to improve the surroundings and housing of the company villages. In addition to these specific forms of betterment they purport to serve another excellent purpose in accustoming the immigrant at the outset to American standards on these subjects, so that he learns quickly to measure his own condition, not by what he has been accustomed to abroad, but by what is taught him he should expect here. It is urged that this makes his competition with the American and other older operatives less disastrous to them, and there- fore improves conditions not only for the immigrant, but for the older operatives as well. The older employees further claim that in general the immigration of southern and eastern Europeans has been very disastrous to the labor unions in the coal-mining industry. In some districts the unions have been entirely disrupted, and old operatives assert that this was directly due to the coming of the later immigrants. They contend that some of the operators consciously and deliber- ately displaced their American, British, and German workers with the later immigrants in order to break down the unions, and that, after succeeding in this endeavor, they have kept their workers of several different races so as to make organization difficult among them. A fair illustration of the disruption of the unions following the arrival of the recent immigrants is seen in the case of the Con- nellsville coke region. In that section the earlier employees, as already pointed out,® were Americans, Irish, German, English, and Scotch, who proved themselves apt at organization and prompt to strike for better wages and conditions. Expansion of the industry created a demand for many more workmen, and Slovaks, Magyars, « See p. 256. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 333 Poles, and Italians were employed in large numbers. This movement began about 1882. At that time the labor organizations among the men were under the leadership of the Americans, English, and IrisL The history of these labor organizations is the history of a series of strikes, each of which left the organizations weaker than before. The American and Irish leaders induced many of the immigrants to join in the strikes, but they found difficulty in restraining them from violence during the strikes and in retaining their member- ship after the strikes were settled, so that the unions were not able to form any powerful organization for use in the next strike. The first of these general strikes occurred in 1884. At that time the per- centage of recent immigrants was relatively small and the men held their own. More recent immigrants were employed, however, some English-speaking workmen were discharged, and many others left the region to seek work in other fields. There was another strike in 1886 which was really a defeat for the labor organization. In 1890 the local organizations of the Knights of Labor were taken over by the newly organized United Mine Workers of America. The next year, another general strike occurred in the coke region, into which the local unions entered without the sanction of tlie general council of the organization, and the men were defeated. In this case also the immigrants joined the strike, but did much rioting, and after the defeat of the strike left the union. After the strikes of 1884 and 1886 many of the older English-speaking workers began leaving the district. More left after the strike of 1891, and with the loss of immi- grant members at the same time the United Mine Workers’ organi- zation was completely demoralized in the Connellsville region. In 1894, when the United Mine Workers of America were conduct- ing their general strike, the organization in the coke region was revived and the men struck again. This was the final struggle. The rate at the time was 19^ cents per ton for mining coal. The strikers asked 25 cents. The operators refused the demand and in the southern part of the region the strike began April 2, 1894. The Americans, English, and Irish were leaders of the strike, and the immigrants very generally joined the organization which had been effected only two weeks previously. On April 27 the central and northern portion of the region also joined tlie strike. By May 1 only 8 plants out of 85 in the region were operating. The following table slmws, by weeks, the nurnber of ovens which were operated and those which were idle, and indicates the success of the miners in stopping: the industry ^ Table 2QQ.— Active and idle ovens in Connellsville coke district, May 1 to September 1 1894. ’ Date. Ovens running. Ovens idle. Date. Ovens running. Ovens idle. May 1 2,454 2,031 1,486 2,026 2, 937 3,527 3,855 4,686 5,940 15,059 15, 481 16,047 15, 427 14, 576 13, 969 13,639 12,810 11, 554 Julv 6 6,928 May 11 Julv 13 10, 586 May 18 July 20 7, 708 9,906 May 25 Julv 27 o, 000 8, 858 Fune 1 August 3 9, 779 7 , 735 Fune 8 Fune 15 August 10 Aug^iist IS 10, 332 10,756 10,039 11,593 7, 182 6,758 6, 455 5,921 Fune 22. . . Fune 29 August 25 S6ptGTnlDpr 1 12, 703 4,811 a Compiled iro:n the reports of the Uniontown, Pa., press during this period. 334 The Immigration Commission. It will be seen that the strikers were most successful during the month of May. By the middle of this month, hov/ever begging committees were soliciting aid for the strikers, many of whom weie enduring severe hardships. About this time, the general strike ot the United Mine Workers of America was ended, but the strike m the coke region still continued. It came to a close September 7, with the complete defeat of the men and the disruption of their organization. This ended the existence of labor organizations in the coxe district. In considering the connection between the destruction of the unions and the presence of the recent immigrant, certain factors in the case must be observed. The differences in race, language, and religion ) gave the operators opportunity to play off one faction or race agams. j another, and it is charged by the labor unionists that this was rre- i quently done. The immigrants would not keep up their membership < in the unions during the periods between strikes and consequently the labor organizations had no adequate funds to carry on long ! strikes. Moreover, the workmen themselves, especially the more newly arrived immigrants, had little or no savings on which to de- : pend and members were soon forced to choose between starving with their families and accepting work at the terms offered. Under these conditions many soon resumed work. Another element ot impOTtance : was the fact that after each strike numbers of the natives, and British and German immigrant workmen, refusing longer to tolerate the conditions imposed, left the region and found work m the fields ot the Pittsburg district, of Ohio, the Middle West, and the Southwest, where wages and working conditions were better, and where the employees were not subject to such competition from recent iinmi- gration as in the coke region. Not only did this lower the numbers of the older operatives who remained in the coke region, but since txie hardiest, most resourceful, and most aggressive were the ones to leave, and since these were the chief strength of the unions, the re^sul tant moral weakening of the organization was out of all proportion to the numbers of those thus lost. In short, the unions here were inundated by the flood of immigrants and the various strikes were merely the convulsions that marked their advancing dissolution. What occurred in the Connellsville coke region occurred elsewhere throughout the State. In other fields where the unions were not so well organized the coming of the recent immigrants served rather to prevent than to destroy organization, but the result in either case has been to create large areas in which to-day there is no semblance of labor organization among thousands of einployees. At present the union is recognized on an open-shop basis by the operators ot the Clearfield and Pittsburg districts and in a few isolated districts, such as the town of South Fork, and the scale^ and working agree- ment of the United Mine Workers of America is observed m these fields. Elsewhere the bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania are unorganized. REASONS FOR EMPLOYING IMMIGRANTS. The primary reason for the employment of recent immigrants was the development of the coal industry in western Pennsylvania. his development was rapid and on a large scale. At the same time the expansion of the industry in other fields gave opportunity for experi- Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 335 enced and ambitious American, English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh employees to find positions elsewhere. Furthermore, the period of development in coal ruining and coke manufacturing was also a period of great expansion in manufacturing industries in Pennsyl- vania, so that for the intelligent and ambitious American, German, English, Irish, or Scotch employee there were abundant opportuni- ties to secure either lucrative positions in other mining fields, or more pleasant or better paid work in shops and factories near home. This resulted in a double demand for labor in tlie mining industry. There was first that demand which came from expansion — the opening of new mine§, and the extension of the older workings; second, the demand which resulted from the exodus of former opera- tives from the industry. These former operatives were influenced to leave by the fact that there were opportunities to secure work ! which paid as well or better than mining, that this work was often I more agreeable and less dangerous, and that it freed them from I association with aliens of different speech, customs, and manners. I The employment of recent immigrants, therefore, increased tlie ; opportunities for the employment of more workers of the same races I for the reason it accelerated the departure of the former operatives. There were also other reasons wliy the mining companies, after they had had some experience with recent immigrants, were quite willing to employ the Slovaks, Poles, Magyars, Croatians, Italians, and other races. The pioneer operatives were, in many cases, members of the trades unions, and were constantly demanding better wages and working conditions. When the first of the recent immigrants had been employed, it was observed that they were more easily satisfied with wages and living conditions, that they did not know anything about labor organizations, and that since they could not speak the English language, they were difficult to organize and at the same time could not easily communicate their discontent, or act as a body upon any grievances. Consequently, when the rapid development of the early eighties led to a great demand for labor, the companies were willing to receive the races of recent immigration, because they had found them tractable and less inclined to give trouble than the older immigrant races. Moreover, these races' while they were less efficient than the older and experienced miners, had been found to be very industrious and regular in their work. / ^ Chapter V. HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS. Systems of domestic economy — General housing and living conditions — Rent in its relation to standard of living — Boarders and lodgers — Size of apartments occupied — Size of households studied — Congestion— [Text Tables 201 to 213 and General Tables 70 to 81.] SYSTEMS OF DOMESTIC ECONOMY. The methods of domestic economy which prevail in the immigrant households of the mine workers may be classified under two general headings: (1) The family, and (2) the boarding group. The family life needs no detailed discussion. In practically all the boarding groups there are one or more families, but the conditions are such that independent family life can scarcely be said to exist, and the distinguishing features are those of the group. The boarding groups may be subdivided into two general classes. The first of these is conducted on the ordinary American plan, by which the boarder pays a feed sum for board, lodging, and washing. Few such groups exist among the recent immigrants, but when they are found the rates are from $15 to $18 per month. The second of the boarding systems is that commonly known as the boarding boss system, under which each lodger pays a fixed sum, usually from $2 to $3 per month, for lodging, washing, and cooking, the individual members of the group sharing the cost of food. There are numerous variations of this general plan. Where the boarding boss has few or no children and there are several boarders, no additional charge is borne by him for the wife’s food. If there are several children in the family or few boarders in the group, the boss usually pays two shares for the wife and children. This is a matter that is settled by bargain among the members. Sometimes each boarder buys his own food separately and the boss’s wife cooks it for him, but this is not the usual custom. Frequently, however, the men buy separately the lunch they take with them into the mine, and share only the cost of breakfast and supper. In some instances a sort of combination of the American and the boarding boss system is found — that is, lodging, cooking, washing, and bread and coffee are furnished at $6 per month, and the boarders share the meat and other food bills on the usual plan. In one case the straight American plan was followed at $9 per month, except that each boarder bought his own lunch. This practice, however, is also unusual. Neither the American plan nor any modification of this plan is common. Some form of the boarding boss system IS the prevailing arrangement. GENERAL HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS. In order that the housing conditions in the mining localities may be better understood, three typical mining villages have been selected and are described from this standpoint in some detail below. These small representative mining villages may be designated, for purposes of presentation and comparison, as Villages I, II, and III. 337 338 The Immigration Commission. Village I. This village is located near a city of several thousand inhabitants, j Probably 90 per cent of the employees of the mining company occupy i company houses. The houses are two-story, double, frame buildings. | Each house has two apartments of four rooms each, two rooms on i the first floor and two on the second. The rpt is $7 per month for n each apartment. A very few immigrants live in homes of their own in ^ the adjoining city, and several more rent dwellings there. The formation "of separate racial colonies does not occur in the com- : pany village, owing to the fact that the houses are rented as they become vacant and, in renting, no attention is paid to the race of the tenant. : This sometimes results in an Italian household occupying one side of a double house, while the adjoining apartment is occupied by a Slovak or a Magyar household. Length of residence in the United States seems to have had little effect in bettering the housing condi- tions of immigrants. This is chiefly due to the fact that all the company houses are of the same type and rent for the same amount, and consequently leave but little choice to the tenant. Household furnishing shows little betterment with length of time in the United States. Those families which have been most recently formed usually have the best furniture, especially if the hus- band aiul wife have lived in this country for some time prior to mar- riage. The boarding hous(‘.s are generally shabbily furnished, and their belongings are more or less worn and dilapidated. The rooms are much more tidy wliere there are no boarders. Twenty-five households, consisting of 11 Slovak, 6 Polish, 5 Magyar, 1 North Italian, and 2 South Italian, were studied in detail. Of the 25, 7 were keeping either boarders or lodgers. In the community the boarding system which most prevails is the “boarding boss” plan, the usual price being $2 per month for lodging, washing, and cooking, although in 1 Polish home it was $3, and in 1 Slovak house $2.50. The food was bought either by each boarder or by the housewife, and charged at the store on the book of each individual boarder. The American boarding plan was found to prevail among the Magyars, the rate per month ranging from $7 to $7.50. No American boarding houses are located in this village, so that it is impossible to make any cost comparisons. In this village water is piped into nearly all the houses, the remainder being supplied from outside hydrants. Stoves are used for heat and oil lamps for light. The village has surface drainage. Dry toilets with ground vaults are used. Yards and grounds are neglected, and the whole place is untidy and unclean. Village II. This village is a mining town of approximately 800 inhabitants, and is about 1 mile from the county seat of the county in which it is located. The employees of the coal-mining company are divided among the different races, approximately as follows: Per cent. Slovak 26 Polish 14 American, White 13 English 10 Irish 10 Per cent. American, Negro 9 Italian 8 Magyar 6 German 2 Russian 2 Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 339 Practically all Slovak, Polish, Negro, Italian, Magyar, and Russian families occupy company houses. Very few persons of the other races enumerated live in company houses, the majority residing in the adjacent city or its suburbs. This distinction ip housing is due largely to the difference in occupation and earning capacity. The races enumerated as living in company houses are employed largely as pick miners and coke drawers, with a small proportion employed in such occupations as oven levelers, timbermen, drivers, ash carters, and lamp cleaners. The majority of the persons of the other races in the locality are skilled employees, such as machinists, electricians, firemen, masons, and teamsters. The employees living in the city or its environs occupy better houses and live in better surroundings than are provided in the village. Those living in the city have the benefit of its water, light, and sanitary systems, while those living in the village have the company water only, and dry closets with no provision for sew- erage. The houses in the village are rented without the slightest regard to the race of the tenants, which, of course, tends to pre- vent segregation of races. The company houses are two-story, double, frame structures; each side consists of an apartment of 4 rooms, 2 on each floor. In several houses visited, 2 families were found occupying 1 apartment, 1 family on each floor. The company village is not incorporated, and there are no municipal regulations regarding housing and sanitation to be observed. The only effort of the company in this direction is to urge the immigrants to use lime freely, which they seem to do. The houses are untidy. Officials of the company assert that the immigrants with longer residence in the United States improve their housing conditions so far as cleanli- ness and neatness are concerned. This assertion was not borne out by the investigation in the locality. The immigrant boarding houses are usually in untidy condition, the dirt and disorder increasing with the number of boarders. One room is frequently used as a combina- tion kitchen, dining room, and bathroom. When the men come in from their work in the evening a tub containing a few inches of water is placed on the floor, and, stripped to the waist, each man kneels over the tub and washes himself. As many as 8 or 10 men will wash in the same water. The housewife washes the back of each man, and in the intervals attends to the cooking. Those first com- pleting their toilets take their places at the table and begin their meal, while others are washing. The boarding systems do not differ materially from those found in Village I. Under the boarding boss plan the rate for lodging, laundry and cooking is $2 per month when the lodger furnishes his own bed, and $2.50 when the bed is furnished by the boarding boss. In a majority of the boarding houses visited, especially among the Poles, the cost of food for the entire household was divided proportionately, each boarder paying one share and the boarding boss paying one, one and a half, or two shares, according to the size of his immediate family. This payment for food is in addition to the charge for lodging, washing, and cooking. In the immigrant boarding house where the American plan is followed, the usual rate for board, lodging, and washing is from $15 to $18 a month. The usual price in American houses is $20 a month. The immigrant boarding boss system is never found 340 The Immigration Commission. among the Americans. In the boarding houses managed by people of native birth it is not customary to find more than 2 m^ occupying a room, but among the immigrants it is not unusual to hnd 10 or 12 men sleeping in the same room. Village III. This mining village is situated about half a mile from a town of . 800 to 1,000 population. About 250 men are employed in the mines i and live in the community. These are chiefly Croatians, Magyars, and Slovaks. . . . r ^ There is a strong tendency to congregate, m housing, according to race. Housing conditions in the village are unusuaUy bad. ihe company houses occupied by the Croatians and Slovaks are very small dilapidated shacks, the ten houses occupied by the Croatians being the worst of all. They have but one story and are not over 7^ feet in height. Originally each house had three rooms, but an ad(h- tional room has been added. The rooms are about 8 by 10 feet mth two windows each, with w^alls unplastered and unpapered. Ine houses are built directly under a lull, and when it rams the rear rooms are flooded and for the time being rendered practically useless. The toilets in several cases are in the rear not inore than 3 teet rroin the kitchen door; in other cases the toilets are just across the road which is immediately in front of the houses. All toilets are of the ^^In^tw^^of the^Toatian boarding houses conditions were bad. In each house were 18 boarders. In one house the boarding boss and his wife and daughter slept in the Idtchen; three lodgers m the dmmg room, two in a bed and one on a cot; seven in another room m two beds; and eight in the fourth room in three beds. The mndows were all closed on account of the cold weather, the only ventilation being furnished by a large open fireplace in the dining room. The houses occupied by the Slovaks are as bad as those of the Croatians m ewy particular, except that they are not located so close to the hill. Ihe houses occupied by the Magyars and other races are a little better than those of the Croatians and vSlovaks by reason of their being Imilt on higher ground. They are a little more modern m type, but at best very undesirable. There is but one water pipe for an average ol 50 families, and the supply is inadequate Ihe water is unht tor drinking unless boiled, a precaution which the miimgrants usually neglect. The lack of municipal or company sanitary regulations m the settlement probably causes the tenants to be even more careless of housing and living conditions than they otherwise would be The immigrant boarding houses are most undesirable. Ihe usual rate is $2.50 a month for lodging, washing, and cooking when the lodger furnishes his own bed, and $3 a month when the boarding boss furnishes the bed. The boarding-boss plan is generaUy followed, and the lodgers buy their own food at the company store and bring it home to be cooked by the wife of the boarding boss. RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING. Rent payments made are of large interest in connection mth the cost of living of immigrant employees and their households, but they are chiefly significant in their bearing upon the existing standards Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 341 of living. Many employees of foreign birth seek to decrease their per capita rent payment by increasing the number of persons per household. The following series of tables exhibits this tendency and has an important bearing upon the study of general living con- ditions. If no boarders or lodgers were kept, the rent paid for each apartment would be indicative in a general way of standard of living, but inasmuch as many races follow the custom of renting larger houses than are needed for their immediate families, and then adding to the family income by keeping boarders or lodgers, the rent per capita is the only fair basis of comparison in studying the standard of living. The fairest comparison possible would be the rent paid per ^‘adulP’ and such a presentation would be highly desirable; but such a plan involves an arbitrary fixing of age limits and a large amount of work in tabulation, and it has, therefore, not been followed in this report. The table first presented shows average monthly rent per apart- ment, per room, and per capita: Table 201 . — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 10 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number of households Average rent per — General nativity and race of head of household. paying rent and reporting amount. Apart- ment. Room. Person. Native-born of native father, White Foreign-born: 18 $9.81 $2.21 $1. 92 Croatian 107 7.33 1.78 .93 English 10 9. 45 2. 15 1.82 German 14 9. 07 2.02 1.44 Italian, North 128 6. 88 1. 77 1. 00 Italian, South Lithuanian 56 6.68 1.64 .78 74 7. 10 1.92 1.09 Magyar 146 6.70 1.81 1.07 Polish 177 6.49 1.66 .93 Roumanian 10 6. 70 1.31 1.31 Russian 34 5. 29 1.66 .84 Ruthenian 38 7.01 1.80 1.05 Slovak 361 6.08 1. 64 .97 Slovenian 10 6.20 1.68 1.29 Grand total 1,195 6.65 1.73 1.00 Total native-born 18 9.81 2. 21 1.92 Total foreign-born 1,177 6.60 1.72 .99 The highest average rent per apartment, per room, and per capita is paid by the native families. The second highest average under each statement is paid by the English. The Germans are the third highest. The lowest average rent per apartment is paid by the Russians, the lowest per room by the Koumanians, and the lowest per capita by the South Italians. Of the races of recent immigra- tion, the highest average rent per person, $1.31, is paid by the Kou- manians; the second highest, $1.29, by the Slovenians; and the third highest, $1.09, by the Lithuanians. The lowest amount is $0.78 paid by the South Italians. 48296 °— VOL 6—11 -23 342 The Immigration Commission. The following table shows the per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household: TabisE 202— Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race oj head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are tor all races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Number of households 1 paying , rent and reporting amount. Average rent per apart- ment. Per cent paying— I Under ! S5. 1 Under $7.50. Under $10. Under 1 $12.50. j _ - 1 Foreign-born; Croatian Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Russian Ruthenian 107 128 56 74 146 177 34 38 361 $7.33 6.88 6.68 7.10 6. 70 6. 49 5.29 7.01 6.08 0.9 7.0 12.5 14.9 12.3 12.4 38.2 2.6 13.3 75.7 68.8 67.9 55.4 72.6 78.0 94.1 60.5 88.1 81.3 92.2 94.6 85.1 91.1 100.0 97.1 89.5 99.7 1 98.1 .( 1 97.7 I 100.0 I 100.0 \ 99. 3 ( 100. 0 ( ' 100.0 100.0 100. 0 Grand total 1,195 6.65 11.1 75.5 92.9 99.0 Total native-born Total foreign-bom is" 1,177 9.81 6.60 (a) 11.3 (a) 76.2 (a) I {a) 93.5 99.3 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. The figures given in the table concern the rent paid by 1,195 house- holds connected with the coal and coke industry of Pennsylvania. The heads of 1,177 of these households were foreign-born, it ap- pears from the totals that practically the entire number, that is, 99 per cent, pay under $12.50 rent per month per apartment. A large proportion pay under $10 a nionth, 75.5 per cent p^ under $7.50 a month, and a small proportion pay less then $5. 1 he per- centages for the foreign-born correspond very closely to those ot tlie totals. Of the nine races included in the percentage table, the iius- sians have the highest proportion of those paying under $5 and under $7.50 rent per month. All of the Poles pay under $10 a month. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 343 The table next presented exhibits the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per room: Table 203 . — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Number of households Average Per cent paying— paying rent and report- ing amount. rent per room. Under $1. Under $2. Under $3. Under $4. Foreign-born; Croatian 107 $1.78 0.0 72.0 94.4 100.0 Italian, North 128 1.77 .0 61.7 96.9 100.0 Italian, South 56 1.64 .0 71.4 100.0 100.0 Lithuanian 74 1.92 .0 45.9 94.6 97.3 Magyar 146 1.81 .0 61.0 97.5 100.0 Polish 177 1.66 .0 83.1 98.9 100.0 Russian 34 1.66 .0 82.4 100.0 100.0 Ruthenian 38 1.80 .0 63.2 100.0 100.0 Slovak 361 1.64 .3 82.3 97.8 99.2 Grand total 1,195 1.73 .1 71.8 97.2 99.5 Total native-born 18 2.21 .1 (O) 72.2 97.3 (^) 99.6 Total foreign-born 1,177 1.72 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. The above table shows that the highest percentage of households paying under $2 a room is 83.1, shown for the Poles, the second high- est 82.4 for the Russians, and the third highest 82.3 for the Slovaks. The lowest percentage is 45.9 for the Lithuanians. Similar com- parisons for various other rates per room are shown in the table. In the following table is shown the range of rent payments per month per capita: Table 204 . — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Number of households Average Per cent paying — paying rent and report- ing amount. rent per person. Under $1. Under $2. Under $3. Under $4. Foreign-born: Croatian 107 $0.93 48.6 83.2 95.3 99.1 Italian, North 128 1.00 46.9 86.7 95.3 100.0 Italian, South 56 .78 66.1 92.9 100.0 100.0 Lithuanian 74 1.09 36.5 87.8 97.3 98.6 Magyar 146 1.07 33.6 82.9 95.9 100.0 Polish 177 .93 52.5 92.1 * 99.4 100.0 Russian 34 .84 52.9 91.2 94.1 100.0 Ruthenian 38 1.05 39.5 89.5 100.0 100.0 Slovak ' 361 .97 44.6 90.6 96.7 99.7 Grand total 1,195 1.00 43.6 86.7 96.3 99.6 Total native-born 18 1.92 («) (O) (O) (a) Total foreign-born 1,177 .99 44.3 87.3 96. 7 99.7 oNot computed, owing to small number involved. 344 The Immigration Commission. The rent per capita is under SI in 48.6 per cent of the Croatian houseliolds, 46.9 per cent of the North Italian, 66.1 per cent of the South Italian, 36.5 per cent of the Lithuanian, etc. The highest percentage paying this low rent per capita is 66. 1, shown for the South Italian: the second highest is 52.9 for the Russian. The lowest per cent is 33.6 for the Magyar. Considering the rate ‘Under S2, the South Italians again have the highest percentage, ^.9; the Poles the second highest, 92.1. The Magyars are again the lowest with 82.9 per cent. BOARDERS AND LODGERS. The large proportion of boarders or lodgers found in the households of the foreign-born and the small extent to which an independent family life prevails among the recent immigrants are exemplified in the series of tables next presented. Boarders or lodgers are kept by considerably more than one-half of the households among recent immigrants, as is indicated by the table first submitted, which shows the number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers. Table 205 . — Number and per cent of households keeping hoarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not ] the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] I persons General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- Households keep- ing boarders or lodgers. holds. Number. Per cent. 33 2 6.1 Foreign-born: 16 2 (a) 111 80 72.1 16 (a) 30 2 6.7 10 1 (a) 144 84 58.3 64 46 71.9 81 59 72.8 152 78 51. 3 198 109 55. 1 (o) 10 4 36 20 55. 6 43 27 62.8 384 158 41.1 12 5 («) 1,340 677 50.5 2 51.6 1,307 675 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. In this table a striking contrast is exhibited between households and households of the older immigrants on the ^e hand and households of more recent immigrants on the other. Boarders or lodgers are found in only 6.1 per cent of the native households and 6.7 per cent of the German. On the other hand, they are round in 72.1 per cent of the Croatian households, 58.3 per cent ol the North Italian, 71.9 per cent of the South Italian, 72.8 per cent of the Lithuanian, etc. Of the 1,307 foreign households studied, 51.6 per Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 345 cent have boarders or lodgers, and of the total number studied in this industry in Pennsylvania 50.5 per cent have boarders or lodgers. In other words, slightly less than one-half of the households are with- out members outside of the family. The preceding table should be studied in connection with the one which follows, showing the average number of boarders or lodgers per household. In one column the average based on the total number of households is presented, and in another is shown the aver- age based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers. Table 206 . — Average number of hoarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule, and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] General nativity and race of head of household. Total niunber of house- holds. Number of house- holds keeping boarders or lodgers. Number of board- ers or lodgers. Average i boarder per hou Based on total number of house- holds. number of s or lodgers sehold— Based on number of house- holds keeping boarders or lodgers. Native-born of native father, White 33 2 2 0. 06 (o) Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 16 2 4 .25 (a) Croatian 111 80 448 4.04 ^ loo English 16 German 30 2 3 .10 (a) Irish 10 1 .10 (a) Italian, North 144 84 293 2.03 3.49 Italian, South 64 46 191 2. 98 4. 15 Lithuanian 81 59 197 2.43 3. 34 Magyar 152 78 313 2. 06 4.01 Polish 198 109 401 2.03 3.68 Roumanian 10 4 20 2.00 (o) Russian 36 20 96 2. 67 ^ 4 80 Ruthenian 43 27 89 2.07 3. 30 Slovak 384 158 574 1.49 3. 63 Slovenian 12 5 19 1.58 (a) Grand total 1,340 677 2,651 1.98 3. 92 Total native-born 33 2 2 .06 (a) Total foreign-born 1,307 675 2,649 2.03 ^ I 92 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. ; This discussion and explanation is confined to the last column of I this table, which shows the average based on the number of house- I holds keeping boarders or lodgers, although the next to the last column will be found equally interesting. Among the more recent immigrants the average is 5.60 in Croatian households, 3.49 in North Italian, 4.15 in South Italian, etc. The average for the 675 foreign families keeping boarders or lodgers is 3.92. Combining the infor- mation shown in Tables 205 and 206 it is seen that while the Lithuanians have the highest per cent (72.8) of households keeping boarders or lodgers, the average number is 3.34 per household, seven other races having a higher average. The Croatians have the second |highest per cent (72.1) keeping boarders or lodgers, and the highest ■average number (5.60) per household. r 346 The Immigration Commission. SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED. The table which follows shows the per cent of households occupying i apartment's of each specified number of rooms: , Table 207.— Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of \ rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. | (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Total number of house- holds. Average number of rooms per apart- ment. Per cent of households occupying apartments of each speci- fied number of rooms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 . 7 or more. Native-born of native father, White Foreign-born: Croatian German Italian, North Itahan, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Russian Ruthenian Slovak 33 111 30 144 64 81 152 198 36 43 384 5.27 4.14 4. 77 3.97 4. 13 3.69 3.73 3.95 3.22 3.91 3.74 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 3.7 .7 .5 2.8 .0 .0 3.0 2.7 .0 5. 6 1.6 9.9 9.9 7.6 30.6 4.7 14.6 6.0 6.3 3.3 23.6 17.2 24.7 23.7 13.6 11.1 27.9 15.9 24.2 68.5 53.3 52.1 53.1 48.1 50.7 60.1 52.8 46.5 57.3 24.2 19.8 13.3 9.7 23.4 2.5 11.8 11.6 2.8 14.0 7.8 24.2 2.7 23.3 6.9 4.7 11.1 3.3 6.1 .0 7.0 3.9 18.2 .0 6.6 2.1 .0 .0 .0 .5 .0 .0 .5 Grand total 1, 340 33 1,307 3.92 .4 9.1 17.0 1 54.3 11.4 6.6 1.1 Total native-born Total foreign-born 5.27 3.89 .0 .5 3.0 9.3 6.0 17.3 1 24.2 55.1 24.2 11.1 24.2 6.1 1^ .7 The table shows that the typical apartment has four rooms. Of the 1,340 households 54.3 per cent occupy apartments ot that size. The proportions occupying four-room apartments vary from 24.2 per cent of the native households to 68.5 per cent of the Croatian households. Referring to the race represented by the largest number of households, the Slovak, it is seen that of the 384 households 14.6 per cent occupy two-room apartments, 15.9 per cent three room apartments, 57.3 per cent four-room apartments, 7.8 per cent live- room apartments, 3.9 per cent six-room apartments, and 0.5 per cent apartments of seven or more rooms. SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. Data relative to the size of the households are presented in the next table, showing percentages for households of each specihed number of persons. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 347 Table 208 . — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of per- sons per house- hold. Per cent of households of each specified number of persons. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 or more. Native-born of na- tive father. White. 33 5.58 0.0 6.1 21.2 9.1 6.1 21.2 12.1 15.2 9.1 0.0 Foreign-born: Croatian 111 7. 73 .0 2.7 10.8 9.9 9.0 14.4 10.8 7.2 8.1 27.0 German 30 6.37 .0 3.3 .0 16.7 20.0 3.3 30.0 16.7 3.3 6.7 Italian, North.. 144 6. 90 .0 4.9 4.9 12.5 11.1 17.4 8.3 13.2 9.0 18.8 Italian, South. . 64 8. 22 • .0 1.6 6.3 6.3 7.8 10.9 7.8 20.3 9.4 29.7 Lithuanian 81 6.44 .0 6.2 3.7 11.1 13.6 21.0 12.3 12.3 11.1 8.6 Magyar 152 6. 20 .0 7.9 11.8 15.8 14.5 5.9 10.5 15.8 3.9 13.8 Polish 198 6. 86 .0 1.0 9.6 10.1 11.6 13.6 15.2 14.1 10.1 14.6 Russian 36 6. 39 .0 16.7 16.7 5. 6 8.3 8.3 11.1 11.1 5.6 16.7 Ruthenian 43 6.81 .0 2.3 2.3 7.0 23.3 14.0 18.6 11.6 7.0 14.0 Slovak 384 6. 26 .0 5.7 7.8 15.4 13.3 15.4 13.8 11.7 5.7 11.2 Grand total . . 1,340 6.62 .0 4.9 8.8 12.4 12.5 14.0 12.8 12.8 7.2 14.7 Total native-born. . 33 5.58 .0 6. 1 21.2 9.1 6. 1 21.2 12. 1 15.2 9.1 .0 Total foreign-born . 1,307 6. 65 .0 4.8 8.5 12.5 12.7 13.8 12.8 12.7 7.1 15.1 The average size of the 1,340 households is 6.62 persons. The average varies from 5.58 in the native households to 8.22 in the South Italian households. The second highest average is 7.73 in the Croatian households. CONGESTION. The tables under this title present data relative to the num- ber of persons in the household, and to the number of rooms in the apartment. The first of the tables, which immediately follows, shows for each race the average number of persons occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. Table 209. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 100 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Total. Foreign-born: Croatian (a) (a) 3.93 4. 67 4. 73 (a) 5.79 5.42 6. 22 6. 18 7.58 7.32 6.56 7.16 6.60 8. 82 7. 29 7.44 6. 96 6.47 (a) 8. 20 (a) 8.08 6.60 7. 73 6. 90 6.20 6.86 6. 26 Italian, North (a) Magyar (a) (a) Polish (a) (a) Slovak Grand total (a) 4. 46 6. 00 6. 97 7.33 7. 21 7.53 6. 62 Total native-born («) 4.48 (a) 6. 00 (a) 6. 99 (a) 7.43 (a) 7.36 (a) (a) 5.58 6.65 Total foreign-born (a) o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 348 The Immigration Commission. The worst crowding is generally found in the smaller apartments. The worst congestion in the Croatian households is found in the four-room apartments, where the households average 7.58 persons, or 1.90 per room. The North Italian households average! In the three- room apartments, 5.79 persons, or 1.93 per room; in the four-room apartments, 7.32 persons, or 1.83 per room; in the five-room apart- ments, 7.29 persons, or 1.46 per room; and in the six-room apart- ments, 8.20 persons, or 1.37 per room. . . ^ ^ . In practically every case there is a gradual lessening of the crowd- ing as the number" of rooms increases, and taking the foreign households as a whole, congestion is greater in the two-room apart- ments than in any other. . • j For convenient comparison, the table which follows is presented. It shows the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room. Table 210— Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) 1 General nativity and race of head of household. Total number Average number of persons per— of house- holds. Apart- ment. Room. Sleeping room. N 3 ftiv 6 ”bom of nSitivG f3.ttiGrj AVliitG. - 33 5.58 1.06 2.27 Foreign-bom: Tl yyVi om 1 o Ti cinH IVIoTflVlflTl 16 5.94 1.64 3.17 111 7.73 1.87 3.29 16 5.75 1.23 2.63 GGnriBii. 30 6. 37 1.34 2.65 10 6.00 1.22 2.50 144 6. 90 1.74 3. 03 64 8.22 1.99 3.63 LitliU3,iii3»n. 81 6. 44 1.75 2.78 ATfifxvfir 152 6.20 1.66 3.00 198 6. 86 1.74 3.46 Rournanio-H 10 5.10 1.67 2.83 36 6. 39 1.98 3.06 RuthGni^ii 43 6.81 1.74 3.22 glovak 384 6. 26 1.67 3.36 Slovenian 12 5.83 1.56 3.50 Grand total 1,340 6.62 1.69 3.18 TotSil ri3-tivG*boni - 33 5.58 1.06 2.27 Tot3-l forGi^i"born. 1,307 6.65 1.71 3.21 The South Italian households have the highest average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room. The Croatian households have the second highest average number of persons per apartment, the third liighest average number of persons p^er room, and the fifth highest number of persons per sleeping room. The Roumanian households have the lowest average number of persons per apartment, the eighth lowest average number of persons per room, and the sixth lowest average number of persons per sleep- ing room. The native households have the second lowest average number of persons per apartment, and the lowest average number of persons per room and per sleeping room. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 349 The table which follows shows the number and per cent of house- holds having each specified number of persons per room. Both num- bers and percentages are cumulative, as indicated by the column headings. Table 211. — Persons 'per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of per- sons per room. Number of households having each specified number of persons per room. Per cent of households having each specified number of persons per room. 1 or more. 2 or more. 1 3 or more. 4 or more. 1 or more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. Native-born of native father, White 33 1.06 18 4 54.5 12.1 0.0 0.0 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 16 1.64 14 6 (o) (a) (a) (a) Croatian 111 1.87 98 44 18 3 88.3 39.6 16.2 2.7 English 16 1.23 12 2 (a) (a) (a) (a) German 30 1.34 27 4 90.0 13.3 .0 .0 Irish 10 1. 22 9 (a) (a) (o) (a) Italian, North 144 1.74 130 64 10 90.3 44. 4 6.9 .0 Italian, South 64 1.99 60 37 9 1 93.8 57.8 14. 1 1.6 Lithuanian . 81 1.75 75 41 9 1 92.6 50.6 11.1 1.2 Magyar 152 1.66 134 56 10 2 88.2 36.8 6.6 1.3 Polish 198 1.74 184 77 17 2 92.9 38.9 8.6 1.0 Roumanian 10 1.67 4 1 (a) (a) (a) (a) Russian 36 1.98 33 18 7 2 91.7 50.0 19.4 5.6 Ruthenian 43 1.74 38 17 5 1 88.4 39.5 11.6 2.3 Slovak 384 1.67 345 151 44 9 89.8 39.3 11.5 2.3 Slovenian 12 1.56 6 5 2 (a) (a) (a) (a) Grand total 1,340 1.69 1,187 527 131 21 88.6 39.3 9.8 1.6 Total native-born 33 1.06 18 4 54.5 12. 1 . 0 .0 Total foreign-born 1,307 1.71 1,169 523 131 21 89.4 40.0 10.0 1.6 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. The South Italian households have the highest average number of persons per room, 1.99; the Russian households are only slightly lower, with 1.98; the Croatian households have the third highest, 1.87. The native-born white have the lowest average, 1.06; the Irish rank second, 1.22; and the English third, 1.23. The table shows for the native households that the average number of persons per room was two or more in 12.1 per cent of the households and one or more in 54.5 per cent of the households. For the Croatian households, the average number per room was four or more in 2.7 per cent of the households, three or more in 16.2 per cent, two or more in 39.6 per cent, and one or more in 88.3 per cent of the house- holds. Marked differences among the races are noted in respect to the number of persons per room. If only the races represented by 20 or more households are considered, the per cent of households averaging three or more persons per room varies from none of the native and German households to 19.4 per cent of the Russian house- holds. The per cent averaging two or more persons per room varies from 12.1 per cent of the native households to 57.8 per cent of the South Italian households. The per cent averaging one or more persons per room varies from 54.5 per cent of the native households to 93.8 per cent of the South Italian households. It should be borne in mind that in computing the average number of persons per room. 350 The Immigration Commission. every room in the house or apartment has been included, even the j rooms used for cooking and eating. . j n Data relative to crowding within the sleeping rooms are presented II in the table which follows. The table shows the number and per cent , of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping | room. Both numbers and percentages are cumulative as mdicated P by the column headings. For comparative purposes it would be u hio-hly desirable to show the number of adult persons per sleeping room, | but as explained in connection with a previous table relatmg to rent f per'capita, such a presentation would mvolve the arbitrary hxmg of | age limits and a large amount of additional work in tabulation, so |i that the plan has not been followed in this report. ^ Table 212 . — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. |i (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of persons per sleeping room. Number of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room. Per cent of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room. 2 or more. 1 3 or more. 4 or 1 more. 5 or more. 6 or more. 2 or more. 63. 6 (a) 91.0 (a) 90.0 (a) 90.3 95.3 87.7 91.4 95.5 (a) 86.1 93.0 95.1 («) 3 or more. 4 or more. 5 or more. 6 or more. Native-born of na- tive father , W hi te . Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English German Irish Italian, North. . Italian, South. . Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian - Ruthenian Slovak Slovenian 33 IG 111 16 30 10 144 G4 81 152 198 10 36 43 384 12 2. 27 3.17 3.29 2.63 2.65 2.50 3.03 3.63 2.78 3.00 3.46 2.83 3.06 3.22 3.36 3.50 21 14 101 13 27 8 130 61 71 139 189 8 31 40 365 10 11 9 70 7 11 4 86 47 42 76 150 6 19 25 262 8 4 8 36 1 2 39 29 18 46 80 2 11 14 156 4 1 5 19 1 17 11 7 14 34 4 9 75 4 1 9 1 6 6 2 2 15 4 3 42 2 33.3 (a) 63.1 (a) 36.7 (a) 59.7 73.4 51.9 50.0 75.8 (a) 52.8 58.1 68.2 (a) 12.1 (a) 32.4 (a) 6.7 (a) 27.1 45.3 22.2 30.3 40.4 («) 30.6 32.6 40.6 (a) 3.0 (a) 17.1 (a) .0 (a) 11.8 17.2 8.6 9.2 17.2 (a) 11.1 20.9 19.5 (a) 3.0 (o) 8.1 '“'.0 9.4 2.5 I. 3 7.6 (a) II. 1 7.0 10.9 (a) Grand total . . Total native-born.. Total foreign-born. . 1,340 3.18 1,228 833 450 201 93 91.6 62. 2‘ 33.6 15.0 6.9 33 1,307 2.27 3.21 21 1,207 11 822 4 446 1 200 1 92 63.6 92.3 33.3 62.9 12.1 34.1 3.0 15.3 3.0 7.0 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. The South Italian households have the highest average number of persons per sleeping room, 3.63; the Slovenian households the second highest, 3.50; ahd the Polish households the third highest, 3.46. Ihe native-born white persons have the lowest average, 2.27; the Irish rank second, 2.50; and the English third, 2.63. The table shows for the native-born white that the average number of persons per sleeping room was six or more in 3 per cent of the households, five or more in 3 per cent, four or more in 12.1 per cent, three or more in 33.3 per cent, and two or more in 63.6 per cent of the households. For the Croatian households, the average number per sleeping room was six or more in 8.1 per cent of the households, five or more in 17.1 per cent, four or more in 32.4 per cent, three or more in 63.1 per cent, and two or more in 91 per cent of the households. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 351 Considering only such races as are represented by 20 or more • households, the percentages for the several races vary materially. An average of six or more persons per sleeping room is found in 11.1 per cent of the Russian households, 10.9 per cent of the Slovak households, 9.4 per cent of the South Italian households, 3 per cent iof the native households, and none of the German households. The per cent of households having an average of five or more persons per sleeping room varies from none of the German households to 20.9 per cent of the Ruthenian households. In compiling this table all rooms used for sleeping purposes have been included, even though such rooms may be used for other pur- poses, as is the case in a number of instances. The general effects of the congestion set forth in the preceding tables, become quickly apparent in a consideration of the living con- ditions or domestic arrangements of the households of coal-mining employees. It is obvious that the crowded conditions in all rooms, and especially in sleeping rooms, interfere very seriously with the household arrangements for cooking, eating, and living in general. This situation is presented in the table below, which exhibits the average number of rooms per household, the average number of sleeping rooms, and the number and proportion of rooms not used for sleeping purposes. Table 213 . — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Total number of house- holds. Average number of rooms per house- hold. Average number of sleep- ing rooms per house- hold. Number of households sleeping in— Per cent of households sleeping in— All rooms. All except 1 room. All except 2 rooms. All rooms. All except 1 room. All except 2 rooms. , Native-born of native 1 father, White 33 5.27 2.45 3 ' 8 0.0 9.1 24.2 Foreign-bom: 1 , Bohemian and Mo- ravian 16 3.63 1.88 8 6 (a) (a) (a) Croatian 111 4.14 2.35 O 42 43 2.7 37.8 38.7 1 English 10 4.69 2. 19 1 7 (o) (a) (a) ! German 30 4. 77 2. 40 2 17 . 0 6. 7 56. 7 Irish 10 4.90 2. 40 5 (a) (a) (a) ■ Italian, North 144 3.97 2.28 70 57 .0 48. 6 39.6 Italian , South 64 4. 13 2.27 21 34 .0 32. 8 53. 1 Lithuanian 81 3.09 2.32 7 50 14 8.6 61.7 17.3 Magyar 152 3.73 2.07 2 68 63 1.3 44.7 41.4 Polish 198 3.95 1.98 4 54 95 2.0 27.3 48.0 Roumanian 10 5.10 1.80 2 1 (a) (a) (a) Russian 30 3.22 2.08 2 27 7 5.6 75.0 19.4 Ruthenian 43 3.91 2. 12 18 16 .0 41. 9 37.2 ■ Slovak 384 3.74 1.86 9 138 158 2.3 35.9 4L1 ' Slovenian 12 3.75 1.67 3 5 (a) (a) (a) ^ Grand total 1,340 3.92 2.08 27 507 536 2.0 37.8 40.0 Total native-born 33 5.27 2. 45 3 8 .0 9. 1 24.2 Total foreign-born 1,307 3. 89 2.07 27 504 528 2.1 38.6 40.4 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 352 The Immigration Commission. Of the grand total of 1,340 households, 27 use every room for sleep- ing. The races represented in the 27 households are Croatian, Lithuanian, Magyar, Polish, Russian, and Slovak. The 33 native*] households have an average of 5.27 rooms per household. None ofi these occupy all rooms for sleeping, 9.1 per cent occupy all rooms but( one, and 24.2 per cent occupy all rooms but two. The 111 Croatiant households have an average of 4. 14 rooms per household, 2.7 per cent of the households occupying all rooms for sleeping, 37.8 per cent all roomso but one, and 38.7 per cent all rooms but two. The table indicates that the Russian households are in the worst condition. For that i race the average number of rooms per household is 3.22, which is the' lowest average for knj race. Two, or 5.6 per cent, of the 36 Russian', households occupy all rooms for sleeping; 27, or 75 percent, occupy; all rooms but one; and 7, or 19.4 per cent, occupy all rooms but two. Chapter VI. GENERAL COST AND STANDARD OF LIVING. 'Explanation of study— Salient facts relative to the families studied— Food and general living expenditures.— Detailed expenditures of families studied.— [Text Tables 214 to 216.] EXPLANATION OF STUDY. The series of tabulations next presented is designed to afford an nsight into the cost of living and to furnish an idea of the general tandard of living of families of representative races, whose heads ire employed in the Pennsylvania bituminous mines. The data ^ere secured from the records of mining and store companies, and he period covered is from April 1 to June 30, 1909. A total of !4 families of 9 races were selected for detailed presentation. The American families were chosen for purposes of comparison with hose whose heads were foreign-born, and an effort was made to elect American families whose heads were engaged in practically he same occupations as those whose heads were of foreign birth, he results of the tabulations are not considered sufficiently exten- ive to justify any sweeping conclusions, but are presented with the ibject of affording the basis for a general conception of the cost and tandards of living which prevail in Pennsylvania bituminous localities. SALIENT FACTS RELATIVE TO THE FAMILIES STUDIED. The first table presented exhibits in a summary form the salient acts relative to the families studied. It shows the number of ersons in the families, age and sex of children, occupations and amings of head, and expenditures for rent, fuel, light, and general vmg. 353 354 The Immigration Commission. S : 2 ^ ft O C: C^l CO ) cc ; CC O lO O So mSS oSS OOO boS CO (M CO O O O lO ^ Q o lO CO O CO ^ rH ^ CO CO r-H o o to ^ CO CO 8 8! ^ T-i o a: lO odd d ^ lO cs r— o o §35 I 00 > I ^ CO *3 osfei Eh 3 a*^ Cv, g 888 88 --H 00 -H 00 00 > lO lO ) oi I- CO M lO CO lO lO CO CO o ^.co' O (M CM cm" -s e^IrtCM to C3 tX) O lO > GO iss (M O lO GO S" 3 P 00 lO o3 f3 ' g.S C3 r; b .& .2 Qo .2 0^ S S Eh Q Ph Eh .g-> O) O 0) •S-gB .2 ^.2 03 . _g -3^ g .>>>> o o o o o o o o o o :z;;z;2i >,>>>> o o o >■>.>> o o iziiz; !>>>. I-H (N CO 6 6 6 >>>.>, o o o izi^tz; >>>>>, o o o :zi:z;^ ||111i11h 111 I III 11 |l||i-1||i| 1^111^111 gbJO q -3 OO ^ 2^3 O) -CiS I? 2^ ^ ^ bC'd- «|'S C; rM rrt r/i ^ 3. 'i^e Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 355 Of the families studied, all except two show some surplus over and above the expenditures mentioned, which, however, are all that were incurred for the purposes mentioned. One of these families is a large boarding group for which a surplus or deficit could not be computed, and the other family shows only a very small deficit, which was probably met from some source other than the earnings of the head, or carried as a credit on the books of the company store. FOOD AND GENERAL LIVING EXPENDITURES. The following table shows in a general way the expenditures of the different households studied for various classes of food products: Table 215 . — Expenditures for food and general living in selected families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, 1909. Race of head of family. Meat. Vegeta- bles. Flour and food- stuffs. Dairy prod- ucts. Fruits. Gro- ceries. Miscel- laneous. Total. Native-born of native father, White: Family No. 1 $51. 10 $12. 03 $12.21 $9.86 $8.56 $9. 43 $33. 28 $136. 47 Family No. 2 22. 23 19.26 18.97 13.23 2.48 17.12 26. 85 120. 14 Family No. 3 11. 12 7. 62 7.22 9.99 1. 18 7.43 25. 52 70.08 Total 84. 45 38.91 38. 40 33. 08 12. 22 33. 98 85. 65 326. 69 Croatian: Family No. 1 243. 67 11.46 36.48 3.77 24. 64 11.90 331.92 Family No. 2 24.53 9. 23 25.50 .55 6.08 14.64 80.53 Total 268. 20 20.69 61. 98 3.77 .55 30. 72 26. 54 412. 45 English: Family No. 1 35. 63 15.49 16. 00 3. 22 2.07 9.87 22. 96 105. 24 Family No. 2 12. 97 5. 24 9.95 7. 56 1.45 5. 57 22. 98 65. 72 Family No. 3 6.21 6.44 10. 42 1. 10 1.08 5.91 9. 16 40.32 Total 54.81 27. 17 36. 37 11.88 4.60 21.35 55. 10 211.28 German: Family No. 1 12. 46 10. 85 15. 81 1. 15 3.48 5. 76 22. 72 72. 23 Family No. 2 39.74 5. 55 7.20 .66 .66 1.57 11.81 67.19 Family No. 3 15. 66 7. 37 5. 60 2.48 1.03 7.05 17.38 56. 57 Total 67.86 23.77 28.61 4.29 5.17 14. 38 51.91 195. 99 Irish: Family No. 1 30. 93 3.55 72. 04 12. 30 2. 24 1.52 37. 19 159. 77 Family No. 2 2. 06 7.02 14.93 2.83 1.26 14. 30 30. 87 73.27 Total 32. 99 10. 57 86. 97 15. 13 3.50 15. 82 68. 06 233. 04 Magyar: Family No. 1 33. 26 5. 24 15. 55 .69 1.40 14.02 14. 03 84. 19 Family No. 2 31.09 6. 05 15. 85 .20 1.14 7.54 12.99 74.86 Family No. 3 15.96 2. 77 5. 02 5. 84 .49 3.79 4. 25 38. 12 Total 80.31 14. 06 36. 42 6. 73 3.03 25. 35 31.27 197. 17 Polish: Family No. 1 46. 86 14.58 14. 56 4.57 2. 39 14. 73 24.71 122. 40 Family No. 2 66. 25 3. 65 10.35 1.89 1.11 11. 10 15. 64 109. 99 Family No. 3 26.48 1.58 12.91 1.14 .30 3. 75 11.14 57.30 Total 139. 59 19.81 37.82 7.60 3.80 29.58 51.49 289. 69 Scotch: Family No. 1 32. 27 12. 40 16. 29 5.51 3.41 14.98 29.96 114. 82 Family No. 2 9.57 10. 54 12. 15 3.95 2. 85 12. 10 12. 93 64.09 Total 41.84 22. 94 28. 44 9.46 6.26 27.08 42. 89 178. 91 356 The Immigration Commission. Table 215 —Expenditures for food and general living in selected families, hy race of head of family, April 1 to June 1909— Continued. Race of head of family. Meat. Vegeta- bles. Flour and food- stuffs. Dairy prod- ucts. Fruits. 1 Gro- ceries. Miscel- laneous. Total. Slovak: Family No. 1 Family No. 2 Family No. 3 $71.13 26. 19 20.54 $3.86 5.27 1.23 $22.54 3. 85 10.6^ $1.31 2.28 3.47 $1.81 1.40 .60 $13.99 9.35 6.07 $7.06 5.54 10.98 $121.70 53.88 53. 51 Total 117.86 10. 36 37.01 7.06 3.81 29.41 23.58 229.09 Welsh: Family No. 1 Family No. 2 Family No. 3 31.54 20. 14 12. 46 10. 86 7.01 9.82 18. 63 8. 85 12.80 23.50 8.80 17.86 4.61 4.82 2.70 14.20 11.50 12.59 42.70 42.52 22.52 146.04 103. 64 90.75 Total 64. 14 ’ 27. 69 40.28 50. 16 12. 13 38.29 107.74 340.43 In the above table all kinds of meats or meat products are classified under ‘‘meat/’ while vegetables include either fresh or canned vege- tables: Hour and foodstuffs include flour or any article of food the chief ingredient of which is flour, for example, crackers, bread, cakes etc • dairv products include butter, cheese, milk, and eggs; rruit includes all forms of fruits or fruit products, either fresh or preserved; groceries embrace such products as coffee, sugar, rice, etc.; while under miscellaneous are included any articles not coming under pre- vious classifications but used in the household, as house furnishings, clothing, drv goods, tobacco, etc. . ^ ^ It is seen from this table that the proportionate amount ot meat consumed per individual is much higher in the case of the Croatians than any other race. The Croatians and Slovaks are the only races where one-half or more of the total expenditure for general living is for meat. It is also noted that, generally speakmg, the expendi- tures for meat are considerably higher in the case of the more recent immigrants than in the case of the older immigrant races and the whites native-born of native father. By referring to the itemized accounts submitted, it is seen that the quality of ^e meat consurned in the homes of these more recent immigrants, the Croatians, Slovaks, Poles, and ^lagyars, is, generally speaking, coarser than that used by the other races. In otlier words, they buy a great deal more jmrk, bologna, and other meats of this type, while the whites native-born of native father, and the English, Irish, Germans, and Scotch, 1^7 principally beef and ham. The whites native-born of native lather and the vVelsh consume a much greater amount of fruit than other races. Generally speaking, the amount spent per individual tor both fruit and dairy products is much lower in the case of the more r^ent immigrant races than the older immigrant races and the whites native-born of native father. -d • a The Americans and older immigrant races from Great Britain and northern Europe show a much higher expenditure per individual tor miscellaneous household supplies than the more recent imrnigrant races. Here the Welsh and American whites show considerably greater outlay than any other race, and the Croatians show by tar the lowest. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 357 DETAILED EXPENDITURES OF FAMILIES STUDIED. For a detailed statement as to quality, quantity, and cost of com- modities purchased by the selected families during the three months’ period, attention is called to the following tables, which show by items and dates, as well as by race of head, the expenditures of the families studied : Table 216 . — Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June SO, 1909. NATIVE-BORN OF NATIVE FATHER, WHITE: FAMILY NO. 1. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING. [This family consisted of husband, wife, and two small children — one son 3 years of age and one daughter 1 year of age. The husband only was employed (motorman), and his earnings during the above period were $182.55.] Date. Article. Cost. Date. Article. Cost. Apr. 1 2 lbs. beef $0. 26 Apr. 9 1 lb. 2 oz. ham $0. 17 1 lb. 4 oz. beef .23 9 4 doz. eggs .92 1 1 lb. ham . 15 9 1 pn.l. pa.soline . 15 1 do . 15 9 Candy .02 1 2 lbs. 3 oz. beef .39 9 3 lbs. 12 oz. beef . 50 2 1 lb. 3 oz. pork . 16 9 1 lb. 2 oz. bam ! 17 2 1 lb. 3 oz. lard .45 9 2 lbs. 6 oz. beef ^33 2 3 lbs. beef .39 9 5 lbs. lard... . 75 2 1 glass jelly .35 10 3 lbs. 12 oz. beef . 50 2 50“lbs. Union flour 1.80 10 2 lbs. 6 oz. beef .33 2 i bu. potatoes .55 12 2 lbs. 8 oz. neef . 45 2 i qt. oil . 15 12 1 lb. ham . 15 2 3 cans tomatoes .30 13 1 lb. 1 .5 oz. beef . 25 2 3 cans corn .30 13 do . 25 2 2 cans peas .20 14 2 lbs. pork- . . 34 2 3 boxes berries .45 14 1 lb. ham . 15 2 2 cans peaches .50 15 .do . 15 2 2 cans milk . 40 16 1 qt. onions . . 10 2 2 qts. navy beans .24 16 .5 pkgs. seed . . . . . 25 2 4 qts. lima beans .28 16 Candy. . . 05 2 1 bx. yeast .05 16 1 pr. overalls. . . 50 2 16 lbs. sugar 1.00 16 Cakes... . 10 2 4 doz. eggs 1.00 16 Ivd.la.wn.. . 25 2 1 lb. butter .39 16 1 pr. hose. . 15 2 1 lb. raisins . 10 16 -do . 15 2 1 bx. apples .12 16 1 pkg. zig zag . 05 2 6 pkgs. tobacco .48 16 1 lb. 1 4 oz. beef . 34 2 1 glass mustard . 10 16 2 lbs. pork. . . 34 2 4 lbs. coffee .68 17 1 lb. 1 4 oz. beef . 34 2 1 bx. soda .05 17 3 lbs. 8 oz. beef . 46 2 1 broom .33 19 1 lb. sausage . 23 2 4 cans paint .60 19 1 lb. ham. . 15 2 17 yds. wire 1. 70 20 2 lbs. 4 oz. beef . 29 2 2 lbs. ham .30 21 2 lbs. 1.5 oz. pork.. . 50 2 5 lbs. 10 oz. beef .86 21 1 lb. ham . 15 3 2 lbs. ham .30 22 2 bt. pop . 10 3 5 lbs. 10 oz. beef .86 23 1 lb. 4 oz. beef . 41 5 1 globe . 10 24 .50 lbs. Union flour 1. 80 5 i yd. gingham .05 24 1 bu. potatoes. . . . L25 5 Candy .05 24 1 va.l. pa.soHne . 15 5 2 lbs. beef .26 24 .3 ca.ns tomatoes . 30 5 U lbs. beef .23 24 .3 qts. hominy .. . 30 5 1 lb. ham . 15 24 .3 qts. beans . . . 51 5 do . 15 24 .3 cans peaches . 50 5 1 lb. 3 oz. pork . 16 24 1 vla.s.s jelly. . 45 5 3 lbs. lard . 45 24 .3 cans milk . 40 5 2 lbs. ham .30 24 .3 lbs. coffee . 51 5 5 lbs. 10 oz. beef .86 24 16 lbs. sugar 1.00 6 1 pkg. seed .05 24 6 pkgs. tobacco . 48 6 Candy .01 24 1 cocoannt . 10 6 1 lb. ham .15 24 4 doz. egvs. . 92 6 2 lbs. 1 oz. pork ..50 24 2 qts. navy beans. . 24 6 1 lb. ham . 15 24 4 qts. lima, beans . 28 6 2 lbs. 1 oz. pork .35 24 1 bx. apples . 12 7 1 lb. 15 oz. beef .25 24 .5 ca kes soap . 25 7 1 lb. ham .15 24 do .25 7 1 doz. eggs .25 24 h gal vinegar . 15 7 1 lb. 15 oz. beef .25 24 1 saw. . . 1.50 7 1 lb. ham .15 24 2 lbs. onions . 10 9 1 mop .45 24 1 bx billing . 10 9 1 Candy .05 • 24 Candy !oi 48296 °— VOL 6—11 -24 358 The Immigration Commission. Table Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April Vto June 30, 1909 — Continued. native-born of native father. WHITE: FAMILY NO. 1. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING— Continued. Date. Apr. 24 26 26 26 26 27 28 28 29 29 May 1 1 1 Article. 4 lbs. beef 1 ream paper 20 yds. border Candy 3 lbs. 4 oz. beef 1 lb. ham 2 lbs. beef 1 lb. lard 2 lbs. ham 1 lb. ham 2 lbs. beef 1 cake 4 bolts paper 20 yds. border 1 doz. cakes 1 collar 3 rhubarb 50 lbs. Union flour i bu. potatoes 10 lbs. sugar 1 gal. oil 2 lbs. ham 2 lbs. coffee Peaches Apricots 1 bx. yeast 1 lb. rice 1 lb. raisins Apples Hominy 1 can milk Curtain stretcher. . 6 pkgs. tobacco 1 lb. butter 4 doz. eggs 1 pr. shoes do 3 lbs. lard 1 can minced ham. 3 lbs. beef 2 lbs. 6 oz. beef.... 2 lbs. 2 oz. beef. . . 1 lb. ham 2 lbs. beef 3 lbs. 4 oz. beef... 2 lbs. beef 2 lbs. pork 1 lb. ham 3 yds. gingham... Candy 6 pkgs. seed 1 qt. beans Candy 2 cabbages Cakes 1 pr. pants. 3 lbs. ' ' beef. 1 lb. ham 3 lbs. 4 oz. beef. . 3 lbs. lard 1 pineapple Candy Clocks li yds. gingham. 1 lb. ham 2 lbs. beef 1 lb. ham 2 lbs. 7 oz. beef. 1 pkg. tobacco... 3 lbs. lard 2 lbs. 7 oz. beef. 1 lb. ham 3 lbs. beef 2 lbs. pork 3 lbs. lard Berlin sausage... 2 lbs. beef 11b. lard Cost. Date. Article. 80.62 May 15 .72 15 .40 15 .05 16 .46 16 .15 16 .36 16 .16 16 .30 16 .15 16 .32 16 .25 16 .40 16 .20 16 .10 16 .15 16 .09 16 1.90 16 .70 16 .50 16 .15 16 .30 16 .34 16 .50 16 .15 16 .05 16 .09 16 .10 16 .12 16 .20 16 .20 16 1. 75 16 .48 16 .38 16 1.00 16 2.00 16 1.25 16 .48 16 .15 16 .42 16 .33 16 .30 16 .15 16 .36 16 .44 16 .20 17 .36 18 .15 18 .21 18 .05 18 .30 18 .10 18 .05 18 .10 18 .10 19 .25 19 .42 19 .15 20 .49 21 .48 21 .20 21 .02 22 1.50 22 .12 22 .15 22 .28 24 .15 24 .36 25 .08 25 .48 25 .33 26 .15 26 .48 27 .34 27 .48 28 .15 29 .30 29 .16 Jime 1 1 lb. 9 oz ham 3 lbs. 2 oz. beef Berlin sausage 50 lbs. flour i bu. potatoes 1 gal. gasoline 2 cans tomatoes 2 cans corn 2 qts. navy beans 4 qts. lima beans 1 bx. yeast 2 lbs. meal 2 lbs. hominy 6 pkgs. tobacco 3 boxes berries 4 doz. eggs 16 lbs. sugar 1 broom 1 can apricots 1 glass jelly 1 bx. soaplne 1 bx. cocoanut 2 lbs. coffee 5 cabbages 2 lbs. onions 1 pr. shoes do 50 lbs. flour 1 bu. potatoes 1 gal. oil 2 cans tomatoes 2 cans com 2 cans peaches 2 cans milk 4 qts. lima beans 2 qts. navy beans 16 lbs. sugar 1 bx. yeast 4 doz. eggs 2 glasses jelly 10 pkgs. tobacco 4 cabbages 2 lbs. coffee 1 bx. borax 3 boxes blackberries . 1 lb. ham 2J yds. gingham 1 spool thread Dif. on broom Candy 1 straw hat Berlin sausage 1 lb. 11 oz. beef 1 bx. apnles 1 lb. 3 oz. ham 1 pt. pickles 2 lbs. 7 oz. beef 2 lbs. pork 3 lbs. pork Candy 1 spool thread 1 pr. suspenders . . . 3 lbs. lard 1 lb. ham 2 lbs. beef 2 lbs. pork 1 can minced ham . 3 lbs. lard 2 lbs. 10 oz. beef. . . Berlin sausage 1 can minced ham . 2 lbs. beef 1 lb. ham 3 lbs. beef 3 lbs. pork 3 lbs. lard 2 lbs. bologna 1 lb. ham Cost. . 1 ( .4i .li .11 .o; . 0 ,’ .o; .21 .i; .25 .!( .!( .51 .3' .5: .Oi .01 .11 .41 .11 .21 .3' .11 .3: .11 .41' .5 .41 . 2 ( .11 Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 359 Table 21%.— Expenditures in typical families, hy race of head of family, April 1 to June 30 , 1909 — Continued. NATIVE-BORN OF NATIVE FATHER, WHITE: FAMILY NO. 1. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING-Continued. Date. Article. Cost. une 1 1 lb. 4 oz. ham 0. 28 1 2 lbs. beef . 45 2 3 lbs. beef . 51 4 2 lbs. 3 oz. pork . 38 4 3 lbs. lard..* . 48 5 1 lb. ham . 15 5 2 lbs. 9 oz. beef .29 5 1 lb. 8 oz. beef .30 5 . 30 7 2 lbs. ham !44 7 3 lbs. 2 oz. beef .47 9 2 lbs. 12 oz. beef .43 9 1 lb. pork . 17 9 1 lb. ham . 15 10 2 lbs. beef .36 10 2 lbs. 4 oz. beef .34 10 3 lbs. lard .48 11 12 oz. ham . 17 11 31 lbs. beef .53 12 2 lbs. 7 oz. beef .39 14 3 lbs. pork .45 15 31 lbs. beef .42 16 3 lbs. lard .55 16 1 lb. ham . 15 16 li lbs. ham .27 16 50 lbs. Union flour 2. 00 16 1 bu. potatoes ' 1.35 16 1 gal. oil .15 16 2 cans corn .20 16 2 cans tomatoes .20 16 2 cans peaches .50 16 2 cans milk .36 16 3 cans berries .45 16 10 pkgs. tobacco .80 16 1 lb. rice .09 16 Onions . 10 16 2 lbs coffee .34 Date. Article. Cost. June 16 1 bx. yeast $0. 05 16 2 glasses jelly .70 16 4 doz. eggs 1.08 16 1 bx. soapine .25 16 16 lbs. sugar 1.00 16 1 lb. apricots .15 16 1 bx. cocoanut . 10 16 6 yds. dimity .72 16 4 yds. dimity .60 16 10 yds. gingham 1.00 16 3 yds. gingham .30 16 1 yd. muslin .09 16 1 yd. embroidery .08 16 4 yds. lace .40 16 1 pr. pants .45 16 1 shirt .50 16 27-in. belting .25 17 If lbs. beef .28 18 3f lbs. beef .48 19 5 lbs. beef .75 19 2 lbs. beef .40 21 1 lb. meat .15 22 2 lbs. 15 oz. beef .45 22 3f yds. lawn .37 23 3 lbs. beef .45 24 2J lbs. beef .38 25 2 lbs. beef .40 26 1^ lbs. ham .34 26 3 lbs. lard .17 26 1 lb. ham .15 26 3i.lbs. beef .50 28 § lb. pork .12 28 IJ lbs. beef .19 28 If lbs. beef .35 29 3i lbs. beef .48 Total 136. 47 ATIVE-BORN OF NATIVE WHITE: FAMILY NO. 2. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING. husband, wife, and eight children-three sons, 17 , 15 , and 14 years of age, and eamhS?/thP h husband (fireman) and one son were^ employed. The eammgs of the husband during the above period were $ 168 . 35 .] ^ ^ Date. Article. Cost. I Date. Article. Cost. pr. 1 1 lb. coffee $ 0.17 Apr. 3 1 lofif AQ 1 1 lb. apricots .16 3 1 plv? t.Ollfl.POO JbO. Uo AQ 1 2 pkgs. tobacco .16 3 1 bx snuff . Uo Ap; 1 1 bx. snuff .10 3 1 iV). riBiVy VipfiTis . uo 1 0 1 2 lbs. sugar .14 3 1 11d. liiniRi liPH.ns . 12 1 0 1 1 lb. onions .05 3 Candy . 12 Ac; 1 ^ gal. vinegar .10 5 2 .^ 11^9 TTninn flnnr . UO AA 1 1 bu. potatoes .65 5 1 lllL/ii lluLii - 1 lb coffee . yu 1 7 1 2 lbs. lima beans .14 5 2 lbs. .suga.r . 1 i 1 A 1 2 cakes soap . 10 5 1 hx smiff ACC 1 1 bt. catsup .10 5 1 lirpRrl . Uo AQ 1 2 lbs. kidney beans .24 5 i pk potatoes . Uo 1 Q 1 5 lbs. nails .25 5 1 It), iifivv • io 1 0 1 1 doz. pickles .10 5 6 cakes • 12 a;; 1 1 lb. butter .38 5 1 cioz t)iTns . UO 1 A 1 3 J lbs. bacon .65 6 IJ lbs beef . lU 1 5 lbs. Union flour 1.80 6 1 lb coffee . 2o 1 7 2 1 qt. oil .08 6 2 lbs snyRr . 1/ 1 A 2 2 lbs. sugar .14 6 2 Dice's. tobj),ppo . 14 1 ct 2 1 bx. yeast .05 6 rlo • lb 1 A 3 2 lbs. beef .24 6 1 bx snuff . lb .05 3 1 lb. coffee .17 6 1 C 2 iJl tOTTlflfOPS 3 2 lbs. sugar .14 6 1 lb. onions . 10 3 1 lb. apricots .16 6 1 doz cakes .05 1 A 3 3 1 can tomatoes 1 can corn .10 6 i pk. potatoes . lU .18 . 10 1 6 1 can milk .05 360 The Immigration Commission. Table 216. — Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, 1909 — Continued. NATIVE-BORN OF NATIVE FATHER, WHITE: FAMILY NO. 2 EXPENDITURES FOR I WAiiv and GENERAL LIVING— Continued. 1 Date. Article. Cost. Date. Apr. 6 $0.10 Apr. 14 2 .10 14 h .05 14 1 .14 14 1 .12 14 1 .05 14 ] .24 14 ] .21 14 ] .19 14 i 8 8 8 .05 15 ] .25 15 ] .10 16 ( .10 16 i 8 8 8 8 .24 16 1 .14 16 ; .17 16 ( .05 16 : .14 16 : .08 16 : .05 16 8 .18 16 .10 16 .05 16 .14 16 .10 .16 16 .12 16 .12 16 .10 16 0 1 lb onioTiQ .05 17 y g Nflii Is - .05 17 Q 1 h lbs bacon .*.... .30 17 y 10 10 1 lb. beef. .20 17 ^ lb, butter .19 17 10 2 lbs hominy .05 17 lU 10 G cukes ••••••• .05 17 10 1 lb. coffee .17 19 xU 10 9 l>Ao cn (T^r .14 19 XU 10 1 cun sirup .10 19 XU in 1 nQn HfiVinp' nowder .05 19 XU 1 n ^ lbs limu .14 19 lU in Q IKo .13 20 lU in 3 IK Knttpr .22 20 XU in 1 Kv cmiff .10 20 iU 10 1 lb onions ■ .06 20 XU 10 1 doz buns .10 20 XU 1 n 1 Qt nuvy benns .12 20 XU 10 h nk potutoes .15 20 XU 10 1 lb lard .15 20 XU in J lb butter .19 20 XU 10 1 X IKc -nnrlr .21 20 iU 10 1 pr suspenders .35 20 lU 10 1 pkg tobacco .08 20 XU 10 2 lbs sugar .14 20 XU 10 2 cukes soup .10 20 iU 10 1 lb .17 21 XU 10 1 loaf bread .08 21 XU 10 10 10 10 1 pkg seed'^ .05 21 1 can tomatoes - .10 21 fi cake'^ .05 21 \ qf beans .12 22 10 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 1 suck suit .05 22 1 box snuff .05 22 2 lbs sugar .14 22 1 can corn .10 22 J pk potatoes .18 22 1 pkg tobacco .08 22 1 q-f nuvy b^^^^ .12 22 'Rprprc .10 22 Ib^ pnrk .28 22 1 lb wiprinips .07 22 1 lb coffee .17 22 1 pkg yeast .05 22 1 b'^x ‘sn'ifF .05 23 5 qts OTiinps .50 23 1 qt navy beans .12 23 23 Article. 1 lb. coffee. 1 lb. nails 2 lbs. sugar 2 qts. vinegar 1 can corn 1 can tomatoes. . . 1 bx. snuff 6 cakes 1 pr. hose do Candy 1 lb. butter 2 lbs. ham 2 lbs. pork 3 bananas ^ doz. eggs 1^ lbs. lard 4 fish 1 lb. ham ilb. butter 1^ lbs. pork 2 lbs. sugar 1 lb. beans 1 can tomatoes. . Candy i lb. butter 4 loaves bread . . 1 lb. coffee 2 lbs. sugar 1 qt. beans 1 bt. catsup Ipkg. yeast 1 cake soap 1 box snuff 1 pkg. tobacco . . 1 lb. onions 14 lbs. lard 2 lbs. fish 1 lb. butter 1^ lbs. pork 2 lbs. sugar I pk. potatoes. . 1 cake soap 1 can tomatoes.. 3 lbs. pork Jib. butter I lb. cheese IJ lbs. bacon... 1 lb. nails 1 bx. snuff 2 lbs. sugar 1 lb. coffee 1 bt. castor oil . 1 qt. beans 1 can tomatoes. IJ lbs. prunes.. 2 loaves bread . 1 lb. onions 2 lbs. pork 1 cake soap — 2 lbs. sugar Iqt. beans,,.. Cost. SO. .05 .14 .12 Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 361 ['able 21Q.— Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30 , 1909 — Continued. NATIVE-BORN OF NATIVE FATHER, WHITE: FAMILY NO. 2. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING — Continued. Date. Article. Cost. Date. Article. Cost. pr. 23 1 broom $0. 25 May 1 Beef 23 1 orange .05 1 h lb. butter - oo QO 23 1 can tomatoes .10 Raonn . oU 1 ft 23 ^ pk. potatoes .18 1 1 pr. hose. . . lo 1 9 23 Candy .05 1 Sausage • 23 Crackers .03 h lb. butter • OO 1 ft 24 1 lb. butter .19 1 1 lb. pork . lo oo 24 i§ lbs. bacon .24 3 1 box snn ff • Zo 24 1 fish .05 3 2 IIds fill g'ar • uo 1 A 24 1| lbs. beef .21 3 1 lb coffee . 14 1 7 24 2 lbs. sugar .14 3 1 loaf brea.d . 1/ Oft 24 1 lb. coffee .17 3 1 qt beans . Uo 1 9 24 2 pkgs. tobacco .16 3 Bananas . iZ 24 1 box snuff .05 3 1 can tomatoes . \JO 10 24 1 yd. outing .10 3 1 can mustard . lU 1 o 24 2 qts. beans .24 3 Cakes . lU oc; 24 1 can sirup .12 3 1 pkg tobaeeo . uo Oft 24 J pk. potatoes .18 3 1 lb beef . Uo 9/1 24 1 can tomatoes .10 3 1 lb bacon . Z4 1 24 6 cakes .05 3 i lb butter • 10 1 ft 26 1 lb. butter .37 3 1 lb coffee • io 1 7 26 1 cake soap .05 3 2 lbs. sugar . 1/ 14. 26 Candy .01 3 1 A 26 1 box corn flakes .10 3 ^ Cggo. 1 pipe . 14 Of; 26 1 can milk .05 3 Beans . uo 1 9 26 1 loaf bread .10 3 1 lb prunes • IZ 1 9 26 .08 4 50 IBs TTnion flour • IZ 1 OO 27 Candy .04 5 Beef 1. yu QO 27 li lbs. pork .23 5 2 loaves bread • OU 1 ft 27 6 pickles .05 5 Oil . lo 04 28 1 lb. coffee .17 5 Candy . U4 1 1 28 1 cake soap .05 5 Trousers • 1 1 p;o 28 i pk. potatoes .18 5 1 Excello . OU 1 o 28 1 pkg. tobacco .08 5 Suga.r . lU 1 4 28 2 lbs. sugar .14 5 Potatoes • 14 1 ft 28 1 can tomatoes .10 5 Beans . lo 19 28 2 lbs. beef .28 5 Soap . IZ op; 28 1 lb. cheese .10 5 Seed . Uo op; 29 Ifish .05 5 1 bx. snuff . Uo oc; 29 1 lb. wiennies .12 5 Beef . Uo 1 ft 29 IJ lbs. bacon .30 6 2 prs hose . lo 90 29 § lb. butter .18 6 5 vds TniisliTi . ZU OO 29 1 can kraut .10 6 1 Bt. BorspradisB . oU 29 1 can tomatoes .10 6 2 lbs sugar . 15 1 i 29 3 loaves bread .24 6 1 lb coffee . 14 1 7 29 1 box snuff .05 6 Buns . 1/ .10 29 1 orange .05 6 1 can toTTiatops 29 1 lb. sugar .07 6 Onions . 10 1 o 29 3 bananas .05 6 Bea.ns . lU 1 9 29 6 cakes .05 6 Calcps . IZ Of; 29 Candy .06 6 Butter . Uo 9/4 29 2 lbs. sugar .14 6 1 IB porlc . Z4 oo 29 1 can tomatoes .10 7 Butter . z«5 IQ 29 1 lb. coffee .17 7 Bacon » . ly .43 30 1 lb. sugar .07 7 Cabbage 1 o 30 2 lbs. sugar .14 7 1 lb coffee . lU 1 7 30 i pk. potatoes .18 7 Taver . 1/ 1 O 30 1 pkg. tobacco .08 7 1 bt. catsup . lU 1 o 30 1 box snuff .05 7 1 can tomatops . lU 1 o 30 2 lbs. beans .14 7 Beans . lU O/f 30 1 lb. bologna .14 7 1 Bx. Brpalcfast food . Z4 1 o 30 Candy .10 7 2 IBs sng^ar . lU 1 A 30 i lb. cheese .10 7 Onions • 14 1 o 30 1 lb. butter .18 8 Rotatops . lU 1 ft 30 IJ lbs. pork. .23 8 1 pl^^ sppd . lo op; ■y 1 1 paint .25 10 1 IB ooffpp . Uo 1 7 1 J doz. eggs . 14 10 2 IBs sugar . Li 1 A 1 1 bt. catsup . 10 10 Parpgorio . 14 1 o 1 1 box coffee essence .10 10 2 pkgs tobacco . lU 1 A 1 Onions .10 10 1 can tomatops . 10 1 o 1 Cabbage .13 10 Beans . lU 1 9 1 Sugar .25 10 Cakes . IZ ot; 1 Soap .25 10 1 calcB soap . Uo op; 1 1 can tomatoes .10 10 1 lb. beef . Uo 1 A 1 1 pt. milk .05 10 1 Spool tBrpad . 14 Oft 1 1 qt. beans .12 10 Cheese .Uo 1 o 1 1 yeast .05 10 Bacon . lU 0/1 1 1 box snuff .10 10 Butter . o4 .19 362 The Immigration Commission, Table 216 . — Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, 1909 — Continued. T NATIVE-BORN OF NATIVE FATHER, WHITE: FAMILY NO. 2. EXPENDITURES FOR Q NAllVEBORW food, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING-Continued. - Date. May Article. Cost. Date. Article. < $0 95 May 19 Leather !o5 19 3 lbs. sugar .07 19 1 qt. beans 16 19 1 cake soap .28 19 1 pkg. tobacco 16 19 1 bx. snuff ! 10 19 1 glass mustard .10 19 1 lb. pnmes .01 19 Cakes . 19 19 1 lb. beef .05 .05 19 Candy 19 1 cake soap 16 19 1 pt. milk !i2 22 1 lb. coffee .09 22 1 gal. oil .05 22 2 lbs. sugar .05 22 1 can sirup .10 .30 22 do 22 1 can tomatoes .18 22 1 qt. beans .05 08 22 1 bx. berries 22 1 bx. snuff .14 14 22 i doz. eggs 22 6 cakes . 10 22 1 lb. beef 12 22 1 lb. bologna .18 22 i lb. butter .10 05 22 1 pkg. tobacco 24 2 loaves bread . 10 24 1 bx. snuff O IVlC* OtlfTOl' .14 24 1 pkg. tobacco 1 Vw oTinfr .05 24 1 qt. beans 1 IVv .17 24 1 can tomatoes . 18 24 J pk. potatoes ^ pk. potatoes .30 24 Bacon 2 lbs. pork- .20 . 17 24 Pickles 1 1V\ 25 1 lb. beef 1 ID. .05 25 1 lb. butter . 05 25 2 lbs. sugar 1 bx. coffee essence \7 .01 25 2 loaves bread o lV\c .20 . 19 25 1 pr. overalls 1 Z IDb. DUlOglia 1 IV. VMitfOT* 25 2 lbs. sugar 1 5 ID. DULlci ------ . 17 25 1 lb. coffee 1 1 ID. collet;- - . 12 25 Veal 1 1 CciD. sirup . 10 25 1 bx. snuff 1 1 gltiss iTiusttird. 1 n c !i2 25 1 bx. bluing . 14 25 1 cake soap t 2 lbs. sug3.r r^oKVvocTo . 12 25 Lima beans L Oni/vnc .10 25 Bananas 1 /ion •f/^molAOC . 10 26 2 yds. lining ) X CctLl tUlilcl tV./Co 1 Or\vn mnol .25 26 2 yds. plaid 1 1 T%f milV .05 26 1 yd. calico > 1 ^\j, llilllV - i 1 "Kv onnrF .05 26 1 comb .51 26 1 pt. milk 7 "D 1 1 . 19 26 Candy 7 O TM*0 TkOTl+O 1.00 27 Bacon 7 1 1V\ .17 27 Cheese . 17 27 J lb. butter 7 OP^ IKc TTriir^n flrxnr .95 27 1 pk. potatoes 1 ZO lUo. vy lllUil JJ.V/LJ.1 - 7 1 T\lrQlrP 05 ' 28 Calico t X CdAc; o^jci^ - .12 28 1 ham 2 1 fTol Pll .04 28 Liver 3 X f^CLX* V/ll - .................. ^ 1 yw cmifF .05 28 2 lbs. sugar 2 1 pcm IrToiTt" . 10 28 Lard R 9 Uyq Qii crc»r .14 28 1 ib. bologna 3 ^ lUo. OLlftdl . 17 28 1 lb. cheese S 'Woil<3 .05 28 Cakes g T pc^thpr .45 28 1 lb. butter .18 June 1 1 lb. coffee C 1 p^ ppTotppQ Q ■] cpnnl .05 1 2 lbs. sugar Q pQTiHtT .06 1 1 cake soap 77 y^oiLiKxy ••• - Q 1 IH bnttpr .18 1 25 lbs. flour Q 1 IVi ItirH . 16 1 1 glass jelly V X 1 U • Idl VI - ..................... 9 2pkgs. seeds .20 1 1 pkg. tobacco ' Cost $0.37 .21 .12 .05 .08 .05 .10 .12 .05 .20 .02 .05 . 08 . Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 363 Table 216. — Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, 1909 — Continued. NATIVE-BORN OF NATIVE FATHER, WHITE: FAMILY NO. 2. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING.— Continued. Date. Article. Cost. Date. Article. Cost. June 1 1 can tomatoes $0.10 June 8 1 can lye SO. 12 1 1 can sirup .12 8 J doz. buns .05 1 1 qt. beans .12 8 Candy. .05 1 li lbs. beef .23 9 1 pkg. seed . . .05 1 50 lbs. flour 1.90 9 4 lbs. sugar .25 1 1 bt. malted milk 1.00 9 1 pkg. tobacco.. .08 2 1 lb. lard .16 9 1 qt. beans .12 2 1 lb. cheese .22 9 6 cakes .05 2 li lbs. pork .23 9 1 cake soap .05 2 1 bucket .10 9 1 comb .05 2 .10 9 Jib. butter. . ... . 18 2 1 can corn .10 9 1 bunch rhubarb .10 2 .10 9 Candy .07 2 2 cans milk .10 9 1 can milk .05 2 2 lbs. sugar .14 10 IJ lbs. bologna .30 2 1 qt. bealis .12 10 i lb. butter .19 2 1 pkg. tobacco .08 11 1| lbs. bacon .30 2 1 box. snuff .05 11 1 qt. beans .12 2 1 doz. buns . 10 11 1 cake soap .05 3 1 lamp globe .10 11 1 pkg. tobacco .08 3 1 pencil .01 11 2 lbs. sugar . 14 3 If lbs. beef .20 11 6 buns .05 3 Cards .05 11 Candy 1 .05 3 1 lb. butter .32 11 pk. potatoes .18 4 2 lbs. sugar .14 12 2 cucumbers .05 4 1 lb. coffee .17 12 1 lb. lard . 16 4 1 lb. flax seed .05 12 IJ lbs. bacon .30 4 6 cakes .05 12 ^ lb. butter . 19 4 1 lb. prunes .08 12 J lb. cheese . 10 4 1 can milk .05 12 2 lbs. sugar .14 4 1 pk. potatoes .18 12 1 lb. coffee .17 4 1 broom .30 12 1 pkg. tobacco .08 4 i lb. cheese . 10 12 1 box snuff .05 4 i lb. butter .18 12 1 qt. beans . 12 4 5 yds. outing .55 12 1 nutmeg .05 4 1^ lbs. beef .23 12 1 bt. catsup . 10 4 1 bx. crackers .05 12 1 can tomatoes . 10 4 1 loaf bread .08 12 1 can milk .05 5 U lbs. beef .28 12 Cakes . 05 5 2 sacks salt .10 12 1 excello . 10 5 2 lbs. sugar .14 12 2 lbs. sugar . 14 5 1 lb. coffee .17 12 1 sack salt .05 5 1 lb. beans .12 12 Candy .03 5 1 pkg. tobacco .08 15 1 lb. butter . 19 5 1 bx. snuff .05 15 1 lb. Polish sausage . 10 5 1 bx. noodles .05 15 2 lbs. sugar . 14 5 2 lbs. cabbage .12 15 1 pkg. tobacco. . 08 5 i pk. potatoes .18 15 1 qt. beans . 12 5 1 can tomatoes .10 15 § pk. potatoes . . . 18 5 1 doz. buns .10 15 Candy . 05 5 Candy .05 15 Buns . 14 5 1 lb. cheese .16 16 50 lbs. flour 1. 90 7 ^ lb. butter .18 16 1 pr. shoes 1. 75 5 U lbs. bacon .30 16 do 1. 75 7 l| yds. cheviot .16 16 do 1. 25 7 H lbs. bacon .30 16 1 lb. beef . 20 7 h lb. butter .18 16 1 lb. cheese . 20 7 1 lb. coffee .17 16 1 cap . 25 7 2 lbs. sugar .14 16 li lbs. beef . 27 7 1 can corn .12 16 Candy . 05 7 1 qt. beans .12 17 2 lbs. sugar . 14 7 1 cake soap .05 17 3 bananas . 05 7 1 box yeast .05 17 1 ck. .soap . . 05 7 3 bananas .10 17 1 nt. oil . . 04 7 2 loaves bread .16 17 1 spool thread ! 05 7 i pk. potatoes .18 17 Candy .02 7 1 box snuff . .05 18 Noodles. . 05 1 7 1 box excello .10 18 2 lbs. suear ! 14 7 2 loaves bread .16 18 1 lb. coffee . 17 7 Candy .02 18 1 pkg. tobaroo . 08 8 If yds. cheviot .16 18 3 bananas .05 8 1 pkg. pins .05 18 1 qt. beans. . . . . 12 8 J doz. pickles .05 18 1 can milk . 05 8 2 lbs. sugar : .14 18 2 loaves bread . 16 8 1 pkg. tobacco .08 18 1 vd. drapery . 25 8 1 box snuff .05 18 1 s. cover . 30 8 1 can tomatoes .10 18 li lbs. beef . 21 8 1 box salve .10 19 1 1 shirt .50 364 The Immigration Commission. Table 216 — Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June ^ 30, 196>9— Continued. NATIVE-BORN OF NATIVE FATHER, WHITE; PAMILY NO 2. EXPENDITURES FOR ^ food, clothing, and GENERAL LIVING— Continued. Date. Article. Cost. Date. Article. Cost. Tune 19 1 hose 1 $0.10 j 19 1 lb. butter .38 19 2 lbs. bacon .30 19 2 lbs. sugar | • 14 1 19 1 qt. beans . 12 19 1 pkg. tobacco . 10 19 1 can tomatoes . 10 19 1 lb. prunes . 12 19 h pk. potatoes . 18 19 i bx. snuff . 15 19 1 pt. milk . 05 19 2 lbs. sugar . 14 21 Iball . 05 21 2i lbs. beef .41 21 3 bananas . 05 21 1 lb. coffee .17 21 2 pkgs. tobacco . 10 21 i pk. potatoes . 18 21 1 lb. rice . 10 21 1 pt. milk .05 21 2 lbs. sugar . 14 21 1 bucket .20 21 1 pkg. soda .05 21 1 can peaches . 16 21 1 ck. yeast . 05 21 1 qt. oil .04 21 4 cakes soap .20 22 Dishes .33 23 2 lbs. sugar . 14 23 Leather . 55 23 Nails . 05 23 1 doz. buns .10 23 1 lb. coffee . 17 23 Cakes . 05 23 Candy .05 23 J pk. potatoes . 18 23 IJ lbs. beef .30 24 6 cakes . 05 24 3 bananas . .05 24 1 lb. cheese .20 Jvme 24 6 pickles $0.05 : 24 3 bananas . 05 24 1 pkg. tobacco .08 24 2 lbs. sugar . 14 24 Cabbage .08 25 1 pr. hose .10 25 Candy .01 25 2 lbs. sugar . 14 25 1 bx. coffee essence . 05 1 25 1 bx. bluing .10 25 h pk. potatoes . 18 25 Cakes . 05 25 1 bt. catsup .10 25 1 lb. prunes . 10 25 ^ lb. butter .19 26 1 basket .05 26 lean peaches .16 26 6 cakes . 05 26 ^ pk. potatoes .18 28 2 lbs. sugar . 14 ! 28 . 05 ' 28 1 pkg. tobacco .08 28 3 bananas . 05 28 1 qt. beans .12 28 1 cap . 10 ^ 28 2 prs. hose .20 i 29 3 yds. cheviot .27 i 29 1 lb. coffee . 17 29 1 pkg. tobacco .08 29 1 can peas . 12 29 Cabbage . 06 29 Cakes . 10 29 1 lb. raisins .09 29 2 lbs. sugar . 14 29 Eggs . 14 29 Pork .28 29 ^ lb. butter .19 Total - 120. 14 NATIVE-BORN OF NATIVE FATHER, WHITE; FAMILY NO 3 EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD. CLOTHING. AND GENERAL LIVING. FThic family consisted of husband, wife, and two children— one daughter 3 years of age and one 6 months i ^ oik: Th/hSnMy^w^^^^^^ (pick miner), and his earnings during the above period were $139.84.] Date. Article. Cost. Date. Article. Apr. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 $0. 37 Apr. 6 If lbs. butter . 18 6 6f lbs. ham 3 lbs. liver .34 6 1 can tomatoes 2 lbs. coffee .25 6 1 pkg. tobacco 4 lbs. sugar. .22 6 Candy 1 doz. eggs !20 8 Stogies 1 can milk .08 8 1 lb. tea 1 pkg. tobacco -■ . 13 8 2 lbs. coffee 1 qt. red beans !20 8 Candy 1 1 Vv .38 8 2 doz. eggs 4 lbs. beef .65 9 1 brush 3 3 3 1 pr. shoes 2. 75 .50 9 9 1 cake soap 1 gal. oil 2 prs. hose 1 gal. oil .15 9 1 lb. cakes 3 3 3 1 can tomatoes 1 cB<; livpr .25 29 7 lbs. onions .28 10 9 IViG Vippf .38 29 2 lbs. rice .18 10 Q IViG P, filly Viam 1.20 29 3 bts. catsup .30 11 4 lVi<5 ‘jiip’flr .25 29 1 bt. horse radish .25 1 1 Ht Qfilfirl nil .25 29 1 bt. salad oil .25 11 1 V»f PfltGlip .10 29 4 lbs. cabbage .20 11 9 IVic nninriG .10 29 1 doz. eggs .27 11 1 0 lhnttf*T* .10 4 rolls paper .60 5 rolls border .40 1 ^pool .05 1 C9-P .10 Q ttHc ainfrbfiTn .35 O y ViO. Calico .15 j -pr corsets .50 9 IKo .24 2 t)OX6S sods .20 1 w&ist .50 Candy. .05 ■Rppf .30 .30 Ca,k6. .10 T .15 .10 C&lico - .21 .10 .o; PS/int- - .10 9 IHq Kppf .2( PQj-k - .2f : .1.'' • i: .2.' A > Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 373 Table 2U.— Expenditures in typical families, hy race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, Continued. ENGLISH: FAMILY NO. 2. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING— Continued. Date. Article. Apr. 25 25 Eggs 3 pkgs. seed 25 1 bx. zigzae 25 Cake 25 do 25 1 lb. butter 25 Cake 28 Paper 28 Crackers 28 Beef 28 2 lbs. beef 28 Veal 28 1 pr. hose 28 Beans 28 Frankfurters May 1 1 bt. polish 1 Cakes 1 1 pr. drawers 1 1 lb. beef 1 1 lb. sausage Pork Eggs Cakes 1 bx. soda 25 lbs. Union flour 1 pk. potatoes Washing powder 3 cakes tar soap 2 lbs. starch 2 boxes soap powder. . 8 lbs. sugar 1 sack salt 2 cans pork and beans. 1 can tomatoes 1 bx. pills 1 bx. powder 1 lb. lima beans 2 lbs. butter 2 lbs. bacon Salt side 2 doz. eggs 6 pkgs. tobacco Ginger snaps 1 bx. crackers 2 boxes soda 5 yds. gingham 1 pr. shoes i lb. tea ^ yds. soisetto 1 spool thread 1 doz. buttons 1 lb. tea 3 lbs. beef 3 lbs. lard 8 lbs. sugar 50 lbs. Union flour 3 lbs. salt side 2 lbs. cheese 1 pr. shoes 2 prs. hose 1 cap 1 pr. pants ! Crackers Cakes Candy 1 doz. eggs Crackers Cake Pie ;;;;;;; Stogies Hat ^ ^ lb. cheese Candy Cabbage Veal Oil ■■■■ Cap Pork ■■■■ .74 .30 .15 .50 .48 .25 .10 .10 .35 1.20 .30 .88 .05 .10 .50 .45 .45 .50 1.90 .39 .44 3.25 .30 .50 .75 .10 .10 .05 .27 .10 .10 .05 .05 .10 .11 .05 . 14 .52 .15 .10 .25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 13 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 48296° — VOL 6 — 11 25 1 bt. catsup 1 gum 1 pr. hose Crackers Candy Flour J bu. potatoes 6 pkgs. tobacco Washing powder 3 cakes soap 8 lbs. sugar 1 lb. starch 1 bx. grape nuts 1 lb. rice 1 lb. butter 2 cans tomatoes 1 can beans 2 lbs. lard 1 bt. sauce 3 doz. eggs 1 qt. navy beans 1 bx. berries 1 lb. currants 1 lb. cocoanut 1 pr. hose 1 doz. eggs 2 lbs. cabbage 2 lbs. cakes 2 lbs. beef 1 pr. shoes Candy Peanuts 1 doz. pickles Pork and beans 1 lb. prunes 6 lbs. cabbage 2 lbs. soda 1 bx. baking powder. 1 lb. onions 1 lb. apple butter 4 rolls paper Cost. Date. . Article. $0.25 May 12 Butter .15 12 Beef .05 12 1 cake soap .05 15 do .20 15 1 lb. ham .37 17 1 glass jelly .10 17 i lb. tea... .06 17 Cakes .10 17 1 lb. cheese .26 17 Gingham .33 17 Hose .51 17 Zigzag .15 17 Peanuts .15 17 Oil .10 17 Cakes .15 17 Eggs .10 17 Cheese .30 17 Cakes .19 17 do .10 22 Pork and veal .26 22 Beef .25 22 Snaps .10 22 Candy .10 22 Tobacco .95 22 1 pr. shoes .35 22 1 can tomatoes .25 22 Cakes .15 22 Candy .10 22 Leather .10 22 1 can beans .50 22 Veal .05 22 Ham .30 25 1 lb. beef .10 25 Pork .25 28 2 lbs. snaps .25 28 1 bx. sardines .07 June 1 1 doz. cakes Cost. $0. 37 .19 .05 .05 .17 .15 .30 .05 .11 .18 .20 .05 .05 .15 .15 .14 .12 .10 .10 .30 .32 .05 .10 .05 1. 10 .10 .10 .05 .13 .15 .32 1.35 .20 .10 . 10 .05 .10 .05 .05 .10 .10 .03 .75 .55 .48 .25 .15 .50 .05 .15 .09 .39 .20 .30 .30 .15 .75 .12 .30 .13 .10 .10 .27 . 14 .20 .39 1.50 .05 .10 .12 .15 .12 .24 .20 .10 .05 .10 .60 374 The Immigration Commission. Table 216 —Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, Continued. ENGLISH: FAMILY NO. 2. EXPEN^DITURES JO^R^FOOD. CLOTHING, AND GENERAL Date. June 16 16 22 Article. 8 yds. border 1 spool thread 1 cap 3 yds. gingham 2 yds. gingham 3 yds. calico 50 lbs. Union flour. 8 lbs. sugar \ bu. potatoes 2 lbs. coffee 1 lb. tea 3 doz. eggs 1 lb. sausage Cost. Date. $0.40 June 22 .05 22 .10 22 .20 22 .18 22 .18 22 1.90 22 .50 25 .55 25 .34 26 .50 26 .75 .10 Article. 1 cake Candy 1 lb. 8 oz. beef. Nails ^ yd. gingham . 1 cantaloupe. . . Cakes do \ lb. butter — Beef Cakes Cost. $ 0 . Total. 65. 72 ENGLISH: FAMILY NO. 3. EXPENDITHMS ^FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL tTLIs ,a.UF eon«- ^ Date. Article. Cost. Date. Apr. 1 1 $1.80 May 2 : .25 2 .10 2 ' 1 1 4 c^ns tomsttOGS .40 3 1 1 9 f'nrn .20 3 X 1 4 pkPS .32 3 X 1 1 1 HfiY ‘snaninp .20 3 1 lb. .60 3 X 1 1 V^nv vpa^t. .05 3 X 1 2 boxes macaroni .20 3 1 Hnv Ivp .10 3 1 1 A rrtllc wall nanpr .40 3 *± 1 UllO w Oil* 1 cdiix sirup .12 3 .10 3 3 g 9 IHq r^lipp^p .38 3 1 oal oil . .15 3 8 1 A Candy .10 3 50 lbs Union flour 1.80 3 XD 1 A 5 C3.k6S SOS-p .25 3 XD 17 3 X ii^g .48 3 ! X/ IQ 1 lb. t63. .60 3 Xa IQ 2 c&ns .20 5 xy IQ 4 pkgs tobacco .32 5 xy 10 2 lbs limfl V'pan^ .... .14 5 xy IQ 2 qts navy beans .24 6 xy 19 1 brush .30 ' 5 19 .10 8 IQ 1 bx rolled oats .12 8 xy IQ ^ pk onions .20 8 xy 21 1 gal. oil .15 8 99 .35 13 Lit 99 1 pk 1 lb - .15 13 Lit 22 24 3 lbs pork .45 13 1 sack salt .05 16 94. CrBch’pr^ .15 16 in 24 2 lbs. pork .30 16 94. 35 lbs b'^pf .60 16 97 Paper - .10 16 May 1 1 \ 25 lbs Ttnion flnnr .95 16 1 bu potatops .60 16 J lb tea .30 16 3 cans tomatoes - .30 16 1 2 CBUS pPB^ .24 16 X 5 CBkPS ^oap . . .25 16 1 3 cakes soap .15 16 1 1 1 bx baking soda .05 22 1 gal. oil .15 24 2 rolls cott^^ .30 June 1 1 2 4 pkgs .32 1 2wxesyeast .10 5 Article. atches Candy 50 lbs. Union flour J bu. potatoes 2 lbs. lima beans 5 cakes soap 4 cans tomatoes 2 cans corn 1 bx. yeast 1 bx. baking soda 1 bx. macaroni 4 pkgs. tobacco 2 pkgs. evaporated apples . 1 lb. tea 6 rolls wall paper 2 lbs. cakes 1 bt. catsup 2 lbs. beef 2 spools thread 4 yds. muslin 1 gal. oil 1 bt. vanilla 1 bx. cocoanut 1 bx. Malena pills Candy 4^ lbs. beef Cheese Milk Candy 2 lbs. sugar Tea Cocoanut 25 lbs. Union flour 2 lbs. lima beans 2 qts. navy beans 2 cans tomatoes 2 cans corn 1 bx. macaroni 1 lb. tea . Cost. $ 0 . 4 pkgs. tobacco. 1 b3 IX. yeast . 2 boxes apples. 1 broom Potatoes 3 lbs. beef 1 lb. lard 1 qt. vinegar. . 2 lbs. onions. . 1 bt. catsup. . . .10 .36 .15 .15 .10 .10 .05 .82 .25 .10 .05 .14 .10 .95 .14 .24 .20 .10 .32 .05 .24 .38 .35 .55 .16 .05 .12 .10 Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 375 Cable 21%.— Expenditures in typical families, hy race of head of family, April 1 to June 30 , 1909 — Continued. CNGLISH: FAMILY NO. 3. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING-Continued. Date. Article. Cost. une 5 1| lbs. lard $0. 24 5 1 lb. pork .17 5 3^ lbs. beef .58 5 8 lbs. sugar .50 5 Onions .05 5 Candy .05 8 1 qt. vinegar .05 8 Nipple .05 8 .05 9 li lbs. side .22 16 50 lbs. Union flour 2.00 16 i bu. potatoes .60 16 5 cakes soap .25 16 2 cakes soap .10 16 1 lb. tea .60 16 4 pkgs. tobacco .32 16 1 bx. yeast .05 16 1 bx. macaroni . 10 16 2 qts. navy beans .24 16 1 bt. vanilia .10 16 2 lbs. onions . 10 16 Leather .43 Date. Article. 1 Cost. Jime 16 1 bx. baking powder $0. 10 .15 .54 .10 .25 .15 .25 .15 .05 .05 .10 .12 .10 .01 .10 .20 .45 .37 .14 16 1 gal. oil 19 3i lbs. beef 19 i yd. calico 19 2 boxes berries 19 1 lb. cakes 19 2 boxes berries 19 1 lb. pork 22 1 bx. baking soda 22 i lb. salt 22 3 cucumbers 25 1 can sirup 25 1 pr. hose 25 Candy 26 Tea 26 2 doz. buns 26 26 2i lbs. meat 1 lb. butter 30 f lb. meat Total 40. 32 ERMAN: FAMILY NO. 1. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING. his family existed of husband, wife, and three sons, 8, 5, and 3 years of age. The husband only was employed (pick miner), and his earnings during the above period were $201.23.] Date. Article. Cost. Date. Article. pr. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 5 lbs. nails 1 doz. bananas 33| yds. wire 4 prs. hose 5 yds. seersucker 3^ yds. satin 1 garden rake 2 garden hoes 1 lb. butter 4 lbs. beef 50 lbs. flour h bu. potatoes 1 bu. com 4 lbs. sugar 1 lb. breakfast food . . . 2 cans molasses 1 can sirup 1 lb. powdered sugar.. 1 bt. vanilla 1 bx. macaroni 2 cans tomatoes 1 can berries 1 can corn 1 can peas \ doz. pickles 6 pkgs. tobacco 1 head cabbage 1 bx. breakfast food... 1 bx. raisins 1 bx. buckwheat 2 lbs. cakes 4 lemons 1 lb. coffee 1 jar apple butter 1 jar mustard 2 cans pork and beans 1 pineapple 4 lbs. beef 2f lbs. beef. 1 lb. butter 2 lbs. bacon li lbs. bologna $0. 25 .20 3.33 .60 .63 1.05 .30 .50 .39 .72 1.80 .55 1.00 .25 .12 .30 .12 .10 .10 . 10 .20 .15 .10 .15 .05 .48 .11 .15 . 10 . 10 .25 .10 .17 .30 .10 .30 .15 .63 .50 .14 Apr. 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 May 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 13 17 1 lb. butter 3 1 lbs. beef 50 lbs. Union flour 1 bu. corn 1 bu. potatoes 8 lbs. sugar 2 lbs. coffee 1 bx. yeast 1 bx. breakfast food... 1 bx. rolled oats 1 doz. pickles 2 cans pork and beans, 1 can sirup 1 can tomatoes 1 ib. lima beans 1 lb. currants 1 lb. raisins 6 pkgs. tobacco 3 lbs. cabbage 1 lb. cakes 2 cans oysters 1 bt. onions 1 bt. catsup 2 lbs. onions 50 lbs. Union flour i bu. potatoes 8 lbs. sugar 1 lb. coffee 6 pkgs. tobacco 1 bx. yeast 1 bx. breakfast food 1 bx. rolled oats I lb. cakes 1 lb. cakes 5 lbs. prunes Pickles 2 boxes biscuit 3 lbs. cabbage 4 lbs. beef 1 pr. shoes If lbs. beef ’ 1 suit clothes Cost. $0. 38 .60 1.80 1.00 1.25 .15 .12 .10 .30 .12 .10 .14 .10 .10 .24 .18 .20 .20 .12 .10 .10 1.90 .70 .50 .17 .48 .05 . 15 .12 .10 .13 .60 .05 .10 .17 .64 1.65 .24 9.00 376 The Immigration Commission. Table 216. — Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30 , 1909 — Continued. GERMAN: FAMILY NO. 1. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIV IN G— Continued. Date. May June Article. Cost. Date. Article. 25 lbs. flour $0. 95 June 1 1 doz. pickles .50 1 1 can beets .70 1 1 q^t. navy beans .34 1 IJ lbs. bacon . 10 4 1^ lbs. beef .24 8 2J lbs. beef . 75 8 3J lbs. beef . 10 8 25 lbs. flour . 15 8 § lb. cakes .30 12 21 lbs. beef .35 16 2 lbs. pork .05 16 IJ lbs. bologna i fio7.. pickles .05 16 1 lb. butter 1 lb. raisins .09 16 2 lbs. beef 1 can tomatoes . 10 16 50 lbs. flour 1 hv macaroni . 10 16 ^ bu. potatoes 1 hv. berries . 15 16 12 lbs. sugar 1 ht onions . 12 16 1 bu. corn 1 doz. boxes matches .10 16 1 bu. wheat 1 box macaroni .10 16 1 bu. corn 1 box rolled oats . 12 16 1 lb. coffee .3 boxes yeast .15 16 1 bt. root beer 2 lbs. starch . 10 16 2 cans pork and beans 1 can peaches .20 16 1 can berries 2 cans oysters .20 16 1 screen door .3J lbs. beef .60 16 2 screen windows lbs. beef .76 16 3 pkgs. tobacco lbs. beef .78 16 do 2^ lbs. beef .45 16 1 can beets 25 lbs. flour .95 16 1 can peaches ^ bu. wheat .45 16 1 cake soap 1 bag meal.. . .30 16 1 box breakfast food 12 lbs. sugar .75 16 1 box rolled oats 1 broom .35 19 5J lbs. beef 6 pkgs. tobacco .48 22 IJ lbs. beef 2 lbs. prunes .20 23 If lbs. beef 2 cans pork and beans . . .30 24 do 2 cans tomatoes .20 25 1 can sirup 1 can peas .15 25 ^ doz. bananas 1 bu. potatoes 1.35 26 1^ lbs. beef 1 pkg. macaroni .10 29 do 3 lbs. cabbage .19 1 can sirup .12 Total 1 lb. raisins .09 Cost. $ 0 . 72.2 GERMAN: FAMILY No. 2. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERA] LIVING. [This family consisted of husband, wife, and two sons, 3 and 1 years of age. The husband only was eir ployed (leveler), and his earnings during the above period were $167.90.] Article. Cost. Date. Article. Cost. \ bu. potatoes $0. 55 Apr. 5 1 lb. pork $0.1 25 lbs. flour .90 6 1 lb. beef .1 2 pkgs. tobacco . 16 6 1 lb. bologna .] 2 lbs. cabbage .08 6 1 lb. pork .1 1 bx. soap powder .05 6 5 lbs. ham .( Candy .05 6 2 lbs. onions 2 lbs. sugar . 14 6 1 nan tomatoes H lbs. beef . 18 6 4 lbs. cabbave 2 lbs. pork .30 6 2 pkgs. seed .‘i 3 lbs. pork .45 6 6 cakes A 1 soup bone .08 6 Candy A 2 lbs. bologna .20 6 1 pr. bosp 1 lb. wiennies . 13 6 _do 1 lb. pork . 14 7 1 lb. pork IJ yds. oilcloth .38 7 1 lb. bologna i yd. gingham .08 8 1 lb. fish 2 lbs. beef .24 8 Candy A do .28 8 1 pkg. tobaeeo . A 2 lbs. pork .28 8 2 lbs. .sugar . . 1 lb. beef .12 8 1 can tomatoes Date. Apr. 1 1 tc. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 12 12 13 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 19 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 26 26 27 28 28 28 29 29 30 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 5U. ). 77 .05 .95 .35 .32 .25 .20 .12 .10 .05 .18 .30 .45 .08 .20 .13 .14 .24 .28 .28 .12 .14 .10 .70 .10 .12 .10 .01 .11 .25 .12 .18 .14 .64 .12 .14 .10 .12 .14 .90 .14 .15 .10 .10 .18 .94 .12 .32 .18 .28 .12 .95 .20 .25 .32 .14 .05 .14 .10 ,10 ,12 18 28 12 21 42 10 84 10 10 14 10 10 12 12 28 12 Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 21Q— Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 30, 1909 — Continued. N: FAMILY NO. 2. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GI LIVIN G— Continued. Article. ' 1 can sardines 1 sack salt 2 lbs. onions 3 bananas doz. cakes 1 cake soap 1 lb. peaches 5^ lbs. ham 1 lb. pork 11b. lard IJ lbs. beef 5f lbs. veal 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. veal 11b. crackers 1 pkg. tobacco Candy 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. pork 1 lb. beef do 3 pork ends 1 J lbs. beef 1 pr. overalls 25 lbs. Union flour. 1 bu. potatoes 4 pkgs. tobacco 2 lbs. sugar 5 cakes soap 1 can tomatoes 1 bx. yeast 1 can soap powder . 1 can lye 2 lbs. onions 1 bt. catsup 3 bts. oil, alpha 1 lb. beef 1 pkg. seed I doz. cakes IJ lbs. beef 3 lbs. pork 1 lb. Polish sausage. 1 lb. beef do do 2 lbs. pork 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. bologna 1 lb. pork 1 can tomatoes Candy 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. veal 1 lb. pork 11b. bologna 1 lb. pork 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. veal 1 lb. bologna 1 lb. beef li lbs. beef 1 lb. beef 4 lbs. pork 1 lb. beef do 1 lb. pork 2 lbs. bologna 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. pork do 1 lb. beef Candy Mustard Bananas Cabbage Bluing Crackers Cost. $0. 20 .05 .10 .05 .05 .05 .16 .90 .14 .15 .18 .94 .12 .32 .10 .08 .03 .18 .28 .12 .12 .18 .28 .50 .90 .65 .32 .14 .25 .10 .05 .05 .10 .10 .10 .75 .12 .05 .05 .21 .42 .10 .12 .12 .12 .28 .12 .20 .14 .10 .05 .12 .32 .15 .10 .15 .12 .32 .10 .12 .20 .12 .60 .12 .12 .15 .20 .12 .30 .30 .12 .05 .15 .05 .10 .10 .10 Date. Article. May 1 11 yds. calico 1 1 spool thread 1 25 lbs. Union flour 1 Potatoes 1 4 pkgs. tobacco 1 5 cakes soap 1 2 cans tomatoes 1 1 jar mustard 1 1 bt. catsup 1 1 bx. soap powder 1 1 lb. beef 1 2 lbs. pork 1 3 lbs pork 1 1 soup bone 1 2 lbs. Polish sausage 2 1 lb. wiennies 2 1 lb. pork 3 2 lbs. beef [ 3 do J 3 2 lbs. pork i 5 1 lb. beef 5 1 lb. pork 6 Cakes 6 7 bolts paper 6 Beans 6 do ! 6 Bluing 6 Matches 6 Cheese ' 6 Vest 6 1 lb. beef 6 1 lb. bologna j 6 1 lb. pork ' 6 5 lbs. Cally ham 7 1 lb. beef 7 1 lb. pork 7 11b. bologna 8 1 lb. beef 8 1 lb. pork 8 5.^ lbs. ham 8 1 lb. pork 8 1 lb. lard 8 Cakes 1 10 do 10 li lbs. beef 10 5f lbs. veal 1 12 1 lb. beef 12 2 lbs. veal 14 IJ lbs. beef 1 15 2 lbs. pork j 15 1 lb. beef | 16 25 lbs. Union flour 16 2 cans tomatoes i 16 Soap 16 4 pkgs. tobacco 16 Sugar 16 Matches 16 2 lbs. lima beans 16 1 bt. catsup 16 2 lbs. onions 16 1 lb. beef 16 3 soup bones 16 2 lbs. pork 17 1 lb. beef 17 1.1 lbs. beef 17 3 lbs. pork 17 1 lb. bologna 17 7 bolts paper 17 1 lb. starch 17 1 loaf bread 17 Cabbage 17 1 box bluing 17 1 doz. bananas 19 1 lb. beef 20 20 2 lbs. pork 21 1 lb. beef 378 The Immigration Commission. Table 2\^.—Ex'pend%tures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to 30, 1909 — Continued. GERMAN- FAMILY NO. 2. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVIN G— Continued. Date. Article. May 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 26 26 27 28 28 28 29 30 30 30 June 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 8 8 2 lbs. Polish sausage. 1 lb. pork 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. veal 1 lb. pork 1 lb. Polish sausage.. 1 lb. pork 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. veal 1 lb. Polish sausage.. 1 lb. beef 1 shirt 1 lb. beef 4 lbs. pork 1 lb. beef do 1 lb. pork 2 lbs. Polish sausage . 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. pork do ! 1 lb. beef 4 pkgs. tobacco 2 cans tomatoes 1 bx. soap powder . . 2 cakes soap 2 lbs. onions Candy 1 bx. crackers 25 lbs. flour 1 bx. yeast 1 shirt 1 spool thread 6 yds. calico 1 ib. beef 2 lbs. pork do 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. sugar Pie Cakes 4 doz. eggs i lb. beef 1 lb. bologna 1] lbs. bacon 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. pork 2 prs. hose Cake 1 bt. castor oil 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. pork 2 lbs. veal 1 lb. bacon 1 lb. pork 1 soup bone 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. pork 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. pork 1 lb. pork 1 lb. bacon 2 lbs. pork 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. pork 1 lb. beef do Cost. Date. SO. 20 .14 .12 .32 .15 .10 .15 .12 .32 .10 .12 .50 .12 .60 .12 .12 .15 .20 .12 .30 .30 .12 .32 .20 .05 .10 .10 .05 .15 .95 .05 .50 .05 .36 .12 .30 ..30 .12 .14 .05 .10 .13 .12 .10 .25 .12 .30 .25 .10 .10 .12 .30 .36 .20 .15 .05 .12 .30 .14 .30 .15 .20 .30 .14 .30 .12 .12 June 11 11 12 12 12 12 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 28 Article. 1 lb. pork 1 lb. bologna 3 lbs. veal 1 lb. pork 1 lb. beef 1 lb. bologna 1 lb. pork 1 lb. beef 2 lbs. pork 3 lbs. beef 1 pk. potatoes. . ^ doz. eggs 1 can tomatoes. . 1 bx. crackers. . , Candy 25 lbs. flour 1 bu. potatoes. . 2 cans tomatoes . 4 pkgs. tobacco. 4 lbs. sugar 3 cakes soap Onions 2 lbs. starch Cakes h doz. eggs Candy 2 yds. lawn 1 lb. ham 1 lb. bacon 2 lbs. pork do do 1 lb. beef do 21 lbs. veal 2"soup bones . . . Cost. SO. i pr. nose 1 bx yeast .Oi 1 sack salt .OJ 1 loaf bread .!( 1 bx enameline .01 1 can tomatoes .11 ria.nfly .01 F, P'P'S .1' 1 3 C3-nta-loup6s .21 2 lbs. pork .31 1 lb beef .i; 2 lbs pork .31 1 lb beef .i: 2 lbs. pork .31 2 lbs veal .3: I lb Polish sausage .11 3 lbs. pork .4. 21 lbs beef .2' 1 lb pork .1. 1 lb beef .1: 1 lb pork .1. 1 lb beef .i: Onions .11 Candy .0. 1 ball .K ^Cakp .11 1 lb bacon .21 1 Ih pnrk .1. Candy .0' Total 67.1! Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 379 Table 216. — Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, 1909 — Continued. GERMAN: FAMILY NO. 3. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING. [This family consisted of widower, one daughter 3 years of age, and married sister. Head and daughter lived with married sister and gave groceries, etc., in exchange for food. Head only was employed (teamster), and his earnings during the above period were $118.80.) Date. Article. Cost. Date. Article. Cost. Apr. 1 U lbs. cheese $0. 28 May 15 2 pkgs. tobacco . $0. 16 1 ? lbs. beef • 40 15 Candv. . . 03 1 50 lbs. flour 1.80 19 2f lbs. beef ’ 47 1 1 bu. potatoes 1. 10 19 If lbs. bologna.. * 18 1 16 lbs. sugar 1.00 19 50 lbs. flour 1. 90 1 2 qts. navy beans .24 19 1 bu. potatoes i!35 1 3 lbs. bacon .57 19 4 lbs. lima hea.ns ! 28 1 1 jar mustard .15 19 2 lbs. coffee . 40 1 1 ban beets .15 19 2 cans tomatoes . 20 1 2 lbs. coflee .44 19 3 cans corn ’ 25 1 4 lbs. lima beans .28 19 16 lbs. sugar LOO 1 1 can sirup . 12 19 3 lbs. bacon . ’ 52 2 2 lbs. saus'age .30 19 3 lbs. lard " 48 2 li lbs. bologna .15 19 2 lbs. apricots... ! 30 9 1 pkg. tobacco .08 19 2 pineapples . . ' 25 9 1 flower .35 19 5 vds. calico ! 35 9 ^ lb. frankfurters .05 19 2 shirts ! 20 9 2 lbs. beef .20 19 3 prs. hose 40 9 1 lb. bologna .10 28 4 flowers. . ’ 50 10 21 lbs. beef .34 28 If lbs. liver. " 13 10 2 lbs. sausage .30 28 li lbs. bologna . 15 10 2 doz. eggs .46 31 1 pkg. tobacco !o 8 16 If lbs. veal .26 June 2 2f lbs. beef ! 43 16 ^ lb. cheese . 11 2 1 lb. bolopna . 10 17 1 doz. eggs .25 2 1 bu. potatoes L 35 17 8 stogies . 10 2 50 lbs. flour 1. 90 17 2i lbs. beef .27 2 1 vd. gingham ’07 20 1 jar mustard .10 2 5 vds. calico ’ 35 20 4 yds. dry goods .50 2 5 vds. muslin. * 45 20 5 yds. calico .35 2 16 lbs. sugar. . 1* 00 20 2J yds. dry goods .45 2 4f lbs. bacon ! 95 20 2^ yds. lawn .38 2 1 bt. catsup... ! 10 20 2 cakes soap .10 5 2| lbs. beef ! 34 20 4J yds. dry goods .57 5 1 lb. bologna ! 10 20 1 pr. overalls 1.00 7 2 shirts ! 96 20 2 prs. hose .50 8 4 vds. ribbon . 80 20 1 shirt .50 8 1 spool cotton .05 23 15 oz. bologna .09 8 8 vds. lawn 1. 06 23 2| lbs. beef .46 10 Candy *03 24 i doz. oranges . 18 10 2 spools thread . 10 24 1 doz. eggs .25 17 2 suits underwear 2! 00 24 1 bt. polish . 15 17 1 pr. shoes 1. 00 26 1^ yds. ribbons .30 17 2 prs. hose *30 26 1 pr. hose .10 17 8 stogies * 10 26 Candy .02 17 2\ lbs. pork ! 34 ate. Article. Cost. Date. le 27 3i lbs. beef $0.54 June 29 27 ^ lbs. beef .52 29 27 4 lbs. veal .60 29 27 1^ lbs. bacon .25 30 28 2^ lbs. beef .25 30 28 Pepper .15 28 4 lbs. sugar .25 Article. Cost. 1 lb. coffee $0.17 .05 .55 .05 .40 Candy 5 lbs. beef 1 bx. Gold Dust 1 pk. potatoes Total 122. 40 LISH: FAMILY NO. 2. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING. lis family consisted of husband, wife, and eight cliildren— two sons, 6 months and 6 years of age, and )ur daughters, 2, 4, 8, and 10 years of age. The husband only was employed (leveler), and his earnings uring the above period were $199.40.] ate. Article. Cost. Date. Article. Cost. r. 1 9 yds. gingham $0.81 Apr. 9 1 lb. fish $0. 10 1 1 spool thread .05 10 1 pk corn . 25 1 50 lbs. flour 1.80 10 1 can kra.nt . 10 1 16 lbs. sugar 1.00 10 (b’gars 1 5 cakes soap .25 10 1 hx. matches . uo 1 1 pk. corn .25 10 Candy . uo 0^1 1 3 lbs. coffee .51 10 1 pt milk 1 2 lbs. barley .10 10 Ft lbs veal • uo on 1 1 qt. beans .12 10 31 lbs beef . 42 1 1 bx coffee essence .10 12 2.5 lbs Union flour QO 1 1 cake yeast .05 12 Candy . yu 1 3 cans milk .15 12 1 1 lbs pork • uo 91 1 1 jar mustard .10 12 2 lbs. pork , 28 1 2 lbs. lard .30 12 2 lbs Polish sansa.ge 9fl 1 ^ lb. ham .08 12 1 lb. ham • AXJ . 16 1 2 lbs. Polish sausage .20 12 2 lbs holovna 20 1 2 lbs. beef .28 12 2 Ihs. beef 22 1 1 lb. ham .15 12 1 cake soap 1 1 lb. lard .15 13 2 lbs beef . uo 2 Cigars .05 13 2 Ills T^nlisli siinsfl.pp • on 2 Candy .05 15 11 lbs beef ♦ zu 91 2 i yd. gingham .05 16 .50 lbs flour . Z1 1 Rn 2 1 lb. lamb .15 16 16 Ib.s snyar X. OU 1 on 2 1 lb. bologna .10 16 2 1 bs CO flee X. uu OA 2 3 lbs. beef .33 16 1 pk corn • 9C 3 9^ lbs. beef 1.38 16 1 bn pota.toe.s . zo 3 2 lbs. ham .30 16 1 bx veast • 00 3 2^ lbs. bolo|:na .23 16 1 qt navy beans . uo . 12 3 2 lbs. pudding .20 16 .5 ca.kes soap 5 1 bt. castor oil .10 16 1 bx baking powder • zo 5 1 bx. macaroni .10 16 1 bx. apples . uo in 5 Candy .02 16 .3 cans milk . XU 1 ^ 5 2 lbs. H. cheese .20 16 1 lb beans • xo in 6 1 can milk .05 16 Ills Poli.sh sji.nsa.pp. . XU 6 1§ lbs. onions .05 16 1 lb lard . zo 1 ^ 6 2\ lbs. bologna .23 16 1 lb. ham • xo . 15 7 1 pr. hose .10 16 1 lb bologna. in 7 2 yds. calico .14 16 2 lbs. lard . XU . 30 7 1 bx. raisins .10 16 2 lbs beef *^9 7 1 lb. apple butter .10 16 21 lbs Polish sausage • oZ 9p; 7 1 lb. sugar .07 16 1 lb lard • zo 1 p; 7 i lb. pepper .05 16 1 lb ham • xo 1 ^ 7 2 lbs. lard .30 16 1 lb bologna • iO 1 n 7 1 pr. shoes .55 16 2 lbs lard • XU on 7 do 1.20 16 2 lli.s lippf . oU oo 7 do 1.25 17 /I Ills Pnlisli spiisficfp • oz on 7 1.25 ■ 17 9? lbs ham . oU 1 no 7 lOJ lbs. ham 1.17 17 2 lbs. Polish sa.nsage X. Uo on 7 11b. lard .15 17 1 lb lard . zu 7 2 lbs. beef .26 17 54 lbs beef . xo 70 < 8 1 pr. hose .15 17 1 pr. shoes . iZ 9 nn 8 1 collar .05 17 Ills. Polisli saiiSRg[p. z. uu on 8 1 lb. Polish sausage .10 17 .5 lbs. 2 07.. beef • ou 79 8 1 bx. apples .10 17 9 lbs. ham • « z 1 nR 8 J lb. butter .20 17 2 lbs. Polish sausage X. Uo .20 392 The Immigration Commission. Table 216 —Expenditures in typical families, hy race of head of family, Apnl 1 to June 30 , 196>9— Continued. POLISH: FAMILY NO. 2. EXPENDITURES J OR J 00 D, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL May 28 29 29 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 1 lb. beef 1 lb. lard 2 lbs. frankfurters 50 lbs. flour 16 lbs. sugar 1 pk. com 5 cakes soap 2 cakes soap 2 boxes apples 2 lbs. raisins 1 qt. beans J bu. potatoes 3 cans milk 1 lb. rice 2 spools thread Jgal. oil..... 1 stove polish 1 shoe polish 4 stogies 2 yds. calico 6 yds. calico 5 ibs. beef 1 lb. lard 1 lb. ham.... 2 lbs. lard 3 lbs. bologna 2 lbs. frankfurters — 2 lbs. Berlin sausage . 1 lb. Polish sausage.. 1 lb. lard 1 lb. side 1 lb. Berlin sausage. . 1 lb. Polish sausage.. 3 lbs. liver 1 tongue 1 heart 2 lbs. beef I lb. bologna Date. Article. Cost. Apr. 17 lib. lard $0.15 .16 .30 .20 .14 .15 .34 .32 .20 OO lime Lnlnvna .15 0*1 1 IK Kfim .15 Jo o me frcinVfnrters .25 23 OA c iVk«: Kppf 1.14 OA 1 IK Knlnpnft. .10 OA .28 OA 0 me Vinlnpna .20 OA fi IKc ft n? bpftf 1.14 OA .20 94 Z 1 Do. UUlugiia- .15 OA 2 lbs frankfurters .25 J4 OA 1 nolro .05 J4 OA .12 ^4 94 Mill.' .05 94 .05 OA .05 OA .10 J*± 9ft 9 1K<5 Ifird - .32 ZO 9fi 1 lb. h&rn. - .15 ZO Oft 1 1 me Imlofma .13 ZO OA lUO* .25 ZO Oft 4 1 Do. oUft p^rV - .15 1 2 1 lb bf'^f .15 dn - .14 3 1 lb. pork .23 3 1 lb. beef .15 5 2 lbs 2 oz beef .38 5 3 lbs. pork .45 7 1 lb. beef. .14 7 7 7 1 IK T^orV - .15 2 lbs. beef .30 1 shov6l .55 1 7 5 wR^on chocks .05 i 7 1 ph potRto^^^ .35 I 7 1 hnv hliiincr .10 7 MRtches .05 7 1 lb beef .14 8 8 Q ’.16 1 lb. pork. .23 1 IK KoAf .14 y 9 10 1 IK T^nrlr .15 .15 10 1 lb. beef .16 19 A IKq Tkork - .60 14. 1 IK KaaC .14 1 A 1 IK 9 n'T "norlr .. .23 I't 1 ^ 1 lU. ^ vJA . xi.. 1 lb. pork. .15 xO 15 1 lb. beef .14 1 A 9 IKq ripp - .18 lO 1 A ^ limR bcR^^ .14 ID 1 A 3 bo^os .27 ID 1 A 1 box coffee e'if'pnp.e .05 ID 1 A 1 Knv vpast _ .05 ID 1 A 1 box SR It .05 ID 1 A 9 Acinc IrrfJ.nt ............ .20 ID 1 A 1 jRr niustRrd- .10 ID 1 A .08 ID 1 A 1 n-ol ’irinPtTPT .10 ID 1 A 2 V XJ-ni/jjCfci 9 IKq ■nPTinpr .30 ID 1 A 1 IK QPit QldP, .............. .18 ID 1 A aaItpq Qnp.T> .25 ID 1 A 1 krinolenf* .20 ID 1 A .70 ID 1 A ^ bU pOtRtOGS 9 IKq Knrlpv .10 ID 1 A 1 IK “nnrk .15 ID 1A 1 IK Kppf - .15 ID 16 .14 1A 1 IH ham . 15 J.D 1 A 1 KrnnTn .38 ID 1A 1 1 WRShbORrd- .35 J.D 1A .05 J.D lA .05 ID IP .10 ID 16 .15 16 i i2 lbs. sugar .1 .75 Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 403 Table 216 . — Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, 1909 — Continued. SLOVAK: FAMILY NO. 2. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD AND GENERAL LIVING— Cont’d. Date. June 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Article. Cost. Date. Article. Cost. 3 ILq r*r»fTfiP $0.51 June 16 2 cans kraut $0.20 1 pnt.n.f.nps .35 16 2 lbs. beef .32 1 Lnv pnffpp pssp.np.p. .05 17 1 lb. beef .16 9 IL*! lard .32 18 do .13 i 1b ga.rlip .05 19 4 lbs. beef .66 9 1L^0 lbs TTninn flour $1.80 Apr. 19 2f lbs. beef $0.40 .3 lbs. coffee. .51 22 1 lb. beef .13 1 8 lbs sng'...r .50 22 1 lb. lard .16 1 9, bn VPS pnffpp psspnpp .20 22 2 lbs. bologna .20 1 1 bf patsnp .10 22 1 doz. eggs .25 1 a cakes soap .25 23 1^ lbs. bologna .15 1 3 bnvps raisins .20 23 1 lb. beef .14 1 1 qt. beans. .. . . 12 24 lbs. beef. .50 1 1 bv. yeast ... .05 24 2 lbs. bacon .32 1 1 lb. cakes .12 24 1 doz. eggs .25 1 2 pkgs. tobacco . . .16 24 1 qt. beans .12 1 1 lb. cheese .20 24 Candy .05 1 ^ doz. eggs .11 26 J lb. cakes .05 1 1 lb. butter .38 26 ^ gal. oil .08 3 4 lbs. beef .60 26 1 pkg. tobacco .08 3 Candy .03 26 2 spools thread .10 3 2 lbs. lard .32 27 1 bx. cinnamon .10 3 1 loaf bread .10 28 1 qt. mustard .10 8 1 lb. beef .15 28 Candy .05 8 a lbs. shoulder .70 29 2 lbs. pork .32 8 1 lb. lard .16 29 1 lb. lard .16 8 lbs. bologna. .15 29 1 doz. eggs .27 8 2 pkgs. tobacco .16 29 § gal. oil .40 8 Candy. . .05 30 2 lbs. bologna .20 8 1 bv. cinnamon .10 May 1 1 hood .25 8 11b. onions.. .05 1 2 lbs. cakes .20 10 2 lbs. pork .33 1 Candy .05 10 1 child’s cap .25 1 igal. oil .40 10 1 pr. shoes 1.00 1 1 pkg. tobacco .08 10 i doz. eggs .12 1 11b. lard .16 13 2 lbs. pork .30 1 2 lbs. bologna .20 14 1 doz. efi'E's .23 1 4 lbs. beef .62 14 J lb. cakes .05 1 50 lbs. Union flour 1.90 15 Jt gal. coal oil . . .08 1 8 lbs. sugar .50 15 1 doz. eggs .25 1 2 boxes coffee essence .10 15 1 pkg. tobacco .08 1 2 lbs. prunes .20 16 .50 lbs. Union flour 1.80 1 5 cakes soap .25 16 4 lbs. sugar .25 1 1 bx. enamaline .05 16 3 lbs. coffee. .51 1 1 bx. yeast .05 16 5 cakes soap .25 1 3 pkgs. tobacco .24 16 1 bx. yeast . .05 3 1 lb. bacon .17 16 1 qt. mustard . . .10 5 1 lb. bologna .15 16 1 qt. beans .12 5 Candy .04 16 2 pkgs. tobacco .16 7 \\ lbs. bologna .18 16 2 lbs. rice. .18 7 1 yd. cotton .05 16 14 lbs. bologna . .15 8 3# lbs. beef. .58 16 §gal. oil .38 8 1 lb. lard .16 16 1 spool thread .05 8 If lbs. beef. .24 404 The Immigration Commission, Table 216 . — Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June ’ 30, 1909 — Continued. SLOVAK: FAMILY NO 3. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL i LIVING— Continued. Date. May 10 12 15 15 15 15 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 27 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 June 2 2 2 3 Article. Cost. $0.08 .19 4 J lbs. beef. .66 .17 .05 1 lb. Tjologna .10 .18 .40 .10 .05 1.80 • .50 2 lbs. rice .18 .11 .05 .51 .25 .20 .18 2 lbs. beef.r .30 1 gal. oil .15 1 spool thread .05 1 bt. salad oil .25 1 bx. crackers .25 1 lb. beef .18 2 lbs. bologna .20 1 lb. lard .16 1 lb. leather .50 1 bx. crackers .05 1 pkg. tobacco .08 1 doz. eggs .27 3^ lbs. beef .63 41 lbs. beef .67 1 lb. lard .16 1 lb. bologna .10 1 pkg. tobacco .08 AVeyman tobacco .08 Candy .05 It lbs. pork .15 ^’gal. oil .40 1 bx. cinnamon .10 1 bx. matches 1^ lbs. bologna .05 .15 H ll>s. beef .19 1 pkg. tobacco .08 IJ lbs. beef ' .23 2 \ yds. dry goods. .20 1 doz. eggs .25 1 bx. crackers .05 3 boxes zigzag .15 Candy .05 lbs. bologna .15 1 lb. lard .16 3| lbs. beef .60 lbs. beef .26 4 gal. oil .40 4 doz. eggs..... .13 2 qts. lima beans .14 Article. Cost, j 3 8 lbs. cabbage $0.48 i 3 1 spool thread .05 4 1 pkg. tobacco .08 4 1 lb. lard .16 4 1 lb. bologna .10 5 44 lbs. beef .68 7 24 lbs. pork .38 8 2 lbs. bologna .19 8 If lbs. beef .30 10 2 lbs. pork .30 10 1 lb. lard .16 10 4 lb. butter .15 10 1 lb. cheese .20 11 If lbs. bologna .13 11 4 gal. oil .40 11 1 bx. crackers .05 12 1 lb. lard .16 12 14 lbs. bologna .15 12 3f lbs. beef .62 12 Candy .11 12 4 doz. eggs .14 14 1 lb. beef .16 14 2 lbs. bologna .30 15 1 pkg. tobacco .08 17 1 lb. beef .16 17 1 pain expeller .25 17 50 lbs. Union flour 2.00 17 8 lbs. sugar .50 19 34 lbs. bologna .35 19 4 lbs. beef .68 19 2 yds. gingham .14 19 4 cakes soap .20 19 1 lb. coffee .17 19 1 pkg. tobacco .08 19 24 lbs. cabbage .09 19 4 gal. oil .40 21 1 lb. beef .16 21 If lbs. pork .25 23 If lbs. bologna .17 23 1 pkg. tobacco .08 23 24 1 pick handle .10 If lbs. bologna .18 24 1 lb. beef .17 24 1 doz. eggs .27 25 1 bx. yeast .05 25 1 bx. coffee essence .05 26 14 bu. com .30 26 4 gal. oil .40 26 1 lb. coffee .17 26 1 pkg. tobacco .08 26 Candy .04 28 1 lb. pork .17 28 1 lb. coffee .17 28 4 lbs. sugar .25 29 2 lbs. beef .33 30 2 lbs. lard .35 Total 53.51 WELSH: FAMILY NO. 1. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING. [This family consisted of husband, wife, and one daughter 12 years of age. The husband only was em- ployed (fire boss), and his earnings during the above period were S248.50.] Date. Article. Cost. Date. Article. Cost. "Apr. 1 1 bx. crackers... $0.05 Apr. 2 1 lb. beef $0.18 1 lb. cakes .15 2 1 loaf bread .05 1 1 loaf bread . 10 2 25 lbs. Union flour .90 1 1 bx. crackers .05 2 8 lbs. sugar .50 1 1 lb. bologna .12 2 4 lbs. sugar .25 1 1 Ib. butter .39 2 1 pk. potatoes .30 1 Bones 1.03 2 2 qts. peas .20 Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania, 405 Cable 216. — Expenditures in typical families, hy race of head of family, April 1 to June 30 , 1909 — Continued. WELSH: FAMILY NO. 1. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LI VIN G— Continued . Date. Article. Cost. Date. Article. Cost. ipr. 2 2 qts. navy beans $0.24 Apr. 10 Beef $0. 47 2 1 can peas .10 10 1 lb. hnlngna . 10 2 1 can peaches .25 10 1 lb. butter ^20 2 1 can blackberries .15 10 1 pr. suspenders .50 2 1 can molasses .15 10 1 collar .15 2 1 bt. catsup .10 10 J gal. oil .08 2 1 bx. yeast .05 10 4 lbs. .snga.r .25 2 3 lbs. rice .27 10 1 1b. chipped beef . 15 2 2 lbs. prunes ‘ .24 12 1 loaf brea.d .05 2 1 lb. peaches .15 12 Ca.kes . .05 2 1 can‘salmon .20 13 1 lb. Berlin sa.nsa.ge ! 16 2 5 cakes soap .25 13 Lard . 15 2 1 bx. cornstarch . 10 13 1 lb. beef . 16 2 1 glass mustard .10 13 Union flour . 90 2 1 lb. chipped beef .15 13 Gold Dust .05 2 1 rug...*.* 1.00 13 1 spool thread .05 2 1 blouse .50 13 1 doz. eggs .23 2 J yd. lining .04 13 Tea .. 1 . .05 2 3 yds. toweling . 18 14 Cheese . . .23 2 3 yds. calico. .21 14 1 lb. butter. . . . .39 2 2 ^ yds. gingham . 18 14 1 lb. fra.nkfurters . 12 2 3 handl^rchiefs .25 14 1 lb. bologna, . 10 2 1 yd. embroidery .12 14 2 lbs. lard . 30 2 IJ yds. shirting.* .14 16 1 lb. fra.nkfurters . 13 2 2| yds. gingham .18 16 11b. beef. ... . 18 2 l“bx. macaroni .10 16 1 gal. oil ! 15 2 1 bx. crackers .05 16 lean milk . 10 2 1 lb. cakes .15 16 9 , cakes soa.p . 10 2 1 loaf bread .10 16 25 lbs. Union flour ioo 2 1 bx. crackers .05 16 1 pk. potatoes .35 2 1 lb. bologna .12 16 12 lbs. sugar .75 2 1 lb. butter .39 16 2 cans baked beans .30 2 Bones .03 16 2 ca.ns tomatoes . 10 2 1 lb. beef .18 16 2 cans pea.s . 15 2 .12 16 1 bov yeast .05 3 1 pkg. tobacco .08 16 2 pkgs. toba,ceo ! 16 3 Pickles .05 16 1 1b. ra.isins. . 10 3 Eggs .30 16 1 can sa.lmon .25 3 1 can milk . 12 16 1 can corned beef. . . 15 3 1 bx. pepper .10 16 1 box bakinv powder . 15 3 1 lb. cheese .20 16 1 can pea,cbes .20 3 1 lb. frankfurters .12 16 1 lb. coffee . 17 3 1 lb. Berlin sausage .16 16 do . 17 3 1 beef .52 16 1 box macaroni . 10 5 1 clothes line .18 16 2 boxes crackers ! 10 5 1 paper pins .05 16 2 doz. pickles .20 3 1 pr. hose .25 16 1 jar apple butter .50 5 1 lb. chipped beef .15 16 1§ lbs. onions . 10 5 J lb. cheese . 10 16 1 qt. navy beans . 12 5 1 can milk .12 16 1 doz. eggs. . .23 6 1 lb. butter .39 16 9 \ yds. toweling .23 6 1 lb. bologna .10 16 i pr. bo.se . 10 6 1 lb. beef .16 16 2 spools thread . 10 8 Beef .20 16 do . 10 8 3 yds. madras .75 16 ^ yd. lace. . 13 8 4 flowers .40 16 i dn7, bananas ! 10 8 Cakes .05 16 1 tie . . !25 8 1 doz. eggs .25 16 8 yds. ticking .72 9 1 lb. butter .39 16 i yd. voile .07 9 H Ihs. cheese .25 17 Veal . .52 9 1 lb. frankfurters .12 17 1 lb. fra.nkfurters . 13 9 1 can peaches .20 19 1 can milk . 10 9 1 doz. eggs .23 19 1 doz. pickles . 10 9 1 bx. ginger .05 19 Ba.na.na.s . 10 9 Tea .10 19 1 doz. pickles . 10 9 1 pkg. tobacco .08 19 1 lb. fra.nkfurters - . 13 9 1 lb. beef .18 19 1 lb. prunes . 10 10 IJyds. veiling .23 21 1 lb. butter . .38 10 1 pr. hose .15 21 Bologna, . 11 10 1 loaf bread .05 21 1 lb. cbee.se .20 10 Pickles .10 21 1 lb. lard . . 16 10 Berlin sausage .16 21 1 doz. eggs .25 10 1 lb. cheese .20 21 3 lbs. beef . 36 10 4 cans mi Ik .20 22 Berlin sa.usa.ve . 10 10 1 can tomatoes .10 22 1 lb. fra.nkfurters . 12 10 1 loaf bread .10 22 Bones . . . .02 [ 10 1 doz. eggs .23 22 Matches .05 48296°— VOL 6—11 27 K. 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 2i 2< 2: z 2- 2 - 2 : 2 ! 9 ! ! The Immigration Commission. —Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30 , 1909— Continued. TTaMTLY NO 1. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LI V IN G— Continued . Article. cities 9r. hose lbs. Union flour lbs. sugar bs. cofEee boxes coffee essence . lbs. prunes lbs. apricots yds. muslin yds. gingham yds. calico pr. shoes yd. lawn spools thread lb. beef lb. cheese pkg. tobacco ea lb. beef doz. eggs tove polish ...do lbs. beef lb. butter lb. cheese pkgs. tobacco hipped beef pr. shoes cans milk box crackers doz. eggs cans milk box crackers doz. eggs doz. pickles can cherries pr. shoes ^ lbs. bacon 1^ butter lb. cheese lb. beef lb. lard pr. suspenders vd. muslin Ib. prunes . can blackberries..., . pkg. needles : lb. cakes F lb. cheese ! lb. frankfurters — Li lbs. bologna L gal. oil L lb. starch L lb. onions i lb. cakes \ lb. butter L lb. beef L can milk I lb. tea 1 lb. cakes 4 lbs. sugar 2 cakes soap 1 doz. eggs 1 lb. beef Beef 2 lbs. butter Bacon 3 lbs. lard 3 lbs. ham 1 lb. cheese 50 lbs. Union flour. . 5 bolts wall paper . . . 22 yds. border 16 lbs. sugar 2 qts. beans 2 lbs. lima beans 4 lbs. rice Cost. Date. $0. 10 .15 2.00 1.00 .68 .10 .20 .30 .40 .21 .30 2.00 .05 .10 .18 .20 .08 .10 .16 .25 .05 .10 .26 .38 .15 .16 .15 3.25 .20 .10 .25 .20 .10 .25 .15 .30 4.00 .27 .38 .10 .16 .16 .25 .12 .10 .15 .05 .05 .10 .12 .14 .15 .05 .05 .05 .19 .16 .05 .10 .10 .25 .10 .27 .18 .46 .72 .25 .48 .36 .20 2. 00 1.25 1.10 1.00 .24 .14 .36 Apr. May Article. Cost. 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 3 boxes raisins 1 can berries 4 yds. madras 2 bts. catsup 1 glass jelly 2 boxes crackers 1 lb. cakes 2 cans peas 2 cans corn 1 can peaches Stove pipe 1 pr. pants 1 vest 1 qt. vinegar 3 cabbages i lb. tea Chewing gum i lb. cakes Beef 1 lb. cheese 1 lb. Berlin sausage. . 1 pt. milk li lbs. bacon 1 bx. sardines 1 doz. eggs ; . . . 1 pt. milk i lb. bologna 1 lb. cheese 1 lb. beef do 1 lb. butter 1 bx. crackers 1 cake soap 1 lb. beef 1 lb. lard 1 lb. bologna 1 lb. cheese 1 doz. eggs 1 pt. milk 1 glass mustard 1 can tomatoes 1 loaf bread 1 brush 1 lb. frankfurters — li lbs. ham 1 lb. butter 4 cans milk 1 lb. lettuce 1 pr. hose 1 loaf bread Sardines 8 yds. wire 1 lb. beef lbs. cheese 2 pkgs. tobacco 1 bt. oil 1 lb. beef li lbs. frankfurters.. 1 lb. prunes do 1 lb. beef 1 lb. lard Pork 1 loaf bread 1 doz. buns 1 lb. frankfurters... Pigs feet 1 doz. eggs 1 lb. onions 1 loaf bread 1 doz. buns 5 lbs. lard 1 lb. bacon li lbs. bologna 1 lb. cheese 2 lbs. butter 50 lbs. Union flour $ 0 . 25 15 ,00 .20 .12 .20 .20 .30 .30 .25 .25 .50 .25 .05 .18 .10 .02 .05 .63 .20 .16 .05 .23 .10 .27 .05 .10 .20 .16 .16 .38 .10 .05 .16 .16 .15 .22 .27 .05 .10 .10 .10 .25 .13 .30 .38 .20 .12 .10 .05 .10 .72 .20 .23 .16 .25 .16 .18 .10 .10 .16 .16 .05 .10 .10 .12 .20 .27 .05 .10 .10 .80 .20 .13 .20 .74 2.70 ue. 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 28 II/. .00 .95 .24 . 16 .18 .27 .10 .50 .30 .10 .40 .15 .25 .06 .44 .23 .37 .80 .05 .05 .07 .54 .25 .25 .15 .23 .15 .10 ,38 ,10 ,18 ,20 ,11 ,05 ,05 ,27 ,05 ,05 ,20 ,10 15 ,10 ,10 ,10 15 80 20 20 37 16 27 10 18 05 15 14 10 05 23 16 10 15 25 38 28 10 05 05 10 10 16 45 10 Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 216 . — Expenditures in typical families, hy race of head of family, April 1 30, 1909 — Continued. H: FAMILY NO. 1. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GEN LIVING— Continued. Article. Cost. Date. Article. $1.00 May 28 16 lbs. sugar 2 lbs. beef .28 28 50 lbs. midd ling .20 28 2 qts. navy beans . 10 28 2 lbs. lima beams .25 28 1 qt. mustard 3 lbs. beef .39 28 3 lbs. rice 16 lbs. sugar 1.00 28 2 lbs. barley .36 28 10 yds. lawn 3 lbs. lima beans .21 28 ^ lb. tea 2 qts. navy beans .24 28 1 bt. catsup 1 qt. mustard .18 28 1 jar apple butter 1 bx. macaroni . 10 28 3 cans milk 10 yds. muslin 1.00 28 1 can baking powder 2 cans baked beans .30 28 lib. starch 50 lbs. middling .95 28 2 lbs. bacon 1 broom .30 28 IJ lbs. cheese 1 lb. tea .60 28 1 lb. butter 1 lb. pork .30 28 5 lbs. lard f lb. cheese . 15 28 1 pt. milk i lb. Berlin sausage .15 28 1 loaf bread ^ lb. cakes . 10 28 1 lb. sugar i lb. frankfurters . 12 29 3 lbs. beef 1 broom .30 29 2 collars 1 bx. tacks .05 29 1 tie 1 bx. pepper .05 29 Stove polish 1 qt. vinegar .05 29 IJ lbs. beef. 1 Hatchet handle .05 29 3 yds. border 1 doz. eggs .27 29 J doz. bananas 1 cake soap .05 29 2| yds. matting 1 bx. matches .05 June 2 1 loaf bread 1 lb. frankfurters . 12 2 1 lb. beef lib. cheese .20 3 11b. cheese 11b. sausage . 15 3 1 lb. Berlin sausage 1 loaf bread . 10 3 1 pkg. seed 4 pkgs. seed .20 3 1 box tacks 3 lbs. cabbage .09 3 1 doz. eggs 1 lb. frankfurters . 12 3 1 qt. vinegar 1 lb. bologna . 13 3 1 loaf bread 1 lb. butter . 19 4 U lbs. fra,nkfnrt,ers 5 bolts paper 1.25 4 1 yd. screening 1 bx. cakes .05 4 1 door bolt 1 pt. milk .05 4 1 can tomatoes 1 bx. crackers .05 4 1 bunch rhubarb 1 lb. starch .05 4 1 pr. sleeve holders . . . . 25 lbs. local flour .90 4 1 can molasses Hook and eyes .05 4 6 lbs. beef 2 boxes nails . 10 4 1 lb. beef 3i lbs. beef .43 4 11b. cheese 1 lb. beef . 18 4 1 lb. butter 1 lb. Berlin sausage . 16 5 2 pkgs. tobacco . Pigs feet . 15 5 1 doz. eggs. . . . J lb. butter . 19 5 4 lemons . . 1 lb. cheese . 10 5 1 can milk 1 Lettuce .08 5 1 lb. onions . Puffed rice . 13 5 1 gal. oil 3 lbs. cabbage . 12 7 1 lb. bologna . 1 bx. currants .10 7 1 loaf bread 1 can milk . 18 8 s doz. pickles 2 pkgs. tobacco .08 8 1 lbs. beef. . 2 boxes berries .25 8 1 lb. lard 1 lb. beef . 18 8 2 pkgs. pins 1 loaf bread . 10 8 Clothes line 1 bt. peppermint . 10 9 1 1 lbs. cheese 1 doz. eggs .27 9 1 lb. blitter 1 bt. pop .05 9 1 ^ lbs. bacon IJlbs. cheese .23 9 1 can tomatoes. 2 lbs. ham .36 9 1 box crackers . 1 gal. oil . 15 9 1 loaf bread li lbs. cheese .23 10 4 lb. bologna. . 1 lb. lard .16 10 4 1b. cakes 1 lb. butter .38 10 2 pkgs. tobacco 1 lb. frankfurters .13 10 1 dinner pa,il J lb. cakes .05 11 4 Ib Berlin sa.nsa.P’e 1 doz. eggs .27 11 1 lb. beef. . 1 lb. beef .16 11 1 cake soap .. .do .16 11 1 box matches 50 lbs. Union flour 2.00 11 Pineapple 408 The Immigration Commission, Table 21^.— Expenditures in typical families, hy race of head of family, April 1 to June \ 30 , 1909 — Continued. WELSH- FAMILY NO. 1. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LI V IN G— Continued. Date. June 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 14 14 14 14 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 Article. 1 loaf bread 1 pt. milk 3 bananas 3|g lbs. beef I lb. butter I lb. cheese 1 lb. lard i lb. butter i lb. bologna 1 box Gold Dust 4 cabbages 1 loaf bread Cheese lb. bacon 1 lb. butter 4 lbs. lard 50 lbs. Union flour. . . 16 lbs. sugar 1 bu. potatoes 4 lbs. rice 2 lbs. lima beans 2 lbs. onions 3 lbs. coffee 1 lb. tea 2 cans tomatoes 1 can com 2 cans peas 1 bt. catsup 1 shirt 1 pr. shoes 2 pr. hose Cakes 2 lbs. beef I loaf bread II lbs. cheese i lb. Berlin sausage.. 1 doz. eggs 1 jelly roll 1 loaf bread 1 lb. frankfurters 1 burner 1 lb. beef do 1 lb. lard 1 lb. Berlin bologna. 1 lb. butter 3i| lbs. beef 2 lbs. beef J lb. butter 1 bunch radishes — 1 can miik 1 collar Cost. Date. SO. 10 Jime 19 .05 21 .05 21 .58 21 .19 22 .10 22 .16 22 .19 23 .10 23 .10 23 .24 23 .10 23 .24 23 .23 23 .38 23 .60 23 2. 00 23 1.00 24 1. 45 24 .36 24 .16 24 .12 24 .51 24 .30 26 .20 26 . 15 26 .30 26 .10 26 1.00 26 2. 00 26 .30 26 .05 26 .22 26 .10 26 .25 26 .10 26 .27 26 .10 26 .05 26 .13 26 .25 26 .18 26 .20 26 .17 26 .16 26 .38 26 .61 26 .32 26 .19 26 .05 .05 .15 Article. 6 bananas 1 lb. cheese 1 lb. frankfurters . 1 qt. vinegar. 1 lb. ■ ■ beef. 1 lb. onions 1 spool thread 1 lb. bologna 1 lb. butter 1 doz. eggs i lb. cakes 1 pkg. pins 2 cakes soap 1 loaf bread 1 yd. chambray 1 gal. oil 1 can milk 1 lb. beef ^ lb. cheese J pk. potatoes 1 loaf bread 1 paper 2 pkgs. tobacco 11b. beef 1 lb. lard 1 lb. frankfurters 1 loaf bread i lb. cakes 4 lemons 3 lbs. beef 1 lb. Berlin sausage... 1 lb. cheese IJlbs. Berlin sausage. 1 lb. butter § lb. lard 2 oranges 2 lbs. sugar 2 cans milk 1 doz. eggs 1 bx. crackers 6 beer bottles § doz. bananas 2 lemons 1 can peas 1 bx. crackers 1 cake soap 2 pkg. tobacco 2 cucumbers 4 stogies Total. Cost. SO. .05 .10 .37 .27 .10 .05 .10 .10 .13 .15 .05 .18 .10 .25 .10 .10 .16 .18 .17 .12 .10 .10 .10 .48 .16 .20 .19 .38 .10 .14 .10 .27 .10 .38 .10 .05 .10 .10 .05 .16 .05 .10 146.04 WELSH- FAMILY NO. 2. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING. [This family consisted of husband , wife , and one son , 25 years of age. The °22 To^ employed. ^ The earnings of the husband (mine laborer) during the above period were S122.50.] Date. Apr. Article. Cost. Date. 1 lb. beef SO. 16 I Apr. 1 1 broom .35 i 1 1 can salmon. . .25 1 1 2 lbs. onions .10 1 1 50 lbs Union flour 1.80 1 16 lbs sugar 1.00 1 2 lbs. cheese .40 1 10 cakes soap .50 1 1 lb. peaches .15 3 1 pV pnta.t.fip.s .. .35 3 4 lbs. lard .60 3 Article. 3 pkgs. tobacco... 1 doz. eggs 1 can milk. 1 bx. yeast 1 lb. crackers 1 can baked beans 1 lb. coffee 1 bx. blackberries. 1 pkg. tobacco i doz. pickles 4^ lbs. beef Cost. $0. 24 .35 .10 .05 .05 .15 .17 .15 .05 .59 Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania, 409 Table 216. — Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30 , 1909 — Continued. WELSH: FAMILY NO. 2. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVIN G— Continued. Date. Article. Cost. Date. Article. Cost. Apr. 3 1 doz. eggs $0. 30 May 1 1 can .salmon $0. 25 3 .20 1 1 bx. blaclrhprrips . 15 5 1 bt. non .05 1 2 Ib.s. prnnp.s . 20 6 2 lbs beef .24 2 lbs. chftpsp. .40 6 1 bt. non .05 1 4 Ihs lard .64 9 1 lb. beef .16 1 1 bx ypast .05 9 1 pkg. tobacco .10 1 4 bu. potatoes .70 9 1 galT oil .15 1 6 nutmegs .05 10 3}g lbs. beef .51 1 2 lemons .05 10 iTb. beef .16 1 2 lbs sugar . 14 10 1 J lbs. cheese .25 1 1 can bea.ns . 15 10 2'collars .25 1 2 doz. pickles .20 10 1 can peaches .20 1 .5 ca.kes soap .25 10 1 can inilk .05 1 1 box starch . 10 10 2 pk. potatoes .18 5 cakes soap .25 10 i lb. beef .16 1 1 lb. butter .37 14 1 lb. lard .15 1 1 ck soap .05 14 Ij^g lbs. beef .18 1 1 jar jelly . 12 16 25 lbs. Union flour .90 1 1 lb. beef .... . 16 16 16 lbs. sugar 1.00 1 .3 lbs bam .45 16 1 lb. coffee. .17 1 2 bottle.s pop . 10 16 3 pkgs. tobacco .24 3 1 lb beef . 16 16 .25 4 2 lbs pork .30 16 1 can molasses .15 4 1 lb sail save . 13 16 4 lbs. lard .60 5 1 lb beef . 16 16 2 lbs. cheese .40 6 2 lbs side meat .26 16 1 lb. raisins .10 7 .3 bottles pop . 15 16 2 cans chipped beef .30 7 2 lbs bacon .36 16 2 lbs. prunes .20 8 1 doz egvs .27 16 1 bu. potatoes .70 8 1 can milk .05 16 1 sack salt .05 8 1 lb. cheese .20 16 2 boxes macaroni .20 8 1 lb. beef . 16 16 1 can milk .05 10 6 lbs. beef .90 16 1 can peaches .20 10 4 lb. Berlin sausage .08 17 2 lbs. side meat .28 10 1 gal. oil - . 15 17 1 bt. cough sirup .25 10 4 lb Berlin sa.nsa.ge .08 17 2 oranges .10 10 1 lb. beef .16 17 i pk. potatoes .18 11 1 lb. prunes .10 17 1 doz. eggs .25 11 1 Clima.x tablet .05 17 Shoe laces .10 11 lbs. beef . 18 17 1 spool thread .15 12 1 lb. beef- .16 17 2 lbs. Polish sausage .20 12 2 pkgs. tobacco .16 21 1 can com .12 12 1 can berries . 15 21 1 doz. eggs .25 13 2 qts beans .24 21 Stove pipe .25 13 1 doz. eggs .27 21 IJ lbs. bologna .17 13 1 lb. beef .16 21 1 lb. beef .16 15 50 lbs. Union flour 1.90 22 .25 15 16 lbs sugar 1.00 22 1 collars .30 15 1 lb. coffee .17 22 1 lb. cakes .15 15 4 bn. pota.top.s .70 22 1 can baked beans .15 15 4 lbs lard . . . .64 23 1^ lbs. beef •. .26 15 2 lbs cheese .40 23 J lb. cakes .10 15 .5 cakes snap .25 23 1 can peas .15 16 1 lb raisins .09 23 J doz. eggs .13 16 2 lbs. prune.s .20 23 2 pkgs. tobacco .16 16 2 cans milk . 10 24 i doz. eggs .13 16 1 bx. currants .10 24 1 pt. milk .05 16 1 gal. oil . 15 24 1 lb. prunes .10 16 1 bx. matches .05 24 2 lbs. lima beans .14 16 3 lbs. lima beans .21 26 1 lb. beef .16 16 2 pkgs. macaroni .20 29 1 gal. oil .15 16 1 can peaches .20 29 3 lbs. nails .15 16 2 boxes crackers .20 29 1 lb. cheese .20 16 1 bt. pop .05 30 Cakes .05 16 lbs. Berlin sausage .11 30 2 lbs. lard .32 16 1 lb. cheese .20 30 J lb. frankfurters .06 16 1 lb. beef .16 30 li^ lbs. sausage .14 17 1 lb. beef .16 30 1 lb. beef .16 17 Bologna .05 May 1 25 lbs. Union flour .95 17 1 lb. onions .08 1 16 lbs. sugar 1.00 17 1 doz. eggs .27 1 1 lb. coffee .17 17 4 lbs. sugar .25 1 1 can milk .05 18 1 lb. frankfurters .12 1 3 pkgs. tobacco .24 18 1 lb. beef .16 1 1 lb. raisins .09 24 9 yds. linoleum 9.00 1 4 Ihs. liTTifl. bp.fl.ns .28 24 9 yds. oilcloth 5.40 1 1 bx. baking powder .15 24 Isink 4.25 410 The Immigration Commission. Table 21Q.— Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, 1909 — Continued. WELSH- FAMILY NO. 2. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING— Continued. Date. May 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 28 28 28 June Article. Cost. Date. $0. 75 June 16 1 1.50 16 2 1.25 16 4 .15 16 3 .50 16 1 .60 16 1 .15 16 3 .50 16 3 .05 16 1 .20 16 5 .20 16 2 .07 16 2 .16 16 S .25 16 ] .15 16 2 .95 16 2 1.00 16 2 .17 16 2 .10 16 ] .40 16 ] .64 16 ] .24 16 ^ .20 16 : .70 16 ; .09 16 : .25 16 : .25 16 : .15 16 < .05 16 ; .10 17 1 doz. pickles .10 17 1 doz. 6228 .27 17 ' 3 prs. socks .25 17 2 rhubarb .10 18 : 1 can sirup .25 18 18 yd'! TTinslin .90 18 2 lb'! prnnps .20 19 2 lbs. sugar .14 19 2 oranges .10 19 1 yd muslin .12 21 1 pr. hnsfi .10 21 1^ lbs. cabbage .09 21 2 cans milk .10 21 4 lemons .10 21 ; 1 lb. beef .18 21 ; 1 pY Tnanarnni . . .10 22 1 Ih hftpf .18 22 L 1 Inaf hrpad .10 23 t 1 pari hprnp.s .20 23 » J-f lb Berlin sausage .10 23 > 2i^ lbs. beef .39 23 ) 1 lb. beef .18 23 ! do .18 24 ^ 2 qts. beans .24 24 ^ 4 lbs. sugar .25 24 J 1 gal. oil. .15 24 5 1 yd. muslin .12 25 J 1 pr. hose .10 26 i IJ lbs. cabbage .09 26 i 1 Ih. starch . .05 26 ? 1 bx. bluing .10 26 5 1 lb. cheese .20 26 3 1t^ lbs. beef .16 26 9 1 bx. macaroni .10 26 3 1 Iha. beef .20 26 0 1 lb. onions .08 26 0 1 pk. potatoes .35 28 0 Candy .05 28 0 2 lbs. bacon .40 28 1 1 gal. oil .08 29 1 1 lb. bcp.f .14 29 4 do .18 29 4 1 pkg. tobacco .08 29 4 1 suit underwear 1.50 29 4 6 yds. calico .36 4 2 bts. pop .10 6 25 lbs. Union flour 1.00 1 1 Article. Cost. 1 tie. $ 1.00 .40 .64 .24 .05 .15 .25 .15 .05 .25 .10 .12 .21 .15 .40 .20 .20 .20 .25 .25 .05 .25 .27 .18 .73 .25 .50 .05 .10 4 vds screen .60 Hinges .20 Candy .05 1 lb beef .18 2 pkgs tobacco .16 1 can peaches .25 2 cans milk .10 Cfl.lrps .05 lbs beef .45 1 1 lbs beef .27 1 sjhirt .50 1 vd ginp’ha.m .14 2 lbs. beef .32 1 bx yeast .05 1 (jt - .05 1 bx macaroni .10 1 lb Berlin sausage .16 2 lbs beef .36 1 doz eggs .27 1 C3I1 ----- .26 1 lb Berlin sausage .16 1 lb beef .18 1 pr hose .15 1 shirt .50 1 vd pinaham .12 2 loaves bread .10 1-^j; lbs. beef .21 j lb Berlin sausage .16 1 doz. eggs .27 1 lb tea, .30 1 can sirup .12 1 lb. beef .16 3 cans sardines .30 1 bx macaroni .10 1 bx rolled .12 1 bx baking powder .25 1 can peaches .25 9, lbs beef .32 1 bx crackers .10 1 bx soda .05 1 pr shoes 2.50 1 doz bano.nas ... .20 4 yds Po.Hco .24 1 ipllv .12 1 can milk .18 Total 103.64 Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 411 Table 216 . — Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, 1909 — Continued. WELSH: FAMILY NO. 3. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL LIVING. [This family consisted of husband, wife, and 8 children— 4 sons, 18, 14, 12, and 10 years of age, and 4 daugh- ters, 21, 16, 8, and 6 years of age. The husband only was employed (driver), and his earnings during the above period were $170.] Article. Cost. Date. 1 $0. 20 .05 Apr. 8 9 1 1 .05 9 2.70 9 1 2.00 9 1 1.00 9 1 1 .25 10 .10 10 .64 10 1 .14 10 1.25 10 1 .40 11 1 .10 11 1 .10 12 1 .10 12 1 .05 12 1 .74 12 1 .18 12 1 .18 12 do .18 13 1 .18 13 1 .10 13 1 .10 13 .26 13 1 2.07 13 1 waist .50 13 1 31 yds. calico .23 13 1 6| yds. gingham .46 15 15 15 1 3| yds. lawn .47 1 3 cans milk .60 2 Stogies .05 15 2 Polish sausage .27 15 2 1 can milk .20 15 2 2 pkgs. beet seed .10 15 2 2 pkgs. radish seed •. .10 15 2 1 pkg. pepper seed .10 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 2 2 lbs. butter .74 3 Pie .10 3 Cheese .10 3 1 jar apple butter .10 3 1 doz. oranges .15 3 Waist .50 3 Ham .23 3 21 yds. gingham .18 16 16 16 3 . .do .18 4 do .18 4 do .18 16 5 31 yds. gingham .26 16 5 9 doz. eggs 2.07 16 6 1 nipple .05 16 6 4 lbs. ham . 40 16 5 1 lb. butter . 19 17 6 Onions .15 17 6 Pie .10 17 6 1 doz. eggs .33 17 6 1 doz. bananas . 10 17 6 1 bx. sardines .15 17 6 2 oranges .05 17 6 1 bx. crackers .05 17 6 1 doz. bananas .10 18 6 Fish .10 18 6 2 boxes sardines .10 18 7 Ginger .42 18 7 Lawn .47 19 7 Milk .60 19 7 2 cakes soap .10 19 7 1 doz. bananas .10 20 8 Hose .30 20 8 Ruffling .24 20 8 Eggs .23 20 8 Pie .10 20 8 1 lb. butter .19 20 8 3 stogies .05 20 Article. Cost. 1 lb. coffee $0.17 .10 1 bx. Bon Ami 1 can milk .20 Shoes 1.50 1 loaf bread .10 Butter .65 Pie .10 J doz. bananas .10 2 qts. lima beans .14 1 bot. polish .05 Milk .18 Seeds .15 Pork .20 Pie .10 Cakes .10 5 doz. bananas .10 Hose .10 Stogies .05 Shoes 1.50 Pickles .12 Cigar .05 2 pkgs. tobacco .16 2 spools thread .10 Stogies .05 Pie .10 Oranges .10 Candy .05 Beef .14 Lard .08 Beef .32 Milk .18 i lb. butter Pie .19 .10 Bananas .10 J lb. butter .19 50 lbs. ITnion flour 1.80 16 lbs. sugar 1.50 1 bu. potatoes .55 5 cakes soap .25 3 boxes yeast .15 1 lb. starch .05 2 lbs. lima beans .14 1 banner rat .30 8 pkgs. tobacco .64 3 prs. hose .25 1 blouse .50 2 lbs. butter .78 1 ham 1.92 1 cap .50 1^ lbs. tea .75 h doz. oranges .15 1 loaf bread .05 1 box crackers .05 Oysters .18 2 qts. beans .14 Pork .18 Milk .18 Pork .17 8 pkgs. tobacco .64 Stogies .05 1 yd. muslin .08 1 bt. catsup 10 Crackers .10 1 doz. bananas .10 1 can milk .20 Cakes .10 1 can milk 1 .20 1 qt. lima beans .07 1 pk. potatoes .18 Lace .10 Bananas . 10 Milk .20 Cakes .10 .e. 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 le Jj 10 10 10 10 07 10 18 10 05 15 01 05 10 10 ,18 ,24 ,19 ,20 ,15 .05 .05 .10 .10 .05 .17 .20 .18 .10 .38 .10 .05 .10 .10 .18 .33 .18 .10 .10 .18 .12 .10 .10 .15 .05 .05 .05 .18 .06 .05 .08 .37 .14 .10 .10 .10 .15 .05 .10 .10 .10 .10 .05 .10 .03 .18 .25 .05 .18 .25 .20 .08 .20 .25 .10 .05 .10 The Immigration Commission. Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of family, April 1 to 30, i 905— Continued. FAMILY NO 3. EXPENDITURES FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, AND GEN LIVING-Continued. Article. Cost. Date. Article. Cake'S $0. 10 • Apr. 30 4 qts. onions .18 30 2 pkgs. seed .50 May 1 1 qt. beans . 16 1 1 pie .06 1 1 qt. lima beans .20 1 1 bx. macaroni . 10 1 J lb. butter .25 1 1 can tomatoes .10 1 Lace . 10 1 1 collar .10 1 Candy 10 1 1 spool thread 10 1 Pie .10 1 i doz. bananas . 10 1 I lb. butter .10 1 Buttons .10 1 Lace 18 1 Hose ' 10 1 Ribbons ! 10 1 Onions .05 1 Crackers 05 1 Cakes .10 1 ^ doz. bananas 05 1 Stogies 05 1 1 lb. coffee . 19 Ham .10 1 1 lb. butter .02 1 Nipple 1.80 1 Polish sausage 1.50 1 1 loaf bread 'Prk'f .55 1 spool thread i U La LUtJo . 26 1 Pie 3^ yds. gingham ! 15 1 Crackers 3 1dOX 6S yG3— 1 lO lO t- c4 T)3o6o»o-4e4 (^ o 6 eo o 6 os co - h os (Os co I co od uo <0 COiOCDiOiOt'. t^iot^c-t^coioco-^t^co ‘COt^t^t^iOt^C- 68.6 lO Oi O 00 lO O O Single. I-I OS 0 CO CO CO I — 1 •>*1 0 -i* CO 00 CO CO »-( 0 C- CO • 00 0 C c. 0 0 0 0 10 CO (3s -(f 0 >0 " cd (N ud 06 ud “j_p -ci^iN-Hcd-H ' * ’os(M'',^'id'^ 5.0 CO lO 00 >J 0 lO Mar- ried. oeo t^OCi <000 CO (N (3S T-l !>. I-H 0 !N 0 (M 0 CO >-H CO (OS tso 00 (M (N uooo 'J'-'^Jodwcdo . i-H 00 CO Nld OSNrH^gdiO O^^^^^h'coSJhcO^J^^JS 12.4 23.1 15.8 11.5 Number reporting complete data. 2, 175 408 11 250 339 251 97 72 212 661 513 157 607 210 1,338 818 268 1,504 2,522 44 515 117 208 4, 193 563 101 72 18,630 1,055 3,638 14, 992 20 to 29 years of age. Per cent who are — Wid- owed. CO OCOO-^C^O O so CO O 0 (N (N Oi-H o O CO O O >-l CO o o cd 1-5 1-5 N COCOtN ^ Mar- ried. CDC^ c^lio O 00 C 3 S so (3S Tfi O O NI O 00 CO 00 00 CO b- (3S tr. O 00 CO OS 00 (p tH OS CO 00 (N OS (N cd (OS 00 so OS -4 Tji b.; cd sd O cd (N CD cd b-I r-i COCOCOINCOSO soCOsOrCiTti'rtOr,l'iO'rj5sOCO(Nso 43.2 35.8 44.1 43.0 Single. i-Hi^i OOOSOt^(3scO sosoOCOOcOOSOt^i-HOlHtiOi-ICOOSt^b-i-l rHos qocjs-^cdsdcd b4-ill«V/-1»l ,feni-»ll..,iffl4m5WJ«&»«^4uii Jk '-^. . ’ ?a n?j>tpV4fi»«*%.-?'f*4!!^,‘f “ ^ ‘‘ - ' * I -H- - ■ *’ . .t I , 1. t I I I litf r < II r M /:«w , vT^ 1. f. ^ _ r» ,1 «-r f. ^ ^ . <3^ f V*. I ,rfn>4l(i,tfi*n->l>f-> W 8004T ‘Hit ftfQ-tt) t 9 *>* *?tei • ‘‘ ^ ■‘*■1*^^ Chapter X. GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION. Ownership of homes — Public-school attendance — Parochial-school attendance — Status of children in the households studied — Citizenship— Ability to speak English — [Text Tables 234 to 250 and General Tables 92 to 100.] In addition to the comparative industrial progress and efficiency of the races of recent and former immigration represented among the bituminous mining employees, it is of even greater interest and im- portance to consider the general progress and adaptability, together with the tendencies toward permanent settlement and assimilation, manifested by the mine workers of foreign birth. These tendencies have a wider significance than the purely industrial phases of immi- gration because they are concerned with the immigrant races in the light of their desirability as members of American communities and as participants in the social and political life of the country. These conditions affecting their general progress and adaptability are set forward in the present connection because the expansion of the min- ing industry has made necessary the presence of the large immigrant population, which in turn has been responsible for bringing into existence conditions and facts of vital importance to American life and institutions. OWNERSHIP OF HOMES. One of the best indications of a disposition to adopt this country as a permanent home, as well as a mark of thrift and of desire for advancement, is found in the extent to which the different races of raine workers of foreign birth acquire property and homes in this country. Facts bearing on these questions, secured from a study of 1,358 families, are presented in the next table, which shows the lumber and per cent of families owning their homes, by general aativity and race of head of household. 451 452 The Immigration Commission. Table 234 — iVwm 6 er and per cent of families owning home, hy general nativity and race of head of family. . (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Total number of families. Owning home. Number. Per cent. 33 14 42.4 Foreign-born: 17 7 (a) 108 3 2.8 17 6 (a) 33 15 45.5 11 7 (“) 144 15 10.4 66 7 10.6 81 6 7.4 153 5 3.3 Polish 203 17 8.4 10 (a) 38 .0 43 5 11.6 Slovak 389 16 4.1 12 2 (a) 1,358 125 9.2 33 14 42.4 1,325 111 8.4 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of the races represented in the above table by 20 or more families, the Russian alone, with 38 families, reports not a single case of home ownership. Of the foreign-born, the Germans show the largest proportion owning their homes, the Ruthenians, South Italians, North Italians, Poles, Lithuanians, Slovaks, Magyars, and Croatian, following in the order named. Of the 1,358 families from whom information was secured, only 9.2 per cent own their homes. This may be attributed to the fact that few opportunities of acquiring a home are open to men of any race. Almost all the mining companies refuse to sell company houses to their employees in the detached mining communities. Only in exceptional instances have the employees any opportunities for buying homes, the companies finding it a better policy to retain the houses because of large profits arising from rent payments, and for the additional reason that inine workers may be evicted m the event of a strike. The opportunities to purchase homes are therefore limited to the comparatively small numbers of employees who larger centers of population or who work for the few companies that encourage the owning of homes. PUBLIC-SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. One of the greatest factors of assimilation is the school system of the bituminous localities. In or near each mining village public schools are conducted. These are usually ungraded, with a term of from six to eight months a year, and, with the parochial schools, con- stitute the chief opportunity for the children of immigrant families to secure an education. In order to obtain some information by races, showing the age, sex, and number of children in attendance, data on these topics were secured from a number of these schools in different mining villages. The results are shown in the table next presented. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 453 Table 235 . — Number of pupils in selected public schools, by sex and age, and by general nativity and race of father of pupil. Number of pupils of each specified age. General nativity and race of father, and sex of pupil. Native-born: White- Male Female Total Negro- Male Female Total Total native-born— Male Female Total Foreign-born: Bohemian and Mo- ravian- Male Female Total Bulgarian- Male Female Total Canadian (other than French)— Male Female Total Croatian- Male Female Total Danish- Male Female Total Dutch- Male Female Total English- Male Female Total Finnish- Male Female Total French- Male Female Total 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 or over. To- tal. 1 3 2 78 77 75 71 96 82 97 73 96 79 70 63 76 84 74 63 72 62 41 44 28 30 10 19 4 7 1 1 823 756 1 5 155 146 178 170 175 133 160 137 134 85 58 29 11 1 1 1,579 4 5 6 0 4 3 7 6 9 8 8 5 6 3 4 2 1 48 45 4 2 9 12 7 13 9 16 11 7 3 4 2 93 1 3 2 82 82 81 77 100 85 104 79 105 79 78 71 81 90 77 67 74 03 41 48 28 32 10 19 4 7 1 1 871 801 1 5 104 158 185 183 184 149 171 144 137 89 60 29 11 1 1 1,672 8 6 11 8 5 11 6 8 8 7 4 6 6 2 2 2 1 62 53 14 19 16 13 16 11 12 9 4 1 115 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 3 2 3 1 1 5 1 1 "i' 1 2 1 1 5 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 8 5 6 4 5 6 12 13 11 11 18 4 7 10 6 5 9 7 2 3 2 1 1 1 69 80 1 11 9 18 24 29 11 16 14 9 5 2 1 149 1 1 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 6 1 1 2 1 9 3 “i’ 1 1 3 3 3 1 i 14 — — — — . ■ __ .... - .1.. . . — 48296 °— VOL 6—11 -30 454 The Immigration Commission, T\ble 235 — Number of pupils in selected public schools, by sex and age, and by general nativity and race of father of pupil— Continued. General nativity and race of father, and sex of pupil. Number of pupils of each specified age. To- tal. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. ] L9. c 20 or )ver. Foreign-born — Cont’d. German— 1 17 14 18 11 12 13 20 12 8 3 1 . 130 Female 9 11 17 15 15 14 12 4 4 1 102 1 2() 25 35 26 27 27 32 16 12 4 1 232 Greek — 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 8 1 6 1 2 10 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 4 2 1 18 Hebrew, German— 1 1 i Female .. . 1 1 2 4 Total 1 1 1 2 5 Hebrew, Polish — = o 1 1 Female 1 1 1 3 Total — — 1 1 1 1 1 5 Hebrew, Russian— — — 1 1 Female 1 1 2 Total 1 1 1 3 Irish — = — 3 9 11 10 2 11 5 8 3 4 1 67 Female 1 12 7 5 15 4 10 13 13 1 4 "2 87 Total 1 15 16 16 25 6 21 18 21 4 8 2 1 154 Italian, North — Malp 22 13 12 17 16 15 8 11 4 2 120 Female 19 9 11 6 11 9 7 5 1 78 Total 41 22 23 23 27 24 15 16 4 2 1 198 Italian, South— — Mnlp 1 5 6 7 4 5 4 3 2 4 1 42 Female 1 6 4 11 5 9 2 2 3 1 44 Total 2 11 10 18 9 14 6 5 5 4 1 1 86 Lithuanian— Mnlp 1 1 2 Female 1 1 2 Total 1 1 1 1 4 Magyar— Mnlp 3 0 1 5 2 1 4 1 23 VPTTinlo 1 5 3 3 2 1 1 1 17 1 ^ Total 1 8 9 4 7 3 2 5 1 40 Norwegian— Fematp 1 2 3 Total 1 2 3 PoUsh— ■ - Male 9 19 11 11 12 8 6 8 6 4 2 1 1 98 Femalp U 19 17 16 13 10 6 3 1 1 99 - Total 22 38 28 27 25 18 12 11 6 5 3 1 1 197 : Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 455 Table 235. — Number of pupils in selected public schools, by sex and age, and by general nativity and race of father of Continued . General nativity and race of father, and sex of pupil. Number of pupils of each specified age. To- tal. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. |l2. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19 20 . or over Foreign-born — Cont ' d . Roumanian — Male 1 1 Female 1 1 1 Total 1 1 2 Russian— ■ — Male 3 2 4 4 7 4 2 3 9Q Female 1 4 6 2 4 3 2 2 1 1 26 . Total 4 6 10 6 11 7 4 5 1 1 55 Ruthenian — Male 2 o Female 1 1 Total 2 1 3 Scotch— Male 2 6 4 9 8 2 5 4 8 3 Female 5 7 4 4 6 1 7 7 4 1 Oi Aa Total 7 13 8 13 14 3 12 11 8 7 1 97 Slovak— = ■ Male 50 36 41 39 44 29 20 23 5 4 2 90^ Female 3 38 51 39 33 33 30 17 11 3 258 Total 3 88 87 80 72 77 59 37 34 8 4 2 551 Slovenian- ■ ■ ■■ Male 1 2 7 5 8 5 3 2 3 1 07 Female 2 9 2 3 9 1 2 2 1 o! 32 Total 3 11 9 8 17 6 4 4 5 2 69 Swedish- = Male 1 1 1 1 A Female 2 1 'i' 1 1 ‘t 6 Total 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 10 Welsh- = Male 1 1 1 1 A Female 1 1 1 3 Total 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 Other races a — == Male Female 1 1 1 3 Total 1 1 1 — 3 Race not specified— — Male 1 1 0 Female 1 1 1 1 4 Total T' 1 1 1 1 1 6 Total foreign-born— ■ Male 4 132 142 : 134 : 143 136 : 106 92 94 51 26 7 2 1 ] L,070 Female 8 132 : 133 : 145 : 139 130 98 86 66 22 13 8 1 1 982 Total 12 264 ; 275 i 279 i 282 ; 266 i 204 : 178 : 160 73 39 15 3 2 2,052 irand total: Male 1 7 214 ; 223 i >34 i 247 ; 241 ] L84 ] 173 ] 171 ] 125 67 35 12 5 1 1 ] [ 941 Female 10 214 ; 210 i 230 ^ 218 209 ] 169 ] 176 ] 133 85 61 40 20 8 , ] l;783 Total 1 17 128 ' 133 ^ 164 ^ 165 ‘ 150 c 153 < J49 J 204 i 210 ] '28 75 32 13 1 1 J 2,724 o “Other races” comprise 3 Syrian. 456 The Immigration Commission. It will be observed in the preceding table that of the 3,724 school children covered by this inquiry 1,672 are of native-born parentage, while 2,052 are of foreign parentage. The greatest number ol chil- dren of foreign parentage come from the Slovak, Polish, North Italian, German English, and Irish races. This is to be expected, since in the localities selected these are the immigrant races with the most children of school age. The majority of children m school are between the ages of 8 and 10 years. This is generally true irrespective of race After that age period, the attendance decreases. Ihis de- crease is greater among the children of foreign than among those of native parentage and is more rapid among the Slovaks, Poles, and Italians than among the English, Irish, and German children With most immigrant races the attendance practically ceases at about the ao’e of 14 or 15 years. This fact may be attributed to three causes. (1) That attendance is compulsory only to the age of 14; (2) that the parents usually desire their children to go to work at as early an age as possible; and (3) that in these schools the course is finished by the average pupil at about the age of 14 years. Although there are high schools in all the larger towns and cities of the coal-minmg regions, they are attended by almost no children of immigrant parentage exceiit British and German. The children of the more recently immitJ’rating races, such as the Slovaks, Poles, and Italians, practi- cally finish their schooling when they leave the public or parochial grammar schools. In the foregoing table it will be observed that many children of native parentage continue in attendance alter the a^^e of 14 years. In some cases this is due to the presence ol back- ward pupils who are finishing the course, and in other cases to the fact that advanced instruction is being given some pupils by special arrangement. PAROCHIAL-SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. The mixture of races shown in the attendance at the public schools is significant in its relation to Americanization when compared with the racial classification of the pupils attending the parochial schools of the same region, as shown in the -following tables exhibiting the attendance at selected schools: Table 236. — Per cent distribution of children in the parochial schools, by race. General nativity and race of father of pupil. Per cent distri- bution. 8.9 Foreign-born: 24.1 48.0 19.1 91.1 10^ Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 457 Table 237, — Number of pupils of each sex in the parochial schools, by yeneral n a t iv ity and race of father of pupil. General nativity and race of father of pupil. Native-born, White Foreign-born: German Irish Italian, North. . Itaiian, South. . Magyar Polish Russian Slovak Other races «... Total Grand total... Number of- Total, Males. 1 Females. 27 32 59 6 10 16 9 18 27 15 4 19 4 7 11 9 8 17 79 81 160 6 5 11 162 157 319 17 9 26 307 299 606 334 I i 331 665 « “Other races” comprise: Croatian, 4; Dutch, 5; English, 4; Hebrew Slovenian, 2. (not specified), 9; Lithuanian, 2; In the parochial schools, as shown in the above table, the per cent of children of native white parentage is but 8.9 as compared with 42.4 in the public schools. The Polish and Slovak races send the greatest number of children to the parochial schools represented in these tables. This is due not to a greater tendency on the part of these races to send their children to school, but to the fact that they are present here in much greater numbers than are those of other immigrant races. STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. In connection with the above data from both public and parochial schools the table next presented, compiled from families in this same region, may be taken to show the relative disposition of different races to send their children to school. This table exhibits the num- ber and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at work, and at school, by general nativity and race of father and birthplace of child. 458 The Immigration Commission. Tabi f 238 -Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at hoine,at school, aNat Ztbv geriral nutwtty and rac^ of father and by btrthplaee ofehld. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) rThi= tahlp inrludes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or more (This table abroad The native-born are shown for comparative purposes.] ^ General nativity and race of father. Native-born, White Foreign-born; Italian, North. . Italian, South. Magyar P 9 lish Slovak Number Number— 1 1 Per cent— Birthplace of child. reporting complete data. At home. At school. At work. At home. At school. At work. United States. 51 2 48 1 3.9 94.1 2.0 /United States. (Abroad no 64 15 13 92 49 3 2 13.6 20.3 20.4 35.7 15. 9 20.0 83.6 76.6 75.9 60.7 82.9 80.0 2.7 3.1 Q 7 /United States. 54 28 11 10 41 17 2 1 o. i 3.6 1.2 .0 2.6 2.0 4.0 1.2 /United States. 82 40 13 8 68 32 1 (Abroad (United States. (Abroad 189 51 33 17 151 33 5 1 17.5 33.3 17.9 20.2 79.9 64.7 78.0 78.6 (United States. (Abroad 346 84 62 17 270 66 14 1 The above table shows that the native families have relatively fewer children of school age at home and at work and “oi'e at scho^, than have any of the immigrant races. In connection with the foreign born it shoulcibe noted that in general a born abroad than of those born in the United States are at home^ This is due to the fact that the children born abroad are older than those born here, and therefore are the first to leave school. The relative proportions at school, at home, or ’are the persons 16 years of age or over in the households studied, are shown by sex iiCthe two tables next submitted. Table 239.-Per cent of males 16 years of age or over at school, at home, and in other occupations, by general nativity and race of individual. IThi., table inch. dee only racee with 20 or tnore males reporting. The totals, however, are tor all races.) (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Native-born of native father. White o, T ' Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Slovak. Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Number reporting complete data. Per cent— 22 190 32 Grand total . Total native-born of foreign father. Total uative-born Total foreign-born 112 115 191 339 35 40 99 563 At school. At home. 5.1 5.1 2,148 114 173 1,975 1.7 2.6 In other occupa- tions. 93.2 92.3 .0 1.1 6.3 2.1 .9 5.3 5.2 .3 .5 1.5 .0 .0 .0 .4 1.0 100. C 98. S 93. ^ 97. £ 99.1 97.1 100 . ( 100 . ( 100 . ( 99. J 2.6 2.3 Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 459 Table 240 . — Per cent of females 16 years of age or over at school, at home, and in other occupations, hy general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.! Number Per cent — General nativity and race of individual. reporting complete data. At school. At home. In other occupa- tions. Native-born of native father. White Native-born of foreign father, by race of father; GO 1.7 90.0 8.3 German 25 12.0 64.0 24.0 Slovak Foreign-born: 32 3.1 78.1 18.8 Croatian 107 .0 99.1 .9 German 25 .0 92.0 8.0 Italian, North 146 2.1 97.3 .7 Italian, South 62 .0 98.4 1.6 Lithuanian 79 1.3 98.7 .0 Magyar 150 .0 98.7 1.3 Polish 201 .0 97.5 2.5 Russian 38 .0 100.0 .0 Ruthenian 42 .0 100.0 .0 Slovak 378 .0 99.2 .8 Grand total 1,454 1.0 96.0 3.0 Total native-born of foreign father 104 8.7 69.2 22.1 Total native-born 164 6.1 76.8 17. 1 Total foreign-born 1,290 .3 98.4 1.2 Of the foreign-born niales and females 16 years of age or over, only three-tenths of 1 per cent are at school. The males are lagely at work in the mines or in other occupations, while the females are largely at home. On the other hand, 6.1 per cent of all native-born females and 5.2 per cent of all native-born males, 16 years of age or over, are at school. CITIZENSHIP. Another point of gperal interest is the tendency on the part of the different races (if foreign birth to acquire citizenship, and their general interest in public and civic affairs. Employers are a unit in stating that little real or intelligent civic interest is manifested by recent immi- grants. They ascribe this lack to the immigrant’s ignorance of our political methods, his illiteracy and inability to speak English, the social and political aloofness of these races in the more or less remote mining villages, and^ their desire to avoid taxation. Those who reside in or near Ijie cities seem to exhibit more interest than do those of the isolated communities. It seems that the Bohemians ancl Moravians take a much more active part in civic affairs than any other race of recent immigration in the bituminous districts of Pennsylvania. Among the other Slavic races, the Slovaks and Poles lead in this regard, while the Croatians make the poorest showing. It is almost the universal statement that this latter race shows no intelligent civic interest at all, and that very few become naturalized. The Italians, both North and South, are more active than the Slavic races in their efforts^ to become citizens, and appear to take a more active part m civic affairs. All information of this character is, of necessity, somewhat indefinite, and varies with the locality. It seems true of all the later immigrating races that they take far less interest in I 460 The Immigration Commission. civic afiairs than did the Ociman and British immigrants, and in cases where there seems to be encouraging activity it is nearly always due not to their own intelligent efforts to attain citizenship and exer- cise’its privileges, but to the influence of interested politicians. When members of these races actually become naturalized they vote almost wliollv as their “bosses” tell them. The “boss” may be the native superintendent or foreman, or some leader of their owm race; tor exam- ple an intelligent banker and steamship ticket agent. It is charged that immigrants are often improperly influenced to vote as desired and that many are sometimes allowed to vote who have no legal rii^ht to exercise the franchise. There is a practically unanimous opinion that as races the southeastern European immigrants make far less intellio-ent and reliable citizens than do Germans, 13ritisn, or Scandinavians': As indicating the extent of naturalization among these races, the following table is given. It covers the naturahza- tions in Westmoreland County, Pa., which has been one of the most important coal and coke producing areas during the ppt one hun- •Ired and six years. While it is impossible to differentiate by races in this record, the extent of naturalization by nationalities, resulting from political pressure in the years of important elections, can be readily seen in the greatly increased numbers of persons who became citizens in those years. The marked falling on in the number of persons naturalized in 1907 to 1908 is due to the effects of legislation prescribing more stringent tests for citizenship. Table 241 Number of persons naturalized in Westmoreland County, Pa., by country of birth, 1802 to 1908. Year. 1802. 1804 1805 180G ! 1807 1809.. 1810.. 1811.. 1812.. 1813.. 1814.. 1815.. 1816.. 1817.. 1818.. 1819.. 1820.. 1821. 1822. 1823. 1824. 1825. 1826. 1827- 1828. 1829. 1839. 1831- 1832. 1833. 1834. 1 d' : c3 d 29 20 42 12 9 16;. 32 . 3'. 20 |. 6 . 19,. 11 27' 2; ph Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 461 Table 241 . — Number of persons naturalized in Westmoreland County, Pa., by country of birth, 1802 to 1908 — Continued. Year. Assyria. Austria. j 1 Belgium. | Bohemia. 1 Canada. | Cuba. 1 Denmark. j England. 1 Finland. | France. Germany. Greece. | Holland. | Ireland. j 1 Isle of Mauritius. | Italy. j Lithuania. | 1 Norway. I Poland. Roumania. 1 Russia. Scotland. Spain. Sweden. Switzerland. I Syria. 1 Wales. Total. 1835 3 5 8 1836 1 9 3 1 7 1837 . . 4 2 ! 5 11 1838 4 1 25 13 1 1 1 45 1839 9 ! 2 1 1 12 1840 1 24 ! 11 1 37 1841 10 1 2 18 1842 4 6 1 10 1843 2 1 5 9 ..|.... 17 1844 1 1 20 8 1 30 1845 1 7 i 5 1 13 1846 10 4 1 15 1847 1 1 26 8 i 37 1848 4 22 4 2 32 1849 2 i 1 3 1850 3 2 5 5 15 1851 1 5 13 1 20 1852 1 1 10 27 39 1853 1 1 8 18 28 1854 4 20 2 26 1855 2 31 1 46 2 1 83 1856 1 3 33 1 98 1 1 138 1857 '2 29 2 10 3 5 i 52 1858 3 11 18 1 1 1 35 1859 1 i 4 37 21 3 67 1860 2 31 21 1 2 57 1861 1 6 2 1 10 1862 1 6 4 1 12 1863 2 5 5 12 1864 3 5 4 12 1865 1 2 5 8 1866 4 12 9 25 1867 2 2 1 1 6 1868 1 1 15 31 23 3 2 76 1869 1 1 2 1870 1 3 2 6 1871 1 5 8 8 1 23 1872 1 5 15 14 1 1 37 1873 3 4 17 24 1874 1 2 10 2 15 1875 2 1 11 11 1 1 1 28 1876 5 1 38 2 23 37 22 1 18 147 1877 4 7 4 2 1 18 1878 2 3 22 14 5 17 2 65 1879 1 5 2 14 19 1 3 i 1 47 1880 2 28 1 35 42 11 "i5 3 10 147 1881 1 1 8 1 11 1882 1 1 1 1 18 1 5 5 4 1 2 40 1883 1 3 7 1 2 1 15 1884 5 3 1 57 6 38 39 3 18 5 5 11 191 1885 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 13 1886 9 1 71 2 49 30 1 1 23 14 18 219 1887 10 "'3 2 21 1 29 5 6 8 2 i 2 90 1888 89 19 ’2 153 10 201 90 8 1 3 3 86 47 1 20 733 1889... 18 ' i 1 37 3 50 19 1 1 11 14 13 1 170 1890 32 5 24 2 1 45 124 28 7 8 i 19 21 19 i g 350 1891 15 3 2 1 38 7 57 26 5 7 25 ’2 17 4 5 214 1892 47 14 28 3 ‘i 87 7 122 75 10 1 17 29 35 2 10 488 1893 10 7 10 22 3 18 5 4 6 5 4 4 98 1894 20 7 4 48 i 1 31 13 6 1 4 15 19 2 4 176 1895 29 19 3 1 58 9 37 12 16 4 11 19 5 3 5 231 1896 170 27 20 3 i 103 i 17 74 33 41 5 14 38 48 97 7 7 6nQ 1897... 159 42 19 1 2 62 14 111 21 S'? q 91 m 1 i 7 uuy CQQ 1898.... 26 4 1 14 1 31 4 00 28 "i 0 3 2 ID 3 Q t J Ooy 132 1899 132 6 12 36 7 77 10 i 145 4 g 10 0 7 3 9 465 1900 no 3 3 2 25 'i 2 80 11 96 10 27 11 15 1 2 399 1901 47 1 1 1 15 4 24 5 61 '3 5 7 13 4 191 1902... 63 1 1 22 i 25 2 80 g 9 12 i 223 1903.... 56 3 2 14 2 '3 16 1 4 144 J 7 A 7 A 979 1904 3 84 3 g 2 11 J 104 2 Q i IQ D K i 1 1 q D 1 Zt L 9A1 1905 64 '"2 5 1 12 ‘i 16 1 45 0 1 8 0 4 Xl 2 'i 0 1 2 Z\)l 165 1906... 86 3 6 19 94 2 8 1 5 1 2 227 1907... 17 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 31 1908O.... 18 2 9 1 8 2 1 3 44 a January 1 to November ]. 462 The Immigration Commission. In connection with the study of individual mine employees, inquiry was also made regarding the extent of citizenship among those ol foreio-n birth. From the returns secured, the following table has been prepared, covering 12,182 foreign-born mine employees. It shows by race the political condition of males who were 21 years of age or over at time of immigration, and who have been in the United States live years or over. Table 2^2.— Present political condition of foreign-horn male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time oj coming, hu race. (STUDY OF EMl’LOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] ~ 1 Number reporting complete data. Number— Per cent— Race. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. lf)8 75 50 44.6 29.8 1 ' (a) (a) 4 , 2 i (a) (a) (a) 1 > (“) .5 i 3 1 (a) (a) 3.0 (a) 4G3 19 14 4. 1 2 1 (") 7 1 3 (a) (a) (a) 18 7 2 (a) 70.0 (a) 36.2 64.4 (a) 85.1 4.37 306 53 12. 1 (a) 24 5 2 149 54 33 22. 1 702 452 102 14. 5 ^“\l 28 2 3 Iri^h 275 234 14 0. 1 1.081 207 154 19. 1 14. 2 12.5 9.5 8.7 (a) G87 133 86 19. 4 TffYllQn QAPPiflPfl 'I 2G 7 4 (a) Litluio-iiicin. 222 36 21 16.2 8.1 (a) 1,0G5 86 93 - 7 2 1 1 (“) (a) 2,074 296 175 14.3 (a) 8.4 (a) 5 2 8 i 2 (a) (a) 343 27 27 7.9 9.5 67.8 7.9 riiitliGTiicin 74 7 7 9.5 202 137 15 7.4 (a) 3 3 (a) (a) 10.2 14.1 73.3 80.0 («) ; 20 2 4 1 3.233 330 247 i.O 523 74 103 19. 7 101 74 14 13. 9 ■\Yp]c^U G5 52 9 13. 8 (a) 5 1 Australian (race not specifieil) A nctrion Tint 82 9 9 11.0 11.0 10.1 (a) T^plcripn Tint. STiPOlfiptl ^ ....l 69 40 7 58.0 Swiss (race not specified) 2 2 («) Tottil 12,182 2,687 1,258 22.1 1 10.3 1 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. The table above shows that of the 12,182 immigrants who could be naturalized citizens if they so desired, only 22.1 per cent have availed themselves of the opportunity, while an additional 10.3 per cent have taken out their first papers. In other words, an average of two immigrants out of every three do not become citizens or even begin the legal process necessary to that end. Generalizations are much less satisfactory, however, than the detailed showing by races, Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 468 and when this is examined it is found that the immigrant races fall immediately into two very distinct groups. The first is made up of races showing relatively large numbers of citizens, and includes the Welsh with 80 per cent, the English with 70 per cent, the Germans with 64.4 per cent, the Irish with 85.1 per cent, the Scotch with 67.8 per cent, and the Swedes with 73.3 per cent, naturalized. The second group, with relatively few citizens, includes all the other immigrant races given in the table. Among these races, the Bohemians and Moravians and the French are far in the lead, with 44.6 per cent and 36.2 per cent, respectively, naturalized and 29.8 per cent and 22.1 cent, respectively, having first papers. Of the more numerous races in this group, the South Italians have 19.4 per cent naturalized, the North Italians 19.1 per cent, the Poles 14.3 per cent, the Slovenians 14.1 per cent, the Slovaks 10.2 per cent, the Magyars 8.1 per cent, and the Croatians 4.1 per cent. This shows that among the races of the second group, except the Bohemians and Moravians and the French, there is very little tendency toward citizenshij). This indifference may be ascribed in large measure to differences in language, but such difference does not deter the German and the Swedish immigrants from becoming naturalized. The following table has been arranged to show the relation between period of residence in this country and the political status of foreign- born males who were 21 years of age or over at the time of their arrival and who have been in this country five years or more. Classi- fication has been made according to race and according to period of residence in the United States. Table 243 . — Present 'political condition of foreign-horn male employees 'who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] In United States 5 to 9 years. 1 I In United States 10 years i or over. In United States 5 years or over. Race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent — Number ^ reporting complete data. Per cent — N umber reporting complete data. Per cent— 1 Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. i Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. Bohemian and Mora- i vian 82 6.1 46.3 86 81.4 14.0 168 44.6 29.8 Croatian 375 1.3 2.4 88 15.9 5. 7 463 4.1 3.0 English 72 12.5 33.3 365 81.4 7.9 437 70.0 12.1 French 73 2.7 28.8 76 68.4 I 15.8 149 36.2 22.1 German 164 9.1 30.5 5.38 81.2 i 9.7 702 64.4 14.5 Irish 13 23.1 15.4 262 88.2 4.6 275 85.1 5.1 Italian, North 710 7.0 13.8 .371 42.3 15.1 1,081 19.1 14.2 Italian, South 438 6.2 12.3 249 42.6 12.9 687 19.4 12.5 Lithuanian 124 4.0 8.1 98 31.6 11.2 222 16.2 i 9.5 Magyar 707 1.8 5.7 .358 20.4 14.8 1,065 8.1 8.7 Polish 1,229 1.4 5.1 845 33.0 13.3 2,074 14.3 8.4 Russian 205 1.0 3.9 138 18.1 13.8 343 7.9 7.9 Scotch 36 5. 6 13.9 166 81.3 1 6.0 202 67.8 7.4 Slovak 1,813 1.3 4.4 1,420 21.6 11.8 3,233 10.2 7.6 Slovenian 361 3.3 22.2 162 38.3 14.2 523 14.1 19.7 Swedish 16 18.8 37.5 85 83.5 9.4 101 73.3 13.9 Total 6, 633 3.0 9.3 5,549 44.8 11.6 12, 182 1 1 22.1 10.3 464 The Immigration Commission. The preceding table shows that but 12.3 per cent of the males who have been in tlie United States less than ten years have taken steps to become citizens, in comparison with 56.4 per cent of those who have a residence of ten years or more. In other words, 87.7 per » cent of the more recent immigrants are aliens as compared with 43.6 I per cent of the earlier ones. In the table four races, the North Italian, Magyar, Polish, and Slovak, are represented by more than 1,000 indi- viduals each; considering those who hold their first papers in addi- tion to the fully naturalized, these races, with the exception of the North Italian, are below the general average. Moreover, a smaller percentage of these races acquire citizenship after ten years’ residence in the country than the average lor the whole group. The Irish, while re])resented by smaller numbers in the table, make the best showing, both in respect to the acquisition of citizenship during the first ten years of residence and also in the acquisition of citizenship during the later period. The following table presents the political condition of foreign-bom male members of imniigrant households studied who have been in the United States five years or over ancl who were 21 years of age or over at time of arrival, by race of individual: Table 2^4:— Present political condition of foreign-horn males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.) Number Number — ! Per cent— Race of individual. reporting complete data. Fully natural- ized. Having [ first pa- pers only. Fully natural- ized. Having first pa- pers only. Bohemian and Moravian 8 3 3 (a) (a) Croatian 05 3 5 4.6 7.7 English 9 8 1 (a) (a) German 15 13 1 (a) (a) Irisli 3 2 (a) (a) Italian North 95 30 18 31.6 18.9 Italian, South 50 17 6 34.0 12.0 Lithuanian 49 5 5 10.2 10.2 Magyar 09 14 10 20.3 14.5 Polish 127 19 19 15.0 15.0 Roiini’^n - 8 (a) (a) Russian 18 2 3 (a) (a) Ruthenian 26 4 1 15.4 3.8 Slovak 198 34 22 17.2 11.1 Slovpnifl.n 6 1 (a) (a) Total 746 154 95 20.6 12.7 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. The total number of individuals reporting full data in the above table is 746. Of these, 20.6 per cent have full naturalization papers and 12.7 per cent first papers. The Slovaks are represented in the greatest number, but there are comparatively few of this race who have either first or second papers, 71.7 per cent being without political status. Entries for the South Italians, North Italians, and Magyars show a high percentage fully naturalized, 34 per cent of the South Italians reporting as citizens. Croatians are shown to rank lowest Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 465 in this regard. Among those having first papers only, the Nortli Italians report 18.9 per cent of their number and the Poles 15 per cent, while the smallest proportion, 3.8 per cent, is shown by the Slovaks. ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH. ^ criterion of the degree of assimilation is the ability to speak English evidenced by the non-English-speaking races. From the families studied in the Pennsylvania bituminous localities, infor- mation showing the degree of ability to speak English, of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual was secured from 4,715 persons. This information is presented in the lollowmg table: Table 245.— Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, hy set and gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals however, are for all non-English-speaking races.] ' General nativity and race of individual. Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: German Italian, North Italian, South ! ! . ! Lithuanian ^ Magyar Polish Slovak ! ! . Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian German Italian, North Italian, South [ Lithuanian Magyar Polish !....!!! Roumanian ' ' ' ’ Russian ’ Ruthenian Slovak Grand total Total native-born of foreign father Total foreign-born Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 43 52 95 100.0 100.0 100.0 62 62 124 95.2 95.2 95.2 29 35 64 100.0 91.4 95.3 27 17 44 85.2 88.2 86.4 47 40 87 95.7 97.5 96.6 104 107 211 92.3 90.7 91.5 211 206 417 93.4 90.8 92.1 25 22 47 60.0 59.1 59.6 200 115 315 42.5 22.6 35.2 34 26 60 94.1 100.0 96.7 226 173 399 72.6 40.5 58.6 124 78 202 60.5 29.5 48.5 122 87 209 54.9 35.6 46.9 216 165 381 67.6 49.7 59.8 358 233 591 41.9 37.3 40.1 36 13 49 2.8 15.4 6.1 42 43 85 33.3 16.3 24.7 107 49 156 27.1 12.2 22.4 601 424 1,025 47.1 31.6 40.7 2,694 2,021 4,715 60.2 51.7 56.6 584 575 1,159 94.3 92.3 93.4 2,110 1,446 3,556 50.8 35.5 44.6 In the above table the most important information disclosed by me statistics having to do with persons who were native-born of loreign lather is the classification by race of persons who speak the English language, for a large number of the groups represent the native-born children of recent immigrants. Of the 1,159 native-born 0 loreign father, 93.4 per cent speak English, comprising 94.3 per cent of the males and 92.3 per cent of the females. It will be seen mat every second-generation German covered by these statistics is nghsh-speakmg. Then follow the Magyars witli 96.6 per cent, the ^>outh Italians with 95.3 per cent, the North Italians, the Slovaks, the 466 The Immigration Commission. Poles, and the Lithuanians, the last named showing 86.4 per cent. The order in which these races are represented may be accepted as a cri- terion of the order in which the native-born children of foreign parents are becoming Americanized. Over one-half, or 50.8 per cent, of the foreit^n-born males speak English and only 35.5 per cent of the foreign- born'’ females. For the total of both sexes the percentage is 44.6. The larger ])ercentage of foreign-born males speaking English as compared with the females is obviously due to the fact that the former are brought into more intimate and frequent contact with American life and institutions, while the immigrant woman and housewhe has less op])ortunity to acquire the language because of her setu-egation in the foreign colony and in the home. The Germans of foreign birth, with 96.7 per cent, show a much larger proportion able to'siieak English than any other foreign race, and the foreign- born Koumanians, with only 6.1, show the smallest per cent. Other races which have a percentage above the general average of 44.6 m'e the following: ^Magyar with 59.8 per cent, Bohemian and Moravian with 59.6 per cent. North Italian with 58.6 per cent. South Italian with 48.5 per cent, and Lithuanian with 46.9 per cent. The table next submitted is based upon reports from 33,876 foreign- born mine workers, and shows, by race of individual, the relative ability to speak English. Table 246 — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees who speak English, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEFS.) [This table includes only non-Eiiglish-speaking races with 40 or more males reporting. 1 he total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.] Race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English. Race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English. 451 69.4 54. 2 Polish 5,900 50.3 Bohemian and Moravian 1,945 56 328 Roumanian 100 45.0 T 4" 83.9 Russian 1,265 56.9 71. 6 Ruthenian 280 45.0 1,511 75 91.0 Servian 84 60.7 German 65.3 Slovak 9,853 57.1 3, 323 2,197 90 58.8 Slovenian 1,534 59. 6 It£lli 8^11 f In 01 111 60.3 Swedish 216 97.2 Italian (not specified) 60.0 33,876 58.2 Tvithuanian 630 71. 1 Total Magyar 3,489 50.8 — Of all races reporting, the Swedes, followed by the Germans, show a larger per cent able to speak English than a*ny other of the races, the Swedes reporting 97.2 per cent and the Germans 90.9 per cent. The figure for the Dutch is 83.9 per cent. Less than three-fourths of each of the other races reporting are able to speak English. 01 these races, the French lead, with 71.6 per cent, followed cteely by the Lithuanians, who report 71.1 per cent. Only two races, the Kou- manians and Ruthenians, report less than 50 per cent of their number able to speak the English language. The other races range from 69.4 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians to 50.3 per cent ol the Poles. The extent to which foreign-born persons in general are able to speak the English language having been examined in the precedmg Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 467 table, it will be of value to ascertain what degree of progress is indi- cated as between immigrants who were of different age groups at the time of arrival in the United States. The following table shows the percentage of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over in the households studied who speak English, by age at time of arrival in the United States, the individuals being divided into two groups, the first composed of those who were under 14 years at time of corning and the second of those who were 14 or more than 14 years of age. ' Table 247 .— Per cent of foreign-horn persons 6 years of age or over who speak English by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. ' (study of households.) [This table includes only non-English-speakmg races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total how^- ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.] ’ Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English, by‘ age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. Bohemian and Moravian Croatian 47 Qi ec 90. 9 50.0 German olO 86. 7 29. 8 Italian, North oU ooo 100. 0 95. 5 Italian, South oyy OAO 90. 4 48. 9 Lithuanian OAA 77. 4 43.3 Magyar zuy 95. 8 40. 5 ool 84. 6 54. 7 oy J < A 81. 4 32. 0 Russian 4y OK (a) 2. 2 Ruthenian oO 50. 0 21, Slovak loo 1 AOK 50. 0 17. 9 Total 1, UZo 86. 8 32.2 O, OOO 84. 6 36. 9 a Not computed, owing to small munber involved. I^on referring to the above table it is apparent that the general endenw exhibited for all races of immigrants is that those who come .0 tne United States at an early age acquire the use of English more ■eadily than those who come at a later period of life. This is apoar- >nt from a comparison of the ability to use English by the two age , roups in the table. Of those who were under 14 years of a^e on arriving m the United States, 84.6 per cent are able to speak English id present, yhile on the other hand, of those persons who were 14 or nore than 14 years of age when they arrived in this country only 6 9 per cent are at present able to speak English. The greatest aciiity m acquiring the language, among immigrants under 14 years arrivd m this country, is seen in the case of the llov^kf B®jl®“ians and Morayians, North Italians, .'lovaks and Croatians. On the other hand, a greater degree of “Indicated of contact with American life and institutions ans •■elf[]ve y small proportion of Russians, Ruthe- lans Roumanians, and ^uth Italians who are able to speak English imt ?howTtf’ Bohemians and Moravians, and NorthTtal- iWlish greatest proportion of representatives able to speak le^United 14 years of age or oyer at the time of coming to ^es^tl itU‘ * strikmg fact m connection with the other ices tliat m no case is a larger proportion than 43.3 per cent able to 468 The Immigration Commission. speak English if the persons were as much as 14 years of age when « they arrived in this country . . -w i From the standpoint of Americanization and assimilation, however, it is even more important to ascertain what connection exists between ability to speak English and period of residence in this country on the part of the different races of recent immigration. With this , obiect in view the table below is submitted showing the per cent ot foreio-n-born persons 6 years of age or over in the households studied who speak English, by years in the United States. Table 248. Per cent of foreign-hom persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) fRv Vpars in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. 1 his table includes ^rnify non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non- English-speaking races.] Race of individual. j Number j reporting I complete data. Per cent who speak English, by years in United States. Under 5. I 5 to 9. 10 or over. Bohemian and Moravian Croatian German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Total 47 32.0 66.7 100.0 315 15.4 44.0 60.0 60 100.0 96.2 399 33.8 55. 6 88.0 202 20.5 63.3 72.9 209 21.3 40.7 77.6 381 33.8 1 61.9 85.8 591 14.3 ! 36.0 70.0 49 3.0 1 12.5 85 2.5 1 31.0 68.8 156 .0 32.6 48.8 1,025 14.9 42.2 58.9 3,556 18.9 45.4 70.6 1 This table brings out the significant fact that a much greater pro- portion of immigrants of a long period of residence than of those ol recent arrival in the United States are able to use the English 1^^” guage. On comparing the totals for the foreign-born it is seen that of those persons who have been in the country ten years or longer a larger proportion can speak English than of those who have been here from five to nine years, and of those persons who have nacl a residence of from five to nine years a higher percentage can speak Encrlish than of those who have been in the country less than live ye^s. It is worthy of note also that all the Bohemians and Mora- vians and practically all the Germans who have been m the United States ten years or more are able to speak English, while or the other races the North Italian indicates the greatest, and the Ruthenian the least, advancement in this respect. The North Italian is shown to acquire the use of English more extensively than the South Italian, and the Magyar more than the Slovak. In addition to the preceding table, based upon members ot the households studied, the following table, which is the result ot data collected from 33,876 individual mine workers, shows, by age ot indi- vidual at time of coming to the United States, the per cent ot toreign- born males in western Pennsylvania who speak English at the presen time. This table includes only races with 100 or more males repor - ing, but the total is for all non-English-speaking races. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 469 Table 249 . — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (study of employees.) (This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, how- ever, is for all non-Plnglish-speaking races.] Race. Number reporting complete 1 Per cent who speak English, 1 by age at time of coming to United States. { data. ^Unde; 14. 14 or over. Total. Bohemian and Moravian Croatian ' 451 1, 945 328 ! 1,511 3.323 1 2, 197 630 3, 489 5, 900 100 1,265 280 9 853 98.0 ' 61.0 68. 8 . 54. 1 Q7 3 (U 3 i 69.4 French o4. 4 'Tl A German *71.0 err. 0 100. 0 87. 7 91. 5 57. 3 91.6 58.8 95. 5 70. 2 / I. 0 91 0 Italian, North Italian, South Oo. 0 Lithuanian 60. 3 71.1 50.8 Magyar Polish 89^7 ' 49^7 Roumanian VO. U ; 4:0. 0 4^ 0 oU. 0 45.0 Russian 04 A CA Ruthenian ot. u 00 . 0 7^ n 44 1 00. y Slovak « 0 . U 44. 1 40. u K7 1 Slovenian 1 534 \J 00 . 0 04 7 ' 9 0/ . 1 p;q a Swedish ’ 2 I 6 *?4. / OO. ^ inn n on 7 ov. 0 07 0 lUU. U VO. t y/ . z Total 33 876 04 0 1 1 KQ 0 V4. V , OO. i Oo. Z Of the total number reporting, 94.9 per cent of those in tiie above table who were under 14 years of age at the time of coming to the United States now speak English, as compared with 56.1 per cent of those who were 14 years of age or over at time of arrival in the United States. A total of 9,853 Slovaks report complete data. Of that number, 92 per cent of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United States, and 55.5 per cent of those who were 14 years of age or over, speak English at the present time. Of 5,900 Polish males reporting complete information, 96 per cent of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming now speak English, as compared with 48.3 per cent of those who were 14 vears of age or over when they came to this country. Of the Magyars, 89.7 per cent of those who were under 14 years of age, and 49.7 per cent of those who were 14 years of age or over at time of arrival, now speak English. The showing made by the Lithuanians and the Ital- ians, North and South, is better than that made by the Magyars, Ruthenians, and other southern and eastern European races. Of the Lithuanians, 95.5 per cent of those under 14 at time of coming, and 70.2 per cent of those 14 or over, now speak English. A total of 3,323 North Italians report complete data. Of that number 91.5 per cent of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United States are at present able to speak English, as com- pared with 57.3 per cent of those who were 14 years of age or over when they immigrated. Of the 2,197 South Italians, 91.6 per cent 3f those who immigrated when they were under 14 years of age now speak English, while only 58.8 per cent of those who came after 14 ^ears of age are able at present to use the language. 48296 °— VOL 6 — 11— — 31 470 The Immigration Commission. The table next submitted also shows the ability to speak English based upon different periods of residence in this country. It embodies the results of a study of 33,876 individual mine workers ol foreign birth. Table 250 . Per cent of foreign-horn male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) fBv years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. Tins table in- ^ r«pps xriih 100 or more males reporting. The total, howeve eludes only non-Kngiish-speaking races with 100 or more males reporting, all non-English-speaking races.] 7er, is for N umber reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English, by years in United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Total. 451 32.5 68.8 88.9 69.4 ijOncTIllclIl aiiU. iYJ-Uiav laiA. - 1,945 44.8 63.8 76.7 54.2 71.6 91.0 58.8 328 28.6 67.4 90.0 1,511 64.6 83.3 96.7 3,323 40.9 69.8 84.3 Ttcilifin Smith 2, 197 42.5 71.7 84.3 60.3 71.1 50.8 50.3 630 38.9 83.3 90.2 3,489 34.1 65.0 77. 7 jxia^y Polish 5,900 29.8 57.7 78. 1 T?nnmnnifin 100 42.4 60.0 (a) 45.0 56.9 45.0 57.1 1,265 41.4 72.2 84. 6 280 20.3 54. 5 85. 9 Slovak 9,853 34.7 61.8 80.0 1,534 41.8 71.2 82. 4 59. 6 97.2 216 64.7 100.0 100.0 Total 33,876 37.1 65.4 83.6 58.2 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. It will be seen from the above table that of those races with a residence in the United States of less than five years, 37.1 per cent can speak English; of those who have been here between five and nine years, 65.4 per cent, and of those who have resided here ten years or over, 83.3 per cent, now speak English. Of those who have been here under five years, the Germans and Swedes, reporting 64.6 and 64.7 per cent, respectively, lead, and are the only races report- ing over 50 per cent of their number able to speak English. Follow- ing these races are the Croatians and South Italians, in the order named, the Croatians reporting 44.8 per cent and the South Italians 42.5 per cent. Less than one-third, each, of the Ruthenians, Bo- hemians and Moravians, French, and Poles are able to speak Eng- lish; the Bohemians and Moravians report 32.5 per cent, and the Ruthenians 20.3 per cent. The other races range from 42.4 per cent of the Roumanians to 34.1 per cent of the Magyars. Of those who have resided in the United States between five and nine years, the Swedes, reporting their entire number as being able to speak English, lead, followed by the Lithuanians and Germans, each reporting 83.3 per cent. Less than two-thirds each of the Magyars, Croatians, Slovaks, Roumanians, Poles, and Ruthenians are able to speak English, the Magyars reporting 65 per cent and the Ruthenians 54.5 per cent. The other races not mentioned above range from 72.2 per cent of the Russians to 67.4 per cent ol Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 471 the French. Of those with a residence of ten years or more, the Swedes make the best showing, 100 per cent of their number being able to speak English. The lowest percentage is shown by the Croatians, only 76.7 per cent of their number with a residence of ten years or over being able to speak English. The proportions of the other races with a residence of ten years or over, now able to speak English, range from 96.7 per cent of the Germans to 77.7 per cent of the Magyars. It is apparent from this table that, upon the whole, the largest percentage of gain is shown by those who have resided in the United States between five and nine years. 472 The Immigration Commission. REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY A. Chapter XI. INTRODUCTION. Summary description of the community — Industrial history — Inducements and obstacles to immigration. SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE COMMUNITY. Located in southwestern Pennsylvania and lying in a rough, isolated, mountainous region. Community A has an elevation above mean sea level of about 1,600 feet. Bituminous coal mining is the principal industry; union labor is not recognized; and out of an esti- mated population of 10,000, representing about 25 nationalities and races, nearly 75 per cent are foreigners and a large proportion are of recent immigration. One industrial concern, employing from 4,000 to 4,500 men, controls the mining interests and operates 12 mines, which, together with their locations and other subcommunities, are grouped around an urban center. From an industrial standpoint Community A is about 12 years old. The community is drained by an affluent from the Ohio River sys- tem, is very healthful, and has climatic conditions characteristic of the mountain regions of western Pennsylvania. The deposits of coal are of the bituminous class and found in large quantities, the profitable veins running from 4 to 6 feet in thickness and very near the surface. The mines are all underground workings and are drifted according to the course followed by the coal veins; they are free from gases, and no precautions are needed in the use of combusti- ble materials. Explosions are not possible under the present sys- tem of ventilation. The main courses of the majority of the mines are lighted by electricity, and in the working rooms of the mines Note.— In addition to the direct influence upon the mining industry of the em- ployment of recent immigrants, the presence of a large body of immigrant employees m a mining district has a significant bearing in a more general way upon the char- acter of the locality.^ In order to throw a more concentrated light upon certain economic aspects of immigration, as well as upon the effects of immigration upon American life and institutions, two representative communities, designated “Com- munity A” and “Community B,” have been selected for intensive study. The names of the towns or communities are withheld because their publication would be of no value for present purposes and would serve to identify the persons and estab- lishments furnishing the information upon which the reports are based. These communities are typical of the average mining town in western Pennsylvania. Community A is representative of the class of towns which have come into existence during the past ten or fifteen years, as new mining territory was opened; there is no labor organization among the employees of the mines. Community B is typical of the older towns where mining has been in progress for a considerable number of years; all of the employees in the mines belong to labor organizations. 473 CHART I 474 The Immigration Commission. COM Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 475 476 The Immigration Commission. open torches are carried by the miners. Electric tramways are used in the mines in the principal runs, while, in the spur runs connecting the main line with the working rooms, the loaded and empty cars are moved by hand. The majority of the coal mined is shipped directly to Atlantic coast ports for the transatlantic trade. Transportation facilities are afforded by the branch line of a large trunk system con- necting the community with the chief markets of the country. The general character of the community may be quickly seen by referring to the map on page 472, in which the center of population is called ‘‘urban center,” the minor towns are marked “ subcommunity ” num- bers “ 1 ” and “2,” and the mines and their colonies are denominated “mine location,” and to each is given a letter, “A” to “M.” • INDUSTRIAL HISTORY. The industrial history of the community dates from 1897, when the mining company began operations with about 1,500 men secured from other sections of the United States and from England. In the short' period since the opening of the mines in 1897 the community ^s made rapid strides, both industrially and commercially. The mining company has expanded^ and with the exception of the recent period of industrial depression, has employed larger numbers of men each year; the railroad has been successful and has undertaken extensive improvements, and several smaller industrial establishments have been opened which offer employment to a limited number of persons. The first of the accom])anying charts shows the annual coal production of the mining company for the years 1898 to 1907. In the year 1898, 739,576 short tons of bituminous coal were mined in the community and in 1905, 3,385,277 tons. The total tonnage for 1906 and 1907 shows a distinct (lecrease in the amount of coal mined which is accounted for by the recent industrial depression. The number of wage-earners employed by the mining company has increased or fallen off with the coal ])roduction, as shown in the second chart. INDUCEMENTS AND OBSTACLES TO IMMIGRATION. Mining offers employment at present to about 4,000 men, including underground and surface occupations. The combined industries other than coal mining employ about 800 rnen under normal condi- tions. The main, and practically the only, inducement to immigra- tion offered by Community A is the opportunity to secure steady employment in the coal mines which afford work for the greater portion of the male population in the locality. The industry in this section is free from all danger of explosions resulting from gaseous accumulations in* the mines, and work is steady and, as compared with other mining localities, not so seriously affected by industrial depressions confined to the United States, for the reason that the bulk of the coal mined goes to the coast for the transatlantic trade. Machine mining is the method of operation in the locality and may also be included in the list of inducements to immigration. Under the system of machine mining the raw miner can secure a more prof- itable position without serving an apprenticeship than under other systems. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 477 The reasons why the machine is used so extensively in the district are: (1) The coal is very soft, thus rendering the machine more adapt- able to the work than is the pick. (2) The use of machines makes the cost of operation much lower than if pick mining were followed. Obstacles to immigration are dependent upon the one chief griev- ance of the loaders, who form a large percentage of the mine employees. In this occupation the men are obliged to haul their own cars in the rooms of the mines, a distance averaging 150 feet, which decreases their efficiency in the loading and increases the arduousness of the labor. For this reason and because the operating company ex- tends no recognition to organized labor, it is in prosperous times embarrassed on account of lack of men. Due to the fact that the operations in this community are little affected by industrial depres- sions, the company at such times is besieged with applications for themselves country, large numbers of immigrants leave the district and enter localities where they do not have to haul their cars in the mines and where they may enjoy the benefits of labor organizations. » -( • #* A-- ■^“- .... ST . !n'i ' Jlr.^tiii 0^ t (uST ^iT ot - A > ^ r. . vj.. jj^ Jf; -- t : ^TIte*^4Jmt^ ’»/M^i:ftHL\cL^.- >'4iw V '-^ ’ - ^ O'ici' jiflH > • P;. ,-i»» .1 > O!# /.■I ' ■ V .v't!? '• f4. -: ■Mfy^:..-.l i.ni ■ .•^» - ,:''-4M^^..l5il I’'- K i-S-iJ.S- 5KW^ v'l'^»i-:-'''i«!- gfc^v^li.-'. nS', .» - A' I-)!*:.'. THi iP^- m _.. 'JL^: . , Chapter XII. HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION. Present population of the community — Industrial distribution of the population — History of immigration to the community — Period of residence of mine workers — Racial classification of mining employees — [Text Tables 251 to 254.] PRESENT POPULATION OF THE COMMUNITY. The estimated population at present of the urban center in Com- munity A is 7,500; about 1,900 are native Americans, while the rest, 5,600, are foreigners of the several races of recent immigration. The combined population of the outlying subcommunities and mine loca- tions is estimated as 2,500, about 75 per cent of which is foreign. The estimated population of the community is 10,000, about three- fourths of that number being of foreign birth, including the small proportion of native-born of foreign father. The detailed estimate by races follows: American, White 2, 500 Bohemian and Moravian 10 Croatian 46 English 58 French 31 German : 201 Greek 17 Hebrew 95 Irish 56 Italian, North 500 Italian, South 450 Lithuanian 174 Magyar 1, 970 Norwegian 37 Polish 1,050 Roumanian 300 Russian 354 Ruthenian 15 Scotch 61 Slovak 1, 780 Slovenian 6 Swedish 100 Syrian 114 Tyrolean... 15 Welsh ‘ 60 Total 10,000 INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION. Better to understand the distribution of population and the group- ing of the several locations in the community, the map on page 472 is referred to. An analysis of the population of the community by race shows the following : Table 251. — Distribution of races in the urban center, by sections. [In each section the races are arranged according to numerical importance.] Eastern section. Southern section. All other sections. American, White. Italian. Magyar. Polish. Slovak. Lithuanian. Russian. Hebrew. Syrian. English. French. Irish. American, W^’'‘e. Slovak. Polish. Italian. Magyar. Rusrian. American, White. Swedish. English. Welsh. German. Scotch. Irish. Hebrew. Italian. Magyar. Slovak. Syrian. French. Norwegian. 479 480 The Immigration Commission. Divided into three sections, the urban center, with its total popula - 1 \ tion of 7,500, 75 per cent of whom are foreign, includes in the easterns section a large number of persons employed in mines J and K. The majority of the inhabitants of the southern section work in mine D, while those of the third section, which embraces all other parts of the town, carry on the general business activities of the town and represent the skilled portion of the population engaged in coal mining. The two subcommunities can be described in connection with the nearest mine locations, as they are inhabited by persons employed in the surrounding mines and a few who conduct the shops and saloons of the settlements. Subcommunity No. 1 is considered with mine location C, and subcommunity No. 2 with mine location B. Table 252 . — Races found in each subcommunity. [In each subcommunity the races are arranged according to numerical importance.] Subcommunity No. 1 and mine loca- tion C. Subcommunity No. 2 and mine loca- tion B. Magyar. Slovak. Polish. Roumanian. American, White. English. Italian. German. Lithuanian. Russian. Welsh. Swedish. Magyar. Polish. Slovak. German. Italian. English. Irish. Russian. American, White. The map shows 13 mine locations, 8 of which, including C and B, have colonies located around them. Mine I is abandoned, being ])ractically exhausted, and as it is located so near the urban center it would, under normal conditions, be considered as a part of the eastern section of the town. There are no colonies located at mines Ij and M, the employees living in mine location K and the urban center being transported to and from their work by the mining company on special trains free of charge. Both L and K are new mines, employing a comparatively small number of men. There is no colony at mine D, as it is near enough to the urban center to per- mit its employees to live within the limits. The majority are in the southern section of the town. Mines E and F are isolated from the rest of the community, and the workers in both live in a colony at mine E, there being no colony at F. The races found in the several mine colonies are given on the page following. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 481 Table 253 . — Races found in each mine location. [In each location the races are arranged according to numerical importance.] A. E. G. i H. J. K. i j Magyar. Magyar. Magyar. Polish. Slovak. Magyar. Polish. Polish. Polish. ! Slovak. Magyar. Polish. I Slovak. Slovak. Slovak. Magyar. Polish. Slovak. i Russian. American, White. Italian. ; Italian. Italian. Russian. Roumanian. Croatian. American, White. 1 Lithuanian. Italian. American, White. German. Croatian. Irish. English. Italian. Lithuanian. Swedish. Scotch. Tyrolean. Russian. Italian. German. Irish. Scotch. Welsh. English. ! Bohemian and Mo- ravian. ! Lithuanian. English. German. Irish. Swedish. Scotch. Welsh. 1 Russian. German. Slovenian. Proximity of work and clannishness are the reasons for such con- gregating as is indicated. The occupations of the inhabitants of the rnine locations are all connected with the operation of mining bituminous coal. HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COMMUNITY. The history of immigration to the community dates from the founding of the town. In the year 1897, the mining company began operations relative to the mining of bituminous coal and secured by means of employment agencies about 1,500 men. The colony which these men formed in 1897 has since developed into the urban center. Of the 1,500 men about 80 per cent were English, obtained on account of experience in coal mining in England, and the remainder was composed of various races. Before the company began operations, there were no immigrants in the locality save a few Italians working under the construction department of the branch railroad. In the years 1899 and 1900, the mining company increased the number of its employees by about 2,000. This increase of force by the company brought representatives of nearly all southern and eastern European races into the community. Those coming in the greatest numbers were the Magyar, Slovak, and Polish races. At this time the Eng- lish began to move away, and to-day only a few of this race are found m the community. The English who have remained, however, are now holding positions in the highest grades of work. Since 1900 there has been a constant movement of immigrants in the commu- nity. Nearly all races of Europe have come to the locality; some have remained in large numbers, while others have entirely disap- peared. The races found to be numerically preponderant at the present time are, in decreasing order: (1) Magyar, (2) Slovak, (3) Polish, (4) North Italian, (5) South Italian, (6) Kussian, (7) Rou- manian, (8) German. 482 The Immigration Commission, PERIOD OF RESIDENCE OF MINE WORKERS. If the period of residence in the United States of the 2,844 foreign- born miners from whom data relative to time in the^ United States were secured, be considered in connection with the history of immi- gration it is found that 67 have been in the United States less than one year, 389 one year, 473 two, 352 three, and 258 four years; or, in other words a total of 1,539, or more than one-half of those reporting, have been in the United States less than five years. The principal races in this number, named in order of the most recent arrival in the United States and in the community, are the Magyar, Pohsli, and North and South Italian. The North Italian, Magyar, Polish, and Slovak cover all periods of residence. Fifty Slovak and a few Ma^^vars, Poles, Swedes, Scotch, Irish, French, and English have been in the country more than 20 years. The periods of residence are shown in detail, by races, in the table which follows: Table 254 . — Number of foreign-horn male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is ^ made for time spent abroad.] Race. Number reporting complete data. Number in United States each specified number of years. Under 1. 1. 1 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. 1 16 25 7 35 1 11 166 146 38 940 587 28 55 11 743 2 18 14 1 6 1 2 8 1 Bohemian and Moravian 2 1 1 ! ' 5 3 2 1 TT-nfrlioVi 1 1 4 4 1 12 12 2 4 French. 1 Gennan 1 2 3 Greek 1 5 6 22 20 6 2 50 10 4 2 5 S ] f 5( Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian 9 1 33 6 4 1 26 1 21 5 146 95 9 1 6 25 20 3 187 123 8 11 25 18 4 133 76 3 7 io 14 4 90 52 1 3 54 56 18 279 180 3 17 8 8 4 45 26 4 Slovak. 13 93 78 77 229 2 1 1 82 Slovenian Swedish Welsh 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 2 11 1( Total 2,844 67 1 389 473 352 258 859 185 132 12! RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINING EMPLOYEES. As the result of a detailed investigation, data regardmg race wen received from 3,015 of the mine employees of the community. O* rw total number thus reporting, 104 are native-born of native lathei 66 native-born of foreign father, and 2,845 foreign-born. ^ who were native-born of foreign father, 24 are persons whose were born in Austria-Hungary, and 31 are persons whose latnen were born in England, Ireland, Scotland, or Wales. Of the forei^ born, 940 are Magyars, the Slovaks ranking second with 743. ln< Poles are third in point of numbers, and the North and bouti Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 483 Italians fourth and fifth, respectively. The detailed presentation jf the various races follows: Native-born of native father: White 104 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary 24 England 9 France 1 Germany 6 Ireland ! 13 Italy 1 Russia 2 Scotland 3 Sweden 1 Wales 6 Total 66 Total native-born 170 ^’’oreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian 1 Croatian 16 Foreign-born, by race — Continued. English 25 French 7 German 35 Greek 1 Irish 11 Italian, North 166 Italian, South 146 Lithuanian 38 Magyar 940 Polish 588 Roumanian 28 Russian 55 Scotch 11 Slovak 743 Slovenian 2 Swedish ig Welsh 14 Total foreign-bom 2,845 Grand total 3,015 •A ; r.' /i..;ij' - >.• 4 - •« • m f »■'% -» 'I rr ^ 1^ ** *W* -MiwU, •flltoflrtl «ini*^/tMV?knJlV rtf! "fc. !•«.■• - •' .V^*,,..-- *• ■•r»*^ ' ■ 2:." - . '^il-ET. J •'_.^a..£iJoT .; r-'. •«>.. Sk - iit .rfi...A..k - ^ ^ ^ , ?iv ir»V|gS^ JU' *v cto r ..lAfiiU'wW . ^ ' « W" ' -.'•'^i^Ftiji Ifil” . h: % Kl'i 4r» V „ %■■ ;v ► :^>i I'. ;*'^’ ■■“ " *■ " 'V . ., .. «, fk/'# I «» ?.. ' i»v ■ • .*.:: - '' •Aiittirf' ' • ’’ ;.»*>»..«•;-! . ■'A If^ ... - . ■■ v\V '’'^'/ri'.^'''.. ■ • ..’■ 3r. >v'i >^;— : •: • r'/ .«>*" '♦'-■•f t‘: H; 'Muj. Chapter XIII. ECONOMIC STATUS. Occupations entered by immigrants — Daily earnings — Relation between period of residence and earning ability — [Text Tables 255 to 258]. OCCUPATIONS ENTERED BY IMMIGRANTS. Almost all immigrants coming to the community enter the coal mines as unskilled laborers. Only a few of each race fail to enter the mines, and these are engaged in miscellaneous pursuits common to mining localities. In the mines the largest number of all races are found working as miners and loaders, the Magyars, Slovaks, and Poles, in the order named, being found in the greatest numbers. As all mining is done by machines, the number of men engaged in loading is much greater than the number in the more skilled work, such as operating the machines, but among the machine men the Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks are found in the greatest numbers. A few Magyars and Slovaks are employed as electricians, heading men, spraggers, etc. The races above named have entered the mines as laborers in the unskilled occupations, together with the other races represented in the community, and have steadily advanced in the scale of occupa- tions. The distribution of races in the different occupations in the mining industry inay be seen from the table next presented, compiled from the data received from 3,025 mining employees in the community. In connection with what has already been stated relative to occupa- tions, it is interesting to note that apart from the older English-speak- ing and German immigrants, the races engaged in the greatest numbei of occupations are the Slovaks, Poles, Magyars, and North Italians. 48290°— VOL 6—11 32 485 Table 2S,b. -Occupation of coal-mining employees, by race. 486 The Immigration Commission. CO (M (N C*5 r •mojL •UTjaiojAjL •qsipaAS ■uEiueAois •HBAOIS •qj+oog •uBissnH I : •uBinBiuno^I j : •USIlOcI ■uBiuBnmri •mnos •mJOM ‘UBllBH •qsui I ^ ^ •>t9aJO j ■; ; ; ; •llBUlJaO I ; ; : ; •qouaiji I •qsiiSua •UBH^OJO j -UBiABJOyi r pnB ut3Tuiaqoff I •aqq.w. ‘n 'B 0 1 J a XU V c ■ • C3 • • e : : : : -S a 5 !=l S § Ss- !6o>drHt<5eo^jnot^«gOrHoig5^^o^oogioj^g;xco Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 487 DAILY EARNINGS. The following table shows the number of male employees, 18 years of age or over, earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. Table 256. Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race.^ (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Native-born of native father, White. Native-born of foreign father, by coun try of birth of father: Austria-Hungary. . . ’ England France Germany Ireland Scotland Sweden Wales Total. Total native-born . Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian. Croatian English French German Greek Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Swedish Welsh Total foreign-born. Grand total Number earning each specified amount per day. Number reporting cc data. Average earnings per d Under $1. I $1 and under $1.25. $1.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $1.75. $1.75 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 and under $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 and under $4. $4 or over. 74 $2. 36 1 5 34 20 14 1 1 1 16 2.21 (a) (a) (a) (a) . (a) («) (a) 4 6 4 5 2 7 1 1 1 "i' 1 2 S 7 2 1 3 1 4 2 41 2. 33 4 19 12 6 115 2.35 1 Ul 53 32 20 1 (a) 1 4 (a) 4 21 2.45 12 5 3 1 5 (a) 1 4 27 2.14 2 18 5 2 1 (a) 1 4 (a) 2 1 1 140 1.90 15 57 57 10 1 112 1. 88 ....1 16 43 46 7 38 2.26 3 20 11 4 816 2.07 1 3 12 103 591 68 33 1 4 461 2. 03 3 28 28 345 41 16 24 2.04 2 18 4 47 2. 04 3 41 2 1 11 2. 42 1 1 2 5 2 583 2.' 10 1 23 90 359 78 31 1 2 (a) 1 1 15 2.15 1 2 9 1 2 10 2.55 2 5 3 2,322 2.06 , 4 : 100 : 330 1,530 248 99 1 6 2,437 2.08 . 4 ] 101 ; 339 1,583 280 : 119 1 6 for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of a grand total of 2,437 males, as shown in the above table, it will be seen that none earn under $1, and only 8 earn under $1.50, per day. the largest number, or 1,583, earn $2 and under .$2.50, while 440 earn troni $1.50 to $2, 399 earn from $2.50 to $3.50, and 6 earn over $4 per day, only 1 earning $3.50 and under $4. 488 The Immigration Commission. Attention is called to the fact that while the foreign-born show a number earning $3.50 or over per day the native-born show none The foreign-born also show a certain number earning under $1.50 ner day and the native-born show none. ^ Comparing the foreign-born races individually, it will be seen that the Idavyars and Poles each show a certain number earning $1 and under $1 .25 per day, the lowest specified amount in which any of the various races are represented. "^Tiile the Magyars report a number earning the lowest specified amount, they also show 4 of the 6 eariiinl the highest, or $4 or over, the English and Slovaks each renortin^ 1 earning this higher amount. „ , . . . i The following table shows the number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day , by general nativity and race: Table 257 . -Number of male employees U andunder IS years ofagemrmng each specified amount per (Jay, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPEOYEBS.) Number earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. *This table shows wages or earnings for the Pe”o4^’^?i‘^^^nr-rinq\?hles^in^hi^ rS?t^sh^^ time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in thi p earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. oNot computed, owing to small number involved. The above table shows that of the total of 58 males reportinj complete data none earn under $1 per day, while 29, or exactly 5' per cent, earn under $2. Of the remaining number, 27 earn from ^ to $2.50, and 2 earn $2.50 or over per day. Comparing the foreign-born races individually, it will be seen tna the Magyars alone report a number earning less than $1.50 per da} Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 489 RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY. The following table shows the per cent of employees earning each specified amount per day, by years in the United States and race: Table 258 . — Per cent of male employees earning each specified amount per day, by years in the United States and race* (study of employees.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.] MAGYAR. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. Years in United States. Number. Under .12. $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 and under .13. $3 and under $3.50. Under 5 507 16.2 75.7 6. 1 1.8 ) to 9 247 12. 1 68.8 10.9 6.5 10 or over 62 11.3 59.7 16. 1 12.9 Total 816 14.6 72.4 8.3 4.0 POLISH. Under 5 286 143 32 16.8 6.3 6.3 72.0 81.1 71.9 9. 1 7.0 15.6 2.1 5. 6 6.3 10 or over Total 461 12.8 74.8 8.9 3.5 SLOVAK. Under 5 271 182 130 21.8 17.6 17.7 65.7 58.8 56.9 9.6 16.5 16.9 3.0 7.1 7.7 (to 9 10 or over Total 583 19.6 61.6 13.4 5.3 * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing mnual earmngs allowance is made for time lost during the year. ° This table shows that, without exception among the races here ^eporting, the proportions of employees earning less than $2.50 a lay decrease, and the proportions earning $2.50 or more a day ncrease, with length of residence in the United States. m ,.r* \ ■*fv-’-ir^'t'^;i _, ia p mn i ■:.«*» ' -» . » ■vr. <»:, mmmi _.., , '■■' ^ Ai fMr.-ir)»wi,wfc. j^iMjg ^ i’ ti ilJ . ^ r , .4 .*. • v gw .S . ■- ; ~ rtr*' -'ty,'**^^*^ ■ '^. '^-•iWk- ■}- , '< '• . *. i> ’■»] ♦f (J/ 1“''' ’ • '■ aK^ ' V'son'! :■ ■■*«n -‘ ^*1^!' TiS^r*'"' ■ "'I — ^ ”jp^ :~il*l; Chapter XIV. WORKING CONDITIONS. Regularity of employment and method of wage payments — Mining accidents — Com- pany houses and mining villages— The company-store system — Relations between the races — Hospital and medical service — Labor disputes — [Text Tables 259 to 262.] REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT AND METHOD OF WAGE PAYMENTS. Work is regular the year round with the mining company, due to the steady demand for coal in the transatlantic trade. Ten-hour periods prevail for both day and night shifts. Men working under contract are not limited in the number of hours they may work or the number of tons of coal they may mine in a given period; but all work is supposed to be done in ten-hour shifts. Wage payments are made every two weeks, ending on Saturday, and are paid in gold coin for all multiples of five, and in silver and bills (national currency) for the odd amounts. Women have never been employed in the mines, and no children under 16 years of age are employed. MINING ACCIDENTS. Sanitary conditions in the mines are good, but in the mine colonies poor. There is no special liability to disease, but in the mines accidents are numerous. The following tables, compiled from the annual reports of the Penn- sylvania state department of mines, show, by nationality of em- ployees, the number of accidents each year from 1898 to 1907 : Table 259. — Number of fatal accidents in the coal mines in Community A, by race 1900 to 1907. [Compiled from Pennsylvania State Mining Reports.] 491 492 The Immigration Commission. Table 260 —Number of nonfatal accidents in the coal mines in Community A, by race, 1900 to 1907. [Compiled from Pennsylvania State Mining Reports.] Number of nonfatal accidents in each specified year. Nationality. 1900. 19v91. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. Total. 2 2 1 7 4 16 1 1 Austrian 1 1 2 English 1 1 3 1 6 (Jerman 1 5 2 1 5 8 6 28 Ti o 1 i o n 1 1 5 2 4 5 4 22 Lithuanian 1 1 3 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 5 2 5 5 12 29 1 2 2 Total 6 3 12 1 17 i 7 19 34 32 130 1 The American miners receive injuries on the motors and cars in nearly every instance through recklessness. Poles, Italians, Hun- garians, Slovenians, and the other southeastern European races are injured through ignorance and carelessness, most often by the tail of rock in the working rooms of the mines where they have failed to place props, or by coming into contact with trolley wires, yhe records show clearly that about 80 per cent of the injuries received by recent immigrants could have been avoided if they had been in- structed in the dangers surrounding their working places. A number of the accidents are unavoidable and affect all races, but, in general, ignorance and carelessness are the causes among the recent immi- grants, and recklessness among the Americans and English-speaking races. Danger from gas explosions in the mines is negligible, the workings all lie very near the surface and are well ventilated. Most of the mines are equipped with one or more large fans, averaging about 20 feet in diameter, which keep the air in the courses pure and fresh. Compressed air and electricity are used to drive the cutting machines. Electricity carried by overhead trolleys is used in running the mine cars and in lighting the main courses of the mines. COMPANY HOUSES AND MINING VILLAGES. The mining company does not furnish board or lodging, but rents houses to its employees in the several mine locations. Employees are not compelled by the company to rent houses, but as the mine colonies consist of houses owned by the company the employees have no choice. The rents range from $6 to $9 per month in the mine locations, according to proximity to the urban center, the high- est rents being charged in the colonies lying nearest the town. Rents charged per month by colonies are as follows: Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 493 Mine location B « $9. 00 Mine location C 9.00 Mine location J 9.00 Mine location K 9. 00 Mine location A 7.00 Mine location E 0. 50 Mine location G 0. 00 Mine location H O. 00 In addition to renting houses in the mine locations to its employees, the mining company constructs and sells houses and lots both in the mine colonies and in the urban center to those employees who wish to own their homes. In selling the houses, the company requires monthly payments on the following basis: Five-room house, cost $500, monthly payment $12; 6-room house, cost $700, monthly pay- ment $15. The company will receive the monthly installments direct in cash, but more often the payments are deducted by the company from the monthly wages of the purchasing employee. In the urban center and subcommunities no one type of house prevails. The houses occupied by the majority of immigrants of all races are 2-story frame dwellings, containing from 4 to 6 rooms each. Coal and wood are burned as fuel, and oil is used for lighting purposes. Toilet facilities are poor. Dry closets are situated in the yards at a distance of from 25 to 50 feet from the houses. Flush closets and bathrooms are found only in the homes of the more prosper- ous classes of the English-speaking races. Conditions are some- what different in the several mine locations. In these settlements are found houses built according to one standard plan, shown in the accompanying diagram,^ and owned by the mining company. The houses are built by the mining company and are rented to its employees who work in the mines. There are a few houses owned by the company in the mine locations that do not conform to the plan shown in the diagram. They are among the first houses erected by the company and are built in frame blocks, each block consisting of six houses side by side. Each house contains 4 rooms and is 2 stories high. Several of these blocks have been destroyed by the owners, and in the near future all will be destroyed and replaced by the new double house shown in the diagram. Conditions found in mine location are typical of all mine loca- tions in the community, and by describing them in detail a clear idea of the settlements may be gained. The map on the following page shows the grouping of the houses and the location of the company store. Engineering precision is evident in the general plan of the place; regular streets, fire hydrants, and alleys are found. All houses conform to the standard plan shown in the diagram, and are heated by stoves and lighted by oil lamps. No bathrooms are available. The only toilets found are dry closets located in the back yards at a distance of about 50 feet from the nouses. These toilets are built in blocks of four and are found n the rear of each double house. Water is drawn from hydrants (located between alternate double houses. The source of supply “See map on p. 472. 1 ^Seep.495. I cSee map on p, 472, for location, and j). 480 for races living in settlements. MAP Mine Location Community 494 The Immigration Commission. olo < Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 495 Sc a ( 496 The Immigration Commission. is a small mountain stream. Open gutters exclusively are used for the conveyance of sewage. The excrement from the dry closets is washed by every hard rain and by the melting snows into gullies which often empty into the street gutters. Refuse from the kitchens is thrown from the side porches upon the ground, and from there it is conveyed to the gutters. In many instances troughs are erected to facilitate the conveyance of kitchen and household refuse to the ground, and from there it is carried in ditches into the street gutters. Thus the street gutters are nothing more than open sewage channels, which empty into and pollute the nearest running water. In the summer season noisome odors arise from these channels, and the general sanitary conditions of the location are impaired by such a system of sewage disposal. THE COMPANY-STORE SYSTEM. The company stores, while not under the direct management of the officials of the company, are closely connected with it. A main store and one branch store are located in the urban center, a branch store is near each of the following mine locations: A, B, C, E, G, and J.“ Upon accepting work with the company each inan is given a pass book to the company stores and is required to si^ an agreement to permit deductions to be made from his biweekw wages to cover the amount of purchases made during the period, which are credited to the stores by the mining company. The following tables, showing deductions for the year 1908, to- gether with the amount of deductions by principal items for each of 25 American, Slovak, Magyar, and Polish families in Community A, indicate for these representative races in the community the relation between their earnings and the deductions made for rent, smithing, hospital, store, and miscellaneous items. Table 2^1 —Deductions from earnings of employees of the mining company in Com- munity A, August, 1908. Total earnings Item. Amount. S191,568.11 Amount deducted for— Rent Blacksmithing Hospital Store - ---- Miscellaneous (oil, coal, payments on lots, etc.) 4, 147. 764. 1,903. 19,011. 1,471.15 Total deducted Earnings deducted, 14.2 per cent 27,298.40 o See map on p. 472. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 497 Table 262 . — Earnings and deductions from earnings of families representative of races employed. POLES. Earnings. Deductions. Total deductions. Rent. Smithing. Hospital. Store. Miscella- neous. $114.50 $6.50 $0.30 $0.50 $82. 70 $90. 00 61.30 6.50 .30 .50 7. 30 52.85 6.50 .30 .50 $1.00 8. .30 62. 70 6.50 .30 .50 7.30 58.05 6. 50 .30 .50 7. 30 44. 15 6.50 .30 .50 7. 30 32. 15 6.50 .30 .50 1.00 8. 30 57.50 9.00 .50 2.00 11.50 60.00 9.00 .50 9. 30 18.80 41.05 9.00 .30 .50 23.60 33.40 52. 50 9.00 .30 .50 9. 80 75.30 9.00 .30 .50 11.00 20.80 50.00 9.00 .30 .50 38.50 1.00 49. 30 21.35 8. 10 .20 .25 8.55 65.30 9.00 .30 .50 9.80 37.80 9.00 .30 .50 15.00 24.80 49.05 9.00 ..30 .50 14. 15 23.95 58.65 9.00 .30 .50 9.80 43.95 9.00 .30 .50 34. 15 43.95 27.90 9.00 .30 .50 1.10 1.00 11.90 42. 30 9.00 .30 .50 22.50 1.00 33. .30 61.65 9.00 .30 .50 1.20 11.00 60. 25 9.00 .30 .50 2.65 1.00 13. 45 18.20 3.00 .30 .50 1.00 4.80 41.00 9.00 .50 9.50 AMERICANS. $69. 15 $3.00 $0. 30 $0.50 $3.80 63.20 9.00 .30 .50 $31. 20 41.00 39. 35 9.00 .50 29.85 39.35 67.50 9.00 .50 9.50 61.45 9.00 .30 .50 27.60 37.40 57.80 9.00 .30 .50 45.00 54. 80 57.25 9.00 .30 .50 25.00 34.80 34. 70 9.00 .30 .50 24. 90 34. 70 46.35 9.00 .30 .50 36. 55 46. 35 34.50 9.50 .30 .50 23.20 $1.00 34.50 32. 75 9.35 .30 .50 22.60 32.75 36.95 9.00 .30 .50 27.15 36. 95 67.60 9. 00 .50 50.00 1.00 60.50 53.10 9.00 .50 43.60 53.10 74.40 8.50 .50 30. 00 39.00 56. 70 9.00 .50 44. 20 53. 70 62.40 9.00 .50 28. 90 38. 40 66.55 10.00 .50 37.65 48. 15 55.20 9.00 .50 27.00 36.50 45.50 9.00 .50 36.00 45.50 53.00 6. 50 .30 .50 1.00 8. 30 60.95 6. 50 .30 .50 7.30 84.00 6.50 .50 7.00 45.00 6.50 .50 7.00 51.10 6. 50 .30 .50 43.80 51.10 498 The Immigration Commission \ Table 262.-Earnings and deductions from earnings of families representative of races • employed — Continued , SLOVAKS. Earnings. $54.95 48. 30 60. 55 53.40 51.85 61.85 52. 50 77.15 49. 90 32.95 43.35 52.50 39.00 56.00 70.40 67.50 65. 25 25.75 71.75 85.00 25.90 56.45 45.35 42. 15 19.40 Rent. $6.00 6.00 6. 00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 3.00 9.00 3.00 9.00 9.00 3.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 6.00 Smithing. Deductions. Hospital. $0 $0.50 .50 .50 . 50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 . 50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 . 50 .50 ..50 .50 .50 . 50 .50 .50 .25 $ 1.45 3.60 1.20 2. 10 4.95 1.20 3.05 23.55 2.00 2.00 .60 11.00 16.00 Miscella- neous. Total deductions $1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 $6.80 8. 25 10.40 6.80 8.00 6.80 8. 70 8. 75 11.00 7.85 33.35 9.50 5.50 11.50 9.50 10.50 10. 10 20. 70 9.80 10.80 10. 70 10. 80 25.80 10.80 7.85 MAGYARS. $15. 30 36.05 40.65 20. 60 10.20 41.10 57.10 61.70 41.30 38.85 22.60 54.00 56.25 50. 60 44.00 77.20 82.65 70. 80 56. 30 31.30 37.15 65. 40 44.80 59.55 49.80 $9.00 $0.10 9.00 .30 9.00 .30 9.00 .20 9.00 .10 9.00 .30 9.00 .30 9.00 .30 9.00 .30 9.00 .30 9.00 .20 3. 00 3. 00 3. 00 3. 00 3.00 .30 9.00 .30 9.00 .30 9.00 .30 3.00 ..30 9.00 .30 9.00 .30 3.00 .30 9.00 .30 3.00 .30 $0.25 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 $4.95 $1.00 $15. 30 26. 25 36.05 10.00 19.80 6. 90 16. 60 9.35 1.00 10.80 9.80 9.80 31.50 41.30 9.80 9.70 3.50 1.70 1.66 6. 20 1.20 4. 70 1.20 3.05 4. 70 6.85 1.50 i . o 6 12.30 1.30 11.10 1.20 1.00 12.00 11.65 1.00 16. 45 1.80 11.60 .60 10. 40 2 . 75 i . o 6 7.55 3. 15 12.95 2. 20 6.00 Dealing at the company stores is not absolutely compulsor:|^u^o employees, but a good customer of the stores likely to be dr charo-ed should occasion arise than is one who deals at othe P In [he mine locations, there are no stores except those cont-lled b the company, and unless the inhabitants 6° J;’?® and subcommunities they have no recourse. p , carrif nanv stores are higher than at other places, but the goods carrie he h a superior qLlity. Inhabitants of the urban center in man Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania 499 instances prefer to deal at the main store of the company, whether they are employees or not, owing to the fact that a better grade of goods may be had. Persons dealing with the company stores who are not employees of the mining company receive a lower price on their purchases than is given to employees. The reasons for this apparent discrimination against its employees by the mining company are: First, that persons other than employees pay cash for all purchases, and, second, that payments on account of employees have to be held out of wages and formally transferred from the books of the mining company to those of the stores. RELATIONS AMONG THE RACES. At work the races are not segregated, the men working in gangs being about equally apportioned among the several races. Oflicials of the company believe that when no one race preponderates in a gang the efficiency of the group is maintained, and that if any one race makes up a group, or greatly outnumbers all other races in it, the output is lessened, and clannishness and discontent are fostered. In housing, boarding, and sleeping places, the different races are segregated. Magyars, for instance, will not live in the same house with Slovaks or Poles, but remain apart. This clannishness is carried to such an extent that it is seldom that families of different races will occupy the same double house. Among persons of the second gen- eration, association, though slight, is more free than among the immi- grants. This is due, in part at least, to the effect of the public-school system. The native Americans associate only to a limited extent with the immigrants from southern Europe, while association among the native Americans, Irish, English, Germans, Welsh, and Swedes is very free. HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL SERVICE. Practically no welfare work or gratuitous service is undertaken by the mining company, and an attitude of indifference is maintained by them in this respect. Medical service is furnished by the company at a charge of 50 cents a month. This payment is compulsory, being deducted from the wages of each employee. The company has erected a large and modern hospital in which injured employees are cared for. The hospital service is about the only instance of welfare work in the community.^ The monthly deduction of 50 cents entitles an employee to unlimited, treatment and medical attention in the hos- pital when sick or injured. Should an employee, while an inmate of the institution, desire the services of a physician not connected therewith, such physician has free access to the hospital, but must be paid by the individual. The company appoints a resident phy- sician to take charge of the hospital for a period of six months, his salary being paid out of the sum deducted from the wages of the employees each month. At the end of this time another is appointed for a like period, or the same one reappointed. An efficient corps of trained nurses is maintained, and the apparatus and general equipment is thoroughly modern. 500 The Immigration Commission. LABOR DISPUTES. All labor is unorganized, and the mines are operated on the open shop” principle. The community suffered from no labor dissen- sions until a few years ago, when an attempt was inade to organize Uie labor in the community by the United Mine Workers of America. Contemporaneous with the movement toward labor organization, the mining company gave notice that, on the first of an approaching month, thhe would be a general increase m wages. However, a few days before the increase was to go into effect a strike was declared, due to a strong feeling against the prevailing system of weighing coal on the tipples without a check weighman. The leader of the move- ment, a Slovak, first organized the resulting strike in an effort to force the mining company to recognize the union, which it refused to do, continuing its policy of dropping men from the pay rol s as soon as they i oined it . The organization subsequently demanded, in addi- tion to recognition: (1) An eight-hour day, (2) the employment of a representative on each of the company s tipples, (3) a readjustm^t of^the wage scale, (4) reinstatement of all men discharged tor union "^T^'the^scale of wages the company agreed, but they would make no other concession, positively refusing to recognize the union, ihe company also adopted the policy of withdrawing credit in tlw com- pany stores from all persons dropped from the pay rolls. Matters crew steadily worse for about three weeks, when mob violence began, resulting in bloodshed. At this point the State f troops into the community, which put an end to the strike. The union was completely defeated, and the policy of ?o“P^YftprThe to extend no recognition whatever to labor organizations. Alter tn strilre was over the company discharged large numbers of men but in the course of a few months the matter was dropped and employ- ment was opened to all who cared to avail ‘bemselyes of it, irrespective of race and of whether or not they had participated in the str ke. The Magyars and Slovaks took the most active part m the strike while the Italians w’ere least interested. . , , The point of contention in the community has always been the sys- tem of weighing coal on the tipple, where the miners assert they receiv short weights and have no way of knowing how much they are loaihnf in the ears, as they are not represented by a check weighman. T company, on the other hand, defends itself on making reductions ii weight by claiming that dirty coal is loaded. Chapter XV. INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS AND EFFICIENCY. Industrial progress and efficiency— The use of intoxicants in its relation to efficiency— Preferences of the mining operators for mine workers. INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS AND EFFICIENCY. The greatest progress along all lines has been made by the Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks. In the mines they are advancing to the skilled iccupations, and in business they are progressing and gaining the confidence of the American population. This is especially true of the dovaks. Practically all of the North Italians are making progress n the mines, where they are found as loaders and miners, but there s a tendency among them to get out of the underground work and ‘nter such occupations as that of tippleman, where they can remain )n the surface. Among the Italians from southern Italy little progress las been made, and they are found as laborers in the mines and in the ailroad and general construction corps. The native whites, Germans, 1-nglish, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, are engaged only in the higher and killed occupations and positions both in the mines and in business, laving risen (taking the English as an example) from the ranks of the nine workers. None of the other races in the locality merit particular aention for their progressiveness, since this characteristic is not very •renounced among them. The better class of Italians (chiefly North talians) are the most industrious and lose fewest days by reason of holi- ays and drunkenness, but they can not turn out as high a tonnage er month as do the Slovaks, Poles, and Magyars, notwithstanding the ist named are less constant workers. From the standpoint of indus- riousness, the North Italians are placed first, Slovaks second, Poles turd, and Magyars fourth. Slovaks and Poles are the most efficient wkmen, also the most adaptable. Tractability is said to be a char- cteristic of the Slovaks and Poles in the community, as well as of oth races of Italians. The Slovaks and Poles possess the greatest ntiative and do not have to be very closely watched while at work, he Ita^ns, especially the South Italians, require a good deal of iperyision. Nearly all races in the community are addicted to the xcessive use of intoxicants, but the Italians are least inclined in that irection. A knowledge of English facilitates the carrying out of istructions, as few, if any, of the foremen and subforemen speak ay language other than English. The Magyars appear to acquire nghsh more readily than others, although the Slovaks and Poles Wance faster when they learn to speak and understand the language, ne South Italians, except in a few instances, are rather slow in ,iquirmg a knowledge of English, but the North Italians are desirous ) learn. 48296 °— VOL 6—11 33 501 T 502 The Immigration Commission. THE USE OF INTOXICANTS IN ITS RELATION TO EFFICIENCY. The habits of the immigrants as regards intoxicants have a pro- nounced effect upon the output of the mines. A great amount of drunk- enness and consequent failure to report for work usually follows the semimonthly pay day. From Saturday pay day, until the following Thursday is the period of general drunkenness among all the races. The superintendent of the coal company gives the following figures to show the effect of drunkenness in diminishing the output ot coal for this period. The figures are approximate; 550 Normal output per diem Saturday (pay day) Sunday 39c Monday 43(; Tuesday 4(3(; Wednesday 55( Thursday PREFERENCES OF THE MINING OPERATORS FOR MINE WORKERS. Excluding the English-speaking races, and the Germans anc Swedes who are nearly all in the skilled occupations, the Slovaks Poles, and Magyars are preferred by the company, in the ordei named, in all occupations. The North Italians are prefe^ed aftei the Magyars in all occupations, but more especially on the tinple Of all the races in the community, the South Italians are the leas desired, and they are being dropped from the rolls at every oppor tunity, the company maintaining that they are not reliable and th they are unable to perform the average amount of work per da^ demanded of each employee. 1 • 4-v 1 «nrl fh. The original English immigrants are leaving the locality, and tin few who are found in the mines now hold the highest and niost skillec occupations, together with the Germans, Swedes, I™h, Scotch Welsli, and native whites. These races are preferred by the com panv in every way, but they will not work m the lower occupa tions, which makes necessary the employment of the southern an. southeastern European races. ... , • t... In all races the second generation is much more advanced indm trially than the first, but as the community is only about 12 year old, very few of the second generation have cached maturity whil residents thereof. The few that have been reared in the locality hav nearly all left, due to the constantly changing population. Gpmior offered with regard to the second generation must be accepted a relating to persons born in other sections of the United btate. Employers are unanimous in stating that children born m country of foreign-born parents are showing great . lines. They are better educated and less clannish, and have hight standards of living; among the southern European races the blovaK Poles, and Magyars are considered the most progressive. oNq work, Chapter XVI. SALIENT CHAKACTERISTICS. conjugal condition of mine workers — Location of wives of foreii^n-born mine workers Age classification of employees— [Text Tables 263 to 266]. CONJUGAL CONDITION OF MINE WORKERS. Information was received from 2,987 mine workers in Community ^ as to whether they were single, married, or widowed. The data hus collected are presented, according to age groups and general lativity and race, in the table on the next page. 504 The Immigration Commission. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 505 [’able 264.— Per cent of male em'ployees 16 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are— Single. Married. Widowed. fative-born of native father. White .. 104 62 28.8 66.1 71.2 32.3 0.0 1.6 f ative-born of foreign father 'otal native-born 166 2,821 42.8 44.1 56.6 55.5 .6 .4 oreign-born Total 2,987 44.1 55.5 .4 Of the total of 104 native white persons born of native parents iho furnished information, as seen in the foregoing tables, 71.2 per ent are married, and of the total of 62 persons native-born of foreign parents 32.3 per cent are married, indicating a much lower percentage f married persons among the second generation than amonp* the ative-born of native father. Of the total of 2,821 foreign-born^ 55.5 er cent are married, showing a smaller percentage of married per- ms among the foreign-born, as compared with the persons native-born f native father or the total native-born persons. As regards the mdencies exhibited in the different groupings according to age, 2 ersons out of a total of 29 native-born persons who are 16 to 19 years f age are married, as compared with 2 persons out of 246 foreign- orn in the same age classification. In the group 20 to 29 years'^of ?e, 47 per cent of the native-born are married, as compared with 37.2 er cent of the foreign-born, the conclusion being that a greater pro- ortion of the native-born within the age limits mentioned than of le foreign-born are married. Of the 55 native-born who are 30 to 44 ears of age, 85.5 per cent are married, as compared with 88 per cent [ the foreign-born persons in the same group. Of the native-born ersons 45 years of age or over, 87.5 per cent are married, as con- •asted with 91.6 per cent of the foreign-born. Of a total of 935 -agyars, 55.6 per cent are married; 45.5 per cent of the Poles, out of total of 583, are married; 47.9 per cent of the North Italians and ).9 per cent of the South Italians are married. Of a total of 735 lovaks, 478, or a percentage of 65, are married. Of the total number . English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, only 18 per cent are single. LOCATION OF WIVES OF FOREIGN-BOKN MINE WORKERS. In connection with the conjugal condition of the foreign-born, the cation of the wives of those who are employed in the mines of the >mmunity may be noted. With this purpose in view, the following /ble is submitted to show whether the wives of the foreign-born ^TTied employees are in the United States or abroad. Of the 1,507 foreign-born persons furnishing complete data, 54.1 ir cent report that their wives are in the United States, while 45.9 ir cent report that their wives are abroad, thus indicating a more dess temporary connection with the community on the part of those hose wives are not with them, or the lack of sufficient money to •mg their wives to this country. 506 The Immigration Commission. Table 2Qb.— Location of wires of foreign-horn employees, by race of husband. (study of employees.) Race of husband. Number reporting complete data. Number reporting wife — Per cent reporting In United States. Abroad. wife abroad. 5 3 2 (a) 21 17 4 19.0 6 4 2 (a) 25 20 5 20.0 (a) (a) 58.2 1 6 C7 1 6 28 39 57 28 29 50. 9 17 12 5 503 229 274 .A r 54. 5 260 149 111 42. 7 (o) 63.6 (a) 40.9 (a) (a) n i -HI 12 3 9 33 u 12 8 275 9 21 465 g 190 12 12 1,507 816 691 45.9 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. In the above table it will be noted that of those races having 50 or more husbands reporting complete data, more than 50 per cent ol the North Italians, South Italians, and Magyars report wile abroad. The North Italians, with 58.2 per cent reporting wife abroad, shows the highest proportion. On the other hand, about 60 per cent ol the Poles and Slovaks report wife in the United States. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania, 507 AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES. As regards the age classification of the mine workers in Community A, the following table shows, by general nativity and race, the number of male employees of each age or within each specified age group : Table 266 . — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (study of employees.) Number of each age or within each specified age group. General nativity and race. reporting com.plete data. Un- der 14. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 44. 45 to 54. 55 to 64. 65 or over. 'Jative-born of native father, White 104 5 2 1 5 16 22 16 26 8 3 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary England 24 9 1 6 13 1 2 3 1 6 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 8 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 France Germany 2 4 2 2 1 Ireland 1 2 Italy 1 1 Russia 1 Scotland 1 1 1 1 1 Sweden W ales 2 1 1 1 Total 66 hir 1 1 1 1 8 3 4 19 9 9 5 2 3 Total native-born.. 'oreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Mo- ravian 1 1 1 _ii iii 4 9 35 31 25 31 10 6 1 16 25 7 35 1 11 166 146 38 938 584 27 54 11 739 2 18 14 1 5 3 1 3 1 1 51 42 6 233 163 3 10 3 166 1 3 Croatian 1 2 2 2 1 7 4 4 2 4 2 7 12 English 8 3 5 1 French German 1 1 1 1 Greek Irish 7 20 20 6 171 106 10 9 2 169 1 1 1 2 Italian, North 1 1 2 4 4 7 8 9 1 35 27 3 2 35 34 17 243 148 4 21 30 23 4 162 98 3 11 1 113 1 3 4 8 5 4 37 21 Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar 10 2 13 5 3 32 11 1 2 2 Polish 1 Roumanian Russian 1 3 3 Scotch 2 37 Slovak 2 1 4 9 26 22 187 Slovenian Swedish 1 1 1 7 6 2 2 1 1 Welsh Total foreign-born. Grand total. . 2,833 2 2 19 38 82 110 696 703 467 560 134 18 2 3,003 1 1 25 48 86 119 731 734 I 492 591 144 IT 2 Chapter XVII. INDUSTRIAL AND OTHER EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION. Reasons for employing immigrants — Changes in industrial methods and organization — Housing condiiions — Employment of children — Segregation — Diseases peculiar to immigrants — Criminality — [Text Tables 267 and 268.] REASONS FOR EMPLOYING IMMIGRANTS. Operations in the mines of Community A were begun with immi- grant labor, and the general expansion of the mining industry and the development of the locality have been due principally to immi- gration from Europe. Immigrants have furnished the labor for the unskilled occupations and for a large proportion of the skilled posi- tions. The first immigrants were English, who were secured because they were trained and experienced miners; later, when a demand for less skilled laborers was made, Magyars, Slovaks, Poles, and other European immigrants, such as the Swedes, Roumanians, and Syrians, entered the locality in large numbers. These later races have advanced in the scale of occupations in the mines and have also entered the miscellaneous businesses. In brief, the effect of immi- gration upon local industries has been to develop and continue them. The mining company has been successful principally through the fact that it could secure immigrant labor, there being no supply of native labor available. A construction company has been promoted by a South Italian as a result of the opportunity to employ immigrants, mostly South Italians. This company furnishes the only example of an immigrant employer in the locality. Another concern that has been promoted and is dependent on immigrant labor is a brewing company employing about 30 men, nearly all of whom are Germans. CHANGES IN INDUSTRIAL METHODS AND ORGANIZATION. The only industrial effect upon the industrial organization of the mining company that has been observed since the introduction of the southern European races, has been an increase in the number of subforemen, resulting from a need for greater supervision and a reduction in the size of the working groups. The English-speaking races, also the Germans and Swedes, require little or no supervision, and in the first few years during which the English greatly out- numbered all other laborers in the mines, few foremen were needed; but with the decrease in the number of English and the rapid increase in the numbers of non-English-speaking races employed, the number of suboflicials was increased more rapidly in proportion than the total number of employees. 509 510 The Immigration Commission. HOUSING CONDITIONS.- A comparison of the general housing conditions prevailing among the iininigrant residents of the whole community with those found among the native Americans in the same grades of employment, indicates that the conditions are about the same when the better classes of immigrants are selected. Very few native Americans are found working in the unskilled occupations, and there are no data for a comparison of conditions prevailing among the southern European races with natives in the same occupations. The condition of the houses found among the most capable Welsh, English, Irish, Germans, Scotch, Swedes, and Norwegians is, in many instances, superior to that found among the Americans in the same grades of employment. In the order named members of the Roumanian, Slovak, Magyar, and Italian races show a greater degree of cleanliness, in the care of the house and of the person, than do members of the Croatian, Polish, Lithuanian, or Russian races. The general con- ditions existing among all other races represented in the community, and not mentioned above, are fairl}^ good and about the same for all. This is true for the urban center and outlying mine locations. Length of residence has played a very unimportant role in domestic affairs of the community. The English-speaking and northern Euro- pean immigrants, such as the Welsh, English, Irish, German, Scotch, Swedes, and Norwegians, are, as a general rule, very neat in their housekeeping. This characteristic is brought over from Europe and continues to be a differentiating trait in all localities. Among the other races, which include nearly all those from southeastern Europe, little change resulting from length of residence is to be noted. Among such races, families in the country ten year:, are found living in about the same condition as families of much shorter residence. One excep- tion may be made in the case of the Italians. Italians, chiefly from tlie northern states of Italy, are found in nearly all occupations fol- lowed in the community, and it is easily seen that great improvement has been wrought in their standards of living by length of residence in the United States. Among South Italians, little betterment, if any, has been effected by their residence in this country. EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN. The male children of immigrants in this community, when old enough to be exempt from the compulsory education law, invariably enter the mines, where they are found working in the lighter occupa- tions. No positive statement can be made as to whether the children of immigrants remain in the community for any length of time, but from the unsettled state of the majority of the races and the constant coming and going among them, it is safe to conclude that very few of the children remain in the community. Among the Irish, English, Germans, and Swedes, the number of children remaining in the locality is larger, since these races are more settled residents. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 611 SEGKEGATION. The recent immigrants tend to live apart from the natives and from each other whenever possible. This fact has already been ! noted in the description of the community. Segregation is possible in the urban center, but in the outlying mining communities it is difficult for one race to live apart from other races in a particular section, for the reason that the latest arrival is forced to take any house that may be vacant. The only illustration of segregation in outlying districts was furnished by a settlement clustering around two mine openings. A railroad track in this locality separates two groups of houses. In the first group live American miners, and in the second, recent immigrants. It was found that the latter were not allowed to move across the track into the American colony. The superintendent’s only explanation of this regulation was that it was a ‘'sanitary precaution.” Since this settlement is the only one at which Americans live in any considerable number, and since such a “sanitary precaution” was not observable elsewhere, it seems safe to presume that in this instance the railroad track has been made a line of arbitrary division. This foreign group is composed chiefly of Slovaks, Magyars, and Poles, about equally divided. DISEASES PECULIAR TO IMMIGRANTS. Physicians of the community know of no disease peculiar to or introduced by immigrants, and they do not believe that the health of the locality is greatly menaced by the presence of the southeastern European races. There has been but one epidemic in the town since its founding, and that was following the Spanish- American war, when smallpox was prevalent. During the epidemic as many as 200 simul- taneous cases were reported, but only one foreigner, a Swede, had the disease. No fayus or trachoma has been discovered. In cases of wounds and injuries, the opinion of the surgeons in the hospital located in the urban center is that the foreigners exhibit greater vitality and recover more quickly than native Americans, and this in spite of the poor sanitary conditions in which they live and their frequent failure to observe the directions of the attending surgeon. The table following shows the medical record for thirty-four months of the company hospital located in the urban center, by race of patient. 612 The Immigration Commission. Table 267 . — Hospital record in the urban center of Community A, by race of patient. MALE. Diagnosis. Medical. 1 Race of patient. Acci- dent. Bron- chitis. Gastri- tis. Mala- rial fever. Pneu- monia. Rheu- ma- tism. Ty- phoid lever. All other dis- eases. Total. Sur- gical. Grand total. American, White 17* Ti ctI 1 qH 14 1 1 2 1 11 22 38 41 93 1 2 4 3 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 13 23 1 2 1 2 0 12 20 45 .......... 7 4 6 10 5 14 4G G1 1.30 n rw’ p (T i n 1 1 2 2 24 1 4 3 G 2 7 23 29 7G R niiTTioninn 1 1 1 5 7 XvULiiilUrlliCl*!.!. ..... 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 Slovak 35 3 3 1 1 7 10 14 39 48 122 Sw6disti. 1 2 3 3 Welsh 1 1 1 2 Total no 15 15 1 12 27 31 72 173 211 494 FEMALE. American, White 1 1 1 4 IG 23 6 29 1 1 4 5 1 ifhn 1 1 1 Mopyor 1 1 3 5 1 G V/iHqVi 1 1 1 3 5 2 1 1 2 2 6 4 12 3 4 2 2 G 23 37 18 58 The only hospital in the community, as already pointed out, is private property of the mining company, but it is open to all who may wish to secure treatment therein, whether employed by the company or not. Persons not employees of the mining company are charged for treatment in the institution, while 50 cents is each month deducted from the wages of each employee, as a fund to cover expenses of treat- ment in case of sickness or injury. No further collection is made by the company from an employee no matter how long he may be an inmate of the hospital. The institution is thoroughly modern, and offers all conveniences to patients. The corps of physicians and nurses is large enough to render efficient service at all times. CRIMINALITY. There is very little crime in the community. The chief offense is drunkenness, which is not confined to any one race nor to the immi- grant population, for the native Americans are as much addicted to the use of intoxicants as are the foreigners. Formerly many affrays took place among the lower class of South Italians, but now even these offenses are less frequent. The urban center is policed by about five men, who seem well able to handle the situation. When it is recalled that the population of the community, including Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 513 mine colonies, is about 10,000, and that most of the men congregate in the urban center after working hours, the fact that so small a police force can patrol the town is excellent evidence of the quietness of the town. The table following shows the amount of crime in the urban center among the imniigrants, by race, for a period of two months in the year 1908, a period which showed a higher criminal record than usual. The figures are representative of the whole community. Table 268 . — Number of arrests of foreign-horn persons in the urban center of Community A during a period of two months in the year 1908. Crime. Ital- ian, North and South. Lithu- anian. Re Mag- yar. ice. Polish. Slovak. Swed- ish. Total. Assault and battery 1 2 4 Assault and battery with intent to kill 1 2 3 Bastardy and fornication 1 1 Carrying dangerous weapons 2 1 3 Drunk 2 7 2 1 19 Drunk and disorderly 1 1 1 3 Dnink and fighting * 2 7 9 Evading board bill 2 2 Fighting 2 1 1 4 Indecent exposure 1 1 Larceny: Grand 3 3 Petty Libel 3 3 Malicious mischief 3 3 Murder 1 1 1 3 Offenses against game laws 1 1 Suspicious character 2 2 Vagrancy 1 2 3 Stoning and shooting through a house 7 7 Total 9 5 31 11 11 1 68 ;,V'--,‘r..' .;■' ;:^t^'. '.z’r.v’^rr ■ 1 '■■' ^,>5i1^Tl»vim)! yfniU -vt!! ■t^ isa?' v' r^Tci 'rf* «i ‘Xiino If' 1KI11>IH^ HiU >• wertfe.S«'”'“sw.ui»rfai-*'*' ’*^4^;^^ t . ' M' • Iv'’^ i^iUl • V i* - .i^„i '•'• •,; - i _‘“’Kt:-'''-^' ■-.: >r. ' ■ ’ ' ■ ■ '* r „-;,-^.c. H '* *iv ^ r,,.v. 3^4 i ' U**^ f • 'i>> ? p] > -tv t ,}^.- -vif' v ,-t, ii.t' ^ . ■ » ^ rr ^:it,n WVi?. ' .'^'^^wrv *frTV#^ «fvmk 5.*^^ WJe.te: wjt;. ; •' ■ -'■' <='?.' vWiUiudSfiMfiW K^voJ^ijpir'SSfeu, 4 i vvH. 4 -*f Chapter XVIII. GENERAL PROGRESS OF IMMIGRANTS IN THE COMMUNITY. Property holdings Bank deposits — Money sent abroad — Immigrants in business — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees— School attendance and proR- ress— Literacy— Citizenship and interest in political and civic affairs— Church facilities — Americanization— [Text Tables 269 to 285 ] PROPERTY HOLDINGS. The Italians, North and South, show a greater tendency to save than any other race represented in the community. The majority i Italians save their money and send it abroad, while most u Italians buy real estate with their savings. Next to the Italians, the Slovaks show the greatest tendency to save their earnings, usually investing them in real estate. Table 269 shows property holdings of the foreign races in the urban center. The fact that the Slovak holdings are greater than those of the combined Italian races is accounted for by the fact that the Slovaks outnumber the Italians The figures represent taxable property only, but may be accepted as exhibiting the extent to which the several races in the community invest in real estate. Table 269. Immigrant 'property holdings in the urban center of Community A, by race. Race. VViue of property. Real. Personal. Total. English ^ 1 A c;nn $14,620 1,825 French OprrnQTi ouu 1,825 $120 Hebrew 3, 508 OA 20 3,528 24, 724 67,652 9,417 30, 175 8,613 Italian 0o4 iK7 HQO 140 Lithuanian Magyar 0/ , uyj 9,417 30,035 8,553 ono 560 Polish 140 60 Scotch 20 228 Syrian ooy OOo 89,815 21,810 480 1,430 80 39, 148 91,245 21,890 17, 180 2, 000 Total 17,000 2,000 180 329,015 3,230 332,245 NT purchase homes is most noticeable among the North Italians, Slovaks, Scotch, and Magyars. These races, in the order named, own the largest amount of taxable property in the town Immigrants of all races invest in land, even the South Italians, who lend most of their savings to Italy to purchase land in that country )r to redeem mortgages and pay taxes on property which they already 515 516 The Immigration Commission. BANK DEPOSITS. An interesting showing is also furnished by estimates of local bankers as to the amount of money deposited by immigrants. Table 270 — Average monthly deposits of immigrants on open accounts in the banks oj the urban center of Community A, by race. Average monthly deposits in — Race. National Bank No. 1. National Bank No. 2. Slovak Bank No. 1. (a) $2,500 (a) $1,00( $2,000 1,000 3,000 1,500 1,50( 1,000 700 1,00( 1,500 500 4, oOt (o) 2,500 2,000 (o) 1,000 5,00( 10,000 9,200 13,00( a Not reported separately. MONEY SENT ABROAD. As reo-ards the amount of money sent abroad, the following tabk shows the amount of postal money orders issued in the urban center by countries, for a period of two years. Of the total value of toreigr orders issued, nearly 86 per cent was drawn on Italy alone. Table 271 . — Postal money orders issued during a period of two years in the urban cente of Community A. Destination of orders issued. Domestic (within the United States) Foreign (total) Austria England Germany Himgary Ireland Italy Mexico Russia Scotland Sweden Turkey Wales Total Number Value of of orders orders issued. issued. 8,192 $85,242.3 20,167.4 8 75.6 67 785.2 27 389.2 11 99.7 2 9.9 329 17,306.9 1 50.2 11 150.5 32 507.8 9 116.5 1 40.1 43 635.2 8,733 105,409.7 . The two national banks located in the urban center together trans mit to Italy an average of $3,750 per month. These banks sent money to no other foreign country. The Slovak bank already men tioned transmits per week to other sections of the United states ant abroad, through an express company, the amounts given in the taoi following. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 517 Table 212.— Express money orders issued per v eek by the Slovak bank in the urban center of Community A. Average amount of sales per week. Per cent to each destination. Average amount for which issued. Race of purchaser. Pennsyl- vania. 1 Else- where in United States. Abroad. Slovak 20.0 8.0 10.0 35.0 10.0 .0 0.0 Magyar ^00. uu A A f\i\ 80. 0 S25.00 Polish UU 90. 0 2.0 25. 00 German oo. UU 90 nn 90. 0 .0 20.00 Italian, North and South zz. uu 13. 20 65. 0 an n .0 10.0 20.00 Russian 1 ‘I on oU. u 1 f\f\ A 10.00 Lithuanian io. zu 11 nn 100. 0 .0 9.60 American 11. DU s nn 100. 0 KA A . 0 .0 6.00 Total o. uu oO. 0 50. 0 .0 5.00 onn nn 1.0 — zuu. uu 82. 0 17. 0 15. 00 A t seen tnat tlie INortli and South Italians send by lar the largest amount of money abroad. Eighty-six per 3ent ol the amount of foreign postal money orders issued in the com- munity go to Italy about $45,000 is annually transmitted to Italy Jirough the national banks of the community, and the only foreign Dank m the urban center sends the largest portion of its foreign remit- tances to the same country. ® The money sent abroad is generally used in paying taxes on land and n purchasing land, m helping relatives and friends, and in assisting ithers to come to the United States. This is true of all races sending noney to Europe, but particularly of the North and South Italians^ IMMIGRANTS IN BUSINESS. The table which immediately follows shows the immigrants in msiness m the community, by race. It will be noticed that the talians numerically outrank other foreign groups in the business leld, the Slovaks standing second. The Italians thus engaged in 'usmess are the more capable North and South Italians. Table 273.— /mmigrowls in business in Communily A, by nm and class of business. Business. English. German. Hebrew. Italian. £0 cS Polish. Scotch. Slovak. Swedish. Syrian. Total. anker arber ’ y iacksmith ^ ittler itcher rpenter ’ ntractor ooer weler ndlord imberman... ""2 ...... ...... 2 ...... ...... 12 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1 •y ...... '"'o’ 1 2 3 3 5 6 1 19 1 1 1 25 1 1 5 5 2 1 inter 'Otographer ol and billiard parlor.. ...... 6 ....„ 2 7 2 1 oemaker . 5 1 imship agency Ilor Total... ...... 1 3 1 3 1 - 22 9 9 83 y 1 ZHt 48296° — VOL 6 — 11 34 518 The Immigration Commission. The unanimous opinion of the native American population of the urban center is that the immigrants engaged in business in the community are lax in their methods as compared with the natives m the same business. Especially is this true of the credit system in voffue among the foreign business men. The immigrant m business in the community is often not above taking advantage of i^orance when by so doing, he will better his financial condition. Business association among men of different races is seldom found m t e community. Italians prefer to deal with Italians, Slovaks with Slovaks, and Magvars with Magyars; but this policy is not strictly adhered to, the Slovaks showing the greatest tendency to depart from it Men of a race not represented among the immigrant busi- ness men of the community will deal with native stores rather than patronize the establishment kept by a member of another foreign race. ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES. As showing relative ability to speak English, information wa^ received from 2,784 foreign-born mine workers m the community From the data thus secured, a table has been prepared and is presented below, which classifies these persons according to age at the time ol arrival in this country : Table 21^.— Ability to speak English of foreign-horn male employees, by age at time q coming to the United States and race. * (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races.] Age at time of coming to United States. Race. Number reporting complete data. Number who speak Under 14. 14 or over. English. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. 1 1 1 Bohemian and Moravian 16 4 16 p'l'pnph - 7 4 3 3 4 OQ 2 German 35 1 166 29 1 98 6 6 z\y 1 S S Greek ^nrt.hi 8 6 8 158 138 IttiliflB 146 89 8 Lithuanian 38 28 1 1 14 37 rtO/l 4J 24 \fflP‘vRr ^ 938 501 14 9^4 Polish 583 249 10 7 0/0 OA ] 26 13 zo 51 71 Q Russian 54 28 3 3 23 4i Slovak 739 o 474 2 26 / 10 2 Slovenian Swedish Z 18 17 3 3 15 ] Total 2,770 1,538 82 74 2,688 1,4( Of the total of 2,770 mine employees who reported complete date only 82 were under 14 years of age at the time of arrival in this coun try) while 2,688 were '14 years of age or over. In the hmt grou about nine- tenths of the total are able to speak English. Ihe on. employees unable to speak English are 3 Slovaks, 3 Poles, an North Italians. The showing made by the second group is in stron Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 619 contrast with the first. Almost one-half of the persons who were 14 years of age or <^er at the time of arrival in the United States are unable to speak English. The Poles in this group report more than hall or their number unable to speak English, while the Magyars, North Italians, c^outh Italians, and Slovaks show even larger propor- tions who have not learned the language, those in the last-named race being most numerous. The general conclusion is therefore plain both as regards the different races and the whole group of foreign- born persons, that the immigrants arriving earlier in life acquire the use ot English much more quickly and in larger numbers than persons coming at a later period of life. The following table shows the English-speaking ability of foreign- born persons m Community A according to the period of time that they have been m the United States. Cable 27b.— Ability to speak English of foreign-horn male employees, by years in the United States and race. By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only non-English-speaking races.] (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Years in United States, Race. Number reporting complete data. Number who speak English. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Bohemian and Mora- vian 1 1 1 1 3 roatian rench 16 4 10 1 6 ertnan i 35 1 4 29 1 2 1 2 3 3 reek 8 5 8 1 5 1 43 19 19 alian, North alian, South 166 146 38 938 583 26 98 89 95 *7 A 40 31 54 56 17 15 Ithuanian 628 201 16 43 16 15 agyar 6 227 83 10 18 279 18 4 4 olish 348 23 26 328 209 72 65 oumanian 13 28 474 180 116 55 50 ussian 54 739 2 3 3 ovak 8 138 17 12 11 8 ovenian 2 229 2 165 2 182 171 vedish 18 17 4 3 1 1 13 13 Total 2,784 • 1,552 1,522 554 858 623 404 375 Examination of the preceding table shows that less than four-tenths ^ the total number of employees who have been in the country under ^e years are able to speak English, as compared with more than ine-tenths ot the total number who have been in the country ten 3ars or over and over seven-tenths of the total number who have id a period of residence from five to nine years. It is clearly evident lat, as the penqd of residence for all foreign-born is extended, the •oportion of their nurnber able to speak English tends to increase, to tendency IS especially noticeable in the case of the Magyar, North |id bouth Italian, and Slovak races. 520 The Immigration Commission. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AND PROGRESS. The schools available for immigrants in Community A are good. There are three public school buildings in the to^ra— one, grammar and primary, situated in the eastern part, while the other two are located side by side in the western section of the urban wn- ter one being a high school and the other a graded school, the high-school building is a comparatively new structure and is weU equipped throughout. Besides the high - school students, several lower grades are housed in the high-school buildmg. In addAion to the public schools described above there is one parocfeal school conducted under the direction of the Roman Cathc^c Church, and a night school for Italians, maintained by the local Y. M. C. A. In the outlying districts of the community, public schools are within comparatively short distances of the mine colonies. i v M The scope of the Italian night school earned on by the local 1 . M. C. A. is indicated in the following outline: (1) Faculty: . (a) Secretary, Y. M. C. A. (American). (b) Two American women. (2) Curriculum: (a) English. (3) Students: (a) Race, Italian (North and South). (b) Attendance, 15. (c) Ages, 18 to 30. (d) Occupation, coal miners. '^a^Membership fee of Y. M. C. A, ($5 a year) covers cost of instruction, The Americans attend school in the greatest numbers, thosi enrolled being about equal to the total number of immigrants n attendance. This is a point deserving notice, when it is lecallec that the natives constitute only 25 per cent of the total popu tion of the community. Taking the schools of the community as i whole, the following races are cited m their relative order of regu larity of attendance: (1) American, (2) Slovak, (3) Syrian, (4 Italian (North and South), (5) Magyar, (6) Hebrew.^ The reason assigned for irregularity in school attendance on the part of immi grant children in the community are: (1) Lack of interest on pait o parents, (2) truancy, (3) desire of children to earn wages. ^ The compulsory education law is enforced as far as practicable but many instances where children remain away from school escap the notice of the truant officer. The consensus of opinion amonj teachers in the different schools is that the children, in all gra and in all schools, rank by race as follows with reference to gener progress: (1) American, (2) Slovak, (3) Italian (North and South) (4) German, (5) Polish, (6) Hebrew. , , . . , The children of all races associate freely in the class rooms and o, the playgrounds of all schools in the community. The children invariably adopt American games and indulge in them wtl the same zest as tLe nat^ive children. The table following shows th attendance, by race, at public, parochial, and night schools m community. Compiled from Btatements made by the several teachers in the different schools. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania*. 521 Table 2n.~~School attendance in public, parochial, and night schools in Community A by race. ' ' [The table is compiled from figures and statements given by the teachers in the various schools.) Race. American English French German Greek Hebrew Italian Lithuanian Magyar Norwegian Polish Russian Scotch Slovak Swedish Syrian NO classification Unclassified foreigners . Total Public. Primary. 216 1 Grammar. 38 1 95 6 5 104 23 234 8 4 14 High. 53 518 Total. 56 38 2 16 1 2 140 9 10 170 39 1,014 Parochial. 20 80 Night. 125 Total. 523 9 * 4 15 3 6 74 5 42 2 96 1 2 144 9 10 170 39 15 I 1,154 Reports in some detail were secured from the public-school pupils Community A. The returns secured from a .otal of 852 pupils are showii in the table below, by sex of pupil and by general nativity and race of father of pupil Pable 277. m. -Number of pupils in each grade of the public schools of the urban center of Lommumty A, by sex and by general nativity and race of father of pupil. leneral nativity and race of father and sex of pupil. NATIVE-BORN. t'^hite: Male... Female. Total . FOREIGN-BORN. nglish: Male.... Female Elementary grades. 76 Total innish: Male Female Total . Jrman: Male. .. Female. 56 Total. brew,otherthan Russian: Male I Female ” ' i 75 50 25 13 17 194 206 400 27 37 207 230 437 12 28 12 13 10 18 Total 1 522 • The Immigration Commission. Table 277 —Number of pupils in each grade of the public schools of the urban center of Community A, by sex and by general nativity and race of father of pupiZ— Continued. Elementary grades. High school. j Grand total. j General nativity and race of father and sex of pupil. V3 s a 8 O) 02 2 H 2 5 2 2 ."H Seventh. 2 .c s 2 .a :zi "cS o H FOREIGN-BORN— Cont’d. Irish: 1 1 . 1 . 1 . 4 . 6 . 4 6 1 3 1 1 . Total 2 3 1 1 2 . 1 10 , 10 Italian, North: Male Female 6 3 7 3 3 7 1 1 1 . 1 . 1 18 15 18 15 Total 9 10 10 2 2 . 33 33 Italian, South: 5 1 1 2 1 . 7 4 7 4 1 Total 6 3 1 1 11 11 Magyar: 11 8 7 4 1 4 1 20 17 20 19 Female 1 2 19 11 5 1 1 37 2 39 Scotch: 4 2 1 2 1 8 4 1 1 9 5 Female 2 Total 6 1 2 2 1 1 12 2 14 Slovak: 35 37 11 7 8 9 5 1 1 1 1 1 61 58 61 58 Female 1 1 Total Slovenian: 72 8 14 18 2 5 1 6 1 17 6 1 1 2 2 _L 119 17 21 • 119 17 21 Female Total 22 7 7 2 1 38 38 Swedish: 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 8 8 1 1 9 9 Female 1 1 Total 3 2 2 5 2 1 1 16 2 18 5 4 Syrian: 1 1 1 2 1 2 5 4 Female 1 Total 2 3 1 2 1 9 9 Other races: a 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 9 20 1 3 10 23 Female 9 2 1 1 1 Total 12 5 2 3 4 1 1 1 29 4 33 Race not specified: 7 3 10 10 10 10 Female 9 1 Total . 16 1 3 20 20 Total foreign-born: Male Female . 94 . 91 39 35 17 17 25 23 18 12 6 6 4 5 2 5 2 2 207 196 5 7 212 203 Total . 185 74 34 48 30 1 '' 9 7 4 403 12 415 Grand total: Male Female . 133 . 128 77 58 33 57 67 56 42 , 38 15 24 , 14 20 7 13 13 8 401 402 18 1 31 419 43 :: Total . 261 135 , 90 123 80 39 1 1 34 20 1 21 803 ; 49 852 “ Other races” comprise 1 Assyrian, 4 Dutch, 3 French, 2 Lithuanian, 6 Norwegian, 8 Pohsh, and OWelsh. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 523 By referring to the preceding table it is seen that about one-half of :he total number of pupils represented are native-born of native ivhite father, those either foreign-born or of foreign parentage con- stituting the remaining half. Among groups of foreign-born par- entage the Slovak, Magyp, Slovenian, North Italian, English, Hebrew, md Swedish are numerically strong. The significant feature of the .able, however, lies in the fact that of the total number of 415 pupils 3orn of foreign father, 185 are in the first grade, 74 in the second, 14 in the third, 48 in the fourth, 30 in the fifth, and a con- stantly decreasing number in the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth grades. In the high school there are only 12 children of foreign jarentage, 5 of whom are of parents born in northern Europe or jreat Britain. With the exception of 3 Slovaks, 1 Magyar, 1 South Italian, and possibly a few Poles and Lithuanians, no other races of louthern Europe are represented in the grades of the grammar school tbove the sixtn. Practically all children of foreign parentage are in he four lower grades of the grammar school and about one-half are n the first grade. A partial census of the public schools of Community A shows the general nativity and sex of the 16 teachers to be as follows: 'able 278 .- -Sex of teachers in the public schools of Community A, by general nativity and race. General nativity and race. Male. Female. Total. iative-born of native father, White 1 1.3 14 fative-born of foreign father, by race of father: German ‘ 1 1 1 Scotch i Total 1 1 2 Grand total 2 14 16 LITERACY. As regards the literacy of the mine workers in Community A, the Dllowing table is submitted: Table 279 . — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Number who — Read. Read and write. ative-born of native father. White. . . . 103 102 102 ative-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hunearv 24 20 20 England 9 Q o France \ 1 1 Germanv Q X Ireland 13 o 19 0 10 Italy 1 Russia 2 1 1 524 The Immigration Commission. I w Table 279. — lAterncy of male employees, by general nativity and race Continued. Number ; reporting complete ! data. Number who— General nativity and race. ! Ree i. j Read and write. Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father— Cont’d. 3 3 3 1 1 1 6 0 6 06 58 58 169 1^ 160 Foreign-born, by race: 1 i 1 1 1 16 14 1 13 ' 25 24 1 7 24 1 34 31 1 1 ' 1 1 1 11 1 ^ ^ 1 160 123 1 102 j 122 146 100 1 38 1 28 28 940 843 839; 588 425 415 28 20 34 20 55 33 11 11 11 743 608 590 2 2 18 2 18 18 1 14 14 14 2,844 2,317 2,280 1 3,013 2,477 2,44C 1 — 1 The literacy of the employees native-born of native father as compared with those native-born of foreign father foreign- born is apparent by a glance at the above table. Ol lOd em- ployees native-born of native father, only one can not read or write Of 66 native-born of foreign father, or, in other words, employees ol the second generation, all but 8 can both read and write some language; the fathers of 4 of the illiterate pepons were born in Austria-Hungary, 1 was German, 1 Irish, 1 Itahan, and 1 Russian. Of a total of 2,844 foreign-born employees reporting, 527, or 18.5 pei cent, are unable to read any language, and 564, or 19.8 per cent are unable to read and write. If races reporting data lor 50 oi more employees be selected and the per cent of illiteracy be workec out, it is seen that from 10.3 to 38.2 per cent are unable to read an} lano-uage and from 10.7 to 40 per cent are unable to read and writi any language. No absolute comparison can be drawn between races for there is no equality of numbers reporting. On the basis of tli( number reporting, however, the worst showing is made by the Rus- sian, 38.2 per cent of which race can not read, while 40 per cen* can not read and write. The South Italian ranks second m point o illiteracy and the Polish third. A detailed statement as to the exten of illiteracy among the North and South Italians, Magyars, Poles Russians, and Slovaks (the races for which 50 or more person; report) is given on the next page. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 525 Table 280 . — Illiteracy among representative Joreign races. Race. Number reporting complete data. Can not read. Can not read and write. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. [talian, North 166 43 25.9 44 26.5 Italian, South 146 44 30.1 46 31.5 Magyar 940 97 10.3 101 10.7 Polish 588 163 27.7 173 29.4 Russian 55 21 38.2 22 40.0 Slovak 743 135 18.2 153 20.6 CITIZENSHIP AND INTEREST IN POLITICAL AND CIVIC AFFAIRS. There is small tendency on the part of immigrants in the com- nunity to acquire citizenship. The following table, exhibiting data Tom 704 mine employees in the community who have been in the United States five years or over, and who were 21 years of age or iver at the time of coming, throws light upon the situation. Out of fie total, 567 have neither first nor second papers, 75 are fully natur- ilized, and 62 have received first papers only. Of those who have acquired full citizenship, 18 are Slovaks, 10 Magyars, 9 Germans, 8 .Vorth Italians, 7 English, and 6 Poles. Of those having only first papers, 19 are Slovaks, 16 Magyars, 13 Poles, and 5 South Italians. The showing for all races reporting data follows: Table 2Sl.— Present political condition of foreign-horn male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES. ) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] Race. 'roatian :nglish 'rench rerman rish lalian, North talian, South, ■ithuanian... fagyar I'oUsh oumanian . . . l-ussian Botch bvak lovenian w^edish t^elsh Number reporting complete data. In United States years. 5 to 9 In United States 10 years or over. Total. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having sec- ond papers. Total. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having sec- ond papers. Total. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having sec- ond papers. 4 4 4 4- 10 1 1 2 1 0 9 2 1 7 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 16 3 3 6 1 9 10 4 3 9 3 3 3 3 39 31 1 32 7 7 31 8 39 26 5 31 3 5 8 29 5 5 12 10 10 2 2 12 210 158 10 4 172 26 6 6 38 184 16 10 144 105 6 111 20 7 6 33 125 13 6 2 2 2 2 15 10 1 11 3 1 4 13 2 3 1 2 3 1 9 194 118 4 i 123 39 15 17 71 157 19 18 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 704 470 30 8 508 97 32 67 196 567 62 75 o 4 10 3 16 3 39 39 12 210 144 2 15 3 194 1 5 4 704 Total, 526 The Immigration Commission. Table 282 . — Present political condition of foreign-horn male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. ^ (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] Race. Number reporting complete data. Number fuUy natural- ized. Number having first papers only. 4 10 3 16 3 39 39 12 210 144 2 15 3 194 1 5 4 7 1 9 3 8 5 1 3 5 10 6 16 13 2 1 19 2 18 4 2 1 1 704 75 65 If the data be turttier suoaiviaea oy periuu» nut snuwn table, it is found that out of a total of 508 who have been in the United States from five to nine years, 470 are aliens, 30 have secured first papers only, and 8 have second papers. Distmguishmg between this group and those who have been in the country for a longer period, it is shown that of a total of 196 who have had a residence of ten years or over in the United States, 97 are aliens, 32 have first papers only, and 67 have second papers. , . . ^ o An important influence working upon the immigrants ot the community relative to citizenship is the desire to imitate Ameri- The immigrants see the native Americans greatly interested ^ -1 • .1 II 1 1 1 _ J Z ^ l-Tl-F-y-k irv I- -1 TT'l 4' I cans imimgrauua occ cue ^ ^ — - m politics, and realize that to be able to enjoy like activities thCT must become citizens. The consensus of opinion among the lead- ing men of the community is that of the races of southern Europe, the Slovaks have the highest standing as citizens. Next to the Sloyato come the Poles, then the Magyars and more capable North Dahans while the South Italians are said to constitute the mo^ undesirable political element in the community. Interest in civic affaire is shorn by nearly allraces in the community, but in varying degrees ot mtensity The Slovaks manifest especial interest in all civic affairs; and thej have gone so far as to organize two political cluhs, the membershipe of which are composed wholly of Slovaks. These take active pan in local politics. The two Slovak clubs are under the domm^atioi of their respective leaders. The memberships of the two clubs an about the same numerically, and combined they amount to abou 150 men. Of this total, possibly 100 are qualified to vote, althougi only 69 Slovak votes were cast in the whole community at arecen general election. The initiation fee is 50 cents and the monthly due: are 25 cents in each organization. Tables 283 and 284 contrast the native American and naturalize! foreign vote cast at a recent election. The first gives figur^ * whole community, while the second presents figures for the urbai Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania, 527 center alone. Of a total vote of 835, 602 votes were cast in the urban center and 233 in the subcommunities and mine locations. The average length of residence in the United States of each man included in the combined foreign vote shown in the two tables was twenty-two years. The English voters averaged more than twenty- five years’ residence in the United States. This was the highest figure, and the one Syrian voter entered had resided in the country ten years. Table 283. — Vote at a recent election in Community A, by race. Race. Number of votes cast. Race. Number of votes cast. Native-born of native father, White 614 F oreign-born — Continued . Polish Foreign-born: Russian 11 1 Croatian 1 Scotch 14 English 22 Slovak- French Swedish oe: German 10 Svrian 1 Hebrew, Russian 1 Welsh 1 a Irish 8 0 Italian, North and South 36 Total 221 Magyar 13 Norwegian 2 Grand tot,al 835 Table 284. — Vote in the urban center of Community A at a recent election, by race. Race. Number of votes ! cast. 1 1 j Race. Number of votes cast. Matlve-born of native father. White 409 ' j Foreign-bom — Continued. Russian Foreign-born: Scotch J 1^ English 16 Slovak xo AO French 1 Swedish OK German 8 Svrian 1 Hebrew, Russian 1 Welsh 1 Q Irish 7 O Italian, North and South 35 Total . . Magyar 7 j.yo Norwegian 2 Grand total AAO Polish 11 CHURCH FACILITIES. The table showing immigrant churches in the locality and their nembership follows: Table 285.— Immigrant churches in the urban center of Community A. Race. Denomination. Num- ber. Number families. Number members. Average attend- ance on Sundays. Contribu- tions per year. Year estab- lished. alian Roman Catholic 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 300 75 200 160 300 30 50 2,000 400 2,000 800 1,800 50 400 200 150 600 400 350 75 100 $1,500 1,500 1.200 3.000 2.000 400 650 1908 1908 1898 1905 1902 1900 1906 oumanian. . ixed ixed ixed Greek Catholic. wedish Lutheran agyar Hungarian Reform Total . . 7 1,115 7,450 1,875 10,250 A attendance of 125 is maintained. Slovaks, I ■™ans, Americans, North and South Italians are found on the enrolment. 528 The Immigration Commission. Very little special work has been attempted among the immigrants of the community by the local churches. In fact, the only attempt that has been made to do special work among them was made in a recent year by a church of the urban center under the direction of a committee of one of the large home missionary societies of Pennsyl- vania Very slight results were accomplished by the undertaking, and the work died from lack of interest and funds. Another Ameri- can church located in the town is planning to do welfare work among the immigrants in the community, but is greatly hampered by lack of funds. One-half of the donations for missionarj^ work m this church will in the near future be devoted to special work among the immigrant residents of the locality, the other half to be used as heretofore in foreign missionary work. Beyond this nothing has been attempted by the native or foreign churches among the immigrant population along the lines of special welfare work. The church asso- ciation between the native Americans and the southern and eastern European immigrants is limited. The general attitude of the native churches toward the immigrants is one of indifference and there is a strono- inclination in the community to shun association with the immi- grant in church activities. In cases where any missionary efforts are made by native churches of Protestant denomination, services tor the immigrants are usually held in barns, stores, or other unattr^tive places, thereby lessening the interest m them. The races from the southern European countries, which compose a large portion ot the population of Community A, have been reared where there is no social hste in religious organization, and have worshiped m buildings which are unsurpassed in beauty and grandeur the people are offered services held in stores and similar buildings, then mterest in the services naturally is less and they In addition to the regukr churches organization for rehmous work in the community is furnished by a branch of the Y. M. C. A., located in the urban center, the membership of which 15 made up chi^J of native Americans, but to which a few Slovaks, Magyars, and North and South Italians belong. AMERICANIZATION. Omitting the English, Germans, Irish, Norwegians, Scotch Swedes, and Welsh, who are well Americanized, the Slovaks exhibit the most marked tendency toward Americanization. T^®{ Ye quick to adopt American business methods, they are interested m Ame ^ politic^ they observe the laws, and their record for orderliness i. good North and South Italians are also showing interest in Amerr ta.n institutions. The Magyars and Poles show some dispositwr toward Americanization, but it is not as general as among the Slovak, and the more efficient of the North and South Italians. The race, exhibiting the least inclination toward Americanization are th< South Italian, the Russian, Roumanian, Lithuanian, Among the factors favoring Americanization, the following ma} be presented in summary form: • w n i (1) The small size of the town and its isolated location, causing an interdependence among the various races and exerting a ) toward breaking down the barriers of racial antipathy, inis . Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 529 .rue of all the mine colonies and of the second generation among ill races. (2) The character of the inhabitants of the town. There is no ilass distinction. While little attempt is made to Americanize oreigners, no obstacles are placed in their way, and if a foreigner hows that he is a good citizen he is accepted on terms of equality. (3) Absence of justiciary graft’’ in the courts, and general f air- less of the laws toward immigrants, thus engendering a respect for American laws and a desire to secure in full the benefits to be de- ’ived from them. (4) Enforced school attendance. (5) Opportunity to purchase homes from the mining company m easy payments, thus creating a settled condition among pur- •hasers and an interest in civic affairs. (6) Influence of immigrant clergy in encouraging the purchase )f homes and the permanency of residence. (7) General tencfency of the second generation of all races to idopt American habits and standards of living. The causes opposing Americanization briefly stated are as follows: (1) Isolation from native Americans of a large number of immi- p:ants living in the detached mining localities. (2) Indifference of the average American toward the foreigners. (3) Illiteracy of the average foreigner of recent immigration. • (4) The constant shifting of the population. (5) Influence of the churches in maintaining racial and denomi- lational distinction. (6) The preponderatingly foreign character of the population. .1 MS 1 ! V THE LIBRARY Of THE OSlVERSiTY OF ILLINOIS REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY B. Chapter XIX. INTRODUCTION. ndustrial significance of the community — Description of the community — Induce- ments and obstacles to immigration. — [Text Table 286]. INDUSTRIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COMMUNITY. This community is only 10 miles distant from Community A, a >ranch line of railroad connecting the two towns. It is situated on the restern slope of the Alleghenies, on the main line of a large railway ystem. Community B is engaged in mining practically the same dnd of coal as is Community A, and its pcfpulation, though somewhat nore concentrated, is in round numbers the same as Community A. Ls contrasted, however, with Community A, Community B is strongly inionized. All the laborers and miners employed by the mining ompanies are members of the United IVIine Workers of America, this rganization meeting with full recognition from the operators and ontrolling the labor employed at the various mines. As a matter of act, organized l^or is probably a^strongly intrenched in this com- aunity as in ahy in Pennsylvania. All of the eleven mines in he community have the union wage scale in force. The local organi- ation of the United Mine Workers of America is large, having 1,400 aembers. Because of this fact, and by reason of its close proximity 0 Community A, in which there are no labor organizations, Com- aunity B affords a basis for comparative study. DESCRIPTION OF THE COMMUNITY. As is the case in almost all mining communities. Community B onsists of an urban center with small semidetached settlements of line workmen clustering around coal mines which are situated on he outsorts of the town proper or at a very short distance. The istribution of the population appears in the accompanying chart, 'he main settlement is found at the junction of the two small rivers hown on the map. The town proper occupies the lower slopes of the alleys drained by the two rivers and is at the junction of the streams nd of the branch and main lines of the railroads. Surrounding the own itself and within a short walking distance of its limits are small emidetached mining communities represented on the map by the 'tters A, B, C, D. The climate is like that of western Pennsylvania 1 general, except for the fact that the river valleys are damp and Jggy until about 9 o’clock in the morning. 531 532 The Immigration Commission. INDUCEMENTS AND OBSTACLES TO IMMIGRATION. Bituminous coal is practically the only product of the locality, and the gradual expansion of mining operations with the resultant demand for labor has been the main inducement to immigration. No satisfactory statistics are available regarding the extension of the industry, but the following figures, compiled from the report of the state mining inspector, throw light upon the development which took place during the period 1893 to 1902, and indicate the importance of the community from the standpoint of coal mining. About 300 more men than in the year 1902 are now employed in the mines. Table 2%^.-— Growth of coal industry in Community B. ■^'oar. 1 Number of mines. Net tons. Number of men employed. 7 426,774 58.5 6 .541,513 898 7 774, 337 998 7 742, 105 949 6 857,478 1,111 9 1,076,886 1,433 8 990, 317 1,295 11 1,122,277 1,549 11 1,203,379 ],74l 11 1,332, 100 1,183 The mountains surrounding the town are barren and rocky, so that practically no agriculture is carried on within the community . F arm land is found upon the bluffs extending back from the town. Mining has been carried on in the community for more than thirty years. The industry is now in the hands of four companies which employ about 1,400 men. The coal of the community is peculiarly suited for the transatlantic carrying trade and is in constant demand, thus enabling the operators to run the mines more regularly than is usually the case in bituminous coal-mining localities. The principal factor in the coming of the aliens to the community has been the presence of fellow-countrymen there, and it has been through a sort of social accretion that the foreign-born population has been gathered. It can scarcely be said that there are any obstacles which actually deter immigration. One of the most serious checks to the increase of the alien population is the difficulty, if not the impossibility, of settling within the town itself and thus enjoying the educational advantages present there. Local prejudice against all recent irnmigrants from southern and southeastern Europe who have settled in the commu- nity undoubtedly exists among the native-born . This antipathy , how- ever, takes the form of an almost complete aloofness on the part of the Americans, rather than of active opposition. Chapter XX. POPUIATION AND RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS. opulation — Racial distribution of the population — History of immigration to the community — [Text Tables 287 to 289]. POPULATION. The population of the town proper, as given by the Twelfth Census, 'as 2,635, of which number 2,048 persons were native-born and 587 )reign-born. During the eight years subsequent to the census year, 900 to 1908, the population more than doubled, careful estimates lacing the total at 7,200 persons. The foreign-born persons in 1908 ere estimated at 1,900 and the native-born, including 340 children ative-born of foreign fathers, at 5,300 persons. In the census year le foreign population was 22.3 per cent of the total; in the year 1908 le foreign element was 26.4 per cent of the entire population. Within le borough proper there is an estimated population of 4,200; out- de the borough limits the population in the semidetached mining )mmunities is estimated at 3,000 persons. A careful estimate of le total foreign population of the community, by race, follows : Table 287 . — Foreign population of Community B, by race, 1908. Race. . Adults. Children native- born of foreign father. Total. ilian 550 1 150 700 ilish (German and Russian) . 500 1 70 570 thuanian 300 1 35 335 ithenian 200 200 fiO 9fin )vak ^\)\j 99 emish 1 ! zo ■rman ench [ 150 150 Total J 1,900 340 2 240 The English-speaking elements in the population include, besides lose of English-speaking races, Germans of the second generation id Germans of the first generation who have lived a long period of 5ars in the United States, who are thoroughly Americanized, and most all of whom are American citizens. 48296°— VOL 6—11 35 533 534 The Immigration Commission. RACIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION. The English-speaking element forms the main body of the popula- tion of the town proper. In the semidetached mining comniunities are found almost all of the Polish, Slovak, Ruthenian, Lithuanian, and Flemish inliabitants, together with about one-third of the Italian and a few English-speaking residents. HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COMMUNITY. Mines were first opened in the locality about the year 1876, and the history of immigration has coincided with the development of the mining industry. The period of greatest expansion in mining has been since the year 1900, and during the past eight years there have been greater additions to the population than in any previous period. The arrival of recent immigrant races before the close of the past decade was very slow and gradual. Community B, as a matter of fact, was one of the last towns in western Pennsylvania to use laborers from southern and southeastern Europe, and only employed men from these sections when other miners could not be secured during the years immediately following 1900. Thirty years ago, at the time the mines were opened and the town started, native Americans and Scotch, English, Germans, and Welsh who were then in the community, were employed. For a period of eight years the field belonged exclusively to these races. The Irish at that time began to settle in the neighborhood and gradually secured work in the mines. The Irish were followed in the course of two or three years by the French. About sixteen years ago a few scattered Slovaks began to appear in the community, and the next four years were the most marked period of Slavic immigration. During this period the Slovak and Polish races formed the bulk of the immigration. The next wave of immigration followed four years later, and was marked by the advent of Lithuanians and Ruthenians. A small number of Italians began to appear in the communit}; about the year 1898. Two or three years later they secured work ir the mines in large numbers. They were at first engaged in railroad construction and maintenance-of-way work near the town and grad- ually drifted into the mines. Data as to race were received fron 838 mining employees in the community. Of the total of 838 persons, 142 are native-born whites, 175 an persons native-born of foreign father, and 520 are foreign-born. Ii will be noted in the following tabulation of these persons by rac( that there is a considerable representation of native-born person: whose fathers were born in England, Ireland, Scotland, Germany and Wales, as well as a small number whose fathers country o birth was Austria-Hungary. There are also quite a number of foreign born English, German, Irish, and Scotch. The presence of thesi races is proportionately not so large in other mining localities m P®^^ sylvania, and the large numbers are probably to be accounted to by the tendency on the part of these races to move to a locality con trolled by organized labor. Of the more recent immigrants, th South Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Slovaks appear in greates numbers. A significant feature of Community B as compared witl Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 535 Community A is the absence of Magyars and the general preponder- ance of English-speaking or older elements in the population. Of the 520 persons or foreign birth, English, Irish, Welsh, Scotch, and Grermans constitute a total of 180; and 152 out of a total of 175 per- sons native-born of foreign father are males whose fathers were born :n England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, or Germany. The detailed showing for a total of 838 persons of all races furnishing information, ivhich is representative of the racial composition of the mine workers In the community, is given below: Fable 288 . — Number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number. General nativity and race. Number. 'Native-born of native father: Foreign-born, by race— Continued. White 142 Dutch 2 Negro 1 English 86 Erpnoh 26 'Native-born of foreign father, by coun- German 25 try of birth of father: Greek 1 Austria-Hungary 12 Irish 25 Belgium 5 Italian, North 10 England 61 Italian, South 46 France 1 Lithuanian 35 Germany 18 Magyar 6 Ireland 30 Polish 84 Netherlands 1 Russian 5 Russia 4 Scotch 31 Scotland 25 Slovak 106 Wales 18 Slovenian 1 Syrian 1 Total 175 Welsh 13 A no'f'riQ'n ( vckoc^ tinl ^ A Total native-born 318 i\. LioLI idll ^1 ilLTL o Swiss ( race not specified! 1 i'oreign-born, by race: Total foreign-born 520 RoheTnifl.n and Moravian 2 Canadian (other than French) 1 Grand total 838 Croatian 10 Of the foreign-born employees in the mines of the community, )20 furnished data as to period of residence in the United States. 3f this number, 27.1 per cent have been in the country under five rears, 28.1 per cent between five and nine years, and 44.8 per cent >en years or over. Of the total foreign-born, 28.3 per cent reported i residence of more than twenty years. This group of old residents, T.l per cent of whom are English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, includes ilso 22 Slovaks of early immigration to the United States. The •aces with the largest proportion of their members showing recent irrival in the United States are the South Italian, Lithuanian, Polish, md Slovak. 536 The Immigration Commission. The exhibit for all races is shown in the following table : Table 289 . Number of foreign-horn male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) FBv years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made; L D jr o spent abroad . ] Number in United States each specified number of years. Number Race. reporting complete data. Under 1. 1. 2, 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. 1 Bohemian and Moravian. . 9 1 1 Canadian (other than French) 1 10 2 86 26 25 1 25 2 1 3 1 3 1 Croatian Dutch English French 1 1 1 2 4 2 1 3 2 5 10 10 5 10 5 4 K t 5 German Greek 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 18 11 4 2 o R 1 Italian, North 10 1 1 1 2 2 J Italian, South 46 2 8 5 6 n 7 1 5 3 1 5 Lithuanian 35 5 84 5 31 106 1 i 3 1 1 Magyar Polish 7 1 1 5 12 1 4 4 9 31 1 9 1 10 1 Russian Scotch Slovak 3 1 1 5 1 1 4 9 4 42 8 1 10 r, % Slovenian Syrian 1 i i: Welsh 13 Austrian (race not speci- fied) 4 1 1 1 2 Swiss (race not specified). . Total 520 7 32 35 1 30 1 37 146 35 51 14’ Chapter XXI. ECONOMIC STATUS. Dccupations of immigrant employees in the mining industry — Earnings of mining employees — Money sent abroad — [Text Tables 290 to 293]. 3CCUPATIONS OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES IN THE MINING INDUSTRY. From an industrial standpoint, the recent immigrants have not, vith the exception of the Slovak, begun to emerge from the occupa- aon in which they began work in the mines. The Slovak is begin- aing to ascend in the scale of occupations and in some mines is mrning as much as 30 cents an hour in positions formerly occu- pied by Americans. With the exception of a few Poles and the Slovaks, all recent immigrants work as machine and pick miners. Fhe Slovaks alone of recent immigrants are found in the occupations 3f trip rider, driver, fireman, car coupler, car shifter, dumper, oiler, tracklayer, timberman, brakeman, trapper, and car dropper. This vide range of occupations entered by the Slovak is probably due in Large measure to his longer period of residence in the community, [n like manner, the fact that the Italian is now on the lowest indus- trial level is partly to be ascribed to his comparatively short experi- 3nce in coal mining, as this race was one of the last to seek einploy- [nent in the mines of the community. All races of recent immi- gration will undoubtedly make slow progress, the Lithuanian having a chance for a comparatively more rapid advance because of his longer residence and his quickness and intelligence. The following tabulation, showing occupation by race in representative mines in the locality, illustrates the distribution of races in the industry. It also furnishes a striking illustration of the tendency of different races to segregate in certain mines, as compared with the situation in Community A, where such segregation is not permitted. Mine No. [ in the following tables shows a preponderance of English, Ameri- cans, Slovak, Scotch, Irish, French, and Welsh among the pick miners; Mine No. II exhibits a large number of South Italians along with English-speaking immigrants in the same occupation; in Mine No. Ill the pick miners are largely South Italians; in Mine No. IV the pick miners are largely Slovaks, the next largest number being English. 537 538 The Immigration Commission. Table 290 . — Occupation, hy race, in representative mines in Community B. MINE I. Occupation. Blacksmith Blacksmith’s helper. Boiler room helper... Brakeman Car coupler Car repairer Coal hauler Ditcher Driver Dumper Electrician Engineer Engineer’s helper. . . Fan tender Fan-tender’s helper. Fire boss Fireman Foreman Inspector Motorman Oiler Painter Pick miner Plane man Pumper Rock driver Rope rider Shilter Siding man Stable boss Supply tender Switch boy Timberman Track repairer Trapper 22 28 16 37 £2 22 5 3 4 576 1 2 1 1 5 4 2 1 1 2 18 3 2 Total 103 6 115 1 22 21 34 1 8 6 4 17 2 41 60 25 ; 285 750 MINE II. Occupation. American. I English. French. German. 1 Irish. I Lithuanian. I Polish. 1 Scotch. j Slovak. 1 Italian, 1 South. j Swedish. 1 Welsh. 1 Total. 2 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 14 2 2 2 5 9 33 2 4 8 178 2 1 7 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 Foreman 2 1 "i' 2 1 3 2 .... 2 2 "2 1 "i* AtTnrtVtlnA Ir^orlAT .... - - 13 1 1 5 26 1 10 1 1 1 41 2 1 9 7 Pick miner 7 12 11 5 5 47 3 5 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Total 74 61 7 13 1 14 14 14 13 11 49 4 14 288 Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 539 1 “ ~ i'ABLE 290. — Occupation, by race, in representative mines in Community B — Continued. MINE III. MINE IV. • Occupation. j American. English. 1 French. German. 1 Irish. Italian, South. Lithuanian, j Magyar. 1 Polish. j Russian. 1 Scotch. 1 Slovak. 1 Welsh. 1 Not report- 1 ing race. 1 Total. 1 noAVomi+Vi 1 1 IroVamon 1 1 2 IniTnlor 1 1 1 1 'oal hauler 1 1 )itcher - 1 1 2 1 15 18 luinper 3 3 Engineer 1 1 i'ireman 2 2 nspector. 1 1 T At firm i 1 2 ^tlpr 1 1 ’ick miner 16 20 11 3 7 2 1 4 6 13 44 5 72 204 1 1 1 1 •hifter 1 1 1 1 'im V\prm ^ n 1 1 1 1 4 6 rppc^irpr 'mpppr 1 2 3 Ve^h boss 1 1 Total 20 29 11 3 9 2 1 4 6 13 44 5 107 254 EARNINGS OF MINING EMPLOYEES. I I As regards the earnings of the various races, a detailed statement Is submitted showing, by race, the classified wages per day of male employees 18 years of age or over. The highest amounts are earned )y the native-born. Sixty out of a total of 124, or, if percentages be computed, 48.4 per cent, of the whites native-born of native rather 'eceive $2.50 or over per day. Of those native-born of foreign father 11.5 per cent earn $2.50 or over per day, while 19.1 per cent of all lative-born and 1 1 .7 per cent of all foreign-born receive $3 or over ler day. Forty-three and three-tenths per cent of the foreign-born iarn between $2 and $2.50 per day, and 29.5 per cent earn $2.50 )r over per day. Among the foreign-born there seems to be a ivell-marked tendency for earnings to increase with number of 640 The Immigration Commission. years in the United States. Only 15.5 per cent of those reporting who have been in the country under five years earn $2.50 or over per day; 28.3 per cent of those who have been in the United States between five and nine years earn $2.50 or over; and 38.2 per cent who have been in the country ten years or over are in the same wage class. This last-named class has not much significance in connection with races from southern and eastern Europe, however, because, with the exception of the Slovaks and Poles, the miners reporting a residence of more than ten years are mainly from Great Britain and northern Europe. The detailed statement as to earnings is presented below: Table 2^\.— Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES). General nativity and race. Ta?r P Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by coun- try of father: Austria-Hungary Beigium England France Gemrany Ireland Netherlands Russia Scotland Wales Total . Total native-born . Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English Frencn German Greek Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Russian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Welsh .\ustrian (race not specified) . Swiss (race not specified) — 124 1 ! S2. 39 (a) 131 25G Total foreign-born. Grand total (a) (a) 2. 37 (a) 2. 36 2. 26 (a) (a) 2.13 2. 72 N umber earning each specified amoimt per day. 2. 33 2. 36 495 751 (a) (a) 2. 38 2.08 2.07 (a) 2.13 2.14 1.97 1.82 (a) 1.99 (a) 2. 27 2. 00 (a) 2. 48 (a) (a) 2.10 Under $1. ' O-Q 1 351.76 ana un- 1 der $2. 3 G . C3 ! N ' 5^ ' 352.50 ana un- 1 der $3. 353 ana unaer 1 353.50. 353.50 ana un- 1 der 354. j 84 or over. | 3 3 3 3 52 1 34 23 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 23 16 1 3 4 6 1 1 ‘4 1 1 6 12 1 1 12 3 3 4 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 2 10 5 59 32 21 1 1 3 5 13 8 111 67 44 3 1 1 1 5 7 3 "i' 2 1 5 31 5 12 2 24 7 5 3 1 2 "2 16 3 2 1 4 1 "2 1 1 1 7 8 2 1 .... 2 3 1 3 13 5 19 10 3 40 'if 53 1 2 2 1 1 1 10 3 'ie' I 5 II 1 3 4 2 4 17 1 9 2 "s' 2 1 4 1 4 2 1 6 2 20 2 1 1 2 5 1 . 18 15 76 26 214 88 52 5 20 89 34 325 155 96 8 ♦This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is takeri of voluntary 1 time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables m this report showing annua earnings allowance is made for time lost during tfie year, a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 541 : The percentage of persons receiving $2.50 or over per day for ^ach general nativity class, is as follows: Percent iJ^ative-born of native father, White 48. 4 Native-born of foreign father 41. 5 |Foreign-born ^ I The per cents in each general nativity class receiving $3 or over I per day are: !“ Percent. Native-born of native father, White : 21. 0 The following table shows earnings for employees 14 and under 18 years of age: Table 292— Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Average earnings per day. Number earning each specified amoimt per day. Un- der $1. $1 and 1 under $1.25. $1.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $1.75. $1.75 and under .$2. $2 and under $2.50 $2.50 or over. Native-born of native father, White Native-born of foreign father, by coun- try of birth of father: Austria-Hungary Rolainm 17 $1.59 8 1 2 3 3 7 3 13 4 4 1 6 3 (a) (a) 1.51 (a) (a) (a) (a) (o) 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 i p] T 1 r| 5 1 2 5 riormonTT 1 1 Ireland T? iiooio 2 2 2 2 Wales 1 Total 41 1.45 3 13 13 2 7 3 Total native-born 58 1.49 3 21 1 13 4 10 6 Foreign-born, by race: fntViPr 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 (a)* (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 1 1 WdildvilClll V.vl'llCl l/Xidrll X J . . . . . nnfph 1 1 Enplich 1 Erpnoh 1 Ttalifin Rmitli 1 T.ithnnnifln 1 Polish 1 1 Seotrh 1 1 1 Rlovalr 2 1 1 Total foreign-born Grand total i - 15 1.5S 4 3 3 4 1 73 1.51 3 25 j 4 1 4 14 7 * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing ) annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year, a Not computed, owing to small number involved. MONEY SENT ABROAD. The Italians in the community save more than do the Slavic races. The greater part of the money thus accumulated by them is sent abroad. The accompanying table, which is taken from the records of-the borough post-office, shows that about 70 per cent of the money 542 The Immigration Commission. sent abroad during the year ending August 19, 1908, was sent by Italians, who constitute about 30 per cent of the foreign population. The Italian, therefore, sends back home about five and one-half times as much money per cajiita as do the other races in the com- munity. The table showing international money orders issued by the local post-office during the period from August 20, 1907, to August 19, 1908, follows: Table 293 —International post-office money orders issued at Community B from August 20, 1907, to August 19, 1908. Amounts sent to — Date. ■ Austria- Hungary. Great Brit- Italy. Russia. ain and Ireland. France. Germany. 1907. August, 20 to 31 September Or*^r>hpr $1,152.00 4,408.09 3,821.30 $316. 48 673. 65 281. 76 $56. 66 409. 23 56. 17 $114. 79 141. 29 224. 19 $4.00 228.00 227.50 $102.00 36.00 10.50 N^nvPTnbpr 4,812.09 612. 48 145. 76 64.09 8.20 76.00 December 4, 442. 54 439. 78 1,460.97 201.11 43.00 65.50 190S. January 2,772.00 335. 00 196. 24 88.66 431.00 132.50 February \t arph 3,868. 02 1,464.00 860. 92 1,647.00 305. 38 16.47 50. 57 68.57 40. 32 24. 00 53.00 April May 2,783. 75 455. 36 179. 98 44. 35 66.00 47. 50 2,313.40 3,513. 84 180. 00 121. 96 160.59 8. 95 20.00 351. 86 339. 88 134. 79 20.00 July August, 1 to 19 1,956.50 640. 06 113. 48 80.47 5.00 2,223.00 2,205.53 157. 23 48. 96 8.00 Total 39,530.53 8,999.88 3, 559. 41 1,422.43 1,093. 97 563.00 Amounts sent to— Belgium. Switzer- land. Sweden. Turkey in Asia. India. Total. 1907. $1,745.93 $110. 00 %h.ob 6,011.26 16.00 5. 00 4,642. 42 Nov6Tnl)6r 6. 00 $45. 00 5,769.62 11.00 5.00 6,668.90 uyi 1908. TonnorTT 160. 00 $20. 00 $10. 00 4,145.40 1. 00 5, 126. 21 F6l)rii&ry 2. 00 5. 00 3,280.04 73. 00 20. 00 3,669.94 1.00 2,805.90 21.00 4,381.37 Tnly 2. 00 2,797.51 August, 1 to 19 1.00 10.00 4,653.72 Total 400. 00 52. 00 45.00 22.00 10. 00 55,698.22 Chapter XXII. WORKING CONDITIONS. Vages and hours— Liability to accident or disease— Medical or hospital service— Company stores— Company houses— Methods of securing recent immigrants— Relations among the races of recent immigrants— Organized labor. WAGES AND HOURS. Under normal conditions the mines in the community operate five lays each week. The coal is of a high grade and in constant demand. During the spring and summer of the year 1908, with the exception )f one large company which is engaged in supplying coal to the transatlantic carrying trade, the mining companies, owing to the industrial depression, worked only half time, or about three days 3 ach week. Wages are paid twice a month, in cash, deductions being made from the pay roll for rent of company houses, store accounts, labor-union fees, blacksmithing, powder and oil, fuel, and car checks. With the exception of the outside and inside labor, and the executive forces which are paid so much per month, per day, or per hour, the miners, both pick and machine, are paid on a piece basis. LIABILITY TO ACCIDENT OR DISEASE. The sanitary conditions are good and the mines of the community well ventilated and well conducted. There seems to be no special liability to disease. Asthma, which is always prevalent among miners, is more or less common in the community, but the extent of this ailment is said to be decreasing because of improved ventila- tion of the mines. There were no serious accidents in the mines during the past year. Among the natives the feeling is strong that the chances of accident are greatly multiplied by the employment of the recent immigrant who is ignorant of the language and does not grasp the meaning of danger signs and regulations. MEDICAL OR HOSPITAL SERVICE. There is no hospital in the community and none nearer than 10 miles by rail. No hospital or medical service is furnished by the various mining companies, all such treatment being paid for by the employee. If he is too poor, the burden is placed upon the county. In some of the mines the operators summon physicians in the event of sickness or accident, but the expense is borne by the employee. Funeral expenses of miners killed while at work are paid for by some of the companies. There is no welfare work carried on by the employers. The only approach to welfare work is the action of a few of the mines in furnishing coal without charge to some of the local churches. 643 544 The Immigration Commission. COMPANY STORES. All of the mining companies maintain stores in connection with their mines, either directly or indirectly. The laws of the State pro- hibit mining and other companies from conducting stores, but the law is evaded, in this as well as other communities, by conducting the stores under the name of a separate corporation in which the com- panies or their officials are financially interested. In Community B the relatives of the owners of one mining corporation conduct a store ; another mining company makes deductions from the pay rolls for the accounts of a store in which it is apparently not interested, and other companies openly acknowledge that they are operating stores. One of the largest corporations conducts a store whose monthly business averages $12,000 to $15,000. This store is located within the limits of the town itself, and other stores are easily accessible. Theoreticall}^, the employees are not required to patronize the com- pany stores, and neither in the town itself nor in the semidetached mining communities are there open requirements as to patronage. Within the borough proper the miners seem to buy where they please, but in the outlying communities the attitude of the miners would indicate that they consider it good policy to patronize the company stores, although no cases have been brought to light where employees have been coerced in any way into giving patronage to them. In many semidetached localities, however, it is practically necessary to buy from the company store, because other stores are located at a considerable distance. No ‘‘scrip’’ or checks are issued by the mining companies or the stores. Credit is given to employees and the amount of the account deducted each month from the sum to be placed in the pay envelopes. In order to obviate the technicalities of the law, the employee when purchasing goods signifies his agree- ment to the deduction of their value from his pay by the company. COMPANY HOUSES. None of the mining companies conduct quarters where board and lodging may be obtained by the men. All, however, own houses immediately surrounding or at a short distance from their mines. These houses are rented to their employees, the rents each month being deducted from the wages payable by the company to the tenant. The rents vary from $7.50 to $9 per month, according to the number of rooms, some 4-room dwellings renting for $7 and some for $8. The prevailing rates of rent are based upon a charge of $1.50 to $2 per room. Some houses are equipped with electric lights, operated from the power plant of the mining company at a rate of $1 per month. A number of the operators express themselves as being unfavorable to owning and renting the miners’ houses, main- taining that they were forced into building houses by the fact that there were no facilities at hand for housing the miners needed to operate the mines. Whatever may have been the necessity which led to the erection of company houses about the mines, it is probable that they have been and still are an exceedingly profitable invest- Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 545 ment. Houses which rent to two families for $16 per month ($8 sach), or $192 a year, are stated to have cost when new $550 each. When it is considered that the rents are deducted from the wages and so are fairly certain, and that repairs are evidently not a fre- quent item, together with the fact that ownership taxes are low, it is plain that this gross income of nearly 35 per cent represents a large net return upon the money invested. The land investment was practically nothing, although the lots have a value of about $100 each at the present time. It is also true that, owing to the higher cost of building materials, the buildings could not be duplicated at present for less than $800 or $900. This does not affect, however, the high rate of return accruing to the mining companies on the basis of the original cost. METHODS OF SECURING RECENT IMMIGRANTS. No concerted effort has been made at any time to bring immigrants into the community, except that when there has been an urgent demand for labor the mine foremen have communicated the situation to the immigrants in their employ, with the expectation that they would send for their relatives and friends. The growth of the immigrant population has been gradual. The Italian and Slavic people first came to the locality to do railroad construction and street improvement work, and when this work was completed they applied for and gradually secured employment in the mines. Subse- quent growth in the foreign population arose from the constant extension of mining operations with the resultant demand for labor. When the older mines extended their operations, they secured additional labor from the immigrant people already residing in the locality, and when new mines were opened recent immigrant labor was obtained partly from the resident population, partly from abroad, but mainly from other sections of the United States after the local supply was exhausted. It is estimated that about three- fourths of the Slavic and one-half of the Italian population did not come to the community directly from abroad, but from other sections of the United States. Almost all of the original immigrants to the community were single men or married men without their families. RELATIONS AMONG THE RACES OF RECENT IMMIGRANTS. In the outlying districts there is a well-marked tendency among different races to live apart in groups or colonies, but a great deal of racial association is caused by the close proximity of the houses and the fact that the tenants have no final decision regarding the house which they will occupy. Within the limits of the borough proper, the Italians live in colonies. All the other races occupy one large colony in another section of the town. The Slovaks, Ruthenians, and Poles are more closely grouped than any other races in this section. In the mines the different races are separated at their own request, because they naturally seek places among their own countrymen. The Italians work together, usually not from their own choice but 546 The Immigration Commission. because they are inferior miners as compared with other races, and for that reason are grouped together by the mine foreman. By way of illustration, the policy of one company which operates three mines may be cited. In Mines Nos. I and ill there are no Poles. All Poles are in Mine No. II. On the other hand, all of the Italians are in Mines Nos. I and III. Moreover, it should be noted that out ot the eiehtv men working in Mine No. Ill only two are Enghsh-speakmg, while one-half of the miners in Mine No. II are Enghsh-speakmg. The Slovaks are most numerous in Mines Nos. I and ill. I his situa- tion shows a practical segregation of all races and the separation or the Slovaks and Italians from the English-speaking and Polish miners. The policy of permitting one race to do most of the work m a mine has a peculiar significance when compared to the policy pursued in other communities. By comparisoii with Community A, which it will be recalled is only 10 miles distant, it is seen that m that community the mine operators follow a constant policy of mm^ the races employed in fixed proportions in their mines. Ihe same is true elsewhere in the western part of Pennsylvania, and the significance of the situation becomes apparent when it is realized that Community B is controlled by organized labor, while the other mining localities in this part of the State are not. The existing situation outside of Community B seems to have arisen from the efforts of the operators to drive out organized labor m the past and to prevent any organization of the miners in the future. Members of the same race working together would be united m syinpathy and language and would offer a good field for the efforts of the labor organizer. At the same time unanimity could be easily secured in presenting grievances to the employer. On the other hand, by mixing the races employed the barrier of language, together with traditional enmities and prejudices, prevents concerted action among the miners and renders it easy for the operator in the event of grievances to play one race against another. In Community B, where the miners are organized, there is no reason for mingling the various races unless tne operators should wish to break the union organization, ^d conse- quently the most natural policy of securing the greatest efficiency is followed — that of confining one race to one mine or to one special line of work.® ORGANIZED LABOR. Communitv B, as pointed out in the opening paragraph, is a ^ ‘union town,” possessing in this respect a unique distinction, so far as its geographical situation is concerned, for all the-^- rounding mining territory is without labor organizations, ine local orlanization of the United Mine Workers of .Ainerica. has a membership of about 1,400, and includes under its lurisdiction not only the mines lying within the borough limits but also those m the outlying districts. All the recent immigrants employed as laborers or miners belong to the organization and constitute a considerable percentage of its membership, but owing to their inability to spea English their influence is small. The control of the organization is a In this connection it should be noted that the organized mines in other sectionf of the country bear the same relation as Community B does to Pennsylvania, oe sections dealing with Middle West and Southwest. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 547 In the hands of the Americans and the older English, Irish, Scotch, Ind Welsh immigrants. They instruct the recent immigrants in the jenets of the union and enforce obedience to its rules and policy. ?he new arrival must join the union if he wishes to secure work in the nines of the community, and after affiliating himself with the organi- .ation, whether he wishes to do so or not, he is compelled to- work inder the conditions enforced by the union. The recent immigrant, herefore, because of his inexperience, is inclined at first to consider he union initiation fee as a sort of charge for his employment, but iter a period of residence he is inclined to regard the organization as )eneficial and to support its policy. The older members of the union ook upon the recent immigrant as a necessary evil, and so long as he Lbides by the rules of the organization they treat him with indiffer- !nce, but any infraction is promptly met by a demand for conformity. The union scale of wages prevails in all mines. The dues to the or- ganization, which range from 22 to 66 cents every two weeks, accord- ing to the character of work done, are deducted from the pay roll by he employer and paid to the treasurer of the organization! The imount thus secured is used by the union partly for benefits to ndividual workmen and partly as a defense fund. ■ • ■ , • ' ■ .‘ ■ . . ;.:bj{K.fc j«eiikv(£?il^K3 “(if.) bxw b(U;lo B^«l 9. orit.kiiw 4C!j!t>tr'«n ri of; ’livsiivttnjJl' N> jSiC'rjcu*. Oiuipj-Aj'flow (Jwni .'t« Iwoifejni bi lirtl Jiwiatcvlijia^y 5il ' iUk !HW>1 i¥* bf\hu^A rtn #rt«i?pmi)i» ^ i ^mnn iiirw iI?imt aivLfiii oiiii t' . ,1 ; ^ i-jf ■xl^ua^biid* Mi^Mn '^ mifijfi ^ - T^n -r 'd.. '.a iik.v i¥i i* irr.'iue-fs .T.i4W-t .. 4 . |:^*>i,.v U-i4 '^4 Auu ;>c*;;a. .rSftiy ii.<>. 011-94.52 - 'I 'i.-- f iy\:;i\ vb^a^r < •'«ic. . i: ^ ,^.5^ v €j „, . Chapter XXIII. INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS AND EFFICIENCY. Relative efficiency of immigrants and natives — Industriousness and effectiveness — Adaptability and supervision — Sobriety — Preferences of mining operators as regards immigrant labor — [Text Table 294]. RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF IMMIGRANTS AND NATIVES. In all particulars the Americans, English, Welsh, Scotch, Irish, and Germans are considered better miners and more efficient work- men than are recent immigrants. Of the races of southern and eastern Europe, the Slovak is generally considered the best miner and workman. The Lithuanian, who is more intelligent and progressive, would probably rank with the Slovak, or as a close second to the latter. The South Italian is placed in the lowest industrial rank. INDUSTRIOUSNESS AND EFFECTIVENESS. As to the relative industriousness of recent immigrants, there is a difference of opinion among employers, some holding that the> Italian is more industrious than the Slavic races, although the consensus of opinion seems to be that the Slav is superior to the Italian in this respect. The difference of attitude is probably to be explained by the fact that the Italian tends to be more regular in his work than the Slav. It seems to be agreed among employers, however, that the Slovaks are among the best workers, although not so quick as the Lithuanians and Poles. The effectiveness of all the Slavic races suffers somewhat in compari- son with that of the Italians on account of the greater tendency of the Slavic races to drink excessively. Notwithstanding this fact, the Slavs are placed above the Italians, the different races ranking as fol- lows: (1) French, (2) Slovak, (3) Lithuanian, (4) Polish, (5) Ru- thenian, and (6) Italian, North and South. ADAPTABILITY AND SUPERVISION. The Slovaks are the most versatile of the races employed and do many more kinds of work about the mines than any other race of recent immigrants. This situation is probably due not entirely to the superior adaptability of the race, but in considerable measure to the longer period of their experience in the mining work of the com- munity. One of the employers considers the Italian more adaptable than the Slav, but the general opinion would grade the races in the mme order as that given in the comparison as to effectiveness, in the preceding paragraph. I The South Italian is said to require more constant supervision than ithe North Italian. The Slovak is docile and more easily managed than the French workman, but requires closer supervision. 48296°— VOL 6—11 36 549 550 The Immigration Commission. SOBRIETY. The Italians are the most sober race. They drink less and save more than the other races employed in the mines. All the Slavic races are likely to drink to excess and this tendency is strongest ir the Slovak. This characteristic of the Slav is deplored by the oper- ators, as it causes loss of time and in the aggregate diminishes the output for the mines. The mining operators would grade the differ- ent races as follows with regard to sobriety: (1) Italian, North and South, (2) Belgian French, (3) Lithuanian, (4) Polish, (5) Ruthe- nian, and (6) Slovak. PREFERENCES OF MINING OPERATORS AS REGARDS IMMIGRANT LABOR. The coal-mining operators in the community prefer English-speak- ing workmen when obtainable. All the ruining companies, except one, state that there is no discrimination in the matter of renting their houses. One company, which owns four double ancl two single houses near its mines, has followed the policy of renting only tc English-speaking or German employees, but recently this policy has been abandoned and Italian tenants are admitted. The operators are a unit in asserting that they would employ for all kinds of work native Americans or the older class of immigrants who speak Enghsh (Irish Welsh, Scotch, English, and Germans) rather than any races of recent immigration, but they say they are forced to employ the recent immigrant because no native or English-speaking labor in consider- able quantity has been available during the past eight years. Be- cause of this situation the foreign miner is universally recognized as having come to stay, and employers are not attempting to discrimi- nate against him in employing labor. In securing labor from amon^ recent immigrants, there is no strong aversion to the employmeni of any particular race. It is true, however, that the South Itahar is considered less reliable, and for all occupations both North anc South Italians are less desired than are the Slavic races. In al administrative and responsible positions, no races other than th( American, English, Welsh, Scotch, Irish, or German are employed For the outside work of the mines and for mining itself, the following summary statement represents roughly, on the basis of the existing labor supply, the preference of the employers as regards the various races : Table 294. — Races 'preferred by mining operators for specified occupations. Pick miners. Fire bosses. Engineers. Foremen. Stablemen, blacksmiths, etc. American. English. Welsh. Irish. German. French. Inthuanian. Polish. Slovak. Rnthenian. Belgian. Italian, North, Italian, South, American. English. Scotch. German, American. English. Irish. English. American. German. Irish. German. American, English. Welsh. Irish. Slovak. Chapter X*XIV. HOUSING CONDITIONS. Tendency to congregate near mines — Housing of Americans compared with that of recent immigrants — Permanent homes. TENDENCY TO CONGREGATE NEAR MINES. The employees at the various mines, and especially those at the greatest distance from the town, tend to settle about the mines and form the semidetached communities already described. This is due, of course, to the greater convenience of dwelling near the mines and leads to a considerable mmgling of the various races in the vicinity of the different mines. The units of settlement indicated on the map ® are industrial rather than racial. The Italian more than any other race of recent arrival in the community seerns to prefer the life of the town, and a larger proportion of this race lives within the borough limits. BOUSING OF AMERICANS COMPARED WITH THAT OF RECENT IMMIGRANTS. The American employees residing within the limits of the town have better houses than those living in the outlying districts. In the semidetached communities, the Americans and the recent immi- grants seem to fare ec^ually well or ill in the matter of dwellings. By way of illustration, m one community, where the houses are all owned by the mining company and are of the same general type, and where the native Americans and the naturalized Irish, English, Scotch, and Welsh have endeavored to hold themselves aloof from the recent immigrant, it is not evident that the American section is any better cared for or more habitable in general than that occupied by the foreigners. The recent immigrants live at the foot of the slope upon which the town is situated and along the railroad tracks Qear one of the small streams which pass through the town; the Americans, as well as the Irish, English, Scotch, and Welsh, live higher up the slope of the mountains in a better situation and are less crowded. The immigrants, largely because of ignorance, fail to obey the local ordinance relative to housing; and in matters of sanitation the lack of care of dry toilets and other insanitary conditions have frequently to be brought to their attention. PERMANENT HOMES. In most of the outlying districts it is impossible for the immi- grant to acquire his own home, because the houses are built and owned by the mining companies, which will rent but not sell to their employees. Wherever it is possible, however, there is a well-marked oSee map opposite p. 531. 551 552 The Immigration Commission. tendency on the part of the Poles, Ruthenians, Slovaks, anc Lithuanians to buy lots and build homes of their own. The Italians seldom acquire property. They anticipate returning to Italy, anc they live very cheaply, drink comparatively little, and save and trans mit abroad more money than do the other races of recent immi grants. The savings of the Slavic races are turned toward the purchase of homes. Most of the houses in the detached community situated on the upper slope of the mountain opposite the town itself have been acquired or built by Poles or other Slavic peoples, wm have petitionecl for incorporation within the town limits. Thed petition has not been granted, since it would increase the burden o school tax. Within the town proper there are 3 Italian, 3 Polish and 5 other Slavic property holders. il ll Chapter XXV. IMMIGRANT INSTITUTIONS. Ihurch facilities — Fraternal organizations — Recent immigrants in business — Employ- ment and steamship agency — Immigrant boarding houses. • CHURCH FACILITIES. Four English-speaking Protestant churches and one English- peaking Catholic church are found within the limits of the town tself. None of these particularly affects the immigrant population, irhose churches, so far as they exist, are found in the mining com- aunities surrounding the town. Directly across one of the small ivers upon which the town is situated, the Polish, Lithuanian, and )lovak adherents of the Roman Catholic faith maintain a church, 'here is a resident priest and a fair degree of interest is manifested •y the parishioners. The Ruthenians assist in supporting a Greek 'atholic church in the same vicinity. The congregation is scat- ered widely, however, the members living in the towns along the aain line of the railroad for 20 miles in each direction. The Cnglish-speaking population in an adjacent mining camp have a hurch building where the same priest who officiates in the town hurch conducts worship. The Italians are almost entirely without he influence of any church, except that for burials and the various ites of the church they go to the priest of the English-speaking loman Catholic church. A branch of the Young Men’s Christian Lssociation formerly existed in the town, but it failed because of ack of financial support. The general attitude of the Americans nd English-speaking people in the community toward the religious welfare of the recent immigrant is one of indifference. FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS. The Americans, Irish, English, and Welsh are members of the usual raternal societies and also patronize industrial and other insurance ompanies. The Irish have a branch of the Ancient Order of Hibernians, vhich does not differ from such branches elsewhere. The recent oimigrants have organized benefit societies along racial lines, and he reason for this is readily explained by two facts: (1) The natural nclination of a race in a new country, where the language and Qstitutions are only partly understood, is to segregate itself for >eneficial and protective purposes; and (2) the absence of any adustrial insurance in connection with the mines except trade-union benefits, as well as the absence of practically all forms of welfare work 554 The Immigration Commission. or aid on the part of the employers, throws the employees upon their own resources. In the light of these considerations, the Poles rnain- tain a benefit society for members of their own race, who contribute 50 cents per month and receive, in case of sickness or accident, $5 per week. Similar organizations are maintained by the Lithuanians and by the Slovaks and Ruthenians jointly. RECENT IMMIGRANTS IN BUSINESS. As soon as the immigrants learn Enghsh and accumulate a little capital, it is possible for them to engage in business in a small way within the community. The Italians are much ahead of th^ othei races in estabhsliing themselves as business men, despite the tact that they are less attached to the locality than the Slavic races and more often intend to return to the home country. The only stores in the town proper under the control of recent immigrants are twc general grocery stores and a fruit store, all conducted by Italians. There are also three Itahan barbers and three Italian cobblers. The largest Italian mercantile establishment is operated in connectior with an employment and steamship agency . The other grocery store is managed by a resident Italian for an Italian who lives in New York City. These stores cater especially to the tastes d Italian customers, importing or securing imported articles of van- ous kinds, but at the same time they do a general business m th( community at large. This is also true of the Italian cobblers anc barbers. Their interests, of course, are small, but their general busi- ness standing is good. The only other recent immigrant engaged ir business, either within or without the town proper, is a Phle, whc conducts a small grocery store near one or the detached mining camps. The mercantile business in the semidetached communities is controlled by the different mining companies, and there is scarcel} any opportunity for competition. EMPLOYMENT AND STEAMSHIP AGENCY. An Italian conducts, as has been already pointed out, a steamshh and employment agency in connection with a large mercantff establishment. His employment agency is quite extensive, and h( has numerous connections through which he meets the demands o contractors in various States for unskilled labor to be used on rail road and other construction work. He keeps in close touch witl the labor situation in the surrounding territory, and assembles th< unemployed and dissatisfied, thus acting as a clearing house m tht adjustment of the fluctuating supply and demand. No compensa tion, it is claimed, is received from the men for whom he secure work, but profits are secured from the contractor or constructioi company to whom the labor is furnished. In return for the right, t* maintain a commissary, or store, and collect all bills for supplies an( lodging through the construction company’s paymaster, the employ ment agency agrees to send or bring to the scene of the work the requi Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 555 site number of men at specified wages and to pay the contractor or construction company 5 per cent of the bills collected to cover the trouble and expense of collection.® IMMIGRANT BOARDING HOUSES. The Italians, as compared with other races of recent immigration, rarely acquire property, and in few cases have families with them. There are, therefore, more single men or boarders among them, and in general their standard of living is below that of the Slavs. The system of living which prevails among the Italians and the unmarried men, or men without their families, of all races, is the 30 -called “boarding-boss’' plan. Each member of the boarding ^oup pays a specified sum for his lodging, cooking, and washing, and buys his own food independently of the other members of the group. The cost of lodging, cooking, and washing ranges from $1.50 to $3 monthly for each individual. The monthly food cost ranges from $7 to $9, according to the individual, making the total average cost of subsistence not more than $12 per month. flSee sample of this form of contract in Immigrants in Industries: The Floating Immigrant Labor Supply. Reports of the Immigration Commission, Vol. XVIII. (S. Doc. No. 633, pt. 22, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) i Chapter XXVI. SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS. Criminality — Conjugal condition of mine workers — Literacy — Age classification of employees— [Text Tables 295 to 301]. CRIMINALITY. The foreign population supplies very much more than its share of •.ases to the justice courts. The offenses most frequently committed ire assault, drunkenness, and larceny. The Italians are the most lot blooded and quick tempered, and the Poles and Lithuanians also ire to a certain extent given to crimes of passion. The Slovaks are Le most peaceful race. CONJUGAL CONDITION OF MINE WORKERS. The table on the page following shows, by age groups, the number of nine workers in Community B 16 years of age or over who are sin- gle, married, and widowed. 557 558 The Immigration Commission. of male employees, by age groups and general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Total. •,.ox|31 8 5 58 1 16 27 1 4 22 15 O 'll CM C oc •p9AVOptAV Ml : L N • 1 • 1 1 1 ; N CM II ! I I (M j j • -r-l j • • • 00 !c •paijjnpi 84 • N i-f i-* iC 1 lO f-H t>- • 00 CO • O t-i CM -t'TjSt^'^lOOOCOCCO .Olr-lT-lTf th (Mrt -c.' n N •9i§uis S'- t'^fcOO •eot^^ CO • t-H • r-i X) 11 CO tH (M .-1 CC 00 C.O 1 'pi •paMopiAV i 11 CM M i M i ! M i Irir •poTxinH Oi • ! ^ ^ ^ I r-4 CO o CM ' I I I 00 CO »0 CO iO CM r-t O r-H lO (X ^ . • » o c •oiSuis M 1 j • 1 CM j • CO 1 ! !1< CO ! --t ,-H lO ^ 1-H • 1-H • - • CM CM 1 1 < ^ ||c ^ r o; o :0 ■IB^ox •pa.ttopiAV CM »ccoa> .iMO 40 $ l| CM t-4 j I I CO 1-t lo • CO • I 1-H • ( s!|; iliii ill •paiJJBK CM CO I i-i ir •9i3uig 20 1 lO CO 00 .(MO 45 o 1 i r IM-H j j • CO T-( I ZO • CO r- • 1 T-H • i s| 949idraoo luiaaod9JJ9quitiN CO r 292 (NOl-HSrtqCSO.-ISOO'OlOSO.-llOrH^T-ICO-.iSr-l 00(N!N (M .-H ■'*' CO 00 COO r-i sh lO c Table 29^.— Conjugal condi General nativitj" and race. Native-born of native father: White Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: i 2 ( ’S E c i. X i c f 3 1 3 "c ■< E Foreign-born, by race: Irish Polish Welsh Austrian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified) Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 559 A comparison of conjugal condition within age groups shows that of the 68 native-born persons in the age group 16 to 19 years, 65 are unmarried, and of the 94 foreign-born persons in the same age group, 90 are unmarried. Of the native-born persons who are 20 to 29 years of age, 50.5 per cent are unmarried as compared with 58.4 per cent of the foreign-born of the same age group. In the age group 30 to 44 years, 16.9 per cent of the native-born persons are unmarried as compared with 13.2 per cent of the foreign-born. In the last ^oup, which covers persons 45 years of age or over, none of the Dative-born are unmarried as compared with 11.4 per cent of the foreign-born. The numbers in the various groups of the different races will be found interesting for detailed study, but are too small to admit of conclusions. Table 296 . — Per cent of male employees 16 years of age or over in each conjugal condition^ by general nativity. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity. 1 N umber reporting complete data. 1 Per cent who are— Single. Married. Widowed. Native-born of native father, White 134 37. 3 62.7 0.0 Native-born of foreign father 157 53.5 45.2 1.3 Total native-born 292 46.2 53.1 .7 Foreign-born 510 32.9 65.5 1.6 Total 802 37.8 61.0 1.2 Of the 802 employees included in the table above, 510, or 63.6 per cent, are foreign-born, and 292, or 36.4 per cent, are native-born. Of all native-born persons, 134 are white native-born of native father, and 157 are native-born of foreign father. These are prin- cipally children of English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and German fam- ilies of older immigration. Of the 134 white persons native-born of Dative father, 37.3 per cent are single and 62.7 per cent are married, while of the persons native-born of foreign father, 53.5 per cent are single and 45.2 per cent married. Of the total native-born, 46.2 per cent are single and 53.1 per cent are married. Of the total foreign-born, 32.9 per cent are single and 65.5 per cent are married, showing a larger per cent of married persons among the foreign-born than among the native-born. : The proportion of wives of immigrant employees who are living ■in the community, as compared with the proportion of wives who still remain abroad and have not joined their husbands in this country, is shown in the tables next presented. 560 The Immigration Commission. Table 2^1 —Location of wives of foreign-horn employees, by race of husband. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Number reporting complete data. N umber repor tin g wife— Race of husband. In United States. Abroad. 1 1 7 2 5 - 65 63 2 FrBncli 17 15 2 23 23 14 14 North 4 2 2 South 27 14 13 Lithu^niiiQ 14 10 \f {TV 9iT - 5 4 1 Polish 48 38 10 R ussi3>ii 3 2 1 19 19 69 57 12 12 12 A iio+rion / riA't CT^PPI flpH ^ 1 1 Sa^ss (race not specified) 1 1 Total 330 278 52 Table 298 . — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign- born.] Race of husband. Number reporting complete data. Per cent reporting wife abroad. 65 3.1 23 .C ItBiliB>ri South 27 48.1 48 20. J 69 17.4 330 15. S The significant fact exhibited by the above tables is that most of the foreign-born employees who are married have their wives with them in the community and are living in a more or less permanent way. Only 15.8 per cent of the 330 who report location of wife, report wife still living abroad. Of the total number who have not their wives with them in this country, the races reporting a large per cent of wives abroad are South Italian, 48.1 per cent, Polish, 20.8 per cent, and Slovak, 17.4 per cent. Of the 7 Cr()atians, 5 report wife abroad, and of the 4 North Italians, 2 report wife abroad. Several races report all wives in the United States, among them being the German, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh. LITERACY. As regards the general educational situation in the community the table following affords a detailed presentation of literacy among 836 mine employees. Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania, 561 Table 299. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) f Number reporting complete data. Number who— General nativity and race. Read. Read and write. [ative-born of native father: White 142 139 139 1 1 1 [ative-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary 12 10 10 5 5 5 61 59 59 1 J 1 1 18 18 18 30 30 30 Netherlands 1 1 1 4 4 4 25 24 24 W ales 18 18 18 Total 175 170 170 Total native-born 318 310 310 breign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian 2 2 2 Canadian (other than French) 1 1 1 Croatian 10 5 5 Dutch 2 1 1 English 86 81 81 French 26 22 22 German 25 24 24 Greek 1 1 1 Irish 24 21 21 Italian, North 10 7 7 Italian, South 46 23 22 Lithuanian 35 21 18 Magyar 5 5 5 Polish 84 69 67 Russian 5 2 1 Scotch 31 31 31 Slovak 106 85 84 Slovenian 1 1 1 Syrian 1 1 1 Welsh 12 11 11 Austrian (race not specified) 4 3 3 Swiss (race not specified) 1 1 1 ‘ Total foreign-born 518 418 410 Grand total 836 728 720 t' i A comparison of the native-born with foreign-born persons on the :>asis of tne above showing reveals the fact that there is only 2.8 per lent of illiteracy among the native-born, while there is 20.8 per cent mong the foreign-born. Table 300. — Illiteracy among representative foreign races. Race. Per cent unable to read and write. Race. Per cent unable to read and write. nglish 5.8 15.4 4.0 12.5 52.2 Lithuanian 48.6 20.2 20.8 rench Polish erman Slovak Total foreign-born alian. South 20.8 562 The Immigration Commission. Among the foreign-born races represented by 20 or more em- ployees, the greatest degree of illiteracy is exhibited by the South. Italians, 52.2 per cent of the total number of this race being unable’ to read and write. A considerable degre^ of illiteracy among the Lithuanians, Poles, and Slovaks is also evident. AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES. As regards the age classification of the mine workers in Community B, the following table shows, by general nativity and race, the number of male employees of each age or within each specified age group: Table ZOl— Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Number of each age or within each specified age group. Un- der 14. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 44. 45 to 54. 55 to 64. ( 65 or 1 Dver Native-born of native fa- ther: White Negro 142 1 1 4 3 5 5 6 6 29 28 14 22 1 14 5 Native-born of foreign fa- ther, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary 12 5 61 1 18 30 1 4 25 18 1 3 2 2 5 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 14 1 1 9 1 B6lgiuin. England Frtinc6 1 2 4 5 8 8 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 2 8 1 4 9 Ireland NGtlxGrlcincls ........... 2 4 1 ■ rtussici ................ 1 2 1 2 1 5 1 1 4 4 Scotland Wales 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 4 4 1 1 1 2 1 Total 175 1 4 13 12 12 12 10 27 25 22 30 6 20 1 = Total native-born — Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Mora- 318 2 8 16 17 17 18 16 56 53 36 53 2 1 9 2 86 26 25 1 25 10 46 35 5 81 5 31 106 1 1 13 4 1 1 1 1 i Canadian (other than 1 ....i FrGnch) 1 1 1 1 2 4 n fpL 1 1 ’P'.np1i<;h 4 4 2 1 3 3 11 11 13 4 4 20 2 4 27 8 9 12 4 5 9 1 French rjprmnn 1 1 1 i TricVi 1 3 1 6 11 1 22 1 3 22 2 5 13 8 3 11 3 6 15 6 1 7 1 11 ....i ! Italian, South J .itkinani-ATi 1 1 1 2 5 3 1 6 1 6 7 ....] ATq €f\7C\V ividgy di ................ Polish T? nccian 1 4 1 17 19 ■■■ 1 XV LlOOlCliX Rpntf“h 1 2 2 3 19 1 9 33 1 2 Slovak Sl0VGIli3,Il 1 2 3 1 oyiiaii ................ WpIuVi 2 2 2 1 5 2 2 Austrian (race not QTkAClflPH ^ 1 Swiss (race not speci- fied) 1 1 Total 516 1 2 3 2 9 11 4 81 97 97 130 63 15 Grand total 834 3 |10 19 19 26 29 20 137 150 133 83 21 Chapter XXVII. EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION. )i8ease8 peculiar to immigrants and effect on public health — Industrial and social effects of immigration upon the community — [Text Table 302]. •ISEASES PECULIAR TO IMMIGRANTS AND EFFECT ON PUBLIC HEALTH. The immigrants disregard almost all hygienic precautions and ^hen attacked by disease defer medical treatment so long as to reatly reduce probability of recovery. They are increasingly sub- 3ct to syphilitic and other venereal diseases. They are also (the lavic population particularly) subject to a very infectious kind of kin disease, doubtless attributable to their uncleanly manner of liv- ig. ^ The Italian, according to the statements of local physicians, is iferior in vitality to the races from farther north and succumbs to isease more easily than do the Slavs. Health regulations are largely onexistent in the outlying foreign sections, and so far as they exist ave to be frequently brought to the attention of the immigrant opulation. INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION UPON THE COMMUNITY. Recent immigrants can not be said to have exerted any marked ifluence upon the life of the community, for the community ignores le immigrant to as large an extent as possible. Neither is any indus- :ial effect as yet apparent, because the miners’ union has compelled le alien to^ comply with the regulations and working conditions ^hich were in force before his arrival. The only tendency of this irt is to be seen in the employment of recent immigrants in machine lining, which has within the past few years been introduced into weral mines. The natives and older races refuse, or dislike, to ork with the machines because of the disagreeable nature of the wk. Since the races from southern and eastern Europe were nriployed, there have been no changes in hours or wages which are 'aceable to their employment. None of the older races employed 1 the mines have been displaced by the newcomers, who have been iven work because of the increased demand for labor growing out P the opening of new mines and the extension of old ones. On the ther hand, and probably without direct connection with recent nmigration, the English-speaking races seem to leave the mines as )on as they accumulate earnings, and to enter mercantile pursuits r seek more remunerative or more pleasant work of other kinds, he greater number of the business and professional men in the town ere formerly mine workers. Among the labor-union leaders and the ider mine workers the feeling is strong that the employment of non- nglish-speaking races has complicated the problem of safety in the 563 564 The Immigration Commission. mines. Many of the recent immigrants are unable to read their own language as well as English, and placards of warning do not reach them. . , . 1 Data showing the nationality of persons killed or injured m the mines in Community B are not to be had for y;ears prior to 1900. Foi two companies which have operated continuously throughout this period and whose operatives have gradually increased in numbers,, from 450 in 1900 to nearly 800 in 1907, accidents occurring among employees are given, by years and according to nationality, in the followmg tables: Table 2,^2 —Accidents in selected mines in. Community B, 1900 to 1907. FATAL. 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 i 1 1 'Pnicil i 1 t 3 1 2 3 1 A detailed description of these accidents follows: . FATAL. Year.j Nationality and occupation. Nature of accident. 1 1900.. 1903.. 1904.. 1907.. American miner Caught by fall of slate which should have been taken down. Caught by fall of coal; accident was unavoidable. Slovak miner minpr Neck broken by fall of rock. . Polish miner Killed in mine by electric shock from trolley wire; was warned moment before accident occurred to be careful of wire. NONFATAL. 1902.. 1904.. 1904.. 1904.. 1905.. 1906 . English driver American driver Russian miner Scotch miner American miner 1906.. do 1907 (io 1907 do 1907.. English miner Injured by being caught between cars. Tripped and fell under car; leg had to be amputated. Leg broken by fall of rock. . ^ , ,i , i Shoulder blade fractured and body bruised by fall of rock. Thigh broken and scalp slightly wounded by fall of rock. Legs crushed while trying to jump on moving dilly trip on slope. Right heel crushed while trying to jump on moving dilly trip o slope. Three ribs fractured by fall of coal. Leg injured by mine cars. , . . Back badly injured by fall of draw slate under which he was pia. Ing prop. The presence of the recent immigrant population, although if ha made possible the extension of mining operations, has not beei responsible for the development of any new industries. Outside o Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 565 1 inining, there are practically no industrial enterprises in the community ‘xcept a brewery, which has recently come into existence, principally oecause of the large and constant demand for beer on the part of •ecent immigrants. So far as the methods and organization in the nining industry in the community are concerned, no changes are due ,0 the immigrant miners. Stated in summary form, the employ- nent of recent immigrants seems to have had no direct effect upon ormer employees in the mines, because the newcomers were absorbed )y the industry without exerting competitive pressure upon old )peratives, owing to the coincident expansion of the industry. At he same time, the labor organizations assimilated the recent immi- ;rants and forced compliance with existing working conditions. Up 0 the present time there has been, therefore, so far as the community inder discussion is concerned, no direct competition of former mployees with the races from southern and eastern Europe. The lew races have also been unable to affect working conditions seri- ►usly because of the presence and power of the miners’ union. The ecent immigrants have entered the less desirable places, while the ormer employees have retained their old positions or secured some 1 if the more pleasant and remunerative work arising from the expan- lon of the mining industry in the community. In this respect herefore. Community B differs significantly from Community A, ^^here there was, it is true, a large expansion in mining coincident 7ith immigration, but no organization among the former workmen o insist that the immigrant should work under proper conditions, -he situation in Community B also differs widely from that pro- [uced by immigrant competition seen in other mining communi- les m Pennsylvania, where the advent of the recent immigrant was lot coincident with the extension of the mining operations and where, onsequently, there was a strong pressure and an active competition m the part of the immigrant for the work of the former employees. 48296 °— VOL 6 — 11 37 rim - ' ;;'^-'HW^’r^;,r? ' _ - ■> im W if „ lUrohieC^ , . ■nE:.“«;'sS>^sSS4’ * iWHtJrr- Wftttl: />.'lv ^a- .na vSfi^baf^-x r>Qdr'' ' ' ^ TV ■ Tit.^li— bW'rTneii^.t U«tv 4 US*":^ >»4 ' ' r* . * ' ' *'Hf^ If / 1 # lif il*?-,' z>r>d&^^ , Vj M f-fv Chaptee XXVIII. GENERAL PROGRESS OF IMMIGRANTS IN THE COMMUNITY. Ability to speak English — School facilities and attendance — Citizenship — Ameri- canization — [Text Tables 303 to 305]. ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH. The first of the two tables which follow shows the ability of foreign- born persons to speak English, by age at time of arrival in the United States. Table 303. — Ability to speak English of foreign-horn male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races.] Age at time of coming to United States. Race. Number reporting complete Number who speak English. Under 14. 14 or over. data. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. lohemian and Moravian 2 1 2 1 roatian 9 5 i )utch 2 2 2 2 o 0 'rench 26 15 19 1 6 5 20 1ft 10 12 1 rerman 25 7 7 rreek 1 lo 1 talian, North 10 8 23 22 2 2 2 X Q talian, South 46 35 3 9 o AQ 6 oi /ithuanian 4 A 31 K 18 9 lagyar 5 ‘olish 81 5 38 3 4 A cl 77 34 Q Russian / 4 f: lovak 105 1 57 1 4 A cl 1 fkl 0 53 1 lovenian lUi 1 yrian 1 1 1 1 Total 354 198 34 31 *5 on 167 ^ Information is afforded in the above table regarding ability to speak Cnglish for 354 employees, 34 of whom were less than 14 years of age /hen they came to the United States and 320 of whom were 14 years If age or over at the time of their arrival. Of the total number who /ere under 14 years of age when they arrived in this country, more han nine-tenths are able to speak English, while of the total number /ho were 14 years of age or over when they reached this country, nly about one-half are able to speak English. A comparison of the wo groups clearly indicates the superior tendency toward adaptation nd Americanization possessed by those immigrants who come when 567 568 The Immigration Commission. children, as compared with those who come at a later period in lift As regards the different races, it will be noticed that with the excep - tion of one Frenchman one South Italian, and one Croatian, the indi viduals of all races wIk) were under 14 years of age at the time c coming to the United States are able to speak English. Of those wh were 14 years of age or over when they emigrated, about one-half c the South Italians and Poles, and slightly smaller proportions of th Lithuanians and Slovaks, report that they are not able to spea English. The relative representation for each race is too small t admit of any conclusion as to racial tendencies, but the limited shovs ing made furnishes an interesting light upon the general tendencie which are operative. In addition to the figures regarding the reh tive ability to speak English of the foreign-born of different ages 8 time of coming to this country, the degree of progress exhibited b the various races according to period of residence in this country ma be noted. With this purpose in view, the following table will sho-f the ability to speak English of foreign-born employees by length ( residence in the United States: Table 304 . — Ability to speak English of foreign-horn male employees, by years in t United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) (Bv years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table indue '■ ^ •' only non-English-speaking races.) ' Years in United States. Race. Number reporting Number who Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. complete data. speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Niunber. Number who speak English. Number. Numb who speak Englis Bohemian and Mora- 2 9 2 26 1 1 1 vian Croatian 5 2 15 3 1 3 2 1 2 3 Dutch 5 10 5 11 German 25 1 10 19 1 8 23 2 2 10 1 5 1 13 Greek Italian, North 4 2 10 1 18 1 13 5 Italian, South 46 28 Lithuanian 35 5 81 22 2 38 16 4 11 3 10 2 8 2 Magyar Polish 29 7 31 15 1 21 Russian 5 3 2 1 1 2 40 Slovak Slovenian 105 1 1 57 1 \ 23 1 1 5 1 1 42 22 Syrian Total 1 354 198 115 34 1.34 79 105 Of the 354 employees furnishing information for the above tab) 115 have been in the United States under five years, 134 from ff to nine years, and 105 ten years or over. Upon cornparing the nur ber who speak English in each of these groups, it is seen that mo than one-fourth of those who have been here under five years, mo than one-half of those who have been here from five to nine years, ai more than four-fifths of those who have been here ten years or ovt can speak English, the proportion increasing with the increase the number of years of their residence in this country. The rac Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 569 idicating the greatest tendency to acquire a knowledge of English re the North Italian and Lithuanian, and those showing the least jndency in this direction are the South Italian, Polish, and Slovak ices. SCHOOL FACILITIES AND ATTENDANCE. Very few children of recent immigrants are in the public schools E Community B. Within the town itself, of 875 enrolled, there are bout 60 foreign-born children, of whom 25 are Italians. Prac- cally all children of recent immigrants are found in the primary rades, few if any being in the grammar or high schools. This is ue to the fact that most of the immigrant children are young, and ) the fact that parents withdraw their children from the schools efore the higher grades are reached. The Slavic races are more esirous of educational advantages for their children than are the kalians, the larger percentage of Italian children in the public school eing due to the fact that two-thirds of the Italian population live ithin the borough, while most of the Slavic people have settled in le semidetached mining communities. The small communities sur- )unding the town proper are practically without schools and there is [•eat need for additional schools and teachers. In the largest of the etached communities there is a two-room public school maintained Y the township. There is also a parochial school of two rooms ader the control of the English-spemdng Roman Catholic Church, id a one-room Polish school maintained by the Poles. In the latter Lool English is not taught. Under the laws of Pennsylvania this lilure to teach English is illegal, but is permitted by the authorities 3cause they find themselves relieved of the increased expense which ould be placed upon their shoulders were they to provide the neces- iry public-school accommodations. Neither in the town itself nor in the outlying districts is the Penn- dvania school law enforced. The local superintendent of schools L the borough proper states that the school buildings would be itirely inadequate were the compulsory school law enforced, istead of attempting to secure the attendance of immigrant chil- ren, every effort is made by the borough officials to prevent them om entering the schools. If present conditions continue to pre- ail, the children of immigrants of both the first and second gener- dons will grow up without even the opportunity of obtaining a idimentary education. The borough or town itself is practically supported b}^ the coal idustry there. The capital invested in the industry, however, is at fully taxable by the town. The mining rights and properties ■ the various coal-mining companies extend for miles into the Ijacent township or townships, the tipple only in some cases being i5sessable by the borough. In some mines the actual work is now i3ing carried on some 3 miles from the tipple. But it is upon the )wn that the principal responsibility of providing school facilities 'ists. The result is a school tax of 15 mills and an indisposition 1 the part of the citizens to provide school opportunities for any the outlying districts or to insist upon the attendance at Iiool of all children of the town. The township, moreover, upon iWch rests the responsibility of providing school advantages for all 570 The Immigration Commission. children within its limits and outside the town limits, is not much concerned about the foreign settlements surrounding the coal mines on the outskirts of Community B. It has contented itself with provid- ing the two-room school referred to above, which is entirely inade- quate to the needs of the mining communities of the neighborhood. The general situation may be epitomized in the statement that the existing schools are adequate only for the children of English-speak- ing parents, and, since the admission of immigrant children would either overcrowd the present buildings or necessitate an outlay to cover the erection of a new building, immigrant children are, in effect, practically debarred from the schools and no effort is made to provide additional buildings. y CITIZENSHIP. One hundred and sixty-nine mine employees in the community who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at the time of arrival, furnished information regarding citizenship. Of this number 100 had secured neither first nor second naturalization papers, 46 were fully naturalized, and 23 had signified their intention of becoming citizens. Of the 46 miners who were citizens, more than three-fifths were English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and German. A total of 86 had been in the United States from five to nine years, and of this number 69 were aliens. Of a total of 83 who had been in the country more than ten years, 31 were aliens. The table show- ing the political condition of the 169 mine employees follows: Table 305. — Present political condition of foreign-horn male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time oj coming, by race and length of residence. (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] Race. Number reporting com- plete data. In United States 5 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. Total. 1 < Having first pa- pers only. Having second pa- pers. Total. Aliens. I Having first pa- pers only. Having second pa- pers. Total. Aliens. Having first pa- pers only. Having second pa- pers. Total. Croatian 6 2 2 3 1 4 5 1 6 English 20 2 1 2 5 14 15 3 1 16 20 French 12 4 3 7 1 4 5 5 3 4 12 German 13 7 3 10 3 3 7 3 3 13 Irish 11 1 1 1 4 5 10 2 4 5 11 Italian, North 1 1 1 1 1 Italian, South 13 11 2 13 11 2 13 Lithuanian 5 2 2 3 3 2 3 5 Magyar 4 3 3 1 1 3 1 4 Polish 32 19 19 io 1 2 13 29 1 2 32 Russian 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 Scotch 7 2 2 1 4 5 3 4 7 Slovak 40 14 3 2 19 13 5 3 21 27 8 5 40 Welsh 2 2 2 2 2 Austrian (race not speci- fied) 1 1 1 1 1 Total 169 69 11 6 86 31 12 40 83 100 23 46 169 Bituminous Coal Mining in Pennsylvania. 571 An examination of the poll books of qualified voters in the town )roper revealed a voting status analagous to that which existed with egard to citizenship. Of a total of about 800 qualified voters, the lumber of foreign-born from southern and eastern Europe, France, nd Belgium was as follows: lavic races 12 talian 8 Belgian 7 Yench 5 lebrew, Russian 3 Total 35 Since the bulk of the foreign population lives in the semidetached lining communities and not in the town proper, the inferences to be [rawn from these figures are limited in value. No records of these amps could be obtained. The recent immigrants living within he town itself, as is shown by the records from which the figures are rawn, are few in number and are usually of a more extended period f residence in the United States than are the immigrants who live dthout the town limits. AMERICANIZATION. In addition to the tendencies discussed under the preceding cap- ions, it may be said in general that progress toward Americanization r assimilation is very slow among the foreign-born population of the ommunity. The factors tending to familiarize the alien with American life and institutions may be briefly summarized as follows: %) Casual contact with English-speaking people and limited business nd working relations; (b) membership and participation in the labor rganization of the miners. The obstacles in the way of assimilation are stronger than in the rdinary mining community where recent immigrants are employed, ’resented in summary form, they are as follows: (a) Aloofness and idifference of Americans toward the immigrant population; (b) the Imost exclusive character of the foreign settlements; (c) the lack of ny public means for assimilation, such as libraries and reading rooms, nd most important of all, the absence of school facilities; (d) prac- Lcal segregation of the recent immigrant while at work. *Sp i'*'lf^b'^i rt»>!*^ifl|»# «*‘ORT *C>*’ ylt.iyiit; . JP¥P'V!-u- ^ ^ ‘^> l . 7 M ^i4r^ aoi/r.«Ui?*(T ^ * ■ 5y i/ M ^ f’^V' • # ® % :1fetf\ ttfciij'ya^ f do 0 ..:n« •PART III— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE MIDDLE WEST. 573 PART III.— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE MIDDLE WEST. Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. [ouseholds studied — Members of households for whom detailed information was secured— Employees for whom information was secured— [Text Tables 306 to 310 and General Tables 101 to 103]. HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The following table shows the number and per cent of households tudied, by race of head of household:® Table Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Households. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. itive-born of native father. White 22 51 25 50 23 12.9 29.8 14.6 29.2 13.5 )reign-born: Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish Grand total 171 100. 0 •tal native-born 22 149 12.9 87.1 •tal foreign-bom It will be noted from the above table that of 171 households in this cality, information was secured from a smaller proportion of native hite households than of those of any other race, the extent of the udy being limited to^ a number sufficient for comparative pur- )ses. The North Italian and Lithuanian households, constituting ) per cent of the total number studied, are reported in about equal •oportions. » The households studied were located in the southern Illinois field. Data for indi- tiual employees were secured from all sections of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 576 The Immigration Commission. MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS i SECURED. The following table shows the number and per cent of persons in the households studied, and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household: Table 307 . — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) .y General nativity and race of head of household. Total number Persons in house- holds. Persons for whom detailed informa- tion was secured. of house- holds. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Native-born nfi,tJvp. father White 22 79 10.4 79 11.0 Foreign-born: Italian North 51 213 28.1 213 29.7 Italian South 25 121 16.0 116 16.2 T-ithnanian 50 234 30.9 212 29.6 Pnlish 23 111 14.6 96 13.4 Grand total 171 758 100.0 716 100.0 Total native-born 22 79 10.4 79 ii.o' Total foreign-born 149 679 89.6 637 89.0 Of the 758 persons in the households studied, almost the entire number are in liouseholds whose heads are foreign-bom. Fifty-nine per cent of the total number of persons are in households whose heads are of the North Italian or Lithuanian races. Of the 716 persons for whom detailed information was secured, 89 per cent of the total including males and females were in foreign households. The relative number and per cent of males and females of each race in the households studied are shown in the table below : Table 308 . — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Number. Per cent of each sex. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Native-born of native father, White 43 36 79 54.4 45.6 Foreign-born: Italian, North 106 107 213 49.8 50.2 Italian, South 61 55 116 52.6 47.4 Lithuanian 111 101 212 52.4 47.6 Polish 52 44 96 54.2 45.8 Grand total 373 343 716 52.1 47.9 Total native-born 43 36 79 54.4 Total foreign-born 330 307 637 51.8 48.2 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle We^. 577 The table next presented shows persons in the households studied for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual: Table 309 . — Person's for whom detailed information was secured, hy sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number. ! Per cent distribution. 1 Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 'Jative-bom of native father, White . 43 39 82 11.5 11.4 11.5 'Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Italian, North 48 54 102 12.9 15.7 14.2 Italian, South 20 21 41 5.4 6. 1 5.7 Lithuanian 59 46 105 15.8 13.4 14.7 Polish 22 21 43 5.9 6.1 6.0 ?o»eign-born: Italian, North 58 50 108 15.5 14.6 15. 1 Italian, South 41 34 75 11.0 9.9 10.5 Lithuanian 52 55 107 13.9 16.0 14.9 Polish 30 22 52 8.0 6.4 7.3 Scotch 1 1 .0 .3 Grand total 373 343 716 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total native-born of foreign father liT 142 291 39.9 41.4 40.6 !'otal native-born 192 181 373 51.5 52.8 52. 1 "otal foreign-born 181 162 343 48.5 47.2 47.9 Of the total number of persons reported in the above table, it will )e seen that a slightly larger proportion of both males and females is lative-born than is foreign-born. Of the native-born, by far the argest proportion is born of foreign father. Of the males and emales native-born of foreign father, the Lithuanians and North talians constitute a much larger proportion than do the South Ital- ans and Poles. The races showing the largest proportion of foreign- )orn males are the North Italian, Lithuanian, and South Italian, in he order mentioned, while the Poles are represented by compara- ively few individuals, and the Scotch by none whatever. 578 The Immigration Commission. EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED. The following table shows the number and per cent of employ eef for whom detailed information was received, by general natmt} and race: Table 310 . — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity am race. (study op employees.) General nativity and race. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Australia Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada Denmark England France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Wales Foreign-born, by race: Bulgarian Canadian, French. Canadian, Other . . Croatian Danish Dutch English Finnish French German Greek sian) , Number. Per cent distribu- tion. 6,003 32.0 584 3.1 1 («) 174 .9 10 .1 18 .1 5 (“) 590 3.1 67 .4 883 4.7 322 1.7 56 .3 2 (a) 4 (a) 57 .3 286 1.5 20 .1 10 .1 212 1.1 253 1.4 17 .1 11 .1 8 («) 183 1.0 7 («) , 22 .1 812 4.3 1 29 •2 1 194 1.0 864 4.6 12 .1 2 («) General nativity and race. Foreign-born, by race — Con. Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Norwegian Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Scotch, Irish Servian Slovak Slovenian Swedish Syrian Welsh Australian (race not spe- cified) Austrian (race not spe- cified) Belgian (race not spe- cified) Swiss (race not specified). Number. Grand total. Total native-born of foreign father Total native-born Total foreign-born 128 1,716 422 4 1,086 648 1 33 7 823 11 377 20 350 1 24 796 99 67 8 160 1 127 102 Per cent distribu tion. 18,737 2,717 9,304 (a) (a) (“) (a) («) (a) (a) 100 . a Less than 0.05 per cent. The relative importance of the different races and nativity group employed in the mines of the Middle West may be quickly seen tror the accompanying chart, v/hich is based upon the figures of the prc ceding table. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 579 I I I ?!■' ' : » ^ 1 *’ ’ • ’ f.- ‘ • - ■ '^•'k ''i‘- / . V. i>^ V • ;;^''i’ Wcf^; , i(j; rr ' A ; u • { i V A4}^ ^ “ tptk^ fvl i’^f. V. •.' - *r«** J ■ aIS V ' yiW ^ rjftft -v ^s,.■/y'^f?^'^^ ' J ■ ^ jtu A ;i fc "^ ‘"'rtth ,. - '; la i rt *--^ 'a h77:-.:. ^ '^k! * ,.v ,>,, ... ...‘...V • ,:.- <• y 4 ur.' VV’TW'^' J ■ •' -r^-- *■ ** rnUK.* >S :7 ».ffi| *' ^ 3 f. ^ . 4 . ^•|iU(k.v,V'*> l:.itIo'\ '"^,1 ^ t '.4.^' Ok -VittVj&\ . .. aK ij > # ^ 'm o 'f ' . 5 ; LQ vl Jl 4 *rwr., ■r" Chapter II. RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS. History of immigration to the coal fields of the Middle West— Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households— Racial classification of employees at the present time — Racial movements to representative localities — Representative communities in Illinois — Representative communities in Indiana— Representative districts in Ohio— [Text Tables 311 to 321 and General Tables 104 and 105]. HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COAL FIELDS OF THE MIDDLE WEST. The extraordinary increase in the production of coal in the Middle West during the past fifty years has already been pointed out in detail.® The remarkable increase in the number of persons employed in bituminous coal mining in this section has also been noted, ^ tut in the present connection it will be worth while to put forward again the number of men employed at different periods in the mines of 3hio, Indiana, and Illinois. Year. Ohio. Indiana. Illinois. Total. 870 7,567 19,343 1 369 6 301 889 6^448 23 934 XOy ^Oi 4.Q 79 ^ 902 25^963 46, 833 10 593 36 617 907 21^022 65 581 4 Of 14 0 lOOf wO As can be readily seen from the above statement, the expansion of he coal industry brought with it a rapid increase in the number of employees, the working force being more than trebled during the leriod 1870 to 1889, and more than doubled during the following jighteen years. This remarkable increase was made possible by -he arrival of increasing numbers of immigrants in the coal-mining ■egions, either directly from abroad or from other coal-producing ireas of the United States. A great many native as well as immi- grant miners also migrated to the Middle West after the year 1890, IS the result of labor disputes in the Pennsylvania and West Virginia ;oal fields. Racial movernents to the coal fields of the Middle West correspond to he general periods during which representative races of immigrants lave been coming to the United States since 1870, as well as to he periods of most rapid extension of coal-mining operations. In l.'eneral, it may be said that the pioneer coal-mining operatives n this territory were, in addition to Americans, English, Irish, scotch, Welsh, Germans, and a few French and English Canadians, ^nd Scandinavians. There are no available statistics of nationalities « See pp, 4 and 5. b See p. 5. 48296°— VOL 6—11 38 581 582 The Immigration Commission. employed prior to 1890. The following table, however, furnishes inforniation as to the country of birth of miners m Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio in 1890, and shows conclusively that very few immigrants, with the exception of those from Great Britain and Germany, were m the coal mines of these States. The figures include persons engaged in all forms of mining in the three Middle Western States, conse- quently they do not afford, nor are they put forward to show, a satisfactory exhibit as to the actual number of bituminous coal miners, but they do indicate the general nativity of the coal-mmmg employees in the year 1890, which is the mam point under discussion at present. Table 311 . — Number of miners 10 years of age or over in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, by country of birth, 1890. [From Eleventh Census of the United States, 1890, Population, Part 11, pp. 552, 554, 596.] Nativity. Illinois. Indiana. I Ohio. Total. Native white; 4,744 3,124 11,597 4,490 19,465 9,662 4,175 997 8,919 4,121 16,087 29,127 12,720 2,184 7,770 22,674 1,306 556 172 578 22, 195 ' 6,477 24,435 53,107 Foreign-born, by country of birth: 78 19 56 153 7 2 4 1,510 4,642 13 4,640 2,777 353 4,837 1,312 10, 791 1,136 184 806 2, 126 770 700 33 46 706 i /y 4,174 oWGQ6n., IN or Wdy J aliu x/ciiiiiai 3,185 281 12,720 2,184 7,770 22,676 1 — a Includes persons of negro descent, Chinese, Japanese, and civilized Indians. During the next ten years there was a change m the racial com- position of the industry, but the Americans, English, Irish, bcotch, Welsh, and Germans still maintained the ascendancy, constituting the largest proportion of the total working forces. Some races ol more recent immigration, however, including the Slovaks, Magyars, Italians, and Poles, had already begun to enter the field in considCT- able numbers. This situation is clearly shown m the following sene, of tables, which exhibits the country of birth of miners employed m Illinois in 1899 and in the Middle West in the year 1900. The first of the tables shows the country of birth of mine em- ployees in Illinois in 1899. By referring to the preceding table it will be seen that, with the exception of 3,185 persons who ar classified under “other countries,” all the persons engaged m mining in 1890 were native-born or born in Great Britain, Canada, bweden Norway, Denmark, or Germany. In Table 312 the changes whicfi began after 1890 are set forth. Although the Americans, English Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and Germans still constituted 75 per cent o the total number of persons engaged in coal mining, it is seen tna the remaining 25 per cent were largely persons born in yranc Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Belgium. The Italians in 189. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 583 constituted 8.35 per cent of the total number of miners, the Poles 5.90 per cent, and the employees from Austria-Hungary 4.84 per cent. The majority of these recent immigrants had entered the northern field in Illinois because the southern field was not developed until the following period of ten years. The table follows: Table 312 . — Coal-mine employees in Illinois, by nationality, 1899. Compiled from Illinois report for 1899. This table does not include 861 employees whose nationality was not reported.] Race. Number. Per cent dis- tribution. \merican 15,580 43.12 Snslish 3,394 9.40 scotch 1,412 3.91 Tish 2,086 5. 77 kVelsh 645 1.79 lerman 4.138 11.45 French 373 1.03 talian 3,016 8.35 Race. Number. Per cent dis- tribution. Austrian and Bohemian . . . 975 2. 70 Hungarian 774 2.14 Polish 2, 133 5.90 Belgian 487 1.35 Russian 498 1.38 Scandinavian 619 1.71 Total 36, 130 100. 00 In order to show the distribution of nationalities in the State, the ‘ollowing table is given showing nationalities for mining districts ind countries: "able Nationality of coal-faine employees in Illinois, by district and county, 1899. [Compiled from Illinois Coal Report for 1899.] District and county. American. English. Scotch. Irish. 1 Welsh. German. I French. Italian. Austrian and Bohemian. Hungarian. Polish. Belgian. Russian. j Scandinavian.! Not reported. Total. irst district: Grundy 211 468 4 553 25 553 17 329 23 230 16 254 6 305 22 126 11 89 1 156 3 298 1 36 ”67 1,020 61 161 11 151 10 262 118 114 60 2 47 3 • 42 128 3,298 210 3, 576 100 Kankakee La Salle 534 497 10 45 20 16 Will Total 752 1,148 598 587 226 458 103 1,253 423 652 621 112 87 36 128 7,184 jcond district: Bureau 258 86 104 380 79 47 291 32 14 150 24 162 6 7 37 3 194 18 3 29 2 5 47 1 1 25 3 167 39 11 780 11 504 100 5 42 116 96 33 119 7 388 ”'4 3,071 283 167 790 149 52 Henry Knox 1 Mercer 27 30 10 1 9 4 Rock Island. . Warren Total 954 90 142 817 63 49 511 70 24 77 11 31 215 23 28 22 2 19 251 19 50 14 4 IG 77 18 8 5 263 18 63 176 12 6 15 17 780 30 57 2 22 12 113 9 12 504 15 109 2 109 ”22 42 1 50 371 392 4,512 314 681 1,133 82 442 aird district: Livingston. . . Marshall Peoria 1 2 Stark Woodford Total 2 33 18 40 192 42 1,161 213 94 103 33 290 5g| 129 125 12 318 64 51 3 2, 652 )urth district: Fulton. 875 25 146 58 95 145 1 99 20 37 37 24 41 31 1 5 21 20 1,200 26 281 387 214 Hancock McDonough . . McLean 8 15 8 16 30 16 5 4 2 7 141 ”53 5 37 51 4 4 2 19 Tazewell . Total 1 1,199 302 68 86 52 119 5 9 23 19 148 78 2,108 584 The Immigration Commission, Table 313 —Nationality of coal-mine employees in Illinois, by district and county, I i <§99— Continued. District and county. Fifth district: Edgar Macon Vermilion. . Total . Sixth District: Brown Cass Logan Menard Sangamon . . . Schuyler Total. Seventh district: Calhoun Christian Greene Jersey Macoupin Montgomery. Morgan Scott Shelby Total . Eighth district: Bond Madison St. Clair Total. Ninth district: Clinton . . . Franklin. . Jefferson.. Marion Perry Randolph. Washington.. Hamilton Total. Tenth district: Gallatin Jackson Johnston.. . Saline Williamson. Total., American. English. Scotch. Irish. Welsh. German. French. Italian. P A nctricin nnH 1 Bohemian. I Himgarian. Polish. j Belgian. 1 Russian. 1 Scandinavian. -d 0 P< S 0 [ 36 1,181 19 143 14 79 26 154 2 41 34 217 68 145 180 194 2 102j 48 73 181 19 1,217| 162 93 180 43 251 71 132| 48 73 334 182 181 19 217 : ? 9 no 294 1,252 35 3 1 30 51 185 2 5 5 11 58 341 5 7 5 76 2 3 5 55 86 52 339 4 4 1 20 1 10 20 116 4i, 69 '"4 3 8 42 35 .. 4 32 0 1,722 272 90 420 63 481 25 73 32 6 146 4 11 42 44 9 739 32 6 831 361 8 38 94 2 20 15 1 107 14 3 10 3 31 2 6 118 20 1 3 12 "'3 "32 12 6 34 1 5 674 30 16 6^ 4 14 2 64 13 17 5 50 37 207 3 36 7 1 37 9 1 1 5 3 6 3 11 4 29 1 2,118 179 98 196 52 756 31 no 218 80 1 47 2 156 485 974 87 25C 3 20 1 45 4 72 , 46 1 32 31 10 ; 226 1 684 2 21 19 124 1 , 43 79 1 8 13 66 4 12 3 : 63 ; 7 1,615 342 ! 68 1 122 : 67 ' 920 42 ij 167 80 21 7C 1 15 i 70 182 : 12 ! 8 ; 25 249 1 4 2 67 659 1,016 359 43 n ’ 1 19 i 10( 1 43 ! 3 1 4 ) 26 ) n 1 k 1 ] i 5 ) 16 L 29 t 26 1 ) 1( ) ' 4 i 162 Ij 77 4 32 29 t . . . . ! { ' il ! 6 ) 1 ) 24 2 68 12 12 L ) 1 ; 1 ] . .... 1 1] [ .... L ...... 2.331 7 18: 1 5! ? 10( ) 1’ 7 55 : 5 2- 7; 97 1 ; L 3i i ... 63 , 1,08( 2( 15i , 1,17! ? : ) 3 ) : ? 4 T 7 i: L ... 3 9 2 ; 1 ... i 6 1 7 ... . 12! c A 5 7 i ; 5 1 , 3 . . . ^ 5 2: 3 r 5 i i3! 5 ... J . 2,50; 15, 581 1 5 8 Oj 3,39 1 3, 4 1,41 0 4 2 2,08' 1 15 ' 4’ 6 645, 4,13: 7 8 37 r 261 3| 3,01: R 5 ... 1 6 97 5 77 4 2,13 i3 48 17 49 8 61 9 861 1,203 3,431 511 13 : 173 ' 181 l,29f 2,123' 3,59t ( 81 92; 1,33( 481 3,4k 7 1,29: 2 17 1,42' 2,99 36,99 The movements exhibited in Illinois during the period 1890 were representative of the tendencies at work throughout the JViiddlj West. This fact is shown by the returns of the census of 1900, whicJ are presented on the following page. By reference^ to this table which shows the country of birth of persons engaged in the occupa tion of mining, it is seen that the flow of immigrants to the fields was stronger than to those of the other States, but tna Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 585 „ _ _ — considerable numbers of persons from Austria-Hungary, Italy, Poland, md Russia were engaged in mining coal in Indiana and Ohio.® Fable 314. — Number of miners and quarry men 10 years of age or over in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, by nativity, 1900. [From Twelfth Census, United States 1900, Occupations, pp. 204, 270, 302.] Nativity. Illinois. Indiana. Oliio. Total. 'lative white: Native parents 9,778 8 551 7 534 1 7 040 34, 352 16, 926 51,278 30, 143 0 K/17 Foreign parents 1 964 It y U^U 0 411 Total native white 18! 329 18, 487 1 308 9 498 u, 4ii 9*^ 4fil '■'oreign white 2 678 ZOy ^Oi k Q7k Colored a Oy Ul 0 7fin oyy i oU Zy o47 Grand total 38, 184 12, 575 QQ 900 83, 908 00, ZV\y ’ersons of native parentage 11,138 7 931 17 36, 885 1 l y OlU ’ersons having either both parents born as specified or one parent born as specified and one parent native: Austria-Hungarv b 2,709 108 30 6,151 6, 598 316 9 0*^0 5, 004 OHK Canada, English c 28 Zy uoy 70 Canada, French c / U zuo 7n Germanv 1 g(j7 j oi 1 A £XnQ Great Britain 1,925 1 0 , oyu ^ 71 1 iU, 61)8 1 A 09 i Ireland 2 ! 679 2,915 1, 442 0 , / ii 1 707 14, Zo4 4,929 3,611 1,938 Italy iy 1 Zt ^ 1 Q Poland Zoo 9*^ •llo 470 Russia E241 1,121 1, 046 Z6 83 At 0 07 Scandinavia 60 i Zt 70 1, 351 1 OC^i Other countries d ou 1 9^0 1 i, 404 1 om ooy 1, yul Total 26 046 A 9Q7 i 1 A 70Q 45 , 166 OV i 14, tZo ’ersons of mixed foreign parentage. . 1,000 247 j 070 1,917 D/U Total persons having one or both parents foreign 27, 046 4, 644 15,393 47,083 a In this instance, includes only persons of negro descent. b Includes Bohemia, c Includes Newfoundland, d Includes all other foreign countries. After the year 1900, the movement of immigrant races of southern nd eastern Europe into the Middle West steadily continued, and was specially marked during the period 1902 to 1907, on account of the xtraordinary development and the opening of new fields. The ex- ension of coal-mining operations and the consequent inflow of recent Miigrants was particularly noticeable in Illinois in the five lower dis- ricts embracing the counties of Sangamon, Christian, Macoupin, lontgomery, Madison, St. Clair, Clinton, Perry, Franklin, Randolph, ackson. Saline, and Williamson. In the State of Indiana, Greene, .'ulhyan. Vermilion, and Vigo counties absorbed the main part of the nmigrants to the coal mines. The counties of Ohio which underwent tie greatest development and received the largest number of inimi- rant miners were Athens, Belmont, Guernsey, Jefferson, Perry, and uscarawas.^ “The census figures for 1900, as in the case of those for 1890, include all persons en- iged in inining of any description, and are not put forward with the purpose of show- ig the racial composition of the bituminous coal -mining forces of the Middle West but 'erely to indicate the racial movements to the industry. 0 The tendency in racial movements may be seen from the comparative number of mmg operatives in the districts of Illinois, and the coal-producing counties of Ohio id Indiana in 1907, as compared with 1899. These figures are compiled from the mual reports of the department of mines of the respective States. 586 The Immigration Commission. Table 315.— iVumber of coal-mine employees in Ohio, by county, 1899 and 1907. [Compiled from the annual reports of the chief inspector of mines for Ohio.] County. 1899. 1907. Athens 2,926 7,556 Belmont 2,096 451 7,365 Carroll 679 ColumhinnH 1,336 1,262 Coshoeton 613 659 Qallea 39 93 Guernsey 2,199 4,474 Hcirrison 103 604 T4r»r‘V:infr 2,347 2,337 Holmes 48 56 JOiCkson 4,131 3,019 Jefferson 1,337 5,787 621 Btiwrence 387 Mohonin^ 237 242 Medino- 337 116 542 883 County. M organ 59 613 208 2,930 292 19 2,422 302 64 1,748 168 20 42 Muskingum ■fsJnhlp 1 Pprrv Portage Rciotfi Rtfirk Summit Trurnhnll Tuscarawas V inton i A\ ashington Wayne Total 28,028 1899. 1907. 451 772 - 384 4,679 214 54 1,56£ 37c 2,618 58? t 41£ 47,87( Table ‘SIQ.— Number oj coal-mine employees in Indiana, by county, 1899 and 1907. [Compiled from report of Indiana mine inspector.] County. 1907. Clay Daviess . . Fountain. Gibson. . . Greene. . . Knox . . . Parke Perry 2,196 440 County. 93 731 108 1,063 61 138 79 265 3, 653 576 1, 164 16 Pike 358 814 236 463 1,001 152 SullivBU ■yr anderhurg V e^milion Vipo .. Wnrn^k Total 7,791 1907. 81; 4, OK 41 1,92 3,29' 57 19,00 Table 317.— Number of coal-mine employees in Illinois, by district and county, 1899 am [Compiled from Illinois coal reports for 1899 and 1907.] Counties. j 1S99. i 1907. In- crease. Counties. 1899. 1907. In- crease. First district: Grundy 1 Kankakee La Salle ' Will Total - Second district: Bureau Henry Knox Mercer Rock Island 3,298 210 3, 576 100 2,746 85 3, 641 498 Fourth district: Fulton Hancock McDonough McLean Tazewell 1,200 26 281 387 214 3,042 34 280 306 383 7,184 6,970 (°) Total 2,108 4,045 1,9? 3,071 283 167 790 149 52 4,312 407 1.57 769 134 58 1 ! Fifth district: Edgar Macon Vermilion Total 378 2,825 6 534 4,131 Warren Total 3,203 4,671 1,4( 4,512 5,837 ' 1,325 Sixth district: Brown Cass Logan j Menard Sangamon Schuyler 1 Total 30 20 261 570 2,507 43 2 8 677 658 6,347 37 Third district: Livingston Marshall Peoria Putnam Stark Woodford 314 681 1,133 82 442 578 953 1,375 559 104 388 1 Tot^l 2, ()52 3,957 1,305 3,431 7,729 1 4,2' Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 587 Table 317. — Number of coal-mine employees in Indiana, by district and county, 1899 and 1907 — Continued. Counties. 1899. 1907. In- crease. Counties. 1899. 1907. In- crease. Seventh district: Calhoun Christian Greene Jersey Macoupin Montgomery Morgan Scott Shelby 20 879 50 20 2,175 511 13 53 173 18 1,662 32 4 4,507 1,195 9 331 Ninth district: Clinton Franklin Jefferson Marion Perry Randolph Washington Hamilton White, . 482 85 927 1,336 486 87 11 1,350 1,342 50 92 2,250 904 132 i4 Total Eighth district: Bond Crawford Total Tenth district: Gallatin .Taekson 3,894 7,827 3,929 3,414 6, 134 3,806 181 239 73 1,295 26 173 1,427 163 1,217 13 2,093 5, 635 Effingham ■Tohnstnn Fayette Saline Jasper WilliRmsoTi Monroe Total Grand total Madison St. Clair Total 1,295 2, 123 3,979 1 5,125 2,994 36, 991 9,121 66, 716 6,027 29, 625 3,599 9,343 5, 744 1 PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS. The following table, showing the period of residence in this country of 9,331 mine workers in the Middle West, from whom detailed infor- mation was received, will be found instructive as well as corrobo- rative of the history of immigration to the coal fields. The showing IS made in the form of percentages. Fable 318.— Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The total however, is for all foreign-born.] ^ ’ Race. Number reporting Per cent in the United States each specified num- ber of years. complete data. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Bohemian and Moravian 252 35.7 21. 5 28.2 AQ 7 3.2 IKK 11.5 21.4 4.4 58.4 24.5 49.9 75. 2 "roatian 181 796 192 856 125 English 25. 5 ‘ly. i 19 1 io. 0 1.3 A 0 8. 8 French 22. 4 IZ. 1 OK A 2. 8 lerman 17 \ OO. 4 1 9 A D. 0 0 A 11. 5 rish 9. 6 lA. ^ C A 0. U 0 i 17. 6 talian, North 1,699 419 1,086 632 29 ! 1 34.4 21.9 39. 7 0 . U 40 4 Z. 4 1 A A 4. 8 11 A talian, South 4Q 9 iU. 4 1 c c 11. 0 0 0 8. 5 4.3 5.3 5.5 Lithuanian 0 . 0 IQ Q 0. 0 lagyar Ou. 4 00 ^ lo. 0 7 i 14. 7 ’olish 810 30. 6 00 . 0 7 / . 4 1 A H 8. 7 lussian 372 346 793 96 67 159 32^8 19. 4 Oi . 1 *iA Q lU. i) 1 0 A 11. 4 9. 8 6.2 59.5 24.8 9.4 59.7 82.4 Icotch 04. y 19 7 iz. y 1.7 1 A 13. 2 llovak 18. 0 lA. / 97 4 6. 6 15.8 'lovenian 3L3 7.5 6. 9 Z/ . 4 AO A 14. U Q 0 Swedish 4U. 0 1*^ 4 0 . 0 A K 10. 4 •^clsh 10. 4 9 K 4. 0 Q 1 I 4 . 9 Z. 0 0. 1 5. 0 Total 9,331 26.0 31.1 A 1 22.6 9. i 11, 1 588 The Immigration Commission. Upon examining the total for all races in the preceding table, it is jj seen that 57.1 per cent have been in this country less than ten years, and 26 per cent less than five years. On the other hand, 22.6 per cent ' have been in the United States more than twenty years and 20.2 per cent between ten and twenty years. Those who have been in this country more than twenty years include races from Great : Britain and northern Europe, and on the other hand those who have a period of residence of less than five years include principally southern and eastern European races, which obviously indicates that new employees in the industry are being secured from these sources. In this connection it is interesting to note that of the total number who have been in the United States less than five years, 154 have been here less than one year and 593 two years only.« Conse- quently the inference is plain that immigrants, the greater numbers of whom have had no experience or training abroad^ in mining, are employed in the industry in the Middle West immediately after their arrival in this country. . As regards the number of years the different races have been m the United States, the longest period of residence is shown by races from Great Britain and northern Europe. Of the races of southern and eastern Europe, only the Slovak shows any important propor- tion which has been in the country a considerable number of years, more than 50 per cent of the Slovaks reporting a residence longer than ten years, and 24.8 per cent a residence longer than twenty years. Almost 60 per cent each of the Scotch, Swedes, and English, 75.2 per cent of the Irish, 82.4 per cent of the Welsh, and 49.9 per cent of the Germans employed in the Middle West have been in the United States more than twenty years. A considerable number of EnMish, German, and Scotch immigrants are still entering the mines of this field, but very few Irish and Welsh, as evidenced by the pro- portions of these races which have a period of residence of less than five years. This is partly to be explained by the fact that the Eng- lish, German, and Scotch immigrants are coming to the fields of the Middle West from other mining sections of tjie United States as well as from abroad. The small number of recent Welsh arrivals is <^’ue to the comparatively small proportion of immigrants of this race. The lack of any considerable number of Irish of recent arrival arises from the falling off of the immigrants of this race as well as from the fact that the Irish of older immigration are leaving the coal-mmmg industry, and the Irish of recent arrival are finding more agreeable and remunerative work outside the bituminous coal-mining industry. The races which have been coming to the fields of the Middle M est in greatest numbers during the past four years are the Croatian, North and South Italian, Lithuanian, Magyar, Polish, Kussian, and Slovenian. Of the Croatians, 71.2 per cent have been in the United States less than ten years and 21.5 per cent under five years, as compared with 28.7 per cent who have been in the country more than ten years. Twenty-nine and one-tenth per cent of the North Italian employees have been in the country less than five years and about 70 per cent less than ten years. In the case of the South Italians, a greater pro- «See General Table No. 104, Vol. II, p. 430. • i j j: b As corroborative of this statement see discussion of occupations abroad of presen immigrant mine workers, p. 622. 589 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. )ortion than of North Italians have been in the country less than five j'ears, and more than 80 per cent of the race have a residence less |han ten years. Sixty-one and one-tenth per cent of the Lithuanians Q the coal communities of the Middle West, 78.3 per cent of the lagyars, 68.3 per cent of the Poles, 67.7 per cent of the Russians, ^nd 71.9 per cent of the Slovenians have been in the United States less han ten years. This showing becomes even more striking when in he same connection it is also noticed that more than 30 per cent of the dovenians, Russians, Poles, and South Italians, almost 30 per cent of North Italians, and about 40 per cent of the Magyars have been in the ountry less than five years. Considerable numbers of the same races lave a period of residence of less than one year. The following table shows the per cent of foreign-born persons in he households studied who have been in the United States each pecified number of years, by race of individual: "able 319 . — Per cent of foreign-horn persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) 3y years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent of persons in United States each specified num- ber of years. Under 5. Under 10. Under 20. 'talian. North 108 75 107 52 22.2 32.0 15.9 44.2 63.9 81.3 49.5 75.0 91.7 100.0 91.6 92.3 .alian, South ithuanian olish Total 343 25.7 64.7 93.3 Only a very small proportion of the individuals in this locality rom whom information was obtained have been in the United States wenty years or over, while very nearly 65 per cent have a residence i less than ten years. The Poles show the largest and the Lithua- iiians the smallest proportions in the country under five years. Of Qiose in the country under ten years, the South Italians show the argest proportion, followed by the Poles, North Italians, and Lithua- iiians, in the order named. The South Italians report no individuals nth a residence of twenty years, while the other races each show less han 10 per cent. RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME. No statistics are available, after the year 1900, which give a com- pete census of mining employees in the Middle West by race or jountry of birth. The following table, however, compiled from orig- jaal data secured from individuals working in the field, and showing ■eneral nativity and race of employees, indicates in a striking way he complete change in the racial composition of the force employed :t the present time as compared with the past periods. A total of 8,737 coal-mining employees were studied in detail and the relative • umber and per cent of each race appear in the table on the following •age. 590 The Immigration Commission. Table 320 — 1/a^e employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race\ (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race, j Number. Per cent distribu- tion. . General nativity and race. Number. Per cent distribu' tion. Native-born of native father: (),003 584 32.0 Foreign-born, by race — Con- tinued. 128 3.1 Irish 0. Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father : Italian, North 1,716 9. Italian South 422 2. 1 (a) Italian (not specified) 4 (a) 174 10 .9 Lithuanian 1,086 5. . 1 Magyar 648 3. 18 .1 Mexican 1 (a) T AJTI TYI O T* It 5 (a) 3. 1 Montenegrin 33 590 Norwegian 7 (a) ■ France 67 .4 Polish 823 4. 883 322 56 2 4. 7 Roumanian 11 1. 7 Russian 377 i .3 Ruthenian 20 X'' , ^ 1 1 , (a) (a) .3 Scotch 350 i. ^ 6tn.6ricincis 4 Scotch-Irish 1 (a) 57 286 Servian 24 XvUoold>. - 1.5 Slovak 796 4 ’. oCUllclIlU - 20 . 1 Slovenian 99 Switzerland 10 212 . 1 Swedish 67 1 f'S 1.1 Syrian 8 (a) Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian . Welsh 160 2.53 17 1.4 . 1 Australian (race not speci- fied) 1 (a) Bulgarian Canadian, French 11 .1 Austrian (race not speci- 127 8 (a) 1.0 fied) Croatian 183 Belgian (race not speci- 102 7 “■bi fied) (a) ■ Dutch 22 Swiss (race not specified). 8 * F.npljsh 812 4.3 18,737 100. Finnish 29 2 Grand total French 194 LO Total native-born of foreign German 864 4.6 2,717 14. 12 .1 father Hebrew (other than llus- Tot?ll VP-k>nrn 9,304 49. 2 (a) Total foreign-born 9,433 50. SI ) a Less than O.Oo per cent. The total number of second generation immigrants at work in th mines is a])out 14 per cent of the total number of employees, making with the persons native-born of native father, a proportion equal t< about one-half of the total number of persons employed. Obviously therefore, the foreign-born miners constitute about one-half ot th total number of mine workers furnishing information, which is als( about the exact proportion of the foreign-born miners in the fields o the Middle West. The total for the second generation of mine worker is composed chiefly of the older English, Irish, Scotch, and Germai immigrants, the largest number being born of German fathers. As regards the races of foreign birth, 2,508, or 13.4 per cent of th total number furnishing information, are from Great Britain, Ireland Germany, and France. This proportion of foreign-born, if combmet with the second generation of the same races, indicates that the En glish, German, Irish, Welsh, and Scotch races, either of the first o second generation, form about one-fourth of the total employees ii and about the mines of the Middle West. i u Of the races of southern and eastern Europe the North Italiai appears in -the largest proportion, the representatives of this rac aggregating about one-tenth of the total number of persons wh furnish information. The Lithuanian in point of numbers rank second, and is followed by the Polish, Slovak, Magyar, South Italian Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 591 nd Russian races, in the order named. These seven races constitute le great majority of immigrant employees from southern and eastern urope, and combined form a total which is equivalent to more.than xree-tenths of the total number of mine workers. The situation at present, therefore^ as regards the racial classification f mining employees, is in strong contrast to that in previous periods. ) is evident that since the year 1890 there has been a constant and icreasing influx of races from southern and eastern Europe until at le present time they constitute about 33 per cent of the mine-work- ig forces and, together with the employees born in Great Britain and orthern Europe, make up about 50 per cent of the total number nployed. RACIAL MOVEMENTS TO REPRESENTATIVE LOCALITIES. In order to give a more detailed and local application to the general istory of immigration to the coal-mining fields of the Middle West, it ill be valuable, in addition to the foregoing general discussion, to resent the racial movements to certain localities in Illinois, Indiana, id Ohio. In selecting representative districts in order to localize, ) to speak, the racial movements and their effects, two classes of )wns in Indiana and Illinois have been included: (1) Towns which ive come into existence during the past ten years as a result of the lening of new mines or the development of old ones, and (2) towns hich have been established for a period of years; but the population : which has steadily or suddenly increased because of an expansion L coal-mining operations. Towns of the first class have been estab- 5hed by an influx of races of recent immigration, and at present are )mposed largely of people of this character. Those of the second ass show that practically all additions to the population have )me from immigrant races of recent arrival in the United States. 1 the case of Ohio, the same presentation may be made in a general ay according to counties or districts including two or more counties. REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITIES IN ILLINOIS. In presenting the history of immigration to representative corn- unities in Illinois, the towns are put forward according to the visions of the State observed by the Illinois state mining depart- ent for purposes of inspection and preparation of reports. ^This 'apartment, by grouping adjacent counties together, has formed ten stricts, which divide the State into sections which are almost hori- )ntal. District No. 1 being in the extreme north and District o. 10 in the extreme south of the State. By referring to these dis- icts, therefore, the general location of the community under dis- ission may be ascertained. The grouping according to districts ill also be valuable in showing at a glance the geographical distri- ition of recent immigrants, as well as racial movements from one ction of the State to another. With this explanation, the detailed ■esentation of communities follows, each community being desig- ited by an Arabic numeral in regular order. I 592 The Immigration Commission. Community No. 1. This community is a typical bituminous coal-mining town oi northern Illinois, of mushroom growth, located in the second district, It was founded in 1889 and within two years had a population ol 2,500. At the present time its total population is approximate!} what it was at the end of its second year. Its racial composition is estimated as follows: Native-born of native father 1, 40C Old immigration; English 3C Irish 3C Scotch 4C Scandinavian 2£ Recent immigration; Italian, North 90C Italian, South IOC Lithuanian and Polish 3C Other races 12C Total 2,67f The introduction of the different racial elements into the commu- mity has occurred in the following way: In the year 1889, when the coal mines were first opened, there were about 100 each of English, Welsh, Scotch, and Irish in the community. All of the 1,400 Ameri- cans came in later and not all by any means entered the mines, as the town was a trading point, and many of the Americans engaged in business of various kinds. Practically all of the English, Welsh. Scotch, and Irish, however, obtained employment in the mines. There has been no influx of any of the English-speaking races since 1890, but during that period there has been a decrease in the numbei of natives and older English-speaking immigrants employed in the mines. In the year 1890 the first North Italians came to the locality. They were employed because of the fact that they were more easily controlled than the English-speaking peoples. These Italians com- municated with their friends abroad, and soon all of the vacancies in the mines were being supplied with North Italian labor. By the yeai 1893 there was a North Italian population of more than 900. The Lithuanians and Poles were introduced into the mines in 1895 because of the scarcity of labor existing at that time, but they have nevei gained a strong foothold and their representation is but slightly above the number of first arrivals. Immigrants of other races have drifted in from time to time, and on finding vacancies have applied for work and have been engaged. Their numbers are so small, however, that they are scarcely noticeable as distinct races. Community No. 2. This community is a coal-mining town in the second district, about 100 miles west and slightly south of Chicago. Coal was first mined in the locality in the year 1884. The town grew rapidly and had a population of about 5,000 two years after the first coal mines were opened. The racial composition of the total population of the town in the year 1886, as nearly as could be ascertained, is given on the following page. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 593 i Native-born of native father i)ld immigration: I English i Irish Scotch Welsh... lecent immigration: Belgian Italian Polish 1,200 800 1,000 500 500 1 4 8 Total 4,013 Americans came to the community for the most part during the )eriod 1884 to 1886. They were experienced coal miners from other oal-mining sections of Illinois and from the bituminous and anthra- ite regions of Indiana and Pennsylvania. The majority of the iGnglish came during the same years. Almost all of the English ame from the Braidwood field of Illinois, which was almost exhausted t the time. The Welsh came to the community during the same ears as the Americans and English. They too were all experienced liners from different parts of Illinois. The Irish also arrived in the own at its very beginning in 1884. They came from different parts f Illinois and Indiana, and almost all of them were experienced liners. The Poles also came in 1884. All of these spoke English and ^ere engaged in the mines. During this same period, 1884 to 1886, few Belgians and Italians drifted into the community, which was ien a mining camp, and engaged in the liquor business. In the ear 1886 a Belgian saloon keeper made an agreement with the perators to furnish them with some Belgian miners, and, as a result, bout 200 miners came to the community direct from the coal fields f Belgium. These miners proved very satisfactory to the coal com- any because they were more tractable than the English, Welsh, cotch, Irish, and Americans. Two years later one of the Italian iloon keepers brought in about 200 Northern Italians. These len were soon placed, but not without dissatisfaction among \e English-speaking miners. Shortly after the introduction of the orth Italians the management of the local coal company entered pon a settled policy of employing immigrant labor. Immigrants ime to the town during the next three years in large numbers, the rger proportion being Poles, Lithuanians, and North Italians. By ^89 there was a very strong feeling against the company and the !cent immigrants on the part of the older English-speaking miners, he pioneer employees finally called a strike, which lasted eight onths. At the end of that time almost all the English-speaking iners had either stopped working in the mines voluntarily or had len displaced. Since the years 1889 and 1890 the Italians, Poles, id Lithuanians have controlled the situation. A comparison of the -cial composition of the inhabitants of the community in the year ^86 with that of the present population shows an English-speaking ipulation of 99 per cent of the total number of inhabitants in >86 as compared with less than 20 per cent of this class in 1900. 594 The Immigration Commission. The present racial composition of the community follows. Older immigration: i , Native-born of native father and races ot older English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh and German Recent immigration: Belgian Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish Syrian immigration, including «1,60( 20 ( 3,00( 10 ( 2,50( 1 , 20 ( 10 ( Total 8, 70( Community No. 3. Proceeding farther south to the seventh district, a representative mining locality of recent growth is found in a group of three smal towns which are located within a distance of 1 or 2 miles of each othei - but which practically form one community, which may be designatec as Community No. 3. The oldest town in the locality for many yean formed only a small trading center for the surrounding agricultura region, but within the past five or six years, owing to the opening of coa mines, has had a very rapid growth in population. Both of the othe; towns have sprung into existence during the past six years because o the starting of coal-mining operations. Four mines furnish employ ment to the residents of the towns. These mines have a depth belov the surface ranging from 320 to 350 feet, and are taking coal fron geological seam No. VI, which is from 7 to 8 feet thick. Altogethe about 1,800 men are employed in this operation. Unlike the north ern communities, mining is here done by machine. The population o the three towns, or of the whole community, is somewhat above 6,000 Two of the towns have a population of about 2,500 each, and th other a population of 1,000. One of the larger towns is the home o the greater part of the English-speaking and German elements o the community, while the other two are peopled almost entirely recent immigrants. The population is made up exclusively of white races and embrace native-born Americans, and native a^nd foreign-born English, Irish Scotch, Welsh, Germans, and foreign-born Italians, Ruthenians Poles, Slovaks, Lithuanians, and a small number of Hebrews. Thes races form three more or less clearly defined groups. The natives together with the British and German races, make up the first grou and constitute about one-half of the population. The Italians stan about midway between the other two groups in point of Americaniza tion, and are said to furnish nearly 30 per cent of the population. Th Lithuanian and the Slavic races forin the third group, comprisin, approximately one-fifth of the combined population of the thre towns. . . The peoples from the British Isles and Germany m the communit are closely associated both in business and social relations^ wit natives, and are not usually had in mind when 'foreigners” ar referred to by natives. There is difficulty, therefore, in arriving a a Because of the coalition of the English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and Germans wit the native Americans, it is impossible to estimate the relative number of each race. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 595 icts in regard to the percentage of these races in the total population. . IS estimated, however, that the British and Germans together form ooiit one-fourth of the total population, and that the British alone cmcipally Scotch and English, form one-fifth of the total. Accord- igto this estimate the native population is 1,500: the British, 1 200* id the Germans, 300. ' The North Italians and Tyrolese are very closely affiliated with ich other and together form nearly the whole of what is spoken of j? the Italian element of the population. South Italians number )t more than 10 to 15, most of whom are single men, or married men hose families are elsewhere. The Tyrolese are from one-third to le-half as numerous as the North Italians, and the two races have a ale population of working age in the community of about 600. Two indred and fifty or more of these people are married men who have leir families with them. Ruthenians, Slovaks, and Poles are the races making up the bulk of le Slavic population, aggregating about 850. The Ruthenians by r outnumber the others and have a population of about 500, includ- g 150 to 175 adult males and 75 or more families. The Slovaks imber somewhat under 300 and have a male population of working (;e of 100 or more, about 40 of whom are married men with families lere are about 10 Polish families, and 25 adult Polish males. The total Lithuanian population in the community numbers about '0. The males of working age among these people number about '0, and there are said to be from 50 to 60 Lithuanian families in the wns under consideration. The Lithuanians seem to be identified th the Slays in the popular mind, because the degree to which nericamzation has gone on among them is about the same as the ^^lopment among the Slavs. As a matter of fact, however, the thuanians hold themselves aloof from the Slavic races, with the ceptwn of Kussian Poles. Aside from the races mentioned above few Hebrew business men are living in the community. '^^e bulk of the immigration to the community has taken place thin the past five years and has come largely from other sections the United States. Germans in small numbers have been eno-ao-ed farming in the surrounding territory during the past forty years, lese people have entered mining occupations as the demand for mine irkers has increased, and within the past four or five years Germans ye aiso been coming from Europe and from various sections of the iited States. English and Scotch were, however, the pioneer miners the community, and during the past five or six years these races, th smaller numbers of Irish and Welsh, have come in large mbem from sections in Iowa where a large portion of the coal nes have been abandoned. North Italians and Tyrolese had gun to arrive in large numbers about five years ago, chiefly from ler sections of the United States, and since that time have grad- ; ly increased their numbers by drawing in their friends and relatives th from other localities m the United States and from Europe [e lew South Italians form largely a floating element. Practically The other races in the community have arrived, as already stated ting the past four years and have come chiefly from neighboring ^(Is and from other mining regions of this country. 596 The Immigration Commission. In marked contrast to the region described above is a mininilj district formed by a group of mining cominunities m the seventl .• district situated to the north and east of St. Louis. These locahtie i had been established for a considerable number of years and hac attained some size before there was an influx of immigrants resultm: from the comparatively recent expansion of the coal industry in th locality. Community No. 4. This community is located in the seventh district, about 28 mile northeast of St. Louis, and is the center of population and residenc of the employees in the neighboring mines. Transportation lacilitie are furnished by a transcontinental railroad and a large tractio: system. Seven mines are in operation in the vicinity, ranging i; depth from 284 to 320 feet, and are taking coal from geological vei; No VI, the work being done by machines. The population c the community as given by the Twelfth Census was 2,786. It is noi estimated, including some outlying mining camps, to be b, 000. The races living in the community are, with the exception ol one o two Chinese, all white. It is roughly estimated that the populatio is made up racially according to the following proportions. percen Native white, English, Irish, Scotch, and W elsh ^ NS^ltalian'and TyVoiese,’ together with a few South Italian « ^ Slavic races, principally from Austria This estimate, however, does not seein to give an adequate i^a of th preponderance of Germans. In addition to the fact that the aboT estimate places the Germans born in this country apart from the poi tion of the population made up of Germans, it is also probably tru that many of the German immigrants of long periods ot residenc were regarded as native by persons furnishing estimates. A visit t the town leaves a strong impression made that it is m large measui a German community. j tt u f Aside from the races already named, Greeks and Hebrews form very small portion of the population. ^ i • + English, Irish, wScotch, and Welsh immigrants have been coming t the community and to the surrounding region for more than thirt years. They have gone into the various mining occupations, and ha^ in most cases remained at work in the mines, where they are now hllir many of the more responsible positions. These people are so close) identified with Americans that it is difficult to secure information i regard to their exact numbers. The most common estimates are the the male population of working age among these races combined nun bers about 100, and that there are about 60 families among then Germans have been immigrating to this bcahty for upward of hit years, and in larger numbers than previously for the past twenty- or twenty-three years. A considerable portion of the pcDpulation < the community is made up of the children of German immigrants, ar the Germans as a whole by far exceed any other single racial in the population. It is variously estimated that the Germans lor from one-fourth to one-half of the coal-minmg population. a This division includes two adjacent mining camps the population of which largely North Italian. 597 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. ’ Germans are, in a large measure, in control of the business and indus- trial, as well as the political and administrative, affairs of the com- munity. The mayor, the postmaster, the bankers, and the mine 'superintendents are Germans. Germans are also at work in all the mining occupations, where they constitute from one-fourth to one- third of the total force of mine workers employed. Small numbers of the Tyrolese and North Italians have been in the community for twenty years, and a few from twenty-five to thirty ■years, but the great bulk of these peoples, as well as of the South Italians m the locality, have come in during the past ten years. Many of them, however, came from other sections of the United States, and seem to adopt American customs more rapidly and to associ- ate more freely with natives than do any of the other non-English- speaking races except the Germans. In their business and social institutions the Tyrolese and North Italians associate freely with each other. In this community also these peoples seem to show a more generous and friendly spirit toward the South Italians than is usually found displayed by the North Italians for the South Italians in other sections. The male population of working age among the North and !)Outh Italians and Tyrolese living in the community proper numbers about 200, but 150 more are found in two mining camps immediately adjoining the town, and together with those living at another mining 3amp only about 3 miles distant, make a grand total for the com- nunity of the males of working age of 400 to 450 North Italians 5outh Italians, and Tyrolese. About 65 per cent of these are North Ltahans, more than 20 per cent are Tyrolese, and the South Italians nake up somewhat less than 15 per cent. It is estimated that one- axth of the total number of persons are married men having their amihes with them in the community. Estimates given for the Tyro- ese indicate that exactly one-sixth of the men among them have ^^arnihes with them; while the percentage of families among the North tahans is said to run somewhat above, and for the South Italians lomewhat below the figure given for the Tyrolese. Bohemians and Moravians, Croatians, Slovenians, Poles, and Ruth- mans have immigrated to the community in very small numbers md seem to be more or less confused in the popular mind the Bohe- Qians and Moravians with the Germans, the Croatians with the Slo- vaks, the Ruthenians with the Poles. Of the total Slavic males of i^orkmg age, it is estimated that the Slovaks make up from 40 to 50 »er cent, the Croatians about 33 per cent, Poles about 12 per cent, nd Ivreiners somewhat less than 8 per cent. The Slovenians have •een coming to the community during the past 20 years, and small umbers of the other races have been here for the same period ut the great bulk of these races have arrived during the past sn years and most of them have come from other sections of the imted States. The Slovaks have come largely from another minino* ommumty only a few miles distant, where about twenty-five years go they formed, and still maintain, a colony. About one-third of le men among the Slavic races, taken as a whole, are said to be larried men having families with them. About one-half of the Poles 48296 °— VOL 6—11 39 598 The Immigration Commission. have their families with them, followed by the Slovenians, Slovaks, and the Croatians, in the order named. •* u There are also between 15 and 20 Greeks m the community, who have come in during the past four of five years None of them have families with them. They are at work as unskilled laborers m section ; and gravel-pit gangs on an electric railroad, and live in box cars. No other races are found in the community proper, but there is a colony of Lithuanians at a mining camp about 3 miles to the south- east which has been built up within the past four years. These people liave formed the population of the camp during the past three years and haye come largely from other coal fields m the United States. It is estimated that there are about 130 Lithuanian males of working age in the camp, and that about 35 of these are married men haying families with them. The Lithuanians operate three saloons m the camp, giving emplormient to 6 of their men. Moreover, the camp or tmTO marshalls a Lithuanian. Aside from these men, the males of working age among the Lithuanians are mine employees found not only in the occupations of digging and loading, but also as cagers and timbermen, and to some extent in the less skilled occupations. Coal mining has been carried on in the community proper for more than forty years. The enlargement of old inmes and the sinking of new shafts, which was given added impetus by the anthracite sti ike of 1902 have gone on rapidly during the past ten years. At the beo-innino- of that period, there were only three coal mines m opera- tion, whereas there are now seven in the community and the nearby camps. The daily capacity of the mines m this locality ten years ago was only 2,000 to 3,000 tons as compared with a present daily seien mhies^now^ operating under normal industrial conditions give employmient to about 2,300 men. This force is estimated as being racially made up as follows : Native-born of native father, White Old immigration; , i 115 English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh German Recent immigration; 285 Italian, North 7 q Italian, South Tyrolese X35 Croatian 35 Slovenian 55 Polish 225 Slovak ; 25 Bohemian, Moravian, and Ruthenian Lithuanian ^ , 2,315 Six hundred or more of these mine workers live in the semidetached mining camps or villages and the reinainder m the urban center of the community. A part of those living m the town proper use an electric road to go out each day to the more distant mines. Community No. 5, Community No. 5 is also situated in the seventh district about 6 miles from Community No. 4 , and 54 miles northeast ot bt. l^oui Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 599 wo steam railroads, together with an electric traction system, afford )od transportation. There are two coal companies in the town )erating four mines and employing about 1,100 men. The seam med IS geological seam No. VI, 7 to 8 feet in thickness, and lying ?0 to 435 feet below the surface. Machines have been used in the cal mines for the past twenty years and the new mines which have ien opened during this period have also been operated with machines. The town proper, together with a mining camp less than 2 miles stant, has a population at present somewhat above 4,000, as com- ired with about 3,000 shown by the census of 1900. This popula- 3n IS made up entirely of white races, Americans, English, Irish, •otch, Welsh, Germans, Croatians, Servians, Bohemians, Slovaks, lies. North Italians, Magyars, and Lithuanians being the only ‘oples found in any considerable numbers. Natives, English- eaking foreigners, and Germans make up more than half of the popu- bion. Germans are probably as numerous as the natives and ^hsh-speakmg peoples combined, and the English, Irish, Scotch, d vVelsh together are said to be only about half as numerous as nerican whites. The remaining portion of the population is com- chiefly of Croatians, Servians, and Slovaks. Servians, together th people from Montenegro, have entered the community in small mbers only and seem to be closely affiliated with the Croatians. le males of working age among the Croatians, Servians and the mtenegrms, are estimated to number from 200 to 225, of whom 60 more are married men having families with them. The Slovaks, ^ether with small numbers of Bohemians, are said to about equal B Croatians and Servians in number of men of working age. About of the Slovaks are married men with families resident in the ‘ahty. Polish males of working age in the community number about and have 10 married men with families among them. North Ital- is, Magyars, and Lithuanians together compose not much more than oer cent of the male population of working age, and a still smaller ^portion of the total population. Only about 20 per cent of the igyars have families in the community. Between 25 and 40 per it of the Italians and Lithuanians are married men with families. 1 nor to thirty years ago, Germans and English-speaking people re the only immigrants found in the community. The Germans 1 at that time been immigrating to the locality in considerable tor fifteen years or more, and the English, Irish, Scotch, and dsh had been coming in gradually for about ten years. Since the number of the English-speaking peoples leaving the ality has exceeded the new arrivals. Germans have been arriving small numbers more or less steadily during the past thirty years, 0 their increase has been somewhat offset by the departure of ae of those already in the community. )f the races which have immigrated during the past thirty years, 1> olovaks and North Italians are the leaders and began the inward vement. The Italians never came in large numbers and many of 'se who did come soon moved on to localities where larger colonies 4ieir own people were to be found, but the Slovaks formed a large 1 which has steadily served to draw in Slovak immigrants, I has become somewhat of a center of distribution to other mining ilities. The Poles have formed a floating element in the popula- 1 ot the community for the past twenty-five years. Croatians 600 The Immigration Commission. have been arriving for the past twenty years and the immigration among them has been more rapid during the past ten years than it had been previous to that time. Magyars have been immigrating during the past ten or fifteen years but have never formed any consicferable element in the populat on. The Servians and Monte- neo-rins are the newest comers. They have been present in the community only during the past three or four years and seem to form a part of the Croatian colony. . . ^ The employees of all races are principally mine workers. Two coal companies operating four mines, furnish em^oyment under normal industrial conditions to nearly 1,100 men. The numbers of the different races are estimated to be as follows: n • 185 Native-born of native father, Old immigration: , , ttt i u 90 English, Irish, Scotch, and ^ elsh ^75 German Recent immigi’ation : 220 Croatian and Servian 220 Slovak and Bohemian 2 ^ Polish 20 Italian, North Lithuanian and Magyar ^ , 1,090 The Americans, English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and Germans have control of the bulk of the business enterprises and of the administra- tive affairs of the town. They also dominate in the more responsible occuS^s in the mines, ashuperintendents, foremen examiners envi^ers, electricians, blacksmiths, and carpenters, and are found in considerable numbers throughout the mining occupations The Slovaks operate two saloons and a grocery, the Croatians liav( three saloons, the Bohemians have two saloons and a grocery, anc the Italians conduct one saloon. Perhaps 25 men find employmen m these business enterprises. Aside from those C, men among all the more recent immigrant races look to the mines to. work. Loading coal is the occupation at which practically all of then beo-in work. This occupation does not require as free a use of lisfi as is necessary in most of the other occupations, and at the sam time can be made to pay a better wage than is paid m most of th. oc“unations for day ln4. There js, therefore, no great financia stimulus to the immigrant in the mine to °or da* dom in the use of English which would qualify him for shift or da work. The course commonly chosen by the immigrant is to ®ndeavo To increase his earning capacity as loader rather than to concern hiin self to secure work in other occupations. iLmno-b th The second generation, however, is found y®‘'.'^i'^yyhTtXnn am occupations other than loading coal. The foreign-born Italian an. Lithuanian immigrants are beginning to be more ™ "r® „ employed in such occupations as machine running, g? & . and trick laving. Magyars, Poles, Slovaks, and Q-oatians are a o smaller measure following the lead set by the It^rhans Md Lithua nians. Occasionally members of the 1 ^^'“ race are found as exam filers and sometimes as straw bosses, but the standa p among all the more recent immigrants is loading or mining. 601 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. Community No. 6. This town is located 120 miles southeast of St. Louis and is one of a ;roup of coal communities which are representative of racial move- nents in the tenth or most southern district of Illinois. It is the ■•enter of a coal region in a county which has had a remarkable devel- )pment during the past ten years. During the ten years preceding lie financial depression of 1907 the annual coal output of this county vas increased more than fivefold, or from less than 1 ,000,000 to more han 5,000,000 tons. Since the year 1900 this county has also ad- vanced from the rank of ninth among the Illinois coal counties to the irst place among the coal-producing counties of the State, for the vear ending July 1, 1907. This increase was most marked during the leriod immediately following the anthracite strike of 1902, which made tself felt not only in the increased demand for soft coal, but also in L large increase in the number of immigrant mine workers. The ex- lansion of tlie coal industry has drawn in immigrants from fields im- nediately to the west and from other sections. In 1907 the county mployed about one-twelfth ® of all the mine workers in the State, md produced about one-ninth^ of the coal mined in the 55 coal ounties of tlie State. There are now four coal companies operating six mines in tlie im- nediate vicinity of the community, which normally employ about 1,300 aen, and there are other outlying mines of which the force is supplied )artly by men from the community. Altogether tlie mine workers a the community and its surrounding camps number about 1,500 aen, and are classified racially as follows: Fative-born of native father: White 730 Negro 30 lative-born of foreign father 115 >ld immigration: , English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh 200 French and German 25 lecent immigration: Italian, South 340 Polish 45 Other races ” _ * 15 Total 1^500 As can be readily seen from the foregoing table, the native whites nd negroes, the Scotch, English, Irish, Welsh, South Italians, and Poles lake up the bulk of the community’s population. French and Ger- lans are found in smaller numbers, and Jews, Slovenians, Lithu- nians, and Chinese constitute a very slight portion of the inhabit- nts. The racial elements of the total population are estimated as illows: ative-born of native or foreign father : White t Negro Id immigration : English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh. French and German “Aggregate number in State, 66,714; number in county, 5,635 (Illinois Coal -eport, 1907). ^Aggregate amount in State, 47,798,621 tons; amount in county, 5,266,452 tons llinois Coal Report, 1907). 5, 300 600 I, 000 100 602 The Immigration Commission, Recent immigration : Italian, South... Polish hVench- Belgian. Other races 70 ( 15 ( 10 ( 5 ( Peoples from Great Britain have been in this community in smal numbers for more than twenty-five years, but the majority o those now residing there have come during the past twelve or fifteei vears In numbers, the Scotch exceed the other races from Grea' Britain; the English rank next, and the Welsh outnumber the Irish A small proportion of each of these peoples is to be found in varioui business enterprises in the town and at work in the building trades but the majoritv of them are employed in the coal mines, where the] ore found in all the mining occupations both on the surface and under crround. The larger number, however, are found in the more skillec and more responsible occupations. The English and Scotch als( largely make up the force of foremen and superintendents. AVTth the exception of about 35 persons, including 8 to 10 mei and 7 families from Basilicata, who are unwilling to^ be classed a?' South Italians, all the Italians are South Italians. The total adul male Italian population of the community and surrounding colomer is estimated to be about 350 men, of whom not more than 75 to 8( have their families with them. The Italians have been immigratmc to this locality for the past ten or eleven years, and have m all case; gone to work in tlie coal mines, principally as diggers and loaders Gradually they have become scattered through the less skilled occu pations. Occasionally one of their number quits the mines to ente business. They now have two merchants and one steamship agent an extensive proper tv owner and business man. The Poles in the locality are largely Kussian Poles who have com< in during the past four years and settled principally in a colony a the north of the town proper. The adult male population of tni race is estimated to be 45, about 25 of whom have families witi them. The Poles have come to the community chiefly from othe coal fields, the majority of them from Pennsylvania. Practically ai the men of their number are at work in the coal mines as diggers o loaders. Only about a half dozen of these men can speak English so that most of the Poles are shut out from the other occupations all of which rec^uire a greater knowledge of English than does tlr work of digging and loading coal. Small numbers of them ar^.hov ever, securing work in such occupations as caging and t^bering where strength and endurance are the chief requisites. The ^^^1 male Belgians in the community are estimated to number 25, abou 15 of whom have families with them. They have come to the localit: during the past three to five years and most of them live in a minin' camp at the northwest of the town proper. Practically all the mei among these people are at work in the mines digging and loading coa The majority of the negro inhabitants have been born and rearei in the community. Others have come from neighboring minin localities to which they had been shipped as strike breakers a nuni ber of years ago. The terms on which the property of two of tn largest mines in the community is leased forbid the employmen Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 603 1 — of negroes in these mines. At the other mines they are found in [; small numbers, usually as loaders and diggers. Others are working r as unskilled laborers in various small jobs offering work from time to time. The majority of the negro workers, however, are employed in a railroad-tie creosoting plant in the town proper, where they make up the greater part of the force. Many of the American whites in the community are people who have come from the mountainous regions of Tennessee and Kentucky. Most of them are at work in the mines. Community No. 7. This community, which is 10 miles northwest of Community No. 6, is the most important town in the county in which both of these communities are located. Twenty -five hundred employees are found in its mines, and its population has increased from 1,559 in 1900 to 8,000 at the present time. As in Community No. 6, the growth of the coal industry has been the important factor in bringing about the employment of immigrants. The development of the local mines has been very rapid. The first shaft was sunk in 1897, and the community now has 11 coal companies operating 15 coal mines. Three of these mines are too far away to draw their working force from the town proper and another is at a camp which is 3 miles dis- tant, but which is owned entirely by one of the coal companies of the town. Eleven of the mines are in the immediate vicinity of the town itself, and these 11 mines, together with the mine at the neigh- boring camp, employ, under normal conditions, an average force of about 2,500, which is estimated to be made up of races as follows: Native-born of native father, White 1, 175 Native-born of foreign father « 225 Old immigration: English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh 150 French 30 German 15 Recent immigration: Italian, North 580 Italian, South 25 Lithuanian 160 Magyar 20 Polish 90 Syrian 10 Other races 20 Total.... 2, 5G0 Other towns and mining camps in the surrounding locality increase the total number of mine workers in and around the community to more than 4,000 men. The racial composition of the working forces of these detached camps and localities is practically the same as in Community No. 7, with the exception of two camps, in one of which the native whites born of native father predominate, and in the other, negroes and South Italians. The beginning and the growth of the community have been contingent upon the development a Principally of British, French, German, and North Italian parentage. About 75 per cent of British father, 15 per cent of German, 4 per cent of French, 2 per cent of North Italian, and some of Bohemian, Lithuanian, Polish, and Swedish father. 604 The Immigration Commission. of the coal industry, which has covered a period of only about twelve - years. The town proper, together with surrounding mining camps, is estimated to have a population at present of 8,000 to 10,000. The I foreign population constitutes from one-third to two-fifths of the : totah and an even greater part of the working population. North Italians make up a majority of all the immigrants, and Lithuanians come next in numbers, being about one-fourth as numerous as the i Italians. English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh combined are fewer than the Lithuanians. Poles come next and, together with races already named, constitute the bulk of the immigrant population. French, South Italians, Magyars, Germans, and Syrians are found in small numbers, and Hebrews, Finns, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Greeks, Ruthenians, Swedes and Chinese have representatives among the population. English, Scotch, Welsh, and Irish immigrants have been coming to the locality for the past twelve years. The adult male population among them now numbers about 150, of whom, probably, somewhat less than half are married men with families. The English by far outnumber the others of these races. The Scotch and Welsh are found in about equal numbers, and there are very few Irish. The majority of the men among these races are to be found in the mines distributed throughout the various occupations. The English, Scotch, and Welsh have dominated the more responsible positions in the town. Small numbers of them are engaged in business and in the building trades and clerical positions connected with the railroads and other business enterprises in the town. These people have come to the community usually from adjacent coal fields, and from other sections of the United States. North Italians have been coming to the community steadily for the past eleven or twelve years. The adult population among them now numbers about 650, of whom nearly 300 are married men with families. At the start, practically all of the men obtained work in the mines as diggers and loaders of coal, and the greater number are still to be found in these occupations. They are, however, gradually becoming distributed throughout all the less responsible mining occupations. The Lithuanians have all entered the community during the past seven years, and most of them have come within the past four years. There are now 175 or more adult males among them, and about 75 or 80 of these are married men with families. They have come in most instances from other sections of the United States. All of the men have obtained employment in the mines as coal diggers and loaders, but some of them are beginning to secure work as timber- men and cagers, and to be distributed somewhat in the other occupa- tions. Some of their men have left the mines and gone into farming or business enterprises, such as stores, butcher shops, and saloons. About 30 Lithuanians are home owners, and about an equal number are voters. Most of the Poles in the locality live at a mining camp about 3 miles from the town proper, which is owned by one of the coal com- panies. They are chiefly Russian Poles, and have come to the com- munity during the past three years, most of them from other sections of the United States. The adult male population of this race num- bers about 90, but only about 20 are married men with families. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 605 Vside from one merchant among them operating a small store, the nen are all at work in the mines. Nearly all of them are engaged n the occupations of loading and digging coal. The Germans in the community are principally those who have noved in from farms in the surrounding section. They have been n the locality twenty-five years or more. It is estimated that the Ldult males among them do not number more than 15. French and Belgians also have been immigrating to the community during the )ast hve years and have an adult male population in the locality of , T^*T mining camps on the outskirts of the town proper )Outh Italians are found to the extent of an adult male population I about 25, all of whom have arrived during the past five years here are also about 20 adult male Magyars in the locality who have ome during the past five years. The remaining races found in the ommunity taken together about equal the Magyars in numbers. Community No. 8. This community, which is situated 6 miles north of Community ;o. 6, IS another mining center of the same county. The working onditions are the same as in Community No. 6. The community as had^ a remarkable growth in population, increasing from 787 ersons in 1900 to about four times that number in 1909 At the resent tme the town is estimated to have a population ranging etween 3,000 and 3,500. English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, North nd South Italians, Lithuanians, Croatians, and Slovaks are the prin- pal races constituting the immigrant population. French and Uer- lans are found in smaller numbers, and Poles, Slovenians, and ebrews make up a small portion of the population. Three mining ittlements within a few miles of the town have a combined popula- on of about 1,000, including representatives of each of the races .entioned above. The expansion of the coal industry has made the employment of rge numbers of immigrants possible. The development of coal ining in the community has covered a period of less than fifteen lars, and there are now five shipping mines employing under normal ■nditions on an average about 1,150 men. The force of workers in ese mines is estimated to be made up by races as follows : itive-born of native father: WTiite 'itiye-born of foreign father a d immigration : English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh French German cent immigration : Croatian Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Slovak Polish and Slovenian 300 70 175 25 15 75 120 135 175 50 10 Total ... 1,150 I English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and German, 60 1 Lithuanian, 40 per cent. per cent; French, North Italian, 606 The Immigration Commission. Endish, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh have been coming to the locality for the past fifteen years, and in greater numbers during the past five vears There are now from 175 to 200 adult males among these people in the community, about 100 of whom are married men haying fam- ilies with them. The Scotch, Welsh, and Irish are present in equal proportions, and the English are estimated to be as numerous as theL others taken together. Small numbers of these peoples are found outside of the mines, in business enterprises and in the build- ing trades, but a large majority of the men among them are at woik aUhe coal mines. They are found in all the mining occupations and show a tendency to dominate the more responsible positions, as of foremen, examiners, and superintendents. -.ah There are about 15 German families in the community. A small number of these people have come to the locality during the past five years from other sections of the United States, but most of them have blm living on farms in the surrounding territory during a period of twenty years. About three-fourths of the nien work m the coal mines and are scattered generally throughout all the occupations. The remaining one-fourth are engaged in business and m clerical work m the town The North Italians have come to the community during the past ten years usually from neighboring sections of the United States. There are now from 40 to 50 North Italian families in the locality, with a male population of working age of about 140. Aside from the four who are merchants, all of the men among the North Italians are mine workers. In the mines they are engaged chiefly in digging and loading coal, but are gradually advanc- in^ to the more responsible occupations. t ^ There are about 150 South Italian men in the community, froin 25 to 35 of them being married men with families. These peop have come to the locality largely from other sections of the Unitd States, during the past eight or ten years, and have to™ed oolon^^^^^ in the town proper and at a mining camp one mile distant, lire total number has maintained a gradual and steady mcrense, hut individuals among them are regarded in large measure as a floating eCent in the p^lation. With the fception of the and employees of the several stores and barber shops, the South Ital ians are^ at work in the coal mines, where they are found as di^ge - “ThrFrench have a male adult population in the community of 3C or 40, most of them having come during the past four or h' e year from other sections of the Umte^d States. About ’0 ttem are in clerical positions, or are day laborers doing occasional work ic the town. Other men are at work in the coal mines as diggers and loaders largely, but somewhat distributed in all the less resp ™ Lithuaiflans have been coming to the community for th^ast sever years, but the majority have arrived within P^SL^le popu- years chiefly from other coal regions of this country. The male popu lation of working age among them now is estimated to n"r 05 50 to 75 of whom are married men with famihes. Th Lithuanian business men who operate one general stole and a theater. The rest of the men work m the coal mines as diggers an loaders and, in smaller numbers, as cagers and timbermen. 607 r Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. Ijj^ /I^ere are about 75 adult male Croatians in the community probably 30 of whom are married men with families. They have come to the locality during the past five years, most of them from mining towns in other sections of the United States. All of the men are at work in the coal mines, where they are employed as diggers and loaders. The Slovaks have entered the community during the past hve years, the majority of them from other mining sections of the United States. It is estimated that there are now 15 Slovak families with a total adult male population of more than 50. The Slovaks are all mine workers and most of them are loaders and diggers of coal. Small numbers of Poles and Slovenians have come to the com- munity during the past three or four years. It is estimated that there are fewer than 15 men, and not more than five or six families in both of these races combined. Practically all of the men of these races work as loaders and diggers in the coal mines. Races other than those already enumerated make up only a very slight portion dI the town’s population. Community No. 9. pother interesting illustration of a remarkable increase in popu- ation and of the influx of recent immigrants arising from coal mnmg development in recent years is seen in this community. It s located 20 miles southeast of Community No. 6 and is in the most iouthern mining district of Illinois, being over 300 miles south of diicago, and about 70 miles northeast of Cairo. It is the county eat and its population, owing to the extension of coal-mining opera- ions, has trebled within the past nine years. Shipping mines have been operated about fifteen years ® in the ounly in which the community is situated. The annual output of :I1 the county’s mines, however, prior to the year ending July 1, 1906 lad never reached 500,000 tons. In 1905 the output was only about 50,000 tons. In 1908 the output was about 2,500,000 tons, of which ne company produced more than 2,000,000 tons. Wlien this com- any took charge of the mines in 1905 it was giving employment to my 600 to 700 men. This working force has now increased to almost ,000 men, the percentage of each race employed being as follows: ative-born of native father: White Negro atiye-born of foreign father Id immigration: English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh German ecent immigration: Lithuanian Polish Magyar I Slovak Per cent of total force. 40 1 10 15 1 23 2 7 1 The population of the town itself is made up principally of native lutes, negroes, English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, Lithuanians, and >les. Uermans a re found in small numbers, and other races make « Illinois Coal Report, 1907, State Bureau of Labor Stati^^^ 608 The Immigration Commission. up a very slight proportion of the population. Considerable num- bers of Slovaks and Magyars also live in mining camps only a few miles distant from the towm. Negroes are estimated to make up somewhat less than 5 per cent of the population and have largely been born and reared in the community. The immigrants, except the English-speaking peoples and Germans, have come to the locality during the past three years, usually from other mining sections of the United States. t-i_o 4. Representatives of the Germans and of the English, Uish, Scotch, and Welsh races have been in the community for more than twenty years The majority of the British peoples, however, have come in during the past seven years, but these races and the Germans seem to be thoroughlv identihed with the natives and to compete mth them on an equal footing both for employment and in business, the British are found principally in the mines, and are there employed in all occupations. , n ^ ^ The Lithuanians by far outnumber all the other races ot recent immigrants in the county. It is estimated that there are to 1 000 adult male Lithuanians now in the county and that trom .^00 to 225 of these are married men who have come to the county during the past three vears from other mining sections of the United States. Considerably less than half of the lithuanians in the county, however, or about 450 males of working age, representing 60 to 75 families, Ipe in the town proper. At a mining camp which has grown up hurmg the past feAV years, 4 miles south of the town proper, the majority ot the inhabitants are Lithuanians. There are about 450 men of working age among the Lithuanians in the camp, and from 140 to 150 ot these men have families wdth them. The Lithuanians m the community operate 11 stores, 1 barber shop, and 1 tailor shop, which together give employment to about 25 of their own race. There are 8 or 10 carpenters also among the Lithuanians, and one ot their ber conducts a real estate and labor agency. Practically all ot the other men of this race are mine workers. Eight or ten ot them are employed as blacksmiths, some as cagers and timbermen, and many as machine runners, but most of them work at loading coal. The Poles in the county have come in during the past t^ee years, most of them from other mining sections of this country. They have settled in and around the community and have a population embracing 70 or more adult males, of whom 25 are married men with families The Poles have 1 merchant, 2 tailors, and 1 carpenter among them. Aside from these, the men are at work m the mines principally as loaders. There are a few mine blacksmiths and machine runners among them, and very small numbers of them are beginning to be employed in the less responsible occupations as day laborers or in caging, timbering, track laying, and drivii^. , , The Slovaks have been coming into tne county for the past two years, principally from other mining localities of the United states. They now number about 12 families, with 35 or more adult males, all living in the mining camps of the community. I be Slovaks are mine workers and are engaged principally m loading coal, in community’s mining camps there are also about 25 Magyar tamihes, including 70 or more males of working age. These people have come Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 609 to the community during the past two years, and most of them have come from other mining sections of the United States. Practically all of the men are at work in the mines loading coal. Community No. 10. Another locality to which immigration has been significant is found in the county seat of the county adjoining that in which Community No. 9 is situated. Three railroads making connections with all parts of the country run into the town. Although coal mining is the pre- dominant industry, employment is furnished to about 600 persons by local enterprises, including a brewery, shoe factory, and railroad shops, rhe Twelfth Census gave to the locality a total population of 6,463 persons. The present population is estimated to be between 10,000 md 11,000, made up principally of native whites, negroes, Scotch, English, Welsh, Irish, Germans, North Italians, and South Italians. French, Norwegians, Swedes, Bohemians, Poles, and Chinese are bund in very small numbers. The town has 4 coal companies, oper- iting 8 mines, which give employment to about 800 men. The races '.omprising this force are approximately as follows: 'Native-born of native father: White 370 Negro 90 'Native-born of foreign father 135 )ld immigration : English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh 50 German 20 lecent immigration : Italian, North 55 Italian, South 70 Other races 10 Germans were the first immigrants to the locality. They have been oming into this region from Pennsylvania and Ohio, and from Europe ince about 1860. At the start many of these people went to the farms ind have been in a large measure responsible for the introduction of tnproved farming methods and the development of agriculture in the urrounding territory. In addition to constituting a large part of the ountyb fanning population, the German people have gradually )ranched out in other pursuits and are now to be found among the most •rominent men in all the business and industrial enterprises carried n in and around the community. These immigrants, however, have i^ever entered the mining industry in any considerable numbers. The lerman immigrants and their children are estimated to number not auch above 50 of the 800 mine workers in the community, which is 1 ' proportion much smaller than their percentage of the total popu- ition. Those who have gone into the mines are found in all the lining occupations, though more are engaged as engineers, black- miths, firemen, and top laborers than as miners. During the period from 1870 to 1880, Scotch and English in consid- rable numbers, and Welsh and Irish in smaller numbers, came to be community, and during the greater part of this period constituted be bulk of the mining population. They are regarded as the most apable and adaptable mine workers and are found in all the mining ccupations. They predominate in the more responsible positions, uch as foremen, superintendents, and examiners. They have not. 610 The Immigration Commission. however, confined themselves to mine vfork, but are engaged in the various occupations in all the industries offering employment to the residents of the community. Some of their number also occupy prominent business and industrial positions. As new and more ex- tensive coal fields in neighboring counties have been opened up, these people in common with more recent immigrants have gone in large nurnbers to the newer fields, in many cases becoming foremen and superintendents at the new mines. There are about 65 adult male North Italians in the community, and about 20 of these are married men who have their families with them. The first of these people arrived about twenty-five years ago, and nearly all of them came before the year 1900. Since that time their number has tended to decrease rather than to increase, because many of them have moved to the more recently developed coal com- munities of the State. Twelve of their number are business men in the community, either owning or acting as clerks in saloons, gro- ceries, or butcher shops. The remainder are engaged in the mining occupations, principally as loaders and diggers, but are occasionally found as shift workers in such occupations as caging and timbering. The adult male South Italians in the community number about 75, of whom about 15 are married men having families with them. These people have come to the locality during the past twenty years, and the majority of them have been in the community for more than ten years. Practically all of the men among them are mine workers and are employed chiefly as loaders and diggers. They do not occupy positions of responsibility, such as foremen and examiners, and are rarely found among the force of shift or day workers. During the decade 1880 to 1890 negroes in considerable numbers from States to the east and south were brought to the community. At fu’st they were employed in the mines, and a large number are still to be found in the various mining occupations. Greater pro- portions of them, however, are engaged as loaders and diggers than are in the other occupations. Some also are employed in the other local industries and as street workers, railroad laborers, or day laborers on occasional work of various kinds. It is estimated that there are now more than 600 negroes, including 100 to 150 adult males, in the community. REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITIES IN INDIANA. The history of immigration to coal-mining communities follows the same general trend in Indiana as in Illinois. In putting forward localities to exhibit in detail the history of immigration, one town or community from the Indiana block-coal field has been selected and is presented along with those from the ordinary bituminous regions. The detailed account of the history of immigration to the different localities follows: Community No. 1. This town is in the southern part of the State and is situated in the heaviest coal-producing region in the State. The seams of coal worked are geological veins Nos. IV and VI. The depth of the nnnes from the surface varies from 55 to 307 feet, and the thickness of the seams is from 4 feet 6 inches to 5 feet 6 inches. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 611 The population of the town in 1900 was 3,071, made up of 2,401 ^T 78.2 per cent native whites, 435 or 14.2 per cent second genera- ion foreign whites, 234 or 7.6 per cent immigrant whites. Since 900 the population has increased to a point ranging between 10 000 nd 12,000. ’ Native whites, English, Scotch, and Irish, and small numbers of lermans, compose about three-fourths of the present population of he community. From 15 to 20 per cent of the inhabitants are French nd French-Belgians. Swedes, North Italians, Magyars, Poles, Slo- , aks, and Syrians are found in small numbers in the town’s popula- iion. The numbers of Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks are increased jdien mining camps lying at a distance of 5 miles or more from the own are considered. Lithuanians are also found in these outlying lining camps. ^ The English-speaking peoples and the Germans have been in this icality m considerable numbers during the- past twenty-five years, he small representation of Swedes is also made up of persons who lave been in the United States for a long period. All these races are ) a great extent identified with the natives. French and French- lelgians have been entering the locality for a period of about twenty oars, and during the past ten years have been coming in much rger numbers than previously. The North Italian and Magyar Qinigration to the locality has taken place within the past five or X years. Poles, Slovaks, and Lithuanians have arrived in greatest ambers since the year 1905. Community No. 2. Tins community is situated in the block coal district of Indiana, lie block coal mines of the State as a whole give employment under irmal industrial conditions to somewhat above 1,500 persons on the ■erage Of this number, about 1,200 are in or around community 0 . 2. I he geological seams of coal from which the Indiana block "al IS mined are Nos. Ill and IV , which lie at a depth from the :rface varying from 42 to 215 feet, and range from 3 to 5 feet in nckness. The population in the block coal region has been on the decline for |e past ten years or more, but during the past nine years there has I en a constantly increasing concentmtion of this population around mmumty No. 2. The town with its immediate environs now has wOO or more inhabitants, or about 4 times as many people as lived the same re^on in 1900. This population is made up of native whites, English, Irish, Scotch, 'elsh. North Italians and Tyrolese, and Slovaks, together with a •lall number of Poles. An estimate of the number of males 1 6 years age or over and of families in the community is as follows: Race. Adult males. Families. Ive-born English, Scotch, Irish, and Welsh 140 ton. North and Tyrolese. . . 1 cn 50 and Polish luU 1 KA 90 — lot) 90 612 The Immigration Commission. The English-speaking peoples of foreign birth have been in the com munity during the past thirty-five years and are at present closeh associated with the native-born. Slovaks have been in the locality in small numbers for twenty-five years. The majority of the Slovaks however, as well as practically all of the Italians, Tyrolese, and Eole now in the locality, have arrived vdthin the past fifteen years. 1 hesi races have come principally from Europe, and this field has servei as a base from which immigrants have gone out into tovuis of th' bituminous fields. Community No. 3. This town is near the western border and somewhat south of th center of the State. Mining is the chief industry, and the town i the coal center of the county in which it is located. The region ovei lies part of the northeastern margin of the Ilhnois-Indiana cnal belt The veins worked are geologically known as Nos. VI and Vli, am have a thickness of from 4 feet 8 inches to 6 feet 6 inches, lying at depth from the surface of from 110 to 340 feet. The population of the community in 1900 was 2,918, made up c 1 966 native whites, 465 second-generation foreign whites, 433 foreigr born whites, 51 negroes, and 3 Chinese. Since the year 1900, the pof ulation has increased to about 6,500, and a large share of this increas has been due to the influx of immigrants. English, Scotcb, Welst Irish and Germans, in considerable numbers, together with Danes an Swedes in smaller numbers, have been in the community for a Ion period and have become in great measure identified with native: North Italians, together with Tyrolese, however, make up a large proportion of the recent immigrant population than any other rac« Lithuanians, Finns, and Magyars, are also present m considerabi numbers. Poles, Slovaks, Slovenians, Bulgarians, and Roumanian! taken together, constitute another important element of the popuh tion. South Italians and Hebrews have come in in small number: and there are a few Chinese in the town. Estimates of the number of males of working age (16 years old an over), and of families, among the various races of recent immigrj tion are given in the following statement : Race. Adult males. Families 550 150 60 75 1 300 1 J 40 1, 175 L Aside from the immigration of English-speaking peoples, German Swedes, and Danes, practically all of the immigration to the communil has taken place within the past fifteen years. North Italians beg^ to arrive in small numbers as early as the year 1886 and have be( Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 613 coming more or less steadily since 1896. Lithuanians, Finns, Mag- yars, Poles, Slovaks, and Slovenians all began to come to this com- munity from twelve to fifteen years ago. The period of heaviest immigration among all these races, howxver, as is evidenced by the large increase in the town's population, has been since 1900, and during this period a large part of the immigration has come from other sec- tions of the United States. Prior to the year 1900 the greater part cf the immigration was direct from Europe. Community No. 4. This community is in the southeastern part of the State** and is dtuated in the same county as Community No. 1. Coal mining is extensively engaged in and is the sole industry of the town. Seven nines are in operation in the locality, giving employment under lormal industrial conditions to about 1,000 men. The geological 5eams of coal worked are Nos. Ill and IV, which lie at a depth from ifie surface varying from 43 to 153 feet. The thickness of these ^eins varies from 5 feet to 7 feet 6 inches. The town has grown up almost .entirely within the past eight /ears. In the year 1900 there were only 110 inhabitants. Shortly ifterwards a railroad was constructed through the region, and coal nining developed extensively. The population has now increased 0 more than 3,000 people. Living quarters and accommodations, )wing to the rapid growth, were at first crude, and developments dong this line did not go forward rapidly enough to furnish ade- quate housing facilities for the steadily increasing numbers of em- )loyees needed in the mines. Under these conditions it was difficult 0 secure native and English-speaking mine workers. Consequently, ecourse was had to races of immigrants who were not so exactino- ;i,s to living and housing facilities. ^ Magyars were the first among the races of recent immigrants to ettle in the community, and they arrived in larger numbers than did he other races. Poles and Slovaks, together with small numbers •f Lithuanians, followed the Magyars, and these races now constitute he greater proportion of alien immigration. The number of adult aales among the Magyars finally reached about 125, among the ’oles about 100, and among the Slovaks about 75. A few years after the town was established the number of homes uitable^ for natives and English-speaking peoples became sufficient or an increased population, and natives and allied races became lore firmly established in the mines, in a measure displacing the aces of recent immigration. During the past three years there as been a more or less constant, although gradual, egyess of Magyars, 'oles, and Slovaks, who have sought employment in other mining )cahties. About the middle of March, 1909, all of the remaining lagyars were forcibly driven out of the town, and many of the oles and Slovaks left the community as a result of a riot between ae natives and Magyars. It is estimated that there are now not lore than 40 Polish and 25 Slovak men of working age left in the 3wn. [ 48296°— VOL 6—11 40 614 The Immigration Commission. Community No. 5. This community is located in one of the heaviest coal-producing sections in the bituminous district in Indiana. The vein of coa principally worked is geological seam No. IV, which here lies depth from the surface varying from 50 feet to 120 feet. The thick- ness of the coal ranges from 6 feet to 7 feet 4 inches. The mines n the vicinity sive employment under normal industrial conditions t( more than 1,400 men. Of this number from 400 to 500 are emoloyee:' who live in the town, which forms the center of population tor th( commUto^^ itself is now estimated to have a population of fron 1 200 to 1,500, as compared with 129 inhabitants m the year 1900 A large part of this rapid increase of population has been due to th influx of recent immigrants who have come to this locality m mos cases from other sections of the United States, particularly fron Pennsylvania and West Virginia. t -.u • .mPc The recent immigrants found m the town are Lithuanians, ^lojaks and South Italians, together with small numbers of Poles and Kuth enians An estimate of the number of men of working age (16 year old or over) and of families of the races of recent immigration is a follows : Race. Adult males. Families 200 45 45 The community, therefore, furnishes a first-class illustration of minino- locality which has developed during the past tour or in years. The bulk of immigration to the locality on the part ol eac of the races of recent immigrants took place between the years 190 and 1907. Practically all the races of recent immigration have com to the community within the past eight years. REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS IN OHIO. In submitting a somewhat detailed account of the racial moV( ments to the Ohio coal fields, individual communities or towns ai not presented, but divisions based upon county lines and upc accepted designations of the different fields have been observe. This method of presentation has the advantage of giving a ^ener conception of the history of immigration to the coal names ot t State as well as a detailed application to oftam districts 11 divisions are as follows: (a) The Massillon field (Stark Countj (6) Tuscarawas County, (c) Belmont-JeffersomHarrison fie d ( mont, Jefferson, and Harrison counties), (d) the Hocking fie Hocking, and Perry counties), (e) the Jackson field (Jackson Count} if) the Guernsey field (Guernsey County). Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 615 The table following shows by principal coal-producing counties the otal number of mining employees in Ohio in 1908: Table 321. — Number of coal-mine employees in Ohio, by county, 1908. [From Ohio Coal Report, 1908.] County. tark uscarawas ■ehnont ^fferson arrison thens ocking erry Total number of miners. 51.3 2,573 8,502 6,322 667 8,389 2,352 4,213 County. 1 Total number of miners. Jackson 2,605 4,923 1,311 1,148 1,461 Guernsey Columbiana Meigs Wayne Total 44, 979 By ref erring to the above table it is seen that in the divisions under onsideration approximately 45,000 men are employed. The table :lso shows the three counties having each more than 1,000 miners Inch ^e not included in the discussion. In several other counties t the State some coal is mined, but the output is small and the umber of employees of foreign birth in the industry of no conse- uence. The mine^ in Jackson County were opened about the year 1880 he original miners were Welsh, English, Scotch, Irish, and native mericans, with the Welsh predominant in point of numbers. The tees mentioned above had been immigrating to the county for a ,3riod of sixty years prior to the opening of these mines. Conse- Jently many so-called Welsh, English, Irish, and Scotch were really le second or third generation of these races. No later immio*rants ive ever been employed, because the operators decided that they Tterred Enghslvspeakmg miners and have adhered strictly to this e termination. The mines at present are almost exhausted Pro- uction IS rapidly declining, and while other seams of coal may be .sveloped It IS very evident that now and for some years to come ere will be none of the races of more recent immigrants employed 1 the mining industry in this field. Although sorne mining had been done in the Guernsey County Isld before 1840, the operations did not assume any commercial uportance until about the year 1880. During the period 1880 to 8- a tew Slovaks and Magyars arrived in this field and foiinfl :iployment. In the two years 1884 and 1885 one or two large mines (ire opened, and additional Slovaks and Magyars were secured, ^ace that time Slovak, Lithuanian, Polish, Magyar, and BeDian Miners have been employed in the mines throughout this couSty the present time the mining employees are as follows, by race : Hive-born of native and foreign fathers. . q .1 immigration: o, . Welsh... • cent immigration: Slovak Lithuanian Polish 1*^^ Magvar 1^^ Belgian.;.;:;;;:::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:;;;;;;;;;;;;:;;;;;;;;;;- ““ 616 The Immigration Commission. The great majority of the Slovak and practically all theLithuamani Polish and Belgian miners have immigrated to the county within t n past six to eight years, this period mariang the expansion of tin minino' industry in Guernsey County. The Welsh are much olde immigrants, and came in individually during the previous forty o ^The M^assillon district, in which mines were opened sixty years ago is the oldest field in the State which has been developed on a arg. scale The greatest expansion of the industry occuiied about 18/0 Up to this time there had been a constant and general in^igration the men arriving individually rather than in groups. Those wh. came to the region at that time were Welsh, English, a,nd Geimans The niaiority of these people entered agricultural pursuits, and somi sought Employment in thimines. . With the expansion of the indus try following 1870, immigration increased, particularly that of th Welsh miners. This movement was steadily maintained until i was checked by the panic and general industrial depression of 189.i At the present time probably 90 per cent of all the miners m thi district are American, or the second S®u®ration of the races rnentione above. About eighteen years ago a few North Italians drifted mt the region. The movement never assumed any importance, bu these North Italians and their children have remained in the mdustn and at present constitute probably 8 per cent of the miners. Afte the years 1893 and 1894, however, practically no more Noith Italian caml into the district. During the, year 1899 a tew Bohemians an Slovaks arrived, and are still working in a few mines, but these lace have never assumed any importance. * i , ,. cff,, ,.00, Some mines w'ere opened in Tuscarawas County forty or fifty yeai ago, but the industry did not assume much importance until moi ricent years. Up to the year 1894, the small number of minei employed were ciiiefly Irish, with some Welsh “d Scotch In th year 1892 there was a strike in this region, during which a Jew Nort and South Italians were employed. Since that date many oHhe lath have continued coming, though their immigration was checked by th industrial depression of 1907. At present the miners of this regio constitute ap^oximately the following numbers of different races. Native-born a and races of older immigration, including English, Irish, Scotch, ^ ^ Welsh, and German ’ Recent immigration: y Italian, North g Italian, South 2 Tyrolese 2' Magyar li Slovak, Polish, and other races The Tyroleans came to the district from 1901 to 1906, the Magya between'^1902 and 1907, and the Slovak, Polish, and miscellaneoi races have come individually since the year 1901. In the Belmont-Jefferson-Harrison field, on in Jefferson and Belmont counties along the Ohio Kiver in rat a small way for more than sixty years. The miners have be Americans, English, Welsh, Scotch, Irish, and Germans. During tl a Includes second generation of English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and Germans. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 617 wo years 1889 and 1890 several large mines were opened in Jefferson /ounty. Owing to the absence of sufficient English-speaking miners 0 operate them, about 300 Magyars and South Italians were brought rom the neighboring Pennsylvania and West Virginia fields. Before his development proceeded much further, however, the panic of 1893 nd the resultant depression checked it. Five years later the develop- lent of this field was revived on a large scale, starting more especially 1 Belmont County, and this expansion marked the beginning of the irge immigration.^ Local labor was not adequate to work the mines nd numbers of immigrants of various races were secured from Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and New York City. As early as 1896, few Bohemians, South Italians, Magyars, and Poles had been drift- ig into the region, but since 1899 and up to 1907, the immigration jito these counties has been in direct relation to the development of fie coal mines. At present -the operating force is racially made up as follows: ative-borna ecent immigration : Italian, North... ; Italian, South... ! Magyar I Bohemian ' Slovak Polish Lithuanian Hervat Montenegrin 3 , 000 800 2, 200 1 , 800 1 , 300 3 , 500 1 , 700 500 500 200 In the Hocking district, mining has been carried on for fifty years, he miners employed prior to the year 1875 were all American, nglish, Irish, Scotch, and German, with a large percentage of Ylsh. It is impossible to state the numbers of the above races )ming to this region during that time, but their immigration had ,3clined since 1875, and had practically stopped by 1893. In the 'ars 1881 and 1882 about 300 German miners immigrated to the strict, the occasion of their coming being the scarcitv of other bor. In 1888 a few Magyars arrived and were soon followed by oles, Slovaks, and Italians. In 1890 a few Finns also came. With le panic of 1893 further imniigration of these races was checked itil about 1897 and 1898. Since that time, however, their immigra- on has not been large, owing to the fact that the production of this strict has reached its maximum and will probably not increase to ay considerable extent. At the present time the miners of this region are approximately : follows : .1 jr j ; aive-born & • 'Cent immigration : Magyars Italian, North... Italian, South... Polish Slovak Finnish 12, 000 1,000 100 400 000 800 100 I Includes second generation of English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and Germans 0 Includes second generation of English, Irish, Welsh and Germans. i I Chapter III. ECONOMIC STATUS. Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied — Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States — General occupation of women at the present time, in the households studied — General occupa- tion of males at the present time, in the households studied — Daily earnings — Rela- tion between period of residence and earning ability — Annual earnings of male heads of families studied — Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the house- holds studied — Annual family income — Wives at work— Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers — Sources of family income— Relative importance of the different sources of family income — [Text Tables 322 to 342 and General Tables 106 to 117]. INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSE- HOLDS STUDIED. Before entering into a detailed discussion of the economic condition of the immigrant mine worker in the Middle West at the present time, it will be worth while to consider the industrial status of the immigrant mining employees and their families before they came to this country. With this object in view, the following series of tab- ulations has been prepared, showing the general industrial training and experience abroad, as well as the specific occupations in which the foreign-born persons of bituminous localities in the Middle West were engaged before coming to this country. This information rela- tive to female members of the households of foreign birth is first pre- sented, followed by a like presentation of foreign-born males. The first two of the series of tables are submitted below and show the general industrial condition as well as the principal occupations of females who were 16 years of age or over at the time of arrival in the United States, by race of individual. Table 322. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-horn females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Race of individual. Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. Number — Per cent— With- out oc- cupa- tion. Work- ing for wages. Work- ing without wages. Work- ing for profit. With- out oc- cupa- tion. Work- ing for wages. Work- ing without wages. Work- ing for profit. talian. North. . 42 14 26 2 33. 3 61, 9 4 ft fi f\ talian, South 21 19 1 1 90. 5 4 8 o 4 ft u. u n Lithuanian 43 34 7 2 79h O 16. 3 4.7 • u .0 Total 120 78 35 7 65.0 29.2 5.8 .0 619 620 The Immigration Commission, Table ^23. —Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-horn females whc were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [TMs table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-bom, Num- Per cent with- out occu- pa- tion. Per cent working for wages. Per cent working without wages. Race of individual. ber re- port- ing com- plete data. Farm labor- ers. In do- mes- tic and per- sonal serv- ice. In all other occu- pa- tions. Total. Farm labor- ers. In all other occu- pa- tions. Total. Per cent work- ing foi profit 1 ItdllTTl ^nrth 42 33.3 0.0 7.1 54.8 G1.9 4.8 0.0 4.8 0.* Italian South 21 90.5 .0 .0 4.8 4.8 4.8 .0 4.8 Lithuanian 4:1 79.1 14.0 2.3 .0 16.3 4.7 .0 4.7 Total I 120 1 (;5.0 5.8 3.3 20.0 29.2 5.8 .0 5.8 As can be readily seen in the above tables, 65 per cent of the femalei were without occupation abroad, 29.2 per cent were working fo wages, 5.8 per cent were working without wages, and none were work ino’*^for profit. Proceeding further with the analysis of the four in dustrial groups it is seen that 5.8 per cent of the total number wen farm laborers working for wages and 3.3 per cent were in domestic o^; personal service. All of those working without wages were farn laborers. The exhibit for specific races shows also a wide variation ii the industrial condition abroad of the North and South Italian women 90.5 per cent of the South Italians were without occupation, in contrasi with 33.3 per cent of the North Italian women, and 61.9 per cent o the North Italian women worked for wages before coming to thr country, while only 4.8 per cent of the South Italian females wen working for wages abroad. It is also worthy of note that 18.7 pe cent of the Lithuanian women were working abroad as farm laborers 14 per cent for wages and 4.7 per cent without wages. ^ As regards the mining employees of foreign birth m the Midda West at the present time who were 16 years of age or over at the tmi( of coming to the United States, the following table shows the gen eral industrial condition abroad of the comparatively small numbe in the households studied: Table 324 . — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born male who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-bom. Race of individual. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Number— Per cent — With- out occu- pation. Work- ing for wages. Work- ing with- out wages. Work- ing for profit. With- out occu- pation. Work- ing for wages. Work- ing with- out wages. Work- ing for profit Italian, North 47 1 33 9 4 2.1 70.2 19.1 8. QA Italian South 23 14 2 7 .0 60.9 8. 7 OU- Lithuanian 46 16 19 11 .0 34.8 41.3 22. Total 135 1 67 38 29 .7 49.6 28.1 21 . Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 621 The foregoing table shows that 49.6 per cent of the total number )f persons reporting had been working abroad for wages, 28.1 per •ent had been worfing without wages, and 21.5 per cent had been vorking for profit. Only 0.7 per cent of the total number were with- »ut any occupation before they came to this country. The North talians had the largest proportion working for wages and the smallest )roportion working for profit. The South Italians, on the other hand, lad a larger percentage working for profit than any other race for v^hich information is shown. It should also be noted that 41.3 per ent of the Lithuanian males had been working abroad without wages. Continuing the analysis a step further, the table next submitted xhibits the principal occupations followed by the persons in the ;eneral industrial groups: 'able 325. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-horn males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming^ by race of individual . (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Phis table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.J Race of indi- vidual. Number reporting complete data. i Per cent without occu- pation. Per cent working for wages. Per cent working without wages. Per cent working for profit. Farm laborers. Laborers. Miners. In hand trades. In other occu- pations. Total. Farm laborers. In other occu- pations. Total. Farmers. In other occu- pations. Total. alian. North.. 47 2.1 14.9 23.4 0.0 6.4 25.5 70.2 19.1 0.0 19.1 8.5 0.0 8.5 alian. South. . 23 .0 2(:. 1 4.3 4.3 13.0 13.0 60.9 8.7 .0 8.7 30.4 .0 30.4 ithuanian..... 46 .0 28.3 .0 2.2 j 2.2 2.2 34.8 41.3 '.0 41.3 23.9 .0 23.9 Total 135 .7 19.3 9.6 1-5 1 6.7 12.6 49.6 28.1 .0 28.1 21.5 .0 j 21.5 The most interesting showing made by the above table is that the ccupations of the present immigrant mine workers when abroad were, 1 practically all cases, not of a kind to afford any experience or train- ig for industrial life in this country. Only 1.5 per cent of the 135 lales reporting had been engaged in mining before coming to the Inited States. Of the several races, the South Italian has the largest roportion of males who had worked as miners abroad. Farming ppears to have been the chief occupation in which the male immi- rants were engaged. Of the total number, 1 9.3 per cent had worked 3 farm laborers for wages and 28.1 per cent as farm laborers without ages, while 21.5 per cent were farmers for profit. Of the races lecified, the Lithuanians had the largest relative proportion of farm iborers, both in the class working for wages and in the class working Ithout wages. The South Italians, however, show a relatively igher proportion of males who had been engaged abroad in farming I 622 The Immigration Commission. PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE CX)MING TO THE UNITED STATES. Of more value than the results of the household study for thi^ particular inquiry is the information obtained from 7,676 miners as i result of the individual investigation. These data are put forward ii the following table: Table 326 . — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees in each specified occupation befon coming to the United States, by race. (STUDY OF KMPLOYEES.) [This table includes onl}’- races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-bom. Race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who were engaged in — Mining. Farming or farm labor. General labor. Manufac- turing. Hand trades. Other occupa- tions. Bohemian and Moravian 196 72.4 10.7 5.6 1.0 8.7 1. Croatian 155 7.1 81.3 4.5 3.2 1.3 2. English 547 87.8 1.5 2.0 1.3 3. 1 4. German 575 59.7 17.6 5.4 1.9 9.9 5. Italian, North 1,551 22.8 52.0 5.9 4.1 9.0 6. Italian, South 361 23.3 62.6 6.6 .0 5. 5 1. Lithuanian 1,023 3.6 79.7 9.7 1.6 4. 5 l.t Magyar 581 17.7 69.7 3.1 1.4 6. 4 1. Polish 741 14.2 70.9 4.2 2.0 6.3 2. Russian 344 7.3 86.9 .9 .3 3.8 Scotch 237 92.4 1.3 3.0 .0 .4 3. Slovak 684 15.1 75.3 2.3 1.9 3.9 1. Slovenian 86 34.8 45.3 4.7 1.2 12.8 1. Welsh 92 91.3 1.1 3.3 .0 .0 4. Total 7,676 30.5 53.2 5.0 2.0 6.1 3. The preceding table shows that only 30.5 per cent of the total num her reporting were miners abroad, the greater part, 53.2 per cent having been farmers or farm laborers. By a separation of the oldei from the more recent immigrants it appears that the races of south- ern and eastern Europe, which constitute the principal source of min- ing labor at present, report only 13.8 per cent as having had any ex- perience or training in mining abroad. Five per cent of the total number reporting were employed prior tc their arrival in the United States as common laborers; 6.1 per cent wen in hand trades; 2 per cent were in manufacturing industries; and 3.^ per cent had occupations not specified. The two principal groups farming and mining, comprise upward of three-fourths of each of th( leading races. In the case of the Russians, 94.2 per cent were engager in farming or mining. The five races showing the highest percentagee of farmers are the five reporting the smallest proportion of miners, anc vice versa. The Russians were most largely engaged in farming, 86.9 per ceni of them being thus reported. The Croatians follow with 81.3 pei cent, the Lithuanians with 79.7 per cent, and the Slovaks with 75.^ per cent. Other races with considerably more than one-half of theii number reported in this class are the Poles, Magyars, and South Italians The Welsh, Scotch, and English had the fewest farmers, the nuinbei in each case being less than 2 per cent of the whole. The Bohemians Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 623 and Moravians show 10.7 percent, and the Germans 17.6 percent, as farmers or farm laborers. The highest percentage, or 9.7, of laborers in industries other than farming is reported by the Lithuanians, followed by 6.6 per cent of the South Italians, 5.9 per cent of the North Italians, 5.6 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians, and 5 .4 per cent of the Germans. Less than 1 per cent of the Russians were laborers in other industries than farming, and the English, Slovak, Scotch, and Magyar races report but 2 or 3 per cent. Of the total of 7,676, the 153 males who were connected with nanufacturing industries abroad comprise the smallest group and ire but 2 per cent of the whole number furnishing data. The North [talians show the greatest number engaged in manufacturing, their percentage being 4.1; the Croatians, with 3.2 per cent, rank second, ind the Poles, with 2 per cent, third. No South Italians and no scotch are reported, and only one of all the Russians appears in this dassification. On the other hand, the hand trades gave employment abroad to nore than three times as many males as did manufacturing. The lermans stand first, with 9.9 per cent, the North Italians second, vith 9 per cent, and the Bohemians and Moravians third, with 8.7 per ent. The Magyars and Poles report 6.4 per cent and 6.3 per cent, espectively, working at hand trades. All other races fall below the ;eneral average of 6.1 per cent, the Scotch showing the smallest pro- (ortion, with one man only out of 237, or 0.4 per cent. As regards the proportions of the different races engaged in mining -broad, the Scotch exhibit 92.4 per cent, the Welsh 91.3 per cent, he English 87.8 per cent, the Bohemian and Moravian 72.4 per cent, nd the German 59.7 per cent, engaged in the mining industry before ommg to this country. Only 22.8 per cent of the North Italians, 23.3 ler cent of the South Italians, 17.7 per cent of the Magyars, 15.1 er cent of the Slovaks, and 14.2 per cent of the Poles were miners nor to their immigration to the United States. The Lithuanians nth 3.6 per cent, Croatians with 7.1 per cent, and Russians wdth .3 per cent, show the smallest percentages of persons with previous xperience in the work in which they are now engaged in this country. ENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. With the above showing in mind as to the industrial condition of le different races of the old and new immigration in their native inds, a question naturally arises as to the industrial condition of nmigrant women in this country, as well as the extent to which the tales enter the mining industry, the kind of work within the industry men they first secure, and the positions to which they have at- imed up to the present time. The table immediately following lows the general occupation of females 16 years or over for whom iformation was received in studying the households in mining caJities in the Middle West. 624 The Immigration Commission. Table 327 .—General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity an race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent— Employed. At home. At school Native-born of native father, White 25 , 0.0 100. 0 0. Foreign-boni: Italian, North 47 .0 100. 0 Italian , South 24 .0 100.0 Lithuanian 49 .0 100.0 Grand total 17G .0 98.3 1. Total native-born of foreign father 11 (“) («) ==» (a) Total native-born 36 .0 91. 7 8. Total foreign-born 140 .0 100.0 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. The above table discloses the significant fact that all the women o foreign birth are at home. On the other hand, 91.7 per cent of th native-born females are at home, while the remaining 8.3 per cen are at school, indicating a greater tendency on the part of the native born women 16 years of age or over than of the foreign-born to attenc school. GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THl HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. As regards the general occupation of males 16 years of age or ove in the households studied in the Middle West, the following tabli gives the data obtained, by general nativity and race of individual Table 323.— General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity an race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races wuth 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Number Per cent— General nativity and race of individual. reporting complete data. In bitumi- nous coal mining. At home. At school. Native-born of native father. White 25 92.0 0.0 8. Foreign-born: Italian, North 53 100.0 .0 i Italian, South 30 90.0 6.7 Lithuanian 51 100.0 .0 Polish 23 100.0 .0 Grand total 187 95.7 1.1 3. Total native-born of foreign father 5 (a) (a) (a) Total native-born 30 83.3 .0 16. Total foreign-bom 157 98.1 1.3 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 625 Upon referring to the preceding table, it is seen that 92 per cent of the native whites born of native father, 83.3 per cent of the total Qative-born, and 98.1 per cent of the total foreign-born, are at work in the mines. Eight per cent of the native whites of native father, 16.7 per cent of the total native-born, and only six-tenths of 1 per cent of the total foreign-born are at school. The fact of greatest import in the present connection is that almost all of the foreign-born males are at work in or around the mines, as contrasted with a much smaller proportion of native-born. The striking conclusion, therefore, to be drawn from the series of tables showing industrial condition of the foreign-born workers both in this country and abroad is that without any training or experience in mining abroad the recent immigrants snter the mines of this country.® Practically all of the foreign-born employees in the mines of the Middle West who come to the mining regions directly from abroad mter the mines as loaders after the machines, or in some other un- skilled occupation. The immediate employment of the untrained .mmigrant within the mines is made possible by the use of machine nethods.^ A considerable number of employees of foreign birth vho are found in the mines of the Middle West have had experience n mining in Pennsylvania, Yfest Virginia, or other mining localities. These persons are able to secure positions as hand or pick miners, or o enter some day or shift occupations, sucli as cagers, timbermen, and .rack layers. The great majority of immigrants from Great Britain lave had a knowledge of mining before coming to this country or to he Middle West, and are, consequently, able to take up occupations •equiring experience and training and calling for the exercise of ntelligent judgment. As regards the occupations originally entered and at present held n the mining industry, it may be said in general that partly because he work in these occupations can be made to yield a larger income ban the average return to be had from other mining occupations, and lartly because their lack of knowledge of English and their unfamil- arity with American customs and institutions render the immigrants ess adaptable to the mining occupations in general than natives and English-speaking peoples, races of recent immigration are still in a arge measure restricted to the occupations of diggers and loaders, in vliich they began work. This general tendency, however, is by no neans without exception. The Slovaks, North Italians, French Bel- gians, Tyrolese, and Lithuanians are manifesting a disposition to dis- ribute themselves throughout all but the more responsible of the min- ng occupations and are not uncommonly found at such work as cag- ng, timbering, track laying, and machine mining. N atives and English- peaking peoples have control in a large measure of the more responsi- ve positions in the mines, as those of superintendents, and are also ound generally distributed throughout all the mining occupations. The table which is next presented shows the present occupation of lale employees under 18 years of age, by age, general nativity, and ace. “The short period of residence in the United States of the present mine workers lows that the immigrant comes practically direct from the port of entry to the lines. Seep. 587. r .r ^See p. 650. Table S29.— Present occupation of males under 18 years of age, by age and general nativity and race. 626 The Immigration Commission. •iBoonra I : ; I ^ 1! ; : : : 1 : 11 : : : • 1 : 1 h •jaj'Baq | : : : : 1 : 11 : : : : 1 : 11 : : : : 1 : | 1 1 : : : : 1 : 11 : : : : 1 : 11 : : : ; 1 : | •uBinaq j | i : H 11 ; : : :mii ; : : :mi 11 •uBinaiqBas | 1 11 ; ; : :i ;i : i ; il i! 1 •uBui Abq 1 ; 1 11 ; : :M l : : : : 1 : 11 •uBui uoT^oas 1 : : : ^ 1 ^ il : : : : 1 : 1 : : ; : 1 : •jadiaq AV | : : : : 1 : 11 : : : : 1 : i : : : : 1 ; • J3dpq s, | : ! ^ H 11 ; ; ; : : I •j0A\3i qoBJx 1 : : : ^ 1 11 : : : : 1 : i i i ;m •ssoq SuTijjBd 1 : : :^ 1 11 : : : : 1 : i ! ; M ! •amtiJBUi aoTTH oj sqoid ( : : : 1 11 : : : : : : : : 1 : •jaioq'BT; | |-| •jaioq^i Aireduioo 1 : : : ^ 1 ll : : : : 1 : • j9joqBI apis^no 1 : : ^ : 1 ^ 11 : : : : 1 : •jaJoqBiauxK | I ! CO CO ! . rH Tf lO •jajoqci luouoa \ : 1 1 1 i i ; M r •Jdqoid 0JBIS 1 : : ^ ^ 1 1 1 : : : : 1 1 • j9i0Aoqs qoBis 1 1 ^ 1 1 i i ; il •0tnii0t5ui JBO A'idui0 SuTunny; | ! ! ! "^ 1 1 : : : : 1 : 11 : : : ; 1 •j0nndjio0qo | : : : : | : : : i M II : ; i n ! •saBO Suxddojo; \ i"' : : 1 ^ i 1 i ; i M II HIM. •j0pu dux 1 : : : ^ 1 ^ : : ; il :i ,1 i i i i •J0pu din JO^opi 1 : : •j0Aup 0inK 1 i i 1 i i i" h •j0nijiBool ; ; M ill : i i iL •J9SB0JO I : 1 1 : : : : 1 : 11 : : :^ 1 - •j0nojBo 1 . .(NM 1 ifi 1 : : : : 1 : 11 : : : : 1 •j 0 idnoo JBO j I ■CO'^ 1 il •j0dt0q s,i0§Bo 1 : : ^ : 1 ^ 1 i i ; ; M 11 ! ; i M •j0pu0^ jooa 1 : : : : 1 : 11 : : : : 1 : 11 : : : : I ' •00nu0iddB s,j0ddBJx 1 : 1 ll : : : : 1 : 11 : : : : 1 •j0dd'BJX .M C5 d I- y; CO d 1 ^ 1 ! IcOrH ■ IM (M 00 C ^ •3tn§2Bjds 1 : : ^ H 11 : : : : 1 : 11 : : : ^ ' • 0 tddn uo J 0 U 00 JOS 1 : : 1 ^ 11 : : : : 1 : 11 : — • . • 0 iddn uo j 0 qsn(i | ; : : 1 ^ 11 : : : : 1 : 11 : : ■ • . •uBui oiddix 1 : ; ^ : 1 ll : : : : 1 : P : : : : -sdBjos SuTiiiH 1 : : : : 1 : 11 : : : : 1 : 11 •00i:;Ti0iddB s 1-H 1— 1 CO h 1 . • O 1 ' 1 : : r •Tb;ox G 31 123 214 CO ' ^ Ot>- 1 i^2J5 to General nativity, race, and age. Native-born of native father. White: 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years Total Negro: 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years Total Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father. Austria-Hungary: 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years Total Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 627 Table 2,2%.— Present occupation of males under ISjears of age, by age and general nativity ai^ race Continued 628 The Immigration Commission. •i^oD nra 1 •ja'j'eati :)i{T •umuojij; I •ireui ACQ •ireui iiou^os ! •jadpq Jonoq-iaitJAt | ■jodpq •ssoq 21111113(1 I •ainqoiiui auuu oi SJtoid | •jajoqi3T j •jaJoqi3i Aui3duioo | ;_il ; H ■; :i •jajoq'ci apisino •jojoq'Ct ouiK •jaaoqi3i luoiiou •aaqoid aitiis i i ;i •aapAoqs Jianis ] •auiqotuu jva A+duia ^'uiuiuiH j •aaund ^toaqo ■SJ130 SuiddojQ i •japu d].TX I •japii di.n joioK •jaAiJp ainj'i •lainj T13O0 ; ! ;i •jas'caao •aapo jiio •jaidnoo jtjo •jadiaq s,ja2i33 •aariua.idd'G s.jaddmjL j !”nT ;ii ; i ; ;i ill i i i il ill •jaddinjL | *. 1 ,-1 CO CO , M" il i::;| j •2uT22'Cjds 1 i i : ii HI Hill ill ill i i'" i 1 -aiddi; uo jauoajog | ; : ; H ill i i i ii ill il' Iiiii j -aiddii uo jaqsud [ i i :-l -II i i i il ill iiiii 1 il I i i i i 1 -uDui aiddi x 1 i 11 i i i il ill ! i i il 1 i i i : 1 -sd-Bjos 2 uiuih 1 ill iiiii if 1 i : i i! 1 : 1 1 -aoiiuajddB s,jauipi ! ;l h li! 1 il 1 iiii ; -jamui 2iOT(i : i'^ : 1 i“ii j -jauTui IBOO i rH CO 1^ 1 il i : : il i 1 -mox ' t-H Oi • CN j h ; ; 1 h 11 ,-l(N05“1l So o o ^ ^ III S'S.-S iil I i ~ ® ® a> O) o c3 lO CO i d d d d "d d d d d -s g3^o3o 3^ do3o3o3<:3+j a E-t sh E-i 03 ^ & ^ m W3 03 OT ca O) 0) O , >>>>> 3 lo co Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 629 :;i;i ill iiiil ill i iiiiii iiiil II iiiil i i i i 1 ! II : : : : 1 : II iiiil ill : i ii II iiiil II ■ i i i 1 11 1 : : M Ml : : : : 1 i II iiiil : II : ■ II i ii II iiiil II iiiil i i i i 1 i II : : : : 1 ill iiiil ill i i ii II ■ • ■ ■■ 1 II iiiil i i i i 1 i II : : : : 1 i II iiiil ill i i i 1 II iiiil II iiiil : : : : I i II iiiil ill i i ii II iiiil II iiiil II : : : M Ml : : : : 1 i II iiiil ill i ii Ii : : : : 1 II iiiil II ; i ; M Ml i i i i| : II : : : : 1 ill i i ii 11 — • ■ 1 II iiiil i i i i 1 i II : : : : 1 i II iiiil ill i i ii II iiiil II iiiil ii i : : M Ml : : : : 1 : II : : : : 1 ill i : : II iiiil II iiiil i i i i 1 i II : : : : 1 i II iiiil ill i II iiiil II iiiil II i : : M Ml i ; : :i i II -iiiil : II : i ii II iiiil II iiiil i i i i 1 i II ii i : : : 1 ^ II : : : ; 1 ill i i ii iiiil II iiiil i i i i 1 i II : : : : 1 i II iiiil ill i i ii iiiil II iiiil i i i i 1 i II ill i : : : : 1 i II iiiil i II : II • • • ■ 1 11 • ■ ■ M i i i i 1 i II : : : : 1 •' II : ; ; ; 1 ill i iiiil II iiiil Ii : : : M Ml : : : : 1 ill iiiil : II : iiiil II iiiil Ii : : : M Ml i ; ! i| i II iiiil ill i iiiil II iiiil 1! 1 : : M Ml : : : : 1 i 1 iiiil i II : iiiil II iiiil II i : : M Ml : : : : 1 i 1 iiiil ill i iiiil II iiiil 1! I : ! M Ml : : : : 1 i 1 iiiil ill i iiiil II iiiil i i i i 1 i II iiiil ill 1 i 1 1 1 1 ! ; i : iiiN ill : : : : 1 i 1 iiiil ill i i II : : : : 1 II .... 1 II iiiil i i i i 1 i II : : : : 1 i 1 iiiil i II i i i 1 iiiil II iiiil i i i i 1 i II i : ! ii i 1 iiiil : II : : • 11 - . ii 1 iiiil II iiiil iTi il ill : ; : : : - iiiiMi i ! : M 1 iiiil ill ii ii 1 • — i : II iiiil i i i i 1 i II : : : : 1 1 iiiil ill i i i) iiiiii II iiiil i i i : : 1 Ml ; i ; !l iiiil i II i i ii iiiiii II iiiil 1 ! i : : iMi ! I H i i i^ - -I ii ■ • CO (M 40 1 iiiil : : : : 1 1 iiiil II i i ii 1 iiiiii II iiiil i i i i 1 i II : ; : ;i 1 ; : : :i II i i ii iiiiii 11 iiiil : : : M Ml ; ; : M 1 i ; ! ; I ll i i ii iiiiii II iiiil iiiil i II : : : : 1 1 : : : : I II i i ii 1 : : : : 1 : II iiiil iiiil i 11 !■ iilM 1 : : : : 1 II ii ii : : : : 1 : iiiil i II : : : : i II : : : : II : : : : II ii i 1 ll iiii i II i i i" -'ll 1 • T-H cc II ii I i ! CO CO ii-ih II i-iiii ill 1 ■ • eo r-- : : - - 1 ; i C5 CO 1 II ii->'ii i HN a : : : : T) I : : 1 i “ 03 OT CO OT „ g ^3 « « (other than irs irs irs irs al t ! b C3 £2 £ (2 fc3 (2 d d *2 ^ " 1 II w w w ro ^ iO CO N. o 2 ri-» w a? H .2 2 >>>»>%>% ^ ic CD fl ^ ^ ^ ^ TS Tti iO CO o . w (X' w g.^ 3 >>>%>>>> ^ 40 CO N. 9 Qj a> 0.) o Jd ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ o 40 CO 48296° — VOL 6 — 11 41 ocmpalion of males under 18 years of age, by age and general nativity and race- 630 The Immigration Commission. •iBoo ina •gams-ioBia I •uBxnajTj •u'BUiaiqBis I I •UBTU UOIpBS I •jodpq jan oq-ja;'BAV \ •jadpq s,jaXBi-qoBJX i JiaBJX 1 •ssoq SunJtJcI ouiqoBUi auita SjjOid guu^JJBQ •jaioqBq •jaioqBi iiireduiOQ | •jajoqBi apTS'ino •jajoqBiamw | •aajoqB[ uionoa | •jaJioxd a^Bis •jaiaAoqs 3 [ 0 BIS •atnqoBin jbd X:jdiiia Stnuuna •jaiind Jioaqo SJBO SuiddoiQ ■lapu dux •japu duj JO:iOK •jaAup ainpi •jaiig 1^03 •jasBaJO •japo JB3 •jaidnoo ibq uadpq s,ja3B3 •lapua-^ jooa •0opuajddB s,iaddBJX •laddBJX •guiil^BJds I •eiddp uo janaajog “3 i ; r;i irm i •:! •aiaap UO xdqbud | •UBUiaiddix 1 : TTUELLillLiiLl- Mil M ; ; : •sdBios SmuTW 1 : : • M 11 111 1 1 1 11 : 1 :| 1 : : : : •eopuajddB s^iauTH | ill •JdUlUI3lOia 1 ; ’•(M (N •lauiiniBOO • • o h 1 i iC lO •mox 1 ; t-H 00 50 o $P . lO CO m m m m _ J- t- t. ^ C3 03 CfJ a; O) O) , , ^ t=% ^ lO CD N. I : I ; I : il I : I : I : M Ml i M M Ml! I Mi : : : : I _M ; II MM M I W C/3 CO CO ^ c3 c3 cfj c3 • • 0/ O) 0/ a; c t>i >■,>>>> •2 lo CO 1^ w >-( i-H 1-1 t-H D 12 M OT M ^ c3 c3 c3 .. P O (O o a >.!>>>. ^ lO CO Total.. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle V/est. 633 1 II ■ 1 11 i-H 1-H CN 1 II 1 j| .-Ht-I (N 1 ii 1 ^ 1 1 1-H CM CO 1 11 • 1-H 1— ( 1 II ' i-H i-H 1 II 1-H CM CO 1 11 1 II 1 ^ 1 II • r more than $2 per day. This condition of affairs is probably due ,0 two causes: (1) The higher average age of the foreign-born in this ;roup; (2) the tendency of the foreign-born youths to work in the occu- )ations, such as loading, in which foreign-born adults are engaged. Phe same tendency is exhibited by the second generation. In con- lection with the second generation, it is also worthy of note that per- ons of English descent show the largest proportions in all wage groups .bove the group comprising persons earning $1 or over per day. DELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY. The following tables show the comparative earnings of foreign- •orn males 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence a the United States : 'able 332 — Per cent of foreign-horn male em,ployees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States * (study op employees.) )y years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.] Race and years in United States. Number reporting complete data. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or ov^er. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 or over. ohemian and Moravian: Under 5 8.3 97.6 96.4 90.4 68.7 49.4 21.7 5 to 9 68 97.1 95.6 88.2 72.1 54.4 16.2 10 or over aglish: 86 95.3 94.2 88.4 54.7 31.4 15.1 Under 5 190 100.0 100.0 97.9 81.1 53.7 27.9 5 to 9 84 97.6 97.6 91.7 75.0 42.9 23.8 10 or over irman: 441 98.0 97.7 89.6 69.8 36.3 20.9 Under 5 134 99.3 97.8 93.3 78.4 53.7 12.7 5 to 9 98 95.9 95.9 92.9 79.6 50.0 22 4 10 or over Ilian, North: 571 97.9 97.9 92.1 72.9 44.0 U5 Under 5 439 95.4 94.1 82.9 42.1 28.7 11.2 5 to 9. 612 96.2 95.3 84.3 47.1 28.3 8.3 10 or over Ilian, South: 487 94.9 94.0 85.2 59.1 39.4 14.4 Under 5 127 96.9 94.5 84.3 55.9 35.4 .0 5 to 9 188 98.9 98.4 93.6 70.7 49.5 3.7 10 or over jthuanian: 67 100.0 100.0 95.5 73.1 50.7 14.9 Under 5 212 96.7 95.8 67.5 37.3 15.6 5.2 5 to 9 381 96.6 95.8 76.1 48.3 23. 6 6.3 10 or over igyar: 401 96.8 96.8 75.1 50.9 22.4 7.5 Under 5 206 92.2 88.3 56.3 15.5 4.9 1.0 5 to 9 204 90.7 86.3 71.1 31.9 10.8 3.4 10 or over Ibh: 99 90.9 86.9 64.6 38.4 18.2 4.0 Under 5 205 97.1 96.6 79.0 36.6 15.6 .0 5 to 9 - . . _ _ 249 97.6 96.0 71.5 30.1 15.3 4. 0 10 or over 228 1 95.6 93.4 I 73.7 31.6 16.7 3.5 earnings for Uie period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing uual earnmgs allowance is made for lost time during the year. ^ “ 1 638 The Immigration Commission. Table 332 . — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees 18 years of age or over earning ea specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States — Cont’d. Race and years in United States. Number reporting complete data. Per cent earning each specified amoimt per day. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3,50 6 over. Russian: 46.2 12.8 Under 5 117 99.1 98.3 93.2 2 ! 5 to 9 127 99.2 98.4 96.1 70.3 42.5 10 or over 115 99.1 99.1 95.7 76.5 58.3 3. Scotch: Under 5 64 100.0 100.0 95.3 78.1 37.5 ! 5 to 9 42 88.1 88.1 83.3 64.3 38.1 1 10 or over 206 96.1 95.1 88.3 69.9 36.4 2( Slovak: 39.8 13.0 Under 5 123 88.6 87.8 74.0 5 to 9 198 96.0 95.5 81.8 54.5 28.3 1 ; i; 10 or over 400 96.0 94.3 81.5 54.5 29.3 Table 333 —Comparative earnings per day of feyreign-hom male employees 18 years of a or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.* (study of employees.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table indue only races with 200 or more males reporting.] IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS. Number Per cent earning each specified amount per day. Race of individual. reporting complete data. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. .$3 or over. $3.50 ( over Bohemian and Moravian 83 97.6 96.4 90.4 68.7 49.4 2 English 190 100.0 100.0 97.9 81.1 53.7 2 German 134 99.3 97.8 93.3 78.4 53.7 1: Italian, North 439 95.4 94.1 82.9 42.1 28.7 1 Italian South 127 96.9 94.5 84.3 55.9 35.4 T,if.hna.nin.n 212 96.7 95.8 67.5 37.3 15.6 Magyar 206 92.2 88.3 56.3 15.5 4.9 Polish 205 97.1 96.6 79.0 36.6 15. 6 Russian 117 99.1 98.3 93.2 46.2 12.8 Scotch 64 100.0 100.0 95.3 78.1 37. 5 ' Slovak 123 88.6 87.8 74.0 39.8 13.0 IN UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS. Bohemian and Moravian 68 English 84 German 98 Italian, North 612 Italian, South 188 Lithuanian 381 Magyar 204 Polish 249 Russian 127 Scotch 42 Slovak 198 97.1 95.6 88.2 72.1 54.4 97.6 97.6 91.7 75.0 42.9 95.9 95.9 92.9 79.6 50.0 96.2 95.3 84.3 47.1 28.3 98.9 98.4 93.6 70.7 49.5 96.6 95.8 76.1 48.3 23.6 90.7 86.3 71.1 31.9 10.8 97.6 96.0 71.5 30.1 15.3 99.2 98.4 96.1 70.3 42.5 88.1 88.1 83.3 64.3 38.1 96.0 95.5 81.8 54.5 28.3 b 2 : 2 : IN UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER. Bohemian and Moravian 86 95.3 94.2 88.4 54.7 31.4 1 English 441 75.3 75.1 89.6 69.8 36.3 2 1 German 571 97.9 97.9 92.1 72.9 44.0 Italian, North 487 94.9 94.0 85.2 59.1 39.4 1 Italian j South 67 100.0 100.0 95.5 73.1 50.7 Lithuanian 401 96.8 96.8 75.1 50.9 22.4 Magyar 99 90.9 86.9 64.6 38.4 18.2 Polish 228 95.6 93.4 73.7 31.6 16.7 58.3 Russian 115 99.1 99.1 95.7 76. 5 3 Scotch 206 96.1 95.1 88.3 69.9 36. 4 2 1 Slovak 400 96.0 94.3 81.5 54.5 29.3 * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of jolu^- lost time or lost time from shut-downs or other causes. In the various tables in this report snow, annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 639 From the figures shown for the various races in the foregoing babies, there appears a tendency among the races of recent immigra- tion for the earning ability to increase as the length of residence in the United States increases. For example, 95.5 per cent of the South Italians in the United States as long as ten years earn |2 or more per day, as compared to 93.6 per cent of those here from five to nine J^ears and 84.3 per cent of those of less than five years^ residence, riiough none of the South Italians who have arrived within the past Ive years are earning as much as $3.50 per day, 14.9 per cent of those m this country ten years or more are earning that amount. The Russians appear creditably in the higher wage groups, and the pro- aortions increase steadily with length of residence. The proportions 3arnin^ as much as $3.50 a day are 5.1 per cent of those less than five ^ears in the United States, 25.2 per cent of those here from five to line years, and 35.7 per cent of those here at least ten years, the last igure being the highest shown for any race in this wage group. On the other hand, the earnings of the races of older immigration lecrease as the length of residence increases. All of the English in he United States less than five years earn at least $1.50 a day, vhereas 2 per cent of those here ten years or more are earning less 4ian $1.25 a day; 27.9 per cent of those here less than five years earn it least $3.50 a day, in contrast with 20.9 per cent of those here ten ;^ears or more. This does not imply that the races of recent immi- gration become better mine workers than do those of older immigra- don; as has been stated, the recent immigrants remain in the mining ndustry, whereas a large majority of those of older immigration take jp more remunerative employment, leaving, in most instances, the ess efficient of their races to represent them in the mines. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED. In addition to the study of individual employees, an investigation vas made of 163 families whose heads were of native or foreign birth ind who were employed in or around the bituminous mines of the diddle West. The results of this family study, so far as they relate 0 the earnings of the husband, the family income and its sources, ind the general economic condition of the families, are presented in he next series of tabulations. The extent to which the heads of families are regularly employed las an important bearing upon the economic condition of the family ind tends to show the relative industriousness of the different heads, [n this connection the table following shows the number of husbands, lusbands at work, and per cent of husbands at work of the families itudied in the Middle West. 1 040 The Immigration Commission. Table 334— Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number of families. Number of husbands. N umber of husbands at work. Per cent of husbands at work. Average yearly earnings of husbands at work. Native-born of native father W^hite 18 18 18 (a) $690 Foreign-bom: Italian North.. 50 50 50 100.0 542 ItB'lid'H Soutti. 24 24 24 100.0 399 422 324 Littiusnidn 49 49 49 100.0 Polish 22 22 22 100.0 Grand total 1G3 163 163 100.0 470 al niif i \70-V>nrT1 iT 18 18 (a) 690 T'rkfol fnroip’Tl-l'lorn 145 145 145 100.0 442 1 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. No comment upon the above table is necessary. It is apparent at a glance that the number of husbands equals the number of fami- lies and that all the husbands, both of native and foreign birth are reported at work. The figures of the table, therefore, speak wel tor the industry of all employees having family responsibilities and for their ability to secure and retain work. The table immediately preceding also shows the average annual earnings of the heads of families, but the discussion of this column may be considered in a more satisfactory way by comparing it with the range of earnings of the heads of families. Such a comparison is furnished by the table showing the average earnings of the heads of families, together with the number and per cent earning specihed amounts per year, by general nativity and race. Table 335 . — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race oj individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284.0 — Num- ber work- ing for wages. Number earning— Per cent earning — General nativity and race of individual. Aver- age earn- ings. Under $100. Under $200. Under $400. | 1 Under $600. j 1 Under $800. Under $1,000. Under $100. Under $200. Under $400, Under $600. Under $800. Under $1,000. Native-born of native •Fo +Vi rvT* 18 $690 2 4 . 14 17 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) Foreign-born: Tfalion ^ATtbl 50 542 4 36 50 50 0.0 0.0 8.0 72.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 iiii J. \jdHxo>u.f '-'1 tii. .... ItHliTTl pmith 24 399 11 22 24 24 .0 .0 45.8 91.7 T •i+'hnQ'niQTl 49 422 14 49 49 49 .0 .0 28.6 100. 0 Polish 22 324 18 22 22 22 .0 .0 81.8 100.0 Grand total 163 472 49 133 159 162 .0 .0 30.1 81.6 97.5 99. t Tot^il Ti 18 690 2 4 14 17 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 100.0 (a) 100. ( Tot?ll fcippl orn-y^om 145 444 47 129 145 145 .0 .0 32.4 89.0 1 1 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. . Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West, 641 The average yearly earnings as shown by the foregoing table, based pon 163 male heads of families furnishing information, is $472. Of his number 18 native whites report average earnings of $690 and 45 foreign-born an average of $444. In comparing the annual arnings of foreign-born it is seen that 32.4 per cent earn less than 400 per year, and none earn over $800. As regards the heads of families of foreign birth, the North Italians eport only 8 per cent of their number receiving less than $400 annu- ity, as compared with 28.6 per cent of the Lithuanians, 45.8 per cent f the South Italians, and 81.8 per cent of the Poles. This compari- on is significant not only in sliowing the comparative advancement f the North Italians in earning ability, but also for the reason that } indicates that the North Italians and Lithuanians, the two races of )ngest residence in the field, have held their own with the more ecent arrivals, the South Italians and Poles. Although the South talians report 8.3 per cent of their number earning annually more ban $600, the Lithuanians report 71.4 per cent earning between $400 iid $600, while the South Italians report only 45.9 per cent with verage earnings within these limits. The Poles have no representa- ive earning more than $600. The North Italians, by way of contrast, bow 28 per cent with annual earnings over $600. NNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. In addition to the heads of the selected families studied, informa- lon was also received as to the annual earnings of all male members f the households investigated in the Middle West. These data are mbodied in the table next presented, which shows the average rmual earnings, together with the number and per cent earning Decified amounts each year, of all males 18 years of age or over, y general nativity and race of individual. ABLE 336 . — Yearly earnings {approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) jeneral nativity and race of individual. Niomber working for wages and re- porting amount. Average earnings. Number earning — Per cent earning— Un- der S200. Un- der $400. Un- der $600. Un- der $1,000. Un- der $200. Un- der $400. Un- der $600. Un- der $1,000. ative-born of native father, White 20 1696 2 4 19 0. 0 10.0 20. 0 95.0 ative-bom of foreign father, by race of father, Polish 1 (a) 1 1 1 (a) (a) (a) (a) Dreign-born; Italian, North 52 539 5 38 52 .0 9. 6 73. 1 100. 0 Italian, South 27 404 12 25 27 .0 44. 4 92. 6 100. 0 Lithuanian 50 423 13 50 50 .0 26. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Polish 23 330 18 23 23 .0 78.3 100.0 ioo!o Grand total 173 473 51 141 172 .0 29.5 81.5 99.4 5tal native-born of foreign father 1 (■«) 1 1 1 fa) jtal native-born 21 677 3 5 20 \ j .0 \ / 14. 3 23. 8 95 2 )tal foreign-born 152 445 48 136 152 .0 31.6 89.5 100.0 a Not computed, owing to small number involved, 642 The Immigration Commission. That the average yearly earnings of the mining employees of native birth are greater than those of the foreign-born, is again apparent. The average annual earnings of the 21 miners of native birth furnish- ing inforniation are 52.1 per cent greater than the average annua earnings of the 152 foreign-bom mine workers. In the same conneo- don if is noteworthy that 76.2 per cent o the natije-born more than $600 each year, as compared with 10.5 per cent ot ttie ^°In'’comparing the earning capacity of the races it is seen that the North Italians, represented in the table by 52 mdi- viduals, show average yearly earmngs of $539, and the Lithuanians represented by 50 m the table, earn an average of $423 a year The South Italians and Poles have average annual earnings less thai those of the North Italians. The North Italians, although well aheai of other races of foreign birth as to earning capacity, fall consider ably behind persons native-born of native father. Pursuing this lim of Comparison further, it is noticeable that two of the mmigran races, the Lithuanians and Poles, although representing 28.9 am 13 3 per cent, respectively, of the 173 individuals on which th table IS based, do not furmsh a single case of a mine wker earninj as much as $600 a year. Moreover, only 14 of the 52 North Italian and 2 of the 27 South Italians earn $600 or oyer per year, as con trasted with 16 of the 20 persons native-born of native lather. ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME. As reo-ards the total family incomes of the households studied, th table which is submitted below shows the average family income an the per cent of families having a specified income, by general nativit and race. Table 337. — Per cent of families having a total yearly inconie of each specified amount, I general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all racei Number Average family income. Per cent of families having a total income— General nativity and race of head of family. of select* ed fami- lies.® Under $300. Under $500. Under $750. Under $1,000. Undet $1,.500. Foreign-born: Italian, North 50 $569 2.0 32.0 83.3 46.9 63.6 90.0 95.8 98.0 Qc; ft 100 IOC IOC IOC Italian, South 24 443 16.7 yO. o Oft n Lithuanian 49 504 6.1 89. 8 90.9 yo. u on Q Polish 22 473 9.1 yu. y Grand total 163 532 6.7 46.6 87.7 96.3 IOC Tot^l Tlrl 18 (&) («>) («>) 91.0 (&) ipr 10( Total foreign-born 145 509 6.9 3 yo. D a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. b Not computed, owing to small number involved Among the foreign-born families the best showing is made by tl North Italians. Thirty-two per cent of the families of this ra. have an income under $500, while 83.3 per cent of the South Italia, have an inconie of less than $500. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 643 WIVES AT WORK. li The next question to present itself is the sources of the family icome and what measures are adopted to supplement the earnings f the head of the household. The number of families studied and the number of wives are the ame. None of the wives are engaged in gainful occupations, the eeping of boarders or lodgers not being considered a gainful occu- ation for purposes of this study. Other things equal, the percentage of the married women of a given roup of families who work outside their homes usually depends upon VO general factors — the availability of work and the approval on the art of the members of the family group of the outside employment f married women. One of the distinctive features of the coal -mining idustry is the fact that in the great majority of instances the inployees are compelled by the very nature of their work to live in nail and isolated communities. Coal mines are seldom located in r near large towns or cities. Mining work can be done only by men. he manufacturing establishments of the cities and towns which nploy such large numbers of immigrant women are too far distant ) be accessible to the wives of the mine workers. To remain at ome or enter domestic service are, therefore, in general the only Iternatives to the women of households in mining communities. All of the data upon this subject secured in the Middle West were om communities of the general type described. In one or two icalities, small factories have been opened in which foreign-born omen find employment as operatives, but the conditions described re believed to be typical of the industry. Moreover, since the Lct that none of the married women reported are employed is ue in all probability to the lack of available employment, it would ppear unsafe to attempt to base upon the data secured any deduc- ons as to the tendency of the different races to permit or encourage le employment of wives outside their homes. The important fact ) note is that none of the foreign-born women are working outside ■ their own homes. In no family studied in the Middle West was le ydfe employed in any way except in caring for the home or in 3eping boarders or lodgers. ELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS. As regards the relation between the earnings of the husband and le employment of the wife, the tables which are next presented low the number of families in which the wife has employment or ^eps boarders or lodgers and compares the number of such wives ith the number of husbands earning a specified amount. The sec- id table makes the same showing by means of percentages. 644 The Immigration Commission. Table 338 -Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps hoarders or lodgers ^ by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Nath-e-born of native father, White Foreign-born: Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish Grand total. Total native-born . Total foreign-born. 1 Number of wives hai Number of wives having ing employment c Number Number of husbands earning— keeping boarders c lodgers where hu: band’s earnings pf employ- vear are — of se- lected families.® ment or keeping boarders 1 $400 and under $000. $400 Under .S400. $600 or over. or lodgers. Under $400. and under $000. $600 0 over. ■ “ 9 2 14 18 QO 14 .■M) 24 4 ' 11 o- 11 2 3 1 i 14 18 35 10 5 5 oo 4 1 5 4 1 .Zw 1 1G3 49 84 1 30 1 10 7 1^ 145 V 9 1 14 47 82 1 18 10 7 a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. Tablk 339.— Per cent of families in which mife has employment or by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) husband and wife present appear in this table.] Per cent of wives having employment keeping boarders or lodgers where hi band’s earnings are— General nativity and race of head of family. Under $400. $400 and under $600. $600 or over. Total Foreign-born: (a) 9.1 35.7 22.2 0.0 9.1 14.3 (a) 0.0 (a) .0 .0 ( 1! 2( 2; 20.4 8.3 3.3 1 (a) 1 21.3 1 (a) (a) 8.5 6.3 r a Not computed, owing to small number involved. On account of the limited number of families studied in the Midd West, the data are not so satisfactory for studying the tendencies ai forces which are operative in the case of a single race as are tno furnished by a larger number of families reported m the Wbles other sections of the country. In the case of the Lithuaniai 35.7 per cent of the wives of heads earning less than !J.4UU kc boarders or lodgers or have employment, as compared with only per cent whose husbands earn between $400 and $ 600 . The JNor Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 645 [talians stand out prominently as regards the greater earnings of the iiusbands and the fact that none of the wives have employment or keep boarders and lodgers. If the total number of foreign-born fam- hes be considered, the tendency of the wife to work or keep board- ers or lodgers decreases as the earnings of the husband increase. More than one-fifth of the total number of wives whose husbands ^arn less than $400 a year are at work or have boarders or lodo-ers as compared with about one-twelfth whose husbands’ annual earnings ire between $400 and $600, and about one-sixteenth of the wives vhose husbands earn more than $600 a year. SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. The extent to which the wives of the different races contribute to he household funds having been discussed, the following table will how the extent to which the family income is made up from all ources : of families having an income within the year from husband, wife famil^^ dodgers, and other sources^ by general nativity and race of head of (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) rhis table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] eneral nativity and race of head of family. Number of se- lected families.a Per cent of families having an income from — Earnings of— 1 Contribu- tions of children. Payments of boarders or lodgers. Other sources. Husband. Wife. oreign-born: Italian, North... Italian, South. . . Lithuanian Polish Grand total )tal native-born . . . )tal foreign-born 50 24 49 22 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 .0 .0 .0 2.0 4.2 4.1 4.5 0.0 12.5 20.4 22.7 8.0 4.2 2.0 4.5 1G3 100.0 .0 3.7 11.0 5.5 18 145 (&) 100.0 (b) .0 3.4 12.4 (b) 4.8 a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. h Not computed, owing to small number involved. The table shows that all of the families for which information was ‘Cured have an income from the earnings of the husband, and that one receive income from the earnings of the wife. The payments om boarders and lodgers constitute a source of income for a larger roportion of all the families studied than do either the contributions ceived from children or from sources not specified. Of all foreign- prn fainilies studied, the Poles show the largest proportion of fam- l^es having an income from the payments of boarders or lodgers. The ithuamans show the second largest proportion, which is only slightly Qaller, while the South Italians are third. None of the North Italian inihes studied derive income from this source. Families having an come from the contributions of children are small proportionately each of the four races studied. The Poles show the highest pro- )rtion, followed by the South Italians, Lithuanians, and North alians, m the order named. 48296° — VOL 6 — 11 12 1 646 The Immigration Commission. The following table shows in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family, the extent to which the families studied depend exclusively upon certain specified sources of income: Table 341. Source of family income in detail, hy general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent of families having entire income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected lies, a Husband. Husband and wife. Husband and chil- dren. Husband, wife, and children. H usband and board- ers or lodgers. Wife. Wife and children. Wife and boarders or lodgers. Children. Children and board- ers or lodgers. Boarders or lodgers. Source or combina- tion of sources not before specified. Foreign-born: Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish 50 24 49 22 90.0 83.3 75.5 68.2 0.0 .0 .0 .0 2.0 .0 2.0 4.5 0.0 .0 .0 .0 0.0 12.5 18.4 22.7 0.0 .0 .0 .0 0.0 .0 .0 .0 0.0 .0 .0 .0 0.0 .0 .0 .0 0.0 .0 .0 .0 0.0 .0 .0 .0 8.( 4.: 4.1 4.f Grand total 1G3 81.0 .0 2.5 .0 10.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 (&) .0 .0 6.1 Total native-born Total foreign-born 18 1 (6) 145 1 80.7 (&) .0 («>) 2.1 (&) .0 11.7 (f) 1 (^) .0 .0 (^) (b) .0 To" .0 "IT 5.1 a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. b Not computed, owing to small number involved. From the above table, it will be seen that, of a total of 163 families 81 per cent derive their entire income from the husband, 2.5 per ceni from the husband and children jointly, 10.4 per cent from husbanc and boarders or lodgers, and 6.1 per cent from sources or combinatior of sources not before specified. Comparing the foreign-born, it will be seen that the largest propor- tion, or 90 per cent, having their income solely from husband s earn ings is shown by the North Italians, while the lowest, or 68.2 per cent is shown by the Poles. Of those having their income solely fron husband and children, the North Italians and Lithuanians each shew 2 per cent, as compared with 4.5 per cent as shown by the Poles. ln< z per cenr, as cumuaxeu. witu largest proportions having their income from husband and boarder, or lodgers are shown by the Poles, Lithuanians, and South Italians with 22.7 per cent, 18.4 per cent, and 12.5 per cent, respectively. I certain proportion is shown by each race as having their mcomi solely from a source or combination of sources not before specine these proportions ranging from 8 per cent as shown by the JNortl Italians to 4.1 per cent as shown by the Lithuanians. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. The table next presented exhibits the relative importance of th contributions of husbands, wives, and children, an^d payments o boarders and lodgers, by showing the per cent of the total amoun of family income which is derived from each specified source. 647 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. ABLE M2.— Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, hoarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) ‘his table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected fami- lies.® Per cent of total income from— Earnings of— Contribu- tions of children. Payments of boarders or lodgers. Other sources. Husband. Wife. )reign-bom: Italian, North 50 24 49 22 95.2 90.0 83.8 68.6 0.0 .0 .0 .0 2.5 8.8 3.0 2.9 0.0 .7 12.9 26.7 2.4 .6 .3 1.9 Italian, South Lithuanian Polish Grand total 163 88.4 .0 3.1 6.9 1.6 ital native-born 18 145 (^) 86.9 (^) .0 (^) ■ 3.6 (b) 8.1 d) 1.4 ital foreign-born 1 For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 284. b Not computed, owing to small nmnber involved. The above table makes it clear that the bulk (88.4 per cent) of the 'tal family income for all races is derived from the earnings of the >ad of the household. Of the income from sources other than earn- gs of husbands, the largest source for all races is payments of boarders id lodgers. The immigrant households receive 8.1 per cent of their come from this source, while the children of immigrant families rnish 3.6 per cent of the family funds. As regards the foreign-born families the South Italian, as opposed the showing made in other sections, does not receive any appre- ible amount from boarders or lodgers, but secures, on the other hand, S ^r cent of the family income from contributions of children! le roles afford an unusual showing as compared with other races that the families of this race depend upon boarders and lodgers r 26.7 per cent of their income. The Lithuanians also receive 12.9 r cent of the family funds from the same source. Chapter IV. WOEKIHG CONDITIONS. Hours^ worked per day and per week— Regularity of employment— Methods of mining— Methods of wage payments— The company-store system and company houses Liability to accident and disease — The supply of immigrant labor Relations among races employed — The immigrant and organized labor — Reasons for employing immigrants— [Text Tables 343 and 344, and General Table 118]. HOURS WORKED PER DAY AND PER WEEK. Throughout the Middle West the eight-hour day prevails, owing to the fact that practically every shipping mine is operated under a union agreement providing for eight hours work per day. Work is fairly steady at these mines, the average for the normal year 1907 being two hundred and five days in active operation. REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT. As regards regularity of work, the following table, containing information from 22 native-born and 153 foreign-born miners, is intended to show to what extent the different races avail themselves if the opportunity to secure employment. It is possible that in the listrict from which this example was taken the natives were given lihe preference, when it came to a choice between the natives and the mmigrants, but such is not known to be the case, and all comparisons ire made on the supposition that conditions of employment were lormal, and that the largest number of months worked by some races s due to the industriousness of those races, rather than to the inability )f the others to secure employment. Table Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual . (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of individual. Number ■pp'nnrti'n o* Per cent working — complete data. 12 months. 9 months or over. 6 months or over. 3 months or over. ative-bom of native father. White . . . 20 52 27 51 23 20.0 .0 7.4 .0 70.0 100.0 QA O inn n oreign-bom: Italian, North. . iUU. u 1 nn n Italian. South (O. y 11 1 yo. 4 CC Q 100. U 1 nn n Lithuanian ii» i 7 oo. y ; 1 nn n IUU. U 1 nn n Polish .0 0.4. i A Q lUU. u 1 nn n IUU. U lUU. U 100. 0 Grand total 175 3.4 pio n 97.1 otal native-born of foreiem father 04. U 100. 0 2 («) 18. 2 (a) Rfi 0 G) 1 nn n (a) otal native-born . 22 153 otal foreign-bom I’s Uo. 4 Ad 7 lUU. U HD 7 100. 0 . yu. 7 100.0 “Not computed, owing to small number involved. 649 The Immigration Commission. 650 It is seen in the preceding table that 20 per cent of the white native-born of native father worked the entire year, while only shghtly over 1 per cent of the foreign-born worked the same length o time All the native-born have worked at least six months, while oi the foreign-born there is a small proportion who even six months. Applying these same comparisons to the diSeren foreio-n races it is seen that the North Italians appear^ to be tlw n^ost^industrious. Although they show no individual having worker the entire year, slightly over 75 per cent of entire number report- ino- in.this race have worked at least nine months. The Lithuanian, make the nearest approach to the North Italians m this ''espect having a proportion of 62.7 per cent who worked nine months o ovir luring tL year, while all the employees of this race worker IvM six mSnths. The South Italians are the only, race of foreigi birth furnishing an illustration of individuals having worked tin entire year. METHODS OF MINING. Coal is mined both by pick and by machine For a number o years there has been a growmg tendency toward the use of machine. Lking a recent period as an illustration, there were mmed m lOh in the Middle West 71,717,469 short tons of bituminous coal. 0 this amount, 24,708.081 tons, or 34.5 per ® X m use of machines. In 1908 the total output was 86,24o,219 shor tons, 40,138,236 tons, or 46.5 per cent, of which was mined by the us of machines.® It will be noticed that, while the total output wa increased only 20.3 per cent during this period, the total amount mine by the use of machines was increased 62.7 per cent. These figures ar significant when taken in connection with the einployment of th recent immigrant. The operators claim that, owing to the larg percentage of immigrants at work m the mines who are unskilloc Uiey are forced to use machines m order to mamtain a pod qiialit of Joal, because where no machines are used the recent immipan ‘ ‘ shoot the coal off the solid ’ ’ instead of properly undercutting it, an with excessive charges of powder, they thus ^ percentage of slack coal than is produced when undercutting is dor with the machines or by hand. METHODS OF WAGE PAYMENTS. Almost without exception wage payments are made semimonthl in cash. The matter of wage payments is usually covered by a agreement between the labor unions and the operators. THE COMPANY-STORE SYSTEM AND COMPANY HOUSES. Another method of payment, or rather part jipmmt met wfi throughout the Middle West mmmg regions is payment m sto. orders.” This is simply a system by which an employee may receiv at any time during the month, his wages to date ™ ^®y™ order on a store. In some cases the company, or at least mcmb a Production of Coal in 1903, Edward W. Parker, U. S. Geological Survey. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 651 of the company, are interested in the store either in a direct or in an indirect way. If they are not, the orders are accepted in payment for goods by some store in the community with which an agreement has previously been made, and are then cashed by the company at a certain per cent of discount. Practically none of the companies furnish board, although it is quite common for mining operators to own a number of houses which they rent to their em- ployees. While these houses are a source of revenue to the company, yielding large returns for the capital invested, they are also a matter of great convenience to some of the miners. Most of them rent for about $2 per month per room. Moreover, they are generally in close proximity to the mine and are desirable on this account, more espe- cially when the mine is in an isolated locality or when it is located at some distance from a town. Most of the houses are small, square or oblong structures of a temporary nature, having three or four rooms, and cost originally $300 or $400 each. Usually they have no cellars and are set upon wooden or brick pillars about 12 or 16 inches above the ground. No fixed rule, however, can be said to exist relative to the construction of company houses, as it varies accord- ing to companies and localities. LIABILITY TO ACCIDENT AND DISEASE. Liability to accident seems to go hand in hand with carelessness on the part of the English-speaking employees. They also exhibit a desire for large earnings which leads them to neglect their own safety. The non-English-speaking or recent immigrant miners, failing often to understand the orders given them relative to their work are thus liable to accident. The following descriptive extracts from the re- port of the state mine inspector of Indiana for 1907 are instructive in view of the fact that they, in a measure, are representative of the causes of a majority of the fatal and nonfat al accidents occurring in the Middle West among American and immigrant miners:® June 22, Hiram Miller, American, loader, aged 64 years, leaving a dependent wife, was fatally injured by falling slate in * * * County. At about 12.45 o’clock noon, decedent was preparing some dummies for the purpose of tamping a shot, and whde so engaged he was sitting directly under the slate which caused his death and which he knew to be loose. Suddenly, without warning, the slate gave way and a arge piece, measuring 10 feet in length, 5 feet wide, and 6 inches thick, fell on him, crushing his chest and breaking both legs in several places. His injuries were so serious that he died ten minutes later. There were a number of props and cap pieces available near the scene of the accident, and considering the length, breadth, and thick- ness of the slate, two or more oUhem should have been set under it. Had this been lone the accident in all probability would not have occurred. ^ July^24 Joso Bieam, minep 34 years of age, Auspian, was killed by falling slate in County. From evidence elicited at the investigation and an inspection of lececlent s working place it was learned that the mine boss had visited Bieam on the morning of the above date, and had noticed some very loose draw slate, which he ordered him to timber and which Bieam agreed to do, after which the boss continued on nis way through the mine. This conversation occurred about 8.30 a. m., and was ne last seen of Bieam by the mine boss until his death. About 11.30 a. m., while he ivas loading a car a piece of the slate 6 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 5 inches thick fell )n nim and killed him instantly. ^ At the time of the accident Luke Surlos, Austrian, was wOTKing with him. An examination of the room where the accident occurred was nade by Assistant O’Connor, and it was found to be very poorly timbered. The props were not set closer than within 30 feet of the face, except those which had been “For full discussion of immigrants in accidents in coal mines, see pp. 209-241. 652 The Immigration Commission. set under the edge of the slate which fell, and those which were set in many instances had no cap pieces over them, indicating that deceased was not a practical miner nor timberman. This fact was also evidently noticed by the mine boss, and knowing this and that neither the decedent nor his buddy could understand but very little Eng- lish, probably did not understand his order to set thfe timbers, he (the mine boss) was negligent in not remaining with them until he knew the place was made safe, or he should have ordered them out of the place and caused it to be timbered by one of the regular timbermen. In Indiana, Illinois, “ and Ohio, during the year 1908 there were 341 fatal accidents. Of this number 205, or 60.1 per cent, were due to ‘ ' falls of roof or coal.’’ There were also 2,247 nonfatal accidents, and of this number 889, or 39.6 per cent, were due to the same cause.^ The American and English-speaking miners throughout the dis- trict express an opinion that in any mine where recent immigrants are found in considerable numbers there is a liability to accident not found in other mines, where recent immigrants are few. They claim that this liability to accident arises from three causes : 1. The fact that many of the recent immigrant employees are not practical miners and, therefore, do not realize that any neglect on their part endangers not only their lives but also the lives of the other employees in the mine. 2. The desire on the part of the recent immigrants for large earn- ings, which leads them to neglect to take the proper measures, even when they realize that they are necessary, relative to timbering and other precautions, for the reason that these measures require a loss of time from their productive work and a consequent decrease in earnings. 3. The fact that a large majority of the recent immigrants can not speak or understand the English language and, consequently, dc not understand or correctly interpret the instructions and orders given them by mine bosses, face bosses, foremen, and others in charge of the work. . . . , Practically all mining companies furnish first aid to injured em- ployees. All other expenses incurred through illness are borne by the individual. Aside from rheumatism and a certain pulmonary trouble, physicians residing in the various coal-mining towns of the district state that there is no special liability to disease arising from working in the mines. Throughout the field, sanitary conditions ir the mines have been constantly improving for the past nineteer years. Certain measures regarding ventilation and pumping systems have been agreed upon by the United Mine Workers of America and the operators, and have been passed as laws in the various state legis- latures, and, as a result, sanitation throughout the district is good. THE SUPPLY OF IMMIGRANT LABOR. As a rule the supply of labor in the coal-mining towns throughout this district exceeds the demand. In the event of a shortage of laboi at any place, the operators are at liberty to hire whom they please provided such employees become members of the union before they gc to work. No discrimination as to wages for or against immigrants a The figures for Illinois are for the fiscal year. 6 Production of Coal in 1908, Edward W. Parker, U. S. Geological Survey. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 653 exists, because the scale of wages and prices agreed upon by the mine workers’ union and the operators is adhered to strictly. English- speaking miners assert, however, that in some instances operators discriminate against them during times when work is slack, because recent immigrants are more easily controlled and will work under worse conditions, thus lessening the cost of production. RELATIONS AMONG RACES EMPLOYED. In the southern Illinois coal held, the natives and foreign-born smployees as a rule are not segregated at work, while in the northern [Ihnois held the reverse is true. This applies only to the races from southern and eastern Europe. In no instances are Americans, Eng- dsh, Scotch, and Welsh segregated while at work. In boarding and lodging places and in housing throughout the mtire district, the southern and eastern European races are segre- gated not only from Americans, English, Scotch, and Yfelsh, but Tom one another. In one mining camp in southern Illinois, which nay be cited by way of illustration, the Italians were living in one section; the Lithuanians, Slovaks, and Poles in another; the negroes, vhen employed, in a third; and American whites, English, Scotch, ind Welsh in still another section. This arrangement is general hroughout the coal fields of Indiana, Ohio, and northern and south- irn Illinois. The English, Scotch, Welsh, and Germans (where Ger- nans are found) associate freely with each other and with native vhites, but rarely with the races from southern and eastern Europe. Che South Italians, to some extent, associate with the Lithuanians, dovaks, and Poles, but as a general rule their social intercourse is jonfined to their own race. On the other hand, the Slovaks, Poles, ind Lithuanians associate freely with one another. In one or two ocalities North Italians associate more or less with native whites, and )Ccasionally there are marriages between this race and Americans. Although there is no open friction between the races employed at he mines, a pronounced antipathy exists on the part of the native mites and other English-speaking races toward South Italians. A imilar antipathy, but to a less extent, is noticeable in the attitude >1 the Americans and older immigrants toward the Poles. 654 The Immigration Commission. THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR. The extent to wliich the immigrant mining employee holds mem bership in the labor organizations of the mine workers is apparen from a glance at the following table: Table 344 —Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are worhin for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Affiliated with trade unions. Number. Per cent. 20 20 100. Native-Dorn OI native ^vuitc . . 1. . Ktr ror'a nf ffiinPr rOllSn .. 1 1 (a) Native-born ol loreign lainer, uy lace ui idtxici, x Foreign-born: 51 51 100 26 17 65 51 50 98 23 23 100 172 162 94 1 1 (a) Total native-Dom oi luiei^u latuci 21 21 100 151 141 93 ' a Not computed, owing to small number involved . The large percentage of immigrant employees in the names wh belong to trade unions, as indicated by the above table, is due to tli fact already pointed out, that the mines m Illinois, Indiana, and Oln are practically all unionized, and it is necessary for the immigrar to become a member of the organization before he can secure worl The tendency is, therefore, for the immigrant at first to regard tli membership fee in the union as the price paid for his job and t enter the union without any real sympathy with the work ol tli organization. He is, however, as far as possible, made to conlori to the regulations established by the older members of the organ zation, and gradually comes to regard the union as of benefit to mn \mong recent immigrants the North Italians, Lithuanians, an French-Belgians lead the other races in developing enthusiasm 1( the organization, and the belief is often expressed that, m case c disputes with the operators, these races are more nrrn and hold oi for a longer period than many of the natives. The other races grac ually absorb more and more of the spirit of the organization an stand about on a level with one another as regards the interes shown in unionism. , ^ ^ It is claimed by many of the native labor leaders that the igm ranee of many of the immigrants and the conditions under wnic they had been accustomed to work in large measure account K the readiness with which they secure employment m the coal imne They are tractable, slow to demand an enforcement ol the stipuii tions of the agreement between the operators and the labor organ zations, and may be assigned extra work without remuneration, sue as clearing fallen slate, laying track, timbering, handling co unnecessarily. They are also more willing, as already stated, 8 are the natives to work under dangerous and insanitary condition Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 655 [n case of injuries, the older employees assert, the immigrants rarely sue for damages. The recent immigrants are said to be more ready and extensive renters of company houses in the villages than are the aatives. Members of the unions also claim that in some cases the immigrant fraudulently obtains his membership card from some con- cern which has taken advantage of him and of the union, or secures as a present from some friend who is leaving the community. In many localities, however, the immigrants are enthusiastic in :he work of the labor organization and the native members have a ligh regard for the immigrants as union men. There is a feeling in he majority of the localities in the Middle West that the mining )Ccupations are greatly overcrowded and that there are too many mmigrants in the field, but the immigrants in the block-coal dis- rict of Indiana have in most instances been there for a long period md are regarded as thoroughgoing labor unionists. The greater imount of enthusiasm shown by immigrants in the work of the local unions in this district is probably due to the fact that the immigra- ion to the block-coal mining localities is of longer standing than that n most naming communities and has responded in great measure to \.mericanizing influences. A condition of racial segregation exists in the membership of the ocal unions in some localities of the block-coal district. There is i Slavic local, an Italian local, and an American local. The Poles Liid Slovaks are associated in the first, Italians and Tyrolese in the lecond, and Americans and older immigrants in the third. The legregation of these races in the locals, however, is not absolute, mcation of meeting place or other consideration may serve to )lace a native in the Italian local or an Englishman in the Slavic union, but the separation of the races,' as above outlined, is substan- ially maintained. Such separation is now, however, more or less a uryival of the time when the local labor leaders felt that it was inex- )edient to attempt to have the recent immigrants mix with the latives in the same organization. At the time when the labor organi- liations were established in this community this feeling led the local eaders to petition the authorities for separate charters for the mmigrants. In the Illinois coal fields a peculiar situation has developed, in ■onnection with the qualifications imposed upon miners entering he State, which is radically different from the conditions desired uy the labor leaders who framed the rules. The general initiation |ee of the United Mine Workers of America is $10. The require- ments as to the amount of experience a man shall have before he uecomes a '^practical miner” varies in different States. The policy |>f the Illinois branch of the organization has been to require a long )eriod of apprenticeship and to demand an increased initiation fee rqm those who wish to shorten the required period of apprentice- hip. The Illinois man who has never worked m the coal mines and 3 not a miner’s son must pay the normal fee and work six years in he mines or pay an initiation fee of $50 and work in the mines for our years and then stand an examination before some miners’ xamining board in the State in order to become a '‘practical miner.” "he six years’ course includes two years at top labor, two years at ►ottom day labor, and two years as miner’s helper. The four-year 656 The Immigration Commission. course eliminates the two years as top laborer. On the other hand the miner coming from outside of the State of Illinois may be put t' work as a practical miner at once, provided he can fulfill the require ments of the state laws by passing an examination before some miners examining board where, among other things, he must swear that h has had two years’ experience at mining coal. If he comes with ^ union card stating that he is a ‘‘practical miner” and passes the exami nation he may secure work as a mmer without additional fees o requirements. If the prospective miner is an immigrant who ca not speak English and has an interpreter, neither of the two bein, troubled by scruples, it is possible for him to secure work as a prac tical miner within a week after landing in the Enited States, althoug he may never have seen a coal mine in his native land. In general it may be said that at the start the reception of th immigrant by the labor organizations seems to be regarded by th unions as an action to be taken chiefly because of necessity. I their efforts to protect themselves against a lowering of the stand ards of sanitation and safety, and against the cheapening of the prc duction of coal, however, the unions exercise a considerable Amer; canizing influence upon the immigrants, and regard them as objec tionable only as they tend to displace American workmen. REASONS FOR EMPLOYING IMMIGRANTS. The primary reason for the employment of the recent immigrar in the Middle West has been the remarkable expansion of coal niir ing in this area during the past forty years. This expansion ha brought with it a constantly increasing demand for labor at the sam time that other mining sections have been bidding in the labor markt for labor to develop their coal resources. In the face of this situatioi the factor which has made possible the employment of immigrant in large numbers has been the increase in machine mining throughor the Middle West, and especially in Illinois. The tendency to sut stitute machine for hand mining is still going on, in spite of the tac that the Illinois scale of prices for machine mining places the Illmo operators at a disadvantage in comparison with operators u^ng rut chines in other States. Throughout Illinois, except m the Danvili district, where the differential between pick and machine naming is cents per ton, the operator receives only 7 cents per ton for the us of his machine in comparison with 10 to 12J cents per ton receive by the operators in Indiana and Ohio. i • The significance of the use of machines is that it reduces the rniner occupation to that of an unskilled laborer, loading and cleaning u the coal after the machine. A description of this method ot may be valuable in explaining the situation. Incidental to the to lowing explanation it is also interesting to note that as ^arl^ as 189 the recent immigrants were used in connection with machines. As a rule, the cheapest mining in Illinois is done by coal-cutting machines. The disadvantages of machine mining are: First, waste of coal; second, large tirst of the plant; third, necessity of a thick seam; fourth, necessity of careful and supervision. On the other hand, there can be no doubt that machine mining decrea^' the number of strikes, as each man is working for his own interest, inere standing shots to delay the miner; skilled labor is necessary only in a lew places; a with the machine the mine is necessarily developed more systematically and a steam output can be relied upon. * * * Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 657 A machine mines from 30 to 60 tons per day, the amount depending very largely ipon the thickness of the seam. As a general thing they are run in double shifts of en hours each. In one case 15 mining machines of the best types, running double hifts, and in hard mining coal, deliver on the railroad cars 1,200 tons of lump coal in en hours, the coal being screened over a shaking screen which takes out about 30 per ent of fine. In most machine mines the double-entry system, or room-and-pillar 7 ork, is used, one machine being used in each entry. The great majority of the laborers in machine mines are Germans, Russians, Italians r Hungarians; but little skilled labor is required. Usually there is one shooter and ne timberman in each entry, and for these positions experienced men are necessary Speaking generally, a machine mine can turn out the same quantity of coal as a and mine with only about 60 per cent as many men and at about 10 cents a ton less ost. In one mine where an output of 1,200 tons is made daily with machines the Me number of men employed is 300. * * * Naturally machines are most successful where mining is hard. One runner and ae laborer are necessary for each machine, and in most mines one shooter and one mberman, who lays the roads, besides doing the timber work, work after each lachme. These and the machine runner are the only skilled men required in a lachine mine. From 4 to 8 loaders, who are laborers and not skilled men work tter a machine and are paid by the ton. The pay of machine runners varies 1 some cases they are paid by the amount of coal produced and in other cases by the umber of square feet undercut at the usual rate of 20 to 35 cents per ton, or 1 to 1^ 3nt8 per square foot. An average day’s work would be 250 to 275 square feet of udercuttmg. Shooters and timbermen are sometimes paid by the day, but the .ore general practice is to pay them on the same basis as the runner, thus making 1 the men mutually interested in the progress of the work. In many mines where achines are used, air drills are employed to drill the holes used in blasting the )al down, and in such cases the labor and expense are much lessened. a The outcome of the use of machines as regards the type of opera- tes to be used had become, however, evident as early as the year S88. In that year the Illinois bureau of labor statistics summed p the situation as follows: A mining machine not only reverses the methods of work, but it equally changes e system of wages. The coal miner proper takes his own tools into the pit and idertakes to deliver from the wall of mineral before him certain tons of coal ready 'ery morning for a certain sum per ton. He mines and drills and blasts and loads s own coal, timbers his own roof, takes care of his own tools, and is responsible amly to himself for his personal safety and the amount of his output. In the machine mine it takes 7 or 8 men to perform these various functions, and in e mine, as in the mill, the machine is the master and the men are its servitors; the •erator and the mechanism simply directs its energies when the motive power is ven to It and the coal is undercut or mined. A blaster follows with tools and plosives, loosening the mass; the loaders reduce it and shovel it into pit cars- the nbermen follow and prop the roof, which no longer has the mineral to rest upon iborers assist in every process, and a machinist is retained for repairs. Each one '68 his certain portion of the work and no more, and doubtless does it better well as faster, by reason of his greater skill thus acquired. Herein lies the chief lue of the machine to the mine owner. It relieves him for the most part of skilled 3or and of all the restraints which that implies. It opens to him the whole labor irket from which to recruit his force; it enables him to concentrate the work of the ne at given points, and it admits of the graduation of wages to specific work and yment of wages by the day. ******* The results of this introduction of machinery consist not only in the greater execu- n of the machine, but in the subdivision of labor which it involves, and the greater r capita efficiency of the force thus secured. The gain is consequently to the iployer rather than to the men. The mining machine is in fact the natural enemy the coal miner; it destroys the value of his skill and experience, obliterates his cle, and reduces him to the rank of a common laborer or machine driver if he remains I ere it is. & I'The Mineral Industry, Richard P. Rothwell, 1895, pp. 188-189 / Iveport of the Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1899, p. 338. )ort of the United States Industrial Commission, vol. 15, p. 399. Quoted in the 1 658 The Immigration Commission. The use of machines, therefore, rendered unnecessary the securing of experienced miners in h rge numbers and to a large extent obviater the necessity for a long or short period of apprenticeship among new empwSs in the industry. In other words, it was possible ti emplorunskilled and inexperienced labor to meet demands arismf from the rapidly increasing expansion m coal mining and, unde these conditions, more and more reliance was placed upon the immi grant seeking work in this country. In the mines and mining local fties where hand mining still continued because of the nature of thi occmrence of the coal, or because of the preference of the operatms company for this method, experienced miners of native and loreigi S from other countries, otWr States, or the former hand-ininmj Actions of the Middle West, were secured to meet the constantl; inweasing demand for labor. The inexperienced immigrant wa more and more used to follow the machines where machine minin! could be employed and to do the rough and unskilled work m hand ^^The'’ operation of nonunion mines in other States, especially i. West Virginia and Pennsylvania, is regarded as anothp cause tend ing to increase the proportion of recent immigrants m the Middl West The immigrants are said to realize sooner or later that the. can not work and live in a satisfactory way under the condition existing in the nonunion mines. While there, however, they hav gained the experience necessary to become “p , less time than would have been necessary m oriler to get ^he neede experience in union mines. As they become dissatisfied F* conditions of employment they gradually go m search join the unions, and secure work m union mines. The lack of cooperative spirit between the operators and the older ^ seems to explain somewhat the increase m the number of recet immigrants at the mines. With the increased numbers of workei at till individual mines, there seems to have arisen a growing spir of antagonism and lack of sympathy between operators and emp oye due partly to the fact that the personal co^^^^ct between employe and Employees has necessarily become more casual or has entirely di. aSeare'd L the industry expanded, and partly to the frong ho obtained by trade unionism and the effort of the unions to iipho their men in disputes with the operators. The “ tendents allege that the native rniners of the younger g much more contentious, less satisfactory workers, and mu . to treat or reason with than are the older native and British i The employers also argue that the immigrant is more regular ar '"^n^thTother hand, it is contended by the old employees that or of the primary reasons for the employment of the recent imm g lies in his tractability. This is largely attributed to his ignoranc but the assertion is generally made by the older miners that - immigrant is easily controlled, will work under insanitary g ous conditions, and will allow extra work to be imposed upon oSee table showing occupations of immigrants within the industry, p. 626. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West, 659 hese tendencies on the part of the immigrants, it is asserted, ren- >r him a more desirable employee in the eyes of the foreman or )erator and lead to his employment in increasing numbers. In lis connection, it is also alleged that the operator is more favorable . the employment of the immigrant than" the native because the imigrant tends to accept without protest the company house, the -called company-store system, and the general living conditions isolated mining communities. The immigrants are also generally said to manifest much greater Tseverance in their endeavors to secure work than is shown by itives. An American who applies for work when told that there is )ne available lets the matter drop. On the other hand, the immigrant 10 IS refused employment on one day goes back the next and besieges e employer until cause is shown why there is no work or a place is cured. The same general disposition marks the immigrant's efforts secure work for his fellows. The native will go so far as to intro- ice his friend to the foreman, but the immigrant does not stop at IS point. ^ He pleads with the foreman and assumes responsibility ’ the satisfactory working qualities of his fellow countryman. The complaint is commonly made by native miners in Illinois that e recent immigrant often secures work because of his willing- ss to buy jobs, or in other words, to pay a certain sum to the fore- m for the privilege of working. Fraudulent methods of obtaining ion cards are also charged against recent immigrants. Ill Indiana^there is no state law such as is in force in Illinois requir- ;two years’ experience at mining before a man is allowed to become practical miner.” The regulations of the United Mine Workers ich obtain in Indiana are also less exacting than those prevailing Illinois in their effect on the man who is taking up work in the ties for the first time. It would seem, therefore, at the outset, other i^s being equal, to be much easier for the immigrant to get work the Indiana mines than in those of Illinois. The state law and the ited Mine Workers’ regulations operative in Illinois, however 7e produced an effect contrary to the intentions of the framers' 1 instead of curtailing tend to increase the number of recent nigrant employees as compared with the number of native-born, t may be stated in conclusion that the main reason for theemploy- nt of the immigrant in the past has been the increasing demand for or on account of the expansion of coal mining. Some form of labor 5 needed, and the immigrant, usually ignorant and inexperienced, istituted practically the only available supply. His employment finally, therefore, was largely the result of necessity. Other factors, Llready mentioned, have also led the operator to prefer him. More- r, it has^ also been true that steady, satisfactory work on the part Fe immigrants, especially the Slovaks, North Italians, andLithu- ans, has also been a factor that in some measure accounts for their sence m large numbers in the coal mines. 1 i Chapter V. INDUSTRIAL EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION. Recent immigrants have made possible the development of the industry— Effect of machine methods of mining upon wages— Displacement of old employees by recent immigrants— Subsequent history of old employees— Surplus labor supply of recent immigrants and^ its effects — Increase in the chances of accidents — Deterioration of working conditions and methods caused by employment of recent immigrants [Text Tables 345 to 351]. RECENT IMMIGRANTS HAVE MADE POSSIBLE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY. ^ In considering the effects of immigration, the conclusion is irre- sistible that the employment of iininigrant labor has made possible the remarkable expansion of coal mining in the Middle West. What- 3ver may have been the other effects of the coming of the recent immigrant to the bituminous fields of the Middle West, it is clear ./hat the increase in the output of coal within a comparatively short Deriod would not have been possible without resort to this source of abor supply. The operators would not have been able to secure nmers or laborers to develop the territory, and to the employment of •ecent immigrants the rapid growth of the industry is to be attrib- ited. This fact is at once made evident by a comparison of the ncrease in output and in number of employees in Ohio, Indiana, and Jlinois during recent years. By referring to figures already given,® it will be noted that the out- )ut of coal m Ohio has increased from 2,527,285 tons in 1870 to 32,142,- 49 m 1907, while the number of employees has increased from 7,567 in 870 to 46,833 in 1907. In Illinois the annual production has ncreased from 2,624,163 tons in 1870 to 51,317,146 tons in 1907, and he operating force from 6,301 in 1870 to 65,581 in 1907. In Indiana he annual output m 1870 was 437,870 tons, while in 1907 it was 3,985,713 tons, and the number of wage-earners in 1870 was 1,369 compared with 21,022 in 1907. This remarkable increase in pro- luction m the Middle West, and the resultant increase in operating orce, IS principally due to the availability of the immigrant labor upply. EFFECT OF MACHINE METHODS OF MINING UPON WAGES. As regards the general effects of the employment of recent immi- rants upon the former mine workers in the Middle West, the situation lay be explained within a brief compass. The introduction of lachmery m the mines opened the way for the employment of Qskilled and inexperienced labor and brought about conditions 'Bcessitatmg the elimination of a large number of skilled or trained 662 The Immigration Commission. pick miners. As cheap In borers in machine mines, negroes and recen immigrants lowered the wages paid to miners and tended to displace former employees, especially m the occupations of mining, ih. decade 1880 to 1890 was marked by many strikes and labor disturb ances in the Middle West, which were largely the result of the malad iustments arising from the use of maclnnery, and which were i^ualb followed by an exodus of old employees from the localities aftecte( and the employment of large numbers of recent immigrants or negroe in their place. The extent to which the introduction of machine lowered wages may be seen from the following tables and th remarks thereon, taken from the report of the United States Indus trial Commission : Table 345. — Average daily earnings, establishment X,® Macoupin County, III., by occupation. TFroni rpDort of the Industrial Commission, vol. 15, p. 400, quoting Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistic 1890. Percentages shown by report of Industrial Commission have been recomputed.] Occupation. Miners Laborers. . All others. Total and average. Number of men. Per cent distribu- tion. Averag daily earning 205 58. 74 $1. 74 21.20 1. 70 20.06 1. 349 100. 00 1. oPonditions- Denth of shaft, 420 feet; thickness of coal, 8 feet; working places, dry; system of worku pmSr-an^rom- XU done ’by hand; price of mining, 50 cents a ton for screened coal; seam level a uniform. Table 346. — Average daily earnings, establishment XI, Madison County, III., by occupation. [From report of the Industrial Commission, vol. 15, p. 400 quoting Illinois Bumau of Labor Statisti, 1890. Percentages showm by report of Industrial Commission have been recomputed.] Occupation. Cutters Blasters Timbermen. Helpers. Loaders. All others. Total and average. Number of men. Per cent distribu- tion. 31 109 47 214 3.74 4. 21 4. 67 12. 62 14.49 50.93 65. 42 21.96 100. 00 Avera dailj earnin. .Conditions: Depth ot shaft, 108 feet; thickness of coal, 7 w»>-Wng pillar-and-room; mining done with machmes; operatives paid from $1.25 to $2.50 a aay, seam unifoim. An examination of the foregoing table shows that the average in the hand mine are $1.81 per day and of all employees in the ^ $1.77. It also shows that the wages of loaders, laborers helpers, and ah others about equal in both mines, viz, $1.63 to $1.75 in the hand mine and $1.63 to o Report of U. S. Industrial Commission, vol. 15, pp. 400, 401. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West, 663 Jie machine mine. On the other hand, it shows that the miners or skilled laborers iho recSveltl 22 are displaced by cutters and blasters. Who receive |2.22 to $2.25 per day, an increase of about 22 per cent in wages. But he cutters and blasters who take the places of the miners are only 8 per cent of the otal number employed in the machine mine, whereas the displaced miners were ,0 per cent of the total number employed in the hand mine m“ikrctdMors.“ Lasalle County Pable 347.--Avemffe daily earnings establishments IV, VI, and V, Lasalle County lit.., hy occupation. ESTABLISHMENT IV.o Occupation. Number of men. Per cent distribu- tion. Average daily earnings. iners 453 71.2 $3. 21 31 4. 9 1.74 Total 152 23. 9 1.90 1 636 100. 00 1 3.00 establishment VI.& iners 589 61 191 70. 04 7. 25 22.71 .$2. 72 1.75 1.72 Total 841 100. 00 2.37 ESTABLISHMENT V.c ichine foremen. tters isters nbermen. Ipers. aders. trymen.... ad miners others Total. 4 0.77 26 5 4. 98 .96 18 3.45 9.39 38 7.28 174 33.33 40. 61 44 8. 43 108 20.69 105 20.11 522 100. 00 12. 36 d2. 41 d2. 30 d2. 12 1.75 1.73 2. 01 2. 53 1.78 1.97 ar-and-room; mming dS'chledv with ^ working places, wet; system of working, A.verage daily earnings for these three occupations is $2.28. SSsI^Ik ^‘‘and"*? b®i earnings per day in the '3 ll pe^U and fn C VT^b^d™ TJ® P®’' '"i* wages ':e of $2 72 pw dav ^On thb^ mining) they were 70.04 percent, with an average outtL bWprt^ordd c ^ B Establishment No. V (machine mininl) iverale of $2 2^^^^^ were 9.39 per cent of the employees and received ge ot $2.28 per day. In other words, the hand miners in Establishment No. IV 664 The Immigration Commission. • j /cahty affected. INCREASE IN THE CHANCES OF ACCIDENTS. Mention has already been made of the increased liability to acci- 3nt because of the einployment of immigrant workmen.® The der miners assert that injudiciousness on the part of recent immi- 'ants, and the ignorance of those who are suspected of having itamed their places without having had the required experience as liners, have tended to increase the accidents resulting from explo- ons and in this way render the mines less safe. STERIORATION OF WORKING CONDITIONS AND METHODS CAUSED BY EMPLOYMENT OF RECENT IMMIGRANTS. In many localities of Indiana and Illinois, it is asserted that the Qploympt of immigrants has lowered the general standard of work- anship m the mines. Coal is ‘^shot off the solid'' instead of being undercut as formerly, and the complaint is made that too much )wder IS used and too nauch slack coal produced. The operators 'ntend that this situation is due to the action of the unions in uphold- g their members in careless methods of work. On the other hand. “See Chap. IV, p 651. 670 The Immigration Commission. the miners and union officials assert that the condition is attributable^ to the operators, who, to fill abnormal demands for coal, employed inexperienced immigrants in such large numbers that it was impos- sible to teach them to mine by approved methods; that they were permitted to shoot the coal instead of mining it; and that powdei has been allowed to do the work that formerly required skdl. The statement is then made by the old employee that this state of attain not only increases accidents but leads to the introduction of machines for the purpose of undercutting the coal and lessening the slack coa in the output. . , . . .1 m- • This state of opinion is especially noticeable m southern iilmois In the thick coal seams in this section, when machines are not usee the coal is shot off the solid and not undercut by picks before th( shooting is done. The old methods are becoming largely obsolete Whether due, as the operators claim, to the disposition of the uniom to uphold their members in disputes arising out of poor methods 0 work, or, as the unions claim, to the operators in employing immi grants in such large numbers that they could not be taught prope: mining methods and resorted to excessive use of powder, the condi tion is generally conceded to exist and to be a cause for the rnulti plication of mining accidents and for the production of coal containing a much larger percentage of slack” than formerly. All mining 11 the vState is paid for on the ''mine run” basis and no restramin< influence in the use of powder is exerted by the use of screens. T( lessen the loss of life in mine accidents the State enacted laws requir ing "shot firers” to be employed in mines where large charges 0 powder were used. The operators urge, however, that the ruir^r grew less careful in preparing their charges when they realized tha they were not to do the firing for themselves, that the accident arising from excessive use of powder were not elirninated, and tha the proportion of slack coal in the output has continued to increase Except where local conditions, such as frail roofs, prevent the use 0 machines and where mining superintendents are averse to usin; machines on the ground that they deteriorate standards of work manship, the general tendency, therefore, is to introduce machines ii order to prevent the excessive use of powder and decrease the amoun of slack coal produced. . p a/t- 1 A situation unusual, as compared with other sections ot the Mia die West, obtains in the Hocking Valley district in Ohio. In thi region the presence of the alien races has resulted in some American leaving the mines, but not to such an extent as in districts wher the percentage of the foreigners is considerably larger. In this nek probably 70 to 80 per cent of the miners are American or Englisb speaking, and it seems likely that this percentage will not chang greatly in the near future, because as production in this region decline the foreign laborers are dismissed, providing there are sufficient Am^ icans available for the work, and at present the tendency of tn Americans and their sons to remain in the mines indicates that the will hold their own. The same situation is found in the Massillo district in Ohio. This is noteworthy, since in almost all otl^r co[ districts the second generation of natives and English, Irish, Scotcl and Welsh seek other kinds of work than mining. Chapter VI. HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS. lent in its relation to standard of living— Boarders and lodgers— Size of apartments oTne^al^Mles n9 studied— Congestion— [Text Tables 352 to 361 and RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING. A majority of the families investigated in the Middle West own iieir homes. Seventy-nine out of a total of 171, however, rent their ouses, and the average rent paid by these households per apartment er room, and per person is sliov/n in the following table: ABLE 352.~Average rent per month, hy general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) The totals, however, are for all his table includes only races with 10 or more households reporting races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Number of households Average rent per— paying rent and report- ing amount. Apartment. Room. Person. itive-born of native father. White . 14 1 K $ 2 . 24 S2.81 reign-born: Italian, North.. ^y. er Italian, South 10 1 f; 0. 97 1. 95 1.90 Lithuanian 10 QO 6. 23 1. 95 1.53 Grand total. . OZ 7. 16 2. 14 1.44 70 2.09 1. 74 tal native-born. . /y 7. 13 1 i 2. 24 2. 05 tal foreign-born.. 9. 43 00 6. G3 1 1.56 The above table exhibits the fact that the households whose heads ire toreign-born pay an average rent per apartment which is 29 7 T cent less than the average rent paid by all households whose ads are native-born of native father. The Americans usually live len possible, in town or urban centers where housing conditions are ■od and rents higher. On the other hand, the disposition of the imigra,nt is to bye in the outlying or detached communities which aster immediately around the mines, or, when living within the til the within a section which is inferior as compared iAs regard^s rent payments per room, it is noticeable that the North ju bouth Italians pay below the average and the Lithuanians pay ! ^ average. The rent per room paid by each of these igrant races, however, varies only slightly above or below $2. le reason tor this showing is obvious when the tendency of the immi- int tohve in company houses is recalled, together with the fact that companies for houses is about $2 per .L foreign-born races, the Lithuanians pay the high- 1 r^nt both per room and per apartment. 671 672 The Immigration Commission. The following table shows the per cent of households paying eac specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and rac of head of household: Table 353 — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartmen by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for £ *■ races.] General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Number of house- holds paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per apart- ment. Per cent paying— Under 85. Under 87.50. Under 810. Undei 812.50. Foreign-born, Lithuanian 32 57.16 0.0 71.9 100.0 IOC Grand total 79 7.13 10.1 60.8 91. 1 97 Total native-born Total foreign-born 14 G5 9.43 G.G3 (a) 12.3 (a) 72.3 (a) 98.5 («) lOf a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of the total of 79 households studied in the above table, 10.1 p( cent pay under $5, 60.8 per cent pay under $7.50, 91.1 per cent pa under $10, and 97.5 per cent pay under $12.50 rent per month pt apartment. . , . , ^ • i Of the 65 households the heads of which are foreign-born, none pa as hio-h as $12.50, and of the 32 households the heads of which a: Lithuanians, none pay either as low as $5 or as high as $10 rent p< month per apartment. . Owing to the limited number of households paying rent, as well i the limited number of households studied in the Middle West, tl numbers are so small for most of the individual races as not to adm of comparison by percentages. The larger part of Amerman hous' holds are paying a monthly rent per room which ranges between t and $3, while about 50 per cent of all households of recent inimigr. tion pay a monthly room rent within the same limits. The conclusion to be drawn from the general uniformity of ayera< rents per apartment and per room is not that the races of mcent imra gration have about the same general standard of living, but that tl houses occupied by the miners in the mining communities are ot similar type and are intended to rent for a uniform price per rooi the rent for the entire apartment varying with the number of room The tendency on the part of many races of recent immigration is crowd the houses with boarders or lodgers, or to divide the house wil one or more families, in order to decrease the per capita or per hous hold outlay for rent. Where the families are not occupying a cor pany house or where a home is being purchased, the sarne tencmnci prevail. This is well exemplified in Table 352 by the fact that the case of the Lithuanians the average rent per room is $2.14, wm the average rent per person is only $1.44. Owing to these and simil facts, it is plain that in treating rent as an index of standard ot livii the only satisfactory basis for discussion is rent per person. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 673 Upon a comparison of the average rent per person paid by indi- iduals native-born of native father with the average paid by foreign- orn persons, the average rent per person for the 65 immigrant house- olds reporting is 44.5 per cent lower than the average rent per person 3r the 14 American households. The Lithuanian race, which has the ighest standing on the basis of rent per household and apartment, lakes the lowest showing among the foreign races when judged by be standard of average rent per person. BOARDERS AND LODGERS. As bearing upon the living conditions in the Middle West, the illowing table shows the number and per cent of households keeping oarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household : A.BLE 354 . — Number and 'per cent of households beeping hoarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) iformation relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.) General nativity and race of head of household. Households keeping Total boarders or lodgers. number of households. Number. Per cent. itive-born of native father, White ireign-born: Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish 22 51 25 50 23 3 10 6 0.0 .0 12.0 20.0 26.1 Grand total. 'tal native-born . 'tal foreign-born 171 22 149 19 11.1 .0 12.8 Based upon information received from 171 households, the above ble shows that 11.1 per cent keep boarders or lodgers. None of the Itive-born households keep boarders or lodgers. Of the 149 house- )lds whose heads are foreign-born, 12.8 per cent keep boarders or dgers. There is little to be said of the above presentation, except lat the Poles show a larger proportion than the Lithuanians or South alians keeping boarders or lodgers, the proportion of Poles amounting ' over one-fourth of their number, as compared with one-fifth of the ithuanians and a fraction less than one-eighth of the South Italians. The table next presented shows the average number of boarders or dgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of house- fid. 674 The Immigration Commission. Table 355 . — Average number of hoarders or lodgers per household, by general nativit and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers entire year. Boarders are persons only immediate time of taking schedule and not th who receive both board and lodging.] Average number of boarders or lodger per household— General nativity anvd race of head of house- hold. Total number of ; households. Number of house- ; holds keep- ing boarders or lodgers. N umber of boarders or lodgers. Based on total num- ber of households. Based on number olj household: keeping boarders or lodgers. Native-born of native father, White Foreign-born: Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish 22 51 25 50 23 5 22 15 0. 20 (o) .44 . 05 (a) Grand total. Total native-born. Total foreign-born 22 149 19 42 .25 .28 2.2 2.2 2.2 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. From information secured it will be seen that, based on the numbe of households keeping boarders or lodgers, the average number of sucl boarders or lodgers per household is 2.21, while the average number based on the total number of households, is but 0.25. SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED. As regards the size of the apartments occupied by the household studied in the Mddle West, the table below presents in detail the pe cent of households by general nativity and race which occupy apart ments of a specified number of rooms: Table 366.— Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number o rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and jace of head of household. Total num- Average number of rooms per apart- ment. Per cent of households occupying apartments specified number of rooms. of eac ber of house- holds. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 or more. Native-born of native father, White 22 4. 45 0.0 0.0 18.2 50.0 13.6 9.1 9. Foreign-born: Italian, North 51 3.98 .0 13.7 11.8 41.2 29.4 3.9 Italian, South 25 3.48 .0 12.0 36.0 44.0 8.0 .0 -1 Lithuanian 50 3. 44 .0 2.0 58.0 34.0 6.0 .0 Polish 23 3.09 .0 .0 91.3 8.7 .0 .0 Grand total 171 3.69 .0 6.4 40.4 36.3 13.5 2.3 1 .. Total native-born 22 4. 45 .0 .0 18.2 50.0 l’3 . 6 9.1 9. Total foreign-born 149 3.58 .0 7.4 43.6 34.2 13.4 1.3 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 675 Upon examination of the preceding table it is seen that 18.2 per ent or the Ainerican households occupy homes of three rooms and 50 er cent live m apartments of four rooms. The greater number of nmigrant families are housed in three and four room apartments, 3,6 per cent of the total living in apartments of the former size and 4- ™ l^.tter. Seven and four-tenths per cent of the oiisenolds or foreign birth have two-room apartments. None of the .merican or immigrant households occupy one-room apartments. As regards the different immigrant races, the greatest tendency to ve in small apartments is noticeable among the South Italians oles, and Lithuanians. More than 90 per cent of the Polish house- olds occupy three-room apartments and the remainder have four )oms each Thirty-six per cent of the South Italian households are oused in three-room apartments, 12 per cent have two rooms, and, f thp occupying five-room apartments, other households of this race have four-room apartments! ractically all of the Lithuanian households have three and tour room lartment^ The most favorable showing is made by the North .alians. Thirteen and seven-tenths per cent of the households of this ice are found in apartments of two rooms, 11.8 per cent have three loms 41.2 per cent have four rooms, 29.4 per cent have five rooms, Id 3.9 per cent have six; none, however, live in apartments of seven more rooms. The Aorth Italians are far in advance of any of the .her races of foreign birth in the tendency to live in apartments of a •eater number of rooms. The size of the apartments occupied by households of different ces m mining localities may be said to be a criterion of racial ten- ■ncies only within certain limitations. The mining employees pecially in detached communities, are forced to live in company usually, as alr^dy pointed out, standardized struc- ,!ll ^ number of larger-sized houses is lall and the races occupying them may be said to exhibit a tend- cy toward better living conditions. On the other hand, races which Qd toward congestion will occupy the smaller apartments which ry be available. This situation exists in the Middle West as in idenHe?'iLT'f“®’ any conclusion as to racial idencies the fact must, therefore, be borne in mind that there is t comparatively small range for selection as to size of houses and inclinaLon toward crowded living conditions is best exemplified the division of houses by households and the number of persons r household and per room. ^ SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. outlined, the tables following are presented. The !>t table shows the number of households of each specified number '.^nnmK """1 i*® j '’"“SS forward in a summary form rrtm^mfnf i'onseholds, together with the number of persons in irtments of each specified number of rooms. 676 The Immigration Commission. Table ‘ 657 .— Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general naHvit and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of persons per house- hold. Per cent of households of each specified number of persons. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 o: mor Native-born of na- tive father, White. Foreign-born: Italian, North.. Italian, South.. Lithuanian Polish 22 51 25 50 23 3.59 4.18 4.84 4.68 4.83 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 31.8 15.7 16.0 8.0 17.4 31.8 27.5 16.0 16.0 13.0 13.6 19.6 12.0 24.0 13.0 4.5 19.6 16.0 26.0 30.4 9.1 5.9 20.0 16.0 4.3 4.5 3.9 8.0 4.0 4.3 4.5 5.9 8.0 2.0 8.7 0.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 8.7 0. 2 . Grand total. . Total native-born.. Total foreign-born.. 171 4.43 .0 15.8 21.1 18.1 20.5 11.1 4.7 5.3 2.9 22 149 3.59 4.56 .0 .0 31.8 13.4 31.8 19.5 13.6 18.8 4.5 22.8 9.1 11.4 4.5 4.7 4.5 5.4 .0 3.4 An examination of the foregoing table exhibits the fact that th average household whose head is of native birth has fewer person than the average household whose head is foreign-born, bixty-tipe and six-tenths per cent of the households whose heads are native born are of three persons or less, as compared with 32.9 per cent c the households of the foreign-born. Moreover, 77.2 per cent of th native households have four persons or less, while only 51.7 per cer of the foreign households are so reported. It follows, obviously, ths slightly less than one-fourth of the native households and almoe one-half of the households of the foreign-bom are composed of ii\ or more persons. Only a very small proportion of the households ( persons native-born of native father are composed of five, six sevei and eight persons each, as contrasted with the fact that 22.8 p( cent of the total number of immigrant households have five persoi each, 11.4 per cent have six persons each, and 14.2 per cent ha^ seven persons or more. i ii From the preceding data the inference is therefore plain that U households whose heads are of native birth and native father as rule occupy apartments of a larger number of rooms than do those recent immigration and, at the same time, the average America household is one of a smaller number of persons than the avera^ immigrant household; or, in other words, the immigrant househol consists of a larger number of persons occupying a smaller apartmen than does the American household. The question, therefore, a the relative congestion in living and sleeping rooms and the cor parative effect upon household arrangements at once presents itsej Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 677 CONGESTION. The relative extent to which American and immigrant households ccupy apartments of a specified size, together with the relative extent t congestion, having been examined, the situation as regards racial 3ndencies in the Middle West may be presented in a summary form y a series of averages. With this object in view, the table below aowmg the average number of persons per apartment, per room and er sleeping room, is submitted : ABLE Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of persons per— Apart- ment. Room. Sleeping room. itive-born of native father. White 22 51 25 50 23 3. 59 4. 18 4. 84 4.68 4.83 0.81 1.05 1.39 1.36 1.56 2.14 2. 32 2. 75 2. 46 2.71 ireign-born: Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish Grand total 171 4.43 1.20 2.45 tSfl 113-ti v6*born tal foreign-born 149 3.59 4. 56 1.27 2.14 2.50 The table above shows that the average number of persons per )artment m households whose heads are native-born of native fathers rule, about one person less per apartment than the average r the total number of households of foreign birth. The North alians, while not making as good a showing as the Americans, are mewhat m advance of the other races of recent immigration the yrage number of persons per apartment reported by households of IS race being below the average number reported by all immigrant •useholds. Ihe Lithuanian households stand next to the North alian m the average number of persons they report. Upon examination of the average number of persons per room it is parent that there is less tendency^ toward crowding in the Middle est, both among Americans and immigrants, than in other coal- inmg sections. The households of the native-born average less than e person per room, while the immigrant households have an average room. As in the case of persons per apartment, e IS orth Italian average indicates less crowding per room, and the utn Italian and Polish the greatest degree of congestion As regards the average number of persons per sleeping room, prac- ally the same tendencies are exhibited. The American households ve on an average slightly more than two persons per sleeping room une-half persons per sleeping room for all useholds of foreign birth. Of the different immigrant households the Ttn Italian is below the general average in the number of persons * sleeping room; the Lithuanian is about on the average, and the 48296 ° — VOL 6 — 11 44 678 The Immigration Commission. South Italian and Polish are both above the average. Considering a households studied in the Middle West as compared with other coal mining sections, the degree of congestion m the Middle West is com paratively less than in other sections, and in the case both of Am^ica and immio-rant households there is on an average a smaller number o persons per room and less crowding in sleeping rooms. , . , , The relative congestion in apartments and rooms is found m th table which immediately follows, which shows the number and pe cent of households having a specified number of persons per room: Table 359.— Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Native-born of native father, White Foreign-born: Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish Total Average number Grand total. Total native-born. Total foreign-born. Number of households hav- ing each specified number of persons per room. Per cent of households hav ing each specified numbe of persons per room. of house- holds. sons per room. 1 or more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. 1 or more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 22 51 OK n Ki 9 33 21 41 19 40.9 0.0 0.0 U. oi 1.05 4 64.7 7.8 .0 5 84.0 20.0 .0 lo 1. oy 10 82.0 20.0 .0 OU 23 i. OU 1.56 6 1 82.6 26.1 4.3 171 1.20 123 25 1 71.9 14.6 .6 oo 9 114 40.9 .0 . 149 • OA 1 07 25 1 i 76.5 16.8 .7 4 01 moil The table above shows conclusively a smaller degree of congestic among the American households than among the recent imm grant households. Almost three-fifths of the native-born househoh have less than one person per room, slightly more than two-fifths ha' one person per room, and none have two or more persons per roor On the other hand, 76.5 per cent of the total number of mimigrai households have one or more persons per room, and 16.8 per cei have two or more persons. Of the foreign-born households, 7.8 p cent of the North Italian, 20 per cent eaA of the bouth Italn and Lithuanian, and 26.1 per cent of the Polish have two or mo persons to a room. If the analysis of relative extent of congestion by race be carri( further, the table following showing households havmg a certain nm- ber of persons per sleeping room affords an insight into existu conditions. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 679 .^ABLE Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household, (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) eneral nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- Average number of per- sons per sleeping room. Number of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room. Per cent of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room. holds. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. i 5 or more. 6 or more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. 5 or more. 6 or more. ative-born of na- tive father, White. 22 2. 14 16 7 2 72.7 76.5 31.8 43.1 56.0 34.0 39.1 9.1 11.8 20.0 4.0 17.4 0.0 2.0 .0 .0 n A oreign-born: Italian, North.. Italian. South.. Lithuanian Polish 51 2.32 39 22 6 1 U. U A 25 2. 75 22 14 5 88.0 94.0 • U A 50 2. 46 47 17 2 . U A 23 2. 71 21 9 • U 4 91.3 .0 .0 Grand total . . 171 2. 45 145 69 19 1 84.8 40.4 11.1 .6 .0 otal native-born., otal foreign-born. . 22 2.14 16 7 2 72.7 31.8 41.6 9 1 .0 .7 .0 .0 149 2.50 129 62 17 1 86.6 1L4 Upon examination of the table above it is seen that the American ouseholds crowd their sleeping rooms somewhat less than do the nmigrant households Seventj-two and seven-tenths per cent t the Anierican households have two or more persons to a sleeping )om, 31.8 per cent have three or more persons, and 9.1 per cent )ur persons or more. Twenty-seven and three-tenths per cent of the merican households have less than two persons per sleepino* room 1 the immigrant households only 13.4 per cent of the total number ave less than two persons, 86.6 per cent have two or more, 41.6 per mt have three or more, and 11.4 per cent have four or more persons each sleeping room. On comparing the several immigrant races it is seen that the nallest degree of crowding m sleeping rooms prevails in the North ahan households. Twenty-three and five-tenths per cent of the )u^seholds of this race have less than two persons per sleepino* room ).5 per cent have two or more persons, 43.1 per cent three or more 'rsons, 11.8 per cent four or more, and 2 per cent five persons or ore. The worst showing is made by the South Italian households, nl} 12 per cent of the South Italian households have less than two arsons per sleeping room, 88 per cent have two or more persons ) per cent three or more; and 20 per cent four or more persons, aly 6 per cent of the Lithuanian homes have less than two persons a sleeping room, 94 per cent have two or more persons, 34 per cent ^ 1 or more, and 4 per cent four or more. Of the Polish )i^eholds 8.7 per cent have less than two, 91.3 per cent have two more, 39.1 per cent three or more, and 17.4 per cent four or more Tsons to a sleepmg room. 680 The Immigration Commission. The extent and general degree of crowding m the households the Middle West having been presented in detail, the question whii remains for consideration is the resultant effect of this congestK upon the household and living arrangements of the races invo ve In this connection the following table, showing the number and p' cent of rooms not used for sleeping, will be instructive: Table 361 31 Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race oj head oj all except each spe nf household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) Total .Vverage number Average number of sleep- ing rooms per house- hold. Number of house- holds sleeping in— Per cent of house holds sleeping in- General nativity and race of head of household. number of house- holds. ! of rooms per house- hold. All rooms. All ex- cept 1 room. .Ml ex- cept 2 rooms. All rooms. All ex- cept 1 room. All • ce; rooi. Native-born of native father, White 22 4.45 1. 68 1 9 0.0 4.5 e9 Foreign-born: T-folSom 51 3. 98 1.80 10 23 .0 19.6 28.0 CL 1 n T (0 :o iia.Lian, iNuiui 25 3. 48 1.76 1 7 15 19 4.0 .0 50 3. 44 1.90 27 54. U 69 6 Polish 23 3.09 1.78 16 7 .0 L4 Grand total 171 3. 09 1.81 1 61 73 .6 35.7 '7 22 4. 45 1.68 1 9 .0 4 5 ■iC Total native-born Tot^l 149 3.58 1.83 1 GO 64 .7 40. 3 A freneral examination of the preceding table indicates thah smaller proportion of the apartments occupied by Americans th . of the apartments occupied by immigrant households are used i sleeping This situation is at once evident from a comparison the average number of rooms per household with the average numli of sleeping rooms per household. Moreover, if the comparison ( carried further and an examination be made of the extent to which U different households use the rooms of their apartments lor sj^epii some very interesting conditions are brought to light. U1 American*^ households 40.9 per cent use all rooms except two sleepino- Only 4.5 per cent of the native-born households use I rooms except one as sleeping rooms, and none of them use all roo for that purpose. The conclusion is, therefore obvious that ab( 40 per cent of the American households have a kitchen and a dm , room or livinp- room in addition to their sleeping rooms; that m than one-half have a separate living room in addition to a dm room, kitchen, and sleeping rooms ; pd that only a very small num find it necessary to cook, eat, and live in the one room available o and above sleeping rooms. ^ As regards the households of foreign birth, 16 per cent have m than two rooms in addition to their sleeping rooms, 43 per cent h; two rooms, and 40.3 per cent have one room, in addition to sleep rooms, while a very small per cent sleep in all rooms, i he situa i. therefore, seems to be that about one-sixth of the irnmigrant hoi holds have a separate kitchen, dining room, and living room; m than two-fifths have a kitchen and one other room which may used for a dining or living room; less than two-fifths have one ro< Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 681 vhich must be used for cooking, eating, and general living purposes; ind a very small number have no room in addition to their sleeping •ooms available for cooking, eating, and living. As regards the different races of recent immigration, the North ffalian exhibits the best set of conditions. None of the households )f this race sleep in all rooms, and about 35 per cent have more than Avo rooms in addition to their sleeping rooms. About 45 per cent of he households have two rooms, and about 20 per cent have one room, n addition to rooms used for sleeping. The South Italian house- lolds show 4 per cent of their number which use all rooms as sleeping ooms, while 28 per cent of the households use all except one room or sleeping, and 60 per cent all except two rooms. Eight per cent tf the South Italian households have more than two rooms available hove the number used for sleeping. Although the Poles have no louseholds occupying more than two rooms in addition to sleeping ooms, they have no households using all rooms for that purpose, 'hree-tenths of the households of this race, in addition to their leeping rooms, have space available for a kitchen and a dining room r living room, while about seven-tenths have one room, which must be sed for cooking, eating, and living. Of the Lithuanians 54 per cent aye only one room available for use as a kitchen, dining room, and ving room, and about 38 per cent of the households of the same race ave two rooms available for these purposes. It will be seen from a omparison of the average number of rooms per household and the verage number of persons per sleeping room that the general mdency of all races of recent immigration is to use a larger proportion f their rooms as sleeping rooms than do the Americans. This tend- .acy is especially significant when considered along with the fact lat the households of recent immigration occupy apartments of a nailer number of rooms, and the additional fact that the average umber of persons per room is greater than among the American ouseholds. JiiV/ alWwM \ * v4t>WiW Vt>‘ ' •jiUO<»f-i’i 1^! O* nrtWWMi .i!. 490 i« : ()* rf^■ii^l ■l^^w^«l^^^^ llr lo g|w VMr iV<^L .tl/int.1 wrf ' ■ ^, ^ ^ ... , *«, ^.■ a «' f»j,r! ntuatr^iiX ’r.;|imiiWM,,'"J''l»->'‘' *««'';»'■>. a»»i.-i-»*i*< "> ‘ !*'• r^!£l/^fl«k!irt(> ilV#9 V. )(f« / o,f>iii. 'UK' .)ijt.■!' ah.*k(l'wixi o,, ,-^i ...jU*^*. •»i» '»rt4 j fv f*f flwUiKfa*. .^I «i&.;r«>flwf'‘ti....) ■ .1 f!iv}(*Hwi hl.,<^<^ oirfA. To ^)te.iri«'* Wi"'*“' a ioWoA{i«^7n % A '^uif fii <>no H'l Mil ^ , n.u"l «4t . ■«! Hiw J1 • jJl lal ft U-iWi*){ tiVt Vi.(U ,'’'>‘4 , '^rtx'rfWT '5? dS .y';^ .;>>/, ■^»' ^ .Jra 'ij* tr*^ Chapter VII. SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS. Literacy — Conjugal condition — Visits abroad — Age classification of employees and members of their households — [Text Tables 362 to 373 and General Tables 131 to 140] . There are a number of facts in connection with the foreign-born smployees in the mining industry in the Middle West which afford i valuable insight into the general characteristics of the immigrant abor supply. A conception of the real significance of these facts s also necessary to an understanding of the questions of assimilation ind industrial efficiency. LITERACY. One of the most salient facts in the characterization of the mine vorkers of recent immigration is disclosed by a consideration of the iteracy of the mine workers of foreign birth. In the following table /he general literacy of 18,333 individual mine workers in the Middle Vest is exhibited, by general nativity and race. The percentages are or the principal races, and the totals are for all races. The criterion )f literacy is the ability to read or to read and write any language. ^ABLE 362. — Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race. lative-born of native father: White Negro lative-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary England France Germany Ireland Italy ! ! ! " ! Russia Scotland Wales oreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian % English French German Irish Italian, North A!!!!.’!! Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Russian !!!!!!!.”!.!!!! Scotch Slovak Slovenian Swedish Welsh Grand total fttal native-born of foreign father, Dtal native-born 5tai foreign-born Number reporting complete data. Per cent who — Read. Read and write. 5,833 97.4 96.7 566 91.1 88.5 172 98.8 98.3 581 99.1 99.0 67 100.0 100.0 848 99.4 99.1 318 98.4 98.1 53 96.2 96.2 56 100.0 100.0 279 99.6 99.6 208 98.1 97.6 249 97.6 96.4 182 70.9 69.2 803 98.1 97.9 190 90.5 88.9 849 98.6 98.0 126 92.9 91.3 1,700 93.0 92.0 417 63.0 57.3 1,081 80.4 75.2 617 93.8 92.5 798 76.3 72.1 373 73.7 70.8 346 99.1 98.6 784 86.0 80.7 96 81.3 81.3 67 100.0 97.0 160 95.6 93.1 18,333 92.6 91.0 2, 649 99.1 98.8 9,048 97.5 96.8 9,285 87.8 85.4 683 684 The Immigration Commission. Upon comparing the showing by totals in the preceding table, it is apparent that a shghtly higher degree of literacy exists among persons native-born than among the foreign-born. Among persons native-born of foreign father, it is worthy of note that all of the employees whose fathers were born in Russia or France can both read and write. About 1 per cent can neither read nor write. A slightly greater degree of illiteracy is indicated by those whose fathers were born in Wales, than by the other employees whose fathers were born in Great Britain. Of the employees whose fathers were born in Austria-Hungary between 1 and 2 per cent can not read or write, while more than 3 per cent of those whose fathers were born in Italy are illiterate. As regards the races of foreign birth, about 2 per cent ot the English, Scotch, and Germans are unable to read or write, and from 7 to 8 per cent of the Irish and 4 to 6 per cent of the Welsh are illiter- ate. Of the employees of the French race, 9.5 per cent can not read ami 11.1 per cent can not read or write. The Bohemian and Mora- vian mine workers indicate a relatively liigher degree of literacy as compared with other races of southern and eastern Europe, 96.4 per cent being able both to read and write. At the other extreme, the South Italian shows only 63 per cent able both to read and write. Of the Lithuanians 80.4 per cent can read and 75.2 per cent can both read and write, while 76.3 per cent of the Poles can read and 72.1 per cent can both read and write. In addition to the information secured from individual employees, inquiry was also made as to the literacy of the members of the house- holds studied in the Middle West. The following table shows the literacy, by sex and general nativity and race, of 425 persons in the households canvassed who were 10 years of age or more than 10 yean of age. Table 363. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who recid and per cent who read am write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) (This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. General nativity and race of indi- vidual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read. Per cent who read and write. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Native-born of native father. White . . 28 30 58 100.0 96.7 98.3 100.0 96.7 98. Foreign-born: Italian, North . 54 49 103 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. f, Italian, South 35 28 63 62.9 50.0 57.1 62.9 50. 0 I Lithuanian 51 51 102 98.0 92.2 95.1 70.6 60.8 65.'' Polish 25 19 44 92.0 89.5 90.9 72.0 63.2 68. Grand total 217 208 425 92.6 89.4 91.1 83.9 78.8 81. Total native-born of foreign father 24 ~~ 30 54 100.0 96.7 98.1 100.0 96.7 no Total native-born 52 60 112 100.0 96.7 98.2 100.0 96. 7 Total foreign-born 165 148 313 90.3 86.5 88.5 78.8 71.6 76. It is worthy of note that the native-born males, without exception can both read and write. On the other hand, only 96.7 per cent o aU native-born females can read and write. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 685 Of the foreign-born reporting, it is seen that 90.3 per cent of the lales, as compared with 86.5 of the females, can read, but only 78.8 er cent of the males, as compared with 71.6 per cent of the females, m both read and write. The above comparison clearly indicates lat the percentage of illiterate persons native-born amounts to less lan 2 per cent, while 24.6 per cent of the foreign-born persons are cable to both read and write. Of the Lithuanians, only 2 per cent of the males and 7.8 per cent the females are unable to read, as compared with 8 per cent of the tales and 10.5 per cent of the females of the Poles. On the other md, only 29.4 per cent of the males and 39.2 per cent of the females the Lithuanians are unable to both read and write, as compared ith 28 per cent and 36.8 per cent, respectively, of the Poles. The .eracy of the North Italians, as shown in the above table, is worthy special mention, for the reason that every one reporting, both ales and females, can read and write. The standing of the South ahans is very low, 37.1 per cent of the males and 50 per cent of e females being illiterate. following table the literacy of the foreign-born in the house- ids studied IS considered from the standpoint of length of residence the United States: BLE 364 —Per cenj of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read, by years in United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. uer cent who read and write by years in United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. ian. North ian. South, luanian... sh Total... 103 100.0 100.0 63 62.5 57.6 102 100.0 86.1 44 73.3 100.0 100.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 313 84.6 85.0 94.2 100.0 62.5 66.7 53.3 100.0 57.6 55.6 75.0 100.0 50.0 72.2 76.9 73. 8 73. 2 78.5 From the total in the above table it will be seen that, all races ng considered together, the percentage of illiteracy has decreased -fi an increased period of residence. The North Italians report ur entire number as literate. The Lithuanians show 100 per cent those residing here under five years who can read; 86.1 per cent those with a residence of between five and nine years in the itecl t^ates; and 100 per cent of those with a residence of over ten irs. ihe table also shows that the percentage of Lithuanians who 76 been m the United States between five and nine years, who can -h read and write, is smaller than the percentage with a residence ^ler hve or more than ten years, while the percentage of Poles with l^sidence of between five and nine years is higher than the percentage Poles who have been here under five years. A smaller percentage Ihteracw is shown among the Poles who have been here ten years over than among the Lithuanians, the Poles reporting 76.9 per L'th compared with 72.2 per cent of 686 The Immigration Commission. A point of more value than the preceding, however, is found ii the consideration of the relation between age at time of coming an( literacy of the foreign-born. In this connection attention is caile( to the following table: Table 365 —Per cent of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or over who read and pi cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race c individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more Persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreig: Race of individual. Number reporting complete Per cent who read, by age at time of com- ing to United States. Per cent who read ai write, by age at tin of coming to Unitt States. data. Under 14. 14 or over. Under 14. 14 or ovei 103 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 A 1 G3 93.8 44. 7 93. 8 102 83.3 95. 8 66. 7 00 71 44 60. 7 94.7 50 0 1 1 Total 313 89.2 88.4 81.1 71 A dance at the above table is sufficient to show a higher degree ( literacy at present among those persons of foreign birth who wei under 1 4 years of age at the time of coming to this country tha among those who were 14 or over 14 years of age at the time ot the arrival. This situation is especially noticeable m the case ot t South Italians, 93.8 per cent of those under 14 years of age at t time of arrival being now able to read and write, as compared wit only 44.7 per cent of those who were 14 or over 14 years of age whe they came to the United States. A slightly greater proportion ot tl Lithuanians who were under 14 at the time of their arrival m th country can both read and write, than of those 14 years of age . over. An exception is found in the case of the Poles, a larger pr portion of those 14 or over 14 years of age being able to read ar write than of those who came to the United States before they we 14 years old. The general tendency, however, seems to point greater literacy among the foreign-born who came to the count] before they had reached the age of 14 years. CONJUGAL CONDITION. Another interesting fact relative to foreign-born persons in tl mining communities of the Middle W est is to be found in an exan nation of the conjugal condition of the foreim-born mining emplo ees and in an inquiry as to the location of the wives and families the married men. The facts in this connection not only throw < interesting light upon the character of the immigrant employees, b also afford a valuable insight into the racial tendencies toward pc manent settlement and assimilation. The table first submitt shows the conjugal condition of the employees m the bffummous m mines of the Middle West, 20 years of age and oyer. I he employe are classified according to race and general nativity. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 687 '.ABLE 366. Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition oy general nativity and race. (study of employees.) rhis table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race. lative-born of native father: White Negro ] " 'ative-born of foreign father, by country' of ' birth of iEtJi6rj Austria-Hungary England France Germany Ireland Scotland !!!!!!.! Wales oreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English ” French !!”.!!! German Irish ^ ! Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian ’ Magyar Polish Russian Scotch Slovak ! ! Slovenian Swedish Welsh Grand total . )tal native-born of foreign father. )tal native-born )tal foreign- born Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are — Single. Married. Widowed. 5,129 22.6 73.9 3.5 537 27.9 63.7 8.4 82 57.3 42.7 .0 476 33.8 64.3 1.9 52 36.5 59.6 3.8 736 38.0 59.9 2.0 292 36.3 55.8 7.9 229 45.9 52.8 1.3 177 31.1 66.7 2.3 231 15.2 83.1 1.7 165 24.2 73.3 2.4 776 19.5 74.5 6.1 186 24.7 71.0 4.3 817 22.2 73.6 4.3 123 29.3 63.4 7.3 1,615 39.6 58.7 1.7 393 38.4 60.6 1.0 1,063 49.5 49.7 .8 554 30.1 69.0 .9 770 36.8 61.7 1. 6 368 45.1 53.5 1.4 3:^6 21.1 72.9 6.0 732 16.3 82.1 1.6 89 25.8 74.2 .0 67 32.8 64.2 3.0 155 24.5 68.4 7.1 16,658 29.8 67.1 3.1 2,134 38.1 59.3 I 2.6 7,800 27.2 69.2 3.6 8,858 32.1 65.3 2.6 Data were reported for 16,658 individuals. Of these, 67.1 per cent :e married, 29.8 per cent are single, and 3.1 per cent are widowed, ne proportion of married men is higher among the native-born, con- clered as a whole, than among the foreign-born, but lower among 3rsons native-born of foreign father than among either those native- 3rn ot native father or the foreign-born. The proportion of wid- native-born than for the foreign-born. It nignest tor the American negroes. The foreign races having a large proportion of married men are te Bohemians and Moravians, Slovaks, English, and Slovenians, in le order mentioned. All of these races have a larger proportion of arried men than have the native whites born of native father The -ces having a large proportion of single men are the Lithuanians, ussians. North Italians, South Italians, and Poles. The Irish have much larger proportion of widowed than any other race. he table next presented analyzes conditions further by exhibiting e grmips condition of the mine workers according to specified 688 c CO O C>. G -O (_ tuc (U C fc, p<-^ 5 o c: ^ S 8^ ?e - •S K bi HO t» c3 •-^2 H ^ fc. S c o 0 ^ P, P 2 "5 K ^ 01 C3 P § O 5=^ . £ ® o " g B -ft H t = pE-o ^£8 9, 1 i C aj 1 Sw) bX) 0^ Eg&ta S p.C'G ^28 p-E^ ^ P'S p-E S o !^ £ 8 The Immigration Commission. to CO 00 l« o lO oi O 05 CO CO (cococot-ooooco^oco^ rHIi cococo • •.P^cd.-^t^ CO II oicooi COOSOOOOt- ^cOinOOTt’-<^ SSSSS S3S^pif2SSS^8SS?KS$ 00 O CO 05 T c o ot^ o 05 CO VO -ai Ta; (N (N 00 00 o 00 CO CO CO CO cot- oovo^oo ^covoc;t-'a;ooo^.O(Nvooooo S S ^00 o3SSS o8oOo3SSt^St^^wSSoOC35t^ CO (N CO^ . C» 05 vO lo CO cO ,-Ht-OOO e 05 oo cd »o ■'a' t-HCN'— lO’cfcOOcOOvOr-lvOcOO' t'Ccd'vavoocdoofNvdr-.PPMcdid' OOCO'S'vCt— 1— iC0c0(MOt-’-'v0''a'05 ■ Cd Cd Ci r-H vd 1-4 ■ r4 i4 t 4 Cd ed r-i rH Tfl O 00 28S 05t- VO 00 00 00 o ocovovo-ccovovovovot— oo-aiooca . OO t— 1—1 05 rH t— CO , o C35 VO VO (N ■'a- VO I VO IN CO 1-H 1-H CO COOO-^voOCO t— ocu-vcoococoovovot— (N'av-aico . OO CO i-H CO -a' t- O C50 O Cd ■ '00v0voc000c0c005 ■ ■ cd vd ■ ■ ‘ ‘ ’ CO 1-1 1— cd i4 i4 1^S8! ) CO rf t-i 00 < 5 Tt< 05 CO I (M ^ 1 Slltil ll al > 2 || illsllillll oWf*HOti^Mh^H4SPHMMCQp^ o 9 : p 9 0-0° 42 ;p4! "cS Si'S "3 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 689 In the preceding table three age groups are specified, including those from twenty to twenty-nine, those from thirty to forty-four and those who are forty-five years of age or over. ’ In the first group, it will be seen that of the 6,499 reporting 44.3 per cent are married and 54.9 per cent single. Of the 3,115 foreign- born in this group only 37.4 per cent are married and less than one- half of 1 per cent widowed. Of the 3,384 native-born persons reporting, 50.6 per cent are married and 1.2 per cent widowed. Among the foreign-born the Slovaks show 62.4 per cent married, fol- lowed by the Bohemians and Moravians, Croatians, English, Scotch and French, reporting 60.7,58, 52.2, 47.4, and 46.4 per cent, respec- tively. In strong contrast, the Lithuanians report less than one- fourth, or 24.5 per cent, married. Of those married among the Dther races, the percentage ranges from 37.8 of the Germans to 28.6 dI the Insh. Only four of the foreign-born races report a propor- tion of their numbers widowed; the Welsh leading with 4.8 per cent _ollowed by the French, Bohemians and Moravians, and North Italians, who show 3.6, 1.6, and 0.7 per cent, respectively. In the group including those persons between the ages of thirty and orty-four years 7,094 males show 80.4 per cent married and 2.8 per •.ent widowed. Of ’the total number, 4,006 are foreign-born and •eport 79.2 per cent married and 1.7 per cent widowed; and 3 088 ire native-born and report 82 per cent married and 4.1 per cent vidowed. Of the native-born, 807 are of foreign father, reporting '6.3 per cent married and 2.6 per cent widowed. Among the foreign-born races in this group three races, the Croa- lans, Slovaks, and Bohemians and Moravians, show over 90 per cent Qarried. The South Italians report the next highest, or 86.9 per ent, followed by the Magyars, Poles, Scotch, and French, in the Tder named, the French reporting an even 80 per cent married, he married males of the other races range from 78.2 per cent of the 'lorth Italians to 61.5 per cent of the Irish. ^nong the persons native-born of foreign father, those whose athers were born in England and Wales show over 80 per cent mar- led while those whose fathers were born in Germany and those of •cotch descent show the next highest percentages. Of those males fhose lathers were born in Austria-FIungary, 71.4 per cent are mar^ led, while those whose fathers were born in Ireland show the smallest roportion married, or 61.7 per cent. The whites native-born of native father as compared with the egroes show a larger percentage married, while they also show a ^1 1 A widowed. Of the v/hites, 85.5 per cent are married nd 10.3 per cent single, while the negroes report 72.5 married and 9.4 per cent single. In considering the third group, or those males who are forty-five ears ol age or over, the largest proportion of married males is shown 7 the Magyars, who report 95.5 per cent. live of the foreign-born races show 10 per cent or over widowed le highest being 12.5 on the part of the Croatians, followed by the 'nglish and Scotch, showing each 12.4 per cent, and the Welsh and sii^, who show 11.1 and 10 per cent, respectively, those whose fathers were born in Wales show a larger proportion larried than the second generation of any other race, or 92 per cent. 690 The Immigration Commission, Of the native-born of foreign father reporting a proportion of thei numbers widowed, those whose fathers were born in Ireland, wit 13 6 per cent, lead. The negroes show 17.1 per cent widowed a compared with 7.5 per cent of the wlntes native-born of nativ father, and 70.7 per cent married, as against 91.3 per cent ol tn whites born of native father. . . . , In addition to tlie individual investigation, information as to cor iusal condition was also received relative to the inales m the house holds studied. This information is classified in the following tabJ according to age groups and general nativity and race: Table 368 — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age group and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all race MALE. General nativity and race of individual. 20 to 20 years of age. 30 to 44 years of age. 45 years of age or over. 20 years of age t over. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are— Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are— 1 Number reporting 1 complete data. Per cent who are — 1 Number reporting 1 complete data. Per cent wl are— .2 'til C S Marriea. Widowed, j Single. Married. 1 Widowed. | 6 "3d B S Married. j Widowed. 2 d m 0.0 2.0 1.7 Married. li =* ( 1 Foreign-bom; Italian, North Lithuanian 14 12 0.0 8.3 100.0 91.7 0.0 .0 .0 («) (“) 1 ■” 31 36 105 0.0 .0 .0 100.0 100.0 0.0 .0 .0 6 3 16 (a) (a) 0.0 (a) (a) (a) (a) 6.3 51 51 175 98.0 1 98.0 Grand total 100.0 93.8 97.7 54 5.6 94.4 Total native-born of foreign father Total native-born Total foreign-born, 1 9 45 1 (a) (a) 4.4 1 (a) (a) 95.6 1 23 . 152 (a) 4.3 1 1.3 (a) 95.7 98.0 12 1 93 .0 .0 100.0 ijlOO.O .0 .c 1 2 1 14 (a) , .0 (a) 92.9 (a) 7.1 FEMALE. Foreign-bom: Italian North 28 0.0 100.0 1 0.0 16 0 . o| 100.0 0.0 1 (a) (a) («) (a) (a) (a) 45 o.o! r\\ 100.0 100.0 Lithuanian 26 .0 100.0 21 .0 100.0 .0 1 . U Grand total 89 .0 100.0 .0 63 .0 100.0 .0 7 (a; (a) (a) 159 .0 100.0 Total native-born of foreign 5 (a) (a) 5 (a) (a) 100.0 100.0 Totftl Tifldi 15 .0 100.0 .0 9 (a) (a) (a) 2 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 26 133 .0 A Total foreign-bom 74 .0 100.0 .0 54 .0 100.0 .0 5 . U 1 TOTAL. Foreign-bom: Italian, North Lithuanian 42 38 0.0 2.6 100.0 97.4 0.0 .0 47 57 0.0 .0 100.0 100.0 0.0 .0 7 4 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 96 99 0.0 1.0 99.0 ! 99.0 ? Grand total 143 6 24 119 2.1 (a) 4.2 1.7 97.9 (a) 95.8 98.3 .0 (a) .0 .0 168 .0 100.0 .0 23 0.0 95.7 4.3 334 .9 Tota! native-born of foreign 6 49 285 (a) 2.0 .7 -- I (“) i 98.0 1 98.9 1 father Total native-born Total foreign-bom 21 147 .0 .0 100.0 100.0 .0 .0 4 19 (a) .0 (a) 94.7 (a) 5.3 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 691 Of the total number of 175 males of all races furnishing information !or the preceding table, only 1.7 per cent were unmarried. A slightly arger percentage of foreign-born as compared with total native-born .remarried, only 1.3 per cent of all foreign males being single, 98 per ent married, and a fraction of 1 per cent widowers. In the case of he two foreign races reporting in sufficient numbers for a compu- ation of percentages, it is seen that all of the North Italians are mar- led or have been married and only 2 per cent of the Lithuanians are ingle. The conjugal condition of the females in the households studied is ven more interesting than that exhibited by the tabulation of the lales. Of the total of 159 from whom information was received, all f any age above twenty years were married. This situation, which is normal one so far as women of recent immigration are concerned, is yobably more pronounced in the Middle West than in Pennsylvania r the South, because of the relatively greater proportion of the ime workers of recent immigration who have permanently settled r contemplate a permanent residence in the mining localities of the [iddle West. In connection with the general conjugal condition of the foreign- orn males, it is important to inquire as to the location of the wives • ^or the reason that the presence of the wife and family ith the husband usually indicates the intention on the part of thehus- ands of remaining permanently in the United States. The first table ibmitted below, which is the result of a study of 5,440 employees lows the per cent of foreign-born husbands who report a wife L the United States or abroad; the second table exhibits, by desig- ated periods of residence of foreign-born husbands in the United fates, the per cent who report wives abroad. VBLE 369.— Per cent of foreign-horn husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) lis table includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreien- born.] ^ 1 , ‘ Race of husband. Number reporting Per cent reporting wife— complete data. In United States. Abroad. hemian and Moravian. . . 1 3.4 •atian i / D 1 96. 6 iUO KAA 57 . 1 42.9 1 Ofi 95. 6 4. 4 ■man 1 c: AQ 95 . 3 4. 7 OOo 96. 8 3.2 liian, North. 73 97.3 2.7 ,lian. South yuo 01 o 79. 0 21.0 jhuanian zj y A 63. 9 36. 1 !?yar 014 79. 8 20. 2 oo4 63. 8 36.2 422 79. 1 20.9 186 63. 4 36.6 227 93. 8 6.2 583 88. 5 11. 5 Jdish 56 43 78. 6 100.0 21.4 .0 Total 102 100.0 .0 0, 440 83. 5 16.5 1 692 The Immigration Commission. Table 370 — Per cent of foreign-horn husbands who report abroad by race ofhushai and by years husband has been in the United States. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) FRv vears in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. L y y only races with 200 or more husbands reporting.] This table indue Race of husband. Number having been in United States each specified number of years, who report location of wife. Per cent having been in Unit States each specified number years, who report wife abroad. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Total. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Tota 119 64 361 544 16.0 IQ A 6.2 A n 0.3 .0 9. 8 76 67 420 563 905 lo. 4 D. U 1 Q A 2) T + qIioti 158 370 377 47 53. 8 64.1 58 6 io. 4 QO A A 4 3 Italian f Ui i/ii- T+olion ftnntb 64 108 219 514 354 1 7 Q D. 4 12.3 17. 1 21 Itaildll) OUUl/11. 70 168 276 i/. O QO Q 31 103 146 105 60. 2 oA. y IQ 4 9. 0 2) 100 144 178 422 44. 0 on A ly. 4 7 1 1.2 34 28 165 227 29. 4 1 C 1 3.2 1) Slovak 60 152 371 583 53. 3 10. 1 Upon referring to the foregoing tables it is seen that practical none of the northern and western races are without their wives, whi the Croatians, Russians, Magyars, and South Italians show considc able percentages of those whose wives are abroad. VISITS ABROAD. The bituminous coal-mining employees of foreign birth, ® the unmarried or those whose wives are abroad, tend to move read from one mining community or district to another, according t varTatiom in the demand for labor. In periods of industrial depr- sion or slackness of work they also frequently return home to aw a revival of industrial activity in this country Moreover, as m^t be anticipated, the immigrant who expects to remain permanent in the United States also revisits his own country to renew old t. or to attend to business matters. ^ nf u The table following throws light upon the migratory habits of different races. It enumerates the visits of ® their native lands, by period of residence m the United States a. by race. 693 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. ABLE 371 .- - Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (study op employees.) y years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States This table inclndeQ only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is lor aUforerg^^^^^^^^ Race. ihemian and Moravian. jatian iglish ench rraan sh lian. North, lian, South. huanian •Ryar lish ssian )tch vak >lsh Number in United States— Under 5 years, Total 2,131 80 30 174 40 127 10 463 133 210 211 192 103 58 129 10 5 to 9 years. 10 years or over. 61 75 83 64 94 9 642 194 352 214 247 100 38 203 4 2,560 39 424 67 510 93 484 63 373 116 228 75 213 415 127 Total. 3,525 219 144 681 171 731 112 1,589 390 935 541 667 278 309 747 141 Per cent reporting 1 or more visits, by years in United States. Under 5 years 8,216 2.5 3.3 10.9 .0 4.7 .0 6.3 21.8 2.9 7.1 4.7 7.8 15.5 7.0 30.0 7.3 5 to 9 years. 3.3 17.3 28.9 4.7 (a) .0 18.4 18.6 7.4 13.6 8.1 12.0 34.2 11.3 (a) 13.6 10 years or over. Total. 18.4 3.2 16.0 20.6 11.1 7.3 12.5 20.4 20.0 7.7 14.4 7.9 10.1 24.3 10.3 22.0 14.0 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. All races included in the table above show a tendency to increase e proportion of persons who make one or more visits abroad, accord- y to the period of residence in this country; 7.3 per cent of the tal tor all races of under five years’ residence in the United States, 1 ^ ^ residence between five and nine years, ( 8.4 per cent of the total who had been in this country ten years over having made one or more visits abroad. In all periods of residence the greatest tendency to make visits road IS noticed m the case of the South Italians, 21.8 per cent of iich race m the United States under five years, 18.6 per cent tween five and nine years, and 20.6 per cent ten years or over ving made one or more visits to Italy. On the other hand, only •per cent of the North Italians of a residence under five years 4 per cent between five and nine years, and 36.6 per cent ten irs or over made one or more visits, indicating less tendency long thnse of a shorter period of residence and a stronger tendency ih 1 ^^ ^ more extended period of residence among the rth Italians, as compared with the South Italians, to revisit •ir home country. The Magyars also indicate an increasing ten- icy by period of residence, 7.1 per cent of the total in the United ,ites under five years, 13.6 per cent of a residence between five and . years, and 29.3 per cent of a residence of ten years or over report- 1 one or more visits. Very few Croatians of a short period of resi- the Unimr^^ yi®’ 11-3 per cent of those who have been •ho«P States between five and nine years, and 2.3.1 per cent its years or over, report one or more Q t k ,Pei cent under five years’ residence, 9 per cent between five and nine years, and 22.9 per cent of ten JS residence or over also state that they have made one or more 48296 ° — VOL 6 — 11 15 694 The Immigration Commission. visits. It is also a striking fact that 30 per cent of the Welsh of ; residence under five years and 22 per cent of ten years residence o more report one or more visits abroad. The Slovaks and Russian indicate about the same tendency to revisit their native land tli proportions of each race under each designated period of residenc heino- about the same. It is also of importance to note that prac tically none of the representatives of the Irish race report any visit to Ireland until a period of residence of ten years or over in th* country is reached. AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIE HOUSI HOT.nS. The following tables show the fled age group, by sex and genera hold. The first presented covers percentage of persons in each spec 1 nativity and race of head of hous( the male members of thehousehok Table 372 — Per cent of persons within each age group, hy sex and by general nativi and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all race MALE. General nativity and race of ! head of household. | Number reporting complete data. ' Per cent within each specified age group. Under 6.- 6 to 13. 1 14 and 15.' 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 01 over Foreign-born: Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish 106 61 111 52 27.4 29.5 33.3 36.5 1 16.0 19.7 18.9 17.3 3.8 1.6 .9 .0 4.7 4.9 .9 .0 13.2 16.4 10.8 19.2 29.2 22.9 32.4 23.1 Grand total 373 30. 6 17.7 1.6 3.2 14.5 28.2 Total native-born Total foreign-born 43 330 1 («) 31.2 I (a) 17.9 (a) .0 (a) 2.7 (a) 13.9 (a) 28.2 female. Foreign-bom: ! Italian, North ' Italian, South Lithuanian Polish 1 107 55 101 44 26.2 1 25.5 32.7 25.0 20.6 23.6 15.8 18.2 2.8 1 5.5 1.0 1 2.3 1 5.6 3.6 2.0 9.1 28.0 18.2 27.7 27.3 15.8 21.8 19.8 . 15.9 ) i i 1 Grand total 343 26.8 19.2 2.6 1 5.0 25.9 18.4 ToIbI (h (a) («) I . (a) 4. 6 (a) 26.1 (a) 18.2 Total foreign-born 307 28.0 19.2 2.6 1 TOTAL. Foreign-born: Italian North 213 26.8 18.3 3.3 5.2 20.7 17.2 18.9 23.1 22.5 Italian South 116 27.6 21.6 3.4 4.3 22. 4 OA A Lithuanian Polish 212 96 33.0 31.6 17.5 17.9 .9 1.1 1. 4 4.2 ZD. 4 20.0 Grand total 1 716 28.8 18.4 2.1 4.1 19.9 23.5 Total native-born Total foreign-born i 79 637 (o) 29.7 (a) 18.5 (o) 2.2 (a) 3.6 (a) 19.8 (a) 23.2 (“ o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 695 It is of interest to note from the preceding table that of the 373 ales furnishing information, almost one-half, or 49,9 per cent are ider 16 years of age; 30.6 per cent of the total are under 6 years ^ years of ;e. Although the foreign-born show none of their number between le ages of 14 and 15 years, 49.1 per cent are under 14 years of age Of the four foreign-born races furnishing information, the Poles, ithuanians, and South Italians, in the order named, each show over ) p§r cent under 16 years of age. With the exception of the North alians, who show a slightly smaller proportion under 6 than from ) to 44 years of age, or 27.4 as compared with 29.2 per cent, the her races each show a larger proportion under 6 years of age than any other age group, ranging from 36.5 per cent of the Poles to 1.5 per cent of the South Italians. Of those from 6 to 13 years of ^e, the South Italians with 19.7 per cent show the largest, and the orth Italians with 16 per cent the smallest proportion. Of the ales over 16, the largest proportion are from 30 to 44 and the lallest from 16 to 19 years of age, while the percentage of males 45 over IS but little more than the percentage of males whose ages e from 16 to 19. The proportion of males from 30 to 44 ranges )m 32.4 per cent of the Lithuanians to 22.9 per cent of the South alians, and of those from 20 to 29 the Poles with 19.2 per cent ow the largest, and the Lithuanians with 10.8 per cent the smallest oportion. Of the 343 females furnishing information, 48.6 per cent are under years of age; 26.8 per cent of the total number are under 6 and .2 per cent from 6 to 13 years of age. Of those over 16, 25 9 r cent of the total number are from 20 to 29 and 18.4 per cent )m 30 to 44 years of age. Of the four races furnishing information, the South Italians alone 3W over 50 per cent under 16 years of age. The greatest difference the proportions under 6 and from 6 to 13 years of age is shown the Lithuanians and Poles — the former showing 32.7 per cent der 6, as compared with 15.8 per cent from 6 to 13, while the ter shows 25 per cent under 6 and 18.2 per cent from 6 to 13 ars of age As between the North and South Italians in these two 3 groups there is little difference. In the two age groups from 20 to 29 and 30 to 44 years of age, each e, with the exception of the South Italian, shows a larger propor- n in the first than in the second group. The largest proportion the first, and smallest in the second group, is shown by the North lians, or 28 per cent as compared with 15.8 per cent. The pro- [tuons of Lithuanians and Poles, as will be seen from the above ;)le, are but slightly lower than the North Italians in the first group. Avill also be noted that a very small proportion of the females of I ‘Vi race are 45 years of age or over. V combination shows the percentage of the combined totals of ,ies and females furnishing information. Of the 716 males and jiales reporting complete data, 49.3 per cent are under 16 years I age. As m the preceding tables a larger proportion are under 6 Ml rroni 6 to 13 years, while of those above 16 a larger proportion i from 30 to 44 than from 20 to 29 years of age. ^ ^ ^ 696 The Immigration Commission. The following table shows the per cent of male employees with each age group, by general nativity and race: Table 373. Per cent of male employees within each age group, hy general nativ< and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all rac ] — Number Per cent within each specified age group. General nativity and race. reporting complete data. Under , 14. ^ 14 to 19. !0 to 24. i >5 to 29 . 0 SO to 34. c $5 to 44. 4 [5 to 54. 55 < ove Native-born of native father: White 5,993 (a) 14.0 18.7 18.5 14.2 16.8 19.7 27.4 10.3 1 /< A ( 584 0.0 7.5 11.8 15.2 14. 0 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria"ilung9 :'-'>fe®#i'J. .It.;-’- v*tK™if’ c:/4»r^ffl.an \l'M [ifi Jt ,' M j'- ‘5l|_ 9% ■ T^./- t ■ ‘ ,5 1^. Chapter VIII. GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION. Ownership of homes — Citizenship — Ability to speak English — [Text Tables 374 to 383 and General Tables 141 to 149]. The preceding discussion has been concerned with the industrial itatus and progress of the races of recent and past immigration. In iddition to the purely industrial condition of the foreign-born in the htuminous localities of the Middle West, however, data have been “ollected showing the general progress toward Americanization exhib- ted by the races of recent immigration, as well as their adaptation ,0 American life and institutions. This information is treated in the ollowing discussion under topics selected with the object of pointing >ut the representative tendencies toward progress and assimilation. OWNERSHIP OF HOMES. Ownership by a family of the home which it inhabits implies the bility and the disposition to save. For this reason the proportion if families of a given group of workmen who live in homes owned by hemselves may fairly be regarded as an indication, at least, of the ocial and industrial progress of the group. It is also probable that, nless they intend to reside permanently in the United States, the aembers of a family of foreign birth will not, in the majority of istances, purchase property of so immovable a nature as a dwelling ouse. The statistics of the ownership of homes by immigrant races lay therefore be considered of value as showing the permanency of he immigrant population. In this connection, however, it must also 'e borne in mind that in the bituminous localities of the Middle West, s in other coal-mining sections, a satisfactory conclusion as to the endencies of the foreign-born can not be had, because in the small, etached mining communities the coal-mining companies usually own tie dwelling houses and often there is no opportunity for the em- loyee to purchase his own home. Data relative to the ownership of homes by mining employees in tie Middle West have been secured by means of the family study and re embodied in the following table : ABLE 374. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Total number of families. Owning home. Number. Per cent. ative-born of native father, White oreign-born: Italian, North... Italian, South Lithuanian Polish 22 8 36.4 51 36 70.6 25 10 40.0 50 18 36.0 23 20 87.0 Grand total )tal native-born hai loreign-born 171 92 22 8 149 84 53.8 36.4 56.4 699 700 The Immigration Commission. Of the total number of 171 families included in the preceding table 92 or 53.8 per cent, own their homes. For the native-born tb percentage owning homes is 36.4 per cent, and for the total foreign born it is 56.4 per cent. .tip The foreign-born, classified by races in the order of percentag< owning homes rank as follows i Poles, North Italians, South Italians and Lithuanians. It will be noticed that for all the foreign races with the exception of the Lithuanian, the percentage of homes owne( is larger than for the native-born. The unfavorable position of th native-born as to home owning is probably due to the fact that fo the past twenty years there has been an increasing tendency on tin part of the native-born to leave the coal mines. Of the native-bori remaining in the mines, a considerable part, as already pointed out occupv the more skilled and responsible positions. Those wh remain, however, in the shift and digging and loading occupations are to a considerable extent, the more thriftless and less ambition ot tli former mine workers, and represent largely an improvident class. It is interesting to note in this connection that the percentage o families owning homes is higher in the Middle West than in tli Southwest and much higher than in Pennsylvania or the boutli. The above statement is true not only of the employees as a whol but in general, of all the races represented. The fact that tli standard for the employees of the Middle West is so much higher tha for those of the East and South is probably due, in a considerabl measure, to the prevalence of better working conditions m and abou the mines of the Middle West. CITIZENSHIP. Passing from the consideration of home-owning tendencies as a index of permanent residence and progress toward Americamzatio on the part of the foreign-born mining employees, another mstructiv indication as to assimilation is found in the fact relative- to tti political condition of the foreign-born and their interest m politic! and civic matters. i -p The English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and Germans, as a rule, manites as much interest in all public affairs as do the native-born of natiy father. The French and Belgians, do not show so much interest as th above-mentioned races. Among the immigrant races from souther and eastern Europe, the North Italians, upon the whole, indicate inoi activity in public affairs than is shown by the other races. Ill Lithuanians and Poles are next in order. The South Italians, ic the most part, manifest very little interest and are usually controlle by leaders of their own race. i As regards naturalization and citizenship, tables submitted on tn following page present a comparison by races as to the pomicai coi dition of the males among the bituminous coal miners of the Midcl West, who have been in the United States at least five who were 21 years of age or over at the time of coming. The mt table shows the numbers and percentages of all races having first ( second papers. The second table makes the sarne exhibfi by pe. cent ages for the principal races, in connection with length ot res dence in the United States. a See Table 113, p. 179. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 701 ’ 'able 375 . — Present 'political condition of foreign-horn male employees 'who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming by race. ’ (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] Number reporting complete data. Number — Per cent — Race. Fully naturalized. Having first papers only. Fully naturalized. Having first papers only. ohemian and Moravian 84 27 o QA 32.1 (a) (a) (a) 25.0 42.9 (a) (a) (a) 12.5 ulgarian OO o inadian, French 1 1 1 madian' Other 1 80 1 1 •oatian 20 X 1 n anish iU 1 1 utch (a) (a) (a) 17.8 (a) 28.0 16.2 (a) 14.9 21.8 10.6 (a) 9.8 21.8 Dglish 270 15 82 352 3 186 7 innish 48 8 OO 68. 9 (a) 32.9 76.1 rench I 27 268 srman reek 0/ 1 n ish 47 739 161 2 34 307 39 2 (a) 72.3 41.5 0 4 O alian, North 4 1 A1 ilian. South Ibi 1 7 ilian (not specified) 14 (a) 44.5 thuanian 418 238 5 186 48 agyar 4i TvO ontenegrin 1 20. 2 (a) (a) 20.1 (a) 35.7 (a) 57.5 (a) jrwegian 4 4 (a) ilish 309 1 62 c^o (a) 17.2 (a) 12.9 juraanian 00 1 1 Q assian 140 2 ithenian ou 18 otch 120 6 285 35 33 2 00 (o) 27.5 (a) 20.7 (a) (a) (a) 10.3 33.3 28.3 (a) rvian 1 oo 1 )vak 131 12 25 i )venian oy 46. 0 (a) (a) •edish o Q rian 0 1 a elsh 58 45 46 /IQ (a) 84.5 26.7 OO A istrian (race not specified) 12 15 1 b 15 13 Igian (race not specified) iss (race not specified) 3 b (a) Total 3,601 1,586 AC1 44.0 18.9 Dol « Not computed, owing to small number involved. kBLE 3/6. Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States and race. (study of employees.) Y years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Race. glish •man lian. North iian. South, huanian... ?yar ish ssian tch vak Total..., In United States 5 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. In United States 5 years or over. Number reporting complete data. Per cent — Number reporting complete data. Per cent — Number reporting complete data. Per cent — Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. 73 8.2 53.4 197 91.4 4.6 270 68.9 17.8 83 21.7 51.8 269 92.9 5.2 352 76.1 16.2 445 21.6 25.4 294 71.8 16.3 739 41.5 21.8 124 13.7 11.3 37 59.5 8.1 161 24.2 10. 6 216 24.5 10.2 202 65.8 9.4 418 44.5 9.8 161 8.1 22.4 77 45.5 20.8 238 20.2 21. 8 165 3.0 14.5 144 39.6 20.1 309 20. 1 17.2 68 16.2 7.4 72 54.2 18.1 140 35.7 12.9 34 2.9 50.0 86 79.1 18.6 120 57.5 27. 5 99 14.1 25.3 186 62.9 18.3 285 46.0 20.7 1,731 14.8 24.8 1,870 71.1 13.4 3, 601 44.0 18.9 702 The Immigration Commission. The tables of percentages immediately preceding show that, of th( total number of employees reporting, 44 per cent are naturalized 18 9 per cent have first papers only, and 37.1 per cent are without first or second papers. The highest percentage of aliens among am race is exhibited by the South Italians, 65.2 per cent of whom haw taken no steps toward citizenship. Only 23 per cent of the boutl Italians, however, have been in the country as long as ten ;^ars this proportion being smaller than that of any other race. The Tole; show the next largest percentage of aliens, with 62.7 per cent thus re ported, closely followed bv the Croatians with 62.5 per cent. The Welsh, wdth 84.5 per cent reported as holding final papers rank the highest as regards complete naturalization. They, however constitute one of the smallest racial groups tabulated. The fact tha the Germans rank second, with 76.1 per cent naturalized and 16.2 pe cent having first papers, is rather more significant, as this group ii more than six times the size of the Welsh. Moreover, almost one fourth of the Germans have been in the country less than ten years The Irish, ranking third, form another small group. The Enghsl rank fourth and the Scotch fifth, the aliens of these races being bu 13.3 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively, of the total number report ing. The Scotch have a much higher percentage holding first paper than the English. In addition to the above-mentioned races only th Slovaks and Lithuanians show percentages of fully naturalized per sons in excess of the general average of 44 per cent. The Poles report the lowest percentage of fully naturalized em ployees, or 20.1 per cent. The Magyars report 20.2 per cent full; naturalized. Both of these races rank below the Soutn Italiam with 24.2 per cent fully naturalized. Exactly 25 per cent of th Croatians are fully naturalized, but only 12.5 per cent of this rac have first papers, and consequently the proportion of aliens is ^er large. Only 25 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians are aliens their percentage of 32.1 fully naturalized is not comparatively higr Of the individuals in the United States from five to nine years, 60. per cent have taken no steps toward citizenship, 24.8 per cent hav their first papers, and 14.8 per cent are fully naturalized. In this classification the Poles show the greatest proportion c aliens, 82.5 per cent of the race being thus reported. Only 3 pe cent of the men of this race and in this age group are fully naturalizec The Russians follow with 76.4 per cent alien, but show 16.2 per cen fullv naturalized. The Lithuanians, with 24.5 per cent, show th highest percentage of persons fully naturalized, followed by the Gei mans with 21.7 per cent and the North Italians with 21.6 per cent Of the Lithuanians 65.3 per cent, of the North Italians 53 per cen1 and of the Germans 26.5 per cent are aliens. Complete naturalization is, as might be expected, more genere among the persons of longest residence in the United States. Ih 1,870 individuals tabulated as having been in the country ten yeai or more are reported as 71.1 per cent fully naturalized and 13.4 pe cent having first papers only, which leaves but 15.5 per cent The races from Great Britain and Germany, which rank highee in the general showing for all races, also make the best showing i the racial comparison as to political condition of employees wb have been in the United States ten years or more. The races troi Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 703 jreat Britain and Germany show the lowest percentages of aliens, 10 proportion for any race being over 4 per cent of the whole. The lighest percentage of aliens is found among the Poles, with 40.3 )er cent. Moreover, only 39.6 per cent of this race are naturalized, fhe Magyars follow, with 33.7 per cent alien and 45.5 per cent laturalized. Other high percentages of aliens are the South Italians, 12.4; the Russians, 27.7 ; and the Lithuanians, 24.8. Of the 37 South talians who furnished information and who have been in this country en years or over, 59.5 per cent are fully naturalized, only 8.1 percent lave first papers, and 32.4 per cent have as yet taken no steps to- vsird naturalization. The following table shows the present political condition of foreign- )orn males in the households studied who have been in the United hates five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at ime of coming, by race of individual: 'able 377 . — Present political condition of foreign-horn males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] N umber N umber— Per cent — Race of individual. reporting complete data. Fully naturalized. Having first papers only. Fully naturalized. Having first papers only. 'oreign-born: Italian, North 29 13 11 44. 8 37.9 (a) 17.9 (a) Italian, South 16 6 (a) 42.9 Lithuanian 28 12 5 Polish 10 3 2 (a) Total 83 34 18 41.0 21.7 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. The above table shows that of the total number of individuals in his locality for whom information was secured, a much larger pro- lortion are fully naturalized than have first papers only. As between the North Italians and Lithuanians, the former, while eporting only a slightly larger proportion than the latter fully nat- iralized, show a much larger proportion having secured only their irst papers; while of the South Italians and Poles the number of iiach reporting is so small as to admit of no comparison. ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH. Another factor upon which progress toward assimilation and indus- rial advancement are conditioned is found in the extent to which ihe different races of alien speech and birth acquire a knowledge of i^nglish. Information as to ability to speak English was secured rom the members of the households studied in the Middle West and s submitted in the table following for all persons 6 years of age or >ver, by sex, race, and general nativity. 704 I The Immigration Commission. Table 378. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and generc nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, hov ever, are for all non-English-speaking races.] General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English, Male. Female. Total. Male. 1 Female. Total. Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Italian, North 19 2G 45 100.0 9G.2 97. Foreign-born: Italian, North 58 49 107 87.9 28. G 65. Italian, South 40 33 73 52.5 48.5 50. Lithuanian 52 52 104 100.0 88.5 94. Polish 28 21 49 100.0 81.0 91. Grand total 227 21G 443 88.5 70.4 79. Total, native-born of foreign father 49 G1 i no 100.0 9G.7 98.' Total, foreign-born 1 155 333 85.4 60.0 73. All of the North Italian males native-born of foreign father, a; evidenced by the above table, can speak English, and 96.2 per cen of the females. Of the total foreign-born 84.5 per cent of the males can speak English, but only three-fifths of the foreign-born females are so reported. This inability on the part of tlio females as comparec with the males to speak English is due to the fact that the women o foreign households do not come into contact with English-speaking people to as large an extent as do the men, the latter being throwr with English-speaking people at work and in other relations. More- over, their native language is usually spoken by foreigners in th( household, and the immigrant women, therefore, have small oppor- tunity to learn English from the men while at home. Of the different races of foreign birth, all of the males of the Lith- uanian and Polish races can speak English, while only 88.5 per cent of the Luthuanian females and 81 per cent of the Polish females car converse in that language. As compared with these two races, the North and South Italians make a less favorable showing. Eighty- seven and nine-tenths per cent of the North Italian males and 28.6 per cent of the females can speak English, but, on the other hand, only a little more than one-half of the South Italian males and less than one-half of the females of that race are able to speak English. A study of 7,761 individual mine employees of foreign birth and of non-English-speaking race was made relative to their ability to speak English. The results, according to race of individual, are sliowu in the table following. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 705 Table 379.— Per cent of foreign-horn male employees who speak English, hy race. (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) rhis table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more males reporting. The total how- ever, IS for all non-English-speaking races.] ’ Race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English. Race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English. lohemian and Moravian 247 77.3 Polish 787 57.3 roatian 180 78.9 Russian /Ol *271 rench 190 68.4 Slovak Oil 778 67. 9 rerman 841 89. 4 Slov(^nin,Ti 73. 5 ialian, North 1,685 68.0 Swedish 94 67 72.3 ;a)ian, South 416 50.2 92. 5 .ithuanian 1,080 75.9 Total [agyar 596 50.0 /, /Di 69. 7 The race for which the proportion of men able to speak English 3 highest IS the Swedish, followed by the German, Croatian, Bohe- iian and Moravian, and Lithuanian, in the order mentioned; those or which It IS comparatively low are the South Italian, Magyar, and ohsh. Of the Swedes, 92.5 per cent speak English, while the figure or the South Italians is 50.2 per cent, and that for the Magyars is 0 per cent. ^ces other than those above mentioned, for which the percent- ^e of English-speaking persons is higher than the per cent shown for ae total foreign-bom, are the Slovak and Slovenian. Among the .ussians, Noith Italians, and French, the percentage of persons who m speak English is lower than is the showing for the total of all races. In connection with the ability of mine employees to speak English is also important to note the ability of immigrants to speak English ccordmg to age at the time of coining to the United States. With this bject m view, the following table is presented, showing the percentao-e t toreign-born persons 6 years of age or over in the households ^udied who can speak English, by age at time of arrival in the United VBLE 380.— Per cent of foreign-horn persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, hy age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English, by age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. lian, North . 1 A7 lian, South ID/ 70 91. 7 56. 9 huanian ... /o 76. 9 36.2 ish 104 100. 0 93.8 Total 49 90. 9 92.1 333 86.0 71.0 By comparing the total number of persons in the above table who ire less than 14 years of age when they came to the United States 706 The Immigration. Commission. with those who were more than 14 years of age at the time of theil arrival it is seen that a higher per cent of the lower ap period cai speak Eno-lish. This seems to be conclusive evidence of a more rapii tendency to acquire English among the younger immigrants tha, ^"ln"t1ir 0^36*07 all races, with the exception of the Poles, a tendency even greater than that exhibited for the total foreign-born is appare^ About nine-tenths of the North Italians under 14 years of age as com pared with a little more than one-half over 14 y?a-rs of a|e at the tim of comino' to this country, can speak English, while three-fourths of th South ItSians under 14 years of age as apmst J] vears old at the time of their coming to the United States are aD trsneak English. All of the Lithuanian race who came to tin counUy when less than 14 years of age can speak Enghp, and moi than nine-tenths of those who reached this country after tlmy ha passed their fourteenth year can converse m that language. Th Polish race shows a large proportion of the older age group, indicating a larger segregation of the young( members of the race from American schools, and less contact wit the American people and institutions. i tp r i In studying the ability of foreignporn pemons to speak Engl «] it is interesting to compare the relative ability to accorito- to pefiod of residence in the United SUtes The followi table covering 333 individuals in the households studied, shows tl relative per cfnt of such foreign-born perpns 6 years of age or ov who speak English, by years in the United States . Table 381 -Per cent of foreign-horn persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, years in the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) ,By years in the United States Is — ^ This table inclui *• Race of individual. Number reporting Per cent who speak English, b, years in United States. complete data. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or ov 107 37.5 52.3 1 73 31.8 04. i 1 nn Ci (1 104 64. 3 lUU. u C7 1(- 49 90.0 Ol ‘ o 333 53.8 69.9 On comparing in the above table the total for f? that there is an intimate connection between ability to speak Eng and period of residence in this countiw, the ability to use the langm increasing as the period of residence becomes more , gr , one-half of the total foreign-born who have been m the United bta - less than five years, about seven-tenths ^ the country between five and nine years, and about n total who have had a residence of over ten English. As regards the several races, the greatest relative advan melt in the use^ of English is indicated by the Lithuanians. All Bituminous Coal Mining in the Middle West. 707 hat race who have had a residence of five to nine years in the United states are able to speak English and almost all of those of a lono-er )eriod or residence than ten years. The least progress is shown l)y he Italian races. Fifteen and four-tenths per cent of the North and 58.6 per cent of the South Italians who have been in the country ten ■ears or over are unable to speak English, while practically all the oles and Lithuanians who have been in the United States for the ame period are able to speak English. The following table shows the per cent of 7,761 foreign-born male mployees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United )tates and race: ABLE 382 . Per cent of foreign-horn male employees who speak English, hy age at time of coming to the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) bis table includes only non-English-speaking rac^s with 100 or more persons reporting. The total, how- ever, is for all non-Enghsh-speaking races.] Race. Number. reporting com})lete data. Per cent who speak English, bv age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. Total. jhemian and Moravian. 947 oatian 1 cn 100. 0 73. 2 77.3 each loU 1 on 83. 3 78. 6 78.9 68.4 jrman lyu C^l 100. 0 61.8 ilian, North o4i 1 AQc; 100. 0 85. 6 89.4 ilian, South i-j OoO 41 A 97. 1 66. 7 68.0 thuanian 1 nen 84. 6 OK 7 47.9 50.2 igyar i, UoU yo. 7 75. 0 75. 9 •lish t)yo 88. 9 48.2 50.0 Lssian ioi Q71 93. 0 55. 2 57.3 )vak o/i 80. 0 67.6 71.3 67.9 Total 778 95. 8 73.5 7 7A1 oo o 69.7 i j i\}L 67.2 Upon comparing the foreign-born males considered in the above .ble according to age at time of coming to the United States, it will ^ seen olmt those who were under 14 show a much larger proportion ►eakmg English than those who were 14 or over. All of the Bohemians and Moravians, French, and Germans, who ® time of coming, speak English, while the proportion Aorth Italians under 14 who speak English is larger than the ‘oportion shown by the total for all races. The Russians, of those ao were under 14 at time of coming, show the smallest proportion eakmg English, and are closely followed by the Croatians and lOf those who were 14 or over at time of coming, the Germans, oatians, Lithuanians, Bohemians and Moravians, Slovaks, and assians, m the order named, report each a proportion above that tne total, while the South Italians show the smallest proportion tn ability to speak English. y^thout regard to age at time of coming, it will be seen that the vmans show much the largest proportion speaking English, fol- vea by the Croatians, Bohemians and Moravians, Lithuanians, and )vaks, each reporting over 70 per cent with ability to speak English, aie, on the other hand, the Magyars and South Italians report the liallest proportions. ^ 708 The Immigration Commission. The table next presented shows the ability of 7,761 mine workers in !•, the Middle West to speak English in connection with period of resi- denc 0 in the United States. Table 383 —Per cent of foreign-horn male employees who speak English, by years m the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) English-speaking races.] ^ Race. Number reporting complete data. 247 Bohemian and Moravian ISO 190 841 1,685 416 1,080 596 787 371 778 7,761 .LF opcaxv. United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Total. .') 8.0 57.9 30.2 56.3 41.2 32.9 50.6 26.5 29.7 35.2 44.5 40.9 76.8 82.2 68.2 86.3 72.2 51.0 78.0 57.3 63.4 77.5 72.3 71.0 96.7 88.5 88.9 98.0 88.1 84.1 88.1 79.2 76.3 90.8 83.4 68.4 89.4 68.0 50.2! 75.9 50.0 57.3 67 73.5 88.7 The above table shows data for 7,761 individuals. These have been divdded into three groups. In the first group are those wlw have been in the United States less than five years, in the second are. those who have been in the country from five to nine years, and in the tliird are those who have been here ten years or ovey t a The totals show that 40.9 per cent of all the individuals included ir the first group, 71 per cent of all those included in the second group' and 88 7®per cent ol all those included in the third group can speak EnS hidicating a decided progression from group to group irl "'^li'rlcthS of individuals able ta ^oaLn Sd German; or^^^^^ fecon^d group, the German, Croatian £thlni’a“ and Russian; and for the third g-'iP he Gem» Bohemian and Moravian, Russian, and Fr?“®h. ^he jaces fo^ the smallest proportions of individua s who speak Rnghsh an ported are, in the first group the Magyar and Pole m the secon jroup, the South Italian and Magyar; and in the third group, th dagyar and Pole. re O 1st Congress 1 2d ^SSi07L ) REPORTS OF THE _ f Document SENATE I No. .633 IMMIGRATION COMMISSION IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES (IN TWENTY-FIVE PARTS) “ PART I; BITUMINOUS COAL MINING (IN TWO VOLUMES: VOL. II) Presented by MR. DILLINGHAM June 15, 1910. — Referred to the Committee on Immigration and ordered to be printed, with illustrations WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 61st Congress 1 a 'r'li' / Document 2d Session f | ^33 REPOKTS or THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION IMMIGRANTS IN INDDSTRIES (IN TWENTY-FIVE PARTS) PART 1: BITUMINOUS COAL MINING (IN TWO VOLUMES: VOL. II) Presented by MR. DILLINGHAM June 15, 1910. — Referred to the Committee on Immigration and ordered to be printed, with illustrations WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION. Senator William P. Dillingham, Chairman. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. Senator Asbury C. Latimer.® Senator Anselm J. IMcLaurin.6 Senator Le Roy Percy. c Representative Benjamin F. Howell. Representative William S. Bennet. Representative John L. Burnett. Mr. Charles P. Neill. Mr. Jeremiah W. Jenks. Mr. William R. Wheeler. Secretaries: Morton E. Crane, W. W Husband. C. S. Atkinson. Chief Statistician. Fred C. Croxton. Extracts from act of Congress of February 20, 1907 , creating and defining the duties of v. Immigration Commission. That a commission is hereby created, consisting of three Senators, to be appoint, by the President of the Senate, and three Members of the House of Representativ< to be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and three persoi to be appointed by the President of the United States. Said commission shall ma:! full inquirv, examination, and investigation, by subcommittee of otherwise, in* the subject of immigration. For the purpose of said inquiry, examination, a investigation said commission is authorized to send for persons and papers, make ! necessary travel, either in the United States or any foreign country, and, through ti chairman of the commission, or any member thereof, to administer oaths and to exav ine witnesses and papers respecting all matters pertaining to the subject, and to ei- plov necessary clerical and other assistance. Said commission shall report to Lc- gress the conclusions reached by it, and make such recommendations as in its juc- ment may seem proper. Such sums of moneyas may be necessary for the sgi inquiry, examination, and investigation are hereby appropriated and authorized* be paid out of the “ immigrant fund” on the certificate of the chairman of said co - mission, including all expenses of the commissioners, and a reasonable compeni- tion, to be fixed by the President of the United States, for those members of ti commission who are not Members of Congress; * * *. oDied February 20, 1908. t. or, m/ b Appointed to succeed Mr. Latimer, February 25, 1908. Died December 22, 19( c Appointed to succeed Mr. McLaurin, March 16, 1910. u V.Z IIST OF REPORTS OF THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION. olumes 1 and 2. Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission, with Conclusions and Recom- mendations and Views of the Minority. (These volumes include the Commission's complete reports on the following subjects: Immigration Conditions in Ilawaii; Immigration and Insanity; Immi- grants in Charity Hospitals; Alien Seamen and Stowaways; Contract Labor and Induced and Assisted Immigration; The Greek Padrone System in the United States; Peonage.) (S. Doc. No. 747, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) olume 3. Statistical Review of Immigration, 1819-1910— Distribution of Immigrants, 1850-1900. (S. Doc. No. 756, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) olume 4. Emigration Conditions in Europe. (S. Doc. No. 748, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) olume 5. Dictionary of Races or Peoples. (S. Doc. No. 662, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) olumes 6 and 7. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 1, Bituminous Coal Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olumes 8 and 9. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 2, Iron and Steel Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olume 10. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 3, Cotton Goods Manufacturing in the North Atlantic States— Pt. 4, Woolen and Worsted Goods Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olume 11. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 5, Silk Goods Manufacturing and Dyeing — Pt. 6, Clothing Manufacturing— Pt. 7, Collar, Cuff, and Shirt Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olume 12. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 8, Leather Manufacturing— Pt. 9, Boot and Shoe Manufac- turing— Pt. 10, Glove Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olume 13. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 11, Slaughtering and Meat Packing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olume 14. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 12, Glass Manufacturing- Pt. 13, Agricultural Implement and Vehicle Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olume 15. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 14, Cigar and Tobacco Manufacturing— Pt. 15, Furniture Man- ufacturing— Pt. 16, Sugar Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olume 16. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 17, Copper Mining and Smelting— Pt. 18, Iron Ore Mining— Pt. 19, Anthracite Coal Mining— Pt. 20, Oil Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olume 17. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 21, Diversified Industries, Vol. I. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olume 18. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 21, Diversified Industries, Vol. II— Pt. 22, The Floating Immi- grant Labor Supply. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olumes 19 and 20. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 23, Summary Report on Immigrants in Manufacturing and Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) i olumes 21 and 22. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 24, Recent Immigrants in Agriculture. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olumes 23-25. I mmi grants in Industries: Pt. 25, Japanese and Other Immigrant Races in the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain States. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olumes 26 and 27. Immigrants in Cities. (S. Doc. No.*338, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olume 28. Occupations of the First and Second Generations of Immigrants in the United States— Fe- cundity of Immigrant Women. (S. Doc. No. 282, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) iolumes 29-33. The Children of Immigrants in Schools. (S. Doc. No. 749, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) olumes 34 and 35. Immigrants as Charity Seekers. (S. Doc. No. 665, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) olume 36. Immigration and Crime. (S. Doc. No. 750, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) olume 37. Steerage Conditions — Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes — Immi- grant Homes and Aid Societies — Immigrant Banks. (S. Doc. No. 753, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) olume 38. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. (S. Doc. No. 208, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) olume 39. Federal Immigration Legislation — Digest of Immigration Decisions— Steerage Legislation, 1819-1908— State Immigration and Alien Laws. (S. Doc. No. 758, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) olume 40. The Immigration Situation in Other Countries: Canada— Australia— New Zealand — Argen- tina— Brazil. (S. Doc. No. 761, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) olume 41. Statements and Recommendations Submitted by Societies and Organizations Interested in the Subject of Immigration. (S. Doc. No. 764, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) olume 42. Index of Reports of the Immigration Commission. (S. Doc. No. 785, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) 575563 III IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES. BITUMINOUS COAL MINING (in two volumes). This report, which was prepared under the direction of the Commission by \ Jett Lauck, superintendent of a<^ents, forms part of the general report of the Imir gration Commission on immigrants in industries. IV CONTENTS PART IV— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTHWEST. 'hapter I. — Introduction: Page. Households studied 3 Members of households for whom detailed information was secured 4 Employees for whom information was secured 6 Ihapter II. — Racial displacements: History of immigration to the coal mines of the Southwest 9 Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households 11 Racial classification of employees at the present time 13 History of immigration to the Oklahoma coal fields 14 Racial movements to selected localities in Oklahoma 19 Present racial classification of Oklahoma mine workers 23 Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees in Oklahoma 24 Future immigration to Oklahoma 25 History of immigration to the Kansas mines 25 Racial movements to selected bituminous mining localities in Kansas 28 Racial classification of Kansas mine workers 29 Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees in Kansas 30 Future immigration to Kansas 31 'hapter 111. — Economic status: Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied . 33 Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States 36 General occupation of women at the present time, in the households studied . 38 General occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied . 39 Occupations of immigrants in the bituminous mines of the Southwest 39 Daily earnings 41 Relation between period of residence and earning ability 44 Annual earnings of male heads of families studied 46 Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied . 48 Annual family income 50 Wives at work 51 Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied 52 Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers 52 Sources of family income 55 Relative importance of the different sources of family income 57 Ihapter IV. — Working conditions: Method of securing immigrants 61 Hours worked per day 61 Regularity of employment 62 The wage scale - 63 Company houses 64 The company-store system 65 The immigrant and organized labor 66 Mining accidents in their relation to recent immigration 68 Relations among races employed 69 V VI Contents. Chapter V. — Housing and living conditions: Pag' General housing and living conditions 7 Rent in its relation to standard of living 7 Boarders and lodgers 7 Size of apartments occupied 7 Size of households studied 8 Congestion 8 Chapter VI. — Salient characteristics: Literacy 8 Conjugal condition 9 Visits abroad 9 Criminality of recent immigrants 10 Diseases of recent immigrants 10 Age classification of employees and members of their households 10 Chapter VII. — General progress and assimilation: Americanization 10 Immigrant churches 10 Societies and fraternal orders 10 Savings and investments 10 Ownership of homes 10 Money sent abroad 11 School facilities and attendance 11 Status of children in the households studied 11 Interest in political and civic allairs in Oklahoma and Kansas 11 Citizenship in the Southwest 11 Ability to speak English 12 PART V.— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTB Chapter I. — Introduction: Households studied Members of households for whom detailed information was secured Employees for whom information was secured Chapter II. — Racial displacements: History of immigration to the bituminous coal mines of the South Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households Racial classification of employees at the present time History of immigration to the coal mines of Alabama Present racial classification of mine employees in Alabama Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees in Alabama coal mines History of immigration to the coal fields of West Virginia Racial composition of mine-operating forces at the present time in West Virginia Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees in the West Virginia coal fields History of immigration to the coal fields of Virginia Chapter III. — Economic status: Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied . Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States : * • * General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied . General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied. Occupations entered in the bituminous coal-mining industry Daily earnings in the South Daily earnings in West Virginia : • • • : •.•*.••. Monthly earnings in representative coal mines in southernWest Virginia Relation between period of residence and earning ability Annual earnings of male heads of families studied Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied. Annual family income Wives at work Page 12 13' 13: 13 ^ 13'' 13' 14( 14: 14; 14- 16 16: 16- 16' 17 ; 17 ; 17 : 17 : 17' 17! 18: 18: 18{ 18' m. 181 Contents. VII lAPTER III. — Economic status — Continued. Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers Sources of family income - - - - Relative importance of the different sources of family income lAPTER IV. — Working conditions; Regularity of employment The immigrant and organized labor Working conditions in Alabama mines Working conditions in West Virginia coal fields Working conditions in Virginia coal fields - lAPTER V. — The demand for immigrant labor and the effects of its employ- ment: Reasons for employment of immigrants in Alabama coal mines Methods used to secure immigrant labor for Alabama mines Reasons for employment of immigrants in West Virginia Methods used to secure immigrant labor in West Virginia Reasons for employment of immigrants in Virginia coal fields Effect of employment of immigrants in Virginia and West Virginia coal fields - RAPTER VI. — Industrial progress and efficiency of immigrant employees in West Virginia; General industrial progress Opinions of employers according to specified standards as to the progress of immigrant mine workers Preferences of coal operators for different races of immigrant employees... EAPTER VII. — Housing and living conditions: General housing conditions Systems of domestic economy Rent in its relation to standard of living I Boarders and lodgers Size of apartments occupied Size of households studied Congestion BAPTER VIII. — Salient characteristics: Literacy Conjugal condition Visits abroad Age classification of employees and members of their households BAPTER IX. — General progress and assimilation: Ownership of homes Status of children in the households studied Citizenship in the South Citizenship in West Virginia Ability to speak English eneral tables General explanation of tables General survey Pennsylvania Middle West Southwest South ist of text tables ist of general tables ist of charts ist of maps and diagrams Page. 190 190 191 193 195 196 196 200 209 215 219 219 220 221 221 225 225 228 229 230 232 236 238 239 239 247 253 258 263 267 268 269 272 273 279 281 291 363 428 470 520 565 589 601 602 PART IV -THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTHWEST. PART IV— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTHWEST. Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. Households studied — Members of households for whom detailed information was secured — Employees for whom information was secured — [Text Tables 384 to 388 and General Tables 150 to 152]. HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The investigation in the Southwest included the coal-producing areas of Kansas and Oklahoma.® In addition to the liistorical and descriptive matter collected, information was received for 7,036 mine workers, and in the States mentioned above an intensive study was made of 476 households the heads of which were employed in the bituminous mines. The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households studied in the bituminous mining localities of the Southwest, and the percentage each race forms of the total number studied. Table 384 . — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Households. General nativity and race of head of household. Households. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Native-born of native father: Foreign-born- -Continued. White . . 53 11.1 Mexican 42 8.8 Negro 27 5.7 Polish 36 7.6 Foreign-born: Slovak 49 10.3 Croatian 21 4.4 Welsh 27 5.7 Tri^h 39 8. 2 Italian, North . . . 96 2o!2 Grand total 476 100.0 Tt’oliQTi 35 7. 4 OUUtll •••••• • •••• Lithuanian 36 7^6 Total native-born 80 16.8 Magyar 15 3.2 Total foreign-born 396 83.2 The largest proportions of households of foreign races studied in the Southwest, as can be seen from the above table, were those whose heads were North Italians and Slovaks, the selection being made according to the numerical importance of these two races. The same basis of selection was adopted in studying the households of the other six races whose heads were of foreign birth. The households whose heads were white persons or negroes, of native birth and native father, were studied for the purpose of making comparisons with immigrant households. a See Volume I, chapter I, p. 5 et seq. 3 4 The Immigration Commission. MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAil SECURED. The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race o head of household, the total number of persons and the persons fo whom detailed information was received, in the households studied Table 385. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information wa secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Total Persons in house- hold. Persons for whom detailed informs tion was secured General nativity and race of head of household. number of house- holds. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu tion. Native-born of native father: White 53 236 10.2 236 10. Negro 27 120 5.2 120 5. Foreign-born: Croatian 21 84 3.6 84 3. Irish.. . 39 226 9.8 226 10. Italian, North 96 473 20.5 439 19. Italian, Smith 35 167 7.2 162 7. Lithuanian 36 185 8.0 176 7. Magyar 15 72 3.1 70 3. Mexican 42 196 8.5 190 8. Polish . 36 170 7.4 165 7. Slovak 49 250 10.8 250 11. Welsh 27 126 5.5 126 5. Grand total 476 2,305 100.0 2,250 100. Total native-born 80" 356 15.4 356 To. Total foreign-born 396 1,949 84.6 1,894 84. . The number of persons of each sex living in the households studiec is also shown, by general nativity and race of head of household, ii the following table: Table Z^^.—Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativib and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Ntxmber. Percent of each sex Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Native-born of native father: White 117 119 236 49.6 50.1 Negro 54 66 120 45.0 55.' Foreign-born: Croatian. 41 43 84 48.8 51.: Irish - 125 101 226 55.3 44." Italian, North . 265 174 439 60.4 39.1 I tal ia.n, Smith 99 63 162 61.1 38.' I/ithnanian 111 65 176 63.1 .36.' Magvar.- 36 34 70 51.4 48.1 Mexican 112 84 196 57.1 42.'. Polish 89 76 165 53.9 46. Slovak - 124 126 250 49.6 50. Welsh... 68 58 126 54.0 46.1 Grand total 1,241 1,009 2,250 55.2 44.:. Total native-born 171 1^ 356 48.0 sif Total foreign -bom 1,070 824 1,894 56.5 43.; Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 5 The persons for whom detailed information was secured are next abulated according to general nativity and race of individual instead )f head of household. Cable 387 . — Per sons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Jeneral nativity and race of individual. Number. Per cent distribution. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Jative-born of native father: White 124 121 245 10.0 12.0 10.9 Negro 54 60 120 4.4 6.5 5.3 Indian 3 3 .0 .3 Jative-born of foreign father, by race of father: Canadian (other than French) 1 1 .0 . 1 (a\ Croatian. 11 15 26 .9 1.5 V*) 1.2 English : 3 3 .0 .3 I Gefinan 1 1 .0 . 1 • 1 (a\ Irish 75 65 140 6.0 6.4 6.2 Italian, North G6 64 130 5.3 6.3 5.8 Italian, South 29 21 50 2.3 2.1 2.2 Lithuanian 32 24 56 2.6 2.4 2.5 Magyar 14 20 34 1.1 2.0 1.5 Mexican 45 39 84 3.0 3.9 3.7 Polish 27 30 57 2.2 3.0 2.5 Scotch 1 1 . 0 1 (a'\ Slovak 57 70 127 4 ! 6 oio 5.6 W elsh 32 22 54 2.6 2.2 2.4 oreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 .0 . 1 (a) (n\ Canadian (other than b reuch) 1 1 .0 1 Croatian 30 28 58 2.4 2 ! 8 2.6 Danish 1 1 .0 (a) ^ 1 English 2 2 !o . 2 German 2 2 . 0 2 1 Irish 49 29 78 3 .' 9 2.^ sis Italian, North 197 109 300 15.9 10.8 13.6 Italian, South 08 40 108 5.5 4.0 4.8 Lithuanian 80 41 121 6.4 4.1 5.4 Magyar 21 15 30 1.7 1.5 1.6 Mexican 04 40 104 5.2 4.0 4.6 Polish 01 45 106 4.9 4.5 4.7 Scotch 1 1 . 0 1 (a\ Slovak 07 55 122 5.4 5^5 yy,) 5. 4 Spanish 3 3 . 2 . 0 1 Welsh 35 33 68 2.8 3 ! 3 3!o Grand total 1,241 1,009 2,250 100.0 100.0 100.0 otal native-born of foreign father 388 704 31.3 37.3 34. 0 otal native-born 500 560 1,132 45.6 50. 1 50.3 otal foreign-born 075 443 1,118 54.4 43.9 49.7 a Less than 0.05 per cent. 6 The Immigration Commission, EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED. The following table shows the per cent distribution, by general nativity and race, of the male employees from whom detailed infor- mation was secured : Table 388. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. General nativity and race. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. Native-born of native father: Foreign-born, by race— Continued. 1,675 23.8 German 185 2.6 396 5.6 Greek 3 (a) ' Indian i 2 (<») Irish 99 ^ 1.4 Native-born of foreign father, by Italian, North 1,169 16.6 country of birth of lather: Italian, South 429 6.1 Austria- 11 ungary 26 .4 Italian (not specified) 10 .1 Belgium 9 .1 Lithuanian 125 1.8 Canada 4 . 1 Magyar 49 .7 Denmark 2 (“) Mexican 114 1.6 England 180 2.6 Norwegian 2 (a) France 36 .5 Polish 221 ^ ii Germany 104 1. 5 Roumanian 4 ,1 Ireland 141 2.0 Russian 107 1.5 Italy 64 .9 Scotch 148 2!i Mexico 9 . 1 Servuan 1 (a) Netherlands 4 .1 Slovak 133 1.9 Russia 20 .3 Slovenian 196 2.8 Scotland 147 2. 1 Spanish 5 .1 Sweden 6 . 1 Swedish 19 .3 Switzerland 1 (a) Syrian 3 (a) Wales 40 .6 Welsh 37 .5 Africa (country not specified).. . 2 (a) West Indian 1 (a) Foreign-born, by rar e: Australian (race not specified).. 2 (a) Bohemian and Moravian 29 .4 Austrian (race not specified) 455 6.5 Bulgarian 6 . 1 Belgian (race not specified). 115 1.6 Canadian, French 4 . 1 Swi.ss trace not specified^ 1 (0) inn O fhr»r 1 (a) . 2 Croatian 14 Grand total 7,036 100.0 Danish 1 (a) Dutch 9 . 1 Total native-born of foreign father... 795 11.3 English 254 3. 6 Total native-born 2,868 40.8 Finnish 2 (a) Total foreign-born 4, 168 59.2 French 215 3.1 a Less than 0,05 per cent. [This chart shows only races represented by 60 or more employees.] Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest, 7 f THE LIERARV f Of THE ■ OHIVEllSilT Of lELINOIS 1 .T r; ' t'* Chapter II. RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS. istory of immigration to the coal mines of the Southwest— Period of residence In the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households — Racial classification of employees at the present time — History of immigration to the Oklahoma coal fields — Racial movements to selected localities in Oklahoma — Present racial classification of Oklahoma mine workers — Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees in Oklahoma — Future immigration to Oklahoma— History of irnmigration to the Kansas mines— Racial movements to selected bituminous mining localities in Kansas — Racial classification of Kansas mine workers— Period of residence in the United States of foreign-bom employees in Kansas— Future immigration to Kansas.- [Text Tables 389 to 396 and General Tables 153 and 154.] HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COAL MINES OF THE SOUTHWEST. No satisfactory statistics for the coal industry in the Southwest ’ior to 1883 are available. The Arkansas, Kansas, and Indian srritory fields were not opened on any considerable scale until about le year 1885, and the annual production in Texas had not reached rge proportions by 1890, the principal period of development in the tter State being as late as the five years 1902 to 1907. Kansas took the lead in developing her coal deposits, and if Kansas id Oklahoma (then Indian Territory) be considered as representa- 76 of the Southwest, it may be said that coal mining by the year !85 had reached an important stage of development. Four years ter these two States were producing together about 3,000,000 ort tons annually. Tliis had increased m 1902 to more than 900,000 tons, and in 1907 to more than 11,000,000 tons. During e same period the number of men employed in the coal mines of ansas and Oklahoma had increased as follows:® 1889. 1902. nsas 5,956 1,862 7,017 4,763 lahoma (Indian Territory) Totai 7,818 11,780 The above data show that the development of mining in the two ates led to the employment of almost 4,000 more men in 1902 as mpared with 1889, and slightly over 9,000 more in 1907 than in 1902. le significant feature of the situation from the standpoint of immi- ation is that not only the original employees, but also the increased mber due to the expansion of coal operations, were largely recruited I )m immigrant races entering the United States at the time of the ening of the mines, or from immigrants who had already settled other mining sections of the United States. “Compiled from reports of United States Census. 48296°— VOL 7—11 2 9 10 The Immigration Commission. j Both Kansas and Oklahoma were very sparsely inhabited abov 1878, and the management bf the properties induced American English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh to come from the coal regioi of Pennsylvania to work in the mines. Mines had been develope in Oklahoma (then Indian Territory) as early as 1873, and a fe immigrants were then employed, but the movement of immigraf races to these mines did not assume large proportions until tl year 1880. After that year the older immigrants from Gres Britain began to come to the Southwest in considerable numbe from Pennsylvania, the Middle West, and other coal fields of tl country. The movement continued until the early nineties j Oklahoma (then Indian Territory), and until 1895 in Kansa when the arrival of men of the races of northern Europe pra tically stopped. As early as 1880 Croatians, Germans, Pole and Lithuanians were also in the field. They were induced to con from Pennsylvania in some cases, and in others were furnishc transportation by agents of the coal companies at the Atlantic port The number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe er ployed in the mines was small, however, until the early nineties, wh( they began to come of their own accord. After 1895 they enten the field in large numbers. The following table, classifying mil employees in Kansas and Oklahoma (Indian Territory) according • nativity indicates the presence of Italians, Poles, Russians, and oth recent immigrants in considerable numbers. It also indicates tl large proportion of immigrants from Great Britain employed in tl mines. Table 389 . — Number of miners and quarrymen in Kansas and Oklahoma (Indi Territory), by nativity, 1900. (Compiled from United States Census of 1900: Occupations.] Nativity. Kansas. Oklahoma (Indian Territory). Total. 9,545 4,201 13,’.' Native white: 3,868 1,823 5,( rs alive 1,311 309 1,' 3,204 1,130 4,; Colored: ^ 1,162 939 2, 1,158 917 2,< T) r\f riQ'fl'lTO T^orpn T 5,023 354 2,757 h'- 1 6rSOIlS 01 udlive 1 A. Persons having either both parents born as specified or one parent born as specified and one parent native: 105 PoTioflo 17,nP'li‘NL - 40 11 9 3 683 99 nj'aat Tlrit5iir\ 1,483 488 487 122 ( 458 321 47 109 13 47 221 7 \ 502 84 i; Persons of mixed foreign parentage 225 48 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 11 PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS. The following table, based upon reports from 4,089 foreign-born iiales in the bituminous coal-mining district of the Southwest shows, by general nativity and race, the period of residence in the United States of individual mine workers. Table 390.— Per cent of foreign-horn male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (study of employees.) By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent in United States each specified number of years. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. English 24G 11.0 10.2 4.1 6.1 68.7 'rench 212 26.4 23.6 6.6 14.2 29.2 ferman 181 19.9 13.3 3.9 17.1 45.9 rish 92 13.0 7.6 3.3 6.5 69. 6 talian, North 1,160 38.4 36.7 9.7 7.9 7.2 talian, South 427 40.7 35.4 13.3 4.9 5.6 (ithuanian 121 24.0 34.7 17.4 14.0 9.9 fagyar 48 39.6 39.6 6.3 6.3 8.3 fexican 109 26.6 23.9 22.0 19.3 8.3 olish 216 39.8 31.0 13.9 8.8 6.5 ussian 106 28.3 37.7 13.2 6.6 14.2 eotch 137 9.5 9.5 2.2 4.4 74.5 lovak 128 43.0 27.3 6.3 16.4 7.0 lovenian 195 40.0 33.3 9.7 9.7 7.2 Total 4,089 33.1 29.9 8.8 9.2 19.0 Of the 4,089 foreign-born male employees reporting complete data, b \\d!l be seen that nearly one-third, or 33.1 per cent, have been in the Inited States less than five years, and nearly two-thirds, or 63 per ent, less than ten years, while less than one-fifth, or 19 per cent, have een in the United States twenty years or over. Perhaps the best method of discussing this table would be to 3parate the foreign-born races given into two groups ; the first to be nown as the older immigrants, including the English, Irish, Scotch, rench, and Germans, and the second group to be known as the more 3cent immigrants — this last to include all other races reported in the hove table except the Mexicans, who for obvious reasons should not e classified with either the recent or less recent immigrants of Euro- 8 an origin. It will be noted that, in the column showing the percentages of le various races with a residence of twenty years or over in the United bates, the Scotch show nearly three-fourths, or 74.5 per cent, while le South Italians show only 5.6 per cent. These, of course, are the jvo extremes, the highest per cent of the older immigrants and the •west per cent of the more recent immigrants. It might be well to lention, however, in this connection that a greater variance exists aaong the older than among the more recent immigrants ; for, folio w- fg the Scotch, are the Irish, with 69.6 per cent; English, 68.7 per cent; 12 The Immigration Commission. German, 45.9 per cent; and French, with 29.2 per cent. Among th more recent immigrants the Russians show the largest proportion, o: 14.2 per cent, in the United States twenty years or over, after wind the percentage of the various races with this period of residence vane: very little, ranging from 9.9 per cent of the Lithuanians to 5.6 pe cent of the South Italians. . The Scotch and Magyars show the same proportion with a residenc* less than five years as they show with a residence of from five to nin' years, while the Russians and Lithuanians show smaller percentage; with a residence under five than from five to nine years. With thes. exceptions, all other races report a larger percentage of their numbe in the United States less than five years than is shown by the sam< races for a residence of from five to nine years; the largest gam beinj shown by the Slovaks, who report 43 per cent in the United State under five years, as compared with 27.3 per cent in the United State from five to nine years. c The proportions of the foreign-born males of the different races ii the households studied who have been here less than five years, les than ten years, and less than twenty years, respectively, are shown u the following table, by race of individual. Table 391 . Per cent of foreign-horn persons in the United States each specified numbi of years, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) fBv years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction ^ ma^e for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. Tt total, however, is for all foreign-born.] liUrCC of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent of persons in United State: each specified number of years. Under 5. Under 10. Under 20 58 43.1 81.0 100. 78 20.5 21.8 83.7 24. 306 46.4 97. 108 53.7 88.9 98 121 27.3 69.4 63.9 94. 36 38.9 83. 104 10.6 50.9 31. 7 o4 ftO 106 74. 5 90. QA 122 30.3 59. 0 OO 68 19.1 26. 5 ‘tl Total 1,118 36.4 65.2 85. 1 Data were secured from 1,118 foreign-born individuals. Of thes over one-third, ,36.4 per cent, have been in the United States less tha five years, 65.2 per cent less than ten years, and 85.4 per cent les than twenty years. . • it, tt ^ The race having the largest proportion of men m the United btaie less than five years is the South Italian; that having the smallet proportion is the Mexican. The South Italians have the largest pre portion of men in the United States less than ten years, and Irish have the smallest. The entire number of Cr^tians reporte have been in this country less than twenty years. The race the smallest proportion of men here less than twenty years is in Irish. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 13 The distinction between the figures for the races of the recent immi- ■ration and those for the races of the less recent immigration, so far Is they are represented in this locality, is very marked. More than hree-fourths of the Irish and more than half of the Welsh have been n the United States twenty years or over. The proportion of men of he races of eastern and southern Europe who have been in the coun- ry twenty years or more is, as will be noted, very small. RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME. The arrival of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe ontinued steady after the year 1900 and was especially marked luring the period 1902 to 1907. The demand for labor arising from he opening of new mines or the extension of old workings was sup- )lied by the immigrants of recent arrival, and the operating forces of he mines rapidly absorbed a constantly growing proportion of immi- grant mine workers from southern and^ eastern Europe. The extent ’o which recent immigrants found employment in the mines of Kansas and Oklahoma during this period was disclosed by an indi- ddual study of bituminous mine workers in these two States. More lian 7,000“^ mining employees furnished information as to race and country of birth, and these data are presented in the table which ollows, exhibiting the different races employed. Table 392 . — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. General nativity and race. Num- ber. Per cent distri- bution. 'lative-born of native father: WhItP 1,675 396 23.8 Foreign-born, by race— Continued. German 185 2.6 5.6 Greek 3 (a) 2 (“) Irish 99 1.4 ^(ative-bom of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Italian, North 1,169 16.6 Ttalian, Rnnth 429 6.1 26 .4 Italian (not specified) 10 .1 "Rolfrinm 9 .1 Lithuanian 125 1.8 Ganada 4 .1 Magyar 49 .7 Tipnmcirlr 2 (a) 2.6 Mexican 114 1.6 ’Rnglanr? ISO Norwegian 2 (a) TTrcinna 36 .5 Polish 221 3.1 n prm y 104 1.5 Roumanian 4 .1 Trpland 141 2.0 Russian 107 1.5 Ttalv 64 .9 Scotch 148 2.1 9 .1 Servian 1 (a) ^ ot Vi orl o TJ /I Q 4 Slovak 133 1.9 20 .Z Slovenian 196 2.8 Rpntland 147 2.1 Spanish 5 .1 R wad an 6 .1 Swedish 19 .3 ft 1 Syrian 3 <“>.5 Walp n.5 29 Australian (race not specified) . . Austrian (race not specified) 2 455 Bulgarian 6 .1 Belgian (race not specified) 115 1.6 Ganadtan Pranah 4 «:2 Swiss (race not specified) 1 (a) Canadian, Other 1 Croatian 14 Grand total 7,036 100.0 Danish Dutch 1 9 (a) .1 Total native-born of foreign father. 795 11.3 PiTigHsh 254 3.6 Total native-born 2,868 40.8 , Pinrdsh 2 (o) 3.1 Total foreign-bom 4, 168 59.2 French 215 1 1 oLess than 0.05 per cent. 14 The Immigration Commission. Of the total number reporting as to race, 23.8 per cent were whites native-born of native father, 5.6 per cent negroes, and 11.3 per cent native-born of foreign father, or, in all, 40.8 of the employees reported that they were native-born. In connection with the second genera- tion it is worthy of note that more than three-fourths were malet whose fathers were born in England, Ireland, Scotland, Germany, Wales, and France, corroborating the statement already made that large numbers of these races had come to the Southwest from othei mining localities of the United States. The different immigrants of foreign birth represent 32 races and constitute almost 60 per cent of the total number furnishing information, which is but slightly in excess of the proportions in which they are employed in the Southwest. In connection with the foreign-born, the English, German, Irish, French, Scotch, and Welsh races make up 13.3 per cent of the total employees and 22.5 per cent of those of foreign birth. Of the races from southern and eastern Europe the North Italian shows up numerically the strongest, the number of this race reporting being equal to 16.6 pei cent of the total employees. The other races present in the largest numbers are, in the order named, the South Italian, Polish, Slovenian, and Slovak. The history of immigration to Kansas and Oklahoma may be more clearly presented by submitting a general account of racial move- ments to the coal-mining districts of the' two States and a detailed history of immigration to representative coal-mining localities. With this object in view a history of racial movements to the mines of the two States will be given in regular order.® HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE OKLAHOMA COAL FIELDS. From the time when Indians were moved from their homes in Georgia and Mississippi and placed on reservations in the Southwest, the pres- ence of coal was known in Indian Territory. There were outcroppings in various places, but only primitive strip mining was done, supplying the small local demand for fuel. In the early seventies, however, when a railway company was building its road south, an early settler in Indian Territory secured a wagonload of coal from near the present site of the city of McAlester, Oklahoma, hauled it 125 miles north, and showed it to the officers of the railroad. The coal was tested, found to be of excellent quality, and this undoubtedly led to the extension of the road through the coal district. Even before the railroad was built as far as the coal fields some coal was got out by stripping and was hauled north in wagons. After the completion of the road the C ractice of mining b}^ stripping v/as continued for several years efore slope or shaft mines were opened. o At the time of the investigation in Oklahoma and Kansas a considerable number of the mines in Arkansas were closed and the remainder were working on a short- time basis. Consequently no detailed work was done in the State. As a result of a general survey, however, it was ascertained that the total number of miners em- ployed in the State was only about 5,000. Outside of the Spadra field, where there are no immigrants, 40 per cent of those employed in the State are estimated to be natives and negroes, 15 per cent Italians, and 10 per cent Poles. The remaining 35 per cent is made up of Germans, Scotch, Welsh, English, Swedes and Slovaks, in about equal proportions, with the addition of a few Irish and Magyars. I Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 15 ; Indian Territory in the early seventies was very sparsely settled, ind such labor as was necessary to operate the coal properties had to !e brought in from other sections of the country. The method of ; lining coal by stripping required no particular skill, and few miners ^ere brought in during the first years that coal was produced. How- ver, some representatives of almost every race now in the coal fields 1 Oklahoma were employed in the strip pits. During the years 1873 and 1874 the first laborers were brought to tie new coal field. These men were Americans, English, Irish, cotch, and Welsh, some of whom had been miners in Pennsylvania. lS more properties were developed, the demand for labor became reater, and more and more men were brought from other coal fields, rincipally those of Pennsylvania. The races mentioned above still redominated, but some Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians rere also induced to come. There were no cities or towns within many miles of the coal-pro- ucing districts, and it was difficult to hold the English-speaking aces, as they preferred to work in a more settled part of the country, t was found by the operators that the Italians, Russians, Slovaks, foies, Magyars, and Lithuanians were better satisfied and more con- ented, and during the following years these races were induced to ,ome in greater numbers. After the first mines opened near McAlester, Oklahoma, in 1873, other lines were started in that vicinity, and during 1874 and 1875 prop- rties were developed near what is now the town of Krebs. In 1881 he first mine was put down at Lehigh, and in 1889 and 1890 mining egan at Hartshorn and Coalgate. The field continued to be devel- ped as facilities for the transportation of coal became better. New ailroads were built through the mining section, and as the country •ecame more thickly settled the demand for fuel increased, and more lines were opened each year. ; It is difficult to give a history of any particular race in the mines of Oklahoma, for the reason that representatives of all races were iirought in at about the same time, and the history of one immigrant lace IS the history of all. It was found that it was not well to let any I'articular race predominate, and in securing men in other coal fields ;he agents were instructed to secure miners of different nationalities, jis far as possible this was done. After the first English, Irish, Scotch, :,nd Welsh were brought in during the years 1873 and 1874 all ship- jaents of labor were of mixed races. ' From 1890 to 1895 there were many severe strikes in this section, particularly in 1890 and 1895. Military authorities had to be brought |o the aid of the operators to protect property. It was found that ihe English-speaking races were responsible for agitating and bringing n these strikes, and that these men had been prominent in labor 1 roubles in the East. The leaders were sent notices to leave the ountry, and several train loads were sent out. The places of the jaen deported were filled with American negroes brought from Ala- lama and West Virginia as strike breakers, and since then few 'Cnglish, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh are to be found in the coal-mining adustry in Oklahoma. Immigrants from other countries were not prominently identified in these strikes and were allowed to remain, i-nd each year has seen an increase in the number of immigrants 16 The Immigration Commission. employed from continental Europe. The following account by rac( will show in a more comprehensive way the racial movements an displacements in the coal fields of the State: English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh . — To the English, Irish, Scotch, an Welsh the coal field of Oklahoma owes its development to a grei extent. The people of these races were the first immigrants brougl in and were the original mine workers in this territory. Pennsylvania furnished the first quota in the years 1873 and 187' Others came from the same State during the next few years, an some from Illinois. Until 1890 they continued to come from almo^ every coal field in this country and some direct from the mining dii tricts of their native land. In that year began a series of strike; which finally caused the displacement of these races throughout tb entire district. The strikes m question were for higher wages, shorfi hours, and a recognition of the union. The men of these races were experienced miners and had belonge to labor unions both in this country and at home, and in all the labc troubles during the five years mentioned it was found that th English-speaking races were the leaders and agitators. Though th coal operators recognized these races as the best mine labor to b secured, at the same time they saw that as long as they predominate there would be trouble. In all strikes negroes were employed 8 strike breakers, and the English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh were dh placed by this race and by immigrants from other countries. The majority of those displaced left the section, and since 1895 fe^ have worked in the mines. Those remaining have made decided pro^ ress, and at the present time the majority of the superintendent! mine foremen, and bosses in the district belong to one of these race! The English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh never colonized, but mingle freely with natives, and in a short time became thoroughly Americar ized. Since 1895 very few English-speaking immigrants have com into the field; fewer are working in the mines each year, and in th opinion of mine officials it will be only a question of a few years unt none are found in the mining industry in Oklahoma, except as bosse or mine officials. Mexicans . — The history of Mexican immigration to the Oklahom coal fields began in 1890. Men of this race were employed on construe tion work on one of the railroads. Seeing a chance to earn more mone; in the mines some applied for work and were engaged. Others cam from Texas where they had been employed in railroad work, and of lat years many have been coming direct from the coal and silver mines ii Mexico. Very few are making their permanent homes in Oklahoma and a very small percentage own property. More are employed a Dow, Gowan, Lehigh, and Coalgate than in any other places, bu it can hardly be said that these people are permanent residents in am of the above-mentioned places, as they are continually moving, an( wander from one mining town to another, and about as many ar returning to Texas and Mexico as are coming intp Oklahoma. Mor than half of the Mexicans in the Oklahoma mines were born in Texas but are no more Americanized than those direct from their owi country. Italians . — The Italians have increased steadily since the first few rep resentatives of this race were brought to the coal fields in 1874 an( Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 17 875. Some of these employees sent for their families, but up to the arly eighties the percentage accompanied by their wives was small. Then a shipment of men was made there were usually from 25 to 50 rought at a time and only once or twice were a hundred or more 3 cured in a body from other sections of the United States. In 883 it is estimated there were between 200 and 300 of them, including /omen and children. From this time until 1895 they continued to rrive in large numbers. Many sent for their friends and families nd began building homes. From the year 1895 to the present time he influx of this race has not been so rapid, but there has been a teady increase in the number, and each month there are new arrivals. The Italians coming at the present time are mostly direct from lurope, while those brought in during the early days were from other dates of this country. Many leave each year, but the percentage of hose coming in is much larger than of those going out, and a considera- le number are making Oklahoma their permanent home. Frominfor- lation secured from steamship agents, it is estimated that during the ear 1908 about 458 went to Italy. Out of this number about 50 er cent returned to the United States, bringing their friends and imilies with them, and those arriving during an equal period of time umber about 800, making a gain of 575 in the Italian population for le past year. At the present time Italians are found in every town and mining amp in the coal fields, and the number is about equally divided etween North and South Italians. More property is owned by these ices than by any other immigrants, and in each community they are rospering. In all cases they have gone to work in the coal mines, ad those now in business were formerly miners. It is estimated that lere are about 10,000 in the coal regions and that this number will e greatly increased during the next few years. Lithuanians . — Lithuanians were brought in with the Italians, lough not in as large numbers. A few, probably not over 10 or 5, were working in the mines in 1875. They continued to arrive i small numbers until 1889, when there were probably about 200 L the McAJester coal district. Many more were brought in during le next few years, and many sent to Europe for their families, hey continued to come of their own accord after the coal companies 3 ased to bring men, and each year has been marked by an increase i the number of this race in the coal fields. The first Lithuanians ere brought from Pennsylvania, but since 1895 they have come irect from Europe. ! Magyars . — Magyars were brought in with other immigrants, and in |B83 there were about 100 of this race employed in the different fines. They have continued to arrive in small numbers up to the I resent time. These people have formed only one colony in the coal jistrict and are scattered through the different towns, i SlovaJcs . — The Slovaks have also been in the mines of Oklahoma nee 1883. A few of this race arrived probably before 1883, but it is ;}rtain that during that year about 25 were transported from Illinois to le mining town of Lehigh. Others were brought to Hartshorne in 592, and since the above-mentioned dates this race has continued 18 The Immigration Commission. to come. Their largest settlements are in Lehigh and Coalgat< and about 700 live in these two communities. There are about 2 families in Hartshorne, and a few families are found in each of th towns in the coal field. The colonies at Lehigh and Coalgate are not £ large as they were three or four years ago, as work has not been ver steady, and many have left for other coal-mining sections. French . — In the year 1881, when the first coal mine was opened & Lehigh and miners were brought from Illinois, there were about 1 Frenchmen in the party, and these men formed the nucleus of tl: present colony. During the next three or four years other Frenc miners, many being married men with families, were brought froi Illinois. Several of these miners afterwards visited Fmnce and Be gium and when they returned 8 or 10 families of immigrants accon panied them. This started immigration to Lehigh, and the Frenc continued to immigrate to the locality up to the year 1895. When th town of Coalgate was founded, some of them moved to that town. I 1895 it was estimated that there were about 900 in and about Lehigl Coalgate, and the coal camps in the vicinity. Many owned homes an some were in business. In 1 895 there was a strike for higher wages an an eight-hour shift, in which the French took an active part. Negroe were brought as strike-breakers from Alabama. All of the leadei were forced to leave the community, and many French either returne to Europe or went to other sections of the United States. Thos owning property returned after the strike was settled, but since 189 French immigration to Lehigh has almost ceased. It is estimate that there are at present about 700 French in and around Lehig and Coalgate. In other mining towns in the section there are ver few. There is little prospect of further immigration on the part ( the French. ^ . tt ^ i Bulgarians . — During 1908, 10 or 12 Bulgarians came to Hartshoro and applied for work. They were employed and sent for their familiei During the past eight months 8 other families emigrated direct froi Europe. There are now about 15 families in the town. It is prol able that a number of these people will come in the near futun None have worked in the mines here before, but those now employe are giving satisfaction. Poles.— Foies have been employed by the different companies sine 1876, when the first representatives of this race were brought froi other sections of the United States. A few were induced to com each year up to 1896, and since then others have come to jom the; friends, families or relatives. There has been no steady immigratio of this race, however, and although they are found in each town i the coal region, they have formed no colony as other races have don and usually live in communities with the Lithuanians and the Slovak. It is estimated that there are about 800 Poles in the Oklahoma coi Russians and Syrians . — Russians were brought in by the coal con panics just as other immigrant races were, and since 1875 there ha^ been a few of these people employed in the mines. As m the casef the Poles, they have formed no communities and are scattered amon other immigrant settlements. Very few have arrived in recent yean In the town of Krebs there is a Syrian colony of about 150 person; Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 19 id a few are to be found in each town. Very few work in the mines, ost of them being peddlers or storekeepers. KACIAL MOVEMENTS TO SELECTED LOCALITIES IN OKLAHOMA. In order to gain a clearer and more detailed conception of the ovement of alien races to the Oklahoma coal fields as well as an ea of the present racial composition of the coal-mining localities, has been considered worth while to present a history of immigration the mining towns of any importance in the mining region and an timate of their present population by races. This detailed pres- tation is by communities, each community being designated by i Arabic numeral, in regular order. Community No. 1 is located near the center of Pittsburg County id is the county seat. The first settlement was made here in 1873, the time of the opening of the first mine in Oklahoma. The community is now the center of the coal fields of Oklahoma, id many of the companies operating in the district have their offices re. The general history of immigration to Oklahoma began at )mmunity No. 1 in 1873 and 1874. The town was founded by imigrants from England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Few of ese are left, and those still residing in the community are connected th the mines in an official capacity or have gone into other branches ' business. The immigrant population is falling off each year, as ere are only two mines near the city now in operation, and miners e moving to the neighboring towns in order to be nearer their work. The population in 1900 was 3,479; in 1907 it was 10,000, and at e present time the population is estimated to be 12,000. The reign-born portion of the population is estimated at 2,100, made ) by races as follows : lian .huanian. . . glish Dtcli jlsh rman lish scellaneous. 900 250 275 200 175 75 50 50 125 : Total 2,100 ICommunity No. 2 is about 4 miles from Cominunity No. 1, with inch it is connected by steam and electric railroads. The town rang from a small mining camp which was founded about 1874, e first settlers being English and Irish. A few Italians made eir homes in the town in 1875, and from that year have con- iued to settle until at the present time the community has the rgest Italian colony in the State. 20 The Immigration Commission. The population at the present time is estimated at 2,200. Ma; immigrants live just outside of the city limits and, including th <9 immigrants, the town has a population of 3,000. Of this numlr 1,550 are foreign-born, divided by race as follows: Italian 1> 0 Lithuanian - 0 Polish 5 Syrian 5 Irish 0 Miscellaneous 0 Total 1, 0 The Italian colony grew rapidly from the early eighties up to 19i'. Since that time many have been coming in, but not in as large nu- bers. The number of Italians in the town is constantly changii;, the number when work is steady at the mines being from four d five hundred more than when the mines are not running at their f J capacity. Many own homes and these are permanent residents, h there is a large floating population of young unmarried men al others who have not brought their families from Europe. TEe people leave and go to other coal-mining sections when work is dl and return when work is more steady. Italians are constantly leaving the town and others are coming , but it is estimated that each year sees a net increase of about 1 families in the permanent Italian population.^ Lithuanians have a] been in the community since the early eighties, but have formed ] colony. Syrians also are present in small numbers. All immigrais at &st were brought in or induced to come from other coal fiek Since 1895 all have come of their own accord, and many are emigr- ing direct from Europe. Community No. 3 is in Pittsburg County at a short distance ho Communities 1 and 2, with which it is connected by steam ai electric railroads. The first settlement was made in 1887, and: that year the first immigrants arrived. These immigrants w<; Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Slovaks and were brought in frc other coal fields by the mine operators. Others came from the nei^- boring communities and in 1895 there were about 325 immigrai; in and around Community No. 3. The population has varied frc time to time. Few immigrants made their permanent honies in ti town prior to 1900, and it is said that at times when the mines wc not being operated the town was almost deserted. Since 1900 t Italians have begun to purchase homes and at the present time the are quite a number who are permanent residents. A few Lithuanial Poles, and Slovaks also own homes. The population in 1907 was 517. At the present time there i 700 people in the town. The foreign population consists approximate of the following numbers, by race: Italian Lithuanian Polish Slovak Total Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 21 Community No. 4 is in the eastern part of Pittsburg County, 17 lies from Community No. 1, on the through line of a steam railroad id the electric traction line originating at Community No. 1. The wn was established in 1889, when the local mines were opened, and r the year 1900 had a population of about 1,800, of whom one-half are foreign-born. The state census of 1907 shows 2,989, of whom 200 are of foreign birth. It is estimated that 500 are Lithuanians, )0 Italians, 300 Poles, Russians, Slavs, and Austrians, and 100 English, ish, Scotch, Welsh, and Mexicans. In 1889 the first coal-shipping mine was opened in the locality, le men who were operating this mine had been engaged in the ining business in Pennsylvania, and as labor was scarce in idian Territory, and experienced miners hard to secure, they turned . the coal fields of Pennsylvania to supply the experienced miners icessary to develop the property. The miners brought in during i89 and 1890 were principally Americans, Irish, Scotch, English, and 'elsh. As was afterwards ascertained, many of them had been •ominent in the labor disputes in Pennsylvania a short time before ►ming to Indian Territory. During the following year, 1890, these en were the agitators in a severe strike, which closed the mines at immunity No. 4. American negroes were brought in from Alabama id West Virginia as strike-breakers, and when the mines resumed leration, most of the English, Irish, Scotch, Americans, and Welsh id been displaced and either returned to Pennsylvania or to other »al fields. Since then few members of the above-mentioned races ive been found in the mines of the community or in the immediate cinity. During 1889 and 1890 a few Italians had come from the neighboring immunities and secured work. These were the first immigrants om southern Europe to locate in the town. As the coal properties ere developed, there was a greater demand for miners, and from ^91 until 1895 the companies continued to bring in men from other dds. Various nationalities were purposely selected, for the reason lat the operators had been taught by the strike of 1890 not to allow le race to predominate. The Italian immigrants in the town sent for their friends in other ctions of the country and in Europe. They soon began to build )mes and now the Italian colony in the community is very firmly itablished. The North and South Italians immigrated at the same me and have built homes and live in the same neighborhood. The first Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians coming to Community 0 . 4, had been employed on construction work on a neighboring ilway. Finding that they could make more money in mining, some ’ them applied for work in 1889 and 1890, and were engaged. Others ;/ a later date were brought from other coal fields. They have also duced their friends and relatives to join them and at the present me the Lithuanian predominates among the immigrants of the immunity. Community No. 5 is in Okmulgee County, on the line of two rail- >ads. In 1907 it had a population of 1,051 and in 1909 there were 800 people in the town. The foreign population is at present esti- ated to be 500, divided by races as follows: Scotch, 150; English, ^5; Irish. 75; Italian, 100; Slovak, 25; Polish, 25. 22 The Immigration Commission. The coal field of which the town is the center is in an early stage ( development. Although 18 mines are in operation, all of ttiei are small and are scattered over a large area. The largest mir in this section employs only 140 men, and the next largest 75. The first mining was done in the field in 1895. The coal was pn duced by stripping and no skilled miners were employed. The fin immigrants were brought to the community in 1900 and were Englisl Irish, and Scotch from the coal fields of Kansas. There were 4 of these men about equally divided among the three races. I 1901 other miners were brought from the same State and amon them were 5 or 6 Slovaks and about the same number of Pole: These were the first immigrants from continental Europe to ent( the field. In 1903, 50 Italians were brought from the Indiana coe fields and were the first of this race to arrive. Others of the abov( mentioned races were brought to the community, until the year 190^ Since that time no immigrants have been brought in by the coal con panics. There has never been any steady immigration of any race t this section. Few, if any, immigrants have come in directly froi Europe, and the immigrants now in the community have bee brought in by the coal companies or have come of their own accor from other coal-mining sections. Community No. 6 is in the southern part of Coal County on th main lines of two transcontinental railroads. In 1907 the town hai a population of 2,188. At the present time it is estimated at 2,50C Of this number 750 are immigrants, classified by race as follows: Italian 3 l French 2C Mexican * 1C Slovak t Magyar £ Total 7£ The first mine was opened in 1881, and at that time immigrant race were first introduced. At about the same time mining was started i a neighboring town, but the mines have been abandoned and fe^ foreigners are now found there. Community No. 7 is located in the central part of Coal County an* is on the main line of the two railroads already mentioned. In 190 it had a population of 2,921. At the present time there are abou 3,500 people in the town. Of these, 1,500 are foreign-born. Esti mated by races there are 600 Italians, 400 French, 150 Slovaks, 20( Magyars, 150 Mexicans, and 50 of miscellaneous races. The first immigrants came to the community in 1890 from Com munity No. 6. These immigrants were of the races mentioned above Many French also arrived up to 1895, but since that time the influx o this race has almost ceased. Italians have continued to arrive eacl year and their colony is growing and more are making permanen homes here each year. The Slovaks and Magyars continue to come but few of them are becoming permanent residents. Mexicans are als( constantly arriving in the community. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 23 PRESENT RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF OKLAHOMA MINE WORKERS. In the different coal communities of Oklahoma, information as to •ace and country of birth was secured from 3,349 individuals employed n the coal-mining industry. Of this number 1,200 were native-born )f native father, 286 native-born of foreign father, and 1,863, or a raction over 55 per cent, were foreign-born. The following table hows in detail the number of each race : [•able 393 . — Total number of male employees for whom information was secured in the Oklahoma coal fields, by general nativity and race. (study of employees.) General nativity and race. Total number. General nativity and race. Total number. 'Jative-born of native father: White Negro Indian ■fative-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada Denmark England France Germany Ireland Italy Mexico Netherlands Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Wales Africa (country not specified) Total Total native-born 948 250 2 11 1 51 13 27 35 44 9 3 20 45 1 1 21 2 1,486 Foreign-born, by race— Continued. Canadian, Other Dutch English Finnish French German Greek Irish Italian, North Italian, Souih Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Roumanian Russian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Syrian Welsh Australian (race not specified). Austrian (race not specified) . . . Belgian (race not specified) 1 4 82 2 60 38 1 18 582 189 6 124 47 114 188 2 98 48 75 36 5 7 3 25 2 65 23 I'oreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian Canadian, French Total foreign-born. 13 1 Grand total , 3,349 Of the 286 in the above table who were born in the United States tnd whose fathers were foreign-born, those whose fathers were born n Italy are more strongly represented than any others except those vhose fathers were born in England and Scotland. Of the 1,863 individuals born out of the United States less than 12 )er cent are English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and German. On the »ther hand, the Italians (North and South) represent over 41 per cent >f the first generation of immigrants from whom information was (btained. After the Italians, the Poles, Lithuanians, and Mexicans >re more largely represented than the other races. 24 The Immigration Commission. PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BOR IIMPLOYEES IN OKLAHOMA. Data were also secured as to the period of residence in the Unite States of the employees of foreign birth and are submitted in tb following table, by general nativity and race: Table 394 . — Number of foreign-horn male employees in the Oklahoma coal fields who hai been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deductio is made for time spent abroad.] Number report- ing complete data. Number in United States each specified number of years. Race. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Bohemian and Mora- vian 13 2 3 3 2 1 "Rnlgarian 1 1 P.^nariian Frpnnh 4 1 1 Panariian Ot.har 1 Dnt.p.h 4 1 1 F.nglish 78 3 2 1 4 6 4 1 'Pinnlsh 2 1 1 French 57 1 2 4 5 2 7 3 15 ] German 37 1 3 1 4 1 4 5 fTrAplr 1 Irish 16 i 1 ] Italian, North 575 30 40 52 81 45 183 52 47 i Italian, South 187 6 13 18 19 19 47 31 14 [ Italian (not specified) . . Lithuanian 5 2 1 1 120 1 3 3 12 10 42 21 17 1 Magyar 46 2 2 7 7 18 3 3 Mexican 109 2 5 8 8 6 26 24 21 Polish 183 5 4 24 20 9 58 30 19 ] T? nnmnnlnn 2 1 1 Russian 97 1 1 6 9 7 38 14 6 1 Rnntoh 45 1 1 4 2 3 c Slovak 70 6 4 8 13 3 17 3 14 Slovenian 36 3 4 5 4 11 4 2 fipaniQli 4 1 2 1 .Swefiish 7 2 .Syrian 3 2 1 Wftlsh 24 1 2 2 Australian (race not sper ifip.fi) 2 • 1 Austrian (race not specified) 63 1 2 11 6 8 19 6 5 Belgian (race not specl- fipfi ) 23 4 3 1 2 1 5 Total 1,815 58 85 155 197 125 486 208 184 31 Out of 1,815 foreign-born employees shown in the above table, 709 or 39.1 per cent, have been in the United States over ten years, 486 or 26.7 per cent, between five and ten years, and 620, or 34.1 pei cent, under five years. One of the most interesting facts brought out by this table, how ever, is the decrease in the number of English, Scotch, Irish, Welsh and Germans who have resided in the United States less than tei years, and a corresponding increase, during the same period, o southern European races, especially the Italians. Of the English Scotch, Irish, Welsh, and Germans employed, 86.5 per cent hav' been in this country over ten years, 6.5 per cent over five and unde: ten, and the greater part of the remaining 7 per cent have coni< Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 25 dthin the last five years. On the other hand, only 144, or 25 per ent, of the 575 North Italians have resided here over ten years, 31.8 ler cent between five and ten years, and 43.1 per cent under five ears. Other races showing a large per cent of arrivals within the •ast five years are the Slovak, Slovenian, South Italian, and Polish. In proportion to the number of each race employed, the Irish and Velsh show a larger per cent with a residence of over twenty years han does any other race, followed by the Scotch, English, and Germans. The preceding table, showing the employment of so many of the lore recent immigrants with only a year or so of residence — a number f them with less than a year — indicates that many are coming direct 0 the Oklahoma coal field upon their arrival in the United States, nd supports the belief that many inexperienced men are being mployed in the industry. FUTURE IMMIGRATION TO OKLAHOMA. Future immigration to Oklahoma will probably be very large. As et the coal fields have not been extensively developed, and as new lines are opened the demand for labor will increase, and it will be he immigrant races who will have to satisfy this demand. There will be very little more immigration on the part of the Eng- sh, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh. Very few French have come in since 895, and the immigration of this race to Oklahoma has now ceased. )f the other races, the Italians (North and South), Lithuanians, lovaks, Magyars, and Mexicans continue to come and future immi- ration will be of these races. Very few Poles have been coming of ite years, and it is not thought that the future immigration of these eople will be large. During the past year many Bulgarians have ome to Oklahoma, and it is thought that many more will come Ithin the next few years. HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE KANSAS MINES. The coal fields of Kansas IJe principally in the counties of Craw- 3rd and Cherokee, in the southeastern part of the State. These ounties compose what is known as the Pittsburg coal field, with ‘ittsburg, Kansas, as the central point. There are many companies perating mines in the district and the development of mining prop- rties has been steadily increasing since the first mines were opened 1 the vicinity of Pittsburg and vScammon in 1878 and 1879. Pittsburg is surrounded on all sides by coal camps and small min- ig towns, the most important being connected by interurban trac- ion lines. Only the larger and older of these places will be considered. In 1877 coal was taken out in small quantities by strip openings, •ut no immigrant labor came into the field until 1878 and 1879. Vhen the first shaft mines were opened English, Irish, Scotch, and Velsh came from Mercer County, Pennsylvania, to help work and evelop the new mines. These men were not shipped in, but came f their own accord upon the advice of some fellow-countrymen, 'here were about 20 men of these races who came during the years 878 and 1879, and this was the first immigrant labor employed in the 48296 °— VOL 7—11 3 26 The Immigration Commission. coal fields surrounding Pittsburg. During 1879 other companie, opened mines, and as there was no local labor to be had agents wen sent to other coal fields and to New York, and immigrants of othe races were brought to the field. This method of securing mim workers was continued until the late nineties, but since that time i has not been found necessary to import any more men, as sufficien numbers came of their own accord. The first English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh who came to the Kansa fields in 1878 and 1879 from Mercer County, Pennsylvania, inducec friends to join them from the same State, and in 1882 a few familie: came direct from Great Britain. The majority, however, continued t( come from Pennsylvania. They were usually accompanied by thei families and established permanent homes. Up to 1890 there was { steady immigration of the races, as new mines were developed From that year until 1895 there was quite an influx from the coa fields of Indian Territory, where the earlier immigrants had been dis placed on account of the prominent part they had taken in labo; disputes. Since 1895 smaller numbers have been coming, but ai the present time immigration on the part of these races to Kansas ha.‘ ceased. The immigrants from Austria-Hungary in the Pittsburg field an Croatians, Germans, Poles, Magyars, Slovaks, and Slovenians. Al of these races were at first brought into the district by the coal oper- ators. The first shipments were made in 1879 and 1880 from Penn- sylvania, and included representatives of all of the above-mentionec races. They went to work in the mines in the vicinity of Pittsburg but are now to be found all over the field. From 1880 to the early nineties many were brought direct fron New York as soon as they landed. Agents of the operators ques- tioned newly arrived immigrants on landing in New York as to whal work they had been engaged in before leaving Europe. All whc had been coal miners were given transportation and were brought tc Pittsburg and put to work in the mines. A Croatian, who was one of the first to come into the field, said he had been engaged in mining in Pennsylvania, and was approached by the agent who told him that work was plentiful and wages good in the coal mines of Kansas. He with several of his countrymen consented to go and were brought out with a party which included Poles, Croatians, Magyars, and Slovaks. Conditions were found to be as represented, and he and some of his friends wrote to their friends in Pennsylvania anei induced them to join them in Kansas. None of the men who first arrived were accompanied by their families, but later many sent foi their wives and kindred. After being in the field a short time they also induced friends from Europe to come, and thus immigration from Austria-Hungary was started to the Pittsburg district. About 1885 a few began to purchase homes and each year more have made Kansas their permanent home. Since 1903 immigrants from Austria-Hungary have not arrived in as large numbers as previously, but immigration is still steady. The reason given for the decline in immigration during the past few years is that the development of mining operations has not been rapid. The number of the immi- Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 27 ;rants in the field constantly varies, as many go to other localities srhen work is slack and return when the mines in the Pittsburg dis- rict are running regularly. The first immigrants from Italy were brought into the field in 880 as strike breakers. These men were brought from Pennsyl- ■ ania and Illinois and there were about 30 in the party. From the ibove-inentioned year until about 1895 agents employed by the coal ompanies continued to bring them into the district from other sec- ions of the United States, usually in parties of 10 or 15. This started mmigration on the part of the Italians. Those brought in by agents educed friends and relatives to join them, and since 1880 the immi- ;ration of Italians to the coal fields of Kansas has been steady. As 3 usually the case with the Italians, they are segregated and have ormed colonies in different localities. The town of Chicopee, near httsburg, is composed almost entirely of this race, of whom about ,500 live in and around the town. Many own homes and are perma- lent residents. All of the Italians have engaged in coal mining, and t is this industry alone which has drawn them to Kansas. In 1879 a few French were induced to come from Illinois to the ^ittsburg coal fields, and in 1880 others were brought from the same •lace and from Pennsylvania. This started immigration on the part f the French, and they continued to come until about 1897. Since hat time they have been migrating in smaller numbers. After 1884 lany French came direct from France and Belgium. Immigration of bench to Kansas has practically ceased, however, and fewer of this race re engaged in mining than was the case four or five years ago. Those rho have left the mines have engaged in farming and other pursuits. L number of farms in the section are owned by the French, and many wn homes in the different towns in the coal field. The French are not Bgregated. The cause assigned for others coming was the over- rowded condition of the mines in their native land, and the desire 3 earn more. A great many of the French own their homes and are ermanent residents. Taking the field as a whole, there were in round numbers 12,000 leii employed in the coal-mining industry in Kansas in the year 907, and with the exception of 1,300 in Leavenworth and Osage Dunties they are in the Pittsburg field. The races represented in the field are estimated as follows: merican: White Negro alian, North and South rench ovenian and Croatian . . nglish I :otch ifth elsh erman Dlish agyar ovak Total 5, 500 500 1, 300 800 700 700 500 500 300 500 400 150 150 12, 000 28 The Immigration Commission, RACIAL MOVEMENTS TO SELECTED BITUMINOUS MINING LOCALITIE IN KANSAS. For the same reason that the history of immigration to yariou coal-mining localities in Oldahoma is presented in detail, it is cod sidered worth while to set forth in detail the history of immigra tion to and the present racial composition of several mining towns i Kansas. The detailed statement, by communities, follows: Community No. 1 is located in the southeastern part of Crawfor County on the main lines of tw^o railroads making connections wit other parts of the United States. The principal industry employm immigrants is coal mining. Immigration to the comruunity began i 1878, when the first mines were opened in the vicinity, and it i estimated that, out of a present population of 15,964, the immigrant number 1,800. The racial composition is as follows: English Irish Scotch Welsh Italian Miscellaneous 4C 3C 21 It 5( 2 ( Total At one time there were many more immigrants in the town tha there are now, for the reason that during the last five years the have been moving out to the coal towns in the vicinity where the are nearer work. The probable future immigration to the con munity will be small, as the demand for labor is greater in the sui rounding coal field than in the town proper. Community No. 2 is 5 miles northeast of Community No. 1, i Crawford County. The town has a population of 2,790, and accorc ing to careful estimate 2,140 are foreign-born, of the following raceJ OP German Irish French f, Polish Croatian J Italian The Germans, Croatians, Poles, English, French, and Irish fin came to the community in the year 1884 from neighboring coal camp In 1886 an agent for one of the mining companies brought m 1 Italians from Spring Valley, Illinois, and during the next four c five years this same agent continued to import men of this rac from other coal fields in the country. This started immigration ( Italians, and they have come steadily since 1886. The future imm gration to the community will probably be large, as new mines ai projected in the vicinity. Community No. 3 is in the north-central part of Cherokee Counu 16 miles south of Community No. 1. The first mines were opene here in 1879 and in that year the first immigrants came into th field. These were English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh. They settle in the community and since that year the above races have contmue Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 29 ) arrive. The present population is 2,373. It is estimated that of lis number 1,200 are English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, with about 30 immigrants of other races of recent arrival in the country. Community No. 4 is in the northern part of Cherokee County, 12 dies south of Community No. 1. Immigrants began to arrive in 380 when mines were first opened. These immigrants were English, dsh, Scotch, and Welsh, and came of their own accord from mines i the vicinity. During the latter part of the same year a few 'rench came. In 1881 there was a strike, and Italians were brought •om Illinois as strike breakers, and in 1882 Croatians and Germans ime in of their own volition from other towns in the vicinity. The )reign population of the community has fluctuated from time to time, ecause many immigrants leave when work is slack and others come 1 when work is steady. At the present time the population of the )wn is estimated to be 2,500, divided by races as follows: ative-born 1, 250 oreign-born: English .• 400 Scotch 200 Italian 175 French 125 Irish 100 Welsh 75 German 50 Croatian 125 Total 2,500 Community No. 5 is in Cherokee County and 18 miles southwest f Community No. 1. The town was founded in 1897, and during lis year immigrants made their appearance. The first foreigners 1 come were French, Croatians, and Poles. The same year Irish ime from neighboring towns, and in 1901 the first Italians were lipped in by the coal operators. The present population, estimated 1 be 1,800, is divided by races as follows: ative-born 300 oreign-bom: Italian 500 Irish 300 Croatian 250 Polish 50 French 400 Total 1,800 RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF KANSAS MINE WORKERS. In the investigation of individual employees made in Kansas, data '^ere secured from 873 mine workers native-born of native father, 09 native-born of foreign father, and 2,305 foreign-born. The racial omposition of the three classes is given on the following page. 30 The Immigration Commission. Table 395 . — Total number of male employees for whom information was secured in t' Kansas coal fields, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Total number. Genera! nativity and race. Total numbe Native-born of native father; Foreign-born, by race— Continued. White 727 English 1 Negro 146 French 1 G erm an 1 Native-born of foreign father, by country Greek of birth of father: Irish Austria-Hungary 15 Italian, North 5 Belgium 8 Italian, South 2 Canada 3 Italian tnot specifie.l) Denmark 1 I.ithnanian England 129 Magyar. .. . France 23 Norwegian Germany 77 Polish Ireland 106 Roumanian Italy 20 Russian 1 Scotch K Scotland 102 Servian Sweden • 5 Slovak ...... , W’^ales 19 Slovenian K SweOish 1 Total 509 Swiss ■1 Welsh li Total native-born 1,382 West Indian .... '1 AnsitriH.Ti (rn.p.p. Tint, 3( 1 Foreign-born, by race: Belgian (race not specified) Bohemian and Moravian .... 16 Bulgarian 5 Total foreign-born 2,3( Groatian 14 Danish i 1 Grand total 3,6J Dutch 1 5 One interesting fact developed by the above table is the larg number of second-generation English, Scotch, Irish, Germans, am French employed in the mines as well as the large number of foreign born representatives of the same races. Of the more recent imrni grants the North and South Italians combined furnish the larges proportion. PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BOR> EMPLOYEES IN KANSAS. As regards the length of time foreign-born mine workers have beer employed, no definite information is at hand, but the period o1 residence in the United States reported by the various miners cor- roborates the history of immigration to the field. Out of a total oJ 2,273 mine employees reporting years of residence in the Uniteci States, 734, or about one-third, have been in the countrj^ less than five years. This number is largely made up of North and South Italians, Austrians (race not specified), Slovenians, French, and Poles,.' which races, especially the Italians, obviously constitute the most recent additions to the operating force. It is also clear that the new immigrant is put to work in the mines practically as soon as he arrives in the country, as shown by the fact that of the total number report- ing, 86 had been in the United States less than one year, 68 one year, 160 two, 187 three, and 233 four years. The table showing period of residence of Kansas employees, by general nativity and race, is given on the page following. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 31 ^ABLE 396 . — Number of foreign-horn male employees in the Kansas coal fields who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (study of employees.) By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad.] Number Number in United States each specified number of years. Race. reporiing complete data. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. 16 1 2 3 4 6 5 i 1 1 1 14 1 7 5 1 1 1 5 1 i 1 2 :nglish 1G8 3 2 6 10 21 4 11 111 'rench 155 4 4 12 10 12 43 11 15 44 terman 144 3 6 6 7 9 20 6 27 60 Irftp.k 2 1 1 rish 76 1 6 2 3 6 2 6 50 tali an, North 585 27 '2i' 34 55 61 243 61 45 38 talian, South 240 9 7 13 30 40 104 26 7 4 t.alian (not ench has been on the decline for a number of years, and at the iresent time there are fewer representatives of these races at work han there were four or five years ago. The universal opinion is hat future immigration on the part of these races will be very small. Italians, Poles, Slovaks, Croatians, and other races represented in his field are still arriving, though not in as large numbers as formerly. This is accounted for by the fact that there has been no rapid devel- »pment of coal properties during the past few years. Immigration >n the part of the races mentioned will doubtless be steady, as mem- )ers of each race are firmly established in Kansas and these perma- lent residents will do much toward influencing future immigration. Though the past two years have been dull ones in the coal trade of (Kansas and Oklahoma on account of mild winters and'the increasing ise of oil and natural gas as fuel, the number of men employed las increased as follows: In 1907 there were 12,439 men employed n the mines of Kansas, and in 1908 there were 13,916, showing an ucrease of 1,477. During the same years in Oklahoma the increase vas 353. With the return of normal conditions the steady immigra- ion to the coal fields of the races mentioned above may be expected. ■f I \\ i' t Chapter III. ECONOMIC STATUS. [ndustrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied — Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States — General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied — General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied — Occupations of immigrants in the bituminous mines of the Southwest — Daily earnings — Relation between period of residence and earning ability — Annual earnings of male heads of families studied — Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the house- holds studied — Annual family income — Wives at work — Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied — Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers — Sources of family income — Relative importance of the different sources of family income — [Text Tables 397 to 418 and General Tables 155 to 167]. [NDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSE- HOLDS STUDIED. Before proceeding to the discussion of the present economic status )f the immigrant mine workers and their families it will be interest- ng as well as instructive in furnishing a standard for future com- Darisons to consider the industrial status of the foreign-born persons before they emigrated from their native lands. With this object n view, a series of tables is first submitted, showing the industrial jondition of the males and females who were 16 years of age or over lefore they came to the United States. As regards the 304 females who were 16 years of age or over when hey came to this country, and for whom detailed information was •eceived, the following table showing their industrial condition abroad exhibits some interesting data: Table 397. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-horn females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign born.] Race of individual. Number report- ing com- plete, data. Number — Per cent— With- out occu- pation. Work- ing for wages. Work- ing with- out wages. Work- ing for profit. With- out occu- pation. Work- ing for wages. Work- ing with- out wages. Work- ing for profit. roatian 21 21 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 talian, North 86 64 14 8 74.4 16.3 9.3 .0 talian, South 28 17 9 2 60. 7 32. 1 7. 1 .0 /ithuanian 29 22 7 75. 9 24. 1 0. 0 .0 lexican 26 21 4 1 80.8 15.4 3.8 .0 ’olish 30 22 4 4 73.3 13. 3 13 3 .0 lovak 36 31 4 1 86.1 11.1 2.8 .0 Total 304 232 64 18 76.3 17.8 5.9 .0 33 34 The Immigration Commission. The significant fact brought to light by the preceding table is thj 76.3 per cent of the females were without occupation before comir to the United States. None of the Croatian women were employe abroad. Only 25.6 per cent of the North Italian women, 39.3 per cei of the South Italian, 24.1 percent of the Lithuanian, 19.2 per cent of tl Mexican, 26.6 per cent of the Polish, and 13.9 per cent of the Sloval or, considering all races combined, only 72 women, or 23.7 per cent < all the women, had any form of employment before coming to tl United States. Fifty-four of these were working for wages and ] without wages, the South Italian women composing the largest nun ber working for wages, while the Polish exhibited the largest nun bers working without wages. As regards the specific occupations followed by immigrant wome before coming to the United States, the table presented belo furnishes a more detailed exhibit : Table 398 . — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-horn females w, were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [T his table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreig born.] Race of individual. Number reporting com- plete data. Per cent without occu- pation. Per cent working for wages. Per cent working without wages. 1 Per cent working for j Farm laborers. In domestic and personal service. In other occu- pations. Total. Farm laborers. In other occu- pations. Total. Croatian 21 100.0 0 Italian, North 8G 74.4 7.0 9.3 16.3 8.1 1.2 9.3 Italian Sont.h . ... 28 60.7 32.1 32.1 7.1 7.1 T/ithnanian 29 75.9 20.7 3.4 24.1 Mexican 2G 80.8 3.8 7.7 3.8 15.4 .3.8 .3.8 Poli.sh 30 73.3 3.3 3.3 6.7 13.3 13.3 13.3 Slovak 3G 86.1 2.8 5.6 2.8 11.1 1 2.8 2.8 Total 304 76. 3 9.2 3.9 4.6 17.8 5.6 .3 5.9 It is apparent that of the 54 women who were working abroad fc wages the largest numbers were engaged as farm laborers. In th case of the women who were working but not receiving wages, all be one North Italian were farm laborers. The greater number of wome who were working abroad were, therefore, principally agricultun laborers, many of whom were working on their fathers’ farms. I addition to these, a few Slovak, Polish, Mexican, and Lithuania women were also working as waitresses and domestic servants. As regards the economic status of the men abroad, the table fo lowing, showing the general industrial condition abroad of males wli are at the present time employed in the coal mines of the Southwes and who were 16 years or over at the time of their coming to th United States, will throw an interesting light upon the previou industrial condition of the foreign mine workers. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 35 .BLB 399 . — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-horn males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) ils table iadludes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign- born.] ace of individual. Number report- ing com- plete data. Number — Per cent— With- out occupa- tion. Work- ing for wages. Work- ing without wages. Work- ing for profit. With- out occupa- tion. Work- ing for wages. Work- ing without wages. Work- ing for profit. 20 16 4 ao 80.0 0.0 20.0 sh 28 1 16 8 3 3.6 57.1 28.6 10.7 (Ijan North 166 69 63 34 .0 41.6 38.0 20.5 tlian, South 52 26 13 13 .0 50.0 25.0 25.0 thuanian 65 1 24 35 5 1.5 36.9 53.8 7.7 »xican 45 41 1 3 .0 91.1 2.2 6.7 lish 43 21 18 4 .0 48.8 41.9 9.3 )Tak 52 27 23 2 .0 51.9 44.2 3.8 Total 510 5 274 163 68 1.0 53.7 32.0 13.3 In the table above it is important to note that of the total of 510 lales now employed in or about the mines, who were 16 years of age ’ over when they came to the United States, only 1 per cent were ithout any occupation abroad. Aside from this inconsiderable pro- Drtion 53.7 per cent were working at some occupation abroad in ,hich they were paid wages, while 32 per cent were engaged in some arsuit in which they received no wages, but their subsistence or iher compensation, and 13.3 per cent were in business or engaged in )me commercial undertaking. The largest proportion working for ages is shown by the Mexicans, of which race 91.1 per cent were age-earners. Eighty per cent of the Croatians, 57.1 per cent of the ish, and 50 and 51.9 per cent, respectively, of the South Italians and lovaks were receiving wages. A relatively small proportion of the lovaks, Mexicans, Lithuanians, Poles, and Irish were working for rofit. As regards the specific occupations of the three general industrial roups discussed above, the table next presented, showing the per ent of males in the principal occupations, will furnish more definite formation. 36 The Immigration Commission. Table 400. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who wt 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) (This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-boii Race of Individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent without occupation. Per cent working for wages. Per cent working without wages. Per cent wor Ing for profit Farm labor- ers. Laborers. Miners. I n hand trades. In other oc- cupations. . Total. Farm labor- ers. 1 In other oc- 1 cupations. Total. Farmers. In other oc- cupations. E Croatian 20 45.0 5.0 30.0 80.0 20.0 2i Irish 28 3.6 3.6 3.6 50.0 57.1 25.0 3.6 28.6 10.7 1( Italian, North 166 15.1 6.0 5.4 9.6 5.4 41.6 37.3 0.6 .38.0 19.9 0.6 2i Italian, South 52 36. 5 1.9 1.9 5.8 3.8 50.0 25.0 25.0 23.1 1.9 2J Lithuanian 65 i.5 24.6 7.7 4.6 36.9 53.8 53.8 6.2 1.5 Mexican 45 28.9 8.9 48.9 4.4 91.1 2.2 2.2 4.4 2.2 ( Polish 43 9.3 2.3 20.9 9.3 7.0 48.8 37.2 4.7 41.9 9.3 Slovak 52 13.5 3.8 30.8 1.9 1.9 51.9 44.2 44.2 3.8 r Total 510 1.0 19.2 4.1 18.8 6.3 5.3 53.7 31.2 0.8 32.0 12.5 0.8 i; The group of wage-earners in the table above covers a large nun her of pursuits, but the four principal occupations reported are fan labor, mining, general labor, and hand trades. The principal occi pation followed abroad, as seen in the above table, was that of far laborer. A small number of the individuals reporting were commo laborers, and 11.6 per cent were carpenters, bricklayers, blacksmith or engaged in other hand trades or general occupations. Thirty-or and two-tenths per cent were farm laborers without wages, and 12.5 p« cent were farmers abroad. The total number reporting in these grouj: as farmers or farm laborers before coming to the United States is 62. per cent of the total number reporting complete data. The signil cance of this table lies in the conclusion that 81.2 per cent of tl males who are now working in the coal mines in the Southwest, an who were 16 years or over before they left their native land, receive no industrial experience abroad which fitted them for coal mining Only 18.8 per cent of the total number were miners abroad and receive training and experience which fitted them for their work in the Unite States. Sixty-five and three-tenths per cent of the Slovaks, 58.1 per cent c the Poles, 84.6 per cent of the Lithuanians, 86.5 per cent of the Sout Italians, 78.3 per cent of the North Italians, 44.4 per cent of the Mex cans, 20 per cent of the Croatians, and 42.9 per cent of the Iris were farmers, farm laborers, or common laborers in their native land? PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMIN TO THE UNITED STATES. In addition to the above showing, made by the data gathered fror the investigation of families, a more extensive exhibit as to^ th economic condition of the foreign-born mine workers before immi^ra tion to this country may be presented as the result of the detaile study of the individual employees. 37 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. ble 401 . Per cent of foreign-horn male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race. (study of employees.) lis table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Per cent who were engaged in — N umber reporting complete data. Race. Mining. Farming or farm labor. General labor. Manu- facturing. Hand trades. Other occupa- tions. orljsh 129 87.6 5.4 0.0 0.8 3.9 2.3 3iicb 144 90.3 3.5 2.1 1. 4 .7 8.8 8.1 2.8 11.0 5.1 8.0 3.4 4.4 3.3 2.0 2. 1 114 65.8 14.9 7.0 .9 2. 6 2.9 2.8 1.8 1.0 7.4 2.3 1.1 lian North 853 21.6 46.8 19.5 1.2 lian South 319 9.4 40.1 44.2 .6 huanian ...... ........... 109 11.0 65.1 11.0 .0 ixicEii* 98 71.4 17.3 5.1 .0 iish 175 33.1 44.6 5. 1 1.7 88 13.6 67.0 6.8 6.8 90 87.8 3.3 3.3 .0 122 54.1 34.4 5.7 .8 1. 6 3.0 1 r )venian 99 53.5 35.4 6.1 .0 Total 3,036 43.0 34.6 13.2 1.2 5.5 2.5 An unusual situation as compared with other coal-mining sections disclosed by the above table, which shows that 43 per cent of le total number of employees furnishing information were miners broad, 34.6 per cent were farmers or farm laborers, 13.2 per cent ere laborers in other industries, 5.5 per cent were in hand trades, .2 per cent in manufacturing, and 2.5 per cent had occupations ot specified. . i • • No other geographical division of the bituminous coal-mming idustry shows so large a proportion of the rnen to have been miners efore coming to the United States, and this is largely due to the etter class of workers being pushed farther west by the influx of ‘.ss desirable immigrants in the districts nearer the Atlantic seaboard. The Russians show the largest proportion of farmers or farm laborers broad. The smallest proportion is shown by the Scotch, whose un- sually large proportion of miners leaves but few persons scattered mong other industries. The South Italians were largely laborers broad, their percentage in this class being 44.2. No other race at all pproaches this figure, the North Italians ranking second with 19.5 •er cent. None of the English, and only 2.1 per cent of the French, irere laborers. i Six and eight-tenths per cent of the Russians, and between 1 and ! per cent of the Poles, French, and North Italians, were engaged in ome branch of manufacturing. No other race shows as much as per cent, and the Lithuanians are ptirely unrepresented. In the land trades, however, the Lithuanians lead with 11 per cent, fol- owed by the Germans with 8.8 per cent, the North Italians with ;.l per cent, and the Poles with an even 8 per cent thus engaged. Among those engaged in mining prior to their emigration, the French rank highest, with 90.3 per cent thus reported, and the Scotch follow with 87.8 per cent. 38 The Immigration Commission. The facts as to the industrial condition of the foreign-born coa mining employees prior to their emigration from their native lane having been set forth, it will be next in order to present briefi their general industrial condition in the Southwest and their stati in the coal-mining industry at the present time. GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN TB HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. As regards the general industrial status of women in the hous« holds studied in the Southwest, and especially the tendencies exhil ited by the children of native and immigrant households, the follov ing table is instructive. It shows, by general nativity and rao the principal occupations of females 16 years of age or over. Table 402 . — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, hy general nativity ar race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more femaies reporting. The totals, however, are for all race; Number reporting com])iete daia. Per cent - General nativity and race of individuai. In do- mestic and ])cr- sonal service. In trade. Other- wise em- ployed. At home. At schoo Native-born of native father: White 67 4.5 1.5 1.5 91.0 1. Negro 32 12.5 •0 3.1 78.1 6. Native-born of foreign father, by race of father; Irish 23 .0 8.7 30.4 4.3.5 17., Foreign-born: Croatian 23 .0 .0 .0 91.3 8. Irish 24 .0 .0 4.2 95.8 Italian, North 93 .0 1.1 .0 98.9 Italian, South 36 .0 .0 .0 100.0 Lithuanian 37 .0 .0 .0 100. 0 Mexican 36 .0 .0 .0 100. 0 Polish 35 .0 .0 .0 100. 0 Slovak 45 .0 .0 .0 100. 0 Welsh 25 4.0 .0 4.0 92.0 Grand total 542 1.5 .7 2.2 93.6 2. Total native-born of foreign father 64 .0 3. 1 12.5 75.0 9. Totai native-born 166 4.2 1.8 6.0 82.5 5. Total foreign-born 376 .3 .3 .5 98.4 As regards the females of the households studied, 82.-5 per cent o1 the native-born are at liome, as compared with 98.4 per cent of th( foreign-born. The immigrant races uniformly show a higher percent- age of their girls at home, only 1.1 per cent being employed and 0.5 per cent at school. It is also noticeable that few females of the foreign households are engaged in domestic service. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 39 NERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. BLE 403 . — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Is table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent— Number reporting complete data. General nativity and race of individual. In bitu- minous- coal mining. In other occupa- tions. At home. At school. ive-born of native father: White 74 94.6 4.1 0.0 1.4 Negro 32 96.9 3.1 .0 .0 ive-born of foreign father, by race of father: jrish — 27 81.5 11.1 .0 7.4 eign-born: CrofitiBn 22 100.0 .0 .0 .0 Irish ... ......... — ... 47 100.0 .0 .0 .0 It&liciTi 175 98.3 .0 1.1 .6 ItflliflTl SnntTi . ----- - 53 98. 1 .0 1.9 .0 Lithuanian 72 98.6 .0 .0 1.4 Magyar 20 95.0 5.0 .0 .0 Mpxiu^Ti 62 96.8 .0 3.2 .0 Polish 51 98.0 .0 2.0 .0 Slovak.... 55 100.0 .0 .0 .0 Welsh 33 93.9 3.0 3.0 .0 Grand total 750 96.7 1.2 1.1 1.1 al native-born of foreign father 51 82.4 5.9 2.0 9.8 al native-born ..... ..... - 157 91.1 4.5 .6 3.8 al foreign -born 593 98.1 .3 1.2 .3 Upon reference to the table covering male members of the house- ids, it is seen that less than 4 out of each 100 reporting are engaged other occupations than bituminous coal mining. In the case of e foreign-born, the proportion is even smaller. The members of ree races — the Croatian, Irish, and Slovak — are all engaged in al mining. The smallness of the percentages of males of foreign birth who are school is also noteworthy. The native negroes have none at school. ICUPATIONS OF IMMIGRANTS IN BITUMINOUS MINES OF THE SOUTH- WEST. As a matter of fact most of the immigrants in Kansas and Okla- >ma have been drawn to the two States by the chance to secure )rk in the coal mines. The employment available to immigrants rough Oklahoma is not varied, as coal mining is the only industry iploying a large amount of labor. There are only a few factories id these are very small, employing from 15 to 20 men. They are 3 factories, brick plants, planing mills, and other small establish- ents. Besides the above-mentioned plants the only other oppor- nities for immigrants to secure work are the section gangs on the iirious railroad lines. ' Immigrants rarely apply for work in the manufacturing plants, id when employed soon leave and return to coal mining. In summer, 40 The Immigration Commission. when work is not steady in the mines, a few work as section hanc, but as soon as the mines resume operations they leave the railroat. Though there is a demand for female house servants, no immigraj women seek employment, and only in very rare instances is o; found working as a domestic. ^ t i i i In the coal-mining districts of Kansas conditions are slightly d- ferent, for the reason that there are more and larger factories than i Oklahoma and a few immigrants are employed in these estabhs- ments. There were formerly several large smelters near Pittsbui, Kansas, and here a large force of immigrants was employed, but sin* the smelters have been removed these immigrants have engaged i mining. In both Kansas and Oklahoma, therefore, most of the fc- eign population will be found working in or around the mines. In coal mining there are two sharply defined classes of labor () the miners, who are engaged directly in the production of coal ail are piece workers, being paid by the ton for the amount of coal pi- duced, and (2) the company or day men, who are engaged in vari05 capacities in the mine, such as mule drivers, fire runners, gas me, trackmen, hoisting engineers, etc., and who are paid a certain wai per day. ... . i x- i. • The newly arrived immigrant almost without exception begn work as a miner and few ever leave this branch of work. It is ge- erally a fact that the great majority of company or day men a) Americans, English, Irish, Scotch, or Welsh. A discussion of i- quirements of the different occupations will show why newly arrivl immigrants are engaged almost exclusively as miners. In most of the coal mines in Kansas and Oklahoma the minings done by pick work. On account of the pitch of the coal, the dan^r of shooting from the solid, and other adverse conditions, machi) mining has never been extensively practiced. During 1 908 only machines were in use in Kansas, and only 31,352 short tons of ccl were produced in Oklahoma by this method during the saine yes. In pimc mining it is necessary for a miner to have had experience i the work to insure good results. If the cutting is not first made wii the pick to a certain depth, according to the length of the h(. drilled for the blast, it will require much more powder to throw is coal down than if the shot were properly mined. It can be reach seen that an extremely large charge of powder will blow the coal ) pieces and that a large percentage of it will be slack or fine coal. The English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, French, and Americans sj experienced in the methods of mining required and the coal produci by men of these races is of much better quality for marketing thi that gotten out by more recent immigrants. Immigrants from Ita , Austria-hlungary, and Kussia, as already shoym, have had little €■ perience before coming to this country and go into the mines ignora. of practical mining. The coal produced by these miners is very mui shot up and is not of a good grade. The percentage of Americans and English-speaking races engaged : miners is small, and most of these now working in the mines are co> p^any men. The reasons for this situation are as follows: Americai English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and Germans are employed as pur men, hoisting engineers, slope engineers, motormen, and electriciai because the more recent immigrant knows little about machinery; * gas men, because the safety of the miners depends upon the nu Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 41 •ing thoroughly tested for gas and warnings posted as to its presence, id the above-mentioned races are considered more reliable for this isition than the more recent immigrants ; as timbermen, because it important that all weak places in the roof be carefully timbered to event accidents due to falls of rock or slate, and it has been found at the immigrant is not so careful as the first-mentioned races in is work. The brattice men have charge of the ventilation of the ine, and their duty is to see that all working places are well supplied th air. It has been found that few immigrants are fitted for this )rk. Some superintendents declare that in places of danger, and where 30 ol head is required, they never put South Italians, as this race too nervous and excitable. The Lithuanians are much more calm an emergency, and are given positions which Italians are not per- tted to hold. For positions of responsibility most mine officials efer Americans, Irish, Scotch, English, and Welsh first; Lithu- ians second; Magyars and North Italians third; South Italians d Slovaks fourth; Poles, Russians, and negroes fifth; and Mexicans :th. From the standpoint of the immigrant the occupation of mining is 10 more desirable for the reason that there is no fixed daily wage yment, and wfith the piece-rate method of payment the amount his earnings is limited only by his industriousness and efficiency, a consequence, the recent immigrant tends to remain in the mining mpadion even when it is possible for him to become a company or 7 employee. On the other hand, the predominance of recent immi- ints in the occupations of digging and loading coal in itself tends to ve them in exclusive control of these occupations, for the reason it the races of older immigration prefer the day occupations, with } smaller earning possibilities, to intimate working relations with :es of recent arrival. DAILY EARNINGS. Che table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the • cent of employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified ount per day. tLE 404.— Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race.* (study of employees.) J table Includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] eral nativity and race. 7e-born of native father: Vhite legro ] re-bom of foreign father, country of birth of |ier; ■ngland ^erniany reland cotland Number reporting complete data. 1,531 376 158 90 126 119 Average Per cent earning each specified amount per day. earnings per day. $1.25 or $1.50 or $2 or $2.50 or $3 or $3.50 or over. over. over. over. over. over. $2.60 99.0 98.9 96.1 75.8 18.9 7.7 2. 48 99.2 98.9 90.4 71.8 16.0 6.1 2.60 99.4 98.7 88.6 74.1 17.1 9.5 2. 56 100.0 98.9 93.3 80.0 8.9 5.6 2. 64 99.2 99.2 96.8 91.3 15.1 7.9 2.61 100.0 100.0 96.6 85.7 15.1 6.7 dme oMoil indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary ^ 1 shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing al earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. anuwmg 48296°— VOL 7—11 4 42 The Immigration Commission. Table Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specif , amount per day, by general nativity and race — Continued. Number reporting complete data. Average earnings per day. Per cent earning each specified amoimt per day. General nativity and race. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 C over. Foreign-bom, by race: F.nplish 236 $2.65 98.3 98.3 95.8 86.0 18.2 h Frp.nnh 205 2. 55 97.1 95.6 94.6 89.3 8.3 German 174 2.80 100.0 99.4 97.1 86.8 31.6 It Irish 85 2. 58 98.8 98.8 96.5 90.6 8.2 1 Italian, North 1,087 389 2.63 98.6 98.6 97.0 92.9 16.4 t Italian, South 2.91 97.9 97.9 95.6 90.5 38.3 2f T.it.hnanian 118 3.02 99.2 99.2 93.2 83.1 56.8 3( Afp.Tinnn 104 2. 46 100.0 100.0 98.1 75.0 9.6 ] Polish 208 2. 48 96.6 96.2 79.3 68.8 27.4 f Russian 102 2. 54 98.0 98.0 94.1 79.4 22.5 < Scotch 132 2. 70 100.0 100.0 98.5 89.4 21.2 5 Rlovalf 123 2. 53 98.4 98.4 91.1 84.6 8.1 ( Slovenian 181 2. 59 100.0 99.4 97.2 88.4 16.0 Grand total 6,438 2.62 98.7 98.5 94.9 83.4 19.5 k Total native-born of foreign father 653 2.57 98.5 98.0 92.2 80.9 12.9 ( Total native-born 2,562 3,876 2.57 98.9 98.7 94.2 76.4 16.9 Total foreign-bom 2.66 98.6 98.4 95.3 88.1 21.2 In comparing the earning capacity of native and foreign boi miners it will be seen that there is little difference between the rad until the percentage earning $2.50 per day or over is reached. He; foreign-born employees make a much better showing, 88.1 per cei earning $2.50 per day or over, as compared with 76.4 per cent of thot of native birth earning the same wage. The percentage still contii ues in favor of the foreign-born through the $3 and $3.50 or over dai earnings. • • i ^ In making a study of the table, by races, it is round that ti Lithuanians have the highest earning capacity, with the Soul Italians second and the Germans third. Mexicans show the smalle proportions earning the higher amounts. North Italians show better average when compared with South Italians, up to betwe( $2.50 and $3 per day, but the percentage earning over $3.50 per de falls far below the other race. This is accounted for by the fact th a larger number are employed as day men and receive a specmt daily wage, which is not the case with immigrants from southei Italy, most of whom are miners. In comparing Americans, English, and Scotch, it is seen that tl Scotch have the largest percentage earning $3.50 per day or ove with the English second, American whites third, and American negro fourth, the percentage ranging from 9.1 of the Scotch down to 6 of the American negroes. Of the Slavic races, the Poles show 6.7 per cent earning $3.50 p' dav or over; Slovaks are second with 6.5 per cent, and Russians thn with a percentage of 4.9, while only 2.8 per cent of the Slovenians eai $3.50 per day or over. French and Mexicans make a poor showing when compared wi1 other races, only 2.9 per cent of the French and 1.9 per cent of tr Mexicans earning $3.50 or over. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 43 Germans, Mexicans, Scotch, and Slovenians have 100 per cent rning $1.25 per day and over; the same races have the highest per- ntages earning $1.50 per day and over. Of races earning $2 per day id over Germans, Mexicans, Scotch, and Slovenians still leacl; those owing the highest percentage earning $2.50 per day and over are orth Italians, Irish, South Italians, Scotch, and French; those having e largest representation earning $3 per day and over are Lithuanians, )uth Italians, Germans, and Polish, while Lithuanians, South alians, and Germans have the largest number earning $3.50 per day id over. The table shows there are more men in the class earning between 1.50 and $3 than any other, due to the fact that a large number are y or company men, whose wage is $2.56 per eight hours’ work. In connection with the earnings of adults in the coal mines of the (uthwest, it will also be of interest to note the number and per nt of employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each speci- d amount per day. In the following table the showing is made r 277 mine employees within these age limits, of whom 64 are reign -born and 213 are native-born. BLE 405 . — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (study of employees.) lis table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number Percent earning each specified amount per day. report- Average General nativity and race. ing com- earnings plete per day. $1 or $1.25 or $1.50 or $2 or $2.50 or data. over. over. over. over. over. ,ive-born of native father. White. . 86 $1.91 98.8 74.4 72.1 51.2 38.4 Grand total 277 2. 01 99.6 73.6 72.6 59.2 50.2 al native-born of foreign father. . . 114 2. 05 100.0 74.6 73.7 63.2 55.3 al native-born 213 1. 97 99.5 73.7 72.3 56.8 46.5 al foreign-born 64 2.14 100.0 73.4 73.4 67.2 62.5 This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost e or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual lings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Upon comparing the relative proportions earning specified amounts the table above it is seen that about equal percentages of the tal native-born, the total foreign-born, and the total native-born of •eign father are earning $1.25 or over per day. This proportion exact percentages is 74.4 per cent for the native white of native her, 74.6 per cent for the total native-born of foreign father, 73.7 r cent for the total native-born, and 73.4 per cent for the total *eign-born. In the $1.50 wage classification the relative propor- ^ns for the groups are about the same, but they differ for those kning $2 or over and $2.50 or over per day. More than one-half each group earn $2 or over per day. Thirty-eight and four- iths per cent.of the American white, 55.3 per cent of the second aeration, and 62.5 per cent of the foreign-born are engaged in work ’ which they receive $2.50 or over per day, a wage equivalent to received by many employees in the industry who are of a more vanced age. 44 The Immigration Commission. RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY. As regards the effect of an extended residence upon progress in th industry or earning ability, the following tables show the per cent c individual mine workers of foreign birth earning each specified amoun per day, according to number of years in the United States. In th first tabulation the races are arranged alphabetically with the diffei ent periods of residence under each race; m the second tabulation, th same figures are arranged, by race, under different periods of residenc( Table 406 .— Per cent of foreign-hom male employees 18 years of age or ov^ earning eai specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States. (study of employees.) rBv Years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includ ^ ^ only races with 200 or more males reporting.] N umber Per cent earning each specified amount per day. Race and years in United States. reporting complete data. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 c over. English: 24 100.0 100.0 95.8 87.5 20.8 8 5 to 9 22 100.0 100.0 100.0 86.4 18.2 9 10 or over. 190 97.9 97.9 95.3 85. 8 17.9 8 French: Under 5 52 96.2 94.2 94.2 90.4 5.8 1 5 to 9 49 100.0 100.0 98.0 95.9 12. 2 4 10 or ov'pr 104 96.2 94.2 93.3 85.6 7. 7 2 Italian, North: Under 5. 404 98.0 98.0 96.5 93.6 12.9 3 5 to 9 404 99.5 99.5 98.0 93.3 17. 8 10 or nypr .... 279 98.2 98.2 96.1 91.4 19. 4 1 Italian, South: Under 5*.- 165 97.6 97.6 95.8 90.3 30.3 50.4 34.1 Vi 5 to 9 139 100.0 100.0 98.6 91.4 38 10 or over 85 95.3 95.3 90.6 89. 4 24 Polish: U nd er - 81 92.6 91.4 61.7 55.6 21.0 1 It c e; In Q 66 100.0 100.0 89.4 77.3 27.3 36.1 10 or ov’er .................. - 61 98.4 98.4 91.8 77.0 — ♦This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taKen ot voluntary ic time or lost time from shutdows or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing anni earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Table 407 . — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-horn male employees 18 years of a or over, by race and length of residence in the United States. (STUDY OF employees.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table indue ‘ ^ only races with 200 or more males reporting.] IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS. Number Per cent earning each specified amount per day. Race. reporting complete data. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 ■ over En^lisli - 24 100.0 100.0 95.8 87.5 90.4 93.6 20.8 5.8 French ........... 52 96.2 94.2 94.2 Italian t'Jnrth ... ...... 404 98.0 98.0 96. 5 12. 9 30.3 21.0 1 Italian South........ 165 97.6 97.6 95.8 90.3 55.6 Polish.’ 81 92.6 91.4 61.7 ♦This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but f ^ ^ time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing a earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 45 ABLE 407 . — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-horn male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States — Continued. IN UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS. Number reporting complete data. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. Race. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 or over. .nglish, 22 100.0 100.0 100.0 86.4 18.2 9.1 rench ............. 49 100.0 100.0 98.0 95.9 12.2 4.1 alian North. 404 99.5 99.5 98.0 93.3 17.8 5.0 alian, South 139 100.0 100.0 98.6 91.4 50.4 38.1 olish 66 100.0 100.0 89.4 77.3 27.3 10.6 IN UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER. nglish 190 97.9 97.9 95.3 85.8 17.9 8.4 rench 104 96.2 94.2 93.3 85.6 7.7 2.9 talian, North 279 98.2 98.2 96.1 91.4 19.4 7.5 talian, South 85 95.3 95.3 90.6 89.4 34.1 24.7 olish 61 98.4 98.4 91.8 77.0 36.1 9.8 South Italians show the highest earning capacity of any of the races Q the above table. Of those who have been in the United States inder five years 17.6 per cent earn $3.50 or over per day, as lo 38.1 per cent of those who have been in this country from five 0 nine years and 24.7 per cent of those with a residence of ten ^ears or over. The English are the next highest wage-earners, >.3 per cent of those here under five years, 9.1 per cent between ive and nine years, and 8.4 per cent ten years or over, earning ;3.50 or over per day. The French show the lowest percentage of ligh earnings, only 1.9 per cent of those in the United States under ive years, 4.1 per cent from five to nine years, and 2.9 per cent ten ^ears or over, earning $3.50 or over per day. All immigrants v/ho have been in the United States over five years how a better earning capacity than those who have been in this lountry for a shorter period of time. It is particularly noticeable hat the English, French, and South Italians who have been in the Jnited States between five and nine years show a slightly higher earning capacity than those who have a residence of ten years or )ver. This is accounted for by the fact that many with a resi- lence of over ten years are old men and are not physically able to nake the wage of the younger immigrants. F urther, it is stated that he older immigrants have saved money out of earnings in the past >ears, and it is unnecessary for them to work as hard as the more •ecent immigrants. The reason assigned for the large percentage earning higher wa^es among those who have been in this country letween five and mne years as compared with the same wage class of nore recent immigrants is that those who have been here only a few rears are not highly skilled miners, and consequently are not able to iroduce as large an amount of coal as those who have become pro- icient in the work by several years’ experience. 46 The Immigration Commission. There is little difference in the earning capacity of Enghsh who ha’’ been in this country under five years and those who have been he between five and nine years ; this is on account of their having be( experienced miners before coming to the United States, which is ni generally the case with other races. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED. An indication of the industriousness of a given race may be four in the percentage of heads of families regularly employed. Data upc this subject relating to the coal and coke workers of Kansas ar Oklahoma are shown in the following table, together with average ai nual earnings of heads of families engaged in bituminous mining. Table 408 . — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number of selected families.® Number of husbands. Number of husbands at work. Per cent of husbands at work. Averagi yearly eai ings of husbands work. Native-born of native father; White 39 39 39 100.0 Negro 24 24 24 100.0 Foreign-born: Croatian 21 20 20 100.0 c Irish 35 35 35 100.0 ( Italian, North 75 71 71 100.0 i Italian, South 32 32 32 100.0 i Lithuanian 32 32 32 100.0 t Magvar 15 15 15 100.0 J Mexican 39 38 38 100.0 Polish 35 35 35 100.0 Slovak 45 45 45 100.0 Welsh 26 22 22 100.0 t Grand total 418 408 408 100.0 4 Total native-born 63 63 63 100.0 1 Total foreign-born 355 345 345 100.0 t o For selection of families, see p. 284. The total number of families is 418 and the total number ( husbands 408. It will be noted that all the husbands are reported i at work. The figures of the table speak well, therefore, for the ii dustry and ability to secure and retain work of all the employees ha’^ ing family responsibilities. The highest average annual earnings of male heads of families is e? hibited by the Wel^ employees, w^hose average yearly earnings ai $656, followed by the Lithuanians, Irish, South Italians, Poles, Nort Italians, Croatians, Mexicans, and Slovaks, in the order named. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 47 As regards the range of annual earnings, the following table shows le proportion of husbands earning each specified amount : ABLE ^0^.— Earnings 'per year of 'male heads of families, by general 'nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 284.] General nativity and race of individual. Number work- ing for wages. Average earn- ings. Number earning— Per cent earning— 1 Under 1 $100. 1 Under 1 $200. Under $400. Under $600. Under $800. 1 Under 1 $1,000. Under $100. Under $200. Under $400. Under $600. Under $800. Under $1,000. ative-born of native father: Wtiitp 39 $583 15 24 32 33 0.0 0.0 38.5 61.5 82.1 84.6 24 384 • 16 24 24 24 .0 .0 66.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 IN ore:gn-born; Croatian 20 397 13 20 20 20 .0 .0 65.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Irish 35 513 *^i‘ 12 23 32 33 .0 2.9 34.3 65.7 91.4 94.3 Italian, North 71 422 2 33 68 71 71 .0 2.8 46.5 95.8 100.0 100.0 Italian, South 32 446 1 6 31 32 32 .0 3.1 18.8 96.9 100.0 100.0 32 568 1 21 30 30 .0 .0 3.1 65. 6 93.8 93.8 Magyar 15 387 1 9 14 15 15 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 38 391 24 37 38 38 .0 .0 63.2 97.4 100.0 100.0 Pnlish 35 432 2 17 31 34 35 .0 5.7 48.6 88.6 97.1 100.0 plfivat 45 380 3 29 42 45 45 .0 6.7 64.4 93.3 100.0 100.0 Welsh 22 656 1 8 11 16 18 .0 4.5 36.4 50.0 72.7 81.8 Grand total 408 460 11 183 346 389 394 .0 2.7 44.9 84.8 95.3 96.6 Otal p5itivfi-bf>rn . 63 508 — 31 48 56 57 .0 .0 49.2 76.2 88.9 90.5 'otal foreign-born 345 451 11 152 298 333 337 .0 3.2 44.1 86.4 96.5 97.7 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. In the foregoing table 39 native whites show an average of $583, !4 negroes $384, and 345 foreign-born an average of $451. The werage yearly earnings of the negro race are so much lower than the lative whites that it is considered advisable, for the purpose of com- laring the foreign with the native born, to consider the native whites ind negroes separately. Of the negroes, 66.7 per cent report average '^early earnings under $400, while the other 33.3 per cent average letween $400 and $600. Of the total foreign-born, 44.1 per cent average under $400, as igainst 49.2 per cent native-born. Fifteen and four-tenths per cent lative whites average $1,000 or over, while only 2.3 per cent of the breign-born average as much as that. Forty-two and three-tenths )er cent of the foreign-born report average yearly earnings between mo and $600, and 10.1 per cent between $600 and $800, while the lative whites show 23 per cent and 20.6 per cent, respectively. Although the Lithuanians have only 3.1 per cent of their number iveraging under $400, the per cent averaging under $600 is 65.6. S[ext to the Lithuanians, the South Italians report a smaller per cent d8.8) than any other race averaging under $400; at the same time Fey have 96.9 per cent with average earnings under $600. Of all races reporting from this district, the Slovaks have the lowest iverage earnings, $380, with 64.4 per cent of their number earning under $400. The Poles report 2.9 per cent of their number averaging over $800. They and the Welsh, Irish, and Lithuanians are the only foreign- born with average yearly earnings over this amount. 48 The Immigration Commission, The average earnings of the foreign-born in this field are somewhe higher than in Pennsylvania and the Middle West, but not so high i in the South. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 TEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN TH HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The follovdng table shows the approximate annual earnings of a males 18 years of age or over in the households studied, by geneu nativity and race of individual: Table 410. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by genen nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number working for wages and re- porting amount. Average earnings. Number earning - Per cent earning Under $200. Under $400. Under SGOO. Under $1,000. Under $200. Under $400. Under $600. Und $1,00 Native-born of native father: White 65 $496 8 31 48 59 12.3 47.7 73.8 90. Negro 30 377 1 29 30 30 3.3 96.7 100.0 100. Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Irish 19 404 4 10 14 19 (*>) (^) (&) (6) Lithuanian 1 (*») 1 1 (6) (b) (6) (b) Magvar 3 iP) 2 3 3 (6) (6) Slovak - 2 (b) 1 2 2 (6) (6) W) V) Welsh 7 (*') 5 5 7 («») («>) p) Foreign-born: Croatian 22 406 13 22 22 .0 59.1 100.0 100. Irish 46 532 2 14 29 43 4.3 30.4 63.0 93. Italian, North 163 411 2 90 159 163 1.2 55.2 97.5 100. Italian, South 45 438 1 11 44 45 2.2 24.4 97.8 100. Lithuanian 67 549 27 64 65 .0 40.3 95.5 97. Magyar 17 405 1 10 16 17 (*’) (^) (*>) (t) Mexican 57 379 1 39 55 57 1.8 68.4 96.5 100. Polish 48 453 3 23 41 47 6.3 47.9 85.4 97. Slovak 52 366 3 34 48 52 5.8 65.4 92.3 100. Stianish 2 1 2 2 (b) (^) (b) (b) Welsh 29 ^ 624 2 11 15 25 6.9 37:9 51.7 86. Grand total 675 448 28 351 598 659 4.1 52.0 88.6 97. Total native-born of for- eign father 32 429 4 18 25 32 12.5 56.3 78.1 100. Total native-born 127 451 13 78 103 121 10.2 61.4 81.1 95. Total foreign-born 548 447 15 273 495 538 2.7 49.9 90.3 98. a See Table 41, Vol. I, p. 66. 6 Not computed, owing to small number involved. r Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 49 Of the 675 males reporting information for the preceding table, 65 re native-born whites of native father, 32 are native-born of foreign ather, and 548 are foreign-born. The remaining 30 are native-born '\^he average annual earnings of all reporting are $448. The Amer- can whites average $496 yearly, while the native-born of foreign ather average $429 and the foreign-born $447. The average earn- Qgs of the negroes are only $377. Of the foreign-born the Welsh have the highest average earnings, dth $624. The Lithuanians and Irish follow with $549 and $532, •espectively. The Slovaks, with $366, show the lowest average earn- ngs. The Croatians, the North Italians, the South Italians, the dagyars, and the Mexicans are below the general average. Of all reporting, 4.1 per cent earn less than $200, 52 per cent less han $400, 88.6 per cent less than $600, and 97.6 per cent less than On comparing those earning less than $200 it is seen that the for- iign-born have the smallest per cent in this class. Only 2.7 per cent )f the foreign-born earn less than $200, while 12.3 per cent of the vhites native-born of native father earn less than this amount. Of the foreign-born, the Welsh, while showing the highest average warnings, also have the largest per cent of any of the races earning ess than $200; this is, however, offset by their relatively large per ient earning $1,000 or more. The Croatian and the Lithuanian races 'eport none of their number earning less than $200. The negroes have the largest per cent earning under $400. The Mexicans come next. The South Italians have the smallest per cent vith earnings under $400. In this class the American whites have learly twice as high a per cent as have the South Italians. The Irish, the Lithuanians, and the Welsh also make a better showing than the A.merican whites. None of the Croatians or negroes earn $600, while 48.3 per cent of the Welsh and 37 per cent of the Irish earn as much as or more than this figure. The American whites and the Poles are also above the average in this group. The Lithuanians, while ranking second in average earnings, have only 4.5 per cent earning $600. The negroes, the foreign-born Croatians, North and South Italians, Mexicans and Slovaks, and the native-born of foreign father as a class, report no one earning $1,000. 50 The Immigration Commission. 1 ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME. The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race ( head of family, the annual average and range of family income. Table 411 . — Per cent of families having a totalyearly income of each specified amount, I general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) j-Thls table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all race: General nativity and race of head of Number of selected families.a Average family income. Per cent of families having a total income — family. Under $300. Under $500. Under $750. Under $1,000. Unde $1,50( Native-born of native father; White 39 $679 470 5.1 43.6 66.7 76.9 97 Negro 24 4.2 75.0 91.7 95.8 100 Foreign-born: Croatian 21 427 4.8 81.0 95.2 100.0 100 Irish 35 827 5.7 14.3 62.9 77.1 85 Italian, Nort h 75 537 5.3 62.7 85.3 94.7 100 Italian, South 32 548 3.1 53.1 84.4 96.9 100. Lithuanian 32 764 .0 12.5 62.5 75.0 96. Mexican 39 472 7. 7 69.2 92.3 97.4 100. Polish 35 512 11.4 54.3 82.9 100.0 100. Slovak. - 45 434 17.8 73.3 93.3 95.6 100. Welsh 26 818 11.5 19.2 53.8 61.5 92. Grand total 418 582 6.9 52.2 80.4 89.2 97. Total native-born 63 599 4.8 55.6 76.2 84.1 98. Total foreign-born 355 579 7.3 51.5 81.1 90.1 97. o For selection of families, see p. 284. From the above table, based upon reports from 418 families, i will be seen that, of this number, 52.2 per cent have a total incom under $500 — the whites native-born of native father having 43.6 pe cent of their families, and the foreign-born having 51.5 per cent, earn ing under this amount. Only 14.3 per cent of the Irish familie report a total income under $500, while 14.3 per cent earn ove $1,500. The Welsh, although 19.2 per cent of their families ean less than $500, as compared with 12.5 per cent of the Lithuania! families, have only 53.8 per cent earning under $750, as against 62./ per cent Lithuanians; also, the Welsh report 7.7 per cent of thei families with total incomes of over $1,500, while the Lithuanian, report only 3.1 per cent with such incomes. There is very little difference in the family income of the Mexi cans and the native-born. Although the Mexicans report a smalle; per cent with total income under $500 than do the negroes, th Mexicans show a shghtly larger per cent with total family incona under $750. Both of these races report a small per cent with incomef over $1,000, but none with incomes over $1,500. The average family income of the South Itahans is slightly highe; than that of the North Itahans or the Poles. The Poles, however report a smaller per cent with total incomes less than $750 thai either the North or South Italians, 82.9 per cent of the Poles report ing an average income less than $750, as compared with 84.4 per cent of the South Italians and 85.3 of the North Italians. The Croatians Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 51 5 port 81 per cent of their number with total incomes under $500 ad 95.2 per cent under $750. Their average income is the lowest jported. The average income of the households whose heads re native whites of native father is exceeded bj that of three ices — the Irish, Welsh, and Lithuanian. , WIVES AT WORK. The question next presents itself as to whether any family income I derived from sources other than the earnings of the heads of fami- es in the coal mines. In partial answer to this question, the fohow" ig table is submitted, which is designed to show the tendency on le part of the wives of mine workers of the Southwest to engage in ainful occupations: Table 412 . — Wives at worh, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families.® Number of wives. Number of wives at work. ative-born of native father: White 39 39 Npgro - 24 24 3 jreign-born: rirnatian 21 21 35 35 Tt.alian North 75 75 Italian Smith 32 32 T,it.hnanian 32 32 Magyar 15 15 Maxioan 39 39 Polish 35 35 Slovak 45 45 1 Welsh 26 26 Grand total .. . 418 418 4 otal native-born 63 63 3 Dtal foreign-born 355 355 1 a For selection of families, see p. 284. The number of families is 418, and the number of wives the same, 'he table shows 3 wives of negroes and the wife of a Slovak D have been engaged in gainful occupations. The occupations of oarding-house or lodging-house keepers have not been considered ainful occupations for purposes of this table. The 4 women reported s at work were employed either in their own homes as washer- women, or at hotels. None of them was regularly out in domestic ervice. One of the distinctive features of the coal-mining industry 1 the fact that in the great majority of cases the employees are com- elled by the very nature of their work to live in small and isolated ommunities. Coal mines are seldom located in or near considerable owns. Mine work can be done only by men. The manufacturing stablishments of the cities and towns which employ so large a num- er of immigrant women are too far distant ta be accessible to the dves of the mine workers. For those remaining in the home omestic service is in general the only alternative. All the coal- aining communities of Kansas and Oklahoma, from which the data 52 . The Immigration Commission. for the table were secured, were of the type described above. Conse quently this small percentage of employment is mainly due to lad of opportunities. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THl HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The following table shows the approximate earnings of all female 18 years of age or over in the households studied, working for wages by general nativity and race of individual: Table 413. — Yearly earnings {approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by genera nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number working for wages and re- porting amount. Average earnings. Number earning- Under 1200. Under $300. Under $400. Undei $500. Native-born of native father: White 2 (“) 2 2 2 Negro 6 (“) 4 5 5 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Irish 7 (“) 1 2 4 Foreign-born: Welsh 2 (“) 1 1 1 Grand total 16 $23r, 8 10 12 1 Total native-born of foreign father 7 (O) 1 2 4 Total native-born 14 229 7 9 11 1 Total foreign-born 2 (“) 1 1 <*Not computed, owing to small number involved. Because of the very small number reporting, no opportunity for i comparison of the approximate earnings of the several races i afforded by the preceding table. It will be seen, however, that fo the entire number furnishing information the average yearly earning per female amount to $235. It is interesting to note in connectioi with those earning specified amounts that an even 50 per cent of thos( reporting average less than $200, and that the entire 100 per cen average less than $500. The average earnings of the native-born of native or foreign father, are reported as $229, indicating, in viev of the average reported for the total number, that the average earn ings of the foreign-born are in excess of the earnings of the native born. RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICl OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS. The relation between the earnings of the husbands and the practid of the wives of keeping boarders or lodgers is considered in the table next presented. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 53 Ible Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps hoarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) jneral nativity and race of head head of family. ative-hom of native father: White Negro 3 reign-bom: Croatian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh -- Grand total Total native-born Total foreign-bom Number Number of husbands earning — Number of wives having employ- ment or keeping boarders or lodgers. Number of wives hav- ing employment or keeping boarders or lodgers where hus- bands’ earnings are— families.o Under S400. S400 and under $600. $600 or over. Under $400. $400 and under $600. $600 or over. 39 15 9 15 2 2 24 16 8 4 2 2 20 13 7 35 12 11 12 2 1 1 71 33 35 3 20 8 11 1 32 6 25 1 7 1 6 32 1 20 11 20 1 13 6 15 9 5 1 3 1 1 1 38 24 13 1 7 ’ 1 5 1 35 17 14 4 11 2 7 2 45 29 13 3 2 1 1 22 8 3 11 408 183 163 62 78 17 46 15 63 31 17 15 6 2 2 2 345 152 146 47 72 15 44 13 oFor selection of families, see p. 284. Of the selected families only those which have both husband id wife present appear in this table. 'able 415 . Per cent of families in which wifehas employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) rbls table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals however are for all races. For selection of families, see p. 2S4. Of the selected families, only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.] General nativity and race of head of family. Per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers where husbands’ earnings are — Under $400. $400 and under $600. $600 or over. Total. fative-bora of native father: 0.0 0.0 13.3 5.1 12.5 25.0 16.7 'oreign-bom: .0 .0 .0 .0 9.1 8.3 5.7 ltEli3>n North 24.2 31.4 (o) 28.2 Tfalian Snnt.li 16.7 24.0 (a) 21.9 Lithuanian a 65.0 54.5 62.5 Mexican 4.2 38.5 («) 18.4 Polish 11.8 50.0 («) 31.4 Slovak 3.4 .0 (a) 4.4 Wpkh .0 (a) .0 .0 Grand total 9.3 28.2 24.2 19.1 Tf>ta1 nativp-bnrn . ... ....... 6.5 11.8 13.3 9,5 Tnt.al ff»rpign.Lnm .......... 9.9 30.1 27.7 20.9 • Not computed, owing to small number involved. 54 The Immigration Commission. A glance at the preceding table shows that the Welsh and Croatian! are the onh^ races, of all reporting, whose wives have not, either bj employment or the keeping of boarders or lodgers, had any part ii increasing the earnings of their husbands. Of the foreign-born races, the Slovaks and Irish each report twc wives who have added to the earnings of their husbands by one oi both of the above methods, which places these two races in the sam( class as the native whites, who also report 2 of their wives, or 5.1 pei cent, as supplementing the family income. The largest number of wives aiding in increasing the husbands earnings, are found among the Lithuanians, who report 62.5 per cent Following the Lithuanians are the Poles and the North and Soutl Italians, with 31.4, 28.2, and 21.9 per cent, respectively so reported A larger per cent of the wives of Mexicans than of native-borr negroes aid in increasing their husbands’ earnings, the Mexicans reporting 18.4 per cent, and the negroes 16.7 per cent. The natural supposition would be that the lower the earnings oi the husband, the larger would be the per cent of wives keeping boarders or lodgers, or seeking other employment. This, however is not the case, as is apparent from the above tables. The striking exception to the above statement is in the case of the Lithuanians. It is also noticeable, but to a lesser extent, with the North and South Italians. Only one Lithuanian is reported as earning under S400, and his wife adds to his earnings by keeping boarders or lodgers, while 65 pei cent of the wives of Lithuanians earning between $400 and $600 and 54.5 per cent of the wives of those earning $600 or over, con- tribute to the family income. The North Italians earning under $400 and between $400 and $600 are aided by 24.2 and 31.4 per cent of their wives, respectively, as compared with 16.7 and 24 per cent of the wives of South Italians, on the same basis of husbands’ earnings. Only 11.8 per cent of the wives of Poles whose husbands earn less than $400, as compared with 50 per cent of those whose husbands earn between $400 and $600, add to the husbands’ earnings. It will be readily seen, therefore, that although 44.9 per cent ol the husbands of the 408 families reporting earn less than $400, only 9.3 per cent of the wives in this class add to the husbands’ earnings, as compared with 28.2 per cent of the wives of husbands earning between $400 and $600, the husbands earning between the last- named amounts representing 40 per cent of the entire number of families from whom information was secured. i Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 55 SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. In addition to the activities of the wives in contributing to the imily income, the next table presented exhibits the extent to which le families studied have an income from other sources. ABLE 416 . — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, hoarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) 'his table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals^ however, are for all races.] Total number of selected families.o Per cent of families having an income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Earnings of— Contribu- Payments of boarders or lodgers. Other Husband. Wife. tions of children. sources. ative-born of native father: White 39 100.0 0.0 17.9 5.1 5.1 Negro 24 100.0 12.5 12.5 4.2 58.3 sreign-born; Croatian 21 9,5.2 .0 4.8 .0 4.8 Irish 35 100.0 .0 48.6 5.7 17.1 Italian, North 75 94.7 .0 8.0 30.7 21.3 Italian, South 32 100.0 .0 9.4 21.9 31.3 Lithuanian 32 100.0 .0 9.4 62.5 93.8 Mexican 39 97.4 .0 10.3 17.9 82.1 Polish 35 100.0 .0 5.7 31.4 42.9 Slovak 45 100.0 2.2 11.1 4.4 20.0 Welsh 26 84.6 .0 50.0 3.8 30.8 Grand total 418 97.6 1.0 16.3 18.9 37.1 otal native-born 63 100.0 4.8 15.9 4.8 25.4 otal foreign-born 355 97.2 .3 16.3 21.4 39.2 a For selection of families, see p. 284. Of the 418 families from whom information was secured, a greater iroportion derive income from the earnings of husband than from all ther sources combined. Upon the information secured, it is found hat 97.6 per cent of the families derive income from husband’s earn- igs, 18.9 per cent from boarders or lodgers, 16.3 per cent of the fami- es receive contributions from the ohildren, 1 per cent from earnings of dfe, and 37.1 per cent from sources other than those just enumer- ted. One hundred per cent the native-born families reporting have n income from husband’s earnings, as compared with 97.2 per cent of he foreign-born. The native-born also report a greater proportion f families who derive income from wife’s earnings than do the foreign- •orn. On the other hand, the foreign-born report a larger proportion f families having an income from children, boarders or lodgers, and 'ther sources than do the native-born. Of the foreign-born, the Irish, South Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, nd Slovaks each report 100 per cent of the families deriving an acome from husband’s earnings; while the Croatians, North Italians, nd Mexicans each report over 90 per cent. The Welsh report 84.6 >er cent of the families as having income from husband’s earnings. The native-born negroes and the Slovaks are the only races report- ag an income from wife’s earnings, and in each case the proportion 3 small, being but 12.5 per cent of the negro families and 2.2 per cent 56 The Immigration Commission. of the Slovak families. All of the races, however, show contributionf> from children. The Welsh stand first in this respect, with 50 per cen- of the families receiving contributions from children, but this race i‘ followed closelv bv the Irish, who report 48.6 per cent. The proper tion of Slovak ^families receiving contributions from children is 11.: per cent. The Mexicans, South Italians, Lithuanians, North Italians roles, and Croatians follow in the order named. The proportion o American white families receiving contributions from children is 17.1 per cent, as compared with 12.5 per cent of the negro families. Only 4.8 per cent of the native-born families derive income fron the pavments of boarders or lodgers, as compared with 21.4 per cen of the foreign-born. Of the foreign-born races reporting, the Lithu anians report the largest proportion of families who have an incomi from boarders or lodgers, the per cent being 62.5, while 31.4 per cen of the Polish families have an income from that source. The Nortl Italians, South Italians, and ^lexicans follow in the order nanied Compared with these races, only 5.1 per cent of the American white: and 4.2 per cent of the negroes have an income from boarders o lodgers. . . Of the Lithuanian families reporting, 93.8 per cent have mcom. from sources other than those named above, followed by the Mexican with 82.1 per cent. The lowest proportion, 4.8 per cent, is shown L the Croatians. , . , , r -t . v The following table shows the extent to which the families studiec depend exclusively upon certain specified sources of income: Table 417 . — Sourceof family income in detail, by general nativity andrace of head of family (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more famiUes reporting. The totals, however, are for aU races General nativity and race of head of family. Native-born of native father; White Negro Foreign-born: Croatian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh Per cent of families having entire income from- Grand total. Total native-born. . Total foreign-born 0) -d ■d 05 d w 2 1 4^ e3 O Husband and wif a a q3 a oj a On Number of selec lies.® Husband. Husband a children. ■d d-2 o C8 03 Xi 03 d s 53 O Children. 03 -OS sg O.Q tX) o o s s o 'X CO sr U CQ So.. E Ov Sd CQ 39 76.9 0.0 12.8 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 7. 24 20.8 12.5 4.2 4.2 .0 .0 .0 58. 21 90.5 .0 .0 .0 4.8 .0 .0 4. 35 40.0 .0 37.1 2.9 .0 .0 .0 20. 75 53.3 .0 5.3 14.7 T.3 ..0 4.0 21. 32 46.9 .0 6.3 12.5 .0 .0 .0 34. 32 i -0 .0 .0 6.3 .0 .0 .0 93. 39 : 10.3 .0 .0 5.1 2.6 .0 .0 82. 35 1 4.5.7 .0 2.9 8.6 .0 .0 .0 42. 20. 45 . 68.9 .0 8.9 2.2 .0 .0 .0 26 1 26.9 .0 26.9 .0 11.5 3.8 .0 30. . 418 43.5 .7 9.3 6.2 1.4 .2 .7 37. , ^ 1 5-5.6 4.8 9.5 3.2 .0 .0 .0 ~~¥. . 355 41.4 .0 9.3 6.8 1.7 .3 .8 39. a For selection of families, see p. 284. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 57 From the preceding table it will be seen that, of a total of 418 I nilies, a large proportion, or 43.5 per cent, have their entire income i )m husband, while a very small proportion, or 0.2 per cent, have leir entire income from children and boarders or lodgers; 9.3 per at have their entire income from husband and children, 6.2 per cent om husband and boarders or lodgers, 1.4 per cent from children, d less than 1 per cent from either husband and wife or boarders or Igers. A relatively large proportion, 37.8 per cent, is shown as ving entire income from source or combination of sources not before ecified. Comparing the native and foreign born, it will be seen that the ’mer show the largest proportion having entire income from hus- nd, husband and wife, and husband and children. The native- rn do not report proportions for those having entire income from ildren, children and boarders or lodgers, and boarders or lodgers, lile the foreign-born show 1.7 per cent, 0.3 per cent, and 0.8 per at, respectively. Comparing the foreign-born races reporting, it will be seen that e largest proportion, or 90.5 per cent, having entire income from sband is shown by the Croatians, while the smallest is shown by e Mexicans. None of the Lithuanian families are entirely sup- rted by the husband. The proportions of the other races range )m 68.9 per cent as shown by the Slovaks to 26.9 per cent as own by the Welsh. Only four races report families supported by ildren, with proportions ranging from 11.5 per cent as shown by e Welsh to 1.3 per cent as shown by the North Italians; and only e race, the North Italian, reports entire income from boarders or Igers, the proportion of families deriving entire income from this urce amounting to 4 per cent. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. As regards the source of family incomes in the coal-mining indus- : f of the Southwest, the table following is of interest in that it shows e per cent of total family income received from husband, wife, ilclren, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity ; id race of head of family. 48296 °— VOL 7—11 5 58 The Immigration Commission. Table 418 . — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, childre boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all rac | Per cent of total income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families.® Earnings of— Contribu- tions of children. Payments of boarders or lodgers. Othei source Husband. Wife. Native-born of native father: White 39 86.0 0.0 9.8 2.7 1 Negro 24 81.7 2.6 12.9 .8 1 Foreign-bom: Croatian 21 88.5 .0 11.0 .0 1 Irish 35 62.0 .0 33.9 1.6 ; Italian, North 75 74.4 .0 4.4 20.2 ) Italian, South 32 81.4 .0 8.3 8.8 1 Lithuanian 32 74.3 .0 5.6 19.6 Mexican 39 80.7 .0 11.8 6.2 Polish 35 84.4 .0 2.2 11.9 Slovak 45 87.6 .0 9.6 1.3 Welsh 26 67.8 (&) 25.3 1.1 Grand total 418 77.1 .1 12.9 8.2 Total native-born 63 84.7 .8 10.8 2.1 Total foreign-born 355 75.7 ip) 13.3 9.3 a For selection of families, see p. 284. Less than 0.05 per cent. On the basis of information furnished by 418 families in the wSout west it will be seen that of the total family income the husbai contributes 77.1 per cent, children 12.9 per cent, boarders or lodge 8.2 per cent, and wives 0.1 per cent, while 1.8 per cent is derived fro other sources. The most interesting fact in connection with the above table that the native-born husbands contribute a larger per cent of tl total family income than is contributed by the foreign-born hu bands; on the other hand, a larger per cent of the family income the foreign than native born is made up from the earnings of childn and from boarders or lodgers. The negroes show a larger proportic of the family income derived from children and a smaller proportic from boarders or lodgers than do the native whites, while the husbam of the native whites and negroes contribute 86 per cent and 81.7 p cent, respectively. A comparison of the foreign-born races brings to light two mo interesting facts: (1) The small proportion of the total family incon contributed by the husbands and the large proportion contribute by the children of the Irish and Welsh, as compared with the p- cent contributed by the husbands and children of the other race and (2) the large proportion of the total family income of the Norl Italians and Lithuanians derived from payments of boarders ( lodgers — the proportion for the North Italians being 20.2 per cei and for the Lithuanians 19.6 per cent. No part of the total fami income of the Croatians is derived from payrnent of boarders < lodgers and less than 2 per cent of the family income of the Iris Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 59 lovaks, and Welsh is obtained in this manner. The smallest pro- portion of family income contributed by children is shown by the oles, while the largest is shown by the Irish. Following the Irish re the Welsh, who show that over one-fourth of the total family icome is derived from this source. The proportions of total family incomes derived from sources not Decified are too small to require any consideration, except in the ise of the Welsh, who show 5.8 per cent. Chapter IV. WORKING CONDITIONS. ilethod of securing immigrants— Hours worked per day— Regularity of employment— The wage scale — Company houses — The company-store system — The immigrant and I organized labor— Mining accidents in their relation to recent immigration— Relations among races employed — [Text Tables 419 to 421 and General Table 168]. METHOD OF SECURING IMMIGRANTS. The method of securing men, as first practiced by the coal companies n Kansas and Oklahoma, was to send an agent to other coal fields, yho obtained as many as were needed. A s])ecial car was chartered ind the men were transported directly to the coal fields. At a later ilate this ])lan was discontinued and men were given transportation n the mines. The railroad fare was collected in instaime^nts from ibeir earnings. In some few instances immigrants returning from Jurope were employed to bring over men. They were paid for each ininer brought over, the coal company supplying steamship tickets ind paying all expenses, such practices being perfectly legal at that ime. The cost of transportation was collected in monthly payments “rom the immigrants thus secured. This method was discontinued )y the year 1890 because of contract-labor legislation by the Federal Government. The companies also let it be known among the men employed that' anyone wishing to bring in relatives or friends could lo so, the company supplying transportation and enough money for expenses, provided two or more men in their employ were willing :o stand good for the amount expended. Many immigrants brought )ver their wives and families by this plan and in most instances they lave become permanent residents. The officials of the companies encouraged immigrants to send for their families for the reason that the men could be held more easily and were more contented when iccompanied by their wives and children. It is stated by Germans who were brought into Kansas during the iarly eighties that they had been working in the coal mines at West- phalia, where conditions were bad. There was little demand for abor, the mines were overcrowded, and wages were low. On account pf this, many men were discontented and when the literature giving dowing accounts of the money to be earned in mining in the United states was distributed in the German mines many of them migrated to America. They were met in New York by agents of the operators in the Southwest, who sent them to Pittsburg, Kansas. In this manner many came into the field. The majority of immigrants, iiowever, who were brought into Kansas and Oklahoma by the coal companies were from other coal-mining sections of the United States. This custom of shipping in labor has not been practiced for some time, md now all immigrants come of their own accord, and are employed apon personal application. HOURS WORKED PER DAY. As regards hours worked per day in the coal fields of the Southwest, the following is quoted from the contract between the coal operators and miners: For all classes of labor, eight hours shall constitute a day’s work An eight-hour day Sleans eight hours’ work at the usual working places, exclusive of noon time, which 61 62 The Immigration Commission. shall be one-half hour for all classes of day labor. This shall be exclusive of the tin required in reaching such working places in the morning and departure from the san at night. In discussing the hours worked per day and the number of day worked during the past year, the United States Geological Survey, i its annual report, comments as follows: 'Practically all the mines in Oklahoma are operated on the basis of an eight-hour da^ During 1908 the average number of working days were one hundred and seventy-tw- Part of the time lost was due to the general suspension of operations, which began o April 1 and extended into June. The number of men affected was 6,929, the idle tin ranging from forty-eight to seventy-eight days, the average number of days lost b each of the 6,929 men was fifty-seven, and the total number of working days idle ws equivalent to about 25 per cent of the total number worked during the year by all me employed. The coal miners of Kansas are for the greater part well organized, and under th union rules the large majority of them work eight hours a day. In 1908 there wei 138 mines, employing 12,973 men out of a total of 13,916, that were operated und( an eight-hour day; 283 men employed at 11 mines worked nine hours, and 363 me employed at 7 mines worked ten hours. The average number of days worked m one hundred and eighty-one, part of the time lost being due to the suspension < operations during April and May. The suspension of operations on April 1 affecte 11,155 men, or 80 per cent of the total number employed. They were idle for a average of sixty days each, or about 25 per cent of the total time made during th year. REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT. The following table showing the months worked during the pas year (the twelve months preceding the collection of data) by male sixteen years of age or over in the various households studied in th Southwest, indicates the general regularity of employment and com parative industriousness of the different races employed in the mine of this locality: Table 419.— Months worked during the past year hy males 16 years of age or over employ t away from home, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.) Number reporting complete data. Per cent working— General nativity and race of individual. 12 months. 9 months or more. 6 months or more. 3 month or more Native-born of native father: White 69 11.6 21.7 63.8 97. "M pgrn . ... 32 .0 .0 56.3 100. Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Irish 22 4.5 36.4 63.6 100. Foreign-bom: Croatian 22 .0 31.8 95.4 100. Irish . 47 10.6 46.8 68.7 97. Italian, North 160 .0 19.4 67.5 100. Italian, South 47 .0 .0 80.9 100. I.ithnanian 68 1.5 2.9 100.0 100. Mexican 58 .0 1.7 63.8 98. Polish . -- 48 .0 4.2 83.3 100. Slovak 55 .0 5.5 81.8 100. Welsh 31 25.8 45.2 71.0 96 Grand total 698 3.7 15.8 75.2 99. Total nativp-horn of foreign father 41 7.3 29. 3 73.2 m Total native-born 142 7.7 19.0 64.8 98. Total foreign-born 556 2.7 14.9 77.9 99 — ! i Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 63 Before commenting upon the preceding table, it should be borne in ind that this section felt very strongly the effects of the industrial ipression of the years 1907 and 1908, as well as the curtailment of iiployment during the same years because of the decreased demand r coal in the territory served by the mines. While the usual tend- icies of certain races in this section may have been somewhat impered by conditions imposed upon them, yet the exhibit made the table will indicate in a rough way the comparative indus- ioiisness. Upon referring to the totals in the table, it is seen that only 7.7 ?r cent of the native-born and 2.7 per cent of the foreign-born were nployed for twelve months preceding the time at which the infor- ation was received; 19 per cent of the native-born and 14.9 pr cent of the foreign-born worked nine months or more, and 1.8 per cent of the native-born and 77.9 per cent of the foreign- were at work for a period of six months or more. Of the ireign-born employees, 10.6 per cent of the Irish and 25.8 per cent of le Welsh worked twelve months, and 46.8 per cent of the Irish and 5.2 per cent of the Welsh worked nine months or more. All the lembers of the Lithuanian race worked six months or more, while 2.9 31 - cent worked nine months or more and 1.5 per cent twelve months. Imost all of the Croatians were also employed six months or more, id 31.8 per cent of the same race nine months or more; 80.9 per ‘nt of the South Italians worked six months or more, but none of le employees of this race worked as long as nine months. Slightly lore than 80 per cent of the Slovaks and Poles, 63.8 per cent of the exicans, 100 per cent of the Lithuanians, and 67.5 per cent of the orth Italians were employed six months or more. THE WAGE SCALE. The wage scale for mining varies in the different districts accord- ig to local conditions of mining. There is a standard scale which iverns general conditions, but in many instances the coal is deficient, r, in other words, the vein on account of a fault or squeeze is not as lick as that in neighboring properties, and when this is the case le men are paid more than where conditions are normal. Where lal is harder to mine the prices paid are also higher. Taking the [cAlester District in Oklahoma, from which about 50 per cent of le coal mined in that State comes, an approximate idea of prices aid for mining can be secured. Here the scale for pick mining inges, with some exceptions, from 72 cents to 77^ cents per ton. At Iderson, Bache, Carbon, Craig, and Dow the sckle is 77^ cents; at ehigh, Oklahoma, screened 90 cents, and mine-run 72 cents. The [enryetta machine scale is 50 cents per ton, including shooting down nd loading. The Oklahoma machine scale is 45 cents per ton on a iece basis, and where men are paid by the day it is $2.45. The eneral scale, however, in the two States for pick mining is 72 cents er ton on a mine-run basis. On account of the pitch of the veins ud other adverse conditions, machine mining has never been suc- ^ssful, and most of the coal mined is by pick or hand work. The prices quoted refer only to the actual mining, shooting, and lading of the coal. Besides those engaged in mining, there are 64 The Immigration Commission. pumpers, trackmen, timbermen, gasmen, rope riders, greaser cagers, shot firers, motormen, trappers, spraggers, hoisting engineer trimmers, and employees in other occupations. In all cases tb; class of labor is paid by the day, and the scale runs from SI. 13 pf eight hours work for trappers up to S3 for shot firers. Almost a of the day laborers employed receive S2.56 for eight hours work i the mine, and S2.024 for eight hours work outside. Miners are als paid by the yard for making “break throughs,'' driving entries c air courses, for pulling down rock from the roof, and taking up bol tom. These prices vary according to conditions. In addition t the wage scale, pay days are also fixed by contract, and in all case the men are paid twice each month, usually on the 15th and 30tl and in some cases on the nearest Saturday to the above dates. COMPANY HOUSES. Houses are rented to their employees by almost all of the coal mining companies. These houses are the property of the coal com E anies. They are frame structures, usually of the same size, l-stor uildings of 3 to 5 rooms being the typical company house intendet for one family. Two-story houses and double houses with tw> kitchens for two families are less frequently seen. The rooms are o different sizes, from 12 by 12 feet to 18 by 18 feet, but the averag room is about 14 by 14 feet. The dwellings are in most cases badly constructed. A cheap grad of lumber is used and the workmanship is very poor. Windows an( doors are not fitted and in a short time are in need of repairs. Floor ing is poor and few houses are ceiled or carefully finished. The aver age cost of erecting the ordinary dwelling is $100 per room. The general condition and appearance of houses depends greafcb upon their location. In the larger settlements or near towns, wher the mines have been in operation a long time, housing conditions ar much better than in remote localities. In such places miners will as a rule, not be satisfied with the inconvenience of occupying a shat tered company house, as they have a chance to rent better quarter; in private houses in the nearby villages or towns. In places when miners have an opportunity to occupy private houses, or to buy thei homes, the renting business of the coal companies has received a hare blow. Not only are private houses built of better material and will greater skill, but they also look more desirable, display more indi viduality in their appearance, and usually have more space arounc them, affording possibilities for gardening and privacy. For this reason, in such localities, company houses are kept ir better repair. Notwithstanding this, they are only occupied wher no private housing facilities are obtainable. As a consequence quitt a number of them can be noticed standing empty and approachinjt complete dilapidation. In isolated and detached mining communities company houses an to be found at each mine. They are frame buildings of uniform design and are usually painted a dull red, placed in a row, or severa rows, according to the size of the mine and the number of employees Many of these houses have no solid foundations. They are elevated from 2 to 3 feet from the ground and rest at the four corners on piles Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 65 ■ stone or brick. In many instances window panes are out and Tge cracks are to be seen around the doors and windows. In cases here mines have been abandoned, houses have been moved to other icalities, and this of course has greatly added to the dilapidated con- ition of the house. There is generally room for a garden. The watey ipply comes from wells, oftentimes one well supplying several fami- Bs. The closets are dry and are well removed from the dwelling. Company houses rent for $1.80 to $2 a room per month, the rent sing deducted every two weeks from the amount due the employee. The state of repair in which houses are found depends much on the )mpany owning them. Some companies exercise more care in ousing their men than others and the contrast is often very marked, sveral companies employ a man who has charge of the houses, see- ig that they are maintained in good repair and in a sanitary condi- on. These companies also employ a scavenger, whose duty it is ) keep the closets clean and remove all filth from the premises, 'perators declare that it is very discouraging to attempt to keep ouses in good repair, for the reason that many families upon moving Lit will break window lights and otherwise deface the building, istances were given where the last tenant had broken up the floor [id inside woodwork for fuel. The percentage of immigrants occupying company houses is nailer than that of Americans and negroes. A large percentage of [exicans also occupy company property. THE COMPANY-STORE SYSTEM. Most of the coal companies operating in Oklahoma and Kansas Lther own stores or give the privilege of selling to the mine em- loyees to some local concern for a certain percentage of the sales. It not compulsory for miners to trade at these stores. They are paid 1 cash every two weeks, and can purchase their supplies where they boose. Between pay days, however, no employees are paid in cash, ad the only way in which they can secure supplies is to draw scrip or 3 t orders on the store, as the case may be. This system, of course, )rces all employees to trade at these stores when they have no ready loney. The scrip and store orders are only good at the company jores, and such purchases as the miner or his family may make between ay days is held out of his v/ages when he receives his pay. In most ises the company stores handle as good if not a better line than other eighborhood stores and prices are no higher than elsewhere. Scrip, 'Inch can be drawn in lieu of money between pay days by employees, 1 honored dollar for dollar at company stores. It is stated by mnne fficials that immigrants draw little scrip and receive their full pay in ash on pay day. Managers of company stores say they frequently xtend credit to immigrants and find them generally honest and rompt in settling. The only articles which the coal companies insist that the employees laall buy from their stc*res are powder and other explosives. The iason assigned for this is that in order to insure the best results Brtain kinds of powder must be used in shooting to suit local condi- ions of coal. For example, in one mine a quickly igniting powder 66 The Immigration Commission. will be exactly suitable, while in another the same explosive will I entirely unsatisfactory. It is claimed, further, that before this ru. went into effect many miners did their shooting with dynamit* This explosive makes an output of inferior grade by shattering tl coal badly, and producing a large percentage of slack or fine coa Consequently the operators have insisted upon the regulation of tt kind and quahty or explosives used. In almost all cases there are stores owned by private parties i close proximity to company stores, so that miners may have the choice as to which they will patronize. It is the universal opinion of mine operators that natives an negroes draw a far greater percentage of ‘‘scrip” than the immigram No instances were observed where employees were forced to trade a company stores or were charged excessive prices. THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR. All of the important coal-mining concerns in Oklahoma and Kansa employ union labor only, and all prices for mining and other work ai fixed by an agreement between the Southern ^Iine Operators Assc ciation and the committee of the United Mine Workers of Americi Membership in the union is a necessary qualification for securin employment in commercial or shipping mines. The almost universf extent to which different races hold membership in the unions i evident from the following table, which shows the affiliation vdt organized labor of male employees 21 years of age or over, by genen nativity and race. Table 420 . — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are workir, for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number report- ing com- Affiliated with trade unions. plete data. Number. Per cen Native-born of native father: White 62 54 87, Negro - 29 29 100 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Irish 6 5 (oN M fipyar ..... 1 1 Welsh 3 3 («) Foreign-born: r^rnntinn 21 21 100. Tritsh ......... 45 40 88. Italian, North . . 168 164 97. Italian Smith 48 47 97. Tiithnaninn 67 66 98. Magyar 17 17 (") Atpififn.n . 56 56 100. Polish 47 46 97. Slnva.lr .... 51 51 100. Spanish 3 3 («) Welsh 28 24 85. Grand total 652 627 96 Total native-born of foreign father 10 9 (a) Total native-born 101 92 91. Total foreign-born 551 535 97 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 67 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. The union idea was first introduced in the Southwest in the early ijhties. At that time there was no centralized organization, and the iTerent mines were entirely independent of each other. Rules gov- aing a mine in one locality were not observed on a neighboring foperty, and the operator had the local union of his employees to laf with rather than the general organization of the present time, lis loose and disorganized condition worked a hardship not only 1 the mine operator, but to the men as well, and from 1890 to 1895 e whole field was reorganized by the labor leaders, placed on a m basis, and affiliated with the national organization. From 1890 1895 there were several strikes throughout the Southwest designed secure recognition of the union, higher wages, and shorter hours, lese strikes were successful and since 1895 the whole field has been !)sely unionized. The English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh have always taken great iterest in the organization of labor and have been leaders in all of the ! 3 als where immigrant races are represented. They, with Americans, ive been agitators in most of the strikes and labor troubles and are eminently identified with the order. As a general rule, the attitude of Italians toward the labor unions is lie of toleration, and most of them belong to it because they are forced do so in order to secure work. A few of the more highly Ameri- i nized members of the race generally control the remainder in all iiestions coming before meetings. It is said by Americans promi- ‘nt in the affairs of the organization that Italians would not join the lion if it were not necessary for them to do so in order to work in the ines, and very few of them show any interest in its affairs. Italians e frequently on ^^pit committees’’ and hold offices, but in the iportant works of the union, Americans, English, Irish, Scotch, and elsh are the leaders, though Italians and other races may hold the dance of power. The Lithuanians, Poles, Slovaks, Magyars, and Russians really LOW less interest than Italians, and in many cases are antagonistic > the union. Many of them have expressed the opinion that they ould have better work and make more money if they were not introlled by the organization. The reason for the lack of interest 1 the part of the immigrants from southern and eastern Europe is lat they are unable to understand English and can take very little irt in the discussions at meetings. They also claim that they are )t treated fairly by the English-speaking races. IMembers of the cond generation of the southern and eastern European races are rong supporters of the unions and usually control other members of leir particular race. Coal operators state that they have often known of strikes in which le foreign element did not know on what grounds they were striking, hey also assert that when the Italians, Lithuanians, or Slovaks are in )ntrol of a local, the demands are less extravagant and are not so idical as when the situation is controlled by the Americans, English, ish, and Welsh. American miners claim that the union is absolutely necessary to mtrol the wage scale, hours worked, and conditions of employment, he immigrant would be willing, they say, to work at a price much slow the present scale of wages and would demand no limit as to 68 The Immigration Commission. hours. For the purpose of protecting themselves, therefore, agair, the competition of immigrant labor, the Americans and the Englis- speaking races claim that they take an active part in directing ai. controlling the labor organizations. Although there is prejudi; against immigrants from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Kussia i, the part of the English-speaking races, still their attitude is n, openly unfriendly as long as they can control the situation, but if ar of the first-mentioned immigrants try to show their power in ar measure, they are usually forced into submission. The America and English are able to retain power for the reason that the differe. immigrant races never unite with each other. The presence of the United Aline Workers of America in Kans and Oklahoma has been of great benefit to the miners. The men a benefited by better prices for mining, shorter hours, and by differe rules and regulations concerning appliances to promote safety mining. In securing industrial peace and stability among employe the unions have also been of benefit to the operators. Before tl field was strongly organized and mine labor was scarce, operators, 1 giving a slight advance in wages could secure men from neighborii rival concerns, strikes were more frequent than at the present tim and the operator was never certain that he could hold his force durii the busy season when he needed it most. Under present conditioi a contract is signed for a universal wage scale and a strike is calk only in extreme cases, where the committee of the United Alii Workers of America and the Southwestern Coal Operators Associatic fail to settle the difference by arbitration. MINING ACCIDENTS IN THEIR RELATION TO RECENT IMMIGRATION According to the report of the state mining inspector, 27 men wei killed and 70 injured in the coal mines of Kansas during 1908. ( the total number of men killed, 7 were shot firers who lost their liv( in the performance of their work, evidently by improperly place shots; 14 were killed by falls of roof and coal in the rooms an entries; 2 men met death by falling down a shaft; 1 eager was caugl by the cage and killed; and other causes claimed 3 victims. Of tl 27 men killed, 14 were married, and the total number of children le fatherless was 56. The death rate per thousand men employed m 1.94 in 1908 as against 2.57 in 1907. The number of tons of coal mined for each life lost in 190 amounted to 231,315.'^ No statistics were available showing tli race or nationality of the men killed or injured. During the pa^ year (1908) there were 172 accidents in the coal mines of Oklahonii 44 of which were fatal, or 1 for eyery 67,002 tons of coal minec There were 128 nonfat al accidents, or 1 for every 23,032 tons ( coal mined; for every 1,000 employees, 5.08 were killed. Of th total number who were either killed or injured, 79 were immigrant; 81 Americans, and 12 negroes. a Production of Coal in 1908, p. 121. E. W. Parker, U. S. Geological Survey. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 69 The following table shows the total number of men killed and injured the mining industry in Oklahoma and Kansas, the percentage of > total number employed who were killed, and the number of tons icoal mined for each life lost in the two States in 1908: iLE 421 . — Fatal and nonfatal accidents in Kansas and Oklahoma coal mines, 1908. oiiipiled from Annual Report (1908) of the State Mining Inspector of Oklahoma and the Annual Report on Coal Production (1908) of the United States Geological Survey. state. Fatal acci- dents. Nonfatal accidents. Men em- ployed. Percentage killed. Tons mined. Number of tons of coal mined for each life lost. ahoma 0 44 0 128 8,651 5. 08 2.948,116 67, 002 isas 27 70 13, 916 1.94 6, 245, 508 231,315 Total 71 198 22, 567 3.14 9,193,624 129, 487 statistics showing the number of fatal and nonfatal accidents in Oklahoma coal mines are for the i d year ending October 31, 1908. The majority of immigrants from Italy, Russia, and Austria- iingary, on coming to this country, are entirely ignorant of mining ; d go to the mines without knowledge of the dangers to be encoun- 'ed, and, in consequence, are reckless. The majority of superin- idents and mine foremen interviewed claim that many accidents 3 due to the fact that the foreigner is not able to speak or under- ind English and it is hard to make him understand a ^yarning. hfore the miners are allowed to go down for work the mines are oroughly tested for gas by tire bosses or gas men, and in cases where : dies of gas are found warnings are posted directing the men to main away from that part of the mine. It is difficult to compel the iwly arrived immigrants to regard these warnings, and on this I count many men have been severely burned or killed by explosions, ms the ignorance of the foreigner as to English not only brings eat danger to himself, but to every man working in the mine with im. It has been suggested that there should be a law requiring ich immigrant to stand a thorough examination before allowing Im to be employed in the coal-mining industry, similar to the state I aminations required for position of mine foreman, hoisting engi- i er, or fire boss. The examinations for engineers, fire bosses, ^ and nilar occupations are held at designated intervals by an appointed •ard. The state mining inspector states that of the men who take ese examinations, with the exception of the English-speaking races, ■ is than one and one-half per cent are foreigners, and that a very iiall percentage of these are able to pass the examination. Only in re instances does the Italian attempt the examination, and usually : such cases the applicant is of the second generation. RELATIONS AMONG RACES EMPLOYED. In pick mining it is almost necessary for two men to work together, '^le universal practice is for two men, who are called “buddies,^’ to 3rk in the same room, often for a period of years. One does the l inin g and places the shots and the other does the loading, or they jill take turn about at the two tasks. Generally they send out car 70 The Immigration Commission. for car of coal and divide yardage, room turning, and other exii work, so that their pay will be as nearly equal as possible. On p 7 day if one has a little more money due him than the other they mr divide equally, having first taken out of their joint pay all expends for mining, such as powder, fuse, caps, blasting paper, etc. Tho men are to some extent isolated, working together at the face of U coal, probably from 100 to 200 feet from the entry, and almost U only other employee they see during the day is the driver, who brir? the empty cars and hauls away the loaded ones. It is natural, the?- fore, that the two men will become very intimate. Consequently it is an almost unheard-of situation to find an Amu ican miner and an immigrant from continental Europe working in tj same room. Possibly the force of men working the entry may inclui five or six different nationalities, but on entering the rooms the “bu- dies,” or partners, will be found to be men of the same race. Often i American works in the same room with an Englishman, Scotchma, or Welshman, but it is rare to find an American miner working wii an immigrant of any race other than those mentioned. With the company or day men the case is different. Drivers, tii- bermen, trackmen, spraggers, cagers, etc., are very often of differed races, and Americans work side by side with Italians, Lithuaniai, Poles, or Slovaks. The reason assigned for this is that the min* chooses his own working partner, while the mine foreman hires tii company men and places them together irrespective of race. Mar pit bosses prefer to work gangs of different races rather than a fon made up or the same nationality. While outside the mine there may be racial prejudices and litt association between the races, during work hours little of this is sei. and working relations between Americans and immigrants are plea- ant, the foreigner receiving as fair treatment as the native at the ban'; of the company. Chapter V. HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS. meral housing and living conditions — Rent in its relation to standard of living — Boarders and lodgers — Size of apartments occupied — Size of households studied — Congestion — [Text Tables 422 to 433 and General Tables 169 to 180]. I GENERAL HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS. I General housing conditions in Oklahoma and Kansas vary accord- jg to localities. Generally speaking, in the larger towns and mining ‘liages, the condition of houses is much better than in smaller and pre isolated settlements. The particular race predominating in a immunity also has a noticeable influence in regard to the general jipearance of the home and the sanitary conditions surrounding it. |L the older towns throughout the mining sections of the two States, e houses are more substantial, are kept in better repair and more lUveniences are provided. The reason for this condition is that in (ch places many miners own their homes and others rent liouses jim private persons. On account of competition in renting, the I al companies are forced to provide better dwellings for their employ- (S than they do in places where all the houses are owned by thecom- imies. Length of residence also has much to do with the appearance ad comfort of the home, since the immigrant after purchasing a pee of property is constantly improving it. Those who have pned homes for a number of years have set out shade and fruit trees, -good garden usually exists, wells or cisterns are dug, some have aall vineyards, and the general appearance of the property denotes ide in ownership. On rented property, the immigrant has no in- ■ntive toward improving his home and the effect is at once dis- ?rnible. Company houses, which have already been discussed,® = e never as good as those owned by immigrants or as those rented Dm private persons. In the older mining towns few immigrants rent fuses from the company. A tendency toward segregation on the part of certain immigrant ;ces is very noticeable, and almost every town in the coal fields has H foreign quarter, where the members of one or more immigrant ices have purchased homes. There are also a number of towns lich have an almost exclusively immigrant population. Italians 1 ore than any other race are found in complete segregation. Wlier- ' er a large force of Italians is employed there will be found an Italian dony living in a community by itself and associating little with other ices or witn natives. ^ In some places North and South Italians are i ing in the same neighborhood, but where there are many of both ices they live in separate colonies. More property is owned by .alians in Kansas and Oklahoma than by any other immigrant race, i d in every mining locality there are Italians owning homes. When «See p. 64. 71 72 The Immigration Commission. the Italian decides to remain permanently in a town he purchaser home as soon as possible. These homes are usually frame structuu of from four to six rooms of one story. Much care is devoted to t‘. premises, a good garden is always maintained, and goes far towal the support of the family, while ovens are built in the yard and sii i outbuildings as are necessary are erected. The interior of the hon, however, is never as clean as it should be, though the North Italia? are more careful in this respect than immigrants from southern Ital. The Italian women are not neat housekeepers and are very neglige as to sanitary conditions. The kitchen is used as a living and dink; room, and here also the miners wash after returning from work. T1 ; naturally leads to a great deal of filth, water is allowed to accumula! on the floors, remains of the preceding meal are not removed, and oft'i dishes go unwashed from one meal to another; no care is exercised i throwing waste w^ater at a proper distance from the dwelling, and ; few towns are provided with a sewerage system the back yards a; usually in a very insanitary condition. In towns where there is, water\ystem, city water is piped to the houses, but the usual supp- comes from wells or cisterns in the back yards, sometimes one W( supplying several families. The furnishing of the home is usual very poor, the furniture being of the cheapest grade, and little attem is made at adornment. Lithuanians have not settled in all parts of the coal fields as d the Italians, but have confined themselves to certain towns ai localities in Oklahoma. Very few, if any, are to be found in Kanse They are segregated to a great extent and live in communities I themselves. It seems that when one family comes tn the Unit( States it induces all its kindred to join it as soon as possible. Most ' them have come to this country with the idea of making it the permanent home, and are therefore desirous of becoming proper owners. In buying property the effort is always made to get it neighborhoods occupied by their own people. The interior of tli home is generally neat and well kept, and the furniture is of bett' quality than that of the average Italian family. They are also mu( more carefid as to sanitary precautions. Homes owned by this ra are of the same type as those occupied by Italians, consisting of on story frame structures of from four to six rooms. Poles, Croatians, Slovaks, and Slovenians also own considerab property throughout the coal fields, but are not segregated to great an extent as are Italians and Lithuanians. Their homes are same the type as those previously described. The interiors of tl houses are not as neat and well kept as those of the Lithuanians, bi are more so than those occupied by Italians. Mexicans own very little property and most of them live in hous owned by the coal companies. On this account they are not segregah in their living quarters, but at the same time there is no associatk between them and natives or members of other races. The interk of Mexican homes is usually unclean. Many families occupy hous with no furniture beyond a cooking stove, the inmates sleeping ( rude bunks or upon straw thrown on the floor. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 73 RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING. ! A large number of families investigated in the Southwest own their )mes. Fifty American families, however, and 175 foreign-born milies, or a total of 225, rent their apartments. The amount of fnt paid is important from the standpoint of cost of living, but is lieny significant as regards the discussion of standard of living. For lis reason the subject of rent is presented in connection with the pnsideration of^ living conditions. The first tabulation in this con- jjction, which is submitted below, shows the average rent paid by le families studied per apartment, per room, and per person, by gen- i al nativity and race of head of household. lBLE A22— Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) I ils table Includes only races with 10 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. ] Number of households Average rent per— General nativity and race of head of household. paying rent and reporting amount. Apart- ment. Room. Person. tlve-bom of native father: White 29 $7. 10 $1.94 $1.65 Negro 21 5. 17 1.60 1. 18 reign-bom: Irish 14 5.93 1.80 1.34 Italian, North Italian, South 47 5. 65 1.95 1. 17 12 5. 17 1.77 1. 13 Lithuanian 16 5. 97 1. 84 1.22 Mexican 36 4. 58 1.63 .97 Polish 19 5.05 1. 88 1. 19 Grand total 225 5.54 1.80 1.21 tal native-born 6.29 1.81 1.45 tal foreign-born 175 5. 33 1.80 1.15 As regards rent as an index to the standard of living, it is instruc- 7e to note in the table above that the average rent paid by the milies classed as ‘^whites, native-born of native father is one-third :ain as high as the average rent paid by all races of recent immigra- )n. It is also worthy of comment that the average rent per apart- ent paid by the negro of native birth is slightly below the average r foreign-bom households. As regards the households of recent immigrants, it is significant at all races, with the exception of the Mexican, pay about the same te per apartment. The Mexican is below the general average, which due to the fact that in most of the mining communities of Okla- •)rQa, where the Mexican is employed in greatest numbers, the least '■sirable houses are usually occupied by this race.® The rent paid ^ the Lithuanian households is greater than that paid by any other reign race. Upon examination of the average rent per month per room paid / each household, it is immediately apparent that the relative show- :g is practically the same as that made by the different races under “See discussion of housing, pp. 71, 72. 48296°— VOL 7—11 6 74 The Immigration Commission. the caption “Average rent per apartment.” The North Italian i' his payment per room indicates a higher standard than any oth( households of recent immigration and is on a par with the nath white. The Irish household, as already noted, pays a relativel higher rent per apartment, but in the payment per room sinks to tl general level of the foreign-born, which IS $1.80. A significant fact developed by the above showing, and especiall indicated by the general uniformity of rent per apartment and pj room paid by the foreign-born, is that the rent per room and per apar ment affords no basis in the territory under discussion for any satif factory conclusions as to the standard of living. The fact is that mos of the families live in company houses which rent on a basis of $1.8 to $2 per room per month. Consequently the differences in rents p( room and apartment, while they indicate that the American whil occupies a somewhat better and more commodious house as compare with the foreign-born, also points clearly to the fact that the foreigi born, with the exception of the Mexicans, are practically living in tl same general style of company house, the rent per apartment depenc ing upon the number of rooms. In discussing the relation betwee rent and standard of living, therefore, the only safe and sure index the rent paid by each household per month per person, for the reaso that there is a constant tendency among races of recent immigratio to keep a large number of boarders and lodgers or to share a houi with another family in order to decrease the rent payment per perso or per household. Upon examination of the average rent paid by each household p( person per month, differences in relative standards of living at one become manifest. The average rent per person for native white hous< holds is almost one-third greater than for the total foreign-born, an the showing of the native negro and the total foreign-born is slight) in favor of the negro. The worst showing is made by the Mexica households, which have an average rent of .97 per cent per person. ( the races of southern and eastern Europe, the South Italian stan( on the lowest level. The relatively high standard which, from tl exhibit made per apartment and per room by the North Italian, seen in the rent per person for households of this race to be of no coi sequence, for the reason that the average rent per person, is muc below the average for native white and Irish households and somt what below the Poles and native negroes. Upon the basis of the fain lies furnishing information, the Lithuanians have the highest stan( ard of living of all races of southern and eastern Europe. If the examination as to the relation between rent and standai of living be carried further, the tendency of the various races in great* detail may be gathered from the table which follows, showing the p* cent of households paying a specified rent per month per apartmen by general nativity and race of head of household. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 75 iBLE 423 . — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) his table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] meral uativity and race of head of household. Number of households paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per apartment. Per cent paying— Under $5.00. Under $7.50. Under $10.00. Under $12.50. itive-born of native father: White 29 $7. 10 10.3 69.0 86.2 96.6 Negro 21 5. 17 42.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 »reign-born: Italian, North 47 5. 65 17.0 95.7 100.0 100.0 Mexican 36 4.58 75.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Grand total 225 5.54 33.3 89.8 98.2 99.6 ital native-born 50 6. 29 24.0 82.0 92.0 98.0 tal foreign-born 175 5.33 36.0 92.0 100.0 100.0 In the above table of 225 households reporting, 33.3 per cent pay ss than $5 monthly rent, 56.5 pay $5 but less than $7.50, and a Qall proportion pay $7.50 or over per month, less than 1 per cent lying $12.50 or over. Of the foreign-born no household reports as high as $10 monthly nt, as contrasted with 13.8 per cent of the native-born whites of itive father, a small proportion of the latter paying $12.50 or over onthly. Of the foreign-born 56 per cent pay $5 but less than '.50, and a slightly higher proportion of the native-born whites native father pay the same. Of the latter but 10.3 per cent pay 5s than $5 monthly, as compared with 36 per cent of the former. A study of the races shows that none of the Mexicans pay as high $7.50 monthly, although 25 per cent of them pay $5 but less an $7.50. The great majority of the North Italians pay $5 but ?s than $7.50, although 4.3 per cent pay between $7.50 and $10. comparatively low proportion, 17 per cent, pay less than $5. Contrasting these figures with those of the native-born, white and gro, it is noted that but 10.3 per cent of the native-born whites of live father pay less than $5 monthly and 31 per cent pay $7.50 over. A small proportion, 3.4 per cent, pay $12.50 or over onthly. The majority of this race, however, pay $5 but less an $7.50. The native-born negroes of native father show very low rentals, I't one paying as high as $7.50 monthly and 42.9 per cent paying 5sthan$5. s A general summary of the table, then, would show that the Mexi- ins and native-born negroes of native father pay a very low rate I rent, all of each race paying less than $7.50, the majority of the ‘3xicans and a very large proportion of the negroes paying less Ian $5. The North Italians, although not reporting a high rate of iU, nevertheless report a very low proportion paying less than $5. The table following shows the per cent of households paying each |Bcified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of 1 ad of household. 76 The Immigration Commission. Table 424.— Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, I' general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all race: Number of households paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per room. Per cent paying— General nativity and race of head of household. Under $1. Under $2. Under $3. Under} Native-born of native father: ^VhitP 29 $1.94 0.0 41.4 96.6 100.0 96 21 1.60 .0 57.1 lOO Foreign-born: N orth • • 47 1.95 .0 27.7 93.6 100.0 IOC IOC Mexican 36 1.63 .0 72.2 Grand total 225 1.80 .0 48.9 97.8 9C q1 nciti vp-Viorn 50 1.81 .0 48.0 98.0 9} IOC fnrpi(Tn»V)orn 175 1.80 .0 49.1 97.7 It becomes evident from a glance at the above table that 55. per cent of the American white households are paying between I and $3 per room per month, while 41.4 per cent are paying less tha $2 per room per month. On the other hand, the greater number < American negro households have a rent payment which is less tha $2 per room per month, while 42.9 per cent pay between $2 and $. No neo-ro households pay more than $3 per room per month, while small percentage of native whites pay between $3 and $4 per roor Almost 50 per cent of all foreign households pay a rent per roo; per month which is less than $2, and 48.6 per cent pay betwee $2 and $3 per room per month. No Mexican household pays moi than $3 per month, and 72.2 per cent of the households of this raj pay less than $2 per room per month. A small proportion ot tt North Italian families, as compared with that of the native whites, a paying under $2 per room per month, but a larger proportion are pa mg between S2 and $3 per month. Extending the analysis howeve to the extent to which the different races pay a specihed rent P' month per person, the following table will be found of value : Table 425 . — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all rac( Number of households paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per person. Per cent paying— General nativity and race of head of household. Under $1. Under $2. Under $3. Under Native-born of native father: Whit.Pi 29 $1.65 10.3 62.1 82.8 85.7 9 q: T'J p.jn'n ........... 21 1. 18 42.8 76.2 *7 Foreign-born: Italian N orth 47 1. 17 23.4 74.5 83.3 93.0 100.0 9* in* Mexican 36 .97 55. 5 lU Grand total 225 1.21 29.8 75.6 91.6 9' Total native-born 1.45 24.0 68.0 ^.0 93.7 9' 9' Total foreign-born 175 1.15 31.4 77. 7 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 77 The preceding table shows that 10.3 per cent of the American white iouseholds, as compared with 31.4 per cent of the foreign-born Louseholds, are found to be paying a rent per person per month 7 hich is less than |1. Fifty-one and eight- tenths per cent of the native white families have a rent per person per month between $1 ,nd $2 as contrasted with 46.3 per cent of the foreign households laying that amount. Twenty and seven-tenths per cent of the lative whites also pay a monthly rent per person between $2 and $3 ,s compared with 16 per cent of all foreign-born households. Ten ,nd three-tenths per cent of native white households pay between S and $4 per person per month, while only 4.6 per cent of the foreign- lorn pay this amount. Twenty-three and four-tenths per cent of he North Italians and 55.5 per cent of the Mexicans are paying less ^han $1 per month, Fifty-one and one-tenth per cent of the former ace and 27.8 per cent of the latter have a monthly rental per person iC tween $1 and $2. In the case of the other foreign households the umbers are too small to be converted into percentages. From the comparisons which have been given above, however, it is quite obvi- us that the general standard of living as based upon the monthly ent per person is considerably lower among households whose heads re of foreign birth than among the native white of native father. BOAKDERS AND LODGERS. As regards the tendency to keep boarders or lodgers, the following able shows, by general nativity and race, the number and per cent f households having boarders or lodgers : A.BLE 426 . — Number and per cent of households keeping hoarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) aformation relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Househol boarders Number. ds keeping or lodgers. Per cent. ative-born of native father: White 53 1 1 Q Negro 27 \ Q 7 )reign-born: O. / Croatian 21 .0 K *1 Irish 39 2 Italian, North 96 24 O. 1 oc; n Italian, South 35 g zo. U Of; 7 Lithuanian 36 15 20 Magyar 3 00. 0 Mexican 42 9 W 91 A Polish 36 11 Qn A Slovak 49 2 *j\J. 0 A 1 Welsh 27 1 4. 1 q 7 Grand total 4. 76 80 83 0. / >tal native-born 2 i/. 4 )tal foreign-born 396 81 z. o on ft A{J» 0 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 78 The Immigration Commission. Of the total of 476 households, only 83 keep boarders or lodgen and 81 of these are among the races of foreign birth. The Croatia households show no boarders or lodgers at all, and there is only on among the 27 Welsh households. The Slovak and Irish races eac have but two households keeping boarders or lodgers. The 3 Lithuanian families have the largest percentage of boarding housee 55.6 per cent of their homes being reported as such. The Pole? likewise represented by 36 households, rank next, with boarders c lodgers in 30.6 per cent of their households. The North and Sout Italians show 25 per cent and 25.7 per cent, respectively, of thei households with boarders or lodgers. The average number of boarders or lodgers per household in th Southwest, by general nativity and race of head of household, i E resented in the table below. Two averages are given, the firs ased on the total number of households and the second on th number of households keeping boarders or lodgers: Table 427. — Average number of hoarders or lodgers 'per household^ by general nativit and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not tl entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Total number of households. Number of households keeping boarders or lodgers. Number of boarders or lodgers. Average number < boarders or lodge, per household— Based on total num- ber of households. Based on number o household keeping boarders or lodgers Native-born of native father: White 53 1 2 0.04 («) Negro 27 1 1 .04 (a) Foreign-born: Prriatin.n . . . 21 Irish 39 2 2 .05 («) Italian, North 96 24 94 .98 3.i Italian, South 35 9 19 .54 (“) Lithuanian 36 20 40 1.11 2.1 Magyar 15 3 4 .27 («) Mexican 42 9 15 .36 («) Polish 36 11 19 .53 1.1 Slovak 49 2 3 .06 («) Welsh 27 1 1 .04 (a) Grand total 476 83 200 .42 2. A Total native-born 2 L .04 (a) Total foreign-born 396 81 197 .50 2.1 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Out of the 476 households reporting complete data in the abov< table, 17.4 per cent keep boarders or lodgers, averaging 2.41 pe household. Only one of the 53 native white households keeps board ers or lodgers, while 81 of the 396 foreign households are so reported showing an average of 0.5, based on the total number of households and 2.43 per household keeping boarders or lodgers. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 79 i The greatest number of foreign households for any one race, 96, is I'ported for the North Italians, 24 of which keep boarders or lodg- es This race shows the maximum average of 3.92 boarders or lodgers ased on the number of householders keeping boarders or lodgers, he Lithuanians average 1.11 boarders or lodgers per household a«ed on the total number of households, which is the highest entry resented on that basis. . The same race shows 2 boarders or lodgers ) each house keeping boarders or lodgers. As regards the Mexicans, is noticed that 9 households out of 42 reporting keep 15 boarders or (dgers. SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED. As regards the housing conditions of the families studied, it will be istructive to consider, first, the relative size of apartments occupied. ABLE 428 — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) his table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] sneral nativity and race of head of household. Total number Average number of rooms per apart- ment. Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. of house- holds. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 or more. ative-born of native father: Whit.p 53 3. 85 0.0 13.2 32.1 37.7 9.4 1.9 5.7 Neero 27 3. 26 .0 11.1 59.3 22.2 7.4 .0 .0 areign-born: Croatian 21 3. 19 .0 14.3 57.1 23.8 4.8 .0 .0 Irish 39 4.18 .0 5.1 38.5 17.9 20.5 ■ 3 7. 7 Italian, North 96 3. 09 1.0 18.8 57.3 18.8 1.0 3. 1 .0 Italian, South 35 3.11 .0 22.9 54.3 14.3 5.7 2.9 .0 T.ithnfl.nian 36 3. 50 .0 11.1 44.4 27.8 16.7 .0 .0 Mexican 42 2.86 .0 31.0 52.4 16.7 .0 .0 .0 Polish 36 2. 78 .0 41.7 41.7 13.9 2.8 .0 .0 Slovak 49 3. 00 .0 18.3 67.3 10.2 4. 1 .0 .0 Welsh 27 4. 41 .0 3.7 22.2 33.3 18. 5 14.8 7.4 Grand total 476 3. 34 .2 1 17.4 50.0 21.0 6.9 2.7 1.7 rit.al na.tivp-bnrn SO 3. 65 .0 ! 12.5 41.2 i 32.5 8.8 i 1.3 3.8 otal foreign-born 396 3. 27 .3 18.4 51.8 18.7 6.6 3.0 1.3 Of the entire number of households for which data were secured, 9.4 per cent, as shown by the preceding table, lived in three rooms r less and 90.4 per cent in four rooms or less; 4.4 per cent occupied ix or more rooms. Of the households the heads of which were foreign-born, 70.5 per ent occupied three rooms or less and 89.2 per cent four rooms or less. )f the households the heads of which were native-born, 53.7 per cent ccupied three rooms or less and 86.2 per cent four rooms or less. It 'ill thus be seen that the tendency to live in dwellings of less than hree or four rooms is much more general on the part of the foreign- 'Orn than on the part of the native-born. If, however, a distinction •e made between the native-born whites and the negroes it will be een that an even larger proportion of the latter than of the foreign- :orn occupied three rooms or less. Of the households the heads of /hich were white native-born of native father, only 45.3 per cent 80 The Immigration Commission. lived in less than four rooms. This percentage is less than that ft* any foreign race except the Welsh and Irish. The percentages for the foreign-born show that the proportion f households occupying two rooms is largest among the Poles, Mec- cans, and South Italians, in the order mentioned, and smallest amo> the Welsh and Irish; that the proportion of households occupyl; three rooms is largest among the Slovaks, North Italians, Croatiai, and South Italians, in the order mentioned, and smallest amo:; the Welsh and Irish; and that the proportion of households occup- ing four rooms is largest among the Welsh, Lithuanians, ail Croatians, in the order named, and smallest among the Slovaks ail Poles. Households occupying five or more rooms are far moj general among the Welsh, Irish, and Lithuanians than among tli other races of foreign birth. The table shows that the households, the heads of which are Web or Irish, occupy, upon an average, the largest number of rooms, tho*, the heads of which are white native-born of native father a numb* rather less, and the households of American negroes and the races ‘ continental Europe a very small number of rooms. SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. In the following table percentages are given showing the numb- of individuals to a housenold: Table 429 — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativ and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for races.] General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of persons per house- hold. Per cent of households of each specified number of persons 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 ( mo) Native-born of native father: Wiiite 53 4. 45 0.0 13.2 26.4 20.8 9.4 11.3 13.2 1.9 3.8 (' Negro 27 4. 44 3.7 22.2 14.8 11.1 14.8 14.8 11.1 .0 7.4 Foreign-bom: Croatian 21 4.00 .0 33.3 4.8 19.0 23.8 14.3 .0 4.8 .0 Irish 39 5. 79 .0 10.3 5.1 17.9 15.4 12.8 10.3 12.8 10.3 j, Italian, North 96 4. 93 1.0 11.5 20.8 20.8 14.6 8.3 8.3 5.2 2.1 Italian, South 35 4.77 .0 14.3 28.6 8.6 11.4 11.4 11.4 5. 7 8.6 Lithuanian 36 5.14 .0 13.9 5.6 16.7 27.8 11.1 11.1 8.3 2.8 Mexican 42 4. 67 .0 14.3 16.7 19.0 23.8 7.1 7.1 9. 5 .0 Polish 36 4. 72 .0 19.4 8.3 22.2 13.9 22.2 2.8 5. 6 2.8 Slovak 49 5. 10 .0 12.2 14.3 20.4 10.2 18.4 8.2 6.1 8.2 Welsh 27 4.67 .0 22.2 11.1 22.2 7.4 18.5 3.7 7. 4 7.4 Grand total 476 4. 84 .4 14.9 16.0 19.3 14.9 12.6 8.4 6.1 4.4 I Total native-born 80 4. 45 1.3 16.3 22.5 17.5 11.3 12.5 12.5 1.3 5.0 Total foreign-born — 396 4.92 .3 14.6 14.6 19.7 15.7 12.6 7.6 7.1 4.3 Of the total number of households covered by the foregoing tabl 14.9 per cent are of two persons, 16 per cent are of three persons, 19 per cent are of four persons, 14.9 per cent are of five persons, 12.6 p< cent are of six persons, and 21.8 per cent are of seven or more pe sons. The average number of persons to a household is in gener Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 81 msiderably larger among the foreign-born than among the native- lorn, the percentage of households of three persons or less being 40.1 ‘)r the native-born and 29.5 for the foreign-oorn ; that of households p four, five, or six persons, for the native-born 41.3 and for the foreign- orn 48; and that of households of seven or more persons 18.8 for le native-born and 22.5 for the foreign-born. Among the foreign-born races, the number of persons to a household aries greatly. The figures show that the proportion of households f but two persons is largest among the Croatians, Welsh, and Poles i the order mentioned, and smallest among the Irish and the North :alians; that the proportion of households of three persons is largest mong the South Italians, North Italians, and Mexicans in the order lentioned, and smallest among the Croatians, Irish, and Lithuanians; lat the proportion of households of four persons is largest among le Poles, Welsh, North Italians, and Slovaks, and smallest among le South Italians; that the proportion of households of five persons largest among the Lithuanians, Mexicans, and Croatians, and smallest nong the Welsh and Slovaks; that the proportion of households of X persons is largest among the Poles, Welsn, and Slovaks, and smallest nong the Mexicans and North Italians; and that the proportion of Duseholds of seven or more persons is largest among the Irish, South alians, Lithuanians, and Slovaks, and smallest among the Croatians id Poles. Large households appear to be more general with the •ish than with any other race. CXINGESTION. In a study of congestion the foregoing discussion may be summarized f showing, by general nativity and race, the average number of per- ►ns per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room. iBLE 430 . — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping roomf by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total Average number of persons per— number of households. Apartment. Room. Sleeping room. itive-born of native father; White 53 4.45 1.16 2.25 Negro 27 4, 44 1.36 2.45 reign-born: Croatian 21 4.00 1.25 2. 15 Irish 39 5.79 1.39 2. 48 Italian, North Italian. South 96 4. 93 1.59 2.52 35 4. 77 1.53 2. 42 Lithuanian 36 5. 14 1. 47 2.53 Magyar 15 4.80 1.50 2. 67 Mexican 42 4. 67 1.63 3.27 Polish 36 4. 72 1.70 2. 66 Slovak 49 5. 10 1.70 2. 87 W elsh 27 4. 67 1.06 2. 33 Grand total 476 4.84 1.45 2.54 tal native-born . . 80 4. 45 1.22 2.31 tal foreign-born 396 4.92 1.50 2.59 82 The Immigration Commission. For all races and nativities the average number of persons to { apartment, as shown by the preceding table, is 4.84. The avera|; for the foreign-born, 4.92, is greater than that for the native-born, 4.4 Of the native-born, the whites and negroes reported substantially tl same average number of persons to the apartment, 4.45 and 4.4 respectively. Passing to the foreign-born, the greatest average nur ber of persons to an apartment is found among the Irish, and tl smallest among the Croatians. The figure for the Irish is 5.79; th for the Croatians, 4. In the order of those for which the large average number of persons per household is reported, the differei races rank as follows: Irish, Lithuanians, Slovaks, North Italian Magyars, South Italians, Poles, Mexicans and Welsh, American white, American negroes, and Croatians. It will be noted that with tl single exception of the Croatians the native-born, both whites ai negroes, have the smallest households. Figures showing the number of persons per apartment, while interest, do not determine definitely the degree of congestion ^r vailing. Clearly there is no more overcrowding in a household h six living in three rooms than in a household of twelve living in s rooms. The relation existing between the number of persons ar the number of rooms is the true indication of congestion. It appears from the table that the average number of persoi per room, for all the households for which data were secured, is 1.4 For the foreign-born, considered as a whole, the number is 1.5 For the native-born it is 1.22. The native whites report an avera^ number of 1.16 persons to the room as against 1.36 for the negroe Among the foreign-born, the races having the largest number - persons to the room are the Slovak and Polish; the one having tl smallest number, the Welsh. For the Slovaks and the Poles the figu is 1.70; for the Welsh, it is 1.06. Those having the greatest numb* of persons per room rank by races as follows: Slovak and Polish, Mex can. North Italian, South Italian, Magyar, Lithuanian, Irish, Amei can negro, Croatian, American white, and Welsh. It is believed that the figures referred to form a trustworthy ind cation of the relative prevalence of congestion or overcrowding amor the different races. The figures appearing in the last column ( the table supply further information upon the subject of congestioi These figures show the average number of persons per sleeping roor For all races and nativities the average number of persons to sleeping room is 2.54, the average for the foreign-born, 2.59, beii greater than that for the native-born, which is 2.31. Of the natiy born the whites report 2.25 and the negroes 2.45 persons to a sleepir room. Among the foreign-born the race having the largest numb( of persons per sleeping room is the Mexican, the race having tl smallest is the Croatian. For the Mexicans the figure is 3.27, for tl Croatians it is 2.15. Congestion in all the rooms is most gener; among the Poles, Slovaks, and Mexicans, and least general among tl Welsh, American whites, and Croatians. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 83 The table, which shows in detail the average number of persons r room, as well as the number of households having each specified jimber of persons per room, follows: Table 431 . — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) aeral nativity and race »f head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of per- sons per room. Number of households hav- ing each specified number of persons per room. Per cent of households hav- ing each specified number of persons per room. 1 or more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. 1 or more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. tive - born of native ither: White 53 1.16 38 5 1 71. 7 9. 4 1. 9 A A Negro 27 1.36 21 7 1 77^8 25! 9 3!? U. U .0 eign-born: Croatian 21 1.25 15 3 71. 4 14. 3 .0 . 0 Irish 39 1.39 33 11 1 84. 6 28. 2 2. 6 A Italian, North 96 1.59 91 25 4 1 9i.8 26! 0 4.2 . u 1.0 Italian, South 35 1.53 30 11 2 85. 7 31. 4 5,7 . 0 Lithuanian 36 1.47 32 10 88. 9 27. 8 .0 . 0 Magyar 15 1.50 13 4 ( a ) ( at Mexican 42 1.63 40 14 2 \ j 95. 2 33. 3 4. 8 A Polish 36 1.70 34 16 2 94. 4 44. 4 5 0 • U A Slovak 49 1.70 43 22 5 1 87^8 44! 9 10! 2 • U 2.0 Welsh 27 1.06 16 3 59.3 11.1 0 A • U Grand total 476 1.45 406 131 19 2 85.3 27.5 4.0 .4 al native-born 80 1.22 59 12 2 73. 8 15. 0 2. 5 A al foreign-born 396 1.50 347 119 17 2 87! 6 3o!i A3 • u .5 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. The average number of persons per room has already been dis- issed in connection with Table 430, and the primary purpose of this Ible is to show the proportion of households having each specified ^ mber of persons per room. Of the 476 households included in the Ible above, 85.3 per cent have one or more persons per room, 27.5 ir cent have two or more per room, 4 per cent have three or more [r room, and two households, or 0.4 per cent of the total, have four more per room. The per cent of households with two or more [rsons per room is 30.1 for foreign households, 25.9 for negro house- fids, and 9.4 for native white households. The Slovaks show the I gest proportion of households with that number of persons per [Dm, the per cent being 44.9; the Welsh, with 11.1 per cent, show the ivest proportion among foreign households. 84 The Immigration Commission. The crowded living conditions become more apparent when tl effect upon sleeping quarters and living arrangements is considere In the following table figures are given showing the number of hous holds having each specified number of persons per sleeping room: Table 432 , — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of househoi (STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of persons per sleep- ing room. Number of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room. Per cent of households havl each specified number persons per sleeping room. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. 5 or more. 6 or more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. 5 or more. 6( moi Native-born of na- tive father: White 53 2.25 43 23 7 2 81.1 43.4 13.2 3.8 ( Negro 27 2.45 22 9 1 81.5 33.3, 3.7 .0 Foreign-born: Croatian 21 2.15 17 3 1 81.0 14.3 4.8 .0 Irish 39 2. 48 32 13 6 2 1 82.1 33.3 15.4 5.1 Italian, North... 96 2. .52 80 36 14 5 1 83.3 37.5 14.6 5.2 |i Italian, South. . . 35 2. 42 24 15 5 2 1 68.6 42.9 14.3 5.7 I.ithnanian 36 2.53 29 14 6 4 80.6 38.9 16.7 11.1 Mae^var 15 2.67 13 6 3 1 (a) (a) (<*) (0) (0 SSri....:::: 42 3.27 41 25 17 10 4 97.6 5^5 40.5 23.8 $ Polish 36 2.66 30 16 11 6 2 83.3 44.4 30.6 16.7 ' Slovak 49 2.87 40 28 16 6 2 81.6 57,1 32.7 12.2 i Welsh 27 2.33 19 11 5 1 1 70.4 40.7 18.5 3.7 i Grand total . . . 476 2.54 390 199 92 39 12 81 9 41.8 19.3 8.2 5 Total native-born... 80 2.31 65 32 8 2 81.3 40.0 10.0 2.5 Total foreign-born.. 396 2.59 325 167 84 37 12 82.1 42.2 21.2 9.3 • Not computed, owing to small number Involved. Of the total number of households, 390, or 81.9 per cent, repo] two or more persons per sleeping room; 199, or 41.8 per cent, tnr( or more persons per sleeping room; 92, or 19.3 per cent, four ( more persons per sleeping room; 39, or 8.2 per cent, five or moi persons to the sleeping room; and 12, or 2.5 per cent, six or moi persons to the sleeping room. In only 86 households, or 18.1 p( cent of the total, is the average number of persons to the sleepin room less than two. The figures include all the members of eac household ; children as well as adults, lodgers as well as members ( the families. Overcrowding is more general among the foreign-born individual than among the native-born, either whites or negroes. The perceni ages of households reporting two or more persons to a sleeping rooi is, for the foreign-bom considered as a whole, 82.1 per cent and fo the native-born considered as a whole 81.3 percent. The percentag reporting three or more persons to a room is 42.2 per cent for th total foreign-born, and 40 per cent for the native-born; the percent age reporting four persons to a room is 21.2 per cent for the foreigr born and 10 per cent for the native-born; the percentage reportin five or more persons to the room is 9.3 per cent for the foreign-bor; and 2.5 per cent for the native-born; 3 per cent of the foreign-bor households and none of the native-born report six or more person to the sleeping room. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 85 Among the native households reporting two or more persons to le room, the negroes show 81.5 per cent, and the whites 81.1 per ‘nt. The percentage of households reporting three or more persons > the sleeping room is higher for the whites than for the negroes, he same is true of the households reporting four or more persons ) the room. Three and eight-tenths per cent of the white house- Dlds and none of the negro households report five or more persons ) the sleeping room. The proportion of foreign-born individuals reporting two or more arsons per sleeping room is, in most cases, slightly over 80 per cent, f the Mexicans, however, 97.6 per cent, report two or more persons ) the sleeping room. In the percentage or households having three [• more persons to the sleeping room, the Mexicans again lead the ther foreign races, and Slovaks, Poles, South Italians, Welsh, ithuanians. North Italians, Irish, and Croatians follow in the rder mentioned. The percentage reported by the Mexicans is 9.5, that reported by the Croatians, 14.3; 40.5 per cent of the Mexi- m, and 4.8 per cent of the Croatian households report four or more ersons per sleeping room; 23.8 per cent of the Mexican, and 3.7 per 3 nt of tne Welsh households report five or more persons per sleeping )om; 9.5 per cent of the Mexican, and 1 per cent of the North talian households report six or more persons per sleeping room. No roatian households report five or more persons per sleeping room, ad no Lithuanian households six or more persons per sleeping room. The figures and percentages may be taken, to indicate. that over- rowding is most general among the Mexicans, Slovaks, and Poles, onditions seem to be far worse in the Mexican households than in lose of any other race. The figures indicate further that there are 3 wer persons per sleeping room in the households of the Croatians, aan in the households of the American whites. Overcrowding is pparently less general with the American negroes than with the lajority of the foreign races. 86 The Immigration Commission. In addition to the foregoing it is important to note what effe* these tendencies, considered both separately and in their relation \ one another, may have upon the number of rooms not used for sleej ing, but reserved for use as kitchens, dining rooms, or living room Data upon this subject are given in the following table: Table 433 . — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except ea. specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Total number of house- holds. Average number of rooms per house- hold. Average number of sleep- ling rooms per house- hold. Number of households sleeping in— Per cent of household sleeping in— All rooms. All except one room. All except two rooms. All rooms. All except one room. All excel two room Native-born of native father: White 63 3.85 1.98 21 21 0.0 39.6 39 N pgro 27 3.26 1.81 18 6 .0 66.7 22 Foreign-born: Croatian 21 3. 19 1.86 15 5 .0 71.4 23 Irish 39 4.18 2. 33 17 13 .0 43.6 35 Italian, North 96 3.09 1.96 1 82 12 1.0 85.4 12 Italian, South 35 3.11 1.97 31 3 .0 88.6 8 T.ithnanian . 36 3.50 2.03 20 15 .0 55.6 41 Magv’ar 15 3.20 1.80 10 4 (a) (a) (a) Mexican 42 2. 86 1.43 1 22 19 2.4 52.4 45 Polish 36 2. 78 1.78 2 33 5.6 91.7 Slovak 49 3.00 1.78 1 38 8 2.0 77.6 16 Welsh 27 4.41 2.00 6 7 .0 22.2 25 Grand total 476 3. 34 1.90 5 313 113 1 1-1 1 65.8 23 fotal native-born 80 3. 65 1.93 39 27 .0 48.7 33' Total foreign-born 396 3. 27 1.90 5 274 86 1.3 69.2 21 o Not computed, owing to small number Involved. The average number of rooms for all households is 3.34. For th foreign households the figure is 3.27; for the native-born it is 3.6f Of the native-born, the American whites report an average of 3.8 rooms to a household, and the American negroes an average of 3.2( The race that shows the largest average number of rooms per house hold is the Welsh; the one having the smallest average number is th Polish. For the Welsh the figure is 4.41 ; for the Polish it is 2.78. The American whites report a larger average number of rooms tha; any foreign race except tne Welsh and the Irish, and the America negroes a larger average number than any foreign race except th Welsh, Irish, and Lithuanians. In the order of the average numbe of rooms per household, the races rank as follows: Welsh, Irish American white, Lithuanian, American negro, Magyar, Croatian South Italian, North Italian, Slovak, Mexican, and Polish. What proportion of the rooms of the apartments are used a sleeping rooms may be seen upon a comparison of the figures jus referred to with those given in the third column of the table. Th average number of sleeping rooms for all the households is 1.9C There is little difference between the average for the foreign-bon considered as a whole, and that for the native-born, the figure bein; 1.90 for the former and 1.93 for the latter. Of the native-born th whites report an average of 1.98 sleeping rooms to a household an( Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 87 „ e negroes an average of 1.81. The race having the largest average , imber of sleeping rooms per household is the Irish; that having the =iallest average number, the Mexican. In the order of the average fimber of sleeping rooms per household the races rank as follows: fish, Lithuanian, Welsh, American white, South Italian, Croatians, inerican negro, Magyar, Slovak and Polish, and Mexican. The relation between the number of rooms per apartment and the imber of sleeping rooms per apartment may best be seen from the umbers and percentages given in the table showing in what proportion the households of different races all the rooms are used as sleeping oms, in what proportion all the rooms but one are used as sleeping ioms, and in what proportion all the rooms but two are used as ueping rooms. From the number of rooms not slept in, it will be 'sy to determine wdiat opportunity each family has for a separate idng room, whether or not the cooking must be done in the living iom, and whether, as happens in some cases, the room in which the jioking is done must be used also as a bedroom. A comparison j the different races in this respect is not only of interest, but will 30 serve, it is believed, as a reliable indication of their relative mndards of living. In 1.1 per cent of the households all the rooms the apartment were occupied as sleeping rooms. In none of the lartments occupied by the native-born were all the rooms used as i jeping rooms. Stating the results, by races, in numbers, it appears [at in one North Italian, one Mexican, one Slovak, and two Polish Jiuseholds the kitchen is used as a living room and also as a sleeping iom. Wll of the rooms but one are used as sleeping rooms in 65.8 per mt of all the households. The proportion of the foreign-born house- ulds in which this occurs is 69.2 per cent; that of the native-born, .7 per cent. For the American whites the figure is 39.6 per cent; r the American negroes it is 66.7 per cent. The foreign race .porting the largest proportion of households in which all the rooms iit one are used as sleeping rooms is the Polish; that reporting le smallest proportion is the Welsh. The percentage of households . which all the rooms but one are slept in is smaller for the Ameri- yU whites than for any of the foreign races except the Welsh, a descending order of percentages the races rank in this respect as Hows: Polish, South Italian, North Italian, Slovak, Croatian, inerican negro, Lithuanian, Mexican, Irish. American white, and ’elsh. The percentages in the next column of the table show the propor- households in which all the rooms but two are used as sleeping m of oms. For all the households the percentage is 23.7, for the native- >rn it is 33.8, and fonthe foreign born it is 21.7. The figure for the merican whites is 39.6 per cent; that for the American negroes, 1.2 per cent. In descending order of percentages the races in this class nk as follows: Mexican, Lithuanian, American white, Irish, Welsh, een in the United States less than five years, 80 per cent can read nd 76.7 per cent can read and write; of those who have been in the Jnited States from five to nine years, 73.8 per cent can read and 9.9 per cent can read and write; and of those who have been in the Jnited States for ten years or more, 75.8 per cent can read and 72.8 •er cent can read and write. ^ Of the races reporting in numbers sufficiently large for computa- ion, ability to read is more general among the foreign- born Irish than |ny other race. All of the Irish who have been in the United States inder five years can both read and write; all of those who have been a the United States from five to nine years can read and write ; and 92 The Immigration Commission. of those who have been in the United States 'ten or more years, 96 per cent can read and 93.4 per cent can read and write. A total of 280 North Italians furnish information, and of this nun ber 86 per cent of those who have been in the United States undi five 3^ears can read and write ; of those who have been in the Unite States from five to nine years, 82.6 per cent can read, while 78 pi cent can read and write ; and of those who have been in the Unite States ten or more years, 78 per cent can read and 76 per cent ca read and write. Due largely to geographical location, a large number of Mexicans ai employed in the bituminous coal-mining industry in the Southwes Of the 102 reporting, 44.4 per cent of those who have been in tl United States under five years can read and write; of those wh have been in the United States from five to nine years, 59.1 per cer can read and write; and of those who have been in the United State ten or more years, 49.3 per cent can read and 47.9 per cent can rea and write. Of the Lithuanians, 79.3 per cent of those who have been in tl United States under five years can read, while 72.4 per cent can rea and write; of those who have been in the United States from five t nine years, 71.4 per cent can read and 61.2 per cent can read an write ; and of those who have been in the United States for ten yeai or more, 67.6 per cent can read and 62.2 per cent can read and writi The table next presented shows literacy at present among tl foreign-born members of households in connection with the age ( the individuals at the time of coming to the United States. Table 437 . — Per cent of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or over who read and per ce'. who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreig born.) Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read, by age at time of coming to United States. Per cent who read ai write, by age at tir of coming to Unit States. Under 14. 14 or over. Under 14. 14 or ove Croatian 51 100.0 78.0 100.0 n Irish 73 100.0 96.4 94.4 94 Italian, North 280 92.0 82.4 88.0 8C Italian, South 98 66.7 62.7 60.0 61 Lithuanian 115 80.0 71.0 80.0 62 Mexican 102 48.0 51.9 44.0 51 Polish 93 73.3 71.8 73.3 62 Slovak 107 75.0 69.2 75.0 63 Welsh 64 100.0 83.8 100.0 78 Total 1,028 82.0 75.5 79.7 71 The individuals in the above table have been divided into tw groups. The first group includes all persons who came to tl United States when under 14 years of age, and the second all wh came when 14 or over. The percentages of those able to read onh and of those able both to read and to write are given for the tv groups. It is seen that of the total number of individuals who came to th country under 14 years of age, 82 per cent can read. Of those wh came here when 14 or over, the percentage is 75.5. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 93 The races having large proportions of persons now able to read who ;ame here under 14 years of age are the Croatian, Irish, Welsh, and \^orth Italian; those having small proportions are the Mexican and 50 uth Italian. Of those able to read who came to the United States vhen 14 or over the races having large percentages are the Irish, i^elsh, and North Italian; those having the small percentages are he Mexican, South Italian, and Slovak. The proportion of individuals able both to read and to write is ^9.7 per cent for those who came to this country when under 14 years )f age, and 71.8 per cent for those who came when 14 or over. Among r=he former the high percentages are for the Croatians, Welsh, Irish, ind North Italians, and the low percentages are for the Mexicans ind South Italians. The races having large proportions of persons vho can both read and write among those who came here when 14 rears of age or over are the Irish, North Italian, and Welsh in the >rder mentioned; and those having the small proportions are the lexican. South Italian, Lithuanian, and Polish. CONJUGAL CONDITION. The conjugal condition of the mining employees is of importance a its bearing upon the general character of the immigrant labor upply. The following table shows the proportion of married and inmarried men among the employees 20 years of age or over in the )ituminous coal mines of the Southwest. The employees are classi- ied according to race and general nativity. 'able 438 . — Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition^ by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number reporting Per cent who are— vjcllcrdfl ilaHVliy aliU. rdiUt?* complete data. Single. Married. Widowed. fative-horn of native father: White 1,420 22.6 73. 5 3.9 8. 6 Negro 360 22.5 68.9 lative-born of foreign father, by country of birth of England 124 28.2 67.7 57.8 64.8 62.0 81.3 4.0 1.2 1.6 1.0 4.5 3.0 3.0 7.4 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.0 2. 9 Germany 83 41.0 Ireland 128 33.6 Scotland 100 246 37.0 14.2 oreign-born, by race: English French 198 27.3 69. 7 German 165 23.0 73.9 Irish 95 24.2 68.4 Italian, North 1,063 387 44.2 53.9 Italian, South 46.5 52.2 Lithuanian 116 46.6 52.6 Magyar 46 39.1 60.9 Mexican 102 44. 1 52.9 68.8 62.2 76.6 66.7 61.5 Polish 202 28.7 36.7 19.9 2 ! 5 1.0 3.5 0.0 1.7 Russian 98 Scotch 141 Slovak 117 33.3 36.8 Slovenian 174 Grand total 6,123 32.1 64.8 3.1 otal native-born of foreign father 2,320 3,803 37.2 25.9 35.9 61.0 1.9 4.2 2.4 • ctal native-born lotal foreign-born 6L7 94 The Immigration Commission. Of the total number of 6,123 furnishing information for the precedin, table, 64.8 per cent are married, 32.1 per cent are single, and 3.1 pe cent are widowed. The proportion of married men is higher amon< the native-born, considered as a whole, than among the foreign-born but lower among the native-born of foreign father than among eithe the native-born of native father or the foreign-born. Between th native-born of foreign father and the foreign-born the variation i very slight. The proportion of widowed men is higher for the native born than for the foreign-born. It is highest for the America] negroes. The foreign races having large proportions of married men are th English, Scotch, German, French, and Polish, in the order mentioned Of these, the English, Scotch, and German have a larger proportio] of married men than have the native whites of native father. Th races having large proportions of single men are the Lithuanian, Sout] Italian, North Italian, and Mexican. The Irish have a much large proportion of widowed than any other foreign race. It will be noted that the proportion of married men is in genera highest among the races of past immigration, so far as these are rep resented in the locality, and lowest among the races of recent immi gration. The table next presented exhibits the per cent of individual em ployees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativit. and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 95 s'S ^£8 ■E^ cj Pi ^ cc W. QJ O . c 3 S EE Z 8 05 O CO 00 (N CO oc3 ^CCcOfHi-H ’(N(NCO 'i-H 00 O CO 05 05 ca CD 05 00 O lO CD D CD 00 < C O 05 ^ CO 05 O D COD,^ D*o 6 '^CO'^Dt^CDCO ’cO t^CO Di-Ht-hCD-I^CODDCOCO cDco_ ocoio 5 iOt-^oiooo 6 i^t^ OOGO'jr 00 X 00 00 00 D 05 00 O »-• CO 05 CO O CO X CO ^ 05 I>- r ioxD<>iodT-Hcocot-^c^c rH e 05 1 -H X 05 kO X 05 D O X ^ 05 I to D O 05 1 -^ 05 X D 05 05 X o o 05 I>X05^DOXXXOO coi-HCOcoi-H ‘oioiiD 'OD X O C 05 05 X t-H 05 X 1^0 t^D^*^'^C:lO(^i05 05^’ .•X 05 t^XXt^DDDXDr^X 050 -^ loOC 5 0 vDX 05 ^ 0 DX D ^05 o 6 cO‘C 05 COO^DDOo 6 rHi-H ^r-t^05XX^T-l 1-3 05 t -3 T}^ CD 05 05 O . LO O I ^ oi O X ^ ^ c 6 ^ X X X X 05 CO oi cc cc ^ ^ ^ o 0X0 05* r-H O tP iO X O X ^ 0X0 X 05 T? . - CT3 c o a § o glli I P C 2 gd vi-d ^ -jz a a ^ 5 i "q 0 ® Kn C« c3 c3 ^ *o S ^ ^ E.S-SE ■d "4:3 OI g C 03 ^ E £ EE 0*2 CO £-• ee o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 96 The Immigration Commission. Of the native-born between 20 and 29 years of age, the white report 56.5 per cent married and 2.3 per cent widowed, as compare with 53.2 per cent and 3.8 per cent, respectively, of the negroer The native-born whose fathers were born in England show a large proportion married than do those whose fathers were born in Scoi land or Ireland; also a slightly larger per cent than the negroei Among the foreign-born between 20 and 29 years of age, the Englis report 70.6 per cent married and 2 per cent widowed, as compare with 61.5 per cent of Scotch who are married and none who ar widowed. The next largest per cent of married males is shown by th Mexicans, reporting 43.8 per cent. Aside from the Lithuanian reporting 23.4 per cent married, very little difference exists betwee the proportions shown for other races. The largest per cent married between 30 and 44 years of age i showm by the native-born males whose fathers were boVn in Scotland who report 90.6 per cent. They are followed by the whites native born of native father, the French, and the second generation of TrisI Comparing the Poles, Slovenians, Germans, Slovaks, and secon» generation of English little difference in the per cent of married male exists. The native-born males whose fathers were born in England however, report the largest per cent widowed, or 4.3 per cent, a compared with 3.2 per cent Germans and 2.8 per cent Poles. Th Slovaks and Slovenians report none widowed. The negroes sho\ the largest per cent widowed — 8.4, as compared with 5.8 per cen Scotch, who report the next highest. Nearly three-fourths of th North Italians between 30 and 44 years of age are married, and 3.: per cent are widowed. The North Italians are followed by th Lithuanians, South Italians, and Mexicans, the last-named showing a smaller per cent of married persons between 30 and 44 years o age than any other race. Of the employees over 45 years of age, 82.8 per cent of the entin number reporting are married, and 6.8 per cent widowed. Practically no difference exists between the native and foreign-born as to the pei cent of married persons, but the native-born report a larger per cent of widowed persons than do the foreign-born. The Mexicans report only 59.3 per cent married among the employees over 45 years of ag( and 7.4 per cent widowed, as compared with the next lowest, th( negroes, who report 74.6 per cent married and 12.3 per cent widowed The Poles over 45 years of age report 90.6 per cent married, tht highest per cent reported by any race. Germans, Scotch, English South Italians, and native-born males whose fathers were born ir Scotland show very slight differences among those beyond 45 years of age in the percentage of married persons. It is worthy of note that only the males whose fathers were bore in England and of those whose fathers were born in Scotland over 45 years of age report all of their number either married or widowed, and only one race, the Slovak, reports none widowed. In addition to the individual study, data were also collected as to the conjugal condition of the members of the immigrant households studied. This information is presented in the taole on the page opposite by sex, age groups, and general nativity and race. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest, 97 ABLE 440 . — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) hls table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.J MALE. jeneral nativity and race of individual. 20 to 29 years of age. 30 to 44 years of age. 45 years of age or over. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are— 1 Number reporting 1 complete data. Per cent who are — 1 Number reporting 1 complete data. Per cent who are— Single. Married. Widowed. Single. Married. 1 Widowed. Single. Married. Widowed. ative-bom of native father. White 21 47.6 52.4 0.0 31 0.0 100.0 0.0 13 0.0 100.0 0.0 )reign-bom; Italian, North 81 55.6 44.4 .0 69 11.6 85.5 2.9 21 14.3 71.4 14.3 Lithuanian 34 67.6 32.4 .0 30 10.0 90.0 .0 5 («) (“) («) Mexican 18 55 6 44.4 .0 29 20.7 79.) .0 11 9.1 81.8 9.1 Polish 17 41.2 58.8 .0 28 7.1 92.9 .0 4 («) (“) («) Slovak 8 (a) («) («) 30 .0 100.0 .0 14 .0 92.9 7.1 Grand total 235 53.6 46.4 .0 309 9.7 89.3 1.0 129 5.4 87.6 7.0 )tal native-born of fathpr 16 93.8 6.3 .0 )tal native-born 42 61.9 38.1 .0 51 2.0 96.1 2.0 17 5.9 94.1 .0 )tal foreign-born 193 51.8 48.2 .0 258 11.2 88.0 .8 112 5.4 86.6 8.0 20 years of age or over. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are— Single. Married. 1 Widowed. 65 15.4 84.6 0.0 171 32.7 64.3 2.9 69 39.1 60.9 .0 58 29.3 69.0 1.7 49 18.4 81. G .0 52 3.8 94.2 1.9 673 24.2 74.0 1.8 16 93.8 6.3 .0 110 25.4 73.6 .9 563 24.0 74.1 2.0 FEMALE. ative-born of native father. White 22 9.1 81.8 9.1 24 0.0 100.0 0.0 8 («) («) («) 54 3.7 92.6 3.7 )relgn-bom; Italian, North 50 .0 100.0 .0 30 .0 93.3 6.7 8 (*) (o) («) 88 .0 96.6 3.4 Lithuanian 15 6.7 93.3 .0 13 .0 100.0 .0 4 (a) (a) (a) 32 3.1 93.8 3.1 Mexican 7 (“) (o) («) 16 .0 100.0 .0 8 (a) (“) (“) 31 .0 90.3 9.7 Polish 17 .0 100 0 .0 15 .0 100.0 .0 2 (a) («) («) 34 .0 100.0 .0 Slovak 12 .0 100.0 .0 23 .0 95.7 4.3 6 (a) («) (“) 41 .0 97.6 2.4 Grand total 210 6.7 91.9 1.4 182 .0 97.3 2.7 74 0.0 86.5 13.5 466 3.0 93.1 3.9 )tal native-born of foreign father 26 30.8 69.2 .0 8 (a) (“) (“) 2 (a) (a) (») 36 22.2 77.8 .0 )tal native-born 63 15.9 81.0 3.2 45 .0 100.0 .0 12 .0 83.3 16.7 120 8.3 88.3 3.3 )tal foreign-bom 147 2.7 9G.6 .7 137 .0 9G.4 .3.6 62 .0 87.1 12.9 346 1.2 94.8 4.0 TOTAL. ative-born of native father, White 43 27.9 67.4 4.7 55 0.0 100.0 0.0 21 0.0 100.0 0.0 119 10.1 88.2 1.7 )relgn-bora; Italian, North 131 34.4 65.6 .0 99 8.1 87.9 4.0 29 10.3 75.9 13.8 259 21.6 75.3 3.1 Lithuanian 49 49.0 51.0 .0 43 7.01 ; 93.0 .0 9 (a) (a) («) 101 27.7 71.3 1.0 Mexican 25 40.0 60.0 .0 45 13. 3' 86.7 .0 19 5.3 73.7 21.1 89 19.1 76.4 4.5 Polish 34 20.6 79.4 .0 43 4.7 95.3 .0 6 (a) (a) (a) 83 10.8 89.2 .0 Slovak 20 10.0 90.0 .0 53 .0 98.1 1.9 20 .0 95.0 5.0 93 2.2 95.7 2.2 Grand total 445 31.5 67.9 .7 491 6.1 92.3 1.6 203 3.4 87.2 9.4 1,139 15.5 81.8 2.6 )tal native-born of foreign father 42 54.8 45.2 .0 8 (a) (a) («) 2 (a) (a) (a) 52 44.2 55.8 .0 )tal native-born 105 34.3 63.8 1.9 96 1.0 97.9 1.0 29 3.4 89.7 6.9 230 16.5 81.3 2.2 )tal foreign-born 340 30.6 69.1 .3 395 7.3 90.9 1.8 174 3.4 86.8 9.8 909 15.3 82.0 2.8 oNot computed, owing to small number involved. 98 The Immigration Commission. The preceding table shows that among the native whites 84.6 p cent of men over 20 are married and none widowed. Of foreig] born men over 20, 74.1 per cent are married and 2 per cent a widowed. The Lithuanians have the highest proportion of sing men appearing in the table. The Lithuanians are the only foreig race reporting any single women. The Polish women are reporte all married, and of the Slovak women nearly 98 per cent a: married. It is noticeable that the age group of those between 20 and has the highest proportion of single men, and the group of those 4 or over the smallest. The middle group, including those between t- and 44, reports all the native white men married and 88 per cent < the foreign-born married. As regards permanent settlement in the United States, and tl assimilation of the foreign-born, the question as to whether tl wives of the married males are residing in this country or abroad obviously of great importance. The situation in this respect is shov by the following table, which exhibits the location of wives of foreigi born husbands, by race of husband: Table 441. — Per cent of foreign-horn husbands who report wife in the United States ai per cent who report wife abroad^ by race of husband. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreig born.] Race of husband. Number reporting complete data. Per cent reporting wife— In United States. Abroad. English 177 98.9 1 French 128 97.7 2 German 108 95.4 4 Irish 5G 98.2 1 Italian, North 549 77.4 22 Italian, South 197 77.7 22 Lithuanian 47 93.6 6 Mexican 47 93.6 6 Polish 125 77.6 22 Russian 58 82.8 17 Scotch 93 97.8 2 Slovak 73 76.7 23 Slovenian 104 84.6 15 Total 2,176 85.7 14 The table above shows that the races which have the most estat lished conditions of family life are the English, Irish, Scotch, Frencl German, Lithuanian, and Mexican, in the order mentioned, mor than nine-tenths of each of these races reporting wives in the Unite States and presumably with their husbands. At the other extrem are the Slovak, Polish, Italian, and Slovenian. It is also notice able that in the Southwest the proportions of married men whos wives are in the United States is uniformly high for all races, as com pared with other coal-mining localities. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 99 VISITS ABROAD. Another indication of the stability of the foreign population is to found in the number of visits made to their native countries. In s connection the following table shows the number and percentages visits made by employees in the coal industry of the Southwest by ,e and period of residence in the United States : 3 LE 442. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (study of employees.) years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Race. Number in United States — Per cent reporting 1 or more visits, by years in United States. Under 5 years. 5 to 9 years. 10 years or over. Total. Under 5 years. 5 to 9 years. 10 years or over. Total. lish 22 20 152 194 18.2 10.0 13.2 13.4 ich 48 40 90 178 6.3 12.5 13. 3 11.2 man 30 21 105 156 .0 4.8 10.5 7.7 an, North 401 390 272 1,063 7.7 27.7 37.5 22.7 an, South 156 147 95 398 8.3 24.5 49.5 24.1 luanian 24 37 42 103 8.3 2.7 26.2 13.6 sh 76 55 48 179 7.9 23.6 27.1 17.9 ch 12 13 98 123 41.7 53.8 27.6 31.7 ak 53 31 35 119 .0 9.7 11.4 5.9 euian 76 60 47 183 5.3 8.3 12.8 8.2 Total 1,198 1,110 1,312 3,620 7.1 19.6 24.5 17.2 riie total number of employees for whom information was reported s 3,620. Of these, 1,198 had been in the United States under e years, 1,110 from five to nine years, and 1,312 ten years or over, venteen and two-tenths per cent of the entire number reported e or more visits to their native lands. Of the group resident less m five years in the United States, 7.1 per cent; of the group resi- Qt in the United States from five to nine jmars, 19.6 per cent; and the group resident in the United States ten years or more, 24.5 r cent had made visits abroad. The foreign races of which a large percentage of employees had ide one or more visits are the Scotch, South ItaUan, and North. Iilian, in the order mentioned; for those in the United States der five years the Scotch and English; for those in the United ates from five to nine years the Scotch, North Italian, South iilian, and Polish, in the order mentioned; and for those in the 'lited States ten years or more the South Italian and North Iilian. The races of which a small percentage of employees had lide at least one visit are the Slovak, German, and Slovenian; and [’ those in the United States ten years or over the German and :)vak. Of the employees in the United States under five years I ne of the Slovaks or Germans, and of those in the United States l)m five to nine years 2.7 per cent of the Lithuanians and 4.8 of le Germans had made visits to their native countries. 100 The Immigration Commission. CRIMINALITY OF RECENT IMMIGRANTS. As regards the criminality of the foreign-born, it is significant tht there are fewer cases against immigrants than natives in the courts f Oklahoma and Kansas. The police of the different towns, howev, maintain that this does not prove that there is less crime amo? immigrants, but that it is impossible to secure evidence unless thf? is an American witness, and that immigrants rarely report any f their difficulties to the police. The English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, a:l Lithuanians are consiciered law-abiding, and few members of any f these races are ever accused of crime. Oklahoma and Kansas are prohibition States, and it is therefci unlawful to sell intoxicants within their limits. More immigrau break this law than any other. In the three principal coal-mini^j counties of Oklahoma 30 per cent of the indictments on this char! were against immigrants, about two-thirds of these being Italia; and the rest Poles and Mexicans. During the past year there hi also been a great deal of trouble on account of outrages purport!]; to come from the Black Hand Society. This has been particular' true in Oklahoma, and of the men arrested on account of these crim all except one were South Italians. The one exception was fro northern Italy. The police authorities in Oklahoma and Kansas consider the Sou Italian the most undesirable race from a criminal standpoint, ai the Polish, Slovak, Mexican, and North Italian rank next in the ord named. In all communities in Kansas where South Italians ha’’ settled there is much crime. During the past year (1908) there ha^ been numerous murders in the different coal camps and villages su rounding Pittsburg, Kansas, and in few instances have the guilt parties been apprehended, on account of lack of witnesses. It is un versally stated that South Italians are responsible for these crime as they have occurred in localities occupied by these people, and tl victim has generally been a member of this racial group. DISEASES OF RECENT IMMIGRANTS. The consensus of opinion of leading physicians and hospital supe intendents in the Oklahoma fields is that there is no disease peculii to any particular race of recent immigrants, and that immigrants ha'v not been instrumental in spreading disease. Physicians are unan mous in the opinion that there is no more sickness among immigrant than among natives. One physician who has practiced among coj miners for twenty years gives the opinion that the immigrant froi Italy yields to treatment quicker than natives or immigrants froi other countries. Some physicians have alleged that there are mor hereditary venereal diseases among immigrants from Russia than amon those from any other country, but this statement has not been sus tained. It is also stated by all physicians that venereal diseases are mor common among the American miners than among the immigrants. I diseases of this class the immigrant takes better care of himself, fo) lows directions better, and a cure is more easily effected than amon, natives. Physicians are also of the opinion that the constitution o the South Italian is not so strong as that of natives and other immi Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 101 Lnts and that they are not able to stand the ravages of a long period illness. The Mexicans seem to be delicate and do not yield to atment. When attacked by any disease, the death rate is higher ong them than among any of the other races. e CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSE- HOLDS. The classification, by age and sex of members of households, of the tLE 443 . — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) 5 table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] MALE. !ral nativity and Number reporting complete data. Per cent within each specified age group. :e of head of house- id. Under 6. 6 to 13. 14 and 15. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. ve-born of native ber: Vhite 117 22.2 16.2 3.4 6.0 14.5 26.5 11.1 ^egro 54 13.0 20.4 7.4 5.6 9.3 37.0 7.4 ign-born: 'Toatian 41 26.8 19.5 .0 2.4 2.4 41.4 7.3 rish 125 15.1 18.4 7.2 14.4 11.2 12.0 21.6 talian, North 265 21.5 9.8 1.1 2.3 31.3 26.0 7.9 talian, South 99 27.3 15.2 2.0 6.1 20.2 22.2 7.1 dthuanian 111 21.6 11.7 1.8 3.6 29.7 27.0 4.5 fexican 112 23.2 17.0 .9 4.5 17.0 27.7 9.8 ’olish 89 30.3 9.0 1.1 3.4 21.3 30.3 4.5 lovak 124 25.0 23.4 3.2 6.5 6.5 24.2 11.3 Velsh 68 10.3 20.6 1.5 16.2 16.2 13.2 22.1 Grand total 1,241 21.8 15.3 2.5 6.2 18.9 24.9 10.4 1 native-born 171 19.3 17.5 4.7 5.8 12.9 29.8 9.9 [ foreign-born 1,070 22.1 15.0 2.1 6.3 19.9 23.2 10.5 FEMALE. ^e-born of native ler: mte 119 13.4 26.9 5.0 9.2 21.0 19.3 5.0 iegro 66 22.7 25.8 3.0 7.6 18.2 19.7 3.0 gn-bom: roatian 43 25.6 18.6 2.3 4.7 25.6 16.3 7.0 rish 101 11.9 24.8 9.9 11.9 12.9 14.9 13.9 talian. North 174 29.9 13.2 1.7 3.5 29.3 17.2 5.2 talian, South lithuanian 63 28.6 9.5 1.6 12.7 33.3 11.1 3.2 65 20.0 16.9 1.5 7.7 27.7 20.0 6.2 texican 84 27.4 13.1 4.8 8.3 11.9 25.0 9.6 'olish 76 23.7 26.3 1.3 1.3 23.7 21.1 2.6 lovak 126 29.4 22.2 3.0 7.9 14.3 18.3 4.8 /elsh 58 6.9 25.9 3.4 12.1 10.3 15.5 25.9 Grand total 1,009 22.3 20.4 3.6 7.5 20.8 18.0 7.3 native-born 185 16.8 26.5 4.3 8.6 20.0 19.5 4.3 foreign-born 824 23.5 19.1 3.4 7.3 21.0 17.7 8.0 102 The Immigration Commission. Table 443 . — Per cent of persons within each age group, hy sex and by general nativ and race of head of household. — Continued. TOTAL. General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Number reporting complete data. Per cent within each specified age group. Under 6. 6 to 13. 14 and 15. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 c ove Native-born of nalive father: White 236 17.8 21.6 4.2 7.6 17.8 22.9 Negro 120 18.3 23.3 5.0 6.7 14.2 27.5 Foreign-born: Croatian 84 26.2 19.0 1.2 3.6 14.3 28.6 Irisli 220 13.7 21.2 8.4 13.3 11.9 13.3 1, Italian, North 439 24.8 11.2 1.4 2.7 30.5 22.6 Italian, irouth 162 27.8 13.0 1.9 8.6 25.3 17.9 Lithuanian 176 21.0 13.6 1.7 5.1 29.0 24.4 Mexican 196 25.0 15.3 2.6 6. 1 14.8 26.5 i Polish 165 27.3 17.0 1.2 2.4 22.4 26.1 Slovak 250 27.2 22.8 3.2 7.2 10.4 21.2 . Welsh 126 8.7 23.0 2.4 14.3 13.5 14.3 2: Grand total 2,250 22.0 17.6 3.0 6.8 19.8 21.8 ( Total native-born 350 18.0 22.2 4. 5 7.3 16. 6 24.4 Total foreign-born 1,894 22.8 16.7 2.7 6.7 20.4 21.3 ( The classification according to race and general nativity in tl preceding table is by head of household. The foreign-born numbt 1,894, about 84 per cent of the total. The table also includes a classification according to sex, showir that 1,241, or about 55 per cent of the individuals for whom dal were secured, are males. The percentages for the different age groups show that the pr( portion of children under 6 and of persons from 20 to 29, and 45 ( over, is higher for the foreign-born than for the native-born. Tl foreign races for which a large proportion of children under 6 is r< ported are the South Italian, Polish, and Slovak; those having a Lm proportion of children from 6 to 13 are the Welsh, Slovak, and Iris! Large percentages of individuals of 14 and 15 years of age are show for the Irish, Slovaks, and Mexicans; of individuals from 16 to 19, fc the Welsh, Irish, and South Italians; of individuals from 20 to 29, fd the North Italians, Slovaks, and South Italians; of individuals from 3 to 45 years of age, the Croatians, Mexicans, and Poles; and of indivic uals 45 or over, for the Welsh, Irish, and Mexicans. While the racif tendencies are not very clearly marked, it will be noticed that tl largest proportion of young children and of individuals of working ag is to be found among the races of more recent immigration. For th foreign-born the percentages for all ages below 30 are higher for th females than for the males. Among the native-born the percentage are higher for the females than for the males, for individuals from to 13, from 16 to 29, and 45 or over. It thus appears that the age c the females is in general higher among the native-born than amon the foreign-born. For all individuals, irrespective of nativity, th average age of the males is greater than that of the females. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 103 The following table shows the per cent of male employees within :h age group, by general nativity and race: ble 444 . — Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) 'his table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number Per cent within each specified age group. General nativity and race. reporting complete data. 14 to 19. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 44. 45 to 54. 55 or over. ive-born of native father: White 1,651 13.0 17.1 20.0 15.4 22.4 9.3 2.8 Negro 389 6.7 9.0 11.8 15.7 27.5 22.9 6.4 ive-born of foreign father by )un:ry of birth of father: England 179 30.2 24.6 11.2 13.4 12.3 6.1 2.2 Germany 102 17.6 35.3 12.7 6.9 14.7 8.8 3.9 Ireland 138 5.1 24.6 19.6 10.9 26.1 10.9 2.9 Italy 64 59.4 28.1 10.9 1.6 .0 .0 .0 Scotland 147 30.6 24.5 17.0 10.9 10.9 6.1 .0 eign-born, by race: English 252 2.4 6.7 13.5 14.3 17.9 27.0 18.3 French 214 6.5 13.6 17.3 20.6 15.9 18.2 7.9 182 7.7 8.8 12.1 13.2 21.4 28.0 8.8 Irish 95 .0 3.2 15.8 14.7 21.1 31.6 13.7 Italian, North 1,146 5.3 20.5 24.6 19.6 20.9 7.2 1.8 Italian, South 425 7.3 18.6 23.3 20.0 24.9 5.2 .7 Lithuanian 124 3.2 12.9 26.6 20.2 23.4 12. 1 1.6 Magyar 48 2.1 27.1 10.4 16.7 20.8 18.7 4.2 Mexican 109 6.4 14.7 14.7 15.6 23.9 19.3 5.5 Polish 218 3.7 14.2 17.0 17.0 33.5 13.3 1.4 Russian 106 6.6 17.0 17.0 17.9 26.4 14.2 .9 Scotch 146 1.4 6.2 12.3 17.1 18.5 29.5 15.1 Slovak 130 8.5 13.8 11.5 20.8 28.5 11.5 5.4 Slovenian 193 6.2 14.5 23.8 20.7 22.8 7.3 4.7 Grand total 6,930 9.9 16.4 18.7 17.0 21.8 12.3 3.9 al native-born of foreign father. . 787 30.5 25.5 13.2 9.5 13.0 6.6 1.7 al native-born 2,829 17.0 18.3 17.0 13.8 20.5 10.4 3.0 al foreign-born 4, 101 5.1 15.1 19.9 19.2 22.7 13.5 4.6 Of the 6,930 male employees shown in the above table the greatest oportion in any one group are from 35 to 44 years of age, the next • ^hest proportion are from 25 to 29, followed by those who are from i to 34 and from 20 to 24 years of age. A very small proportion are years of age or over. Among the employees who are native-born of foreign father by far e highest per cent is shown for those who are from 14 to 19 years ‘ age. The native-born whites of native father show slightly over . per cent who are from 14 to 29 years of age, the foreign-born iiployees show slightly over 40 per cent, while the negro employees 10 are native-born of native father show less than 30 per cent from to 29 years of age. The employees who are native-born negroes of native father show e highest per cent who are from 30 to 54 years of age, followed by e foreign-born, the native-born whites of native father, and the litive-born of foreign father, in the order named. The last men- )ned nativity group shows very small proportions who are of the •ove mentioned age. Of these classes the negro employees show e highest per cent who are 55 years of age or over, followed by the 104 The Immigration Commission. foreign-born employees, native-born whites of native father, ai. native-born of foreign father, in the order named. * Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father those who fathers were born in Italy show the highest per cent who are from to 19 years of age, and those whose fathers were born in Ireland tl. smallest per cent. The employees whose fathers were born in Ir land show the highest per cent who are from 45 to 54 years of ag and those whose fathers were born in Germany the highest per ce;, 55 years of age or over. None of the employees whose fathers wei born in Scotland are 55 years of age or over, and none of those who; fathers were born in Italy are 35 years of age or over. Of the foreign-born employees none of the Irish are under 20 yea. of age, and the Scotch show very small proportions under this ag It will be further noted that the proportion of employees who ai from northern Europe and who are 45 years of age or over is high’ than that of the employees in these age groups from southern ai eastern Europe. Chapter VII. GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION. lericanization — Immigrant churches — Societies and fraternal orders — Savings and nvestments — Ownership of homes — Money sent abroad — School facilities and attendance — Status of children in the households studied — Interest in political and ;ivic affairs in Oklahoma and Kansas — Citizenship in the Southwest — Ability to peak English — [Text Tables 445 to 458 and General Tables 191 to 199]. AMERICANIZATION . The English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh throughout the Southwest i? thoroughly Americanized. Most of them have been in the coal ilds a number of years and are permanent residents. Even those 10 have been in this country only a short time have adopted Ameri- a customs. They mingle freely with the natives, show much erest in all public questions, and take a prominent part in all elec- •ns. There is no ill feeling between these races and the Americans, d as soon as they come to a locality they are received and treated friends and neighbors. They do not make any attempt at segre- tion but live in American neighborhoods. With the English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh the conditions favoring aericanization are as follows: The knowledge of English possessed the races, their popularity with natives, the ready way in which ?y adopt American customs, the lack of tendency toward segrega- n, the interest they display in all civic affairs, the fact that they ermarry with natives, that they send their children to school and 3p them there until they have acquired an ordinary education, and it they make their permanent homes in this country. There are conditions opposing the Americanization of the English, Irish, otch, and Welsh. After the races mentioned above, the French become Americanized )re quickly and more thoroughly than any other immigrants. The t that they do not understand English when they land in this country 3 held them back to some extent, but they have been well received natives and mingle freely with them, do not form colonies, and quick to adopt American ways. The French are also familiar th the republican form of government. Moreover, they seem to be [•y quick in understanding American business methods. The Lithuanians, after the French, are quickest to adopt American 3toms and standards of living. The majority of them come to this intry with the idea of making it their permanent home, and conse- ently desire to master the language as soon as possible. Many are )perty owners, and this fact naturally stimulates their civic inter- ’ . Many are voters and take a prominent part in elections. The ' Iclren are sent to school and are encouraged at home to attend reg- rly and master their studies. The second generation is thoroughly lericanized, and many of the race have intermarried with natives, 48290°— VOL 7—11 8 105 106 The Immigration Commission. which tends to make their assimilation more complete. The pri- cipal obstacle against Americanization of Lithuanians is their ten- ency to form colonies and segregate themselves. North Italians are held in higher estimation by the natives thi Italians from the southern part of Italy. Consequently the Non Italians are given a better opportunity to become Americanized, 3 Americans associate with them to some extent. The North It alii seems to be quicker to grasp American customs, and more of thei come to this country with the idea of making it their permanes home, and so are more ready to learn English. Even taking iu) consideration these facts, however, the North Italians are slow to f l into the ways of the country and show little interest in public affai . They are usually strongly influenced by a few leaders, are slow ) take advantage of their opportunities, and seem to be suspicious f Americans. The South Italians are slow in becoming Americanized and many 1 the coal regions who have been in this country from fifteen to twen?- years are scarcely able to speak English. They live in colonies, ha? very little association with natives, and show little interest outsi? of their own immediate neighborhood. They are suspicious of Am(- icans, do not trust their money to the banks, and trade at Americi shops as little as possible. They are making little progress towal Americanization. Each year the South Italians are investing mo? money in homes and real estate, and in becoming property ownei, they are naturally led to take more interest in civic affairs. Evi after the South Italian, however, has made his permanent home i the Southwest, he seems to make little effort to adopt American wa}. He does not encourage his children in attending school but talu them away at an early age, thus preventing the second generatid from having the opportunity of becoming assimilated. The childri hear only Italian spoken in the colony and in the home, and the only opportunity to learn English is at school. The Poles, Slovaks, and Magyars are almost as backward as Soui Italians, but are more popular with natives. They are very slow i learning to speak English and associate little with people outside f their own races. No civic interest is shown and a very small percer- age are naturalized. The second generation of these races, howevf, makes very much better progress than the South Italian and is slow' becoming Americanized. These races also are less segregated and les clannish than the South Italian, and consequently have more oppe- tunity to associate with the natives. Most of them go to Kansi and Oklahoma with the intention of remaining. Mexicans show less progress than any other immigrants. Th< have adopted no American ideas or customs, but live as they do their own country. Although many of the Mexicans in the coal min; of Oklahoma were born in the United States, they are little near' Americanization than those directly from Mexico. Few of the speak English or show any civic interest and very few are permaneii residents. The majority of the Mexicans are migratory, moving fro one coal mine to another and never working long in any localit They are heartily disliked by natives and there is no associatic between the races. Though they do not live in colonies and are n'' segregated at work, there is very strong racial prejudice on the pa Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 107 Mexicans against Americans. They do not send their children to ‘;liool, and thus deprive them of opportunities for Americanization, hst of the Mexican immigrants in the district are thriftless and I'.ceive little encouragement from employers. Length of residence II the United States has no effect upon their mode of living and they (re making little progress. I IMMIGRANT CHURCHES. , The mining localities of Kansas and Oklahoma have numerous jmrches including several denominations. With the exception of the , nglish, Scotch, and Welsh, immigrants attend the Roman Catholic lid Greek Catholic churches. The Greek Catholic Church at Harts- jarne, Oklahoma, is said to be the only church of this faith between t. Louis, Mo., and Galveston, Tex. In many communities in the [)al district in Oklahoma there are Roman Catholic churches, and it Pittsburg, Frontenac, Chicopee, Weir, Scammon, and other mining )wns in Kansas this church is also represented. In the smaller illages and mining settlements where there are no churches, services j[*e held at stated intervals. No church, however, except the Roman ad Greek Catholic does any work among the immigrants or makes |iy effort to secure their attendance. The Roman Catholic Church jrovides good schools for the children of its members; has various acieties to which immigrants are urged to belong; supports hospi- |ds; and looks after the welfare of the immigrant in every way pos- ble. In one locality in Oklahoma this church has attempted to -art night schools, but has failed on account of lack of interest. An .fort was also made to form classes among immigrant women, teach- jig sewing, cooking, and the general care of the home, but so little iiterest was shown that the work was abandoned. In cases of sick- isss or accident, the immigrant, if unable to afford the expenditure, given free treatment and attention in the hospitals, and in case of ant or sickness in the home, the church does all in its power to ,3lp the immigrant. The Episcopal Church also has a hospital in ;bAlester, Oklahoma, and immigrant patients are given the same ttention that is bestowed upon Americans. At all of the parochial bools are libraries wRich are open to immigrants. Those in charge ,iy that an adult never asks for a book and only in rare instances do le children utilize the library. A good many immigrants subscribe ) newspapers, and this is about all the reading done by them with le exception of a few taking courses in correspondence schools. SOCIETIES AND FRATERNAL ORDERS. The societies and fraternal organizations to which immigrants i along are numerous. A canvass of the Oklahoma district showed the bowing societies and organizations having recent immigrants as lembers: Slovaks belong to the First Catholic Union and the •ational Slovak Association; these societies are fraternal and bene- cial. Mexicans belong to the National Beneficial Society; this i)ciety is a sick benefit organization. Italians belong to La Minature, ittorio Emanuel III, and Christiforo Colombo ; these are fraternal ad beneficial societies. North Italians also belong to the Societa iedmontese and Societa di N. Italia; these societies are fraternal. Poles are members of the National Pohsh Society, which gives 108 The Immigration Commission. sick and death benefits and is fraternal. Italians who have take naturalization papers belong to the American Knights of Pythias, 0( Fellows, and Foresters of America. Negroes are members of the 0( Fellows and Masons. English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh are membe; of the Masons, Knights of Pythias, Foresters of America, Woodmen the World, and the usual American fraternal and beneficial societk The Lithuanians are not affiliated with any fraternal or benefici organizations. SAVINGS AND INVESTMENTS. The amount of money saved by immigrants in Oklahoma and Ka sas bituminous mining localities varies according to the thrift of tl particular race. The South Italian saves more than any of the oth immigrant races, the North Italian is second, and the Lithuania Polish, Croatian, Slovak, Magyar, Scotch, Welsh, English, Iris American, Mexican, and American negro rank in the order named A large number of the South Italians locating in the coal distric seem to come only with the idea of remaining a few years, and in tli time expect to save enough money to return to Italy and carry in effect whatever plans they may have. The consequence is that th( save every dollar possible, and deny themselves all but the nece sities of life. The majority of Italians who are single men, or wl have families in Italy, begin to send surplus earnings to ths country as soon as possible. The large amount of money sent oi each year shows how much this race saves in comparison with nativt and other immigrant races.® The native miner rarely has mone saved and spends all his earnings, living from pay day to pay day c credit. The English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh save little more tha the native miner. The native negro and the Mexican usually stc work after pay day until they spend their earnings. Lithuanians ai much more thrifty than the races last named and are judicious i the expenditure of their earnings. They send very little money t Europe. Most of them have saved money to build homes and man have money on deposit in the banks. They live better than tf Italians and spend more money for food, clothing, and other livin expenses, and consequently do not save as much. The Poles, Ma^ yars, Slovenians, and Slovaks are thrifty but do not save to tt extent of the Italians. The living expenses of these races is highe and they are said to be much better customers at the company storei They send money to their native land, but not in such large amount as the Italians. OWNERSHIP OF HOMES. The Italians, when they decide to make their permanent home in the coal-mining districts, buy property and build as soon as poss; ble. Most of the Lithuanians have settled there permanently an nearly all of them who are married own homes. Many Magyan Poles, Slovenians, and Slovaks also own homes in Oklahoma an Kansas, but some are migratory and move from one part of th country to another. When work is not good in Oklahoma or Kansa they will go to Colorado or Pennsylvania, or wherever they can fin ready employment. However, where any have settled perma nently they usually own homes. Mexicans show no tendency to wan oSee pp. Ill, 112. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 109 irchasing homes and only three or four in the whole district own joperty. A few American negroes own homes, but most of them at houses from the coal companies. Most of the money invested by immigrants is in real estate, either homes or business. In Community No. 4 in Oklahoma, several alians and two or three Lithuanians own stock in the two banks ere, and in Community No. 7, Oklahoma, the majority of the stock the leading bank is owned by Italians. In Community No. 1, dahoma, an Italian owns a large macaroni factory. In another mmunity in that State two immigrants from Ireland own one of e largest coal-mining concerns in the district. In each locality alians, Slovaks, or Magyars have money invested in stores. Lithu- lians are also in business in several towns. At Community No. 7, dahoma, the stock in a large mercantile company is all owned by alians . Several smaller mines are owned by English or Irish. Nearly I the immigrants owning homes also own live stock. Many immigrants are engaged in the mercantile business in both ansas and Oklahoma mining locahties. Several large stores in dahoma are owned by German and Russian Hebrews. At Corn- unity No. 6 the largest furniture store in the town is owned by a ’ench miner. A son of this man also has a store of this description Community No. 4. These stores are conducted according to Ameri- n ideas and are as good as those of natives in the same business. L almost every town in the coal fields Italians and immigrants from astria-Hungary are found conducting stores. In all cases these are lall groceries or bake shops carrying a stock inferior to that handled ^ natives. A few handle mining supplies in a small way. There e also a small number of Syrian stores, particularly at Community 3 . 2, Oklahoma. These stores are in most cases supply houses for 'ddlers, as Syrians are doing a peddling business through the mining mps. There are also restaurants owned by Italians and Mexicans, company has lately been formed in Community No. 7 to operate a rge grocery and dry goods store. All the stock in this company IS been subscribed for by Italians and the plan is to cater to people this race alone. The president of the Citizens State Bank in the me town is an Italian, and the bank has a large number of immi- ant depositors. The French at Communities No. 6 and 7, Oklahoma, all own homes, id their houses are clean and well kept and more pretentious than -ose of other immigrants in that locality. In many towns in the ansas coal fields, immigrants have invested large amounts in homes, hers have gone into business on their savings, and in each of the wns mentioned there are stores owned by immigrants. Each 'ar more money is being invested locally and less goes to Europe, good many French people have also purchased farms with money .med in the mines and are prospering. The immigrant stores in calities in Kansas, except those owned by the French and Hebrews, e greatly inferior to those owned by Americans. They are not so •ogressive, do not expand, and are afraid to risk an investment in large and varied stock. The wholesalers say that the immigrant lually pays promptly, but buys in very small quantities and a cheap ass of goods. Immigrants in business cater only to their particular ce; they have little to do with natives, and do not seek their trade. 110 The Immigration Commission. In order to show the amount of money invested in real estate, ii stances of the amount of property owned by immigrants in a fe typical towns may be presented. The assessed value of property in Community No. 4, both real ar > personal, exclusive of coal mines and equipment, is $600,000. ( this, $100,000 is owned by immigrants in homes, town lots, and pe, sonal property. It is estimated that the stock in immigrant ston amounts to $22,000, thus making the value of property owned t foreigners, $122,000. The majority of immigrants who have been i Community No. 4 for some years own homes and in many cases ha\ other houses which they rent to fellow-countrymen who have bee in this country a shorter time. The assessed value of property in Community No. 1 is $4,301,57 of which $2,850,425 is real and $1,451,146 is personal. The est mated value of property owned by immigrants is $275,000, distril uted by races as follows: Scotch, $150,000; English, $50,000; Ita ians, $50,000; Irish, $15,000; other races of recent immigratio] $10,000. The assessed value of property in Community No. 2 $700,000. Three hundred and twenty-nine thousand dollars, or a li tie less than half the total assessment, is owned by immigrants. T1 assessed value of property in Community No. 3 is $105,000, of whic $25,000 is owned by immigrants, principally Italians. The assesse valuation of property in Community No. 5 is $600,000. The proj erty owned by immigrants is valued at $5,000. In this communit few recent immigrants are buying homes, and the property referre to is owned by English and Scotch. In the course of the detailed investigation in the Southwest, dat were secured from the families studied relative to the ownership c homes. In the following table the figures are given for employee of the coal-mining industry of the Southwest, by general nativit and race of head of family : Table 445 . — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and ra of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Total number of families. Owning home. Number. Per cent Native-born of native father: White 57 20 35. Negro 26 4 15 Foreign-born: == 6L. Croatian - 21 13 Irish - - 38 23 60. Italian, North 94 48 51. Italian, South 35 23 65, Lithuanian 36 20 55. Magyar 15 8 (a) Mexican 42 6 14. Polish 36 17 47. Slovak 48 40 83. Welsh 28 19 67. Grand total 476 241 50.5 Total native-born iF 24 28. Total foreign-born 393 217 55. a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. Ill The total number of families reported in the preceding table is re. Of these, 241, or 50.6 per cent, own homes. As regards the ative-bom of native father the percentage owning homes is 28.9; .r the foreign-born it is 55.2. Among the native-born of native Lther, 35.1 per cent of the whites occupy homes owned by them- 5 lves as against 15.4 per cent of the negroes. The foreign-born, assified according to race, rank in the percentage owning homes as (Hows: Slovak, Welsh, South Italian, Croatian, Irish, Lithuanian, orth Italian, Polish, and Mexican. The percentage for the Slovaks 83.3; that for the Mexicans is 14.3. It will be noted that for all le foreign races, except the Mexican, the percentage of homes owned larger than for the native-born whites. The figure for the Ameri- m negro is only slightly higher than for the Mexican. Fur these ^0 races the percentages are far lower than the percentage of any 'ther race It is interesting to note here that in the Southwest the percentage [ families owning homes is much higher than in Penns 3 ^Ivania and le South and sli^itly lower than in the Middle West. The fact that le standard for employees of the Southwest and Middle West is so luch higher than the standard for those of the East and South is elieved to-be due, in a considerable measure, to the prevalence of etter working conditions in and about the mines of the first-named actions. In the Middle West the Polish lead in the percentage owning homes, 'orth Italian, South Italian, American white, and Lithuanian follow i the order mentioned. In the Middle West 53.8 per cent of all le employees own their homes, as against 50.6 per cent in the outhwest.® MONEY SENT ABROAD. As already indicated, a large amount of the money saved by immi- rants each year goes to Europe. Most of this is sent to Italy, Austria- iungary, and Russia. Of Ml the immigrants in Kansas and Okla- oma the South Italians send the largest amount of money abroad, brth Italians, Poles, Slovenians, and Slovaks also send out con- derable amounts. This money goes through various channels, and [though it is impossible to estimate the total amount sent from the 3 al fields of the two States, a rough conception of the aggregate may e had by giving some examples showing amounts sent from certain )calities, the information having been secured from post-offices, teamship agents, immigrant bankers, and other sources. The money sent from Community No. 1, Okla., during 1908, mounted to about $20,000. Most of this went to Italy. From ommunity No. 6, $10,000 has been sent to European countries uring the past year, most of this being sent to cities in Russia and mstria-Hungary. From Community No. 3, $3,000 went to Italy, mmigrants at Community No. 2 sent out about $35,000 in 1908, a irge proportion going through the local post-office, the rest being 3nt through immigrant bankers and steamship agents. Nearly 20,000 of this amount went to Italy, the balance going to Austria- lungary and Russia. During 1908, as nearly as can be estimated. a See Table 113, Vol. I, p. 179. 112 The Immigration Commission. $108,000 was sent from Community No. 7 and the surrounding cd camps. Two-thirds of this sum went to Italy and the rest to Ai- tria-Hungary and Russia. From other localities in Oklahoma a;l Kansas, of the same population and racial composition as those givi above, similar proportionate amounts were sent to Europe, the largtt sums going from localities occupied by Italians. English, Iris, Scotch, and Welsh sent out scarcely any money, Lithuanians ybt little, and Mexicans none at all. SCHOOL FACILITIES AND ATTENDANCE. The mining sections of Kansas and Oklahoma are well supplied wii good schools. In the larger cities and towns there are high schoo, and in all of the smaller villages and mining settlements there ai graded schools giving pupils the opportunity to reach the fifth [ sixth grade. In almost all localities there are also parochial scho(3 with a good force of teachers, taking scholars through the highr branches. In the earlier days of mining in Indian Territory (ncr Oklahoma) school facilities were very poor, and it was the custoi of the larger coal companies to provide schools for the children f their employees. To provide a fund for the support of these scho(3 each man on the pay roll was assessed a certain sum each mont, usually 25 cents for the single men and 50 cents for heads of familk. Since the Territory has been admitted to statehood this is no long’ necessary, as good schools are provided by the State. In Oklahoma a canvass of schools in the principal mining localiti? was made and in nine of the largest schools it was found that thei was a total enrolment of 4,208 pupils, 29.6 per cent of whom we^ of foreign parentage. The number of each race was as follows: Table 446 . — Children of immigrants in nine 'public schools of Oklahoma, by race f father. Race of father. Num- ber. Race of father. Nun her "Rnglish - 71 Mexican Irish . 68 Maygar Sp.nt.p.h 96 Slovak Welsh 11 Syrian tTPririnn 77 French Ttalinn 438 Other races Polish 93 J.it.hnflnian 206 Total 1,1 Russian 37 It will also be profitable to discuss briefly the schools in the differei towns of Oklahoma in or around which coal mines are located. Community No. 1 has good schools, with a total enrolment of 91 Of these, 108 are children of immigrants of the following races: German 15 English 26 Irish 18 Welsh 3 Italian 18 Danish 3 Russian 4 Austrian Chinese Scotch.. Norwegian Dutch Total I" 1 Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 113 By grades, the children of foreign parentage are distributed as fol- ows: li'irst and second 'bird '"ourth '"ifth Sixth Seventh ligh school Total 47 26 9 12 2 5 7 108 Community No. 2 has two schools, the public and the parochial, ;)oth of which have immigrant pupils. The public school is of eight j,Tades and has an enrolment or 480, distributed, by race of father, IS follows: Vmerican 329 j^talian 100 Syrian 20 Polish 4 lerman 10 rish 6 Russian Hebrew 6 Greek 3 French 2 Total 480 The principal of the school states that the first public school in Community No. 2 was started five years ago. Prior to that time all he miners were taxed, by the companies employing them, a certain imount for school purposes. The principal also declares that an im- nigrant child rarely goes beyond the fifth grade. There is only one -oreigner in the eighth grade, an Italian boy. Many children enter the school who can not speak a word of English. The children attend- ing school ^are ranked in about the following order in regard to their progress: American, German, Italian, Irish, Syrian, and Polish. The reason assigned for backwardness on the part of immigrant children IS lack of encouragement at home. The parochial school has an attendance of 250 children, all of \vhom are immigrants. Italian - 450 Lithuanian 50 Polish 25 Miscellaneous, Total 250 The priest who has charge of this school says that the Lithuanians are the best scholars he has and are very regular in attendance. The Italians are bright up to 10 or 12 years of age, but from that time show no interest in their work, and soon leave school, as they are not encouraged at home to remain. The Poles are dull and hard to teach, and very few can speak English upon entering school. The priest further states that immigrant parents take their children away from school at such an early age that they have little chance to acquire much education. He has endeavored to start a night school, but little interest has been shown in the work. The public school of Community No. 3 has eight grades, with an enrolment of 304. In the school there are 8 Italians, 15 Lithuan- ians, and 5 Poles. The Lithuanians make the best progress of the immigrant children, the Italians ranking second. The Lithuanians and Italians are as regular in attendance as Americans, but, in the 114 The Immigration Commission. j opinion of the teachers, the immigrant children do not make tl: progress made by the native children. There is a good public school in Community No. 4, and also parochial school supported by the Roman Catholic Church. Imm grant children attend each. The parochial school was founded i 1902 and has an enrolment of 180. Of this number, 30 are Italian 100 Lithuanians, 12 Poles, 15 Irish, and 23 Americans. English : taught and the children are urged to master this language. The pries who has charge of the school states that a graduate is well prepare to enter college, but only in rare instances do children of immigrants g through the school, as their parents take them away at about 1 years of age and put them to work. He also says that Italians froi 7 to 12 years of age have very keen intellects, but after that do nc progress so rapidly as the Irish, Americans, and Lithuanians. Th Poles are very backward. The public school of Community No. 8 has seven grades and a attendance of 116 pupils. Of these, 20 are immigrants, as follows: Grade. Race. Number First Italian Second Lithuanian ... I Third do Third Polish Third Italian Fifth Lithuanian Sixth do Total 1 The teacher in charge of the school says that the immigrant childrei are better in attendance than Americans and make as good progress She considers Lithuanian children brighter in arithmetic than an; others in the school. STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. As regards the relative status and progress of native and foreigi born children, the following table furnishes a limited but interesting exhibit on the basis of information received for 463 children in house holds of the Southwest: Table 447 . — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or more bon abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.] General nativity and race of father. Number reporting complete data. Number- Per cent- Birthplace of child. At home. At school. At work. At home. At school. At work. Native-born: White United States 62 S 52 2 12.9 83.9 3. Negro United States 34 1 32 1 2.9 94.1 2. Foreign-born: Italian, North United States 28 2 26 7.1 92.9 Abroad 26 6 19 2 19.2 73.1 7. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 115 Upon comparing the second generation children in the preceding ole with the whites native-born of native father, it is seen that a taller per cent of the former are kept at home and a larger per cent 3 at school, while 3.2 per cent of the native American children 3 at work, though none of the second generation children are so oorted. If the foreign-born be compared with the native-born, )re native-born children are found at school and fewer at home. INTEREST IN POLITICAL AND CIVIC AFFAIRS IN OKLAHOMA AND KANSAS. Little leaning toward the acquisition of citizenship or interest civic affairs is displayed by the races of recent immigration in dahoma. There are a number of immigrants who have been in e Oklahoma coal fields for a period of twenty to thirty years who ve not yet secured their first naturalization papers. Statements owing the number of first and second papers taken out in the chai- ning counties of Oklahoma by the different races since Oklahoma IS admitted to Statehood (1902) are presented herewith. The figures for Pittsburg County are as follows : Race or people. First papers. Second papers. 51 14 22 9 8 4 12 3 4 4 5 1 3 1 6 1 2 1 3 1 Ish 4 Total 124 35 In Okmulgee County no immigrants have taken out second papers, le following number of each race have secured first papers: istrian 10 iglish 3 nnan 3 issian - 2 otch 2 Total, 20 116 The Immigration Commission. Foreigners in Coal County have taken out naturalization paj!n as follows: Italian German Austrian... Hungarian. Russian Scotch English Belgian Canadian. . French Irish Polish Mexican . . . Dutch Swedish . . . Total Rasce or people. First Sec d papers, pajs. 43 1 . 5 21 12 4 7 2 16 3 1 1 1 122 S In Latimer County 40 immigrants have taken out first papers, ai it is impossible to classify them by race. The number of each riM who have obtained second papers follows: Russian ! Austrian I Hungarian ! German ' Italian Total 1 A very small amount of interest in civic affairs is shown by im;i grants in Oklahoma. As a rule there are one or two influena immigrants in each locality who control the vote of their particm,] race, and most of the races usually vote as they are told to by tli: leaders. The Italians in certain localities in Oklahoma are controk by leaders who are advocates of radical political ideas. The Lithi nians are more independent and are not influenced as much as u Italians and vote according to their own ideas. The French shv much interest in political affairs, and the vote is not influenced): controlled. Russians, Poles, English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh ti;( as much civic interest as Americans, and in many cases are lead.j citizens. Mexicans show no civic interest whatever. In the coal-mining localities of Oklahoma information was secu3( as to the political condition of 612 mine workers of foreign bin who were 21 years of age or over at the time of their arrival in t( United States and who had been in this country five years o i longer period of time. These data are presented in the table follcf' ing, by race. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 117 ' )i;E Present political condition of foreign-horn male employees in Oklahoma who ive been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at me of coming^, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] Number reporting complete data. Number— Race. Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. Having neither first nor second papers. iri n nn /I AT nfCilTI .......... 3 1 2 1 1 30 20 7 3 20 6 9 5 'Dan 12 11 1 1 1 11 9 2 an North. 183 35 66 82 ian South. - 36 5 12 19 luanian 47 17 11 19 18 8 3 7 43 4 1 38 73 9 14 50 40 7 9 24 21 10 7 4 24 8 7 9 Iranian 11 3 3 5 2 1 1 ian 1 1 8 8 i4»»alion rinf Q'nrapifi prl ^ 1 1 'trian (racp fspfinifip.r)) 19 4 7 8 •dan (race not specified) '. 7 2 3 2 Total 612 171 162 279 - Out of the total number of 612 furnishing information 171, or 27.9 |r cent, are fully naturalized; 162, or 26.5 per cent, have first 'pers, while 279, or 45.6 per cent, have neither first nor second pers. These proportions indicate, as already pointed out, that little merest is taken in civic affairs by the foreign-born mine workers, 'it of a total of 183 North Italians reporting, 35 have full natural- ition papers, 66 have first papers, and 82, or 44.8 per cent, have ither first nor second papers. In numbers the Poles rank second the North Italians. Out of a total of 73 of this race reporting ]y 9 have full naturalization papers, 14 have first papers only, and , or 68.5 per cent, have neither first nor second papers. Less inter- t as regards naturalization is manifested by the P olish than by any the other races in this field except the Mexican. Following the )les in numbers come the Lithuanians. Out of a total of 47 per- ns of this race reporting, 17 have full naturalization papers, 11 have st papers only, and 19 have neither first nor second papers. The exicans are next in the order of numbers. Out of a total of 43 Tsons 38, or 88.4 per cent, have neither first nor second papers. )ur persons out of the total number are fully naturalized and one IS taken out first papers. Forty Russians are included in the tab- ation. Out of this total number 24, or 60 per cent, have neither 'st nor second papers, 7 have full naturalization papers, and 9 have ’st papers only. Among persons having neither first nor second ituralization papers, the Russians rank next to the Mexicans and io Poles. Of a total of 36 South Italians, 5 have full naturalization 118 The Immigration Commission. papers, 12 have first papers only, and 19, or about 52 per cent, ha^ neither first nor second papers. In the bituminous mining industry in Kansas, data pertaining » political condition were obtained from 901 employees who had been i the United States five years or more, and who were 21 years or o^: at the time of coming. This information is presented below, by rac. Table 449 , — Present 'political condition of foreign-horn male employees in Kansas m have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over\ time of coming, by race. (study of employees.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.) Race. Number reporting complete data. Number— Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Havin; neither f; nor seco^ papers' Bohemian and Moravian 4 1 2 Croatian 8 3 5 Danish 1 Dutch 3 3 English 63 32 25 French 62 21 32 German 56 36 19 Irish 25 11 14 Italian, North 225 52 146 Italian, South 103 30 66 Italian (not specified) 1 Magyar 1 Norwegian ' 2 2 Polish 6 5 Russian •2 1 1 Scotch 33 13 16 Slovak 32 14 17 Slovenian 65 19 43 Swedish 6 3 3 Welsh 6 3 3 Austrian (race not specified) 159 42 100 Belgian (race not specified) 38 14 22 Total 901 300 519 Of the total of 901 persons included in the above table, 300, a 33.3 per cent, are fully naturalized; 519, or 57.6 per cent, have fin papers; and 82 persons, or 9.1 per cent of the total, have neither fin nor second papers. Out of a total of 56 Germans reporting, 36, or 64.3 per cent, ha\i both naturalization papers. Out of 63 English reporting, 50.8 pti cent, or 32 persons, are fully naturalized; 25 persons have nn papers; while only 6 have neither first nor second papers. Tt Irish and the Slovak each show more than 40 per cent of their nun ber fully naturalized. The Scotch, the Bohemian and Moraviai and the French show between 30 and 40 per cent, and the Sloveniar the South Italian, and the North Italian show between 20 and 3 per cent so reported. CITIZENSHIP IN THE SOUTHWEST. As the result of the study of individual employees data wei secured as to the political condition of 1,513 foreign-born males wh had been in the United States five years or over and who were 2 years of age or over at the time of coming. This information ;7 presented, by race, in the table following. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 119 BLE 450 . — Present political condition of foreign-horn male employees who have been in \ he United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming ^ sy race. ; (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.) Race. Number reporting complete data. Number — Per cent — Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. lemian and Moravian 7 2 2 (a) (a) atian 8 3 5 (a) (a) 1 (a) (o) 4 4 (a) (a) 93 52 32 55.9 34.4 82 27 41 32.9 50.0 man 68 47 20 69.1 29.4 ek 1 (a) (a) 36 20 16 55. 6 44.4 lian, North 408 87 212 21.3 52.0 ian, South 139 35 78 25.2 56.1 iap (nnt .‘?ppnifipd) 1 (a) (a) iinanian 47 17 ii ^ 36. 2 ^ 23.4 19 8 3 (a) (a) dean 43 4 1 9.3 2.3 'wegian 2 2 (a) (a) 79 9 19 11.4 24.1 42 8 10 19.0 23.8 54 23 23 42.6 42.6 56 22 24 39.3 42.9 penian 76 22 46 28.9 60.5 ?dish 8 4 3 (a) (a) ian * 1 1 (a) (a) 14 11 3 (a) (a) jtralian (race not specified) 1 1 (a) (a) itrian (race not specified) 178 46 107 25. 8 60.1 gian (race not specified) 45 16 25 35. 6 55.6 Total 1,513 471 681 31.1 45.0 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of the 1,513 males of foreign birth reporting in the above table .1 per cent are fully naturalized citizens and 45 per cent have first ^.turalization papers, while 23.9 per cent have no political status in le United States. The Germans, English, and Irish are from 55 to I per cent fully naturalized, with very few who have no papers. : 3 venians, Italians, and French possess the greatest number of first ipers in proportion to their numbers. Eighty-eight and four-tenths i r cent of the 43 Mexicans reporting have no papers, and the race as whole shows the least tendency toward naturalization. It is inter- iting to compare the Lithuanians with the Mexicans and notice the breased interest displayed by the former in political affairs of the ition. Nearly 60 per cent of the Lithuanians have either first or icond papers, while only 11.6 per cent of the Mexicans are so ported. The Slovaks and Russians also display considerable civic i terest Information was also secured from 792 employees who had been in >e United States between five and nine years and from 721 employ- 's who had a residence of ten years or over. These data are sub- litted in the table following, but the percentages for two races only ie shown, the number reporting for the others being too small for 'imputation. The percentages for the total numbers are computed ir purposes of comparison. 120 The Immigration Commission. Table 451 . — Present political condition of foreign-horn male employees who were 21 y>g of age or over at time of coming to the United States, hy years in the United States 4 race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table Includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, Is for all forelgn-bijJ In United States 5 to 9 years. Per cent — In United States 10 years or over. Per cent— In United States 5 y^s or over. Per cent- Race. Italian, North Italian, South Total... Number report- ing com- plete data. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Number report- ing com- S lete ata. Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Number report- ing com- plete data. Fully natural- ized. Ha, 6 pats oh 250 95 8.4 14.7 58.4 60.3 158 44 41.8 41.8 47. 7 34. 1 408 21.3 fi 139 25. 2 i 792 11.4 56.7 721 52.8 32.2 1,513 31.1 Of immigrants who have been in the United States between fe and nine years 11.4 per cent are fully naturalized as compared wh 52.8 per cent wdio have been in this country over ten years. Of the in the United States between five and nine years 56.7 per cent hsje first papers while only 32.2 per cent have first papers who have ben here over ten years. However, in the case of both the North and South Italians a mrh larger proportion of those of the longer period of residence in te United States are fully naturalized as compared with those who hse been in this country between five and nine years. The following table shows the present political condition of forei^.- born males in the households studied in the Southwest. Table 452 . — Present political condition of foreign-horn males who have been in the Unx States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, hy raOj individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years In the United States is meant years since first arrivai in the United States.) Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Number— Per cent— Fully natural- ized. Having first papers only. Fully natural- ized. Havi; firs pap( onl} Croatian 17 7 7 (a) fi Irish 18 16 1 (a) Italian, North 82 14 21 17.1 Italian, South 18 1 6 (a) Lithuanian 27 4 9 14.8 Magyar 9 3 3 (a) (<*: - - - 30 .0 Polish 13 1 3 (a) («; Slovak 29 6 10 20.7 Welsh 13 8 2 (a) (®: Total 256 60 62 23.4 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 121 i Because of the very small numbers of the majority of races in the mthwest furnishing information, the possibility of making a satis- ctory comparison, as between the races, is precluded. Of the 256 ijrsons furnishing complete data only 23.4 per cent are fully natural- ed, while an additional 24.2 per cent have, by securing first papers, lanifested a desire to become citizens. This desire, it is apparent om the above table, is stronger with the Slovaks than with the ithuanians and North Italians, the Slovaks showing 20.7 per cent lly naturalized and 34.5 per cent having first papers, as compared lith 14.8 and 33.3 per cent, respectively, of the Lithuanians, and |M and 25.6 per cent, respectively, of the North Italians. Of the [) Mexicans reporting not one has taken any steps toward natural- nation. ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH. I Another point of value and interest in connection with the question ! to the general progress of the foreign-born mine workers in the , mthwest is found in the relative advancement of the different races I the use of the English language. The first table bearing upon this j)int is submitted below and exhibits, by sex and general nativity iid race of individual, the ability to speak English of 1,145 persons I years of age or over in the households studied. \BLE 453 . — Per cent of 'persons 6 'years of age or over 'who speak English, by sex and general nativity arid race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) ils table includes only non-English-spealdng races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, how- ever, are for all non-English-speaking races.] eneral nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. tlve-born of foreign father, by race of wher: Slovak 30 36 66 90.0 97.2 93.9 reign-born: Crotian 29 28 57 79.3 71.4 75.4 Italian, North 190 105 295 51.1 23.8 41.4 Italian, South 65 40 105 47.7 27.5 40.0 Lithuanian ... 80 41 121 66.3 22.0 51.2 Mexican 64 39 103 21.9 15.4 19.4 Polish 57 41 98 38.6 22.0 31.6 Slovak 63 53 116 60.3 41.5 51.7 Grand total 661 484 1,145 54.0 44.2 49.9 tal native-born of foreign father 90 118 208 74.5 88.1 82.2 tal foreign-born 571 366 937 50.8 30.1 42.6 Of 1,145 males and females in this locality for whom information is secured, 49.9 per cent speak English, the native-born of foreign ther reporting a proportion greatly in excess of that shown for the reign-born. This difference m proportions, it will be noted, is not 1 marked among the males as among the females. ; As regards the foreign-born males who speak English, the Croatians, |ith 79.3 per cent, report a proportion larger than that of any other ce; the Mexicans, with 21.9 per cent, reporting the smallest pro- Irtion. Following the Croatians, in the order named, are the .thiianians, Slovaks, North Italians, South Italians, and Poles, L »48296°— VOL 7—11 9 122 The Immigration Commission. Regarding the ability of the foreign-born females to speak Englis it will be seen that the Croatians report by far the largest proportic or 71.4 per cent. The nearest approach to the proportion of tl Croatian females who speak English is shown by the Slovaks, reportii 41.5 per cent. Following the Slovaks, with little difference in pr portions, are the South Italians, North Italians, Lithuanians, ar Poles, while the Mexican females report the smallest percentaj spealang English. Of the native-born of foreign father, information concerning sufficient number to justify computation was secured from only oi race. Of this race, the Slovak, the proportion of females with abilii to speak English exceeds that of the males, each, however, showii a considerably larger proportion than is shown for the foreign-boi Croatians. By combining the proportions of males and females who spe£ English, it will be noted that, with one exception, the relative positic of the several races remains the same as if only the males we? considered. Information was also secured from 3,482 individual employees, j is showm in the following table : Table 454 . — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees who speak English, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, ho ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.] Race. Number reporting complete data. Per cen who spea English, 206 74 German - — • 177 91 Italian Nortli 1,129 Itsli&n Poulh 418 6f Li thii3-nicin 119 85 48 7£ McxicBii. 105 74 209 65 101 7C 124 65 185 68 Total 3,482 1 It will be noted from the above table that 69.1 per cent of tf total number speak English. Of the races reporting, the Germar show a smaller per cent unable to speak English than any other rac* 9 per cent as compared with 11.8 per cent of the Lithuanians, wh report the next higher per cent. After the Lithuanians, and in tli following order, come the Magyars, French, Mexicans, and Russian who report as being able to speak English, 75, 74.3, 74.3, and 70. per cent, respectively. With the exception of the Slovenians, wli report 68.1 per cent, less than two-thirds of each of the other race! are able to speak English, the South Italians reporting the highesj or 66 per cent, while the North Italians, with 62.4 per cent, repoi the lowest. The per cent of foreign-born persons in the households studie who speak English is shown in the table following, by age at time c coming to the United States. Bituminous Coal Mining in the Southwest. 123 lBLE 455 . — Per cent of foreign-horn persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, hy age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) lis table Includes only non-English -speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.] latian lian. North llan, South 'huanian... ixican lish vak Total... Race of individual. Number reporting, complete- data. Per cent who speak English, by age at time 01 coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. 57 295 105 121 103 98 116 81.3 85.0 68.2 85.7 42.3 60.0 64.0 73.2 34.5 32.5 44.0 11.7 24.4 48.4 937 70.3 36.4 The above table shows that, of a total of 937 individuals reporting mplete data, a much larger proportion who can speak Englislt is own by those who were under 14 years of age than by those who )re 14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, '.3 per cent as against 36.4 per cent. Of the various races, it will be seen that the largest proportion 10 were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United ates and who can speak English is shown by the Lithuanians, llowed by the North Italians and Croatians; while the largest oportion who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming to e United States, and who can speak English, is shown by the Croa- ins, followed by the Slovaks and Lithuanians. The Mexicans show e smallest proportion of both those under 14 years of age and 14 ars of age or over at time of coming to the United States who can eak English. The following table shows the per cent of foreign-born persons Tears of age or over in the households studied, who speak English, years in the United States and race of individual: BLE 456 . — Per cent of foreign-horn persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, hy years in the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes ily non- English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non- nglish-speaking races.] Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who speak English, by years in United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. 4tian 57 295 105 121 103 98 no 54.2 20.6 34.5 24.2 .0 6. 5 16.1 86.4 50.0 39.5 51.0 13.6 24.0 42.8 100.0 76.0 66.7 75.7 23.9 81.5 80.0 ian, North ian. South... manian dean 1 ish ! ^ak . Total 937 21.6 46.2 65.3 124 The Immigration Commission. Of a total of 937 individuals reporting complete data, it will fc seen that those with a period of residence in the United States of te years or over show the largest proportion, or 65.3 per cent, who ca speak Enghsh, while those with a period of residence under years show the smallest, or 21.6 per cent. The largest proportion who can speak Enghsh is shown by thos of each race with a period of residence of ten years or over, the pei centages ranging from 100 as shown by the Croatians to 23.9 as show by the Mexicans; while the smallest is shown by those with a perio of residence of under five years, the percentages ranging from 54. as shown hj the Croatians to zero per cent as shown by the Mexican It is clearly shown that as the period of residence increases s does the proportion who can speak English, the most noticeabl increase being shown by the Poles and Slovaks. The following table shows the per cent of foreign-born mal employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to th United States and race: Table 457 . — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees who speak English, by age at tin ^ of coming to the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEBS.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, howev< is for all non-English-speaking races.] Race. Number reporting complete data.| Per cent who speak English, by ag at time of coming to Unitei States. Under 14. 14 or over. Total. FrBncli- 206 94.5 66.9 74 GcrmSiii 177 97.4 89.2 91 Itslisn N^^rfh 1, 129 98.0 60.8 62 ItSlliftiH SnnbH - 418 92.3 64.3 66 Lithuanian. ...... 119 100.0 87.8 88 M6xic8>n« 105 87.5 71.9 74 Polish. - ----- 209 90.9 63.6 65 Russian. - — 101 100.0 69.7 70 Slov9rces since the last census period, is given below: iBLB 468 . — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Num- ber. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. General nativity and race. Num- ber. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. itive-bom of native father: Foreign-born, by race— Continued. WViitA 4,389 32.6 Greek 23 0.2 Negro 4 ' 809 35.7 Hebrew (other than Russian). . 1 («) itive-bom of foreign father, by Herzegovinian 3 («) country of birth of father: Irish 45 .3 A n<5t.ria-TTnngaTy 31 .2 Italian, North 402 3.0 "Rfilginm 1 ( 0 ) Italian, South 1,182 8.8 Canaria 3 (a) Lithuanian 41 .3 F,n gland 66 .5 Macedonian 13 .1 Franoft 5 (a) Magyar 346 2.6 (rArmany- 49 .4 Mexican 1 (») (rrPfiOft . - 1 ( 0 ) Montenegrin 91 .7 Trp.land 86 .6 Polish 301 2.2 Italy 14 .1 Roumanian 37 .3 Norway 1 (a) Russian 86 .6 Tlnssia g .1 Ruthenian 4 (0) Rontland 66 .5 Scotch 102 \8 Swpdfin 3 (a) Servian 21 .2 Rwitzprland 2 (a) Slovak 391 2.9 Wales . - . 6 (a) Slovenian 57 .4 Africa (country not specified).. 1 («) Spanish 1 (a) )reign-bom, by race: Swedish 5 («) Armenian 2 ( a ) Syrian 5 Bohemian and Moravian s .1 Welsh 11 Bulgarian 123 .9 Austrian (race not specified) 56 .4 Canadian (other than French) .. 2 (a) Belgian (race not specified) 7 («) \ Croatian 258 1.9 Swiss (race not specified) 1 (a) Cuban 1 (a) (a) Danish 2 Grand total 13, 458 100.0 19 -’.l ' English 119 .9 Total native-born of foreign father . . 343 2.5 French . . 38 .3 Total native-born 9,541 70.9 ' German 112 .8 Total foreign-born 3,917 29.1 a Less than 0.05 per cent. By reference to the table above it is seen that about seven-tenths 'f the total number of miners were native-born and three-tenths )reign-born. Thirty-two and six-tenths per cent of the total were jative whites born of native father, while 35.7 per cent were native- jbrn negroes, showing the fact that the negro constitutes the largest 140 The Immigration Commission. racial element among the southern bituminous mine workers. Thi group of persons native-born of foreign father, or the second genera tion of immigrants, aggregates only one-fortieth of the total numbe of employees and includes small groups of fourteen races, those mos important numerically being English, German, Irish, and Scotch. As regards the races of recent immigration, the South Italian ha the largest representation, the employees of that race forming ove 30 per cent of the foreign-born and more than 8 per cent of the tota number employed. The North Italian, Slovak, Magyar, and Polish in the order named, stand next to the South Italian in numerica importance, constituting together about one-tenth of the total num her employed. The Croatian is also a prominent race and in th present exhibit forms about 2 per cent of the total mine worker covered. There are comparatively small numbers of immigrant from Great Britain and northern Europe, the total number of per sons belonging to such races reporting being only 437, or 3.2 pe cent of the total number employed. In addition to the races already mentioned, the presence of the Bulgarian, Macedonian, Idthuanian Montenegrin, Roumanian, Russian, Slovenian, and Servian is indi cated in considerable numbers. Other races of southern and easten Europe are also represented among the mine workers in comparativeb small numbers. For the purpose of giving a more local application to the racia movements to the coal-mining industry of the South, it has beei thought profitable to present the history of immigration to the coal producing States of Virginia, West Virginia, and Alabama, wliicl nave used immigrant labor in their recent remarkable development In addition to the local interest attaching to such a presentation, i detailed exhibit of this kind within a limited compass is valuable fo com])arative purposes. The situation in Alabama is first considered followed by West Virginia and Virginia. HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COAL MINES OF ALABAMA. The coal-producing region of Alabama is divided into three dis tinct districts or basins known by the names of the rivers whicl drain them — the Warrior, the Coosa, the Cahaba.® The Warrio district is the largest and contains 23 regular seams varying in thick ness from a few inches to 16 feet, the total thickness of all seam reaching in some places as high as 115 feet, but the Cahaba distric is the principal producer. The county of Jefferson, which include the city of Birmingham, is in the Cahaba district and contribute more than 50 per cent of the total bituminous coal output of the State The total coal area of Alabama is estimated to be 6,500 square miles. The coal development of the State began about 1870, and with th exception of the years 1893 and 1894, there has been an annua increase in the coal production.® The census of 1840 reported ; production of coal in Alabama for that year of 946 tons, and in th census of 1860, 10,200 tons were reported. According to the censu report of 1870, the production for that year was 13,200 tons, and h 1880 the Tenth Census reported a production of 323,972 tons.* Th « Report on Mines and Quarries, 1902, United States Census Bureau, pp. 54, 16( 167, 680. b Ibid. pp. 167, 680, 681. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 141 nsus reports of 1890 and 1902 give the following figures for the coal- ■ ■ industry in the State of Alabama and the prmcipal coal-pro- ining icing counties: BLE 409 ^ Development of bituminous coal mining in the State of Alabama, by county, 1902. om report on Mineral Industries, 1890, United States Census Bureau p. 347. Report on Mines and Quarries, 1902, United States Census Bureau.] Census of each specified year. Number of mines. Average number Annual production. County. of wage- earners. Value. Short tons. 1902 8 1,712 51,842,163 6,975,929 1,487,407 5,85.5,536 1,903,976 1,107,651 1902 48 6,954 1902 43 2.313 2,147,894 1,453,680 1 other counties 1902 46 1,951 Total for Stoto .... 1902 145 12,930 12,419,666 10, .354, 570 3,572,983 Totsl for 1890 57 6,975 3,961,491 The coal counties are riiount, cyaiiiiitiu, ii^uuwtui, [arion, St. Clair, Shelby, Tuscaloosa, Walker, and Winston. Rightly lore than one-half of the coal produced comes from Jefferson County lone, and over 89 per cent is produced in Jefferson, Walker, and J3ibb Dunties.® Birmingham is located in the east-central portion of efferson County. The Cahaba field has an estimated area of 435 [juare miles, and lies in St. Clair, Jefferson, Shelby, and Bibb coun- IGS. The measures of the Cahaba field have only a thin ledge of lime- tone a few feet in thickness running through them, and more resem- tle the measures of the coal fields of Arkansas and Oklahoma than hose of the middle and middle western States. Owing to the absence f any considerable amount of pyrites of sulphur, the seams in the 'ahaba field are more easily worked than those of Illinois.^ The development of the Cahaba district has taken place largely within the past twenty years. A brief statement shows 2,900,000 ons of coal mined twenty years ago compared with over 14,000,000 ons in 1907 and about 11,000,000 tons in 1908; 500,000 tons of coke nanufactured twenty years ago compared with more than 3,000,000 ,ons in 1908; and 401,330 tons of pig iron twenty years ago compared vith 1,400,000 tons in 1908. The United States Census of 1900 gave to Birmingham proper i population of 38,415, and to the surrounding communities popu- ation as follows: moo ?rattW.v: ; '’562 Cardiff. 658 The races employed as miners or as outside men at the mines in the Birmingham district are negro, native white. South Italian, Scotch, ® Report on Mines and Quarries, 1902, United States Census Bureau, pp. 167, 580 681 ^ Geological Survey of Alabama, Report on Cahaba Coal Field, by Joseph Squire, pp. 4-5. 142 The Immigration Commission. Slovak, French, English, Bulgarian, German, Irish, Welsh, and Non Italian the order in which they are named being, according to the numerical strength. Practically no Italians are miners; they are en ployed almost altogether on the mining tipples or in outside work. The first immigrants to be employed in the mines in any nur bers were the Scotch, Welsh, and Slovaks, together with a few Frenc- English, and Irish, and a small number of South Italians as outsid men. They were first employed over twenty years ago. During tf next five years immigration to the mining communities consists chiefly of Slovaks, English, and Welsh, with a small number of Iris Scotch, Germans, French, and South Italians. In the next te years an increasing number of South Italians were employed, with few Slovaks, Scotch, and French. In the last five years the new( immigrants in mining occupations have been chiefly Bulgarians an North and South Italians, with a small number of French au Scotch. In addition to the above races, a few Poles have bee miners for about ten years, although in 1904 a considerable numb( were brought in, but departed almost immediately. The Bulgariai in the mining communities are composed entirely of those wh have drifted away from the steel plant at Ensley, Alabama, whei they were first employed. A large number of Slovaks have left tt district since the strike of 1904. PRESENT RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINE EMPLOYEES IN ALABAMA. The racial composition of the operating forces of the mines in Alj bama at the present time is shown in detail in the following table: Table 470 . — Number of male employees in Alabama for whom information was secure' by general nativity and race. (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number. General nativity and race. Numbf Native-born of native father: Foreign-born, by race— Continued. White 1,979 English Negro 4, 429 French German Native-born of foreign father, by country Greek of birth of father: Irish Austria-Hungary 14 Italian, North . . f Canada 2 Italian, South 1. England 29 Lithuanian France 1 Macedonian Germany 11 Magyar < Greece 1 Mexican Ireland 22 Montenegrin Italy 2 Polish 1 Norway 1 Roumanian Scotland 33 Russian J Sweden 2 Scotch Servian Total 118 Slovak 1 Slovenian Total native-born 6,526 Spanish Swedish Foreign-bom, by race: Welsh Armenian 2 Austrian trace not specified t Bohemian 5 Belgian trace not specified t Bulgarian 118 Swiss trace not specified") . . . . Canadian rothpr than Prpnnht 1 Croatian 2 Total foreign-born 9( Cuban 1 Danish 2 Grand total 7,4c Dutch 6 Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 143 As the result of the investigation of individual employees, 7,495 liners in the Birmingham district, as can be seen from the preceding ible, furnished complete data as to their nativity and race. Of the Dtal number thus reporting 6,408 were native-born of native father, 18 were native-born of foreign father, and 969 were foreign-born, his division by nativity does not afford a basis for a hard and fast lassification of the mine workers by general nativity and race, but / does corroborate the preceding estimates as to the different elements 1 the population and indicates the proportionate racial distribution 1 the operating forces at the mines. This is especially noticeable in iie smallness of the proportion of foreign-born as compared with the 3 tal number reporting, and also in the fact that 69 per cent of the ative-born of native father are negroes. In connection with those native-born of foreign father, it will be bserved that this group of 118 employees is almost entirely com- osed of English, Scotch, Irish, and German, with the addition of 14 liners of Austro-Hungarian parentage. The entire number of native- orn of foreign father only constitutes about 1.6 per cent of the total umber reporting as to race. The number of foreign-born furnishing information constitutes bout 13 per cent of the total. In this group, as in the second gen- ration, the English, Irish, Scotch, and German make an important bowing, numbering, together with the French and Welsh, 250 and irming 25.8 per cent of all foreign-born. Of the more recent immi- rants from southern and eastern Europe the largest representation is arnished by the South Italians, followed, in the order of their umerical showing, by, the Bulgarian, Montenegrin, North Italian, lovak, Slovenian, Russian, Greek, and Magyar races. These races ompose 63 per cent of the total foreign-born. The remaining 12 per ent of foreign-born persons are scattered among 16 different races. ERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES IN ALABAMA COAL MINES. As regards the period during which foreign-born persons have 3sided in the United States the table below affords a detailed exhibit, y general nativity and race : ABLE 471 . — Number of foreign-born male employees in Alabama who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (study of employees.) 5y years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction Is made for time spent abroad.] Race. Number reporting Number in the United States each specified number of years. complete data. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. oreign-bom: Armenian 1 1 Bohemian and Moravian 5 i 2 2 Bulgarian 115 1 40 50 13 2 8 Canadian (other than French). Croatian 1 1 2 i 1 Cuban 0 Danish 2 1 1 144 The Immigration Commission. Table 471. — Number of foreign-horn male employees in Alabama who have been in t United States each specified number of years, by race — Continued. Race. Number reporting complete data. Number in the United States each specified number of years. Under 1 . 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 200 ' ove: Foreign-born— Continued. Dutch English French German Greek Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Polish Roumanian Russian Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Welsh Austrian (race not specified). Belgian (race not specified).. Swiss (race not specified). Total 954 30 138 101 91 50 155 61 42 The races of most recent arrival in the United States, as show] in the table above, are South Italian, Bulgarian, and Montenegrin The majority of the two latter races have been in the country les than one year and almost all under three years. About 3 per cen of all foreign-born persons employed have been in the United State less than one year and 14.5 per cent one year only. On the othe hand, of the 46.5 per cent of the total who have been in the Unitei States more than five years, about 44 per cent are immigrants froD Great Britain and northern Europe, the greater part of whom hav been in the United States for a period longer than twenty years Eliminating the English, Irish, Scotch, Germans, French, and a feT Italians, the larger part of the immigrants employed in the Bir mingham mines have been in the United States less than five years HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COAL FIELDS OF WEST VIRGINIA West Virginia has been of more or less importance as a coal-pro ducing State since it was formed in 1863. The industry’s mos striking growth, however, has been made since the year 1893. Ii its first year as a State, the total production was 444,648 ® shor tons. From 1863 to 1893 the production was gradually increased and almost every year showed an increase over the one immediatel} preceding it. In the year last mentioned the production wa^ 10,708,578 short tons,' and since then the increase has been rapic ® Production of Coal in 1908, p. 193. E. W. Parker, United States Geological Sur vey, Mineral Resources of the United States. Bituminous Coal Industry in the South. 145 id 'Constant. For the past twenty-seven years there have been ily two instances in which production has shown a decrease in one 3 ar as compared with the one preceding. These exceptions were L 1895 and 1908, both years of financial depression. The high- ater mark was reached in 1907, when 48,091,583 short tons were lined. When the mining industry began to be developed, the State as a hole was sparsely settled, and the expansion of the industry was irther hampered by the fact that topographically the sections intaining the best coal were rugged and transportation facilities ere slowly developed. Because of these conditions, and the lack [ sufficient capital for many years, the operations were scattered nd rather small, and practically all labor to operate the mines was icured from the immediate vicinity. As more coal was mined each ear, and new mines were opened up, the available numbers of native eople, always small, began to decline and the negroes, principally •om Virginia, began to be attracted to the coal fields, while sorae bite native miners from adjoining States also appeared. Within lore recent years the mining industry has been consolidated more ad more and many very large companies have been formed. The reatest development has been going on in four well-defined fields, a presenting a history of immigration and a discussion of the con- itions resulting therefrom, only these four fields will be discussed, hey do not contain all the counties within the State which produce oal, but they contribute more than 90 per cent of the total output, hey are also clearly defined and have certain distinguishing geo- raphic and physiographic features. Practically all the inami- rant laborers employed in coal mines within the State are in mines icluded in these sections. Two of these fields are located in the northern part of the State nd two in the southern. Those in the northern are the Fairmont, or Jpper Monongahela, and the Elk Garden, or Upper Potomac, districts, hose in the southern are the New and Kanawha rivers district, which icludes what are usually popularly divided into the New and Kana- ha river fields, and the Pocahontas or Flat Top district, which also icludes Tazewell County in Virginia. Although conditions in many respects are very similar in all these istricts, there have been certain elements entering into the develop- aent of each which make it different in some respects from the others, nd for this reason the divisions above referred to will be treated eparately. Fairmont and Elk Garden Coal Fields op West Virginia. The Elk Garden field, as compared with the other coal-producmg listricts of the State, is small. Owing to this, and to the fact that t adjoins the Fairmont field and that conditions are very similar in )oth, they will be treated together. The Elk Garden field is made ip of Tucker, Grant, and Mineral counties. ^ Tucker County, which iroduces 51 per cent of the coal of the district and employs 72 per lent of the immigrant labor, is bounded on the north and west by lounties included in the Fairmont field. The Fairmont coal field is composed of Barbour, Harrison, Marion, Monongahela, Preston, and Caylor counties, and in 1908 the field had a production of 9,581,436 146 The Immigration Commission. short tons and employed a total of 11,470 men. The most extensiv development in this field has been in Harrison and Marion counties In 1908 these two counties produced 7,185,036 short tons, or 74.9 pe cent of the entire output of the field and employed 7,440 men, or 66. per cent, of all the labor. The first mines opened were operated exclusively by native whit labor from the immediate vicinity, but when development becam extensive operators had to bring in men from other communities t work the mines. This condition of affairs prevailed from 1889 to 1892. About 189 or 1893, not being able to secure sufficient numbers of American white or negroes, some of the larger operators began to bring in immigrants These w^ere secured from two sources: First, a few came with th Americans from the soft-coal region of southwestern Pennsylvania and, second, from labor agencies in New York — the greater numbe from the latter source. The numbers secured, however, were comparatively small, ani until 1897 the immigrant labor employed was not in excess of 10 pe cent of the total operating forces. The first immigrants to come t' the field were Poles, Slovaks, and Italians (principally North Italians) and within a very short period Magyars began to arrive. As th production of coal began to increase and additional mines wer opened the demand for labor increased, and these first immigrant formed a nucleus for the attraction of additional numbers of thei races. The following brief discussion will give some idea of th coming of the most prominent races to the fiMd: Italians . — The Italians have been an important race in this fiel( almost since their introduction, and have outnumbered any other sin gle immigrant race. The first to be employed in numbers of any con sequence arrived about the year 1892. They were first induced t( come to mines along the Monongahela River in Marion County, anc were only employed at two or three mines for the first few years. A; the new mines were developed and those already in operation increase( their output, they kept pace with this progress, and are now founc practically all over the field. This race has centered along th< Monongahela River in the mining towns in the vicinity of Fairmon and Clarksburg, and of the 2,100 employed in and about mines ii 1908 about 75 per cent were in Marion and Harrison counties. Slovaks and Poles . — The Slovaks and Poles entered the field a about the same time as the Italians, and, like the Italians, were firs brought to mines along the Monongahela River in Marion County At the time when immigrants were first induced to come to the field the largest mines and the greatest development were found in thi^ section. Their numbers were comparatively small until 1897 When the industry was extended these races increased in numbe] and became more and more scattered. The town of Monongah liae always been a center for Slovaks and Poles, more of these nationali- ties being found there than in any other locality. At present, these two races are employed in about equal numbers in the field, the number of each race being about 650. Fully 80 per cent of the tota number are in Marion and Harrison counties. Magyars . — The Magyars first secured employment about 1893, a1 first only in small numbers, but as in the case of other races, they Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 147 ave been constantly increasing in numbers and spreading out to ew mines. The first members of this race came from the neighbor- ig coal fields of Pennsylvania, and have been added to by emigra- ,on from that section, by recruits drawn from labor agencies in few York, and by the coming of friends and relatives from Europe ■) join the men already located in the Fairmont district. Some also ame into this field in search of work from the Connellsville coke 5 gion of Pennsylvania during the strike of 1894. Oroatians . — The Croatians are of recent arrival, the advent of the ace dating back not more than five years. They came in largest umber to the town of Monongah where, in 1907, an explosion filed between three and four hundred men. Since then, the Croa- ians employed there have increased from about 25 to 225. They re not present in such great numbers in other mines of the region, s there have been no such disasters to create vacancies. It is also worthy of note that the majority of all immigrants coming into the eld after the financial depression of 1907 were Croatians. They very ften came in bands in search of work, and in some instances have een known to walk from the bituminous regions of Pennsylvania to his field. Other races of recent immigrants have been employed in the field 1 varying numbers for the past seven or eight years, but have been s a rule an unsettled class rarely accompanied by families. The lost prominent races among these recent immigrants are Russians, athuanians, Slovenians, and Ruthenians. They represent about 3 er cent of all labor in the field. The general strikes of 1894 and 1895, which affected the bituminous oal fields more or less throughout the country, were felt in this eld. In all these strikes the operators were, as a whole, victorious, nd since then the field has been nonunion. The strikes affected the reduction of the field to a considerable extent. There was no eneral bringing of immigrants or natives as strike-breakers, but ome immigrants came in from other fields where the strikes were lore severe. Immediately after the labor difficulties were over, be field entered upon an era of unprecedented growth, which called Dr more men. Moreover, many of the better class of American miners fit the field and moved to the organized regions of the Middle West nd Southwest. This made two immediate causes for the employ- lent of immigrants, and great efforts were put forth on the part of mployers to secure their services. At many of the mines no immigrants are employed, and as a rule he companies employing immigrants follow a policy of mixing the ifferent races. From the best information obtainable the racial lassification of the total number employed in the district is about s follows : Per cent of total operating forces. merican, White 52. 5 -inerican, Negro 3. 4 talian, North and South i 18. 6 lagyar 6. 5 'ohsh 5.5 lovak 5. 5 roatian 3. 0 English-speaking and German 2.0 lOutheastern European races not specified 3. 0 148 The Immigration Commission. In Harrison and Marion counties, where the greatest development has taken place and where most of the immigrants are found, th ' proportion of different races to the total number employed is abou r as follows : 1 Per cent of toi operating forc( American, White 46 American, Negro 3. Italian 21.' Magyar 6.!* Polish 6, Slovak 6. ] Croatian 4. English-speaking and German 2. ' Southeastern European races not specified 2 .,^ For the purpose of gaining a clearer conception of the history oii immigration to this district and the resultant changes in the racei of immigrants employed, a detailed account of immigration to p representative locality will be valuable. With this object in vie\ a typical community has been selected which will be designated a I Community Number 1. This locality, which is little more than .t mining camp, is situated in Marion County, in the heart of the sof coal region of northern West Virginia.® It is on the line of a traction company, about 6 miles from the county seat of the county in whicl it is located. A trunk line railroad also has a spur running out t( the town. The 4 mines and coke ovens constitute its sole industries The output of the 4 mines is between 3,000 and 4,000 tons per day. The racial composition of the town^s population is constantly changing, as the population itself constantly fluctuates. There r a large class of what may be termed floating labor, which greatl} outnumbers the men with families who are more likely to remaii in the community. This fact renders it almost impossible to givi an accurate or clear account of the coming of each race to the com munity by periods. Moreover, the increases or decreases in the popu lation all depend upon the amount of work available at differen times in the mines. The history of immigration to the community, however, is largely identical with the history of the development of the coal busin«sj in the locality. For this reason, and from the fact, as stated above that it would be impracticable to take up the history of each race separately, it has been thought best to give a general account of th( coal-mining industry in the community. A conception of the immi- gration question, as locally applicable, can be made clearer in thif way than by taking up the history of each race independently. Coal mines were first opened in the community in the year 1890 At that time the production of coal in West Virginia was small as com- pared with that of the present time. The total output from the State m 1889 was only 4,663,859 tons. Competition was very keen, and foi the first two years of their operation the local mines were able tc secure sufficient native labor to handle their limited output of aboul 400 tons a day. The production of coal in West Virginia rapidlj assumed noteworthy proportions, however, and West Virginia coal In 1907 Marion County stood fourth in point of coal production among the countief of West Virginia. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 149 3 on established itself in the commercial world. By 1892 the utput for the State had reached 7,777,570 tons, and in 1897 had icreased to 1 1 ,705,829. A very active demand had been created, and tie operators in Community No. 1 as early as 1892 found themselves icing an insufficiency of labor supply. To increase their producing ability, the operators first attempted be introduction of negro labor. In 1892 two carloads of negroes 7 ere brought in from North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia, ffiese proved unsatisfactory. Recourse was next had to Italian ibor, and during 1893 and 1894 many of that race were secured rom New York. The Italians were found quite satisfactory as work- aen, but it soon became necessary to employ more men. About 200 ;iavs and Poles were consequently brought in from New York through ibor agencies. In 1894 occurred the great soft coal strike. The West Virginia ields were affected in common with the rest. The controversy was [uickly settled at the mines in Community Number 1. The strikers \rere unsuccessful, and within a few days the district was definitely cade nonunion, and is so maintained at present. Practically all »f the employees soon went back to work and it was unnecessary 0 import strike-breakers. Shortly afterwards, however, large num- )ers of American miners began to go out to the union districts of i^ennsylvania and Ohio, where the strike had been successful. To neet this second great deficit in the labor supply, the local mines vere forced to seek foreign labor in earnest. Large numbers of mmigrants, seemingly without distinction or preference of race, vere brought in through labor agencies in 1894. From that time orward the employment of immigrant labor became a fixed policy. In December, 1907, there occurred an explosion in which a large lumber of men were killed. The whole energies of the company iffected were concentrated upon the damaged mines with the object )f reopening them as soon as possible. Within two months the nines had been cleared and were ready for operation. Full time vas guaranteed for their operation, and forces were largely drawn iway from the other shafts and concentrated in them. There was 10 lack of men. Attracted by the guarantee of full time, more than 150 Croatians, Magyars, and Austrians came in from the Ohio and Pennsylvania fields. A great many Poles who had been in the town previously also returned. At that time work was difficult to ffitain elsewhere and these miners gladly availed themselves of this opportunity. This, in brief, is the history of immigration to the locality. The races which have secured work may be seen at a glance from the tables following showing the racial classification of employees in the local mines in the years 1907, 1908, and 1909.“ The series of three tables will also exhibit the changes in racial composition of the forces from 7 ear to year. ® From the Annual Reports of the Chief Mine Inspector of Virginia,. Racial designations are confused, but are sufidcient to indicate the racial composition of the operating forces. 150 The Immigration Commission. Table 472. — Number of inside and outside employees in Community No. 7, by recce, 19 ^ Race. Inside men. Outside men. On coke ovens. Tota American, White 196 13 205 166 5 136 3 2 56 t 5 5 I 1 Negro Italian 34 Polish Lithuanian Austrian 2 1 Hungarian Scotch 1 Total 586 170 64 P i. Table 473. — Number of employees in Community No. 1, by race, July 1, 1908, andMay, 1909. JULY 1, 1908. Race. Number. Race. 1 Numb American, White 324 Hungarian Negro 24 Slovak j Italian 194 Svrian , Polish 45 German » Lithuanian 14 Austrian 14 Total MAY 1, 1909. American, White 300 30 250 100 30 10 Slovak [ 1 Negro Croatian Italian Magyar Polish All other races Lithuanian Total Austrian \ As regards the total population of the community by race, tl following table based upon careful estimates is submitted. 1 addition to an estimate or the total population, the effort was mac to secure the number of boarders and families of the immigrant rac( in order to show the transitory character of a large element of tl population. In this connection it will be noted that the floatir element designated as boarders constitutes about one-fourth of tl whole. It also should be borne in mind that the town has only bee in existence since the year 1889. Table 474. — Estimated population of Community No. 1, by race, 1909. Race. Number of families. Number of boarders. Total number < persons. Italian 84 174 5 Polish 20 115 2 Slovak 10 50 1 Croatian 15 100 1 Magvar 20 75 1 Austrian Lithuanian Other races “ Total 159 1,3 American. White 1,2 1 Grand total 2,7 Include Irish, German, Scotch, Syrian, and Hungarian, Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 151 New and Kanawha Rivers District. The New and Kanawha rivers coal field is situated in the south 3 ntral part of West Virginia, reached by the Cincinnati and Ohio :ailroad and its many branches. The Virginian Railway also taps lis field and connects it with the eastern coast, and the Kanawha ad Michigan Railroad affords an outlet to the Lakes. This field ranks second in point of production of the four fields nder discussion. Until the year 1906, with the exception of 1902, hen its output was greatly reduced by a severe strike, it was first i point of production. After the settlement of the strike it again )ok; the lead, and did not relinquish it until 1906, since which year le Pocahontas field has had first place. For several years prior to 888 the production of the New and Kanawha rivers field was more lan the combined production of the other three. This field includes lay, Fayette, Kanawha, Nicholas, Putnam, and Raleigh counties. For the purposes of this report only the three counties, Fayette, [Kanawha, and Raleigh will be considered, as they produce 96 per 3 nt of the coal of the area and employ 95 per cent of all men working t mines, together with all immigrant mine workers. The conditions i three counties under discussion vary considerably in some features, 'ayette and Raleigh counties constituting what is popularly known 3 the New River Field. Small numbers of immigrants have been employed in both Fayette ad Kanawha counties since 1897, but they were very few and con- ned only to certain mines and one locality until 1902. In 1893 ne company, operating at Glen Jean, brought in a small force of lagyars and Slovaks from the mines of Pennsylvania, and since that me these races have been employed at that mine. Many of those riginally introduced are still in the employment of the company, ud others have come in from time to time. About 100 men were rought in during 1893, almost equally divided between the two races bove mentioned, and including from 15 to 20 families. At this me the field was thoroughly unionized, and through the efforts of le miners’ union immigration was checked, and no immigrants atered the other mines in the vicinity. About this same time a m were employed in several mines in Kanawha County, but they ^ere men who had drifted in, were scattered about, and were not in afficient numbers to have an influence on any mine, or to cause lore to come. In the year 1902 there was a very severe strike which greatly educed the output of the field, as a majority of the mines were losed for a considerable period. This strike occurred at the time of ae anthracite strike in Pennsylvania and owing to the unsettled con- itions of labor generally prevailing in the coal-mining regions coal as commanding a very high price. The operators, after being con- inced that the union would not agree to their terms, began to bring 1 men to break the strike. Any man who was willing to work in or bout the naines was employed, and great numbers of immigrants, s well as Americans from the North and negroes from Virginia, forth Carolina, and South Carolina, were induced to come. These len were secured principally by agents of the companies, who visited he industrial and mimng districts of the North and the towns in 152 The Immigration Commission. agricultural sections of the southern States above mentioned. I means of regularly organized labor agents a large number of imn grants were also secured. In parts of the Kanawha field the stril was settled without resorting to strike-breakers, and this section still unionized. The operators, by using the methods above mentioned, were su cessful throughout the New River field and in one part of the K nawha. Consequently the mines resumed operations and have nev recognized labor organizations. During all this strike period tl mining company which had introduced the immigrant labor sop years before operated steadily with two shifts, and was the only mil in the section which was not closed during the strike. In addition to the fact that the strike marked the entrance of tl southern and eastern Europeans into the field, it also serious affected the production of coal. The production in 1902 in this fie: was 1,337,769 tons less than the year preceding, and if the futu: growth of the field and the increase shown by other fields not affech may be used as an indication, these figures are not more than on half the actual loss in production. After the strike was broken a great many American nainers of tl better class began to leave the field and go to the organized coal di tricts of the Middle West. This action on the part of old employ ei continued for several months after the mines had resumed operation and left a vacancy wliich had to be filled. Those of the strike**breal ers, therefore, who could be induced to stay, were prevailed upon \ do so, and to these many more have since been added. The demap for men was made much greater by the growth of the fi«ld both i output of mines already in operation and in new ones opened, an since the period of the strike the influx of immigrants from continent: Europe, and of negroes from Virginia and North and South Carolir has been constant. Owing to the fact that a large number of the immigrants comic to this field were secured from labor agencies and ^‘brought in o transportation'’ and to the further fact that the supply of laborei has always been inadequate, very little preference has been show for certain races, and a great number of races are represented in th field. There are a few races, however, which have been employe throughout the period, are more numerous and stable than the res and seem to be the races from which will come the greater part ( the future immigration for the development of the field. Thes races are discussed below in some detail. Magyars and Slovaks . — Although not kindred races and rarely foun socially commingling, the Magyars and Slovaks are treated togethe; because the history of one is, with the possible exception of som minor details, the history of both. Both races entered the fiel at the same time and have been important factors in its recec development. As stated before, the first members of these race to come to this field came in 1892 and 1893 from Pennsylvank Owing to the fact that all the other mines in the locality wer organized they were confined to this one plant. Although occasional! members of these races left either to go to other fields or to return t their native land, the force was constantly replenished by th O-dvent of friends from Europe and from other sections of the Unite 153 Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. ;tates, and was kept intact throughout the period 1892 to 1902. )ince the strike of 1902 considerable numbers of these races have come Qto the region, and in most cases both races are represented in almost very locality where immigrant labor is employed. Glen Jean has, lowever, always been a headquarters for these two races and they are acre permanently established there than in any other locality. The ;reat majority of those coming have been either single men or mar- led men not accompanied by their families, and owing to the pros- )erous condition of the mining industry they are constantly moving rom mine to mine. There are at present about 780 Magyars and 150 Slovaks employed in this field. Italians . — The exact date of the entrance of members of the Italian ace into this field is somewhat doubtful. A few have been employed it two mines in the Kanawha district, however, since the year .899. That year is believed to be the real beginning of immigration )f the Italian race into the field. The number employed up to the itrike of 1902 was small, and it was in this year that they began to come n earnest. Some were brought into the field along with other races as itrike-breakers. Since the strike they have entered in greater num- )ers than any other race, and greater numbers of them have been lecured through labor agencies than of any other two races. The najority of those employed are South Italians. A great number have ;ome into the field from railroad construction work in this and neigh- )oring States at different times for the past few years, and the influx vas especially great after the financial depression in October, 1907, vhen practically all construction work was stopped. ^ At present there are about 1,500 Italians employed in and about the nines of the district. The greater number of them are single men or nen who are married but not accompanied by their families, and the )roportion of adult males to families is much larger among members )f this race than of any other found in the community. The Italian )opulation of the various mining villages where they are found is con- itantly shifting. Poles . — Polish immigration began with the introduction of men of hat race as strike-breakers in 1902.. Many came to the field from )oth the hard and soft coal districts of Pennsylvania. The majority )f those found in the field were originally from Austria, while some Yere from Russia, and a very small number from Germany. As before stated, all those who came to the field first were from the ioal fields of Pennsylvania, both in the bituminous and anthracite 'egions, and were secured by agents of the companies operating in the ield and brought in on transportation. They were first employed in he Loup and White Oak creeks district of the New River field and ire found in greater numbers here than in any other section. Since hey have been employed a great number have gone, but others have jome in and the Polish population has been constantljr increasing. 1 great number have come directly from the coal-mining fields of iustria-Hungary. The percentage of single men and men married but not accompanied 3y their families, while large, is smaller among the Poles in this field han among any other southern or eastern European races, with the possible exception of Russians. There are at present about 750 men this race employed in and about the mines in the region. 48296 °— VOL 7—11 ^11 154 The Immigration Commission. English, Scotch, and Welsh . — Some members of the English, Scotcl and Welsh races have been in this field since its development, an many of the fire bosses, foremen, superintendents, and manager are English and Scotch. None of the races taken singly have eve been employed in sufficient numbers to constitute any large propoi tion of the labor supply of the field. A majority of the members c these races came in from the mining districts of Pennsylvania an other mining regions of the United States. Some have come direc from the coal &lds of England and Wales. Those coming direc from Great Britain are generally accompanied by families, and tli proportion of single men contrasts with that which exists amon the races of continental Europe. They usually associate freely wit Americans and are thoroughly Americanized. After the strike o 1902, as in the case of the native miners, a considerable number o men of these races went to fields that had been organized. Ther are now about 375 English, 100 Scotch, and 50 Welsh employed. Germans . — Germans have been employed in the mines of this fieL for several years. Small numbers were employed in the field befor the strike of 1902, but they were members of the race who had bee; in the United States for many 3 ^ears and had drifted into West Vii ginia from other coal fields, principally those of Pennsylvania and Ohio For the past six or seven years, however, the German immigratioi to this field has been quite active. Not so many have come as com pared with the more prominent races of southern and eastern Europe but a sufficient number to be considered of importance in the labo supply of the field. These immigrants have come very largely fror abroad directly to this field and probably one-third or more are fror Russia. A majority of them are accompanied by families or ar joined by their families soon after arriving. The Germans who hav been in the country many years are thoroughly Americanized am associate freely with Americans. The more recent arrivals lean English much more quickly than the southern and eastern European and maintain a better standard of living. About 350 men of this rac are employed in and about the mines of the field. Lithuanians and Russians . — Along with the other immigrant race brought into the field by operators to take the place of strikinj miners, and later to help in further development of the field, wer Lithuanians and Russians. Some members of these races were securec from the anthracite region of Pennsylvania and others from labo agencies. Within more recent years a considerable portion of th Russians in the field have been secured from employment agencies The Lithuanians and Russians have never been employed in a great numbers as the races of eastern Europe already discussed Many representatives of these races who have come to the field hav left after a short period of time, but new ones are constantly arriving and there is a slight increase from year to year in the total numbe employed . Practically all of the Russians are either single men or mei who are married and not accompanied by families. As a consequenc' they live very largely on the boarding group plan. The Ijithuanians employed are principally young single men wh< have come to this country within recent years to avoid militar}" duty There are, however, several families of this race in the field, am Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 155 [le proportion of families is much higher among them than among lie Russians. The young men move frequently and the number of liis race is constantly changing. There are employed in the field at resent about 175 Russians and about 150 Lithuanians. Other races . — Many races of recent immigration in addition to hose discussed in detail have also been employed since the strike f 1902. When taken separately none of these races are in suffi- ient numbers to be of importance, but taken collectively they con- titute a rather important element of the fiehrs labor force. They iclude Roumanians, Macedonians, Spaniards, Greeks, Syrians, Croa- ians, and a few other Slav races from Austria-Hungary. They are sually without exception bands of single men and are very migra- ory. " They have been introduced into the field by employment gencies and are always considered temporary employees. Practically one ever enter the mines as miners, but engage in the rough un- killed work. In 1908 there was a total of about 350 men of these various races mployed in this field. The development in the field for the past ten ears has kept pace with that of other sections of the State. The apid expansion of operations has called for the addition of many men, nd the recent immigrants were the most available source of supply, firoughout the period 1892 to 1907, as a general rule, there has been great demand for labor at all times, and not much selection has been racticed in getting employees, which accounts in large measure for the irge variety of races found. It is estimated that one large company perating in this field has spent more than $50,000 since 1902 in trans- orting labor to its mines. The greatest numbers of immigrants have come to Fayette and laleigh counties. This is attributable to two causes: First, in a con- iderable portion of Kanawha County and of the district known as the [anawha field, the labor is organized, and, second, the greatest pro- ortionate increases in production have been made in Fayette and laleigh counties. Of these three counties, Raleigh has been most gcently developed, and it is the only one which showed increase in umber of men employed and in production of coal in 1908. Owing to the fact that immigrants have been employed in the field 3r so short a time, they have been more or less unsettled and have Iways shown a disposition to move from mine to mine. This dis- osition was especially manifest during 1908, because of the financial nd industrial depression. They were constantly moving through- ut that year in search of the places offering the most regular employ- lent. A great many of them went back to Europe to await better imes and others were constantly coming in from other fields. In lie case of Italians especially there was a movement from abandoned ailway construction work to the mines. 156 The Immigration Commission. The following table is an estimate of the number and percentaj of the various races employed in the three counties collectively ai in each county separately: Table Alb— Number of employees in each specified county, by race, 1908. Race. Fayette County. Raleigh County. Kanawha County. Total. Per ce- distrib tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. Number. Per cent distribu- tion. American, White 5,852 47.2 1,425 55.0 5,985 73.5 13,262 5d American, Negro 3,493 28.2 465 18.0 900 11.0 4,858 2] Italian 1,000 8.0 148 5.7 425 5.2 1,573 ( Magyar 450 3.6 122 4.7 227 2.7 799 i Polish 500 4.4 100 3.8 180 2.2 780 i English 300 2.4 56 2.1 20 .2 376 ] Slovak 150 1.2 60 2.3 135 1.6 345 ] German 225 1.8 35 1.3 85 1.0 345 1 Russian 105 .8 30 1.1 55 .6 190 Lithuanian 85 .6 45 1.7 20 .2 150 Scotch 40 .3 40 1.5 20 .2 100 Other races 175 1.3 75 2.2 90 1.1 340 1 Total 12,375 100.0 2,571 100.0 8,141 100.0 23,087 KX Pocahontas Field. This important coal field includes the counties of McDowell, Me cer, Mingo, and Logan, located in the extreme southern part of We.' Virginia, along the Virginia and Kentucky line, together with tt adjoining county of Tazewell, in Virginia. The field is penetrate by the main line of the Norfolk and Western Kailway and its man branches. The Pocahontas field was not developed until the construction ( the Norfolk and Western Kailway in 1882. The first mines wei operated at Pocahontas, in Virginia, and just over the line on the Wei Virginia side in the same vicinity. The field opened suddenly an( owing to the fine quality of coal produced, ready markets were foun and development was rapid from the beginning. After starting i Pocahontas the development continued toward the west and wj maintained somewhat ahead of the railway construction. On first opening the mines such of the natives of the district as coul be induced to work at mining were employed, but the supply of labc was inadequate almost from the beginning, while the laborers wei irregular in their attention to work and generally inefficient as mir employees. On the opening of the mines negroes from the agricu tural sections of Virginia and North Carolina also began to enter th field, and within a very short time the operators were sending ou agents and inducing men to come. The negroes proved to be goo employees, but, like the native white people, were inclined to be irrego lar workers. It was also hard to get enough men of these two races t keep up with the expansion of the industry, and in 1884 or 1885 a fe^ Magyars were induced to come to the section from Pennsylvania, wit the idea of starting immigration to the coal mines of the section. Th Magyars were followed in a short time by Slovaks, but the numbei of both were small. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 157 Before 1890 the increase in production was rapid, but was restricted :o the eastern portion of the field. In that year the Norfolk and vVestern Railroad crossed the Elkhorn Mountains and pushed on to he West, giving transportation facilities to the largest and at present nost important part of the field. The period of greatest develop- nent in this section has been within the past ten years or since 1898. that year the production was 5,521,160 tons, and in 1907, when he greatest production was reached, it was 16,777,893 tons, or slightly nore than three times that of 1898. This period has also been the )ne in which the greatest number of immigrants have arrived. Prior ;0 1898, the immigrants were few and confined to comparatively few nines and localities, but since that time they have been generally ‘mployed over the district and almost all mines have some immigrant abor. Within the above mentioned period, a considerable area of McDowell, and the greater part of Mercer and Mingo, and all of Logan counties, have been developed. Some conception of the remarkable expansion of the industry may be gathered from the fact that in 1904 liOgan County produced 326 short tons, while in 1909 the output of his county was 1,683,456 short tons of coal. The development prior to 1898 had required practically all the lative labor that was available, and to carry on subsequent develop- nent labor from the outside sources has been used. This has been Ira wn from two sources — first, immigrants secured through advertising ind employment agencies, together with the great number who have ‘ome directly from abroad and from other sections of the United States, upon the representations of friends and relatives in this ield; second, negroes from the rural regions of Virginia and North ind South Carolina, attracted by the wages paid at the mines. A ;reat number of the immigrants in the newer fields, especially Italians, Nere brought in by railroad contractors, who were engaged in building he roads into the mining districts, and on completion of the con- struction work, they entered the service of the mining companies, ^ully 25 per cent of the Italians employed in the district at present fVere brought in in this way. Magyars. — The Magyar is the most important immigrant race employed in the field from a numerical standpoint, and has con- ributed more toward its development than has any other. Magyars irst came to Pocahontas about 1884 and for several years were employed in mines in this vicinity only. Those first employed were Tom the coal-mining region of Pennsylvania and formed a nucleus ‘or the future immigration of the race to that field. From time to ime, as the industry grew, the number of Magyars employed increased. Vlany have come direct from their native country to friends and rela- Ives here, others have come from sections of the United States in 'esponse to advertisements, through the efforts of employment igencies and because of the influence of friends and relatives already n the field. A great many of the Magyars leave the field, but the nflux is sufficient to maintain a constant increase. Pocahontas has ilways been the center for the Magyar race, and a large proportion bf the total number of men employed in that community are Magyars. The proportion of families to adult males is much greater there and js much more stable than in other localities. There were about 2,000 'ilagyars employed in and about mines in this field in 1908. 158 The Immigration Commission. Italians . — Next in numerical importance to the Magyars are th Italians. Members of this race have been employed in the mine and about the coke works of the field since 1890. A few were the employed in railroad construction, and some of these began workin in the mines. The numbers employed were very small, however, an the race was not of importance until about 1900. The period c greatest Italian immigration has been from 1902 to 1908. In tha period the development of the industry was so rapid that there wa constant recourse to employment agencies in New York and othe cities, and a larger number of Italians than of any other race wa available. The percentage of families among the Italians is ver small, and the men are constantly moving from mine to mine. The^ live for the most part in groups, which in many cases consist solely o males. Many each year leave the community for Europe, but ther are always new arrivals sufficient to keep the number of the race oi the increase. About 1,900 men of the Italian race were employed ii the field in 1908, and fully 90 per cent of them were South Italians Slovaks and Poles . — Slovaks were employed in mines in the vicinik of Pocahontas as early as 1886, but in very small numbers. The firs representatives came in from the coal fields of Pennsylvania. As will other foreign races employed in the field, the increase was very sligh prior to 1898. The Poles arrived in this field about 1895, and, lik the Slovaks, the first were from the bituminous coal fields of Penn sylvania. Very little increase occurred until about 1900. During the early period new arrivals were constantly being employed, bu many of the older representatives of the race were moving to othe; localities. For the past eight years immigration both of Slovaks anc Poles has been very active. Men were secured from labor agencief in New York and from other coal fields, and a great many came fron abroad direct to the field. The proportion of families among th( Slovaks and Poles is much smaller than among the Magyars, bui greater than among the Italians. About 850 Slovaks and 610 Pole.' were employed in the field in 1908. Russians and Lithuanians . — There were about 250 Russians anc 100 Lithuanians employed in the field in 1908. The exact date oi their arrival is unknown, for there is no record of any members oi these races, except that probably a few arrived, prior to 1898. They were first introduced by employers, who secured them from New York labor agencies. Some men have been bringing in their families within the past two or three years, but the majority are single men oi married men whose families are in Europe. They constantly move about from mine to mine, and it is not uncommon for a company tc carry 25 or 30 men of either race on one pay roll and on the succeed- ing pay day to have none. Other races . — Probably 225 men of various races of recent immi- grants were also employed during 1908. These men were principally Roumanians, Croatians, Greeks, and Syrians. They are usually found living with other immigrant races, though in some instances, especially in the case of the Greeks, they form groups and live entirely by themselves. They are constantly moving from place to place and are never accompanied by families. Some members of these races have been employed since 1900, but there has been no permanent increase in the.numbers of any one race. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 159 During the last three months of 1907 and throughout 1908, there fas a great deal of moving from place to place within the field by he immigrant population. A considerable number also went either 0 other coal fields or to Europe, but, on the other hand, some ame in from other fields. The greater part of the moving occurred fithin the field, however, in the effort to secure regular employment. The following tables show the approximate number of men of the arious races and the percentage of each employed in the district or each county separately and for the district as a whole: Table ilQ— Approximate number of employees in the Pocahontas coalfields, by race. [Compiled from original and secondary material.] Race. Employees . Per cent distribu- tion. jii6ric3»ii ^Vhit© 6,690 34.4 .in6ricsn , N Ggro 6, 738 34.7 1,948 10.0 1,912 9.8 Impair 861 4.4 613 3.2 242 1.2 97 .5 82 .4 255 1.3 19,438 100.0 'able 477. — Approximate number of employees in each specified county in the Pocahontas coal fields, by race. [Compiled from original and secondary material.] Race. McDowell County, W.Va. Mercer County, W. Va. Logan County, W. Va. Mingo County, W. Va. Tazewell Coun- ty, Va. Number of em- ployees. Per cent distri- bution. Number of em- ployees. Per cent distri- bution. Number of em- ployees. Per cent distri- bution. Number of em- I ployees. Per cent distri- bution. Number of em- ployees. Per cent distri- bution. jnerican, White. . . 3, 165 27.5 750 32.6 885 50.3 1,310 59.2 580 34.6 .merican, Negro 4,950 43.1 850 37.0 185 10.5 241 10.9 512 30.5 lagyar 1,144 10.0 150 6.5 209 11.9 220 9.9 225 13.4 talian 1,080 9.4 312 13.1 185 10.5 195 8.8 140 8.3 lovak 470 4.1 75 3.3 86 4.9 125 5.6 105 6.3 ’olish 350 3.0 51 2.2 112 6.4 40 1.8 60 3.6 lussian 168 1.5 21 .9 33 1.9 10 .5 10 .6 Lithuanian 40 .3 22 1.0 15 .9 20 .9 0 .0 lerman 43 .4 24 1.5 5 .3 0 .0 10 .6 )ther races 77 .7 45 2.0 46 2.6 52 2.4 35 2.1 Total 11,487 100.0 2,300 100.0 1,761 100.0 2,213 100.0 1,677 100.0 The racial composition of the field may be rendered more appar- !nt by showing the elements in the population of several mining lommunities. Communities No. 1 and No. 2, submitted below, afford epresentative types of localities arising from the opening of new nines and the influx of an immigrant labor supply. Community No. 1 is a purely mining community and one of a eries of small towns along the Tug River. Very little municipal life s manifest. The town itself is the headquarters of a group of 12 nines, all operated under the same management. The general 160 The Immigration Commission. superintendent and chief officers of the mines are located there, an the settlement is larger than any other connected with these 1 mines. The mines began operation in 1902. Previous to that year ther were no settlers of any kind except some scattered mountaineen The first employees were negroes and native whites, the former bein in the large maj ority . The whites native-born of native father were fc the most part mountain people who were unreliable as regular worker and few in number. Negroes could not be secured in sufficient forct and were unsatisfactory as steady miners. From the very first i was realized by the operators that the local labor supply was insul ficient, and immigrants were obtained from New York in as larg numbers as possible through the company's agents. At present th employees number about 3,000, and are racially classified as follows Per cei distribi tiou. Native white 25 Negro 31 Magyar 20 Slovak 9 Russian 1 Polish 3 Italian 8 Roumanian Greek Swedish Other races , Total 100. There has been very little change in the racial composition of th force during the past five years, except that the negroes have beei displaced by immigrants. It is stated that since this displacemen has taken place it has been easier to retain immigrants. The reasoi for this detention, it is alleged, is that the companies pursued a policy of eliminating negroes who were overbearing to the immigrant and al who showed any decided tendency toward lawlessness. The coal mines in and near Community No. 2 have been in oper ation since the year 1883. The earliest immigrants were Magyan and Russian Hebrew^s. The former were employed in the mines anc the latter engaged in business. Magyars arrived as early as twent} years ago in very small numbers. The largest immigration, however has occurred within the past ten years, Italians, Poles, Slovaks Russians, and Magyars arriving during that period. The present population of the community is, racially, as follows: Families. Individuals 15( Polish 6 5< Magyar 150 70< 50 3(H Russian 31 Hebrew, Russian 3 K Bituminous Coal Mining in the South, 161 4CIAL COMPOSITION OF MINE-OPERATING FORCES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN WEST VIRGINIA. The following table shows the nationalities employed in the West irginia mines and their relative proportions on June 30, 1908: Table 478 . — Nationalities employed in the West Virginia mines June SO, 1908. [From Annual Report of the Department of Mines of West Virginia, 1908, p. 92.] Nationality. Total number employed. Per cent distribution of em- ployees re- porting nationality. Per cent distribution of all em- ployees reporting. merican (white) 23,979 46. 312 39. 645 11,270 21. 766 18. 633 6,046 11. 677 9. 996 ung3.ria,n 3,668 7. 084 6. 064 1,901 1,013 3. 672 3.143 ustrian 1. 956 1. 675 ussiB>n 851 1.644 1. 407 620 1.197 1.025 ithuanian ........... ...................................... 506 .977 .837 Dglish ........... ............................................ 488 .943 .807 6nii3,n 430 .831 .711 264 .510 .437 itvitch 180 .348 .298 147 .284 .243 118 .228 .195 115 .222 .190 - ........... 69 .133 .113 plgiqn ............... 25 .048 .041 23 .044 .038 20 .039 .033 dC6doni3.li 13 .025 .022 11 .021 .018 8 .015 .013 ........ 7 .014 .012 ohemian 5 .010 .008 T'ntal 51,777 8,707 100.000 ‘nVnnwn «••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14. 396 rj-rand .... 60,484 100.000 162 The Immigration Commission. As a result of an individual investigation among mine workers i all the coal districts of West Virginia original data as to race an country of birth were received from 5,963 employees. The detaile showing is submitted in the table below: Table Number of male employees in West Virginia for whom information was securer by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number. General nativity and race. Numbei Native-born of native father: Foreign- born, by race— Continued. White 2,410 English Negro 380 French '■ Native-born of foreign father, by country German of birth of father: Greek ] Austria-Hungary 17 Hebrew fotber than Rnstsianl Belgium 1 Herzegovinian Canada 1 Irish 1 England 37 Italian, North i France 4 Italian. South. 1 09 Germany 38 Lithuanian A Ireland 64 Magvar H 01 Italy 12 Montenegrin ui 1 Russia 8 Polish 1 94 Scotland 33 Roumanian 0 Sweden 1 Russian 0 c Switzerland 2 Ruthenian . . 0 Wales 6 Scotch 2 Africa (country not specified) 1 Servian 2 Slovak . - Total 225 Slovenian . do J Swed isb Total native-born 3,015 Svrian Welsh Foreign-bom, by race: Austrian (race not specified) 2 Bohemian and Moravian 3 Bulgarian 5 Total foreign-born 2,94:' Canadian (other than French) 1 Croatian 256 Grand total 5,96; Dutch 13 In the table above only 2,790 persons, or 46.8 per cent, are native- born of native father, while the remaining 53.3 per cent, or 3,173, are native-born of foreign father or foreign-born. The showing as to persons native-born of native father is striking, because the number of native whites is so large when compared with the negroes. Of the total 46.8 per cent the whites form 40.5 per cent, the blacks only 6.3 per cent. Of the foreign-born, the South Italians represent 17.3 per cent of the total number of working people scheduled; North Italians, 5.7 per cent; Slovaks, 5.6 per cent; Magyars, 5.4 per cent; Croatians, 4.5 per cent; Poles, 4.1 per cent; Germans, 1.2 per cent; English, 0.9 per cent; Irish, 0.3 per cent; Scotch, 0.4, and Russians, 1 per cent. The workers considered above are employed, for the most part, either as miners and coke drawers or as unskilled laborers. The preponderance of the South Italians is worthy of notice, that race being exceeded only by the American whites. Of the persons native-born of foreign father, the southeastern Europeans form the largest percentage. PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES IN THE WEST VIRGINIA COAL FIELDS. The percentage of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years is presented in the table following by race of individual. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 163 'ABLE Number of foreign-horn male employees in West Virginia who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (study of employees.) 3v years in the United States is meant years since first arriv,al in the United States. No deduction is made ^ for time spent abroad.] Number Number in United States each specified number of years. Race. reporting complete data. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. 3 1 2 5 1 4 1 1 1 (uLlitii tliciii X^i GHC h) - - - - - 256 13 12 51 53 33 86 7 1 lutcli - - - - 10 1 1 2 1 2 3 50 1 2 1 14 3 4 25 2 2 TGrTTia.n 73 3 3 12 15 4 17 4 8 7 15 2 8 4 1 1 1 Icbrcw (othGr tliJin Russis-n) 3 3 lerzegovinian ricln 16 2 1 2 11 talian North 339 22 9 41 45 33 123 42 18 6 talian South 1,015 56 20 123 122 118 439 82 40 15 40 2 4 3 10 9 8 4 ifapvar 316 27 18 57 44 21 109 20 12 8 13 244 3 9 1 ilontenegriii - ^olish 16 9 39 34 13 89 18 16 10 33 2 5 9 7 3 7 Russian 41 1 4 5 10 4 11 3 1 2 4 1 2 1 26 20 1 1 1 3 20 1 5 5 1 8 Uovak 331 18 12 42 44 33 121 34 15 12 ilAYTonion 15 2 5 2 4 1 1 3 2 1 5 2 2 1 AI iilcli 6 1 5 24 1 1 7 2 2 9 1 1 VuslnBiU (rSiCG not spGcifiGd) Total 2,910 104 419 399 271 1,059 226 134 131 1 167 The number of employees furnishing complete data is 2,910. 3f this number, 1,059, or 36.4 per cent, have been in the United States from five to nine years; 419, or 14.4 per cent, have been [n the United States two years; 399, or 13.7 per cent, have been in the United States three years; 271, or 9.3 per cent, have been in the United States four years; 226, or 7.4 per cent, have been in the United States from ten to fourteen years; 167, or 5.7 per cent, have been in the United States under one year; 134, or 4.6 per cent, have been in the United States from fifteen to nineteen years; 131, or 4.5 per cent, have been in the United States twenty years or over; 104, or 3.6 per cent, have been in the United States one year. More South Italians entered in any one given period than did any other race represented. Of the South Italians, 439 have been in the United States from five to nine years. Those that have been in the United States one year and under one year, however, are fewer in numbers than are those in any other period of residence. It is noticeable that very few of the Croatians have been in the United States over nine years, and that more have been in the United States from five to nine years than appear in any other period. The North Italians, like the South Italians, predominate in the period of from five to nine years’ residence. Those that have been here ten years and over are few. The Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks appear mostly in the five to nine year period. 164 The Immigration Commission. HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COAL FIELDS OF VIRGINIA. Big Stone Gap Field. The first bituminous coal area to be developed in the Unitec States was in the Richmond basin of Virginia. In 1822 this area if reported to have produced 54,000 short tons and ten years later, ii 1832, the production is reported to have reached 132,000 short tons Within a short period this area began to fall off in production, as other fields more favorably situated as to quality of coal and ease o; mining were developed. Not until 1882, when the Norfolk anc Western Railroad was constructed and opened the Pocahontaf region, did Virginia resume any importance as a coal-producing State. In 1880 the production of the State was only 43,079 shori tons, but in the calendar year 1889 it had increased to 865,786 short tons; more than 600,000 tons of this output came from the recently developed Pocahontas mines in Tazewell County. From the opening of the Pocahontas field until the construction of the Clinch Valle} division of the Norfolk and Western Railroad, and the Cumberland Valley division of the Louisville and Nashville Railway in 1891 the greater part of the coal mined in Virginia was from the Pocahontas field in Tazewell County. At present there are three important coal fields in Virginia — the Big Stone Gap field, the Pocahontas, and the Lee County or Black Moun- tain field. Only the Big Stone Gap and the Pocahontas fields are significant in connection with the employment of immigrant labor. The Black Mountain field was not opened until 1905, and in 1908 reached a production of over 460,000 tons.® The Big Stone Gap coal field is of striking importance because of the production of a fine quality of coke, which rivals that of the famous Connellsyille coke of Pennsylvania. This field was not opened until 1891. Nine new mines were started in that year alone, and 124,088 tons of coal were mined during the ensuing year. From 1893 to 1902 the annual coal production of Wise County greatly increased. It exceeded 1,000,000 tons in 1899 and in 1902 the output was 2,422,417 tons. By comparing the output of 1892 with that of 1902 it will be seen that the production was increased nearly twenty times. This field reached its highest mark in 1907, with a production of 3,145,845 short tons, while in 1908, owing to the financial depres- sion, the output was reduced to 2,558,874 short tons. The growth in coke production has kept pace with the coal mined, more than 60 per cent of the total output being made into coke. Owing to the topography of the Big Stone Gap region, the oppor- tunities for agriculture are meager, and it was accordingly very sparsely settled when the mines began to be developed. This fact made the question of labor important from the beginning. To develop the mines almost all the labor had to be brought in from other parts of the country. This labor was procured from three sources: (1) The negroes from other sections of Virginia, (2) white a The Pocahontas field has been treated under West Virginia. That part of the Virginia territory discussed at this point is the Big ^tone Gap coal field or Wise County. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 165 borers from the same section, and (3) immigrants from the soft- )al regions of Pennsylvania, reinforced by friends and relatives from )road. .... All the coal companies operating in the district in its early develop- ent were comparatively small, and the number of immigrants nployed prior to 1900 was small. The first immigrants to come to the field were Magyars from the Pocahontas region. They •rived in 1893 in small numbers and did not have much influence 1 future immigration to the field. In 1896 one company brought 30 ut 50 men from the ConnellsviUe coke region of Pennsylvania, bout 15 of the 50 were accompanied by families, the remainder ther being single or having families in Europe. This force of nployees was composed entirely of Magyars and Slovaks in about jual numbers. The Slovaks and Magyars gradually increased in numbers, while le arrival of scattered representatives of other races of southern id eastern Europe soon became noticeable. The following table ves the number of immigrants employed in mines and at coke orks in the Big Stone Gap field in September, 1908: agyar alian ovak ^lish oumanian. jrvian uthenian.. ennan acedonian ithuanian. ther races. 634 450 200 40 38 14 12 10 7 7 25 It will be seen that immigration to this region began in 1900, and le number employed has increased with the coal and coke produc- on of the district. A brief history of immigration, by races, will be [ interest. Magyars and Slovaks . — These two races will be treated together, 3 they entered the field at the same time. The first important iflux of immigrants of these races occurred in Stonega, Va., in 1896. 'rior to 1900 several coal mines had been started in the Big Stone lap field, but most of them were small and only two employed more lian 300 men. The employment of immigrants was confined to tiese two mines almost entirely during this period and the numbers mployed were small, comparatively speaking, consisting principally f the two races under discussion. From 1900 to 1906 many more mines of more or less irnportance >ere opened and the original companies were constantly increasing beir production. More men were therefore required. The pro- ortion of immigrant labor employed necessarily increased both at be old and new mines, because the increase of production caused a onstant demand for labor. The numbers of Magyars and Slovaks t work, especially the former, kept pace with the production of ioal and coke, and as new mines were opened they began to enter 11 of the region. Friends and relatives of the earlier arrivals came |rom Europe and members of the same races were secured, by dvertising and other inducements, from the coal fields of the 166 The Immigration Commission. North and West. The maximum number of men belonging t these races employed was reached in 1907, when about 900 Ma| yars and 450 Slovaks were employed in the Big Stone Gap fieh Italians . — The Italians employed in the Big Stone Gap field are f( the most part from southern Italy. The nrst Italians to come t: Big Stone Gap came to Norton in 1900. They were not employe in any considerable numbers, however, until about 1902. Sine that time they have been arriving steadily and in large number^ the greatest numbers coming during the years 1905 to 1907. Thei has been direct immigration from Italy to the locality and som have been diverted from railway construction camps in differer sections of the South. As in the case of the other races, the greai est numbers were employed in 1907, when it is estimated that full 650 were at work in and about the mines. The Italians employe in the Big Stone Gap field have been migratory and a very sma proportion of the adults have families with them. Poles . — A few Poles have been employed since 1898, but the have never been numerically important. Those employed hav always been more or less migratory, and not more than 75 to 10 have been employed at any one time. The majority are men wh were secured during the month of August, 1908. They wer employed because of a sudden increase in production at a time whe great numbers of other laborers had left the field because of slacknes of work. None of them were accompanied by families, and the. may all be considered migratory. Chapter III. ECONOMIC STATUS. adustrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied — Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States — General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied — General occu- pation of males at the present time in the households studied — Occupations entered in the bituminous coal-mining industry — Daily earnings in the South — Daily earn- ings in West Virginia — Monthly earnings in representative coal mines in southern West Virginia — Relation between period of residence and earning ability — Annual earnings of male heads of families studied — Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied — Annual family income — Wives at work — Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied — Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers — Sources of family income — Relative importance of the different sources of family income — [Text Tables 481 to 509 and General Tables 205 to 217]. 'JDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSE- HOLDS STUDIED. Before proceeding to a consideration of the present occupation of tie foreign-born races, both males and females, it will be instructive 3 ascertain what were their occupations prior to their arrival in this Duntry. That a clearer understanding of their previous occupations lay be had, the males and females will be considered separately. Of the 224 females who were 16 years of age or over at the time of Dming to the United States, 206, or 92 per cent, were without some rior occupation; 6.3 per cent had worked for wages; while the thers had worked without wages. A detailed showing of the indus- dal condition of each race is made in the following table : ABLE 481. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming^ by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) 'his table Includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign- born.] ace of Individual. Number report- ing complete data. Number — Per cent— With- out oc- cupa- tion. Working for wages. Working without wages. Working for profit. With- out oc- cuna- ti#i. Working for wages. Working without wages. W orking for profit. arman 20 19 1 95.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 alian. South 56 56 100.0 .0 .0 .0 agyar 71 64 5 2 90. 1 7.0 2.8 .0 )lish 59 51 6 2 86.4 10.2 3.4 .0 Total 224 206 14 4 92.0 6.3 1.8 .0 167 168 The Immigration Commission. It is worthy of note in the preceding table that not a single Sout Italian woman had a money-earning occupation prior to her arrivj in the United States; also that 95 per cent of the Germans wei without prior occupation, while 5 per cent had worked for wage in their native country. Of the 71 Magyars reporting, 90.1 per cer were without occupation before coming to the United States, s compared with 86.4 per cent of the Poles thus reported. On th other hand, the Poles show 10.2 per cent of their number, as con pared with 7 per cent of the Magyars, who had previously worke for wages, and 3.4 per cent of their number, as compared with 2. per cent of the Magyars, who had worked without wages prior t their arrival in this country. In the table next presented the thre general groups are divided into the specific occupations of whic they are composed. Table 482 . — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females w) were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (study op households.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreig born.] Race of individual. Number reporting com- plete data. Per cent without occu- pation. Per cent working for wages. Per cent working without wages. I Per cent working for j Farm laborers. In domestic service. In other occu- pations. Total. Farm laborers. In other occu-j pations. Total. German 20 95.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 Italian, South 56 100.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Magyar 71 90.1 2.8 1.4 2.8 7.0 2.8 .0 2.8 Polish 59 86.4 1.7 3.4 5.1 10.2 3.4 .0 3.4 Total 224 92.0 1.3 1.3 3.6 6.3 1.8 .0 1.8 Of the number reporting complete data, 1.3 per cent were fan laborers, 1.3 percent servants and waitresses. The Poles show 1. E er cent and 3.4 per cent, respectively, of their number as havin een farm laborers or servants, waitresses, etc., as compared wit 2.8 per cent and 1.4 per cent of the Magyars in the same occupations The Poles also show 5.1 per cent of their number, as compared wit 2.8 per cent of Magyars, in all other occupations, while the German show 5 per cent in this group. Of the 224 females reporting, 4, c 1.8 per cent, report that they had, prior to coming to the Unite States, worked as farm laborers without wages. The table next prc sented, based upon 892 males in the households studied, who wer 16 years of age or over when they came to this country, show that only 15, or 1.7 per cent, were without some occupation prior t their arrival in the United States; 514, or 57.6 per cent, worked fo wages; 291, or 32.6 per cent, worked without wages; and 72, or 8. per cent, worked for profit. 169 Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. Table ASS —Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-horn males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-bom.] Number— Per cent— Number report- ing com- plete data. Race of individual. With- out occupa- tion. Working for wages. Working without wages. Working for profit. With- out occupa- tion. Working for wages. Working without wages. Working for profit. /^nrfTiOTl . . . 34 23 10 1 0.0 67.6 71.9 59.0 53.1 53.5 60.9 29.4 15.6 32.2 37.5 30.8 QO 1 2.9 6.3 Q A Italian Nortli 64 4 46 10 4 6.3 Italian South 261 1 154 84 22 . 4 3.1 o. 4 ft jjittiiifinia.n 32 1 17 12 2 0. o 1 Q 1 Mapvar 198 5 106 61 26 2. 5 1.1 .0 io. 1 fi 0 Pn]iQh 184 2 112 59 11 6^. 1 K7 1 D. U 9 Q T?1 OOIQTI 35 14 20 1 40. 0 40.0 0/. 1 51.7 8.3 Slovak 60 24 31 5 .0 Total 892 15 514 291 72 1.7 57.6 32.6 8.1 Although the North Italians in the foregoing tables show a larger percentage of persons without prior occupation than do immigrants of any other race, they also report 71 .9 per cent of their number as havmg worked for wages, the largest per cent reported by any one race ^d exceeding the proportion of Germans by 4.3 per cent. On the other hand, the Germans report 13.8 per cent more than the North Italians as working without wages, and 3.4 per cent less than the North Ital- ians as working for profits. Of the 261 South Italians only one had no occupation in his native country, while 59 per cent had worked tor wages, 32.2 per cent without wages, and 8.4 per cent tor profits. It will readily be seen that the percentage of South Italians previously working for profits is exceeded by that of only one other race, the Magyars, who report 13.1 per cent. The Magyars also report 1.4 per cent less than the South Italians as working without wages, b.b per cent less working for wages, and 2.1 per cent more than the South Italians without prior occupation. Little difference exists between the Lithuanians and Magyars m the number working for wages and the number without prior occu- pation, but the percentage of Lithuanians working without wages is greater than that of the Magyars by 6.7. The per cent ot Lithu- anians working for profits is smaller than the per cent ot Magyars in the same group by 6.8. Forty per cent each of Russians and Slovaks, as compared with 60.9 per cent of the Poles, had worked tor wages in their native country, while the proportion of Pol^ working without wages is less than the proportion of Russians and Slovaks m this group by 25 and 19.6 per cent, respectively. The Poles also &how 2.3 per cent less than the Slovaks and 3.1 per cent more than the Russians as working for profits. 48296 °— VOL 7—11 12 170 The Immigration Commission. Proceeding further with the analysis, the following table shows the percentage of persons in the principal occupations which are combined to form the industrial groups of the preceding table: Table 484 . — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-horn males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, Is for all foreign- born.] Race of Individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent without occu- pation. Per cent working for wages. Percent working without wages. Per cent work- ing for profit. Farm laborers. General labor- ers. Miners. In hand trades. In all other oc- cupations. Total. Fann laborers. In all other oc- cupations. Total. Farmers. ’ In all other oc- cupations. 1 Total. German 34 0.0 2.9 14.7 32.4 5.9 11.8 67.6 29.4 0.0 29.4 2.9 0.0 2.9 Italian, North 04 6.3 28.1 10.9 1.6 25.0 6.3 71.9 15.6 .0 15.6 6.3 .0 6.3 Italian, South 201 .4 32.6 13.0 2.3 5.7 5.4 59.0 32.2 .0 32.2 8.4 .0 8.4 Lithuanian 32 3.1 31.3 9.4 9.4 .0 3.1 53.1 37.5 .0 37.5 6. 3 .0 6.3 Magyar 198 2.5 27.3 7.1 2.5 10.1 6.6 53.5 30.3 .5 30.8 13.1 .0 13.1 Polish 184 1.1 19.0 9.2 16.3 14.7 1.6 60.9 31.5 .5 32. 1 6.0 .0 6.0 Russian 35 .0 11.4 5.7 .0 8.6 14.3 40.0 57.1 .0 57.1 2.9 .0 2.9 Slovak 60 .0 26.7 5.0 .0 6.7 1.7 40.0 51.7 .0 51.7 8.3 .0 8.3 Total 892 1.7 25.0 9.8 8.1 9.8 5.0 57.6 32.4 .2 32.6 8.1 .0 8.1 In the above table it is seen that of the entire number reporting, one-fourth were employed as farm laborers for wages, prior to leaving their native country; less than one-tenth each as labor- ers and in the hand trades; 5 per cent in all other occupations; and only 8.1 per cent as miners. A fraction less than one-tliird of those reporting worked as farm laborers without wages; and 8.1 per cent worked for profits as farmers. It is worthy of note also that three races, the German, Kussian, and Slovak, report none without prior occupation ; and a larger per cent than the Poles, are reported by the Russians and Slovaks, as farm labor- ers without wages. The ^sArth and South Italians, Lithuanians, and Magyars, who were employed for wages as farm laborers, vary only slightly in the proportions reported, the South Italians reporting the highest, 32.6 per cent, as compared with 27.3 per cent for the Magyars. A comparison of the North and South Italians as laborers and in hand trades shows a marked reversal in positions, the North Itahans reporting 10.9 per cent employed as laborers and 25 per cent in hand trades, as compared with 13 per cent and 5.7 per cent, re- spectively, of South Italians. Aside from the Russians and Slovaks, the Lithuanians report a larger per cent working as farm laborers without wages than any one of the other races; and the North Italians report the smallest — 15.6 per cent of the latter as compared with 37.5 per cent of the former — with very little difference, as between the South Italians, Poles, Magyars, and Germans. Of those who are reported as having worked for profits, prior to leaving their native country, all were farmers. Of the several races, the Magyars show the highest percentage, 13.1, as compared with 8.4 Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 171 oer cent of the South Italians and 8.3 per cent of the Slovaks. Two races, the North Italian and Lithuanian, report 6.3 percent each as tiaving worked for profits, and two races, the German and Russian, 2.9 peT cent each, while the Poles show 6 per cent. The above table also shows the significant fact that nearly one- third of the Germans reporting were employed as miners before coming to the United States; whereas the Poles report a fraction less than one-sixth of their number as having been employed in the same capacity before coming into this country. After the Poles come the Lithuanians, who report 9.4 per cent as miners prior to leaving their native country. It is also important to note that the Russians and Slovaks fail to show a single one of their number with previous experience as a miner. PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES. Table 485, which exhibits the result of the study of the occupation abroad of individual mining employees of foreign birth in the South, shows that nearly three-fourths of the total were engaged in farming or farm labor. Seventy-three and nine-tenths per cent were farmers or farm laborers, 10.4 per cent miners, 7 per cent in hand trades, 4 per cent in general labor, 1.6 per cent in manufacturing, and 3.1 per cent in other industries not specified. The detailed exhibits for each race are here set forth; Table 485.— Per cent of foreign-horn male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes onlj^ races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Number Per cent who were engaged in — Race. reporting complete data. Mining. Farming or farm labor General labor. Manu- facturing. Hand trades. Other occupa- tions. Bulgarian 115 2.6 89.6 0.0 0.0 4.3 3.5 2.5 2.5 Croatian 242 2.5 85.9 5.4 .8 2.9 Italian North 353 3.7 77.6 5.9 .3 9.9 Italian South 1,072 5.1 78.4 5.3 1.1 7.2 2.9 Magvar 322 5.0 ■ 78.3 1.9 1.6 11. 5 1.9 Polish 277 7.2 82.3 4.0 1.4 4.3 . 7 2.7 Slovak 335 10.4 75.5 3.3 3.0 5. 1 Total 3,307 10.4 73.9 4.0 1.6 7.0 3.1 The Bulgarians show a higher percentage of farming people than does anv other race in the table above, 89.6 per cent of this race being thus renorted. The Croatians follow, with 85.9 per cent, and the Poles rank third, with 82.3 per cent. The Magyars and South Italians report 78.3 per cent and 78.4 per cent, respectively, and the North Italians and Slovaks complete the group. Each of these races exceeds the general average of 73.9 per cent. 172 The Immigration Commission. Only 4 per cent of the members of all races were laborers in indus tries other than farming. The North Italians show the higlies percentage, though their 5.9 per cent is closely followed by the 5.‘ per cent of the Croatians and the 5.3 per cent of the South Italians Four per cent of the Poles are thus reported, and 3.3 per cent o the Slovaks. No Bulgarians were laborers, and only a very few o ^^The Slovaks show 3 per cent engaged in some branch of manufactur ino-, the Magyars, Poles, and South Italians show between 1 and 2 pe cent the Croatians and North Italians less than 1 per cent, and th Bulgarians none. The hand trades, however, were much mor common, 7 per cent of all reporting an occupation in this class. Th Magyars lead, with 11.5 per cent, the North Italians following wit] 9.9 per cent, and the South Italians with 7.2 per cent. The Sloval percentage is 5.1, and the Bulgarian and Polish each 4.3. Th Croatians, with only 2.9 per cent reporting in this class, show a lowe proportion than any of the other races. ^ As already stated, only 10.4 per cent of the immigrants of all race were engaged abroad in the occupation by which they now make : living. Moreover, of the principal races tabulated, the Slovaks alon report even that percentage, the Poles, who rank next, showing onl; 7.2 per cent. The Croatians and Bulgarians report but 2.5 per cen and 2.6 per cent, respectively, as having mined abroad. These ar also the two races showing the largest proportion of farmers am farm laborers. GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN Tffi HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. As regards the general industrial condition of the foreign-bori since their arrival in the United States, the table below shows fo the southern coal fields the general occupations of all females 16 year of age or over in the households studied. Table iSQ— General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity an race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all race: Number Per cent— General nativity and race of individual. reporting complete data. In do- mestic service. In trade. Other- wise em- ployed. At home. At school. Foreign-born: riprmnn 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.3 98.7 100.0 95.2 0. Italian South 60 1.7 .0 .0 Magyar 77 1.3 .0 .0 Polifjh 63 .0 .0 .0 Slovak 21 4.8 .0 .0 Grand total 292 1.4 .3 .0 98.3 Totsl forpign fatliPX.. 5 (a) (a) (al (a) (0) (0) Total native-born 10 (a) (a) (a) (a) Total foreign-bom 282 1.1 .0 .0 98.9 • Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 173 The significant fact brought to light by the foregoing table is that 98 3 per cent or practically all, of the females both native and foreign bom are at home, and only 1.7 per cent are engaged in domestic or personal service or in trade. The South Italians, Magyars, and aovaks show a small proportion of the women engaged in domestic or personal service. general occupation of males at the present time, in the house- holds STUDIED. As regards the males 16 years of age or over in the households studied in the southern coal-mining localities, the table below shows their general industrial condition, by general nativity and race. Table AST.— General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS. This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent— In bitu- minous- coal mining. Other- wise em- ployed. At home. At school. Foreign-born: TTricrliQh 22 38 69 286 37 215 198 37 61 100.0 100.0 95.7 96.5 94.6 98.1 79.3 83.8 96.7 0.0 .0 2.9 3.5 5.4 1.9 20.7 16.2 3.3 0.0 .0 1.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 O ooooooooo Tfolian Mnrth Itd>li3*n South.. Polish Grand total 985 92.8 7.1 .1 .0 fn.s+nl r\f fnrpicrn fn.t.llPT ... ...... 11 14 971 (a) (a) 93.0 (a) (a) 6.9 (a) (0) .1 (a) (a) .0 lOlal natlN t3-L)Ulll Ui luicxgii 'T'rkfal ricjtiv’P-UnrTl Totsl for6igii“born o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Upon examining this table it is seen that 93 per cent of the total for all races of foreign birth are engaged in the coal-mimng industry, while 6.9 per cent are engaged in outside work. The races which show a proportion above the average engaged in work other than coal mining are the Polish and Russian, 20.7 per cent ol the former and 16.2 per cent of the latter being engaged in occupations outside of the coal mines. OCCUPATIONS ENTERED IN THE BITUMINOUS COAL-MINING INDUSTRY. It is clear that the larger part of the races of recent immigration have engaged in an industry for which they had no training or experience abroad. A large amount of the coal mined in the northern part of West Virginia is taken out by machines. Almost without exception the 174 The Immigration Commission. machine operators are American whites. The Americans are alsc • trackmen, motor men, and a few of them are pick miners. For the most part the Slovaks, Poles, Croatians, Magyars, Italians, and negroes are loaders after the machines. There are also Slovak, Italian, and Polish pick miners. On the coke ovens are Americans, Poles^ Slovaks, and Italians. The power-plant employees are largely Americans. In general, it may be stated that the Americans cut and haul the coal, lay the tracks, and do all the skilled work hot! inside and outside the mines. The Italians, Croatians, Magyars, and negroes principally load the coal after the machines and do the rougl work on the ovens and elsewhere. Slovaks and Poles are often pick miners as well as coke pullers and loaders. In many mines of the southern coal fields of West Virginia the Slovaks and Magyars are employed almost exclusively in pick min- ing and underground work. A great many^ Italians work on the tipples and other outside labor. The following tables covering the occupations of races in mines in the southern part of West Virginia exhibit the range of occu])ations engaged in by recent immigrants. ^ It will be noted that the Italians are engaged in pick mining and outside labor in largest number, while almost all of the Magyars, all of the Russians, and the two Slovaks employed are pick miners. The following series of three tables shows, in a summary form, the racial composition of the bituminous mine-working forces, in the West Virginia fields, by occupations. In connection with mine No. 3, coke ovens were operated: Table 488. — Number of coal mine employees in Mine No. 1 in West Virginia, by race am occupation. Occupation. Ameri- can. White. Ameri- can, Negro. Italian, North. Italian, South. Magyar. Russian. Slovak. Total. Pioir minfir 23 19 29 35 19 2 12' T'rapVmc^n 12 2 2 2 li Miif'kpr 2 1 rutohpr 4 1 1 2 "R ra.t 1 1 ppm an 1 2 Drivpr 15 4 2 2; Pan tpndpr 1 Rlat.pman 1 nf prmpn 1 Pralrp.TTian 1 1 Tra.pppr 6 5 1 2 1 R 1 apVQm i t h 2 Dnmppr 1 5 Pnwn prm an 1 T .abnrpr 2 1 16 d Total 73 35 1 53 44 19 2 22 Bituminous Coal Mining in the South, 175 Table Number of coal mine employees in Mine No. 2 in West Virginia, by race and ,((- ^ occupation. i) 'W Occupation. Ameri- can, White. Ameri- can, Negro. Italian, South. Italian, North. Magyar. Russian. Slovak. Total. l—l 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 20 1 3 1 3 119 19 1 4 19 1 13 — Blacksmitli helper.... 1 Brakeman 1 Bratticeman 1 Car coupler Ditcher 1 Dumper Driver 1 14 1 2 1 2 22 2 1 4 11 1 5 4 2 2 Fan tender Improving mine drainage 1 Motorman Mucker Miner, pick Outside labor Powderman i 19 1 20 16 35 21 Roadman Roadman helper 3 2 3 Slateman Trapper 5 1 2 Total 71 34 40 3 44 21 2 215 Table 490. Number of employees in Mine No. 3 {coalmining and coke manufacturing) in West Virginia, by race and occupation. Occupation. American , White. American, Negro. j English. § g O 1 CO 'o 5 d .S ’3 03 3 5 7 xi 3 o CO a 4 d .2 in 3 cd 18 j Montenegrin. j Austrian. j Bulgarian. j Slovak. j Hebrew. j Roumanian. 3 o Pick miner 39 1 37 3 1 1 5 1 3 132 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 31 16 7 3 1 29 2 1 1 2 1 1 16 33 Blacksmith 1 1 1 2 2 Foreman Motorman Brakeman 1 2 18 4 5 2 1 9 2 1 1 2 4 12 2 1 2 4 1 Trackman Driver Spragger Tipple boss 20 Tippleman Carpenter Stable boss 1 1 3 23 1 12 10 Coke puller and leveler Total 90 83 13 1 6 9 51 19 3 1 1 5 1 3 286 176 The Immigration Commission. In another mine, which had an average working force of 300 employees, the number of men of each race engaged as pick miners was' as follows : American, White 50 American, Negro 44 English !...!..*”***!!!! 1 German 4 Italian, South q7 Slovak c Polish i Total 193 Some members of these races are employed as coke drawers, but comj)aratively few. The Italians employed in Virginia are found principally in two occupations — those of coke drawers and outside laborers. Very few of those employed have entered the occupation of mining. This has been due very largely to the fact that they are afraid of the dangers con- nected with coal mining. A vast majority of those employed at most plants are used as coke drawers, and the rest are used principally as laborers on the yards, as loaders into cars or '‘forkers,” or on the tipple or other forms of unskilled labor on the outside. The majority of the coke drawers in this field are South Italians and negroes. The other races found in the field, such as Roumanians, Servians, Croatians, etc., or those which have been here only short periods, are employed almost exclusively at rough unskilled labor, such as coke loaders, etc. None of them have entered the mines except at one mine where about ten of the Roumanians are found working as pick miners. In the coal and coke industries of Virginia, as in southern West Virginia, the occupations are of three general classes — those of miners, coke drawers, and company men. All mining is done by the piece at so much per mine car, and all coke is drawn by the piece or at a certain price per oven, while all other employees both inside and out- side, such as drivers, engineers, trackmen, timbermen, and yard laborers, are paid a stated wage per day, and are termed company men. As already stated, the first immigrants to come to the field were Magyars and Slovaks, who were brought in to draw coke. These were added to by members of the same and other races, which have entered almost all occupations. Comparatively few, however, are employed as company men except as rough laborers, tipple employ- ees, coke loaders, etc. The Americans, both white and colored, usually fill the positions of drivers, and the American whites such positions as engineers, firemen, trackmen, and other occupations of like character. The Magyars, Slovaks, and Poles are employed in greater numbers as miners than in any other occupation. This is due principally to the fact that no knowledge of English is required. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 177 DAILY EARNINGS IN THE SOUTH. Information was also secured as to the daily earnings of 12,084 idividual employees in the bituminous coal mines of the South, 'he table which follows shows by general nativity and race the num- er and per cent earning each specified amount per day: 'able 491.— Per cmi of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Number Average earnings per day. Per cent earning each specified amormt per day. General nativity and race. reporting complete data. 81.25 or over. 81.50 or over. 82 or over. 82.50 or over. 83 or over. 83.50 or over. lative-born of native father: White 3,887 $2. 16 98.9 94.5 65.8 27.1 12.9 4.0 Nppto ..... ... 4,405 1.87 95.4 82.9 44.1 16.1 7.9 2.3 oreign-born: B 118 2. 09 100.0 93.2 68.6 35.6 13.6 .8 CrofiticiB 239 1.97 100.0 99.6 55.6 16.3 3.8 1.3 En^lisli 109 2. 28 98.2 97.2 84.4 36.7 13.8 2.8 Gsrm&n 109 2. 26 99.1 96.3 84.4 33.0 14.7 2.8 Jt 3 .li 3.11 . - - . - 363 2. 07 97.2 96.4 65.3 24.5 11.0 1.1 It3li3Il 1,048 308 2. 04 96.8 92.5 59.2 25.5 11.7 1.2 HfQCTVQr - 2.11 99.7 98.4 67.9 24.7 6.2 1.3 iTiagy ai. Montenegrin 82 1.83 100.0 98.8 48.8 14.6 1.2 .0 Pnli‘?h .'.... 264 2. 15 100.0 98.5 73.1 31.1 11.0 2.3 94 2. 29 100.0 100.0 85.1 34.0 16.0 1.1 Slovak 351 2. 37 99.7 98.3 82.9 43.3 19.4 8.0 Grand total 12,084 2. 04 97.5 90.7 58.4 23.4 10.7 2.9 'otal native-born of foreign father 267 2. 16 99.3 97.0 66.3 27.3 12.4 3.0 ^otsl n3ti 8,5.59 3,525 2. 01 97.1 88.6 54.6 21.5 10.3 3.1 ^ot3l forpi£Ti“B*^T’Ti 2. 12 98.6 95.9 67.6 28.0 11.4 2.4 1 *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary 3 St time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing nnual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. ♦ Upon referring to the above table, it is seen that of the entire num- )er reporting, 58.4 per cent earn $2 or over per day, 23.4 per cent 52.50 or over, and 2.9 per cent $3.50 or over per day. As between the persons native-born of foreign father and the for- dgn-born very little difference in the percentages of each race report- ng a specified earning per day exists. Moreover, both show to a bet- ter advantage than do the native-born. By way of illustration, of ^hose earning between $2 and $2.50 per day, native-born persons ihow 33.1 per cent, as compared with 39 per cent of the persons lative-born of foreign father, and 39.6 per cent of the foreign-born persons. This margin decreases until the earnings reach $3.50 or )ver per day, at which point the native-born report a slightly larger percentage earning the specified amount than do the others or 1.1 per cent earning $3.50 or over as compared with 3 per cent of the persons native-born of foreign father, and 2.4 per cent of the foreign- Dorn. Of the foreign-born races reporting, the Slovaks show higher aver- age earnings than any other race, reporting 43.3 per cent earning 12.50 or over, as compared with 36.7 per cent for the English, 35.6 per cent for the Bulgarians, and 33 per cent Germans. They also 178 The Immigration Commission. report 8 per cent earning over $3.50 per day, as against 4 per ceni of the native whites. Among persons earning $1.50 or over, the percentage of Slovaks is slightly lower than that of three othei races — the Croatians reporting 99.6 per cent, Poles 98.5, and Magyars 98.4 per cent. On the other hand, of those earning $2 or over per day, the Scotch lead with 85.1 per cent, closely followed by the Germans, English and Slovaks, in the order named, with the Poles and Bulgarians nexi in order. Little difference exists between the Magyars and North Italians. The South Italians and Croatians report a smaller percent- age earning $2 or over per day than do the other races. Of those earning $3 or over, the Slovaks lead with 19.4 per cent followed by the Scotch, Germans, English, Bulgarians, South Italians North Italians, and Poles, with little difference between the last three. In the group earning over $3.50 per day the Slovaks report 8 per cent, as compared with 4 per cent of the native whites, the Germans, English, Poles, and negroes following, with the per cent ranging from 2.8 on the part of the Germans and English to 2.3 pei cent each for the Poles and negroes. In addition to the daily and annual earnings of males of 18 or more than 18 years of age, it is of importance to consider the earnings ol the younger mining employees. With this object in view, the table below is submitted to show the number and percentage of 794 males between the ages of 14 and 18 years, in the principal races, earning each specified amount per day : Table 492 . — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each spedfiet amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Number reporting complete data. Average earnings per day. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. General nativity and race. $1 or over. S1.25or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. Native-born of native father: 1.1 White 351 $1.39 86.0 63.2 46.7 9.4 Negro 2G3 1.22 68.4 52.9 37.6 7.6 A Foreign-born : 30.6 Italian, South 49 1.61 91.8 75.5 69.4 8.2 Grand total 794 1.34 80.5 60.8 46.1 11.5 l.S Total native-born of foreign 4.J father 63 1.41 84.1 57.1 46.0 17.5 Total native-born •677 1.31 79.0 58.6 43.1 9.5 1.2 Total foreign-born 117 1.53 88.9 73.5 63.2 23.1 5.1 ♦This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. In the returns for all races set forth in the table above, it is seen that about four-fifths earn $1 or more, and about three-fifths $1.25 or more per day. Of all reporting, 46.1 per cent earn $1.50 or over, while only 11.5 per cent have a daily earning ability of $2 or more. Twenty-one per cent of the total native-born as compared with 11.1 per cent of the total foreign-born earn less than $1 per day. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 179 Only 14 per cent of the native-born of native father, and 15.9 per ent of native-born of foreign father exhibit an earning capacity ,f less than $1 per day. Only 46.7 per cent of native whites born »f native father, however, as compared with 63.2 per cent of all oreign-born persons and 69.4 per cent of the South Italians earn laily $1.50 or more. Moreover, only 9.4 per cent of the native ^^hite persons born of native father, as against 23.1 per cent of all oreign-born persons and 30.6 per cent of the South Italians, have laily wages of $2 or more than $2. Foreign-born persons who are •eceiving under SI per day constitute a proportion 9.9 per cent less ban do the native-born persons of the same wage class. In this connection it is of interest to compare the daily earning ibility of the negroes and of the mine workers of foreign birth. Of he former 21.6 per cent, and 11.1 per cent of the latter are earning ess than $1 per day. Moreover, only 52.9 per cent of the negroes as contrasted with 73.5 per cent of the total foreign-born and 75.5 per cent of the South Italians, are daily receiving a wage of $1.25 or more than that amount. Only 37.6 per cent of the negroes as compared vith 63.2 of all foreign-born persons and 69.4 per cent of the South Italians are classified as earning $1.50 per day or niore. Of all the 3 mployees, 9.7 percent earn between $2 and $2.50 per day. The proportion of men receiving wages in excess of $2.50 is slightly less for the native-born than for the employees considered m the aggregate. DAILY EARNINGS IN WEST VIRGINIA. Daily earnings were also obtained for 5,580 of the employees in the coal and coke industries of West Virginia. 9^ employees, 5,250 are 18 years of age or over, and the remainder, 330, between 14 and 18 years of age. Of the employees 18 years of age or over, 2,641, or about 50 per cent, are native-born. Ninety- three and one- tenth per cent of these native-born persons are of native fathers and 6.9 per cent of foreign fathers. The persons native-born of native father are, in turn, about 86 per cent whites and about 14 per cent negroes. 180 The Immigration Commission, Figures showing in detail the range of daily earnings, by geners nativity and race of employees 18 years of age or over, are given i the following table: Table 493.— iVwmfeer of male employees 18 years of age or over in West Virginia earnin each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) 1 Number earning each specified amount per day. Num- 1 Aver- age 1 1 1 porting sarn- $1 $1.25 $1.50 $1.75 $2 $2.50 $3 $3..50 1 ings ■ and and and and and and ) and and $4o ^lete per der under under under under under under' under under ovei data. day. SI. $1.25. $1.50. $1.75. $2. $2.50. $3. $3.50. $4. Native-born of native White 2,107 52. 18 1 14 28 252 363 898 305 176 17 i Negro 352 2. 10 2 5 7 64 42 174 31 11 1 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: 10 •2 19 2 4 2 1 fa) 1 1 (a) 1 30 2. 30 1 1 3 15 5 3 2 . .V.., 4 1 1 1 1 32 2. 26 2 6 12 7 5 57 2. 23 3 14 26 5 6 1 3 (o) 1 2 4 (o) 1 3 30 2. 27 1 6 12 5 6 S\\ gcIbd 1 (a) 1 Qiir l4''70T*loTirl 2 (a) 1 1 O >VI IZicI IctliU filos 6 (a) 1 3 2 Africa (country not specified) 1 (a) 1 Total 182 2. 22 1 1 12 37 76 28 22 3 Total native-born 2,641 2. 17 4 19 36 1 328 442 1,148 364 209 21 ' Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and AT c\T€k o n 3 fa) 1 1 1 iVlUId> V lall 'Rnlcroricin 5 (a) 5 lall - Canadian (other than 1 (o) 1 r 1 micii y-. rirnntian 237 1.97 1 63 41 93 30 6 1 9 (o) 1 7 XJ U tvli. Tp.ngliQVi 46 2. 31 2 3 21 16 3 2 (a) 1 1 riarman 71 2. 39 2 2 40 15 9 \jrt3i i-LiaiA. 15 2. 07 3 10 1 1 VTlCCii.. ................. Hebrew (other than "D ncciiiri \ 1 fo) 1 XV tioolail y. TTor^otynviTi lii n 3 (o) 1 2 Xld V li-iiaii 16 2. 60 1 1 8 3 Italian, North 307 2. 05 2 2 53 56 129 42 19 3 Italian, South 895 2.11 4 10 174 152 .307 128 108 9 T 39 2. 29 |!!!! 3 2 3 13 10 7 Magyar 282 2. 10 1 4 50 35 129 47 12 1 AT ATI tanafyrin 12 2.31 5 7 Polish 210 2. 18 2 27 21 93 44 17 1 31 1. 71 4 9 12 5 1 T? nQQion 40 2. 11 1 7 4 17 8 2 T? iTt'ViPTiiiiTi 4 (o) 4 22 2. 39 3 13 2 3 LVll 19 2. 06 2 16 1 Slovak 295 2.40 2 19 25 119 74 31 3 ftl ATTPTl ion 10 2. 00 1 3 4 2 oiu V ciilaii 3 fa) 2 1 O W - 5 (a) 1 2 2 Welsh 6 fo) 1 4 Austrian (race not speci- fied) 20 2. 12 1 2 15 2 Total foreign-born — 2, 609 2.14 8 28 416 371 1,060 437 221 20 Grand total .5,250 2. 16 4 27 64 744 813 j2,208 801 430 41 i: * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntai lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showir annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year, o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 181 The largest proportion of the employees 18 years of age or over arn $2 and under $2.50 per day. j,o f „„ Of the entire number of employees between 14 and 18 years ot age, lore receive between $1 and $1.25 per day than receive any other ate of wages, as is shown in the next table. This is true, also, of he native-born persons, treated as a group, of the persons native- ,orn of native fathers, both whites and negroes and of the persons ative-born of foreign fathers. Of the foreign-born, more are paid t a rate of between $1.75 and $2 than are paid at any other rate, .wing probably to the fact that the largest proportion of the toreign- lorn mine workers are engaged in occupations usually followed by ’’ The® wagerof ‘employees between 14 &nd 18 years of age in West i^irginia are given by nativity and race in the following table: ^ABLE m.— Number of male employees U and under 18 years of age in We^st Virginia earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Aver- Number earning each specified amovmt per day. age earn- ings per day. Un- r' $1 and under 1 $1.25. $1.25 and under 1 $1.50. $1.50 and under $1.75. $1.75 and under 1 $2. $2 and under i $2.50. $2.50 and under 1 $3. $3 and under $3.50. Native-born of native father: White 194 13 $1.38 1.15 25 2 55 8 23 31 47 2 11 1 1 1 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: 6 4 5 3 8 3 3 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 1 ■*i’ '' 3 ’ 2 1 2 ...... 1 1 2 ...... Austria-Hungary Engl^-iid. ""2 1 3 1 1 1 Ireland 2 1 1 2 1 32 1.51 5 8 1 5 6 4 2 1 1.39 32 71 1 24 36 55 16 3 i 2 Foreign-born, by race: Croatian Dutch ! ? 1 21 46 4 4 1 2 1 7 1 (a) (a) (a) 1.55 1.59 (o) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 1 1 1 English ItciliRii ' 3 ' 1 4 8 4 3 4 9 3 1 3 10 5 9 1 4 Italian! South 1 2 1 1 Roumanian Scotch 4 1 1 I Slovak 1 1 1 1 1 Austrian (race not specified) Total foreign-born •1 91 1.54 9 15 11 17 J_ii 14 6 Grand total m 1 1 . 43 " 1 ’ ^ 35 1 1 74 1 9 1 ^ * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables m this report snowi g annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. 0 Not computed, owing to small number involved. 182 The Immigration Commission, MONTHLY EARNINGS IN REPRESENTATIVE COAL MINES IN SOUTHERI' WEST VIRGINIA. In addition to the original information received from household: and individuals, transcriptions were also made from the pay rolls o representative companies. The following table shows, by occupatioi and by race, the monthly earnings of the operating force in a typica mine in southern West Virginia: Table 495 . — Monthly earnings of the operating force in a typical coal mine in southen West Virginia, by occupation and race* Occupation and race. Number of Amount earned. employees. Aggregate. Average. Coke puller: 23 $766. 05 $33.3 American, Negro Italian, South 6 227. 63 37.9 Total 29 993.68 34.2 Coke loader: 170. 82 34.1 American, Negro 5 Italian, South IG 660. 43 41.2 Polish . 1 18. 90 18.9 Total 22 850. 15 38.6 Other occupations: 18 979.81 54.4 American, White American, Negro 1 32.50 32.5 English 3 292. 00 97.3 Italian (not specified) 1 56. 00 56.0 Total 23 1,360.31 59.1 * This table shows wages or carninf»s for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntar lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showin, annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. From another representative mine in the same section, the average monthly earnings have been computed by race and conjugal condi tion and are shown in the following table: Table 496 . — Monthly earnings of the operating force in a typical coal mine in southen West Virginia, by conjugal condition and race* Race and conjugal condition. Number. Average earnings. Race and conjugal condition. Number. Average earnings American, White: Ma.rripd 34 37 16 18 $50. 73 28.89 46.65 27. 15 Magyar: Married 8 36 $45.3 40. 1 Rinplfi Single American, Negro: M^rripH Russian: Married Ringlfi Single 21 45.6 Italian, South: \fflrripri Slovak: Married Ringlp 40 33. 72 Single 2 42.8 Italian, North: Married Single 3 16. 38 * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntar lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showin; annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 183 ELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY. The tables next presented set forth the effect which different eriods of residence have had upon the daily earning ability of the rincipal foreign-born races residing in the southern coal fields. ’ABLE 497 . — Per cent of foreign-horn male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States * (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Jv years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes ^ ^ only races with 200 or more males reporting.] N umber Per cent earning each specified amoimt per day. Race and years in United States. reporting complete data. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 or over. roatian: - 150 100.0 100.0 50.7 13.3 3.3 1.3 5 to 9 81 100.0 98.8 64.2 21.0 4.9 1.2 1 0 or n vftr 8 100.0 100.0 62.5 25.0 .0 .0 talian. North: Under 5 ..... 156 94.9 94.2 55.8 16.0 1.9 .6 5 to 9 132 98.5 97.7 72.0 28.0 17.4 1. 5 1 0 f^r n vftr 75 100.0 98.7 73.3 36.0 18.7 1.3 talian. South: Ttndf^r f) 475 94.5 88.0 51.1 21.3 7.8 1.1 5 to 9 425 98.4 96.5 61.9 28.5 15. 5 1.6 10 or over ........ ..... 148 99.3 95.3 67.6 30.4 13.5 .7 lagyar: 152 100.0 98.0 62.5 23.0 5.3 1.3 5 to 9 109 100.0 100.0 75.2 25.7 6.4 1.8 10 or over 47 97.9 95.7 68.1 27.7 8.5 .0 ’oUsh: Under 5 128 100.0 98.4 64.8 27.3 10.2 3.1 5 to 9 88 100.0 98.9 79.5 31.8 9.1 1.1 10 or over 48 100.0 97.9 70.7 39.6 16.7 2.1 Slovak: TTniior S . ...... 156 100.0 98.1 80.8 40.4 20.5 12.2 tn Q 128 100.0 99.2 84.4 46.1 21.9 6.3 10 or over 67 98.5 97.0 85.1 44.8 11.9 1.5 * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of volmtary ost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showmg innual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Cable 49S— Comparative earnings per day of foreign-horn male employees 18 years of age or over, hy race arid length of residence in the United States."^ (study of employees.) By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.] IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS. Race. N umber reporting complete data. Per cent earning each specified amount per day. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 or over. Croatian 150 100.0 100.0 50.7 13.3 3.3 1.3 [talian, North 156 94.9 94.2 55.8 16.0 1.9 .6 Italian, South 475 94.5 88.0 51.1 21.3 7.8 1. 1 Magyar 152 100.0 98.0 62.5 23.0 5.3 1.3 Polish 128 100.0 98.4 64.8 27.3 10.2 3.1 Slovak 156 100.0 98.1 80.8 40.4 20.5 12.2 * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but _no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. 184 The Immigration Commission. Table 493. — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-horn male employees 18 years ' age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States — Continued. IN UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS. Race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent earning each specified amoimt per day. $1.25 or over. $1.50 or over. $2 or over. $2.50 or over. $3 or over. $3.50 ovei Croatian 81 100.0 98.8 64.2 21.0 4.9 ] Italian, North 132 98.5 97.7 72.0 28.0 17.4 1 Italian, South 425 98.4 96.5 61.9 28.5 15.5 1 Magyar 109 100.0 100.0 75.2 25.7 6.4 1 Polish 88 100.0 98.9 79.5 31.8 9.1 1 Slovak 128 100.0 99.2 84.4 46.1 21.9 e IN UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER. Croatian 8 100.0 100.0 62.5 25.0 0.0 C Italian, North 75 100.0 98.7 73.3 36.0 18.7 1 Italian, South Magvar 148 99.3 95.3 67.6 30.4 13.5 47 97.9 95.7 68.1 27.7 8.5 Polish 48 100.0 97.9 70.7 39.6 16.7 2 Slovak 67 98.5 97.0 85.1 44.8 11.9 1 1 A comparison of the specified daily earnings of the principi foreign-born races having a residence of less than five years in th United States shows that the Slovaks lead all others by a wid margin, this race reporting 80.8 per cent earning over $2 per da} as compared with 64.8 per cent Poles and 62.5 per cent Magyan the two next in rank. In this same class the North Italians show higher per cent than the South Italians and Croatians. As betwee the Slovaks, Poles, and Magyars the same relative position is main tained up to and including those earning over $3.50 per day. It is worthy of note that each race, with the exception of th Croatian in the $1.50 or over wage group, with a residence c between five and nine years in the United States reports a larger pe cent with specified daily earnings than those with a residence of les than five years until a wage rate of $3 per day is reached. At thi wage level only one race, the Poles, with a residence between five an( nine years shows a smaller per cent earning this amount and ovei than the members of the same race who have resided here less tha] five years. Of those earning $3.50 or over per day, three races, th Croatians, Poles, and Slovaks, show a smaller per cent than the sam- races with a residence under five years, the others showing a smaJ increase. Of all those earning $3.50 or over per day, during all periods o residence, the Slovaks show a greater decrease than any other reporting 1.5 per cent with a residence of ten years or over earning above this amount, as compared with 6.3 per cent between five am nine years, and 12.2 per cent under five years. The proportion of Croatians earning $1.25 or over and $2 or over during all periods of residence, is practically the same; whereas, 64.^ per cent residing here between five and nine years earn $2 or ovei and 21 per cent $2.50 or over, as compared with 62.5 and 25 pei cent in the United States ten years or over; and 50.7 and 13.3 pei cent, respectively, under five years. With the North Italians, eacl succeeding period of residence shows a higher percentage earning Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 185 p to S3. 50 per day, when a slight decrease from those with a resi- ence of between five and nine years is shown by those who have 3 sided here for ten years or more. In the case of the South Ital- ms the per cent of those earning $1.50 or over, $3 or over, and $3.50 r over per day is slightly smaller with those who have been here ten ears or over than with those with a residence of between five and ine years. Of those earning $2 or over, 67.6 per cent have been 1 the United States ten years or over, 61.9 per cent between five nd nine years, and 51.1 per cent under five years. The South talians earning $2.50 or over report 30.4 per cent for those with tie longest period of residence, 28.5 per cent for those between five nd nine years, and 21.3 per cent for those under five years. The ‘oles show a higher average throughout, according to the number of ears in the United States, than the Magyars, reporting 64.8 per ent under five years, 79.5 per cent between five and nine, and 70.7 er cent ten years or over, as compared with 62.5 per cent, 75.2 per ent, and 68.1 per cent, respectively, of the Magyars. Of the Slovaks ssiding in the United States under five years, 80.8 per cent earn $2 r over per day, and 40.4 per cent $2.50 or over, as compared with 4.4 per cent and 46.1 per cent, respectively, of those with a resi- ence between five and nine years, and 85.1 per cent and 44.8 per ent, respectively, of those who have been here ten years or over. With the exception of the North Italians, and to a lesser extent of tie South Italians and Poles, it is apparent from a study of the above ables that a larger percentage of the other races, who have been in his country between five and nine years, show higher specified daily arnings than those who have been in the United States ten years r over, or, in other words, the earning capacity of the several races eporting increases between five and nine years, after which time a ecrease is noted, which is more pronounced with some races than fith others. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED. An indication of the industriousness of the men of a given race lay be found in the percentage of the heads of families regularly mployed. Data upon this subject relating to the coal and coke workers of Virginia and West Virginia are printed in the following able: Table 499 . — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. t Number of selected families.a Number of husbands. N umber of husbands at work. Per cent of husbands at work. Average yearly earn- ings of hus- bands at work. oreign-born: English 8 8 8 («>) (P) (P) 100 ip) $663 German 17 17 17 Italian, North 13 13 13 544 Italian, South 54 54 54 456 Lithuanian 8 8 8 (p) 100 (^>) 480 Magyar 58 58 58 Polish 53 53 53 100 483 Slovak 19 19 19 ip) 477 Total 230 230 230 100 500 o For selection of families, see p. 284. ft Not computed, owing to small number involved. 48296 °— VOL 7—11 13 186 The Immigration Commission. The total number of families included in the preceding table is 23( and the total number of husbands the same. It will be noted tha all the husbands, both native and foreign born, are reported as a work. The percentage of employment is, in the case of every ract 100 . As a result of the investigation in the coal fields of Virginia an West Virginia, reports from 230 foreign-born male heads of families show the average yearly earnings to be $500. The average annus earnings, together with the range of annual earnings, is shown i detail in the following table: Table 500 . — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race c individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 284.] General nativity and race of individual. Num- ber working for wages. Aver- age earn- ings. Number earning Per cent earning— -dl 'Sii 1 Under 1 $400. Under $600. Under $800. Under $1,000. 1 Under 1 $200. Under $400. Under $600. Lender $800. u oc c'= Foreign-born: KngH<;h 8 (a) 6 7 (o) (o) (a) (a) (a) German 17 !f(;(i3 7 15 16 (a) (a) (a) (0.) (a) Italian, North 13 544 1 10 11 13 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) Italian, South 54 450 16 45 54 54 0.0 29.6 83.3 100.0 100. Lithuanian 8 (“) 2 7 8 8 (a) (a) (a) (a) (“). Magyar 58 480 20 45 55 58 .0 34.5 77.6 94.8 100. Polish 53 483 15 43 50 52 .0 28.3 81.1 94.3 98. Slovak 19 477 7 10 18 18 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) Total 230 500 61 173 217 226 .0 26.5 75.2 94.3 98. oNot computed, owing to small number involved. Uj)on information secured from 230 male heads of families in thir locality, it will be noted that the average yearly earnings are $500 Of the foreign-born races for which information was obtained, tin Germans report the highest average earnings, or $663, followed b} the North Italians with $544, while the earnings of the Poles, Magyars Slovaks, and South Italians, in the order named, range from $483 t( $456 per year. None of the male heads of families who furnishec information earn less than $200, and only 1.7 per cent earn $1,000 oi over per year, while 75.2 and 26.5 per cent earn less than $600 anc $400 per year, respectively. Only three races, the South Italians, Magyars, and Poles, an reported in sufficient numbers to admit of a comparison. Of thesi races, the Magyars report the largest proportion earning under $40C and the smallest proportion under $600 per year. As between the South Italians and Poles, there is little difference in the proportions earning under $400 or $600 per year, the former reporting a slightl}^ larger proportion than the latter earning each of these amounts. The entire number of South Italians earn less than $800 per year, while the Magyars and Poles show each a small proportion earning $800 or over. The Poles also report a small proportion, or 1.9 pei cent, earning $1,000 or over per year. 187 Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. ANNUAL EAKNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. In addition to the data for heads of families, information was also secured as to the annual earnings of all male members of the families studied who were 18 years of age or older. This is exhibited in the ’olio wing table, by general nativity and race: Fable 501 . — Yearly earnings {approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OB’ HOUSEHOLDS.) Number Number earning Per cent earning work- ing for Aver- General nativity and race wages age of individual. and earn- Un- Un- Un- Un- Un- Un- Un- Un- report- ings. der der der der der der der der ing amount. $200. $400. $600. $1,000. $200. $400. $600. $1,000. 'Native-born of native father, W hitp 1 (a) 1 1 («) (a) (a) (a) •Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 1 (a) (a) («) («) 1 1 (a) («) («) (a) (a) («) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) frprman 1 1 1 Italian N orth 1 1 1 Magyar 4 1 3 4 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Mora- via,n 1 (a) (a) $695 1 1 1 (a) (a) (a) (a) 0.0 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 60.0 (a) (a) (a) (a) 97. 1 Croatiari 1 1 English 18 1 2 17 Frpne.h 1 (“) 576 1 1 1 (a) 11.4 (iprman 35 4 21 34 Italian, North 1 56 486 1 14 45 56 1.8 25.0 80.4 100.0 Italian, South 264 431 2 104 231 264 .8 39.4 87.5 100.0 Lithuanian 35 475 11 26 35 .0 31.4 74.3 100.0 Magyar 198 432 1 83 175 198 .5 41.9 88.4 100.0 Polish 186 451 2 63 • 163 185 1.1 33.9 87.6 99.5 lioumanian 3 (a) 389 3 3 (a) 11.4 (a) 57.1 (a) 91.4 (a) 97.1 Russian 35 4 20 32 34 Slovak 58 407 1 32 49 57 1.7 55.2 84.5 98.3 Grand total 899 449 11 335 756 894 1.2 37.3 84.1 99.4 Total native-born of foreign father . 7 (a) (a) 449 1 6 7 (a) (a) 1.2 («) (a) 37.5 («) («) i 84.1 (a) (a) 99.4 Total native-born 8 1 7 8 Total foreign- born 891 11 334 749 886 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. In the table above computations for averages were made only for ;aces reporting 10 or more, and percentages were computed only for hose races reporting 20 or more persons. Comparisons can only be nade therefore for foreign-born English, German, North and South jitalian, Lithuanian, Magyar, Polish, Russian, and Slovak males. Vs the total for foreign-born and the grand total includes all re- )orted, the averages and percentages for the totals are computed m that basis. Among the employees of foreign birth the highest average wages ,ire earned by the English, followed by the Germans. The former iverage $695 against $576 for the latter. The remaining races fol- ow in the order named from $486 for the North Italian, through the iiithuanian, Polish, Magyar, South Italian, and Slovak to $389 for 188 The Immigration Commission. the Russian. All of the North Italians, South Italians, Lithuanian and Magyars, and 99.5 per cent of the Poles earn under $1,900 t against 97.1 per cent of the Germans and Russians. Only 8.6 pt cent of the Russians earn $600 or over as compared with 40 per cei for the Germans. Of the Russians 57.1 per cent earn under $4( as compared with 11.4 per cent for the Germans. Of the Lithuaniai 25.7 per cent earn between $600 and $1,000, as do 19.6 per cent ( the North Italians. Of the Poles, 1.1 per cent earn under $200, 33 per cent under $400, 87.6 per cent under $600 and 99.5 per cei under $1,000. ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME. The following table compiled from data secured from 230 foreig families, shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, tt average annual family income as well as the range of annual income; Table 502 . — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amoun by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The total, however, is for all race; General nativity and race of head of family. Number of select- Average family income. — 1 f Per cent of families having a totiiJ in- come - ed fami- lies, o Under $300. Under $500. Under $750. Under $1,000. Unde $1,50( Foreign-born: Italian, South 54 $582 3.7 42.6 83.3 94.4 100 Magyar 58 774 .0 24.1 46. 6 75.9 100 Polish 53 663 .0 37.7 73.6 86.8 100 Total 230 699 1.3 28.3 66.1 84.3 98 o For selection of families, see p. 284. The average family income for all races as shown by the abov table is $699 per year. The South Italians, with 54 families showin on the average only $582 each, are the earners of the smallest amounts The Magyars make a very favorable showing, averaging $774 pe family, and the Poles, with $663, earn a smaller amount. The com parison of the races as to earning capacity is further and more forci bly brought out by the figures appearing in the columns showini the approximately specified amounts received by each family durin< the year. Of the 230 families only four received as much as $1,500. The Ital ians, Magyars, and Poles do not show a single family earning $1,50( or over. It is also important to note that 24.1 per cent of th( Magyars have an income of more than $1,000 annually. The Soutl Italians have 42.6 per cent of their families with an income unde $500 yearly, which is a larger percentage in this class than is showi by any other race. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 189 WIVES AT WORK. The yearly earnings of the heads of families having been presented ogether with the exhibit of the annual incomes of families whose leads were employed in bituminous coal mining, the question arises ,s to what measures are taken to augment the family income by sup- ilementing the earnings of the heads. In partial answer to this ques- ion the following table is submitted. It shows the tendency on the lart of the wives of the employees in the coal and coke industries of he South to engage in gainful occupations. Table 503 . — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families.® Number of wives. Nirnber of wives at work. I'oreign-born: Engli'^ti 8 8 npryn on - 17 17 1 ftfllinn North 13 12 Jtnlinn .^nnth 54 54 4 J.ithnflninn 8 8 \faoryflr 58 58 Pr>li«:h 53 53 plnvfllr 19 19 Total 230 229 5 o For selection of families, see p. 284. The number of families, as shown by the above table, is 230, and he number of wives 229. The table shows the wives of one jerman and four South Italians to be engaged in gainful occu- lations. The occupations of boarding-house keeper and lodging- louse keeper have not been considered gainful occupations for )urposes of this table. It should be recalled that one of the dis- .inctive features of the coal and coke industries is the fact that in he great majority of instances the employees are compelled by the /^ery nature of their work to live in small and isolated communities. Joal mines are seldom located in or near considerable towns. Mine vork can be done only by men. The manufacturing establish- nents of the cities and towns which employ so large a nuinber of mmigrant women are too far distant to be accessible to the wives of ike mine workers. For these continuance in the home or entrance nto domestic service are then the only alternatives. All the commu- lities of the South, from which the data for the table were secured, ire of the type described. It will have been noted that the propor- ,-ionate number of married women at work is very small, being ilightly over 2 per cent of the total. This small percentage of employment is due, in all probability, to the lack of opportunity of employment. 190 The Immigration Commission. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN TH HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The total number of females in the households studied who wer 18 years of age or over and who were annually earning specific amounts is shown in tlie following table: Table 504. — Yearly earnings {approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by genen nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number working for wages and re- porting amount. Under $200. Number ( Under $300. sarning— Under $400. Under $500. Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Magyar. 1 1 1 Foreign-born; German 1 1 1 1 Italian, South 4 4 4 4 Magyar 1 1 1 1 Grand total 7 « 7 7 Total native-born of foreign father 1 1 1 Total native-born 1 1 1 Total foreign-born 6 6 6 6 RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTIC OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS. At this point it is important to point out the relation between th keeping of boarders or lodgers and the earnings of the heads of th families. In the following tables the proportion of the families c employees in the coal industry in the South in which the wife take boarders or lodgers, or has employment, is shown according to th earnings of husband and the general nativity and race of the hea( of the family: Table 505 . — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders orlodgen by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Number of se- lected families, a Number of husbands earning— Number of wives having employ- ment or keeping boarders or lodgers. N umber of wives havin employment or keei ing boarders or lodf ers where husband; earnings are— Under $400. $400 and under $600. $600 or over. Under $400. $400 and under $600. $600 or ovei Foreign-bom: Fnglish 8 8 2 (rermari 17 7 10 5 4 Italian, North 12 i' 8 3 10 1 6 Italian, South 54 16 29 9 42 11 22 Lithuanian 8 2 5 1 7 2 4 Magyar 58 20 25 13 37 14 16 Polish 53 15 28 10 36 10 20 Slovak 19 7 9 3 13 5 5 Total 229 61 111 57 152 43 77 3 a For selection of families, see p. 284. Of the selected families, only those which have both husband an wife present appear in this table. 191 Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. A.BLE 506 —Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps hoarders orlodg- ers, hy yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) his table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The total, however, is for all races. For selection of families, see p. 284.] General nativity and race of head of family. Per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers, where husbands’ earnings are— Under $400. $400 and under $600. $600 or over. Total. Dreign-born: Tfolion Smith 68.8 70.0 66.7 75.9 64.0 71.4 100.0 53.8 60.0 77.8 63.8 67.9 MoP'vnr Polish Total 70.5 69.4 56.1 66.4 Referring to the total of the preceding tables it is found that 24.9 er cent of the men earn $600 or over, and 56.1 per cent of the wives f this class contribute to the family support; 48.5 per cent of the len earn from $400 to $600, and 69.4 per cent of the wives contri- ute; and 26.6 per cent of the men earn less than $400, and 70.5 per ent of the women of this group contribute to the family income. As 3 gards the several races, it is seen that of the husbands earning $600 ^ more, the wives of the North and South Italians, Lithuanians, and lovaks all contribute to the support of the family. Sixty per cent f the Polish women do likewise, as well as 53.8 per cent of the Magyars, 'he earnings of no man of English birth reported are under $600. Of the husbands earning less than $400, all the wives of the Lithu- nians and North Italians contribute. Moreover, 70 per cent of the lagyars, 68.8 per cent of the South Italians, and 66.7 per cent of be Polish wives whose husbands earn under $400 contribute to the imily income. No German reported has earnings of this lowest lass. The most common yearly wage lies between $400 and $600, 48.5 er cent of the men having an income within these amounts. The ercentages of wives contributing to the family support vary more 1 this division than in the others. The South Italian with 75.9 per ent ranks first, followed by the North Italian with 75 per cent, ’olish 71.4 per cent, Magyar 64 per cent, German 57.1 per cent, and •lovak 55.6 per cent. Of the three races most widely represented the South Italian women re reported as sharing most com/nonly in the support of their fam- ies, their percentage of 77.8 being followed by 67.9 per cent of the *oles and 63.8 of the Magyars. SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. In the two tables next presented the sources of family income are hown. 192 The Immigration Commission. The table immediately following exhibits the per cent of familie having an income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgen and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family: Table 507 . — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wif children, hoarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head c family. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The total, however, is for all races.) Per cent of families having an income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families.o Earnings of— Contribu- tions of children. Payments of boarders or lodgers. Other Husband. Wife. sources. Foreign-born: Italian, South 54 100.0 7.4 9.3 70.4 0. Magyar 58 100.0 .0 20.7 63.8 1. Polish 53 100.0 .0 5.7 67.9 1. Total 230 100.0 2.2 12.2 63.9 1. 1 o For selection of families, see p. 284. Of 230 families in this locality from whom information was obtainec all have an income from earnings of husband, 63.9 per cent from pay ments of boarders or lodgers, 12.2 per cent from contributions o: children, 2.2 per cent from earnings of wife, and 1.3 per cent fron other sources. Of the three races the South Italians alone report a proportion of families having an income from earnings of wives the proportion receiving an income from this source amounting t( 7.4 per cent. The Magyars report a considerably larger proportion 20.7 per cent, of families receiving contributions from children thar do the other races. As regards those receiving an income fron. boarders or lodgers, there is Tittle difference in the proportions of the several races, the proportions ranging from 70.4 per cent of the South Italians to 63.8 per cent of the Magyars; while of those families hav- ing an income from other sources, the Magyars and Poles each show less than 2 per cent. The following table shows the source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family: Table 508 . — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head oj family. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The total, however, is for all races.] Per cent of families having entire income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families.a Husband. Husband and wife. Husband and chil- dren. Husband, wife, and children. Husband and boarders or lodgers. Source or combina- tion of sources not before specified. Foreign-born: Italian, South 54 18.5 7.4 3.7 0.0 64.8 5.6 Magyar 58 27.6 .0 6.9 .0 51.7 13.8 Polish 53 26.4 .0 3.8 .0 67.9 1.9 Total 230 28.3 1.7 4.8 .4 57.4 7.4 • For selection of families, see p 284. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 193 That the usual sources of income of the families from whom infor- mation was obtained in this locality are the husband and boarders or lodgers, and the husband alone, is apparent from the above table. Small proportions only get their entire income from husband and wife or from husband and children, the South Italians alone report- ing a proportion whose entire income was derived from husband and wife, while each race reports a small percentage of families deriving their entire income from husband and children. Of the several races, a certain proportion of whose families have entire income from husband alone, the South Italians show the smallest proportion, or 18.5 per cent, as compared with 27.6 per cent of the Magyars and 26.4 per cent of the Poles. The Poles show the largest proportion, or 67.9 per cent, deriving their entire income from hus- band and boarders or lodgers, while the Magyars, with 51.7 per cent, show the smallest proportion of families having entire income from this source. Of the proportion of families of the several races having entire income from sources or combination of sources not before specified, the Magyars report the largest, and the Poles the smallest proportion. Although the heads of the South Italian families received less assistance than the family heads of any other race, the family income at the same time is smaller. The earnings of the wife are negligible for all races. They appear as a very small percentage in only the South Italian families. Certain of the Magyar and Polish families have a small income from other sources which does not appear in the earnings of the other races. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. The concluding table which immediately follows, exhibits, by general nativity and race of head of household, the relative impor- tance of each source of family income by showing the proportion of income drawn from each specified source : Table 509 . — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband^ wife, children, hoarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The total, however, is for all races.] Per cent of total income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families.® Earnings of— Contribu- tions of children. Payments of boarders or lodgers. Other Husband. Wife. sources. Foreign-born: Italian, South 54 78.5 0.4 5.2 16.0 0.0 Magyar 58 62.0 .0 8.0 29.6 .4 Polish 53 72.8 .0 1.9 24.9 .3 Total 230 71.6 .1 6.3 21.7 .2 a For selection of families, see p. 284. For the South Italian race the earnings of the husband form a larger percentage of the total family income than for either of the others. 194 The Immigration Commission. I The earnings of the husbands in 58 Magyar families were only 62 per cent of the total income — the lowest for any race. These may be contrasted with the 54 South Italian families, whose husbands earned 78.5 per cent, and with the 53 Polish families, whose husbands earned 72.8 per cent. The contributions of cliildren, amounting to 8 per cent, were higher for the Magyars than for the other two, but the payment of boarders and lodgers was much greater than among the Soutli Italians and 4.7 per cent higher than among the Poles. In* fact, the 29.6 per cent contributed to the Magyar families by board- ers and lodgers is the highest shown. On the basis of the total for all races, the two important sources of family income are those arising from earnings of husband and the payments of boarders or lodgers, 71.6 per cent of the family income l)eing derived from the first-mentioned source, and 21.7 per cent from the latter. Chapter IV. WORKING CONDITIONS. legularity of employment— The immigrant and organized labor— Working condi- tions in Alabama mines— Working conditions in West Virginia coal fields— Working conditions in Virginia coal fields — [Text Tables 510 to 514 and General Table 218]. REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT. As regards the regularity of work offered, as well as the compara- ive industriousness of different races, the accompanying table shows or the males of the different races in the households studied the •elative proportions who worked a specified number of months during he past year. ?ABLE ^10 —Months worked during the past year by males 16 yeap of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. 12 months. Per cent ^ 9 months or more. vorking— 6 months or more. 3 months or more. ^'oreign-born: German 35 14.3 22.9 97.1 100.0 Italian, North 62 25.8 64.5 96.8 100.0 Italian, South 272 27.9 50.4 95.6 100.0 Lithuanian 36 16.7 38.9 97.2 97.2 Magyar 207 18.4 32.4 95.2 99.5 Polish 187 11.8 44.4 95.7 99.5 Russian 37 2.7 35.1 81.1 94.6 Slovak 60 16.7 23.3 90.0 100.0 Grand total 934 20.2 42.0 95.0 99.5 ^otal native-born of foreign father 11 («) (a) (a) (a) ■'otal native-born 13 (a) (a) (a) Total foreign-born 921 19.9 o 41.8 94.9 99. 5 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of the total of 921 foreign-born persons it is seen that only 19.9 Der cent worked twelve months, 41.8 per cent nine months or over, and 94.9 per cent worked six months or over. ' Of the North Italians and South Italians 25.8 per cent and 27.9 per [)ent, respectively, worked twelve months of the year, 64.5 per cent of !:he North and 50.4 per cent of the South Italians, as compared with i;he average of 41.8 per cent for all foreign-born, being employed nine Inonths or more. I The Poles stand next to the Italian races as regards tirne worked, if the opportunities for employment, therefore, be considered the »ame for all races, in point of industriousness, the North and South Italians take first rank, followed by the Poles, Lithuanians, Magyars, Germans, Slovaks, and Russians in the order named. 195 196 The Immigration Commission. THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR. A very small proportion of natives and representatives of immi- grant races in the South are identified with organized labor. Only 8 per cent of the males in the households studied report affiliation with trade unions, probably the large majority being men holding member- ship cards in some labor organization, but who at present are working as nonunion men for the reason that in only one small district of tlie southern field is organized labor recognized. The following table shows in detail the number and per cent oi males 21 years of age or over in the households studied who are mem- bers of trade unions: Table 511. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Affiliated uni Number. with trade ons. Per cent. Native-born of native father. White ... 2 1 (a\ Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: \r'} German 1 (a\ Magyar 1 (a) Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian 1 (a\ English 20 0 0 French 1 35 (a) ■ C 7 German 2 Italian. North 59 24 ! 0* / 40 7 Italian, South 250 29 w. i 116 Lithuanian 34 196 2 J.1. u 5. 9 Magyar 1 Q K Polish 179 . 0 A ^ Roumanian 3 O *r. 0 (a) ft Russian 26 Scotch 2 o. o (a) 1 ft Slovak 55 Grand total 8G6 69 1* o ft 0 Total native-born of foreign father .. . 2 o. U (a) Total native-born 4 \ Total foreign-born 862 68 [a) 7* 9 oNot computed, owing to small number involved. WORKING CONDITIONS IN ALABAMA MINES. Owing to the difference of conditions among different States, and often within a State itself, the general working conditions in the South may be best treated according to the coal-producing States under consideration. Such a method is also of greater value and interest for the reason that it affords a local application to the topics treated and admits of a comparison of conditions in different geo- graphical areas. The number of hours worked per day and per week in the Birmingham district varies according to occupations. Contractors, machine run- ners, scrapers, shooters, loaders, and pick miners are very irregular in their hours of work, while the firemen, tipple hands, couplers, trap- pers, and motormen work ten hours per day and fifty-five hours per Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 197 sreek. In most of the mines the hours worked are ten per day and ixty per week. Sanitary conditions of mines, with few exceptions, nay l)e considered good. One company has had installed in its nines an electric system. This system eliminates the use of mules, hereby reducing to an appreciable extent the dust in the mines, rhe same company contemplates bettering conditions in its mines by ns tailing a spraying system. Because of the location of the mines, the mining communities that nuTOund Birmingham and the populated suburban districts are in groups along the coal veins or are situated singly at various distances Torn the city. The largest group is a line of communities along the Pratt vein northwest of the city, and others are located north, north- east, and south. Each mine or group of mines has its own settle- nent, consisting of the works, the company ofhces, residences, of the mperintendent'and other officials, churches, schools, lodge buildings, md company houses. In almost all instances it was found that the and on which churches and schools were located had been given by :,he company. In some cases the financial assistance of the corn- Danies had been given in the building of churches, and in certain locali- ies it was found that the companies contributed in some manner to die support of the schools, usually by supplementing the public Tinds. In the majority of instances, however, a levy upon the employees of from 50 cents to $1 a month was made by the companies md taken out of wages for the support of the schools. The companies lever contributed to the support of the church, however, beyond [urnishing land for the buildings. In some cases the companies fur- lished a building or rooms for the use of local lodges, but did not contribute to their support. The prevailing type of dwelling rented to the employees by the company is a 1 -story frame 4 or 5 room house. Land for a yard or garden is always furnished, but it is quite unusual to see any attempt it gardening or the maintenance of yards. In some instances the companies furnish lumber for fencing at cost, but even this does not serve to stimulate the tenants in making use of the space allotted them. The houses are usually painted and in fair condition and repair. The rooms average about 10 by 12 or 12 by 12 feet in floor space, with either one or two windows of ordinary size. Alniost every house has a front porch and some a rear porch. The interiors are ceiled or whitewashed, have unpainted floors, and possess ample chimneys for heating and cooking purposes. One family of native whites usually occupies a house. On the other hand, the negro tenants show a tendency to crowd rnore than one family into a 1 -family dwelling or to the accommodation of an unlimited number of boarders. In the foreign settlements adjoining some mines, boarding houses conducted on the group plan are regu- larly found. In the Slovak settlements, where the immigrants have been located for some time, there is evidence of permanent settle- ment and a development of family life. In the former instances the houses are usually rented from the company by the room; in the latter instance the tenants own their homes to a large extent. As a general rule, negro miners occupy a poorer kind of house than either the native white or the immigrant. In a settlement where negro miners are the chief labor supply the 2-room cabin is the 198 The Immigration Commission. rule and untidiness and insanitary conditions are everywhere evi, dent. In general, it may be said of all the negro tenants that extrem carelessness marks their houses and grounds, due not only to thei own lack of care, but also to the lack of any attempt on the part c the companies to keep the houses in good repair. In none of the mining communities were tliere furnished othe than dry closets which were usually in an insanitary conditior For each house there was a closet, without much regard for drainag or distance from dwellings. In addition to tlie 4 and 5 room houses, and to the 2-room cabin occupied by negioes, there occur occasionally 3-room cabins as we as 6 to 9 room 2-story dwellings. The former are occupied b negroes as well as native whites, and the latter are used by immigran boarding groups. As in the cases already noted, these houses ar also fnxme, painted or whitewashed, although kept in a rather untid; condition. In the case of all of the houses occupied by miners nf weatherboarding is used; all of them are boarded and stripped None of the compaii}^ quarters give the impression of comfort, al though this unfavorable view is enhanced by the smoke and dir from the mines and tipples. The soil is generally very poor and th smoke and dust, as well, should be taken into consideration with th lack of cultivated gardens or of improved grounds. No attempt a welfare work in beautifying grounds, or in fact in any direction, ha been made in any instance. As a general rule, however, the house in this district are better than those in the coal regions of Pennsyl vania. There is less congestion, more space is given between th houses, and they are kept in better repair. The 3 and 4 story tene ment in the mining communities in this district is never found, am hence the opportunity for the grouping of a large number of familie is made impossible, and sanitary conditions are rendered greatk superior to those existing in Pennsylvania. The average rents of the houses in the mining districts are as follows Rent per month 2- room houses 3- room houses 4- room houses 5- room houses 6- room houses 9-room houses §3. 00-13. 5 2. 50- 4. 5 6 . 00 - 8 . 0 7. 00-10. 0 8.0 10 . 0 The rents, of course, vary according to the company owning th< house. While there are only two large communities in the district in whicl immigrant miners form any considerable portion of the population it is important to note that in these, as well as in those where natiy< whites and negroes live, the tendency toward racial segregation i; quite evident. The most distinct segregation in all instances is th( almost absolute separation of negroes from other races. This is mon clearly evident in company quarters than it is in the sections o cities and towns occupied by workingmen. In general it may be stated that the type of company house varie; more with the company than with the race of the tenant, with tw( exceptions: (1) The housing conditions of the Italians, Greeks, am Macedonians are better than those of negroes; (2) in most instance; Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 199 the English, Irish, vScotch, and Welsh live in better houses than does any other race except the native white. In every mining community, with the exception of a few imme- diately adjacent to towns, the company store or commissary is found. These are owned by the companies outright and operated directly by company employees. The method of conducting these stores is based upon a credit system whereby the laborer is given dollar sets of coupons in five and ten cent denominations, or else his time book is kept in the store and the laborer is allowed an amount of purchases equal to the time worked. A careful investigation of prices in several of these commissaries, as compared with the market prices in the workingmen’s districts in Birmingham, reveals very slight differences. It was stated by a number of employers, however, that the companies operated their commissaries with the expectation of making about a 20 per cent profit, and it was further stated that negroes were considered cheaper laborers because they showed a decided tendency to spend ail they made in purchases at the company stores. The stores themselves are operated in a cleanly manner, are well stocked, and are lenient, as many instances showed, in the matter of credits. In no case was it discovered that the companies impose any obligation upon the employees to patronize the companies’ stores to the exclusion of others. As a matter of fact, other stores are accessible enough in the Birmingham district to have a considerable patronage among the miners of out- lying communities, and such seems to be the case. On the other hand, when it is realized that the companies have only one pay day a month on which they settle with their employees in currency, issuing scrip or store orders in the interim, good only at their own stores or at that of the individual with whom an agreement exists, it is appa- rent that the patronage of the employees is more or less compulsory. This is but a natural conclusion when it is realized that the mine worker, as a rule, purchases the necessities of life from day to day. Instances are rare where the operatives do not receive benefits from the companies in one form or another in addition to their wages. These benefits are usually in the form of churches, schools, and lodge rooms. Each company has its own method of dealing with this situation, some giving more liberally than others. By way of illustration, one company donates a certain sum each ;^ear toward the maintenance of churches and schools; another provides the land upon which these buildings may be erected; others erect and maintain buildings free of cost for the above-mentioned pur- poses. By some companies every employee is assessed a fixed sum each month to be added to the county school fund, thereby mak- ing it possible to have a nine instead of a six months’ school term. These assessments range from 35 cents for each employee, in some of the mines, to 50 cents and $1 in others, the head of a family paying the larger assessment. In addition most of the companies furnish hospital and medical service at a very small cost to the employee. One company furnishes such service in most cases free to its em- ployees. The usual rate of assessment for medical attention for a single man is from 50 to 75 cents per month and $1 per month for a family. 200 The Immigration Commission. I Another benefit received by the operative in most companies is thd payment of a certain amount in case of accidents, the amount paicj being based upon the wage received by the employees. In some instances a monthly payment is required of each employee; in othen no charge is made, the company in both cases protecting itself from loss by carrying insurance on its employees in some employer’s liabilit} company. With one or two exceptions, there has been very little frictior' among the races employed. In one instance, where Italians andj negroes were employed, and not segregated at work, the feeling became so strong that the Italians were compelled to leave the mine Had it been possible to separate these races, the employer is of tin opinion that the Italians would have proven satisfactory. Any effort] on his part, however, to retain the Italians would have resulted in the] loss of his trained negro miners, a loss that would have seriously] crippled operations at the time. Dissension occasionally arises among] the southern European immigrants. In one instance it became neces-il sary to employ interpreters to manage them. In general the segregation of races at work which shows most clearly in the majority of the mines is that of the native white from the; negro. This is very pronounced, even so far as to put the two race^i not only in separate rooms but in different parts of the mine, excepti where contract labor is employed. This separation of the negro ele- ment is confined largely to the natives, as in only a very few cases arc any of the immigrant races separatecl from the negro. WORKING CONDITIONS IN WEST VIRGINIA COAL FIELDS. Because of the nonunion or open-shop” regnlations under whicL most of the mines of WTst Virginia are operated, the ten-hour day prevails in a vast majority of cases. Of 613 mines of West Virginia reporting to the United States Geological Survey as to men employed and hours worked in 1908, 403 mines employing 39,550 men worked ten hours per day; 180 employing 14,426 men worked nine hours; and 30 employing 1,242 men eiglit hours per day.® Many of the mines in the Kanawlia field of the New and Kanawha rivers district are operated under agreements with labor organiza- tions, and in these mines the hours per day are never more than nine. This is the only section of the State where any number of. mines worthy of consideration are operated under union agreements.; Within the past few years many vigorous attempts have been made to organize the coal mines of West Virginia, but in a majority of cases these attempts have been unsuccessful. There is considerable difference in the number of hours worked per day or week in the same mines by men engaged in the different occupations. Pick miners, machine runners, scrapers, and coke drawers may not work the full ten, nine, or eight hours, as the case may be, as their work is on a piece basis and they may stop work at their own discretion. In most cases, however, they enter the mines simultaneously with the company men and quit at about the same time. Such employees as loaders (when employed by the Production of Coal in 1908. E. W. Parker, United States Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 201 lay), road men, drivers, and most others who are paid a stipulated »rice per day, work ten hours in practically all nonunion mines, and ight and nine in the mines where organized labor is employed, engineers, firemen, and pumpers often work seven days per week, and leven or twelve hours per shift. Hours are usually irregular with oke drawers. They are assigned to a certain number of ovens per lay and the time required depends on the individual ability of the aborer. Other outside men, such as laborers and chargers, work lie regulation hours adopted by the company employing them. Jnder normal conditions a great many of the employees, with the xception of coke drawers and outside laborers, work two shifts or urns. At a majority of the mines of the West Virginia fields the employees ire paid once a month. At the mines where agreements with the inion are in force they are paid twice a month, and outside of the inion districts there are individual companies which pay twice a nonth. The payments are ostensibly in cash, but as a matter »f fact the employee receives only a part of his wages in cash be- cause various deductions are usually made from his gross earnings, riiese deductions cover as a rule a large variety of items, prominent imong them being the store account, medical fees, and rent and mithing. In addition to these more or less fixed charges the miners lave to bear the cost of powder, which usually amounts to a con- iderable item in the course of a month. Every mining company has a company store, and if one company iperates several mines, even in the same locality, there is usually a tore for each locality, or at least there is one for each village. These tores are always situated so as to be convenient to employees. They arry a varied and well-assorted stock of general merchandise, rhe prices of provisions vary at the different stores, and in some iso- ated communities are excessive. In many localities there are inde- )endent stores in near-by towns, and in stores so located they usually neet the prices of their competitors on all articles. Many of the ompanies are large, and by buying in large quantities are able to inderbuy their independent competitors, and can therefore offer a )etter quality of goods at the same or lower prices. The stocks carried )y the company stores are in many instances larger, more varied, and >f better quality than those carried by independent dealers having the ame class of trade. It is very convenient to trade at the company stores. In most nstances the companies own large tracts of land and keep out com- )etitors very largely. If the operation is near a small town, the com- )any store is located more conveniently to the residents of the mining ullage than the independent one. Another convenience furnished to he employee by the company is trading scrip, which is good only it the company stores. This scrip is issued between pay days to :over the whole or part of the working time which the employee nay have to his credit. It is issued by the company pay-roll clerk n SI, $2, S3, S5, S8, and SIO denominations, and wlicnever a pur- chase is made the amount is usually punched out of the scrip. When he scrip is issued the pay-roll clerk charges the amount against the ■mployee’s time. In some cases employees have store books, and Vhen goods are purchased a ticket representing the amount of the ! 48296 °— VOL 7—11 14 202 The Immigration Commission. I purchase is given the pay-roll clerk by the store clerk, and tliis iij charged against the employee. The name of the article purchase* and its cost are entered on the purchaser’s store book, which is kept b' him. The system most in use in West Virginia is the one where scrij is issued. This scrip is always worth its face value in trade at the compam store, and it is the only form of payment made between pay days In some cases individuals, saloons, and independent storekeepers bm the scrip at from 65 to 85 per cent of its face value and use it in buyin] provisions from the company store. In some cases small indepen&en storekeepers get a large portion of their goods by buying scrip at fron 65 to 75 per cent of its face value from thriftless employees and usin^ it in the purchase of goods at the company store. Because of the fac that in a great many cases small dealers were thus buying goods whicl they used in establishing competition with them, many companiei have ruled that the scrip shall not be transferable. In a majority o; communities the selling of scrip is not allowed, but the method out lined is still practiced in some localities. The Americans, both white and colored, usually spend a greate] percentage of their earnings at the company store than do the recem or southern and eastern European immigrants. This is especial!} true with regard to the negro, who usually can draw but a smal percentage of his earnings in cash each pay day. The following statement shows the average earnings and the aver- age deductions for provisions at the company store of 58 pick minen of the five most prominent races employed by one company in south- ern West Virginia. Thirty-five of the 58 men worked twenty-six days, or full time, and the others worked almost every day in the month, Race. Number of employees included. Average earnings per man. Average deductions for provi- sions per man. American, White 21 $78. 18 58. 83 $26. 4f 23. 2J American, Negro 16 Magyar and Slovak 17 76.68 1.22 Italian, South 4 69. 11 5.77 The store at which the purchases indicated in the table were made is located near independent stores, and the lowness of the expendi- tures made by all immigrant races is accounted for in part by the fact that they draw most of their earnings in cash and trade at these independent stores. Another fact which makes the accounts of the American whites and negroes higher than those of other races is that practically all of the men have families, while in the case of the Italians only one family is represented, and but six of the men included in the group of Magyars and Slovaks have families. The differences in the case of the Italians and Magyars and Slovaks is explained by the fact that all the Italians live together under the boarding-boss system, and each man buys his own food. The other two races board at a stipulated price per month for board, lodging, and washing. The Italians here buy about one-half of their provisions from the company store, while the other immigrant races buy only in very small quan- Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 203 ities. The American whites and negroes are less thrifty than other •aces and usually buy everything needed at the company store. The expenditures included in this statement are only those for lousehold necessities and clothing, and do not include such other •barges as rent, doctor’s fees, powder, and smithing, which come out »f every miner’s earnings, and constitute a deduction of considera- te importance. The following tables show for a representative mine and coke plant uverage monthly earnings and deductions from earnings of employees, ogether with the amount of cash actually received: 'able 512 . — Monthly earnings of employees in southern West Virginia, deductions from earnings, and amount received, by race and occupation* Race and occupation. Number of em- ployees. Amount earned. Amount deducted. Amount received. Aggregate. Average. Aggregate. Average. Aggregate. Average. oke loader: American, Negro 5 $170.82 $34. 16 $103. 50 $20.70 $67. 32 $13. 46 Italian, South 16 660. 43 41.28 101. 00 6.31 559. 43 34.97 Polish 1 18.90 18.90 7.00 7.00 11.90 11.90 Total 22 850. 15 38. 64 211.50 9. 61 638. 65 29.03 oke puller: American, Negro 23 766.05 33.31 480. 90 20. 91 285. 15 12.40 Italian, South 6 227. 63 37.94 40. 00 6. 67 187.63 31.27 Total 29 993. 68 34.26 520. 90 17. 96 472. 78 16.30 ther occupations: American, White American, Negro 18 979.81 54.43 » 391.72 21.76 588.09 32.67 1 32. 50 32.50 .50 .50 32.00 32.00 English 3 292. 00 97.33 62.25 20. 75 229.75 76.58 Italian (not specified). 1 56.00 56. 00 14.00 14. 00 42.00 42.00 Total 23 1,360.31 59.14 468. 47 20. 37 891.84 38.78 *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary St time or lost time from shut downs or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing inual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. The average earnings and deductions for the mining employees is ubmitted below, by race and conjugal condition: 'able 513 . — Average monthly earnings and amount deducted from earnings of mine employees of a representative mine and cole plant in southern West Virginia, by race and conjugal condition* Race and conjugal condition. Number of em- ployees. Average- Earnings. Deductions. Money received. merican, White: Married Single merican, Negro: Married Single alian (South), single alian (North), single agvar: Married Single ussian, single ovak, single $22. 76 15.03 34. 79 18. 74 9.40 11.08 31.35 18. .57 22.15 21.25 $27.97 13.86 11.86 8.41 24.32 5. .30 14.00 21 . ()1 23. .54 21. .55 ♦This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary St time or lost time from shut downs or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing onual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. 204 The Immigration Commission. In some isolated communities the prices charged at the company stores are much in excess of a legitimate profit, and the company store in all cases is decidedly a paying institution. They are usually economically conducted and have no bad debts, as credit is rarely extended beyond the amount due the employee in wages. In many of these isolated communities it costs more to get provisions laid down at the stores because of their inconvenient location, and this accounts, at least in part, for the higher prices. Owing to the fact that the mines in West Virginia are located in more or less isolated localities, where no houses are available other than company houses, practically all are tenants as well as employees of the mining company. In a majority of cases the country surrounding the company vil- lage is rough and sparsely settled. Owing to the rugged topography, there is rarely enough level land for the company village to be con- densed and all buildings put in regular rows. The company stores are centrally located and the houses, from 50 to 150 in number, are scattered on hillsides and in the narrow valleys. They are con- structed of a cheap grade of lumber, and many of them give the impression of being only temporary structures. They vary in size, as already pointed out, from two rooms to six or eight, are usu^ly painted red or steel gray, and all are alike. There are three general types of houses found in the coal-mining villages of the State, and it is not un- common to find all of them represented in the same village. The most general type found, especially in the older established villages, gives every appearance of cheapness and lack of permanence. This is a one-story structure of from two to four or sometimes five or six rooms. They are usually boxed on the outside with 10 or 12 inch boards nailed on vertically with 3-inch strips over the cracks. They are either ceiled with good dressed and matched lumber, or plastered and in some cases papered, in addition to being either ceiled or plas- tered. They are usually two rooms long, and, if there are more than two rooms, the additional rooms are usually built as a wing running back from the front part. A rather narrow porch is built on the front of the house, and in some cases in the rear. The double houses are two stories high, two rooms wide, and two long. If they contain six rooms, the rear ones are only one story high; and if there are eight rooms, the front and rear are both two stories. The houses are divided by a main wall running from front to rear, each sec- tion or side accommodating one family. Double chimneys are usually constructed in the front rooms, with open fires as the source of heat. These houses have narrow porches at the front running the width of the house, with railings, or, in some instances, an out- side continuation of the dividing wall, which cuts the porch into two sections. The houses are either ceiled or plastered and, in some cases, papered. They are always painted on the outside, and while not attractive are usually comfortable and kept in a very good state of repair. The third type of house found in mining villages is better in quality and general appearance, and occurs less frequently than any other. This type of house is a single one-story building of four or five rooms and hall, and finished both inside and out with better material than that usually found in the types above described. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 205 The rent charged by the different companies varies widely and, as a rule, includes coal if the employee will carry it from the mining tipple. If coal is delivered, an extra charge, usually just sufficient to meet such expenses as are incurred in the delivery, is made. When a house and fuel are furnished, which is the case in most instances, the rent ranges from $1.50 to $2 a month per room, or from $6 to $8 per month for a 4-room house. Some companies have a fixed rule of $2 per room per month for 3-room houses, and where an employee rents a house containing more than three rooms a charge of $1 per month is made for each additional room. Where such extra conveniences as electric lights or^ gas are fur- nished, an extra charge is made. Some companies claim to furnish these at actual cost, while others make a good profit on the service. In no cases are the houses supplied with running water inside, and the closest approach to it is a h 3 ^drant in the yard. In most places where outside hydrants are found, they are arranged so that each will serve from six to eight families. In many of the villages water is secured from wells, and in some communities practically all houses are served by one or two springs. Wfiiere wells are found they are barely deep enough to secure a lasting supply, and each well is located so as to supply from three to ten families. Some wells are equipped with pumps and others are furnished with buckets and windlass. Cases were found in some villages where employees were securing all water for household purposes directly from a river without any filtration. The general sanitary conditions of the average mining village of West Virginia are not good. The drainage is surface entirely, and although in its natural state, owing to the topography, the soil drains readily, when obstructed by buildings and household garbage it is considerably impeded. Toilets are generally dry and of the earth vault variety. Owing to the rolling character of the ground surrounding houses, the lots have no uniform size, and the distance between houses and between the houses and toilets is not uniform. The toilets are often some distance from the houses, but if the houses face the store, or main part of the village, as they usually do, the toilets located in the rear are on higher ground than the houses. Most of the companies clean their villages at least once each year, when all toilets and grounds about the houses are cleansed and lime applied. In some cases this process is carried on twice each year. The insanitary conditions are largely due to the inhabitants themselves. 'The recent immigrants usually have from two to twelve boarders to the family, and the houses are poorly kept. Little regard is given to appearance, and in the 3 ^ards about these boarding houses will be found various forms of household garbage. Waste water is usually thrown from the door or from some convenient window. The negroes do not show much greater diligence as regards sanita- tion than the average recent immigrant of southern and eastern Europe. There is a marked improvement in general houseliold con- ditions among the families of the southern and eastern European races who have lived many years in the United States. As the period of residence increases, the tendency to keep boarders or lodg- ers seems to decline. The South Italian has less regard for sanitary 206 The Immigration Commission. conditions than has any other race. This is due very largely to the' fact, especially in the southern fields, that the}^ have been coming in large numbers only within recent years, and the number of families is comparatively small. They live very largely in groups composed of men only, and no thought or time is devoted to keeping up attrac- tive abodes. The houses of American whites, English, Scotch, and Germans are usually very well kept, and a majority of the families of these races do not keep boarders. In households where boarders are kept, more individuals are found per room. The general living conditions of the races of northern Europe are a great improvement over conditions found in the homes of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. The general conditions in coal-mining localities in West Virginia are not conducive to the ownership of homes by mine employees. In the first place, a majority of the mines are in isolated districts, more or less cut off from other communities because of ruggerl topography, bad roads, and poor transportation facilities. If an employee should invest in a home near his work and for any reason he should be thrown out of work the property would not be valuable, because there are no other industries near in which he could find employment. The coal mines often have periods when work is irregular, or suspend oper- ations for months at a time, which facts tend to make coal-mining labor migratory. Another fact opposed to home ownership which exists in some locations is found in the policy of various companies not to sell either land on which to build houses or the houses them- selves, because in either case they would be cutting into a very profitable part of their business. The mining companies often own such large tracts that no other available land suitable for building purposes is to be had convenient to the work. In addition to wages paid, the only benefits received by operatives in either the northern or southern coal fields of West Virginia are in the form of medical and hospital service. Even these are usually maintained by a fund contributions to which are required of the mine workers. At every mining village a resident ph^-sician is maintained. Hospital service is often a few miles away from the mining villages. The charges for this service are usually one dollar per month for every operative who is married and has a family. Some companies in addition levy an assessment upon eacli employee for the mainte- nance of a miner’s hospital. The rates charged differ with different companies, but represent the average charges. The following notice, issued by a coal-mining company in southern West Virginia, outlines the insurance system usual in that section: To employees: Commencing this date all employees of this company will be charged 25 cents per month (or fraction thereof) each for accident insurance. In case an employee receives an injury by an accident while at his work or in going to or returning therefrom and is disabled for work thereby, he will be paid ^6 per week, ten days constituting the first week of disability. In no case will benefits be allowed longer than twenty weeks nor for more than the above prescribed amounts. In case of the death of an employee resulting from an accident, the sum of $50 will be paid to his legal heirs for the purpose of defraying the funeral expenses, etc. In case of the loss of a limb the claimant may draw at once the whole of his twenty weeks’ benefits on application. In case of the death of an employee from natural causes, $35 will be paid to his legal heirs to defray funeral expenses. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 207 In case an employee receives an injury he, or some one in his behalf, must report he fact promptly at the office of the companjr and must have a physician’s attend- — the resident physician of the company, if practicable — whose certificate of dis- ibility he shall present at the office on making application for benefits. Should any person while drawing benefits become inebriated or engage in any kind )f work, or do anything to retard his recovery, he shall forfeit all further benefits. Should any person who has been drawing benefits return to work, and after twc lays find himself unable, he shall report to the office and to the physician, when hia benefits shall continue, the number of days worked being deducted therefrom. An old sprain, wound, or sore, or any wound received in a quarrel or brawl, or by he discharge of firearms, will not entitle any person to receive benefits, nor any lilment of the body caused by the elements, such as sunstroke, frostbite, or arising Tom miasma consequent on marshy land, wet work in mines, insufficient ventilation, umes from ammunition used in mines, or anything of like nature. In case of the death of an employee, or of a member of an employee’s family, the company will provide a grave, if buried on the premises. Copies of this order may be secured by applying at the office. During the years 1905 to 1907 employment in most of the mines n West Virginia was steady throughout the year. In 1908, owing :o the industrial depression, employment was very irregular in most nines of the State. During 1907, 59,029 men worked an average )f two hundred and thirty days, while in 1908, 56,861 men were employed an average only of one hundred and eighty-five days, [n almost every mining establishment, from which data were secured, throughout the State of West Virginia, short time was worked during ;he year 1908. Several establishments were entirely closed down ‘or months at a time — some for three and others for six months. The majority of establishments, however, operated during the mtire year on short time, the usual number of days worked in iach week being three, four, and four and a half. As examples of the foregoing, one important establishment was closed entirely for a period of three months, covering July, August, and September, 1908; another operated on short time from January 1 to October 1 md on full time for the remainder of the year; in another estab- ishment unemployment during the year averaged three days per yeek; another operated approximately four days out of each week luring the entire year; while in another the pick miners worked ipproximately three days in each week throughout the year, though he day laborers, who were few in numbers, worked full time of six lays per week throughout the entire year. As has been stated before, only a small proportion of the employees working in mines and at coke plants in West Virginia are organized. There has never been any organization in the Pocahontas field, and he unions have not been recognized in the Fairmont field since 1894, nor in the New River field since 1902. In many cases deputies are imployed by the mining companies to keep order, and besides this hey inquire into the business of strangers coming into the villages. VEany companies do not permit agents selling articles to canvass the tillage without first obtaining the permission of some officer of the company. This rule exists in many instances for the purpose of seeping labor organizers from working up a union sentiment among he men. At the establishments where organized labor is employed he agreement with the union does not permit the company to employ leputy sheriffs. 208 The Immigration Commission. Some difference is noted in the racial make-up of mines in the union and nonunion districts of the State. Many small mines throughout all the district included in this report employ only native white labor, and many others have only native whites and negroes. There are, however, no large mines or companies without a rather large complement of either negroes or immigrants, and in a majority of cases, especially in the southern field, of both. The proportion of native white employees is much higher in the union districts even with large establishments than in the nonunion. The following table gives the racial make-up of two companies in the same county in one of the southern fields, employing about the same number of men. One of these companies operates under agreement with the miners’ union and has a nine-hour day. The other employs nonunion men exclusively and has a ten-hour day. Table blA— Racial distribution of employees in a union and in a nonunion mine. UNION MINE. Race. Number of employees. Per cent distribu- tion. 420 51. C 120 14. f 23 2.^ 250 30. < 10 1.5 Total 823 100. ( — NONUNION MINE. 217 28.5 156 20. { 103 13.5 12 l.( 14 lA 9.i 75 134 17. ( 30 3.i 19 2.i Total 760 100. ( a “ Other races” include Lithuanian, Slovak, and Roumanian. It will be noticed that the percent^age of American white minen is much less in the nonunion than in the union mines. Prior to the strike of 1902 very few negroes, and no immigrants other than a few English, were employed in the mines that are now nonunion. Tht Italians and negroes employed at the mines included in this table are principally in rough labor positions and loading coal after the machines, occupations that American whites will not enter generally In 1908 wages for all classes of positions were from 8 to 20 per cent higher in the union mines inclueled in the above table than in the nonunion ones, and other conditions of employment, including houn and the absence of the company deputy, were better. These facb are directly responsible for the greater number of American whiter employed at these mines. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 209 WORKING CONDITIONS IN VIRGINIA COAL FIELDS. The general conditions of employment in the Virginia coal hel^s are practically the same as those obtaining in West Virgmia with the exception of some changes in working conditions arising from ttie more recent developments in Virginia. The question of an adequate supply of labor has always been an important one in the Big Stone Gap field, and more or less competition on the part of operators has existed at all times. Immigrants have been employed practically from the beginning, and operators have gone to considerable expense through advertising and other channels to get them established. Considerable vigilance has been exercised on the part of employers to keep the miners and other employees from organizing. At one time, when an attempt was made to organize, gua^rds were maintained at some of the plants to keep labor organizers out, and great care was exercised in examining all who sought to gain access to the properties of the coal companies. At present, deputies or marshals are kept at some of the larger plants, whose duty it is to preserve order and to inspect or inquire into the nature of any trespasser’s or visitors business. The hours of work per day in practically all mines in this field are ten for company shift men or, in other words, men who receive a certain wage per day for their work. The miners and coke drawers, and, in some instances, coke forkers, are paid on a piece basis, and there are no regulations as to the number of hours they work, except that all work is required to be between certain hours. Under normal con- ditions, the mines run six days per week, but in 1908, owing the financial depression, many operators did not average more than half time, and some even less. In every establishment in the field short time was worked from October, 1907, to June, 1908. Sorne estab- lishments were entirely closed for several months at a time, and others operated throughout the period, but on short time of from two to six days per week, with an average of probably three or three and one-half, in practically all cases the labor force was substantially reduced, and the population was constantly shifting. The recent immigrants left the field in considerable numbers, especially the single men and those not accompanied by their families. A great many returned abroad. Those who remained moved about the field in search of plants offering the most regular work. There is no uniform wage scale for this region, and the prices paid for the different classes of labor vary. In 1906 and 1907 there was great demand for labor in all lines of work in and about the mines, and a great deal of competition existed. Wages were constantly being raised in order to induce men to enter the employment of the different companies, and this condition kept the laborers in a state of umest and tended to make employees migratory, especially those not accompanied by families. It had the further effect, a great many employers claim, of making the more shiftless element of the native whites and the negroes more irregular, for the reason that the wages paid were so high that it was only necessary to work from two to four days per week to earn enough money to supply their wants. The operators furnish medical service to employees, for which a charge of 50 cents for individuals and $1 for families is deducted from 210 The Immigration Commission. each man’s pay. All companies have at least one resident physician, and some of the larger concerns two, the fee paid entitling the em- ployee or any member of his family to all medical attention. Two of the companies maintain, in addition, well-equipped hospitals, with trained nurses to attend any cases of serious accident or sickness. No extra assessment is placed upon the employees for such service. One company maintains a free library or reading room for the bene- fit of all employees, but very few of the immigrants patronize it. Two companies have built churches for their immigrant employees, and all have contributed to the erection of churches without regard to religious denomination. In practically every case the employers have given considerable assistance toward the improvement of the public schools. This has been done both by substantial contributions to the Qrection of good schoolhouses aiul by increasing the length of the school term. The average length of the public school term in most of the villages is from five to seven months, and in a number of cases the companies supplement the public funds in sufficient amount to make a nine months’ term possible. In one of the larger coal-mining villages of the field the company erected a large modern school building, equip- ])ed it with modern desks, steam heat, electric lights, and turned it over to the public school authorities of the county. In most instances all employees live in houses rented to them by the company. None of the employees have ever shown a tendency to buy homes. This has probably been due to two causes. The mining villages are all in isolated localities and if work should cease or an employee be discharged or desire to change employers that locality would not be convenient to any other work; and very little land convenient to the mines is for sale, the companies usually controlling large tracts of adjacent property which they do not care to sell. Topographically the country composing the Big Stone Gap field is very broken, being a deeply dissected region made up of . ravines and steep ridges which attain an altitude of 4,000 feet above sea level in some sections. There are no towns of importance in the region. Norton, the terminjtl point of the Norfolk and Western and Louisville and Nashville railways, is a town of probably 2,500 inhabitants and constitutes the business center as well as the largest town of the field. In all the mining localities the companies operating the mines control large tracts of land and own all houses used by employees. Business activity in the mining villages is confined solely to the com- pany store. There are no industrial enterprises of any nature in the region outside of the mines and coke works, and the opportunities to engage in agricultural pursuits are very limited. In the level valley lands is always located the company store, usually as near the center of the whole village as possible. The coke ovens, mining stables, machine shops, and such other buildings as may be necessary are also located on the low lands along the banks of the streams. The houses for employees are built on the surrounding hillsides, or, if sufficient room is available after other company buildings have been located, some of them are in the valley. In some cases the villages are located on main streams where some small tributary Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 211 3 nters, and in such cases houses are often found along the banks of the streams. In many cases the valleys are so narrow that the yil- lages are considerably scattered and available space for the location of houses is very limited. As can be readily understood from the foregoing description the villages have no general plan, but are of necessity irregular. All companies employing any considerable number of diferent races have their employees colonized by races, principally because of the desire of the employees themselves for segregation. In the majority of instances there are no yards surrounding the company houses, but in some cases the houses are inclosed by a fence built of rough boards. There is no uniform distance between houses, and conditions are rarely such that as many as two parallel rows of bouses can be built. An average rent for the whole district would be about $2 per room, including the cost of coal for household purposes. For houses of more than four rooms the rate per room above mentioned is usually reduced. The houses are of many types and sizes, and practically no village in the whole region has a uniform type. Three general types are found throughout the region under which will fall a majority of the houses, and all types will be found together in some towns. Many of the houses are of two or three rooms, one story high, and built of rather cheap material. Often the house is weatherboarded with 10 or 12 inch boards, un- dressed and nailed on vertically, with a narrow strip over the cracks. These houses are, as a general rule, painted red or some other color which does not show dirt readily. They are always either ceiled with dressed and matched lumber or rough ceiled and papered. They are heated by open fires and coal stoves, and, although they have the appearance of temporary structures, are comfortable. When placed on the side of hills, there is no grading of the ground for the foundation, but pillars of brick, stone, or wood are built so as to make them level. Very often one side of the house is several feet above the ground while the other is very close to the ground. In some communities double houses are found. These are of two sizes and are two stories high. They are either of six rooms to the house or three to the section, or eight and four, respectively. Where these houses have six rooms, the front rooms are built two stories high, with a back room of one story, and a dividing wall from front to rear cuts the house into two sections. The only difference between this and the eight-room types is that in the latter the back rooms are two stories. Houses of this type whenever found in the region are constructed of dressed lumber, painted on the outside, and ceiled with regulation 3-inch ceiling, dressed and matched. They are heated either by open fires or by coal stoves. In two villages types of houses were found which were a distinct improvement over those described above. These were the four-room single houses, one story in height, built of a good quality of lumber and well painted. The houses have an 8-foot hall and are either plastered or papered on the inside. They are usually found in new plants which have been constructed within recent years. The quality and appear- ance of houses built in more recent years are very much better than Ithose built within the first half of the region’s developrnent. Very little attention is given to sanitary conditions in the mining villages. 212 The Immigration Commission. There is no town government of any kind, and all movements fo civic betterment must come from the company. Very little attentioi is given to cleaning their own premises or the village by the employee themselves. The drainage is surface, and owing to the general con tour of the country, if not obstructed, all water soon runs off naturally No waterworks of any kind exist in the various company towns, am all toilets are necessarily dry. In many places the toilets are rathe: close to houses and are on higher elevations than the houses. An a])|)arently inseparable adjunct of the bituminous coal mine ii the Big Stone Gap, Clinch Valley, and Pocahontas fields of Virginia is the so-called company store. No mining company is without at leas one store, and where mines are operated in different localities then is a store for each mine. Located usually within a short distance o: the mine ti})ple, and flanked on either side by the company houses it is generally both the social and geogra})hical center of the ordinar} mining community. The most familiar type of building is a larg( one-story frmne structure. A wide porch extends across the front and at one side, and under the same roof are often located the officer of the mine superintendent and the clerical force. Frequently th( office of postmaster is filled by one of the employees, in which cast the postoffice is also located in the building. A large and varied assortment of merchandise is carried. Sucl prime necessities of the coal miner as powders, mine oil, drills, and picks are, of course, always in stock, and in addition to these articles almost every commodity for which a demand exists in a mining community may be purchased. Although the store is patronized to some extent by all classes, the bulk of its patronage is supplied by the employ^ees of the mining company. The greater portion of the purchases are made through the medium of company scrip which is issued in lieu of money to the employee who wishes to draw on his wages in advance of pay day. On the first of the month the employee is given what is known as a stoppage card. The name of the mining company is printed at the top of the card, beneath which is written the name of the employee. The days of the month in figures are printed consecutively on the face of the card. When scrip is desired the card is presented to the pay roll clerk and the amount of scrip issued is written in after the date of issue. The scrip is in denominations of $1, $2, $3, S4, $5, $6, $8, and $10. When the purchases are made the scrip is presented at the store with the stoppage card and the price of the articles purchased is punched out on the margin of the scrip. Scrip is seldom issued in excess of the credits due the employee on the books of the company. Criticism is often directed by the employees against the company stores, but the charges made are usually without foundation. In the more isolated communities where other stores are not accessible the smaller companies sometimes take advantage of the situation and charge extortionate prices, but the larger companies seldom exact more than a reasonable profit, and by purchasing their goods in large quantities are frequently able to sell the employee a better article than he could obtain elsewhere for the same price. In almost every community will be found independent stores, which, if not as convenient as the company store, are easily reached, and the employee may trade at such stores if he desires to do so. He 213 Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. I not required to patronize the company store. The employee who as collected his earnings in scrip during the month and has no balance ue him on pay day may be compelled to trade at the company store ecause of his inability to obtain credit elsewhere, but aside from the xed charges for house rent and medical attendance assessed against ae employee, there is no influence exerted by the company to prevent im from drawing his entire earnings in cash and spending the money s his inclination dictates. Among the boarding groups of the immi- rant coal miners it is sometimes the practice to order groceries in irge quantities from cities. Others frequently buy the greater part f their supplies from the grocery stores and markets conducted by lembers of their own race, which spring up in nearly all communities ettled by immigrants. fiiuatfEBMie Chapter V. [THE DEMAND FOR IMMIGRANT LABOR AND- THE EFFECTS OF ITS EMPLOYMENT. Reasons for employment of immigrants in Alabama coal mines — Methods used to secure immigrant labor for Alabama mines— Reasons for employment of immigrants I in West Virginia — Methods used to secure immigrant labor in West Virginia — I Reasons for employment of immigrants in Virginia coal fields — Effect of employment of immigrants in Virginia and West Virginia coal fields. REASONS FOR EMPLOYMENT OF IMMIGRANTS IN ALABAMA COAL MINES. In general, it maybe said that immigrants have been employed in the Birmingham district because of three teasons. In the first place, gome have been employed because of their peculiar skill in certain 3ccupations. These are almost entirely Scotch, Welsh, and English, with a few Italians who have had experience in the mines in lorthern Italy. A second cause for the employment of immigrants tias arisen from labor disturbances. Two strikes have occurred in the aistory of the district as the result of the activity of the United Mine W^orkers of America. The first, which occurred in 1904, was caused by the effort of the unions to continue the wage scale of 1903 with the operators. This scale was a sliding one, based on the price of pig iron, IS follows; Sliding scale of miners^ rates per ton mined, 1903, [Rates based on the Pratt vein.] Price of pig iron per ton. Miners’ wage per ton for coal (pick mined). $8. 00 9.00 9. 50 10. 50 11. 50 and over. $0. 47i .50 .52i .55 } .57i This scale was refused as a basis for wage payments by all of the iperators except the smaller firms which mined coal for local con- sumption. In the strike that ensued many representatives of the southern European races were brought in. The presence of immi- grants, the fact that a large number of negroes were employed, and he failure of the union men to stand by the union, caused the strike ,0 fail. The second strike occurred in 1908. In the intervening time the nine workers had been actively engaged in organization. When the )perators announced that, on account of the industrial depression, a :ut of nearly 20 per cent per ton of coal mined would be made, a ‘Svalk- )ut” took place oyer the entire district. The larger companies im- )orted a number of immigrants for employment in their mines. Very icw of these men remained. Another demand made by the strikers was 215 216 The Immigration Commission. the abolition of contract labor and the payment to each miner ol a wage graded according to the difficulty of the vein. The operators refused, as they did in 1904, to recognize the union, and on account of the difficulty of obtaining work elsewhere and the hard times, as well as the fact that the operators could afford to suspend work during the depression, the strike failed in every particular. Many of the immi- grants brought in as strike-breakers during the strike of 1908 went away after the strike failed, because in a majority of instances the old employees were taken back by the operators on condition that the}’ sever their connection with the unions. The immigrants are considered less troublesome in strikes than are the negroes. Their serious violations of law are chiefly by the Italians, a number of whom have been convicted for offenses com- mitted during the strike of 1908. The negro is considered difficult tc handle in a strike because of his ignorance and excitability. The third and principal reason for employing immigrants ha^ been the general scarcity of labor. This involves a consideratior of the normal labor supply and the general labor situation in the Birmingham district. The salient points of the labor situation ma} be outlined as follows: ^ • i t -i - There is a residual or basic supply of labor fairly distributee throughout the district. This residue is present at every mine, anc in some cases is sufficient to supply the needs of the employer. Foi example, at practically all of the smaller mines a scarcity of laboi has not been felt to any great extent, while at the larger mines to residual or basic supply has not been sufficient. This residua, supply may be summarily described as follows: (1) A very few native whites from the vicinity and the southerr States (2) Skilled workers drawn from the coal industries in other sections of the United States, principally from Pennsylvania. (3) A considerable number of negroes from the Birmmghan district, augmented by others drawn from various localities in th( southern States, chiefly from the plantations. Certain conditions have arisen which render the above-descnbec residual supply® either insufficient or unsatisfactory for the demand of the employers. These conditions may be outlined as follows: (1) The demand for labor has outgrown the supply, as stated above by reason of the development of coal and other industries. It r worthy of note that this demand has come almost exclusively fron those companies which have had the greatest expansion. The coa operators, for example, who have not increased their capacity to am great extent have not experienced the scarcity to the same degree and their experience has been due more to an indirect drawing awa] of a portion of their labor supply to the larger employers. On th< other hand, the new mines have felt the severest scarcity and hay* been forced to take measures toward increasing the supply by arti ficial means. ^ i ^ ^ (2) These new operators practically agree as to the unsatisractor qualities of the ordinary or residual labor supply. The native whit « It is important to take these elements into account. The term residual is sinii)! suggested so as to distinguish it from that portion of the labor supply of the distric called into existence by other causes. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 217 who comes from the small farm is at best only a temporary employee who is enticed by cash wa^es during certain seasons of the year, and who as a general rule is a shiftless person. Furthermore, the number of these whites is very small. On the other hand, the negro, while possessing many excellent qualities, such as a capacity for heavy work and tractability, is too irregular and shiftless in his habits to be exclusively depended upon. He is usually a good miner, because in that occupation he can work whenever he chooses and as long; but as a day worker he is unsteady, because he will work only long enough to make a living wage. At times of greatest demand, when work is most plentiful and wages are highest, he is most irregular, at the very time when he is most needed. Moreover, it is believed by some employers that the negro, as a worker, is deteriorating physically. It is asserted that members of the younger generation, through dis- sipation and the influences of city life, are less capable of hard work than those who came from the plantations. Finally, it is stated that a large number of the negroes are emigrating from this district and other sections of the South, to the North and West. As the result of the foregoing considerations the employers claim that they are at the mercy of the labor supply of the district, par- ticularly of the unskilled portion, which is, of course, the largest. Because of this shortage of labor in normal times the companies (1) are in constant danger of being tied up by strikes, and are hampered by the fact that the laborers are aware of the situation, and (2) are at a disadvantage as compared with other localities where similar indus- tries are carried on, by reason of the inefficiency of the unskilled labor. Because of the labor situation, as well as of other conditions, a change in the labor supply has taken place in th<| following way: (1) English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh miners, to some extent skilled, have come in of their own accord. (2) The larger employers have brought in Italians, Greeks, Mace- donians, Slovaks, Bulgarians, and other southern European races during the past ten years for use as unskilled laborers in the mines, and, to a lesser extent, as miners. This has been due more or less to the adoption of a steady policy, and is entirely distinct from the policy of occasionally importing immigrants as strike-breakers. The net gain to the labor supply due to the coming of immigrants has been the settling of the Scotch, Irish, Welsh, and English, and to a small extent of the Slovaks, Greeks, and Italians. To this net gain may be added the fact that immigrants, especially of the southern European races, come more frequently of their own accord than they formerly did. But as a general rule this immigration is very shifting, never becoming to any great extent settled or dependable. In this connection some of the employers complain that the southern States are discriminated against by claims of unhealthfulness, low wages, and so forth. Aside from this, it seems to be unquestionably true that immigration of the southern European races has not lasted long enough as yet to cause large colonies of immigrant communities to develop the racial community characteristics which would overcome the tendency of recent immigrants to return to their native lands, as they have done in other sections of the United States. In short, for jsome reason, as employers claim, the immigrant of this class is not satisfied, and does not hesitate to say so, especially when he knows , 48296 °— VOL 7—11 15 218 The Immigration Commission. that the employer wants him. There exists also a local prejudice against the immigrant of this class on the part of the natives, both '^ites and negroes, and an unfavorable impression against him on the part of many of the smaller employers in the coal and steel indus- try. For this reason, therefore, the immigrant is difficult to retain. Consequently, from the standpoint of the employer, it would seem that there is a necessity for more labor. Whether this is a legitimate demand from the standpoint of wages and of living conditions is, of course, a matter of dispute. Bearing directly upon the question of the labor supply in the Birmingham district is the growing practice of the coal operators of| using convicts in the mines. Of recent years there has been a decided' tendency toward the employment of convicts in this capacity, some eight or ten communities being composed of them. The usual* arrangement made with the state and the county authorities requires' the company to pay a certain rate into the public treasury for eachl miner. This is based upon the amount of coal mined. The company must furnish stockades, guards, and housing for the convicts. The rates vary between SIO and $12 per month per convict. In the opinion of some of the employers this system presents partial solution of the labor question in the coal mines for two reasons:] First, the convicts, who are almost altogether negroes, are forced' to work steadily, their output may be depended upon, and their cost: is less to the company. Second, as the result of the policy, there is a steadily increasing, supply of efficient, steady, and trained negro miners. After the con- vict has worked in the coal mines for several years he has learned a trade thoroughly. Not only does he become a trained miner, but'i owing to the systein of rigid discipline and enforced regularity ob work, he becomes through habit a steady workman, accustomed toj regular hours. When his term ends he almost invariably, according; to the statements of the employers who have used convict labor, continues to be a coal miner for the reason that he does not know, how to do anything else, and because he has been taught how to do one thing well and to earn a good wage. The result of the practice of using convicts on the lease system, as stated above, is that every year there is set at liberty a number of experienced and efficient] miners, and at the same time there is being trained a larger number,: for future years. Of the best negro miners, it is stated, the ex-con- victs are in the majority wherever they have been employed, and it| is estimated that 50 per cent of the negro coal miners in the district are ex-convicts. In recapitulating the labor situation in the Birmingham district, which is so closely bound up with the question of immigration, it may be stated that a very small proportion of the miners and the outside men are immigrants. Immigrants at the time of the investi- gation composed not over 10 per cent of the total number of mine employees and probably less than 5 per cent of the miners. The consensus of opinion among the larger operators seems unquestion- ably to be that immigration of foreign labor will be necessary in then great development which is expected in the future of coal-mining i operations in the district, as it is indeed necessary under present| normal conditions. I Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 219 METHODS USED TO SECURE IMMIGRANT LABOR FOR ALABAMA MINES. "WTiere the immigrants do not apply for employment along with the natives the companies usually secure this class of labor by one of three methods: (1) Through employment bureaus, (2) through com- pany agents sent to cities or industrial centers, and (3) through con- tracts with labor agents in other cities. This applies to the races from southern and eastern Europe, but not to the English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, who invariably make application as do the natives. REASONS FOR EMPLOYMENT OF IMMIGRANTS IN WEST VIRGINIA. A considerable percentage of the labor in the Fairmont and Elk Garden districts of West Virginia or the northern field of the State has been composed of immigrants for about twelve or fifteen years. This has been due to two causes. The strikes occurring in 1894 and 1895 determined that the field was nonunion, and many of the American miners left for the Middle West or other organized mining districts. At the same time there has been a pronounced tendency among the Americans to enter industries other than mining. This has left openings which have been filled by immigrants from southeastern Europe. This field is not so conveniently situated with respect to the large centers of negro population as the other two fields in the southern portion of the State, and fewer members of this race have been employed as compared with the other fields. The employment of immigrants in the New and Kanawha rivers districts arose from two causes. First, as already stated,® the strike of 1902 caused a great many of the better class of American white miners to leave the field; their places had to be filled and the labor most available at the current mining prices was that of immigrants. Second, even if the strike had not occurred, the immigrants would have been ultimately necessary because of the great extension of the coal-mining industry in this field. The strike occurred at about the beginning of the period of greatest de- velopment. It would have been impossible to procure American laborers to carry out this development, because of their tendency during the past ten years to leave the mining industry in this locality of their own volition. In the Pocahontas field practically the same influences have been at work as in the New River district. The primary reason for the employment of immigrants in the Pocahontas field has been the remarkable expansion of the industry. Although the strike of 1902 did not reach as large proportions in this field as in the New River territory, for the reason that the Pocahontas field was unorganized, it had some effect, and considerable numbers of native miners left the region, creating vacancies which were filled by recent immigrants. I The extraordinary expansion of mining in the region for the past fifteen years, however, has been the chief factor in the introduction |of immigrant employees. During the past seven years alone employ- 'Oaent has been found for 10,000 men. An illustration of this unusual ;iemand for labor is seen in the fact that one company, which has developed since 1903 along the Tug River branch of the Norfolk o See p. 152. 220 The Immigration Commission. and Western Railroad, employs 3,000 men at the present time. The development in Mercer, Mingo, and Logan counties. West Virginia, has covered about the same period and has been equally rapid. Under these conditions it has been necessary to draw on other com- munities for labor. The operators of the region have secured labor extensively from three sources: First, from the negro population of ^Tu•th Carolina and Virginia; second, from the immigrants m the coal fields of Pennsylvania; ^tbird, from abroad, through immigrant friends and relatives who settled in the field. The same conditions in the northern part of the State, as in the Pocahontas and New River fields, have made necessary the employ- ment of recent immigrants. The primary reason in all the coal- mining districts, as already pointed out, has been the remarkable expansion of the industry" ami the impossibility of securing other labor of a satisfactory character. The situation has been intensi- fied by unfavorable labor conditions at various times. After the strikes of 1894 and 1902 native miners emigrated to coal fields in other States, leaving their places to be filled by immigrants. Briefly summarizing the forces which have been operative over the entire State, the wide extent of employment of immigrant labor mav be said to be due to the following causes: (a) The remarkable expansion of mining operations in the State within a short period of time, making necessary a very large increase in the number of employees. (h) The lack of a native labor supply for the following reasons: (1) The native whites from the mountain country near by are irreg- ular, being willing to work in the mines only at certain periods of the year when the farm and cattle grazing do not demand their presence at home. A large portion are also unsatisfactory as miners because of their lack of efficiency. (2) The negro miners are not sufficient in number and are not reliable, their habits of work being very irregular. It is claimed that they will ordinarily work only a few da}^ per week, thus making necessary a large number to keep the mines in full operation. (c) The existence of strikes and labor controversies has at times accentuated the normally keen demand for labor, and the immigrant employed at first temporarily, on his own implication or as a strike- breaker, has remained permanently in the field. METHODS USED TO SECURE IMMIGRANT LABOR IN WEST VIRGINIA. The methods adopted to secure immigrant labor have been the same in all sections of Virginia and West Virginia. They may be summarized as follows: (a) During seasonal periods of shortness in the labor market foremen or representatives of the various companies have been sent to the cities in the East, or to other mining localities, to offer induce- ments to miners and other immigrant laborers to enter the employ of the company seeking labor. (b) Miners and other laborers have been secured through laboi agencies. The price paid these labor agencies varies. It usually ranges from $1 to S2 per head, or $5 per family, with the company paying all transportation charges. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 221 REASONS FOR EMPLOYMENT OF IMMIGRANTS IN VIRGINIA COAL FIELDS. At the risk of repetition it may be profitable to set forth in detail the situation which has called for the employment of labor in the Big Stone Gap field of Virginia.® Immigrants have been employed in this field for three distinct reasons, viz: (1) Their experience in coke production; (2) the inefficiency of native labor, and (3) the scarcity of other labor and the development of industry. When the production of coke in the region was started, considerable difficulty was experienced in getting efficient labor. All work con- nected with its production is hard and rough. The difficulty of breaking and drawing the coke from the oven is intensified by the heat. In order that the best results may be obtained, both in quality of product and in maximum production, the coke must be drawn regularly. The employees who were available in this locality were both irregular and unadapted to the work, and none of them was very anxious to work on the coke yards in any capacity. In 1896 the largest operator in the field sent to the Connellsville coke region in Pennsylvania and procured 50 Magyars and Slovaks, and they were practically all used in the coke yard either as drawers or laborers. Once established in the region the difl'erent races increased, at first gradually and later rather rapidly, until they reached their present proportions — about 35 per cent of all labor. The country throughout this section was sparsely settled when the mines were opened, and there were no centers of population within a reasonable distance from which men could be drawn. Throughout the period of greatest development in this and other coal fields, the question of labor was acute at all times and it has been one of the greatest causes for the employment of recent immigrants. When immigrants were being introduced into the district there was a disposition on the part of employers to select races which conformed to their standards of efficiency, but as the industry devel- oped and the men began to scatter while demand increased, almost anyone seeking employment w^as given work. This, in a large measure, accounts for the diversity of races found in the district. In the earlier days the employers, as a rule, tried to get only Magyars and Slovaks, and the South Italians, at present second in numbers among all foreign races, were not employed as long as a supply of men belonging to the other races was available. This is probably one reason why the Italians were not employed earlier than was actually the case. EFFECT OF EMPLOYMENT OF IMMIGRANTS IN VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA COAL FIELDS. As regards the effect of the employment of immigrants upon former employees, there has been a decidedly marked tendency on the part of the American whites throughout the two Virginias for the past six years to abandon the occupation of coal digging and to enter the better class of positions about the mines. The American whites employed in the Pocahontas and New River fields are used almost “The Pocahontas field, so far as it lies in Virginia, has been treated in discussing the situation in West Virginia. See p. 156. I 222 The Immigration Commission. exclusively as foremen, subforemen, or in other positions of more or less managerial ability or sldll, for which the companies pay a stipu- lated price per day or per month. On the other hand, there has been a strongly marked tendency for native miners to leave the coal fields and*^ seek employment in other coal-mining sections. A con- stantly diminishing number of natives are found employed as pick miners. In the northern section of the State, where machines are largely used, it may be stated in general that the Americans cut and haul the coal, lay the tracks, and do all the skilled work both inside and outside the mines, and are usually paid by the day or month. The immigrants and negroes are the pick miners and coke pullers. They are also engaged in doing all the rough work around the mines and coke ovens and in loading the coal after the machines. At the same time there has been a constant abandonment of the field by the native miners who have usually sought work in the Middle West or other unionized districts. It is also a matter of general comment that tlie second generation of native miners are not entering the coal mines in any part of the State. This displacement of the native American as a miner may be said to be due to the following causes: (1) The expansion of the coal indus- try has made available a large number of executive or other positions requiring a knowledge of English or some skill which the American possessed and the immigrant or negro did not; (2) these positions, whether or not they carried as large a compensation as that of the miner, have been considered the higher class of positions about the mines; (3) the necessary employment of the immigrants as miners or laborers, because of the development of the industry, produced working conditions or working relations unsatisfactory to the native miner. Consequently, a large part of the native whites abandoned the field entirely to the immigrant, as evidenced by the exodus of native miners on the occasion of the unsuccessful conclusion of various strikes. On the other hand, the native whites who remained in the coal fields have preferred employment in occupations other than that of digging coal even when such employment brought smaller earnings. As the result, the immigrants and negroes have more and more exten- sively been employed as miners and inside workmen, while the natives occupy the executive, skilled, and other positions carrying a fixed compensation by the day or month. The resultant situation is the same as that which obtains in other coal-mining sections of the country, but has been more a cause of comment in the West Virginia and Virginia mines for the reason that the displacement of the American has been unusually rapid and has been attended by numerous and bitter strikes and labor controversies. There is a tendency now toward the displacement of the negro in all grades of work by the recent immigrant, due in large measure to the irregular working habits or lack of industry of the negro. Although it is not clear that the employment of the immigrant has reduced wages or produced more unsatisfactory working conditions, it is obvious that if immigrant labor had not been available either a much higher wage would have been paid, more labor-saving devices used, or less development would have been possible. It is also apparent that efforts toward the organ- ization of the miners in the two States have been largely unsuccessful because of the availability and employment of i m migrant labor. Bituminous Coal Mining ki the South. 223 I The immigrant labor supply has had practically no effect upon the establishment of new industries in the localities where it has been employed for the reason that the mining communities are usually detached or isolated and concerned only with the mining of coal. So ■far as the mining industry is concerned, the operators have been vitally dependent upon immigrant labor, and the present degree of development would have been impossible without this source of labor supply. Chaptek VI. INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS AND EFFICIENCY OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES IN WEST VIRGINIA. General industrial progress— Opinions of employers according to specified standards as to the progress of immigrant mine workers— Preferences of coal operators for dif- ferent races of immigrant employees. GENERAL INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS. In the southern West Virginia coal fields the advancement of immigrant employees in the line of occupations has been very slow, and few have attained the position of foremen. At every estab- lishment in the southern West Virginia fields in which this phase of the subject was studied the employers reported that as a general rule immigrants from southern and eastern Europe are not moving upward in the scale of occupations. The older, northern European immigrants — the Scotch, English, and Irish — have rapidly risen from inferior positions to those of foremen, or bosses. OPINIONS OF EMPLOYERS ACCORDING TO SPECIFIED STANDARDS AS TO THE PROGRESS OF IMMIGRANT MINE WORKERS. In nearly every establishment in the southern West Virginia coal fields from which information on the subject of the relative efficiency of immigrants and natives was secured, the racial composition of the working force was different. This condition prompted, of course, different statements on the subject, and as these opinions of employers can not be combined into one general statement, they are given separately and according to the following qualities of efficiency: Industriousness, effectiveness, adaptability, tractability, supervision, sobriety, progressiveness, and use of English as affecting efficiency. In one mining establishment in which Italians, Russians, and American whites and negroes were employed, the South Italian miners were said to be the most industrious of all the races employed, and they were reported to work more steadily than either Russians or the natives. The Russian miners, however, produced more coal per man in a given time than any of the others. The South Italians were less tractable and less capable of supervision, but they had a greater tendency toward sobriety than any of the other employees. §0 far as progress was concerned, the native whites led all others, but the Italians and Russians were more progressive than the American negro. Inability to use English was said to have had no effect whatever upon the efficiency of the non-English-speaking immigrants. In a second establishment in the same locality, in which Poles and South Italians were the only immigrants employed, the operators stated that the immigrants worked much more steadily than the native negroes and were somewhat more industrious than the 225 226 The Immigration Commission. native whites. The native whites and negroes were found to b( ■ more effective and adaptable than the recent immigrants, becaus(, t the latter had no mechanical aptness. Here, as elsewhere in the coal mining district, the Italians were more sober than any of the othei • employees, and the inability on the part of the Polish and Italiar I miners to speak English was considered a decided barrier to then i advancement in the scale of occupations. In the case of another company where, due to the races employed the only comparison is between the Italians and native whites anc ; negroes, it was said that the Italians were much more industrious than the native whites, but that the native whites were more effective • as workmen and more adaptable in their occupations. The Italians were declared to be more sober than the natives and more progressive than the native negroes. The inability of the Italians to use English did not affect their efficiency as workmen, but made necessary a higher degree of supervision. In still another mine, where South Italians and natives only were employed, the Italians were said to be more industrious than the natives and to lose as little time from work as possible. The natives, however, were more effective as miners and the amount of coal pro- duced per man by this class of labor was far in excess of that pro- duced by the Italians. The Italians were tractable and were said never to d^obey orders. They also exhibited a marked tendency toward sobriety. Although they consumed a large quantity of whisky and beer, the Italians were less given to intoxication than the natives. The Italians were said to take a greater interest in their homes than was shown by the natives. They cultivate gardens around them and in other ways, try to make them attractive. At another establishment where the comparison was among Slovak, Magyar, Polish, Russian, South Italian, and native employees, the immigrants were said to be, as a rule, more industrious than the native operatives. The Alagyars, Poles, Slovaks, and Russians were more eflective as workmen than the natives and all of the immigrants were said to be far below the standard of sobriety set by the natives. The native whites were more progressive than the immigrants, but the latter, in turn, were more progressive than the native negroes. The officials of another company visited stated that the Magyars were the most industrious race represented among the employees; that the Italians and Poles were preferable to the native whites in this respect, and that the native whites were more industrious than the native negroes. The inability of certain of the immigrants to use the English language was a hindrance to their selection for places of supervision, but the immigrants lost less time from work on account of inebriet}^ than did the natives. The natives were more progressive than the immigrants and required less supervision. At another establishment where Italians, Germans, Bohemians, Poles, Scotch, and natives were employed, the statement was made that “each race of immigrants is regarded as being 100 per cent more industrious than the natives,’’ and that each race of immigrants is superior to the native in sobriety. During the year there were 50 arrests for intoxication among the natives. Both immigrants and natives seemed satisfied, it was said, with their position and displayed little desire to advance. The efficiency of the immigrants, as coal Bituminous Coal Mining ki the South. 227 liners and unskilled laborers, was not affected by their inability to se the English language. ^ r- • • r* i j In the case of another company in the southern West Virginia held, here Lithuanian, Slovak, Polish, and Magyar immigrants, together ith the native whites and negroes, were employed, each race of nmigrants was considered to be more industrious than the natives, he Slovaks mined the greater quantity of coal per day per man. itheiwise there was no difference as regards effectiveness between le immigrants and the natives. All of the immigrants were easier 3 handle, and were more tractable than the natives, but the immi- rant employees were said to practice sobriety less than the native peratives. The immigrants were also considered less progressive tian the natives. The natives usually lived in the community per- lanently, while the immigrants were migratory. Inability on the art of the immigrants to use English was not thought a great dis- d vantage to their efficiency as workingmen, for the reason that iterpreters were always available. The opinion of the employers 7as that the immigrants spend 30 per cent of their earnings for intoxi- ants. • . 1-0 1 At the plant of another company where English, Scotch, Poles, nd natives — whites and negroes — were employed, the natives were aid to be the least industrious of all the employees. The immigrants rere thought to be more attentive to work than the natives, and also lore tractable. The Poles required more supervision than any of be other immigrants or the natives. As regards sobriety little ifference was noted among the immigrant races. For the non- Inglish-speaking immigrants more supervision was required. At another mine where Spaniards, Poles, and natives were employed he Spanish miners were said to be slightly more industrious than he Poles and the Poles more industrious than the natives. Span- irds and Poles were more tractable than the natives and required 3ss supervision. The Spaniards and Poles usually drank large [uantities of beer and whisky, but seldom became intoxicated, and ist less time from work from this cause than the natives. The latives were progressing more rapidly, it was claimed, but the ina- )ility of the immigrants to use English had little influence upon their vork or usefulness as miners. At another plant, where the operating force included Poles, Eng- ish, Germans, Magyars, Scotch, Italians, and natives, the Poles were aid to make most excellent coal miners, but the frequency of holi- lays among them was a serious disadvantage to their employment, rhe Italians were thought the least industrious. All other races were iractically of the same degree of industriousness. For effectiveness n work the English and Scotch were preferred. Poles, Magyars, and talians were considered the least tractable, and more supervision vas required for them than for the natives or the English-speaking mmigrants. The Italians consumed more intoxicating liquors than imy of the other employees, but intoxication with them was not on ;he increase, as was the case with the Poles and the natives. Inabil- ty to speak English was thought a decided disadvantage to immi- !p:ants, as more supervision over their work was required. The English and Scotch were considered the most skilful miners employed. 228 The Immigration Commission. I PREFERENCES OF COAL OPERATORS FOR DIFFERENT RACES OF IMMl 1 GRANT EMPLOYEES. As regards the order of preference among races employed th opinions of employers differed, due to the employment of differen i races in different places. A general opinion on this subject could no be arrived at, but the opinions of individual emplo3^ers representing.! different establishments located in the southern West Virginia field h were as follows: Com2)any 1. — As coal miners, Russians, natives, and Italians wer- • preferred in the order named. Company 2. — As unskilled laborers, native negroes, native whites s and Italians were preferred in the order named. In all positions o authority and responsibility native whites were preferred to th immigrants. Company S. — As laborers, native negroes, Italians, and nativi ’ whites were preferred in the order mentioned. As foreman am trainers the native whites were preferred. Company 4. — As miners, native whites, native negroes, and Italiant 1 were preferred in the order named. Italians gave complete satisfac ’ tion as coal miners. Company 5. — Native negroes were preferred for all the occupatiom 1 other than foremen and mechanical workmen. Magyars and Poles wen \ satisfactory workmen, and were it not for the frequency of holida} 1 celebrations among them they would make excellent coal miners. Company 6. — I\iagyars were considered the most useful employees in mining coal, and the North Italian was next in order of preference The only objection to native laborers was the fact that they could noi be induced to work steadily. The immigrants were no more efficieni in the unskilled occupations than the natives, but because of th irregularity of the supplv" of native laborers Magyars, Poles, anc Italians were more useful and satisfactory. Company 7 . — As miners, Germans, North Italians, and natives were preferred in the order mentioned, there being little preference as between Polish immigrants and native whites. Company 8. — Poles, Magyars, Lithuanians, and Slovaks were pre- ferred to natives as coal miners, because they were considered better producers of coal than either the native whites or the negroes. Theii tendency toward the use of intoxicants was the greatest objection tc their employment, while the freciuency of holidays celebrated by them was another distinct disadvantage. Company 9. — The English and Scotch were regarded as the best miners and were preferred in this occupation to the Poles and the natives. Company 10. — English, native whites, Poles, and native negroes were preferable in the order named for positions as miners. Company 11. — Out of Polish, Spanish, and native employees, the Spaniards were given first preference and Poles second for places as miners. Company 12. — Native whites, native negroes, Scotch, Poles, Mag- yars, and Italians were preferred in the order named for positions as miners. Chapter VII. HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS. eneral housing conditions — Systems of domestic economy — Rent in its relation to standard of living— Boarders and lodgers— Size of apartments occupied— Size of households studied — Congestion — [Text Tables 515 to 529 and General Tables 219 to 230]. GENERAL HOUSING CONDITIONS. As reg:ards general housing conditions in the Virginia and West Vir- inia fields,® very little selection of houses can be made by employees ecause in almost every instance the mines are in isolated localities nd the mining companies own all the houses in the immediate vicinity, ome houses are better located and in better condition than others, nd there is always considerable demand for these dwellings. If one ecomes vacant the first employee making application will be assigned ) it, provided he is of the race located in that section or vicinity, )r the reason that the different races employed, especially where ley are in any considerable numbers, are colonized. The negroes, 3 a rule, live in a section of their own, and the different races f southern and eastern European immigrants live together. The nmigrants always prefer this segregation, and it is granted and con- dered as an inducement to their permanency. The races of southern and eastern Europe found in this field concern lemselves very little about the houses in which they live. This especially true of the South Italians, and to a marked extent f the newer immigrants of other races. The principal item they insider is rent, and considerable sacrifices in appearance and imfort will be undergone if by doing so this charge is reduced. The egroes, and a great number of the native whites also seem to show ut very little pride in the appearance of their surroundings. The household conditions among the immigrant homes when taken 3 a whole are bad. This is very marked in the case of the South :alians. A great number of boarding groups consisting only of len are to be found, and such groups are usually crowded, and the ouse as well as such scant furnishings as may be found in it are ery unclean. Where there are families large numbers of boarders r lodgers are kept, and in such homes conditions are far from clean, 3 it would be practically impossible to keep a house in a satisfactory indition where several men were constantly entering with their min- ig clothes, or in those worn about the coke yards. Comparatively |!W boarding groups composed of men only will be found among the llagyars and Slovaks, but a great majority of households of these races jave boarders and lodgers. In many houses lieds will be found in very room but the kitchen, and in a few instances they were found in jiat room. It is not unusual to find a family of three or four keeping “For a discussion of housing and living conditions in the Alabama fields, see fiapter IV, pp. 196-200. 229 The Immigration Commission. 2ao from four to ten boarders in a four-room house. In all such house home life is absent, and the condition of the houses, especially of th rooms occupied by boarders, is very bad. In some few cases familie were found where no boarders were kept, but they were usually families that had lived several years in this country, and condition were much better than in the boarding houses. The knowledge all races above mentioned as to sanitary conditions and their interes in proper sanitary precautions is very meager. Waste water an( garbage are usually thrown out the door or a convenient window The household conditions in homes of the negroes are not muc better from the standpoint of cleanliness, than those of recen immigrants, but not so many boarders are found in the averag household. The regard for good sanitary conditions is about th same with the negroes as with the races of foreign birth. Th houses of the immigrants, as well as those of the negroes, are ver poorly furnished, both with regard to quality and quantity. Thi is due probably to the fact that the homes are generally considered more or less temporary. There is a great difference in conditions in the homes of native-bori white employees. In the first place, there are fewer boarders pe family, and usually not more than two to the room where they ar kept. In a great many cases there are no boarders whatever, general, it may be said also that the homes of the American white) are kept much cleaner and there is more furniture which is of a bette quality. There are some American whites who are exceptions, bu! they are representative of the more shiftless class. SYSTEMS OF DOMESTIC ECONOMY. Before entering upon the detailed study it will be profitable t(! consider briefly the general situation and the conditions which ma^^ be treated descriptively, but do not permit of statistical present ation^ The racial composition of the Virginia and West Virginia coal field! has been treated in a preceding cliapter, in which it has been seer that the Lithuanian, Magyar, Polish, Russian, Slovak, and North anc South Italian races have contributed the largest quota of alien labor tt the development and operation of the mines. The system of domestic: economy adopted by these races differs but slightly from the system? in vogue among the same races in coal-mining industries in otheil sections of the United States, but in consequence of the small propop tion of families to the entire immigrant population the boarding and lodging system enters to some extent into the economic condition o] almost every household. A large proportion of the alien employees are unmarried men and form a floating population, constantly shiftingi from one mine to another, influenced by minor reasons often, but usually moving because of the belief that some advantage in wage?! or other conditions of employment will be gained by the change. Ir a community of 100 immigrant laborers there will probably be not more than a dozen families, and in almost every home boarders oi; lodgers will be encountered. The unmarried immigrant boards and lodges with a family of his own race where it is possible to do so, but lines are loosely drawn between the Slavic races, and frequently Slavs | Russians, and Lithuanians will intermingle in the same group. Thd Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 231 ■ad of the household is generally known as the ‘‘boarding boss.” e is usually a man of influence among his boarders, the recognized ider of the group, and advises them in their dealings with the coal >erators. Two general systems of domestic economy are practiced by the )arding and lodging groups in this section, and in these there is tie difference in the general methods pursued, though there are casional variations in the minor details. The group most frequently icountered is conducted on the usual boardinghouse plan with a w additions introduced by the southern and eastern European imigrant. The financial management of these groups is simple, le boarder pays a certain sum monthly to the boarding boss for )ard, a place to sleep, and for having his clothes washed. A uni- rm price is usually charged in each separate community, which tries from $15 to $18 per month in the different coal fields. When e second system is followed the lodger pays a certain sum monthly r having his food cooked, his clothes washed, and for a place to 3 ep. Three dollars per month is the usual rate paid by the lodgers tiere this system prevails. Various methods are followed in buying the food. In some stances the lodger buys the food and takes it to the wife of the )arding boss, who cooks it for him. In other groups all purchases e made by the boarding boss, and at the end of the month or on ly day the grocery bill is apportioned into equal shares, each lodger, course, paying one share. In some groups the boarding boss, if s family consists only of his wife and an infant child or two, pays fly one share, his family receiving their food free as additional •mpensation for his wife’s labor. In other groups, where the mily is a large one, the boarding boss is assessed one and a half ares or often two shares, accounts of expenditures for the family id for the lodgers being usually kept separately. The earnings of ly of his children who may be employed for wages are appropriated j the boarding boss until the child has reached the age of 21, and equently it will be a few years later before the child asserts a claim a portion of his wages, after which he is charged the same rate for )ard and lodging as the regular boarders. The labor of washing and cooking for the group is all per- rmed by the wife of the boarding boss, and the capacity of the avic or South Italian woman for such work seems practically ilimited. A group of 12 lodgers is not considered unusually large, id frequently 15 or 20 wifi be found occupying a four-room )use, which must also shelter the family of the boarding boss, tiese boarders are, of course, usually kept at the sacrifice of family :‘e and household cleanliness as well; the houses are frequently owded to their capacity, with beds in every room, the kitchen eluded. In some communities the situation is relieved to some :tent during the summer, the men sleeping in sheds built against the )use. Aside from the expenses of food and clothing, the Slavic, ithuanian, or South Italian coal miner spends little money except r intoxicants, but his bill for this item is large. The south Euro- ian immigrant in the Virginia and West Virginia coal fields is a ibitual drinker, and there is no social observance from a wedding * a funeral in which intoxicants are not used freely. The expenses 232 The Immigration Commission. of every boarding group include one or two cases or kegs of be(j weekly, and beer is always conveniently near for the refreshment (■ the laborer after a day’s work in the mine. There is comparative! little disorder among this class, however, resulting from intoxicant!! and their sprees are not followed by the “laying-off” spells whic characterize the negro coal miner when drinking. In addition t the boarding and lodging households are the “batching” group: some of which are found in every community. The South Italia adopts this system of living more often than the Slav, but occasional! groups of Poles and Ilussians are found. The financial arrangemeni of these groups are not usually complicated. A small house c shack is rented and the men buy and cook their own food, sharin equally in the expenses of rent, light, and fuel. The group is usuall composed of three or four individuals and the most intelligent of th number is sometimes chosen boss, who has charge of all expendhture:! More often, however, there is nothing in common between ther further than the occupancy of the same house and the joint use ci stove and cooking utensils. With continued residence in this country the Slav or South Italia immigrant conforms more closely to American standards of living and gradually places a higher valuation on the privacy and con fort of the family life in the home of the American laborer. In eac community there are usually a few families without boarders c lodgers, and the neat and orderly interior of these households is i contrast to the uncleanly and congested boarding houses. RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING. The rent payments, both of the households and of the individual of the bituminous mining localities of the South, throw a valuabl light upon the prevailing standard of living and will be considere before entering upon the discussion of housing and congestion. I this connection the following tabulation shows the average rent pc month per apartment, per room, and per person paid by 305 housi holds of the Virginia and West Virginia coal fields which were studie in detail. The presentation is by general nativity and race of head c household. Table 515 . — Average rent 'per months by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of households Average rent per— ; General nativity and race of head of household. paying rent and reporting amount. 1 Apartment. t Room. Person.! H Foreign-born; I $5.91 i $1.41 $1. , English 11 German 21 5. 79 1. 58 1. : Italian, North 25 5.80 1.58 1. : Italian, South 74 6. 10 1.62 Lithuanian 12 6.21 1.43 l: Magyar 72 7.67 2.02 Polish 69 6.02 1.83 1.1 Slovak 21 6. 93 1.89 i.( Total 305 6. 46 1.75 l.i; Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 233 From the preceding table it is seen that the average rent paid per aonth per apartment by the Magyars is higher than that of any other ace — 72 Magyars, or 23.6 per cent of the entire number reporting, how an average rent of $7.67 per month per apartment. Next to the lagyars are the Slovaks and Lithuanians, who pay an average rent f $6.93 and $6.21 per ngLonth, per apartment, respectively. Very ttle difference exists between the average rent paid by the South talians and the Poles. Comparing the older immigrant races, the English and Germans, nth the more recent immigrants, it will be seen that, although the verage rent per month per room is higher among the more recent nmigrants, the average per person is lower. The Magyars pay a igher average rent per room than do the Slovaks and Poles. The Dwest average rent per person and per room of the races of recent nmigration is paid by the Lithuanians. A comparison of the ithuanians with the English shows that the Lithuanians’ average snt per month per room is 2 cents higher than that of the English, Pile the English average a higher rent per person than do the Lithuanians. A similar comparison may be made between the lorth and South Italians — the former paying an average monthly 3nt of $1.58 per room and $1.18 per person, as compared with 1.62 per room and 97 cents per person for the South Italians. Vhth the exception of the North Italians, whose standard of living 5 similar to that of the English and Germans, it may be said in gen- ral that the more recent immigrant races manifest a tendency to rowd together, due to a desire to decrease their individual rent or ost of living, as shown by the average rent per person. The following table shows the per cent of households paying each pecified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race f head of household. ABLE 516 . — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment^ by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The total, however, is for all races.] eneral nativity and race of head of household. Number of households Average rent per apart- ment. Per cent paying— paying rent and report- ing amount. Under $5. Under $7.50. Under $10. Under $12.50. Dreign-born: German 21 $5. 79 23.8 85.7 90.5 100.0 Italian, North 25 5.80 16.0 88.0 100.0 100.0 Italian, South 74 6. 10 27.0 74.3 91.9 100.0 Magyar 72 7.67 .0 61.1 83.3 90.3 Polish 6.02 11.6 82.6 91.3 94.2 Slovak 21 6. 93 4.8 61.9 90.5 100.0 Total 305 6. 46 13.1 74.1 90.8 96.4 None of the Magyar households pay under $5 per apartment, 'Pile 6.7 per cent pay over $12.50. The rent paid by Polish house- olds is also comparatively high, only 11.6 per cent of this race aying under $5, and 5.8 per cent paying over $12.50. The German, Prth Itahan, and South Italian races have all of their numbers aying under $12.50, and 23.8 per cent, 16 per cent, and 27 per cent, ispectively, paying under $5. 48296 °— VOL 7—11 16 234 The Immigration Commission. The table next presented, sets forth, by general nativity and racj of head of household, the per cent of households paying each specii fied rent per month per room. Table 517 .— Per cent of households 'paying each specified rent per month per room, h general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The total, however, Is for all races General nativity and race of head of household. Number of households paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per room. Under SI. Per cent paying— Under $2. Under $3. 1 Under $ j f I Foreign-born: German Italian, North ItaUan, South Magyar Polish Slovak Total Of the total of 305 households paying rent 64.3 per cent pay lesj than $2, 96.1 per cent less than $3, and 3.9 per cent between $1 and $4 per month per room. From a comparison of the differer^ races it is seen that the per cent of Jylagyars paying under $3 is smalk^ than that of any other race. No race reports a payment of over Sti per room per month. It is also interesting to note that the Germarfl and North Italians pay less per month per room than any other racd Although the South Italians report 2.7 per cent paying less thai $1 per month, they have only 68.9 per cent paying under $2,_q compared to 80 per cent of the North Italians. Of those pay mi between $2 and S3 the North Italians report 16 per cent, while ih\ South Italians report 28.4 per cent. Very little difference exisii between the Poles and South Italians as to the amount paid p( month per room. Although the Slovaks have a smaller per cen paying under S2 than the Magyars, their entire number pay les than $3 pnr month per room. Owing to the widespread use of company houses and the un formity of rent payments for such apartments, a much better enteric i as to standard of living is afforded by the rent per month per persoi; The average rent per month per person has already been considerec and in the following table a showing by nativity and race as to tl extent or range of rent payments per month per person is made. 21 305 $1. 58 1.58 1.62 2. 02 1.83 1.89 1.75 4.8 .0 2.7 .0 1.4 .0 90.5 80.0 68.9 43.1 66.7 42.9 1.3 64.3 100.0 96.0 97.3 90.3 97.1 100.0 3.1 100.1 t 100. a 100. a 100.1 I 100.1 C 100 . 100 .' 235 Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. Table 518. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (study of households.) This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The total, however, is for all races.] Number of households Average rent per person. Per cent paying— General nativity and race of head of household. paying rent and reporting amount. Under $1. Under S2. Under S3. Under $4. i'oreign-born: German 21 SI. 11 28.6 76.2 85.7 100.0 Italian, North 25 1. 18 20.0 76.0 92.0 92.0 Italian, South 74 .97 45.9 87.8 95.9 98.6 Magyar 72 1.14 41.7 79.2 88.9 97.2 Polish 69 1.01 39.1 89.9 98.6 100.0 Slovak 21 1.01 33.3 95.2 100.0 100.0 Total 305 1.05 37.4 85.6 94.4 98.4 Of the total number of 305 households 85.6 per cent pay less than 12 , 37.4 per cent pay less than $1 per month per person, 8.8 per lent pay between $2 and S3, and 98.4 per cent pay less than S4. On lomparing the Germans wdth races from southern and eastern Europe, ^6.2 and 85.7 per cent pay under $2 and S3, respectively, the remain- ng 14.3 per cent paying between S3 and S4 per month per person. 3n the other hand, the North Italians, although 20 per cent of their lumber pay less than SI and 76 per cent less than S2, report 8 per lent paying over S4 per month. Next to the North Italians are ;he Magyars, with 41.7 per cent paying less than SI, 79.2 per cent laying less than S2, and 1.4 per cent paying over S4 per month. The Poles report 89.9 per cent paying less than S2 and 98.6 per cent ess than S3, as compared with 87.8 per cent less thai4 S2 and 95.9 ler cent less than S3, for the South Italians. The South Italians lave 1.4 per cent paying over S4 per month per person, while the intire number of Poles pay less than this amount. The Slovaks .’eport 95.2 per cent paying less than $2, while the remaining 4.8 per lent pay between $2 and S3 per month per person. 236 The Immigration Commission. BOARDERS AND LODGERS. The following table shows the number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household: Table 519 —iVum 6 er and per cent of households keeping hoarders or lodgers, by general s nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) rinformation relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule, and not the . ^ entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodgmg.J General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- Households keep-i ing boarders or lodgers. holds. Number. Per cent. Foreign-bom: 11 4 (a) 21 5 23.8 44.0 25 11 76 45 59. 2 > 12 9 (o) 64.9 74 48 69 46 66.7 21 15 71.4 309 183 59.2 1 Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of 309 foreign-born households studied in this locality, 59.2 per] cent keep boarders or lodgers. The Slovaks, it will be noted, report > the largest proportion, or 71.4 per cent, and the Germans the smallest - proportion, or 23.8 per cent. Following the Slovaks, with slight differences in the proportions reported, are the Poles, Magyars, and i South Italians, in the order named, the South Italians reporting 59.2 per cent. The North Italians, on the other hand, while reporting a : considerably smaller proportion than the South Italians, indicate that a much larger proportion of their number keep boarders or lodgers than do the Germans. The table following shows the average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. Two averages are given; the first based upon the total ber of households, and the second upon only those households which have boarders or lodgers. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 237 .'able 520 . — Average number of hoarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) [nformation relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule, and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] Number of Average number of boarders or lodgers per household — General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. households keeping boarders or lodgers. Number of boarders or lodgers. Based on total num- ber of house- holds. Based on number of households keeping boarders or lodgers. i'oreign-born: English 11 4 11 1.00 (a) German 21 5 12 .57 Italian, North 25 11 32 1.28 2.91 Italian, South 76 45 183 2. 41 4. 07 Lithuanian 12 9 23 1.92 (o) Magyar 74 48 188 2.54 3.92 Polish 69 46 138 2.00 3.00 Slovak 21 15 51 2. 43 3.40 Total 309 183 638 2. 06 3.49 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Based on the total number of households, the average number of )oarders or lodgers per household is 2.06, while, if based on the total lumber of households keeping boarders or lodgers, the average is ncreased to 3.49. The Magyars report the largest, and the Germans he smallest, average number of boarders or lodgers per household, )r 2.54 and 0.57, respectively. Following the Magyars, and reporting in average only slightly lower, are the Slovaks and South Italians, ^^hile, in the case of the other races, the average nurnber of boarders )r lodgers per household ranges from 2 for the Polish to 1 for the English households. These averages are, without exception, materially increased when he number oi boarders or lodgers per household is based on the lumber of households keeping boarders or lodgers. On this basis the 50 uth Italians, with an average of 4.07, and the North Italians, with m average of 2.91, report the highest and lowest average number of hoarders or lodgers per household, respectively. The Magyars, it ;vill be noted, report a slightly lower average than the South Italians, ir 3.92, while the Slovaks and Poles report an average number of hoarders or lodgers per household of 3.40 and 3, respectively. 238 The Immigration Commission. SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED. Of the total number of households studied the table which follows ’ shows, by race, the per cent of households occupying apartments oi each specified number of rooms. Table 521 . — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number oj rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) JThis table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The total, however, is for all races, j . General nativity and race of head of household. Total number Average number of rooms Percent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. of house- holds. per house- hold. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 or more. Foreign-born: German 21 3.67 0.0 4.8 42.9 42.9 0.0 9.5 O.C Italian, North 25 3.68 8.0 8.0 .0 80.0 .0 4.0 .C Italian, South 7G 3.78 6.6 10.5 25.0 36.8 6.6 10.5 3.8 Magyar 74 3.85 .0 .0 37.8 47.3 8.1 5.4 1.4 Polish 69 3.29 2.9 5.8 59.4 24.6 5.8 1.4 .C Slovak 21 3.67 .0 4.8 47.6 33.3 9.5 .0 4.8 Total 309 3.70 3.2 5.5 35.3 41.1 6.5 6.8 l.C From an examination of the table above it is evident that the type of apartment or house most generally occupied by races of recent immigration in the mining localities of the South contains 4 rooms, 41.1 per cent of the total number being of this size. On the other hand, 35.3 per cent of the total number of households have apartments of 3 rooms. Only 2 households live in 1-room apartments, and 22, or 5.5 per cent of the total number, occupy 2-room apartments. At the other extreme it is found that 13.3 per cent of the total number of households have apartments of 5 or 6 rooms, and less than 2 per cent have apartments containing 7 or more rooms. As regards the tendencies exhibited by certain races as to the size of apartment occupied, the North and South Italians, together with the Poles, Slovaks, and Germans, seem inclined to secure apartments of small size. About one-tenth of the South Italian houseliolds and a few Germans, Poles, North Italians, and Slovaks have 2-room apartments. On the other hand, about the same number of the races mentioned above have households occupying apartments of 5, 6, or more than 6 rooms, so that the bad showing in one direction is counterbalanced by the favorable showing at the other extreme. As regards the smallness of apartments, the Polish households make the worst exhibit, with the Slovaks not far in advance. Of the Polish households 68.1 per cent and of the Slovak 52.4 per cent have apart- ments of 3 rooms or less; 59.4 per cent of the Polish and 47.6 per cent of the Slovak households occupying apartments of 3 rooms. Of the Magyars 37.8 per cent, of the South Italians 25 per cent, and of the Germans 42.9 per cent also have apartments of 3 rooms only. More- over, if the standard of the average immigrant households be con- sidered a 4-room apartment, the wSouth Italian, Slovak, and especially the Polish households are seen to be below the general average, 239 Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. ^hile the German and Magyar households are slightly above the eneral standard, and the North Italians are far in advance of any ther race, as four-fifths of the North Italian households have apart- lents of 4 rooms. SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The number of persons living in apartments of each specified num- fer of rooms is of much significance in forming a conception of gen- ral living conditions and the degree of congestion existing in the Duseholds of recent immigrants. In this connection the following able sets forth the conditions which prevail in immigrant households a the coal-mining fields of the South, showing for each race the per ent of households of each specified number of persons : 'able 522 — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of ho usehold. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The total, however, is for all races.] [eneral nativity and race of head of household. 'oreign-born: German Italian, North Italian, South Magyar Polish Slovak Total Total number of house- holds. Average number of per- sons per house- hold. Per cent of households of each specified number of persons. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 or more 21 5. 19 0.0 19.0 14.3 14.3 14.3 0.0 14.3 9.5 9.5 4.8 25 4. 92 8.0 12.0 16.0 16.0 4.0 20.0 8.0 12.0 0.0 .0 76 6. 25 .0 7.9 14.5 11.8 11.8 11.8 14.5 9.2 5.3 13.2 74 6. 72 .0 4.1 6.8 12.2 16.2 13.5 14.9 8.1 2.7 21.6 69 5. 94 .0 5.8 13.0 10.1 20.3 10.1 11.6 13.0 7.2 8.7 21 6.86 .0 .0 4.8 14.3 9.5 19.0 23.8 .0 9.5 19.0 309 6. 13 .6 6.5 11.7 12.0 16.2 12.0 13.3 9.7 5.5 12.6 Twelve and six-tenths per cent of the total number of households )f all races are represented by 10 or more persons, 27.8 per cent are )f 8 or more persons, 41.1 per cent of 7 or more persons, and 53.1 per ;ent have 6 or more persons. A more detailed analysis of the tables hows some striking differences in the number of persons per house- lold. I CONGESTION. ' The conclusion from the data at hand is that all rooms of the ipartments occupied by the recent immigrant households are not only congested but that the sleeping rooms are overcrowded and ^iaxed to their utmost capacity to accommodate the persons who are assigned to them. From a sanitary standpoint the sleeping rooms ire wholly inadequate. This statement becomes even more apparent vhen the following series of tables is studied. The first shows the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room. 240 The Immigration Commission. [ Table 523 . — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room! by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) Total number of house- holds. i Average number of persons per— General nativity and race of head of household. Apart- ment. Room. Sleepingl room, j ■ Foreign-born; English 11 5.00 1.20 1 2.5' German 21 5.19 1.42 3.2, Italian, North 25 4.92 1.34 2.8: Italian, South 7G 6.25 1. 66 2.91 Lithuainan 12 6. 67 1.54 3.0, Magvar 74 6. 72 1.74 3.1 Polish 69 5.94 1.81 2.9 Slovak 21 6.86 1.87 3. 0 j Total 309 6. 13 1.66 3.0j The above table is clear in itself and needs very little commentii It is well worth while to note, however, the high average of personjuj per sleeping room for all households of recent immigration and th( ' tendencies exhibited by the Slovaks, Magyars, Lithuanians, Ger marts, Poles, and South Italians, which races, with the exception o ■: the last two mentioned, are in excess of the average for all raceh in the number of persons per sleeping room. The same tendenc\i holds good in the relative showing as to the average number of per sons per apartment and per room. The table which follows presents data relative to the number ol persons per room. Table 524 . — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (.STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- Average number of per- sons per room. Number of households having each specified number of persons per room. Per cent of household;! having each specifier number of persons pei room. holds. 1 or more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. 1 or more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. Foreign-born: English 11 1.20 9 2 (a) 76.2 (a) 28.6 (a) 9.5 (a) 0.( .t German 21 1.42 16 6 2 Italian, North 25 1.34 20 5 2 80.0 20.0 8.0 Italian, South 76 1.66 69 33 6 2 90.8 43.4 7.9 2.( Lithuanian 12 1.54 12 4 2 2 (a) (O) (o) (a) Magyar 74 1.74 68 31 7 1 91.9 41.9 9.5 1.4 Polish 69 1.81 64 33 3 92.8 47.8 4.3 .( Slovak 21 1.87 21 9 1 100.0 42.9 4.8 .( Total 309 1. 66 279 123 23 5 90.3 39.8 7.4 1.^ o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Considering the total number of households of foreign-born head,! the table above shows that 90.3 per cent have one or more per- sons per room, 39.8 per cent have two or more persons per room,; and 7.4 per cent have. three or more persons per room. As regards the several races, the Germans indicate a comparative!}^ small amount Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 241 f congestion, 76.2 per cent of the households of this race having one r more persons per room, and 28.6 per cent having only two or more ersons per rbom. An even better showing is made by the North talian households, of which only 20 per cent have two or more persons er room. On the other hand, 47.8 per cent of the Poles, 43.4 per ent of the South Italian, 42.9 per cent of the Slovak, and 41.9 per ent of the Magyar households have two or more persons per room, 'our and eight-tenths per cent of the Slovak homes have an average f three or more persons per room. Of the South Italian households, .9 per cent, 9.5 per cent of the Magyars, and 4.3 per cent of the ’oles have an average of three or more persons per room. Of the louth Italians, 2.6 per cent, and 1.4 per cent of the Magyars have an verage of four or more persons per room. A considerable proportion f the households of all races have three or more persons per room. The prevailingly crowded condition of practically all households of ecent immigrants in southern coal communities having thus been lade manifest it will be profitable to inquire how far the congestion 5 limited to the general living conditions and how far it affects the leeping and other household arrangements. An interesting light is brown upon this question by the following table, which, as compared nth the preceding table exhibiting number of persons per room, bows the number and percentage of households having each specified umber of persons per sleeping room. 'able 525 . — Persons -per sleeping room, hy general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OE HOUSEHOLDS.) eneral nativity and race of bead of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of per- sons per sleeping room. Number of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room. Per cent of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. 5 or more. 6 or more. 2 or more. 3 or more. 4 or more. 5 or more. 6 or more. oreign-born: English 11 2. 50 8 3 2 (o) (a) .(“) (a) (o) German 21 3.21 21 12 7 2 1 100.0 57.1 33.3 9.5 4.8 Italian North 25 2.86 20 15 6 80.0 60.0 24.0 .0 .0 Italian, South 76 2. 97 71 44 15 6 93.4 57.9 19.7 7.9 .0 Lithuanian 12 3.08 12 5 4 2 1 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) Magyar 74 3.13 67 42 18 11 3 90.5 56.8 24.3 14.9 4.1 Polish 69 2. 95 63 40 18 3 1 91.3 58.0 26.1 4.3 1.4 Slovak 21 3.06 20 13 3 2 1 95.2 61.9 14.3 9.5 4.8 Total 309 3.00 282 174 73 26 7 91.3 56.3 23.6 8.4 2.3 oNot computed, owing to small number involved. 1 Upon examining the table it is seen that 91.3 per cent of the house- lolds of all races have two or more persons per sleeping room, 56.3 >er cent have three or more persons, 23.6 per cent have four or more, nd 8.4 per cent have five or more persons. None of the German households have less than two persons to a leeping room. Fifty-seven and one-tenth per cent of the house- lolds of this race have three or more persons per sleeping room, and ;3.3 per cent have four or more persons to a sleeping room. In the ase of the North Italian homes, it is a striking fact compared with ither races that 20 per cent of the households have on an average less ban two persons sleeping in a room, and while 24 per cent of the 242 The Immigration Commission. households have between four and five persons to a sleeping roon none of the households have more than five persons. On the othed hand, 19.7 per cent of the South Italian households have four or mor i persons for each sleeping room, and 7.9 per cent have five or mor ; persons. It is worthy of note also that 56.8 per cent of theMagya v households have three or more persons sleeping in a room, 24.3 pei cent have four or more persons, and 14.9 per cent five or more persons ' A greater proportion of the Polish households also have three or morio and four or more persons per sleeping room, but not so great a percent » age have five or more sleeping in a single room as in the case of th^ Magyars. The Slovak households in general make somewhat th same showing as do the Polish. An added significance, however, is given to the foregoing showing with regard to congestion, when a more detailed examination i, made of the relative use of rooms and the extent to which the room, of the households are used for sleeping or for other purposes. Ii the following table, which shows the number and percentage of room: not used for sleeping, the real situation as regards crowding anc living arrangements in the immigrant households in the South it made manifest. Table 526 . — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except eacl specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total Average number of rooms per house- hold. Average number Number of households sleeping in — Per cent of households sleeping in— number of house- holds. of sleep- ing rooms per house- hold. All rooms. All except room. All except 2 rooms. All rooms. All except room. All except 2 rooms. Foreign-born; English 11 4. 18 2.00 1.62 9 (a) 0.0 8.0 (a) 23.8 12.0 («) 47. f German 21 3.67 5 10 Italian, North 25 3.68 1.72 2 3 15 60. C Italian, South 76 3. 78 2.11 5 31 28 6.6 40.8 36.8 Lithuanian 12 4. 33 2.17 1 2 4 (a) (o) (a) Magyar 74 3.85 2. 15 34 29 .0 45. 9 65.2 39.2 Polish 69 3. 29 2. 01 4 45 17 5.8 24.6 Slovak 21 3.67 2. 24 13 7 .0 61.9 33.3 Total 309 3. 70 2.04 12 133 119 3.9 43.0 38.5 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 243 If from the foregoing table the column showing the average number rooms per household be presented with the column from Table !3, showing the average number of persons per apartment, the races Lving the greatest number of persons per apartment are seen to !ive apartments of the smaller number or rooms. This is especially )table in the case of the South Italians, Magyars, Poles, Lithuanian, id Slovak households and the general significance of the situation ay be seen by a glance at the table below. tBLE 527 . — Average number of rooms per apartment and average number of persons per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Average number of rooms per apartment. Average number of persons per apartment. reign-born: English. ............................ 4. 18 5. 00 German ........... ......... ..... .................. .... 3.67 5. 19 Italian, N orth 3.68 4. 92 Italian, South 3. 78 6. 25 Lithuanian 4. 33 6.67 Magyar .... ... .......... ............... ....... 3.85 6. 72 3. 29 5. 94 Slovak 3. 67 6.86 Total 3. 70 6.13 If the comparison be carried further and the average number of arsons per room be compared with the average number of roorns )r household the same tendencies hold good. This comparison is ade in the table below. lble 528 . — Average number of rooms per apartment and average number of persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Average number of rooms per apartment. Average number of persons per room. reign-born: English - 4. 18 1.20 (rfirman .... 3.67 1. 42 Italian, North 3.68 1.34 Italian, South 3. 78 1.66 Lithuanian - 4. 33 1.54 Magyar 3. 85 1.74 Polish 3. 29 1.81 Slovak 3. 67 1.87 Total 3. 70 1. 66 From the above comparisons, as well as from the series of tables •eceding, the existence of congestion among immigrant households, id the relative extent to which it exists among households of the fferent races, is apparent. The fact that the different households •ntain an increasingly large number of persons in the face of a ^creasing number of rooms, suggests again the question as to sleep- g arrangements which has already been partially answered. Addi- Dnal light, however, upon this point may be obtained from the 244 The Immigration Commission. prec(jding table, as well as the following comparison, showing i : E arallel columns, by race, the average number of sleeping rooms pt ousehold and the average number of persons per sleeping room. Table 529. — Average number of sleeping rooms per apartment and average number ' persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. i (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Average Average i number of number c General nativity and race of head of household. sleeping rooms per apartment. persons pe , sleeping \ room. Foreign-born: English German Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian Magvar Polish Slovak 2.00 2.1 1.62 3.1 1.72 2 .! 2.11 2.1 2.17 3 .( 2. 15 3 . ; 2.01 2 .{ 2.24 3 .( Total 2.04 3 .( The presentation of the above averages by race simply brings int* comparable form the average number of persons per sleeping room an( the average number of sleeping rooms available. The point of greates significance lies in the comparison of the average number of sleeping rooms with the average number of rooms per household and in th conclusion regarding the extent to which the rooms of the households are used for sleeping. By referring to the preceding tables it will b( seen that the average number of rooms per household for all house holds is 3.70 and the average number of sleeping rooms 2.04, leaving an average of 1.66 rooms available for other purposes than sleeping This showing is not so bad as it might be for it indicates that, consid ering all races together, there is a kitchen available which is not usee for sleeping, and that in many households there may be a dining o] living room independent of the sleeping rooms. On the other hand it clearly points out also that only part and not all races have a dining or living room which is not used for sleeping. As a matter of fact, b} referring to the exact percentages, it is seen that 43 per cent of al the households use all rooms except 1 for sleeping, while 3.9 pei cent use all rooms for that purpose, and only 38.5 per cent of all havt 2 rooms available above those used for sleeping. The conclusior is clear, therefore, that only about 38 per cent of the households have a kitchen and dining or living room not used as a sleeping room, that 43 per cent have a kitchen only, which must serve also as a dining ancl living room, and that about 4 per cent have neithei dining, living room, nor kitchen in addition to their sleeping rooms. If the same situation be examined by races, the best showing is made by the North Italian households of which 60 per cent have 2 rooms available in addition to the rooms used for sleeping. Of the German households 47.6 per cent also have space for a dining room or living room and kitchen besides the rooms used for sleeping, while 23.8 per cent have 1 room in addition to the sleeping rooms. The worst showing is made by the Polish households, 5.8 per cent of which use all rooms for sleeping, 65.2 per cent all rooms except 1, Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 245 ad 24.6 per cent all rooms except 2. Of the Slovak households 1.9 per cent have only 1 room available for cooking, eating, and ving, and 33.3 per cent of the same race have 2 rooms for these pur- oses. While 6.6 per cent of the South Italian households use all )oms of their apartments to sleep in and 40.8 per cent use all rooms icept possibly the kitchen, 36.8 per cent of the households have 2 )oms in addition to their sleeping rooms. Only in the case of the orth Italians, South Italians, Poles, and Lithuanians are the house- olds of any race, even in small numbers, found to be sleeping in 11 rooms of their apartments. / / Chapter VIII. SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS. jteracy — Conjugal condition — Visits abroad — Age classification of employees and members of their households — [Text Tables 530 to 544 and General Tables 231 to 240]. LITERACY. The general literacy of bituminous coal mine employees in the >outh is shown by the following table based on a detailed study of 3,043 individual mine workers. ’able 530.— Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race. (study of employees.) This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.) 1 Number reporting complete data. Per cent who— General nativity and race. Read. Read and write. Jative-born of native father: White 4,242 05.3 94.6 N - 4,639 66 69.7 67.5 Jative-born of foreign fether, by country of birth of father: England 97.0 95.5 Germany 48 93.8 93.8 Ireland 85 96.5 94.1 Scotland .... ........................... ................ 66 98.5 98.5 ?oreign-born, by race: Unitarian . ......... ... 123 87.8 87.8 C.rnatiaTi . ............ 251 73.7 71.7 English. 117 96.6 96.6 Garman 109 100. 0 100.0 Irish ......... 44 93.2 9.3.2 T t.al i an "NT nrt.h 389 68.9 66.3 Italian, South. 1, 149 341 58.1 54.5 Magyar. 8819 88.6 Mfintpripgrin 91 62.6 1 62.6 Palish ................. 296 80.7 78.0 P nssian 77 76.6 68.8 Rpnf.ph 100 100.0 99.0 Rlnvalr ............ 380 86.6 85.5 Rlnvpnian 57 61.4 69.6 Grand total 13,043 80.3 78.5 Total native-born of foreign father... 341 96.5 94.7 rnta.1 Tiativp-bnrn 9,222 3,821 82.5 81.0 ratal fnrpijm-hnm 75.0 72.6 _ It is worthy of special mention, that the per cent of literate persons aative-born of foreign father is much higher than that of persons aative-born of native father, as well as that of the foreign-born — the first named reporting 96.5 per cent who can read and 94.7 per cent who can both read and write, as compared with 82.5 and 247 248 The Immigration Commission. 81 per cent of the native-born, and 75 and 72.6 per cent of the foreign born, respectively. That the per cent of literate persons among th native-born is largely reduced by the presence of negroes is true, yet comparison of the native whites with the native-born of foreigii father shows a larger per cent of illiterates on the part of the formej than of the latter. The native whites report only 4.7 per cent wh can not read and 5.4 per cent who are not able to both read am write, as compared with 30.3 per cent and 32.5 per cent, respectively! of the negroes who are so reported. ^ Of the native-born of foreign father, those whose fathers wer ^ born in Scotland report only 1.5 per cent of illiterates. On th other hand, persons native-born of English father report 3 per cen/ who can not read, and 4.5 per cent who can not both read and write i The percentage of literacy which ranks second is shown by the secon( > generation Irish, wTo report 96.5 per cent who can read and 94. 9 per cent who can both read and write. The employees whose father d were born in Germany show the largest per cent of illiterates with 6.2 per cent of their number who can neither read nor write. Of the foreign-born the Germans lead, reporting no illiterates, fob lowed by the Scotch, who report 100 per cent who can read ancj only 1 per cent who can not both read and write ; while the English r! who come next to the Scotch, report 3.4 per cent of illiterates. TEf Irish report 6.8 per cent of illiterates. While only 23.4 per cem^ of the Kussians are unable to read, 31.2 per cent are unable both t(f read and to write, indicating a wider margin between those who car > both read and write and those who can only read than is shown b} any other race. The percentage of illiterates reported by the Magyars, Bulgarians and Slovaks varies very little, ranging from 11.1 per cent of th( Magyars to 13.4 per cent of the Slovaks who can not read, and 11.4 per cent of the Magyars to 14.5 per cent of the Slovaks who can noli both read and write. The Poles and Russians, in the order given ' follow the above named races, the Poles reporting 80.7 per cent whc^ can read and 78 per cent who can both read and write, as compared', with 76.6 and 68.8 per cent, respectively, of the Russians. TEi Croatians show a larger percentage of literacy than the North Italians; and the percentage of literacy of the Slovenians, while lowei- than that of the Croatians and North Italians and slightly lowen than the Montenegrins, is higher than that of the South Italians. As a matter of fact, the greatest illiteracy is shown by the South i Italians, of which race only 58.1 per cent can read and only 54.5 per; cent can both read and write. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South, 249 The following table shows, by general nativity and race of the adividual employee, the per cent of 5,745 employees in the West Trginia mines who can read and who can both read and write. : 'able 531 . — Per cent of male employees in West Virginia who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race. (STODY OF EMPLOYEES.) This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who- Read. Read and write. ative-born of native father: White Negro ative-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Ireland oreign-born, by race: Croatian English German Italian, North Italian, South Magyar Polish Russian Slovak Grand total otal native-born of foreign father otal native-born otal foreign-born 2,317 344 63 249 50 70 330 996 314 240 42 323 5,745 223 2,884 2,861 96.3 89.5 96.8 73.9 98.0 100.0 64.8 57.6 88.9 81.7 78.6 86.7 84.3 96.4 95.5 73.1 95.5 88.1 95.2 71.9 98.0 100.0 62.4 54.0 88.5 79.2 66.7 85.8 82.5 94.2 94.5 70.5 Of all the employees 82.5 per cent both read and write. The per- entage of persons who both read and write among the foreign-born 15 70.5 as against 94.5 for all the native-born. Subdividing the ative-born according to nativity of father into native-born of ative father and native-born of foreign father, it is seen that the teracy of the two groups is almost identical, the percentage being 4.5 for the former and 94.2 per cent for the latter. Among persons , ative-born of native father, a marked difference is noted between ae percentages for whites and those for negroes. Of the former, 5.5 per cent are able to read and to write; of the latter, only 88.1 er cent. As regards the foreign-born employees the highest per- antage of literates is found among the Germans, all of whom can ead and write. The English are second among the races of any umerical importance with a proportion of literacy amounting to 98 er cent, and Magyars and Slovaks follow. The lowest percentage I that reported for South Italians, only 54 per cent of whom can had and write. The figure for North Italians is 62.4 per cent, that )r Croatians 71.9 per cent, and that for Poles 79.2 per cent. 48296 °— VOL 7—11 17 250 The Immigration Commission. 1 If the foreign-born be divided into two groups, the natives o northern and western Europe being included in the first and th natives of southern and eastern Europe in the second group, th following showing is secured : Number reporting complete data. Number who read and write. • Number reporting complete data. Nnmbe who read andwriti Group I: 13 11 Group II— Continued. Herzegovinian 3 50 49 Italian, North 330 2i 2 2 Italian, South 996 5. 70 70 Lithuanian 38 16 15 Magyar 314 2 26 25 Montenegrin 13 3 3 Polish 240 n 6 3 Roumanian 33 Russian 42 Total 0 186 0 178 Ruthenian 4 20 323 Group II: — Servian Slovak 2 3 2 Slovenian 15 Bohemian Tinlcrarinn 5 3 Syrian 5 Croatian 249 179 Total 6 2,649 61,8 16 13 Greek — a Not including 1 Canadian, other than French. b Not including one Hebrew, other than Russian, and 24 Austrians, race not specified. The percentage of literates is, for the first group, 95.7, and for th In addition to the information secured from individual employet in all the southern coal-producing States, data as to literacy were als secured from the members of the households studied in the Soutl The following table indicates the degree in which they are able t read and write any language: Table 532 . — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who re( and write, by sex and general nativity and race of vndividuat. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes on ly races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all race General nativity and race of indi- vidual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read. Per cent who reac and write. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Totf Foreign-bom: English German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Slovak 26 40 69 291 39 224 207 64 14 26 16 65 10 80 71 24 40 66 85 356 49 304 278 88 100.0 90.0 92.7 53.6 43.6 92.9 76.3 82.8 92.9 84.6 1 93.8 26.2 60.0 76.3 69.0 70.8 97.5 87.9 92.9 48.6 46.9 88.5 74.5 79.5 100.0 87.5 91.3 52.6 38.5 92.0 75.4 81.3 92.9 84.6 93.8 26.2 30.0 76.3 67.6 66.7 9/ 8( 91 41 3( 81 71 71 Grand total 1,041 336 1,377 75.2 67.6 73.3 74.1 66.1 71 Total native-born of foreign father Total native-born Total foreign-born 36 1,005 24 30 306 56 66 1,311 90.6 88.9 74.7 100.0 90.0 65.4 94.6 89.4 72.5 90.6 88.9 73.5 100.0 90.0 63.7 9- 8‘ 71 Upon comparing the relative degree of literacy shown by the tot number of persons native-born and the total number of persoi Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 251 native-born of foreign father in the preceding table it is seen that 5.4 per cent of the total males and females of the second generation, as compared with 10.6 per cent of the total number of persons native- born are unable to either read or write. On the other hand, 14.2 per cent more of the total native-born males than of the total foreign- born males can read and 15.4 per cent more can both read and write, and 34.6 per cent more native-born females can read and 36.3 per cent more can read and write than of females of foreign birth. Considering the total of both sexes from the standpoint of illiteracy, 10.6 per cent only of the native-born as contrasted with 28.8 per cent of the foreign-born can neither read nor write. When the illiteracy of the different immigrant races is examined some startling exhibits are presented. Of the total number of Lithu- anians 63.3 per cent and 52.2 per cent of the South Italians, together with 27 per cent of the Poles and 22.7 per cent of the Slovaks, can Qot read and write. Comparatively speaking, a somewhat better showing is made by the Magyars, one-eighth of the total number of this race being unable to read and write. Among all the races above mentioned a greater degree of illiteracy is shown among the females than among the males, 73.8 per cent of the South Italian, 70 per cent the Lithuanian, 32.4 per cent of the Polish, 23.7 per cent of the Magyar, and 33.3 per cent of the Slovak females being illiterate. The English and North Italian races stand out prominently in the legree of literacy they show. All the English males and all but 7.1 3er cent of the females can read and write, and all except 8.7 per cent )f the North Italian males and all except 6.2 per cent of the females ire literate. The German is more illiterate than the North Italian, 12. 5 per cent of the males and 15.4 per cent of the females being with- )ut the ability to read and write. It is also important to inquire into the effect of the period of resi- lence in this country upon the ability of the immigrant to read ind write. In the following table is shown the percentage of 1,311 oreign-born persons in the South 10 years of age or over who can •ead and write, by years in the United States. [“able 533 . — Per cent of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent ( who read and write, hy years in the United States and race of individual. I t (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] 1 1 Race of individual. 1 Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read, by years in United States. Percent who read and write, by years in United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. I'nder 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. llnglish 40 96.4 100.0 (a) 96.4 100.0 (a) erman 66 83.3 92.3 100.0 81.0 92.3 100.0 kalian. North 85 91.9 95.0 (a) 90.3 95. 0 (o) ■alian. South 356 4.3.9 55.6 75.0 42.7 55.6 75.0 ithuanian 49 50.0 46.2 43.8 40.0 38.5 31.3 Magyar 304 88.8 86.8 89.8 88.3 85.5 89.8 blish 278 74.3 77.9 65.2 7.3.3 76.5 65. 2 lovak 88 78.4 «0.2 72.7 75.7 82.8 72.7 Total 1,311 70.4 75.9 77.6 69.1 74.6 76.2 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. 252 The Immigration Commission. From a glance at the preceding table it is evident that there is an intimate relation between period of residence and literacy, illiteracy decreasing as period of residence increases. Of all the immigrant races the greatest improvement in literacy growing out of an extended period of residence is found in the case of the South Italians, 75 per cent of the persons of this race who have been in the country ten years or more being able to read and write as compared with 43.9 per cent of the race who had been in the country under five years. All of the Germans of ten years’ residence or over can read and write as contrasted with only 83.3 per cent who have been in the country less than five years. The North Italians also exhibit a considerable degree of advancement in the longer residence periods. Instead of improvement, an opposite tendency is noticeable among the Lithu- anians, Slovaks, and Magyars. Among these races a smaller percent- age of those who have been in the United States ten years or more can read and write than of those of a shorter residence. In connection with the general subject of literacy it will be of value to compare the relative status of the foreign-born upon the basis of their age at the time of coming to the United States. This compari- son is presented in the following table, which shows the literacy of foreign-born persons in the households studied, 10 years of age or over^by age at the time of arrival in the United States: Table 534— Per cent of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race oj individual. (study of households.) (This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign- born.] I Race of iudividual. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who read, by age at time of coming to United States. Per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. Under 14. 14 or over. JJjjgljcIi . 40 100.0 96.8 100.0 96.8 84.5 91.5 47.8 36.4 87.6 72. 2 79.0 Gcrinsn. 66 100.0 86.2 100.0 ItsliclTl T^nrth 85 (a) 92.7 jtalian 356 47.6 48.7 47.6 49 40.0 47.7 40.0 fi p" vfir 304 90.9 88.3 90.9 Polish 278 84.6 78.4 84.6 Slovak 88 71.4 80.2 57. 1 Total 1,311 78.4 72.0 77.5 70.7 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Upon comparing the two groups in the above table, it is seen that of foreign-born persons who were less than 14 years of age when they came to this country 78.4 per cent can now read and 77 .5 per cent can both read and write, while of those persons who were over 14 years old when they came to the United States only 72 per cent can now read and 70.7 per cent both read and write. The greater proportion of those under 14 at time of cojning to this country who can both read and write is probably due to the greater adaptability of the younger immigrant as well as to the effects of the American public school system. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 253 As regards the different races it is worthy of notice that of the Ger- nans and English who were under 14 years of age when they came ,0 this country all are able both to read and to write, and these same •aces as compared with all other foreign-born persons show a greater legree of literacy in the group of 14 years of age or over at the time of heir arrival. The Magyars, Slovaks, and Poles who were 14 years )f age or over at the time of their coming to the United States also ixhibit a relatively high proportion of literacy as compared wit'i the louth Italians and Lithuanians. The two latter races in both age youps exhibit more than 50 per cent of illiterates, and no degree of advancement in the age group under 14 as compared with the group •ver 14 years of age. CONJUGAL CONDITION. As regards the conjugal condition of the coal-mining employees of he South, the tables next submitted show, by general nativity and ace, the number and per cent of persons who report themselves as ingle, married, or widowed. The table next presented shows the conjugal condition of the idividual employees 20 years of age or over^ studied in the bitumi- ous coal mines of the South, classified according to race and general ativity. ABLE 535.— Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race. ’ (study of employees.) his table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race. Number reporting Per cent who are — complete data. Single. Married. Widowed. itive-born of native father; White 3,729 4,2b9 47 78 43 115 237 111 108 43 329 1,008 41 313 80 26.0 35.1 27.7 46.2 43.9 32.2 42.2 13.5 32.4 30. 2 71 9 Negro 4 1. Z 2. 8 4.6 itive-born of foreign father, by country of birth of ather: England uu. 0 79 9 Ireland / Z. 0 ±1 J. . 0 Scotland 7 6. 4 0 A reign-born, by race: Bulgarian 00 . / G4.3 56. 5 2. 4 Q K Croatian 0 . 0 1 Q English 82. 9 1. 0 Q A German ft 0 . D 0 0 Irish 0*1. 0 ft 2. 8 Italian, North 35 ! 6 36.2 65.9 31.9 65.0 43. 8 7. 0 Italian, South 00 . 0 02.9 34. 1 . 9 Lithuanian . y A Magyar 60. 1 1 y Montenegrin 35. 0 1 . y A Polish 276 82 98 353 49 54. 3 • u 1 42 Russian 43.9 12. 2 54. 9 1. 0 1 0 Scotch ftft 7 1. 2 A 1 Slovak 32. 6 00 . i 4. 1 1 A Slovenian 30.‘6 VJU. U 6Q 4 1. 4 A uy. 'i . U Grand total 11,711 32.6 54. 9 Q 1 0 . i tal native-born of foreign father 237 8,235 42.6 31. 2 64.3 0 c; tal native-born 2. 0 tal foreign-born 3^476 35 ! 9 UO. i L9 ^ 0 . / 1 A ' 0 1. 0 254 The Immigration Commission. It is seen that 64.3 per cent are married, 32.6 per cent are single, and 3.1 per cent are widowed. The proportion of married men is higher among the native-born, considered as a whole, than among the foreign-born, but lower among the persons native-born of foreign father than among either foreign-born or persons native-born of native father. The proportion of widowed is more than twice as high for the native-born as for the foreign-born. ^ The foreign races having the largest proportion of married men are the Scotch, English, Slovenian, ^Magyar and Slovak, m the order mentioned. The Scotch and English have a higher proportion of married men than have the native whites born of native father. The hio-hest percentages of single men are reported by the Eithu- anians,'^Iontenegrins, Russians, Poles, and Croatians. The Irish have by far ’the largest proportion of widowed men. ^ ^ It will be noted that the proportion of married men is, m general, higher among the races of old immigration than among the races of recent immigration. . j. i i The table next presented shows the proportion of male employees in each conjugal condition, by specified age groups and general nativity and race: Table 536.— Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and by general nativity and race. (study of employees.) [This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] General nativity and race. Number reporting g complete data. g- Native-born of native father; 1,569 White Negro 1,979 Foreign-born: 76 Bulgarian Croatian 124 English 19 German 21 Italian, North 168 Italian, South 553 Magyar 141 Polish 119 Slovak 148 Grand total 5,260 Total native-born of foreign father 97 Total native-born 3,C4o Total foreign-born — 1,615 30 to 44 years of age. 45 years of age or over. 20 years of age or over. Per cent who are— Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are— Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are— Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are— Single. Married. Widowed, j Single. Married. Widowed, j Single. Married. 1 Widowed. Single. Married. 1 Widowed. 49.3 49.8 1.0 1,488 11.9 85.5 2.6 672 2.8 89.6 7.6 3,729 26.0 71.2 2.8 56^3 42.1 1.6 1,466 22.2 72.9 4.9 824 7.3 81.6 11.2 4,269 35.1 60.3 4.6 42. 1 55.3 2.6 33 15.2 78.8 6. 1 6 (a) (a) («) 115 32.2 64.3 3.5 66. 1 33.9 .0 97 15.5 82.5 2.1 16 18.8 75.0 6.3 237 42.2 56. 5 1.3 36. 8 63.2 .0 42 14.3 85.7 .0 50 4.0 88.0 8.0 111 13. 5 82.9 3.6 2.8 61. 9 38. 1 .0 65 30.8 69.2 .0 22 9.1 77.3 13.6 108 32.4 64.8 58.3 41.7 .0 129 13.2 86.0 .8 32 6.3 87.5 6.3 329 35.6 63.5 .9 54. 8 44.7 .5 383 15.4 83.6 1.0 72 4.2 93.1 2.8 1,008 36.2 62.9 .9 1 fi 58. 9 40.4 .7 144 8.3 90.3 1.4 28 17.9 71.4 10.7 313 31.9 66. 1 l.y 68. 9 31. 1 .0 137 27.0 69.3 3.6 20 10.0 90.0 .0 276 43.8 54. 3 1.8 60.8 39.2 .0 165 12.7 85.5 1.8 40 10.0 85.0 5.0 353 32.6 66. 0 1.4 55.3 43.7 1.0 4,479 i 17.5 79.5 3.0 1 1,972 6.3 84.9 8.8 11,711 32.6 64.3 3.1 69. 1 30.9 .0 88 ; 31.8 63.6 4.5 , 52 11.5 84.6 3.8 237 42.6 i 54.9 2.S 53. 6 45. 1 1.3 3,042 1 17.5 78.8 3.7 1,548 5.5 85.1 9.4 8,235 1 31. 2| 60.1 3.7 59.3 40.3 .4 1,437 17.5 81.0 1.5 , 424 9.4 84.0 1 6.6 3, 476 i 35.9 62.5 1.6 1 : Not computed, owing to small number involved. In all, 5,260 employees are reported from 20 to 29 years of age Of these, 43.7 per cent are married. The proportion of married men is for those who were native-born of foreign father, 30.9 per cent; toi all the native-born, 45.1 per cent; and for all the foreign-born, 40.. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 255 »er cent. The races having the largest proportion of married men re, in the order mentioned, the English, Bulgarian, American white, nd South Italian; those having the smallest proportion, the Polish nd Croatian. For the English the figure is 63.2 per cent; for the *oles it is 31.1 per cent. There were reported 4,479 employees from 30 to 44 years of age. )f these, 79.5 per cent were married. The proportion of married aen is, for the persons native-born of foreign father, 63.6 per cent; or all the native-born, 78.8 per cent; and for all the foreign-bom, 81 ter cent. The races having the largest proportion of married men re, in the order mentioned, the Magyar, North Italian, and Eng- sh; those having the smallest proportion are the German, Polish, Bulgarian, and American negro. For the Magyars the figure is 90.3 ter cent; iPor the Germans, 69.2 per cent. A total of 1,972 employees 45 years of age or over furnished infor- lation. Of these, 84.9 per cent are married. The proportion of larried men is, for the persons native-born of foreign father, 84.6 er cent; for all the native-born, 85.1 per cent; and for all the foreign- orn, 84 per cent. The races having the largest proportion of married len are the South Italians and Poles; those having the smallest roportion, the Magyars, Croatians, and Germans. As might be expected, the proportion of married men increases dth the age of the group. This is true, not only of the employees s a whole and of the native and foreign born, but of all or nearly 11 of the races. There is, however, as will be noted, a pronounced ifference in the rate of increase for the different races. The table immediately following makes a comparison of the races dth regard to the conjugal condition of individuals in the house- olds studied, by sex and age. ABLE 537 . — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) 'his table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races MALE. General nativity and race of Individual. 20 to 29 years of age. 30 to 44 years of age. 45 years of age or over. 20 years of age or over. Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are— 1 Number reporting 1 complete data. Per cent who are — 1 Number reporting 1 complete data. Per cent who are — Number reporting complete data. Per cent who are — Single. Married. Widowed. Single. Married. Widow'ed. Single. Married. Widowed. Single. Married. Widowed. Dreign-born; Italian, South 140 74.3 25.7 0.0 109 14.7 84.4 0.9 11 0.0 100.0 0.0 260 46.2 53.5 0.4 1 Magyar 65 66.2 33.8 .0 112 12.5 83.9 3.6 22 .0 9.5.5 4.5 199 28.6 68.8 2.5 1 Polish 94 70.2 29.8 .0 79 7.6 91.1 1.3 7 (a) («) (a) 180 41.1 58.3 .6 ) Slovak 18 72.2 27.8 .0 33 9.1 90.9 .0 8 (a) («) (a) 59 27.1 72.9 .0 j Grand total 411 72.0 27.5 .5 420 15.7 82.4 1.9 67 6.0 89.6 4.5 898 40.8 57.8 1.4 ptal native-born of for- lelgn father 5 (a) (o) (a) 6 (tt) (a) (a) jatal native-born 5 (a) (a) a 1 (“) (o) (a) 1 (a) («) (a) 7 (a) (a) (a) j3tal foreign- born 406 71.9 27.8 .2 419 15.5 82.6 1.9 66 6.1 90.9 3.0 891 40.5 58.2 1.2 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. 256 The Immigration Commission. 1 Table 537 . — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups and by general nativity and race of individual — Continued. FEMALE. General nativity and race of individual. Foreign-born: Italian, South Magyar Polish Slovak Grand total Total native-born of for- eign father Total native-born Total foreign-bom 20 to 29 years of 30 to 44 years of 45 years of age or 20 years of age or age. age. over. over. bJO •S cS Per cent who W) Per cent who to •So Per cent who tJD d ^ C3 Per cent who are— are— II are— 0'S are— P 2 ’3) .2 tH 'O 0) o a> 0) >^2 2 '3) (U 'B 0) o 2 fcH ^ fis 2 W) 'd .2 d a> o s I-i ^ a ^ 2 So P d 1 o S 3 8 _d C3 3 8 d c3 d o _d _d 12; a iz; m s ;z; s ;zi" S s is 37 0.0 100.0 0.0 18 0.0 100.0 0.0 4 (a) (a) (a) 59 0.0 100.0 0.1 25 .0 100.0 .0 36 .0 100. 0: .0 9 (a) (a) (a) 70 .0 100.0 .(1 37 .0 100.0 .0 23 .0 100. 01 .0 1 (a) (a) (a) 61 .0 100.0 ■j 9 («) 1 (“) (a) 12 .0 100.0 .0 21 .0 100.0 129 .0 100.0 .0 121 .o' 100.0 .0 21 0.0 95.2 4.8 271 .0 99.6 1 («) 1 .0 (a) (a) 100.0 (a) (a) .0 1 5^ o (a) (a) 99.6 (“) 2 2 (a) .0 («) 100.0 (a) .0 4 127 119 21 .0 95.2 4.8 267 TOTAL. Foreign-born: Italian, South Magyar Polish Slovak Grand total 177 90 131 27 58.8 , 47.8 50.4 48.1 41.2 52.2 49.6 51.9 0.0 .0 .0 .0 127 148 102 45 12.6 9.5 5.9 6.7 86.6 87.8 93.1 93.3 0.8 2.7 1.0 .0 15 31 8 8 0.0 1 .0 (a) (a) 100.0 96.8 (a) (a) 0.0 3.2 (a) (a) 319 269 241 80 37.6 21.2 30.7 20.0 62.1 77.0 68.9 80.0 0.: l.{ !( 540 54.8 44.8 .4 541 12.2 86.3 1.5 88 4.5 90.9 4.5 1,169 31.3 67.5 1.1 Total native-born of for- fpfViAr 6 7 533 (a) (a) 54.8 (a) (a) 45.0 (a) (a) .2 6 11 1,158 (a) 45.5 31.2 (a) 36.4 67.8 (a) 18.1 l.( Total native-born Total foreign-born 3 538 (a) 12.1 (a) 86.4 (a) 1.5 1 87 (a) 4.6 (a) 92.0 (a) 3.4 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of the 891 foreign-born males 20 years of age or over 40.5 per cent are single, 58.2 per cent are married, and 1.2 per cent are widowed. The Slovaks show the highest percentage of married persons, their showing being 72.9 per cent. The Magyars also show a percentage of married persons largely in excess of the single, 68.8 per cent of this race being thus reported. The South Italian and Polish males report considerably higher percentages of single persons than do the other races, the former showing 46.2 per cent single, 53.5 per cent married, and 0.4 per cent widowed, and the latter 41.1 per cent single, 58.3 per cent married, and 0.6 per cent widowed. All the South Italians are married, as are 95.5 per cent of the Magyars, the one exception in the case of the last named race being a widower. Of the foreign-born males between 30 and 45 years of age 82.6 per cent are married, 15.5 per cent are single, and 1.9 per cent are wid- owed. The Slovaks show 90.9 per cent married and 9.1 per cent single. One of the Poles is widowed and 6 are single, the remaining 91.1 per cent being married. The South Italians show a greater pro- portion single than do the other races; 14.7 per cent of them are reported unmarried, 84.4 per cent married, and 0.9 per cent widowed. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 257 Of the younger men, 20 to 29 years of age, the greater proportion are unmarried, this percentage being 71.9 per cent as compared with 27.8 per cent married and 0.2 per cent widowed. Among the four races under discussion the South Italians show the largest percentage of single men and the Magyars the lowest. Their percentages are 74.3 and 66.2, respective^, the Poles, with 70.2 per cent single, and Slo- vaks, with 72.2 per cent, ranking between the two first mentioned Iraces. There are no widowers among the young men of these four races. In its bearing upon the general character of the immigrant labor supply the location of the wives of the foreign-born employees is probably of greater importance than the general conjugal condition of the foreign-born mine workers. As regards this point, the tables uext submitted are designed to show for each race and for certain groups made upon a basis of residence, what proportion of the mar- ried employees of foreign birth have their wives in this country or abroad. Table 538 . — Per cent of foreign-horn husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) This table includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign- born.] Bulgarian Croatian English Berman kalian. North, Italian, South. Magyar Polish scotch Slovak Total... Race of husband Number reporting complete data. Per cent reporting wife — In United States. Abroad. 73 133 91 67 206 622 207 146 80 224 2,117 8.2 34.6 98.9 85.1 66.5 56.6 51.7 65.1 100.0 59.8 59.3 91.8 65.4 1.1 14.9 33.5 43.4 48.3 34.9 .0 40.2 40.7 Table 539 . — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States. (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more husbands reporting.] Race of husband. Number having been in United States each specified number of years who report location of wife. Per cent having been in United States each specified number of years who report wife abroad. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Total. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Total. talian. North, talian. South. diagyar Uovak 53 210 91 66 87 286 82 93 66 126 34 65 206 622 207 224 67.9 70.0 73.6 68.2 31.0 33.2 32.9 37.6 9.1 22.2 17.6 15.4 33.5 43.4 48.3 40.2 258 The Immigration Commission. The preceding tables show that the northern European races, sucl as the English, French, and German, lead in the proportion of marriec ; men with wives located in this country. The races reporting tht smaller numbers of those whose wives are with them are the Bui garian, and Croatian. Of the races reporting, 8 have over 50 pe: cent of their men with wives in this country, and who are presum- ably maintaining established conditions of family life in the Uniteo States in the coal-mining localities. Among those who have been in this country ten years or over, th( South Italians have the greatest proportion of persons whose wivet are abroad, and the North Italians the lowest, though but four races are thus classified. Among those who have been in the United States under 5 years, all four races reporting show that about two-thirds o] the married men have their wives abroad. VISITS ABROAD. An indication of the stability of the immigrant labor employed in 8 given industry and district is furnished in considerable measure b} the tendency exhibited by the men of each race to visit their native land. The following table shows, by period of residence in the United States and race of individual, what proportion of the foreign-borr males reporting from the bituminous mines of the South have made visits abroad since coming to this country. The first general divi- sion of the following table shows, by period of residence in the United States, the number of persons reporting this information; the second division makes the same showing by percentages. Table 540. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the Uniteo States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Race. Number in United States— Per cent reporting 1 or more visits, bj years in United States. Under 5 years. 5 to 9 years. 10 years or more. Total. Under 5 years. 5 to 9 years. 10 years or more. Total. Bulgarian 101 8 1 no 1.0 50.0 (a) 4.f Croatian 154 83 7 244 11.0 26.5 14.3 16.4 English 13 17 74 104 7.7 29.4 27.0 25. C Italian, North 145 117 78 340 16.6 35.9 42.3 29.1 Italian, South 471 409 142 1,022 317 12.1 30.3 33.1 22.3 Magyar 160 113 44 14.4 25.7 29.5 20. £ Polish 118 91 48 257 3.4 14.3 20.8 10. £. Slovak 139 119 62 320 7.9 27.7 29.0 19.4 Total 1,618 1,074 676 3,36S 9.4 26.8 30.2 19.1 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. Of the total number of 3,368 individuals reporting, 1,618 have been in the United States under five years, and of these 9.4 per cent have made visits abroad; 1,074 have been in the United States from five to nine years, and 26.8 per cent of that number have made visits abroad. Of the number who have been in the United States for ten years or more, Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 259 1.2 per cent have made visits abroad. It will be noticed that the ■oportion of those who have made visits abroad increases with years residence in the United States. The grand total shows that 19.1 ‘r cent of the persons reporting have made visits to their native nds. . 1 The North Italians show the largest proportion of those reporting ho have made visits abroad. Of this race, 145 persons are reported . have been in the United States under five years, and 16.6 per nt of that number have made visits abroad. Of the total number ■ 104 persons of English birth who reported this information, 25 per !nt have made visits abroad. The race reporting in largest num- irs is the South Italian. A total of 1,022 persons reported, of whom n have been in the United States under five years, 409 from five to ne years, and 142 for ten or more years. Of those who have been this country under five years, 12.1 per cent have made visits Droad: of those here from five to nine years, 30.3 per cent have lade visits abroad; and of those who have been in the United States tr ten or more years, 33.1 per cent have made visits abroad. It ill be noticed that in the case of this race, as with many others, the [•oportion of those who have made visits abroad increases with ngth of residence in this country. The table next submitted shows the number of mine workers in lest Virginia who are of foreign birth and who have made one or tore visits abroad. The relation between period of residence and isits to native land is also exhibited. Table 541 . — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees in West Virginia, by years in the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States.] 260 The Immigration Commission. Total. Number reporting— 3 or more vis- its. CO « ea CO 04 O CO 2 vis- its. (M : 1-H O (N ^ CO 05 CD 12 rH 04 CD 00 'i 1 visit. 37 1 7 i-H 05 05 lO CQ O O lO CD CD 04 r-S 04 rH rfi rH ^ CO ., ■) 04 ’ No vis- its. C*T-«CO'^i-tCOOr-HOiOOOOC^05COOOTtir-(f-HOO'^CO^'^Cv* Oi-H i-HCSt^cOOii-iOCOfN ca (NOO (N CD^04 04 O 00 939 In United States under 5 years. Number reporting— 3 or more vis- its. : 2 vis- its. CO (M CO 04 L.“ 1 visit. 91 2 ^ o 04 CO CO O 04 rH 04 124 No vis- its. rH lO OCO'^ CO CO T-i CO (N(M050D C4 1, Race. c t- c V T c 0 c c 1 a a 3 3 3 3 3 3 y X c c p c c .i: a a is uo c y ii H : 3 > 1 : 3 • 3 : 5 ; ^11 .1 SI ii If* p 3 p :l 3 U 3 a c c u P P c .C a t 1 11 r 3 ? 3 3 Ls 5 E > a ih 3 3 3 3 J3 3 3 “ Italian, North Italian, South T.1t>.nc.n?OT5 1 3 ^3 § 3 >>+■ 3 bcf i 03 c 3 i 3 si Jl£ c ‘f c y 3 3 Ii 3 o SI c 0 5.3: II 1 3 b 1 is 5a Slovak ftlnirpnian 3 3.C 3." j 'Z ■ a 3 ^ 2a 3 3 p 3 a 5 -j: : > 2a if ■t'a Austrian (race not specified) Total Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 261 Of the 2,551 employees covered by the , preceding table 2,012, or ,.9 per cent, have not visited their native countries since coming to e United States. Some 423, or 16.6 per cent of the total number, ^ve made a single trip, 86, or 3.4 per cent, two trips, and 30, or 1.2 1 per cent, three or more trips. The races are, in the order of their numerical importance, the luth Italian, the Magyar, the North Italian, the Slovak, the Croa- in, the Polish, the German, and the English. Analyzing the figures r each of these races in turn, it appears that of South Italians, 75.5 r cent have not visited their native land since coming to the United ates. Of the total, 19.2 per cent have made one visit, 3.6 per cent ^0 visits, and 1 .6 per cent three or more visits. For the Magyars, the rcentage of visits is lower. Of this race 78.2 per cent of the men have it made trips abroad, 17.4 per cent one trip, 3 per cent two trips, A 1.3 per cent three or more trips. Of the North Italians, 70.1 r cent have not revisited Italy, 23.7 per cent have made one visit, 5 per cent two visits, and 0.7 per cent three or more visits. Of the ovaks, about 80.2 per cent have never been abroad since landing the United States, 14.7 per cent have made one trip, 4.3 per cent ^0 trips, and 0.7 per cent three or more trips. Of the Croatians, .5 per cent have never visited their native land, 15.3 per cent have en abroad once, 0.8 per cent twice, and 0.4 per cent three or more nes. Of the Poles, 7.7 per cent have made one trip and 2.9 per nt two trips, and 89.5 per cent have not been abroad since coming the United States. None of the men of this race have made more an two visits to their native country and the same is true of the ^rmans, who follow next in the order of numerical importance, jout 92 per cent of the Germans have never revisited Germany, 6 r cent have made one visit only, and 1.5 per cent two visits. Of e English, 76.6 per cent have not been abroad, 14.8 per cent have ade one visit, 2.1 per cent two visits, and 6.4 per cent three or Ore visits. The races reporting employees who have made no visits to their live lands are, in descending order of percentages, the German, )lish, Croatian, Slovak, Magyar, English, South Italian, and North alian. Im the percentage of those who have made one visit only i'l’oad, the North Italians lead, with the South Italians and the agyars in second and third places, respectively. The Croatians, e English, and the Slovaks all report approximately the same oportion of single visits, while the Poles and the Germans occupy e seventh and eighth places. The North Italians rank first also oatians follow in the order mentioned. In the proportion of pployees who have made three or more visits abroad, the English k outrank the other races, with a percentage of 6.4. The percentage Dst nearly approaching this is that reported for the South Italians, 3 per cent. The Magyars follow with 1.3 per cent, the North alians and Slovaks 0.7 per cent each, and the Croatians 0.4 per cent. } has already been stated, no Germans or Poles hav« made more an two visits abroad. The figures and statements just given relate all the employees, irrespective of years of residence in the United 262 The Immigration Commission. f States. The percentages are, therefore, to a certain extent, lackin in significance. In order to determine the tendency on the part c the men of different races to pay visits abroad, the relation must b known between the average number of their visits and their averag residence in the United States. Data upon this point are also give in the above table, length of residence being shown by five-yea periods. Of the 2,551 employees reported, 1,176, or 46.1 per cent, have bee in the country less than five years; 939, or 36.8 per cent, between fiv and ten years; and 436, or 17.1 per cent, ten years or over. It i interesting to compare the percentages of visits for each of thes groups with those for the total, and those for each of the other groupt This is done in the following table: Table 542 . — Per cent of foreign-horn mine employees in West Virginia making visi abroad, by years in the United States. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Total number. Per cent reporting— Years in United States. No visits. 1 visit. 2 visits. 3 or moi visits. Under 5. .............. ........ 1,176 88.3 10.5 0.9 0 5 fn Q 939 71.9 22.7 4.6 10 or over 436 68.6 19.7 7.6 4 Total - 2,551 78.9 16.6 3.4 1 It will be noted that the percentage of employees who have made n visits abroad is larger for persons in the United States less than fiv years than for the entire number of employees or for those in th United States for a longer period than five years. In the colum in which these figures appear the proportion of those who hav made no visits as a rule decreases with length of residence. C the employees who have made one visit abroad 10.5 per cent hav been in the United States under five years, 22.7 per cent betwee five and ten years, 19.7 per cent ten years or over, wlfile 16.6 pe cent of the total employees have made one visit to their native lane For employees who have made two visits the figures are as follows In the United States under five years, 0.9 per cent; all employees 3.4 per cent; in the United States five to ten years, 4.6 per cent; i the United States ten years or over, 7.6 per cent. Of the employees who have been in the United States under fiv years, 0.3 per cent and 0.9 per cent of those who have been her between five and ten years, as well as 1.2 per cent of all employees and 4.1 per cent of those who have been in the country ten yeai or over have made three or more visits to their native land. Considered as a whole, the figures of the table seem to indicat about what a more comprehensive tabulation might be expecte to show. With few exceptions, both the relative nurnber of employee visiting their native countries and the number of visits for each thoi sand men employed increase with length of residence in this country Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 263 AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS. For the purpose of showing the ages of all foreign-born persons 1 the households studied in connection with this industry in the outh, the following series of tables is herewith presented. The first f this series shows the per cent of persons in each specified age roup, by sex and general nativity ancl race of head of household. ABLE 543 . — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) his table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all races.] MALE. reneral nativity and race of head of household. Number reporting complete data. Per cent within each specified age group. Under 6. 6 to 13. 14and 15. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. )reign-born; German 64 10.9 18.8 1.6 3.1- 25.0 31.3 9.4 Italian, North 86 14.0 3.5 .0 9.3 37.2 31.4 4.7 Italian, South Magyar 343 12.2 4.7 .9 7.9 41.1 30.3 2.9 334 12.0 10.2 2.4 6.9 25.1 35.6 7.8 Polish 271 19.9 6.6 .4 5.9 31.7 32.1 3.3 Slovak 90 8.9 7.8 1.1 3.3 30.0 40.0 8.9 Total 1,280 14.1 7.7 1.3 6.7 32.1 32.8 5.2 FEMALE. »reign-born: German 45 15.6 26.7 2.2 11.1 8.9 22.2 13,3 Italian, North 29 27.6 13.8 3.4 6.9 27.6 20.7 .0 Italian, South 98 25.5 9.2 1.0 3.1 37.8 19.4 4.1 Magyar 136 25.7 13.2 3.7 5.2 18.4 28.7 5.1 Polish 121 27.3 13.2 3.3 1.7 33.1 20.7 .8 Slovak 49 42.9 20.4 .0 .0 16.3 20.4 .0 Total 518 26.6 14.5 2.7 3.9 24.9 23.4 4.1 TOTAL. reign-born: German 109 12.8 22.0 1.8 6.4 18.3 27.5 11.0 Italian, North 115 17.4 6.1 .9 8.7 34.8 28.7 3.5 Italian, South 441 15.2 5.7 .9 6.8 40.4 27.9 3.2 Magyar 470 16. 0 11.1 2.8 6.4 23.2 33.6 7.0 Polish 392 22.2 8.7 1.3 4.6 32.1 28.6 2.6 Slovak 139 20.9 12.2 .7 2.2 25.2 33.1 5.8 Total 1,798 17.7 9.7 1.7 5.9 30.0 30.1 4.9 I The fact that the largest proportion of foreign-born males in the )uth for whom information was secured are of working age is ddenced by the above table, 70.1 per cent being 20 years of age or /er, as compared with 23.1 per cent under 16. Sixty-four and nine nths per cent are from 20 to 44 years of age. Of those under 6 years age, the Poles show the largest proportion, or 19.9 per cent, and the ovaks, with 8.9 per cent, the smallest. In the second age group, • of those from 6 to 13 years of age, the Germans, with 18.8 per cent, LOW the largest proportions, the other races ranging from 10.2 per nt of the Magyars to 3.5 per cent of the North Italians. Of those 264 The Immigration Commission. from 20 to 29, and of those from 30 to 44 years of age, the Soutl I Italians show the largest proportion, or 41.1 per cent, in the first grou] and the smallest, or 30.3 per cent, in the second group. The smalles ! proportion, 25 per cent, in the first group is shown by the Germans i while the largest, 40 per cent, in the' second group is shown by tb ' Slovaks. The proportions of the several races in the other age group < varv so little that a comparison is not considered necessary. Of th 518"females furnishing information, 43.8 per cent are under 16 years o i age, and 24.9 and 23.4 per cent are shown in the age groups from 2( i to 29 and 30 to 44 years of age, respectively. The most interestinc I feature of the above tables is the large number of Slovaks under ( ) years of age, as compared with the number of those of that age ii > the other races. The foreign-born as a whob show 17.7 per cent o i their number in this age group. The largest proportion of Soutl Italians and Poles is found in the age group of 20 to 29 years, and o . the Magvars in the group from 30 to 44 years of age. The following table shows the per cent of male employees withii l each age group, by general nativity and race: Table 544.— Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity an» \ race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races, 1 Number reporting complete data. Per cent within each specified age group. General nativity and race. Under 14. 14 to 19. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 44. 45 to 54. 55 or over. Native-born of native father: White 4,365 4,778 66 0.1 13.9 19.5 16.5 15.3 19.1 11.6 3. Negro .5 9.8 20.2 21.4 14.4 16.4 13.5 3. Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: England .0 28.8 22.7 16.7 7.6 15.2 6.1 3. Germany 49 .0 22.4 18.4 6.1 6.1 24.5 20.4 2. Ireland 86 .0 9.3 11.6 10.5 10.5 31.4 22.1 4. Scotland 66 .0 37.9 16.7 15.2 10.6 7.6 7.6 4. Foreign-born, by race: Bulgarian 122 .0 4.9 22.1 41.0 9.8 17.2 3.3 1. Croatian 257 .0 7.4 28.8 1 19.5 17.1 21.0 5.4 11 English 119 .0 5.9 5.9 i 1 10.1 16.8 18.5 28.6 German 112 .0 3.6 8.0 j i 10.7 30.4 27.7 16.1 3. Ir^h 44 .0 2.3 4.5 4.5 6.8 20.5 45. 5 15. Italian, North 401 .2 17.0 23.2 19.2 15.5 17.0 7.5 Italian, South 1,176 .0 14.1 24.8 22.2 15.7 16.9 5. 4 Lithuanian 41 .0 .0 26.8 19.5 19.5 29.3 4.9 Magyar 344 .0 8.4 18.3 23.0 12.8 29.1 7.0 1. Montenegrin 91 .0 12.1 33.0 19.8 20.9 7.7 6.6 Polish 296 .0 6.8 19.3 20.9 19.9 26.4 5.7 1. Russian 85 .0 3.5 22.4 23.5 15.3 27.1 8.2 11. Scotch 101 .0 2.0 5.9 8.9 13.9 21.8 29.7 Slovak 387 .0 8.8 18.6 19.6 17.8 24.8 10.3 Slovenian 55 .0 10.9 5.5 27.3 27.3 21.8 7.3 Grand total 13,375 .2 11.8 20.3 19.2 15.1 18.6 11.5 3. Total native-born of for- eign father 342 .0 30.7 17.8 10.5 7.9 17.8 12.0 3. Total native-born 9,485 .3 12.5 19.8 18.8 14.6 17.7 12.6 3. Total foreign-born 3,890 (a) 10.2 21.4 20.3 16.3 20.7 9.0 2. a Less than 0.05 per cent. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 265 Of the 13,375 male employees shown in the preced-mg table, the greatest proportion in any one age group are from 20 to 24 years )ld. The next largest proportion are from 25 to 29 years of age, while ilightly less than half are 30 years of age or over. It is noticeable hat a very small proportion are 55 years of age or over. The table shows that the employees who are native-born of foreign ather show the highest per cent of persons under 30 years of age, bllowed by the foreign-born employees and the negroes. Of the ■mployees who are from 30 to 54 years of age those of foreign birth [md those who are native-born whites of native father show the same j)roportions, closely followed by the negroes, while the per cent of jimployees who are native-born of foreign father in these groups is jonsiderably smaller than that shown for the other nativity groups, i Of the employees who are 55 years of age or over there is little inference between the proportions in each nativity group. Of the mployees who are native-born of foreign father those whose fathers i^ere born in England show the highest per cent who are from 14 to i:9 years of age and those whose fathers were born in Ireland the iiighest per cent who are from 30 to 55 years of age or over, i Of the foreign-born employees, the North Italians alone show a I mall proportion who are under 14 years of age and the highest per |ent who are from 14 to 19; no Lithuanians are included in this age jroup. It is noticeable in the groups including persons from 20 to 24 [ears of age and 25 to 29 years of age, that the English, Irish, Scotch, [nd Germans generally show smaller proportions than the more ecently arrived immigrant employees. : 48296 °— VOL 7—11 18 ri¥f 0 10 . . ,. oa.’ btiA ^ Ic h-^yf^r t^^-; m a-\fc *i/U .si i-ol'; f->rJ ‘»»J> f ►ii. Ci t uil * KlOel^a V : iff UJ i'J d# -‘^'1 Jt ^ ■: vfeiii r .'A T^ ;%«k 1^ eTjr, c t\ ^i' Chapter IX. GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION. Ownership of homes — Status of children in the households studied — Citizenship in the South — Citizenship in West Virginia — Ability to speak English— [Text Tables 545 to 556 and General Tables 241 to 249]. OWNERSHIP OF HOMES. The proportion of the families of a given group of workmen who live in homes owned by themselves may fairly be regarded as an indica- tion, at least, of the social and industrial progress of the group. It also seems probable that unless they intend to reside permanently in the United States the members of an immigrant family will not, in the majority of instances, purchase property of such an immovable character as a dwelling house. The statistics of the ownership of homes on the part of immigrant races may, therefore, be considered of value as showing the permanency of the immigrant population. In this connection, however, it must be borne in mind that the oppor- tunities of mine workers to acquire homes are limited as compared with employees of other industries. Data relative to the ownership of homes have been secured from the families studied. In the follow- ing table the figures are given, by race of head of household, for employees in the coal and coke industries of the South. Table 545. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Total number of families. Owning home. Number. Percent. Foreign-bom: English 12 (a\ German 21 0 n Italian, North 15 u. u (a) 61.6 Italian, South 62 bl Lithuanian 11 74 (a) 2. 7 Magyar 2 Polish 66 . 0 Slovak 20 !o 61.1 Total 281 63 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. & Not Including 1 family not reporting complete data. Of the total number of 281 families furnishing information for the above table, only three are reported as owning homes. Of these wee, two are of the Magyar and one of the South Italian race. It 267 268 The Immigration Commission. is obvious, therefore, that the percentage of ownership is too small to serve as a basis of comparison between the standards of the differ- ent races. The figures do, however, point strongly to the conclusion that the ownership of property is not general among the immigrant mine workers of tne district covered by these data. The fact that onl}^ a negligible proportion of the employees live in homes owned by themselves would seem to indicate either unfavorable conditions of employment, lack of disposition to save, an intention of merely temporary residence, or a combination of these factors in varying proportions. It is important to recall, however, that in the Pennsylvania coal and coke localities the percentage of families owning homes is per- ceptibly larger than in the South; that in the Southwest it is much larger than in Pennsylvania; and in the coal mines of the Middle West the em})loyees make a better showing than in any other region. The above statement is true not only of the employees as a whole but, in general, of the very races present in the coal mines of the South. This being the case, and for the additional reason that it is not likely that the individuals of a given race settled in different sections of the country would differ widely in their tendency to save or to make the United States their permanent place of residence, the probabilities would appear to favor the inference that the extremely low percentage of ownership of homes reported for the South is due to relatively unfavorable conditions of employment. STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The following table shows the children 6 and under 16 years of age in the households studied in the South who were at home, at school, and at work: Table Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at horrid, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or more chil- dren born abroad ] General nativity and race of father. Birthplace of child. Number reporting complete data. Number— Per cent— At home. At school. At work. At home. At school. At work. Foreign-born, Magyar f United States. (Abroad 35 29 4 12 28 15 3 2 11.4 41.4 80.0 51.7 8.6 6.9 Among the Magyars, the only race with enough children of foreign- born fathers to be considered, it is seen that similar percentages of the native-born children and of the foreign-born children of this race are at work, although a much larger percentage of the native-born children are at school than of the foreign-born. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 269 CITIZENSHIP IN THE SOUTH. The following table shows the present political condition of foreign- born males who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. Table 547 . — Present 'political condition of foreign-horn male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival In the United States.] Number Number— Per cent— Race. reporting complete data. Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. Bohemian and Moravian 3 2 1 (a) (a) 0.0 (o) Bulgarian. 7 (o) 0.0 Urnatian 66 Danish 1 i (a) (a) 55. 6 (a) (o) 28.9 Dutch 6 3 1 English. 45 25 13 French 12 4 2 (a) (a) (a) (a) 19.8 (O) (a) (a) (a) 12.6 German 29 17 3 Hphrftw (other than Rn.ssian) 1 Irish 21 17 2 Italian , N orth 111 22 14 Italian, South 315 31 24 9.8 7.6 Lithuanian 15 5 (a) (a) 3.6 (a) (a) 9. 1 Maeerlonian 2 Magyar no 4 10 Polish 95 6 4 6.3 4.2 Roumanian 3 (a) (a) (a) (°) 11.2 (a) (a) (a) (a) 8.8 Russian 16 1 Scotch 38 32 5 Servian 5 Slovak 125 14 11 Slovenian 16 6 (a) («) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) («) (a) (a) Swedish 2 1 1 Syrian 2 Welsh 3 1 1 Australian (race not specified) 14 3 5 Belgian (race not specified) 3 1 Swiss (race not specified) 1 1 Total 1,067 186 109 17.4 10.2 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. It appears from the data presented in the above table that 17.4 per cent of the foreign-born males for whom information was secured are fully naturalized and that 10.2 per cent have first papers only. The proportion of individuals fully naturalized is very much larger for the English than for any other of the races for which percentages have been computed and larger for the North Italians and Slovaks than for the South Italians, Poles, and Magyars. The English have by far the largest and the Poles and South Italians have the smallest proportion of individuals having first papers only. 270 The Immigration Commission. j The following table shows the political condition in the southeri coal fields of individual employees of foreign birth who 'were 21 year; of age at the time of their arrival, by general nativity and race, anc by period of residence in this country : Table 548 . — Present political condition of foreign-hom male employees who were 21 year of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States am race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table include only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-bom.] Race. In United States 5 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. In United States 5 years or over. N umber reporting complete data. Per cent — Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Per cent — Num- ber re- porting corii- plete data. t Per cent— I Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. Fully natu- ralized. Having first papers only. Fully natu- ralized. HaATiii first papers only. Italian, North 61 9.8 3.3 50 32.0 24.0 Ill 19.8 12. Italian, South 223 2.7 6.3 92 27.2 10.9 315 9.8 7. Magyar 80 .0 5.0 30 13.3 20.0 110 3.6 9. Slovak 83 1.2 8.4 42 31.0 9.5 125 11.2 8. Total 070 2.7 8.1 397 42.3 13.9 1,067 17.4 10.: The above table, which gives information from 1,067 employee; who have been in the United States five years or over, discloses the fad that 17.4 per cent are fully naturalized and 10.2 per cent have lirsi papers only. Of the 1,067 mine workers who reported, 670 have beer in the United States between five and nine years, and report 2.7 pei cent fully naturalized and 8.1 per cent as having first papers only On the other hand, the 397 employees who have been in the Unitec States ten years or over report 43.2 per cent fully naturalized anc 13.9 per cent with first papers only. It IS interesting to note also that the North Italians, South Italians and Slovaks are the only races, with a residence in the United State; of between five and nine years, who report a percentage of theii number as fully naturalized, the North Italians reporting 9.8 per cent South Italians 2.7 per cent, and Slovaks 1.2 percent. Eight and four-tenths per cent of the Slovaks, 6.3 per cent of the South Italians^ 5 per cent of the Magyars, 3.3 per cent of the North Italians, and S per cent of the Poles have secured first papers only. Of those who have been in the United States ten years or over, th( North Italians show by far the largest per cent fully naturalized reporting 32 per cent. The North Italians also report 24 per cent;, as having first papers only. The Slovaks report 31 per cent fully naturalized and 9.5 per cent with first papers only, as compared witi 27.2 per cent and 10.9 per cent, respectively, of the South Italians It is also apparent from the above table that, of the entire numbei who have been in the United States five years or oyer, the NortI Italians have shown a stronger desire to become citizens than any other race, with the Slovaks next, and the South Italians and Mag- yars following in the order named. Bituminous Coal Mining in the South. 271 The tendencies exhibited by the foreign-born toward the acquire- ment of citizenship are set forth in the following table, which shows the present political condition of foreign-born males in the house- holds studied, who have been in the United States five years or over, and who were 21 years of age or over at time of arrival, by race of individual: Table 549 . — Present 'political condition of foreign-horn males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming^ by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Number — Per cent— Fully nat- uralized. Having first 1 papers only. Fully nat- uralized. Having first Ijapers only. PnViPTninri n.nd Mora vian 1 fa) (o) English 4l 1 2 1 (a) (a) German - 11 i 1 2 5 (a) («) Italian, North 12 1 1 1 1 (a) (“), „ Italian, South 52 2 1 3.8 1.9 T.jt.hnanian ... 9 1 (a) (a) Magyar 68 i 8 2 11.8 2.9 Polish 39 3 2 7.7 5. 1 Riis.sian 1 (a) (o) Slovak 24 3 2 12.5 8.3 Total 221 21 14 9.5 6.3 o Not computed, owing to small ntunber involved. That little interest in American institutions is manifested by the foreign-born males in this locality is apparent from the very small proportion of those who have acquired full citizenship, and the still smaller proportion of those who have secured first papers only. Since only four races show a sufficient number of representatives to allow of computation, definite conclusions as to the relative standing of the races are precluded; however, it will be noted that, of these races whose percentages have been computed, the Slovaks show a larger proportion of persons fully naturalized, as well as of those with first papers only, than the Magyars and Poles, and much larger proportions than the South Italians, 272 The Immigration Commission. CITIZENSHIP IN WEST VIRGINIA. An individual study of 862 foreign-burn miners in the West Vir ginia coal fields sliows the following political condition among foreign born males who had reached mojihood before leaving their nativii land and who have resided five years or more in the United vStates: Table 550 . — Present 'political condit ion of foreign-bom male employees in West Virginv who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or ove at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] Race. N umber r ep o r t i n g complete data. In United States 5 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. Total. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having sec- ond papers. Total. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having .sec- ond papers. Total. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having sec- ond papers. 1 Total. 1 1 1 1 1 Pmntinri ' 65 61 61 4 4 65 6 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 English 24 5 6 11 1 1 11 13 6 "’7 11 2 Gennan 21 3 1 4 8 3 10 13 6 1 14 2 TToLrow T?nnd personal service; fishing, mining, and quarrying are separated rom manufacturing and mechanical pursuits: trade and transporta- ion are distinct from each other. The headings as here used are: 1. Agricultural pursuits. 2. Domestic and personal service. 3. Many facpiring and mechanical pursuits. 4. Mining (including quarrying). 5. General labor. 6. Professional service. 7. Trade. 8. Transportation. 284 The Immigration Commission. The term “Domestic and personal service” includes besides domestic servants certain classes of persons not professional who serve the general public, such as policemen, city firemen, and em- ployees at places of amusement. Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 10, 60, 110, 159, and 209. — These tables are similar to Tables 9, 59, 109, 158, and 208, relating to males. Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each speci- fied amount per day, by general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 11, 61, 111, 160, and Employees are here classified according to the amount of their earnings. In some industries earnings are reported by the week, and in others by the day. Where employment is on the time basis the data are for “rate of pay;” wliere employment is on the piece basis the data are for “earnings.” Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 12, 62, 'll2, 161, and 211. — These tables are similar to Tables 11, 61, 111, 160, and 210, relating to earnings of males 18 years of age or over. In practically all industries the number of employees under 14 was too small for tabulation. Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 13, 63, 113, 162, and 212. — These tables form a part of the study of family incomes. The information relative to income was secured for the year ending at the time of the agent^s visit. In the “selection of families” for the compilation of data concern- ing family income, tlie following classes were omitted: 1. Families established less than one year, 2. Families living two or more per household under complicated financial arrangements, so that exact income from boarders or other sources within the household is uncertain. 3. Families wiih earnings or contributions representing entire earnings of mem- bers who are profit earners or whose net earnings are for any other reason uncertain. That part of the income in this study represented by earn- ings is net. Practically all of the heads of families included in these tables are also heads of households. They are here classified according to the amount of their earnings for the year. Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 14, 64, 114, 1^3, 213. — Male wage-earners are here classified according to the amount of their earnings for the year ending at the time of the agent’s visit. Persons who receive board and lodging in addition to a money wage and persons who receive tips or other per- quisites over and above a stipulated wage are not included in these tables. Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family: Study of households. Tables 15,65, 115,164, (I'T^d 214- The families included in these tables are the same as in Tables 13, 63, 113, 162, and 212. These families are here classified according to the amount of total income for the year from all sources. Tables 17, 67, 116, 166, and 216 show the sources of this income. Income from General Explanation of Tables. 285 “boarders or lodgers’' and in some cases from “other sources” is gross. Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 16, 66, 165, and 215. — These tables are similar to Tables 14, 64, 163, and 213, which relate to earnings of males. Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family: Study of households. Tables 17, 67, 116, 166, and 216. — The families included in these tables are the same as m Tables 13, 63, 113, 162, and 212. The number of families with income from earnings of husband, the number with income from earnings of wife, etc., are shown here. The terms “husband” and “wife” include the widowed, divorced, and deserted. The principal items under “Other sources” are (1) receipts from invest- ments, which, in the great majority of cases, are in the form of rentals, and (2) contributions of friends or relatives, who pay either more or less than the rates of boarders or lodgers. Attention is called to the fact that the family may have had income from some source, for example, from boarders or lodgers, within the year, but not at the time the schedule was taken. Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family: Study of households. Tables 18, 68, 117, 167, and 217. — The families included in these tables are the same as in Tables 13, 63, 113, 162, and 212. They are classified here according to the source or combination of sources upon which the family has been wholly dep(fndent for income within the year ending with the taking of the schedule. The four items which make up all incomes except those entered in the last column of these tables are earnings of husband, earnings of wife, contributions of children, and payments of boarders or lodgers. It will be noted that all families deriving their entire income from husband, wife, and children have a net income, and that all incomes including the payments of boarders or lodgers are gross; also, that all families having any part of their income from money invested appear in the last column of these tables. Months worlced during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 19, 69, 118, 168, and 218. — Members of households of working age who have been employed outside of the home within the year ending with the taking of the schedule are here classified according to whether they have worked under three months, three and under four months, four and under five months, etc. For the purposes of these tables all cases of part-time employment have been reduced to a full-time basis; for example, an employee who has worked seven months on half-time is counted as having worked three and one-half months. The data are shown for males and females separately. Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 20, 70, 119, 169, and 219. — All households are here divided into “family households,” or households where a family is present, and “group households,” or households composed of a group of persons, no family included. 286 The Immigration Commission. 1 Family households are further classified as bein^ with or without* boarders or lodgers. Family households with neither boarders noi. lodgers are subdivided into those consisting of a single family and those consisting of two or more families living in the same apartment i and sharing one or more rooms. Family households with boarders ! or lodgers are subdivided into those who keep boarders and those, who keep only lodgers. Households keeping both boarders and ; lodgers are here entered as households with boarders. '‘Boarders’^ are persons to whom both food and lodging are furnished. ]\ umber of households 'paying each specified rent per month pe 7 ^\ apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study \ of households. Tables 21, 71, 120, 170, and 220 . — In these tables appear only the renting households which report the rent paid for the unfurnished rooms which they use for living purposes. The following classes are thus excluded from these tables: 1. Households which rent apartment furnished. 2. Households which pay an undivided sum for apartment and place of business. 3. Resident landlords who pay an undivided sum for the apartment they occupy and other apartments which they sublet. 4. Households which pay “ground rent.” Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of house- holds. Tables 22, 72, 121, 171, and 221. — The households included in these tables are the same as in Tables 21, 71, 120, 170, and 220. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of house- holds. Tables 23, 73, 122, 172, and 222. — The households included in these tables are the same as in Tables 21, 71, 120, 170, and 220. Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and number oj boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 21^, 74, 123, 173, and 223. — These tables show tlie number of households keeping boarders and the number keeping only lodgers; they also show the total number of boarders and of lodgers. ^‘Boarders’’ both sleep and eat with the household. Households which keep lodgers in addition to boarders are classified with the households keeping boarders. Among certain races it is customary to include one of the following accommodations with the nominal price of lodging: (1) Coffee or soup is served once a day; (2) the lodger is allowed the privilege of cooking his food on the kitchen stove; (3) the housewife buys the lodger’s food, having the price charged in his account book, and prepares the food for him. Persons with such financial arrangements consider themselves lodgers, and have been classified as such in these tables. Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified size, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of house- holds. Tables 25, 75, 124, 174, 224- — Households are here classi- fied according to the number of rooms which they occupy, and are further classified according to the number of persons of whom they are composed. Booms used exclusively for business purposes, although connected with the apartment, are not counted in the num- ber of rooms per apartment. As before stated, only such persons as sleep in the apartment are considered members of the household. General Explanation of Tables. 287 Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number jf rooms, by general 'nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 26, 76, 125, 176, ami 225. — These tables summa- rize part of the data of Tables 25, 75, 124, 174, and 224. Households ire here classified according to the number of rooms they occupy. Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each wecified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold: Study of households. Tables 27, 77, 126, 176, and 226. — These tables summarize part of the data in Tables 25, 75, 124, 174, and 224. rhey give the total number of households and the total number of persons in apartments of each specified size. Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general mtivity and race of head of household: Study of households'. Tables 28, 78, 127, 177, and 227. — These tables summarize part of the data n Tables 25, 75, 124, 174, and 224. Households are here classified recording to the number of persons in the household. Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 29, 79, 128, 178, and 228. — These tables show the number of households which average less than one person per room, one and less than two persons per room, two and less than three persons per room, etc. These tables also show the average num- ber or persons per household and per room for all households studied. Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 30, 80, 129, 179, and 229 . — Phese tables present the data relative to persons per sleeping room. Duly rooms which are regularly used for sleeping purposes are here considered sleeping rooms. The tables are similar to Tables 29, 79, 128, 178, and 228. Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 21, 81, 130, 180, and 230. — These tables classify households according to the number of rooms left for living purposes after the number of sleeping rooms has been deducted. Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 32, 82, 131, 181, and 231. — These tables show the Qumber of male employees who read some language and the number who both read and write some language. Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 23, 83, 132, 182, and 232. — These tables, which are concerned with members of house- holds, are similar to Tables 32, 82, 131, 181, and 231, relating to Bmployees. Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 34, 84, 133, 183, and 233. — 4 hese tables classify foreign-born persons, male and female, according to the number of years since their first arrival in the United States. The classes are: Under five years, five to nine years, and ten years or over. These tables show under Bach of the three groups the number of persons who can read some language and the number who can both read and write some language. Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at the time of coming to the United States, and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 35, 85, 134, ^^4- — These tables 288 The Immigration Commission. f classify foreign-born persons, male and female, according to wtiethei they were under 14 years of age or 14 years of age or over at the time of their first arrival in the United States, and show the numbei in each group who can read some language and the number who car both read and write some language. Conjugal condition of male employees, hy age groups and general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 36, 86, 135, 185, ana 235. — For the purposes of these tables male employees are divided into four age groups — 16 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 44 years, and 45 years or over — and are further classified according to whethei they are single, married, or widowed. ^ Ydith the widowed are included the* relatively few persons who are divorced or deserted. Conjugal condition, hy sex and age groups, and hy general nativity and race of individual: Study^ of households. Tables 37, 87, 136, 186, and 236. — These tables, which are concerned with members of house- holds 16 years of age or over, are similar to Tables 36, 86, 135, 185, and 235, relating to male emnlo^^ees. Location of wives of foreign-horn employees, hy race of husband: Study of employees. Tables 38, 88, 137, 187, and 237. — These tables show the numi)er of foreign-born married employees who report wife in the United States and the number who report wife abroad. The tabulation is by the race of the employee. Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race: Study of employees. Tables 39, 89, 138, 188, and 238. — Male employees are here classified according to the number of years since their first arrival in the United States. The classes are: Under five years, five to nine years, and ten years or over. Under each group emp'loyees are classified according to whether they have made no visit, or one, two, or three or more visits, abroad. Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables Jf9, 90, 139, 189, and 239. — These tables give for all households studied the number of persons of each sex who report their ages as under 6 years, 6 to 13 years, 14 and 15 years, 16 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 44 years, and 45 years or over. The tabulation is by race of head of household. Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables ^1 , 91, I 4 O, 190, and 2Jfi. — Male employees are here classified according to age, by years if between 14 and 19 years of age, and by year groups if 20 years of age or over. Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family. Study of households. Tables ^2, 92, HI , 191 , and 2^1 . — These tables show for all families studied the num- ber owning their homes, the number renting homes, the number board- ing and the number lodging. The few dependent families are included in the miscellaneous class ^‘In other conditions.’’ General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 43, 93, 142 , 192, and 242. — These tables show for males, females, and totals, the number of children under 6 years of age, 6 to 13 years of age, and 14 and 15 years of age, and further show for each age group the number of children at home, at school, and at work. The few children with employment outside of school hours are tabulated General Explanation of Tables. 289 .ere as at school, and the few children found worldng through the ay and attending night school are here entered as at work. Present 'political condition of foreign-horn 'male emplo'yees 'who have een in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age r over at time of coming, hy race and length of residence: Study of mployees. Tables U, 94, 14^, 193, and ^45.— These tables include iiily foreign-born employees who were 21 years of age or over at the ime of their first arrival in the United States and who have been in he United States long enough to acquire citizenship. These persons ^re classified as in the United States five to nine years and ten years tr over, and are further classified under each year group as aliens, itizens, and persons with only their first papers. t 7 • t Present political condition of foreign-horn males who have been 'in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at ime of coming, hy race of individual and length of residence: Study of iouseholds. Tables 45, 95, 144, and ^ 44 -— These tables which ire concerned with members of households, are similar to Tables 44, )4, 143, 193, and 243, relating to employees. Ability to speal English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex a'nd leneral nativity and race of 'individual: Study of households. Tables [6, 96, 145 , 195, and ^ 45 .— These tables show for all non-English- ipeaking races the number of members of households, male and female, vho can carry on a conversation in the English language. Ability to speal E'nglish of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or )ver by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of ndwidual: Study of households. Tables 4'^, 37, 145, 196, and 246 . rhese tables classify foreign-born persons, male and female, of non- Snglish-speaking races, according to whether they were under 14 rears of age or 14 years of age or over at the time of their first arrival n the United States, and show the number in each of the two groups vho are able to speak English. Ability to speal English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, }y sex, years in the United States, and race of individual: Study of lousehotds. Tables 48 , 98, 147, 197, and ^ 47 .— These tables classify nreign-born persons, male and female, of non-English-speaking 'aces, according to the number of years since their first arrival in Ee United States. The classes are: Under five years, five to nine ^ears, and ten years or over. Under each group the number able to ?peak English is shown. Ability to speal English of foreign-born male employees, by age at \ime of coming to the United States and race: Study of employees. Tables 49, 99, I 48 , 198, a'nd ^45.— These tables are similar to Tables 17, 97, 146, 196, and 246, relating to members of households. Ability to speal English of foreign-born male employees, by years In the United States and race: Study ^ of employees. Tables 50, 100, 149 , 199, and 249. — These tables are similar to Tables 48, 98, 147, 197, md 247, relating to members of households. ,1 i GENERAL TABLES I.— GENERAL SURVEY. Table 1 . — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of households. Total number of persons in households. Number of persons for whom detailed information was se- cured. Male. Female. Total. Native-born of native father: White IDS 499 259 238 497 Negro 21 120 54 66 120 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: ETiglish 11 54 25 27 52 I'ish 15 89 48 41 89 Total 26 143 73 68 141 Total native-born 161 ~ 386 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 16 95 48 43 91 Croatian 132 942 329 239 568 English 27 147 91 56 147 Erpnpb 11 51 29 22 51 Gprman . 51 300 161 139 300 Irish 50 292 162 130 292 Italian, North 316 1,803 853 647 1,500 Italian Smith . 200 1,289 717 374 1,091 Lithuanian 179 1,021 482 337 819 Maevar 241 1,512 727 478 1,205 MpTfican 42 196 112 84 196 Polish 334 2,087 1,018 763 1,781 Roumanian 10 51 34 17 51 Russian 42 265 100 73 173 Ruthenian 43 293 155 109 264 Scotch 11 71 39 29 68 Slovak 454 2,798 1,290 1 089 2,379 Slovenian ... 12 70 30 26 56 Welsh 39 184 98 86 184 Total foreign-born 2,210 13,467 6,475 4,741 11,216 Grand total 2,371 14, 229 6,861 5,113 11,974 291 292 The Immigration Commission, Table 2. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex a7i(jj general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Male. Female. Total. Native-born of native father: 321 324 64; 54 66 12!: 3 i Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian 24 19 4; 2 \\ 9(5 92 18! 63 25 7! 12 11 2; 72 82 15- 11(5 89 20!' 287 281 56! 175 142 31? 184 139 32! 208 201 m 45 39 8^ 324 338 66 4 4 30 19 4 44 67 10 Scotch 18 14 3 Slnvalf . . . 527 570 1,09 Slovenian ' 12 10 2 Welsh 47 37 84 Total 2,278 2, 171 4,44t| Total native-born 2,653 2,564 5,21? Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 29 25 54 Bnijnian 1 1 (n1hpr than Vrencb) 2 Croatian 233 144 37?! Danish 1 li English 48 39 87 French 18 12 3C German 81 64 145 Irish . 63 36 99 Italian North . 563 357 92C Italian, fioiith .. 543 226 769 T.ithiianian 296 194 49(J Magyar 481 277 758 Mexican 64 40 104 Polish 698 415 1,113 Bonmanian . .. . 39 13 52 Russian 101 54 155 Ruthenian 108 51 159 Scotch .. 20 19 39 Slovak 751 521 1,272 Slovenian . . 18 17 35 Spanish 3 3 Welsh 50 42 92 Total foreign-born 4,208 2,549 6, 757 Grand total 6,861 5,113 11,974 General Tables: General Survey. 293 'able 3 . —Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by gene- ral nativity and race. * (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Total number. General nativity and race. Total number. lative-bom of native father; White Negro — Indian 18, 515 6,702 2 Foreign-born, by race— Continued. English Finnish Flemish 2,497 70 3 lative-bom of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Australia Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada Denmark 4 823 51 49 10 England . France.. . Germany. Greece . . . 1,800 173 2,256 1 Ireland Italy ' Mexico Netherlands. 1,352 196 9 19 French German Greek Hebrew (other than Russian) Herzegovinian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Norwegian 786 2,699 113 6 6 935 6, 666 4, 272 113 1,892 18 4,571 116 136 14 ! ‘ Norway. . . I Roumania. ' Russia Scotland . . 5 Polish 1 Portuguese. 176 Roumanian 925 Russian Ruthenian . 7,370 7 157 1,853 308 Sweden ' Switzerland. Wales Africa (country not specified) Total Total native-born Foreign-born, by race: Armenian Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian Bulgarian 66 28 468 3 8,415 33, 634 2 747 1 177 Canadian, French. Canadian, Other.. Croatian Cuban Dalmatian 26 30 2,426 1 6 Scotch Scotch-Irish. Servian Slovak Slovenian. . 1,162 27 132 11,318 1,912 Spanish. Swedish. Syrian. . Turkish. Welsh... 7 307 21 4 399 West Indian (other than Cuban) . . . Australian (race not specified) Austrian (race not specified) Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified) Total foreign-born 1 8 885 377 24 54,734 Danish. Dutch. 20 106 Grand total 88,368 294 The Immigration Commission. Table 4. — Number of foreign-horn male employees in the United States each spedfie number of years, by race. (study of employees.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction made for time spent abroad.] Num- ber re- Number in United States each specified number of years. Race. porting com- plete data. Under 1. • 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15tol9. i 20 or J over. M| Armenian 1 1 1 Bohemian and Moravian 744 9 27 84 57 44 189 21 90 22:! 1 Bosnian 1 1 Bulgarian 173 2 60 60 19 6 18 2 2 1 Canadian, French 24 2 6 1 5 1i Canadian, Other 29 1 1 4 2 5 Iv . Croatian 2,410 40 204 433 391 247 858 128 85 n 3( Dalmatian 0 1 1 1 3 Danish 20 1 1 1 11 4 D»tch 103 4 6 9 6 6 19 5 18 36 English 2,441 39 55 112 103 97 229 78 138 1,59:11 Finnish 70 1 1 1 6 7 25 10 11 h Flemish 3 1 ,1 French 775 11 33 55 43 38 223 32 131 20t German 2, (177 33 50 124 109 100 363 120 548 l,22t Greek 111 2 14 19 12 10 31 8 8 7 Hebrew (other than Russian) 0 2 4 Herzegovinian 6 4 1 1 ‘ Irish 910 3 7 20 11 12 37 28 60 73S Italian, North 0, ('22 160 377 786 805 586 2,382 632 547 341 Italian, South 4.239 146 247 549 533 430 1,590 370 224 141 Italian (not specified) 109 1 10 18 12 12 34 8 8 c Lithuanian 1,88.3 18 37 111 148 106 713 310 271 111 Macedonian 18 1 9 4 1 1 2 Magyar 4, 543 148 412 736 563 441 1,460 331 296 156 Mexican 111 2 5 8 8 6 27 24 21 10 Montenegrin 130 41 51 15 10 14 4 A Norwegian 14 1 2 2 3 A Polish 7,310 132 491 1,107 758 647 2,333 667 671 510 Portuguese n 3 3 1 Roumanian 1.3(1 7 54 43 22 9 16 1 3 1 Russian 1,831 45 181 358 207 138 509 167 1.35 91 Ruthenian .307 5 20 07 28 36 72 35 22 16 Scotch 1, 139 22 26 39 42 39 115 28 72 756 Scotch-Irish 24 1 1 2 1 18 Servian 131 i 7 25 12 14 50 15 4 3 Slovak 11.272 174 623 1,290 1,038 1,014 3, 557 1,279 1,120 1,177 Slovenian 1,899 51 118 291 203 182 695 164 125 70 Spanish 6 1 2 1 1 1 Swedish 306 2 4 4 7 6 36 15 65 167 Syrian 21 1 4 1 6 0 2 1 Turkish 4 1 1 1 ) Welsh 397 4 7 9 5 8 11 18 24 311 West Indian 1 1 Australian (race not speci- fied) ..... 8 1 4 3 Austrian (race not specified). 874 33 41 118 81 89 351 45 72 44 Belgian (race not specified) . . 375 11 7 14 14 30 84 14 84 117 Swiss (race not specified) 24 2 1 21 Total .54,300 1,116 3,192 6, 557 5,269 4, 435 16,088 4,582 4,875 8, 186 General Tables: General Survey, 295 VBLE 5 . — Number of foreign-horn persons in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race of individual. (study op households.) y years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction Is made for time spent abroad.] MALE. Race of individual. jhemian and Moravian jsnian oatian nglish rench srman ish alian, North alian, South ithuanian agyar exican Dlish oumanian ussian uthenian ;otch ovak ovenian aanish ^elsh Total N um- ber re- In United States- porting com- Under 1 2 3 4 5 to 9 10 to 14 15 to 19 20 years data. 1 year. year. years. years. years. years. years. years. or over. 29 2 3 4 2 5 4 1 3 5 1 1 233 6 11 25 27 22 84 32 24 2 47 1 4 8 7 2 5 1 19 18 2 1 1 4 1 4 5 81 6 3 11 1 14 11 2 5 29 63 1 5 1 3 1 1 51 563 21 33 63 47 59 185 58 60 37 543 28 56 88 77 60 161 39 20 14 296 6 11 23 20 17 99 62 33 25 481 16 43 59 55 61 129 55 37 26 ()4 2 2 1 14 16 18 11 698 29 80 109 72 64 172 66 64 42 39 1 9 7 3 7 12 101 3 21 17 11 7 31 5 3 3 108 1 15 11 14 11 27 11 11 7 20 2 2 6 10 751 24 36 78 57 62 183 103 105 103 18 1 2 1 2 7 1 4 3 1 2 50 4 1 1 1 2 5 3 9 24 4,207 152 329 510 402 401 1,142 457 401 413 FEMALE. ohemian and Moravian 25 2 3 1 4 5 3 3 4 anadian (other thanFrench) 2 2 roatian 144 5 12 19 14 23 48 12 10 1 'an ish 1 1 nglish 39 5 4 3 2 7 2 16 rench 12 1 3 1 3 4 erman 64 3 3 14 1 9 4 2 6 22 •ish 36 2 6 1 27 ;alian. North 357 12 26 54 39 37 119 28 34 8 '.alian. South 228 11 22 46 22 24 69 17 12 3 Ithuanian 194 9 8 15 16 9 82 39 9 7 iagyar 277 5 34 29 35 29 67 42 26 10 [exican 40 1 4 1 8 8 13 5 'olish 415 14 40 52 48 47 114 46 34 22 Lonmnnin.n 13 2 3 2 2 4 Lussiau 54 6 7 8 11 9 7 5 1 ’.uthenian 51 4 3 5 8 17 7 6 1 cotch 19 4 4 11 lovak 521 9 28 55 34 43 168 72 70 42 lovenian 17 1 2 3 7 2 1 1 Velsh 42 8 2 1 3 1 5 19 Total 2,549 84 198 308 246 256 734 282 234 207 296 The Immigration Commission. Table 5. — Number of foreign-horn persons in the United States each specified numh of years, by sex and race of individual — Continued. TOTAL. N um- ber re- In United States- Race of individual. porting com- plete data. Under 1 year. 1 year. 2 years. 3 years. 4 years. 5 to 9 j’-ears. 10 to 14 years. 15 to 19 years. 20 ye J or ove:. Bohemian and Moravian 54 1 4 6 5 6 10 1 7 1 6 2 Croatian 377 11 23 24 41 45 132 44 34 T^O TY loVk 1 English 86 1 9 \2 10 4 12 1 2 J 30 3 1 1 7 2 7 German 145 8 6 25 2 23 15 4 11 Irish 99 2 1 11 2 3 1 1 Italian, North 920 33 59 117 86 96 304 86 94 Italian, South 7l'.9 39 7S 134 99 84 230 56 32 1 Lithuanian 490 15 19 38 36 26 181 101 42 Magyar 758 21 77 88 90 90 196 97 63 Mpvif’an 104 2 1 G 2 22 24 31 i Polish 1,113 52 43 120 161 118 111 286 112 98 (I Rouinsniciii 1 11 28 I 10 5 9 16 Russian 155 9 25 22 16 38 10 3 Ruthenian 159 1 19 14 19 19 44 18 17 39 1,272 2 6 10 Slovak 33 64 133 91 105 351 175 175 1-1 pinvpnian 35 2 4 4 2 14 3 5 Qt\o 1 cVi 3 1 2 Welsh 92 12 i 3 2 5 8 4 14 1 Total 6,756 236 j 527 1 1 818 648 657 1,876 739 635 65 I Table Q— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males wh were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Race 0 * Indfvidual. Bohemian and Mo ravian Bosnian Croatian English French 18 1 189 28 11 German Irish Italian, North. Italian, South. 57 35 441 437 Lithuanian Magyar Mexican . . . Polish 248 38G 45 5G7 Roumanian Russian Ruthenian. Scotch 36 91 90 13 Slovak Slovenian , Spanish. . , Welsh.... 600 16 3 29 Total 3,341 Number witl out oc- cupatior.<. Number kir.g for wages. Number working without wages. Number work-, ing for profit. Farm labor- ers. Laborers. Miners. In hand trades. In other oc- cupations. Total. Farm labor- ers. In other oc- cupations. Total. Farmers. In other oc- cupations. 1 Total. 5 1 5 5 16 2 2 1 1 1 22 3 12 8 8 53 62 1 63 72 7 2 23 3 28 1 8 1 1 10 1 4 9 17 3 5 38 12 4 16 2 2 2 1 14 4 21 7 1 8 4 ...... 6 97 47 12 51 47 254 90 1 91 86 f 3 143 41 9 31 24 218 122 122 61 3 1 2 72 3 5 IS 11 109 86 86 48 3 c 9 109 19 15 39 32 214 102 1 103 53 7 £ 13 4 22 2 41 1 1 2 1 " 7 ' 126 49 55 50 41 321 165 4 169 70 12 2 14 8 8 14 1 2 9 2 3 5 0 25 51 51 13 1 43 1 3 5 52 15 1 16 22 5 11 2 13 2 182 29 37 42 45 335 200 2 202 59 2 t 3 2 1 3 9 6 6 1 2 2 2 1 25 1 26 1 1 • 39 844 213 1 274 254 244 1,829 930 16 946 506 21 55- General Tables: General Survey. 297 BLE 7, — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-horn females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Race of individual. Number reporting com- I)lete data. Number without occu- pation. Number working for wages. Number working without wages. Number work- ing for profit. Farm laborers. In domestic and personal serv- ice. In other occupa- tions. Total. Farm laborers. In other occupa- tions. Total.v Farmers. In other occupa- tions. I Total. leinian and Moravian. 16 9 6 6 1 1 itian 119 75 6 2 1 9 35 35 n’<;h 1 1 22 19 3 3 nnh 7 7 man 37 31 2 2 1 5 1 1 i 20 18 2 2 ian, North 254 149 22 11 35 68 27 2 29 7 1 8 inn South 165 136 14 2 2 18 11 11 inanian 150 89 24 7 1 32 26 26 3 3 ■^var 200 143 12 14 4 30 26 26 1 :ican. 26 21 1 2 1 4 1 1 [Sh 271 168 17 20 7 44 57 1 58 1 imanian 10 5 5 5 isian 40 18 2 2 4 18 18 hpnian 37 15 1 8 9 13 13 hoh - 9 8 1 1 rak 369 218 31 49 10 90 59 59 1 1 2 /enian 11 4 1 1 2 5 5 Ish 23 21 2 2 Total 1,787 1,155 132 129 68 329 285 3 288 12 3 15 48296°— VOL 7—11 20 298 The Immigration Commission. Table 8. — Occupation of foreign-bom male employees before coming to the United Sta\. by race. (study of employees.) Race. Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian Bulgarian Canadian, French Canadian, Other Croatian Danish Dutch English Finnish French German Greek Hebrew (other than Russian)., Herzegovinian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Norwegian Polish Portuguese Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Scotch-Irish Servian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Svrian Turkish Welsh Australian (race not specified) Austrian (race not specified) . . Belgian (race not specified) . . . Swiss (race not specified) N\im- Number who were engaged in — her re- porting com- plete data. Min- ing. Farm- ing or farm labor. Gen- eral labor. Manu- factur- ing. Hand trades. Trade. Otl occu- tioi 408 235 67 1 24 5 67 3 158 15 8 1,212 17 15 9 119 12 8 4 2 3 ' i 1 44 3 4 1 57 1 1 1,026 7 15 1 47 2 5 1 i 33 1,055 3 16 33 43 5 3 7 1,277 65 38 5 25 2 48 8 17 1 2 254 782 7 24 265 40 36 95 7 7 10 ] 1,423 58 2 157 11 14 2 4 1 1 2 2 321 4,840 2, 883 1 0 190 661 223 83 2,770 1,917 4 25 563 415 3 6 116 28 9 496 206 1 28 9 7 J 5 1,570 0 67 1,243 129 26 86 3 ) 13 2,423 98 118 10 1 3 4 4 1 263 70 5 1,660 17 108 4 229 5 29 188 5 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 3,771 369 2,597 5 333 110 281 4 7 1 D 97 1,389 151 7 108 24 80 1,109 100 5 1 3 1 88 18 25 4 43 2 4 1 2 2 561 C 495 A 10 14 1 2 650 71 2 15 2 3 0 69 5,378 1,248 P % 4 573 250 A 58 3,680 719 1 1 77 33 2 282 138 2 9 2 7 5 o 142 15 4 178 y 22 3 1 156 1 312 217 1 82 9 3 3 4 14 2 2 16 1 1 6 4 1 t 1 658 271 7 248 7 3 37 14 5 17 2 41 10 1 1 1 . 31,325 6,478 1 18,174 2,905 607 2,206 123 Total , General Tables: General Survey, 299 Table 9. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry^ by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) The main headings used In this table follow the classification of the United States Census with these modi- fications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation are distinct from each other.] leneral nativity and race of individual. Total number. Agricultural pursuits. Domestic and personal service. Manufacturing and me- chanical pursuits. Mining. 1 Generallabor (notother- 1 wise entered). I Professional service. I Trade. Transportation. At home. 1 At school. j Coal (bituminous). 1 Iron ore. Jative-born of native father: White 168 1 1 9 147 1 2 1 6 32 1 31 Jative-born of foreign father, by race of father: 5 3 1 1 26 3 20 3 2 2 17 1 6 9 i 56 2 40 1 3 4 2 4 14 9 5 Ttfllia.n, Smith 5 1 4 Tiithnnnian 4 4 Magyar 11 8 3 Mexican . . 1 1 Polish 16 1 1 11 3 Ruthenian 3 2 1 Scotch 9 3 5 1 Slovak 44 2 38 1 1 2 Welsh 15 12 i 1 1 Total 228 3 17 168 1 11 7 5 16 Total native-born 428 2 4 346 1 12 9 6 22 I’oreign-bom: Bohemian and Moravian 23 23 Bosnian 1 1 Croatian 213 4 207 2 English 40 40 French 16 1 15 German 70 68 2 Irish 60 57 1 2 Italian, North 0 486 8 469 7 1 Italian, South 481 3 465 4 3 4 2 Lithuanian 276 1 270 1 1 1 2 Magyar 426 2 420 1 1 1 1 Mexican 62 60 2 Polish 624 1 37 573 5 6 *2 1 Roumanian 38 38 Russian 97 5 91 1 Ruthenian 99 1 98 Scotch 19 17 1 1 Slovak 679 2 674 2 1 Slovenian 18 1 17 Spanish 3 3 Welsh 46 1 44 1 Total foreign-born 0 3,777 2 65 3,650 12 4 3 3 29 8 Grand total 0 4,205 T 3,996 ~i2 4 1 15 12 35 ~30 a Including 1 not reporting complete data. 300 The Immigration Commission, Table 10 . — Number of females 16 years of age or oxer in each specified industry, bi\ general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) (The main headings used in this table follow the classification of the United States Census with these modi i fications' General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Servme; Fishmg, Mining, an^i , Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportatioi ^ are distinct from each other.] General nativity and race of individual. Native-born of native father: While Negro Indian Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian Canadian (other than French) Croatian English French German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Ruthenian Scotch Slovak Welsh Total Total native-born Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Canadian (other than French) Croatian Danish English French , German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Welsh U 1 ir* 1 > Total number. a ' ii2 ' S S i" o W) < f uomesticaiKi pi sonal service. Man mac luring a mechanical pi suits. Bituminous c( mining. CO 3 IJ 3 j Trade. j Transportation At home. 1 At school. 184 32 3 6 1 5 168 4 1 25 3 0 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 g 1 1 7 4 3 1 28 34 13 G 0 0 1 18 ' 1 1 6 3 19 'i! 8 ... 5 1 5 9 1 7 5 5 14 2 1 2 11 2 7 43 13 2 1 4 4 1 2 34 1 10 202 1 1 18 6 7 10 141 1' 421 1 1 28 7 8 15 — 18 18 2 2 130 1 127 1 1 31 31 12 12 53 31 2 ■'i' 51 30 301 1 QO 2 296 1 1 180 175 174 241 3 238 30 36 ou 1 1 2 2 320 11 — 10 44 44 42 42 15 444 13 1 1 13 , 3 1 440 13 32 1 1 30 2, 139 . 14 3 3 1 3 1 2,108 2,560 "'T 42 10 9 18 1 2,445 3 Total foreign-born. Grand total General T ables: General Survey. 301 'able 11 . — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Aver- age earn- ings per day. Number earning each specified amount per day. Un- der 11. $1 and under $1.25. $1.25 and under $1.50. .$1.50 and under $1.75. $1.75 and under $ 2 . $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 and under $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 and under $4. $4 or over. fative-born of native father: White 15 , 972 12.31 78 280 352 1,501 1,506 6,510 4,297 1,652 387 409 Negro 6,179 1.98 19 245 580 1,511 577 1,782 851 449 73 92 Indian 2 (a) 1 1 fative-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Australia 4 (a) 3 1 Austria-Hungary 496 2A6 2 18 18 63 76 163 112 27 4 13 Belgium 31 2. 23 1 4 11 13 1 1 47 2. 28 2 4 2 19 12 7 1 Denmark 10 1.89 2 1 1 3 3 England 1,470 2.44 7 30 14 88 88 434 532 173 34 70 France 142 2. 41 6 1 7 9 39 56 11 8 5 Germany 1,977 2.41 h 32 18 157 164 604 580 254 93 63 Greece 1 (o) 1 Ireland 1, 151 2^2 10 14 15 97 119 372 384 92 20 28 Italy 107 2. 36 5 4 9 7 21 48 3 3 7 Mexico 7 (a) 1 1 5 Netherlands 17 2^5 1 11 3 2 Norway 4 (a) 1 1 2 Russia 102 1.99 12 2 18 11 25 29 4 1 Scotland 744 2.47 4 10 6 41 41 212 289 79 25 38 Sweden 49 2. 30 1 4 2 22 15 4 ] Switzerland 22 2. 45 1 2 1 5 10 1 2 Wales 384 2. 49 " 3 ' 10 1 10 16 105 156 63 2 18 Africa (country not specified) 3 («) 2 1 Total 6,768 2.38 40 142 79 509 537 2,052 2,249 721 194 245 Total native-born . 28, 921 2.25 137 667 1,011 3, 522 2,620 9, 345 7,397 2,822 654 746 'oreign-born, by race: Armenian 1 (o) 1 Bohemian and Mo- ravian 705 2. 34 5 14 30 58 45 244 159 102 27 21 Bosnian 1 (a) 1 Bulgarian 161 2. 07 1 2 9 37 9 49 34 18 2 Canadian, French... 23 2.31 1 4 1 6 7 3 1 Canadian, Other 24 2. 30 3 2 7 11 1 Croatian 2,278 1.98 13 53 170 474 366 766 262 130 32 12 Dalmatian 5 (a) 2 3 Danish 19 2. 25 1 1 11 3 3 Dutch 93 2. 18 2 1 3 9 4 41 26 1 English 2,283 1 2.50 5 36 14 135 87 753 698 335 92 128 Finnish 57 2. 24 3 5 1 30 ] 1 5 1 1 Flemish. 3 (o 1 3 French 731 2 . 28 3 25 19 67 22 220 292 58 6 19 German 2,540 2.35 16 74 58 215 181 832 626 354 97 87 Greek 108 2 . 01 1 5 4 17 18 39 21 2 1 Hebrew (other than Russian) 5 (a) 1 3 1 Herzegovinian 5 («) 2 2 j Irish 841 2. 24 9 17 24 95 95 272 209 85 15 20 Italian, North 6,141 2 . 28 30 142 103 584 451 2, 127 1,702 729 131 142 Italian, South 3,909 2.14 9 79 178 631 527 1,219 743 380 80 63 Italian (not speci- fied) 70 2. 15 g 12 6 18 16 9 1 Lithuanian 1,767 2 . 28 io 61 22 277 51 569 405 247 51 74 Macedonian 17 1.80 1 1 10 2 3 * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary :jst time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing ■DDual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year, o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 302 The Immigration Commission. I Table 11,—Numhef of male employees IS years of age or over earning each specified 'V amount per day, by general nativity and race — t Continued. General nativity and race. Forei?n-bom, by race — Continued. M ajtyar Mexican Montenegrin Norwegian Polish Portuguese Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Scotch-Irish Servian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Syrian Welsh West Indian Australian (race not specified) Austrian (race not specified) Belgian (race not specified ) Swiss (race not specified) . Total foreign-born. Grand total Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Aver- age earn- ings SI Number earning each specified amount per day. Un- der $ 1 . $1 and under $1.25. $1.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $1.75. $1.75 and under $ 2 . $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 and under $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 1 and 1 under $4. $4 or over. 4, 171 $ 2 . 00 30 71 222 615 524 1 i 1,994 548 138 10 19 100 2. 44 3 24 68 8 1 1 127 2. 13 1 43 5 38 15 19 4 2 111 9. iq 1 8 4 6,793 1.99 115 328 290 1,075 824 2,906 880 292 43 40 7 (a) 1 3 2 1 145 1. 84 2 3 12 30 33 47 IS 1,763 2 . 26 3 28 .56 152 137 716 432 145 29 65 290 1.98 1 12 23 48 52 112 34 7 1 1,053 2. 48 2 17 7 57 36 338 357 166 20 53 23 2. .50 1 2 6 8 6 124 2.04 2 2 31 10 50 22 6 1 10, 575 2. 03 ' 42 ' 281 448 1,738 1,906 4,275 1,365 335 63 122 1,783 2. 18 18 31 38 183 no 739 524 118 13 9 6 (a) 2 4 293 2.41 2 3 17 9 128 78 29 8 19 20 1. 90 2 2 6 7 3 3.56 2. 41 1 6 4 28 13 113 119 50 7 15 1 (a) 1 8 ( 0 ) 1 5 1 1 829 2.53 8 3 37 15 209 361 132 25 39 360 2 . 28 1 9 4 33 5 113 165 23 2 5 21 2.52 1 1 1 5 7 5 1 50,654 2. 10 320 1,313 1,760 6,733 5, .560 19,046 10,245 3,950 763 964 79,575 2.19 457 |l,980 2,771 10,255 j 87 l 80 " |28,391 17,642 1,417 1,710 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: General Survey. 303 BLE 12 , — Number of male employees U and under 18 years of age earning each speci- fied amount per day, by general nativity and ram* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Num- ber re- port- ing com- plete data. Aver- age earn- ings per day. Number earning each specified amormt per day. Un- der $1. $1 and under $1.25. $1.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $1.75. $1.75 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 or over. .ive-bom of native father: White 1,239 $1.51 81 392 147 213 145 156 105 Negro 315 1. 24 86 55 47 70 23 28 6 .ive-born of foreign father, by country of irth of father: Austria-Hungary 308 1. 44 21 111 43 48 21 50 14 20 1.74 6 3 1 6 4 England 222 1.64 6 61 25 40 17 46 27 25 1.73 . .... 9 2 3 5 6 Germany 189 1.60 62 12 40 14 34 21 Ireland 90 1.45 5 35 12 15 6 9 8 Italy 82 1.60 4 32 3 10 4 1-6 13 2 (a) 2 1 (o) i .. 1 (o) Russia 67 1.43 1 35 6 8 1 12 4 Scotland 121 1.75 3 31 9 17 7 27 27 17 1.62 7 3 5 2 4 (a) 1 1 2 Wales 43 1.59 1 14 1 14 3 5 5 Total 1,192 1.57 47 404 113 202 74 218 134 Total native-born 2,746 1.51 214 851 307 485 242 402 245 eign-bom, by race: Bohemian and Moravian 18 1. 54 10 3 1 2 2 Bulgarian 4 (o) 1 1 1 1 Canadian (other than French) 2 (a) 1 1 Croatian 27 1. 47 1 8 6 4 2 5 1 Danish 1 (a) 1 Dutch 7 (o) 2 3 1 1 English 36 1. 66 1 16 1 2 1 9 6 French 19 1. 72 6 1 2 1 5 4 German 33 1. 65 10 g 2 7 5 Greek 1 (a\ 1 Hebrew (other than Russian) 1 (a) 1 Herzegovinian 1 (a) 1 Italian. North 135 1. 91 20 8 18 8 49 32 Italian, South 108 L62 5 22 9 21 18 24 9 Italian (not specified) 2 (a) 1 1 Lithuanian 6 (a) 2 3 1 Macedonian 1 (a) 1 Magyar 92 1.63 2 22 9 18 4 31 6 Mexican 3 (a) 1 2 Montenegrin 7 (a) 6 1 Polish 82 1.45 6 23 10 23 4 14 2 Roumanian 5 (a) 1 4 Russian 17 1. 71 5 3 2 4 3 Ruthenian 5 (a) 3 1 1 Scotch 26 1. 60 1 11 3 3 2 6 Servian 3 (a) 1 1 1 Slovak 184 1.57 14 39 21 50 11 30 19 Slovenian 26 1. 58 1 8 2 7 4 4 Swedish 2 (a) 1 1 Syrian 1 (a) 1 Welsh 3 (a) 1 2 Austrian (race not specified) 15 2.23 1 2 7 5 Belgian (race not specified) 10 1. 99 1 1 1 4 3 Total foreign-born 883 1.65 32 210 92 168 59 210 112 Grand total 3,629 1.54 246 1,061 399 653 301 612 357 This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lime or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing lual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Not computed, owing to small number involved. 304 The Immigration Commission. Table 13. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year^ general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 284.] General nativity and race of individual. S bc p a ^ & Number earning— o 'O c cl o Native-born of na- tive father: White.......... Negro Native-born of for- eign father, by race of father: English Irish Total Total native- born Foreign-born: Bohemian and .Moravian Croatian English French German Irish Italian, North. Italian. South , Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Roumanian..., Russian Ruthenian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Welsh Total for- eign-born. Grand total. $607 384 15 15 708 758 24 131 13 117 22 11 44 270 169 165 216 38 298 9 38 39 9 409 11 32 413 401 570 380 613 498 426 448 425 416 391 450 (a) 375 441 (a) 446 384 .586 16 3 3 no 25 1,949 2,080 442 14 80 218 534 472 321 17 15 451 14 80 225 568 495 332 192 107 21 20 oNot computed owing lo small number involved. General Tables: General Survey. 305 Cable 14 . — Yearly earnings {approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, hy general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number working for wages and reporting amount. Average earnings. Number earning— Under $100. 1 $100 and under 1 $150. $150 and under $200. $200 and under $250. 1 $250 and under 1 $300. $300 and under $400. 1 $400 and under 1 $500. 1 $500 and under 1 $600. 1 $600 and under 1 $700. $700 and under $800. 1 $800 and under 1 $1,000. $1,000 or over. Native-born of native father; White 140 S549 1 4 6 3 5 25 19 19 21 21 8 8 30 377 1 3 17 8 1 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 2 (a) 1 1 English 23 527 1 1 3 4 5 2 2 1 2 2 2 (a) 1 1 14 475 1 5 4 1 1 1 1 Irish 44 532 1 3 3 2 5 9 6 8 3 1 ■■■3 Italian, North 5 (a) 1 2 1 1 3 (a) 3 7 (a) 3 3 1 Polish 6 (o) 4 2 Ruthenian 3 (a) 2 1 Scotch 6 (a) 2 3 ’i' Slovak 16 373 1 3 3 3 3 2 1 Welsh 10 466 1 6 i 2 Total 141 471 2 1 5 8 12 37 29 17 13 8 4 5 Total native-born 311 497 3 5 12 14 34 70 49 36 34 29 12 13 'oreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 22 413 1 3 2 4 5 5 1 1 Bosnian 1 (a) 1 Croatian 194 378 8 4 10 23 11 63 42 16 6 11 English 36 592 1 2 5 5 2 10 6 4 1 French 16 341 1 1 1 1 6 4 2 Gennan 64 562 1 2 10 14 12 11 9 3 2 Irish 58 517 1 2 "2 4 8 9 13 12 3 1 3 Italian, North 438 427 6 12 15 35 144 112 64 31 10 8 1 Italian, South 435 434 2 6 15 25 119 163 55 26 19 5 Lithuanian 266 437 11 8 8 11 13 71 64 53 13 12 2 Magyar 386 413 3 1 15 16 25 126 111 46 27 11 " 5 ' Mexican 57 379 1 3 4 31 12 4 2 Polish 574 432 "e" 2 'if 21 35 173 148 107 40 12 10 3 Roumanian 37 538 13 14 9 1 Russian 94 397 4 2 4 6 36 27 6 5 2 1 1 Ruthenian 94 448 1 1 5 3 8 11 31 20 13 1 Scotch 16 485 2 5 2 4 1 2 Slovak 609 436 3 9 21 27 53 162 145 99 52 32 5 1 Slovenian 16 363 2 9 3 1 1 Spanish 2 (a) 1 1 Welsh 40 566 1 2 2 3 • 9 "2 6 3 5 3 4 Total foreign-born 3,455 438 40 37 102 148 230 993 912 530 263 135 47 18 Grand total 3, 766 443 43 42 114 162 264 1,063 961 566 297 164 59 31 oNot computed, owing to small number involved. 306 The Immigration Commission, Table 15 . — Amount of family income 'per 'year, by general nativity and race of head oj family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of families having a total income— General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families. a Average family income. 1 . Under $300. $300 and under $500. $500 and under $750. $750 and under $1,000. $1,000 and under $1,500. I-' $1,500 or over ■ Native-born of native father: 1 White 83 $707 5 19 29 17 11 Negro 24 470 1 17 4 1 1 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 11 767 5 1 1 4 Irish 13 929 2 5 3 1 1 Total 24 855 7 6 4 5 2 Total native-born 131 691 6 43 39 22 17 4 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 13 554 2 5 2 4 Croatian 119 528 20 50 37 6 2 4 English 22 858 1 2 5 8 5 1 French 12 563 2 6 2 1 1 German 41 798 5 20 9 3 4 Irish 44 803 2 6 21 5 4 6 Italian, North 275 559 30 111 91 24 14 5 Italian, South 1G9 547 12 77 54 18 8 Lithuanian 165 566 22 50 63 18 9 3 Magyar 216 565 26 84 61 27 17 1 Mexican 39 472 3 24 9 2 Polish 299 574 18 117 113 31 18 2 Roumanian 10 599 j 7 2 Russian 39 468 4 21 12 2 Ruthenian 39 525 5 9 24 1 Scotch 9 4 1 4 Slovak 411 ^ 540 46 161 136 47 18 3 Slovenian 11 440 10 1 Welsh 36 737 4 6 13 2 9 2 Total foreign-bom 1,969 569 198 744 675 207 113 32 Grand total 2, 100 577 204 787 714 229 130 36 a For selection of families, see p. 284. * Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: General Survey, 307 BLE 16 . — Yearly earnings {approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number working for wages and reporting amount. Number earning— leral nativity and race of individual. Average earnings. Un- der $100. $100 and under $150. $150 and under $200. $200 and under $250. $250 and under $300. $300 and under $400. $400 or over. Ive-bom of native ther: White 6 (a) (a) 1 2 2 5 2 1 1 1 ;ive-born of foreign ,ther, by race of father: Bohemian and Mora- Tian 1 (a) (a) (a) (a) 1 Fncrlish 1 1 P'rpnpVi 2 2 Germ an 3 2 1 Irish 9 (a) («) (a) (a) (a) 1 1 4 3 Mae^var 1 1 iiLCk^j a u o 3: OT OJ C OJ bX) S O3: o 108 27 101 23 Irish Italian, North Italian, South. Lithuanian. . . Magyar 50 316 200 179 241 46 177 82 80 112 46 180 83 80 112 3 119 103 98 129 49 299 1 186 1 178 241 ... Mexican Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian. Scotch Slovak Slovenian . . Welsh 42 334 10 42 43 11 454 12 39 2,210 2,371 29 154 6 3 3 17 1 16 7 1 276 2 7 37 1 1,184 20 1,329 32 157 6 18 16 8 278 7 38 1,204 1,355 7 82 3 5 3 43 1 1 355 361 91 4 21 22 131 4 605 606 7 173 4 24 27 3 174 5 1 967 39 330 10 42 43 11 452 12 39 2, 164 4i 2, 322 4 Total foreign -born Grand total Grouo” hou.seholds. General Tables: General Survey, 313 lBLE 21 . — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) meral nativity and race of head of household. Number of households paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per apart- ment. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment. Un- der $5. $5 and under $7.50. $7.50 and under $10. $10 and under $12.50. $12.50 and under $15. $15 and under $20. $20 or overs tive-born of native father: White 61 S8. 43 3 23 17 11 4 1 2 Negro 21 5.17 9 12 tive-born of foreign father, by ace of father: English 5 (0) 2 3 Irish 9 (a) 1 3 1 4 Total 14 8. 84 1 3 3 7 Total native-born 96 7.78 13 18 4 1 2 reign-bom: ■ Bohemian and Moravian 9 («) 7 2 Croatian 115 7.21 3 84 8 18 1 1 English 21 7.60 1 10 3 7 French 9 (a) 2 5 1 1 German 35 7.10 5 18 4 6 2 Irish 17 6. 59 1 12 3 1 Italian, North 215 6.42 28 137 40 7 3 Italian, South 157 6. 25 32 84 31 10 Lithuanian 134 6. 90 14 71 38 11 Magyar 225 6. 96 21 136 43 17 5 3 Mexican 36 4. 58 27 9 Polish 269 6. 27 40 174 49 2 4 Roumanian 10 6. 70 1 9 Russian 40 5. 30 13 25 1 1 Ruthenian 38 7. 01 1 22 11 4 Scotch 7 (a) 2 1 1 1 2 Slovak 390 ^ 6. 10 54 285 48 3 Slovenian 10 6. 20 1 8 1 Welsh 15 7. 73 2 4 7 1 1 Total foreign-bom 1,752 6.48 246 1,102 291 89 17 6 1 Grand total 1,848 6. 54 259 1,140 311 107 21 7 3 “Not computed, owing to small number involved. 48296°— VOL 7—11 21 314 The Immigration Commission, 1 Table Number of households ‘paying each specified rent per month per room, general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room. General nativity and race of bead of household. households paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per room. -S C and under $1.50. .50 and un- der $2. : and under $2.50. 1.50 and un- der $3. ; and under $3.50. ;.50 and im- der $4. Im > 0 U 0 CM CN Native-born of native father: Whit.p. 61 $2. 10 3 19 20 15 2 li Negro 21 1.60 9 3 9 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English Irish («) (a) 3 2 1 9 3 1 5 Total 14 1.96 3 1 8 2 Total native-born L99 15 23 37 17 2 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian q (cl's 2 5 2 1 115 \r) 1.79 14 66 23 6 6 21 1.77 7 8 1 3 2 ErpiifL ....... 9 (a) 1 1 1 2 3 35 1.78 "i* 4 20 5 4 1 17 1.93 3 3 10 1 215 1. 79 22 97 77 10 8 1 Italian South 157 1.67 '2* 34 69 45 4 2 1 Lithuanian 134 1.91 19 38 49 22 3 1 Mag'-’o.r ......... 225 1. 87 16 111 72 15 10 1 36 1.63 7 19 7 3 Polish Roumanian 269 10 40 38 7 1.72 1.31 1.67 1.80 (®) 1.65 1.68 1. 73 ’’i’ 32 7 8 3 169 3 25 21 3 54 K 9 2 3 1 Russian Ruthenian 0 8 1 6 2 1 Slovak Slovenian 390 10 15 1 51 1 6 259 7 ] 66 2 3 5 5 2 3 vv eisn Total foreign-born ........ 1,752 1.75 5 237 925 431 98 42 8 total 1,848 1.77 5 252 948 468 115 44 8 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 315 General Tables: General Survey. .BLE 23 . — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) leneral nativity and race of bead of household. Number of households paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per person. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person. Under $0.50. $0.50 and un- der $ 1 . $1 and under $1.50. $1.50 and un- der $ 2 . $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 and im- der $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 and un- der $4. $4 or over. dve-born of native father: White 61 $1.95 3 12 13 10 6 8 1 8 Negro 21 1.18 “i* 8 4 3 2 2 1 ;ive-born of foreign father, by ice of father: English 5 (®) 1 1 2 1 Irish 9 («) 1 4 1 2 1 1 Total 14 1.63 1 5 2 2 3 1 Total native-born 96 1.73 1 12 21 18 14 9 10 1 10 eign-born: Bohemian and Moravian. . . 9 (a) 2 3 2 2 Croatian 115 .96 " 9 ' 43 26 13 15 2 4 1 2 English 21 1.49 2 8 5 2 2 1 1 French 9 (a) 3 3 2 1 German 35 1.26 9 12 5 4 "i' \ 3 Irish 17 1.47 2 7 4 1 3 Italian, North 215 1.08 ‘*i‘ 75 66 31 23 " 5 ' 8 1 2 Italian, South 157 .92 3 73 44 17 13 4 2 5 Lithuanian 134 1.16 1 36 53 29 6 4 1 3 ’ 1 Magyar 225 1. 10 4 76 72 32 21 6 9 3 1 Mexican 36 .97 1 19 8 2 5 1 Polish 269 .97 6 118 92 25 20 4 3 1 Roumanian 10 1.31 1 5 1 3 JL Russian 40 .85 "2 19 10 5 1 1 2 Ruthenian 38 1. 05 15 13 6 3 1 Scotch 7 (“) 2 3 2 Slovak 390 .97 13 160 127 54 18 6 7 4 1 Slovenian 10 1.29 3 1 1 3 1 1 Welsh 15 1. 57 4 2 2 3 1 Q 6 Total foreign-born 1,752 1.03 40 660 551 240 145 39 45 17 15 Grand total 1,848 1.06 41 672 572 I 258 159 48 55 18 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 316 The Immigration Commission, Table 24 .,— Number of households keeping hoarders and lodgers, and number q boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) rinformation relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and notth entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] General nativity and race of head of household. Native-born of native father: White Negro - Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English Irish Total Total native-born Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English French German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Welsh Number of house- holds. Number of households keeping— Number of— Boarders. Lodgers only. Total. Boarders . Lodgers. Total. 108 2 1 3 2 2 27 1 1 1 11 3 3 3 15 1 1 1 26 4 4 4 161 7 T r V 16 1 1 2 2 2 132 11 69 80 67 381 44 27 4 4 11 1 11 51 6 1 7 14 1 1 50 3 3 3 316 47 72 119 142 277 41 200 21 82 103 42 356 3£ 179 47 51 98 110 172 28 241 70 59 129 252 253 5 ( 42 7 2 9 10 5 1 334 82 92 174 226 350 hi 10 4 4 20 i 42 3 21 24 20 93 11 43 5 22 27 11 78 8 11 3 3 4 454 44 131 175 136 492 12 1 4 5 1 18 1 39 1 1 1 2,210 356 611 967 1,052 2,498 3,51, 2,371 363 612 975 1,059 2,500 j ^ Total foreign-born Grand total (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General Tables: General Survey. 317 -o a 'X o O OT S ® 3 a» is •ejoui I JO 01 I < Cq rH ^ 1-H !>. O ^ 00 C0- CO Tt» < '3 r1 liiai ^ c3 g « 0> lO CO l>» d 1 II I(Mr-l I • • - h il 1 11 ill • 1-H 1-H ■ CO CO CO •1 II il II i II -H -cjc N 0> 1-1 CO CC| i-l »0 »Or-HOr-'.3 C8 O a-ci o g o®o o-.'S III 0'S * 0 .52 Eh —I '3 3 .a » « g S -2 f, « o o - 56 . lll •SPqoHNO o fa S g s ^ 5a afartPnpH Table 25— Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified size, by general nativity and race of head of household— Continued. 318 The Immigration Commission. I 5-room apartments. Number occupied by households of each specified number of persons. •ojom JO 01 1 nrii 1-* i-l' s| - : II i" hi 03 03 03 03 05 i-H lOcO 03 • ^ i CO 03 Zf Ot ^ : II "" CO -1 03 • I (N -.S' (N .-H .-H ; Io3 CO 03 00 03 cc II i 03 jj ' j (N CO • 03 03 2 is 03 03 rH II ; " II * 03 • ^ : 05 la 1 i Total num- ber of apart- ments. CO 03 1 « 50 05 f-H CO 00 03 4 11 30 24 11 24 00 • 03 • rH50 C<5 ^t-I05 218 ) 245 4-room apartments. Number occupied by households of each specified number of persons. OJOUI JO 01 II : 1 21 1 20 14 6 21 03 1-JCOCO 03 - : ! 147 II ^ 05 II * ^ f-H 03 I r-l !i-IOODD CO • CO fH iCi-t • CO II ^ 00 CO 1 - 1— 1 1 lO 03^0^000^ i-H O •03’^ 1— i tH 03 • 03 • 1 CO ; j 132 1 136 t> lO II ^ II rHO> IrHtO Tt4 I I CO • • 129 |l34 CD CO 03 II : ” 1 39 1 3 143 Is iO 03 03 II " I h" 118 is - lO 1 - f— i 1 03 0503 cot^OOt^t;;^ i-HO> • 1 • 03 jll8 CO CO II ^ 03 - 1 -S” • tH eOlODi-H 1-H 05 rH i-H 1-3 16 4 1 S 8 03 kCi-i II " - II I 00 COIM 50 03 1-H i-H '<^4 CO is f-4 III 1 II 03 II Total num- ber of apart- ments. 05 D CO 1 II CO (M (N .-1 iM (M lO - h : n Total num- ber of apart- ments. 1-H T-t i CO i-HCOCOrHO> CO o CO vak lU A/l y A/4 9 303 10 18 ►venlan 9 04 o 407 elsh 14 z "I A Z 1 A 12 10 14 24 17 Total 2,303 363 ^19 Q07 1,940 1,279 1,184 1 oxZ oU/ 332 The Immigration Commission. Table 35 . — Literacy of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age ar over, by sex, age at tim of coming to the United States, and race of individual — Continued. TOTAL. Age at time of coming to United States. Race of individual. Number report- ing complete data. Under 14. 14 or over. Number. N umber who read. N umber who read and write. Niunber. Number who read. Number who read and write. Bohemian and Moravian 42 4 4 4 38 37 3 'Rnsnian 1 1 1 Canadian (other than French).. 1 1 1 1 Croatian 358 32 ^ 26 24 326 167 15' "nciniQh 1 1 1 English 74 21 20 20 53 52 5 French 28 8 8 7 20 15 1. German 128 26 26 26 102 92 9 Irish 94 25 25 24 69 66 6, Italian, North 843 106 99 98 737 592 58 Italian, South 707 71 48 47 636 312 30; Lithuanian 467 42 34 33 425 286 23: Magyar 706 76 71 70 630 566 55' Mexican 102 25 12 11 77 40 4( Polish 1,012 131 114 113 881 631 581 Roumanian 52 3 3 3 49 37 3' Russian 143 6 5 5 137 68 6' Ruthenian 152 18 15 15 134 85 8 Scotch 39 17 17 16 22 22 2 Slovak 1,185 147 136 135 1,038 815 77! Slovenian 33 5 4 4 28 25 2; Rpanish 3 3 3 « Welsh 86 32 32 32 54 47 4. Total 6,257 796 700 688 5,461 3,960 3,79; Number within each specified age group. 334 The Immigratoin Commission, Table Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and general nativity and race— Continued. Number within each specified age group. Total. •IBlox 451 3 00 o 00 1 32,591 2 730 1 175 24 29 2,405 1 6 20 103 2, 472 70 3 772 2,662 111 6 6 •p9.wopijV\. o 128 CD CD 1-t • 00 • CM 3 1 120 1 25 83 •pauanpi 264 3 3,513 18,812 1 561 1 111 18 21 1,307 4 15 68 1,853 43 1 519 1,940 70 2 2 •aiiiuig 178 4,407 12,898 1 163 00 »OOOOi-l(N 0005,-H ■«1< TJI CO 03 (N (NCO'^ O -J* (NO 45 or over. •IciojL a> CO 917 5,131 CD CM 091 9 V Zl C35 lO 05 rH I-H 05 to 1 -H 1-H 05 •paAvopiAi CO ^ o O 1 13 64 •pajjjBjv 51 3 765 CO SIT CM CD T-H 1-H ^ i-H CD O 00 o * : •8i3uig o 05 30C t-- 00 00 1-H 1-H 1-H to 30 to 44. 164 2,124 CO 1 ^ 1 1 - CD tH t>*CDrH CM CM CM General nativity and race. Native-born of foreign father, by covmtry of birth of father —Con tinued . W ales Africa (country not specified) Total Total native-born Foreign-born, by race: Armenian Bohemian and Moravian Bosniafn Bulgarian Canadian, French Canadian, Other Croatian Cuban Dalmatian Danish Dutch English Finnish Flemish French German Greek Hebrew (other than Russian) Herzegovinian General Tables: General Survey. 335 O, Oi« 4,214 106 1,873 18 4,480 no 136 14 7,259 7 154 1,831 302 1,142 27 128 11,184 1,871 6 306 20 4 393 1 8 837 373 24 00 CO kO 86,450 I'l'ccrnl ooIiNoI CCO * r-l 'CO • ^ • tH • • GC (M 1 I o CO rH ^ lO CO 1 CO 05 CD S C4) O, “1( 0 2,320 55 913 11 2,890 56 44 10 4,503 3 97 1,065 207 830 22 71 8,024 1,027 1 204 12 3 278 1 6 471 264 16 Ol o CO Z, ifOO 1,864 51 946 7 1,556 51 91 4 2,708 4 55 756 95 258 5 56 3,080 822 5 90 8 1 85 1 352 94 5 19,024 31,922 Ot^QO^ •’^ ;> lO • 1-t IM OCO rH O5ifio OOCO'OCO r-T 601 197 CS| o O O 05 OC IH K 1 12, 882 O i-H • lO I lO • t 00 • 'i-t ; ; i-i(N • • O Oi rH • O f-< • i-H • CS| • CO rH O rH I I iC O tH CO ; 1 lO rH 15 05 00 s 1 |858 noccooo oococococo co-'t'ifoi*' (ccoo.-h i-i co i— i oso CO-'p-'f l-H CO >0 (M I-H I-I CO CO l-H CO CO P- CD rH OCOOO 05 I-H t>t-|lJ1 1-1 r-l COI-H ^^I-^ 1-7 CO 22,109 32, 840 OCO 'o> "S’"' ' * §5 ■'*' ' ■'*' I 1 05 00 • 289 653 CO-HTPIMip OCOCOfNrH (MOSIMCOIM I-H-^IOC^CO I-H CC CO 1 -HOO 005COCO cr. lOrHect-^cocot^ o o ^co -lOI CO t- CO CO 1-1 CO Ip CO „ ,H IM iH Nr-T 1-7 in' •>^7 18,683 27,400 245 4 272 2 176 18 21 2 397 1 7 138 3 65 2 4 293 130 3 31 1 30 rH 05 ODl OC CO 3,137 4,787 OOi<£>CO CO »0 O O O CO C^COCO(M(M ^COO'^ ^C0I> CO CO r-l 00 Tf iO l-H O JOOi 00 O OOrH COOO Ni-T i-T CO 331 94 4 05 CD o' (M 00 JD lO CO DO I * 'CO 'l-H • • !cq ! (M ! : : i rH lO i CD lO DOiO'^ O t^ l>. rH 24 311 66 98 3 34 2,435 300 HP rH (N rH • CO ^ O lO 1-1 • o •9*00 CO • CO CD rH (N iHfHO^rHrH rH OiCO §3 lO rH 39 24 3,340 8,160 : : : : : : ^ " Ij- QQ ^ • 1 f 01 T 45 124 1 431 394 ! 6 26 1 349 5 12 365 O rH rH rH rH Oi rH rH 05 CO 05 CO t>- rH lO rH 39 24 3,292 8,032 6, 614 4, 214 106 1,873 18 4,480 no 136 14 7,259 7 154 1,831 302 128 11,184 1,871 6 306 20 4 393 1 8 837 373 24 53,859 86,450 Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified)... Lithuanian Macedonian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Norwegian Polish JL Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Scotch-Irish Servian Slovak Slovenian sif 2 1"^ ^ r 2 coca 8- Welsh West Indian (other than Cuban) Australian (race not specified Austrian (race not specified) Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified) Total foreign-born Grand total Number within each specified age group. 336 The Immigration Commission, PQ ◄ General Tables: General Survey. 337 tOrHMOO OOOr-t Oi 0> 05 00 CO CO W’^S^rH t^CDOOOO t^COCDOJ C005 05.-I (N -.J.TjitN'^CO CO 3,777 a 4, 205 IcOi-l rHCOt-CCI ■COrH'^ • • • • • • • • t t • * • 1 • t • • 1 O CO § OOrHiOt^Oi .-ICOb'CO OSfNOOO CO O O CO .-H ^ S CO^ 5O..*l-.t<00 00(M'.t<(N o 2,710 2,873 lO OOOCO OOC00i-HC0 O QO •;- ^H.-! (NCOCOCO (MkOr-HO ,-1 05 |OTH jrHrHrH ; J 1 1 ! 731 IlOdi-H COeO'^05 COt^'a'OO Tt'lCC35d ^ • •! • rH dCO rHd CO i-H ) o 1 o CO CO a> CO 1 ^ II : COCO’^Ci COt^'^00 "^^C5C^ J£5 • ** »iH CO fH 04 CO C4 • • 5 230 393 Q « n-siS^fS § ll i c5 ]=i ^ bxiK ri ^ * -— ,'~i 2c3S^ C P a «'c3 M O o o S « E-I O lOogaK S^cart i5«®o 0 = ^2 .2.2 cit> pqmoWf^ OftSS i^SSp^ P 5rtrtoQ oQmcQ^ Table 37 . — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual — Continued. FEMALE. 338 The Immigration Commission, General Tables: General Survey. 339 0 ? 'a 340 The Immigration Commission. Table Conjugal condition, hy sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual— Qontmued. TOTAL. Number within each specified age group. "^otal. Total. »-( i-t »0 to 00^00 ic .-l • ti CO »Ot^-oc ^ I • CO . CO 1- 125 16 to 19. Total. 8 19 00 ji- HOCO O lO 0> lOCOC^Oi rH tH CO 1 -H 1 — 1 ^ 16 230 299 Wid- , owed. t • *1 1 Mar- ried. 13 1 • 1-H * 1-H ^ ^ IrH^ * • 1 ^ .g_Qj M’S) 00 00 • ioco CO 05 00 IOC<| 1 -HOO »ccoc • 1-H 1-H CO 05 1-H 1-H 16 217 ZLZ General nativity and race of Individual. Native-born of native father: White Negro Indian Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian Canadian (other than French) 1 English French German Irish Italian, iNortn Italian, South Lithuanian Maevar Mexican Polish Kuthenian Scotch Welsh Total Total native-born or^J^n-born: Bohemian and Moravian.. General Tables: General Survey. 341 41 1 2 343 1 71 28 123 91 787 663 451 0 667 98 949 49 141 141 34 1, 123 31 3 78 CD II a> »D O g CD O 1 I ! ^ *00 COesi WrHCOrHCO lO N J i-H 0> J IcO sl 40 1 Qo t^rHrn o s !> i lO lO I lo . ilO jrH t-rH c-i« •CO 05 CO 1 ! I ! I« -i-t eoca Wt-Ni-H-H -^fCN J1-H • I-HCO ; • CO g lO Irt^ • CO CO CD 00 o - ; : : I i-i »-i lo 1 1-1 • th eo • 1 j 1 1 »o S cocoice-1— < lOiMOeooo ososi-hmjo WMIOI-HO Tj4^(MlOIO r-H-4 (M e«5 t-V4C*5 lOlMCO-^^ '^'53 eor-(N03 1 -It^i-Iioco jOi-H M 1-1 1-4 1-1 • i is ioQOioco cooc^icoc^ tioi- III o ^ I Ir-- cocdcD eo't'iNcoM tDg>f5>og eog CO CO ^ ^ ^ I . IC CD N 40 I X) 3 a> : a , as i • a 0 C3 S§2 SaSfc Woo ftWfeO »ig O eoo 'S ea £:r 0 rH CO CD IN .-H IN l-H CO CD 00 CO 1-4 tH UO 05 10 0 0510 1-H No visits. 1 472 1 146 10 9 978 14 72 1,368 61 2 533 1,725 51 t 386 3,964 2,223 12 1,380 11 Num- ber. 1 494 1 154 17 17 1,169 18 84 1,730 66 3 615 1,876 64 4 4 452 5,145 2,936 16 1,490 12 In United States 10 years or over. Number reporting— 3 or more visits. • CO CM • • 0 • • » • CO • 1-H CD 1-t 3 33 30 1 4 2 visits. 2 5 1 53 CD ^ CM f- 4 rH 8 8^ 001 6 1 visit. ,-H i-- CO 10 • Num- ber. 1 197 b- OCO^IOt^ i-I00CO'^O5 kO rH 1-H CO CO 0 rH CM 00 05 r-i CD rH 10 CO CM No visits. u:) eo .-1 01 N t-h (N ,H o 13. 14and 15. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Total, i Native-born of native father: 55 259 White 51 50 9 21 39 34 Negro 7 11 4 3 5 20 4 54! Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 1 25 English 5 6 1 1 3 7 2 Irish 9 14 3 2 8 6 6 48' Total 14 20 4 3 11 13 8 73 Total native-born 72 81 17 27 88 46 386 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 9 13 3 3 8 7 5 48 Croatian 82 31 3 15 88 92 18 329 English 10 20 5 10 17 16 13 91 French 4 6 2 2 4 7 4 29 German 25 35 7 11 26 36 21 161 Irish 24 29 10 25 22 20 32 i62 Italian, North 206 125 19 37 190 217 59 853 Italian, South 149 72 13 45 219 187 32 717 Lithuanian 128 66 8 17 91. 149 22 a 482 Magyar 135 104 14 38 162 219 55 727 Mexican 26 19 1 5 19 31 11 112 Polish 233 138 13 49 240 289 56 1,018 Roumanian 4 1 3 12 12 2 34 Russian 25 7 2 1 33 31 1 100 Ruthenian 29 20 1 23 32 38 12 155 Scotch 4 5 3 8 7 3 9 39 Slovak 300 220 31 61 257 327 94 1,290 Slnvpnian 7 4 1 10 6 2 30 Welsh 10 23 2 13 15 14 21 98 Total foreign-born 1,410 938 138 366 1,452 1,701 469 a 6, 475 Grand total 1,482 1,019 155 393 1,507 1,789 515 a 6, 861 FEMALE. Native-born of native father: White 35 58 10 22 47 45 21 238 Negro 15 17 2 5 12 13 2 66 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 27 English 6 6 3 1 4 7 Irish 6 10 3 4 8 8 2 41 Total 12 16 6 5 12 15 2 68 Total native-born 62 18 71 W 25 W2 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 9 10 1 6 7 6 4 43 Croatian 75 27 3 9 75 42 8 239 Engiish 9 12 4 3 8 12 8 56 French 3 2 2 3 5 1 6 22 German 24 34 7 14 16 28 16 139 o Including 1 not reporting complete data. General Tables: General Survey, 347 Tablp] 40 . — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued. FEMALE— Continued. General nativity and race of head of household. Number within each specified age group. Under 6. 6 to 13. 14 and 15. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Total. Foreign-born— Con tinned . Irish 16 33 11 14 19 18 19 130 Italian, North 185 123 16 28 147 123 25 647 Italian, South 101 68 11 17 96 66 15 374 Lithuanian 96 51 5 10 94 69 12 337 Magyar 143 74 11 25 no 96 18 0 478 Mexican 23 11 4 7 10 21 8 84 Polish 227 163 23 25 167 137 21 763 Roumanian 4 1 1 3 5 3 17 Russian 18 11 3 30 10 1 1 i 79 Ruthenian 37 22 5 5 20 20 1 <0 1 flQ Scotch 4 4 4 1 5 5 6 29 Slovak 344 230 32 45 205 192 41 1,089 Slovenian 7 7 1 5 A 9 9A Welsh 10 20 4 9 8 15 20 86 Total foreign-born 1,335 903 144 228 1,032 868 230 fl 4, 741 Grand total 1,397 994 162 260 1,103 941 255 0 5,113 TOTAL. Native-born of native father: White 86 108 28 19 6 43 8 QA inn 55 497 120 Negro 22 00 1 7 00 I / oo 6 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 11 15 12 24 4 2 7 1 A o 52 Irish 6 A 4 1 A ±4 1 A z 0 ID 14 8 89 Total 26 36 10 8 23 28 10 141 Total native-born 134 172 35 59 1 OA 161 71 758 iZO Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian 18 157 19 7 23 58 32 g 4 g 9 9J. 15 1 AO 13 9 26 21 10 37 91 568 147 51 300 English 0 1 Q IDo i 134 28 8 A>4 French A io c Zo n German 49 69 14 0 25 y AO 4Z d4 Irish 40 391 250 224 278 62 248 140 117 178 21 A 1 OO 51 84 47 34 73 292 1,500 1,091 a 819 a 1,205 Italian, North oy Q97 oo Italian, South oo 24 DO AO oO 4 Q1 tH 340 Lithuanian 07 OiO " CK 253 218 315 Magyar io 25 Z 4 AQ ^co 070 Do Z^ z Mexican • 49 460 g 30 301 2 K 1 9 Ofk 52 19 77 196 1,781 51 173 264 Polish O 1/ii 7/1 zy /f 07 Roumanian oO 1 2 A 1 7 426 15 Russian 43 66 18 42 0 A 1 4 AO 2 Ruthenian A 28 DO AO 41 58 2 12 D oz Scotch g Q 7 Q 1 o 15 135 68 2,379 56 184 Slovak 644 14 20 450 11 43 y 1 HA IZ /I AO 8 519 1 r\ Slovenian oo 1 g lUO 1 99 4dz 1 A Welsh io oo lU 29 4 41 zo Total foreijrn-born 2,745 1,841 282 CQA 2, 484 2,569 699 & 11, 216 oy^ Grand total 2,879 2,013 1 oi 7 2,610 2, 730 j 770 6 11,974 OX 4 I OOo o Including 1 not reporting complete data. b Including 2 not reporting complete data. 348 The Immigration Commission. Table 41 . — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (study of employees.) Num- ber Number of each age or within each specified age group. General nativity and race. re- port- ing com- plete data. Un- der 14. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 44. 45 to 54. 55 to 64. 65 or over. Native-born of na- tive father: White 18,410 6,659 2 13 66 178 475 608 649 651 3,339 3,126 2,637 3,700 1,319 2,087 772 109 27 41 65 102 111 116 153 1,169 1,307 986 952 253 58 Indian 1 i| Native-born of for- eign father, by country of birth of father: 4 2 1 1 Austria-Hungary 820 51 49 1 16 1 55 3 128 9 117 7 114 7 78 5 223 12 56 6 11 1 18 1 2 2 1 4 7 11 16 5 2 1 10 1,792 1 1 5 1 1 1 5 16 35 82 99 105 116 397 275 226 284 114 36 2 '172 2 8 15 14 13 31 31 20 13 17 8 2,248 1 1,344 1 9 21 72 96 112 108 498 349 240 417 249 71 5 1 5 6 39 44 57 38 235 180 173 295 213 49 10 '196 9 18 5 1 4 13 33 33 29 18 44 16 4 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 2 1 2 1 "M/^rTT»'aYT 1 3 1 "D rinTYi o r> 1 'I 1 1 XlULiilloii-llcl. ..•••• Russia 176 1 5 11 23 30 33 20 40 7 2 2 2 Scotland 921 1 8 27 45 48 66 55 244 156 102 106 50 10 3 66 28 1 3 6 7 2 7 22 12 4 2 Switzerland 2 1 1 1 3 6 3 2 4 3 1 1 464 1 3 7 18 18 18 21 71 84 62 102 38 21 Africa (country not specified).. 3 1 2 Total 8,378 11 68 185 466 517 565 485 1,840 1,189 867 1,265 693 203 24 Total native- born 33,449 51 175 428 1,043 1,236 1,330 1,289 6,348 5,622 4,491 6,285 3,732 1,228 191 Foreign-born, by race: A T*TY1 ATliflTl 2 2 Bohemian and Moravian 742 1 4 5 8 10 10 81 131 148 217 79 44 4 1 176 1 Bulgarian 4 2 5 40 62 25 26 8 4 Canadian, French Canadian, Other. Croatian 25 1 3 6 3 8 2 2 30 2,411 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 11 3 3 1 6 23 79 117 681 516 381 447 145 12 3 CiibSiD- 1 "nalTnatian 6 1 2 1 1 1 Dani.sh 20 1 1 4 4 3 5 1 1 Dutch - . 104 1 2 4 2 10 22 15 23 21 3 1 Finglish 2,486 70 2 6 11 17 22 16 182 301 390 576 575 308 80 Finnish 1 1 1 6 12 16 22 8 2 1 TTlpTniQli a 3 French 778 1 2 1 6 10 23 5 80 125 141 189 137 50 8 German 2,680 113 8 27 39 41 207 305 402 687 438 473 53 Greek 1 2 3 30 28 16 22 8 3 Hebrew (other than Russian) . Herzegovinian... Irish g 1 1 1 1 1 1 e 1 1 1 1 2 923 1 5 42 82 85 210 293 167 38 Italian, North... Italian, South. . . Italian (not speci- fied) 6,613 4,247 108 1,885 18 4,542 111 3 1 4 5 : 18 . 10 ; 36 1 37 > 80 ' 59 2 1 137 ' 139 1 2 201 170 2 1,364 971 33 1,539 971 24 1,305 749 15 1,416 806 22 426 275 8 78 53 6 1 Lithuanian 4 [ 2 ! 12 12 337 509 374 478 139 16 2 Macedonian 1 4 5 6 . 2 Magyar 2 1 6 1 39 1 51 116 161 829 946 852 1 1,126 356 54 5 Mexican 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 3 17 16 17 26 22 2 4 Montenegrin 136 ! £ t 1 42 il 30 1 24 , IS 1 g General Tables; General Survey. 349 Table 41. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race — Continued. General nativity and race. Num- ber re- port- ing com- plete data. Number of each age or within each specified age group. Un- der 14. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 44. 45 to 54. Lsto 64. 65 or over. Foreign-born, by race— Continued. 14 1 3 1 5 3 1 Polish: 7,302 2 11 22 50 124 175 1,387 1,662 1,334 1,791 622 103 19 Portuguese 7 3 2 2 I 155 5 5 6 21 34 25 40 18 1 Russian 1,841 2 2 6 8 30 49 369 462 337 422 137 15 2 Ruthenian 303 1 4 11 16 46 80 47 77 18 2 ] Scotch 1,153 3 12 12 10 7 85 131 174 244 307 138 30 Scotch-Irish 27 1 2 3 5 6 10 Servian 129 1 1 1 3 4 39 38 17 19 4 1 2 Slovak 11,230 5 16 53 120 293 343 2,115 2,281 1,884 2,884 1,044 172 20 Slovenian 1,897 3 2 10 13 48 72 395 456 348 371 143 30 6 Spanish 6 1 1 2 2 Swedish 307 1 1 3 24 29 44 95 72 33 5 Syrian 21 1 1 4 9 5 1 Turkish 4 1 1 1 1 Welsh 394 1 2 4 1 23 29 52 85 104 71 22 West Indian (other than Cu- ban) 1 1 Australian (race not specified). . 8 2 4 2 Austrian (race not specified). . 874 1 5 9 14 13 145 198 184 207 85 12 1 Belgian (race not specified) 376 2 5 3 7 9 41 53 55 115 71 14 1 Swiss (race not specified) 24 1 3 10 4 4 2 Total foreign- bom 54,316 5 30 84 276 527 1,145 1,453 9,671 11,117 9,493 12,723 5,601 1,873 318 Grand total 87,765 56 205 512 1,319 1,763 2,475 2,742 16,019 16,739 13,984 19,008|9,333 3,101 509 General Tables: General Survey, 351 Table 42 . — Number of families owning home, renting, hoarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family. m (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of families— General nativity and race of head of family. Owning home. Renting home. Board- ing. Lodging. In other condi- tions. Total. Native-born of native father: White 42 67 4 113 Negro 4 22 26 Native-born of foreign father, by race of == father: English 6 5 Irish 5 9 14 Total 11 14 25 Total native-born 57 103 4 ] 104 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 7 10 17 Croatian 16 113 129 English 6 21 1 1 29 French 2 10 12 German 15 37 2 54 Irish 31 18 1 50 Italian, North 99 204 1 304 Italian, South o41 0 144 (a) O 1 ol 188 Lithuanian 44 134 178 Magyar 15 226 4 242 Mexican 6 35 1 42 Polish 61 273 1 1 Roumanian 10 Ool) 10 Russian 44 44 Ruthenian 5 38 43 Scotch 4 7 \ 12 Slovak 56 398 2 1 Slovenian 2 10 X 12 Welsh 24 15 1 40 Total foreign-born 0 434 0 1,747 a4 o5 08 2,199 Grand total 0 491 o 1,850 04 o5 ol2 1 2,363 oNot including 1 not reporting complete data. 352 The Immigration Commission. I Table 43. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groupi and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. General nativity and race of individual. Number within each specified age group. Under 6 years. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of for- eign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English French German Irish Italian, North.. Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Roumanian. Russian Ruthenian.. Scotch Slovak Slovenian. Welsh Total. Total native- born Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English French German Irish Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian Magyar Mexican..;.. Polish Roumanian. Russian Ruthenian. Scotch Slovak Welsh Total foreign- born Grand total . 79 9 4 22 23 186 126 125 125 26 206 4 24 28 4 283 7 1,296 1,369 105 1,474 79 9 4 22 23 188 128 125 126 26 207 4 24 28 4 283 7 9 1,302 1,375 25 107 1,482 184 6 to 13 years. 113 123 61 14 and 15 years. 'o o u o CS 'cS c3 fi o .d o o o w o <35 s 0 Xi "o 0 rd u 0 o 0 H 67 73 1 8 5 14 73 75 5 10 11 3 1 4 8 13 1 8 10 3 .... 3 8 11 9 15 1 2 85 10 1 13 14 2 2 4 10 15 2 3 4 1 1 2 5 4 1 25 26 5 2 7 23 30 2 27 ... 27 8 2 10 23 35 2 68 73 9 3 12 191 79 3 26 37 2 3 5 137 30 3 37 i’ 53 1 1 2 140 38 2 53 1 63 5 3 8 134 59 4 3 17 1 1 41 3 74 92 5 4 9 224 80 4 ’ 4 5 5 1 1 24 5 1 9 13 32 9 2 2 3 3 4 5 148 'i' 174 17 ’’ 9 ’ 26 308 165 'io' 2 4 1 1 9 2 1 19 21 1 2 11 20 1 531 3 650 1 63 34 98 1,413 600 37 608 3 734 2 74 40 116 1,494 688 43 3 3 3 3 10 16 1 1 9 10 i 3 6 1 1 4 3 1 1 2 1 1 9 9 2 9 2 2 1 2 45 52 1 2 4 7 26 47 ” 4 ' 30 35 1 4 3 8 25 34 3 9 13 2 3 5 6 11 3 31 40 4 2 6 18 35 2 2 2 2 30 45 2 2 4 38 34 "2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 i 6 7 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 38 46 1 2 2 5 30 40 "2 2 2 2 224 285 3 17 19 39 169 243 19 832 1,019 I 5 91 59 155 1,663 931 62 Total. 21 1 ( 5f 6C 27c 17C 18C 197 44 308 4 30 41 9 483 12 32 2,050 2,225 431 2,656 General Tables: General Survey, 353 Table 43 . — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual — Continued. FEMALE. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and 1 race of individual. Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 15 years. Total. At home. I At school. (-1 o Total. I At home. At school. 1 At work. Total. At home. 1 At schooi. 1 At work. 1 Total. At home. At school. At work. Total. [.'Native-born of native ; father: White 47 1 48 8 08 70 1 14 1 16 56 83 1 140 15 15 17 17 2 2 15 19 34 .'Native-born of foreign = 1 father, by race of i father: Bohemian and Moravian 8 8 1 3 4 1 1 9 3 1 13 Croatian 74 74 6 10 16 1 1 81 10 91 English 6 1 7 8 8 1 1 6 10 16 French 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 7 German 21 21 27 27 2 4 6 23 31 54 Irish 14 14 2 29 31 10 10 16 39 55 Italian, North 173 173 12 73 85 2 8 10 187 81 268 Italian^ South 94 94 6 34 40 1 1 2 101 35 136 94 94 9 28 37 1 1 2 104 29 133 Magyar 130 2 ... 132 11 41 52 1 7 8 142 50 192 Mexican 22 22 7 3 10 2 2 29 5 34 Polish 198 1 199 27 82 109 .... 13 " 2 ' 16 226 96 "2 324 Roumanian 4 4 4 4 Russian 13 13 1 5 6 14 5 19 Ruthenian 35 35 2 15 17 3 3 37 18 55 Scotch 4 4 1 1 2 1 1 5 2 7 Slovak 317 3 320 36 146 182 "12 8 ” 5 ’ 25 365 157 *' 5 ' 527 Slovenian 7 7 1 2 3 8 2 10 Welsh 9 9 1 11 12 3 3 10 14 24 Total 1,226 7 1,233 123 520 643 21 64 8 93 1,370 591 8 1,969 Total native- born 1,288 8 1,296 131 605 736 22 80 9 111 1,441 093 9 2,143 Toreign-born: 1 Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 6 6 1 6 7 Croatian 1 1 i 10 11 2 2 2 12 14 English 1 1 4 4 2 1 3 3 5 3 German 3 3 2 5 7 1 1 0 5 11 Irish 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 5 Italian, North 12 1 13 10 27 37 1 5 6 23 33 56 Italian, South 7 7 14 14 28 4 5 9 25 19 44 Lithuanian 3 3 7 6 13 3 3 10 Q 19 Magyar 12 12 11 10 21 i 2 3 24 12 36 Mexican 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 4 w Polish 29 29 20 34 54 4 3 7 53 37 90 y Roumanian 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 If Russian 5 5 1 4 5 6 4 10 ^Ruthenian 2 2 2 3 5 2 2 6 3 9 B Scotch 1 1 1 2 3 1 3 4 B Slovak 20 20 11 39 50 3 4 7 34 43 77 ■ Slovenian 4 4 4 4 B Welsh 1 1 8 8 1 1 1 9 10 ■ Total foreign- B born 100 1 101 80 178 258 22 29 51 202 208 410 •B Grand total 1,388 9 1,397 211 783 994 44 109 9 162 1,643 901 9 2,553 B ar i ( 354 The Immigration Commission. Table 43 . — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, ■ and by general nativity and race of individual — Continued. . TOTAL. Number within each specified age group. Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 15 years. Total. General nativity and race of individual. g5 s o rd "o o .£3 p a3 a o ”0 0 A 0 'ca a 0 "o 0 A 0 0 0) a 0 '0 0 A g M 1-1 0 ”3 0 0 0 < <: ■el\ <) <1 <) Eh Eh Native-born of native i father: White 113 1 114 14 135 149 2 22 6 30 129 158 6 293 22 22 1 27 28 5 1 6 23 32 1 . Native-born of for- eign father, by race of father: Bohemian and 14 14 3 11 14 3 1 4 17 14 1 32 153 153 12 19 31 i 1 1 3 166 20 1 187 English 15 1 IG 1 21 22 3 2 5 16 25 2 43 7 7 5 6 3 1 4 8 8 1 17 43 43 i 52 53 "2 9 2 13 46 61 2 109 37 37 2 56 58 18 2 20 39 74 2 115 Italian, North 359 2 3G1 17 141 158 "2 17 3 22 378 160 3 541 Italian, South 220 2 222 17 60 77 1 3 3 7 238 65 3 306 219 219 24 65 'i' 90 1 2 1 4 ^44 67 2 313 255 3 258 20 94 1 115 1 12 3 16 m 109 4 389 Mexican 48 48 21 6 27 1 2 3 70 8 78 Polish 404 2 40G 45 156 201 1 18 "h' 25 450 176 ■'e' 632 T? nnTnnnifln 8 8 8 8 Russian 37 37 1 10 11 1 1 38 10 1 49 Riitlifiiiian C3 63 6 24 30 3 3 69 27 96 Scotch ... 8 8 1 3 4 4 4 9 7 16 Slovak GOO 3 603 61 294 ’i’ 356 '12 25 'ii 51 673 322 "is’ 1,010 Slovenian 14 14 3 4 7 1 1 17 4 1 22 Welsh 18 18 3 30 33 4 1 5 21 34 1 56 Total 2,522 13 2,535 239 1,051 3 1,293 22 127 42 191 2,783 1,191 45 4,019 Total native- born 2,G57 14 2,671 254 1,213 3 1,470 24 154 49 227 2,935 1,381 52 4,368 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian . . 4 4 9 9 4 9 13 Croatian 4 4 ” 7 " 20 27 2 1 3 11 22 "i' 34 English 2 2 3 7 10 "2 1 1 4 7 8 1 16 French 1 1 2 1 1 2 German 5 5 2 14 16 1 1 8 14 22 Irish 3 3 1 3 4 1 1 4 4 8 Italian, North 30 1 31 17 72 89 "2 7 4 13 49 80 "4 133 Italian, South . . . Lithuanian 26 26 19 44 63 5 9 3 17 50 53 3 106 5 5 11 15 26 .... 5 3 8 16 20 3 39 Magyar 21 21 20 41 61 6 2 9 42 47 2 91 Mexican 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 6 Polish 52 2 54 ■ 35 ’ 64 99 4 5 2 11 91 71 "2 164 Roumanian 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 Russian. . . 6 6 2 6 7 1 1 8 5 1 14 Ruthenian 3 3 3 9 12 2 1 3 8 10 18 Scotch 2 2 1 2 3 1 4 5 Slovak 41 41 19 77 96 4 6 "2 12 64 83 "2 149 Slovenian 4 4 4 4 Welsh 2 2 1 10 11 1 1 3 11 14 Total foreign- 19 841 born 205 3 208 141 402 543 25 46 19 90 ' 371 451 Grand total 2,862 17 2,879 395 1,615 3 2,013 49 200 68 317 3,306 1,832 71 5,209 355 General Tables: General Survey. ABLE 4 : 4 .,— Present 'political condition of foreign-lorn male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (study of employees.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] Total num- ber report- ing com- plete data. In United States 5 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. Total. Race. a .OJ < g OT ■> 4) wa w ol ^ S' wa CO 0 / ^ S' wa ii it tSi *3 0 ohemian and Mora- vian 262 60 76 9 145 1 7 13 07 117 A7 106 262 1 osnian 1 1 Ui 0 / 1 89 ulgarian 16 8 3 11 1 A 5 Q 9 ...... 1 1 A madian, French 5 2 1 3 1 1 3 32 2 y 3 0 1 4 1 Id c ihadian, Other 6 1 1 2 4 9 X 9 0 A •oatian 617 458 16 10 484 2 88 13 133 546 1 4 29 1 0 42 0 617 9 almatian 2 1 anish 10 4 4 8 14 175 1 1 15 2 A c 1 15 569 4 utch 33 10 4 19 670 4 14 1 9A 0 A 10 Qglish 845 79 81 15 61 65 146 33 845 004 ioU innish 39 325 1,151 32 1 9 6 4 19 163 270 17 1 8 17 58 11 A 8 QO 20 162 CQI 1 7 10 99 182 12 112 784 39 325 1,151 32 1 rench 97 127 15 1 53 104 2 13 39 1/ 11/1 srman 78 9 yy 'TAfi 114 1 CK reek /40 2 ool 1 f; loo 26 1 9K ebrew (other than Russian) 10 4 2 ish 379 2,339 1,302 29 702 14 9 K 28 1,466 880 19 367 21 241 188 3 117 30 182 QAA 305 623 238 9 240 X 379 2,339 1,302 29 702 ilian, North 934 359 145 3 38 173 64 3 62 OUU AKf\ oOl C7Q oO 1,175 859 16 90/4 39 K/4 1 ilian, South 671 40U 1 7 A 0 / 0 AOO 041 205 4 78 ilian (not specified) thuanian 13 267 UU 1 40 1/4 6 17Q 444 10 1/0 ooO oo4 acedonian 2 2 2 2 9 igvar 1,432 849 13 83 27 1 959 14 10 279 25 75 J 1 1 0 A7*X 1,128 38 0 158 1 1 146 1,432 axican 43 iiy 3 2 4/0 29 2 mtenegrin 12 9 1 4 0 43 1 0 irwegian 7 7 7 V 1 4 7 14 7 >lish 2,557 5 1,379 3 100 24 1,503 3 1 t 1 1 Ac:>4 1,933 9 251 2 i 373 2,557 •rtuguese. 00*T 101 2 o4y l> U04 2 Rumanian 12 7 7 1 119 24 1 71 0 « 3 55 1 86 0 1 0 issian 541 281 16 2 15 1 312 41 0 39 0 OOO 0 vlAA 14 541 76 ithenian 76 38 / 1 A 44y 4UU AO 0 0 oO o4 7 7 otch 414 3 50 30 4 84 27 OK7 QOA 77 76 261 3 3 497 414 otch-Irish ZOi 3 OOU 3 rvian 31 18 1,855 2 20 2,022 5 3 216 3 1 1 23 2,861 e 0 31 3,699 )vak. 3,699 125 ' 42 ' 1,006 11 1 A 77 0 9/<1 400 1 ; D/ / o41 )venian 650 144 295 7 125 12 1 17 5 437 24 3 87 7 35 14 01 01 9 382 1 A 160 26 1 108 104 650 144 /^edish yi on 410 1 OA rian 5 2 1 1 yy 1 110 14U 0 > 14 0 elsh 140 3 3 "i" 7 16 4 1 99 0 0 1 19 113 5 140 i 0 114 loo 0 istralian (race not ipecified 6 1 1 3 2 5 4 0 p. istrian (race not pecified) 319 95 33 1 115 26 30 2 240 61 1 18 13 21 19 /lA 79 1 AO 113 46 9 136 45 4 70 72 A 0 319 163 A Igian (race not ipecified) 163 4U 7A uss (race not speci- ied) 6 /U 4 1U4 5 4 4 0 Total 18,363 7,713 1,547 566 9,826 2,991 1,182 4,364 8,537 10,704 2,729 4,930 18,363 ! 356 The Immigration Commission. Table 45. — Present 'political condition of foreign-horn males 'who have been in the Unite States 5 'years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race c individual and length of residence. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States.] Race of indi- vidual. Num- ber re- port- ing com- plete data. In United States 5 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. Total. Aliens. Hav- ing first pa- pers only. Hav- ing sec- ond pa- pers. Total. Aliens. Hav- ing first pa- pers only. Hav- ing sec- ond pa- pers. Total. Aliens. Hav- ing first pa- pers only. Hav- ing sec- ond pa- pers. Total Bohemian and Moravian 9 2 2 4 1 1 3 5 3 3 3 1 Croatian 82 41 6 5 52 19 6 5 30 60 12 10 8: English 13 1 J 2 1 10 11 1 2 10 French 7 2 2 1 4 5 1 2 4 German 26 4 4 8 1 2 15 18 5 6 15 2( Irish 1 2 1 17 20 2 1 18 2 Italian, North. 218 87 31 8 126 22 20 50 92 109 51 58 2li Italian, South. 13G 76 6 5 87 21 7 21 49 97 13 26 13( Lithuanian 113 41 6 5 52 32 13 16 61 73 19 21 ii; Magyar 146 72 11 2 85 34 4 23 61 106 15 25 14( Mexican 30 8 8 22 22 30 3( Polish 193 101 11 1 113 37 18 25 80 138 29 26 19c Roumanian . . . 8 8 8 8 Russian 25 17 2 1 20 3 1 1 5 20 3 2 21 Ruthenian 26 14 1 15 7 1 3 11 21 1 4 2e Scotch 10 2 1 3 7 7 2 8 1C Slovak 251 83 11 1 95 91 23 42 156 174 34 43 251 Slovenian 6 5 5 1 1 5 1 g Welsh 17 2 1 3 1 3 10 14 3 4 10 17 Total 1,337 564 94 31 689 294 102 252 648 858 196 283 1,337 General Tables: General Survey. 357 (Cable 4lQ.— A bility to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races.] leneral nativity and race of in- dividual. Number reporting complete data. Male. Female. Total. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. jJJative-born of foreign father, by i race of father; Bohemian and Moravian . . . 29 18 18 11 11 29 29 Croatian 35 17 16 18 14 35 30 French 16 8 8 8 8 16 16 German 111 50 50 61 61 111 111 Italian, North 207 99 95 108 104 207 199 ( Italian, South 95 47 45 48 42 95 87 Lithuanian 104 59 55 45 43 104 98 Magyar 151 82 80 69 67 151 147 Mexican 36 19 1 17 8 36 9 f Polish 256 117 109 139 127 256 236 Russian 12 6 6 6 5 12 11 f! Ruthenian 38 16 15 22 21 38 36 Slovak 494 244 227 250 229 494 456 1 3, Slovenian 8 5 5 3 3 8 8 f Total native-born 1,592 787 730 805 743 1,592 1,473 1 Foreign-born; Bohemian and Moravian — 50 26 15 24 13 50 28 T5nn^r»Vt-TriQVi 23 1 1 2 1 1 Servian 85 5 18 7 11 29 11 3 1 954 Slovak 9,962 138 590 1,199 928 911 3,167 1,122 953 Slovenian 1,553 41 103 256 170 148 569 129 94 43 1 1 Swedish Syrian 216 5 2 4 1 3 3 2 5 1 1 4 23 12 1 49 115 Turkish Welsh 4 191 1 1 4 1 6 1 4 6 12 14 140 Australian (race not O . 5 1 O oUcLliiCLl /•••>•••••••< Austrian (race not spec- ified) 247 2 19 39 24 21 99 12 18 13 Belgian (race not spec- ified) 152 4 1 1 2 8 29 3 45 69 Swiss (race not spec- ified) 14 14 Total 37,016 621 2,595 5,029 3,634 3,035 10,748 3,084 3,283 4,987 General Tables: Pennsylvania 367 Table 55, — Number of foreign-horn persons in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction Is made for time spent abroad.] MALE. Race of individual. Bohemian and Mora- vian Bosnian Croatian English German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Slovenian Total Number reporting complete data. 28 1 202 18 34 14 235 129 124 220 366 36 43 108 617 18 2, 193 Number in United States each specified number of years. Under 1 . 55 99 28 16 7 23 41 7 1 11 58 2 226 203 204 5 to 9. 2 65 37 43 60 96 12 22 27 146 7 10 to 14. 589 296 15 to 19. 20 270 20 or over. 251 FEMALE. Bohemian and Mora- vian 23 2 2 1 3 5 3 3 4 Croatian 116 5 9 18 13 13 40 10 7 1 English 15 1 2 1 11 French 1 1 German 27 4 1 2 4 16 Irish 6 6 Italian, North 180 1 9 35 17 16 60 17 20 5 Italian, South 80 2 4 15 8 9 23 10 7 2 Lithuanian 87 4 8 11 6 38 14 4 2 Magyar 169 2 11 20 20 18 45 36 14 3 Polish 243 2 13 26 29 21 68 35 30 19 Roumanian 13 2 3 2 2 4 Russian 47 3 7 7 8 9 7 5 1 Ruthenian 51 4 3 5 8 17 7 6 1 Scotch 1 1 Slovak 441 5 21 44 32 43 141 60 59 36 Slovenian 17 1 2 3 7 2 1 Welsh 1 1 Total 1,518 22 87 186 153 152 453 198 156 111 368 The Immigration Commission. Table 55. — Number of foreign-horn persons in the United States each specified numbt of years, by sex and race of individual — Continued. TOTAL. Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Number in United States each specified number of years. Under 1. 1. 2 . 3. 4. 1 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Bohp ian and Mora- vian 51 4 5 5 5 10 6 1 6 n ! v4 f 1 1 1 Croatian 318 11 17 42 40 29 109 40 27 33 1 3 1 1 rjorman 01 8 1 4 7 4 : 20 2 If Italian, Norih 415 2 17 03 41 34 125 54 51 2i Italian, South 20y 7 9 31 24 19 60 29 20 1( 1 .li.hnaniaii 211 8 15 24 16 81 35 18 !■ Magyar 389 0 18 43 38 45 105 80 35 U Polish 009 14 31 67 67 56 164 77 82 51 lion iii^ni‘^11 ............ 49 1 8 10 5 9 16 Russian 90 3 8 8 12 14 29 10 3 Ruthenian 159 1 19 14 19 19 44 18 17 1 Slovak 1,058 28 44 102 75 99 287 143 154 12( Slovenian 35 2 4 4 2 14 3 5 ^ dsn - 1 Total 3,711 77 186 412 356 356 1,042 494 426 36: General Tables: Pennsylvania. 369 ['able 56 . — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-horn males^ho were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Num- Working for wages. Working with- out wages. Working for profit. her with- out occu- pa- tion. Farm laborers. j General laborers. In mining. In hand trades. 1 In other occupa- 1 tions. Total. Farm laborers. 1 In other occupa- 1 tions. Total. Farmers. 1 In other occupa- 1 tions. Total. Johemian and Mora- 17 5 1 5 5 16 1 1 JOSTli^n . . 1 1 1 '.rnaf.ian 168 22 3 3 7 2 37 62 "i’ ■63 68 68 11 8 3 11 Jerman 23 1 3 4 6 1 1 15 2 4 6 1 .... 1 risb 7 1 1 4 5 1 1 talian, North 164 1 47 19 2 16 22 106 9 9 45 "3* 48 talian, South 101 2 33 5 1 10 5 64 23 23 20 2 22 .Ithnanian 105 33 1 12 6 52 20 20 31 2 33 lagyar 170 4 44 ”3' 9 18 18 92 40 40 27 7 34 >olish 309 5 86 30 6 17 34 173 82 ”i' 83 48 48 ^OUTTi^riian 33 12 2 14 5 5 14 14 ^.^isaian 38 5 2 1 8 21 21 9 9 luthenian 90 43 1 3 5 52 15 "i’ 16 22 22 ;iovak 488 2 159 24 '21' 37 43 284 146 2 148 52 "2 54 hovenian 16 3 2 1 3 9 6 6 1 Total 1,741 16 496 92 63 123 154 928 433 9 442 338 17 365 370 The Immigration Commission. ] Table 57 .—Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-horn females wh y were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Eace of individual. Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Iluthenian Slovak Slovenian Number reporting complete data. Num- ber with- out occu- pa- tion. Working for wages. Working with- ! out wages. n Working f( profit. ' Farm laborers. In domestic ser- vice. I In other occupa- 1 tions. Total. Farm laborers. 1 In other occupa- tions. Total. 1 Farmers, 1 In other occupa- 1 tions. 1 Total. 1 14 7 6 6 1 1 98 54 6 2 i 9 35 35 10 9 1 1 ! 17 12 2 2 4 1 1 ■■'I 5 5 126 71 16 8 4 28 18 1 19 7 1 1 60 44 5 2 1 8 8 8 70 25 12 5 1 18 24 24 3 116 75 6 10 2 18 22 22 "i' 161 78 14 16 2 32- 49 "i' 50 ’i’ 10 5 5 5 34 13 2 1 3 18 18 37 15 1 g 9 13 13 333 187 30 47 ” 9 ' 86 58 58 1 1 11 4 1 1 2 5 5 1,102 604 94 108 22 224 257 2 259 12 3 Total General Tables: Pennsylvania. 371 LBLE 58 . — Occupation of foreign-horn male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Number who were engaged in- Race. Number reporting complete data. 188 Min- ing. 77 Farm- ing or larm labor. ihemian and Moravian... (snian ilgarian nadian, French nadian, Other oatian luish itch iglish nnish ench ■rraan eek sh ilian, North ilian, South liian (not specified) thuanian igyar jntenegrin irwegian )lish rrtuguese jumanian issian athenian otch otch-Irish rvian ovak ovenian vedish 'dan irkish elsh ustralian (race not speci- fied) astrian (race not speci- fied) elgian (race not specified), visa (race not specified) . . 22 8 4 1 2 5 3 804 27 683 8 3 4 33 15 9 525 412 12 37 1 26 181 103 17 603 331 127 35 1 30 169 91 41 2,083 111 1,291 1,131 54 723 3 3 398 18 318 1,472 135 969 9 8 2 2,578 186 1,766 6 5 52 2 42 890 65 701 1.30 18 89 187 158 3 4 3 26 21 4, 237 369 2,870 1,013 146 622 71 11 44 4 2 4 1 3 61 49 2 5 1 3 99 16 60 105 79 1 1 1 17,246 2,484 10,553 Gen- eral labor. Manu- factur- ing. Hand trades. Trade. Busi- ness for self. Other occu- pa- tions. 13 2 48 2 3 12 2 1 1 1 35 8 38 13 1 1 1 6 1 25 13 21 6 7 29 2 2 4 1 1 33 5 8 15 55 43 79 4 2 22 1 1 2 20 4 6 1 6 284 41 252 5 8 91 193 14 100 2 45 18 9 28 2 5 204 15 112 37 1 2 282 88 208 48 1 4 1 2 1 76 16 23 2 1 6 15 4 2 2 4 10 1 1 9 1 2 j 1 1 616 53 234 2 93 60 31 123 2 29 7 5 4 2 3 3 4 1 8 4 5 1 5 8 6 6 5 1,985 365 1,332 24 27 476 Total. 372 The Immigration Commission, 1 r Table 59. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, ifn general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) (The main headings used In this table follow the olassifications of the United States Census with tUg modifications: General I/abor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, MinS and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Trans" tation are distmct from each other.) General nativity and race of individual. Total number. 1 Agricultural pursuits. ' Domestic and personal service. Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Bituminous coal min- ing. Trade. Transportation. At home. Native-born of native father: White 59 1 6 47 1 1 5 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 5 3 1 1 English 13 3 7 3 16 1 '6 8 1 8 1 1 1 3 1 [ Italian, North 8 7 Italian, South 5 1 4 Lithuanian 2 2 Magyar 1 1 Polish 14 1 1 10 Ruthenian 3 2 1 Slovak 39 2 33 1 1 1 Total 114 3 13 78 6 5“ 3 Total native-born 173 1 3 19 125 7 1 5 4 Foreign- born: Bohemian and Moravian 22 22 Bosnian 1 1 Croatian 190 4 184 English 17 17 German 32 30 2 Irish 13 10 1 2 Italian, North a 189 6 178 4 Italian, South 112 110 1 Lithuanian 115 1 112 1 191 190 1 339 1 1 330 5 Roumanian 35 35 Russian 40 40 Ruthenian 99 i 98 Slovak 563 660 2 Slovenian 18 1 17 Total foreign-born al,976 1 14 1,934 1 2 18 Grand total a2,149 1 4 33 2,059 8 7 22 a Including 1 not reporting complete data. General Tables: Pennsylvania. 373 iLE 60 . — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry^ by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States Census with these modl- itions: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and larrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation ! distinct from each other.] neral nativity and race of individual. ve-born of native father: vVhite ve-born of foreign father, by ;e of father: Bohemian and Moravian . . . Croatian Snglish Berman jish dalian. North talian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Eluthenian scotch Slovak Total Total native-born ign-born: Bohemian and Moravian . . , Croatian English French Berman [rish [talian. North [talian. South Lithuanian Vlagyar Polish 201 Roumanian 11 Russian 38 Ruthenian 42 Jcotch 1 Slovak 378 Slovenian 13 Welsh 1 Total foreign-born . Grand total Total number. 104 Domestic and personal service. 1G4 16 107 13 1 25 6 14i3 62 79 150 1,290 1,454 15 16 25 Manu- facturing and mechan- ical pursuits. Bitumi- nous coal mining. Trade. At home. 54 72 126 16 106 13 1 23 6 142 61 78 148 196 10 38 42 1 375 13 1 ,270 1,396 At school. 10 374 The Immigration Commission. Table 61. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each speciji amount per day, by general nativity and race* (study of employees.) General nativity and race. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. A verage earnings per day. Number earning each specified amount per day. Un- der $1. $1 and under 51.25. $1.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $1.75. $1.75 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 and under $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 and un- der $4. $r O’. Native-born of native father: White 5,686 $2. 18 23 69 134 666 810 2,395 1,152 352 41 1 Negro 865 2. 02 2 31 23 136 154 364 123 23 2 I Native-born of for- eign father, by conn- try of birth of father: 3 (a) 2 1 Austria-Hungary 340 2.01 2 14 16 52 71 122 55 7 1 Beigium 2. 09 3 7 5 Canada 23 2.28 1 1 2 10 5 4 Denmark 3 (a) 1 1 1 England 782 2.28 1 19 8 60 60 300 256 68 3 France 53 2.20 2 5 6 20 15 5 Germany 1,063 2.17 9 18 13 130 144 404 252 77 7 1 Ireland 695 2. 18 4 7 13 76 94 289 167 43 . Italy Netherlands 27 12 1.92 2. 33 1 2 6 7 7 8 3 2 1 2 Russia 54 1.93 7 2 11 6 13 14 1 Scotland 343 2. 30 4 4 20 24 144 116 27 Sweden 24 2.24 1 1 16 6 Switzerland". 10 2. 10 1 1 3 3 1 Wales ISO 2. 43 2 1 5 11 67 64 27 1 Total 3,627 2.20 16 76 59 372 428 1,413 964 262 13 Total native- born 10, 178 2. 17 41 176 216 1,174 1,392 4,172 2, 239 637 56 foreign-born , by race: Bohemian and Moravian 433 2. 18 2 9 27 38 42 179 92 39 4 Bosnian 1 (a) Bulgarian 27 1.92 1 5 9 9 3 Canadian, French 10 2. 46 2 3 4 Canadian, Other. 16 2. 24 3 2 3 8 Croatian 1,849 1.90 13 50 169 405 323 656 191 34 3 Daimatian 5 (a) 2 Danish 10 2. 13 1 8 1 Dutch 52 2. 15 1 1 4 4 30 10 2 English 1,223 2.32 2 22 12 91 . 66 545 286 167 19 Finnish 39 2.30 4 1 23 7 2 1 Flemish 3 (a) 3 French 313 2.09 2 14 12 39 19 135 69 19 1 German 1,454 2.09 12 60 52 169 168 615 283 75 8 Greek 74 2.01 4 4 12 15 25 12 1 1 Hebrew (other than Russian).. 3 (a) 2 1 Herzegovinian . . . 2 (a) 1 Irish 618 2. 14 5 13 21 83 91 231 100 66 3 Italian, North 3, 153 2.11 21 58 84 373 372 1,401 551 248 35 Italian, South 2,090 1.97 9 31 129 407 368 752 315 69 8 Italian (not speci- fied) 59 2.06 g 12 g 17 8 8 Lithuanian 615 2. 17 7 30 14 68 26 277 110 60 9 Macedonian 4 (a) 1 1 2 Magyar 3, 306 1. 98 17 39 197 439 486 1,668 367 81 Montenegrin... 12 2.00 1 5 4 2 4 Norwegian 5 (a) 3 2 ♦This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntai lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in tMs report showii annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year, o Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: Pennsylvania, 375 lBLE 61. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race — Continued. Num- Number earning each specified amoxmt per day. neral nativity and race. her re- porting com- plete data. Average earnings per day. Un- der u. n and under $1.25. $1.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under .$1.75. $1.75 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 and under .13. $3 and under $3.50. .$3.50 and un- der $4. 1 .$4 or over. treign-born, by ace— Continued. Polish Portuguese 5,639 7 1.95 (a) 1.85 112 302 275 862 1 793 2,487 3 627 2 136 1 28 17 Roumlmian 98 2 3 5 17 20 42 9 Russian Ruthenian 1,230 271 2.11 1.95 3 1 21 12 49 23 126 48 130 52 562 96 265 32 65 c 4 5 1 4 Scotch 515 2. 35 6 5 32 26 221 144 74 6 2 3 Scotch-Irish 22 2. 55 2 6 8 Servian 82 1.91 2 2 29 9 30 8 Slovak Slovenian Spanish 9,380 1,470 1 1.99 2. 14 (a) 2. 33 33 16 249 24 434 36 1,610 163 1,876 106 3,924 671 1 1,001 363 206 77 26 10 21 4 Swedish 209 2 1 14 8 104 46 22 3 9 Syrian 4 (a) 2. 27 2 1 1 Welsh 178 3 1 20 8 74 4 44 26 2 Australian (race not specified) . . 5 (a) 2.34 1 Austrian (race not specified) . . 228 19 5 94 66 31 7 6 Belgian (race not specified) 147 2. 18 4 2 13 1 65 5 54 4 7 1 Swiss (race not specified) 12 2. 27 1 1 1 Total foreign- born. 34, 874 2. 04 258 961 1,567 5,114 5,042 14,977 5,097 1,532 180 146 Grand total 45,052 2.07 299 1, 137 1,783 6,288 6, 434 19, 149 7,336 j2, 169 1 236 1 221 o Not computed, owin^to small number involved. 376 The Immigration Commission. Table 62 . — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning eac specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES. i General nativity and race. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Average • earnings per day. Number earning each specified amount k per day. Un- tu ' $1 and ander i $1.25. $1.25 and ander \ $1.50. $1.50 and ander i $1.75. $1.75 and ander i $2. $2 and ander $2.50. 1 $2.6 1 or 1 ovei i Native-born of native father: White 498 $1.46 24 151 73 113 53 68 Negro 26 1.53 1 4 7 5 2 6 1 Native-born of foreign father, by coun- try of birth of father: Austria-Hungary 240 1.40 19 84 39 38 18 35 16 1.67 6 2 1 4 England 154 1.52 3 46 21 31 13 35 11 1.44 6 2 2 Germany 129 1.51 5 42 9 32 9 26 Ireland 71 1.42 4 28 10 14 3 7 34 1.47 15 2 6 2 9 1 (o) 1 1 34 ^ 1. 39 1 17 4 5 5 63 1.56 19 6 14 6 17 13 1.56 5 3 5 3 1 1 1 Walp Under $100. C CS « .1 C c3 ^ ' $200 ana un- 1 der $250. $2,50 and un- 1 der $300. a .1 SI'- 1 .-' 1-0 ' $400 and un- 1 der $500. $500 and un- 1 der $600. a . ^ S ' a C3 0 < a J §1’ $800 and un- 1 der $1,000. u 0 ij Native-born of native father, \Vhite 48 $560 1 2 1 3 2 8 8 13 6 3 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 2 (a) 349 1 1 11 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 13 175 "i 5 3 1 1 1 1 6 (n) (a) (a) (a) (a) 358 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 T ifVinoTtion 2 2 5 3 2 1 X Ollbll 1? n t V» ATY 1 an 3 2 1 14 1 3 3 2 ” 3 ’ 1 1 L... i 1 ... . . . Total 60 399 1 1 2 6 7 17 12 8 3 2 1 Total native-born 108 471 2 1 4 7 10 19 FF 16 FF ~8 4 Foreign-born: 21 1 171 403 (") 372 1 3 1 4 5 5 1 1 IjOncIIUclIl aliU iVlUltl V iclil rvcn i a n 1 8 4 10 23 10 51 37 12 6 10 17 493 1 2 4 3 2 2 2 1 29 .545 1 8 6 3 5 3 2 . 12 458 1 2 3 4 2 - - -i Italian, North 167 389 5 10 8 29 51 21 22 16 2 2 Italian, South 99 450 1 4 3 3 29 27 18 5 5 4 J nan ion 113 365 11 8 8 10 4 30 17 10 7 8 Magyar 171 391 2 15 12 18 46 37 22 11 6 2 ...1 Polish 305 422 4 "2 14 15 23 90 71 52 23 6 4 P n^-^manian 34 538 12 12 9 1 1 40 368 2 4 1 16 14 2 1 Pnthpninn 94 448 1 1 5 3 8 11 31 20 13 1 Slovak 499 446 3 8 18 19 40 I 12 I 125 88 45 27 5 pljn^rpnian 16 363 2 1 9 3 1 1 Total foreign-born 1,789 420 34 .30 85 I 102 139 472 412 .1 273 147 72 20 Grand total 1,897 423 F 89 ,109 149 491 432 |289 lF~ 80 FT 1 1 1 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: Pennsylvania 379 'able 65 . — Amount of family income jier year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) leneral nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families.a Average family income. Number of families having a total income — Under $300. $300 and under 8500. $500 and under 8750. $750 and under $1,000. $1,000 and under $1,500. $1,500 or over. Native-born of native father. White 26 $774 2 2 12 7 2 1 ^oreign-born: 1 Bohemian and Moravian 13 554 2 5 ! 2 4 Croatian 98 550 19 34 1 34 5 2 4 English 14 803 1 2 3 4 German 24 785 5 9 6 2 2 Irish 9 (5) 3 4 1 1 Italian, North 137 A59 25 49 39 12 7 5 Italian, South 59 556 5 24 19 8 3 Lithuanian 76 515 19 25 20 9 1 2 Magyar 143 481 26 61 43 10 2 1 Polish 182 568 12 69 74 17 8 2 Roumanian 10 599 1 7 2 Russian 35 452 4 20 9 2 Ruthenian 39 525 5 9 24 1 Slovak 347 542 37 134 119 43 12 2 Slovenian 11 440 10 1 Total 1,197 546 156 450 407 123 42 i . Grand total 1.223 551 158 452 419 130 44 20 a For selection of families, see p. 284. & Not computed, owing to .small number involved. Cable 66, — Yearly earnings {approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Jeneral nativity and race of individual. Num.ber working for wages and reporting amount. Aver- age earn- ings. Number earning — Under $100. $100 and under $150. $150 and under $200. $200 and under $250. $250 and under $300. $300 and under $400. .$400 or over. Native-born of native father. White 3 (o) 1 3 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: ' Bohemian and Moravian. ! English 1 1 3 2 3 (a) (ra) (a) (a) (a) 1 1 2 2 1 German 1 Irish i Slovak 1 1 1 : Total 10 $317.0 0 1 2 6 1 1 1 Total native-born 1 13 346. 00 2 2 6 3 foreign- born: German . 1 1 1 2 2 (o) (a) (a) («) (a) 1 Italian, South 1 1 Magyar Pohsh 2 Slovak 1 1 Total foreign-born 7 (a) 3 2 2 Grand total 20 264. 05 3 2 2 2 2 6 3 o Not computed, owing to small number involved. 380 The Immigration Commission, Table 67. — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife}] children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head oj, family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families.a Number of families having an Income from— , Earnin Husband. gs of— Wife. Contribu- tions of children. Pay- ments of boarders or lodgers. Other ■ sources. ' Native-born of native father, White 26 26 1 10 1 Foreign-born: 1 pnbpmian anH \fnrav1an . . . 13 13 5 1 1 Grnnli.-in 98 97 6 71 3 F.nglish - 14 14 10 2 German 24 22 10 2 3 Irish 9 9 4 1 Italian Nnrlh 137 136 18 81 13 Italian, South 59 59 6 41 3 T.ithnanian . 76 76 6 55 8 Magj^ar 143 143 1 6 68 5 Polish 182 181 3 26 95 9 Roumanian 10 9 4 TJnssian 35 34 2 21 2 Ruthenian 39 39 3 25 2 Slovak 347 345 2 39 144 38 Slovenian 11 11 1 4 Total 1,197 1,188 6 140 612 90 Grand total 1,223 1 1,214 1 7 150 613 90 o For selection of families, see p. 284. General Tables: Pennsylvania, 381 Table Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of families having entire income from — General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families. o Husband. 1 Husband and wife. Husband and chil- dren. Husband, wife, and children. [Husband a n d i boarders or lodgers. Wife. Wife and children. Wife and boarders j or lodgers. Children. Children and board- ers or lodgers. Boarders or lodg- ers. Source or combina- tion of sources not before specified. Native-born of native father, White 26 15 9 1 1 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Mo- ravian 13 6 5 1 1 Croatian 98 25 64 1 g English 14 3 9 2 German 24 10 8 2 1 3 Irish 9 5 3 1 Italian, North 137 38 9 72 1 17 Italian, South 59 13 3 39 Lithuanian 76 14 4 48 10 Magvar 143- 68 ' i' 3 64 7 Polish 182 63 2 15 85 1 16 Roumanian 10 6 3 1 Russian 35 12 1 19 1 2 Ruthenian 39 10 3 24 2 Slovak 347 150 i 22 127 1 1 45 Slovenian 11 6 1 4 Total 1,197 429 4 86 552 1 2 4 1 118 Grand total 1, 223 444 4 95 1 553 1 2 4 1 118 o For selection of families, see p. 284. 382 The Immigration Commission, Table (k). — Months worhed during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over em- ployed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Number working full time months specified. 12. 11 ' and under 12. .« ’ and 1 under 11. 9 and ' under 10. 8 and 1 under 9. and under " i 6 and under 7. 3 and under 6. Un- der 3. Native-born of native father, White. 53 i 17 i 4 14 4 3 4 4 3 j Native-born of forei^'u father, by race of father; 1 4 1 1 1 2 i Eiielish 12 2 r 1 1 2 1 L5 4 7 2 1 l' (i 1 2 1 2 () 1 1 2 1 1 \ 4 1 2 1 1 .ifhiianiaTi . . .. 2 2 Mapvar 1 1 [ Polish 11 1 6 1 2 1 Rut heuian 3 2 1 . Slovak . 4 7 2 2 5 4 3 Total 01 16 2 28 6 i c 12 Ml 8 1 2 Total native-born 144 33 6 ! 10 9 16 1 1^ 11 ‘i. Foreign-born: 1 Bohendan and Moravian 21 4 1 4 1 3 3 4 1 Bosnian 1 1 Croatian 182 24 4 49 32 20 9 11 31 2 Engli-ih _ - 17 2 2 3 5 1 2 2 German 30 9 13 4 2 2 Irish . 13 2 1 1 1 4 2 2 Italian, North 177 21 5 35 11 27 17 13 47 1 Italian, Soul h. 102 23 5 25 15 13 9 8 4 Lithuanian 113 22 18 9 4 8 25 15 12 Magyar 178 24 3 24 18 45 18 22 23 1 Polish 308 63 5 94 35 55 14 19 18 5 Roumanian 34 27 2 5 Russian 40 1 3 2 1 30 1 2 Rnthenian . 96 57 9 8 2 5 3 12 Slovak 520 101 13 176 67 47 46 33 33 4 Slovenian 18 8 4 2 1 1 2 Total foreign-born 1,850 i 380 40 462 1 213 228 163 145 192 27 Grand total 1,994 413 46 1 504 1 223 237 1 179 ! 160 1 1 203 29 General Tables: Pennsylvania, 383 f Table 69 . — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over em- ployed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual — Cont’d. FEMALE. Number reporting complete data. Number working full time months specified. General nativity and race of individual. 12. 11 and under 12. 10 and under 11. 9 and under 10. 8 and under 9- 7 and under 8. 6 and under 7. 3 and under 6. Un- der 3. Native-born of native father, White. 4 3 1 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian 4 1 1 1 1 English 1 1 German 6 5 1 Irish 1 1 Slovak .■ 4 3 1 Total 1C 11 1 1 2 1 Total native-born 20 14 1 1 2 1 1 Foreign -born: Magyar 2 1 1 Polish 4 2 2 Slovak 2 1 1 Total foreign -born 8 4 2 1 1 Grand total 18 1 1 4 1 2 1 »• ' \ / 'V '• ■ 888 .BinBvl’^gfinsS ig^IcfsT IciansO -iiX’s to \o ?.sw\\ dl &Ko%‘vsq \ii to5\t \%v>\ sAs omMsb b‘^‘S-\o'» aASitoVi - .Ot) ajtf .b'j(»o’ ) - \miVrvj\)itV\o ¥>m V>«» ynoVUMt »s\n m .3JAi/:in i .bsrUi'j'is fJJjioin amif !t:j! i9nfi ; 1 no j f jtft | gj. .1 -i^t) , l-'oqsi lo 9081 b«« vJlvUcn icionoOt oJoiqaioj .lauLi/ibai* ' 'j .Uab E General Tables: Pennsylvania 385 'table IQ,— Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) r“With boarders or lodgers” includes only households keeping boarders or lodgers at the time schedule was taken. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.) :o- iS?! ■'= . ■. General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Total number of households. “Family” households. j “ Group ” households. With neither board- ers nor lodgers. With boarders or lodgers. Total family households. Consisting of a single family. Consisting of two or more families liv- ing together. Total. With boarders. With lodgers only. Total. Native-born of native father, White 33 31 31 2 2 33 Foreign-born: "D /\Vk 1 o n on /I ATAVOYrion 16 13 1 14 1 1 2 16 CroRtiR^ 111 31 31 11 66 77 108 3 "ITti i c?Vi - - 16 15 1 16 16 GcrniRn 30 27 1 28 2 2 30 10 9 9 1 1 10 ItsliRn Nortti 144 60 60 27 57 84 144 TfoHon fiAiitVi . . . . 64 17 1 18 4 42 46 64 LithuRDiRri ...... 81 22 22 12 47 59 81 Tlfapvar 152 74 74 30 48 78 152 Polish 198 86 3 89 25 83 108 197 1 10 6 6 4 4 10 36 15 1 16 2 18 20’ 36 RutllRTliR^ ■ - ■ 43 16 16 5 22 27 43 384 224 2 226 31 127 158 384 SloYcniftTi 12 7 7 1 4 5 12 Total 1,307 622 10 632 152 519 671 1,303 4 Grand total 1,340 1 653 10^ 1 663 154 519 673 1,336 4 386 The Immigration Commission, Table 71 . — Number of households 'paying each specified rent per month per apartmei by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Number of households jjaying rent and report- ing amount. Average rent per apart- ment. Number of households paying each specified rer per month per apartment. Under $5. $5 and under $7.50. $7.50 and under $ 10 . $10 and under $12.50. $12.50 and under $15. $15 and $20 under ove $ 20 . Native-born of native father, White 18 $9.81 5 5 4 3 Poreign-born; Bohemian and Moravian . . Croatian English German Irish 9 107 10 14 3 7.33 9. 45 9. 07 (“) 2 6 2 3 2 18 7 4 1 1 2 1 Italian, North Italian. South Lithuanian.. . Magyar Polish 128 56 74 177 6. 88 6. 68 7. 10 6. 70 6. 49 9 79 7 31 11 30 18 88 22 116 30 7 3 15 3 22 11 27 12 1- 39 Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Slovenian Total foreign-born Grand total 10 34 38 361 10 6. 70 5.29 7.01 6. 08 6. 20 1 13 1 48 1 9 19 1 1 22 11 4 270 42 1 8 1 1,177 6. 60 133 704 1, 195 6. 65 769 I 203 69 7 208 73 10 1 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Table 72 . — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, I general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of households paying each specified ren Number of per month per room. General nativity and race of house- holds pay- Average head of household. ing rent rent per T rr» $1 $1.50 $2 $2..50 $3 $3.50 9,d and report- room. \j n- der and and and and and and ing amount. under under under under under under or $1. $1.50. $2. $2.50. $3. $3.50. $4. Native-born of native father. White . . 18 $2. 21 8 3 5 1 Foreign-born: 3ohr6rni3.D 3.nci Mor8.vi3.ii. . 9 to) 2 5 2 r!rnnt,i‘;^n 107 1. 78 14 63 18 6 6 Tr.npflic:h 10 2. 1.5 2 2 1 3 2 riprmnn 14 2. 02 1 5 4 3 1 Irish 3 (o) 2 1 Italian, North 128 1.77 15 64 39 6 3 1 Ssnnth 56 1. 64 16 24 16 T.ithnanian 74 1.92 9 25 21 15 2 M a.pys) r 146 1.81 13 76 45 8 3 1 Polish 177 1. 66 26 121 28 2 Pnnmnninn 10 1. 31 7 3 P nssia.n 34 1. 66 8 20 4 2 P nthpnian 38 1. 80 3 21 8 6 Slovak 361 1.64 1 47 249 52 4 2 3 3 Slnvpnian 10 1.68 1 7 2 Total 1,177 1.72 1 1 I 164 685 242 53 22 5 Grand total 1,195 1.73 1 1 164 693 245 58 23 5 -i o Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: Pennsylvania, 387 IPable 73.— Number of households pay mg each specified rent per month per person, by general nat ivity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Number of house- holds paying reni and reporting amount. 'Native-born of native father, White |?oroign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Groaiian English German Irish Italian. North. Italian, South. Litliuanian — Magvar Polish Roumanian. Russian Ruthenian. . Slovak Slovenian. . Total Grand total . Aver- age rent per i)er- son. 18 9 107 10 14 3 128 50 74 146 177 10 34 38 301 10 1,177 Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person. Un- der S0.50. S0.5o| SI ! $1.50 I $2 ! $2.50 ' $3 and j and ■ and 1 and ! and and underiunuer under under under under $1. $1.50. $2. Si.oO. $3. $3. .50. $1. 92 ('») .93 1.82 1.44 (a) 1,00 .78 1 09 1.07 .93 1 31 .84 1.05 .97 1.29 99 1,195 30 1 485 30 485 354 359 1.53 $3. .50 and under $4. 93 150 26 $4 or over. a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Table Id,.— Number of households beeping boarders and lodgers, and number of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) (Information relaling to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule, and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.) General nativity and race of head of household. 1 Total numlier Nmnber of households keeping— Number of of house- holds. Board- ers. Lodgers only. Total. Board- ers. Lodg- ers. Total. Native-born of native father. White 33 2 2 2 2 Foreign-born: BoHcTni^n TvTnrn.v^iRTl 16 1 1 2 2 ! 2 4 448 Croatian 111 1 f*. 11 69 80 67 381 English Airman iO 30 2 2 3 3 Irisli - - - - . 10 1 1 1 1 Italian North 144 27 57 84 88 205 293 191 197 313 401 Italian South 04 4 42 46 10 181 T.jthnnnifl.n 81 12 47 59 34 lt'3 Magyar 1.52 30 48 78 99 214 323 Pnlisjh 198 25 84 109 78 10 4 4 20 20 Rn .CO • • • rH i-i • iD • • ^ 17 18 00 1-i • • CO 1^ TP (M . . . rH 1 • -rt* \ rH O « I • . . ^ 00 • (N c» • * • ^ ID 00 (N !co CO • OjOSOCOO .(N-^£ • r-l -H (M • O q I lO ^ : s 107 tH o> CD • CD CO t-H »-H Tfi ^ ^ CO »- • 1— t 0 001 100 o cs r-H00fHTHC rHr-<-HV 2^ S? !co . . CO 'C O • f 27 - Total num- ber of apart- ments 00 CO o < l>- rH t'COCOt^^ .-1 CNJ ( N 728 Grand total num- ber of apart- ments. CO CO 1 Oi-Hcpoo OOCO’ Ii-Hi— iCOr-H '^OOO^OOi f-iCO'^< f-4 1-i 1— 1 1-H < ^ (N !>. X)t-h O ro CO 1,340 eneral nativity and race of bead of household. tive-bom of native father, mte reign-bom: Bohemian and Mora- vian Croatian German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Slovenian Total Grand total 390 The Immigration Commission, Grand to1 391 General Tables: Pennsylvania. lABLE IQ,— Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) eneral nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of rooms per apart- ment. Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 or more. Itive-born of native father, White ^ 5. 27 1 2 8 8 8 6 »reign-born: , Bohemian and Mo- 16 3. 63 2 5 7 1 1 ) r'mo'f’iciTi 111 4. 14 3 7 76 22 3 1 L/iUtltlclIl. .•.••••••••• English i 16 30 4. 69 4. 77 3 ] 4 16 5 4 3 7 1 2 Trich 10 4. 90 4 3 3 , 1: loll ................ 144 3. 97 8 34 75 14 10 3 64 81 4. 13 1 11 34 15 3 ll.dllll. ..••••••• \f54CFV54r 152 1 15 36 77 18 5 jyidgy Polish 198 3. 95 15 27 119 23 12 1 10 36 5. 10 3. 22 / 1 3 6 11 4 19 1 Russian T? Ill'll CkTl 1 CiTI 43 3. 91 2 12 20 6 3 XvLilllcllldrli Slnvalr 384 3. 74 56 61 220 30 15 2 Slovenian 12 3. 75 4 7 1 Total *. 1,307 3.89 6 121 226 720 145 1 SO 9 Grand total 1,340 3. 92 I 122 228 728 153 1 88 15 'able 11 Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) leneral nativity and race of head of house hold. Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms. 1 room. ; 2 rooms. 3 rooms. 4 rooms. 5 rooms. 6 rooms. 7 or more rooms. Total. Number ot households. Number of persons. | Number of households. Number of persons. 1 1 Number of | 1 households, i Number of persons. «— 1 OT 0x3 l| § 3 5s ja Number of persons. I Number of 1 households. Number of persons. 1 N run her of 1 households. 1 Number of persons. o^i' S' ? II ' : 1 Number ot 1 persons. Number of households. Number of persons. fative-born of native father. White 1 2 2 12 8 41 8 44 1 8 46 6 39 33 184 I'oreign-born: 1 Bohemian and Mo- roviCJn 2 10 5 28 7 43 1 10 1 4 16 95 P.rn5it!54n 3 10 7 43 76 577 22 194 3 34 111 858 English 3 15 4 16 5 34 3 22 1 5 16 92 German 1 5 16 99 4 22 7 49 2 16 30 191 Tri<;h 4 20 3 16 3 24 1 10 ()0 Italian, North 8 37 34 197 75 549 14 102 10 82 J 27 14.1 994 Italian, South. . .. 1 3 11 63 34 297 15 146 3 17 1 64 526 Lithuanian 3 • 9 8 37 20 129 39 268 i 2 14 9 65 81 522 Magyar 1 2 15 59 36 195 77 505 18 134 5 48 1.52 943 Polish 1 2 15 70 27 168 119 852 23 160 12 97 1 9 198 1 , 358 T? n n m Ti i a Ti 1 4 3 ■ 20 6 27 10 51 \ 3 11 39 4 22 19 161 1 5 36 230 AVLIoorClii T? 1 1 1 h '^"1 i ^ n 2 12 12 81 20 143 6 36 3 21 43 293 Slovak 56 265 61 377 220 1,452 30 194 15 99 2 17 384 2, 404 Slovenian 4 30 7 29 1 11 12 70 Total 6 16 121 .542 226 1,357 720 5,031 145 1,078 80 589 9 74 1,307 8,687 Grand total 16 122 544 |228 1,369 5,072 153 1,122 88 |635 15 113 1,340 8,871 392 The Immigration Commission. Table 78,— Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general natm and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of persons per nouse- hold. Number of households of each specified number o persons. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 mo Native-born of native father, White 33 5.58 2 7 3 2 7 4 5 3 Forelgn-bom: Bohemian and Mora- vian 16 5.94 1 3 6 1 1 1 Prnnt.ian 111 7.73 3 12 11 10 16 12 8 9 Fngli.;h 16 5.75 1 2 1 1 5 3 3 r}prTnan . 30 6. 37 1 5 6 1 9 5 1 Irish 10 6.00 1 2 4 1 1 Italian, North 144 6.90 7 7 18 16 25 12 19 13 Italian, South 64 8.22 1 4 4 5 7 5 13 6 Lithuanian 81 6.44 5 3 9 11 17 10 10 9 Mapyar 152 6.20 12 18 24 22 9 16 24 6 Polish 198 6.86 2 19 20 23 27 30 28 20 T? rwi’iTnonion 10 36 5.10 3 2 2 2 Russian 6. 39 6 6 2 3 3 4 4 2 Ruthenian 43 6.81 1 1 3 10 6 8 5 3 Slovak 384 6.26 22 30 59 51 59 53 45 22 12 5.83 2 4 1 1 1 Total 1,307 6.65 63 111 163 166 181 167 166 93 Grand total 1,340 6.62 65 118 166 1 168 188 171 171 96 1 1 1 Table 79 . — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. , (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Total number of house- holds. Persons. Persons per room. Total num- ber. Average per house- hold. Average per room. Less than 1. 1 and under 2. 2 and under 3. 3 and under 4. 4 01 mon Native-born of native father, White 33 184 5.58 1.06 15 14 4 Foreign-born: _ ' Bohemian and ArilTri CK T\ 16 95 5.94 1.64 2 8 6 111 858 7.73 1.87 13 54 26 15 •••••••••• TTncrHch 16 92 5.75 1.23 4 10 2 0<>rTnji.Ti 30 191 6. 37 1.34 3 23 4 VJCl lUoil ••••••••••• THch 10 60 6.00 1.22 1 9 ItaUan, North 144 994 6.90 1.74 14 66 54 10 Italian, South 64 526 8.22 1.99 4 23 28 8 Lithuanian 81 522 6.44 1.75 6 34 32 8 Magyar 152 943 6.20 1.66 18 78 46 8 Polish 1«8 1,358 6.86 1.74 14 107 60 15 •D 1 10 51 5. 10 1.00 6 3 1 .Ivoujndnidiii* ••••••• Russian 36 230 6.39 1.98 3 15 11 5 Ruthenian 43 293 6.81 1.74 5 21 12 4 Slovak 384 2,404 6.26 1.67 39 194 107 35 Slovenian 12 70 5.83 1.56 6 1 3 2 Total 1,307 8,687 6.65 1.71 138 646 392 110 Grand total 1,340 1 8,871 6.62 1.69 153 660 396 110 f General Tables: Pennsylvania, 393 iFable 80. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Gfeneral nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Persons. Persons per sleeping room. Total num- ber. Average per house- hold. Average per sleeping room. Less than 2. 2 and un- der 3. 3 and un- der 4. 4 and un- der 5. 5 and | un- 1 der 6. 6 or more. Native - born of native father, White 33 184 5.58 2. 27 12 10 7 3 1 ^Foreign-born: Bohemian and Mora- via.n 16 95 5.94 3.17 2 5 1 3 5 Croatian 111 858 7.73 3.29 10 31 34 17 10 9 English 16 92 5.75 2. 63 3 6 6 1 German 30 191 6.37 2. 65 3 16 9 2 Irish 10 60 6.00 2. 50 2 4 4 Italian, North 144 994 6. 90 3.03 14 44 47 22 11 6 Italian, South 64 526 8. 22 3.63 3 14 18 18 5 6 Lithuanian 81 522 6. 44 2. 78 10 29 24 11 5 2 Magyar 152 943 6.20 3.00 13 63 30 32 12 2 Polish 198 1,358 6. 86 3. 46 9 39 70 46 19 15 Roumanian . 10 51 5.10 2.83 2 2 4 2 Rn.s.^ia.n 36 230 6.39 3.06 5 12 8 7 4 Ruthenian 43 293 6.81 3.22 3 15 11 5 6 3 Slovak 384 2,404 6.26 3.36 19 103 106 81 33 42 Slovenian 12 70 5.83 3. 50 2 2 4 2 2 Total 1,307 8,687 6. 65 3. 21 100 385 376 246 108 92 Grand total 1,340 8,871 6.62 3. 18 112 395 383 249 108 93 Table 81. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Total number Number of house- holds Number of households sleeping in all rooms except— of house- holds. sleeping in all rooms. 1. 2. 3. 4 or more. L Nf^tivp-hnrn nf na.tivp father White 33 3 8 15 7 1 Foreign-born: ' Bohemian and Moravian 16 8 6 1 1 Croatian 111 3 42 43 22 1 English 16 1 7 7 1 German 30 2 17 9 2 Tri'jh 10 5 6 ^ Italian, North 144 70 57 11 6 i Italian, South 64 21 34 6 3 ■ Lithuanian 81 7 50 14 8 2 ' Magyar 152 2 68 63 17 2 Polish 198 4 54 95 36 9 ^ Roumanian 10 2 1 2 6 Russian 36 2 27 7 Ruthenian 43 18 16 9 Slovak 384 9 138 158 59 20 Slovenian 12 3 5 4 Totai 1,307 27 504 528 196 52 1,340 27 536 211 59 j Grand total 48296°— VOL 7—11 26 394 The Immigration Commission. Table 82 . — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Number who— General nativity and race. Read. Read an write. Native-born of native father: 6,406 900 6,224 791 6,16 76 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: 3 3 .1 584 559 55 31 30 3 23 23 2: 3 3 954 936 93 62 61 6 1,188 1,177 1,17( 78' 802 787 62 56 5; 13 13 i;' 1 1 87 81 8( 423 421 42; 36 36 3( 15 15 p' Wales 210 207 20( Total 4,497 4,409 4,38i Total native-born 11,803 11,424 11, 315 Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian ■. 451 420 41'. ] Bosnian 1 1 Bulgarian 30 13 L c Canadian, French 10 19 1,957 6 9 Canadian, Other 17 1,281 4 L Croatian 1,23( 4 Dalmatian Danish 10 7 ? Dutch 55 1,310 54 1,272 5^ English l,26i Finnish 39 36 35 Flemish 3 3 3 French 334 1,522 75 3 297 1,451 43 2 293 German 1,439 46 Greek Hebrew (other than Russian) 2 Herzegovinian 3 1 1 Irish 660 614 597 Italian, North 3,346 2,219 98 2,886 1,491 87 2,847 1,444 85 Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian 638 5 475 441 Macedonian Magyar 3,508 11 5 3, 104 3,062 8 Montenegrin 8 Norwegian 5 5 Polish 5,991 6 4,610 6 4,431 5 Portuguese Roumanian 102 71 70 Russian 1,271 281 877 833 Ruthenian 163 157 Scotch 561 554 550 Scotch-Irish 26 26 26 General Tables: Pennsylvania, 395 Table 82. — Literacy of male employees, hy general nativity and race — Continued. Number reporting complete data. Number who — General nativity and race. Read. Read and write. Foreign-born, by race— Continued. Servian - — - -- 85 64 62 pinvak" 9,945 1,539 1 8, 138 1,279 1 7,951 1,245 1 Slovenian ...... Spanish .... ... .... Swedish 214 214 214 Syrian 5 5 5 Turkish 4 3 3 Welsh 189 178 174 Australian (race not specified) 5 5 5 Austrian (race not specified) 238 218 215 Belgian (race not specified) 149 124 123 Swiss (race not specified) 14 14 14 Total foreign-bom 36,944 30, 131 29, 408 Grsnd totdl 48,747 41,555 40,727 I General Tables: Pennsylvania 397 Table 83 . —Literacy of 'persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race * of individual. (study of households.) General nativity and race of indi- vidual. Number reporting complete data. Male. Female. Total. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. j Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Native-born of native father: White 148 77 76 74 71 70 70 148 146 144 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 Croatian 10 4 4 4 6 4 4 10 8 8 English 34 24 24 24 10 10 10 34 34 34 German 69 30 30 30 39 38 38 69 68 68 Irish 22 11 11 11 11 11 11 22 22 22 Italian, North 57 33 33 33 24 23 23 57 56 56 Italian, South 33 17 17 17 16 13 13 33 30 30 Lithuanian 15 12 11 11 3 3 3 15 14 14 Magyar 37 18 18 18 19 18 18 37 36 36 Polish 105 53 51 51 52 51 51 105 102 102 Russian 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 Ruthenian 18 6 6 6 12 12 12 18 18 18 Snntph 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Slovak 173 86 82 82 87 82 82 173 164 164 Slovenian 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Total 600 307 300 300 293 279 279 600 579 579 Total native-born 74S 384 376 374 364 349 349 748 ' 1 -725 732 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 40 22 22 22 18 17 17 40 39 39 Bosnian 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Croatian 306 193 101 98 113 49 42 306 150 140 English 32 18 17 17 14 14 14 32 31 31 French 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 German 59 33 31 31 26 26 26 59 57 57 Irish 20 14 14 14 6 6 6 20 20 20 Italian, North 375 214 176 175 161 100 99 375 276 274 Italian, South 190 120 69 69 70 20 20 190 89 89 Lithuanian 200 119 78 74 81 39 32 200 117 106 Magvar 368 207 193 188 161 142 140 368 335 328 Polish 572 352 258 248 220 154 142 572 412 390 Roumanian 49 36 29 29 13 8 8 49 37 37 Russian 79 41 25 25 38 9 8 79 34 33 Ruthenian 152 106 76 76 46 24 23 152 100 99 Scotch 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Slovak 990 584 484 478 406 322 298 990 806 776 Slovenian 33 18 17 16 15 12 12 33 29 28 W elsh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total foreign-born 3,469 2,078 1,591 1,561 1,391 945 890 3,469 12,536 2,451 Grand total 4,217 2,462 1,967 1,935 1,755 1,294 1,239 4,217 |3,261 3, 174 398 The Immigration Commission. Table 84:.— Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in thi United States, and race of individual. (study op households.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] MALE. Years in United States. I Race of individuai. Num- ber rci^ort- ing com- plete data. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Num- ber. Num- ber who road. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber jj who readl' and 1 write.) Bohemian and Moravian 22 10 10 10 3 3 3 9 9 5 Bosnian 1 1 1 1 Croatian 193 74 42 42 67 37 35 52 22 2] English 18 1 1 1 17 16 It German 33 3 3 3 30 28 2t Irish 14 2 2 2 12 12 li Italian, North 214 63 48 48 60 56 56 91 72 7] Italian, South 120 45 28 28 35 17 17 40 24 2^ Lithuanian 119 31 20 20 41 26 24 47 32 3( Magyar 207 68 63 62 58 54 51 81 76 11 Polish 352 132 97 93 94 62 61 126 99 9-: Roumanian 36 24 21 21 12 8 8 Russian 41 9 5 5 22 12 12 10 8 f Ruthenian 106 50 35 35 27 20 20 29 21 2] Slovak 584 177 146 142 139 120 120 268 218 21( Slovenian 18 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 5 ■j Total 2,078 694 526 517 567 423 415 817 642 62t FEMALE. Bohemian and Moravian 18 9 8 8 2 2 2 7 7 Croatian 113 57 27 22 38 ! 13 13 18 9 7 English 14 2 2 2 12 12 IJ French 1 1 1 ] German 26 4 4 4 22 22 25 Irish 6 1 6 6 f Italian, North 161 62 41 40 57 30 30 42 29 25 Italian, South 70 31 8 8 20 6 6 19 6 ( Lithuanian 81 26 5 5 35 22 16 20 12 11 Maygar 161 63 56 56 45 40 39 53 46 4£ Polish 220 75 54 52 61 42 37 84 58 be Roumanian 13 9 5 5 4 3 3 Russian 38 27 3 3 5 2 2 6 4 Ruthenian 46 17 8 7 15 9 9 14 7 7 Scotch 1 1 1 1 Slovak 406 120 103 98 131 109 107 155 110 9£ Slovenian 15 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 Welsh J .. 1 1 1 Total 1,391 508 329 315 418 282 268 465 334 307 General Tables: Pennsylvania, 399 'able 84. — Literacy of foreign-horn 'persons 10 years of age or over, hy sex, years in the United States, and race of individual — Continued. TOTAL. Years in United States. Num- ber Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Race of individual. mg Num- Num- Num- plete data. Num- ber Num- ber Num- ber Num- ber who Num- ber who Num- ber who her. who read ber. who read ber. who read read. and read. and read. and write. write. write. Johemian and Moravian 40 19 18 18 5 5 5 16 16 16 i Aonion 1 1 1 1 iroatian 306 131 69 64 105 50 48 70 31 28 32 3 3 3 29 28 28 I'fPTiph 1 1 1 1 59 7 7 7 52 50 50 Hsh 20 2 2 2 18 18 18 talian, North 375 125 89 88 117 86 86 133 101 100 talian, South 190 76 36 36 55 23 23 59 30 30 iit.hiianian 200 57 25 25 76 48 40 67 44 41 lagyar 368 131 119 118 103 94 90 134 122 120 ’olish 572 207 151 145 155 104 98 210 157 147 Innmnnin.n 49 33 26 26 16 11 11 lussian 79 36 8 8 27 14 14 16 12 11 luthenian 152 67 43 42 42 29 29 43 28 28 Imtrh 1 1 1 1 ilnvak 990 297 249 240 270 229 227 423 328 309 ilovenian 33 12 11 11 12 10 10 9 8 7 Velsh 1 1 1 1 Total 3,469 1,202 855 832 985 705 1 683 1,282 976 936 1 1 Table 85.— Literacy of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or o'ver, hy sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Age at time of coming to United States. Under 14. 14 or over. Number. Number who read. 1 Number who read and write. Number. N uinber who read. N umber M^ho read and write. Bohemian and Moravian 22 1 1 1 21 21 21 Bosnian . . 1 1 1 1 Croatian 193 13 9 9 180 92 89 English 18 7 6 6 11 11 11 Berman 33 10 10 10 23 21 21 Irish 14 7 7 7 7 7 7 [talian. North 214 43 40 40 171 136 135 Italian, South 120 10 7 7 110 62 62 Lithuanian 119 10 9 9 109 69 65 Magyar 207 27 27 26 180 166 162 Polish 352 34 34 34 318 224 214 Roumanian 36 1 1 1 35 28 28 Russian 41 2 2 2 39 23 23 Ruthenian 106 12 11 11 94 65 (i5 Slovak 584 65 63 63 519 421 415 Slovenian 18 2 2 2 16 15 14 Total 2,078 244 220 228 1,834 1,362 1,333 400 The Immigration Commission, Table S5.— Literacy of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time] of coming to the United States, and race of individual— ConiiTmQd. ' FEMALE. Age at time of coming to United States. Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Under 14. 14 or over. N umber. Number who read. Number who read and write. Number. N umber who read. Number who read and write. Bohemian and Moravian IS 3 3 3 15 14 14 Croatian 113 9 7 5 104 42 37 English ! 14 4 4 4 10 10 10 French 1 1 1 1 German ' 20 5 5 5 21 21 21 Irish G 0 0 Italian, North 161 27 25 25 134 75 0 74 Italian, South 70 9 6 6 61 14 14 Lithuanian 81 0 6 6 75 33 26 Magyar 101 25 22 22 130 120 118 Polish 220 44 37 37 176 117 105 Roumanian 13 2 2 2 11 0 0 Russian 38 2 1 1 30 8 7 Ruthenian 40 6 4 4 40 20 19 Scotch 1 1 1 1 Slovak 400 59 56 56 347 266 242 Slovenian 15 3 2 2 12 10 10 Welsh 1 1 1 1 Total 1,391 207 183 181 1,184 702 709 TOTAL. Bohemian and Moravian Bosnian Croatian English French German Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Rutheuian Scotch Slovak Slovenian Welsh 40 4 4 4 36 35 35 1 1 1 300 22 10 14 284 134 126 32 11 10 10 21 21 21 1 1 1 1 59 15 15 15 44 42 42 20 7 7 7 13 13 13 375 70 65 65 305 211 209 190 19 13 13 171 76 76 200 16 15 15 184 102 91 308 52 49 48 316 286 280 572 78 71 71 494 341 319 49 3 3 3 46 34 34 79 4 3 3 75 31 30 152 18 15 15 134 85 84 1 1 1 1 990 124 119 119 866 687 657 33 5 4 4 28 25 24 1 1 1 1 3,409 451 412 409 3,018 2,124 2,042 Total Number within each specified age group. General Tables: Pennsylvania, 401 Total. 'moj, 6,280 902 3 526 1 27 24 3 920 63 1,187 789 52 13 1 82 §96 33 13 201 4,333 11,515 •poAvopiAV 100 38 1-H 1-H CO CO 1 O 1-1 »d 56 194 •pauanpi 3,960 639 CO 00 T-l |0|| coo 0 1,780 6,379 •aiSmg 2,220 225 C^COCOCO O (N I-H O COOOi-HOO OOt^CCtO toc^ O CO 05 I-H Hji ;c> CO iO 2, 497 4, 942 45 or over. •moj, 1,195 198 cq tOC i-H 00 CO 2 26 3 30 488 1,881 •pOAVOpiAi o j 00 00 1-H (N 26 103 •p3UJt3J\[ 1,075 161 C O CD ?-H 1 62 4 6 1-H t-H 00 CS CO^ 05 Id 1-H 00 ^d CO 572 1,719 •aiSujg 1,047 99 r-r^coi-H ^ ^ ^ !>• lO 2 M ^ ^rH 2 2 2 S 1,020 2, 166 16 to 19. •l^iox 861 45 1 UO ;o CO (N OOiO-^O COrtCl-Ti fO CO (M 1-H r-H 1,193 2,099 •paAvopiAY 1 ! ! M ill i •paujBH to 1-4 (M J (N j 7 23 •aiSuig O 00 CO CO CO CO»0(MO OOC^i-HCD OCO”^^ CO -H CJ< (N t-( CO «oc*5oo«'i' rH ;0 rH Oi CO M »0 Hf CO (N C35 00 CO ‘0 05 CO 1-H i-H ri hT to t>- 05 F- CM rH tH lO CM rH to • oc to • CM O • •aiSuig T-i lO rH CO 7 31 1 CO o to • I>- ^ CM 1 CO Hfl • CM • 30 to 44. •IiJlOx CM I-H CO i-H CM O CO CM lo 157 607 31 1 1 210 1,338 818 30 268 1 1,504 6 2 2,522 4 •paMopxw • CO • 4 11 00 00 lO • C<5 iO I •paujBH CO f-i 1-H I-H CO CM 00 CO 2 ^ ^ ^ 124 521 31 1 1 135 1,079 710 27 180 1 1,370 6 2,218 3 •ai3uig 05 05 1-H to CO 05 lO • CM • 1-H CO CO lO to O 00 CM 1-H 123 CM 05r-| GO CM 20 to 29. •l^iox 141 18 4 5 977 3 1 18 256 9 3 75 307 32 2 1 87 1,506 1,023 53 304 3 1,401 4 2 2,522 3 •paMopiM lO » * . • CM • • (M C<« 1 • • N • • • • •paujBj^ ^ CO rH 1 -H 1-4 O 05 CO »-H O 00 CO rH CO t-H CM CO CO i-H CO rH S Polish Portuguese General Tables: Pennsylvania, 403 102 1,2PS 281 55(1 2(1 85 9,890 1,536 1 215 4 4 191 5 245 151 14 36,772 48,297 3 25 1 63 19 00 lO eo»Oi-i 415 609 t,.U505 0i(N t~r-l CO t-H 00 23,726 30,105 31 503 85 136 5 37 2,716 698 1 59 1 1 37 1 102 28 2 12,636 17,578 12 94 18 222 10 4 1,033 133 CO 1-^ lO O CO 00 1-H 4,862 6,743 11*0* 1-t fcO o • • *0^ • CO r-KNrH CO C-1 334 »-HC^t^OO CO O rH Oii-« OOl-H O f-l 05 rH CO 66 1 14 37 5 4,342 5,993 00 H : 05 85 1 18, 630 416 44 515 117 208 10 24 4,193 563 1 • 101 14, 992 1 4 34 9 • i-< fcOCOi-tCM CM CO SI ' o 2 a iMoH j3.d : • +j +j , • > o 2 a : iziM-s : • 1 • • • G * • :.2 : : ts a Italian, Italian, Lithuar Magyar • a J :ill| o 3 go Total. 1 P^Phoqoq !2; iz; o General Tables: Pennsylvania 407 ^ o »-H ^ CO CO »0 (N CO (M CO CO IM ^ rH CD (N CO W 0.2 .. ."a o S, 0) «a 5- S fl ; z ; m .2 » -0 „ Cl fl S ^ ? E2 ja r .2 ® M S w.ja iO S a £ ® .a® 03 "o o s s WG>WP^iS mCQOQ^ H O 4 Table 87. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual — Continued. 408 General Tables: Pennsylvania. B § fl ? s.i.i SKKoWfc. 0*i?e o 2 fl ;^m.2 OOiHt^OrH 1-HOOOOt-H ^ ^ t-H ^ CO 05 CO tOi-iCOt^^ ^ CO (N COt-*»-I COiO 1-H 05 s CM CO 3,603 IcO rH I"" i i CM 25 tJ*,-H05t-*i-H r}<0^i-HC^ OO^CvliO(M i-HOOrH CO -T*c^ lOf— i05t}HO i-H-^COr^O Tt<(M (N C^i-H^CO^ 1-H 00 CM CO cm' 2,945 to (M -i 04 O Oi— i-^tico o * C'Q ^ . CO 090 ‘I 1,105 (N 25 1 CO o a; CO • (M 1— 1 1— 1 lO t-h CO 50 1 to • O 304 ° I (M1-HC5COO ^GOt^CO^ 1-H 1-H 04 CJ 04 37 1 178 333 ^ : : rH CO 1 CM • rH ^ CO (M CO IM 13 1 48 272 60 I C'l>-I^CC05 Og^L.0 -05 1 i:::::; 05 CM C!3r2r;!3(D Xi O r >>tn c '5: « O cs SJ 'OC’XS B M 4-> > T ^oC3B goo,^ f^P-iP^PiPi CQCOOQ?' fri O 409 48296°— VOL 7—11 27 i General Tables: Pennsylvania. 411 Table 88 . — Location of wives of foreign-horn employees, hy race of husband. (study of employees.) Race of husband. I Bohemian and Moravian ‘Bosnian j Bulgarian Canadian, French ! Canadian, Other Croatian Dalmatian Danish Dutch jSnglish ‘■'innish demish Trench Jerman dreek lebrew (other than Russian). lerzegovinian rish talian, North talian, South talian (not specified) dthuanian lacedonian lagyar iontenegrin Jorwegian Viish Portuguese loumanian lussian luthenian icotch Icotch-Irish ervian lovak Slovenian iwedish yrian 'urkish Velsh Lustralian (race not specified) Austrian (race not specified).. Belgian (race not specified) . . . iwiss (race not specified) Total Number reporting complete data. Number reporting wife— In United States. Abroad. 333 304 29 1 1 20 9 11 6 6 13 13 1,021 439 582 4 4 9 7 2 39 34 5 942 917 25 26 19 7 1 1 220 201 19 1, 126 1,072 54 54 36 18 2 2 1 1 442 434 8 1,701 1,076 625 1,199 726 473 44 26 18 307 245 62 2 2 2,230 1, 186 1,044 9 5 4 2 2 3,674 2,641 1,033 3 3 71 12 59 743 393 350 193 111 82 387 379 8 20 20 47 34 13 6,982 4,683 2, 299 803 565 238 147 144 3 3 3 3 1 2 136 132 4 4 4 136 90 46 116 116 11 11 23, 233 16,108 7.125 Table S9.— Visits abroad made by foreign-bom male employees, by years in the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] 412 The Immif’rs.tion Commission. >2;’“ 0} « 1 to fl o 3 or more visits. - : . .(N ; ° : |C M coco ; • < ro CO 05 • (M rH • • CO • • 1 • CO • • 1 IC > : 1 17 1 Or^ •< CO • >oco (M 1 3 54 43 4 54 2 £ M 1 visit. 05 • rH O 05 • ! 1 14 211 1 1 248 No visits. 228 1 25 4 4 643 5 39 581 35 2 199 814 24 1 1 197 1,636 815 3 395 1,157 7 2 2,234 Num- ber. 05r-<»0<000 <3»QOrO--^0O COOOi-HlOrH I-I^JCOOCO ^ - OC O CO (N CO »o ^ ^ ^ (M rH Num- ber. 102 Wiooo 00 (N 00 r-l (N t;~ lO T-» O 219 446 209 1 132 318 3 1 546 Number reporting— 3 or more visits. : : r-4 rH !N rH QO O ; rH 3 ! visits, j 1 CO ^ • CO : ! CO rH .rH(M CM tH rH 05 1 visit. I lo • C^l CO O 05 rH 031 013 00 O rH o CM O No 1 visits. 05 ^ CO • lO • ! lO^OOCCC^ . 05 1-H CO rH CO O rH lO rH rH 05 O CO rH lO ^ CO lO rH CO 00 s Num- ber. 64 1 3 1 . >0 lO O IM a>c Magyar 82 1 83 6 37 43 2 1 3 88 40 1 12i Polish 124 124 14 68 82 5 3 8 138 73 3 2h Roumanian 4 4 4 Russian 22 22 5 5 1 1 22 5 1 2i:' Ruthenian 28 28 4 9 13 32 9 41 Slovak 24C 246 20 128 i 149 15 8 23 266 143 ”*9 4fi Slovenian 7 7 2 2 4 1 1 9 2 1 L Total 819 5 824 70 376 2 448 41 24 65 889 422 26 1,337 Total native-born 834 5 839 71 399 2 472 25 70 905 449 27 1,381 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 3 3 3 3 3 3 fi Croatian 2 2 2 7 9 1 1 4 7 i 12 English 1 1 1 1 German 2 2 2 2 Irish 1 1 1 Italian, North 9 9 5 28 33 1 1 2 4 15 29 2 46 Italian, South 5 5 2 7 9 1 1 3 8 8 1 17 Lithuanian 2 2 1 4 5 2 2 3 4 2 y Magyar 4 4 3 19 22 3 3 7 22 29 Polish 8 8 5 12 17 1 .... 2 13 13 i 27 Roumanian 1 1 1 1 Russian 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 Ruthenian 1 1 1 6 7 1 1 2 7 9 Slovak 16 16 7 28 35 "i 1 '"i 3 24 29 .... 54 Total foreign-bom 51 51 27 120 147 3 8 8 19 81 128 8 217 Grand total 885 5 ... 890 98 519 2 619 3 53 33 89 986 577 35 1,598 General Tables: Pennsylvania, 419 Fable 93 . — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual— Gonimuea. FEMALE. Number within each specified age group. Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 15 years. Total. individual. At home. O o o CO < M o < Total. j At home. At school. I At work. Total. 1 At home. j At school. j At work. j Total. At home. At school. j At work. 3 o E" Native-born of native father, White 14 14 1 18. 19 . 3 . 3 15 21 . 36 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Bohemian and Moravian 8 63 1 3 4 1 1 9 3 1 13 63 5 7 12 1 1 69 7 76 15 43 13 English 5 16 1 6 16 8 22 8 22 "i 1 4 5 5 17 10 26 8 4 4 i 7 8 1 1 5 — 90 90 9 43 52 1 3 4 100 47 46 25 146 72 59 134 248 4 Ti-oHoTi ftnnfh 42 42 4 24 28 1 1 2 T i+V»noTiiOTI 43 43 3 12 15 1 1 47 12 Magyar Polish 97 148 4 1 1 98 149 4 7 18 27 66 34 84 2 12 '■'2 2 15 104 167 4 30 79 '”2 Roumanian 11 11 1 5 6 12 5 17 55 443 10 35 35 2 15 17 'io 1... 3 3 37 308 8 18 130 2 Slovak Slovenian 266 7 3 269 7 32 1 120 2 ... 152 3 7 5 22 5 Total 839 6 845 84 361 445 16 34 8 58 939 1 401 8 1,348 Total native-born 853 6 859 85 379 464 16 37 8 ~61 954 8 1,3^ Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian . . 1 1 1 6 6 1 6 7 1 "'i 6 7 1 1 2 7 — 9 o English (Tftrman 1 1 1 1 "i 1 — 1 1 2 2 . . . . 2 Italian, North Italian Smith 6 2 I 1 7 2 7 ! 5 15 1 7 22 12 ;"2 5 2 e 4 ; 13 1 9 21 1 9 34 18 8 1 Q Lithuanian ............. 4 ■ 2 e 2 ! 4 4 1 1C ! 2C Mapvar ..... A t ... 4 1 4 t 8 12 ! “i 2 t 9 5 22 1 42 Polish 1C 1 ... 1C ) 11 1C 1 ... 3C 1 1 1 1 1? or> ion 1 1 L 1 1 L 1 ] 2 T? It oni on 1 1 ] L ^ i P ) 4 i 9 *1? n<-V»onion 1 1 i 1 i 1 ... P i 5 > 2 ( 5 3^ \ 9 63 4 Xv U UlcillcHl •••••••••••••> Slovak 1' I ... 1' J ' I 3^ 5 ... t ... ! 4( ) i i 4 1 .... ( 3 2( J i .... Total foreign-born 4S ^ ] 1 .. .j 41 i 41 2 101 ) .. . 15: 1 1( ) 1! 3... . 2i 5 10( ) 12! ^ ... . 228 Grand total . 90: l| ’ } .. . 901 S 12' 7 48! i.. . 611 5 2( 3 51 5 1 3 8' 9 1,05 i 55( 3 1 3 1,612 420 The Immigration Commission. Table 93 . — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups and by general nativity and race of individual— QontmuQd. TOTAL. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of individual. % Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 15 years. Total. 6 I .Cl 0 1 .i4 O ■(J o i .cl < "o o .Cl o < i-i o < 3 o a o .Cl < 'o 0 1 g- ce g a a X ° Total a .2 < > a, a « X ^ OS fl X ° Total > » 03 S X ^ 42 14 3 23 26 2 2 1 1 <1 lio t) ) 1 1 1 H 21 19 1 1 1 1 OUlXtli. ........... T 1 1 1 1 0 Tl iflTl 43 34 6 1 7 2 2 14 11 1 1 2 2 120 78 7 4 24 35 7 7 Table IQS.— Occupation of foreign-horn male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (study op EMPLOYEES.) Race. Number report- ing complete data. Number who were engaged in — Min- ing. Farm- ing or farm labor. Gen- eral labor. Manu- factur- ing. Hand trades. Trade. Other occupa- tions. 196 142 21 11 2 17 3 H n 1 fr*! fl *1 Tl 16 10 5 1 9 6 2 1 2 1 1 Croatian 155 11 126 7 5 2 2 2 6 2 1 3 TDilfh 17 12 2 1 1 1 English 547 480 8 11 7 17 3 21 Finnish 28 2 17 3 4 1 1 German 575 343 101 31 11 57 5 27 Ori^plr 7 2 3 1 1 1 1 liGlJlcW t^UllH‘1 tllclll IvUoMtlll^ . . - - . . Irish 72 46 18 2 2 3 1 Italian, North 1,551 353 806 92 64 140 14 82 Ttniin.n Rnnth .301 84 220 24 20 1 6 4 2 2 ItcXliSiTi (not sjicc'ifiGd) .............. Lithuanian 1,023 37 815 99 10 46 1 9 Magyar 581 103 405 18 8 37 2 8 \fnntpnpfrrin 32 5 25 1 1 ^ rirwApivi n 6 1 3 2 Polish 741 105 525 31 15 47 2 16 T? 1 Tfl P Tl 1 51 Tl 8 4 4 Itnsfiian 344 25 299 3 1 13 3 R ntheninn 17 6 7 3 1 Rpntr-h 237 219 3 7 1 7 Rpfi IpVi-T 1 1 Sprvinn 24 2 21 1 Slovak 684 103 515 16 13 27 4 6 Rlfivenia.n 80 30 39 4 1 11 1 Swedish 56 10 28 5 2 9 1 1 Syrian 6 3 2 1 Welsh 92 84 3 4 Austrian trn.pp nnt spepiUerD 108 31 57 6 12 2 T-lfilnrlOTi ^T*flPP TlTlf QTIPPT fl P^l ^ 79 73 1 3 2 (,^1 clL C iJLT l> O [JV.C llJci.1 4 1 2 1 Swiss (ro-CG not specified). .......... Total 7,676 2,338 4,083 384 153 472 38 1 208 General Tables: Middle West. 433 A.BLE Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) he main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States Census, with these modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transporta- tion are distinct from each other.] General nativity and race of individual. Total number. Bitumi- nous coal mining. At home. At school. V»rv*»T^ r\f nn^'lTTft fo'f'VtilT* .... ......... 25 23 2 ative-born of foreign father, by race of father: T+olinui MAutH - ... 3 3 T ifHnnnioTi ......... 1 1 1 1 Total 5 2 3 Total native-born 30 25 5 oreign-born: 53 53 Italia^ Smith 30 27 2 1 TifVinoAiATi ........ 51 51 "PaHqH ...... 23 23 Total foreign-born 157 154 2 1 Grand total ......... ...... 187 1^ V 1 ® 'ABLE 110 ,— Number of females 16 years of age or oyer in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) rhe main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States Censiis, with these modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Iransporta- tion are distinct from each other.] General nativity and race of individual. Total number. At home. At school 25 25 lative-born of foreign father, by race of father: 4 1 3 1 1 2 2 4 4 Total 11 8 3 Total native-born 30 33 3 I'oreign-born: 47 47 24 24 49 49 19 19 1 1 140 140 176 173 3 434 The Immigration Commission. Table 111 . — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each spedfit amount per day, by general nativity and race.<^ (study of employees.) General nativity and race. Niunber reporting complete data. Average earnings per day. Number earning each specified amount per day. : ] Un- der $1. $1 and un- der $1.25. $1.25 and un- der $1.50. $1.50 and un- der $1.75. $1.75 and un- der $2. $2 and un- der $2.50. $2.50 and un- der $3. $3 and un- der $3.50. $3.50 and un- der $4. 1 $4 1 or ove; 1 Native-born of native father: White 4,868 $2.46 51 155 49 209 160 1,300 1,724 783 255 IS Negro 533 2.43 4 21 5 53 3 118 156 141 26 Native-born of foreign father, bv country of birth of father: Australia 1 (“) 1 Austria-Hungary 126 2.51 4 2 7 2 33 45 19 3 1 Belgium 8 (a) 1 1 2 2 1 1 Canada 17 2.29 1 1 7 6 1 Denmark 5 (o) 9 2 1 England 479 2.67 5 10 4 13 15 90 176 90 27 4 France 57 2.57 3 1 1 16 20 5 8 Germany 784 2.73 3 14 3 21 11 172 257 168 84 5 Ireland 254 2.56 6 5 1 10 11 43 114 32 13 1 Italy 33 2. 67 2 10 12 1 3 Netherlands 2 (“) 1 1 Norway 3 ■(o) 1 2 Russia 33 ^ 2 . 09 3 6 11 9 4 Scotland 227 2. 74 4 6 9 4 36 81 36 24 2 Sweden 18 2. 39 1 2 4 7 3 Switzerland 9 (0) 1 6 Wales 165 2.54 3 8 5 3 32 64 34 1 1 Total 2,221 2.65 23 55 11 79 47 461 801 394 167 18' Total native-born. . 7,622 2.52 78 231 65 341 210 1,879 2,681 1,318 448 37 Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Mora- vian 237 2. 65 3 5 3 13 2 58 48 63 23 1! Bulgarian 11 1.87 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 Canadian, French 10 2. 03 1 2 1 3 1 2 Canadian, Other 5 (a) 3 1 1 Croatian 176 2.89 3 5 2 15 28 90 28 Danish 7 (0) 1 3 1 2 Dutch 18 2.10 2 1 3 2 8 2 English 715 2.78 3 8 1 28 17 133 227 133 69 9» Finnish 16 2.09 3 1 6 3 3 French 177 2. 30 1 5 4 24 1 53 54 25 5 i. German 803 2. 75 4 13 2 33 9 143 227 239 79 5^ Greek 9 (a) 1 1 3 4 Hebrew (other than Russian) 1 (a) 1 Irish 96 ^ 2 . 51 4 3 1 6 2 18 32 12 11 Italian, North 1,538 2.42 9 59 16 138 21 534 270 321 76 9‘ Italian, South 382 2.53 6 4 22 3 94 81 155 14 Italian (not specified) 2 (a) 1 1 Lithuanian 994 2. 27 3 30 5 205 17 267 254 148 35 3( Magyar 509 1.98 13 31 21 117 2 190 85 37 5 S * This table shows wage {or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken ol voluntarj lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year, a Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: Middle West. 435 IFable 111 . — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race — Continued. Number earning each specified amount per day. deneral nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Average earnings per day. Un- der $1. $1 and un- der $1.25. $1.25 and un- der $1.50. $1.50 and un- der $1.75. $1.75 and un- der $2. $2 and un- der $2.50. $2.50 and un- der $3. $3 and un- der $3.50. $3.50 and un- der $4. $4 or over. Foreign-born, by race — Continued. 1 (a) $2.97 (a) 2.14 1 33 7 1 6 2 18 4 2 1 5 1 Polish 682 1 21 10 134 8 286 114 90 11 7 Pniimnninn 9 («) 2. 73 1 3 1 4 T?tissia.n 359 3 2 13 110 95 57 23 56 T?nt.hpninri 15 2. 35 12 2 1 Scotch 312 2. 68 2 11 2 13 6 57 106 62 15 38 iQ<^ntnh-Tri*Qb 1 (a) 2. 51 1 21 721 1 3 13 4 Slovak 2.41 8 30 9 91 4 204 186 87 28 74 Slovenian 84 2.13 2 7 1 13 1 29 12 16 2 1 Swpdish 62 2.52 2 3 1 22 20 3 3 8 Pyri an 8 (a) 2.53 1 5 2 Welsh 135 1 3 2 7 5 36 44 19 5 13 Australian (race not QptfinifipH ^ 1 («) 2. 58 1 Austrian (race not spppifipd) 118 4 1 55 23 15 8 12 Belgian (race not «?ppp.i'fipd'l 97 2.01 1 5 2 20 4 38 20 6 1 1 Swiss (race not speci- ‘ fipd) 7 (a) 2 4 1 Total foreign-born . . 8,379 2. 45 59 250 91 906 114 2, 393 1,970 1,615 447 534 Grand total 16,001 2.49 137 j 481 156 1,247 324 |4,272 4,651 2,933 895 905 oNot computed, owing to small number involved. 436 The Immigration Commission. Table 112 . — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. * (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Average earnings per day. Number earning each specified amount per day. Un- der $1. $1 and under $1.25. $1.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $1.75. $1.75 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 or over. Native-born of native father: White 304 $1.63 7 140 14 28 15 48 52 13 1.37 2 5 4 1 1 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: 42 1.63 17 3 6 12 4 2 (o) 2 England 41 ^ L86 2 12 2 6 2 6 11 5 (o) 2 2 1 42 ^ 1 . 80 17 7 2 8 8 8 (o) 1 5 1 1 20 1.79 1 5 1 2 7 4 Russia 22 1.44 11 2 3 6 Sent land 23 1.97 5 2 3 5 8 Sweden 2 (a) 2 Swit7.erla.n d 1 (o) 1 Wales 15 1.67 7 1 1 4 2 Total 223 1.72 4 83 12 30 4 53 37 Total native-born 540 1.66 13 228 26 62 19 102 90 Foreign-born, by race: Rnbemian and \foravian 7 (o) 4 1 2 r'ana.dia.n Cnther than Freneh) 1 (o) 1 P.rnatian 2 (0) 2 English - 14 1.73 8 1 1 4 Ereneh 3 (a) 2 1 German . 8 (o) 3 2 1 2 "Hebrew Mother than Russian) 1 (a) 1 Italian, North 23 2.03 5 11 7 Italian, South 8 (o) 3 3 2 Tiithnanian 2 (o) 1 1 "Magyar 16 1.55 1 6 1 1 6 1 Polish 7 (“) 4 2 1 R nssian 1 (o) 1 Scotch - 3 (o'! 1 1 1 Servian 1 (o) 1 Slovak 16 1.66 1 5 2 3 1 4 Slovenian 1 (o) 1 Austrian frace not spei’itied"! 3 (a) 3 Belgian tra.ee not speoifiedt 2 (a) 1 1 Total foreign-born 119 1.76 2 44 7 10 31 25 Grand total 659 1.68 15 272 33 72 19 133 ; 115 ♦This table shows wa^es or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. « Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: Middle West 437 ^ABLE 113. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 284.] Number earning— Jeneral nativity and race of indi- vidual. Number working for wages. A verage earnings. Under $100. $100 and un- der $200. 1 $200 and un- 1 der $300. 1 $300 and un- 1 der $400. 1 $400 and un- 1 der $500. 1 $500 and un- 1 der $600. a P ^ o a> $700 and un- der $800. 1 $800 and un- 1 der $900. 1 $900 and un- 1 der $1,000. 1 $1,000 0 r 1 over. 'fative-born of native father, White. 18 $690 1 1 2 2 8 1 2 ^'oreign-born: North 50 542 1 3 15 17 8 6 Ttf^liqn Smith 24 399 4 7 10 1 2 T.ithnnninn 49 422 .5 9 17 18 Pnli';h 22 324 3 15 3 1 Tntf^l 145 442 13 34 45 37 10 6 Oranr) total 103 470 i 14 35 47 37 12 14 1 2 1 1 Table 111.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) oNot computed, owing to small number involved. 438 The Immigration Commission. Table 115. — Amount of family income 'per year, by general nativity and race of head c family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) ; 1 Number of families having a total income— General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families.^ Average family income. Under $300. $300 and under $500. $500 and under $750. $750 and under $1,000. $1,000 and under $1,500. $l,500i or over! 1 Native-born of native father. White 18 $711 1 2 8 6 1 I Foreign-born: Italian, North 50 569 1 15 29 4 1 -11 Italian, South 24 443 4 16 3 1 Lithuanian 49 504 3 20 21 4 1 Polish 22 473 2 12 6 2 1 Total 145 509 10 63 59 8 5 Grand total 163 532 11 65 67 14 6 '] « For selection of families, see p. 284. Table 116. — Number of families having an income within the year from husband wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of heat of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of families having an income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families.a Earnings of— Husband. Wife. Contri- butions of children. Pay- ments of boarders or lodgers. Other sources. Native-born of native father, White. Foreign-born: Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish 18 18 1 50 24 49 22 50 24 49 22 Total Grand total 145 145 163 163 5 6 18 18 i 1 1 1 7 9 o For' selection of families, see p. 284. General Tables: Middle West. 439 .BLE 117 . — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Qeral nativity and race of head of family. Number of selected families.^ Number of families having entire income from i — Husband. I Husband and wife. 1 Husband and chil- 1 dren. Husband, wife, and children. Husband and board- ers or lodgers. 1 Wife. j Wife and children. 1 Wife and boarders or lodgers. 1 Children. Children and board- ers or lodgers. j Boarders or lodgers. Source or combina- tion of sources not before specified. tive-born of native father, o Yhite 18 15 1 reign-born: 50 45 1 4 Italian, North 24 20 3 1 49 37 1 9 2 Polish 22 15 5 1 Total 145 117 3 17 8 163 132 1 4 17 10 Gra^nd total.... I'- a For selection of families, see p. 284. ^BLE IIS,— Months worlced during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Number working full time months specified. 12 11 and under 12. 10 and under 11. 9 and under 10. 8 and under 9. 7 and under 8. 6 and under 7. 3 and under 6. Un- der 3. itlve-born of native father, White. . ative-born of foreign father, by race of father: 20 4 1 2 7 2 4 1 1 Lithuanian Polish 1 Total 2 1 1 Total native-born 22 1 T 1 3 7 2 5 areign-born: Italian, North 52 27 51 23 2 1 19 1 32 1 20 4 11 8 4 4 2 10 9 18 2 3 2 Polish Total foreign-born 153 2 1 53 20 27 6 39 5 Grand total 175 6 2 56 27 s' 44 5 440 The Immigration Commission. Table 119. — Number and class of households , by general nativity and race of head household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [“With boarders or lodgers ” Includes only households keeping boarders or lodgers at the time schedc was taken. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] “Family” households. General nativity and race of head of household. Total num- ber of house- holds. With neither boarders nor lodgers. With boarders or lodgers. Total famil; house holds Con- sisting of a single family. Consist- ing of two or more families living together. Total. With boarders. With lodgers only. Total. Native-born of native father, White 22 22 22 ^ Foreign-born; Italian, North 51 51 51 Italian, South 25 22 22 1 2 3 ) ' Lithuanian 50 40 40 10 10 j ' Polish 23 17 17 6 6 f Total 149 130 130 17 2 19 U ! Grand total 171 152 152 17 2 19 li Table 120. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartmeni by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of house- holds Average Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment. General nativity and race of head of household. paying rent and report- ing amount. rent per apart- ment. Under $5. $5 and under $7.60. $7.50 and under $10. .$10 and under $12.50. $12.50 and under $15. $15 and under $20. Native-born of native father, White 14 $9.43 1 7 4 1 Foreign-born: Italian, North 15 5. 97 7 3 5 Italian, South 15 6. 23 1 10 3 1 Lithuanian 32 7.16 23 9 Polish 3 (a) 3 Total 65 6. 63 8 39 17 1 Grand total 79 7.13 8 40 24 5 1 • Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: Middle West 441 'able 121 . — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (study of households.) eneral nativity and race of head of household. Number of house- holds Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room. paymg rent and report- ing amount. rent per room. Un- der $1. SI and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 and under $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 and under $4. $4 or over. ative-born of native father, AVhite 14 S2. 24 2 4 7 areign-born: Italian, North 15 1.95 7 7 1 Italian, South 15 1.95 8 3 3 1 Lithuanian 32 2. 14 1 6 20 4 1 Polish 3 («) 1 2 Total 65 2. 05 1 22 32 7 \ 2 Grand total 2. 09 1 24 36 14 2 2 ■ o Not computed, owing to small number involved. ABLE 122 . — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, I by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF households.) aeral nativity and race of head of household. Nrnnber of house- holds paying rent and reporting amount. A VPrfKTA Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person. .TV V Cl rent per person. Un- der $0.50. $0.50 and under $1. $1 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 and under $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 and under $4. $4 or over. itive-born of native ''ather, White 14 $2. 81 1 1 1 4 3 4 ireign-born: Italian, North 15 1.90 5 3 3 1 4 1 2 Italian, South 15 1.53 2 4 4 1 Lithuanian 32 1.44 2 15 11 1 2 1 Polish 3 (o) 1 1 1 Total 65 1.56 4 25 18 6 8 1 1 9 £i Grand total 79 1.74 4 26 19 7 12^ 4 4 A O a N.)t computed, owing to small number involved. 48296°— VOL 7—11 29 442 The Immigration Commission, Table 123 . — Number of households keeping hoarders and lodgers, and number of boarder and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) rinformation relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule, and not th entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Total number of house- holds. Number of households keeping— Number of - Board- ers. Lodg- ers only. Total. Board- ers. Lodg- ers. Total, 22 .WSllVC^DOrn Ol Dative IdlDcl f XUI/O. — — Foreign-born: Tfolion ^nrfVi 51 Italian, South 25 1 2 3 1 4 T .If Viiionian 50 10 10 22 2 Polish 23 6 6 15 1 Total 149 17 2 19 38 4 4 Grand total ihT TT 2 19 4 4 \( Table 1^4 :. — JSumber oj 'persons per household m apartments oj each specified size, by general nativity and race oj head oj household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General Tables: Middle West. 443 4-room apartments. Number occupied by households of each specified number of persons. 10 or more. Apartments of 7 or more rooms. Number occupied by households of each specifiod number of persons. 10 or more. d 05 1 i 00 (N - CO o6 "1 1 1-H (M CO 1 1 o (M CO CO 1 i eo (N r-i o CO CO '■ o CO 40 00 40 2 20 cd . 00 00 Tfl i CO CO CO CO cd CO J jco CO cd - oi CO d 1-. 40 d - d d CO i ; Ij. - I *, • Total number of apart- ments. t^COr-* Total number of apart- ments. CO lOdCO 20 CO d Grand total number of apart- ments. 22 i-H lO Q CO 40 d 40 d 149 171 Grand total number of apart- ments. 40 oco 40 d 40 d 149 General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Native-born of native fatHor "WHito Foreign-born: Italian, North Italian, South i 5 3 || 111 Total Grand total General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Native-born of native fat.hAr. WhitA Foreign-bom: Ttalian North ic j II i 1 i il : c in i J J c 1 e Grand total No household reporting had less than 2 rooms. 444 The Immigration Commission. Table 125 . — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number oj rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nati vity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of rooms per apart- ment. Households occupying apartments of each specified ;■ number of rooms. V 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 or 1 more. 1 Native-born of native father, White 22 4. 45 4 11 3 2 ?| Foreign-born: Ti'fiUoTi 51 3.98 7 6 21 15 2 XtaUally IN 01 1-11 - 25 3.48 3 9 11 2 1 Italian, South 50 3.44 1 29 17 3 1 LithuaniEiii- Polish 23 3.09 21 2 1 Total 149 3.58 11 65 51 20 2 — ,j Grand total m 3.69 11 4 Table Number of households and number of persons in apartments of ea(dm specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified 3 number of rooms. General nativity and race of head of house- hold. 1 room. 2 rooms. 3 rooms. 4 rooms. 5 rooms. 6 rooms. 7 or more rooms. Total. ! Number of households. Number of persons. | Number of households. Number of persons. Number of households. Number of persons. 1 Number of 1 households. Number of persons. 1 Number of 1 households. Number of persons. 1 Number of 1 households. Nmnber of persons. 1 Number of 1 households. 1 Number of 1 persons. 0-0 Number of persons. Native-born of native father, White 4 9 11 36 3 15 2 8 2 11 22 7i Foreign-born: 7 19 6 23 21 90 15 69 2 12 51 211; T+oIioti Qriiil'H 3 8 4 9 38 11 60 2 15 25 12: 1 29 131 17 78 3 21 50 23- Polish 21 97 2 14 23 ii: Total 11 31 65 289 51 242 20 105 2 12 ....| 149 67! J- Grand total 11 31 69 298 62 278 23 120 4 20 2 11 171 75) 1 General Tables: Middle West. 445 Cable 127 . — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Table 128 . — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total num- ber of house- holds. Persons. Persons per room. Total num- ber. Aver- age per house- hold. Aver- age per room. Less than 1. 1 and under 2. 2 and under 3. 3 and under!. 4 or more. Native-born of native father, White 22 79 3.59 0.81 13 9 Foreign-born: Ttalion ^nrlVi 51 213 4. 18 1.05 18 29 4 TtQlif^n SnntVi 25 121 4. 84 1.39 4 16 5 T 50 234 4. 68 1.36 9 31 10 Polish 23 111 4.83 1.56 4 13 5 1 Total 149 679 4. 56 1.27 35 89 24 1 Grand total itT 758 4.43 1.20 48 98 24 1 446 The Immigration Commission. Table 129 , — Persons 'per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Persons. Persons per sleeping room. Total num- ber. Aver- age per house- hold. Aver- age per sleep- ing room. Less than 2. 2 and under 3. 3 and under 4. 4 and under 5. 5 and under 6. 6 or more. Native-born of native father, White 22 79 3.59 2.14 6 9 5 2 Foreign-born: TfoU.YTi XTrirtV^ 51 213 4. 18 2. 32 12 17 16 5 1 ltdilali) iX Ul til • 25 121 4. 84 2.75 3 8 9 5 OULltii. T ifViiioni’iTi 50 234 4. 68 2. 46 3 30 15 2 i^llllUuIildU Polish 23 111 4.83 2.71 2 12 5 4 Total 149 679 4. 56 2.60 20 67 45 16 1 Grand total 171 758 4. 43 2. 45 26 76 50 P 1 Table 130,— Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified num- ber of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Number of house- holds sleeping in aU rooms. Number of households sleeping in all rooms except— 1. 2. 3. 4 or more. Native-born of native father, White 22 1 9 9 3 Foreign-born: 51 10 23 17 1 T4-olior» QrkiifVi 25 1 7 15 2 T ^fV^l1or»^oTl . 50 27 19 4 Polish 23 16 7 Total 149 1 60 64 23 1 Grand total 171 1 61 73 32 4 General Tables; Middle West. 447 Table 131 . — Literacy of male employees^ by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Native-born of native father; White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Australia Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada Denmark England France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Wales Total Total native-born Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian Canadian, French Canadian, Other Croatian Danish Dutch English Finnish French German Hebrew (other than Russian) Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Montenegrin Norwegian Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scotch Scotch-Irish Servian Slovak Slovenian Swedish Syrian Welsh Australian (race not specified) Austrian (race not specified) Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified) 1 Slumber Number who — r c eporting — iomj)lete data. Read. ^ Lead and write. 5,833 5,684 5,641 566 516 501 1 1 1 172 170 169 9 9 9 17 17 17 5 5 5 581 576 575 67 67 67 848 843 840 318 313 312 53 51 51 2 2 2 4 4 4 56 56 56 279 278 278 19 19 19 10 10 10 208 204 203 2,649 2,625 2,618 9,048 8,825 8,760 249 243 240 17 12 11 11 9 9 8 8 182 129 126 7 7 7 21 21 21 803 788 786 29 29 27 190 172 169 849 837 832 12 9 9 2 2 2 126 117 115 1,700 1,581 1,564 417 263 239 4 4 4 1,081 869 813 617 579 571 1 1 1 32 28 27 7 7 7 798 609 575 11 11 10 373 275 264 18 14 14 346 343 341 1 1 1 23 16 15 784 674 633 96 78 78 67 67 65 , 8 6 6 160 153 149 1 1 1 101 100 102 1 82 1 81 8 ; 8 ; 8 9,28f ; 8, 154 l 7,929 18,333 I 16,975 ) 16,689 Total forelgn-bom, Grand total 448 The Immigration Commission. Table 1^2.— Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativitv and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of Individual. Native-born of native father, White Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish Total Total native-born Foreign-born: Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish Scotch Total foreign-born Grand total Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. 58 Male. Num- ber. 28 103 (53 102 44 1 1(55 217 Num- ber who read. 28 Num- ber who read and write. 28 149 201 130 Female. Num- ber. 30 148 182 208 Num- ber who read. 29 128 180 Num- ber who read and write. Total. Num- ber. 29 106 164 103 63 102 44 1 Num- ber who read. 57 313 425 53 no 103 36 97 40 1 Num- ber who read and write. 57 53 no 103 277 387 236 346 1 I General Tables: Middle West. 449 I^’able 133 . — Literacy of foreign-horn 'persons 10 years of age or over, hy sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival In the United States.] MALE. Race of Individual. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Years in United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. talian, North 54 6 6 6 20 20 20 28 28 28 talian, South 35 5 4 4 19 13 13 11 5 5 iithuanian 51 4 4 3 11 10 . 6 36 36 27 *olish 25 6 4 4 9 9 6 10 10 8 Total 165 21 18 17 59 52 45 85 79 68 FEMALE. talian. North 49 16 16 16 22 22 22 11 11 11 talian. South 28 11 6 6 14 6 6 3 2 2 Lithuanian 51 8 8 5 25 21 14 18 18 12 ’olish 19 9 7 4 7 7 6 3 3 2 cotch 1 1 1 Total 148 44 37 31 68 56 48 36 35 27 TOTAL. tallan, North, talian, South. dthuanian >olish icotch 103 22 22 22 42 42 42 39 39 39 63 16 10 10 33 19 19 14 7 7 102 12 12 8 36 31 20 54 54 39 44 15 11 8 16 16 12 13 13 10 1 J 1 313 65 55 48 127 108 93 121 114 95 Total. 450 The Immigration Commission. Table 134 . — Literacy of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time oj coming to the United States, and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. ^ Race of Individual. Number reporting complete data. Age at time of coming to United States. - Under 14. 14 or over. Number. Number who read. N umber who read and write. Number. Number who read. Number! who readjT and D write, a Italian, North 54 4 4 4 50 50 5f Italian, South 35 9 8 8 26 14 14 Lithuanian 51 2 2 2 49 48 34 Polish 25 4 2 1 21 21 U Total 1()5 19 16 15 146 133 Ilf 1 , FEMALE. Italian North 49 4 4 4 45 45 Italian, South 28 7 7 7 21 I 7 T.ithnanian 51 4 3 2 47 44 2s' Polish 19 2 2 2 17 15 1( 1 1 1 Total 148 18 17 15 130 111 9]' 1 1 TOTAL. Italian, North Italian, South. Lithuanian... Polish Scotch 103 63 102 44 1 8 16 6 6 1 8 15 5 4 1 8 15 4 3 95 47 96 38 95 21 92 36 i 6f 2'i 313 37 33 30 276 244 20t Total. Table 135 . — Conjugal condition oj male employees, by age groups and general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General Tables: Middle West, 451 Number within each specified age group. Total. 5,920 579 fHC^OOO»0 c xo O »0 —i lO l-H .-H 00 a 1 25 313 1,328 •p'dMopiAV CO : got^o N . C^C^CO (NIOMCO OSi-It-HCO ^tHC^OO 1,014 3,384 •paMopi.w^ 30 3 1 I ; • ; Im •paujBH 1,245 68 C^iH lOCO 00l>- 1-H 05 i-H (M 1-H CO CO • • CO 668 •aiSuis 939 85 11 • 1— t (M I 16 to 19. 791 42 90 7 CO CO a 3 i 3> 5 Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by coun- try of birth of father: .nLiAoi/xaiio* Austria-Hungary 13 a 1 nr? i-iTn i 03 0 Ilf 5oC England France Germany Ireland 0 X c T c 5!^ 0 3 h 3^ B C -> 3 0 3 : 5P a f 3 1 tl -1 GQO Switzerland Wales Total Total native-born / Table 1S5.— Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and general nativity and rac6— Continued . 452 The Immigration Commission, •l^iox 244 17 10 8 179 7 20 805 29 193 848 10 2 125 1,692 419 4 1,078 601 1 33 7 804 11 Total. •poAvopiAV • 45 or over. •l«loj, NeO(NIM« CO g :; 82 66 1 1 2 90 1 •poMopiAV e, j : « ;JD 05 j (MCO 1 CO • I-H f-H i-H 9,254 18, 406 is 12 2 1-H ^ ^ lO i-H 230 513 r-t OO^ O H O ^ 000"^ coco 5,785 11,205 05 0iCO lO C5 Ci CO 05 CO* 00 8 5<^§ 1 140 17 22 ^ rH lO O CO 00 05 05 CO 3,065 I *1^ t t> • C5 <3> ,-ioi 1 ^ 147 263 05 t-H 0 I-H S2;2 s aoccr-i 1,447 Oi lO oT 9 jo> I o> »O05 I-H 143 § 05 Oi O »t-,_i.-ioo o.-io'^eo H 2h OOT(M 8 O Tt^ ’ i” i i i i i**^ C*THiO CQOiOCOO H Oi (NCM-M CO H CO 30 "1 3, 171 CO ^ Tt^CD^ 765 1, 193 '5 00 00 -• H 05 IC T-H lO tH 1-1 Tti CO ^ 05 05 3,115 6,499 1 : : : : :^ I 05 • 05 05 to '5COt>» 0 CO 00 1-H CO i-< b- lO 05 00 O 05 Tt< CD 2,876 X^U 1 5 41 Tji §^32^2 O ‘O 1-H CO f-H 8 Oi tH 3,571 * loo rH COOi • lO J 05 CO CD • 396 1,748 1 : : CO o 05 1 , '• *00 1-H COOO I lO (M CO CD • 8 CO 1,721 »O00t-*00r^ 1-H 05 05 00 05 OOOCD iO 05 0 0 CO t>. 1-H 1-f T-t s 05 oT 18, 406 Rathenian Scotch fi/'nf h -Tr i H Vi Servian Slovak Slovenian Swedish Welsh Australian (race not specified) — Austrian (race not specified) Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified) Total foreign-born Grand total 454 The Immigration Commission. Table 136. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of individual. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Total. Single. Married. | 1 Widowed. | 1 Total. I Single. j Married. j Widowed. 1 Total. 1 Single. 1 j Married. 1 Widowed. | 1 Total. 1 Single. 1 1 Married. [ Widowed. 1 Total. 1 1 Single. Married. Widowed. | Total. Native-born of native father, White 3 3 1 3 3 1 — 8 — 8 — 12 12 2 2 3 3 1 1 22 — 25 3 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Italian, North Lithuanian Polish 1 1 Total 4 4 1 1 5 5 Total native-born . 7 7 1 8 9 12 12 2 2 8 22 30 Foreign-born: Italian, North 2 2 14 14 31 31 5 1 6 2 50 1 53 Italian, South 3 3 i' 9 10 14 14 3 3 4 26 30 Lithuanian 1 11 12 36 36 3 3 50 51 Polish 9 9 12 12 ... 2 2 23 23 Total foreign-born. 5 5 2 43 45 93 93 13 1 14 7 149 1 1.57 Grand total 12 12 51 54 105 105 15 T 16 15 171 1 187 FEMALE. Native-born of native father. White 4 4 10 10 9 9 2 2 25 25 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Italian, North 3 3 1 1 3 1 4 Italian, South 1 1 1 Lithuanian 1 J 1 1 1 1 2 Polish 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 4 Total 5 1 6 5 5 5 6 11 Total native-born . 5 5 10 15 15 9 9 ... 2 2 5 31 36 Foreign-born: Italian, North 1 1 2 28 28 16 16 1 1 1 46 47 Italian, South 2 2 10 10 11 11 1 1 24 24 Lithuanian 1 1 26 26 21 21 1 1 49 49 Polish 2 2 10 10 6 6 1 1 19 19 Scotch 1 1 1 1 Total foreign-born. 1 6 7 74 74 54 54 5 5 1 139 140 Grand total 6 11 17 89 89 63 ... 63 7 ... 7 6 170 176 General Tables: Middle West. 455 ?ABLE 136. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual — Continued. TOTAL. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of individual. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Total. Single. 1 Married. | 1 Widowed. | I Total. oi .2 1 Married. 1 Widowed. | Total. ai 'be a Married. 1 Widowed. | 1 Total. 'Sd a S 1 Married. 1 Widowed. I Total. 1 Single. ! Married. 1 Widowed. j Total. 'Native-born of native father, White 3 4 7 ... 18 18 21 21 4 4 3 47 50 Mative-born of foreign father, by race of father: 6 6 1 1 6 1 7 Ttalinn Smith 1 1 1 1 Tip.hna.nifl.n 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 "Pnlich 1 1 2 i 2 3 2 3 5 Tntal 9 1 10 1 5 6 10 6 16 Total native-born . 12 5 17 1 23 24 21 21 4 4 13 53 66 Foreign-born: 1 Italian, North 3 1 4 42 42 47 47 6 1 7 3 96 1 100 Italian, South 3 2 5 ‘i* 19 20 25 25 4 4 4 50 54 Lithuanian 1 1 1 37 38 57 57 4 4 1 99 100 Polish 2 2 19 19 18 18 3 3 42 42 Scotch 1 1 1 1 Total foreign-born . 6 6 12 2 117 119 147 147 18 1 19 8 |288 1 297 Grand total 18 11 29 3 140 143 1^ 168 22 1 23 21 341 1 363 General Tables: Middle West. 457 1 Table 137 . — Location of wives of foreign-horn employees, by race of husband. (study op employees.) Race of husband. Number reporting complete data. Number reporting wife— In United States. Abroad. Bohemian and Moravian 176 170 6 11 9 2 8 8 5 4 1 105 60 45 4 4 11 7 4 644 520 24 17 13 4 129 123 6 German 563 545 18 Greek 5 4 1 Irish 73 71 2 Italian, North 905 715 190 Italian, South 219 140 79 Italian (not specified) 3 1 2 Lithuanian 514 410 104 Magyar 354 226 128 Mexican 1 1 Montenegrin 7 2 5 Norwegian 6 6 Polish 422 334 88 Roumanian 4 3 1 Russian 186 118 68 Ruthenian 10 4 6 227 213 14 Scotch-Irish ] 1 Servian 11 4 Slovak 583 516 67 Slovenian 56 44 12 1 Swedish 43 43 Syrian 4 4 : Welsh 102 102 Austrian (race not specified) 60 53 Belgian (race not specified) 67 59 8 Swiss (race not specified) 4 4 Total . . .. 5,440 4, .544 896 48290 °— VOL 7—11 30 Table 138 . — Visits abroad made by foreign-bom male employees, by years in the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] 458 The Immigration Commission. Total. Number reporting— 3 or more visits. C^1-I • • eo 1 14 7 eo O 2 visits. H CO CO kC r-( 3 37 13 i CO 1 visit. M O T-l O CO 00 CM Oi 0> 1-H 40 O 4Q CM No visits. C^ICClOWrH 00<3> NOO UJ (M cq C2 M — «5 r-l «5 o5 to Vno • CM »0 r-4 CO CM CM CO joo 1 visit. i-H 1 1 6^ 1 14 33 o CO o I-H i-« r-i CO f-H CO No visits. CQ Oi t- O 040 CO 333 82 Num- ber. 00 00 'f 05 eoo-^oit^ o CO ^ I3 CO CO I-H CO O In United States 5 to 9 years. Number reporting— 3 or more visits. •CM * j I-H CO 2 visits. ^ : : *-H CO 1— ♦ • • * 00 I Ht4 1 visit. 1 CO 1-H 19 1 2 5 I CO 40 f-< CO 40 • I-H CM CM CM No visits. ococorHca eoeoqjQO^H ooco cqo> ;fQO 40 O iO^OOO C^»O*C^Q0 40 1— « * CO rH Num- ber. .-(ioeoirHtOr-( rH O WIN ® S !2 ^ »-4i— 1 T—iOOC^t^ COfH OOCi co^ ^ 50 CO 05 iO Pi • 03 • > : o - § :so |i § g fl a § n«aa<5 li’^ls SBS§^ 'O (D B .2 B-B « l.gtl rt rt ^ s § s 3 33 — rS [agyar, General Tables: Middle West. 459 ! J (MrH50 • • jen i * • iH »H Jio 133 S(NOirH OlOCO Tji ,-H CD CD I Tfi ;cq : Oi r-t0»0-^00 oo-^ *05 OOlCt^O i-l CO o-^ CO T-t .0 rH CO <1-1 C- 00 Ui 1 -H 0 00 50 (N (N J 50 i-H T-i om‘L 00(N05rHCO t>* O i-H i-H rfi O »DiOi-HCOt^ fH 00 00 ^CMiOCM CO-M^ CM rH lO cd' CM • Oi cq • •. • 24 1 20 10 1 11 rH CO CM CM CM rji I 315 • * l>* CO 00 CO 10 • ' «CM 00 CM |i O rH CD H 00 CO »H 2,212 1 I-l CO 0 00 • 1 -<»< 0 CO •! (M r-l W CO CO 00 H O CO cq 2,560 • • 1 • 1 • 00 1 • rH CO I » 1-H • • 10 • 00 rH 10 • I ^ * 1 H 00»H I •IM ,H ^ : 137 ♦ CO • w • CO 10 iD iO Oi • < • 00 o> • N O 155 (N (N 27 27 1,976 • c^ • CM CO CO CD 00 • ( • 0 0 iO • • • 6 129 28 5 01 28 28 CO CM r-f C>. 05 00 05 rH CO C- 50 ■5*1 ,— 1 i-t Tjl 0 50 CO 50 rH 0 (N -5^0050 -»»' rH 0 50 d CO l> IH tH i-H 8,216 Mexican i Montenegrin I Norwegian Polish Roumanian Russian Ruthenian scotcn Scotch-Irish eervian Slovak Slovenian Swedish oyiidu Welsh Australian (race not specified) Austrian (race not speci- fied) Belgian (race not speci- fied) Swiss (race not specified). Total 460 The Immigration Commission, Table Number of Tpersons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household, (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of head of household. Under 6. 6 to 13. 14 and 15. 16 to 19. ; 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Total. Native-born of native father, White . . 11 7 3 8 12 2 43 — . Foreign-born: 29 17 4 5 14 31 6 106 18 12 1 3 10 14 3 61 37 21 1 1 12 36 3 111 Polish 19 9 10 12 2 52 Total 103 59 6 9 46 93 14 330 114 66 6 12 54 105 16 373 1 , FEMALE. Native-born of native father, White . . 6 7 1 3 9 7 3 £6 Foreign-born: North 28 22 3 6 30 17 1 107 Itailian South 14 13 3 2 10 12 1 55 Lithuanian 33 16 1 2 28 20 1 101 Polish 11 8 1 4 12 7 1 44 Total 86 59 8 14 80 56 4 307 GraTifl total IT 63 7 343 TOTAL. Native-born of native father. White . . 17 14 1 6 17 19 5 79 Foreign-born: Jtall^lTi North 57 39 7 11 44 48 7 213 Ttahf'^ South 32 25 4 5 20 26 4 116 Lithuanian 70 37 2 3 40 56 4 212 PoUsh 30 17 1 4 22 19 3 96 Total 189 118 14 23 126 149 18 637 Grand total 206 132 1^ 14^ General Tables: Middle West. 461 Fable 140. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group^ by general nativity and race. (study of EMPIOYEEvS.) General nativity and race. Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. Number of each age or within each specified age group. Un- der 14. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 to 24 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 44. 45 to 54. 55 to 64. 65 or over. 'Native-born of native father: White 5,993 684 1 6 33 2 125 6 216 6 237 15 223 15 1,118 69 1,109 89 851 98 1,180 160 620 85 249 29 25 10 •Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Australia 1 174 10 18 5 585 ()() 882 321 50 2 4 57 285 20 10 211 1 48 1 ■ 1 2 124 12 190 52 12 Austria-Hungary 2 12 31 2 33 4 1 14 1 19 1 1 101 13 151 34 7 1 1 2 55 4 1 41 4 1 6 1 86 9 101 53 2 10 1 Belgium Canada 4 1 113 8 180 77 1 3 1 1 Denmark 2 6 12 2 25 3 11 27 3 24 9 9 26 5 41 5 7 1 32 4 47 7 7 48 7 90 60 3 23 18 1 France Germany 1 3 3 Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway 2 1 31 3 1 28 1 Russia” 5 1 8 9 2 1 9 9 18 13 17 1 8 10 2 1 9 11 88 7 1 38 Scotland 36 1 4 40 14 4 2 Sweden Switzerland 1 8 Wales m: 1 2 5 7 17 Total 2,707 4 16 94 137 161 142 594 433 329 482 239 05 11 Total native-born 9,284 1 10 51 225 359 413 380 1,781 1,631 1,278 1,822 944 343 46 j'oreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian. Bulgarian 251 17 11 8 182 7 20 809 29 193 858 12 2 128 1,711 422 4 1,084 639 1 33 7 814 11 376 18 345 1 22 788 99 67 8 157 1 125 102 8 4 3 3 4 2 21 2 42 2 3 2 47 3 5 99 6 35 84 2 48 7 3 83 1 3 3 41 1 4 195 9 44 221 25 1 2 2 14 1 1 164 1 34 180 2 16 2 2 Canadian, French Canadian, Other 1 2 Croatian 6 6 43 1 1 58 2 21 62 4 21 2 ”'2 105 1 16 119 1 Danish 1 Dutch 1 7 1 "u 2 6 135 7 36 131 1 English 4 1 1 1 10 8 24 1 Finnish French 2 8 4 11 German 29 Greek Hebrew (other than Rus- sian) 1 1 Irish 2 30 16 6 286 96 9 413 92 1 284 118 11 368 80 1 223 129 28 411 81 2 287 180 30 124 32 31 27 12 li 1 1 Italian, North 6 2 20 6 25 4 Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian 1 10 1 7 7 17 8 23 190 88 73 53 1 1 2 70 1 33 2 83 8 13 2 1 Magyar Mexican Montenegrin 1 11 9 2 166 2 104 7 64 4 7 3 205 1 95 6 72 1 5 215 23 22 1 28 Norwegian Polish 1 7 13 15 1 2 167 4 68 1 24 150 2 65 1 50 15 5 Roumanian Russian 1 4 3 1 44 1 Ruthenian Scotch 4 2 2 10 Scotch-Irish Servian 1 6 1 5 116 8 4 1 8 7 131 24 11 3 13 3 132 18 8 3 25 1 15 6 8 Slovak 11 1 19 1 18 6 124 11 13 1 Slovenian Swedish 1 Syrian Welsh 2 41 32 1 4 3 2 8 Australian (race not spec- ified) Austrian (race not speci- fied) 1 1 2 1 .... 3 24 15 1 26 12 2 18 17 28 32 2 20 17 1 1 Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified). Total foreign-born 9,370 42 87 128 163 1,338 1,820 1,703 2,340 1,159 490 100 Grand total 18,654 1 10 51 267 446 541 543 3,119 3,451 2,981 4,162 2,103 833 146 462 The Immigration Commission. Table 14 ^ 1 ,— Number of families owning home, renting, hoarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of families— General nativity and race of head of family . Owning home. Renting home. Board- ing. Lodging. In other condi- tions. Total. Native-born of native father, White 8 14 22 Foreign-born: 36 io 15 51 15 25 Xtallall; 18 32 50 Polish 20 3 23 Total 84 65 149 92 7 ^ ===== =z== ■ 171 Table General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of Individual. Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 15 years. Total. At home. 1 At school. At work. Total. 6 a o < 1 At school. 1 At work. 1 Total. 1 j At home. 1 At school. 1 At work. 1 1 Total. At home. j At school. j At work. o Native-born of native father, White 11 11 1 6 7 12 6 18 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Ttnlinn North 29 29 12 12 4 4 29 16 45 T+olioTi 17 37 17 3 3 17 3 20 T.ithnaninn 37 14 20 1 1 43 15 58 21 Polish 17 17 1 3 4 18 3 — Total 100 100 7 32 39 5 5 107 37 144 Total native-born 111 111 "T" 38 46 5 5 119 43 162 Foreign-bom: 5 5 5 5 Ttfl.lifin Rontb 1 1 9 9 1 1 1 10 11 T n OTJ ?ci Ti 1 1 1 1 Polish 2 2 5 5 2 5 7 Total foreign-born 3 3 20 20 — 1 1 3 21 .... 24 Orfl.Tid total 114 114 8 58 122 Isi 1 ' 1 ( 463 General Tables: Middle West. Table 142. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, hy sex and age groups, and hy general nativity and race of individual Continu-ed. FEMALE. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of individual. Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 15 years. Total. At home. At school. At work. Total. At home. 1 At school. 1 At work. "3 o j At home. At school. 1 At work. 1 Total. At home. j At school. j At work. Total. Native-born of native father. White 6 6 7 7 1 1 6 8 14 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: T+olion ^ArtVl .... 28 28 2 17 19 3 3 30 20 50 20 13 30 13 7 7 13 7 ... - 30 "s' 8 13 1 1 35 9 — 44 17 Polish 10 10 2 4 6 1 1 12 5 Total 81 81 9 36 45 5 5 90 41 131 Total native-born 87 ... 9 52 6 6 96 49 Foreign-born: 3 3 3 3 Italian Rnnt.h c 1 1 1 5 6 1 2 3 3 7 — 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 Polish 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 Total foreign-born 5 5 1 13 14 1 2 3 7 15 .... 22 Grand 92 92 10 56 ... 1 T 9 103 64 167 TOTAL. Native-born of native father:, White Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish Total Total native-born Foreign-born: Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish 17 17 1 13 14 1 1 18 14 32 57 57 2 29 31 7 7 59 36 95 an 30 10 10 30 10 40 ou 67 67 'ii' 22 33 2 ... 2 78 24 102 27 27 3 7 ... 10 1 1 30 8 38 181 181 16 68 84 10 10 197 78 275 198 198 17 81 98 11 11 215 92 .... 307 8 8 8 8 2 2 1 14 15 1 3 4 4 17 21 9 3 4 4 3 4 7 o 3 3 7 7 3 7 10 8 8 1 33 34 1 3 ... 4 10 36 46 . 206 206~ 114 - 132 ~Y 14 ir 225 128 .... 353 Total foreign-born Grand total 464 The Immigration Commission, Table 143, — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] Race. Total number report- ing complete data. In United States 5 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. Total. Aliens. 1 Having first 1 papers onl^ 1 Having sec- 1 ond papers. Total. 1 Aliens. Having first papers only. Having sec- ond papers. Total. Aliens. 1 Having first ! papers only. Having sec- ond papers. Total. Bohemian and Moravian 84 20 35 3 58 1 1 24 26 21 36 27 84 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 5 Canadian, French 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 Croatian.. 80 35 3 " 4 ’ 42 15 7 16 38 50 10 20 80 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 1 4 1 1 3 1 1 5 English 270 28 39 ”(V 73 8 9 180 197 36 48 186 270 Finni.'^h . 15 5 4 9 3 3 6 8 7 15 French 82 30 14 4 48 2 9 23 34 32 23 27 82 German 352 22 43 18 83 5 14 250 269 27 57 268 352 Greek. . . 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 i 3 Irish 47 5 1 1 7 1 6 33 40 6 7 34 47 Italian, North 730 236 113 96 445 35 48 211 294 271 161 307 739 Italian, South 101 93 14 17 124 12 3 22 37 105 17 39 161 Italian Inot .spetafied).. 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 Lithuanian 418 141 22 53 216 50 19 133 202 "loi '4i' 186 418 Magyar 238 112 36 13 161 26 16 35 77 138 52 48 238 Montenegrin 5 4 1 5 4 1 5 Norwegian . 4 4 4 4 4 Polish 309 136 24 5 165 58 29 57 144 194 53 62 309 Roumanian 1 1 1 1 1 Russian 140 52 5 11 68 20 13 39 72 72 18 50 140 Ruthenian 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 Scotch 120 16 17 1 34 2 16 68 86 18 33 69 120 Servian 6 3 3 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 6 Slovak 285 60 25 14 99 35 34 117 186 95 59 131 285 Slovenian 35 15 4 1 20 3 1 11 15 18 5 12 35 Swedish 33 4 1 5 4 24 28 8 25 33 Syrian.. . 2 .. 1 2 1 1 2 Welsh 58 1 1 2 2 5 49 56 3 6 49 58 Austrian (race not specified). 45 14 10 '"f 27 4 5 9 18 18 15 12 45 Belgian (race not specified).. 46 13 7 20 5 6 15 26 18 13 15 46 Swiss (race not specified) 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 Total 3,601 1,045 430 256 1,731 289 251 1,330 1,870 1,334 681 1,586 3,601 General Tables: Middle West. 465 Table 144, — Present political condition of foreign-horn males who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming^ by race of individual and length of residence. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States Is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] Race of individual. Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian Polish Total. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. In United States 5 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. Total. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having second papers. 1 Total. j Aliens. Having first papers only. Having second papers. 1 Total. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having second papers. Total. 29 5 11 3 19 10 10 5 11 13 29 16 6 1 7 4 5 9 10 6 16 28 4 3 7 7 5 9 21 11 5 12 28 10 3 2 5 2 3 5 5 2 3 10 83 18 13 7 38 13 5 27 45 31 18 34 83 Table 145. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races.] N umber reporting complete data. Male. Female. Total. General nativity and race of individual. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Italian, North 45 19 19 26 25 45 44 Italian, South 11 3 3 8 7 11 10 Lithuanian 38 22 22 16 16 38 38 PoUsh 16 5 5 11 11 16 16 Total native-born no 49 49 61 59 no 108 Foreign-bom: Italian, North 107 58 51 49 14 107 65 Italian, South 73 40 21 33 16 73 37 Lithuanian 104 52 52 52 46 104 98 Polish 49 28 28 21 17 49 45 Total foreign-bom 333 178 152 155 93 333 245 Grand total 443 227 201 216 152 443 353 466 The Immigration Commission, Table 14tQ,— Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table Includes only non-English-speaking races.) MALE. Race of Individual. Number reporting complete data. Age at time of comi Under 14. ng to United States. 14 or over. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Italian, North 58 8 8 50 43 Italian, South 40 14 10 26 11 Lithuanian 52 3 3 49 49 Polish 28 7 7 21 21 Total 178 32 28 146 124 FEMALE. Italian, North 49 4 3 45 11 Italian, South 33 12 10 21 6 Lithuanian 52 5 5 47 41 Polish 21 4 3 17 14 Total 155 25 21 130 72 TOTAL. Italian, North, Italian, South. Lithuanian... Polish 107 12 11 95 64 73 26 20 47 17 104 8 8 96 90 49 11 10 38 35 333 57 49 276 196 Total. General Tables: Middle West, 467 Table 141 .—Ability to speah English of foreign-horn persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of 'individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) fBy years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes ^ ^ ^ only non-English-speaking races.] MALE. Years in United States. Race of Individual. Number reporting complete data. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. 58 8 7 22 16 11 11 28 11 36 28 Q Soutti 40 8 2 21 O Lithnauian ...... 52 5 5 11 oO 1 A Polish 28 9 9 9 9 10 XU Total 178 30 23 63 47 85 82 FEMALE. Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish 49 33 52 21 16 14 9 11 2 5 4 9 22 16 25 7 7 9 25 5 11 3 18 3 5 2 17 3 Total 155 50 20 70 46 35 27 TOTAL. Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Polish 107 73 104 49 24 22 14 20 9 7 9 18 44 37 36 16 23 20 36 14 39 14 54 13 33 10 53 13 Total 333 80 43 133 93 120 109 468 The Immigration Commission. Table 14S,— Ability to speak English of foreign-horn male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only non-English-speaklng races.] Age at time of coming to United States. Race. Number reporting complete data. Number who speak English. Under 14. 14 or over. Number. Number who speak English. N umber. Number who speak English. Bohemian and Moravian 247 191 38 2 38 2 209 15 8 1.53 8 A Bulgarian 17 10 Canadian, French 10 8 2 2 Croatian. 180 142 7 12 1 10 1 168 6 132 A Danish 7 Dutch 20 16 24 130 752 5 4 4 16 26 157 620 10 o 12 21 Q7 Finnish 29 3 3 33 221 j French 190 841 11 2 33 221 1 German 531 A Greek Hebrew (other than Russian) 2 2 2 Italian, North 1,685 416 4 1,145 209 3 69 26 67 22 1,616 390 4 1,078 187 3 Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian 1,080 596 1 820 298 1 46 27 44 1 034 776 974 Magyar 24 Mexican ouy 1 1 18 g Montenegrin 33 18 7 33 g Norwegian 7 1 1 iin Poilsh 787 11 451 8 43 41 1 Roumanian 4 11 ftAl ^AA s Russian 371 16 21 778 94 67 8 1 252 g in Q Odd Ruthenian AU 0 1 00 A 1 ci c Servian 17 572 A 1 AO on 0 1 A Siovak 71 A Aft ZU 707 AO P^4 Slovenian 68 / 1 7 Do 7 #0/ ft7 OU^ A1 Swedish 62 f 13 4 1 ft o/ OA 4Q Syrian 8 1 1 AO 1 O'* 7 7 Australian (race not specified! 1 A 1 4 4 Austrian (race not specified!. . 121 104 65 8 7 7 114 97 44 Belgian (race not specified! 102 21 2 21 2 81 A Swiss (race not specified! 8 A O o Total 7 761 5 410 A,1K 7,095 A 7AK DOD D40 4, 400 General Tables: Middle West, 469 Table 149. — Ability to speak English of foreign-horn male employees, by years in the United States and race. (STUDY OF BMPLOYBBS.) fBy years In the United States Is meant years since first arrival In the United States. This table Includes '■ only non-English-speaking races.] Years in United States. Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. Num- ber Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Race. who speak Eng- lish. Num- ber. Num- ber who speak Eng- lish. Num- ber. Num- ber who speak Eng- lish. Num- ber. Num- ber who speak Eng- lish. 247 191 88 51 69 53 90 87 17 10 9 3 5 5 3 2 10 8 1 4 4 5 4 180 142 38 22 90 74 52 46 - 7 7 4 4 3 3 ■putch ^ 20 16 8 5 5 4 7 7 Finnish ...... .............. ... 29 24 8 4 12 11 9 9 French .............................. 190 130 43 13 66 45 81 72 pprrnaTi 841 752 144 81 102 88 595 583 nrpftlr . 11 5 5 1 3 1 3 3 Hebrew tbr^Ti 2 2 2 2 Italian, North 1,685 416 1,145 493 203 680 491 512 451 Italian, South 209 143 47 204 104 69 58 Italian (Tint sppoifip.d) 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 I,ithna,nian 1,080 596 820 237 120 423 330 420 370 Magyar 298 234 62 232 133 130 103 \fpirjpan 1 1 1 MnntPTiPgrin .. 33 18 24 11 9 7 7 7 1 6 6 Polish 787 451 239 71 295 187 ' 253 193 Roumanian 11 8 7 4 3 3 1 1 Russian 371 252 122 43 129 100 120 109 Ruthenian 16 6 12 3 2 2 2 1 Pprvian 21 17 3 1 12 10 6 6 Sloyak 778 572 137 61 213 154 428 357 Sloy enian 94 68 30 18 37 28 27 22 Swedish 67 62 5 2 9 7 53 53 Pyrian 8 8 4 4 4 4 Australian (rapp. nnt spppifipdi 1 1 1 1 Austrian (rapp nnt specified) . 121 104 30 20 51 45 40 39 Belgian (race not specified) 102 65 29 8 24 14 49 43 Swiss (racp nnt specified) 8 8 2 2 6 6 Total 7,761 5,410 2,091 856 2,693 1,913 2,977 2,641 470 The Immigration Commission. IV.— THE SOUTHWEST. Table 150.— TotaZ number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total 1 number of 1 house- Total number of persons in house- holds Number of persons for whom detailed information was se- cured. holds. Male. Female. Total. Native-born of native father: White 53 236 117 119 236 27 120 54 66 120 Foreign-born: 21 84 41 43 84 39 226 125 101 226 96 473 265 174 439 Ttnlifin Snntih 35 167 99 63 162 T .itb iiJiTi inn 36 185 111 65 176 15 72 36 34 70 42 196 112 84 196 Pnli«;h 36 170 89 76 165 49 250 124 126 250 Welsh 27 126 68 58 126 Total - 396 1,949 1,070 824 1,894 Grend toto.! 476 2,305 1,241 1,009 2,250 General Tables : Southwest. 471 Table 151 . — Number of 'persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Male. Female. Total. Native-born of native father: White - 124 121 245 54 66 120 3 3 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 1 1 11 15 26 3 3 1 1 75 65 140 66 64 130 29 21 50 32 24 56 14 20 34 45 39 84 Polish 27 30 57 Scotch - 1 Slovak. 57 70 127 Welsh 32 22 54 Total 388 376 764 Total native-born 566 566 1,132 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 Canadian (other than French) 1 1 Croatian 30 28 58 Danish 1 1 English 2 2 German 2 2 Irish 49 29 78 Italian, North 197 109 306 Italian, South 68 40 108 Lithuanian 80 41 121 Magyar 21 15 36 Mexican 64 40 104 Polish 61 45 106 Scotch - 1 1 Slovak 67 55 122 Spanish 3 3 Welsh 35 33 68 Total foreign-born 675 443 1,118 Grand total 1,241 1,009 2,250 472 The Immigration Commission. Table 152 . — Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Total number. General nativity and race. Total ,| number. ^ Native-born of native father: Foreign-born, by race- -Continued. Whifp 1,675 English.. 254 ' 396 Finnish 2 2 French 215 Native-born of foreign father, by country German. 185 of birth of father: Greek 3 26 Irish 99 9 Italian, North 1,169 4 Italian, South 429 Denmark 2 180 Italian (not specified) 10 Lithuanian 125 'Pra^f'** - 36 Magyar 49 rrprmany 104 Me.'dcan 114 Ir^lc^Ti'l 141 Norwegian 2 Italy 64 Polish 221 9 Roumanian 4 4 Russian 107 . . . B.nssia ... 20 Scotch 148 Scotland 147 Servian 1 pwpHpn 6 Slovak 133 Switzprland . 1 Slovenian 196 Walp.s 40 Spanish 5 Africa (country not specified) 2 Swp.dl.sh - - 19 Total 795 Syrian 3 W *4l«h 37 Total nativfi-horn 2,868 West Indian 1 Foreign-born, by race: A ustralian (race not specified) 2 Rohp.mian and Moravian 29 Austrian (race not specified) 455 Rnlgarian 6 Belgian (race not specified) 115 Canadian, French 4 Swiss (race not specified) 1 PcinfsHicin Otbpr 1 Croatian 14 Total foreign-born 4,168 Danish.. Grand total 7,036 1 Dutch 1 ^ General Tables: Southwest. 473 Table 153 . — Number of foreign-horn male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (study of employees.) rBy years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is ^ made for time spent abroad.] Num- Number in United States each specified number of years. ber re- Race. porting com- plete data. Under 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Bohemian and Moravian — 29 1 2 5 3 5 1 4 8 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 * 1 14 1 7 5 1 1 1 9 1 2 1 1 4 English 246 3 3 4 7 10 25 10 15 169 2 1 1 Erf'Ticb 212 5 6 16 15 14 50 14 30 62 German 181 4 6 9 8 9 24 7 31 83 3 1 1 1 Irish 92 1 6 2 3 7 3 6 64 Italian, North 1,160 57 61 86 136 106 426 113 92 83 Italian, South 427 15 20 31 49 59 151 57 21 24 Tlolicin ('Tint 9 1 1 2 3 1 1 Lithuanian 121 1 3 3 12 10 42 21 17 12 Magyar 48 3 2 7 7 19 3 3 4 Mexican 109 2 5 8 8 6 26 24 21 9 N or ^ ^ 2 1 1 Polish 216 7 7 30 27 15 67 30 19 14 R on TP ^ i fi Ti 4 1 1 1 1 Russian 106 1 1 9 10 9 40 14 7 15 pf‘nt,f*h 137 1 2 6 4 13 3 6 102 fiarTTian 1 1 Slovak 128 8 4 13 17 13 35 8 21 9 Slovenian 195 7 12 19 21 19 65 19 19 14 G-rvonioVi 4 1 2 1 18 2 5 11 PyriH^ 3 2 1 Welsh 36 1 1 1 2 3i Tnrlifi.n 1 1 Australian (race not sped- floH ^ 2 1 1 Austrian (race not specified) . 447 29 10 59 43 56 181 19 34 16 Belgian (race not specified). . 114 1 8 8 12 29 2 20 34 Swiss (race not specified) — 1 1 Total 4,089 144 153 315 384 358 1,222 360 377 776 dS29G'’— VOL 7—11 31 474 The Immigration Commission, Table 154:.— iVumber of foreign-horn persons in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) FBv vears in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad.] MALE. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Number in United States each specified niimber of years. Race of individual. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19, 20 or over. 30 3 1 6 14 2 4 T-lcVl 49 1 5 19 1 1 1 39 Ttalian North 197 13 8 27 14 82 14 14 6 J. XtOblLaLl. y V/* oix ..••••••• Italian South 68 6 1 8 9 11 25 5 15 1 2 ......... 80 2 3 6 6 3 36 4 5 21 2 1 2 1 8 3 4 64 2 2 1 14 16 18 11 PqP^Vi 61 4 7 11 3 3 16 10 9 2 5 Slovak 67 3 35 1 9 7 2 3 1 19 9 10 Spanish Welsh 1 2 2 3 2 7 19 Total 675 32 31 64 44 48 218 74 63 101 1 1 FEMALE. Bohemian and Moravian Canadian (other than French) Croatian 1 1 , 28 1 3 1 1 10 8 2 3 I 1 ; i 1 Danish English German 1 2 2 1 2 20 2 Irish jtaliun N^^^th .......... 29 109 11 2 8 16 6 11 1 15 32 9 5 Italian South 1 o 10 5 4 13 4 40 o 10 T .... 41 4 4 4 1 15 1 2 1 Hyf/ifTTroT* ....... 15 1 4 2 1 1 1 3 iScLag j - .... 40 1 4 1 8 8 13 5 1 Polish 45 1 7 5 9 1 4 9 6 2 i! Scotch Clrktrol?’ 65 1 6 9 1 16 6 8 6 17 1 Welsh 33 6 3 2 1 4 Total 443 31 32 50 35 40 104 49 40 62 1 1 1 TOTAL. 1 1 Bohemian and Moravian Canadian (other than French) X 1 1 Croatian 58 1 6 2 1 16 22 4 7 1 2 1 1 English 2 2 Tris>i 78 2 1 11 2 i 1 1 69 8 2 Italian N orth 306 24 16 43 25 34 114 23 19 Italian South 108 7 4 18 14 15 38 9 1 Lithuanian 121 6 3 10 10 4 51 25 5 7 Magyar 36 3 4 1 4 2 9 1 6 31 6 16 Atf'Trioan 104 2 1 6 2 22 24 Polish 106 11 12 20 4 7 25 16 4 7 1 1 Slovak.... 122 1 15 16 4 1 35 17 17 16 3 1 2 Welsh 68 8 5 5 3 ii 36 Total , 1,118 63 63 114 79 88 322 123 103 163 General Tables: Southwest 475 Table 155. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-horn males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (study of households.) Race of Individual. Number reporting complete data. Number without oc- cupation. Number working for wages. Number work- ing without wages. Number work- ing for profit. Farm la- borers. General la- borers. Miners. In hand trades. 1 In other oc- 1 cupations. Total. Farm la- borers. In other oc- cupations. Total. Farmers. In other oc- cupations. 1 Total. Croatian 20 9 1 6 16 4 4 Irish 28 1 1 1 14 16 7 i 8 3 3 Italian, North IGG 25 10 9 i6 9 69 62 1 63 33 1 34 Italian, South 52 19 1 1 3 2 26 13 13 12 1 13 Tiithnanifl.ri G5 1 IG 5 3 24 35 35 4 1 5 M a.gy ar 18 11 2 1 1 1 16 2 2 Mexican 45 13 4 22 2 41 1 1 2 1 3 Polish 43 4 1 9 4 3 21 16 2 18 4 4 Slovak 52 7 2 16 1 1 27 23 23 2 2 Spn.nish 3 1 2 2 Welsh 18 2 15 1 16 Total 510 5 98 21 96 32 27 274 159 4 163 64 4 68 Table 156. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Number without occupation. Number working for wages. Number working without wages. Number working for profit. Farm la- borers. In domestic service. In other oc- cupations. Total. Farm la- borers. In other oc- cupations. Total. Farmers. In other oc- cupations. Total. Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 Crnfltia.n 21 21 T)anish 1 F.nglish 1 1 Irish 14 12 2 2 Tt.alinn North . . 86 64 6 g 14 7 1 8 Tt.alifl.n, South 28 17 9 9 2 2 T.lt.hnanian 29 22 6 1 7 Magyar 13 4 4 3 7 2 2 Mexiean 26 21 1 2 1 4 1 1 Polish 30 1 22 1 1 2 4 4 4 Seoteh 1 1 1 Slovak 36 31 |... 2 1 4 1 1 Welsh 17 ! 15 1 * 2 2 Total 304 j 232 1 28 12 14 54 17 1 18 476 The Immigration Commission, Table 157. — Occupation of foreign-horn male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Race. Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Number who were engaged in — Min- ing. Farm- ing or farm labor. Gen- eral labor. Manu- factur- ing. Hand trades. Trade. Busi- ness for self. Other occupa- tions. 18 15 2 1 5 2 3 2 2 11 9 2 1 1 7 4 2 1 129 113 7 1 5 3 144 130 5 3 2 1 1 2 114 75 17 8 10 2 Crfiplc 3 1 2 Tri.sh 58 42 13 3 Italian, North 853 184 399 166 10 69 1 24 Italian, South 319 30 128 141 2 9 2 7 Italian tnot specififidi 5 3 1 1 Lithuanian 109 12 71 12 12 2 Magyar 48 9 34 1 1 2 1 Mexican 98 70 17 5 5 1 Norwegian 2 1 1 Polish 175, 58 78 9 3 14 1 1 11 Roumanian 4 1 2 1 Russian 88 12 6 6 3 2 Scotch 90 79 ^3 3 4 1 Servian 1 1 Slovak 122 66 42 7 1 4 2 Slovenian 99 53 35 6 2 3 Spanish 5 4 1 Swedish 13 1 9 2 1 Welsh 21 20 1 Australian (race not speci- fied) 2 1 1 Austrian (race not specified). 408 257 106 17 22 6 Belgian (race not specified) . . 81 03 5 4 7 2 Swiss (race not specified) 1 1 Total 3,036 1,306 1,050 401 36 166 6 1 70 General Tables: Southwest, 477 Table 158 . — Number of males 16 years of age or oyer in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS ) [The main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States Census, with these modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and QuarryingareeachseparatefromManufacturingand Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation are distinct from each other.) General nativity and race o individual. Total num- ber. Agri- cul- tural pur- suits. Domes-j tic and per- sonal service. Manu- factur- ing and me- chanic- al pur- suits. Bitu- minous coal min- ing. Trade. Trans- porta- tion. At home. At school. Native-born of native father: WhiT.p 74 32 1 70 31 2 1 1 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Iristi 27 2 1 3 1 1 5 11 22 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 TsTnrth A/fQffVQr MpYipan Pnli1 a> 'sr, Husband. Husband and wife. Husband and children, j Husband, wife,, and children. Husband and boarders or lodgers. Wife. Wife and children. Wife and boarders or lodgers. 1 X o Children and boarders or lodgers. Boarders or lodgers. Source or combination of sources not before specified. i Native-born of native father: White 39 30 5 1 3 Negro 24 5 3 1 1 14 Foreign-born: Croatian 21 19 1 1 Irish 35 14 is 1 7 Italian, North . . 75 40 4 11 1 3 16 Italian, South 32 15 2 4 11 Tiithnania.n. 32 2 30 Masrvar 15 1 2 12 Mexican 39 4 2 1 32 Polish 35 16 1 3 15 Slovak 45 31 4 1 9 Welsh 26 7 7 3 1 8 Total 355 147 33 24 6 1 3 141 Grand total 418 182 3 39 — 26 — — 6 T jT Isi o For selection of families, see p. 284. General Tables; Southwest. 485 'able 168 . — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. General nativity and race of Individual. Number reporting complete data. Number working full time months specified. -HiOi-ieo ■ 32 CO CO «0 CO j MCO^rH' 1 - - 00 1 ; j 1 <© 1 D* »o 1 i-H 1-H (M MCO.-H O s - 1 .-H M '• M CO CO (N CO (M ^ CO bi S Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh Total Grand total 48296 *— VOL 7—11 32 490 The Immigration Commission. s o a ® CO CO fl TJ O rx 50 O §,S w XJ o es a> ^ CO CO G •ga e/ ^ 5 ° ,Q X) TS — • A o5 P O-^ 2 p S "2 “ SB o t»-^ p^ 2 OiTJ 05 o — P 03 5 £1 1-i.P o )r-- 00 >0 O ®2 i^lz ; : o § p eg '?l.p‘”^l 01 O I— 1 1— 1 1— I M u 2 p Sip-^ip >.•2 OT Pot General Tables: Southwest. 491 492 The Immigration Commission, Table 115.— Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race head of household. of Total num- ber of house- holds. Aver- age num- ber of rooms per apart- ment. Number of households occupying specified number of 1. 2. 3. 4. Native-born of native father: White Negro Foreign-born: Croatian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian 53 3.85 27 3. 26 7 3 17 16 20 6 21 39 96 35 36 3.19 4.18 3.09 1 3.11 3.50 3 2 18 8 4 12 15 55 19 16 5 7 18 5 10 apartments of each rooms. 5. 6 . 5 2 7 or more. 1 3 1 8 4 3 1 3 2 1 6 Magyar. . Mexican Polish.. Slovak.. Welsh.. Total . 15 42 36 3.20 2. 86 2. 78 13 15 27 4. 41 1 396 3.27 1 73 Grand total, 12 3 22 7 15 5 33 5 6 9 205 74 238 1 100 2 5 8 Table 176 . — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each speci- fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms. General nativity and race of head of household. room. 2 rooms. 3 rooms. 4 rooms. 5 rooms. 6 rooms. 7 or more rooms. Total. °2l IS! Number of persons. | Number of I households. 1 Number of persons. I Number of households. Number of persons . Number of 1 households. Number of persons. 1 Number of 1 households. 1 Number of 1 persons. 1 Number of 1 households. 1 Number of 1 persons. 1 Number of 1 households. 1 Number of 1 persons. I Number of 1 households. Number of persons. Native-born of native father: ^Vhite 7 21 17 70 20 97 5 26 1 4 3 18 53 27 238 Negro 3 7 16 75 6 33 2 5 120 Foreign-born: 3 6 12 54 5 20 1 4 21 84 2 6 15 75 7 48 8 52 4 25 3 20 39 226 473 Italian North 1 18 48 55 18 123 1 12 3 30 96 o ZO I 35 167 8 28 19 88 5 31 2 11 1 9 4 14 16 76 10 57 6 38 36 185 12 57 3 15 15 72 13 44 22 116 7 36 42 196 "rDy-vl loll 15 56 15 72 5 32 1 10 36 170 Jr Olloil- ClTT Q 9 44 33 166 5 29 2 11 49 250 Welsh 1 2 6 30 9 34 5 25 4 27 2 8 27 126 Total 1 3 73 248 205 991 74 425 26 163 12 91 5 28 396 1,949 Grand total 1 3 1 83 276 238 1,136 |ioo 5^ TT 1^ 13 95 8 40 4^ — General Tables: Southwest. 493 Table 177 . — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Total num- ber of house- holds. Aver- age num- ber of persons per house- hold. Number of households of each specified number of persons. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 or more. Native-born of native father: White . 53 4.45 7 14 11 5 6 7 \ 2 Negro 27 4. 44 1 6 4 3 4 4 3 2 Foreign-born: P.rna.tin.n 21 4.00 7 1 4 5 3 1 Irish 39 5.79 4 2 7 6 5 4 5 4 2 Italian, North 96 4.93 1 11 20 20 14 8 8 5 2 7 Italian, Rnnth 35 4. 77 5 10 3 4 4 4 2 3 Lithuanian 36 5. 14 2 6 10 4 4 3 1 1 Mavyar 15 4.80 1 3 6 1 1 1 1 1 Mevica.n 42 4. 67 6 7 8 10 3 3 4 1 Polish . . 36 4. 72 7 3 8 5 8 2 1 1 Slovak- 49 5.10 6 7 10 5 9 4 3 4 1 Welsh 27 4.67 6 3 6 2 5 1 2 2 Total 396 4.92 1 58 58 78 62 50 30 28 17 i 14 Grand total 476 4.84 2 71 76 92 71 60 40 29 21 14 Table 178 . — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Total Persons. Persons per room. General nativity and race of head of household. num- ber of house- holds. Total num- ber. Aver- age per house- hold. Aver- age per room. Less than 1. 1 and under 2. 2 and under 3. 3 and under 4. 4 or more. Native-born of native father: White. 53 236 4. 45 1.16 15 33 4 1 Negrn 27 120 4. 44 1.36 6 14 6 1 . Foreign-born: P.rna ti a n 21 84 4. 00 1.25 6 12 3 Tri.sh 39 226 5. 79 1.39 6 22 10 1 Italian, North 96 473 4. 93 1.59 5 66 21 3 1 Italian Smith 35 167 4. 77 1.53 5 19 9 2 la’t.hnanian 36 185 5. 14 1. 47 4 22 10 1 Mapirar. 15 72 4. 80 1.50 2 9 3 1 1 Meviean 42 196 4. 67 1.63 2 26 12 2 1 Polish 36 170 4.72 1.70 2 18 14 2 Slovak 49 250 5. 10 1.70 6 21 17 4 1 Welsh 27 126 4. 67 1.06 11 13 3 Total 396 1,949 4.92 1.50 49 228 102 15 2 Grand total 1 476 2.305 4. 84 1.45 70 275 112 17 2 494 The Immigration Commission, Table 179 . Persons per sleeping room, hy general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Persons. Persons per sleeping room. Total General nativity and race of head of household. num- ber of house- holds. Total num- ber. Aver- age per house- hold. Aver- age per sleeping room. Less than 2. 2 and under 3. Sand under 4. 4 and under 5. 1 5 and under 6. 6 or more. Native-born of native father: Whito 53 236 4.45 2.25 10 20 16 5 2 Negro 27 120 4. 44 2.45 5 13 8 1 Foreign-born: oi 4.00 2. 15 4 14 2 Croatian Zi Jf jch 39 226 5.79 2.48 7 19 7 4 1 1 Italian North 96 473 4. 93 2.52 16 44 22 9 4 1 Italian South 35 167 4. 77 2.42 11 9 10 3 1 1 Lithuanian 36 6.14 2.53 7 15 8 2 4 loO \TonrY»Qr . . 15 72 4.80 2.67 2 7 3 2 1 \fpTripan .... 42 196 4.67 3.27 1 16 8 7 6 4 Pnlish 36 170 4. 72 2. 66 6 14 5 5 4 2 plnyftlr ... 49 250 5.10 2. 87 9 12 12 10 4 2 Welsh 27 126 4.67 2.33 8 8 6 4 1 Total 396 1,949 4. 92 . 2.59 71 158 83 47 25 12 flranrl total 476 2,305 4.84 2.54 86 191 107 53 27 12 Table ISO,— Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Native-born of native father: White Negro Foreign-born: Croatian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh Total number of house- holds. Number of house- holds sleeping in all rooms. Number of households sleeping in all rooms except— 1. 2. 3. 4 or more. 53 21 21 9 2 27 18 6 3 21 15 5 1 39 17 13 7 2 96 1 82 12 1 1 35 31 20 3 15 1 oo 15 AO 1 10 22 4 19 1 36 X 2 33 38 g 1 2 49 27 6 7 11 3 396 5 274 86 26 5 476 5 313 nr Total Grand total General Tables: Southwest. 495 Table 181 . — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Native-born of native father: White Negro Indian Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada Denmark England France Germany Ireland Italy Mexico Netherlands Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland : Wales Africa (country not specified) Total Total native-born Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian Canadian, French Canadian, Other Croatian Danish Dutch English Finnish French German Greek Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Norwegian Polish Roumanian Russian Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Syrian Welsh West Indian Australian (race not specified) Austrian (race not specified) Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not specified) Total foreign-bom Grand total Number reporting ■ complete data. Number who— Read. Read and write. 1,616 1,576 1,565 374 337 332 2 2 2 26 25 25 9 9 9 4 4 4 2 2 2 174 173 173 34 31 31 100 100 99 135 135 135 53 51 61 8 4 4 3 3 3 20 20 20 138 138 138 6 6 6 1 1 1 38 38 37 2 1 1 753 741 739 2,745 2,656 2,638 29 27 27 6 5 6 4 4 4 1 1 1 14 13 13 1 1 1 9 9 9 248 247 245 2 2 2 205 193 193 179 177 175 3 2 2 94 92 90 1,149 1,045 1,031 412 336 322 10 9 9 120 112 108 49 40 40 105 85 78 2 2 2 208 178 167 4 4 3 105 81 76 141 141 141 1 1 1 129 118 117 185 177 175 4 2 2 19 19 19 2 2 2 36 36 36 1 1 1 2 2 2 446 424 420 114 104 104 1 1 1 4,040 3,693 3,624 6,785 6,349 6,262 496 The Immigration Commission. Table 1S2,— Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and * race of individual. (STWY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) Male. Female. Total. General nativity and race of in- dividual. Number reporting complete data. 1 1: Num-1 her- Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. ] Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Native-born of native father; White 174 92 90 90 82 78 77 174 168 167 81 41 36 36 40 36 35 81 72 71 Indian 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father; Canadian (other than French) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Irish 94 50 50 50 44 44 44 94 94 94 15 7 7 7 8 8 8 15 15 15 TfoUan RnntH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T.ithnanian 9 2 2 2 7 7 7 9 9 9 Magyar. 13 4 4 4 9 9 9 13 13 13 Mpxipan 14 4 1 1 10 5 5 14 6 6 Polish 11 2 2 2 9 ? 9 11 11 11 •QAAtoVi - . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Slovak 43 17 16 16 20 26 26 43 42 42 Welsh 36 20 19 19 16 16 16 36 35 35 Total 244 106 101 101 138 133 133 244 234 234 Total native-born 502 239 227 227 203 1 :.30 248 502 477 475 Foreign-born; T^nVioTniQfi finH Ad'orjiviJin 1 1 1 1 1 X>UIiCllllciiA allLl l*AUi a Y laii • • . • • Canadian (other than French) Croatian 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 51 24 21 21 27 21 21 51 42 42 y>^nj«:h . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 'R'naliQVi 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Irish 73 47 45 43 26 26 26 73 71 69 Italian, North 280 180 156 153 100 77 74 280 233 227 60 Italian South 98 59 42 40 39 20 20 98 62 Lithuanian 115 77 58 56 38 25 18 115 83 74 32 51 Magvar 34 20 19 19 14 14 13 34 33 Mfivipan . 102 64 43 42 38 9 9 102 52 Polish 93 55 44 41 38 23 19 93 67 60 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Slovak 107 59 47 44 48 28 26 107 75 70 £!T^o nicVk 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Welsh 64 34 33 32 30 25 24 64 58 56 Total foreign-bom 1,028 622 511 494 406 276 258 1,028 787 752 Grand total . 1,530 861 738 721 669 526 506 1 1,530 1,264 1,227 — General Tables: Southwest. 497 Table 183 . — Literacy of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] MALE. Years in United States. N umber Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Race of individual. reporting complete data. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Croatian 24 5 4 4 13 12 12 6 41 34 8 24 5 39 28 5 37 28 Jfi.5h 47 5 5 5 1 1 1 Italian, North 180 67 61 61 79 67 64 Italian South 59 29 21 19 22 14 14 7 18 7 17 Lithuanian 77 18 14 14 35 26 25 Magyar 20 5 5 5 8 8 8 7 45 6 28 16 22 6 27 16 20 Mexican ...... 64 5 3 3 14 12 12 Pnlish - 55 22 17 15 16 11 10 17 28 Slovak 59 o 13 Q 11 <1 10 3 18 14 14 Spanish Welsh O 34 O 3 o 3 3 3 3 3 28 27 26 Total 622 175 147 142 209 168 163 238 196 189 FEMALE. 1 1 27 1 1 1 Bohemian and Moravian Canadian (other than French)... . 1 1 1 14 11 11 8 6 6 5 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 26 6 6 6 20 20 20 ItfiliBn - 100 54 43 43 30 23 21 16 11 10 Itnlic^Ti 39 22 13 13 13 4 4 4 3 3 Lithuanian 38 11 9 7 14 9 5 13 7 6 Magyar 14 7 7 7 1 1 1 6 6 5 Mexican 38 4 1 1 8 1 1 26 7 7 Polish 38 19 9 7 9 7 6 10 7 6 1 1 1 1 Slovak 48 11 11 9 15 7 7 22 10 10 16 Welsh 30 6 6 6 2 2 2 22 17 Total 406 155 117 111 100 60 53 151 1 99 94 1 i 498 The Immigration Commission. Table 183 . — Literacy of foreign-horn 'persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual — Continued. TOTAL. Years in United States. Number Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Race of individual. reporting comnlete data. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. OTYl IQTl QnH \rAT*ii'\7l5iT1 1 1 1 1 1 Ctlid iuUi cod s 374 •poAvopiAl <0 (N CO •paiJjBK 170 85 CO I-H d lO 00 dd ic 310 •aiSnis O lO 1 ! Id I 30 to 44. •I«lox - CO 24 118 o> o o c lO lO 1-H f-H «0 TfH fcO 1-H I-H 'It CO iO v-i I-H CO T-H CO o 207 425 •p0A\OpiA\ i •paiJJBjv lo J 00 (M CO »0 T-t O CO'^iCiH -It tH Ht !>• CO kO y-(^ CO I-H CO o 204 417 Number reporting complete data. CO coo'^ciio cot^cor-* t^cooot^ Oi-hooci T > a iX ) a !!z 3 ) J i ;.2 U > c IPC Scotland T 'A ) 7Z !« Wales Africa (country not specified). Total Total native-born General Tables: Southwest. 501 OJCO'H.H'^ .-io>QP» .-Hoocoio oscooiost^ ooc^os'O'M Oico^;.-! ^ ^ C^i-I rH tH 1 — J C^ rH 1 -H i-H ^ i—t 3,988 ® 6,733 (N - CD ^ 7 20 5 1 3 »o rH »0 j jco CO l>. 10 • 91 188 eoiceo.-HO> r-i lO 0 00 W rH kO CDWCDrHOO W 05 W rH 00 rH 00 COW CD CD W ^ 2 ^ S *^2 M* rH W ^ 0 W rH rH W CO CD CO * rH CD • w w w w 0 05 ‘O • ^ w • 728 1, 102 I> 10 CO Hf< M rH • I-H . d w rH (N ' I M rH i ^ : ; 05 CO Mg CD lO lO *H rH TJH 05 CD rH 05 CO W rH rH W 2 ^ : CD 1 00 W • tt w • 603 913 rH CD U5 TJI !>. ^W 'WrH 05 rH 10 i ■0 iN CO • w CD rH I OiCODl 0 ^CC^H M rH Ttl OOCOfOtNOO M hH CO CO M >0 00 10 rH •>»< 0 'f CO QO OS *0 -rfl rH rH i-H 1,674 2, 637 CO rH W I CO CO • * • rH CO • • CO • ; ID CO • 00 CO M (N 10 1-H c^ CO CD COrHrHH). OSlMMCO'^ HfrHtHCNO COtHOO Sio M fo oj eorH iM 00 CO »o CO M tH HJlrHlCrH 1,241 2, 043 CO 1 15 00 • oS 2 h 16 6 13 CO 10 W rH •CO 51 17 389 507 t^CO0 W ; 1,401 2,384 « • • : ( • rH w • 00 CD W WD CO i-t CO CD ^5 26 14 I 05 05 05 W — “O • ic ‘O rH rH CO w i !> CD 1-H »D rH w ! C^rHrH S?2 : 504 CO 0 eo CO rH 1 -H 05 W 05 CO ‘CDCO 00 i-H COW Tfi rH • CO rH rH CO rH • 2 rH l> W W rH W W -5 S-K H £;« S 53 ® O O o 3 .a c .52 P C '3 0? oacaP^ ^ £■>:. D 3 ® ^ Number within each specified age group. 502 The Immigration Commission, 504 The Immigration Commission. Number within each specified age group. Total. Total. oco II (NfO-J'O rH.-lT-tC II II r> II O O CO Wid- owed. (N -o 1-Hrtioc S'Sb 10 4 1 1 ^ i.. • * • CO 00 (M 45 or over. Total. 00 ! ! H Ti • (N 1 si |C 147 Is 1 CM ; CO - I-HCOO^ CM CM 142 193 rH i ^ -a s O (M 05 ^ • c^. C-|00- TP (M (N 1-H CO 104 140 I CO • (N05licin (not sp6cifi6(i) 6 5 1 47 44 3 27 17 10 47 44 3 2 2 Polish 125 97 28 2 2 58 48 10 93 91 2 1 1 73 56 17 .Qlnvpnifin 104 88 16 Q\irA/1 IqH _ 10 10 2 2 20 20 1 1 A Hon f roop nr»f CT%pr*HipH N 2 2 Austrian (rac^ ) 224 194 30 Belgian (race not specified) - 70 67 3 Gvir foci / TO OP nn^ cnpoifi pH ^ ........ 1 1 Tnt^l 2,176 1,864 312 General Tables: Southwest. 509 510 The Immigration Commission, Table 189 . — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of hegd of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. General nativity and race of head of household. Number within each specified age group. Under 6. 6 to 13. 14 and 15. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Total. Native-born of native father: 26 19 4 7 17 31 13 117 54 7 11 4 3 5 20 4 Foreign-born: + - - 11 8 1 14 17 3 41 Irish 19 23 9 18 15 27 125 TfaliQii Nnrlh 57 26 3 6 83 69 21 265 99 111 T+nlian Smith 27 15 2 6 20 22 7 T Ifhnoniiin 24 13 2 4 33 30 5 Q fy var - 8 5 5 5 8 5 11 36 112 M^xicdiU • 26 19 1 5 19 31 Polisti . . 27 8 1 3 19 27 4 14 15 89 Slovak 31 29 4 8 8 30 124 Welsh 7 14 1 11 11 9 68 Total 237 160 23 67 213 258 112 1,070 Cron^ t.nt.al . 270 1^ ~ 31 ' Tl 309 129 1,241 FEMALE. Native-born of native father: \Vhite 16 32 6 11 25 23 6 119 Negro 15 17 2 5 12 13 2 66 Foreign-born: Crocitic^'^ 11 8 1 2 11 7 3 43 Irish 12 25 10 12 13 15 14 101 174 Italian North 52 23 3 6 51 30 9 Italifi'^ South 18 6 1 8 21 7 2 63 Tdthiioni^n 13 11 1 5 18 13 4 65 Map'V^'-r ■ 6 10 I 2 7 5 3 34 Mexican 23 11 4 7 10 21 8 84 76 Polish 18 20 1 1 18 16 2 piovak 37 28 4 10 18 23 6 126 Welsh 4 15 2 7 6 9 15 58 Total 194 157 28 60 173 146 66 824 Grarid total 225 206 36 76 210 182 74 1,009 TOTAL. Native-born of native father: White 42 51 10 18 42 54 19 236 Negro 22 28 6 8 17 33 6 120 Foreign-born: Croatian 22 16 j 3 12 24 6 84 Irish 31 48 19 30 27 30 41 226 Italian, North 109 49 6 12 134 99 30 439 Itaiian, South 45 21 3 14 41 29 9 162 Tiithnanlan 37 24 3 9 51 43 9 176 Magyar 14 15 1 7 12 13 8 70 Mexican 49 30 5 12 29 52 19 196 Polish 45 28 2 4 37 43 6 165 Slovak 68 57 8 18 26 53 20 250 Welsh 11 29 3 18 17 18 30 126 Total 431 317 51 127 386 404 178 1,894 Grand total 495 396 67 1^ ST 491 203 2,250 General Tables: Southwest. 511 Table 190 ,— Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and r^e. Native-born of native father: White Ne^o Indian Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada Denmark England France Germany Ireland Italy Mexico Netherlands Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland W ales Africa (country not specified) Total Total native-born. . . Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Mora- vian Bulgarian Canadian, French Canadian, Other Croatian Danish Dutch English Finnish French German Greek Irish Italian, North Italian, South Italian (not specified) . Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Norwegian Polish Roumanian Russian Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Syrian Welsh West Indian (other than Cuban) Australian (race not specified) Austrian (race not specified) Belgian (race not specified) Swiss (race not speci- fied) Total foreign-bom. . Grand total Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. 1,651 389 2 26 9 4 2 179 36 102 138 64 9 3 20 147 6 1 39 2 787 2,829 29 6 4 1 14 1 9 252 2 214 182 3 95 1,146 425 10 124 48 109 2 218 4 106 146 1 130 193 4 19 3 35 1 2 448 114 1 4, 10 1 6, 930 Number of each age or within each specified age group. Un- 20 25 30 35 45 55 65 der 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. to to to to to to or 14. 24. 29. 34. 44. 54. 64. over. 2 1 33 51 66 61 282 331 254 370 : 154 40 6 2 6 5 5 8 35 46 61 107 89 20 5 1 1 1 1 7 1 7 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 3 9 5 19 18 44 20 24 22 11 4 8 3 7 9 3 1 2 2 1 2 7 5 3 36 13 7 15 9 4 1 3 1 10 1 1 34 27 15 36 15 4 3 7 13 5 18 7 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 i 1 1 4 4 3 3 3 11 1 g 9 11 36 25 16 16 9 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 2 3 9 1 8 7 3 1 1 11 53 48 67 56 201 104 75 102 52 13 7 14 92 104 138 125 518 481 295 73 11 4 3 11 8 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 2 2 1 17 34 36 45 68 38 8 1 7 1 ■ i 1 3 "2 29 37 44 34 39 13 4 1 1 6 6 16 22 24 39 51 12 4 2 1 3 15 14 20 30 10 3 4 13 24 20 235 282 225 240 82 20 1 1 O 1 n 70 99 85 106 22 3 5 3 lo iU 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 16 33 25 29 15 2 1 13 5 8 10 9 2 1 2 1 3 16 16 17 26 21 2 4 1 1 1 j 2 4 31 37 37 73 29 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 18 18 19 28 15 1 z 1 1 9 18 25 27 43 18 4 1 3 2 3 3 18 15 27 37 15 6 1 1 1 2 4 4 28 46 40 44 14 6 3 J 1 1 1 2 2 1 4 9 1 2 1 j 3 3 6 13 9 1 2 1 4 1 7 4 64 99 110 107 47 4 1 3 3 11 18 23 30 23 2 1 . J_ 6 26 33 78 64 618 817 786 931 554 154 ^ 'W 'm '1^ ifm 1,298 Km |I7^ 'm U 512 The Immigration Commission, Table 191 . — Number of families owninq home, renting, hoarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of families— General nativity and race of head of family. Owning home. Renting home. Boarding. Lodging. In other con- ditions. Total. Native-born of native father: White 20 33 4 57 Neero 4 22 26 Foreign-born: Croatian 13 8 21 Irish 23 15 38 Italian, North 48 46 94 Italian South 23 12 35 T.ithnanian 20 16 36 Magvar 8 7 15 Mexican 6 35 1 42 Poli.sti 17 19 36 Slovak 40 8 48 Welsh 19 8 1 28 Total 217 174 2 39-3 Grand total 241 229 6 476 Table 192 . — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of individual. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Croatian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh Total Total native-born Foreign-born: Croatian Irish Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Polish Slovak Welsh Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 15 years. Total. g o o q3 B o o u d g ■q o u oj g O O o x: o o X O X* o O o x: o o x/i B Xi m X tn .c o Xfl & C« o o o O H < < < 26 26 1 19 20 1 2 1 4 28 21 1 50 7 7 1 10 11 3 1 4 8 13 22 10 10 1 1 11 11 18 18 21 21 7 2 9 18 28 2 48 50 50 14 14 50 14 64 24 24 i’ 4 5 25 4 29 24 24 2 5 7 26 5 31 7 7 1 3 4 • 8 3 11 26 26 14 3 17 1 1 41 3 44 23 23 1 1 2 1 1 24 1 26 27 27 5 17 22 2 1 3 32 19 1 52 6 6 2 12 14 1 1 8 13 21 215 215 27 80 107 1 10 4 15 243 90 4 337 248 248 29 109 138 2 15 6 23 279 124 6 409 1 1 4 3 7 - 5 3 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 7 i 11 12 1 2 3 8 12 2 22 3 3 10 10 2 2 3 12 15 3 3 6 2 2 3 5 8 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 1 6 9 1 10 4 4 7 7 1 1 4 8 12 1 1 1 1 1 2 22 22 13 39 52 6 2 8 35 45 2 82 270 270 42 148 190 2 21 8 31 314 169 8 491 Total foreign-born. Grand total General Tables: Southwest. 513 Table 192. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and general nativity and race of individual — Continued. FEMALE. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of individual. Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 15 years. Total. a o .£3 3 o eC o CO O '3 <6 a o o o Si o cn o "3 6 a o si "o o si o M si (H o "3 O a o .£3 ■q 0 .£3 0 si 0 ”3 < < < < < < < < < < < Native-born of native father: White 16 16 5 27 32 1 4 1 6 22 31 1 54 15 15 17 17 2 2 15 19 34 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Ornatifl.Ti 11 11 1 3 4 12 3 15 Irish . 10 10 1 22 23 9 9 11 31 42 Italian, North 48 48 1 11 12 1 1 2 50 12 62 Ttalian South 18 18 3 3 18 3 21 lyithnaTiia.n 13 13 8 8 13 8 21 M agyar 6 6 3 6 9 1 1 9 7 16 Mexican 22 22 7 3 10 2 2 29 5 34 Polish 14 14 4 11 15 18 11 29 Rlovalf 34 34 2 20 22 2 1 3 38 21 59 Welsh 4 4 8 8 1 1 4 9 13 Total 180 180 19 95 114 1 3 15 18 202 110 312 Total native-born 211 211 24 139 TT! 163 1 4 IT 26 ,239 160 ~1 1 Foreign-bom: Croatian 4 4 1 1 5 5 Irish 2 2 1 1 2 1 ' 3 ' 2 5 Italian, North 5 5 3 7 10 "l" 1 9 7 16 Italian, South 1 2 3 'l' 1 1 3 4 Lithuanian 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 Mn.gvar 1 1 1 1 Mexican 1 ♦ 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 4 Polish 4 4 4 1 5 1 1 9 1 10 SI ovale 2 2 3 4 7 1 1 6 4 10 Welsh 7 7 1 1 8 8 Total foreign-born 14 14 15 28 43 5 10 T 4 33 _IlCl tOt3>l 1,281 1,800 General Tables: South, 521 Table 202 . Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. ’ (STUDY OP EMPLOYEKS.) General nativity and race. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary Belgium Canada England ] i France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Norway Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Wales Africa (country not specified) Total Total native-born Foreign-bom, by race: Armenian Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian Canadian (other than French) Croatian Cuban Danish Dutch Total num- ber. General nativity and race. Foreign-born, by race— Continued . - 4,389 English - 4,809 French German Greek 31 Hebrew (other than Russian) 1 'Herzegovinian 3 Irish 66 Italian, North 5 Italian, South 49 Lithuanian 1 Macedonian 86 Magyar 14 Mexican 1 Montenegrin 8 Polish 66 Roumanian Russian 3 2 Ruthenian 6 Scotch 1 Servian Slovak 343 Slovenian . 9,541 Spanish Swedish Syrian 2 8 Welsh 123 Austrian (race not specified) 2 Belgian (race not specified) 258 Swiss (race not specified) 1 Total foreign-born 2 19 Grand total 48296 °— VOL 7—11 34 Total num- ber. 119 38 112 23 1 3 45 402 1,182 41 13 346 1 91 301 37 86 4 102 21 391 57 1 5 5 11 56 7 1 3,917 13, 458 522 The Immigration Commission. Table 203 . Number of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.) [Bv years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is '■ ^ ^ made for time spent abroad.] Number reporting complete data. Number in the United States each specified nmnber of years. Race. Under 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or i over. 1 1 Bohemian and Moravian.. 8 120 1 3 2 2 i 2 44 50 13 2 8 1 Canadian (other than 2 1 1 1 258 13 12 52 53 33 87 7 1 2 1 16 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 6 • 117 1 2 5 5 2 18 4 8 72 ' 37 2 8 3 1 9 1 5 8 German 112 oo 3 7 A 18 10 19 4 9 3 23 5 11 17 Greek Hebrew (other than Kus- Li 1 i. 1 sian) Herzegovinian 3 O 43 4 4 2 33 ItBilisti North- ............ 398 30 11 44 50 38 142 53 20 10 Pnnt.li . 1,169 69 29 164 151 129 466 95 46 20 41 2 4 3 10 9 8 5 LithuOinicin.- 13 343 5 4 1 1 2 Macedonian Magyar ................. 27 19 58 49 23 117 25 16 9 1 91 300 1 Mexican 41 40 8 1 1 Montenegrin Polish 18 13 56 41 15 104 22 17 14 36 2 8 13 9 15 7 3 7 RiissiHTi ............ 74 2 15 8 14 3 2 2 4 101 21 1 2 1 Ruthenian 3 1 2 2 4 8 81 1 6 5 1 8 Servian Slovak 389 20 19 50 49 37 138 38 21 17 Slovenian 55 2 2 8 2 5 22 8 2 4 1 5 1 O 1 oV^ 1 2 1 1 5 2 2 1 WoIcIy 11 56 1 1 9 Austrian (race not speci- fied) 2 9 12 3 3 18 3 4 2 2 Belgian (race not specified] Swiss (race not specified).. » 7 1 1 1 2 1 1 Total 3,864 197 242 620 490 321 1,214 287 7( 317 General Tables: South. 523 Table 204. — Number of foreign-horn persons in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad.] MALE. Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Number in the United States each specified number of years. Under 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 to 9. 10 to 14. 15 to 19. 20 or over. Bohemian and Moravian. . 1 1 Croatian 1 1 English 28 1 4 8 7 1 5 1 1 French 1 1 1 German 47 5 3 7 1 14 11 2 A Italian, North 73 7 17 8 7 16 16 1 1 Italian, South 305 14 50 62 51 36 78 7 3 4 Lithuanian 39 2 3 8 1 4 9 7 3 2 Magyar 240 10 36 35 35 • 33 61 11 13 6 Polish 222 13 47 53 26 19 46 10 6 2 Roumanian 3 3 Russian 37 1 17 11 5 2 1 Scotch 2 2 Slovak 67 1 4 13 ii 5 18 11 1 3 Total 1,066 56 184 206 144 128 248 48 29 23 FEMALE. English 17 5 4 2 6 German 34 3 3 10 9 4 2 3 Italian, North 18 6 2 4 1 4 1 Italian, South 72 6 14 12 7 10 17 2 3 1 Lithuanian 11 2 j 4 4 Magyar 93 2 19 9 13 10 21 5 9 5 Polish 92 5 20 13 10 12 27 5 Slovak 25 3 1 2 1 11 4 3 Total 362 19 70 52 37 43 94 20 18 9 TOTAL. Bohemian and Moravian. . 1 1 Croatian 1 1 English 45 1 g 12 9 1 11 1 1 French 1 1 German 81 8 6 17 1 23 15 4 7 Italian, North 91 7 23 10 11 17 20 1 2 Italian, South • 377 20 64 74 58 46 95 9 6 5 Lithuanian 50 2 5 8 1 5 13 11 3 2 Magyar 333 12 55 44 48 43 82 16 22 11 Polish 314 18 67 66 36 31 73 15 6 2 Roumanian 3 3 Russian 37 1 17 11 5 2 1 Scotch 2 2 Slovak 92 4 5 15 12 5 29 15 4 3 Total 1,428 75 254 258 181 171 342 68 47 32 524 The Immigration Commission. Table 205,— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-horn males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming^ by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Race of individual. Num- ber re- port- ing com- plete data. Num- ber with- out occu- pa- tion. Number working for wages. Number work- ing without wages. Number work- ing for profit. Farm labor- ers. Laborers. Miners. In hand trades. In other oc- pations. Total. Farm labor- ers. In other oc- patious. Total. 1 Farmers. In other oc- cupations. Total. BoliGiniflii tHiQ MorQ-viOpii. . . 1 1 1 1 1 TT n rrl i cVi 16 2 14 16 1 1 34 1 5 11 2 4 23 10 10 1 1 Italian, North 64 4 18 7 1 16 4 46 10 10 4 4 Italian, South 261 1 85 34 6 15 14 154 84 84 22 22 T.ifhnfininn 32 1 10 3 3 1 17 12 12 2 2 Magyar 198 5 54 14 5 20 13 106 60 1 61 26 26 Polish 184 2 35 17 30 27 3 112 58 1 59 11 11 "R /MiTTi o n I 3 3 3 *R^iQ<2i5^n . . . . 35 4 2 3 5 14 20 20 1 1 2 2 2 RlnvaV 60 16 3 4 1 24 31 31 5 5 Total 892 15 223 87 72 87 45 514 289 2 291 72 72 Table 206.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Race of individual. English German Italian, South. Lithuanian . . . Magyar Polish Num- ber re- porting com- plete data. Num- ber with- out oc- cupa- tion. Number working for wages. Number working without wages. Niunber working for profit. Farm labor- ers. In do- mes- tic serv- ice. In other occu- pa- tions. Total. Farm labor- ers. In other occu- pa- tions. Total. Farm- ers. In other occu- pa- tions. Total. 10 g 2 2 20 19 56 1 1 56 g g 71 9 2 5 2 2 • * 1 51 At 2 3 6 2 2 . Ou 224 206 3 3 g 14 4 4 Total General Tables: South, 525 Table 207 . — Occupation of foreign-horn male employees before coming to the Unitep States, by race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) Race. Number reporting complete data. Bohemian and Moravian . . Bulgarian Canadian (other than French) Croatian Danish 6 115 1 242 2 Dutch.. English. French . German Greek . . 11 76 27 71 22 Hebrew (other than Rus- sian) Herzegovinian Irish Italian, North Italian, South 1 2 22 353 1,072 Lithuanian.. Macedonian . Magyar Montenegrin. Polish 40 13 322 77 277 Roumanian Russian Ruthenian. Scotch Servian 33 67 4 47 18 Slovak . . . Slovenian Swedish . . Syrian 335 50 2 5 Welsh Austrian (race not speci- fied) Belgian (race not specified). Swiss (race not specified) . . 4 43 6 3,367 Number who were engaged in— Mining. Farm- ing or farm labor. General labor. Manu- factur- ing. Hand trades. Trade. Busi- ness for self. Other occupa- tions. 1 1 1 2 3 103 5 3 1 1 6 208 13 2 7 3 3 2 2 5 1 1 2 50 6 2 4 5 1 8 21 2 1 3 33 20 1 3 11 1 1 1 4 9 J 8 1 2 11 11 13 274 21 1 35 9 55 840 57 12 77 2 2 27 39 1 1 3 4 4 1 16 252 6 5 37 1 5 75 1 1 20 228 11 4 12 2 32 1 6 50 3 2 4 1 1 4 39 1 1 6 1 16 1 35 253 11 10 17 2 1 6 21 23 1 1 2 2 1 5 3 1 8 25 6 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 350 2,488 135 53 236 14 13 78 • Total. 526 The Immigration Commission. Table 20S,— Number of males 16 yearsof age or over in each specified industry , by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) (The main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States Cemi^ with these modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechamcal Pursuits, Trade and Transpor- tation are distinct from each other.] General nativity and race of indi- vidual. Native-born of native father: White Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English German Italian, North Magyar Total Total native-born Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English French German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Scotch Slovak Total number. Mining. General labor (not otherwise entered) Trade. At home. Coal (bitu- minous). Iron ore. 3 , - 2 2 \ 1 \ 1 7 4 3 11 8 3 14 11 3 1 1 1 1 1 22 22 1 38 38 G9 66 28G 276 4 3 35 1 1 1 04 91 ^ 211 1 1 1 ZXO 198 157 5 1 3 3 i 37 31 2 2 61 59 971 903 12 4 1 ! 1 985 914 12 4 4 1 Total foreign-born. Grand total General Tables: South, 527 Table 209 . — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [The main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States Census with these modifications; General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transpor- tation are distinct from each other.] General nativity and race of individual. Total number. Domestic and per- sonal serv- ice. Trade. At home. Native-born of native father: White .• 5 5 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: Gprma.n 2 1 1 Ttalia.n, North.. 1 1 Ma.vyar .. 1 1 Polish 1 1 Total 5 1 1 3 Total native-born 10 1 1 8 Foreign-born: English 11 11 German 25 25 Ttalian, North 15 15 Tta.lia.n, South . 60 1 59 Lithuanian 10 10 Magyar 77 1 76 Polish 63 63 Slovak 21 1 20 Total foreign-born 282 3 279 Grand total 292 4 1 287 528 The Immigration Commission. Table 21^,— Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Native-born of native father White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: Austria-Hungary Belgiiun Canada England France.. . Germany, Greece. . . Ireland . . , Italy Norway.. Russia. .. Scotland . Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. Sweden Switzerland Wales Africa (country not specified) Total, Total native-born Foreign-born, by race: Armenian Bohemian and Mora- vian Bulgarian Canadian (other than French) Croatian Danish.. Dutch. . English. French.. German. Greek Hebrew (.other than Russian) Herzegovinian Irish Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian . . . Macedonian... Magyar Mexican Montenegrin . Polish Roumanian . , Russian Ruthenian. Scotch Servian Slovak Slovenian., Spanish . 3,887 4,405 267 ,559 Aver- age earn- ings per day. $2. 16 1.87 2. 20 (a) (o) 2. 21 (a) 2 . 20 (a) 2. 21 (a) («) (a) 2.09 Number earning each specified amount per day. («) (“) (a) (a) 2. 16 2. 01 7 118 2 239 1 15 109 36 109 22 1 3 42 363 1,048 40 13 308 (a) (a) 2. 09 (a) 1.97 (a) 2. 15 2.28 2.38 2. 26 1. 95 (a) (a) 2. 42 2. 07 2. 04 2.31 1.92 2.11 1 (a) 82 1. 83 264 2. 15 34 1. 68 72 2. 07 4 94 20 351 48 1 (a) 2. .37 2. 17 (a) Un- if.' $1 and 1 inder i $1.25. $1.25 and inder i $1.50. $1.50 and inder i $1.75. $1.75 and inder i $2. $2 : and 1 inder i $2.50. $2.50 and inder i $3. $3 ; and inder i $3.50. $3.50 and inder $4. ’ $4 or over. 3 41 168 604 515 ] L,504 550 346 46 no 13 190 551 1 L,300 410 ] 1,230 362 248 33 68 3 2 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 21 10 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 7 16 7 6 1 1 1 8 14 33 7 8 1 3 2 2 1 1 3 1 9 12 19 8 6 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 6 35 47 104 40 25 4 4 17 232 1 725 1,939 972 2,838 952 619 83 182 1 2 1 4 g 29 39 26 1 1 1 1 1 64 41 94 30 1 6 1 2 1 2 9 2 i 2 1 10 4 52 25 12 3 3 1 21 3 3 5 1 3 11 2 56 20 13 3 5 3 11 2 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 18 7 4 1 4 10 3 57 56 148 49 36 3 1 34 45 195 154 353 144 no 9 4 3 2 3 13 10 8 1 g 2 3 1 4 58 36 133 57 15 1 3 1 1 41 28 11 1 4 46 ' ’21 111 53 23 1 5 10 12 5 1 2 5 10 6 29 14 5 i 4 11 3 48 17 14 1 2 17 1 "l 5 29 25 139 ”84 40 4 24 .3 3 23 18 1 .! 1 * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report snowing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. a Not computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: South. 529 Table 210 . — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race — Continued. General nativity and race. Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. Aver- age earn- ings per day. Number earning each specified amoimt per day. Un- der $1. U and under •11.25. S1.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $1.75. $1.75 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 and under $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 and under $4. $4 or over. Foreign-born, by race— Con. ic 4 5 11 50 6 1 (a) (a) $2. 38 2.08 (a) (a) 2 2 3 28 2 1 1 Siyricin 1 2 5 2 1 Wplsh 1 2 1 7 1 Austrian (race not specified) Belgian (race not speci- fipH ) 4 7 2 1 Swiss (race not speci- •fi aH ^ 1 Total foreign-born Grand total 3,525 2. 12 1 50 95 613 382 1,396 585 320 24 59 12,084 2.04 18 282 820 2,552 1,354 4, 234 1,537 939 107 241 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Table 211 ,— Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified, amount per day, by general nativity and race* (study of employees.) General nativity and race. Number reporting complete data. Average earnings per day. Number earning each specified amount per da y Under $1. $1 and under $1.25. $1.25 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $1.75. $1.75 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 or over. Native-born of native father: White 351 $1.39 49 80 58 69 62 29 4 Negro 263 1.22 83 41 40 58 21 19 1 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: A nstrin-Hiingfl.ry 16 1.:I9 2 5 1 3 2 3 Unpflanrl 10 1.60 1 2 3 1 3 Uprma.ny 8 (a) 1 2 2 3 Trpland ; 6 (a) 1 1 1 2 1 Ttalv 9 (a) 3 4 2 TJnssia 3 (a) 1 1 1 Scotland 11 1.34 3 4 i 1 2 Total 63 1.41 10 17 7 9 9 8 3 Total native-born 677 1.31 142 138 105 136 92 56 8 Foreign-born, by race: Rnhpminn nnH Moravian 1 (a) 1 "Rnlgarian 1 (a) 1 P,r na t i a n 2 (a) 1 1 T)aniah 1 (a) 1 T)nteb 2 (a) 1 1 English 3 (a) 1 1 1 Italian, North 23 1.55 5 4 5 3 5 1 Italian, South 49 1.61 4 8 3 9 10 11 4 M avvar . 5 (a) 1 3 1 Montenegrin . 7 (a) 6 1 Polish 6 (a) 1 1 2 2 TJoiimania.n 1 (a) 1 Seoteh 2 (“) 1 1 Servian 1 (o) 1 Slovak 8 (a) 4 1 1 1 1 RlAVAniQTI 2 (a) 1 1 Ancfricin Tinf cpApifiprl^ 2 (a) 1 1 Belgian (race not specified) 1 (a) 1 1 Total foreign-born 117 1.53 13 18 12 27 21“ 6 1 Grand total 794 1.34 1 155^ 156 117 163 “112 ' 77~ 14 L *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. ■ a Not computed, owing to small number involved. 530 The Immigration Commission, Table 212. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of indi- vidual. Num- ber work- ing for wages. Aver- age earn- ings. Number earning— Un- der 1 $100. ‘ $100 and under $200. $200 and 1 under $300. $300 and under $400. $400 and 1 under $500. $500 and under $600. $600 and under $700. $700 and under $800. $800 and 1 under $900. $900 and under $1,000 $1,000 or over. Foreign-born: g (o) 3 3 1 1 ArTii ‘1 n 17 S003 1 6 4 4 1 1 Tfnlion 13 544 1 6 3 1 1 1 Xlclilclll; 54 456 4 12 23 6 4 5 J. l/ • T .itimoninn g (a) 2 3 2 1 58 480 20 15 10 8 2 i 2 53 483 1 14 19 9 4 3 2 1 Slovak 19 477 3 4 3 6 1 1 1 Total 230 500 8 53 70 42 26 18 5 4 4 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. Table — Yearly earnings {approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number working for wages and re- porting amount. Average earnings. Nmnber earning— Under $100. 1 $100 and un- der $150. $1.50 and un- der $200. $200 and un- der $250. $250 and un- der $.300. $300 and un- der $400. $400 and im- der $500. $500 and un- der $600. $600 and un- der $700. $700 and un- der $800. $800 and un- der $1,000. $1,000 or over. Native-born of native father: White 1 (a) 1 Native-born of foreign — — — — — — father , by race of father: TT n ctIiqV^ 1 (o) 1 norm ‘Til 1 (o) 1 VlCl T+Qlinn 1 (a') 1 Itaildll) IN UI III. ....... 4 (a) 1 2 1 1X1(1^^ ill Total 7 (a) 1 4 1 1 Total native-born. . 8 (a) 1 5 1 1 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Mora- 1 (a) 1 1 (a) 1 Eiiofliqb 18 $()95 1 1 8 4 3 1 TTrPTinh 1 (a) 1 Gern.an 35 576 2 2 8 9 6 6 1 1 Ttalian, North . . . 56 486 1 2 11 21 10 5 6 Italian, South 264 431 1 1 9 19 74 99 28 18 14 1 T,i thnaninri 35 475 11 11 4 6 3 Magyar 198 432 1 4 6 72 69 23 15 5 3 Polish 186 4.51 2 5 7 49 64 36 12 5 5 1 "R niimfinif)Ti 3 (a) 1 2 T? nssinn 35 3S9 2 2 3 13 10 2 2 1 Slovak 58 407 1 7 6 18 11 6 7 1 1 Total foreign-born.. 891 449 5 2 4 27 44 252 295 120 79 39 19 5 Grand total 899 449 5 2 4 27 44 253 300 121 80 39 19 5 oNot computed, owing to small number involved. General Tables: South, 531 Table 214. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of family. Number of se- lected families.® Average family income. Number of families having a total income— Under $300. $300 and under $500. $500 and under $7,50. $750 and under $1,000. $1,000 and under $1,500, $1,500 or over. Foreign-born: F.nglish . 8 (^) 2 4 1 1 Gprma.n 17 $818 11 3 1 2 Ttfl.l i an , North 13 637 4 6 1 2 Tta.Iianj South 54 582 2 21 22 6 3 T/ithnanian 8 (6) 1 6 1 Mawa.r . . _ 58 774 14 13 17 14 Polish 53 663 20 19 7 7 Slovak 19 759 1 2 8 3 4 1 Total 230 699 3 62 87 42 32 4 a For selection of families, see p. 284. & Not computed, owing to small number involved. Table 215. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OP households.) General nativity and race of individual. Number working for wages and re- porting amount. Average earnings. Number earning— Under $100. $100 and under $150. $150 and under $200. $200 and under $250. $250 and under $300. $300 and under $400. $400 or over. Native-born of foreign father, by race of fathpr Magyar 1 1 4 1 (a) (a) (a) (a) 1 Foreign-born: tlprma.n 1 4 1 — — — - Ttfilinn Smith Mapvar Total 6 (a) 6 flrand total 7 (a) 6 1 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. 532 The Immigration Commission, Table 21 ( 5 . — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (study op households.) Total number of selected families. a Number of families having an income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Earnings of — Contribu- tions of children. Payments of boarders or lodgers. Other sources. Husband. Wife. Foreign-bom: T7 n rrl ?oV» 8 8 1 2 17 17 1 4 4 13 13 10 llallall, .QnnfVi 54 54 4 5 38 Lithii*iTiifin - ■ 8 8 2 7 1 \fofTTrar 58 58 12 37 1 Polish 53 53 3 36 1 Slovak 19 19 1 13 Total 230 230 5 28 147 3 a For selection of families, see p. 284. Table 217 . — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of families having entire income from— General nativity and race of head of family. Total number of selc families. a 1 Husband only. Husband and wife. Husband and chil- dren. Husband, wife, and children. Husband and board- ers or lodgers. 1 Wife. 1 Wife and children. Wife and boarders or lodgers. 1 Children only. Children and board- ers or lodgers. Boarders or lodgers. Source or combina- tion of sources not before specified. Foreign-born: Ti' r| nrl ich 8 17 13 54 8 58 53 19 5 11 3 10 1 16 14 5 1 1 2 2 10 35 4 30 36 13 JZjilgiioli. •••• 1 2 VJTCl 1X10.11 T+qIiqTI Xtallclli) INUiLil. ........ 4 2 3 3 8 1 XtdliCtli; OULltll T.itVinnninTi "M^ncTynr 4 2 1 Slovak 230 65 4 11 1 132 17 « For selection of families, see p. 284. General Tables: South, 533 Table 218 , — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of indi- vidual. Native-born of na- tive father, White Native-born of for- eign father, by race of father: English German Italian, North.. Magyar Total. Total native- born Foreign-born: Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English French German Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian . . . Magyar Num- Number working full time months specified. Polish Roumanian. Russian Slovak Total foreign- born Grand total... oer re- porting com- plete data. 12. 11 and under 12. 10 and under 11. 9 and under 10. 8 and under 9. 7 and under 8. 6 and under 7. 3 and under 6. Under 3. 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 7 4 3 11 6 1 4 ' 13 6 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 19 7 8 4 1 1 35 5 2 i 17 3 6 1 62 16 9 15 8 8 4 2 272 76 10 20 31 52 47 24 12 36 6 8 10 10 1 1 207 38 1 6 22 66 36 28 9 1 187 22 47 14 28 41 27 7 1 3 2 1 37 1 1 6 5 8 6 3 5 2 60 10 2 2 11 21 8 6 921 183 12 92 98 211 177 101 42 5 934 189 12 92 99 213 177 105 42 5 534 The Immigration Commission. Table 219, — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [“With boarders or lodgers” includes only households keeping boarders or lodgers at the time schedule was taken. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Total number of house- holds. “Family” households. “Group” house- holds. With neither boarders nor lodgers. With boarders or lodgers. Total family house- holds. Con- sisting of a single family. Consist- ing of two or more families living together. Total. With board- ers. With lodgers only. Total. Foreign-born: English 11 7 7 4 4 11 German 21 14 1 15 4 1 5 20 1 Italian, North 25 2 2 5 6 11 13 12 Italian, South 76 17 17 9 36 45 62 14 Lithuanian 12 2 2 7 2 9 11 1 Magvar 74 26 26 38 10 48 74 Polish 69 20 20 38 8 46 66 3 Slovak 21 6 6 11 3 14 20 1 Total 309 94 1 95 116 66 182 277 32 Table 220. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Foreign-born: English German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Slovak Niunber of households paying rent and report- ing amount. Average rent per apartment. 11 $5.91 21 5.79 25 5.80 74 6. 10 12 6. 21 72 7.67 69 6. 02 21 6. 93 305 6. 46 Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment. Under $5. $5 and under $7.50. $7.50 and under $10. $10 and under $12.50. $12.50 and under $15. $15 and under $20. $20 01 over. 10 1 5 13 1 2 4 18 3 20 35 13 6 2 5 5 44 16 5 4 3 8 49 6 2 4 1 12 6 2 40 186" 51 17 8 3 Total. General Tables: South, 535 Table 221 . Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (study op households.) General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Number of house- holds paying rent and reporting amount. Average rent per room. Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room. Under $1. $1 and under $1.50. $1.50 and under $2. $2 and under $2.50. $2.50 and under $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 and under $4. $4 or over. Foreign-born: English 11 $1.41 5 6 German 21 1.58 1 3 15 1 1 Italian, North 25 1.58 7 13 4 1 2 Italian, South 74 1.62 2 16 33 20 1 Lithuanian 12 1.43 8 1 2 1 Magyar 72 2. 02 3 28 27 7 7 Polish 69 1.83 1 5 40 7 14 11 7 1 Slovak 21 1.89 2 1 Total 305 1.75 4 49 143 79 18 11 1 Table 222. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Number of house- holds payinp: rent and reporting amount. Foreign-born: English German Italian, North Italian, South, 11 21 25 74 Lithuanian, Magyar Polish Slovak 12 72 69 21 305 Average rent per person. $1.18 1.11 1.18 .97 .93 1.14 1.01 1.01 1.05 Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person. Under $0.50. $0.50 and under $ 1 . 113 $1 and under $1.50 117 $1.50 and under $ 2 . 30 $2 and under $2.50. 22 .$2.50 and $3. $3 and under $3.50. $3.50 and under $4. $4 or over. 3 2 1 2 5 1 1 2 7 5 5 Total. 536 The Immigration Commission. Table 22^,— Number of households keeping hoarders and lodgers, and number of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) finformation relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.] General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Number of households keeping— Total number of— Boarders. Lodgers only. Total. Boarders. Lodgers only. Total. Foreign-born: "P^TijrliQh 11 4 4 11 11 German 21 4 1 5 11 1 12 Italian, North 25 5 6 11 13 19 32 Italian, South 76 9 36 45 18 165 183 Lithuanian 12 7 2 9 17 6 23 Magyar 74 38 10 48 150 38 188 Polish 69 38 8 46 111 27 138 Slovak 21 12 3 15 41 10 51 Total 309 117 66 183 372 266 638 Table 224. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (study of households.) General Tables: South, 537 3-room apartments. Number occupied by households of each specified number of persons. •9J0UI JO 01 O 00 CO CO *0 - Tf iO(N CD o O (M 22 17 id (N 6 11 2 (N rH 05 rH CO rH O rH ^ rH 109 2-room apartments. Number occupied by households of each specified number of persons. •OJOUI JO OT o5 00 — o id CO Th ^ - cd rH CO - lO oi - CO Totai num- ber of apart- ments. 00 rH rH 17 1-room apartments. Niunber occupied by house- ! holds of each specified niun- ber of persons. •0JOIU JO 9 id : - - 2 (B a tB O 2 G 03 g tB •--G o • • « • • * • • • * , • 1 • • : : o g • 'ZcB =1 G - ^ • • • 1 .1 ! * ’ i ’S J 1 • J, OtOCSpJp] 2o3r-i4<) C 03 03 2 WVy =3 i t>c H ;3 S -G be—* > g;GS^03 .-G^oO s a o -e 2 G H^lli ° t^ 2 G 2 ° 2 i2 1 'G i o ft to I G o 03 g 0-1 2 G S H GX2 Gx: c3 a >>2 ssg S25 o O g slggg ; bJDg;:2:=: a?^_g fwoss fP 03 o 2 I-^J^PhCQ General Tables: South. 539 Table 225 . — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of rooms per apart- ment. Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 or more. Foreign-bom: English 11 4. 18 1 7 3 German 21 3. 67 1 9 9 2 Italian, North 25 3.68 2 2 20 1 Italian, South 76 3. 78 5 8 19 28 5 8 3 Lithuanian 12 4. 33 1 1 1 4 5 Magyar 74 3.85 28 35 6 4 i Polish 69 3.29 2 4 41 17 4 1 Slovak 21 3. 67 1 10 7 2 1 Total 309 3. 70 10 17 109 127 20 21 5 Table 226 . — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (study op households.) Niimber of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms. General nativity and race of head of household. 1 room. 2 rooms. 3 rooms. 4 rooms. 5 rooms. 6 rooms. 7 or more rooms. Total. Number of households. 1 Number of 1 persons. Number of households. Number of persons. Number of households. N umber of persons. N umber of households. N umber of persons. Number of households. N umber of persons. N umber of households. N umber of persons. Number of I households. N umber of persons. Number of households. Number of persons. Foreign-born: English 1 3 7 39 3 13 11 55 German 1 7 9 42 9 43 2 17 21 109 Italian, North .• 2 5 2 5 20 105 8 25 123 Italian, South 5 15 8 30 19 108 28 187 5 49 8 45 3 41 76 475 Lithuanian 1 5 1 4 1 12 4 24 5 35 12 80 Magyar 28 172 35 243 6 38 4 33 1 11 74 497 Polish 2 5 4 14 41 225 17 126 4 30 1 10 69 410 Slovak 1 4 10 58 7 53 2 19 1 10 21 144 Total 10 30 17 64 109 620 127 820 20 149 21 148 5 62 309 1,893 I 540 The Immigration Commission. Table 221 Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (study op households.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Average number of persons per house- hold. Number of households of each specified number of persons. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 or more. Foreign-bom: ' TI' _ — -Vk 11 5. 00 3 1 5 1 1 JtLDgllbli /Mormon 21 5. 19 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 Italian, North.. 2.“) 4. 92 2 3 4 4 1 5 2 3 1 Italian, South.. 7G 6. 25 6 11 9 9 9 11 7 4 10 T Ifhnanion 12 6.67 1 4 2 1 2 1 1 tllLidrJLIiClilA. • • • • 74 6. 72 3 5 9 12 10 11 6 2 16 69 5. 94 4 9 7 14 7 8 9 5 6 Slovak 21 6.86 1 3 2 4 5 2 4 Total 309 6.13 2 20 36 37 50 37 41 30 17 39 Table 228 . — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of head of household. Total number of house- holds. Persons. Persons per room. Total number. Average per house- hold. Average per room. Less than 1. 1 and under 2. 2 and under 3. 3 and under 4. 4 or more. Foreign-bora: I7» 1 V\ 11 55 5. 00 1.20 2 7 2 JLllgUSIl riorTTicin 21 109 5. 19 1.42 5 10 4 2 Italian, North. .. 25 123 4.92 1.34 5 15 3 2 Italian, South... 76 475 6. 25 1. 66 7 36 27 4 2 T .ifyincininTi 12 80 6. 67 1. 54 8 2 2 XJlliillictiilclXl. . • • • • Magyar 74 497 6. 72 . 1.74 6 37 24 6 1 "Pnl ich 69 410 5. 94 1. 81 5 31 30 3 Slovak 21 144 6. 86 1. 87 12 8 1 Total 309 1,893 6. 13 1. 66 30 156 100 18 5 General Tables: South, 541 Table 229. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (study op households.) General nativity and race of head of house- hold. Total number of house- holds. Persons. Persons per sleeping room. Total number. Average per house- hold. Average per sleeping room. Less than 2. 2 and un- der 3. 3 and un- der 4. 4 and un- der 5. 5 and un- der 6. 6 or more. Foreign-born: English 11 55 5.00 2.50 3 5 1 2 German 21 109 5. 19 3. 21 9 5 5 1 1 Italian, North 25 123 4. 92 2.86 5 5 9 6 Italian, South 76 475 6.25 2. 97 5 27 29 9 6 Lithuanian 12 80 6. 67 3.08 7 1 2 1 1 Magyar 74 497 6. 72 3. 13 7 25 24 7 8 3 Polish 69 410 5. 94 2. 95 6 23 22 15 2 1 Slovak 21 144 6.86 3. 06 1 7 10 1 1 1 Total 309 1,893 6. 13 3.00 27 108 101 47 19 7 Table 230. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (study op households.) General nativity and race of head of Total number Number of house- holds Number of households sleeping in all rooms except— household. of house- holds. sleeping in all rooms. 1. 2. 3. 4 or more. Foreign-born: English 11 9 2 German ■ 21 5 10 6 Italian, North 25 2 3 15 4 1 Italian, South 76 5 31 28 9 3 Lithuanian 12 1 2 4 4 1 Magyar 74 34 29 10 1 Polish 69 4 45 17 3 Slovak 21 13 7 1 Total 309 12 133 119 39 6 542 The Immigration Commission, Table 2S1,— Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (study of employees.) ^ [ Number Number who— General nativity and race. reporting - complete data. Read. Read and write. Native-born of native father: 4,242 4,043 4,012 4, 639 3,233 3,133 Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: 31 30 29 1 1 1 3 3 3 66 64 63 5 5 5 48 45 45 1 1 1 Greece^. 85 82 80 14 13 13 1 8 66 1 7 65 1 5 65 3 3 3 2 2 2 6 6 6 Africa (country not specified) 1 1 1 341 329 323 9,222 7,605 7,468 Foreign-born, by race: 2 2 2 8 7 6 123 108 108 r'or»o/lion /rkthiar 2 2 2 251 185 180 1 1 1 2 2 2 19 18 17 117 113 113 36 34 33 109 109 109 23 20 20 1 1 1 3 3 3 44 41 41 389 268 258 1,149 667 626 39 37 32 13 12 12 341 303 302 1 1 1 91 57 57 296 239 231 37 29 29 77 59 53 4 3 3 100 100 99 21 20 20 380 329 325 57 35 34 SpO^nisll 1 1 1 SwBd'sli 5 5 5 Syrian .......... 5 5 2 Wpkh 11 8 8 A-U-Stri^pii (r3,C6 not spGcificd), 56 36 33 P^lgiRTi 6 4 4 1 1 1 Total foreign-born 3,821 2,865 2,774 Grand total 13,043 10,470 10,242 General Tables: South. 543 Table 232. — Literacy of 'persons 10 years of age or over, hy sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Male. Female. Total. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Num- ber. Num- ber who read. Num- ber who read and write. Native-born of native father, White 10 4 3 3 6 3 3 10 6 6 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: English 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 German 9 3 3 3 6 6 6 9 9 9 Italian, North 4 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 Italian, South 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 Magyar 31 20 18 18 11 11 11 31 29 29 Poiish 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Slovak 5 2 2 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 Total 56 32 29 29 24 24 24 56 53 53 Total native-born 66 36 32 32 30 27 27 66 59 59 Foreign-born: Bohemian and Mora- vian 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 Croatian 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 English 40 26 26 26 14 13 13 40 39 39 French 1 1 1 German 66 40 36 35 26 22 22 66 58 57 Italian, North 85 69 64 63 16 15 15 85 79 78 Italian, South 356 291 156 153 65 17 17 356 173 170 Lithuanian 49 39 17 15 10 6 3 49 23 18 Magyar 304 224 208 206 80 61 61 304 2{;9 267 Polish 278 207 158 156 71 49 48 278 207 204 Roumanian 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Russian 37 37 26 26 37 26 26 Scotch 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Siovak 88 64 53 52 24 17 16 88 70 68 Total foreign-born 1,311 1,005 751 739 306 200 195 1,311 951 934 Grand total 1,377 1,041 783 771 336 227 222 1,377 1,010 993 644 The Immigration Commission. Table 233 . — Literacy of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.) MALE. Years in United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Number Race of Individual. reporting complete Num- Num- Num- data. Num- ber Num- ber Num- ber Num- ber who Num- ber who Num- ber who ber. who read ber. who read ber. who read read. and read. and read. and write. write. write. Bohemian and Moravian... rVnci t inn 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 English 2G 19 19 19 5 5 5 2 2 2 TTron r*Vi 1 1 German 40 24 20 19 10 10 10 6 6 6 Italian, North 09 51 47 40 16 15 15 2 2 2 Italian, South 291 202 99 90 75 44 44 14 13 13 T.lt.hnanian 39 18 9 8 9 4 4 12 4 3 Magyar 224 137 128 127 67 50 49 30 30 30 Polish 207 145 112 no 44 35 35 18 11 11 *R All m on inn 3 3 3 3 Russian 37 34 23 23 2 2 2 1 1 1 RAAtoh 2 2 2 2 Slovak 64 31 26 25 18 15 15 15 12 12 Total 1,005 007 488 478 238 182 181 100 81 80 FEMALE. ■Rnglitjb 14 9 8 8 5 5 5 German 26 18 15 15 3 2 2 5 6 5 Italian, North 16 11 10 10 4 4 4 1 1 1 Italian, South 65 44 9 9 15 6 6 6 2 2 T.it.hnanian 10 2 1 4 2 1 4 3 2 Magvar 80 42 31 31 19 16 16 19 14 14 Polish 71 42 27 27 24 18 17 5 4 4 Slovak 24 6 3 3 11 10 9 7 4 4 Total 306 174 104 103 85 63 60 47 33 32 TOTAL. Bohemian and Moravian. 1 1 1 1 Grnatian 1 1 1 1 English 40 28 27 27 10 10 10 2 2 2 Erpnoh 1 German 66 42 35 34 13 12 12 11 11 11 Italian, North 85 62 57 56 20 19 19 3 3 3 Italian, South 356 246 108 105 90 50 50 20 15 15 Lithuanian 49 20 10 8 13 6 5 16 7 5 Magyar 304 179 159 158 76 66 65 49 44 44 Polish 278 187 139 137 68 53 52 23 15 15 Roumanian 3 3 3 3 Russian 37 34 23 23 2 2 2 1 1 i Seot.eh 2 2 2 2 Slovak 88 37 29 28 29 25 24 22 ie 16 Total 1,311 841 592 581 323 245 241 147 114 112 General Tables: South. 545 Table 234 . — Literacy of foreign-horn persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. Age at time of coming to United States. Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Under 14. 14 or over. Nmnber. Number who read. Number who read and write. Number. Number who read. Number who read and write. Bnhpmifl.n nnrt Mnra.vifl.n 1 1 1 1 P.mnt.inn 1 1 1 1 English 26 6 6 6 20 20 20 T^rpnr*lT 1 1 German 40 4 4 4 36 32 31 Italian, North 69 1 1 1 68 63 62 Italian, South 291 13 7 7 278 149 146 Lithuanian 39 4 1 1 35 16 14 Magyar 224 16 15 15 208 193 191 Polish 207 15 11 11 192 147 145 "R onmfl.Tiinn 3 3 3 3 Russian 37 1 1 1 36 25 25 Sootoh 2 2 2 2 Slovak 64 4 3 2 60 50 50 Total 1,005 64 49 48 941 702 691 FEMALE. English 14 3 3 3 11 10 10 German 26 4 4 4 22 18 18 Italian, North 16 2 2 2 14 13 13 Tta.lian, South 65 8 3 3 57 14 14 Lithuanian 10 1 1 1 9 5 2 Magyar 80 6 5 5 74 56 56 Polish 71 11 11 11 60 38 37 Slovak 24 3 2 2 21 15 14 Total 306 38 31 31 268 169 164 TOTAL. Bohemian and Moravian Croatian English French German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian Russian Scotch Slovak 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40 9 9 • 9 31 1 30 30 66 8 8 8 58 50 49 85 3 3 3 82 76 75 356 21 10 10 335 163 160 49 5 2 2 44 21 16 304 22 20 20 282 249 247 278 26 22 22 252 185 182 3 3 3 3 37 i i 1 36 25 25 2 2 2 2 88 7 5 4 81 65 64 1,311 102 80 79 1,209 871 855 Total. 546 The Immigration Commission. C S' cS pq < H Number within each specified age group. Total. Total. (M CC CS w IMr^COOOiO 00^00:.-H>0 y-l M O 00 . CO General nativity and race. Native-born of native father: White Negro Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father: % a 3 li 0 J 3 g 3 c iff } 3 g 3 c • tA ■j rt < 3 S? H OC Ireland Italy Norway - 'Dtiooi'r^ 1 Scotland Sweden Switzerland Wales Africa(countrynotspeci- fied) Total Total native-born Table 235 . — Conjugal condition of male employees, Sy age groups and general nativity and race — Continued. 548 The Immigration Commission. Number within each specified age group. Total. Total. • 11 52 7 1 3, 840 13, 019 Wid- owed. to 364 Mar- ried. 05 OO (M 2,179 7,563 S 1 24 3 1,604 5, 092 45 or over. Total. rH T-l 1,972 Wid- owed. 00 173 Mar- ried. CO i-t 356 1,674 .S.2 • Wid- owed. (N Mar- ried. HHrH CM 1-H • lO CO C aj TO M 1 1 1 i a Including 1 not reporting complete data. General Tables: South. 551 J C QJ iwo; H H g.Sfl • : g; O 2 G a S _C3«.-Srt o •fppUWfi^O § S If O G w« 90 o C^ COCiJ ODi-i CO tt (N 0 (N r^rHCOrHCO COt'^C4C^I CO O 00'^ CO 00 CO CM 8 80 CO jrH ^ -t* CO * 00 1(M .HI^OOOO'M (M-rtHnniT • CO COIMtHTIHO rH ■rj 538 D (M •CM . . .^ . r*. rH 00 00 s c^ ! lo . CO O rH O »0 • CM CM 1-H rH CO 05 05 i O 2 o lo TfOt^-^CO CMDrHCr ’ s s rH rH CO ^ o ^^OOt-HCD O r^ O t-I 1-H lO rH r- rHrJHt^CMOiCO rHO 533 540 rH rH • 1 " CM ■ cc ) '00 2 t2 S CO • r t* o CM 242 rH CO rH t-H lO .— 1 00 .H ^ rO !£> .H 1— ( iH C. rHr- 0 CM " 8 296 0 o (M • cc 5 9 27 2 22 20 'f . C 94 106 > a) tJ '■-nrxiw 2 p (u bX) o g.S OJ P R O C3 CO ,-H o o I o r- (N —I -H t S R r-i ■ ' ■ •2.S g a • ; I ^■-S-J'S.R O 3 § £ ^ R W«ooPC SJi rO CS o Number reporting — 3 or more visits. 1 1 2 visits. ! *-H ! t cs) 1 visit. » *10 • « 1 •CO No visits. fH CO lO (M ^ 2 S Num- ber. »-iOOO(M^ Jh (N In United States 10 years or over. Number reporting— 3 or more visits. i” ; : : 2 visits. 1 visit. : : : No visits. tH CO I-H i-t CO Num- ber. rH TP ,-1 rH In United States 5 to 9 years. Number reporting— 3 or more visits. 2 visits. . 1-H I - 1 visit. 1 I ^ I ^ No visits. ! (M TP ! ^ • 4 O P I-H* D 0) !•= CO 00 -CO • . 00 In United States under 5 years. Number reporting— 3 or more visits. i : : 2 visits. 1 visit. 9T I No visits. 1 100 1 137 Num- ber. 1 101 1 154 Number reporting complete data I-H 00 O (N TP Ih ^ 1 pc ) Armenian Bohemian and Moravian Bulgarian Canadian (other than French) Croatian General Tables: South. 553 554 The Immigration Commission, Table 239 , — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. I Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of head of household. Under 6. 6 to 13. Hand 15. 16 to 19. 20 to 29. 30 to 44. 45 or over. Total. Foreign-born: English 6 6 1 4 6 12 3 37 German 7 12 1 2 16 20 6 64 Italian, North 12 3 8 32 27 4 86 Italian, South 42 16 3 27 141 104 10 343 Lithuanian 12 3 2 3 19 15 1 a 56 Magyar 40 34 8 23 84 119 26 334 Polish 54 18 1 16 86 87 9 271 Slovak 8 7 1 3 27 36 8 90 Total 180 99 17 86 411 420 67 a 1,281 FEMALE. Foreign-born: English 7 9 3 5 8 19 4 55 German 14 24 2 7 20 30 12 109 Italian, North 20 7 1 10 40 33 4 115 Italian, South 67 25 4 30 178 123 14 441 Lithuanian 19 6 2 3 24 20 3 0 78 Magyar 75 52 13 30 109 158 33 0 471 Polish 87 34 5 18 126 112 10 392 Slovak 29 17 1 3 35 46 8‘ 139 Total 318 174 31 106 540 541 88 b 1,800 o Including 1 not reporting complete data. b Including 2 not reporting complete data. General Tables: South, 555 Table 240. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group , by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) General nativity and race. Num- ber report- ing com- plete data. Number of each age or within each specified age group. Un- der 14. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 44. 45 to 54. 55 to 64. 65 or over. Native-born of native father: White 4,365 6 26 75 121 131 125 130 853 721 666 835 507 144 25 Negro 4,778 26 40 58 79 89 83 120 964 1,022 688 782 644 151 32 Native-born of foreign — father, by country of birth of father: 30 2 6 2 6 3 3 6 2 1 1 3 1 2 66 3 3 4 4 5 15 11 5 10 4 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 49 1 2 5 2 1 9 3 3 12 10 1 1 .... 1 86 6 2 10 9 9 27 19 4 14 2 3 3 1 1 i 3 1 1 8 3 2 1 2 Scotland 66 2 3 4 2 10 4 11 10 7 5 5 3 3 2 1 2 1 6 1 1 3 1 Africa (country not specified) 1 1 Total 342 Na 24 26 16 61 36 27 61 41 11 Total native- born 9,485 32 72 152 214 244 234 266 1,878 1,779 1,381 1,678 1,192 306 57 Foreign-born, by race: Armenian 2 2 Bohemian and Mo- ravian 8 1 2 3 3 Bulgarian 122 1 2 3 27 50 12 21 4 2 Canadian (other than French) 2 1 1 Croatian. 257 1 2 11 5 74 50 44 54 14 1 1 Cuban 1 1 Da,ni.sh 2 1 j Dutch 19 1 1 5 2 2 4 3 1 English 119 1 2 2 2 7 12 20 22 34 12 5 French . . 36 1 3 5 6 9 10 2 German 112 4 9 12 34 31 18 3 1 Greek 23 15 3 2 3 Hebrew (other than Russian) 1 1 H er zevn vi n ia.n 3 1 1 1 Irish 44 "i' 2 2 3 9 20 7 Italian, North 401 1 1 6 6 10 19 26 93 77 62 68 30 1 1 Italian, South 1,176 2 8 14 26 57 59 292 261 185 199 63 10 Lithuanian 41 11 8 8 12 2 MaceHnnian 13 4 2 5 2 Magyar Mexican 344 1 1 2 3 10 13 63 1 79 44 100 24 5 Montenegrin 91 2 5 4 30 18 19 7 6 Polish . 296 4 1 5 9 57 62 59 78 17 2 1 Roumanian 37 1 2 2 6 5 6 9 6 Russian 85 1 2 19 20 13 23 7 Ruthenian 4 1 2 Scotch 101 2 2 6 9 14 22 30 15 3 Servian 21 1 10 6 1 2 1 Slovak 387 4 2 3 14 11 72 76 69 96 40 Slovenia, n 55 2 1 3 3 15 15 12 4 i Spanish 1 1 1 Sweriish 5 2 2 1 1 Syrian 5 2 2 1 Welsh 11 1 1 2 5 1 1 Austrian (race not sppioififtrl) 56 2 1 4 14 11 7 10 6 , 1 Belgian (race not specified 1 7 1 2 3 Swiss (race not specified) 1 1 Total forelgn- born 3,890 J_ 7 21 34 59 1.32 145 8.32 790 635 806 350 64 14 Grand total 13,375 33 79 173 248 1 303 1 366 411 2,710 2,569 2,016 2,484 j 1,54^ 3To““ 71 556 The Immigration Commission, Table 24:1,— Number of families owning home, renting, hoarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number of families— General nativity and race of head of family. Owning | home. 1 Renting home. Boarding. Lodging. In other conditions. Total. Foreign-bom: • 11 21 14 0 60 11 72 66 20 1 12 21 15 62 11 74 66 20 1 (a) Italian, South a 1 (a) (a) Magyar 2 Slovak Total 0.3 0 275 ol O 1 (a) 281 a Not including 1 family not reporting complete data. Table 242 . — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) MALE. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of individual. | Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 15 years. Total. At home. | At school. * At w'ork. j Total. j At home. At school. At work. '3 0 At home. ' At school. At work. Total. 1 At home. j At school. j At work. 1 Total. Native-born of native father, White 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: 4 5 4 1 1 5 5 English Gcririfiii 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 11 11 10 31 10 1 1 10 1 .... llailall, INOrill T+olioTi RnnfVi 31 ' 4 ' 5 9 1 1 35 5 41 Itdlidll) oUUtil. 11 36 42 11 2 2 13 13 Litliu3.niB.li - 36 2 13 1 16 3 2 5 38 16 3 3 57 47 "Dy-il \ oVl 1 43 2 2 4 44 X Ollbll. Slovak 10 10 3 3 10 3 13 Total 149 1 150 11 29 1 41 3 4 7 160 33 5 198 Total native-born 149 1 150 12 29 1 42 j... 3 5 8 161 33 ~6 200 Foreign-bom: ’R'/ncrlicVi 1 1 3 2 5 1 1 4 2 1 7 2 2 7 7 2 7 9 T+q1ioti 2 2 i 1 2 3 1 4 X tctilclLl j Ui til.... ...*•••••••• Smith 10 10 3 4 7 2 2 13 4 2 19 T .1 1 1 1 1 'io' 1 1 2 25 24 Magyar . . . 4 4 6 12 18 1 2 3 13 11 2 1 Poli<;b 8 2 10 4 9 13 1 1 12 Slovak.'. 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 2 3 1 6 Total foreign-born 28 2 30 18 39 57 . 1 8 9 46 42 8 96 Grand total 177 3 180 30 68 1 99 . 4 13 17 207 75 14 296 General Tables: South, 557 Table 242. — General occupation of persons under 16 y ears of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual- — Continued. FEMALE. Number within each specified age group. General nativity and race of individual. Under 6 years. 6 to 13 years. 14 and 15 years. Total. OJ S o rC *0 O rd o c/} o '3 <35 S "o « 0 ■3 d a 0 "o 0 0 "3 S 0 "o 0 ,£3 0 CO M u 0 "3 ■4^ < < < c-i * < < < < < < < Native-born of native father, Whit<* 1 1 1 1 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: pfjgHch 1 1 1 1 rjprm fin 5 5 5 5 1 1 6 5 11 Italian, North 7 7 2 2 1 1 7 3 10 ftnntVi 21 21 2 2 23 23 J .ithnnriifl.n 8 8 1 1 9 9 Magyar 27 1 28 1 .8 9 1 4 5 29 13 42 Polish 21 21 3 1 4 24 1 25 plovalr 17 17 2 6 8 19 6 25 Total 107 1 108 9 22 31 2 5 7 118 28 146 Total native-born 107 1 108 9 23 32 2 5 7 118 29 I 47 Foreign-born: English - 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 6 fr firm an 2 2 2 5 7 4 5 9 Italian, North 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 Xtahan South 4 4 " 7 ' 7 1 1 12 12 J.ithnania.n 1 1 1 1 Magyar . . 8 8 6 2 8 14 2 16 Polish 13 13 4 8 12 2 2 4 19 10 29 Slovak 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 4 Total foreign-born 30 30 21 22 43 5 2 7 56 24 80 Grand total 137 1 138 30 45 75 7 7 14 174 53 227 1 TOTAL. Native-born of native father. White 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: V.nglicVi 5 5 1 1 6 6 German 10 10 10 10 1 1 2 11 10 1 22 Italian North 17 17 3 3 1 17 4 21 Italian South 52 52 "e" 5 11 “i’ 1 58 5 "i" 64 T 11 Cl 19 19 3 3 22 22 ••••• Magyar 63 "i' 64 3 21 1 25 1 7 2 10 67 29 3 99 Polish 63 1 64 5 3 8 68 4 72 pinvfllr 27 27 2 9 11 29 9 38 Total 256 2 258 20 51 1 72 2 8 4 14 278 61 5 344 Total native-born 256 2 258 21 52 1 74 2 8 5 15 279 62 6 347 Foreign-born: F.nglish 2 2 3 5 8 2 1 3 7 5 1 13 Arm « n 4 4 2 12 14 6 12 18 y^^cilic^n 3 3 1 3 4 4 3 7 Italian South 14 14 10 4 14 1 2 3 25 4 "2 31 I.ithnanian 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 Magyar 12 12 12 14 26 1 2 3 24 15 2 41 Polish 21 2 23 8 17 25 "2 2 1 5 31 21 1 53 plAvcilr 2 2 2 5 7 1 1 4 5 1 10 Total foreign-born 58 2 60 39 61 100 5 3 8 16 102 66 8 176 Grand total 4 318 60 113 1 174 7 11 13 31 381 128 14 658 The Immigration Commission. Table 243. — Present political condition of foreign-horn male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.] Race. Bohemian and Moravian. Bulgarian Croatian Danish Dutch English French German Hebrew (other than Russian). Irish Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian — Macedonian. . . Magyar Polish Roumanian . Russian Scotch Servian Slovak. . . Slovenian . Swedish.. Syrian Welsh Austrian (race not specified). Belgian (race not specified) . . Swiss (race not specified) — Total. In United States 5 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. Total number re] complete da Aliens. Having first papers only. Having secc^d papers. Total. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having second papers. Total. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having second papers. Total. 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 6 6 1 1 7 7 66 62 62 4 4 60 66 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 2 1 3 4 2 1 3 6 45 6 8 14 1 5 25 31 7 13 25 45 12 5 5 1 2 4 7 6 2 4 12 29 5 3 4 12 4 13 17 9 3 17 29 1 1 1 1 1 21 1 1 2 1 1 17 19 2 2 17 21 111 53 2 6 61 22 12 16 50 75 14 22 111 315 203 14 6 223 57 10 25 92 260 24 31 315 15 4 1 5 5 4 1 10 9 5 1 15 2 2 2 2 2 110 76 4 80 20 6 4 30 96 10 4 110 95 64 2 66 21 2 6 29 85 4 6 95 3 3 3 3 3 16 13 13 2 1 3 15 1 16 38 1 1 2 5 31 36 1 5 32 38 5 ! 5 5 5 5 125 75 7 1 83 25 4 13 42 100 11 14 125 16 6 5 11 4 1 5 10 6 16 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 14 4 3 7 2 2 3 7 6 5 3 14 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 .| 1,067 598 54 18 670 174 55 168 397 772 109 186 1,067 Total. General Tables: South, 559 Table 244. — Present political condition of foreign-horn males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and ivho were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Race. Number reporting com- plete data. In United States 5 to 9 years. In United States 10 years or over. Total. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having second papers. Total. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having second papers. Total. Aliens. Having first papers only. Having second papers. Total. 1 1 1 1 1 English 4 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 4 German ; 11 4 4 8 1 2 3 4 5 2 11 Italian, North i 12 9 1 10 1 1 2 10 1 1 12 Tt.ah’art Smith i 52 44 44 5 1 2 8 49 1 2 52 T fitllll 1 ! 9 5 5 4 4 9 9 Magvar 1 68 45 2 1 48 13 7 20 58 2 8 68 Polish 39 30 2 1 33 4 2 6 34 2 3 39 ncoion 1 1 1 1 1 Slovak 1 24 11 2 13 8 3 11 19 2 3 24 Total 221 151 12 2 165 35 2 19 56 186 14 21 221 Table 24.5 .—Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races.) Number reporting complete data. Male. Female. Total. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. 15 7 7 8 8 15 15 6 2 1 4 4 6 5 12 10 10 2 1 12 11 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 43 28 28 15 15 43 43 9 4 4 5 5 9 9 11 3 3 8 7 11 10 99 56 55 43 41 99 90 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 77 45 29 32 15 77 44 88 71 25 17 7 88 32 363 295 89 68 12 363 101 50 39 24 11 5 50 29 321 236 91 85 23 321 114 291 212 59 79 22 291 81 3 3 3 37 37 5 37 5 90 66 25 24 5 90 30 1,323 1,007 349 316 89 1,323 438 1,422 1,063 404 359 130 1 1; 422 534 General nativity and race of individual. Native-born of foreign father, by race of father: German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Slovak Total native-born . ForeigM-born: Bohemian and Moravian. Croatian French German Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian Magyar Polish Roumanian . Russian Slovak Total foreign-born Grand total 560 The Immigration Commission. Table 246. — Ability to speak English of foreign-horn persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races.] MALE. Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Age at time of comii Under 14. ag to United States. 14 or over. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Bohemian and Moravian j 1 Croatian 1 1 1 French 1 1 1 German ■45 9 6 36 23 Italian, North 71 3 1 68 24 Italian, South •. 295 17 16 278 73 Lithuanian 39 4 4 35 20 Magyar 236 28 21 208 70 Polish 212 20 19 192 40 Roumanian 3 3 Russian 37 1 1 36 4 Slovak 66 5 5 61 20 Total 1,007 87 73 920 27G FEMALE. German 32 10 7 22 8 Italian, North 17 3 3 14 4 Italian, South 68 11 7 57 5 Lithuanian 11 2 1 9 4 Magyar 85 11 7 74 16 Polish 79 18 16 61 6 Slovak 24 3 1 21 4 Total 316 58 42 258 47 TOTAL. Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 1 Croatian 1 1 1 French 1 1 1 German 77 19 13 58 31 Italian, North 88 6 4 82 28 Italian, South 363 28 23 335 78 Lithuanian 50 6 5 44 24 Magyar 321 39 28 282 86 Polish 291 38 35 253 46 Roumanian 3 3 Russian 37 1 1 36 4 Slovak 90 8 6 82 24 Total 1,323 145 115 1,178 323 General Tables: South, 561 Table 247 . — Ability to speak English of foreign-horn persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only non-English-speaking races.) MALE. Race of individual. Number reporting complete data. Years in United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. • M.or3.vi3.ii • . . . . 1 1 lori 1 1 1 French ......... 1 1 1 German 45 28 12 11 11 6 6 Italian, North 71 53 11 16 12 2 2 ItaUan, South 295 204 30 77 45 14 14 Lithuanian 39 18 7 9 6 12 11 Magyar 236 145 35 61 32 30 24 Polish 212 3 148 3 14 46 28 18 17 "P ncciQn 37 34 4 2 1 1 Slovak 66 33 4 18 9 15 12 Total 1,007 667 118 242 144 98 87 FEMALE. German Italian, North Italian, South Lithuanian Magyar Polish Slovak 32 17 68 11 85 79 24 23 12 45 3 45 47 6 8 2 2 6 7 4 4 17 4 21 27 11 2 4 5 1 5 11 3 5 1 6 4 19 5 7 5 1 5 4 12 4 2 Total 310 181 25 88 31 47 33 TOTAL. 1 1 1 1 1 Bohemian and Moravian 1 1 1 1 1 French German 77 51 20 15 13 11 ii Italian, North Italian, South 88 363 65 249 13 32 20 94 16 50 3 20 3 19 1 K Lithuanian Magyar 60 321 21 190 7 41 13 82 7 37 16 49 io 36 Polish 291 195 Q 21 73 39 23 21 Roumanian P ncoioTi 3 37 O 34 4 2 1 i Slovak 90 39 4 29 12 22 14 Total 1,323 848 143 330 175 145 120 562 The Immigration Commission, Table 2^S,—Ahility to speak English of foreign-horn male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only non-English-speaking races.] Age at time of coming to United States. Race. Number reporting N umber who Under 14. 14 or over. complete data. speak English. Number. Number who speak English. Number. Number who speak English. 1 1 1 1 8 8 i 1 7 7 119 30 119 30 255 181 2 1 253 180 2 2 2 2 Dntf»h 16 14 4 3 12 11 Erpnnh 36 21 6 6 30 15 German IIU 99 12 12 98 87 22 19 22 19 XT Of *1 T? ^ 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 Italian, North 391 256 29 27 362 229 TtaliaTi South 1,157 739 61 49 1,096 690 Lithuanian 41 38 4 4 37 34 An iQ n 13 6 13 6 Magyar 337 214 12 10 325 204 1 1 1 1 . . . Montenegrin 91 23 1 1 90 22 Polish 294 191 15 14 279 177 TTi n i ^ 36 19 36 19 Russian 73 50 1 1 72 49 "P |ipn i‘r^n 4 1 4 1 Servian 21 10 1 1 20 9 Slovak 382 241 11 11 371 230 Slovenian 51 28 5 4 46 24 Sp^niQh 1 1 1 1 Swedish 5 5 1 1 4 4 .^y ri an 5 4 5 4 Austrian (race not specified) 54 38 3 3 51 35 Belgian (race not specified) 6 5 1 1 5 4 pyrjcc TiAf cpOAifiPr1\ 1 1 1 1 Total 3,537 2, 248 171 151 3, 366 2, 097 General Tables: South. 563 Table 249 . — Ability to speak English of foreign-horn male employees, by years in the United States and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table Includes only non-English-speaking races.] Race. Armenian Bohemian and Moravian. Bulgarian Croatian Danish Dutch . French German Greek Hebrew (other than Rus- sian) Herzegovinian . Italian, North. Italian, South. Lithuanian . . . Macedonian... Magyar Mexican. . . . , Montenegrin. Polish Roumanian. Russian Ruthenian.. Servian Slovak Slovenian. Spanish... Swedish. . Syrian Austrian(race not specified) Number reporting complete data. Number who speak English. Years in United States. Under 5. 5 to 9. 10 or over. Num- ber. Number who speak English. Num- ber. Number who speak English. Num- ber. Number who speak English. 1 1 1 1 8 8 1 1 3 3 4 4 119 30 110 22 8 7 1 1 255 181 160 98 87 77 8 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 16 14 6 5 2 2 8 7 36 21 14 5 8 2 14 14 110 99 55 45 22 21 33 33 22 19 22 19 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 391 256 171 78 139 104 81 74 1,157 739 536 254 461 349 160 1.36 41 38 9 7 10 9 22 22 13 6 11 4 2 2 337 214 172 78 115 92 50 44 1 1 1 1 91 23 90 22 1 1 294 191 142 59 100 82 52 50 36 19 29 15 7 4 73 50 52 33 14 11 7 6 4 1 3 1 1 21 10 13 5 8 5 382 241 173 71 134 103 75 67 51 28 17 3 20 14 14 11 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 1 2 2 2 2 5 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 54 38 27 14 18 17 9 7 6 5 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3,537 2, 248 1,822 846 1,168 911 547 491 Total LIST OF TEXT TABLES. VOLUME I. PART I— GENERAL SURVEY OF THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY. Chapter I. — Introduction: Page. Table 1. — Bituminous coal production in the United States, 1860 to 1908 . . 3 Table 2. — Bituminous coal production in States specified 4 Table 3.— Per cent distribution of bituminous coal production in States specified - 4 Table 4. — Bituminous coal production in States specified ^ Table 5. — .\verage number of wage-earners in bituminous coal mining, 1870 to 1907 5 Table 6. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 6 Table 7.— Persons in households studied, and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) - ; 7 Table 8. — Number of households and number of families studied. (Study of households) 8 Table 9.— Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 9 Table 10. — Per cent of males among persons canvassed, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 10 Table 11. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 11 Table 12. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 13 Table 13. — Race of male employees for whom information was secured, by locality; per cent distribution. (Study of employees) 16, 17 Table 14. — Comparative scope of investigation of employees 18 Table 15. — Scope of investigation of households 18 Chapter II. — Racial displacements: Table 16. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees in the United States under 1 year, 1 year, 2 years, etc., by race. (Study of employees) 24 Table 17. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 26 Table 18. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual. (Study of households) . 28 Table 19. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by locality and by race. (Study of em- ployees) ; 29, 30 Table 20. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by locality and by race of individual. (Study of households) 32,33 Table 21. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 34 Table 22. — Race of male employees for whom information was secured, by locality; per cent distribution. (Study of employees) 35, 36 Chapter 111. — Economic status: Table 23. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 39 Table 24. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign -bom females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 40 565 566 The Immigration Commission. Chapter III. — Economic status — Continued. Page. Table 25.— Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 42 Table 26.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-bom males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 42 Table 27. — Per cent of foreign-born males 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States who were employed abroad in mining, by loc'ality and by race of individual. (Study of households) 43 Table 28. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) - 44 Table 29.— Per cent of foreign-born male employees who were engaged in mining before coming to the United States, by locality and by race. (Study of employees) 45 Table 30.— General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of housholds) 46 Table 31.— General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 47, 48 Table 32.— Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in bituminous coal mining, by general nativity and rac-e of father and by birthplace of individual. (Study of households) 49 Talde 33.— Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) bO Talde 34^— Per cent of male em})loyees 18 years of age or over earning $2 or over per day, by locality and by general nativity and race. (Study of emplovees) 54 Table 35.— Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning $3 or over per day, by locality and by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 55, 56 Table 36. — Per cent of male em.ployees 14 and under 18 years of age earn- ing each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 57 Table 37. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States. (Study of employees). 59, 60 Table 38. — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born male emplo\mes 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States. (Study of employees) 60, 61 Table 39. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) - 53 Table 40. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 65 Table 41. — Average yearly earnings of male heads of families, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 66 Table 4l— Per cent of male heads of families earnirig under $400 per year, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 57 Table 43. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 68, 69 Table 44. — Average yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over working for wages, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 71 Table 45. — Per cent of males 18 years of age or over working for wages and earning under $400 per year, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) _ 72 Table 46.— Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) _ 73,74 Table 47. — Average family income per year, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 76 Table 48. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income under $500, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 77 List of Text Tables. 567 Chapter III. — Economic status— Continued. Page. Table 49.— Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 79 Table 50. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 80 Table 51. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) _ 81 Table 52.— Per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 82 Table 53.^ — Per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 83 Table 54. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of hou.seholds) 84 Table 55. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 86 Table 56. — Per cent of families having entire income from husband, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 87 Table 57. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 89 Table 58. — Per cent of total family income within the year from earnings of husband, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 91 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 59. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 97 Table 60.— Per cent of males 16 years of age or over working 9 months or over, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 98 Table 61.— Per cent of males 16 years of age or over working 6 months or over, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual, (Study of households) 99 Table 62. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 101 Table 63.— Per cent of males 21 years of age or over working for wages, who are affiliated with trade unions, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 103 Table 64. — Affiliation with trade unions of foreign-born males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 104 Chapter V. — Housing and living conditions; Table 65.— Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 106 Table 66.— Average rent per month per apartment, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 107 Table 67.— Average rent per month per room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 108 Table 68.— Average rent per month per person, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 109 Table 69.— Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) HO Table 70.— Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) - IH- Table 71.— Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 668 The Immigration Commission. Chapter V. — Housing and living conditions — Continued. Page. Table 72. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 113 Table 73. — Per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 114 Table 74. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 115 Table 75. — Average number of boarders or lodgers, based on total number of households, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 116 Table 76. — Average number of boarders or lodgers, based on number of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by locality and by general na- tivity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 117 Table 77.— Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 118 Table 7*8. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of less than 4 rooms, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 119 Table 79. — Average number or rooms per household, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 120 Table 80. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 121 Table 81. — Per cent of households of 6 or more persons each, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) - - • - 122 Table 82.— Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 123 Table 83. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 124 Table 84. — Average number of persons per apartment, by locality and bv general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 125 Table 85. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 126 Table 86. — Per cent of households having 2 or more persons per room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 128 Table 87. — Average number of persons per room, by locality and by gen- eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). . 128, 129 Table 88. — Rooms per apartment, persons per apartment, and persons per room, by locality. (Study of households) 129 Table 89. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households).. _. .. 130 Table 90. — Per cent of households having 3 or more persons per sleeping room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 132 Table 91. — Average number of persons per sleeping room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 133 Table 92. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 134 Table 93. — Per cent of households regularly sleeping in all rooms, or all except 1 room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 135 Chapter VI. — Salient characteristics: Table 94. — Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 137 Table 95. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read, and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 140 569 List of Text Tables. 141 142 143 Chapter VI.— Salient characteristics— Continued. , u i i Table 96.— Per cent of persons 10 years of age or oyer who read, by local- ity, by sex, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study ot households) i* ‘ Table 97.— Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of read, and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) - - - Table 98. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read, and per cent who read and write, by age at time of <;Oming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households).. Table 99.— Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or oyer in each con- jugal condition, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees). 144, 145 Table lOO.-Per cebt of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) . 148, 1 9 Table 101. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of Table 102 — Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over who are married, by locality and by general nativity and race. (Study of em- TabVe^loi-PeTcent of males 20 years of age or over ^ by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study ot Table 104.— Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife United States, and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of hus- TaWe^l05.— Per^ cent^? foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by locality and by race of husband. (Study of employees) . . . - - - - - ibU Table 106 — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abioad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States. Table 107 . — Vishs ^road made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) - ----- - - Table 108.— Per cent of foreign-born male employees reporting one or more visits abroad, by locality and by race (Study ot employees 169 Table 109 —Per cent of persons within each ,^8® m i7i general nativity and race of head of household. (Studyof households) 170, 171 Table 110.— Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity of head of household. (Study of households) ’ Table 111 — Per cent of male employees within each age group, by ge - eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) ^^^TaWe™2;-Nl^^^^^^^ of famUms ^y 177 156 157 158 179 TawfAl-trcenf 0^ nativitv and race of head of family. (Study of households). - - Table IIU— Per cent of children 6 and under 16 yearn of age at home, at school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of mdividua . TaW^llb— Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of fathe and bv birthplace of child. (Study of households) - U ‘ AA' Table 116 —Present political condition of foreign-born male employees ^tho haveLen in "Ihe United States 5 years - over a^d vears of ase or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees;, xible 117. -Present political condition /of®'!?"’''®™. who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, bry^ars in the United States and race. (Study of employees) . . . . . - TabVnS —Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households). Table 119 — Present political condition of foreign-oorn male employe s who have been in the United States each specified number of years and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by locality and by race. (Study of employees) 48296 ° — VOL 7 — 11 37 183 185 188 190 570 The Immigration Commission. Chapter VII. — General process and assimilation — Continued. Page. Table 120. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by locality and by race of individual. 193 (Study of households) Table 121.— Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 195 Table 122. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by race. (Study of employees) 196 Table 123.— Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by locality and bv sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 199 Table 124. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by locality and by race. (Study of employees) 201 Table 125. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 202 Table 126. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 203 Table 127. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of employees) 204 Table 128. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 206 Chapter VIII. — Recent immigration in its relation to accidents in coal mines: Table 129. — Number of fatalities per 1,000 men employed and per 1,000,000 tons of coal produced, in the coal mines of the United States, 1895 to 1908 209 Table 130. — Number of fatalities in the coal mines of the United States and number of fatalities per 1,000 men employed, by States and Terri- tories, 1907 and 1908 212 Table 131. — Number of fatalities per 1,000 men employed in the coal mines of France, Belgium, Great Britain, Prussia, and the United States, in recent years 213 Table 132. — Terms of experience of persons killed and injured at the West Virginia coal mines, 1901 to 1908 217 Table 133. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by gen- eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 219 Table 134. — -Race of male employees for whom information was secured. Table 135. — Nationality or race of employees in the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania, 1907 222 Table 136. — Nationality of employees of Illinois mines, 1899 223 Table 137. — Nationality of employees in the bituminous coal mines of West Virginia, June 30, 1908 223 Table 138. — Classification of employees by general nativity and race and by groups. (Study of employees) 225 Table 139. — Classification of Pennsylvania employees by nationality or race and by groups. ^ (State reports) 225 Table 140. — Classification of Pennsylvania employees by general nativity and race and by groups. (Study of employees) 226 Table 141. — Classification of Illinois employees by nationality or race and by groups 227 Table 142. — Classification of employees in the Middle West by general nativity and race and by groups 227 Table 143. — Classification of West Virginia employees by nationality or race and by groups 228 Table 144. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 229 Table 145. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who were engaged in mining before coming to the United States, by locality and by race. (Study of employees) 230 List of Text Tables. Chapter VIII.— Recent immigration in its relation to accidents in coal mines— Page. Continued. , . , j Table 146.— Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specitied occupation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study oi employees) * * * *. V w' ’ I Table 147.— Number of fatalities in the bituminous coal mines ot West Virginia, by race or nationality of individual, 1904 to 1908. - . -^34 Table 148.— Number of fatalities in the bituminous coal mines of West Virginia, 1904 to 1908, by racial groups; per cent distribution. ..... ^34 Table 149.— Number of fatalities in the bituminous coal mines of Penn- sylvania, 1904 to 1908, by nationality or race of individual. . - . 335 Table 150.— Number of fatalities in the bituminous coal mines of Pennsyl- vania, 1904 to 1908, by racial groups; per cent distribution. Table 151.— Number of fatalities in the bituminous coal mines ot Indiana, 1907 and 1908, by nationality or race of individual. . Table 152.— Number of fatalities in the coal mines of Indiana, 1907 and 1908, by racial groups; per cent distribution 33b PART II.— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN PENNSYL- VANIA. GENERAL SURVEY. Chapter I.— Introduction; . e u a t Table 153 .—Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) ; * * ' V * ' ' ‘d V m Table 154 — Persons in households studied and persons for whom dialled information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold . (Study of households) Y Y ’ Table 155.— Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 247 Table 156.— Persons for whom detailed information w^ secured by sex and general nativitv and race of individual. (Study of households) 348 Table 157 .—Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 349 Chapter II.— Racial displacements: . ^ f -d Table 158. — Number of miners 10 years of age or over in the State of Penn- svlvania in 1889 ' 'Y ' Table 159 .—Number of miners and quarrymen 10 years of age or over in the State of Pennsylvania in 1899 - ; - f * ’ ' •* * ' i oAq Table 160. — Nationality of bituminous coal miners in Pennsylvania, 1903 tjo 1907 X Table 161. — Number of coke ovens and number of tons of coke shipped in Pennsylvania, 1880 to 1907 — \ i j Table 162. — Production of bituminous coal in Fayette and Westmoreland counties, Pennsylvania, 1890 to 1907. ----- - - - - Table 163.— Racial composition of Plant B, by occupation, 1908 358 Table 164.— Racial composition of Plant C, by occupation 1908. . ... ... . . . 35y Table 165. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years by race. (Study of employees) ... ..... -6.. Table 166.— Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual. (Study of households) . 265 Table 167 — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 3bb Ettapter III. — Economic status: , , tt i ox x e Table 168. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of ap or over at time of coming, by race of individual . (Study of households) .... ... - - Table 169. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-bqrn females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of in- dividual . (Study of households) ; Y * VV * : ' i Y: Y’ ’ " Table 170 — Industrial condition before coming to the United States oi lor- eign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at tine of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 3/i 572 The Immigration Commission. Chaptfr III. — Economic status — Continued. Page. Table 171. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of in- dividual. (Study of households) 272 Table 172. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occu- pation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees). 273 Table 173. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 274 Table 174. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 275 Table 175. — Number of employees of each race in the bituminous coal mines and coke plants, by occupation 278-287 Table 176. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of em- ployees) 288 Table 177. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 290 Table 178. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States. (Study of employees) 292 Table 179. — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States. (Study of employees) 293 Table 180. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 296 Table 181. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 298 Table 182. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 299 Table 1 83. — Actual annual earnings for 1908 of employees of selected repre- sentative races, by occupation • 301 Table 184. — Per cent of families having total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 302 Table 185. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 303 Table 186. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 304 Table 187. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 305 Table 188. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general na- tivity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 306 Table 189. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 307 Table 190. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 309 Table I91.--Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general na- tivity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 310 Table 192. — Means of support of family, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 312 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 193. — Deductions from earnings of employees of 7 mining companies, by principal items, January to December, 1906 317 Table 194. — Deductions from earnings of employees of 12 mining companies, by principal items, January to December, 1907 317 Table 195.— Deductions from earnings of employees of 12 mining companies, by principal items, January to December, 1908 317 Table 196.— Deductions from earnings of selected employees, by race and by oyer employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 321 List of Text Tables. 573 331 333 343 343 344 345 346 Chapter IV.— Working conditions— Continued. Page. Table 198.— Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or oyer who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) i" ‘ oi f Table 199. — Affiliation with trade unions of foreign-born males 21 years ot age or over who are working for wages, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) . ... .... - - - - Table 200. — Active and idle ovens in Connellsville coke district. May i to September 1, 1894 ; Chapter V.— Housing and living conditions: Table 201. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) - - - - - - • Table 202.— Per cent of households paying each specified rent per montfi per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study Table m—Pe^ cent of househoids paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study ot T^^e 204. — Per cent of households paying each specified rejit per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study ot Table 205. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- Table 206. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per ^ousehcdd, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) Table 207. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. Table 208 .—Per cent of households of each specified nuniber^of pem,gns by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study oi households) 3 7 Table 209.— Average number of persons in apartments ot each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. Table^2i().— Average number of persons per apartment, per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. Tabm 21 ^U— pSs^^^ nativity and race of head of head of household. (Study of households) ; * T ' i ‘.•n* Vll Table 213.— Number and per cent of households ^ except each specified number of roomB, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) Ohapter VI. — GGncral cost Rnd stEndard. of liying. i i x 4- Table 214 — Summary etatement of families whose budgets were studied, by race of head ofimily, April 1 to June 30 1909 Table 215 — Expenditures for food and general living m selected familie. , by race of head of family, April 1 to June 30, 1909 . . v, *55. 356 Table 216.— Expenditures in typical families, by race of head of fam Y’ April 1 to June 30, 1909 j' ■ in three Pennsylvania Tab£* 218^— ^uaSy* of beer and whiskj. mining town during a period of ten weeks, by race of consumer - - - - • - - - Table 219.— Quantity of beer and whisky per man ordered in one Penn- sylvania mining town, by race .**■■*. Twaptfr VIII —Industrial effects of immigration: . Table 220.— Bituminous coal mined by machines in Pennsylvania, 1904 to Table* 221. -Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in bituminous coS mining, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study ot households) : CiTf AFTER IX — Salient characteristics. i j + Table 222 —Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and ^ite, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 429, 430 419 420 574 The Immigration Commission. Chapter IX. — Salient characteristics — Continued. Page. Table 223. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 431 Table 224. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 433 Table 225. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 434 Table 226. — Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race. (Study of employ- ees) 435 Table 227. — Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 437 Table 228. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 439 Table 229. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband. (Study of employees) 442 Table 230. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States. (Study of employees) 442 Table 231. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 444 Table 232. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 446 Table 233. — Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 447,448 Chapter X. — General progress and assimilation: Table 234. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 452 Table 235.— Number of pupils in selected public schools, by sex and age and by general nativity and race of father of pupil 453-455 Table 236. — Per cent distribution of children in the parochial schools by race.... 456 Table 237. — Number of pupils of each sex in the parochial schools, by general nativity and race of father of pupil 457 Table 238. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child. (Study of households) 458 Table 239. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over at school, at home, and in other oci*upations, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 458 Table 240. — Per cent of females 16 years of age or over at school, at home, and in other occupations, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 459 Table 241. — Number of persons naturalized in Westmoreland County, Pa., by country of birth, 1802 to 1908 460, 461 Table 242. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees) . . Table 243. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) Table 244. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of house- holds) Table 245. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) Table 246. — Per cent of foreign-bom male employees who speak English, by race. (Study of employees) Table 247. — Per cent of foreign-bom persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 462 463 464 465 466 467 List of Text Tables. 575 Chapter X.— General progress and assimilation— Continued. Table 248.— Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or o^ er who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. TaW^249.— Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of TaW?250.— Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 470 REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY A. Chapter XII. — History of immigration: j. u 479 Table 251 -Distribution of races in the urban center, by sections 479 Table 252.— Races found in each subcommunity ™ Table 253.— Races found in each mine location : * Vi ' * VU q/oVU Table 254.— Number of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 482 Chapter Xlll. — Economic status: i « 486 q’able 255 —Occupation of coal-minmg employees, by race : . - Table 256.— Number of male employees 18 pars of age or over earmng ^ each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study Table^M^^^Number of mile employees iVindundeVis yearBofage e^nlng each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. ^gg Ta°ble^58^— SVcent ol male employees earning each pecified amount per day , by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) .... 489 NumS^of fatal accidents in the coal mines in Community A, TabUS— Number^of nonfatai accidents in the coal mines in Community Tabie^26L-3bediictions from earnings of employees of the mining company Tab\e 262^-Eamings and deductions from earnings of families representa-^^^ tive of races employed - . ' — Salient cliaracteii'^tics. .. Table 263 —Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and ,„en- T^^ mie emi;^:^ age’or ovnrh; each com Tabl?265!— Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race TaWei66.— Number of each age or within each age otoud by general nativity and race Chapter XVII.— Industrial and other effects of immigration: Table 267.— Hospital record in the urban center of Community A, by race Tabir26rLNumbeV oraVresis of'foreign^bornpe^sonsiu'the urban center ^ of Community A during a period of two months m the year 1J08 rwAPTWR XVTII General progress of immigrants in the community. Table rn-Immlg^^^^^^ pro^rty holdings in the urban center of^ Commu- T^^J 270 .—Average monthly deposits of immigrants on open accounts in tbo banks of the urban center of Community A, by rp®* * Table 271.— Postal money orders issued during a period of two years in t Table 273^Limm1gran*t8 in business in Community A, by race and class of Tabte'27?-Abiiity'to speak English of' foreign-bom' male 'employees by ^"age artimt of cUing to the IJnited States and race. (Study of em- ployees) 576 The Immigration Commission. Chapter XVIIL— General progress of immigrants in the community — Cont’d. Page. Table 275.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) . 519 Table 276.— School attendance in public, parochial, and night schools in Community A, by race 52i Table 277.— Number of pupils in each grade of the public schools' of the urban center of Community A, by sex and by general nativity and race of father of pupil 52i 522 Table 278.— Sex of teachers in the public schools of Community A, by gen- eral nativity and race 523 Table 279. Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race (Study of employees) 523. 524 Table 280. — Illiteracy among representative foreign races 525 Table 281. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) 525 Table 282. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees). 526 Table 283. — Vote at a recent election in Community A, by race 527 Table 284. — Vote in the urban center in Community A at a recent elec- tion, by race 527 Table 285. — Immigrant churches in the urban center of Community A . . . 527 REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY B. Chapter XIX.— Introduction: Table 286. — Growth of coal industry in Community B 532 Chapter XX.— Population and racial displacements: Table 287.— Foreign population of Community B, by race, 1908 533 Table 288. Nuinber of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 535 Table 289.— Number of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 536 Chapter XXL— Economic status: Table 290. Occupation, by race, in representative mines in Commu- nity B Table 291. -Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 54 q Table 292.- Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn- ing each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 544 T^le 293.— International post-office money orders issued at Communitv B, from August 20, 1907, to August 19, ] 908 542 Chafper. XXIII. — Industrial progress and efficiency: Table 2M — Races preferred by mining operators for specified occupations . 550 Chapter XXVI. — Salient characteristics: Table 295.— Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and ^neral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 558 Table 296.— Per cent of male employees 16 years of age or over in each con- 'T' general nativity. (Study of employees) 559 u wives of foreign-born employees, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees) 539 Table 298.-— Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, (Study of employees) 560 male employees, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 56i among representative foreign races . 561 a e 01 Number of male employees of each age or within each age CHAPTBTMf-EffLte^f'iSm^S: employees) 562 Table 302.— Accidents in selected mines in Community B, 1900 to 1907. 564 List of Text Tables. 577 Chapter XXVIII. — General progress of immigrants in the community: Page. Table 303.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of em- ployees) Table 304.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 568 Table 305. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) ^70 PART III— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE AIIDDLE WEST. Chapter I. — Introduction: Table 306.— Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 575 Table 307. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) Table 308. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). . 576 Table 309.— Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 577 Table 310.— Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 578 Chapter II. — Racial displacements: . ,. . Table 311. — Number of miners 10 years of age or over in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, by country of birth, 1890. .* ^^2 Table 312. — Coal-mine employees in Illinois, by nationality, 1899. 583 Table 313.— Nationality of coal-mine employees in Illinois, by district and county, 1899 Table 314. — Number of miners and quarrymen 10 years of age or over in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, by nativity, 1900 - 585 Table 315.— Number of coal-mine employees in Ohio, by county, 1899 and 1907 Table 316.— Number of coal-mine employees in Indiana, by county, 1899 and 1907 1 Table 317.— Number of coal-mine employees in Illinois, by district and county, 1899 and 1907 : - - To " Table 318.— Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 587 Table 319. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual. (Study of housenolds). 589 Table 320. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 590 Table 321.— Number of coal-mine employees in Ohio, by county, 1908 615 Chapter III. — Economic status: t • i z Table 322.— Industrial condition before coming to the United States ot foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) Table 323.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) V Vt ' N 'al 7 Table 324.— Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) Table 325.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) ■ - Table 326.— Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occu- pation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of em- ployees) 619 620 620 621 622 578 The Immigration Commission. Chapter III. — Economic status — Continued. Page. Table 327. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 624 Table 328. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 624 Table 329. — Present occupation of males under 18 years of age, by age and general nativity and race 626-633 Table 330. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 635 Table 331. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 636 Table 332. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of resi- 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States. (Study of employees) 638 Table 334. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 640 Table 335. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 640 Table 336. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 641 Table 337. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each speci- fied amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 642 Table 338. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general na- tivity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 644 Table 339. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general na- tivity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 644 Table 340. — Per cent of families having income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 645 Table 341.— Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 646 Table 342. — Per cent of total family income within the year from hus- band, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 647 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 343. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 649 Table 344. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 654 Chapter V. — Industrial effects of immigration: Table 345. — Average daily earnings. Establishment X, Macoupin County, 111., by occupation 662 Table 346. — Average daily earnings. Establishment XI, Madison County, 111., by occupation 662 Table 347. — Average daily earnings in Establishments IV, VI, and V, La- salle County, 111., by occupation 663 Table 348. — Earnings of Illinois coal miners before and after organization, by district 664 Table 349. — Increase in wages of coal miners in Illinois as result of strikes of 1897, by city 664 Table 350. — Increase in wages of coal miners in Illinois as result of’ the strike of 1897 in each specified coal field 665 Table 351. — Comparative prices for pick and machine mining (per ton), 1900 and 1901 f 665 Chapter VI. — Housing and living conditions: Table 352. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 671 List of Text Tables. 579 Chapter VI. — Housing and living conditions — Continued. Table 353. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) Table 354. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) Table 355. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) . . Table 356. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each speci- fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) - Table 357. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) Table 358. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) - - Table 359. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) Table 360. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) Table 361.— Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) Chapter VII. — Salient characteristics: Table 362.— Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) Table 363.— Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) - Table 364.— Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) - Table 365.— Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) Table 366.— Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each con- jugal condition, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) — Table 367.— Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) Table 368.— Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) ■ V * Vt* ‘ ■ j Table 369.— Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the U nited States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband. (Study of employees) ‘ j ‘ V" Table 370.— Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States. (Study of employees) - Table 371.— Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) Table 372.— Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by gen- eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) ... Table 373.— Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) Chapter VIII. — General progress and assimilation; Table 374.— Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) Table 375 —Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees) ^ . Table 376.— Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) Page. 672 673 674 674 676 677 678 679 680 683 684 685 686 687 688 690 691 692 693 694 696 699 701 701 580 The Immigration Commission. Chapter VIII. — General process and assimilation — Continued. Page. Table 377. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) . . 703 Table 378. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 704 Table 379. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by race. (Study of employees) 705 Table 380. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 705 Table 381. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 706 Table 382. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of 707 employees) Table 383. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 708 VOLUME II. PART IV -THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTHWEST. Page. Chapter I. — Introduction: Table 384. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 3 Table 385. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 4 Table 386. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 4 Table 387. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). . 5 Table 388. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 6 Chapter II.— Racial displacements: Table 389. — Number of miners and quarrymen in Kansas and Oklahoma (Indian Territory), by nativity, 1900 10 Table 390. — ^Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 11 Table 391. — Percent of foreign-born persons in the United States each speci- fied number of years, by race of individual. (Study of households) 12 Table 392.— Male employees for whom information was secured, by gen- eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 13 Table 393.-^Total number of male employees for whom information was secured in the Oklahoma coal fields, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 23 Table 394. — Number of foreign -born male employees in the Oklahoma coal fields who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees.) 24 Table 395.— Total number of male employees for whom information was secured in the Kansas coal fields, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 30 Table 396. — Number of foreign-born male employees in the Kansas coal fields who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 31 Chapter III. — Economic status: Table 397. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of for- eign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 33 List of Text Tables. 581 Chapter III. — Economic status — Continued. Page. Table 398. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 34 Table 399. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of for- eign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 35 Table 400. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 36 Table 401. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occu- pation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of em- ployees) 37 Table 402. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 38 Table 403. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 39 Table 404.— Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) - 41, 42 Table 405. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 43 Table 406. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of resi- dence in the United States. (Study of employees) 44 Table 407. — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States. (Study of employees) 44, 45 Table 408. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) - - - 46 Table 409. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativ- ity and race of individual. (Study of households) 47 Table 410. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 48 Table 411. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each speci- fied amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) - - - - - Table 412. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) Table 413. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 52 Table 414.— Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 53 Table 415. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 53 Table 416.— Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 55 Table 417. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 56 Table 418.— Per cent of total family income within the year from hu.sband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 58 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 419.— Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 62 Table 420.— Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 66 Table 421.— Fatal and nonfatal accidents in Kansas and Oklahoma coal mines, 1908 582 The Immigration Commission. Chapter V. — Housing and living conditions: Page. Table 422.— Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 73 Table 423.— Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 75 Table 424.— Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 76 Table 425.— Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 76 Table 426.— Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, Table 427.— Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) ..... 78 Table 428. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 79 Table 429.— Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 80 Table 430.— Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 81 Table 431. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 83 Table 432. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) _. 84 Table 433. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 86 Chapter VI. — Salient characteristics: Table 434. — Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) — 89 Table 435. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 90 Table 436. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over \yho read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 91 Table 437. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households).... 92 Table 438. — Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees). 93 Table 439. — Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 95 Table 440. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) - 97 Table 441. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband. 98 (Study of employees) Table 442. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 99 Table 443. — Percent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general Table 444. — Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 103 Chapter VII. — General progress and assimilation: Table 445. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 110 Table 446. — Children of immigrants in 9 public schools of Oklahoma, by race of father 112 List of Text Tables. 583 Chapter VII. — General progress and assimilation— Continued. Page. Table 447. — Number and per cent of children G and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child. (Study of households) 114 Table 448.— Present political condition of foreign-born male employees in Oklahoma who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees) 117 Table 449. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees in Kansas who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of em- ployees) 118 Table 450. — Present political condition of foreign-bom male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees). 119 Table 451. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 120 Table 452. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 120 Table 453. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 121 Table 454. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by race. (Study of employees) 122 Table 455. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 123 Table 456. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or oyer who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 123 Table 457. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of employees) 124 Table 458. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 125 PART V.— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH. Chapter I. — Introduction: Page. Table 459. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 129 Table 460. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 130 Table 461. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 131 Table 462.— Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). . . 131 Table 463.— Male employees for whom information was secured, by gen- eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 132 Chapter II. — Racial displacements: Table 464. — Number of persons 10 years of age or over engaged in mining in each specified State, by nativity, 1889 : ■ : - ■ Table 465.— Number of persons 10 years of age or over engaged in mining and quarrying in each specified State, by nativity, 1899 136 Table 466. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 137 Table 467. — Percent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 138 584 The Immigration Commission. Chapter II.— Racial displacements— Continued. Page. Table 468. — Male employees for whom information was secured, by gen- eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 139 Table 469.— Development of bituminous coal mining in the State of Ala- bama, by county, 1902 141 Table 470. — Number of male employees in Alabama for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 142 Table 471. — Number of foreign-born male employees in Alabama who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) - Table 472.— Number of inside and outside employees in Community No. 1, by race, 1907 - - - 150 Table 473.— Number of employees in Community No. 1, by race, July 1, 1908, and May 1, 1909 150 Table 474. — Estimated population of Community No. 1, by race, 1909 150 Table 475.— Number of employees in each specified county, by race, 1908. 156 Table 476.— Approximate number of employees in the Pocahontas coal fields, by race - - - 159 Table 477.— Approximate number of employees in each specified county in the Pocahontas coal fields, by race 159 Table 478.— Nationalities employed in the West Virginia mines June 30, 1908 Table 479.— Number of male employees in West \irginia for whom infor- mation was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 152 Table 480.— Number of foreign-born male employees in West Virginia who have been in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 163 Chapter III. — Economic status: Table 481. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of com- ing, by race of individual. (Study of households) 167 Table 482.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign- born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 168 Table 483.— Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males w’ho were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 169 Table 484.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 170 Table 485. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 171 Table 486. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 172 Table 487. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) _ — . . 173 Table 488. — Number of coal-mine employees in Mine No. 1 in West Vir- ginia, by race and occupation ^ ; - - 174 Table 489. — Number of coal-mine employees in Mine No. 2 in West Vir- ginia, by race and occupation - - 175 Table 490. — Number of employees in Mine No. 3 (coal mining and coke manufacturing) in West Virginia, by race and occupation 175 Table 491. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 177 Table 492. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn- ing each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 178 Table 493. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over in West Virginia earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of emjjloyees) ; - 180 Table 494. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age in West Virginia earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 181 List of Text Tables. 585 Chapter III. — Economic status — Continued. Page. Table 495. — Monthly earnings of the operating force in a typical coal mine in southern West Virginia, by occupation and race 182 Table 496. — Monthly earnings of the operating force in a typical coal mine in southern West Virginia, by conjugal condition and race 182 Table 497. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of resi- dence in the United States. (Study of employees) 183 Table 498. — Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United Table 499. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 185 Table 500. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 186 Table 501. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 187 Table 502. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 188 Table 503. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 189 Table 504. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) - _ 190 Table 505. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 190 Table 506.— Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 191 Table 507. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 192 Table 508. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 192 Table 509. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 193 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 510. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 195 Table 511. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 196 Table 512. — Monthly earnings of employees in southern West Virginia, deductions from earnings, and amount received, by race and occupation. 203 Table 513. — Average monthly earnings and amount deducted from earn- ings of mine employees of a representative mine and coke plant in south- ern WYst Virginia, by race and conjugal condition 203 Table 514. — RaeJial distribution of employees in a union and in a non- union mine « 208 Chapter VII. — Housing and living conditions: Table 515. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 232 Table 516. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 233 Table 517. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) - 234 Table 518. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 235 48296°— VOL 7—11 38 586 The Immigratiori Commission. 236 237 239 240 Chapter VII.— Housing and living conditions— Continued. Page. Table 519. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) - - - ; ' Ti' * I ’ * Table 520.— Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) .* Table 521.— Per cent of households occupying apartments of each speci- fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 238 Table 522.— Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) Table 523. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) '.V ‘ ’ j' ' £ Table 524. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) - - 240 Table 525.— Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 241 Table 526.— Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households.) 242 Table 527. — Average number of rooms per apartm.ent and average num- ber of persons per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) : 243 Table 528.— Average number of rooms per apartment and average number of persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 243 Table 529.— Average number of sleeping rooms per apartment and average number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 244 Chapter VIII. — Salient characteristics: Table 530. — Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race. (Study of ernployees) Table 531. — Per cent of male employees in West Vu’ginia who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race (Study of employees) - Table 532. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 250 Table 533. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) Table 534. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) Table 535. — Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each con- jugal condition, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees).. Table 536. — Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and by general nativity and race. (Study of employees).. Table 537. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) .•••:*** Table 538. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees) Table 539. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States. (Study of employees) Table 540. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 258 Table 541. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees in West Virginia, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees). 260 Table 542. — Per cent of foreign-born mine employees in West Virginia mak- ing visits abroad, by years in the United States. (Study of employees). 262 247 249 251 252 253 254 257 257 List of Text Tables. 587 Chapter VIII. — Salient characteristics — Continued. Page. Table 543. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 263 Table 544. — Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 264 Chapter IX. — General progress and assimilation: Table 545. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 267 Table 546. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child. (Study of households) 268 Table 547. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race . ( Study of employees) . . 269 Table 548. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 270 Table 549. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) . . 271 Table 550. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees in West Virginia who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) - 272 Table 551. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 273 Table 552. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by race. (Study of employees) 274 Table 553. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 274 Table 554. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or oyer who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individuaL (Study of households) • 275 Table 555. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of employees) - - - - - 276 Table 556. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 277 ijp-.-, , .>,^, '■"^t r ■t ^V li m- • .;.r:::'ie^ ■ .... ^ ,;\iiv^: -.V^t/'-^A ■•■•■•t''fe.r ' J1 = -. ':,.,v.^ ^ , n**- ; .-*• r * ‘j::J^’' ' ';«: ^■y ' C\'^: ‘ .■/, ;•/.• . - -.. ; -v, .>: . . . .Vnvm,- .".U».',^"-*^"'^- - ■ -if ....■■ t^X''’-4>'l^'-^^ LIST OF GENERAL TABLES. VOLUME II. PART l.-GENERAL SURVEY OF THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY. Chapter I. — Introduction: Page. Table 1. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 291 Table 2. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 292 Table 3. — Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 293 Chapter II. — Racial displacements: Table 4. — Number of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 294 Table 5. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each speci- fied number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of house- Table 6. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 296 Table 7. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 297 Chapter III. — Economic status: Table 8. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 298 Table 9. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 299 Table 10. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified indus- try, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 300 Table 11. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of em- ing each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 303 Table 13. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 304 Table 14. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 305 Table 15. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 306 Table 16. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 307 Table 17. — Number of families having an income within the year from hus- band, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 308 Table 18. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 309 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 19. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 310, 311 589 590 The Immigration Commission. Chapter V. — Housing and living conditions: Page. Table 20. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 312 : Table 21. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 313 i Table 22. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 314 Table 23. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month ! per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study j of households) 315 Table 24. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and num- ber of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 316 i Table 25. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each speci- , fied size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of j Table 26. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 320 Table 27. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 321 Table 28. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 322 Table 29. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 323 Table 30.— Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 324 Table 31. — Number of households regularly sloe])ing in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of househoid. (Study of households) 325 Chapter VI. — Salient characteristics: Table 32. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. Table 33. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 328 Table 34. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of house- age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. Table 36. — Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and gen- Table 37. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general Table 38. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees) 343 Table 39. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in Table 40. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general Chapter VII. — General progress and assimilation: Table 42. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 351 Table 43. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) 355 List or General Tables. 591 Chapter VII. — General progress and assimilation — Continued. Page Table 45. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (Study of households) 356 Table 46. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 357 Table 47. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 358 Table 48. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 359, 360 Table 49. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of em- ployees) 361 Table 50.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 362 PART II.— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA. Chapter I. — Introduction: Page. Table 51. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 363 Table 52. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was se- cured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 364 Table 53. — Total number of male employees for whom information was secure^ by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 365 Chapter II. — Racial displacements: Table 54. — Number of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 366 Table 55. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of households) 367,368 Chapter III. — Economic status: Table 56.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 369 Table 57.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 370 Table 58. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 371 Table 59.— Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) Table 60. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 373 Table 61.— Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 374,375 Table 62.— Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn- ing each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) - 376 Table 63.— Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 377 Table 64.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 378 Table 65.— Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 379 592 The Immigration Commission. Chapter III. — Economic status — Continued. Page. Table 66. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nati^'ity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) , - 379 Table 67, — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 380 Table 68. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 381 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 69.— Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of Chapter V. — Housing and living conditions: Table 70. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household, (Study of households) 385 Table 71, — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 386 Table 12 . — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 386 Table 73. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household, (Study of households 387 Table 74. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers, and num- ber of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold, (Study of households) 387 Table 75. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified size, by general nati vi ty and race of head of household . (Study Table 76. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 391 Table 77, — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 391 Table 78. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household, (Study of households). 392 Table 79.- -Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 392 Table 80. —Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 393 Table 81. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households)* 393 Chapter IX. — Salient characteristics: Table 82. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race, (Study of employees) 394, 395 Table 83. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 397 Table 84. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of indi\ddual. (Study of ho\ise- holds) 398,399 Table 85. — literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the ITnited States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 399, 400 Table 86. — Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 401-403 Table 87. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 404-409 Table 88.— Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees) 411 Table 89. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 412, 413 List of General Tables. 593 Chapter IX. — Salient characteristics — Continued. Page. Table 90. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house- holds) 414,415 Table 91. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 415, 416 Table 92, — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 417 Table 93, — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 418-420 Chapter X. — General progress and assimilation: Table 94. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) 421 Table 95. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (Study of households) 422 Table 96. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 423 Table 97. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 424 Table 98. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 425 Table 99. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of employees) 426 Table 100. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 427 PART III.— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE MIDDLE WEST. Chapter I. — Introduction: Page. Table 101. — Total number of households and persons studied by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 428 Table 102. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 428 Table 103. — Total number of male employees for whom information was se- cured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 429 Chapter II. — Racial displacements: Table 104. — Number of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 430 Table 105. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each speci- fied number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 431 Chapter III, — Economic status: Table 106. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of in- dividual. (Study of households) 431 Table 107. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of in- dividual. (Study of households) 432 Table 108. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 432 Table 109. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) t33 594 The Immigration Commission. Chapter III. — Economic status — Continued. Pige- Table 110. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified in- dustry, by general nativity and race of individual, (Study of house- holds) 433 Table 111. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of Table 112. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 436 Table 113. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 437 Table 114. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 437 Table 115. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 438 Table 116. — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wdfe, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 438 Table 117. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 439 Chapter IV, — Working conditions: Table 118. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 439 Chapter VI. — Housing and living conditions: Table 119. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 440 Table 120. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 440 Table 121. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 441 Table 122. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 441 Table 123. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers, and number of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household, (Study of households) 442 Table 124. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 443 Table 125. — Number of households occupying apartments of each speci- fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 444 Table 126. — Number of households and number of persons in apart- ments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 444 Table 127. — Number of households of each specified number of per- sons, by general nativity and race of head of household, (Study of households) 445 Table 128. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 445 Table 129. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 446 Table 130.— Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 446 Chapter VII. — Salient characteristics: Table 131. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 447 Table 132.— -Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 448 List of General Tables. 695 Chapter VII. — Salient characteristics — Continued. Page. Table 133. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of asfe or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual." (Study of households) 449 Table 134. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 450 Table 135. — Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 451-453 Table 136. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 454-455 Table 137. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of bus- band. (Study of employees) 457 Table 13S. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 458, 459 Table 139. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by gen- eral nativity and race of bead of bousohold. (Study of households) 460 Table 140. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 461 Table 141. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., ' by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) . . 462 Table 142. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 462, 463 Chapter VIII. — General progress and assimilation: Table 143. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) 464 Table 144. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (Study of households) 465 Table 145. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 465 Table 146. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 466 Table 147. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 467 Table 148. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of em- ployees) 468 Table 149. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 469 PART IV.— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTHWEST. Chapter I. — Introduction: Page. Table 150. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 470 Table 151. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 471 Table 152. — Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 472 Chapter II. — Racial displacements: Table 153. — Number of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 473 Table 154. — Number of foreign-born })ersons in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of households) 474 596 The Immigration Commission. Chapter III. — Economic status: Page- Table 155. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of in- dividual. (Study of households) 475 Table 156. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of in- dividual. (Study of households) 475 Table 157. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 476 Table 158. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 477 Table 159. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified in- dustrv, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 478 Table 160. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 479,480 Table 161. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn- ing each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 482 Table 163. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 482 Table 164. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 483 Table 165. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 483 Table 166. — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 484 Table 167. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 484 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 168. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 485 Chapter V. — Housing and living conditions: Table 169. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 486 Table 170. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household . (Study of households) 486 Table 171. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 487 Table 172. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 487 Table 173. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers, and number of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 488 Table 174. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each speci- fied size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 492 Table 176. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head ■ of household. (Study of households) 492 Table 177. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 493 Table 178. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 1, 493 List of General Tables. 597 Chapter V— Housing and living conditions — Continued. Table 179.— Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 494 Table 180. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 494 Chapter VI. — Salient characteristics: Table 181. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 495 Table 182. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 496 Table 183. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, ^ years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households). 497, 498 Table 184. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study of hoiviseholds) 498 499 Table 185. — Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 500, 501 Table 186. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 502-507 Table 187. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees) 508 Table 188. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and raoe. (Study of employees) 509 Table 189. — Numberof persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 510 Table 190. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 511 Chapter VII. — General progress and assimilation: Table 191. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 512 Table 192. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 512, 513 Table 193. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) 514 Table 194. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 yea.rs or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (Study of households) 515 Table 195. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). . Table 196. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of 515 age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 516 Table 197. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 517 Table 198. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of en^ployees) . . 518 Table 199. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 519 PART V.— THE BITUMINOUS COAL MINING INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH. Chapter I. — Introduction: Page. Table 200. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 520 Table 201. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 520 Table 202. — Total number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 521 598 The Immigration Commission. Chapter II.— Racial displacements: _ , tt • j Table 203. — Number of foreign-born male employees in the United states each specified number of years, by race. (Study of employees) 522 Table 204. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each speci- fied number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 523 Chapter III.— Economic status: . , ^ , Table 205.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-bom. males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) - 524 Table 206.— Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of indi- vidual. (Study of households) 524 Table 207.— Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 525 Table 208.— Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) - - - : - 526 Table 209.— Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 527 Table 210.— Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) ^28, 529 Table 211.— Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) - - ; 529 Table 212. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) - 530 Table 213. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 530 Table 214.— Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 531 Table 215. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 531 Table 216. — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen- eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 532 Table 217. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 532 Chapter IV. — Working conditions: Table 218. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 533 Chapter VII. — Housing and living conditions: Table 219. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 534 Table 220. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of h-ead of household. (Study of households) 534 Table 221.— Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 535 Table 222. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 535 Table 223. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers, and number of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 536 Table 224. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 537, 538 Table 225. — Number of households occupying apartments of each speci- fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) . 539 List of General Tables. 599 Chapter VII. ^ — Housing and living conditions — Continued. Page. Table 226. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 539 Table 227. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). . 540 Table 228. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of h^ad of household. (Study of households) 540 Table 229. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 541 Table 230. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house- hold. (Study of households) 541 Chapter VIII. — Salient characteristics: Table 231. — Literacy of male employees, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 542 Table 232. --Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and gen- eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 543 Table 233. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 544 Table 234. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 545 Table 235.— Conjugal condition of male employees, by age groups and gen- eral nativity and race. (Study of emplo 3 /ees) 546-548 Table 236. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 549-551 Table 237. — Location of wives of foreign-born husbands, by race of hus- band. (Study of employees) 552 Table 238. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 552, 553 Table 239. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 554 Table 240. — Number of male employees of each age or within each age group, by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 555 Chapter IX. — General progress and assimilation: Table 241. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households).. 556 Table 242. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 556,557 Table 243. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) . 558 Table 244. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (Study of households) 559 Table 245. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house- holds) 559 Table 246. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 560 Table 247.— -Ability to speak Englisli of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 561 Table 248. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by age at time of coming to the United States and race. (Study of em- ployees) - 562 Table 249. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 563 LIST OF CHARTS VOLUME I. rage. Number of male employees for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race (General survey of the industry) 14 Number of employees of each general nativity for whom detailed information was secured 15 Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race 25 Per cent of males 16 years of age or over at the tinie of coming to the United States who were in each specified industrial condition abroad 41 Average earnings in dollars per day of male employees 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race 51 Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning less than $2 per day and per cent earning |2 and under $2.50 per day, by general nativity and race 53 Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning $2.50 or over per day, by race and years in the United States 62 Average yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual Average yearly income of family, by general nativity and race of head of family. 75 Per cent which earnings of husband form of total yearly income of family, by general nativity and race of head of family 90 Per cent of males 21 years of age or over working for wages who are affiliated with trade unions, by general nativity and race of individual 102 Per cent of households having 2 or more persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household 127 Per cent of households having 4 or more persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 131 Per cent of male employees who read and write, by general nativity and race. . 138 Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over who are single, married, and widowed, by general nativity and race 146 Per cent of foreign-born employees who report wife abroad, by race of husband. 159 Per cent of foreign-born employees who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States - 163 Per cent of foreign-born male employees reporting one or more visits abroad, by years in the United States and race 166 Per cent of foreign-born male employees reporting one or more visits abroad, by race 138 Per cent of male employees 14 to 19 years of age, by general nativity and race .... 174 Per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family . 178 Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at the time of coming, by race ; • 184 Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over at the time of coming, by race ; . 186 Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 10 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at the time of coming, by race 187 Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by race 197 Number of lives lost per 1,000,000 tons of coal produced in the anthracite and bituminous coal mines of the United States, 1895-1908 210 Number of lives lost per 1,000 employees in the anthracite and bituminous coal mines of the United States, 1895-1908 211 Number of lives lost per 1,000 employees in coal mines of the United States, Pnissia, Great Britain, Belgium, and France, 1901-1906 214 4 8296 ° —VOL 7—11 39 601 602 The Immigration Commission. Page. Number of foreign-born employees and total number of employees for whom detailed information was secured, by locality . 221 Per cent of foreign-born male employees in mining and in farming or farm labor before coming to the United States, by race 231 Number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race (Pennsylvania) 250 Bituminous coal production of mining company in Community A, Pennsvl- vania, 1898-1907 . 474 Number of wage-earners of mining company in Community A, Pennsylvania, 1898-1907 _ 475 Number of male employees for whom information w^as secured, by general nativity and race (the Middle West) 579 VOLUME II. Number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race (the Southwest) 7 Number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race (the South) 133 LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS. VOLUME I. Page. Scope of the investigation .• facing 3 Community A, Pennsylvania - 472 Mine location C, Community A, Pennsylvania 494 Plan of standard double house, mining company in Community A, Pennsylvania 495 Community B, Pennsylvania facing 531 o v'fvv