Illinois State Geological Survey llllli ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00000 3123 LIBRARY. >vv.^ V # STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FRANK W. DeWOLF, Chief BULLETIN No. 38 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT AND ECONOMIC AND GEOLOGICAL PAPERS *■*$* ^^* *«*** PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 1922 (53005-1 M-7-21) Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/yearbookfor1917138illi STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FRANK W. DeWOLF, Chief Committee of the Board of Natural Resources and Conservation A. M. Shelton, Chairman Director of Registration and Education Kendric C. Babcock Representing the President of the University of Illinois Rollin D. Salisbury Geologist LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL State Geological Survey Division, July 1, 1921 W . H. H. Miller, Chairman, and Members of the Board of Natural Resources and Conservation, Gentlemen : I submit herewith my administrative report for the fiscal years begun July 1, 1917, and ended June 30, 1919, together with nine other papers of varied character. It is the duty of the Geological Survey Division of the Department of Registration and Education to investigate and encourage the development and conservation of the mineral resources of the State. This work has two chief phases : first, the systematic surveying and mapping of the entire State in quadrangle or county units, and second, the investigation of such local areas or specific mineral industries as from time to time seem to require attention. As a contribution toward the systematic mapping of the geology of the State, two quadrangle reports covering parts of Rock Island, Mercer, Fulton, Knox, Warren, and McDonough counties are here published. Another report of permanent value is the presentation of production statistics for the calendar years 1917 and 1918. This work is carried on in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. A large part of the work during the biennium has been devoted to the investigation of oil and gas possibilities. A report of these activities for the period has already been published as Bulletin 40 and only brief mention of that work is given in the administrative report accompanying this volume. Most of the work of the Survey during the biennium has been specially adapted to the war-time needs of the country and of the State for certain minerals which were either cut off from import or were needed closer to the points of consumption, in order that rail transportation might be relieved. The steps taken to render assistance are outlined at some length in the follow- ing administrative report ; and the short papers immediately following relate to investigations of fire clays, optical fluorite, pyrite, and low-sulphur coal, all of which were of considerable importance during the war period. The accompanying paper on oil shale is not related to the war work but was planned to meet the many inquiries regarding oil shale possibilities received by the Survey. While it presents little new information, it places in con- venient form the material which was scattered in many publications, some of them difficult of access to most readers. Four of the papers have already appeared as extracts from this bulletin, namely, those on optical fluorite, fire clay, and quadrangle areas, but the others are here published for the first time. Very respectfully, F. W. DeWolf, Chief CONTENTS PAGE 1. ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT, BY F. \V. DeWOLF 9 2. MINERAL RESOURCES OF ILLINOIS IN 1917 AND 1918, BY N. O. BARRETT 2; 3. GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE EDGINGTON AND MILAN QUADRANGLES, BY T. E. SAVAGE AND J. A. UDDEN 115 4 GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE AVON AND CANTON QUADRANGLES, BY T. E. SAVAGE 209 5. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS OF ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS, BY C. W. PARMELEE AND C. R. SCHROYER 272 6. OPTICAL FLUORITE IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS, BY JOSEPH E. POGUE 419 7. THE ILLINOIS PYRITE INVENTORY OF 1918, BY G. H. CADY.. 427 8. LOW-SULPHUR COAL IN ILLINOIS, BY G. H. CADY 432 9. NOTES ON POTASH POSSIBILITIES IN ILLINOIS, BY C. R. SCHROYER 435 10. NOTES ON ILLINOIS BITUMINOUS SHALES, INCLUDING RE- SULTS OF THEIR EXPERIMENTAL DISTILLATION, COM- PILED BY N. O. BARRETT 441 ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT FROM JULY 1, 1917 TO JUNE 30, 1919 By F. W. DeWolf, Chief OUTLINE PAGE Introduction 10 General statement 10 Organization and personnel 11 Cooperation 14 Geological and mining investigations sections 14 General stratigraphy and structure 14 Coal 15 Pyrite 16 Oil and gas 16 Geological surveys of quadrangles 17 Clay , 17 Investigation of highway materials 18 Mineral statistics 18 Bureau of information 18 Topographic section 19 Publications 21 Reports and maps 21 Expenditures 21 TABLES 1. Progress of field work by the topographic section 20 2. Total expenditures July 1, 1917, to June 30, 1919 23 10 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 f INTRODUCTION General Statement During the biennium beginning July 1, 1917, and ending June 30, 1919, the work of the Geological Survey was chiefly directed to encouraging pro- duction of certain war minerals or to other work which had a bearing on war needs of the country and of the State. Certain essential minerals were cut off from import because of ship shortage ; others were needed in increasing amounts by war industries ; or from new sources near points of consump- tion, in order to release transportation congestion. The Chief of the Divi- sion assisted in creating the War Minerals Committee in Washington which had for its purpose to determine the need for new production and to stimu- late cooperation of national, state, and private agencies in an effort to meet the requirements. Later, on leave of absence, the Chief served as Assistant Director of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, giving special attention to the stimula- tion of war-minerals production and to other matters of importance to the prosecution of the war which were being handled in large volume by the Federal bureau. At the same time he kept in touch with the Survey program which was being ably directed by Mr. Savage as acting chief. After the armistice, some of the war activities of the Geological Survey were continued in order that results of permanent value might be obtained, but normal work was resumed as rapidly as possible in harmony with the general program of investigating and mapping the geology and mineral resources of the State. Normally the function of the Survey is to assist the mineral industries and the general public by making known the location, depth, general character, and availability of our mineral wealth ; and since Illinois ranks third in the value of its mineral products, this work has been of state-wide importance. However, it was largely laid aside, as already stated, during the war period, except in the case of certain lines of investiga- tion which were not only justified but demanded by the prevailing situation. As explained in a later paragraph, the topographic program of survey- ing the State in cooperation with the Federal Government was disorganized during the war period, but one quadrangle was surveyed by the State itself under contract with a private firm. Later in the biennium the normal pro- gram was resumed. In the following pages will be found brief descriptions of the organiza- tion and personnel of the Survey and of each of the activities carried on during the biennium. The statement of expenditures (Table 2), shows a classification by subjects. administrative report \\ Organization and Personnel Beginning July 1, 1917, the Civil Administrative Code went into effect and the State Geological Survey became a Division in the Department of Registration and Education. A Board of Natural Resources and Conserva- tion was appointed to collaborate with the Director of the Department, in the determining of policies and of personnel for the scientific Surveys. This Board included the following : Ex officio members Francis W. Shepardson, Ph.D., LL.D., Director of Registration and Education, Chairman Dean Kendric C. Babcock, Ph.D., LL.D., representing the President of the Uni- versity of Illinois, who resigned on October 30, 1917, in favor of Dean David Kinley, Ph.D. Appointed members Thomas C. Chamberlin, Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D., University of Chicago, representing geology William Trelease, Sc.D., LL.D., University of Illinois, representing biology John M. Coulter, Ph.D., University of Chicago, representing forestry William A. Noyes, Ph.D., LL.D., University of Illinois, representing chemistry John W. Alvord, C.E., Chicago, representing engineering The appointment of Doctor Chamberlin to represent geology was for- tunate because his service on the Geological Survey Commission had been continuous since 1905. In May, 1919, however, Professor Chamberlin ten- dered his resignation, and as his successor upon the Board, Professor Rollin D. Salisbury, head of the Department of Geography at the University of Chicago, was chosen. The Board held several full meetings during the biennium and during the interim between meetings considered and decided problems of the Geo- logical Survey Division through the sub-committee consisting of the Director of the Department, ex officio, the representative of the President of the University of Illinois, ex officio, and Professor Salisbury. The Survey is informally subdivided into a general office section and three technical sections ; geologic, topographic, and mining investigations. The topographic work was not done continuously as in the past in coopera- tion with the U. S. Geological Survey because of the situation which arose during the war. However, before the close of the biennium normal relations had been re-established. This work was under the general supervision of R. B. Marshall, Chief Geographer of the U. S. Geological Survey, and the immediate direction of William H. Herron, Geographer in Charge of the Central Division. The work of the Geological section and of the Mining Investigations sec- tion was administered by F. W. DeWolf , Chief, the latter work in accordance 12 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 with a joint program approved by a representative of the Mining Department of the University of Illinois and the Director of the U. S. Bureau of Mines. The Bureau continued to maintain an office at Urbana as headquarters for mining engineers and chemists engaged in the cooperative work. Due to war-time uncertainty and the unusual demand for the service of geologists, there was an almost complete change of technical personnel of the Survey during the biennium. Mr. Nebel, who was in charge of the oil investigations, resigned Septem- ber, 1918, to accept an attractive position elsewhere. Mr. Coryell, who joined the staff in April, 1918, as geologist engaged on oil investigations, took leave of absence in April, 1919, to resume university studies, and tendered his resig- nation in June. Mr. Mylius joined the organization in April of 1919 and took up the usual oil investigations, and also the engineering aspects of con- trolling water at wells. This latter work had been commenced by Mr. Nebel in cooperation with the Bureau of Mines engineers. Other oil work was carried on in the main fields of eastern Illinois by D. J. Fisher and by Marvin Weller. Several complete geological surveys of quadrangle areas were under- taken. Mr. T. E. Savage did the work on the Jonesboro quadrangle in south- ern Illinois, assisted by Mr. von Schlicten, and at the same time Mr. Knappen began work on the Dixon quadrangle in northern Illinois. Later in the biennium Marvin Weller was assigned to the survey of the Campbell Hill quadrangle in southwestern Illinois. In connection with investigations of fire clay, ganister, and silica, under- taken largely because of the war-time shortage, Professors Washburn and Parmelee of the University of Illinois, were appointed as consulting ceramists, and C. R. Schroyer, geologist, was appointed in the spring of 1918 to do the field work. The testing of clay and ganister samples in the laboratory required the employment of several student assistants under the direction of Professor Parmelee. The investigation of limestone resources was outlined in a preliminary way early in 1919 by Mr. Schroyer, but he took leave of absence in March to resume studies at the University of Chicago and tendered his resignation in June on account of ill health. The work was later undertaken by Mr. Krey, assisted by Mr. Lamar, and late in the biennium Mr. Leighton joined the organization as expert on glacial gravel deposits, but with the under- standing that he would give part time to the Geology Department of the University of Illiniois. Mr. Leighton was assisted by Mr. Wingert. The coal investigations of the Survey were carried on by Mr. Cady until the time of his resignation in June, 1919, for an engagement abroad. Mr. Culver was appointed as part-time geologist to investigate coal problems but with the expectation that he would give half time to the University of Illinois. The work of the Mining Investigations engaged much of Mr. Cady's ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 13 time on the study of coal resources, pyrite recovery, and the occurrence of low-sulphur coals suitable for gas manufacture. In addition, William A. Dunkley, gas engineer, was secured in July, 1918, to collaborate with an engi- neer of the Bureau of Mines on a joint program in cooperation with the Illinois Gas Association. The problems and progress of the work are reviewed in a later paragraph. In 1917 Mr. Currier was employed to make a study of the ore deposits of Hardin County, after which, in 1918, he undertook oil investigations in western Illinois. Just before the close of the biennium, it became apparent that the Sur- vey would be given a special appropriation for an investigation of our over- flowed lands and their reclamation, and G. W. Pickels of the Civil Engineer- ing Department of the University was secured to undertake this work. The following list includes the full personnel of the staff for the bien- nium, with the exception of a few part-time assistants employed for short periods. GENERAL OFFICE SECTION F. W. DeWolf, Chief* Carrie H. Thory, Chief Clerk* Henry M. DuBois, Asst. Geologist Nellie Barrett, Editor* Henrietta Christensen, Geologic Clerk* Faith Neighbour, Stenographer* Emma J. Nyberg, Stenographer* W. B. Walraven, Draftsman (In service)* Marian Ream, Draftsman A. L. Rehnquist, Draftsman GEOLOGIC AND MINING INVESTIGATIONS SECTION F. W. DeWolf, Geologist* R. D. Salisbury, Consulting Geologist U. S. Grant, Consulting Geologist Harlan H. Barrows, Consulting Geologist S. W. Parr, Consulting Chemist Edward Bartow, Consulting Chemist Stuart Weller, Geologist T. E. Savage, Geologist G. H. Cady, Geologist* Charles Butts, Geologist (U. S. G. S.) Merle L. Nebel, Geologist* L. A. Mylius, Geologist* H. N. Coryell, Geologist* J. L. Rich, Geologist J. H. Bretz, Geologist L. W. Currier, Geologist J. E. Pogue, Geologist C. R. Schroyer, Geologist* Frank Krey, Geologist* 'Employed on full-time basis 14 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 GEOLOGIC AND MINING INVESTIGATIONS SECTION— (Concluded) M. M. Leighton, Geologist H. E. Culver, Geologist* C. W. Parmelee, Ceramic Engineer W. A. Dunkley, Gas Engineer* G. W. Pickels, Drainage Engineer H. F. Crooks, Assistant Geologist S. H. Williston, Assistant Geologist Marvin Weller, Assistant Geologist J. E. Lamar, Assistant Geologist D. J. Fisher, Assistant Geologist Carl v. Schlicten, Assistant Geologist M. H. Hunt, Assistant Ceramic Engineer D. D. Sparks, Levelman R. Pinheiro, Levelman Morris Winokur, Levelman G. F. Moulton, Field Assistant A. W. Thurston, Field Assistant R. C. Miessler, Field Assistant K. W. Hsu, Field Assistant E. L. Wingert, Field Assistant Ben Herzberg, Field Assistant Other short-time assistants in field and office ♦Employed on full-time basis. Cooperation Mention has already been made of the formal cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey in the work of making a topographic map of the State. There has also been the usual cooperation in collection of mineral statistics. Mention has been made of the cooperation with the Mining Department of the University of Illinois and with the U. S. Bureau of Mines in work relating to the study of coal resources and the better development of min- ing practices and of coal utilization. This work has also included the effort to demonstrate methods of shutting off water from oil wells. Besides these instances of formal cooperation, it is a pleasure to mention in addition the availability of the ceramics and chemical laboratories of the University, together with consulting members of the faculty who direct certain routine analytical and testing work on behalf of the Geological Survey. All of these various lines of cooperation are highly appreciated. GEOLOGICAL AND MINING INVESTIGATIONS SECTIONS General Stratigraphy and Structure Stratigraphical studies of the Mississippian formations were continued by Professor Weller in the Golconda and Vienna quadrangles in southern Illinois. General stratigraphy and structure of the formations was investi- gated in five other quadrangles, comprising a total area of about one thousand square miles. Additional stratigraphic and structural data of significance in relation to our oil fields were collected in western Illinois and in the northern portion of the eastern oil fields. administrative report 15 Coal The Survey carried on a considerable amount of general investigation of the coal fields, incidental to the mapping of the State, but for the most part special coal studies were undertaken under the Illinois Mining Investiga- tions Cooperative Agreement. This work engages the joint efforts of geologists, mining engineers, and chemists on a program which is adopted for each year. In the first year of the biennium an investigation of the coal resources, along with other mineral products, was carried on for several unit areas in various parts of the State. The Coulterville quadrangle, lying in Randolph and Perry counties was surveyed by Mr. Cady; the Ottawa and Marseilles quadrangles, lying in La Salle and Grundy counties, were in large part fin- ished by Mr. Cady and Mr. Crooks ; the Edgington quadrangle, comprising parts of Rock Island and Mercer counties, by Mr. Savage ; the LaHarpe and Good Hope quadrangles, lying in Henderson, Hancock, McDonough, and Warren counties, by Mr. Nebel and assistants ; the Campbell Hill quad- rangle, lying in Jackson, Randolph, and Perry counties, by Marvin Weller. Of these combined areas about one thousand square miles lie within the Illinois coal fields. During the second year the coal work of the Survey related largely to difficulties brought about by the war ; particularly to the shortage of gas coal and coke for use at Illinois gas plants. Previously, about two million tons of low-sulphur coal had been shipped annually to Illinois and the states adjoining on the west from mines in the eastern states, but rail congestion, the zoning of coal, and other difficulties interfered to an alarming extent with the supply. Since Illinois coal had been used in a small way at a few gas-making plants, it seemed wise to consider its larger use in an effort to relieve the shortage. Incidentally it was thought possible and desirable to develop a permanent market for Illinois coals in gas manufacture. Hence plans were made and a cooperative organization perfected for immediate experiment on a commercial scale. The Governor appointed a special techni- cal committee on this work, including representatives of the Survey, the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and the Illinois Gas Association. Under this committee, gas engineers and chemists carried on practical and highly successful experi- ments, and the results were published and distributed through a representa- tive of the U. S. Fuel Administration. It was found possible to make satisfactory gas from certain grades of Illinois coal and largely to overcome such difficulties as were due to the change from eastern coal. On the whole, certain economies were found to result from this practice, and it is there- fore presumed that many plants will continue to use Illinois coal perma- nently. Mr. Dunkley was engaged as fuel engineer on behalf of the Survey, and carried much of the responsibility. 16 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 The publications of this series of studies are listed on a later page in this report. In this connection should be mentioned the report of Mr. Cady, pointing out the location of twenty-two mines in Franklin, Williamson, Perry, and Jackson counties which can produce low-sulphur coal acceptable to the gas industry. Another geological work of the Mining Investigations included the com- pletion of a report by Mr. Cady on the coal resources of Saline and Gallatin counties, and the conclusion of field work by Mr. Cady on coal resources of the Springfield-Peoria region. Pyrite Another investigation closely related to coal studies included a search for pyrite, as a by-product of coal production. Because of war conditions the pyrite ordinarily imported from Spain was cut off. It became increas- ingly necessary that a larger supply should be produced in the United States for use in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, which, in turn, is necessary for the manufacture of explosives. Consequently, under stimulation from Government agencies, an inventory was made of pyrite, or "sulphur balls," in Illinois coal mines. This work was encouraging from the start because there had been small commercial production for many years from mines in the vicinity of Danville. Mr. Pogue and later Mr. Cady made the investiga- tion and prepared a brief publication which is listed with others on a fol- lowing page. In general a great quantity of pyrite was found to be available and commercially recoverable, but about the time this investigation was completed it became clear that the production of natural brimstone from Louisiana and Texas would probably supplant pyrite in acid manufacture. Oil and Gas The oil investigations of 1917-1918, comprising a large program, have previously been published as Bulletin 40. This volume contains a summary of the production statistics, notes on various scattered localities, and also geological reports with recommendations for new drilling in a number of counties. In western Illinois a survey of Brown County was made in the fall of 1917 by Messrs. Rich and Nebel, Mr. Rich having the northern part of the county and Mr. Nebel the southern part. In addition, Mr. Nebel made a special investigation of the oil structure of the LaHarpe and Good Hope quadrangles, comprising parts of Henderson, Warren, Hancock, and McDonough counties. During the following summer Mr. Coryell prepared a report on Pike County and southeastern Adams County. In eastern Illinois, Mr. Nebel, assisted by Marvin Weller, and later Mr. Mylius, assisted by Mr. Collingwood and J. H. Griftner, carried on a survey of the old oil fields in Clark and northern Crawford counties. This proved to be of increasing importance because of the commercial discovery of oil in the Trenton in the vicinity of Westfield. It seems likely that the struc- ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT \J tural mapping of the region will be of great value in the future development of this deep production. In cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Mines the Survey undertook to demonstrate the use of mud fluid and cement for shutting off water in oil wells of the Flat Rock pool in southeastern Crawford County. This work was begun by Mr. Nebel, followed by Mr. Mylius on behalf of the Survey, and by Mr. Tough, followed by Mr. Wagy on behalf of the Bureau of Mines. Mr. Williston of the Survey assisted the party. Detailed reports on these various investigations, together with full acknowledgments, will be found in Bulletin 40. Suffice it to say that the oil work engaged a large part of the staff, and as shown by Table 2, a sub- stantial portion of the total appropriation. Geological Surveys of Quadrangles Only a little quadrangle survey work was done in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey, and this was in the Coulterville quadrangle, by Mr. Cady. This area comprises 200 square miles lying in Randolph, Jackson, and Perry counties. Independent of Federal work, the State car- ried on surveys of the Edgington quadrangle in Rock Island and Mercer counties, began work on the Ottawa and Marseilles quadrangles in La Salle and Grundy counties, completed the survey of the LaHarpe and Good Hope quadrangles in Henderson, Hancock, McDonough, and Warren counties, fin- ished the Golconda quadrangle and about one-half of the Vienna quadrangle in southern Illinois, and published a special report on the Kings quadrangle in the vicinity of Camp Grant. The Campbell Hill survey in southwestern Illinois was finished by Marvin Weller. Mr. Butts of the U. S. Geological Survey finished work on the Shawneetown and Equality quadrangles in southern Illinois, under an arrangement by which the Federal Government paid his salary and the State shared the expenses. Clay During normal times a considerable tonnage of high-grade clay for the manufacture of graphite crucibles, glass pots, retorts, etc., is imported from England and from Germany, but on account of the war situation these imports were essentially cut off. Under encouragement from Federal agencies, the State Survey began a search for high-grade clays which might be used in the emergency. Mr. C. R. Schroyer was appointed as field geolo- gist and C. W. Parmelee and E. W. Washburn, head of the Ceramics Depart- ment of the University of Illinois, were appointed consulting ceramists. A program of field work and laboratory tests was- arranged and carried to a successful conclusion, more than one hundred samples of high-grade clays having been collected. Deposits in Union County were found to be suitable for use in making glass pots, linings for crucibles and retorts, and for enameled iron. Other studies of ganister found in Union and Alexander 18 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 counties were undertaken because this material promised to have value for the manufacture of silica brick which is used for coke-oven linings and simi- lar purposes. Certain tests of this material were made by the U. S. Bureau of Standards and others are to be made in the University laboratories under the direction of Mr. Parmelee. Investigation of Highway Materials Late in the biennium it became desirable to undertake a search for sites for additional limestone quarries and gravel pits which might be opened up to furnish material for the road program which the State is undertaking. Conferences were held with representatives of the State Highway Division and the Director of the Department of Public Works, looking to a system- atic examination of the possibilities in all parts of the State and the collec- tion of samples which would be tested by the Highway Division at Spring- field. Mr. C. R. Schroyer and assistants began the work of preparing loose- leaf forms for the recording of limestone observations and plans were made to obtain a specialist on glacial geology to undertake study of gravel deposits. It was assumed that a special appropriation for the execution of this work might become available July 1, and all plans were made to push the invest- igation rapidly. Since the State program calls for approximately 1,000 miles of road per year for the five-year period immediately following the war, and since much of the stone and gravel in our State is shipped in from Wisconsin and Indiana, it seems important to investigate the possibilities of producing satisfactory Illinois materials so as to practice all possible economy. Furthermore, the production of additional limestone would yield an impor- tant quantity of lime-rock dust for agricultural use. Mineral Statistics The Survey has continued to cooperate with the U. S. Geological Sur- vey in the collection of mineral statistics and the results for the years under consideration are given on a later page in a chapter by Miss Barrett. Bureau of Information The Survey maintains a bureau of information for the convenience of inquirers about mineral resources of Illinois. Requests are received in great numbers, both from inside and outside the State. When possible, a bulletin containing the desired information is mailed. Frequently, however, it is necessary to make special study and to reply by letter at some length. Many requests for the identification of minerals are received and answered promptly ; others for chemical analysis of specimens are, for the most part, necessarily refused. It has been found that the collection of a representa- tive sample of a material and the investigation of its favorable occurrence for development are quite as essential and require expert advice, just as does chemical analysis. As a rule, therefore, unless a representative of the Sur- ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 19 vey investigates and samples a mineral deposit, an analysis at public expense is not justified, particularly because otherwise Survey funds would be seri- ously depleted by work which frequently is of no permanent value. Pre- liminary examinations and opinions as to probable value of minerals are always cheerfully given. Topographic Section The accompanying table indicates the progress of topographic mapping for each of the two years comprising the biennium. It seemed desirable to suspend topographic surveys in Illinois during the year beginning July, 1917, partly because they had little bearing on the war necessities of the State, and because Federal employes were largely engaged in active war service abroad or at home, and were not available. However, in connection with the training at Camp Grant, the War Depart- ment requested the completion of four quadrangles in that vicinity compris- ing about 850 miles, and these quadrangles, known as the Rockford, Kings, Belvidere, and Kirkland, were surveyed in cooperation, although most of the cost was borne by Federal agencies. In connection with Survey investigations of deposits of fire clay and ganister in Union and Alexander counties, it became desirable as a war-time undertaking to have a topographic map of the Jonesboro quadrangle, and to determine accurately the extent and mode of occurrence of these deposits. Consequently a contract was entered into with the Edmund T. Perkins Engineering Company, which company finished successfully the topographic map of this area. Later, after the close of the war, cooperation with the Federal Government was resumed on a small scale, and the survey of the Vermont quadrangle, in Schuyler, Fulton, and McDonough counties, was completed, and about one-half of the work for the Dongola quadrangle was finished. This latter sheet occupies parts of Union, Pulaski, and Johnson counties. In preparation for the following year, levels and control lines were run for the Grays Lake, Barrington, Elgin, McHenry, and Highwood quadrangles, lying partly in McHenry, Lake, Kane, and Cook counties. An explanation of the progress of the work may best be given in the words of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey from whose reports for the two years under consideration the following summaries are quoted : "The Governor of Illinois alloted $7,000 for the continuation of cooperative topographic surveys, and the United States Geological Survey allotted an equal amount, the amount necessary to complete the surveys being paid from Federal funds. The survey of the Kings and Kirkland quadrangles, in Ogle, Winnebago, Dekalb, and Boone counties was completed by J. G. Staack, R. H. Reineck, S. T. Penick, T. F. Slaughter, J. A. Duck, C. C. Gardner, A. L. Opdycke, C. C. Holder, and J. B. Leavitt, the total area mapped being 442 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 :62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of these quadrangles Fred Crisp ran 132 miles of primary traverse and set 12 permanent marks; S. L. Parker. C. C. Holder, and F. A. Danforth ran 80 miles of primary levels, and established 22 per- 20 YKAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 191! T3 C >> O u. u rt 0) U) s 1h ^ 5 Oh b >. i_ Rj E CU Is a; Oh cq is a £ 8 s bJO c 3 a ^ O lO O CO CO NO lO CO ^ CM ^ <* i-» v£> lo VO ^ CO \0 NO vO ■«» tJ< v© v© v© , J; N h ifl h On CO y— i CO 5JH (N (S M CO o o o o o o o o LO lO LO LO O 0) tyo o n O « . - of o o o -T-. bJO bfl biO b? 03 03 a3 O -Q -Q -Q - J) O CJ ji C C C c c c cs o o 00 ££ Oh W 00 ^ LO ON CO vo CO ON o o o o LO LO >, C D U 0) .o k ffi ffi ffi cBSssssJS 4) o3 O 2 P„ m c u, » nl i- Q O 00 W § K c o 5o u .bf ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 21 manent bench marks in the Kings quadrangle ; and C. C. Gardner and H. S. Senseney ran 24 miles of primary levels and established five permanent marks in the Kirkland quadrangle. "The survey of the Belvidere and Rockford quadrangles, mainly in Boone and Winnebago counties, was completed, the total area mapped being 416 square miles, for publication on a scale of 1 :62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. Of this area nine square miles is in Wisconsin. For the control of these areas Fred Crisp ran 109 miles of primary traverse and set 12 permanent marks, all in Illinois. For the control of the Rockford quadrangle C. H. Semper ran 82 miles of primary levels and estab- lished 12 permanent bench marks, and for the control of the Belvidere quadrangle C. H. Semper, H. S. Senseney, and S. L. Parker ran 75 miles of primary levels and established 18 permanent marks. "In the spring of 1919 the Department of Registration and Education allotted $7,000 for cooperative topographic mapping in Illinois, with the understanding that an equal amount would be expended by the United States Geological Survey when Fed- eral funds became available. The survey of the Dongola and Vermont quadrangles, in Fulton, McDonough, Schuyler, Union, Johnson, and Pulaski counties, was begun by C. C. Holder, W. K. McKinley, and J. A. Duck, the total area surveyed being 112 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 :62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of these areas S. L. Parker and Crawford Dickey ran 112 miles of primary levels and established 33 permanent bench marks, and F. J. McMaugh ran 124 miles of primary traverse and set nine bench marks." More rapid progress of topographic mapping throughout the country was emphatically recommended by a conference of engineering societies held at Chicago. This conference consisted of one delegate from each of approxi- mately seventy-five engineering societies in various parts of the country, whose total membership is 200,000 engineers. It seemed likely that the appropriation of the U. S. Geological Survey would be increased $150,000 for topographic work during the coming year, and that its expenditures would continue to be made chiefly in those states which offered like amounts for cooperative work. The Board, therefore, joined in the recommendation that the Illinois Legislature appropriate $20,000 per year instead of $10,000 per year, as carried formerly in the budget. This seemed fully justified because according to estimates in other states, the entire cost of the com- pletion of the Illinois map would be spent in road surveys which would not otherwise be made if the complete topographic map existed. Money expended therefore on topographic surveys is a timely investment which prevents duplicate surveys. The Chief Highway Engineer was invited to indicate parts of the State in which he especially desired topographic surveys so that these might be available to serve highway as well as geological needs. PUBLICATIONS Reports and Maps On account of the war situation the publication of reports of a merely scientific character was practically suspended, and special attention was given to those bulletins and maps which had a bearing on the investigations of mineral resources of which the country stood greatly in need. Near the 22 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 close of the biennium, when the war was over, ordinary publication of reports and maps was resumed. The following tabulation will indicate the publications of the biennial period : Extract from Bulletin 38: Optical Fluorite in Southern Illinois Coal Mining Investigations Bulletin 20: Carbonization of Illinois Coals in Inclined Gas Retorts Bulletin 39 : The Environment of Camp Grant Coal Mining Investigations Bulletin 21 : The Manufacture of Retort Coal-gas in the Central States Using Low-sulphur Coal from Illinois, Indiana, and West- ern Kentucky Coal Mining Investigations Bulletin 22: Water-gas Manufacture with Central District Bituminous Coals as Generator Fuel Coal Mining Investigations Bulletin 23 : Mines Producing Low-sulphur Coal in the Central District Coal Mining Investigations Bulletin 24 : Water-gas Operating Methods with Cen- tral District Bituminous Coals as Generator Fuel, A Summary of Experi- ments on a Commercial Scale Geological Map of Illinois (New edition) Coal Mine Map of Illinois (Revised), accompanied by Directory of Operators At the close of the biennium, the following publications were in press : Coal Mining Investigations Bulletin 19 : Coal Resources of District V Bulletin 37 : Geology and Mineral Resources of the Hennepin and La Salle Quad- rangles Base Map of Illinois (Revised edition) Topographic Maps of McDonough and Randolph counties The distribution of these reports so as to prevent waste, and yet make them most widely available, has been in itself a considerable task. It is thought that the interests of all concerned would be best met if 500 copies of each report were reserved for sale at the cost of printing, the receipts from the sales being turned into the State treasury. This makes it possible for libraries to complete their sets and for persons having real need for any of the volumes to obtain the earlier ones at small cost. The remainder of the edition is distributed by the Survey and the Secretary of State to insti- tutions and individuals making application for them, or is exchanged with other Surveys or publishing organizations. Any of the published reports will be sent upon receipt of the amount noted. Money orders, drafts, and checks should be made payable to F. W. DeWolf, Chief. EXPENDITURES The total expenditures July 1, 1917, to June 30, 1919, are shown in the following table: ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 23 Table 2 — Total expenditures July 1, 1917 to June 30, 1919 General appropriation— (50th General Assembly) Balance on hand July 1, 1917 Appropriation July 1, 1917 (Biennium) Total available Expenditures July 1, 1917 to June 30, 1919- Salary and expenses of administration. . . Clerical help and general office expenses. Equipment (field and office) Postage Oil investigations Coal investigations (resources) Cooperative geological surveys General stratigraphic studies Clay resources investigations Geological surveys (quadrangles) Structural geology Educational series Statistics Glacial geology Highway materials investigations Gas investigations (coal and water gas) . Pyrite recovery Miscellaneous Topographic surveys Printing, binding, and engraving Balance available July 1, 1919 Appropriation for engraving and lithographing maps and illustra- tions — (49th General Assembly) Balance on hand July 1, 1917 Expended July 1, 1917 to June 30, 1919 Balance available July 1, 1919 $1,609.28 88,044.00 12,058.26 15,010.94 4,282.22 1,375.00 11,690.45 2,533.59 488.28 285.35 4,016.63 9,861.89 219.00 1,986.90 598.08 12.06 1,202.93 3,992.07 1,279.10 318.08 12,813.31 2,100.17 $89,653.28 86,124.31 $ 3,528.97 $ 2,398.65 2,398.65 An expenditure of approximately $11,000 during the biennium was made from funds of the Department of Registration and Education for publication of reports and maps of the Geological Survey Division. . MINERAL RESOURCES IN ILLINOIS IN 1917 AND 1918 By N. O. Barrett OUTLINE PAGE Introduction 28 Purpose and acknowledgments 28 Importance of the mineral industries 28 Scheme of report 43 Periods of development of the State and its mineral resources 43 Reasons for delayed development 44 Transportation problems 44 Geologic conditions 44 Geographic conditions 45 The effect of the forests 45 The effect of the prairies 47 Mineral resources and industries of Illinois 47 Pre-1818 period 47 Soils 48 Waters 48 Salt - 49 Lead, zinc and silver 50 Northern Illinois 50 Southern Illinois 53 Limestone 55 Lime 58 Coal 60 Early exploration 60 Ante-railroad period 60 Railroad period 63 Condition of the industry in 1917 and 1918 71 Production 74 Distribution and consumption 75 Prices 78 Frontier and Civil War periods, 1818-1868 80 Iron 30 Coke 82 Clay products °4 Condition of the industry in 1917 and 1918 $9 Cement 90 Sand and gravel :) ^ The status of mineral industries in 1868 93 The industrial period, 1868-1893 ij7 Fluorspar ^' Petroleum and natural gas " The modern period, 1893-1918 101 Sulphuric acid ^ Asphalt 102 Mineral pigments 1U Tripoli 103 25 26 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 OUTLINE— Continued PAGE Pyrite 103 Peat 103 Natural-gas gasoline 104 Industries of the future 105 Comparison of the earlier developed mineral resources with those of later years 105 Illinois' mineral resources and the War 106 Bibliography 107 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE PAGE 1. Rank of Illinois in total value of mineral production, 1918 29 2. Map showing graphically the mineral industries of each county for 1918, and the ranks of the counties in the industries 42 3. Map of Illinois showing the original wooded areas, the distribution of population in 1820, and the location of early mineral production 46 4. Value of limestone production of Illinois according to uses, 1885-1918 56 5. Increase in main track railroad mileage and quantity of coal produced in Illinois, 1833-1918 65 6. Old scoop, rake, and hammer from a primitive Illinois coal mine 69 7. A modern machine for mining coal 69 8. A surface plant of the early railroad period 70 9. A modern fireproof steel tipple 70 10. Percentage of full-time operation of coal mines and of losses of running time, by causes, and by weeks, in 1918: A, in Illinois; B, in the United States 76 11. Relative spot prices of all bituminous coal produced, by months, 1913- 1918 : A, in Illinois ; B, in the United States 78 12. Value of natural and Portland cement in Illinois, 1888-1918 92 TABLES TABLE PAGE 3. Comparison of values of total mineral production in Illinois with those of total agricultural products, 1905-1918 28 4. Output and value of mineral products in Illinois, 1883-1918 30 5. Products and total mineral values, by counties, 1917 38 6. Products and total mineral values, by counties, 1918 40 7. Lead production of the Fever River mines, 1823-1829 52 8. Lead production of the upper Mississippi Valley region, 1821 to 1920, by decades 52 9. Production and value of lead, zinc, and silver in Illinois, by districts, 1909-1918 54 10. Tenor of lead and zinc ore and concentrates produced in Illinois, 1917 and 1918 55 11. Relative importance of the limestone production districts, 1917 and 1918.... 57 12. Average price per short ton of crushed stone produced in Illinois, and in the United States, 1905-1918 58 13. Lime burned in Illinois, 1904-1918. . 59 14. Production of coal in Illinois, by counties, in short tons, 1905-1918 66 15. Coal produced in Illinois, by counties, 1917 72 MINERAL RESOURCES 27 TABLES— Concluded TABLE PAGE 16. Coal produced in Illinois, by counties, 1918 73 17. Production of coal in Illinois by groups of principal counties, 1916-1918 75 18. Statistics of distribution and consumption of coal for Illinois in 1917 and 1918 77 19. Average price per short ton of Illinois coal at the mines, 1905-1918 80 20. Production in long tons and value of pig iron in Illinois, 1907-1918 81 21. Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Illinois, 1880-1918 83 22. Production in short tons and value of fire clay and other clays mined and marketed in Illinois, 1902-1918 85 23. Clay products in Illinois, 1909-1918 ' 86 24. Production of brick and drain tile in Illinois, by counties, 1917 87 25. Production of brick and drain tile in Illinois, by counties, 1918 .... 88 26. Portland cement industry in Illinois, 1900-1918 91 27. Production in short tons and value of sand and gravel in Illinois, by counties, 1917 and 1918 94 28. Production in short tons and values of different kinds of sand and gravel in Illinois, 1904-1918 96 29. Glass sand produced in Illinois, 1903-1918 97 30. Domestic fluorspar sold in the United States, 1914-1918, including statis- tics of production for Illinois 99 31. Marketed production of petroleum in Illinois, 1889-1918 100 32. Record of the natural gas industry in Illinois, 1906-1918 101 33. Tripoli produced and sold in the United States, including the Illinois statistics, 1917 and 1918 103 34. Production in long tons and value of pyrite mined in Illinois, 1909-1918 104 35. Production of gasoline from natural gas in Illinois, 1913-1918 105 28 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 INTRODUCTION Purpose and Acknowledgments In addition to the material customarily comprising the statistical report for the yearbook, this report purposes to include brief notes covering the beginnings and the history of the development of each mineral industry of Illinois. The occasion which prompts such an historical summary of the growth of the State's mineral industries is the Illinois centennial; the close of the first hundred years of statehood in 1918 seems a logical time at which to review the progress that has been made. Most of the statistics have been taken from compilations made and in many cases published by the United States Geological Survey in its annual reports on "Mineral Resources of the United States," but other sources, such as the Census publications and various State reports were also consulted. Of recent years, the mineral statistics for Illinois have been collected by the U. S. Geological Survey and the Illinois State Geological Survey in cooperation, rather than by the Federal Survey alone. This custom com- mends itself to continuance, partly because it gives the State Survey earlier and easier access to the detailed statistics than would otherwise be possible. Importance of the Mineral Industries An idea of the relative importance of the mineral industries of the State as compared with agriculture may be gained from Table 3. In spite of the considerable variation from year to year in the percentage ratios of Table 3 .—Comparison of values of total mineral production in Illinois with those of total agricultural products, 1905-1918 Year Mineral production Agricultural production Ratio of values of mineral to agricul- tural production 1905 1906 $ 68,025,560 72,723,572 93,539,464 92,765,688 98,840,729 98,891,759 106,275,115 123,068,867 131,825,221 117,145,108 114,704,587 146,780,236 238,186,690 271,244,365 $272,794,107 253,409,404 280,666,020 276,614,637 322,144,944 297,976,709 311,525,706 285,249,557 288,613,140 289,781,140 486,561,355 496,178,000 842,042,000 879,679,000 Per cent 24.9 28.7 1907 33.3 1908 33.5 1909 30.7 1910. . 32.2 1911. . 34.1 1912. . 43.2 1913. . 45.9 1914. . 40.4 1915. . 23.5 1916. . 29.6 1917 28.3 1918. . 30.8 MINERAL RESOURCES 29 the values of mineral and agricultural production, it is apparent that com- monly mineral production has roughly one-third the value of crops produced. Evidence of the magnitude of Illinois' mineral wealth is to be found in the fact that in 1918 the State ranked sixth in the United States in petroleum production; fifth in limestone; fourth in clay products; third in brick and tile, in coal, and in sand and gravel ; and leader in the fluorspar, glass sand, and tripoli industries. And further evidence is had in the statement that in total value of mineral production it was surpassed in 1917 by only two, and in 1918 by only three other states (fig. 1). 200 400 800 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS Fig. 1. Rank of Illinois in total value of mineral production, 1918. Equally impressive is the diversity of mineral resources for the clos- ing year of the State's first century, as shown by the headings in Table 4. Although statistics for the year 1818 are not available, it is certain that a similar list for that year could have been not even a fourth as long. A few barge loads of coal, a goodly quantity of salt, several thousand tons of lead, probably a small cordage of stone, and perhaps a still smaller amount of lime — the combined value and tonnage of the 1818 products could represent only a negligible fraction of present-day values and quantities. 30 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 4. — Output and value of mineral COAL Mines Mines of Specified Tonnage Tonnage Year Less 1,000 50,000 100.000 More Total Ship- than Tons to Tons to Tons to than Total No. ping Local 1,000 50,000 100,000 200,000 200.000 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons ' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Per cent Per cent Short tons 1883 1884 1885 639 209 366 39 10 15 12,123,456 741 262 421 38 16 4 12,208,075 778 286 433 40 13 6 11,834,459 1886 787 316 415 44 11 3 11,175,241 1887 801 320 419 42 18 2 12,423,066 1888 822 327 423 47 20 5 14,328,181 1889 1890 854 321 455 55 20 3 12,104,272 936 398 456 54 24 4 15,292,420 1891 918 402 421 52 37 6 15,660,698 1892 839 a a 332 390 65 46 6 17,862,276 1893 788 39 61 282 372 75 47 12 19,949,564 1894 836 38 62 312 413 61 44 6 17,113,576 1895 855 37 63 319 421 61 45 9 17,735,864 1896 862 37 63 330 408 63 45 16 19,786,626 1897 853 36 64 346 370 79 41 17 20,072,758 1898 881 37 63 351 395 86 42 7 18,599,299 1899 889 36 64 346 384 77 57 25 24,439,019 1900 920 35 65 340 418 70 65 27 25,767,981 1901 915 36 64 313 432 79 58 33 27,331,552 1902 915 36 64 314 415 76 72 38 32,939,373 1903 933 38 62 313 413 75 87 45 36,957,104 1904 932 41 59 301 415 72 98 46 36,475,060 1905 990 40 60 321 446 83 88 52 38,434,363 1906 1,018 41 59 336 449 89 97 47 41,480,104 1907 933 44 56 260 407 91 95 80 51,317,416 1908 922 44 56 248 402 98 92 82 47,659,690 1909 886 43 57 270 373 66 90 87 50,904,990 1910 881 44 56 261 364 87 94 75 45,900,246 1911 845 46 54 235 351 82 101 76 53,679,118 1912 879 43 57 266 347 70 91 105 59,885,226 1913 840 44 56 239 339 66 82 114 61,618,744 1914 796 43 57 236 298 64 95 103 57,589,197 1915 779 36 64 268 286 56 65 104 58,829,576 1916 803 35 65 304 280 48 60 111 66.195,336 1917 810 40 60 226 283 52 70 139 86,199,387 1918 967 38 62 334 330 59 60 166 80.201,105 a Statistics not available for this and earlier years. MINERAL RESOURCES 31 products in Illinois, 1883 to 1918 COAL— Continued Tonnage Total Value Men Employed Machine Mining Year Ship- ping Mines Local Mines Total Number Ship- ping Mines Local Mines Ton- nage per Man No. of Mines Ton- nage by Ma- chines 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Per cent Per cent a $13,164,976 11,456,493 10,263,543 11,152,596 13,309,030 12,496,805 12,883,548 13,069,090 15,158,430 17,827,595 15,282,111 14,239,157 15,809,736 14 472,529 14,567,598 20,744,553 23,939 25,575 25,946 25,846 26,804 29,410 30,076 28,574 32,951 33,632 35,390 38,477 38,630 37,057 33,788 35,026 36,991 Per cent Per cent 506 438 456 432 463 481 466 535 475 531 564 445 459 534 594 531 634 Per cent 1883 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 a a 3 6 7 4 3 5 4 a 81 81 81 76 93 92 93 a 19 19 19 24 7 8 7 1892 97 1893 94 1894 93 ... 1895 96 1896 97 1897 95 1898 96 a a 1899 96 4 26,927 185 39,384 92 8 639 67 22 1900 95 4 28,163,937 44,143 93 7 603 63 22 1901 96 4 33,945,910 46,005 93 7 653 64 22 1902 96 4 43,196,809 49,814 94 6 702 68 22 1903 96 4 39,941,993 54,774 94 6 677 67 19 1904 97 3 40,577,592 59,230 94 6 628 76 22 1905 97 3 44,763,062 62,283 94 6 615 85 25 1906 97 3 54,687,382 66,714 95 5 717 101 33 1907 97 3 49,978,247 70,841 95 5 696 105 31 1908 98 2 53,522,014 72,733 96 4 676 107 33 1909 97 3 52,405,897 74,634 96 4 653 114 38 1910 97 3 59,519,478 77,410 96 4 648 126 40 1911 98 2 70,294,338 79,411 96 4 724 139 44 1912 98 2 70,313,605 79,497 97 3 778 140 49 1913 98 2 64,693,529 80,035 97 3 758 141 52 1914 98 2 64,622,471 75,607 96 4 762 131 59 1915 98 2 82,457,954 75,919 96 4 839 139 62 1916 98 2 162,281,822 80,893 96 4 976 151 60 1917 98 2 206,860,291 91,372 96 4 985 174 53 1918 32 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1911 Table 4. — Output and value of mineral Coke Oil and Gas Year Petroleum Natural Gas Quantity Value Quantity Value Value 21 22 23 24 25 26 1883 Short Tons 13,400 13,095 10,350 8,103 9,108 7,410 11,583 5,000 5,200 3,170 2,200 2,200 2,250 2,600 1,549 2,325 2,370 b b b b 4,439 clO,307 268,693 372,697 362,182 1,276,956 1,514,504 1,610,212 1,764,944 dl,859,553 1,425,168 1,686,998 2,320,400 1,030,706 2,285,610 $ 28,200 25,639 27,798 21,487 19,594 21,038 29,764 11,250 11,700 7,133 4,400 4,400 4,500 5,200 2,895 4,686 5,565 b b b b 9,633 27,681 1,205,462 1,737,464 1,538,952 5,361,510 6,712,550 6,390,251 8,069,903 8,593,581 5,858,700 7,016,635 10,619,066 6,806,930 18,625,436 Barrels 1884 1885 $ 1,200 1886 4,000 1887 6,000 1888 1889 1,460 900 675 521 400 300 200 250 500 360 360 250 250 200 181,084 4,937,050 24,281,973 33,686,238 30,898,339 33,143,362 31,317,038 28,601,308 23,893,899 21,919,749 19,041,695 17,714,235 15,776,860 13,365,974 $ 4,906 3,000 2,363 1,823 1,400 1,800 1,200 1,250 2,000 1,800 1,800 1,500 1,250 1,000 116,561 3,274,818 16,432,947 22,649,561 19,788,864 19,669,383 19,734,339 24,332,605 30,971,910 25,426,179 18,655,850 29,237,168 31,358,069 31,230,000 10,615 1890 6,000 1891 6,000 1892 12,988 1893 1894 14,000 15,000 1895 7,500 1896 6,375 1897 5,000 1898 2,498 1899 2,067 1900 1,700 1901 1,825 1902 1,844 1903 3,310 1904 4,745 1905 7,223 1906 87,211 1907 143,577 1908 446,077 1909 644,401 1910 613,642 1911 687,726 1912 616,467 1913 574,015 1914 437,275 1915 350,371 1916 1917 1918 396,357 479,072 620,949 a Statistics not available for this and earlier years. b Concealed. Less than three producers. c First year coke was produced in by-product ovens in Illinois. d Last of the beehive ovens in Illinois permanently dismantled. MINERAL RESOURCES 33 products in Illinois, 1883 to 1918 — Continued Clay Products Number Total Value Common Brick Drain Tile Pottery Year of Firms Quantity Value Value Value 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Thousands 1883 1884 1885 . . 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 a $ 8,474,360 7,619,884 5,938,247 5,498,574 6,866,715 7,259,825 7,708,859 9,642,490 9,881,840 11,190,797 10,777,447 12,361,786 12,634,181 13,220,489 11,559,114 15,176,161 14,333,011 15,210,990 13,318,953 14,791,938 17,633,351 17,190,753 12,459,777 a 825,845 717,079 586,506 516,263 573,450 664,684 685,161 930,561 1,023,681 1,015,541 999,310 1,125,024 1,195,210 1,494,807 1,119,224 1,196,526 1,074,486 1,210,499 941,343 1,066,057 1,182,473 738,963 365,958 • a- $ 4,495,613 3,786,747 2,831,752 2,376,498 3,205,674 3,231,332 3,981,577 5,188,654 5,131,621 5,388,589 5,167,165 6,259,232 5,719,906 6,499,777 4,834,652 6,896,836 6,126,911 6,437,331 4,898,698 6,870,990 6,738,152 5,138,822 3,218,758 a % 1,418,572 1,028,581 517,684 531,993 823,847 1,026,192 734,249 694,588 693,783 892,807 1,002,463 1,051,852 1,052,588 1,031,192 1,421,878 1,613,698 1,372,049 1,189,910 1,041,927 991,709 1,200,465 1,314,006 1,077,861 1893 697 1894 678 a $ 421,482 618,900 637,537 763,557 776,773 682,449 694,414 899,733 829,696 943,007 982,903 1,004,166 806,954 844,747 979,811 931,951 780,579 948,892 1,125,506 1,571,262 1,769,735 1895 566 1896 570 1897 616 1898 643 . . 1899 569 . . 1900 550 1901 515 502 1902 1903 492 1904 469 1905 466 1906 417 1907 400 1908 346 1910 330 301 1912 263 1914 254 225 1916 207 1917 1-68 1918 34 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 4. — Output and value of mineral Cement Year Natural Portland Sand and Gravel Quantity Quantity Value Quantity Value 34 35 36 37 38 39 1883 Barrels Barrels Short Tons 1884 a 300,000 226,000 325,000 332,055 350,000 363,117 409,877 472,876 522,972 466,267 491,012 544,326 510,000 630,228 537,094 369,276 469,842 607,820 543,132 360,308 368,645 365,843 284,599 188,859 b b b b b b b b b b 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 . 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894. . 300 750 3,000 15,000 e 53,000 240,442 528,925 767,781 1,257,500 1,326,794 1,545,500 1,858,403 2,036,093 3,211,168 4,241,392 4,459,450 4,582,341 4,299,357 5,083,799 5,401,605 5,156,869 3,642,563 4,659,990 3,594,038 $ 540 1,325 5,250 26,250 e 79,500 300,552 581,818 977,541 1,914,500 1,449,114 1.741,150 2,461,494 2,632,576 2,707,044 3,388,667 4,119,012 3,583,301 3,212,819 5,109,218 5,007,288 4,884,026 3,386,431 6,090,158 5,695,186 1895 . 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900. . 1901 1902 1903 a 1,206,671 1,627,403 2,657,559 4,550,991 6,657.748 9,155,229 8,586,508 8,488,683 6,957,901 7,992,140 7,696,130 7,708,012 8,365,225 9,120,698 6,355,406 1904 $ 689,740 1905 693 772 1906 1907 1908 1,043,041 1,367,653 1,503,022 1909 1,949,497 1910 1,730,795 1,990,922 1,929,822 2,070,491 1,859,519 1,984,569 2,587,437 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915. . 1916 1917 3,658,799 1918 3,980 124 a Statistics not available for this and earlier years. b Concealed. Less than three producers. e Prior to this date, the cement production was entirely slag cement manufactured by the Illinois Steel Co. at Chicago. Operations were abandoned by this company after their plant was destroyed by fire Feb. 3, 1898, but three new plants were under construction by other companies at La Salle. MINERAL RESOURCES 35 products in Illinois, 1883 to 1918 — Continued Stone and Lime Stone Limestone Sandstone Lime Fluorspar Year Value Quantity $2,190,607 2,030,000 3,185,000 2,305,000 2,555,952 1,687,662 1,261,359 1,483,157 1,421,072 2,066,483 1,881,151 2,289,819 3,222,608 3,206,271 3,151,890 3,511,890 2,942,331 3,774,346 3,122,552 4,234,927 3,847,715 3,436,977 3,808,784 4,112,172 2,861,340 2,864,103 3,362,751 3,279,737 2,951,045 Short Tons a $17,896 10,000 7,500 16,859 10,732 6,558 15,061 14,250 13,758 16,133 19,141 12,884 32,200 26,293 47,377 29,115 19,125 14,996 12,218 26,891 5,710 30,953 32,720 28,781 72,738 43,307 40,343 42,304 b Value Quantity 44 108,881 98,907 121,546 124,784 92,549 104,260 113,239 92,169 98,450 95,977 87,603 88,604 80,012 83,409 64,672 $387,973 164,785 145,294 228,220 127,156 194,773 246,575 504,018 485,644 479,801 461,088 421,589 534,118 559,305 393,951 454,682 503,581 423,762 394,892 433,331 383,989 352,954 369,038 412,184 535,090 Short Tons 4,000 4,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 6,000 9,500 8,250 10,044 12,250 12,400 7,500 4,000 4,000 2,500 b 8,500 3,690 b 18,360 11,413 17,205 33,275 28,268 25,128 31,727 41,852 47,302 68,817 114,410 85,854 73,811 b b 156,676 132,798 Value $ 20,000 20,000 22,500 22,000 20,000 30,000 45,835 55,328 78,330 89,000 84,000 47,500 24,000 32,000 18,300 b 75,000 8,900 b 121,532 57,620 122,172 220,206 160,623 141,971 172,838 232,251 277,764 481,635 756,653 550,815 426,063 b b 1,373,333 2,887,099 .1883 .1884 .1885 .1886 .1887 .1888 .1889 .1890 .1891 .1892 .1893 .1894 .1895 .1896 .1897 .1898 .1899 .1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 36 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 4. — Output and value of mineral Year Natural Gas Gasoline Zinc Clay Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 1902 Gallons Short Tons Short Tons 52,152 71,038 88,965 127,728 139,704 123,775 117,082 144,060 188,803 182,836 176,558 194.937 161,084 163,904 197,701 195,693 169,182 $ 38,463 1903... 73,842 1904 71,086 1905 f 282 737 1,717 2,163 3,549 4,219 4,065 2,236 4,811 5,534 3,404 4,267 3,792 / $ 33,840 186,966 161,398 223,604 383,292 480,966 560,970 250,432 490,772 1,372,432 912,272 870,468 690,144 120,410 1906 131,272 1907 105,703 1908 114,482 1909 150,868 1910 190,896 1911 b b 581,171 1,164,178 1,035,204 2,260,288 4,934,009 4,574,565 b b % 67,106 100,331 80,049 262,664 866,033 890,436 183,826 1912 192,663 1913 204,037 1914 168,354 1915 169,320 1916 378,440 1917 789,589 1918 413,901 a Statistics not available for this and earlier years. b Concealed. Less than three producers. f There was a small but unrecorded production of zinc from 1900 to 1905. Prior to 1900, production was negligible. MINERAL RESOURCES 37 products in Illinois, 1883 to 1918 — Concluded Tripoli Pyrite Silver Mineral Waters Year Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 Short Tons Short Tons Fine Ounces Gallons 508,016 $ 29,640 149,978 38,096 47,995 77,287 91,760 58,904 49,108 83,148 82,330 74,445 68,549 81,307 75,290 94,056 66,042 43,448 1902 1,118,240 1903 392,800 1904 425,756 1905 a a b b 5,600 8,541 17,441 27,008 11,246 22,538 14,849 20,482 24,596 24,369 a b b 517,551 28,159 47,020 62,980 31,966 59,079 22,476 51,432 89,998 85,659 a 2,852 2,051 1,011 2,022 3,036 4,731 3,541 2,112 3,864 5,684 7,186 8,171 a 574,453 S1.882 720,406 1,087 , 685,763 526 ' 639,460 1,092 1,117,620 1,609 1,304,950 2,909 1,143,625 2,139 1,216,442 1,168 1,760,030 1,959 , 1,559,489 3,740 1,777,741 5,921 1,370,461 8,171 921,953 1906 b 1907 b 1908 S 39,262 1909 33,390 1910 45,910 1911 27,339 1912 128,892 1913 59,394 59,390 1914 1915 82,968 1919 31,338 1917 18,902 1918 3$ YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 5. — Products and total mineral values, by counties, 1917 County Adams. . . Alexander . Bond. . . . Boone . . . . Brown . . . Bureau. . . Calhoun. . Carroll . . . Champaign . Christian . . . Clark Clay Clinton .... Coles Cook Crawford . . . Cumberland. DeKalb DeWitt Douglas. . . . DuPage. . . . Edgar Edwards. . . Effingham. . Fayette .... Ford Franklin. . . . Fulton Gallatin. . . . Greene Grundy. . . . Hamilton. . . Hancock . . . Hardin Henderson. . Henry Iroquois. . . . Jackson .... Jasper Jefferson . . . Jersey Jo Daviess. . Johnson. . . . Kane Kankakee . . Kendall Knox Lake La Salle. . . . Lawrence. . . Lee Livingston. . Logan McDonough McHenry . . McLean. . . . Products (named in decreasing order of importance) Lime, limestone, brick and tile, sand and gravel. . . Sandstone, tripoli, sand and gravel Coal, sand and gravel, natural gas Limestone, brick and tile, pottery, sand and gravel. Mineral water Coal, brick and tile, sand and gravel, natural gas. . Limestone, sand and gravel Brick and tile, sand and gravel. . . Brick and tile, natural gas Coal, brick and tile Petroleum, natural gas, limestone. Coal, petroleum, brick and tile Petroleum Brick and tile, limestone, pottery, lime, sand and gravel Petroleum, natural gas, sand and gravel, limestone Petroleum, natural gas Sand and gravel Natural gas, brick and tile Brick and tile Limestone, brick and tile Brick and tile, petroleum, natural gas Brick and tile Brick and tile Brick and tile, sand and gravel Sand and gravel Coal Coal, brick and tile, sand and gravel Coal, brick and tile Brick and tile, pottery, coal, clay, limestone Coal, brick and tile Brick and tile Brick and tile, coal, sand and gravel Fluorspar, lead, silver, limestone Sand and gravel Coal, brick and tile, mineral water Brick and tile Coal, brick and tile Petroleum Brick and tile, limestone Zinc, lead, sand and gravel Limestone, coal Sand and gravel, pottery, brick and tile, limestone, mineral water. . . . Brick and tile, limestone, lime Sand and gravel, limestone Brick and tile, pottery, coal Brick and tile, sand and gravel, mineral water Cement, coal, brick and tile, sand and gravel, quartz, clay, pottery mineral water Petroleum, natural gas, sand and gravel, brick and tile Cement, brick and tile, sand and gravel, limestone, natural gas Brick and tile, coal, sand and gravel, clay Coal, sand and gravel, brick and tile, natural gas Brick and tile, pottery, petroleum, clay, coal Brick and tile, sand and gravel, mineral water Coal, brick and tile Total value $ 380,170 80,344 327,275 30,852 ( b ) 3,531,913 1,835 16,124 24,647 5,056,626 a 2, 294, 162 2,658,020 ( b ) 7,947,409 a 8, 365, 682 "660,535 ( b ) 853 ( b ) 71,323 9,890 181,864 ( b ) ( b ) (b) 24,826,209 5,910,756 164,706 581,857 1,203,950 ( b ) 47,515 1,527,944 ( b ) 122,708 62,037 1,927,481 ( b ) 63,167 9 72,661 ( b ) 285,784 845,187 71,830 1,313,272 157.697 10,852,775 a 12, 225,976 1,457,474 1,247,102 1,323,942 1,264,838 532,272 312.268 MINERAL RESOURCES 39 Table 5. — Products and total mineral values, by counties, 1917 — Concluded County Products (named in decreasing order of importance) Total value $ 982,444 Macoupin Madison a ll,481 927 Coal, brick and tile, limestone, lime, sand and gravel, pyrite, mineral water, petroleum 9,553,424 2,454,389 Coal 1,134,268 (b) &) 424,601 814,453 ( b ) 8,032,434 Morgan Mineral water, brick and tile, petroleum, natural gas 47,575 496,096 Ogle 444,096 3,137,042 Coal 5,209,006 Piatt Pike 58,468 Pope 1,864 ( b ) 1,397,864 Randolph Coal, limestone, sand and gravel, brick and tile, sandstone 2,408,277 356,674 9,370,941 14,102,450 34,815 Scott 107,684 Shelby 318,490 St. Clair 12,466.527 Stark 16,207 13,206 1,386,596 546,594 8,688,396 69,651 639,120 1,515,059 White 305,921 25,818 Will .... 2,972,173 20,510,567 328,995 611,478 a The figures for natural gas and petroleum for certain counties have been estimated since some com, panies have no way of dividing the total figures into county units. An approximation of the values for Clark Crawford, Cumberland, Lawrence, and Macoupin counties was made by dividing the totals for two different large companies into the proportion of the number of wells in each county. b Concealed, fewer than three producers reporting production. 4Q YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 6. — Products and total mineral values, by counties, 1918 County Products (named in decreasing order of importance) Total value $ 356,956 133,680 553,507 56,002 Bond Coal, sand and gravel, natural gas ( b ) Bureau Coal, brick and tile, sand and gravel, natural gas 3,860,197 Carroll ( b ) 19,385 6,595 Cass Sand and gravel, brick and tile 6,798,345 Clark Clay. . . Petroleum, natural gas, limestone a 6, 207,764 Clinton 3,567,561 13,268 4,764 033 a 8, 533,481 Cumberland DeKalb . . Petroleum, natural gas a754,198 ( b ) DeWitt . ( b ) ( b ) ( b ) Edgar Brick and tile, petroleum, natural gas 12,762 99,685 ( b ) Fayette . . . 56,515 Franklin Coal 29,224,580 Fulton 6,722.486 Gallatin 496,326 Greene Grundy . . . Brick and tile, pottery, coal, clay 583,062 1,089,994 Hamilton. . ( b ) 25,182 Hardin 2,914,734 Henderson ( b ) Henry 121,132 Iroquois 40,248 2,757,684 ( b ) Jersey 43,899 Jo Daviess 539,934 Johnson Limestone, coal 48,610 Kane 203,699 Kankakee 656,888 Kendall 49,184 Knox Brick and tile, pottery, coal 798,213 Lake 14,303 La Salle Cement, coal, sand and gravel, brick and tile, clay, quartz, mineral water, pottery Lawrence 11,825,517 ai6, 526,334 Lee Cement, brick and tile, limestone, natural gas, sand and gravel Brick and tile, coal, sand and gravel, clay Coal, sand and gravel, petroleum, brick and tile, natural gas Brick and tile, pottery, petroleum, clay, coal 990,211 Livingston Logan 1,102,318 1,242,800 McDonough McHenrv 1,365,982 352,244 McLean 256,542 MINERAL RESOURCES 41 Table 6. — Products and total mineral values, by counties, 1918 — Concluded County Products (named in decreasing order of importance) Total value 1,095,333 ai6, 021,122 Madison Coal, brick and tile, limestone, lime, sand and gravel, pyrite, mineral 22,213,442 Marion Coal, petroleum 2,741,697 1,327,768 ( b ) 485,713 1,021,715 ( b ) 9,796,886 Morgan Mineral water, brick and tile, petroleum, natural gas 29,324 ( b ) Ogle 397,391 3,434,142 Coal 6,525,306 Piatt.. Pike 71,915 88,387 ( b ) 1,451,447 3,609,571 Rock Island Sand and gravel, coal, brick and tile, mineral water, pottery 259,196 13,522,259 18,677,051 21,148 Scott Shelby Brick and tile, clay, coal 53,610 526,551 St. Clair 17,090,637 Stark Coal ( b ) 1,559,231 166,569 11,186,641 244,739 Warren Pottery, brick and tile, coal 569,317 1,873,945 White 404,085 Will 3,348,797 Whiteside 25,044 Williamson 26,149,223 196,871 530,710 aThe figures for natural gas and petroleum for certain counties have been estimated since some com- panies have no way of dividing the total figures into county units. An approximation of the values for Clark » Crawford, Cumberland, Lawrence and Macoupin counties was made by dividing the totals for two different large companies into the proportion of the number of wells in each county. bConcealed, fewer than three producers reporting production. 4? YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Almost every county in the State reports some sort of mineral product and many of the more important industries, as coal, oil, clay products, stone, and sand and gravel, are represented very widely among the counties. Inspection of Figure 2 and of Tables 5 and 6 will serve to illustrate these facts. MAJf> OP ILLINOIS Fig. 2. Map showing graphically the mineral industries of each county for 1918, and the ranks of the counties in the industries. The rank of an industry in a county is indicated by its relative position from left to right within the county and its rank in the State is shown by the figure accompanying the symbol. For example, the coal symbol in the northwest corner of Madison County repre- sents the most important industry in the county and the seventh in value in the State. mineral resources 43 Scheme of Report One of the ways in which the Survey performs its duty of keeping in close touch with activity of the mineral industries, is by study and publica- tion of statistics of mineral production. The custom of publishing annual or biennial reports on the "Mineral Resources" is carried on by this report for the years 1917 and 1918, but the scheme of presentation has been changed. In previous years the "Mineral Resources" reports have discussed the various mineral industries in about the order of decreasing importance from the standpoint of value. The order adopted for this one report calls for a discussion of the oldest industries first and the youngest last. It is hoped that historical perspective will thus be achieved, and the purpose of this report, namely, to emphasize the progress of development of mineral indus- tries in Illinois, will thus be furthered. PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE AND ITS MINERAL RESOURCES Just as the history of the State divides itself into four sub-equal periods, so do the mineral industries readily fall into a similar grouping: the fron- tier or pioneer period, 1818 to 1848; the era of the Civil War, 1848 to 1870; the time of industrial growth, 1870 to 1893; and a fourth period which for lack of a more distinctive name, may be called "modern," 1893 to 1918. Naturally during the frontier period and the pre-1818 years, develop- ment of mineral wealth was unimportant. Of the long list of minerals now produced, probably lead alone was among - the mineral resources that the explorers and earliest settlers desired and sought for. The glamour of gold and silver doubtless occupied the central position in the background of the explorer's mind, and Indian tales of pieces of copper found lying on the surface as well as deposits of lead worked by the Indians prior to the com- ing of the white men, long inspired the hope of great metal mines. The early settlers' real but perforce inadequate recognition of the value of the coal deposits kept them on the lookout for easily accessible outcrops ; and salt as an immediate necessity, and iron as a later need were early developed. But beyond the metals, coal, and salt, the desires of the explorers and pioneers did not go and little did they realize that the one of these they looked upon with least interest was later to be the foundation of the State's industrial prosperity. It was not until well into the second period, specifically not until the sixties, that coal production increased perceptibly and meanwhile other indus- tries lagged even more. With the passing of the second quarter of the century the beginnings of great mineral development were beginning to be apparent. But it was not until the close of the third quarter-century that 44 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 the variety and value of the developed resources began to give real promise of their present magnitude. REASONS FOR DELAYED DEVELOPMENT Natural though it was that large development of mineral wealth should not accompany early settlement, still for the sake of clearness of conception, it is worth while to analyze some of the reasons for the slowness with which Illinois responded to the opportunities that lay hidden beneath and within her soils and rocks. The adventurous early visitors to the region may not have been willing to stay themselves long for minerals less alluring than gold and silver, but with the arrival of the first home-makers, unafraid of toil and willing to win a livelihood more slowly, lack of development can not be laid to the unro- mantic character of the mineral resources Illinois could offer. The early lack of development was due rather to certain geologic and geographic con- ditions and to lack of transportation. Transportation Problems Transportation problems were so intimately related to the development of the coal industry in Illinois that detailed consideration of this question is reserved for discussion of that industry. At this point it will suffice to point out that most of Illinois' mineral products are relatively bulky and that obviously therefore the transportation problem was one that had to be solved before production for use distant from the source could be economically possible. Geologic Conditions To the greatest depths explored by shaft and drill, the rocks beneath the surface in Illinois are all sedimentary, that is they originated as deposits or sediments laid down in ancient seas which at different times covered the whole or parts of the area. Layers of sand, clay, broken shells, vegetable material, or mixtures of two or more of these varieties of sediments became hardened by cementation and by pressure of later overlying sediments into beds of solid rock — sandstone, shale, limestone, and coal corresponding to the original layers of sand, mud, shells, and vegetable material. By the close of what geologists call Paleozoic time, several million years ago, the last of the seas in which these sediments were laid down had dis- appeared, and from that time until the present, Illinois was almost entirely continuously above sea level. Ten thousand feet more or less of flat-lying rocks and sediments had accumulated in the Illinois area during Paleozoic time. At the close of the Paleozoic era this whole great thickness was warped, in most places gently, until the sediments and rocks were no longer flat-lying but had the form of the bowl of an extremely shallow and some- what misshapen spoon, the rim of which happened to conform roughly to MINERAL RESOURCES 45 the outline of the State. During the long land period from the close of the Paleozoic era to the present, the rim, that is the higher portions, of the "spoon" were lowered by wind, streams, and frost more rapidly than were the lower parts at the center of the "spoon," until finally the whole area was reduced to a gently rolling plain, and the shape of the surface no longer indicated the warping. The structure of the remaining rocks can still tell the tale however — the oldest come to the surface about the borders of the State marking the spoon rim, and dip gently and successively beneath younger ones towards its center, which was the axis of the deformation. Recently, as compared with the Paleozoic warping, but actually mam- thousands of years ago, great continental ice sheets hundreds of feet thick- spread of their own weight at least five times over large areas of Illinois, each time curtaining the old surface more and more thickly with clay, gravel, and sand ("glacial drift"), which was left by the ice when climatic changes caused the glaciers to melt. All the State was covered at least once by ice sheets with the exception of two small areas, one the northwest corner of the State, including all of Jo Daviess and parts of Carroll and Stephenson counties, and the other the extreme southern part, including all of Pope, Hardin, Pulaski, Massac, Union, and Alexander, and parts of Jackson, Saline, and Gallatin counties. On the west side of the State, Mississippi River and its larger tribu- taries have cut through the drift in many places, making accessible the underlying rocks and their contained mineral resources ; and so it is too along the Wabash to some extent. Remembering the unglaciated north- western corners and southern end of the State, the generalization may then be made that in a belt around the west, south, and southeast, there is more chance for exposure of the mineral resources found in hard rocks than there is in the central part of the area where the drift is still thick and relatively unbroken in most places. Thus the vast resources of the heart of the State were concealed from the view of the early settlers by geologic conditions, and development of resources tended to begin earlier nearer the borders of the State, than in the interior. Geographic Conditions the effect of the forests The effect of the forests, the distribution of which is shown in figure 3, was somewhat contradictory. On the one hand, population spread up the main valleys attracted by the abundance of game, water, and wood, and thus settlers were early led into the very parts of the State where geologic con- ditions made most easily available such important mineral resources as stone, coal, lead, and salt. But on the other hand the very presence of the forests was a hindrance because it slowed up thorough exploration, at least for a 46 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 MAP OP ILLINOIS Fig. 3. Map of Illinois showing the original wooded areas, the distribution of population in 1820, and the location of early mineral production. MINERAL RESOURCES 47 short time. All in all, however, it was the first effect that was the more powerful and in general it is clear that the forests furthered relatively early utilization of mineral resources. THE EFFECT OF THE PRAIRIES Development of the mineral resources of the central drift-covered, or "basin" part of Illinois had to wait until population spread out of the for- ested stream valleys onto the treeless and originally ill-drained prairies which are typical of that section of the State. Barrows says 1 that the prairies aroused the wonder of all early travelers but "were generally shunned by the first comers for several reasons: (1) absence of trees was thought to mean that they were infertile; (2) timber was imperatively needed for buildings, fences, and fuel; (3) they did not afford running water for stock or mills, while the lack of fuel left steam mills out of the question; (4) there was no protection from the bitter winds of winter which above all else made that season disagreeable. Men and cat- tle have even been known to perish in storms on the open prairies; (5) to the farmer the prairies with their tough sod and matted roots constituted a new and altogether unknown problem." If only the farmers had known that within and beneath the mask of drift of the prairies was stored not only fuel and water in abundance, but also that the drift itself was one of the richest sources of plant food in the world, the prairies need not have waited for about half of the century for their share of population. Commonly south of the latitude of Rock Island an abundance of coal at a practical depth for mines was to be had ; in widely distributed strata and lenses of sand and gravel that constituted part of the drift, water was stored in plenty ; and the upper part of the drift, once the sod was broken, formed one of the richest soils in the world. But so dif- ficult were prairie conditions for the pioneer, that general development of mineral resources was markedly retarded in the heart of the State. An exception is seen in the early settlement and activity in the La Salle region where unusual geologic conditions made easier both discovery and marketing of mineral deposits and products. MINERAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES Pre-1818 Period The earliest minerals utilized by man in Illinois were of course water and soils, but both are so universally needed, used, and distributed that they are not to be considered as commodities in the ordinary sense. Salt, lead, limestone, ore, and coal were mineral resources of later development, but they too belong to the pre-1818 group (fig. 3). iBarrows, Harlan H., Geography of the middle Illinois valley: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 15, p. 77, 1910. 48 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 SOILS The value of iron and of coal may be emphasized as strongly as pos- sible, and these two may be used as the measure of a nation's wealth ; but it must never be forgotten that after all the ultimate dependence of man is both directly and indirectly on the soils. They constitute a mineral resource whose value is immeasurable — mineral because soil is based on finely ground minerals, and immeasurable because it is an original source of the substance of life. In the matter of soils, the events of Illinois geologi- cal history had particularly favorable results. For, far from removing every vestige of soil or leaving a meager stony covering as was left over New England, the glaciers brought to Illinois many different kinds of rock mate- rial, the bulk of it ground to fineness, but still possessed of all the original ingredients of fresh rock, and capable of constant liberation of plant food. Different indeed is such a soil from one that is a residual from decayed rock and has therefore lost much of its mineral plant food by the time it has reached the stage of comminution that renders it texturally suited for crop growth. Mineral in origin though soils may be, so unequalled is their importance that their study is a science in itself. And so with the reminder that Illinois soil is its most valuable mineral resource, it will be left to the agriculturists. WATERS It is true that statistics are given for a nominal water industry (Table 4), but these figures give no conception of the true amount and value of water taken from the rocks and soils. Compare them, for example, with the estimate made by Leverett in 1896, when population was smaller than it is now, that "the total supply from [shallow wells] is about 840,000 bar- rels for household consumption and 700,000 barrels for stock, or about 1,500,000 barrels per day. About one-half the population of the State is thus supplied with water for cooking and drinking, the other half being sup- plied mainly from Lake Michigan and from the streams, deep wells furnish- ing the supply for but a small part of the population." 1 It is a significant fact that even in the area which is dominated by the Lake, deep (or artesian) wells are sources of water for industrial purposes. It would seem that the original cost of drilling a two-thousand- foot well with its smallest diameter from six to twenty inches, and the continual expense of upkeep and pumping would eliminate wells as a source of supply in a district where water is as abundant as it is in the region of Lake Michi- gan. And yet in Chicago during the summer of 1914 there were in active service 125 wells over 1,000 feet deep, with a pumpage of over 30,100,000 gallons per 24 hours ; and within a circle of a half-mile radius in the stock- iLeverett, "The "Water Resources of Illinois," in United States Geological Survey, Seventeenth Annual Report, 1896, part 2, p. 7fi9. MINERAL RESOURCES 49 yards district 26 wells delivered 13,450,200 gallons, or 44.3 per cent of the total daily deep-well pumpage in the city. 1 Industries in other parts of the State are forced to depend upon deep wells for water supplies, but such statistics as these for the Chicago district where an alternative source is at hand, demonstrate clearly the real impor- tance and value of deep underground water supplies. Deep-well sources are destined to become of ever-increasing importance, especially outside the Lake cities, as a direct consequence of the increasing danger of the pollution of shallow sources that accompanies the growth of population. SALT After waters and soils, probably the next resource used by human beings prior to 1818 was salt. The history of this industry is especially interesting because of its relationship to the settlement of the Mississippi Valley. Before some of the present most important deposits of salt were known, extreme southern Illinois was one of the very few, and of these few the most important of the sources of salt west of the Appalachians. Indeed, so difficult was it to obtain, that for years the government reserved from sales all lands containing salt springs, and the historic Gallatin County brines were worked under the direction of army officers. Many saline springs pour brine into all the water courses of Saline and Gallatin counties, but only in Gallatin County about one mile south of the town of Equality (fig. 3) on the north side of Saline River was it of sufficient strength to be profitable. Near the site of these springs is the "Half-moon," 2 a semi-circular excavation as its name implies, 100 yards in diameter and six to eight deep, believed to have been made by buffaloes or other wild animals that prob- ably congregated in great herds to lick the salt. Still earlier, mammoths and mastodons visited the swamp for the sake of the salt as is evidenced by the numerous teeth, and sometimes even parts of skeletons embedded in the soil. The Indians, too, visited the site, for around the springs fragments of Indian pottery were formerly very plentiful. "To judge from the curva- ture of some of these fragments, the vessels to which they belonged were not less than 4 or 5 feet in diameter, a size truly astonishing made as they appear to have been of common clay and fragments of fresh water shells. From the large size of these pots it is natural to infer that they were used by a pre-historic race of salt makers." 3 A vivid description of the early historic use of the brines in an old report emphasizes the vital importance and the truly industrial character of its pro- duction in contrast to what was little more than haphazard utilization in the case of water, and building stone. "The brine then used required from 125 to 280 gallons to make one bushel (50 pounds) of salt. Between one and iBulletin 34, 111. Geol. Sur. 2Cox, E. T., Geology of Gallatin County: Geol. Survey of Illinois, Vol. VI, p. 213, 1875. sibid., p. 216. 50 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 two thousand hands were employed, and the yield of the works has been estimated at 80 to 100 bushels of salt per diem. So greatly was the demand beyond the power of the works to supply that .... applicants for salt coming from Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, and other parts of the country were regularly ticketed, and could be supplied only by awaiting their proper turn. No one thought of stopping for the drainage of the salt crystals, but all were glad to receive it as soon as it was cool enough to handle and to start off with their pack horses loaded with sacks of salt from which the water trickled as they journeyed home. The fuel required to evaporate such an immense amount of water stripped the country of timber for miles around, and the expedient was resorted to of conveying the brine for miles in wooden pipes to the rapidly receding forests. The idea never once occurred to those early salt makers that the five-foot bed of coal through which their wells were generally dug could furnish, ready at hand, a never failing supply of the best and cheapest fuel." 1 With the development of the strong brines on the Kanawha River in West Virginia, beginning about 1807 or 1808 and with the discovery of rich brines in Pomeroy, in Ohio, the Saline works were no longer able to run with profit and the industry in Illinois died. In 1850 it was revived there and brines were worked contemporaneously in other parts of the State as at Brownsville, Jackson County, at Central City, Marion County, and on Salt and Middle Forks. But even though the combined production from these sources surpassed that of the early Gallatin days, the industry of the later years could in no measure equal that of the pioneer period in its comparative importance and far-reaching effects on settlement. Since 1896 no production of salt from Illinois has been recorded and probably none will be produced again. LEAD, ZINC AND SILVER The lead and zinc industry, too, had its beginnings prior to 1818 (fig. 3), and throve during those early days. Like the salt industry, it declined and although small amounts of lead and zinc still come from northern Illinois and, as a by-product of the fluorspar mining operations, from southern Illi- nois, this industry is now of comparatively little importance. NORTHERN ILLINOIS The date of the earliest utilization of the lead deposits of the upper Mississippi region is unknown, but from the evidence of crude mining tools found in abandoned drifts by the earliest white miners, it is believed that the Indians had used the lead even prior to the advent of the French ; and further, Hennepin's map, dated 1687, shows native mines near Galena. Dur- ing the entire eighteenth century Indians did most of the mining and sold it to traders. "The savages would load the ore at the bottom of the inclined lOp. Cit. pp. 214-215. MINERAL RESOURCES 51 shaft into deerskin bags, and hoist or drag it to the surface by means of long thongs of hide. The lower work was performed almost entirely by old men and squaws. Large logs would be placed on the ground and smaller pieces of wood piled around, and the ore heaped on. The fire would be set in the evening and in the morning shapeless pieces of lead would be found." 1 Later, smelting methods improved. "A hole was dug in the face of a piece of slop- ing ground about 2 feet deep, and as wide at the top. This hole was shaped like a mill hopper and lined with flat stones. At the bottom of the hopper which was 18 inches square, narrow stones were laid across grate wise. A trench was dug from the sloping ground inward to the bottom of the hopper. . . . . The hopper was filled with ore and fuel. When the latter was ignited the molten lead in a few minutes fell through the stones at the bottom of the hopper and thence was discharged through the trench over the earth. The fluid mass was then poured into an awkward mold and as it cooled was called at 'plat,' weighing about 70 pounds, very nearly the weight of a 'pig' of later days." 2 Friction over trading rights between the French and Indians on the one hand and the English and later the Americans on the other, kept the lead region in continual turmoil during the eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth century and made mining anything but active and systematic. In 1816 however, the Indians ceded to the government for mining an area fif- teen miles square on Fever River, and in 1823 Colonel James Johnson began the first of the systematic mining when he brought experienced miners, and 150 slaves, and adequate tools, and under military protection undertook development of the deposits near Galena under a 3-year lease. At once prospectors and squatters began to pour into the region. "Lieu- tenant Thomas reported the number of American miners in Fever (Galena) River diggings in July, 1825, as 100, and in December as 151. In the spring of 1826 the number in the vicinity of Galena was nearly 200. This increased to 400 by June and to 550 in the fall. In four years this sequestered spot literally swarmed with miners, smelters, merchants, speculators, and gamblers of every description. By 1827 the workmen in the mines numbered 1,600 and in 1830 some 2,111 people were enumerated in Jo Daviess County alone." 3 Production figures for the years 1823 to 1829 are given, followed by statistics by ten-year periods through 1920. iSchockel, Bernard H.. History of development of Jo Daviess County: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 26, p. 179, 1916. 2Ibid., p. 180. sibid., pp. 184-185. JBRAk AUG 5 1988 ILL STATE GEOLOEICAI W 52 YEAR HOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 7. — Lead production in the Fever River Mines, 1823 to 1829 Tons 1823 168 1824 88 1825 332 1826 479 1827 2,591 1828 5,553 1829 1 . 6,672 Table 8. — Lead production of the upper Mississippi Valley region, 1821 to 1920, by decades Tons 1821-30 23,244 1831-40 55,718 1841-50 215,979 1851-60 161,334 1861-70 84,700 1871-80 49,000 1881-90 10,000 1891-00 10,000 1901-10 25,088 1911-20 40,278 The abrupt decline in production after 1850 is attributed to several causes: "(1) The richer deposits began to give out. (2) By 1850 the shallower diggings were largely exhausted (3) The discovery of gold in California in 1848 diverted from Galena the flow of mining immi- grants and also lured to California many miners from the district. (4) Many of the younger miners sought their fortunes [elsewhere] .... (5) The reduction of the import duty on lead .... (6) The increasing abundance .... of zinc ore as mining reached greater depths. (7) The great demand for laborers in railroad construction and other internal improvements." With the decline of lead production, zinc began to come into prominence because of the development of satisfactory smelters. Between 1850 and 1870, three large smelters, one at La Salle, a second at Mineral Point, Wisconsin, and a third at Peru were built to smelt Upper Mississippi Valley zinc. The mineral deposits of the Galena region had great local and at times even national importance. Some of the effects may be listed as follows : 1. Hastened exploration. 2. Hastened removal of Indians and more rapid development of region. 3. Hastened development of St. Louis, New Orleans, and Buffalo, where lead ore was shipped and manufactured ; was responsible for beginning of Mineral Point, Dubuque, Galena; furthered the growth of La Salle, Peru, and Mineral Point. MINERAL RESOURCES 53 4. Made contest over position of boundary line between Wisconsin and Illi- nois more intense. 5. Introduced powder and bullets to Indians. 6. Introduced slaves to the State. 7. Influenced establishment of the early stage line between Galena and Chi- cago (1829). 8. Influenced the building of the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, 1855. 9. Invigorated steamboat trade on the Mississippi. SOUTHERN ILLINOIS Lead, associated with fluorspar in vein formation, was discovered in Hardin County in 1842 near the site of the present Rosiclare mine and development of the deposit was undertaken. From that time until 1870 or thereabouts this and similar veins in that district were mined chiefly for their lead content. But as various industries began to demand fluorspar in increas- ing amounts, lead production became a side issue in the main business of fluorspar mining. It is interesting to note that in spite of the fact that southern Illinois lead is at present but a by-product, it has nevertheless amounted to 46 per cent of the State's total tonnage in the past ten years, northern Illinois reporting 54 per cent. Whereas the lead ores of northern Illinois are associated with zinc ore in commercial amount, the southern Illinois veins contain so little zinc min- eral that its separation has not been considered commercially practicable. And whereas the lead ores of northern Illinois are not argentiferous, those of southern Illinois run as high as 14 ounces of silver to the ton of lead con- centrates. Statistics of silver production are found in tables 4 and 9. 54 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 9. — Production and value of lead, zinc, and silver in Illinois by districts, 1909-1918 Year District Lead Quantity Value Zinc Quantity Value Silver Quantity Value Northern Illinois Southern Illinois Total Northern Illinois Southern Illinois '. Total Northern Illinois Southern Illinois Total Northern Illinois Southern Illinois Total Northern Illinois Southern Illinois Total Northern Illinois Southern Illinois Total Northern Illinois Southern Illinois Total Northern Illinois Southern Illinois Total Short tons 88 207 295 101 272 373 625 339 964 687 595 1,282 588 371 959 " 492 225 $' 7,566 17,804 Short tons 2,163 $ 223,604 Fine ounces 1909 1,011 $ 526 3,549 383,292 $ 25,370 8,888 23,936 $ 32,824 56,250 30,510 $ 86,760 61,830 53.550 1910 2,022 1,092 4,219 480,966 1911 3,036 1,609 4,065 560,970 1912 4,731 2,909 2,236 250,432 $115,380 51,744 32,648 1913 3,541 2,139 4,811 490,722 $ 84,392 38,376 17,550 1914 2,112 1,168 5,534 1,372,432 717 495 459 954 462 610 1,072 594 845 1,439 1,413 860 2,273 $ 55,392 46,530 43,146 $ 89,676 63,756 84,180 1915 3,864 1,959 3,404 912,272 1916 5,684 3,740 4,267 870,468 $147,936 102,168 145,340 Northern Illinois Southern Illinois Total Northern Illinois Southern Illinois Total 1917 7,186 5,921 3,792 690,144 $247,508 200,646 122,120 1918 8,171 8,171 $322,766 MINERAL RESOURCES 55 Table 10. — Tenor of lead and zinc ore and concentrates produced in Illinois, 1917 and 1918 NORTHERN ILLINOIS Total crude ore short tons Total concentrates in crude ore: Lead Per cent Zinc Per cent Metal content of crude ore : Lead per cent Zinc Per cent Average lead content of galena concentrates per cent Average zinc content of sphalerite concentrates ■ per cent Average value per ton: Galena concentrates Sphalerite concentrates SOUTHERN ILLINOIS Average lead content of galena concentrates per cent Average value per ton of galena concentrates 1917 327,340 1918 280,900 .24 .66 5.56 4.67 .18 .50 1.63 1.60 75.4 75.5 29.3 35.7 $99.83 $87.09 $26.18 $28.72 70.7 70.0 $99.10 $83.52 LIMESTONE The stone industry, based on another mineral resource used prior to 1818, has persisted to the present, the 1918 production having a value of almost three million dollars. Large though this figure is, the increase in the past quarter of a century is surprisingly small when compared with that of other minerals. The reasons are probably that Portland cement and clay products, such as brick and terra cotta, have been largely substituted for stone in construction work ; and that the Bedford limestone quarries of Indiana, opened during the nineties and very favorably situated with refer- ence to the Illinois market, supply a product recognizedly superior to Illi- nois limestones. Since 1890 clay products have doubled their values, and cements have increased fifteen times over ; and as much of this production has been sub- stituted for stone in structural work, it is not surprising that Illinois' rank in production of building stone is now only fourteenth, although for many years prior to 1896 the State ranked first in the country for marketed pro- duction of that class of stone. The general absence of surface limestone over the broad central portion of the State (due to the geologic structure and the prevalence of glacial drift deposits there) means that the State must continue to look chiefly to border counties for structural limestone and for road metal. The latter is of increasingly vital importance to the prairie population since the advent and rapid increase in the use of automobiles has forced the construction of good roads. 56 YEAR 1500K FOR 1917 AND 1918 10 * CO MILLIONS OF CM DOLLARS MINERAL RESOURCES 57 Table 11. — Relative importance of the limestone production districts, 1917 and 1918 Districts 1917 1918 Chicago $2,427,385 $2,134,718 Mississippi River 460,482 522,482 East central 228,784 203,140 Northern 110,833 40,630 Southern . 52,253 50,075 Total $3,279,737 $2,951,045 For the past fifty years, the few available statistics indicate that the Chicago district, comprising Cook, Will, and Kankakee counties, has led all others, and that the Mississippi River district has consistently held second place. Each of these districts has limestone deposits in plenty and of good quality for construction purposes ; and each has adequate and cheap trans- portation both by rail and by water, the Mississippi for the latter district and the Drainage Canal for the former. The reason for the marked su- premacy of the Chicago district is to be found not in advantages of this sort but rather in the greater demand, resulting from the much greater concentra- tion of population in the Chicago area. In the earlier half of the century, however, the relative importance of the two districts was just the reverse, because the spread of population was guided by the Mississippi River, and the population and demand were greater in that part of the State. Although the distribution of the limestone industry and the relative im- portance of the districts has been comparatively stable since the Chicago area came into supremacy, the uses of the product have changed remark- ably (fig. 4). For example, whereas in 1890 approximately half of the total stone production was building stone, in 1917 almost the same proportion was sold for concrete and more than half as much again for road making and as railroad ballast. Due to the change of construction material, thus indicated, Illinois has fallen in production of building stone from first to last place, and from more than a million dollars to about ten thousand, dur- ing a period when in every other use there has been a marked increase. Of recent years a very large percentage of the stone produced in Illi- nois has been sold as crushed stone for concrete, road metal, and railroad ballast. In 1917, for example, 75 per cent went for these purposes and in 1918, 65 per cent. Although 47 States reported production of crushed stone in 1917, Illinois led them all. In 1918, however, Ohio and New York regained first and second place, with Illinois in third rank. All three states reported decreased production of crushed stone in 1918, but Illinois' decrease amounted to 38 per cent, whereas New York's and Ohio's were only 34 per cent and 4 per cent respectively. The country-wide falling off of crushed stone production, averaging 27 per cent, was due largely to the 58 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 191! discontinuance of practically all road construction in 1917 and 1918 except that necessary for repairs of roads on the main line of transportation and the building of new roads for war purposes. The signing of the armistice came so late in 1918 that there was time for little more than plans for resumption of repair and new work, and the expected reaction of these plans in increasing stone production was not noticeable in 1918. In Table 12 will be found statistics of prices of crushed stone since 1905. Table 12. — Average price per short ton of crushed stone in Illinois and the United States, 1905-1918 Year Road metal Railroad ballast Concrete Total Illinois U. S. Illinois U. S. Illinois U. S. Illinois U.S. 1905 1910 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 $0.67 .56 .63 .57 .91 .89 .48 .41 .47 .49 .46 .44 .58 .65 $0.64 .64 .66 .62 .67 .62 .62 .60 .63 .61 .60 .63 .75 .97 $0.45 .53 .63 .50 .40 .48 .38 .42 .42 .42 .42 .40 .46 .64 $0.48 .49 .52 .52 .48 .48 .50 .49 .51 .51 .50 .49 .56 .77 $0.64 .65 .75 .49 .52 .46 .52 .47 .61 .49 .49 .48 .57 .72 $0.67 .65 .71 .65 .64 .64 .65 .67 .67 .68 .65 .67 .78 1.05 $0.57 .58 .66 .52 .60 .55 .50 .43 .48 .47 .47 .45 .55 .68 $0.59 .59 .63 .61 .61 .59 .59 .59 .61 .61 .60 .61 .72 .95 As would be expected the average prices for Illinois vary more than do those for the United States as a whole. Perhaps the most significant generalization that can be made about the table is that from 1905 to 1910 State prices tend to be equal to or higher than average country-wide prices, whereas from 1911 on the tendency is decidedly for lower prices in Illinois. The increases in 1917 and 1918 were general over the whole United States, as a result of increased supply and labor costs. LIME Probably almost as old as the limestone industry is that of lime burning. The superior quality of the limestone in the vicinity of Alton, the favorable geographic location of that city with reference to centers of population in the early days, the cheap river transportation, and the abundance of fuel, both wood and coal, combined to make the Alton district leader for many years. An old report 1 describes the beginnings and growth of the industry in a quotation from the Alton Courier of November 28, 1857. iWorthen, A. H., Geology of Madison County : Geological Survey of Illinois, Vol. I, p. 324, 1866. MINERAL RESOURCES 59 ''The first lime made in the city [Alton], of which we have any record, was manufactured in Hunterstown in the year 1815, by Colonel Jacob Judy. The manner of its manufacture was in keeping with the primitive style of those early times. It was simply this : Large log heaps were made, and the rock being placed upon them, they were fired, and as the logs burned to ashes, the rock was transformed into lime. Lime continued to be made in this way as occasion and necessity demanded, until 1818, when it was manu- factured in kilns. The first kiln was erected in Hunterstown by Major C. W. Hunter, who leased it to the Honorable George Smith and Thomas G. Hawley, now of Upper Alton. These gentlemen manufactured lime to a considerable extent, which they were under bonds to sell at not more than 25 cents per bushel . . . "The manufacture of lime continued to be carried on with more or less activity until 1847. In this year the barreling and exportation of lime was commenced and from that day to this the business has prospered and grown, and is yet increasing day by day. Its present extent can perhaps be judged of by a few facts and statistics. "Since the first of March last [1857], there has been manufactured 121,900 barrels, of which 48,400 barrels have been shipped by railroad in bulk. The balance, 73,500 barrels, has been shipped and sold in barrels, thus affording a large demand for cooperage work. There are twenty kilns now in operation of which five are patents. These kilns give employment in various ways to not less than four hundred men, aside from the cooperage required by them." By the seventies the center of population, and therefore the principal market, was shifting northeast, and the Alton district lost its leadership. However, once the early abnormally rapid growth of the northeastern coun- ties was over, the Mississippi district was reinstated as leader and continues to remain so. In the Union Illinois ranks low in lime production, fifteenth in 1918. Table 13 — Lime burned in Illinois, 1904-1918 Year Number of plants Quantity Value Average price per ton 1904 Short tons 108,881 98,907 121,546 124,784 92,549 104,260 113,239 92,169 98,450 95,977 87,603 88,604 80,012 83,409 64,672 $461,068 421,589 534,118 559,305 393,951 454,682 503,581 423,762 394,892 433,331 362,727 352,954 369,038 501,320 535,090 $4.23 1905 4.26 1906 4.39 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 22 18 17 14 16 15 16 16 14 12 11 11 4.48. 4.26 4.36 4.45 4.60 4.01 4.51 4.14 1915 1916 3.98 4.61 1917 6.00 1918 8.27 60 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 COAL The story of coal, the last of the pre-1818 resources, mirrors the cor- relative development along other lines, and therefore might well receive more consideration than is possible in this chapter, especially as it is the most valuable mineral product in the State. In 1918, Illinois' 89,291,105 tons, valued at $206,860,291, were produced from 967 mines. Of these, 370 mined and shipped ninety-eight per cent of all the coal away from the vicinity of the producing mines while 597 more mined two per cent of the total production for local use. In 1918 these many mines were places ot employment for 91,372 men, each of whom was responsible, on an average, for bringing to the surface almost 1,000 tons of coal during the year. In 1913, the last year unaffected by the European war, Illinois had to its credit five per cent of the world's coal production and was surpassed by but three countries in the world, one of them of course the United States itself. The history of the growth of the coal industry is divisible into the exploration, ante-railroad, and railroad periods. EARLY EXPLORATION The date, 1673, which is that of the beginning of the history of Illi- nois coal, is the date of its discovery not only for this State but for the United States as well. In Margry's account of Joliet's voyage is found the earliest known mention: 1 "The said M. Joliet adds, that he had set down in his Journal an exact Description of the Iron-Mines they discovered, as also of the Quarries of Marble, and Cole-Pits and Places where they find Salt-Petre with several other things." One Joliet's map of 1674 2 is entered "Charbon de terre" (coal) near the present city of Utica ; on Marquette's map 3 of 1681 this same "Charbon de terre" appeared; and Hennepin's map of 1689 located a "cole mine" on the Illinois above Fort Creve-Coeur (Peoria). ANTE-RAILROAD PERIOD The end of the early exploration period and the beginning of the ante- railroad period, may be taken as 1810, which is the year marked by the first record of shipment of coal in Illinois. Beck in "A Gazetteer of the States of Illinois and Missouri, 1823," after describing the American Bottom where the first settlement of this State was begun, says " 'Coal exists in abundance on this alluvion and the bluffs which bound it. Its first discovery was made in a very singular manner. Many years since, a tree, taking fire, com- municated to its roots, which continued burning for sometime. Upon exami- nation they were found to communicate with a bed of coal, which continued to burn until the fire was completely smothered by the falling in of a large mass of incumbent earth. The appearance of fire is still evident for a con- iMargry, Vol. I, p. 465. SThwaites, Jesuit Relations, Vol. 19, p. 86. SThevenot, Recueil de Voyages. MINERAL RESOURCES 61 siderable distance. About two miles from this place a coal bank has been opened — the vein is as thick as any at Pittsburgh.' "It was at [this] point .... that the first mine was opened and we have a record of the shipment of a flatboat load of coal to New Orleans in 1810 from Brownsville [fig. 3] in Jackson County." 1 Gazetteers of the period and journals of travelers give abundant evidence of the general recognition of the presence of coal in many parts of Illinois. 2 Just as all such references are to outcrops of coal along stream courses, so mines were located along the major streams. The list of the producing coun- ties in 1840 shows only one that is not bordered by or does not include the Misssissippi, the Illinois, or the Wabash rivers, or their larger tributaries. Coal production in 1840% County Men Bushels Adams 5 2,700 Edwards 1 2,000 Gallatin 2 1,500 Henry 2 2,250 Jackson 21 15,000 Lawrence 6 1,650 Madison 25 97,250 Marshall 3 4,000 Morgan 3 2,000 Peoria 8 12,000 Perry 1 1,500 Randolph 11 6,011 Sangamon 10 82,000 Schuyler 5 5,230 Scott 18 52,200 Shelby 2 2,700 St. Clair 24 129,396 Vermilion 2,800 Warren 2,800 The control of streams over the distribution of coal-mining operations had three phases. In the first place production began earliest along streams because there the stream's action had exposed it. It was only after deep drilling that coal was discovered away from outcrops along streams, and during the ante-railroad period enough coal could be found in the valleys so as to render the expense of exploration with the drill unnecessary and indeed almost unthought of. It is no wonder that the idea arose that Illinois coal lay "principally in the ravines and points of bluffs," as was written in Hunt's Merchants Magazine for 1841. 4 lAndros, S. O., Coal Mining in Illinois, 111. Coal Mining Investigations, Bull. 13, pp. 13-14, 1915. 2The reader will find a collection of references and quotations on which this statement is based in "Coal Mining in Illinois" on pages 14 to 34 previously referred to. 3TJ. S. Census Report, 1840. 4Andros, S. O., Coal Mining in Illinois, 111. Coal Mining Investigations, Bull. 13, p. 33, 1915. 52 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 In the second place, stream valleys guided the early settlers and there population was centered. And in the third place the streams afforded means of transportation. To transport a bulky commodity like coal economically over any great dis- tance was well-nigh impossible except by water until the railroad era, and during all the ante-railroad period, shipping mines and their markets were confined to the vicinity of streams. It was in response to the demands of the coal industry that some of the first improvements along transportation lines were made. For example, the first macadamized road in the State, almost fourteen miles long, was built between Belleville and St. Louis, prob- ably because of the demand for coal in St. Louis and difficulties of transpor- tation of the product to that market over the floodplain swamps ; and the first railroad in the Mississippi valley, the Coal Mine Bluffs Railroad by name, built in 1837 by Governor Reynolds between St. Louis and a coal mine on the Mississippi bluff, was for the explicit purpose of serving the industry. "Governor Reynolds says, T had a large tract of land located on the Missis- sippi Bluff, six miles from St. Louis, which contained in it inexhaustible quantities of bituminous coal. This coal mine was the nearest to St. Louis, Misssouri, of any other on this side of the Mississippi River. I had also most of the land on which a railroad might be constructed to convey the coal into market. Under these circumstances, a few others with myself, decided to construct a railroad from the bluff to the Mississippi, opposite St. Louis. This road was about six miles long, and although short, the engineer made an erroneous calculation of the cost — making the estimate less than one-half of the real cost. We all embarked in this enterprise when we knew very little about the construction of a railroad, or the capacity of the market for the use of the coal. In fact, the company had nothing but an excessive amount of energy and vigor, together with some wealth and standing, with which to construct the road ; and we accomplished it. We were forced to bridge a lake over 2,000 feet across, and we drove down piles more than eighty feet into the mud and water of the lake, on which to erect the bridge. We put three piles on the top of one another, fastened the ends together, battering the piles down with a metal battering-ram of 1,400 pounds weight. The members of the company themselves hired the hands — at times one hundred a day — and overlooked the work. They built shanties to board the hands in, and procured provision^ and lodgings for them. They graded the track, cut and hauled timber, piled the lake, built the road, and had it running in one season of the year 1837. This work was performed in opposition to much clamor against it, that it would not succeed, that we would break at it, and such predictions. We had not the means nor the time in one year to procure the iron for the rails, or the locomotive, so we were compelled to work the road without iron, and with horsepower. We did so, and delivered much coal to the river. It was strange how it was possible we could con- MINERAL RESOURCES 63 struct the road under these circumstances. It was the first railroad built in the Mississippi valley, and such an improvement was new to every one, as well as to our company. The members of the company and I — one of them — lay out on the premises of the road day and night while the work was progressing ; and I assert that it was the greatest work or enterprise ever per- formed in Illinois under the circumstances. But it well-nigh broke us all/ m THE RAILROAD PERIOD Although the first railroad was built in 1837, the railroad period is not considered as beginning until 1850, which is the year when railroad mileage began to increase rapidly (fig. 5). Perhaps an even later date might well be taken for it was not until after 1850 that locomotives first began to use coal instead of wood as fuel. "Until 1854, coal was hauled by wood-burning locomotives and the greatest impetus given to expansion of the coal industry after the construction of railroads was the purchase by the Galena and Chi- cago Union Railroad in that year of five locomotives 'guaranteed to burn bituminous coal mined in Illinois/ " 2 All through the Civil War period of the State's history and the follow- ing period of industrial growth (1848-1893), it was essentially a case of development of mines where railroads were built, but after that time, as the graph (fig. 5) clearly shows, railroads were no longer the dominant factor in the situation ; from that time on the rate of increase of main-track mileage decreased from year to year, while that of coal tonnage increased by leaps and bounds. An additional basic factor in the great increase in coal production in the latter half of the railroad period was the impetus given to steel production by the establishment in 1870 of the Bessemer process of steel manufacture. Though the chemical quality of Illinois coal does not permit its use as blast furnace fuel, the iron and steel industry has played a leading part in the huge increase of coal production in the past twenty-live years, for coal enters into almost every phase of manufacture and industry that depends for existence on steel, which means that, to a large degree, the coal industry grows in proportion to the growth of aggregate manufactures and is conditioned by the steel industry. The great increase of population, the enormous growth of manufactures, the improvements in transportation facilities, the increase in wealth, and even the rise in standards of living, are all so dependent upon the iron and steel industry that the abundance of iron is commonly taken as a measure of national wealth. But, as J. Russell Smith says : "Coal is the twin of iron in the production of the new world commerce, because this commerce is carried in vehicles made chiefly of iron, driven by power derived from coal. iFrom a History of St. Clair County by MacDonough as quoted in Coal Mining in Illinois, Illinois Coal Mining Investigations. Bull. 13, pp. 21-22, 1915. 2Ibid., p. 28. 54 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Coal also furnishes heat for the reduction of iron, and power for driving the machinery employed in its manufacture." 1 And so the abundance of coal must be regarded as a second measure of the wealth of a people, coordinate with iron. Indeed, though the two are interdependent in the present scheme of industrial economy and therefore are of equal importance, coal is per- haps even better entitled to be the final measure of wealth in any area : wit- ness the manufacture of Lake Superior iron ores in distant eastern coal field centers like Pittsburgh, and the smelting of Missouri lead and zinc in cities of the Illinois coal fields. The iron and coal industries of today have many points of similarity : both are developed only where manufacturing is well advanced, both require good transportation facilities, and both are fundamental to good transporta- tion. Both require many laborers and large markets such as only concen- trated population can give, and both may be regarded as industrial barometers. As true for coal as for iron is Smith's statement that "it very distinctly is not a frontier industry." 2 Thus there is to be read from the rising curve of coal production (fig. 5) not only the rise of coal mining itself but, more important, the advance of Illinois from the frontier stage of fifty years ago to its present high rank in modern industrial civilization. There has been little change in the number of coal producing counties for thirty-five years or more, but the counties have not maintained a corre- sponding constancy of rank in coal production. Five counties — St. Clair, Sangamon, Madison, Macoupin, and Vermilion — appear among the ten leading counties every year since 1880, their con- tinued prominence resulting from great abundance and a sufficiently good quality to enable them to hold their positions year after year. Comparing the years 1880 and 1918, the other five are in no instance identical, La Salle, Will, Fulton, Peoria, and Rock Island counties completing the list of ten for 1880, and Franklin, Williamson, Saline, Montgomery, and Christian counties completing that for 1918. Those of the 1880 list are all Illinois or Mississippi river counties and owe their early start and prominence as much to their location, which is favorable to transportation, as to the abund- ance or good quality of their coal. Conversely, the fact that none of the five new counties of the 1918 list is on an important river shows the modern release of coal production from the early restrictions imposed upon it by lack of railroads; it also gives evidence of the new scientific methods of search, such as efficient methods of test drilling, mine planning, and manag- ing under the supervision of geologists and engineers as contrasted with the early practice of drifting into a valley bluff wherever an outcrop presented itself. The rise of Franklin and Williamson counties to first and second place, respectively, in 1918, from no production at all in 1900 for the former iSmith. Commerce and Industry, p. 139. -'Ibid., p. 146. MINERAL RESOURCES Coal-millions of tons (short) 65 o 1 i 3 J < i 5 8 a § 00 00 00 co s m\ S^ V s \ 1 8 \ V 1 I \ cq \ O I \ \ \ \ \ 00 \ V g K \ \ i % v s V \* v 0D I s^ 1 s ^ % > \ < /--* \ X "1 s /O V, 3 ^0 >ry o ^ / — V i r- j> (3 ( o l n 1 C 1 1 > (O c VJ k < D < » Railroads-thousands of miles Fig. 5. Increase in main track railroad mileage and quantity of coal produced in Illinois, 1833-1918. 66 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 14. — Production of coal in Illinois, County Bond Bureau Calhoun Christian. . . . Clinton Franklin Fulton Gallatin Greene Grundy Hamilton. . . . Hancock Henry Jackson Jefferson . . . . Jersey Kankakee . . . Knox La Salle Livingston. . . Logan McDonough . McLean Macon Macoupin . . . Madison Marion Marshall . . . . Menard Mercer Montgomery Morgan Moultrie . . . . Peoria Perry Putnam Randolph . . . Rock Island . St. Clair Saline Sangamon . . . Schuyler. . . . Scott Shelby Stark Tazewell . . . . Vermilion. . . Warren Washington. White Will Williamson. . Woodford . . . Small mines . Total Total value. . 1905 126 1,701. 4, 879 579 1,529 82 4. 1,310 3 146 818 25 58 1,772 284 445 19 159 231 3,177 3,434 1,009 499 415 532 598 4 700 972 988 984 546 496 921 235 484 399 7 5') 672 266 854 064 565 897 1,298 440 68 3,329 675 4,324 2 13 104 22 231 2,342 10 85 991 383 914 701 263 880 423 216 .725 373 238 354 913 137 4,167 a348 69 38,434,363 $40,577,592 1906 132,325 1,580,085 5,045 934,452 515,796 1,579,224 92,731 2,206 1,162,019 4,498 149,188 646,196 7,600 1,397 39,499 51,654 1.467 672 273,831 435,559 43,774 145,000 292,884 3,637,827 3,324,857 1.04 2, 866 418,904 429,971 412,165 720,415 9,100 914,863 1,509,716 156928 634,270 62,321 4,904,811 980,864 4,543,849 3,090 12 437 138,257 17,661 189,882 2,389,285 9,520 85,812 8.000 154,955 4,417,987 al 17,566 69,299 41,480,104 $44,763,062 1907 138,990 2,010,762 2,850 1,368,159 1,302,391 1,306,966 2,113,643 78,055 2,310 1,327,321 2,034 149,721 645,333 12,000 1,162 26,704 40,996 1.677,990 303,497 477,115 32,199 151,146 269,766 4,507,270 3,927,721 1,185,533 482,796 389,918 453,621 1,289,021 5,513 1,103,312 1,784,469 362,858 824,761 52,938 4,511,879 2,247,842 5,160,042 7,553 17,639 155,930 25,897 235,971 2,973,253 9,139 29,000 16,453 183,985 5,697,944 6158,742 75.036 51,317,146 $54,687,382 1908 60,129 1,512,971 3,521 1,377,166 1,078,848 2,187,383 2,012,415 59,667 9,506 1,081,442 (c) 1,406 141,624 624,055 18,675 1 ,496 30,994 41,040 1,557,173 265,666 372,980 17,818 95,854 235,237 3,894,199 3,367,820 981,284 393,281 355,309 376,435 1,410,978 3,244 (d) 921,929 1,576,891 466,019 751,605 50,781 3,696,017 2,552,137 5,015,608 15,269 3,427 181,373 20,351 206,882 2,452,485 11,687 72,500 19,583 162,239 5,670,474 A 1 u- V^ v -Vw- 2 60 „,.,,.,,., ,.,„,,.,„ h| ( IIM , |iiIm ..i..i..i.i 5 rf 2 E-i i i fc S o . 5 « :' i 5 g' ! i < = © - ft! 1 H ? ft. r: o i < ^ O i- <" e! 5 E* 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 Fig. 11. Relative spot prices of all bituminous coal produced, by months, 1913-1918 : A, in Illinois ; B, in the United States. Figure 11 has been prepared to show the fluctuations in the prices of domestic coal from 1913 to 1918 in the United States as a whole, and in the Carterville-Herrin district in Illinois. Similar graphs for the Mount Olive, Springfield, and Standard districts may be found in the 1918 Mineral Resources volume. MINERAL RESOURCES 79 As the inquiry into prices centered about the effect of the war, the charts were made to show the movement of prices away from the pre-war level. This effect was produced by treating the average actual prices in the 12 months preceding the outbreak of the war (July, 1913, to June, 1914, inclusive) as equal to 100, and throwing the actual prices in each month from January, 1913, to December, 1918, into the form of relative prices on that scale. For example, if the selling price of coal averaged $2 a ton in the 12 months before the war, and if it fell to $1.80 in October, 1914, the chart would show the relative price for that month as 90; and if the price rose to $4.60 in July, 1918, the chart would show the relative price as 230. The marketing methods of different producers vary, but in general they dispose of their coal in four ways: (1) on the open market, (2) under contract to jobbers, (3) through a sales agency on commission, and (4) under contract to consumers. The money taken in by producers from these four sources is termed the "realization price." Jobbers dispose of the coal they buy on the open market to a large extent, and all in all a large proportion of the coal goes through the open market before it reaches the consumer. The prices paid on the open market are called the "free" or "spot prices." Spot prices may be higher or lower than contract prices, according to cir- cumstances. They are as a rule, lower in summer because of slack demand, and higher in winter. Spot prices are often lowest in April because in that month demand is lowest and buyers are concerned in negotiating for the lowest possible prices for the ensuing year's contracts. Both spot and realization prices are studied and compared by the Fuel Administration but for purposes of this report, either kind would serve. The diagrams given as figure 11 were made to represent "spot" prices, which are the ones of greatest immediate interest to the greatest number of con- sumers. The explanation of the two graphs is as follows : A. — Production, 1917, 28,000,000 net tons. Average spot price, pre-war period. $1.16 : average realized price, $1.16. 1-5. The average monthly quotations for Carterville and Franklin County coal on the St. Louis market in the period beginning with 1913 to the first half of 19i5 ranged from $1.19 in January, 1913 (1), to a low point in June, 1913, of $1.08 (2), and to $1 in November, 1914 (4), and the high price in January, 1914, of $1.28 (3), and in February. 1915, of $1.25 (5). repor 6. The maximum average monthly quotation for the six-year period covered by this t was for January, 1917, $3.30 (6). 7. Prevailing quotations in May and June, 1917, when the Peabody prices were estab- lished were around $3.19 (7). 8. The prices in July and August, during which the Peabody agreement was in effect, are indicated at (8). 9. The prices established by the President at the end of August, 1917, are indicated at (9). 10. The increase of 45 cents per ton allowed the operators to cover the advance in mine wages authorized in November, 1917, is indicated at (10). 11. The general reduction of 10 cents per ton ordered by the Fuel Administrator on May 25, 1918, is indicated at (11). B. — Production, 1917, 551.790,000 net tons. Average spot price, pre-war period. $1.27 ; average realized price, $1.17. 1, 2. The downward trend of the price of bituminous coal in 1913. 1914. and 1915. is shown by both the spot prices and the average prices realized. From a jjeneral aver- age spot price of $1.47 in January, 1913 (1), prices declined to $1.14 in July, 1915 (2). 80 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 iU 3- The strength of the demand in the winter of 1915-16 particularly manifested in the Eastern States, is indicated by the rise in the general average spot price to $1.54 (3). .^r, 4 - Tne hi §' hest Point reached by the general average spot price was $3.77 in June. 1917 (4). 5. The amount of reduction effected by the Peabody prices is well illustrated by the drop in the curves from (4) to (5). 6. Likewise, the further decrease in the general level of prices brought about by the President's price of August 21, 1917, is shown by the drop in the curves from (5) to (6). 7. The general effect on prices of bituminous coal of the wage advance in Novem- ber, 1917, is indicated by the rise from (6) to (7). 8. Advances in price in various fields authorized by the Fuel Administration as the result of investigations of the cost of mining raised the general level gradually to a maxi- mum under Government control in May, 1918 (8). 9. The general reduction in price of 10 cents a ton on all bituminous coal ordered May 25, 1918, is reflected in the curves at (9). The spot prices used in making the charts were taken from the weekly market quotations in the trade paper, the Coal Age, and the average realiza- tion prices referred to from annual reports of operators compiled by the U. S. Geological Survey. Table 19. — Average price per short ton of Illinois coal at mines, 1905-1918 1905 $1.06 1906 1.08 1907 1.07 1908 1.05 1909 1.05 1910 1.14 1911 1.11 1912 1.17 1913 1.14 1914 1.12 1915 1.09 1916 1.25 1917 1.88 1918 2.32 . Frontier and Civil War Periods, 1818-1868 During the Frontier and Civil War periods, that is, from 1818 to 1868, few new industries had their beginnings. Although the exact date for these few are lost in obscurity, it is probably correct to list them as the iron, coke, clay products, cement, and sand and gravel industries. Iron The iron production given in Table 20 is not included in the total of Illinois' mineral production, because it represents merely the quantity and value of the metallic iron which is extracted in the State from iron ore that originates in the Lake Superior region. The State's own iron industry, based on ore produced within its own boundaries, is dead, and so nearly forgotten that its one-time existence comes as a surprise to many. Iron is one of the most nearly universally distributed elements in the earth's crust and Illinois has iron deposits which in the days when known deposits were less plentiful could be mined and smelted with profit. Though iron ore was sought in many places in the State, and as late as 1870 was seriously considered as a MINERAL RESOURCES 81 possible resource still to be developed in the not distant future, it was only in Hardin County that an indigenous iron industry really existed. Its story is found in two paragraphs in the old Geological Survey of Illinois. 1 Table 20. — Production in long tons and value of pig iron in Illinois, 1907-1918 Average Average Year Quantity Value price per ton Year Quantity Value price per ton 1907 2,457,768 $52,229,000 $21.25 1913 2,892,263 $45,796,966 $15.83 1908 1,691,944 30,135,000 17.81 1914 1,793,714 24,382,458 13.59 1909 2,467,156 44,211,000 17.92 1915 2,455,894 34,207,901 13.93 1910 2,675,646 42,917,362 15.91 1916 3,857,391 67,764,309 17.57 1911 2,036,081 31,152,927 15.30 1917 3,458,126 91,094,541 26.24 1912 2,806,378 42,828,816 15.26 1918 3,409,876 105,415,030 30.91 "Two furnaces have been in operation in this county, both smelting the limonite ores, . . . with charcoal, of w r hich the heavily timbered lands of the adjacent region have furnished an abundant supply. The Illinois Furnace . . . was built about the year 1837, and rebuilt and enlarged in 1856, and continued operations until the beginning of the rebellion in 1861, when it was stopped. It is 32 feet in height ; the hearth and inner walls are built of sandstones of the Chester group, and the outer walls of lime- stone. (Both materials are from locally outcropping rock strata.) The blast was furnished by two horizontal double-acting cylinders driven by steam power and could be applied either hot or cold. The flame at the top of the furnace was conducted under a steam boiler, and then round a heat- ing apparatus for the blast, and escaped thence through a chimney. The ore was first burned on log-heaps to expel the water and prepare it for the furnace. Two hundred bushels of charcoal, from oak and other hard woods (which originally covered the county in dense forests), were consumed in the production of a ton of pig iron, and this furnace is said to have yielded nine tons of pig metal every twenty-four hours. It was usually run from six to nine months of the year, according to the facility with which the ore was obtained. The metal produced was of excellent quality and always commanded the highest market price. "The Martha Furnace . . . situated on Hog Thief Branch . . . smaller than the Illinois Furnace, was built in 1848 and stopped in 1857, and is now in a dilapidated condition. It usually ran about eight months of the year. The ore for these furnaces usually cost from one and three-quarters to two dollars per ton, at the furnaces, and the charcoal four cents per bushel." 1866. iWorthen, A. H., Geology of Hardin County: Geo!. Survey of Illinois, Vol. I, p. 365, 82 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 COKE Just as the early iron industry of Illinois died and was replaced by an industry nominally the same but in reality different because dependent on raw materials from other states, so an early coke industry thrived on Illinois coal but was later replaced by a far larger coke industry using coal mined in the east. The available statistics (Table 21) date from 1880 and show the decline from eighth place among the states in that year to twenty-third place in 1904 and 1905, followed by a rise to fourth place in the ensuing period. The earlier period of maximum production followed upon the exhaustion of timber in sufficient abundance for charcoal for use of the iron furnaces. Better coke was to be had in the east, but the high cost of trans- portation in the days of few railroads outweighed the advantage of eastern over Illinois coke, and iron smelters were content to establish themselves in the midwest centers of population near the supplies of raw material for their coke. And so for many years the coke industry thrived on Illinois coal, quantities of fuel for blast furnaces being manufactured at Carterville, St. Johns, Brussels, Equality, Brookside, and Streator. Especially was the indus- try important in the Big Muddy valley, favorably situated south and east of St. Louis, for in the Big Muddy coal field was found some of the very best coal for coking purposes in the State. With the marvelous cheapening of transportation that marked the decades following 1890, New River and Pennsylvania cokes moved at so reasonable a cost into the markets fed by the Illinois product that consumers found it economy to use the superior eastern article in place of the inferior product from the impure Illinois coals. By 1893 attempts to make metallurgical coke from Illinois coal was aban- doned and the little that was made was chiefly for use in the manufacture of water gas and for domestic use as crushed coke. The coke manufacturers were not even permitted to enjoy that small market undisputed, and the decline continued into the early years of the new century. The prodigious increase after 1904 was heralded by the completion at South Chicago in 1905 of a bank of 120 Semet-Solvay by-product ovens using coal drawn from the field of Fayette County, West Virginia. 1 Prior to 1900 the concentration of enormous coke production in the beehive coke oven fields of Pennsylvania and West Virginia rendered impos- sible the absorption of more than a small fraction of the gas and other potentially valuable materials evolved in coke manufacture, and the enor- mous remainder was not readily transportable to outside areas. A solution for the difficulty was found in the transfer of the raw material from the good coke-coal fields to such places for manufacture as Chicago, where great quantities of coke were demanded by near-by steel mills and where the by-products, particularly the gas, might find a market that would more than pay coal transportation costs. lUnited States Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of 1905, p. 740. MINERAL RESOURCES 83 With the beginning of the State's new coke industry in 1905, then, the ends of conservation were served by stopping the great waste of the nation's coal resources involved in the use of the beehive coke oven and at the same time Illinois gained a great industrial asset. In five years after the first by-product ovens were put in operation the last of the beehive coke was pro- Table 21- —Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Illinois, 1880-1918 Estab- lish- ments Ove ns Coal used Yield of coal in coke Coke produced Total value of coke at ovens Value of coke at ovens per ton Rank of State Year Built Building 1880 6 6 7 7 9 9 9 8 8 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 5 5 4 5 6 5 5 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 176 176 304 316 325 320 335 278 221 149 148 25 24 24 24 129 127 126 126 130 154 154 149 155 155 275 309 309 430 468 508 506 594 568 c586 p626 e626 626 626 26 120 Short Tons 31,240 35,240 25,270 31,170 30,168 21,487 17,806 16,596 13,020 19,250 9,000 io,noo 4,800 3,300 3,800 3,600 3,900 3,591 6,650 Per cent 41 42 45 43 43 48 46 55.5 56.9 60 55 52 66 66.7 57.9 62.5 66.7 43 35 Short tons 12,700 14,800 11,400 13,400 13,095 10,350 8,103 9,108 7,410 11,583 5,000 5,200 3,170 2,200 2,200 2,250 2,600 1,549 2,325 a2,370 b b b b 4,439 10,307 268,693 372,697 362,182 1,276,956 1,514,504 1,610,212 1,764,944 1,859,553 1,425,168 1,686,998 2,320,400 2,289,833 2,285,610 $ 41,950 45,850 29,050 28,200 25,639 27,798 21,487 19,594 21,038 29,764 11,250 11.700 7,133 4,400 4,400 4,500 5,200 2,895 4,686 a5,565 b b b b 9,933 27,681 1,205,462 1,737,464 1,538,952 5,361,510 6,712,550 6,390,251 8,069,903 8,593,581 5,858,700 7.016,635 10,619,066 14,455,539 18,625,436 $3.30 3.10 2.55 2.10 1.96 2.68 2.65 2.13 2.84 2.57 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.87 2.02 b b b b 2.24 2.69 4.48 4.66 4.25 4.20 4.43 3.97 4.57 4.62 4.11 4.16 4.57 6.31 8.15 8 1881 .. 8 1882 8 1883 9 1884 10 1885 10 1886 11 1887 15 1888 16 1889 13 1890 18 1891 17 1892 18 1893 21 1894 21 1895 20 1896 20 1897 20 1898 19 1899 22 1900 b b b b 8,131 16,821 362,163 514,983 503,359 1,682,122 1,972,955 2,087,870 2,316,307 2,481,198 1,932,132 2,335,933 3,182,650 3,233,669 3,199,620 b b b b 54.6 61.3 74.2 72.3 72.0 75.9 76.8 77.1 76.2 74.9 73.8 72.2 72.9 70.8 71.4 22 1901 22 1902 22 1903 23 1904 23 1905... 22 1906 . . 14 1907 280 140 40 10 1908 1909 8 4 1910. . . 4 1911 48 40 58 dAO 4 1912 5 1913 5 1914 1915 4 1916 ^ 1917 m 6 1918 6 a Includes Indiana. b Less than three producers. Statistics concealed. c Includes 253 Semet-Solvay, 315 Koppers, and 18 Wilputte ovens. d Semet-Solvay ovens. e Includes 293 Sement-Solvay, 315 Koppers, and 18 Wilputte ovens. /"Wilputte ovens. 84 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 duced and three years later the beehive plants had been permanently dis- mantled. Some of the most noteworthy events in the industry's recent history are as follows : 1899. Four Hemingway process experimental ovens, which were of the beehive type but were nevertheless designed to save the by-products, were completed in that year, and 26 additional ovens were under con- struction. 1900. All the coke produced in the State was made in the Hemingway ovens in Chicago. 1905. A bank of 120 Semet-Solvay ovens was completed at South Chicago and put in blast in October, using coal drawn from the fields of Fayette County, West Virginia. Of the four other establishments in the State, only one, the Gallatin Coal and Coke Company of Equality, made coke in 1905 and 1906. 1907. At Joliet 280 Koppers ovens were under construction. Only, the Semet-Solvay South Chicago plant and the Equality plant reported produc- tion. 1908, 1909. Koppers ovens at Joliet put in blast. 1910. Last beehive coke produced in the State. 1912. At Joliet 35 more Koppers ovens and at Waukegan 13 Semet- Solvay ovens were put in blast. 1914. At Joliet 18 Wilputte ovens were completed. 1915. At South Chicago construction of new ovens brought the total number of Semet-Solvay ovens up to 280. CLAY PRODUCTS The exact date of the first use of Illinois clay must remain unknown, for the Indians made use of it long before the coming of white men — wit- ness, for example, the description of clay evaporating pans, fragments of which were found around the brine springs of Gallatin County. But this use or even the early use of clay as a plaster for chinks in the pioneers' homes can not be considered as any real development of the resources, and it was probably not until after 1818 that systematic exploitation began. Once begun, the clay working industries developed with much the same rapidity as did the coal industry. During the period when coal production increased fourfold, clay products increased fully threefold, both in the pot- MINERAL RESOURCES X5 tery and in the brick and tile subdivisions of the industry. For many years now, brick and tile manufactures have far outranked pottery. In the early days, however, the reverse was true, for neither the great bulk of the State's clay resources, nor the need for brick for construction and tile for drainage, were apparent while population was still confined to a large extent to the wooded areas along major stream lines. With expansion into the prairies, however, the brick and tile phase soon outstripped pottery. A few words as to the common building brick and drain-tile production will serve as a comment on the whole industry, for these two branches are typically representative. Common brick is in considerable demand over most of the State because of lack of stone of suitable quality and in sufficient quantity for building pur- poses. Draintile, too, is in almost state-wide demand, because of the natural inadequacy of drainage over a large portion of the State as a result of gla- ciation ; and because even in the unglaciated areas, drainage problems are presented in the broad floodplains of the Mississippi, the Ohio, the Wabash, and their larger tributaries. Very fortunately, the need for common brick and draintile is well matched by not far distant supplies of raw material suitable for the manufacture of these products. The relation is particularly Table 22. — Production in short tons, and value of fire clay and other clays mined and marketed in Illinois, 1902-1918 Year Fire clay- Other clays Total Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value 1902 (a) 36,239 55,922 50,922 44,989 66,525 39,075 45,806 82,878 71,479 92,963 106,216 125,071 93,888 131,658 150,655 133,585 (a) $ 38,027 43,863 53,726 50,793 55,545 47,039 73,884 111,078 91,623 110,204 125,477 138,876 120,008 327,666 736,568 372,295 (a) 34,799 33,043 76,806 94,715 57,250 78,007 98,254 105,925 111,357 83,595 88,721 36,013 70,016 66,043 45,038 35,597 (a) $35,815 27,223 66,684 81,479 50,158 67,443 76,984 79,818 92,203 82,459 78,560 29,478 49,312 50,774 53,021 41,606 52,152 71,038 88,965 127,728 139,704 123,775 117,082 144,060 188,803 182,836 176,558 194,937 161,084 163,904 197,701 195,693 169,182 $ 38,463 1903 73,842 71,086 120,410 131,272 105,703 114,482 150,868 190,896 183,826 192,663 204,037 168,354 169,320 378,440 789,589 413,901 1904 1905 1906. . . 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 a Concealed in "Total.' 86 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 •ft, in U O00 o ©On 00 ©1 t^ "-, _ 0© 1 O X (N ^. *r 1 ©mOO ©*iO oi^«) >n no 00 «!*) IO t^ 06 O © 0.^.06 O-l o' O^ oo_ oo^oo_ ^11 w — r^ 00 tN oo 0C0C«/S= fSO^ Iflrtrt 0" t-*1 (N ©" «* ^l m—< f^Oit* inio^ ^-v^vTjH^-^r^ O r^iOO ^^ 1 ^s-. ^O on On tN 001 1 * a a© a © on 00 On « 4j% 3 3 O © X iC r<5 ro*-n" ^ — '_— ^-^ 4^4^^ &% ^^^^ ""'io" "O SO©?. 00 s% tN €)% %% «^ 5 © tN in o> © NO 10 O no On ■5* ir; 1-, Tj- .^ © m Tt ONO ©*i- Oiot no O — lO l~» 00 O- © tN fN 9.°° no °.y 0.°_.<^ fN O,"* OnOn_ 1^ — . o\ ■* tN "5 00 4^ r»Oi-< -* "/> -- NO r^rJ o"nc" NO NO 1 n016% t^OO^ r-^f^r-,-» OI ^ m On O Ov 0\*H o«c Oi> « oa 9^0 OH8 t& ^^ ^eoq "C 00 >o ^ (VI ^t& -^^^^J-^ tN — ^" m s_-^^ v-'^ On" 16% 1^6% NO «^ mt& %% t^ "" €© OMO OON O O r-1 (N IO O — ON rr-. -r. 1^ ^1 1 ■* O IT! t— ONO O •* ON •* NO^ 00 fN] <* t^ m OH^ °-~* °-'*6 "*- T t"*- t-~c-_ 00 O ©_ "1 tN o 100*6% On U~, -* (NO"— fC o"oo" ©"On" no" X r*J xc« !/>»-«# ^-^^~.(V|^^ONO 00 no ^ ■<*i <# ^-.^-k ^00 !*S On **r~ ©\* nooo a aio etsi-- on t^ a m in 33 5 N . tN NO* 10 fN ^'^ -—^^^__^ -T^ w 69 00 &% r^&% ^ «^ i& *# -" /> OC"~- OOOn C C -r O On O 0000 © oc 1 X •* ■* 00 "+ >o >o OOO On * O<~0 0_ nO_^ ^ "--_ t^ "■> ■* 1 »o t^. 1 in <=>.e>lvd 00 »H 00 0- «-; ON tN NO« 0*no"~* t^ 10 »^ O <»-< On On fN ©" tN 10 I~- »o>« O^^ ^^—rs^ONNO 00 On^~ * On On ©00 >ON -hnO 8 3^ BO'iO . nc"o" r^ ^H ^-as •— — m^-mm J*-' &s ■*" nO&% *&% 10 4l^ ai O ^ tk O00O C<+t^ O "tf" On nO i^ no O 00 t- O NO0 "~. 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B! bJ m b) K cd — - rt rt rt rt rt rt bj a a C9 = s CfJ 3 3 C 1 c 1 z a; • a : > > > i> > b! u u > > B3 C White ware includin C. ware, white gra semiporcelain ware semivitreous pora > > '. d .JU it ?> c > s u > a. O Ph 1 > IS .go n 1 i & B a > < 4, - Bcz > a ,5 r 4. a b a > — to a. B a b B < &:| c : b B! C £ S 6 C 'E i ) j | c a .E c 1 > "3 ■"jj < 01 C IC c c - c 4, (£ 1'g c c 1 Is t- BJ .. fl ^ Cm C BJ Is »- BJ a C 1 C _- "a c BJ £! t S c 3 e 2 1 MINERAL RESOURCES 87 Table 24. — Production of brick and draintile in Illinois, by counties, 1917 County Adams Bureau Cass Champaign. . . . Christian Cook Edwards Fulton Hancock Iroquois Kane Kankakee Lake La Salle Livingston .... McDonough. . . Macoupin Madison Montgomery . . , Morgan Rock Island . . . St. Clair Saline Sangamon Tazewell Vermilion White Will Other counties 6 State totals. . . . Common Brick Thousands 4,538 1,828 (a) (a) 1,031 497,235 (a) 5,900 679 (a) (a) (a) 21,793 (a) (a) (a) (a) 8,812 342 814 (a) (a) (a) 5,749 (a) (a) (a) (a) 28,113 Value 38,550 13,166 (a) (a) 7,858 ,326,230 (a) 40,100 5,680 (a) (a) (a) 112,936 (a) (a) (a) (a) 69,415 2,741 6,366 (a) (a) (a) 39,303 (a) (a) (a) (a) 226.364 Draintile Value $ 51,477 (a) 14,859 (a) (a) (a) (a) 61,737 (a) 251,750 (a) 188,697 47,516 74,666 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 24,300 (a) (a) 8,775 (a) 417,921 738,968 S5, 138,822 $1,314,006 $11,541,330 $17,994,158 Other Brick and tile products Value (a) $142,232 (a) 1,989,863 143,456 (a) (a) (a) 303,215 1,359,981 818,735 487,078 (a) 355,863 (a) 46,166 67,968 (a) 270,142 60,447 747,002 (a) 2,484,841 Total value S 38,750 206,875 8,570 23,547 22,717 5,331,325 181,864 68,162 38,466 62,037 35,602 738,876 113,616 1,573,028 941,583 572,844 27,850 449,278 58,403 11,061 79,549 220,507 33,300 333,745 191,863 1,313,811 11,785 2,218,487 3.086.657 a Concealed in totals. b Including Boone, Clinton, Douglas. DeWitt, Dupage, Edgar, Effingham. Fayette, Gallatin, Greene, Grundy, Hamilton, Henry, Jackson, Jersey, Knox, Lawrence, Lee. Logan, McHenry, McLean, Macon, Marion, Mason, Massac, Menard. Mercer, Monroe. Moultrie, Ogle, Peoria, Pike, Pulaski, Randolph, Richland, Schuyler, Scott, Shelby, Stark, Warren, Washington, Williamson, and Woodford counties. YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 25. — Production of brick and draintile in Illinois, by counties, 1918 County Common Brick Draintile Other brick and tile products Total value Thousands Value Value Value Adams. . 3,765 1,240 554 200,014 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 9,489 360 (a) (a) 3,280 4,743 (a) (a) (a) 20,113 $ 36,778 11,940 7,310 1,508,623 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 118,635 3,850 (a) (a) 34,200 38,982 (a) (a) (a) 196,799 $ 25,300 11,482 (a) (a) (a) $ 37,138 Bureau . 175,998 Christian 18,792 Cook $ 793,661 69,668 2,355,804 Edwards 99,685 Fulton (a) (a) 40,148 276,410 146,850 34,141 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 60,366 Hancock (a) 19,239 Iroquois . . 40,248 Kankakee 192,269 1,412,334 625,936 587,246 (a) 247,885 527,427 La Salle 1,589,524 Livingston 737,985 McDonough 637,532 Macoupin 13,750 Madison 386,520 Morgan . 9,100 Rock Island (a) (a) (a) 208,141 (a) 1,156,115 40,907 St. Clair 183,666 Saline (a) (a) (a) 43,400 Sangamon 250,523 Tazewell 175,508 Vermilion 1,884,190 White. . 6,550 353,507 14,950 Other counties (b). . . . 4,246,154 4,752,682 State totals 365,958 $3,218,758 $1,077,861 $9,806,508 $14,103,127 a Concealed in totals. b Including Boone, Clinton, Douglas, DeWitt, Dupage, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Gallatin, Greene, Grundy, Hamilton, Henry, Jackson, Jersey, Knox, Lawrence, Lee, Logan, McHenry, McLean, Macon, Marion, Mason, Massac, Menard, Mercer, Monroe, Moultrie, Ogle, Peoria, Pike, Pulaski, Randolph, Richland, Schuyler, Scott, Shelby, Stark, Warren, Washington, Williamson, and Woodford counties. MINERAL RESOURCES 89 noteworthy in the case of draintile: glaciation is responsible for poor drain- age conditions, but at the same time glacial deposits afford practically inex- haustible quantities of clay for draintile with which to remedy the defect. In 1918 Cook County led all others in production of common brick, with 55 per cent of the State's total production. Density of urban popula- tion and the plentiful supply of glacial clay explain the magnitude of the industry here. Kankakee County led in draintile production, reporting 26 per cent of the State's output. Extensive marshes and swamps in Kankakee and adjoining counties, which need enormous quantities of tile for their com- plete reclamation, serve to insure leadership of that county in this branch of the industry. In a lesser degree the same conditions that induce large production of brick and draintile in these two counties operate over a large share of the State, for in 1918 forty-two counties reported production of draintile and forty-six, common brick. A significant feature of the industry is the almost unbroken decrease in the number of manufacturers of clay products from a maximum of 697 in 1894 to a minimum of 168 in 1918. In this progressive change is one of the most marked examples of the modern tendency toward concentration and centralization which is operating in so many of the mineral and other industries. What with raw materials, coal for kilns, easy transportation to facilitate not only marketing but also importation of raw materials necessary for cer- tain products, and a market capable of absorbing enormous quantities of all sorts of clay products, it is to be expected that Illinois would rank high among the states. Only Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey surpass it in total value of clay products, and considering brick and tile production alone, Illinois takes third place from New Jersey. CONDITION OF THE INDUSTRY IN 1917 AND 1918 The years 1917 and 1918 brought unusual conditions in the clay-work- ing as in most industries. Since the country was at war, structural work, which in Illinois normally consumes more than 60 per cent of the clay prod- ucts, used only 53 per cent in 1917 and 44 per cent in 1918, these percentages corresponding to decreases of about one million and three and a half million dollars respectively ; the clay products used chiefly in engineering works — vitrified paving brick or block sewer pipe and draintile suffered comparable decreases ; and even the refractories which were of vital importance to many industries related to the war, decreased slightly in quantity though not in value in 1918 as compared with 1917. High cost and scarcity of materials and labor, and inadequate trans- portation facilities are the causes inducing the decreases. The marked decline in general building on account of war conditions and Government restric- tions is reflected in the large decreases in clay products for structural mate- 90 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 rials. The maintenance of the demand and the greatly increased prices of refractories was due to the demand for them in the iron and steel and allied industries. Among the Government restrictions which affected the clay working industries was curtailment of fuel supply. The Fuel Administration allowed to the operators percentages of their average coal consumption in 1915, 1916, and 1917 as follows : 50 per cent for common brick, paving brick, face brick, terra cotta, roofing tile, floor and wall tile, and sanitary ware ; 75 per cent for hollow tile, sewer pipe, draintile and flue lining; and 85 per cent for stoneware, except chemical stoneware which was not restricted. Statistics show that whereas the average annual coal consumption by the clay work- ing industries of Illinois in 1915, 1916, and 1917 was 1,064,904 tons, during the first half of 1918, the actual consumption was only 236,297 or a saving of 296,155 tons in half a year. It is probable that the saving for the whole year would be even greater comparatively speaking, for many concerns chose to operate at full capacity until their fuel allowance was exhausted and then shut down for the remainder of the year. In common brick production, Illinois led in 1917, but was displaced by Pennsylvania in 1918. Illinois' output of common brick in 1918 decreased 373,005,000 bricks, or 50 per cent, and the value decreased $1,920,064, or 37 per cent as compared with 1917. It is interesting to mention that the pro- portionate decrease in common brick production was greater in Cook County in 1918 than it was in the State at large, indicating that the falling off in building operations (where common brick finds its almost exclusive use) was greater in Chicago than in the smaller cities and towns. In the production of draintile, Iowa, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, in the order given, continued to be the leading states. All these states reported large decreases in 1918, Illinois for example suffering a decrease in value of $236,145, or 18 per cent. As for many years, Illinois was the leading state in production of archi- tectural terra cotta, reporting 31 per cent of the total United States produc- tion in spite of a decrease of $1,229,724 or 60 per cent in 1918 as compared with 1917. CEMENT The cement industry of Illinois, like the coke and the iron industries, has two separate and distinct phases, the earlier based on natural cement production, and the more recent on Portland cement manufacture. At Utica on Illinois River the early settlers discovered abundant sup- plies of natural cement materials, and since 1838, when the first cement was manufactured in Illinois by James Clark of Utica, the plant has been in constant active operation. Records indicate that there were only two other cement plants in the United States in 1838, the one at Fayetteville, New York, established in 1818, and the other at Shippingsport, Kentucky, started in 1829. MINERAL RESOURCES 91 Perhaps no more strategic position than the vicinity of Utica could be imagined for such a resource : in the ante-railroad days Illinois River fur- nished a ready line of transportation to the markets west and south where most of the population lay; later, with the building of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, in the construction of which Utica natural cement played an extensive part, an easy way was opened to the markets in growing Chi- cago, as well as at points east by way of the lakes ; still later, the great markets of the prairies were opened when railroad lines focused themselves on the La Salle-Utica area, attracted by glass-sand quarries, cement plants, and abundant coal supply ; and from the very first the proximity of coal to the cement deposits helped make the Utica area an ideal one in which the industry might early begin and continue to thrive. Proof of the excellence of conditions there is found in the fact that when Portland cement plants Table 26. — Portland cement industry in Illinois, 1900-1918 (Figures opposite P relate to production; those opposite S to shipments.) Year Number of plants Quantity Value Average price per barrel 1900 P 1901 P 1902 P 1903 P 1904 P 1905 P 1906 P 1907 P 1908 P 1909 P 1910 P 1911 P 1912 f P 3 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 ■ 4 4 4 4 4 4 BarreU 240,442 528,925 767,781 1,257,500 1,326,794 1,545,500 1,858,403 2,036,093 3,211,168 4,241,392 4,459,450 4,582,341 4,299,357 4,602,617 5,083,799 4,734,540 5,401,605 5,284,022 5,156,869 5,435,655 3,642,563 3,562,659 4,659,990 4,378,233 3,594,038 3,703,471 $ 300,552 581,818 977,541 1,914,500 1,449,114 1,741,150 2,461,494 2,632,576 2,707,044 3,388,667 4,119,012 3,583,301 3,212,819 3,444,085 5,109,218 4,784,696 5,007,288 4,848,522 $1.25 1.10 1.27 1.52 1.09 1.13 1.33 1.29 .84 .80 .90 .79 1 S 1913 J P .75 1 S 1914 J P 1.01 1 S 1915 J P .92 1 S 1916 J P 4,884,026 .90 \ S 1917 J P 3,386,431 .95 1 s 1918 J P 6,090,158 1.39 \ s 5,695,186 1.54 92 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 6 v \ j \ 1 \ 1 J / 1 1 1 j \ / \ 2 / \ ^ / \ / \ *3 / / u. ^ / * 2 9 — / 1/ \ "7 -J Xt \ / 5 •ju \ / 0*/ 7 / / / r 4aturai (_ -erf \eo Fig. 12. Value of natural and Portland cement in Illinois, 1888-1918. came into existence, they were established early in this very area, and the two branches have continued to exist side by side in La Salle County. The natural cement industry in Illinois was one of wide extent in the past, shipments going far from the State in the days when cements were more difficult to obtain than they are now ; but especially in the upbuilding of the large cities of Illinois natural cement played an important part. In spite of the excellence of the Utica product, the standardization pos- sible in the artificial cement combines with the far wider availability of the necessary raw materials to make the Portland cement industry supreme. The construction of the Chicago Portland Cement Company's plant in 1894 marked the beginning of that phase of the industry (fig. 12). The value of the 300 barrels produced that year was $540, negligible figures as compared with MINERAL RESOURCES 93 the 1917 totals of more than four and one-half million barrels and six mil- lion dollars. Engineers were at first slow to take up with the proposed sub- stitute for the old, tried, natural cement, but when once the Portland cement proved satisfactory, the rapidity and steadiness of increase was phenomenal. Five large plants, located at Dixon, Oglesby, Utica, and La Salle, are now apparently somewhat inadequate; for the U. S. Geological Survey estimates a deficiency in local supply of 2,811,429 barrels in 1917 and 1,222,265 barrels in 1918. Of course, it must be taken into account that the deficiency is in part or perhaps wholly apparent only rather than real, for there is a large importation of cement from extreme northwestern Indiana into the imme- diately adjacent Chicago district of large population and consumption. So centralized and carefully controlled is the cement industry that there is no danger of a serious shortage of local cement supply for any prolonged period. SAND AND GRAVEL The sand and gravel resources of Illinois are enormous — not only are deposits of sands and gravels widespread in the drift and associated glacial deposits, but the St. Peter sandstone of La Salle, Lee, and Ogle counties constitutes a large and important source of very pure silica sand which finds one of its special uses in the manufacture of glass. Statistics of production were not taken until comparatively recent years and references to sand and gravel are so few in early reports that it is prac- tically impossible to state even an approximate date for its first use in the State. However, it is deemed safe to place the beginning of this industry prior to 1870. Tables 27, 28, and 29 give the present status of the industry as well as can any description, for they show its widespread character and the great variety of uses to which the product is put. It is interesting to note in addi- tion that Illinois ranked first in sand and gravel output in 1917 and second in 1918; in value of output, however, it ranked third in both years. The Status of Mineral Industries in 1868 The close of the first half of the century in 1868 saw the beginning of no industries other than those that have been discussed. By that time the foundations had been laid for industries of prime importance — coal, stone, clay products, and cement; and by that time the one-time prosperous salt and indigenous iron industries were fast dying out, unable to stand the com- petition with better deposits developed in other states. In short, those indus- tries that were based on Illinois' possession of abundant resources unexcelled in near-by areas lived, while those not so favored died. All through the half century ending in 1868, lack of adequate transportation hampered develop- ment so markedly that the growth in the following fifty years when the State was in effect suddenly freed from this restraint was indeed startling. 94 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 27. — Production in short tons, and value of sand County en O O OMN N rO-tnO»O^Hir)^rtO\0>O^OitO tONCOOfOdNOOO'NOCOi'lOO ** ,H »H t-T ^h" i-J CN* i-T f-T CN ON lH O^l^CM^NNOH^rttsaClO) 0>tNOO'«t'HtN"*0>«N07>— ' 0>-h r-- vO_tO_t^O_ON_tN \q_tN to"o"vo"r--"vo"tO to ©"x"-* O to <0 tN 00 VOX -* COX rf — NOOOOO'H- < to (O *-> ON CN i-< tN »-t tN ^ tN ^ fO ** VO oot^N^o«J»i^tcioaooN 00'*OXX-* tN fO 00 O lO tN tO t— _t^_ tO_-H lO^tN vO_ •<* OtN tN tO Xt-~ I— ©""+"(-- <0 tN fO IO NfONN'tMO^'l'O-fMtOOOO u-)tototO'rHtNTtfO f rj< to l/-, roiO^NNfO^O-^NN rtrtrtrtrtrtCS'HtSNN(NfnvON 't-H0CvOtN^"*t^-I^ON'H00-HtNXlO©VOtNlOCNCOXrO f~ tO HNN rO_vO CN "* tN IO ^h ■* — _00_ ON ■*" x"to""*" "** x" — < to o"on voV- r-~ o" *-t^ON'f Tt * to On r-ON tO_vq On_^_^O_0N vO_-# vo"r^"r-"©"r^"to"vo"x r- tN voooto o"tO OtNlOlOlOtOOOOOlOONONONOtNlO cn vq vo^ t/o vO_ »h to_ -* On_ On_ nO_ r»_ to »H oo_ <-T^-i CN*Tj"vo"oN"x"x"vo"t-- t-» r^ oo"on"vo" -*iot^XtntOvOcNiOCNXr--coON> tOvOto-HOoor^toootN^Tt -^<0 vO_vO_ ^h tN to" tj<* to to '*"'"*"•'* fO ON ^ a ^■HOOO^OVON-HtNllONNOON ^HvCvOON-^iOiOONO^totoOOONOO O>t>OOOiON0-i to to to t- tN IO t- tO "- On"x"-h \0 vo"tN »h CN T^CN co"^ CN CN »-l ^h ^H h ^H »-( CO tO OmO'N'^'nn t^--00ONi^-ONiO»-t iOvOC"* l vOX"*OMOvOON0Nt--^H'* iN|OONMOO-iOOHi^tN1^0it-0 •fir,\ON00CNOHNf0i , in'ON00 MINERAL RESOURCES Table 29. — Glass sand produced in Illinois, 1903-1918 97 Year Quantity Value Average price per ton 1903 Short tons 255,440 219,784 234,391 238,178 235,716 194,722 224,381 268,654 251,907 323,467 350,229 339,551 566,128 487,432 607,186 760,835 $153,717 143,954 146,605 156,684 152,619 139,172 153,226 216,531 171,978 225,434 239,227 246,803 299,286 318,235 679,618 1,273,804 Illinois $0.60 .66 .63 .66 .65 .71 .69 .81 .68 .70 .68 .73 .53 .65 1.12 1.48 United States $1.04 1904 .90 1905 1.05 1906 1.11 1907 1.05 1908 .96 1909 1.05 1910 1.04 1911 1.01 1912 .97 1913 1.06 1914 .97 1915 .85 1916. . .97 1917. . . 1.38 1918 1.94 The Industrial Period, 1868-1893 Only three minerals, petroleum, natural gas, and fluorspar, were added to the list of developed resources during the third quarter of the century from 1868 to 1893. Of these, the last has precedence in point of age. FLUORSPAR Until 1896 the only production of this mineral in the United States was from the deposits of Hardin County, which are known the world over as among the greatest yet discovered. In 1896 mines were opened in the adjacent Kentucky district, and a decided slump in Illinois production fol- lowed for five years. A strong revival of production began about 1902 and tonnage has increased, with considerable fluctuation, from that time to the present. Fluorspar is used mainly in supplying the American market with spar for foundry work and steel making and its production consequently increases or decreases as the steel industry thrives or declines. Only a very small frac- tion — that containing less than one per cent silica — can be used in the enamel- ing, chemical, and glass trades. A still smaller fraction of the material is sufficiently flawless and in pieces of adequate size for use in optical work. The commercial importance of the Illinois fluorspar district is bound to grow with the expansion of steel manufacture, for not only are the deposits of this State unexcelled, but they are nearer great steel manufacturing cen- ters than are the Colorado, New Mexico, and New Hampshire mines. 98 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 In 1917, Illinois produced 72 per cent and in 1918, 50 per cent of the United States total. Illinois was one of the two fluorspar shipping states out of the eight producers that reported decreased output in 1918. In Illinois this was caused by the flooding of the mines of one of the largest operators and the incompetency of the available labor in Hardin County at the time. In the United States as a whole the average price per ton of all grades of spar at the mine was $20.72 in 1918 as compared with $10.45 in 1917, an increase of 98 per cent. Average prices in the Illinois-Kentucky district would have been even higher than they were, had not some companies con- tinued carrying out old contracts at prices from $5 to $10 per ton. Maxi- mum prices paid for spar for prompt delivery were in some instances $38 to $45 a ton. This rise in prices accounts for the fact that although the out- put was decreased 8f/ 2 per cent, the total value increased 110 per cent. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS In August, 1859, the first oil well in the United States was drilled near Titusville, Pennsylvania, but the resultant country-wide oil fever of the 60's spread into Illinois without the discovery of anything but showings of oil at two or three places. Several wells drilled in 1865 in Parker Township, near Casey, Clark County, failed, probably because of lack of knowledge of best methods. Presumably, if proper casing had been used, salt water would have been shut off, the oil would not have been "drowned," and an earlier discovery of the southeastern fields would have been made. A second spread of oil fever during the 80's resulted in production of oil at Litchfield, of gas at Sparta, and the discovery, though not the utilization of gas, near Pitts- field. Again, in the early years of the twentieth century a wave of oil excitement encouraged drilling. In 1903 the renewed interest led to exten- sive drilling for the gas at Pittsfield first discovered in 1886. During the years from 1900 to 1904 inclusive, several tests in Craw- ford County were made, though without success. Finally in the spring of 1904, Colonel Carter of Oakland engaged J. J. Hoblitzel and Son of Penn- sylvania to drill a well on the Young farm in Parker Township, Clark County, where earlier prospecting in 1865 had revealed good showings. Although oil was found the well was not pumped, but instead the gas was used for drilling a second well near by which produced 35 barrels of oil. About 100 square miles was being drilled in Clark County in 1905 as a result of these two wells, of which about sixty square miles proved pro- ductive. Invigorated by Clark County success, prospecting was renewed in Crawford County with the result that a 250-barrel well was completed in 1906 on the Shire farm near Robinson, in Oblong Township. This well was the predecessor of the thousands of successful wells which soon gave to Illi- nois third rank in the United States in oil production. To date about 300,- 000,000 barrels of oil have been taken from the Lawrence-Crawford-Clark county fields and although production is now on the decrease, it is probable MINERAL RESOURCES 99 t>» *C PC Os SO <* 1 °° »o t> CN ONW") >o ^^ CO'* CN CN X 1 CN r-~ r— t^ o to so 1 10 Os 't Os icjn Osco ■* (SIWMONN | t-- ?4JO ™ CJ -m to* vd sO iO to r-~ 1 ">* l/J 1/- ui HOOlfl-* 6 to O ■*-* CO X Os' 1 O ^ ^H CN oj'C ,_ > a v < a 1 CO SO EN ^ CO * co X O Os Os o Ov u~ t^ O « so co to " 10 r- O — co to ^ cs SO 00"* ©" co C Tf Os" CSI SO co t^ C 10 so r- Os tJ< CN IO o H CS (S(SH SO sO LT CN Os r~- Os cn X ^h X so sO CN so > IO t^ X Os ^H CO_SO CN CN tJ< x_o^ »o U — li-T -H so" so" to r^ sc"co — X* X CN t^ cr %H CO" r-» ^h Os co C5 G o 4£ < G 00 X ,_, ^1 Os O CN CN CO • co CN CN so sO ro CO rt" "* O O o "* <* *-* i-^ o_ O CO CO CN CN ,c; cn oi so" sO" ■*" Tf" 00" x" co" ! co" o X X Os Os r^ l^ r^ r^ > t& »H "-I «H »H CN CN 1 >> 00 Ix ^ ^ to 10 SO SO CN CN Os 1 o- «o 10 Os Os CO CO IO IO •"" ti -~v Os <* t^ r^ to "l t^ r^. 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O OS 72 c a i Os . a a i. c >>ct : >» « : > . - >.C! >. X cd _^ *■ ' M *■ ■ ^ O a *j O '/. • 111 ■s3t 0; c c 7 lorad nois. ntucl her S to a z 3; a. c c c ZL - c < C u a. 2 O *2 O co F o*a O 5 sV _ CS |2 sV M g^5 > WT5 03 ..'2 Os £ o *h aJCO 100 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 31. — -Marketed production of petroleum in Illinois, 1889-1918 Marketed production Percentage of total U. S. pro- duction Increase or decrease Value Yearly average Year Barrels Per cent price per barrel 1889 . 1,460 900 675 521 400 300 200 250 500 360 360 200 250 200 $ 4,906 3,000 2,363 1,823 1,400 1,800 1,200 1,250 2,000 1,800 1,800 1,000 1,250 1,000 $3 360 1890 560 225 154 121 100 100 + 50 + 250 140 38.36 25.00 22.81 23.22 25.00 33.33 + 25.00 + 100.00 - 28.00 3 333 1891 3 500 1892 3 500 1893 3 500 1894 6 000 1895 6 000 1896 5 000 1897 . 4 000 1898 . 5 000 1899 5 000 1900 160 + 50 50 200 44.44 + 25.00 - 20.00 - 100.00 5 000 1901. . 5 000 1902 5 000 1903 1904. . . . 1905 . . 181,084 4,397,050 24,281,973 33,686,238 30,898,339 33,143,362 31,317,038 28,601,308 23,893,899 21,919,749 19,041,695 17,714,235 15,776,860 13,365,974 0.13 3.47 14.62 18.87 16.87 15.82 14.21 12.83 9.62 8.25 6.77 5.89 4.70 3.76 + 181,084 + 4,215,966 + 19,884,923 + 9,404,265 - 2,787,899 + 2,244,923 - 1,826,224 - 2,715,730 - 4,707,409 - 1,974,150 - 2,878,054 - 1,327,460 - 1,937,375 - 2,410,886 116,561 3,274,818 16,432,947 22,649,561 19,788,864 19,669,383 19,734,339 24,332,605 30,971,910 25,426,179 18,655,850 29,237,168 31,358,069 31,230,000 644 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 + 2,328.18 + 452.23 + 38.73 8.28 + 7.27 5.51 8.67 16.45 8.26 13.13 6.97 10.94 15.28 .745 .677 .672 .64C .593 .639 .851 1.296 1.160 .980 1 . 650 1.988 2.337 that these same fields will yield almost this same amount before they are completely exhausted. The opening of the southeastern fields stimulated drilling in many parts of the State. In 1907 and 1908 tests at Sparta met with success to the extent of six or seven wells, the largest of which had an initial production of about 100 barrels. The field is now exhausted, however. In 1909 and 1910 drill- ing in the vicinity of Centralia and Sandoval opened up a small but good field which is still producing. About the same time small gas fields with a little oil were opened at Carlinville and Jacksonville, and a little later, in 1911, a small oil field was developed at Carlyle. The Colmar-Plymouth oil field MINERAL RESOURCES 101 Table 32. — Record of natural gas industry in Illinois, 1906-1918 Num- ber of pro- ducers Volume (M cubic feet) Numl ">er of Value of gas con- sumed Wells Year consumers Drilled Produc- tive Dec. 31 Domestic Indust'l Gas Dry 1906 66 128 185 194 207 225 223 231 235 221 218 225 186 409,556 1,154,344 4,978,879 8,472,860 6,723,286 6,762,361 5,603,368 4,767,128 3,547,841 2,690,593 3,533,701 4,439,016 4,473,018 1,429 2,126 "7,377 "8,458 "10,109 "10,078 "10,691 a 10,423 a 8,952 a 8,610 "14,485 °1 1,622 a 8,669 2 61 "204 "518 a 261 a 293 "212 a 279 "153 a 134 a 121 a 118 a 90 $ 87,211 143,577 a 446,077 a 644,401 "613,642 "687,726 "616,467 "574,015 "437,275 "350,371 a 396,357 a 479,072 a 620,949 200 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 94 121 56 64 69 56 60 38 28 36 18 11 41 42 11 31 78 147 119 114 67 126 58 21 283 400 423 458 458 453 455 417 378 343 287 254 "Includes number of consumers and value of gas consumed in Vincennes, Indiana. (1914), the Staunton gas field (1915), the small Spanish Needle Creek oil field (1916), and the Ava gas field (1917) have also helped swell the State production, but unless new fields in large number or of large capacity are discovered to offset the natural decline of present producing areas, the decline will continue without break. For the time being, however, the oil and gas industry in Illinois is of major importance, as statistics for 1917 and 1918 show. Of natural gas the State produced almost four and one- half billion cubic feet, valued at almost $500,000, while of petroleum it pro- duced more than 13,000,000 barrels, valued at more than $31,000,000. Indis- putable testimony to the excellence of Illinois oil is the fact that for some years its value has kept it one notch higher in the scale of states based on total value of production than it is on the basis of quantity produced. The enormous risk of capital involved in oil and gas prospecting and the great cost of pipe lines and refining plants make it clear that the petro- leum industry does not belong to a frontier civilization, and helps to show why even slight development was delayed till 1882 and maximum productive- ness until 1904, near the close of the hundred years succeeding the admis- sion of Illinois to statehood. More detailed information as to the development of petroleum resources in Illinois during 1917 and 1918 are to be found elsewhere in Survey publi- cations. 1 Modern Period, 1893-1918 Silica (tripoli), mineral paints, pyrite, sulphuric acid, asphalt, and natural-gas gasoline comprise the list of industries which had their begin- 102 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 ning in the years between 1893 and 1918. These industries are all ones which either required large capital for their development, or else depended on other industries for their existence. In this connection, it will be well to recall that the revolutionizing of three of the old and very important industries of the State came during this period and for much the same rea- sons as have been given above : the small early phase of the coke industry based on local coal and beehive ovens gave way to the enormous present- day industry of coking coal shipped in from the east in great batteries of by-product ovens located in the northeast part of the State ; the extinct early iron industry that reduced Illinois ore was brought to life again using iron ore shipped from the Lake Superior region, as a huge industry employing thousands of men, occupying modernly equipped plants, acres in extent ; and the early cement industry, which developed the natural cement deposits was overshadowed by a prodigiously greater Portland cement industry, requiring massive equipment and large production if it is to exist profitably at all. The statements as to the mineral industries developed in the modern period will be brief. SULPHURIC ACID Sulphuric acid produced in Illinois is a by-product of zinc smelting at La Salle, Peru, Collinsville, and Danville, in which process the waste gases, sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide, are converted into acid. A product which as waste would be extremely harmful, is thus turned to good account, its value in 1918 amounting to several million dollars. Geographic and geologic conditions have combined to locate the industry at the four towns mentioned — zinc ore is shipped from other states to these points because of the abundance of coal and the adequacy of transportation. Most of the acid finds its use in the manufacture of fertilizers ; the refining of petroleum products ; the iron, steel, and coke industries ; the manufacture of nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, celluloid, etc. ; and general metallurgic and chemical practice. ASPHALT Asphalt is another by-product which swells the total of Illinois' mineral values by more than a million dollars annually. The figure includes only asphalt obtained in refining oil, not taking into account the far larger quan- tities produced in Illinois refineries working oil from the southwestern states. Road oil and flux are the principal uses of asphalt. MINERAL PIGMENTS In 1918 lead and zinc pigments were made in Illinois at Collinsville, East St. Louis, Chicago, and Argo, but only at Collinsville was pigment made directly from the ore. Again geologic and geographic conditions, as iOil Investigations in Illinois, 1917 and 1918: 111. State Geol. Bull. 40, 191! MINERAL RESOURCES 103 expressed in abundance of coal and in adequate transportation from the lead and zinc mines outside the State, have determined the location of the industry. TRIPOLI Tripoli is a form of silica which finds varied uses as a paint, wood filler, metal polish, in soaps, cleansers, glass and pottery manufacture, and for fac- ing foundry molds. The large deposits of Union and Alexander counties Table 33.— Tripoli produced and sold in the United States, 1917-1918 1917 1918 Quantity (short tons) Value Value State Esti- mated (crude) As sold (crude and finished) Quantity (short tons) Esti- mated (crude) As sold (crude and finished 1 ) 16,133 9,936 $31,338 61,078 $207,738 130,450 12,004 7,978 $18,902 34,913 $100,126 Missouri, Oklahoma and Pennsylvania 99,728 26,069 $92,416 $338,188 19,982 $53,815 $199,854 have been worked more or less extensively for the past twenty years and from them has come more than half of the United States production. The amount produced annually varies considerably, but the value for 1918, $100,- 126, is not below the average. PYRITE Somewhat younger than the tripoli is the pyrite industry (Table 34), dating from about 1907, so far as statistics show. Especially in Vermilion County, where production was almost 100 per cent of the State's total, is the industry developed, since the pyrite can be easily saved incidental to coal mining, as it occurs in the coal of this district in distinct lenses and bands instead of being finely disseminated throughout the coal as it is in most parts of the State. That 24,369 tons worth $85,659 were marketed in 1918 shows the possibilities of an industry that is merely incidental. Pyrite is used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, a product of great importance at all times, but especially necessary in war time. PEAT So uneven was the surface of the drift sheet spread over Illinois by glacial ice, that a large percentage of the northern half of the State was in its original state very poorly drained. Beds of peat were formed in the marshes, bogs, and swamps and were originally widespread in northern Illi- nois, notably in the Kankakee marshes, in Lee and Whiteside counties along Green River, and locally along Illinois River. Of recent years artificial drainage has been developed so rapidly in the course of reclamation of the swamp lands for agricultural purposes, that most of the beds which were 104 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 34. — Production in long tons and value of pyrite mined in Illinois, 1909-1918 Year Quantity Value Average price . per ton 1909 5,600 8,541 17,441 27,008 11,246 22,538 14,849 20,482 24,596 24,369 $17,551 28,159 47,020 62,980 31,966 59,079 22,476 51,432 89,998 85,659 $2.60 1910 3.30 1911 2.70 1912 2.33 1913 2.84 1914 2.62 1915 1.51 1916 2.51 1917 3.66 1918 3.52 still in good condition twenty or thirty years ago have so deteriorated as to no longer have value as peat. Of course the draining of the bogs and sub- sequent decay of the peat results in the formation of rich soil, the tillage of which gives greater ultimate value than would development of the peat as such. However, at two locations in the State conditions have been deemed to warrant exploitation of the peat as a source of fertilizer and stock feed. Near Manito, Mason County, the Wiedmer Chemical Company has been suc- cessfully working a large deposit since 1905 ; and near Sollars, Whiteside County, the American Peat Products Company has been commercially work- ing a ten-acre tract in the Cattail Valley, a streamless depression which, leav- ing the Mississippi Valley southeast of Fulton, passes southeast to Rock River Valley. The Cattail Valley is underlain by peat which attains a maxi- mum thickness of 25 to 30 feet in places. 1 NATURAL-GAS GASOLINE The youngest mineral industry to attain real importance in the State is the extraction of gasoline from natural gas. The story of the industry, especially the rapidity of its rise, is best told in the accompanying table. Just so long as natural gas production remains large, the industry will thrive, for it is on a sound basis in that it represents a means of turning what would otherwise be wasted into a valuable product. Those who developed the process deserve great credit for their work, for it is helping to bring about true conservation of the resource. The decline in 1918 (Table 35) is indicative of what may be expected for the future of this industry — as natural gas production decreases, the production of gasoline from natural gas will become proportionally less. In the meantime, however, values are still so high — 4,574,565 gallons valued iCarman, J. Ernest, The Mississippi vallev between Savanna and Davenport : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 13, p. 86, 1909. MINERAL RESOURCES 105 Table 35. — Production of gasoline from natural gas in Illinois, 1913-1918 Number of plants Quantity gal. Value Price per gallon cents Gas used M cu. ft. Average yield per Mcu. ft. gal. 1913 12 581,171 $67,106 11.54 160,304 3.63 1914 14 1,164,178 $100,331 8.62 462,321 2.52 1915 16 1,035,204 $80,049 7.73 552,054 2.29 1916 32 2,260,288 $262,664 11.58 1,338,594 1.69 1917 55 4,934,009 $866,033 2,685,895 1.84 1918 72 4,574,565 $890,436 2,316,646 1.97 at $890,436 — that this youngest industry of all is one of no mean importance. Industries of the Future It is not to make a prophecy about the growth of established industries that this section in the future is included, but merely to mention certain resources which seem on the way to development at the present time. A fuller's earth deposit (see page 336) at Olmsted is receiving favorable attention frcm an cil company as a possible source of this material for use in its refineries. Production of barite, which mineral is found associated with fluorspal in Hardin County 1 , has been contemplated by one company for several years The mineral if marketed will probably find its chief use as a mineral pigment. Potash in large quantities may be recovered as by-products in blast furnace and cement plant operation, a possibility which is receiving general consideration at the present time. 2 The Mountain Glen shale of Union County (see page 310) and the Decorah shale of Lee County have possibilities as sources of potash, espe- cially if satisfactory processes of extraction or better methods of use can be developed. 3 Attention might well be called to the fact here that where a choice is to be had, a shale high in potash is better for use in Portland cement manufacture because of the possibility of obtaining the potash as a profitable by-product. Comparison of the Earlier-Developed Mineral Resources with Those of Later Years It is readily recognized that the nine mineral industries which have originated in Illinois during the fifty years since 1868 differ greatly in char- acter from those industries originated in the earlier half of the century. Every one of them is an industry requiring at least one of the following factors for its development : large population to afford market, adequate transportation facilities, an advanced stage in the manufacturing industry, iW 7 eller, Stuart, and others ; Geology of Hardin County and the adjoining part of Pope County: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 41, p. 254, 1920. ZHicks, W. B., Potash : U. S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources of the United States, 1918, Pt. II, pp. 406-408, 1921. 3Austin, Parr, Krey, and Stewart, Potash shales of Illinois ; University of Illinois Agricultural Exp. Station Bull. 232, 1921. 106 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 or abundant capital for establishment and upkeep. Clearly none of them could be a frontier industry. The contrast presented by the earlier group in comparison with the later is, then, a strong one : on the one hand, the older industries, though now no longer of frontier character, were developed under frontier conditions and persisted through the frontier period, proving their adaptability to such conditions ; and, on the other hand, the younger industries were not adapted to and could not have been established in pioneer times. The older industries were, very logically, the development of min- eral resources necessary to the simplest forms of living in a frontier coun- try, having to do with fuel and structural materials ; the younger industries involved the development of resources necessary only to a higher civilization and possible only after frontier conditions had disappeared. ILLINOIS' MINERAL RESOURCES AND THE WAR A final word in regard to the response of Illinois to demands placed on mineral resources of many kinds by the war may be pertinent. The remark- able increase in production along many lines in 1916, 1917, and 1918, offers general evidence. The end of the production curve for coal presents a picture of what happened in those years not only in coal but in aggregate mineral industry as well, but a few specific instances will show this in greater detail. Even before the United States entered the war two Illinois industries, fluorspar and clay, were directly affected by the stoppage of German trad- ing. Before the war the whole supply of clear, colorless, flawless pieces for optical instruments for scientific work passed through the hands of German optical dealers, and its stoppage promised to be a serious matter. At once, however, Illinois producers and the country's optical manufac- turers were informed of the need and of the source of supply in Hardin County, 1 and the danger was averted. The cutting off of certain German refractory clays directed attention to deposits in southwestern Illinois, and geologists and ceramic engineers soon found that one variety of Union County clay was even superior to that formerly sought in Germany. And so another gap was stopped. Almost immediately upon our entrance into the war the small fleet of ships plying between Spain and the United States and bringing back quan- tities of pyrite from the rich Spanish deposits were arbitrarily transferred to service more essential to the winning of the war. Since pyrite is a source of sulphuric acid, which is not only vital to industry in general but to manu- facture of explosives in particular, at first glance the action of the Govern- ment seems a strange step. But the administration, knowing well that ade- quate supplies existed undeveloped in this country, rightly surmised that producers would rise to meet the need. Furthermore, zinc smelting was iPoa-ue. Joseph E., Optical fluorite in southern Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. I, pp. 419, 1917. MINERAL RESOURCES 107 revived in connection with war manufacture and the sulphuric acid by-prod- uct of this process was bound to increase in quantity. In both phases of the increase Illinois had a part, for the zinc smelters of the State increased their production, and coal operators took advantage of the opportunity to save pyrite, hitherto considered only as a waste ; thus they increased their earnings while mining a cleaner, better coal and supplying a raw material without whose manufactured product our part of the war could not have been effectively carried on. Another effort to conserve was the attempt to substitute Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky low-sulphur coals wholly or in part for coal and coke from the east, hitherto used exclusively in the important coal- and water-gas industry. Curtailment of the eastern supply by order of the United States Fuel and Railroad administrations was directly responsible for the attempt, but it is probable that experiments and investigations begun with the aid of gas engineers and geologists will continue, with the eventual result of a permanent decrease in the dependence of Illinois on the east, and a proportionate saving of energy in transportation of coal and coke from Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The most phenomenal increase in production was that of coal, and the work of Illinois miners deserved the high praise granted it by the Fuel Administration, for not infrequently when other states were behind in their apportionments, Illinois had enough and to spare. There is no need to mention the important effect adequate fuel production has on power to increase manufactures that they may stand the strain of excessive war-time production. A fitting climax, indeed, to the first century of mineral pro- duction in Illinois is found in the realization that the mineral industries of the State did not fail to play their full part in successful prosecution of the war. BIBLIOGRAPHY It is believed that the following bibliography will be of help to many desiring information in regard to the mineral industries of the State, as numerous requests are received daily by the Survey for such references as are here given. COAL 1 Preliminary report on organization and method of investigations : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 1, 1913. Andros, S. O., Coal mining practice in District VIII (Danville) : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 2, 1913. Coal mining practice in District VII (southwestern Illinois) : 111. Coal Min- ing Investigations Bull. 4, 1914. iFor other publications on Illinois coal and related problems see bulletins and circulars of the Engineering Experiment Station and the Mining Department described in the List of Publications of the University of Illinois. 108 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Coal mining practice in District I (Longwall) : 111. Coal Mining Investiga- tions Bull. 5, 1914. Coal mining practice in District V (Saline and Gallatin counties) : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 6, 1914. Coal mining practice in District II (Jackson County) : 111. Coal Mining- Investigations Bull. 7, 1914. Coal mining practice in District VI (Franklin, Jackson, Perry, and William- son counties) : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 8, 1914. Coal mining practice in District III (western Illinois) : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 9, 1915. Coal mining practice in District IV (central Illinois) : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 12, 1915. Coal mining in Illinois: 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 13, 1915. Bement, A., Illinois coal field : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 182, 1910. Cady, G. H., Geology and coal resources of West Frankfort quadrangle : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 242, 1910. Coal resources of District I (Longwall) : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 10, 1914. Coal resources of District VI (Franklin, Jefferson, and Williamson coun- ties) : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 15. 1916. Coal resources of District II (Jackson County) : 111. Coal Mining Investi- gations Bull. 16, 1917. Geology and mineral resources of the Hennepin and La Salle quadrangles : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 37, 1919. Mines producing low-sulphur coal in the central district : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 23, 1919. Low-sulphur coal in Illinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 38, p. 432, 1922. DeWolf, F. W., Coal investigations in the Saline-Gallatin field : 111. State Geol. Sur- vey Bull. 8, p. 121, 1907. Coal investigations in Saline and Williamson counties : 111. State Geol. Sur- vey Bull. 8, p. 230, 1907. Kay, F. H., Coal resources of District VII (southwestern Illinois) : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 11, 1914. Coal resources of District VIII (Danville) : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 14, 1915. Lee, Wallace, Coal in Gillespie and Mount Olive quadrangles : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 30, p. 51, 1917. Parr, S. W., Purchase and sale of coal under specifications : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 29, 1914. Chemical study of Illinois coal : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 3, 1915. Savage, T. E., Geology and coal resources of the Herrin quadrangle : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 266, 1910. Geology and mineral resources of the Springfield quadrangle : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 20, p. 97, 1915. Geology and mineral resources of the Canton and Avon quadrangles : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 38, p. 209, 1921. and Udden, J. A., Geology and mineral resources of the Edgington and Milan quadrangles: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 38, p. 115, 1921. Shaw. E. W., Geology and coal resources of the Murphvsboro quadrangle: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 286, 1910. MINERAL RESOURCES 109 and Savage, T. E., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Murphysboro-Herrin folio (No. 185), 1912. U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Tallula-Springfield folio (No. 188), 1913. Udden, J. A., Geology and mineral resources of the Peoria quadrangle : U. S. Geo- logical Survey Bull. 506, 1912. and Shaw, E. W., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Belleville-Breese folio (No. 195), 1915. Young, C. M., Percentage of extraction of bituminous coal with special reference to Illinois conditions: 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 100, 1917. Young, L. E., Surface subsidence in Illinois resulting from coal mining: 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 17, 1916. and Stoek, H. H., Subsidence resulting from mining : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 91, 1916. GAS AND COKE Cady, G. H., Mines producing low-sulphur coal in the central district : 111. Coal Mining- Investigations Bull. 23, 1919. Dunkley, W. A., and Odell, W. W., The manufacture of retort coal-gas in the central district using low-sulphur coal from Illinois, Indiana, and western Ken- tucky: 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 21, 1918. , Water-gas operating methods with central district bituminous coal as generator fuel, a summary of experiments on a commercial scale : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 24, 1919. Odell, W. W., and Dunkley, W. A., Water-gas manufacture with central district bituminous coals as generator fuel : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 22, 1918. Ovitz, F. K., Carbonization of Illinois coal in inclined gas retorts : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 20, 1918. Coking of Illinois coals: U. S. Bureau of Mines Bull. 138, 1917. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS Blatchley, Raymond S., Oil resources of Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 42, 1910. Oil and gas in Crawford and Lawrence counties : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 22, 1913. - Plymouth oil field: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 23, p. 51, 1917. Oil and gas in Bond, Macoupin, and Montgomery counties : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 28, 1914. Brokaw, A. D., Parts of Saline, Johnson, Pope, and Williamson counties: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 35, p. 19, 1917. Butts, Charles, Parts of Hardin, Pope, and Saline counties : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 35, p. 75, 1917. Hinds, Henry, Oil and gas in Colchester and Macomb quadrangles : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 23, p. 45, 1917. Kay, F. H., Carlinville oil and gas field: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 20, p. 81, 1915. Petroleum in Illinois in 1914 and 1915: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 33, 1916. Notes on the Bremen anticline: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 33, 1916. Knirk, Carl F., Natural gas in the glacial drift of Champaign County : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 14, p. 272. 1910. Lee, Walace, Oil and gas in Gillespie and Mount Olive quadrangles : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, p. 71, 1915. Morse. W. C, and Kay. F. H., Area south of the Colmar oil field : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, p. 8, 1915. 110 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 The Colmar oil field— a restudy : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, p. 37, 1915. Rich, J. L., Allendale oil field: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, p. 57, 1915. Oil and gas in the Birds quadrangle : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 33, 1916. Oil and gas in the Vincennes quadrangle : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 33, 1916. Shaw, E. W., Carlyle oil field and surrounding territory : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 20, p. 43, 1915. St. Clair, Stuart, Ava area : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 35, p. 57, 1917. Centralia area : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 35, p. 67, 1917. Parts of Williamson, Union, and Jackson counties : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 35. p. 39. 1917. Udden, J. A., and Shaw, E. W., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Belleville- Breese folio (No. 195). p. 14. 1915. Coal deposits and possible oil fields near Duquoin : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 14, p. 254, 1910. Weller, Stuart, Anticlinal structure in Randolph County : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31. p. 69. 1915. GASOLINE Burrell, F. M. S., and Oberfell, G. G., The condensation of gasoline from natural gas: U. S. Bureau of Mines Bull. 88, 1915. Kay, F. H., Petroleum in Illinois in 1914 and 1915: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 33, p. 71, 1916. CLAY AND CLAY PRODUCTS Bleininger, A. V., Lines, E. F., and Layman, F. E., Portland cement resources of Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 17, 1912. Cady, G. H., Cement-making materials near La Salle (includes analyses of clay) : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 127, 1909. Lines, E. H., Pennsylvanian fire clays of Illinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 30, p. 61, 1917. Parmelee, C. W., and Schroyer, C. R., Further investigations of Illinois fireclays : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 38, p. 272, 1921. Parr, S. W., and Ernest, T. R., A study of sand-lime brick : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 18, 1912. Purdy, R. C, and DeWolf, F. W., Preliminary investigation of Illinois fire clays: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p. 129, 1907. Rolfe, C. W., Purdy, R. C, Talbot, A. N., and Baker, I. O., Paving brick and paving brick clays of Illinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 9, 1908. Savage, T. E.. Geology and mineral resources of the Canton and Avon quadrangles : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 38, p. 209, 1921. and Udden, J. A., Geology and mineral resources of the Edgington and Milan quadrangles: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 38, p. 115, 1921. Shaw, E. W.. and Savage. T. E., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Murphysboro- Herrin folio (No. 185), p. 15, 1912. U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Tallula-Springfield folio (No. 188), p. 12, 1913. and Trowbridge, A. C, U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Galena- Elizabeth folio (No. 200), p. 12, 1916. St. Clair, Stuart, Clav deposits near Mountain Glen, Union County, Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 71, 1920. Stull, R. T., and Hursh, R. K., Tests on clay materials available in Illinois coal mines : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 18, 1917. MINERAL RESOURCES HI Udden, J. A., Geology and mineral resources of the Peoria quadrangle : U. S. Geo- logical Survey Bull. 506, pp. 89-90, 1912. and Shaw, E. W., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Belleville-Breese folio (No. 195), p. 14, 1915. FLUORSPAR Bain, H. Foster, Fluorspar deposits of southern Illinois : U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 255, 1905. Burchard, E. F., Methods of concentration of fluorspar : U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources, 1908, pp. 609-611, 1909. Mining and milling developments in the Illinois fluorspar industry : U. S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources, 1910, pp. 706-709, 1911. Pogue, Joseph E., Optical fluorite in southern Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 38. p. 419, 1918. Ulrich, E. O., and Smith, W. S. T., The lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky: U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 36, 1905. TRIPOLI OR SILICA Bain, H. Foster, Analyses of silica deposits of southern Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p. 185, 1907. Ernest, T. R., Experiments on the amorphous silica of southern Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 147, 1907. Savage, T. E., Lower Paleozoic stratigraphy of southwestern Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 113, 1907. Williams, W. S., Artificial silicates with reference to amorphous silica: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 14, p. 276, 1909. LEAD AND ZINC Bain, H. Foster, Lead and zinc deposits of Illinois : U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 225, 1904. Fluorspar deposits of southern Illinois (includes discussion of lead and zinc) : U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 255, 1905. Zinc and lead deposits of northwestern Illinois : U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 246, 1905. Zinc and lead deposits of the upper Mississippi Valley : U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 294, 1906. Cox, G. H., Lead and zinc deposits of northwestern Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 21, 1914. Elizabeth sheet of the lead and zinc district of northern Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 24, 1910. Grant, U. S., and Purdue, M. J., Millbrig sheet of the lead and zinc district of northwestern Illinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8. p. 335, 1911. Shaw, E. W., and Trowbridge, A. C, U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Galena- Elizabeth folio (No. 200), 1916. PYRITE Cady, G. H., The pyrite inventory of 1918: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 38, p. 427, 1921. Holbrook, E. A., The utilization of pyrite occurring in Illinois bituminous coal : Engineering Experiment Station Circular 5, 1917. POTASH Schroyer, C. R., Notes on potash possibilities in Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 38, p. 435, 1921. OIL SHALE Barrett, N. O., Notes on Illinois bituminous shales including results of their experi- mental distillation: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 38, p. 441, 1921. 112 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Udden, Jon, and Todd, J. E., The occurrence of structural materials in Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 342, 1910. LIMESTONE AND CEMENT Alden, W. C, The stone industry in the vicinity of Chicago : U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 213, pp. 357-360, 1903. Bleininger, A. V., Lines, E. F., and Layman, F. E., Portland cement resources of Illinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 17, 1912. Burchard, E. F., Concrete materials in vicinity of Chicago: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 245, 1907. Analyses of limestone quarried in United States : U. S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources, 1911, pp. 655-697, 1912. Cady, G. H., Cement-making materials near La Salle : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 127, 1907. Eckel, E. C, Burchard, E. F., and others, Portland cement materials and industry of the United States: U. S. Geological Survey Bull. 522, 1913. Shaw, E. W., and Savage, T. E., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Murphysboro- Herrin folio (No. 185), p. 15, 1912. and Trowbridge, A. C, U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Galena-Eliz- abeth folio (No. 200), p. 12, 1916. Udden, J. A., and Shaw, E. W., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Belleville- Breese folio (No. 195), p. 14, 1915. Udden, Jon, The Shoal Creek limestone: 111. State Geological Survey Bull. 8, p. 117, 1907. and Todd, J. E., The occurrence of structural materials in Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 342, 1910. Van Horn, F. B., Limestones available for fertilizers : 111. State Geological Survey Bull. 4, p. 177, 1907. Weller, Stuart, The Salem limestone: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, 1907. LIME Burchard, E. F., Lime: U. S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources, 1911, pt. 2, pp. 645-718, 1912. and Emley, W. E., Source, manufacture, and use of lime : U. S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources, 1913, pt. 2, pp. 1509-1593, 1914. Shaw, E. W., and Trowbridge, A. C, U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Galena- Elizabeth folio (No. 200), p. 12, 1916. SAND AND GRAVEL Burchard, E. F., Glass sand of the middle Mississippi Basin: U. S. Geological Sur- vey Bull. 285, 1906. Production of glass sand, other sand, and gravel, in 1909 (includes analyses of Illinois sands) : U. S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources, 1909, pt. 2, pp. 519-542, 1911. . Concrete materials in the Chicago district: 111. State Geological Survey Bull. 8, p. 345, 1907. Shaw, E. W., and Savage, T. E., U. S. Geological Survey Geol. Atlas, Tallula- Springfield folio (No. 188), p. 12, 1913. Udden, J. A., Geology and mineral resources of the Peoria quadrangle: U. S. Geo- logical Survey Bull. 506, p. 97, 1912. Udden, Jon, and Todd, J. E., The occurrence of structural materials in Illinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 16, p. 342, 1907. THE GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE EDGINGTON AND MILAN QUADRANGLES By T. E. Savage and J. A. Udden PREFACE Recent field examinations in the area covered by this report have suggested radical changes in the assumed correlations of the coals. Meanwhile, the geological maps had been engraved and the report had been set in type for publication. Certain impro- vised changes in the map and report have been made but they are of necessity brief, and are not supported by a full discussion ; therefore, the reader will be glad to know that a further statement is in preparation and will soon be available. The principal coal of the Rock Island area has long been known to the trade as "Rock Island or No. 1 coal". It has many characteristics resembling those of the No. 1 bed of Fulton County, and was regarded by A. H. Worthen, the former State Geologist, as of the same age and horizon. Furthermore, plant fossils have seemed to indicate that this coal is of Pottsville age. However, H. E. Culver of the State Survey has recently found in the roof limestone of the coal at Matherville and Sher- rard, numerous fossils of Girtyina ventricosa, which to the best of our knowledge occur only in the limestone overlying No. 6 coal. T. E. Savage, joint author in the present report, is quite confident that the coal known as No. 1 at these mines must really be No. 6, even though there may be elsewhere in the region thinner beds comparable with No. 1 of Fulton County and of Pottsville age. At his request the present report has been changed so as to recognize the new correlation. This new evidence, together with observations by Currier, Savage, and Culver in western Illinois, suggests a marked period of erosion near the close of Carbondale time, after which No. 6 coal was deposited widespread. Evidently in places it imme- diately overlies various beds of the earlier Carbondale strata, and perhaps may be found directly on the Pottsville. Further evidence and interpretation will be presented by Mr. Culver in a report on "Coal resources of District III", Illinois Mining Investigations. F. W. DeWolf, Chief. 115 THE GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE EDGINGTON AND MILAN QUADRANGLES By T. E. Savage and J. A. Udden OUTLINE PAGE Introduction 121 Position and general relations 121 Topography of the Milan and Edgington quadrangles 121 Relief 121 Upland prairies 121 Erosion slopes 122 Flood plains 123 Drainage 125 Culture 126 Descriptive geology 127 Stratigraphy 127 General character of the rocks 127 Data in rocks not exposed in the quadrangles 127 Records of deep wells 129 The generalized section 132 Cambrian system 132 Potsdam series 132 Ordovician system 133 Prairie du Chien limestone 133 St. Peter sandstone 133 Platteville limestone 134 Galena dolomite 134 Maquoketa shale 134 Silurian system 135 Niagaran limestone 135 Rocks exposed in or near the Milan and Edgington quadrangles 136 Devonian system 136 Wapsipinicon and Cedar Valley limestones 136 Sweetland Creek shale 140 Mississippian system '. 141 Pennsylvanian system 141 Descriptions of outcrops 143 Pottsville formation 143 Rock Island (No. 1) (?) coal and associated strata 154 Carbondale and McLeansboro formations 156 Unconformities within the Pennsylvanian 161 Quaternary system 163 Character and thickness of deposits 163 Pleistocene series 164 Differentiation of deposits 164 Kansan till 164 Yarmouth interglacial stage 167 Pre-Illinoian deposits 167 Illinoian till 169 Sangamon soil zone 173 117 118 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 PAGE The loess 175 Topographic features 176 Miscellaneous features 177 Terrace deposits 179 Recent series 180 Alluvium 180 Dune sand 180 Structure of the Paleozoic rocks 181 Structure of pre-Pennsylvanian rocks 181 Structure of Pennsylvanian rocks 183 Geologic history 185 Imperfection of the record 185 Paleozoic era 185 Cambrian period 185 Ordovician period 186 Silurian period 186 Devonian period 186 Mississippian period 186 Pennsylvanian period 187 Pottsville time 187 Carbondale and McLeansboro time 187 Post Pennsylvanian deformation 187 Mesozoic era 188 Cenozoic era 188 Tertiary period 188 Quaternary period 188 Pleistocene epoch 188 Kansan time 189 Yarmouth time 189 Illinoian time 189 Sangamon time 189 Iowan and Peorian time 189 Wisconsin time 190 Recent epoch 190 Mineral resources 190 Coal 190 Coals other than the Rock Island (No. 1) (?) and Herrin (No. 6) beds .. 190 Rock Island and Herrin coals in the Milan quadrangle 193 Rock Island and Herrin coals in the Edgington quadrangle 194 Character of the Herrin (No. 6) coal 195 Mines and mining methods 196 Chemical analyses 197 Shale and clay 197 Limestone 198 Sand and gravel 199 Portland cement material 199 Possibilities of oil and gas 200 Gas in glacial drift 200 Soil 201 Water resources 202 Wells in surficial material 202 Wells in hard rock 202 Surface-water supplies 203 Water power 203 EDGINGTOX AND MILAN QUADRANGLES 119 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE II. Map showing the surficial and economic geology of the Edgington and Milan quadrangles Pocket FIGURE PAGE 13. Index map showing the location of the Milan and Edgington quadrangles.... 120 14. Profile of rock bottom of Mississippi River between Dubuque and Mus- catine 125 15. Generalized columnar section of the rocks exposed, and explored by deep borings in the Milan and Edgington quadrangles 128 16. Thin-bedded limestone just below the horizon of the Acervularia david- soni coral-reef horizon 136 17. View showing the character of the brecciated limestone in the basal part of the Devonian, near Rock Island, Illinois 138 18. Shaly limestone in the middle part of the Devonian section, along Mill Creek, near Milan, Illinois 140 19. Sweetland Creek shale, along Sweetland Creek in the northwest quarter of the Edgington quadrangle 141 20. Contact of the Devonian limestone and the basal Pottsville conglomerate, near Andalusia, Illinois 142 21. Old caverns in the Devonian limestone, the Pottsville filling of which has been removed by the river 1 43 22. Uncomformable contact of the Devonian limestone and Pottsville shale, in sec. 13, T. 17 X., R. 2 W 144 23. Thin-bedded sandstone in the lower part of the Pottsville, formerly quar- ried in sec. 7, Drury Township 145 24. Sandstone overlying a thin coal bed in the lower part of the Pottsville formation, in the SW. % sec. 23, Drury Township 155 25. Mine map of mine No. 2 of Coal Valley Mining Company at Sherrard, showing location of old channel in the coal 162 26. Fine-grained water-laid sand, 50 feet thick beneath a few feet of Illinoian till in the S W. r /\ sec. 8 of Eliza Township 169 27. "Sea mud" or fine-grained sand underlying sand and gravel below Illi- noian till in the XE. *4 sec. 14, Eliza Township 170 28. Sand and gravel below Illinoian till, exposed in the NW. % sec. 26, T. 16 X., R. 5 W 170 29. Bluff of loess in old clay pit of Blackhawk Manufacturing Company, at Sears, Illinois 175 30. Faults in the Pleistocene deposits near Augustana College in Rock Island.. .. 177 31. Small faults in the loess, in Rock Island 178 32. Columnar sections showing the variations in the number and thickness of the various coals penetrated in borings near Andalusia and Illinois City 192 TABLES 36. Shipping mines in the Milan and Edgington quadrangles, 1920 196 37. Analyses of mine samples from the Milan and Edgington quadrangles 197 38. Mineral analyses of St. Peter sandstone water from wells in the Milan and Edgington quadrangles 204 39. Sanitary analyses of filtered Moline city water from Mississippi River 205 40. Sanitary analyses of unfiltered Moline city water from Mississippi River .... 206 41. Mineral analyses of Moline city water from Mississippi River 207 120 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Fig. 13. — Index map showing the location of the Milan and Edginj ton quadrangles. The stippled boundary is the outline of the Illinois coal field. EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA— INTRODUCTION 121 INTRODUCTION Position and General Relations The Milan and Edgington quadrangles are included between the paral- lels 41° 15' and 41° 30' north latitude, and the meridians 90° 30' and 91° west longitude. They thus embrace about one-eighth of a square degree, which at this latitude is equivalent to about 437.75 square miles. In addition to these quadrangles there is included in this report about 7 square miles lying south of the main channel of Mississippi River, and north of latitude 41° 30'. This latter tract includes the older parts of the cities of Rock Island and Moline, and the Government reservation of Rock Island, which lies between the two channels of the river. Fig. 13 is an index map showing the general position of the quadrangles. The greater part of the area of these quadrangles is in Rock Island County, Illinois, but it also includes about 145 square miles of Mercer County, in the south part of the area, and about 60 square miles north of Mississippi River, which comprises parts of Scott and Muscatine counties, in Iowa. The principal cities in the area are Rock Island and Moline. These quadrangles form a part of the great region known as the Gla- ciated Plains, which extends far to the east and west, with which this area is closely related in its physiographic and geologic history. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE MILAN AND EDGINGTON QUADRANGLES Relief The surface of the Milan and Edgington quadrangles is that of a loess- covered drift plain that has been rather strongly dissected by stream erosion. In this old plain the Mississippi River and its tributary systems have carved valleys, in places one-half to 2% miles wide, to a depth of 100 to 200 feet below the uplands. On account of the proximity of Mississippi River the extreme range of surface relief in the area is about 280 feet. The lowest place, slightly less than 540 feet above sea level, is in the valley of Mississippi River, in the northwest quarter of the Edgington quadrangle. The highest point is on the upland in the Milan quadrangle, about one mile southeast of Reynolds, where the elevation reaches 820 feet. The area includes three distinct varieties of topographic features : upland prairies, erosion slopes, and flood plains. Upland Prairies The upland prairies comprise less than half the area of the quadrangles. The larger part of these uplands is included in two watersheds which extend in an east-west direction across the quadrangles, and represent the uneroded portion of the original drift-formed plain. The more northern of these divides lies between Mississippi and Rock River valleys in the north, and 122 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Copperas and Mill creeks on the south. The second upland belt is bordered on the north by Copperas and Mill creeks and on the south by Eliza Creek and Camp Creek, and a third somewhat smaller belt of upland still farther south forms the watershed between Camp Creek and Edwards River. These upland areas are very irregular in outline. The two larger areas include a nearly continuous belt of level land one to three miles wide, extending entirely across both quadrangles. The general surface of the more northern upland belt lies between 730 and 800 feet above sea level, the highest part lying within about 5 miles east and west from the village of Edgington. The elevation of the southern area ranges from 740 to 820 feet above the sea, being higher in the Milan quadrangle, where the surface of the larger part of this belt lies above 800 feet altitude. From these main divides, inter-stream areas of varying width extend in irregular finger-like projec- tions between the tributaries of the bordering streams, becoming progress- ively narrower in width and lower in altitude as the larger streams are approached. Erosion Slopes The valleys of Mississippi and Rock rivers are bordered by forested slopes 80 to 150 feet high. In places where the rivers have recently under- cut one of their banks, a nearly perpendicular cliff of Pennsylvanian strata, 50 or more feet high, may be exposed. In other places where undercutting has not been active for a considerable period, the hard rocks are concealed by a mantle of unconsolidated material derived from slumping and sheet wash, but their presence near the surface is indicated by the steep lower slopes of the valley sides. The tributaries of Mississippi and Rock rivers, and of Edwards River, have cut valleys to the level of their master streams, and like them are bordered by rather steep slopes, a descent of 120 feet in a distance of a quarter of a mile being common. Pennsylvanian rocks are exposed in numerous places along these valleys. One of the conspicuous features on the slopes, especially where the banks are largely composed of Pennsylvanian shale, is the slumps or land- slides that have occurred on a large scale. Frequently five or six terrace- like offsets, 8 to 12 feet high and 10 to 15 rods long, are present in vertical succession on the same slope, in places where the valleys lie a considerable distance below the upland. Under such conditions slumping is one of the most important agents in the development of gentle slopes. At a consid- erable distance from the rivers the stream valleys are 50 to 100 feet deep, and are bounded by more gentle slopes. Toward their heads they become shallower and their slopes less steep until at length they merge insensibly into the uplands. In the southwest part of the Edgington quadrangle, as along Eliza Creek and its branches, the banks of the streams are of Pleistocene material, and EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: TOPOGRAPHY 123 no hard rock is exposed. Along the west border of the area the top of the bluff bordering Mississippi River is in many places capped by a deposit of wind-blown loess or sand that increases the local relief. Flood Plains The larger flood plains in these quadrangles are along Mississippi River, Rock River, and Edwards River. Smaller areas of alluvial deposits occur in the valleys of the larger tributary creeks. The flood plain of Mississippi River is 3% miles wide where the river enters the Milan quadrangle, and continues equally wide to below the junc- tion of Rock River and Mississippi, a distance of about 4% miles. About 3 miles east of Andalusia the bluffs converge so that the width of the flood plain does not exceed U/2 miles. The valley continues about this width to Montpelier, below which it widens to nearly 2 miles, which width it holds as far as Muscatine on the west border of the Edgington quadrangle, with the exception of a slight constriction for two miles below Fairport. This portion of the course of Mississippi River across the Milan and Edgington quadrangles is the lower part of the "upper narrows" of the river which begins at Cordova, about 22 miles above Rock Island. In this part of its course the river was diverted from its pre-glacial channel during Pleistocene time, and has here been cutting a new, relatively narrow channel across the pre-glacial upland. Where the river bends south, at Muscatine, it enters a portion of an old pre-glacial channel, and the flood plain abruptly broadens to a width of 7 miles, which width is maintained farther southward beyond the limits of the quadrangles. Where Rock River enters the Milan quadrangle, the flood plain is 2% miles wide, but the width gradually decreases until at Milan it does not exceed 1% miles. The width of the flood plain of these rivers is clearly controlled by the character of the rock that forms the bordering banks. The glacial drift has offered the least resistance to the erosional work of the streams. Rocks of Pennsylvanian age, especially the sandstones, furnish a fair degree of resistance, but the resistance of the Devonian limestones is far greater than that of either the drift or the sandstone. The narrowing of the valley of Rock River in the vicinity of Milan is clearly due to the rise of the Devonian limestone in the banks on both sides of the stream. In like manner the constriction of the valley of Mississippi River above Andalusia is also due to the presence of Devonian limestone in the valley walls. The less conspicuous narrowing of the valley of the Mississippi below Fairport was caused by the unusual thickness of Pennsylvanian sandstone in the river banks in that locality. The width of the valley of Mill Creek, in the Milan quadrangle, where it is bordered by Devonian limestone for a distance of 4 or 5 miles above the junction with Rock River, is less than one-third 124 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 of its common width farther upstream where the banks are composed of glacial drift or of Pennsylvanian shale and sandstone. The width of the flood plain bordering Edwards River in the Milan quadrangle varies between half a mile and one mile. The other larger streams in the quadrangles are Copperas, Camp, and Eliza creeks. These have developed flood plains throughout the greater part of their length, to a width generally less than one- fourth mile, but the larger ones are in some places nearly half a mile wide. The larger part of the flood plains of Mississippi and Rock rivers lies between 12 and 20 feet above the ordinary level of the water. The range of relief of these flood plains in the Milan quadrangle is less than 50 feet, ranging from about 560 feet above sea level near the channels of the rivers, to about 600 feet at the bases of some of the bordering bluffs. In the Edgington quadrangle the elevation of the surface of the flood plain of Mississippi River ranges from about 540 to 580 feet. The surface of the flood plain of Mississippi River declines 15 feet in the distance of about 21 miles across the quadrangles. The principal inequali- ties of this river flat are broad, shallow depressions, representing partly filled channels that are followed by the flood waters. Such depressions are found northeast of New Rockingham, and also in sees. 3 and 10, South Rock Island Township, and west of Milan along Kickapoo slough. Near the main channel these depressions may contain water the most of the year, and form a network of bayous separated by sand bars or similar deposits of irregular character. Swamps and ponds are numerous over most of this valley flat. In a few places islands of bed rock occur in the flood plain, as Rock Island on which the Government arsenal is located, and Vandruff Island in Rock River, north of Milan. However, most of the islands are formed of alluvium deposited by the river. The thickness of the alluvial deposits along Mississippi and Rock rivers in the Milan and Edgington quadrangles usually varies from 15 to 45 feet, the rock bottom of the valley below the river lying at altitudes of from 515 to 535 feet. This slight thickness of the alluvium in the "narrows" of the river between Cordova and Muscatine is in strong contrast to the depth of alluvial deposits in the old portion of the river valley where it follows a pre- glacial channel (see figure 14). At Fulton, north of the "narrows," the flood-plain deposits extend downward 166 feet below the level of low water in the river, the altitude of the rock at the base of these deposits being about 400 feet above sea level. Udden 1 has reported two wells in the old channel below Muscatine that passed through about 158 feet of alluvial deposits, reaching rock at an altitude a little less than 400 feet above sea level. A well put down near the southeast corner of the Edgington quad- rangle penetrated 120 feet of alluvial material without reaching bed rock. EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: DRAINAGE 125 Along the east bluff of Mississippi River north of Sears, and in the south part of Rock Island, a remnant of an old terrace extends in an al- most continuous belt for 2 to 3 miles. A part of the surface of this ter- race area rises above the 600-foot contour line, and the material consists mostly of cross-bedded sand and gravel. In a few other places terrace remnants appear near the bluffs where creeks leave the uplands in Buffalo, Andalusia, and Black Hawk townships. In places where the slopes of the river banks are gentle the bottom lands rise as the bluffs are approached. This rise is doubtless due to the ! i i 1 I I S80' --. " TCI urti / »,c, 'too* — \ / ' — Smiles HO CI ' on ' ' Fig. 14. — Profile of the rock bottom of Mississippi River between Dubuque and Muscatine. deposition of sediment as sheet wash from the bordering banks, or as low, more or less coalescing alluvial fans deposited where small streams flowing down the steeper bluff slope have been unable. to carry the load of sediment across the level flood plain. DRAINAGE All of the area included in the Milan and Edgington quadrangles be- longs to the Mississippi River drainage system. The Mississippi enters at the northeast corner of the area, flows southwest to the mouth of Rock River, thence nearly west across the northwest quarter of the Milan quad- rangle and the north part of the Edgington, and leaves the area in section 31, T. 17 N., R. 5 W. The drainage basin of Mississippi River above Quincy includes about 135,500 square miles, while that portion of the basin above Moline is about 90,000 square miles. The run-off from the part of the basin above Quincy is about .538 second-feet per square mile. In this part of its course the river carries each year 108 tons of dissolved mineral matter, and 63 tons of suspended matter from each square mile of its drainage basin. At this rate more than 1,100 years are required to lower the entire surface of its drainage basin one inch, which is at the rate of one foot in from 13,000 to 14,000 years. Rock River, the largest tributary of the Mississippi in the quadrangles, rises in Wisconsin, and flows in a southwest direction for nearly 300 miles, joining the Mississippi near the town of Milan. The drainage basin of Rock River is about 10,970 square miles, about half of which is in Wisconsin. From its source to its mouth the river falls about 340 feet, the average lUdden, J. A., Reported by Leverett, U. S. Geological Survey, Mon. 38. p. 475, 1899. 126 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 slope being 1.2 feet to the mile. The greatest fall in Illinois, for any con- siderable distance is from Oregon to Sterling, a distance of 36 miles in which the average slope is 1.31 feet per mile. The average discharge of Rock River into the Mississippi from October 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907, was between 8,000 and 9,000 cubic feet per second. The river removes each year an average of 200 tons of mineral matter in solution and 180 tons of sediment in suspension from each square mile of its drainage basin. At this rate the level of the entire basin would be reduced one inch in 500 years, or at the rate of one foot in about 6,000 vears. Besides Rock River, the larger tributaries to the Mississippi in these quadrangles are Edwards River, and Copperas, Camp, Eliza, and Mill creeks. With the exception of Mill Creek, all of these flow in a general westerly direction, approximately parallel with the Mississippi in this area. Their channels are bordered by narrow, well-defined flood plains having an aver- age slope of 8 to 12 feet to the mile. Mill Creek follows an easterly course throughout the greater part of its length, but bends abruptly northward about 5 miles above its mouth, and continues in this direction to its junc- tion with Rock River a short distance east of Milan. The eastward course of Mill Creek is in a direction opposite to that of the other streams of the area, and its abrupt bend to the northward a few miles above its mouth are peculiar features for a stream in this region. The explanation is prob- ably to be found in the irregularities in the original surface of the drift plain. The surface of the drift is now somewhat higher over the narrow divide between the headwaters of Copperas and Mill creeks than over any other part of the surface bordering the immediate valleys of these streams. This divide west of Reynolds has an elevation of 810 feet above sea level, and toward the south it merges into the watershed between Mill and Camp Creeks, on which, about a mile southeast of Reynolds, is the highest point in the quadrangles. All of the larger streams in the quadrangles have numerous tributaries which generally are two to four miles long and are about one mile apart. They usually follow a north-south direction, and meet their major streams nearly at right angles. CULTURE The larger part of the surface of the quadrangles, except in the lower parts of the flood plains, is under cultivation, and agriculture is the princi- pal industry. The area is rather thickly, though not densely, settled. The largest cities are Rock Island and Moline at the northeast corner of the Milan quadrangle. The population of Rock Island is 35,000, while that of Moline is 31,000. The smaller towns usually have only a few families, or a few hundred inhabitants. In the Milan quadrangle are Milan, Sears, Sherrard, Cable, Matherville, Reynolds, Andalusia, and Taylor Ridge in EDGIN'GTON-MILAN AREA: CULTURE 127 Illinois, and the village of Buffalo in Iowa. In the Edgington quadrangle are the villages of Edgington, Illinois City, and Buffalo Prairie in Illinois, and Fairport and Montpelier on the Iowa side of the river. There are a few commercial coal mines and several local mines in the area, but coal mining is not a very important industry in the quadrangles. Considerable manufacturing is carried on in the cities of Rock Island and Moline, and the railroads give employment to a large number of people. The Milan quadrangle is well provided with transportation facilities, but the Edgington is less fortunate in this regard. The main line of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railways pass through Moline and Rock Island, and follow the north side of the valley of the Mississippi across the north end of the quadrangles to Muscatine. The Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific crosses the northeast quarter of the Milan quadrangle, connecting Rock Island and Peoria. The Sherrard and Cable branch of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, and the Rock Island Southern Interurban connect Rock Island with most of the towns in the Milan quadrangle, and the latter con- tinues southward to Monmouth. The wagon-roads, which are mostly dirt, follow land-survey lines and, except in the more hilly areas and over the swampy flood plains, there are few places in the quadrangles more than half a mile distant from a public road. DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY Stratigraphy general character of the rocks The rocks that are exposed at the surface or have been explored in deep drillings in the Milan and Edgington quadrangles include formations ranging in age from the Cambrian to Recent time. The Cambrian, Ordo- vician, and Silurian strata are known in this area only from deep well ex- plorations made for artesian water in the north part of the Milan quadran- gle, where they have been penetrated to a maximum depth of 2,368 feet The Devonian, Carboniferous, and Pleistocene rocks are known both from natural outcrops and from deep borings. A generalized columnar section of all the formations known in the quadrangles is shown in figure 15. DATA ON ROCKS NOT EXPOSED IN THE QUADRANGLES Information regarding the rocks older than the Devonian in the Milan and Edgington quadrangles has been obtained chiefly from eight deep well borings, a summary of the records of which is given below. As these records have been previously published 1 , some of the details of the logs are here omitted. lUdden, J. A., Deep well borings in Illinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 24, 1914. 128 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Sweetland Creek Cedar Valley Wapsipinicon Niagaran Maquoketa Galena and Platteville St. Peter T~T Prairie du Chien Potsdam" or Upper Cambrian H McLeansboro Carboudale Pottsville Fig. 15. — Generalized columnar section of the rocks exposed, and explored by deep borings in the Milan and Edgington quadrangles. (Scale, 1 inch =400 feet.) EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: STRATIGRAPHY 129 RECORDS OF DEEP WELLS The succession of strata penetrated in the well put down by the Modern Woodmen in Rock Island is as follows. The altitude of the curb is about 565 feet above mean sea level. Log of the Modern Woodmen's well near Seventeenth Street and Third Avenue in Rock Island Thickness Total depth Description of strata Feet Feet Devonian and Silurian systems, undifferentiated — Limestone, samples not studied 160 160 Silurian system — Niagaran limestone — Dolomite, yellowish at the top, white in middle and lower parts, cherty near the base; molds of crinoid stems near the middle 300 460 Ordovician system — Maquoketa shale — Shale, fossiliferous in upper half, containing layers of dolo- mite at different levels, the lower 40 feet bituminous 170 630 Galena dolomite- Dolomite, coarse texture in some parts, with some chert 250 880 Platteville limestone — Limestone, non-magnesian, gray 85 965 Shale, green, and some sand 35 1000 St. Peter sandstone — Sand, quartz, in white, rounded grains 115 ? 1115 ? Shale, green 8 1123 The deepest drilling made in the quadrangles was the well put down by the Tri-City Railway Company, in Prospect Park, in Moline. The rec- ord below 1,161 feet was furnished by J. G. Huntoon. The elevation of the top of the well is 611 feet above the sea. Log of the Tri-City Railway Company's well in Prospect Park, Moline, near the center of the east line of sec. 8, T. 17 N., R. 1 W. Thickness Total depth Description of strata Feet Feet Quaternary and Pennsylvanian, undifferentiated — Boulder clay above, and shale and sandstone of Pennsylva- nian age below 71 71 Devonian system — Middle Devonian series — Wapsipinicon and Cedar Valley limestones — Limestone, mostly compact, gray, or white, nonmagnesian. . 59 130 Silurian system — Niagaran series — Dolomite, straw-colored to grayish-white, and white, in places porous, and containing pockets of clay and some chert in the lower part 356 486 130 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Log of the Tri-City Railway Company's well in Prospect Park, Moline, near the center of the east line of sec. 8, T.17 N., R.l W . — Concluded Thickness Depth Feet Feet Ordovician system — Cincinnatian series Maquoketa shale Shale, gray and dark gray, containing fragments of brach- iopods above, and bituminous material in the lower part. . 235 721 Mohawkian series — Platteville and Galena limestones — Dolomite, gray and yellowish-gray, with some chert in lower part 200 921 Limestone, yellowish-gray and bluish-gray, fissile, with a little chert 130 1051 Clay, greenish-gray, with rounded grains of sand 40 1091 St. Peter sandstone — Sandstone, in clean rounded quartz grains 40 1131 Clay or shale, greenish-gray, pyritiferous 30 1161 Canadian series — Prairie du Chien limestone — Limestone (Shakopee) 419 1580 Sandstone, hard and soft (New Richmond) 60 1640 Limestone, hard and soft 265 1915 Limestone and shale 10 1925 Sandstone, hard and soft 30 1955 Limestone 25 1980 Cambrian system — "Potsdam" series — Sandstone 110 2090 Shale, sandy 60 2150 Limestone and shale, with salt water 50 2200 Shale, sandy 65 2265 Sandstone 103 2368 A driller's record of the strata penetrated in the deep well in the town of Milan is given below. The elevation of the curb above sea level is 566 feet. Log of the Milan city well, located on the south bank of Rock River . . Thickness Total depth Description of strata Fegf Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent series — Alluvium 7 7 Devonian system — Middle Devonian — Wapsipinicon and Cedar Valley limestones — Limestone, white (estimated) 58 65 Silurian system — Niagaran series — Limestone, white 325 390 EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: STRATIGRAPHY 131 Log of the Milan city well, located on the South bank of Rock River — Concluded. Thickness Depth Feet Feet Ordovician system — Cincinnatian series — Maquoketa shale — Shale, gray 160 550 Shale, with streaks of limestone 55 605 Mohawkian series — Galena limestone — Limestone, brown 95 700 Limestone, white 140 840 Platteville limestone — Limestone, brownish 90 930 Shale 30 960 St. Peter sandstone — Sand, quartz, in rounded grains 90 1050 Limestone, sandy, or calcareous sandstone 10 1060 Sand and limestone, with some shale 35 1095 Sandstone, hard and sharp 20 1115 Marl, red 10 1125 Canadian series — Prairie du Chien limestone — Limestone, white (Shakopee dolomite) 32 1157 A log of the Mitchell and Lynde well in Rock Island, was furnished by J. H. Southwell as follows. The elevation of the curb was 558 feet above sea level. Log of the Mitchell and Lynde well, located between East and West Seventeenth Streets, north of Second Avenue, in Rock Island Thickness Total depth Description of strata Feet Feet Devonian system — Limestone 60 60 Silurian system — Limestone (Niagaran) 276 336 Ordovician system — Shale (Maquoketa) 180 ? 516 Limestone (Galena) 353 ? 869 Limestone (Platteville) 90 959 Sandstone (St. Peter) 186 1145 Limestone (Prairie du Chien) 811 1956 Cambrian system — Sandstone, compact ■ 30 1986 Limestone 35 2021 Sandstone 130 2151 Limestone, shaly 75 2226 Sandstone 97 2323 132 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 There is given below a record of the strata penetrated in a well drilled by the Rock Island Brewing Company in Rock Island. The elevation of the curb is 654 feet above sea level. Log of the Rock Island Brewing Company's well, on Elm Street, near Ninth Avenue, in Rock Island Thickness Total depth Description of strata Feet Feet Quaternary and Pennsylvanian systems — Undifferentiated 100 100 Devonian system — Middle Devonian series — Wapsipinicon and Cedar Valley limestones — Limestone, gray, with some shale in the lower 20 feet 50 150 Silurian system — Niagaran series Dolomite, yellowish-brown, with cavities filled with sandy shale 375 525 Ordovician system — Cincinnatian series— Maquoketa shale — Shale, bluish gray 205 730 Mohawkian series — Galena and Platteville limestones — Limestone 330 1060 Shale, blue 25 1085 St. Peter sandstone — Sandstone, with some shale below 204 1289 Canadian series — Prairie du Chien limestone — Limestone, with some caving shale and rotten limestone (Shakopee dolomite) 315 1604 Cambrian system — "Potsdam" series — Not described 346 1950 Sandstone of various colors 207 2157 THE GENERALIZED SECTION From a study of the well records above described, supplemented by data from some other wells in this vicinity, the general character and thick- ness of the underlying rocks penetrated in deep drillings, but nowhere ex- posed in the quadrangles, are known with a fair degree of accuracy. Cambrian System "potsdam" series In the Mitchell and Lynde well a change from dolomite to compact sandstone was reported at a depth of 1,956 feet. A similar change at the base of this dolomite was noted in the well at the Glucose Factory in Daven- port, a short distance north of the Milan quadrangle. The 347 feet of rock EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: CAMBRIAN SYSTEM 133 penetrated below the depth of 1,956 feet in the Mitchell and Lynde boring consisted of compact sandstone, 30 feet; limestone, 35 feet; sandstone, 130 feet; shaly limestone and shale, 75 feet; sandstone, 97 feet. In the well at the Glucose Factory in Davenport, the corresponding strata as far as explored were reported as follows : shale, 40 feet ; sandy limestone, 20 feet ; sandy rock, 160 feet; shale, 50 feet. Some of the sand in this part of the boring is said to be red. In the record of the Rock Island Brewing Company's well, on Elm Street, the strata penetrated below 1,950 feet were said to consist of "sand rock of various colors." In the log of the Tri- City Railway well in Prospect Park, in Moline, the strata beneath the Or- dovician dolomites are described as follows: sand rock, 110 feet; sandy shale, 60 feet; limestone and shale with salt water, 50 feet; sandy shale, 65 feet; sand rock, 3 feet. Ordovician System prairie du chien limestone The reported thickness of the Prairie du Chien limestone in the Mitchell and Lynde well is 811 feet. In the Paper Mill well in Moline 487 feet of this formation was penetrated, and 122 feet of sandstone is reported as occurring between 315 to 437 feet below the St. Peter sandstone. From samples of rock drillings from the City Park well in Davenport, which explored the upper 600 feet of this formation, some of the rock is known to consist of dolomite with more or less sand, and it also contains some green shale and some glauconite. The sandstone reported in the record of the Paper Mill well, between the depths 1,456 and 1,587 feet, is probably equivalent to the New Richmond sandstone member of the Prairie du Chien limestone. ST. PETER SANDSTONE The St. Peter sandstone is an important source of artesian water in northern Illinois and eastern Iowa, and it has been penetrated by almost all of the deep water wells in this region. In the most of the records of deep wells in the quadrangles a bed of shale is reported immediately above and another below the main bed of St. Peter sandstone. The normal sand- stone is composed of well-rounded grains of clear quartz, remarkably free from impurities of any kind. The thickness of this formation recorded in the various logs of deep wells in the quadrangles ranges from 50 to 186 feet, the average being nearly 100 feet. The shaly material in the basal part of the formation is quite variable. In the Prospect Park well it is a green shale; in the Paper Mill well it is reported as a red marl; and in the log of the Milan city well it was described as "sand and limestone with shale and crevices," and some hard sharp sandstone resting on ten feet of red marl. The average thickness of these variable, basal, beds of the St. Peter formation, as given in the various records, is 37 feet. 134 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 The shale reported immediately above the St. Peter sandstone is green- ish and probably belongs to the basal Platteville. In the Paper Mill well from which the greatest thickness of this part of the section was reported, it was said to be sandy, and contained streaks of sandstone. Elsewhere it has been found to contain rounded grains of sand and some white chert with a peculiar reticulated structure. It usually contains marcasite, and some dark and more indurated shale. In six borings in or near the qua- drangles the average thickness of this shale horizon was about 40 feet. PLATTEVILLE LIMESTONE The rock overlying the shale above the St. Peter sandstone is a gray, non-magnesian limestone, highly fissile in the direction of its bedding planes. Some of the layers contain chert, and imbedded quartz sand grains of variable color. Fragments of bryozoa and other fossils have been noted in some of the drillings of the Platteville. Drillers usually have not re- ported this formation separately from the overlying Galena, but its meas- ured thickness in four wells averaged nearly 100 feet, and ranged from 85 to 130 feet. GALENA DOLOMITE The Galena formation is usually a dolomite, the upper 50 feet of which is compact and light gray, below which the color changes to yellowish gray and the texture becomes more porous. The lower, yellowish rock in places contains some chert and quartz sand grains of various colors. At a level about 100 feet below the top of the formation, structures resembling sphe- rules of oolite have been distinguished in some of the drillings. The porous portion of the Galena dolomite usually furnishes an abundant supply of water, but it is nearly always more highly charged with hydrogen sulphide gas than the water from any other deep water-bearing horizon in this region. In four wells where it has been separately measured, the thickness of the Galena ranged from 200 to 353 feet, with an average of 260 feet. In two wells where the Galena and the Platteville have not been separately meas- ured, the average combined thickness was 395 feet. The average thickness of the Galena dolomite reported in all of the deep wells in and near the cities of Rock Island, Moline, and Davenport is about 262 feet. MAQUOKETA SHALE The lithologic characters of the Maquoketa shale are quite constant in the different wells in this immediate region, and certain features of lithology and texture are characteristic of certain horizons within the formation. The uppermost 120 to 150 feet of the formation consists of light greenish-gray shale, with little calcareous material, except in places near the top where fragments of calcareous shells are common, and sand is also present. A short distance below the middle of the formation the shale becomes gray EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: ORDOVICIAN SYSTEM 135 and more calcareous. At this horizon crinoid segments, bryozoa, and other fossils are usually present in greater or less numbers. Marcasite is most abundant in a zone extending from the base of this fossiliferous horizon down to within 20 feet of the base of the formation. The lower 20 to 50 feet of the Maquoketa consists of dark, in places almost black, bituminous shale, which contains a considerable amount of combustible matter. It also contains some peculiar microscopic, brownish-yellow flakes which have an irregular outline and uneven surface, and some minute irregular agglomer- ations of extremely small particles suggestive of flocculation in the forma- tion of these sediments. These agglomerations occur sparingly throughout the thickness of the Maquoketa, but are most abundant in the dark shale near the base where they appear to be composed of a greater number of particles than in the gray and green shale at higher levels. Layers of dark and gray dolomite in places occur at various levels in the formation. The measured thickness of the Maquoketa in seven wells in the quadrangles ranges from 170 to 235 feet, the average being 204 feet. Silurian System n i ag aran limestone The Silurian strata in this region are dolomitic, and are of Niagaran age. The upper third of the formation is a porous, and mostly coarsely crystalline dolomite which corresponds to the phase to which the name Le- claire limestone has been applied by the Iowa geologists. 1 This phase of the Niagaran dolomite outcrops on both sides of Mississippi River a short distance above the town of Hampton, about 12 miles northeast of the Milan quadrangle. The rock contains molds of brachiopods and crinoid stems, and is yellow where exposed, although the cuttings obtained from wells are more often white and granular. The lower half of the Niagaran limestone is of finer texture, somewhat softer, and less porous than the upper part, and shows dark streaks and blotches due to oxide of manganese. In some wells very hard dolomite has been penetrated near the middle part of the Niag- aran. A thickness of forty feet or less in the basal part of the Silurian limestone contains several layers of chert or flint. The upper half of the formation is water-bearing and is the source from which many deep farm wells in the surrounding country obtain their supply of water. The Niagaran limestone has many solution caverns, most of which are filled with sand and green clay. Seven measurements of the thickness of the Niagaran limestone in the well records of these quadrangles range from 276 to 375 feet, the average being 330 feet. This variation in thickness is thought to be mostly due to an erosional unconformity between the Niagaran and the overlying Devonian limestone. iNorton, W. H., Geology of Scott County, Ann. Rept. Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. IX, p. 423. 1898. 136 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 ROCKS EXPOSED IN OR NEAR THE EDGINGTON AND MILAN QUADRANGLES Devonian System wapsipinicon and cedar valley limestones The Devonian rocks in the Milan and Edgington quadrangles are about 140 feet thick, and consist mostly of limestone, with some shale and some dolomite. These should all be regarded as of upper Devonian age, and represent the Wapsipinicon and Cedar Valley stages. They outcrop only Fig. 16. — Thin-bedded limestone just below the horizon of the Acervularia davidsoni coral-reef horizon. The slightly overhanging- layer in the upper right-hand side of the ledge is the coral reef rock. Exposure on Mill Creek near Milan. in and near the valleys of Mississippi and Rock rivers in this region, but probably underlie the entire extent of the quadrangles. The general sec- tion of Devonian strata exposed near and within the limits of the quad- rangles is given below : Generalized section of the Devonian limestone in and near the Milan and Edgington quadrangles Thickness Feet 10. Dolomite, yellowish-gray to brown, compact, in layers ^ to 2 feet thick, alternating with thinner layers of clayey shale, containing many Strom- atoporoids, Zaphrentis sp., Stropheodonta cf. concava, Spirifer iowensis, S. subvaricosa, and Atrypa reticularis; exposed along several of the creeks within a few miles both east and west of Andalusia 20 EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: DEVONIAN SYSTEM 137 Generalized section of the Devonian limestone in and near the Milan and Edgington quadrangles — Continued. Thickness Feet Limestone, thin bedded, gray, with partings of shale ; containing Stroma- toporoids, Stropheodonta demissa, Schizophoria iowensis, Athyris ful- tonensis, Atrypa reticularis (large shells), Gomphoceras cf. ajax, and other fossils ; exposed near the mouths of a few of the streams within V/2 miles east and west of Andalusia, and in the vicinity of Buffalo, on the north side of the river 4 Dolomite, yellowish-gray, in layers 12 inches or less thick; containing Cystodictya hamiltonensis, Stropheodonta demissa, Athyris fultonensis, Spirifcr asper, Spirifer euryteines, Spirifcr subvaricosus, Cyrtina hamil- tonensis, Atrypa reticularis (small shells), and other fossils 6 Limestone; the upper W2 feet is a coral reef (fig. 16), containing a pro- fusion of corals, and other fossils, of which Acervularia davidsoni, A. profunda, Cystiphyllum cf. americanum, Favosites placenta, Alveolites goldfussi, Cladopora sp., and Atrypa reticularis are common. At the base is an organic sand or breccia which in places projects by inter- secting vertical plates into the underlying layer. This bed is exposed in the bank of the river below Andalusia. On account of its resistance to weathering it forms small rapids in a number of the small creeks on the north side of the river below Linwood, and forms the capping of the Devonian outcrops above Buffalo, and in the right bank of Mill Creek near the center of sec. 25, T. 17 N., R. 2 W., where it is the highest layer of Devonian limestone exposed 8 Limestone, impure, bluish-gray, crinoidal, thin-bedded, weathering yel- low ; containing the fossils Cladopora iowensis, Striatopora rugosa, Megistocrinus latus, Stropheodonta demissa, Leptostrophia perplana, Chonetcs scitulus, Spirifer asper, Spirifer euryteines, Spirifer iozvensis, Spirifer subvaricosus, Cyrtina umbonata, and Dinichthys pustulo- sus ; exposed at most of the localities where the overlying coral reef outcrops 5 Limestone, blue, argillaceous, fine grained, with oblique fracture, weather- ing more rapidly than the overlying or underlying strata ; containing Spirophyton sp., Streptelasma rectum, Stropheodonta demissa, Lepto- strophia perplana, Chonetes scitulus, Spirifer iowensis, Spirifer sub- varicosus, Cyrtina umbonata, Atrypa reticularis, Atrypa asp era var. hystrix, and other fossils. This limestone is exposed in the abandoned quarry near the corner of Fifth Avenue and Thirty-fifth Street in Rock Island ; it forms the beach of the river front in Buffalo, and outcrops in the quarries near Linwood and Buffalo, and in the banks of nearly all of the creeks north of Mississippi River, and it is the most con- spicuous part of the Devonian section along Mill Creek, in sec. 25, T. 17 N., R. 2 W 20 Limestone, fine grained, rather thin bedded, the layers separated by part- ings of greenish shale; containing the fossils Acervularia davidsoni, Hel- iophyllum halli, Cystiphyllum americanum, C. sulcatum, Favosites al- penensis, Schizophoria iowensis, Pentamerella dubia, Productella sub- 138 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Generalised section of the Devonian limestone in and near the Milan and Edgington quadrangles — Continued. Thickness Feet alata, Spirifer asper, S. bimesialis, Cyrtina umbonata, and many other fossils. This is the upper rock formerly quarried in Rock Island, Sears, and on Mill Creek 5 imestone, hard, gray, in indistinct layers V2 to 2 feet thick ; containing Astreospongia hamiltonensis, Stromatoporoids, Heliophyllum halli, Cho- nophyllum magnificum, DiplophyUum cf. archiaci, Phillipsastrea billingsi, Cystiphyllnm sulcatum, Favosites alpenensis, Spirifer subundiferus, Phacops rana, and Dinichthys pustulosus. This limestone outcrops near the railroad bridge across Mill Creek, and near the wagon bridges across Rock River ; it is the main horizon formerly worked in the old quarries in Rock Island, and near Milan, and in the west part of Daven- port, and it is exposed in several places in the north bank of the Mis- sissippi as far west as Linwood 7 Fig. 17. — Fhotograph showing the character of the brecciated limestone in the basal part of the Devonian, near Rock Island, Illinois. (No. 2 of the g-eneralized section of the Devonian limestone.) Limestone, white to dark gray, fine grained, with few fossils ; in layers V2 to 3V2 feet thick, in places finely laminated, and showing dome-like convexities from V2 to 1 foot in diameter ; usually much fractured and brecciated into fragments from 1 inch to 2 feet in diameter ; worked in the Cady quarry in East Moline, and exposed in the south bank of the Mississippi in the city of Rock Island, and in the quarries around Oakdale on the north side of the river, and on Horse, Suburban, Sylvan, and Rock (Government) islands. It forms the main bed rock in the Rock River valley between Milan and Sears, and is exposed in the bed of Mill Creek near the Railroad Bridge in sec. 25, T. 17 N., R. 2 W 50 EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: DEVONIAN SYSTEM 139 Generalised section of the Devonian limestone in and near the Milan and Edgington quadrangles — Concluded. Thickness Feet 1. Limestone, white to yellowish gray, fine grained, not brecciated, in ir- regular layers some of which are porous and more or less bituminous ; containing spherical concretions of chalcedonic quartz and numerous shells of Spirifer subumbonus. One of the layers, 1 to 2 feet thick, is crowded with shells of Spirifer subumbonus. This basal Devonian lime- stone is exposed on the east side of Campbells Island, about 4 miles northeast of the Milan quadrangle, and on the Illinois side of the river opposite this locality, and was partly explored in deepening the Sylvan channel above the Moline bridge near the east end of Rock Island (Government Island). Exposed 9 feet,, estimated thickness 20 In the south part of the Milan and in the Edgington quadrangles, sev- eral borings have pased through the Pennsylvanian rocks, and entered the Devonian limestone at depths varying usually from 150 to 250 feet; but in a few of the wells in the south part of the Milan quadrangle the depth to the top of the Devonian exceeds 300 feet. The greater depth to the limestone in this part of the area suggests that it may here be overlain by a remnant of the Sweetland Creek (Upper Devonian) shale, as it is in places in the north part of the Edgington quadrangle in Muscatine County, Iowa, and in Schuyler County and elsewhere in Illinois ; but this shale is not exposed in the Illinois portion of the quadrangles. The Devonian limestone above described falls readily into three easily distinguishable horizons, as follows : Upper horizon : Dolomites and limestones, in places shaly, including numbers 8, 9, and 10 of the preceding general section. Middle horizon : Limestones, mostly shaly, including numbers 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of the preceding general section. Lower horizon : Limestone, mostly brecciated except in basal part, with few fossils, including numbers 1 and 2 of the preceding general section. During the time of deposition of these limestones there seem to have occurred several changes in the sedimentary process. The lower group of limestones is mainly composed of a calcareous slime which may have ac- cumulated rather rapidly. The middle group of shaly limestones (fig. 18) contains fossils which in places in the lower half are worn and more or less etched, and may represent levels of corrasion by submarine currents. The upper part of this group consists of crinoidal limestone deposited in quiet waters where even the delicate arms and calyx portions of large crinoids could be occasionally imbedded, and thus become preserved. These quiet conditions of crinoid growth were followed rather abruptly by widespread 140 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 coral growth in such numbers that the accumulation of their hard parts formed a coral reef (fig. 16) over all of this region, constituting the basal member of the upper group. The thickness of the Devonian is different in different parts of the quadrangles, partly on account of the erosional uncomformity both above and below it, and partly as a result of the gen- eral dip toward the southwest of about 6 feet to the mile. West of Oak- dale the southwestward dip is more than 12 feet per mile. The average slope of the upper surface of the Devonian is about 9 feet to the mile in a nearly southward direction. This difference in the direction of slope of the old erosion plane, and of the dip, indicates that the limestone is thickest in the southwest part of the area, and thins toward the northeast. Fig. 13. — Shaly limestone in the middle part of the Devonian section, along Mill Creek, near Milan, Illinois. (No. 5 of the generalized section of the Devonian limestone.) In the country east of the junction of the Mississippi and Rock rivers, the pre-Pennsylvanian erosion of the Devonian removed all of the upper group and most of the middle one, while west of this junction probably all of the middle group, and nearly all of the upper one is usually present. SWEETLAND CREEK SHALE The Sweetland Creek shale (fig. 19) is brown to black in color, and contains numerous spores of a fern-like plant called Sporangites huronense. This shale is well exposed in the bed and banks of Sweetland Creek, in sees. 22 and 27, T. 77 N., R. 1 W., and in a few other places north of Mis- sissippi River in the Edgington quadrangle. A brown shale ranging from EDGINGTON-MII AN AREA: DEVONIAN SYSTEM 141 a few feet to thirty feet thick was reported immediately above the Devon- ian limestone in the driller's logs of a number of coal-test borings in Buffalo Prairie Township. This shale is thought to represent the Upper Fig. 19. — Sweetland Creek shale, along Sweetland Creek in the northwest quarter of the Edgington quadrangle. Devonian (Sweetland Creek) shale which is known to be present at this horizon in many places farther east and south in Illinois. Mississippian System Strata of Mississippian age appear to be entirely absent from this im- mediate region, although chert masses are in places found in the basal con- glomerate of the Pottsville that contain casts of Mississippian fossils which indicate that the lower Mississippian strata had originally been deposited over the entire quadrangles and possibly much farther north, but they were removed by erosion prior to the deposition of the Pottsville sediments. Pennsylvanian System The Pennsylvanian system is represented in the Edgington and Milan quadrangles by rocks of Pottsville and McLeansboro age and some Carbon- dale strata are also thought to be present. 142 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 191! The strata of Pennsylvanian age in the Milan and Edgington quadran- gles are known from numerous outcrops, and also by means of test bor- ings. Their character is shown in the generalized columnar section in fig- ure 15, and on the following pages by means of sections and descriptions of outcrops. The greatest known thickness of the Pennsylvanian rocks in the Milan and Edgington quadrangles is in the SW. cor. SW. % SE. 14 sec. 27, Buf- Fig. 20. -Contact of the Devonian limestone and the basal Pottsville conglomerate, near Andalusia, Illinois. falo Prairie Township, where a depth of 231 feet of these rocks was re- ported in a test boring. In the south part of the Milan quadrangle, where the greatest thickness might be expected on account of the southeastward dip of the Pennsylvanian rocks and the southward inclination of the upper surface of the Devonian, the thickness of the Pennsylvanian rocks is not known to exceed 150 feet. In the north third of the Milan quadrangle the thickness of the Penn- sylvanian rocks ranges from a few feet, where present at all, to about 100 feet, probably averaging about 50 feet. In the middle third of this quad- EDGINGTON-MTLAN AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 143 rangle the average thickness is probably near 100 feet, and in the south third, the average thickness is perhaps 150 feet. In the west half of the Milan quadrangle the average thickness of the Pennsylvanian rocks is prob- i * k"- ^K* :V ' ri^^E^ ' • I^^T^***"" - - — ■ :.-.?. _i__.± MbbIS "**•? P 6 *^ fe«; : " * ,**fflHP! ■ Shale, sandy, gray 13 Sandstone 9 Rock Island ( ?) coal and associated strata. — From one-half mile to one mile farther down the creek in the SE. 14 sec - 21, and the SW. % sec - 22, T. 16 N., R. 4 W., the following succession of strata outcrop at an altitude lower than the base of the last section: Section of strata exposed in the SE.% sec. 21, T.16N., RAW. Thickness Feet Shale, dark 11 Shale, dark and light, with concretionary clay-ironstone bands 16 Limestone, dark, fossiliferous IK -\~ Coal (No. 1) (?) (altitude about 654 feet) l l A EDGIXGTOX-MILAX AREA: PEXXSYLVAXIAX SYSTEM 155 The coal has been worked by drifts in a number of places near the junction of this stream with Copperas Creek. Rocks corresponding to some part of the shale portion of the last section are exposed in the banks of Copperas Creek in places for a distance of two miles above the mouth of this stream. About three miles farther west, along a tributary of Cop- peras Creek, in the W. % sec. 19 and the N. y 2 sec. 24, of the same town- ship, and farther west in the Edgington quadrangle, the Rock Island (No. 1) (?) coal and its limestone cap rock are absent, and their place appears to be occupied by a sandstone bed 28 feet thick, which is thought to correspond to the sandstone that outcrops in the upper part of the river bluff west of Jimtown School. Fig. 2 4. — Sandstone overlying a thin coal bed in the lower part of the Pottsville formation, in the SW. % see. 23, Drury Township. In the SW. % sec. 23, T. 16 N., R. 5 W., there is exposed the follow- ing succession of strata (see fig. 24) belonging to a level below the sand- stone above described : Section of strata outcropping in sec. 23, T.16N., R.5W. Thickness Feet Sandstone, yellowish gray 6 Coal y 2 to 1 Shale, gray and dark 18 The lowest strata appearing along Copperas Creek are exposed along a stream in the NW. % sec. 29 of Drury Township. 156 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Section of strata in the NW \ l / A sec. 29, T.16N., R.5W. Thickness Feet Shale, gray 7 Shale, sandy, or shaly sandstone 11 Coal (altitude 592 feet) 1 Underclay, gray Y2 to 1 Sandstone, thin bedded 19 In places these strata lie nearly horizontal, and in others they dip south- ward at a low angle. A limestone that may represent the limestone above the Rock Island ( No. 1 ) (?) coal bed is reported in the log of a boring in the NE. % NW. *4 sec. 34, T. 16 N., R. 4 W., at an altitude about 642 feet above seal level. This coal and the dark limestone cap rock are exposed in the SE. ^ sec - 21, about one and one-half miles north of the test boring last mentioned, but they are not known farther west in the Edgington quadrangle on the Illinois side of the river. The coal outcrops on the Iowa side of the river in the north part of the Milan quadrangle, where it has been mined in a small way a short distance north of the center of sec. 11, T. 17 N., R. 2 E., at an elevation of about 650 feet, and near the northwest corner of sec. 15 of the same township, where the elevation is about 660 feet. It also outcrops near the middle of the SE. *4 sec. 20, T. 77 N., R, 1 E., at an elevation of about 658 feet. Most of the logs of coal-test borings in sees. 16, 21, 22, 27, 2&, 29, and 34, T. 16 N., R. 4 W., report neither the coal nor the dark limestone cap rock that usually overlies it. These strata are not exposed at any other places along the streams in the northern, middle, and western parts of these quadrangles. CARBONDALE AND MCLEANSBORO FORMATIONS Along Camp Creek and its branches, in the southeast quarter of the Edgington quadrangle, the Herrin (No. 6) coal bed, with its dark lime- stone cap rock containing Girtyina ventricosa, outcrops in several places at altitudes ranging from 645 to 675 feet. Along the roadside in the north bank of Camp Creek, near the middle of the S. ^ sec. 24, T. 15 N., R. 4 W., the following succession of rocks is exposed : Section of rocks exposed near the middle of the S. Vz sec. 24, T. 15 N., R. 4 W . Thickness Feet Sandstone, thin bedded 5 Limestone, dark, shaly, containing Girtyina ventricosa 12 Coal (Herrin or No. 6, altitude 672 feet) 2]/ 2 Underclay, gray 4 The sandstone member number 4 of the above section is said to be 35 feet thick in an old coal shaft near this place. EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 157 A few rods south of the exposure above described, the Herrin coal out- crops at about the same elevation, and is overlain by sandstone, the limestone cap rock being absent. Here, as elsewhere, such alternations of sandstone and limestone immediately above the coal bed within so short a distance are thought to indicate erosional unconformity, the limestone normally lying above this coal having been removed by erosion previous to the deposition of the sandstone that in places rests directly upon this coal bed. Probably in places the coal also was entirely removed. Herrin (No. 6) coal was formerly worked by several drifts near the south side of the NW. % sec. 19, T. 15 N., R. 3 W., at an altitude about 675 feet above sea level. No good exposures were seen in the last locality, but fragments of dark lime- stone on the old coal dumps indicate that the dark limestone cap rock that normally overlies this coal in the vicinity of Matherville and in Fulton County, is also here present above the coal. This same coal bed is exposed in two or three places in the NE. ^ SE. >4 sec. 24, T. 15 N., R. 3 W., where the following section was made, but the dark limestone that usually overlies it is absent. Section of strata exposed in the NE. % SE. 1 4 i sec. 24, T. 15 N., R. 3 W. Thickness Feet Shale and sandstone 17 Sandstone, thin bedded 8 Coal ( No. 6, altitude 673 feet) 2 Shale, gray above and dark below 9 Strata similar to those in the outcrop above described are exposed near the middle of the north side of sec. 25 of Duncan Township, where the altitude of the coal is about 662 feet. The Herrin (No. 6) coal also has been drifted on in several places in the SE. % sec. 23 of Duncan Town- ship, at an elevation of about 657 feet above sea level. A section of the rocks in this locality is given below : Section of strata exposed in the SE. % sec. 23, T.15N., RAW. Thickness Feet Sandstone, or sandy shale 16 Coal (No. 6, altitude about 657 feet) 2 Shale, light and dark 20 In the south bank of Little Camp Creek, in the SW. *4 sec. 34, Duncan Township, the Herrin coal and associated strata are exposed, as shown in the section given below : 158 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Section of rocks exposed in the SW . % sec. 34, T.15N., RAW. Thickness Feet Coal ( No. 6, altitude 658 feet) 2 Shale, gray and dark 23 Coal , y 2 Shale 2 The Herrin coal and the dark limestone cap rock outcrop near the middle of the north side of the SE. l /\ sec. 27 of the same township, as shown below : Section of rocks exposed in north side of the SE. J4 sec. 27 , T. 15 N., R. 4 IV. Thickness Feet Sandstone 3 Limestone, dark with several fossils 2 Coal ( Herrin or No. 6) 3 Shale, light and dark 12 The limestone above the Herrin coal at this place furnished the fossils Girtyina ventricosa, Orbiculoidca missonriensis, Productus cora, Productus scmireticulatus, Marginifera muricata, Spirifcr camcratus, and Composita argentca, which species also occur in the limestone above this coal farther southeast in Fulton County. Farther west, in the southwest quarter of the Edgington quadrangle, no rocks of Pennsylvanian age outcrop along Eliza Creek or its tributaries or on Winters Creek, or along the tributaries of Mississippi River south of Copperas Creek, except a few small exposures in sec. 6, Eliza Township, where the following succession of strata was seen in the bank of the river nearly a mile west of the quadrangle : Strata exposed in the bank of the river near the ivest side of sec. 6, T. 15 N., R. 5 W. Thickness Feet Coal (altitude about 573 feet) \ l / 2 Shale 3 Sandstone 14 to 17 h\ the southeast quarter of the Milan quadrangle the Herrin (No. 6) coal is exposed in several places in the vicinity of Matherville, at elevations ranging from 624 to 650 feet above sea level. The coal bed varies con- siderably in thickness from place to place; even in the same mine it is said to be 4 feet thick or more in some places, and to pinch out entirely in others. The thickness is said to be more persistent in a north-south than in an east-west direction. The dark limestone is usually present above the coal in this region. Along a stream near the center of sec. 33, Preemption Township, the Herrin coal has been mined in a drift at an altitude of 652 feet. The bed at this place is 3 feet 10 inches thick, and is overlain by a thickness of EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 159 12 feet of dark limestone called "blue rock" by the miner. A section of the strata exposed at this locality is as follows : Section of rocks exposed near the middle of sec. 33, T. 15 W., R. 2 W . Thickness Feet Sandstone, white, shaly 3 Shale, dark and gray 11 Limestone, dark, shaly, f ossiliferous 9 Coal (Xo. 6, altitude about 652 feet) iy 2 Shale, gray 7 Sandstone 1 Shale, gray \ l A The fossils in the limestone above the coal at this place include Gir- tyina ventricosa, Productus cora, Spirifer cameratus, Composita argentea. In the shaft of mine No. 3 of the Coal Valley Mining Company, in the SE. J /\. sec. 27, Preemption Township, the Herrin (No. 6) coal lies about 69 feet below the surface at an altitude of about 624 feet above the sea. The coal in this mine is pockety, ranging in thickness from less than 3 to nearly 5 feet and dipping in different directions in different parts of the mine. About 30 rods north of the place where the last section was made, a thickness of 12 feet of sandstone is exposed at the level of the limestone member in the detailed section last described. Along the wagon road up the hill on the east side of this creek, along the north side of the NE. % sec. 33, Preemption Township, the following succession of strata is exposed : Section of strata exposed along the north side, sec. 33, T. 15 N., R. 2 W . Thickness Feet Shale 3 Limestone, concretionary, with cone-in-cone structure 1 to 2 Shale, gray 7 Sandstone 16 The altitude of the concretionary limestone is about 693 feet, or about 41 feet higher than the level of No. 6 coal less than a mile farther south. In a drift mine operated by Dougherty Brothers in the SW. *4 sec. 26, Preemption Township, the Herrin coal is worked at an altitude of about 646 feet. The bed is 3 to 4 feet thick, and is overlain by 2 feet of black, fissile shale, followed above by 14 feet of dark limestone underlying 13 feet of sandstone. 160 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 A coal-test boring in the town of Cable penetrated the following suc- cession of Pennsylvanian rocks, as shown in the log furnished by Mr. B. B. Peterson : Log of test boring in the town of Cable Description of strata Thickness Depth Quaternary system— Feet Feet Pleistocene and Recent — Soil and clay 9 9 Pennsylvanian system — Pottsville formation — Sandstone and shale 3 12 Limestone, blue, shaly 9 21 Coal (No. 1 ( ?) altitude 654 feet) 3j4 2¥/ 2 Underclay and shale 57 81 ^4 Sandstone 30 111^4 Coal (altitude 585 feet) 2^ 114 Underclay and shale 12 126 Devonian system — Limestone 52 178 The altitude of the upper coal, possibly No. 1, at this place is about 654 feet, and the elevation of the top of the Devonian limestone is about 549 feet. This coal is also exposed along a stream south of the wagon road in the N. l / 2 sec. 20, Richland Grove Township, where the following section was made : Section of strata exposed along a stream in sec. 20, T. 15 N., R. 1 IV. Thickness Feet Limestone, dark 2-\- Coal (No. 1(?), altitude about 667 feet) 2 Underclay 4 In an abandoned drift mine in the NE. % sec. 20, T. 15 N., R. 1 W., this same coal bed lies at an altitude of 662 feet, and ranges in thick- ness from 2 to 3 feet. In a local mine working this coal about one-half mile east of Cable, the bed is said to average 3% feet thick and lies at an elevation of about 646 feet. The operator reported that the coal was thickest in the lowest part of the depressions, and that dark shale comes in above the coal and has the greatest thickness over the lowest part of the depressions. In mine No. 2 of the Coal Valley Mining Company at Sherrard, it is reported that the coal ranges in thickness from 3 to 5 feet in places where it has been mined, but it becomes so thin toward the east, north, and west that it does not pay to work it farther in those directions. The thickness persists toward the south, in which direction they have mined into the old works at Cable. The coal is said to be undulating, the ridges and troughs corresponding in a general way with the hills and EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 161 valleys in the surface. A difference in elevation between the crest of the ridges and the bottom of the troughs is in some places as much as 12 feet. The coal is reported to be usually thicker in the troughs than in the ridges. The altitude of the coal in the shaft of this mine is about 612 feet above sea level. Over the middle part of the Milan quadrangle the glacial drift is more than 100 feet thick, and no exposures of Pennsylvanian rock are to be seen. In a test hole put down a few rods south of the middle of the north side of sec. 32, T. 17 N., R. 1 W., blue limestone was reported 40 feet be- low the surface, at an altitude of 650 feet. This limestone was probably the cap rock or dark limestone that usually overlies the Herrin (No. 6) coal bed. Farther west in the Milan quadrangle, if the Herrin coal bed is present on the south side of Mississippi River, it is thin, and the dark limestone that usually occurs above it in the southeast part of the quadrangles, and possibly north of Mississippi River in this area, is absent, so that the Herrin coal bed can not be distinguished. A coal 2% feet thick has been stripped in the bed of a creek near the southeast corner of sec. 33, T. 17 N., R. 3 W. This coal lies at an alti- tude of about 650 feet, and is overlain by a dark shale bed containing some calcareous nodular material, and may possibly represent the Rock Island bed. UNCONFORMITIES WITHIN THE PENNSYLVANIAN An intra-Pennsylvanian unconformity is believed to be indicated in the exposures in the SW. 34 sec. 24, T. 15 N., R. 4 W., where sandstone immediately overlies the Herrin (No. 6) coal, and only a few feet distant at the same level the normal dark limestone immediately overlies this bed. A large unconformity is also thought to be indicated in Montpelier and Drury townships, where a thick-bedded, coarse-grained sandstone replaces shale and other strata within short distances in a horizontal direction. The Herrin coal and the overlying limestone containing Girtyina ventricosa over- lap the underlying strata in marked unconformity. An old channel in the coal bed in the Sherrard mine (fig. 25) is thought to furnish additional evidence of an unconformity within the Pennsylvanian. Operations in this mine, which have extended under nearly two sections of land, have disclosed a channel about 300 feet wide in the coal bed where the coal is either wholly absent, or so thin and affected to such an extent with faults and slips that it could not be profitably worked. The channel follows a sigmoid course from northeast to southwest, as shown in the sketch of the mine map, figure 25. It has been traced from near the center of the south side of sec. 5, T. 15 N., R. 1 W., to near the center of the NE. 14 sec. 4, of the same township, a distance of 162 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 191i .-/ i . Fig. 25.— Mine map of mine No. 2 of Cdai' Valley Mining- Company at Sherrard, showing location of old channel in the coal. EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 163 about one mile. Two smaller unproductive belts, which appear to be tributaries, join the main channel from the northwest. One possible explanation of these channels is that they represent ancient drainage courses in the original peat swamp in which the coal was formed. However, if these represent such channels, like that of Dis- mal River in the Great Dismal Swamp, the dark limestone cap rock, which is marine, would be expected to extend across the channel, bend- ing down into it from both sides, if a depression existed there when the limestone was laid down ; or owing to later compression of the peat, it might bend upward at the margins, and lie at a higher level above the channel if the latter was filled with mud or sandy sediment before the limestone was deposited. Instead of either of these conditions prevailing, the limestone is usually absent over the channels, thinning out irregularly and somewhat abruptly as they are approached. In one place also the limestone has been reduced by the solvent action of water, and there are small, col- lapsed caverns along the thinned edge of the limestone near the border of the channel. These features are best explained on the assumption ot unconformity within the Pennsylvanian, the channels having been formed by erosion inaugurated some time after the deposition of the limestone, but previous to the time of deposition of some of the higher Pennsylvanian beds. Quaternary System character and thickness of the deposits Over a large part of the Edgington and Milan quadrangles the Quat- ernary or surficial deposits have an average thickness of nearly 100 feet; in some places the thickness is reported to be more than 200 feet. They consist of pre-Illinoian clay or sand, Pleistocene glacial drift or till, loess, and terrace deposits and Recent alluvium and dune sand deposits. All of these materials have been derived from indurated rocks partly through normal processes of weathering, partly through the grinding action of the glaciers, and in small part by the abrasive action of stream erosion. They have been transported and deposited by ice, wind, and water, ; The greatest known thickness of the Quaternary deposits in the area is near the southeast corner of the NE. %. sec. 9, T. 16 N., R. 1 W., where a water well 220 feet deep was reported to have stopped on the top of bed rock. ? In a water well put down near the middle of the S. % sec. 9, T. 15 N., R. 5 W., the top of the Pennsylvanian was said to have been reached at a depth of 200 feet, and in another well near the middle of the west side of sec. 23 of the same township, the Quaternary deposits were reported to be equally thick. Over most of the area of the quadrangles south of Mississippi and Rock rivers the thickness of the surficial deposits ex- 264 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 ceeds 125 feet. In 19 wells which were reported to have reached the top of the Pennsylvanian rocks the average thickness of the Quaternary deposits was 145 feet. In 58 other wells which did not reach the base of the Quaternary, the average thickness of the surficial materials pene- trated was 125 feet. PLEISTOCENE SERIES DIFFERENTIATION OF DEPOSITS The Pleistocene series is represented in the Edgington and Milan quadrangles by six of the different glacial and interglacial stages recog- nized in North America. The lowest bed of glacial drift that has been differentiated in the area has been found in only a few places, and is thought to belong to the Kansan stage. It is overlain by a dark clay or soil zone which corresponds to the Yarmouth interglacial stage. The upper glacial till that underlies almost the entire area is the Illinoian, and it is covered in many places by the Sangamon soil. The surface of the quadrangles is almost everywhere underlain by a bed of loess, a large part of which is thought to be of late Iowan and early Peorian age. In a few places in the valleys of Mississippi and Rock rivers are terrace deposits that are thought to be of Wisconsin age. The topography of the glacial drift in this area is nowhere of the morainic ridge type. The surface is partially dissected ground moraine or drift plain that has been covered with a mantle of loess. KANSAN TILL The drift was derived from two different ice invasions, the earlier, Kansan, which invaded from the north or northwest, and the Illinoian, which advanced from the northeast. The deposits left by these two drift sheets are for the most part indistinguishable in character and appear- ance. Since the places are rare where the old Yarmouth soil bed that was formed on the surface of the Kansan till before the advent of the Illinoian glacier was left undisturbed by the latter ice sheet, and expo- sures of this Yarmouth soil horizon are still more rare, there are only a few places in the area where these two till sheets are exposed in super- position, or penetrated in well borings, so that they could be certainly differentiated. An outcrop of the Kansan drift separated from the overlying Illi- noian till by an old soil band representing the Yarmouth interglacial stage was seen in the banks of a ravine east of the center of the west line of sec. 8, T. 15 N., R. 1 W., about one and one-half miles southwest of EDGINGTO..« MILAN AREA: QUATERNARY SYSTEM 165 Sherrard. A section of the Pleistocene deposits exposed at this locality is given below : Thickness Section of strata exposed in sec. 8, T. 15 N ., R. 1 W . Feet 5. Loess, yellowish 18 4. Till, pebbly, yellow : 12 3. Soil-like layer, dark, with a few pebbles 2 2. Till, pebbly, gray, leached 3 1. Till, pebbly, unleached 30+ In the foregoing section members 1 and 2 represent the Kansan till, member 3 the Yarmouth interglacial soil horizon, and member 4 the Illi- noian till. A comparison of the pebbles in the two tills seen in the above- mentioned exposure shows that among those measuring one-third of an inch in diameter, greenstone and limestone are more common in the lower till than in the upper; and dolomite pebbles are more common in the upper till than in the lower. A similar difference has been found to distinguish these two tills in eastern Iowa. The lower till in this ex- posure is doubtless the Kansan which has a wide distribution in Iowa and northern Missouri. The lower till, members 5 and 6, in the log of the well near Seventh Avenue and Thirty-fifth Street, given in a preceding page, is also thought to represent the Kansan. In the city of Davenport, immediately across the river from Rock Island, a weathered zone between two beds of till was formerly exposed along Eighth Street, between Myrtle and Vine. Leverett 1 has described the section of Pleistocene strata at this place as follows : Section of Pleistocene strata formerly exposed in Davenport Thickness Feet Loess 30 Till, reddish brown, leached and stained iy 2 to 3 Till, brown, calcareous, crumbling readily 15 Clay, gummy, ash colored, with black streaks, apparently of humus (Yar- mouth) 2 to 3 Till, brown, jointing in cubical blocks, color changing to grayish blue at 12 to 15 feet 25 The surface of the Kansan drift, the lowest till noted above, appears to have been subjected to erosion before the overlying till was deposited, as indicated by the fact that the surface of this lower drift declines 15 feet in a distance of 20 rods in passing toward the river valley. A succession of Pleistocene deposits similar to those described in Davenport has been reported in the banks of the river in Muscatine, a short distance west of the Edgington quadrangle. A section of strata at this place, as reported by Leverett 2 is as follows : vv ^Leverett, Frank, The Illinois Glacial Lobe, U. S. Geological Survey Monograph XXXVIII. p. 45. 1899. 2 Ibid., p. 47. 166 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Section of Pleistocene strata exposed on Green Street, Muscatine, Iowa Thickness Feet Loess, partly eroded 10 Silt, brownish black 1 y 2 to 2 Soil, pebbly, black (Sangamon) 3 Till, brown, leached (Illinoian) 6 Till, brown, unleached, with many boulders in lower part (Illinoian) 12 Silt, calcareous (Yarmouth) 6 to 8 Till, calcareous, brown (probably Kansan) 10 A similar succession of Quaternary deposits is exposed along the branch of Eliza Creek, in the SW. % sec. 14, T. 15 N., R. 5 W., in the Edgington quadrangle, where the following section was made : Section of strata outcropping in the SW '.% sec. 14, T.15N., R.5W. Thickness Feet 5. Loess, yellowish brown 2 to 3 4. Till, pebbly (Illinoian) 19 3. Sand, more or less stratified 3 to 4 2. Loess-like silt 2*/ 2 to 3^ 1 Till, pebbly, bluish (probably Kansan) 3 The lower till in the exposure last described probably represents the Kansan. A somewhat similar succession of strata exposed in the S W. T 4 sec. 26, T. 16 N., R. 5 W., may indicate deposits of two different glacial stages, as shown below : Section of strata outcropping in the Sl¥. % sec. 26, T.16N., R.5W. Thickness Feet Loess, yellowish brown 5 Till, pebbly (Illinoian) 11 Sand and gravel, irregularly bedded 2 to 3^ Till, pebbly (possibly Kansan) 4 It is somewhat uncertain whether the lower till in the last section repre- sents an earlier glacial stage than the upper one, or whether the sand and gravel bed that separates the two drifts may have been spread over the lower till as an outwash deposit during a temporary withdrawal for a short distance of the margin of the single ice sheet. There is not suffi- cient evidence in such a bed of water-laid sand and gravel to prove whether it was deposited during an interglacial stage when the ice sheet had entirely melted from the region or during a temporary withdrawal of the ice front. Compared with the younger Illinoian drift, the Kansan till is more bluish in color, where unweathered, and has a greater tendency to joint into cubical blocks when dry. It also contains a larger percentage of greenstone and limestone pebbles and fewer dolomite pebbles than are found in the upper or Illinoian drift in this region. EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: QUATERNARY SYSTEM 167 A count of the pebbles or different kinds of rock over one-third of an inch in diameter was made from the lower (Kansan) and upper (Illinoian) till at the exposure 1% miles northwest of Cable, with the following results: Number of pebbles Kansan till Illinoian till Kind of rock Quartz 11 5 Greenstone 10 5 Quartzite 4 4 Diabase 18 17 Granite 11 20 Limestone (CaC0 3 ) 14 6 Dolomite 4 Chert 15 16 Sandstone (Pottsville) 3 5 Shale (Pennsylvanian) 1 2 Chert, oolitic 1 4 Red crystalline rock 3 2 The Kansan ice sheet probably covered all of this region, but in many places the material it left was probably incorporated in the later drift sheet. YARMOUTH INTERGLACIAL STAGE Exposures showing a soil and weathered zone that was developed on the surface of the Kansan drift during the long Yarmouth interglacial stage have been described in connection with the discussion of the Kansan till. Such a soil and weathered zone presents the most convincing evidence of the intervention of a long interglacial stage between the time of deposition of the two drift sheets which it separates. Many other records of wells in the quadrangles report a dark-colored clay, or soil, or carbonaceous bed beneath the Illinoian drift, but in most places this bed immediately overlies Pennsylvanian strata, and hence it can not be determined whether the soil or peaty zone was developed wholly during Yarmouth time, or whether it represents a much longer period of pre-Illinoian soil or humus development. PRE-ILLINOIAN DEPOSITS A thickness of 5 feet of clay or silt underlying the Illinoian drift was exposed for a distance of nearly 100 yards in grading the wagon road a few years ago a short distance south of the center of sec. 12, T. 17 N., R. 2 W. This clay was homogeneous, and not laminated, resembling loess in texture and appearance. It contained shells of several species of air- breathing gastropods similar to those that occur in the surface loess of this region. A similar deposit containing the same and other species of fossils was found in other places in the quadrangles ; viz., on Thirty-ninth Street in Rock Island, between Seventh and Eighth avenues; on Thirty-eighth Street 168 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 between the same avenues ; and in a well put down at the base of the bluff bordering Mississippi River 100 feet northeast of the crossing of Seventh Avenue and Thirty-fifth Street. In the bluff behind the well there is exposed a thickness of several feet of glacial till overlain by 40 feet of loess above the top of the curb. The log of this well is given below : Log of well at the base of the bluff near Seventh Avenue and Thirty -fifth Street Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent — Till, yellow (probably Illinoian) 5 5 Muck, black, with wood fragments (Yarmouth soil zone) 1 6 Till, brown, leached for 2 or 3 feet 7 13 Till, blue (Kansan) 4 17 Silt, loess-like, ash colored, calcareous, with loess fossils 8 25 Muck, black 4 29 Clay, greenish, residual, with many pebbles of local rocks, but no igneous fragments 5 34 Pennsylvanian system — Shale In the exposure of these beds on Thirty-eighth Street the upper layer was laminated, as if waterlaid, and the underlying loess-like clay also con- tained many shells of pulmonate gastropods. Another such bed of loess-like silt underlying the till, and resting directly upon Pennsylvanian rocks, is exposed along a ravine near the west side of sec. 7, T. 17 N., R. 1 W., where the following section was made: Section of strata exposed along the ivest side of sec. 7 , T. 17 N., R. 1 W. Thickness Feet Loess 45 Soil, black 2 Till, yellowish brown (Illinoian) 12 Loess-like silt containing loess fossils several feet Sandstone (Pennsylvanian) A good outcrop of this lower, loess-like clay is found in the east bluff of Mississippi River, in the SW. % sec. 31, T. 16 N., R. 5 W., a section of which is given below : Section of strata exposed in the east bank of Mississippi River, sec. 31, T. 16 N., R. 5 W. Thickness Feet Loess 25 Soil, black 2 to 3 Till, mostly bluish (Illinoian) 90 Loess-like clay, with many fossils 12 EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: QUATERNARY SYSTEM 169 The species of fossils collected from the lower loess-like silt at the out- crop along Mississippi River were identified some years ago by Dr. Dall, and are listed below : Helicina occulta Say (very abundant) Helicodiscus lineatus Say Limnaea humilis Say, var. Pyramidula perspectiva Say Pyramidula striatella Auth. Pupa armifera Say Strobilops labryinthica Say Succinea avara Say (less abundant than in the surface loess) Succinea luteola Gould Vitrea arborea Say? In texture and general appearance this lower loess-like silt closely resem- bles the surface loess, and was probably deposited by the wind in a similar manner. It is probably rather widely distributed beneath the oldest drift in Rock Island County, and like the surface loess it is probably thicker near the east bank of the river than at a considerable distance from the larger streams. 1LLIN0IAN TILL Except along the streams where it has been removed by post-Illinoian erosion, the Illinois till underlies the loess over almost the entire area of the Fig. 26. — Fine-grained water-laid sand, 50 feet thick beneath a few feet of Illinoian till in the SW. % sec. 8 of Eliza Township. quadrangles. It is a bluish-gray till which weathers to yellowish gray and contains sufficient sand to make it crumble more readily than the older, Kansan till. The sand and clay making up the main body of the till were 170 V'EAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 191! probably derived for the most part from local beds of shale and sandstone that had been rather deeply weathered before the glacier moved over the region. The coarser constituents of the Illinoian till consist in part of pebbles and boulders of crystalline rock transported from areas far to the north and northeast of the quadrangles, and in part of fragments of chert and limestone probably derived from Paleozoic limestones that outcrop in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin. The Illinoian drift is exposed in numerous places along the most of the larger streams of the area. It is thickest over the upland south of Mill Fig. 27. — "Sea mud" or fine-grained sand underlying sand and gravel below Illinoian till in the NE. ^ sec. 14, Eliza Township. Fig. 28. — Sand and gravel below Illi- noian till, exposed in the NW. % sec. 26, T. 16 N., R. 5 W. Creek and Copperas Creek in the Milan quadrangle, where many wells pene- trate a thickness of 100 to 150 feet or more of Pleistocene deposits, the greater part of which is Illinoian till. The thickness is only slightly less on the upland south of Copperas Creek in the Edgington quadrangle and on the divide between this creek and the branches of Mississippi River, where many water wells pass through more than 100 feet of Pleistocene strata. The Quaternary deposits are in places 200 feet thick over the uplands in Eliza Township, in the southwest quarter of the Edgington quadrangle, but a greater thickness of loess and sand covers the hills in that region, and the EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: QUATERNARY SYSTEM 171 bed of sand underlying the Illinoian till is also thicker there than over the greater part of the quadrangles, so that the thickness of the Illinoian till is probably less than on the areas mentioned. In many places a bed of fine-grained sand (figs. 26, 27, and 28), known by the well drillers as "sea mud," underlies the Illinoian till; and a bed of sand and gravel is often present immediately above this drift. Thin lenses of sand or gravel are also present at one or more levels within the Illinoian drift in this region. The thickness and relations of the Illinoian till in different places in the quadrangles are shown in the logs of the following wells : Log of well at the McDonald (No. 92) School, near the SE. cor. sec. 30, T. 16 N., R. 1 W. Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent — Loess, yellow 35 35 Till, dark blue, pebbly .' 95 130 Sand 9 139 Till, light blue 36 175 Sand, dirty 7 182 Log of zvcll near SW. cor. sec. 2, T.15N., R.3W. Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent — Soil, black 4 4 Loess, yellowish 15 19 Clay, black, with wood fragments 2 21 Till, blue, pebbly 26 47 Sand 60 107 Log of zvcll in NE. % sec. 8, T. 15 N., R. 3 IV. Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent — Soil and loess 18 18 Clay, black (muck or chip pile) 2 20 Till, blue, pebbly, with streaks of sand 30 50 Sandstone 2 52 Log of well in SE. y A sec. 28, T. 16 N., R. 4 W. Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent — Clay, yellowish 20 20 Clay, black, with wood fragments 4 24 Till, blue, pebbly (hard pan) 52 76 Sand 5+ 81+ 172 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Illinoian till is exposed in many places along the streams in both the Milan and Edgington quadrangles. An exposure along the wagon road up the river hill south from Jimtown School, in the NE. y± sec. 5, T. 16 N., R. 5 W., shows the following succession of strata : Section of strata exposed near Jimtown School Thickness Feet Loess, yellow, fossiliferous 22 Till, pebbly, bluish gray 35 Shale, dark and gray 43 In the south bank of Copperas Creek in the NW. % sec. 19, T. 16 N., R. 4 W., there is exposed a bed of sand and gravel within the Illinoian till. A section of the strata outcropping at this place is as follows : Section of strata exposed in the NW. % sec. 19, T. 16 N., R. 4 W. Thickness Feet Loess, brown, sandy 5 Till, sandy, with small pebbles 8 Sand and gravel 4 to 5 Till, bluish gray, pebbly, and sandy 10 Farther south, in the southwest quarter of the Edgington quadrangle, a bed of sand several feet thick, which probably corresponds to the 4-to-5-foot sand and gravel bed of the last section, is exposed in many places beneath a few feet of Illinoian till. A typical section of such an outcrop is given below : Section of Pleistocene strata exposed in the SE. % sec. 18, T. 15 N., R. 5 W. Thickness Feet Loess 7 to 9 Till, pebbly, bluish gray 10 Sand, irregularly stratified 35 In an exposure about three-eighths of a mile west of the one last described, a thickness of 53 feet of irregularly bedded sand is present below 6 to 9 feet of Illinoian till. Whether another bed of till underlies the sand in this region could not be determined. Another outcrop of Pleistocene strata on a branch of Copperas Creek hi the SE. 14 sec. 17, T. 16 N., R. 5 W., shows the following succession of deposits : Section of Pleistocene strata exposed in SE. % sec. 17, T.16N., R.5W. Thickness Feet 4. Loess, brown 4 3. Till, sandy and gravelly, in some places rather distinctly sorted 8 to 11 2. Till, brown, pebbly 16 1. Till, darker than No. 2 above, and separated from it by a rather defi- nite plane ; to water level 4 EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: QUATERNARY SYSTEM 173 The lower till in the last section may represent the Kansan, as the plane of contact of this bed with the overlying brown till is sharp and conspicuous. However, the evidence regarding the different age is not conclusive. A bed of sand and gravel probably deposited as an outwash when the Illinoian ice sheet was melting from the region is in many places present above the Illinoian drift, and beneath the loess. A representative exposure of such a sand bed was seen on a branch of Eliza Creek, near the NE. corner of sec. 22, T. 15 N., R. 5 W., the relations of which are as follows: Section of Pleistocene deposits exposed near the NE. cor. sec. 22, T.15N., R.5W. Thickness Feet Loess, yellowish brown, fossiliferous 15 Sand and gravel, and boulders up to 6 inches in diameter 2y 2 to 4 Till, bluish, pebbly 11 A succession of strata similar to those described in the last section out- crops near the SE. corner sec. 20, T. 16 N., R. 5 W., as shown below: Section of Pleistocene strata exposed in sec. 20, T.16N., R.5W. Thickness Feet Loess 13 Sand and gravel in irregular layers 3 to 5 Till, bluish gray, sandy, with pebbles 19 In a few places in the quadrangles a thin bed of gravel that appears to have been concentrated by the removal of the finer constituents of the till is present at the top of the Illinoian drift and beneath the loess. An exposure of such a bed of concentrated gravel was seen in the SW. % sec. 28, T. 16 N., R. 5 W., as shown below : Section of Pleistocene strata exposed in the SW. % sec. 28, T.16N., R.5W. Thickness Feet Loess V/ 2 Gravel, apparently concentrated from the till 1 Till, bluish gray, with pebbles 26 SANGAMON SOIL ZONE The Sangamon interglacial soil or peat horizon is represented in this region by a band of black carbonaceous clay containing many plant remains and wood fragments. This dark-colored band contains such a large amount of imperfectly decomposed vegetable material that it is often reported by the well drillers as a "brush pile" or "chip pile" or "manure pile." It was developed as a soil or peat horizon on the surface of the Illinoian till during the interglacial stage that intervened between the withdrawal of the Illinoian 174 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 191! ice sheet and the deposition of the overlying loess. The relation of this Sangamon soil band to the Illinoian till is shown in some of the logs of wells given on the preceding pages to illustrate the stratigraphic relation of the Illi- noian till. The Sangamon soil zone was reported in the logs of 61 wells in the quadrangles which are well distributed over the area. It lies immediately beneath the loess at depths ranging, with the varying thickness of the loess, from 12 to 30 feet. A few additional logs of water wells in different parts of the quad- rangles will show the character and distribution of the Sangamon soil in this area. Log of well near middle of E. ]/ 2 sec. 12, T. 16 N., R. 5 IV. Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent — Clay, yellow : loess 17 17 "Chip pile" 3 20 Clay, blue, pebbly (Illinoian till) 22 42 Log of well near middle of W.Yzsec. 36, T.17N., RAW. Thickness Description of strata Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent — Soil and yellowish clay (loess) 18 Clay, dark, with much plant debris (Sangamon soil) 2 Clay, bluish gray, pebbly (Illinoian till) 20 Depth Feet IK 20 40 Log of well in SW.y A sec. 12, T. 15 N., R. 4 W. Thickness Description of strata Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent — Soil and yellow clay (loess) 15 Clay, dark, with wood fragments (Sangamon soil) 3 Clay, bluish, pebbly (Illinoian till) 42 Sand white Depth Feet 15 18 60 Log of ivcll in SW. Y A sec. 2, T. 15 N., R. 3 IV. Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent — Soil and clay 15 15 "Manure pile" •. 1 1 $h 18 Clay, pebbly, blue 2$: 43 Sand 60 103 EDGIXGTOX-MILAN AREA: QUATERNARY SYSTEM 175 THE LOESS Over all of the uplands in the Milan and Edgington quadrangles loess overlies the Illinoian drift and Sangamon soil to an average thick- ness of perhaps 25 feet. On the tops of the bluffs bordering the south and east sides of the larger streams the thickness in places reaches 40 or more feet. On Thirty-eighth Street, in Rock Island, it measures 40 feet. On the bluff at Black Hawk's Watch Tower, in the SE. % sec. 14, T. 17 N., R. 2 W., the thickness is 55 feet. In the abandoned clay pit of the old National Clay Company, in the east bluff of the river, near Sears (fig. 29), the loess is 40 feet thick. In many places on the bluffs along the rivers the thickness exceeds 30 feet. At a distance from the rivers the thickness decreases, in many places being less than 20 feet. Fig. 29. — Bluff of loess in old clay pit of Blackhawk Manufacturing Company, at Sears, Illinois. The loess here is somewhat sandy, and on weathering shows laminations. The holes were made by bank swallows. As shown in well sections and outcrops the loess in most places lies just beneath the surface soil, and consists of uniformly fine-grained, un- stratified, dust-like material that contains a small amount of calcium car- bonate. Where it has been cut by streams or excavations it stands for a long time in almost vertical banks. In many places, especially on the hill tops where the deposit is thick, it contains indiscriminately distrib- uted shells of air-breathing gastropods. 176 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 The following species identified by Dr. Dall, of the United States National Museum, are among the common fossils that occur in the loess of this region : List of fossils occurring commonly in the loess of the Milan and Edgington quadrangles Helicina occulta Say Succinea luteola Gld. Succinea avara Say Succinea obliqua Say Polygyra pennsylvanica Green Polygyra thyroides Say Pupa alticola Ingersoll Pupa pentadon Say Pupa muscorum Linn Pyramidula striatella Anthony The color of the loess on the hills is yellow grading to brown or gray, but on the level prairies, where the dark surface soil is deeper, the underlying loess is more gray in color. The difference in the color of the loess on the hills and on the prairies is not thought to be due to any dif- ference in origin, but to differences in the degree of leaching and alter- ation by the action of organic matter. In the SW. *4 sec. 36, T. 17 N., R. 3 W., a thickness of 22 feet of loess containing many loess fossils and calcareous concretions, or loess Kind- chen, is exposed. An iron-stained band, one inch thick, is present near the middle of this exposure, above which the deposit is slightly more brown than that below it. The tops of the hills bordering Mississippi River in the vicinity of Illinois City and farther east, are capped with loess. Near the foot of the hill in the SW. ]/ 4 sec. 31, T. 17 N., R. 4 W., a sandy loess containing loess fossils is exposed to a height of 12 feet, and a similar loess deposit covers the drift all the way up this hill in the NW. % sec. 6, T. 16 N., R. 4 W. A thickness of 35 feet of loess overlies the till along the wagon road near the middle of the N. y 2 sec. 2, T. 16 N., R. 5 W. Over the western part of the Edgington quadrangle, as elsewhere in this region, loess usually covers the slopes at least part way down where they are steep, and entirely to the bottom where they are moderately gentle, as well as the tops of the hills, and the uplands. It is in places underlain by a sandy bed of reddish-brown color, which overlies the drift. At the base of this sand bed springs issue in many places in the banks of the streams. Topographic features of the loess. — Near the river the ravines are deep with steep sides which give the impression of youthfulness to the topog- raphy. This is due to the thick deposit of loess on the hills where it tends to stand in nearly perpendicular banks. EDGINGTOX-MILAN AREA: QUATERNARY SYSTEM 177 In places along the bluff-lines facing north and west the loess has a characteristic relief peculiar to itself. As the bluff is approached from the upland the surface slopes gently toward the river until about one- fourth mile from the bluff, where the slope becomes reversed as a result of the piling up of the loess on the tops of the hills bordering the valley. There is formed in this way a rim of thick loess along the bluff behind which there may occur a shallow, poorly drained depression. Such a feature is conspicuous in the southeast part of Rock Island, and in the bluffs forming the south bank of Mississippi River for some distance east and west of Andalusia. Another topographic feature of this deposit is the low, loess-covered margin of the uplands about a mile south of Milan, where there is an area about a mile long and a half a mile wide that is noticeably lower than the adjacent portion of the marginal upland. The loess that covers this lower area is somewhat coarser than the typical loess, and is in places obscurely stratified. A similar deposit occurs in the basal part of the loess on Seventh Avenue near Thirty-fifth Street, where it grades horizontally into typical loess. ^^ Fig. 30. — Faults in the Pleistocene deposits near Augustana College in Rock Island. Three blocks are seen separated by two sharply marked vertical faults. The boulder clay can be distinguished from the overlying loess by the small parallel rills in the surface of the former. The nearest block has settled most. In it the base of the loess lies below the shadow of the telephone pole. In the middle block its base is covered by a growth of grass. The farther block has settled unequally so that the base of the loess is slanting. Miscellaneous features of the loess. — Two other uncommon features occur in the loess in this area. In some places the lower part of the loess deposit is crumpled into small flexures about one foot in height and width, and in other places it is intricately faulted in such a manner as to 178 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 indicate that the deposit was frozen when the faulting occurred, as shown in figures 30 and 31. The larger of these faults extend downward into the underlying till, and some of the fissures have been enlarged and filled with water-laid sand. The basal part of the loess shows considerable variation in physical characteristics. In many places there is a gradual change from a leached till below to a humus-filled loess or clay (Sangamon soil) above, in which fossil wood is common, and bones and teeth of elephants are occasionally found. A carpal bone and part of a tooth of an elephant were found in such a deposit in the bluff near Twentieth Street, in Rock Island, and a piece of a tusk was found in the base of the loess at Sears. In other places the till changes upward into a ferruginous red zone which is overlain Fig. 31. — Small faults in the loess, in Rock Island. by normal upland loess. In a few places there is an abrupt change from fresh, unleached till to typical loess above, the contact being sharply marked. An exposure of such a contact was seen in the south bluff of Rock River on the east side of the new wagon road that follows the east boundary of the Milan quadrangle. On the west side of the road at this place a thickness of 3 feet of gravel intervened between the loess and the till. The geographic relation of the main deposit of loess in the upper Mississippi valley to the border of the area covered by the Iowan ice EDGIXGTOX-MILAN AREA: QUATERNARY SYSTEM 179 sheet ; its stratigraphic position beneath the Wisconsin drift, and above the Illinoian and older drifts from which it is in many places separated by a leached zone, peat, or soil bed, and by an erosional unconformity representing a long period ; and the presence in the loess of fossil shells of air-breathing gastropods that lived under climatic conditions similar to those prevailing in the region today make it probable that conditions peculiarly favorable for the accumulation of loess occurred during the melting and for some time after the disappearance of the Iowan ice sheet. A small amount of loess overlies the Wisconsin drift in Illinois, and dust deposits somewhat resembling loess are now being formed. It is proba- ble that a part of the original main deposit of loess has been shifted and reworked and that other dust has accumulated since the Peorian inter- glacial stage, but the total amount of such material is comparatively small. There seems no doubt that the loess in this region, as elsewhere in the Mississippi valley, was deposited by the wind. This is shown by the following facts: (1) The deposit does not tend to level the inequalities of the surface, but mantles hills, prairies, and lowlands alike. (2) It is conspicuously thickest, and somewhat coarser in texture, on the tops of the hills bordering the south and east sides of the larger streams in places where the prevailing westerly winds, after following the stream valley for some distance, would be obstructed by the opposing banks, and compelled to drop a large part of their load as a result of their re- duced velocity. (3) The loess differs from ordinary water-laid clay in the general absence of stratification. (4) It contains shells of air-breath- ing gastropods which, though exceedingly fragile, are commonly un- broken. TERRACE DEPOSITS In places along Mississippi and Rock rivers there are small terrace areas that are remnants of an alluvial filling in the valleys of these streams deposited during the stage of Wisconsin glaciation. The upper surface of the terraces lies 20 to 30 feet higher than the level of adjacent flood plains of the streams. The largest of these terrace areas is between one-fourth and one-half mile wide, and extends almost continuously near the east bank of Mississippi River from Twenty-eighth Street in Rock Island south as far as Sears. The material in this terrace consists mostly of sand, with some gravel, which is covered by a thin veneer of loess or silt. Sand and gravel pits were once extensively worked in this terrace deposit in the south part of Rock Island. Some sand and gravel in the south bank of the Government reservation above the west end of the power dam probably belongs also to this terrace deposit. The hill at Mount View School on the flood plain of Rock River in the N. y 2 sees. 20 and 21, T. 17 N., R. 1 W., is a remnant of such a terrace that has been protected 180 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 from destruction by the river by an outlier of Devonian limestone at the east end. Some of the terrace sand at this place has been blown into small dunes. In several places where creeks emerge on the alluvial plains of the rivers there are some remnants of deposits evidently formed in backwater in the valleys of the small tributaries. Such a small terrace fragment is present in the valley of Mill Creek one-half mile south of the river bluff, and in the west bank of Warren Creek, a short distance southeast of the center of sec. 29, T. 17 N., R. 2 W. A section of the backwater deposits at this place is as follows : Section of terrace deposits at mouth of Warren Creek Thickness Ft. In. Loess 1 6 Joint clay, dirty brown 2 Silt, yellow, moderately fine 3 Silt, yellowish gray, laminated 4 Silt, red 1 4 Silt, dark gray, irregularly laminated 8 Silt, pink and gray 8 Silt, gray, not distinctly laminated 3 6 Sand and gravel, yellow 3 Concealed by talus 8 A red and yellow silt similar to that exposed on Warren Creek outcrops under the railroad bridge over Turkey Hollow, in section 30 of the same township. At the latter place a part of the old terrace has been cut away by the present stream, the more recent alluvium overlying the terrace deposits unconformably. On the west side of a creek cutting the Mississippi bluffs in the NE. % sec - 26, T. 17 N., R. 3 W., there occurs a terrace remnant several acres in extent, and a few small patches were noted in other places as indicated on the accompanying geological map of the quadrangles. RECENT SERIES ALLUVIUM Deposits of alluvium are present along most of the streams in the quad- rangles, the most extensive being along the valleys of Mississippi and Rock rivers. Smaller areas of alluvium border the channels of Edwards River and Mill, Copperas, Camp, and Eliza creeks, and the lower courses of smaller streams. The thickness of the alluvial deposits is relatively thin, being less than 20 feet over the greater part of the bottom lands of this region, including those of the rivers. In one place, however, a short distance north of the southwest corner of the Edgington quadrangle, a water well was reported to have penetrated a thickness of 120 feet of alluvial sand and gravel with- out reaching bed rock, and a test boring put down on the flood plain of EDGIXGTON-MILAN AREA: QUATERNARY SYSTEM 181 Copperas Creek in the SE. % sec. 16, T. 16 N., R. 4 W., passed through a thickness of 68 feet of unconsolidated surficial deposits above the Pennsyl- vanian rocks. A well on the flood plain of Rock River, in the NE. % sec - 20, T. 17 N., R. 1 W., passed through 42 feet of sand and clay, and another well near the edge of the flood plain in the NE. 14 sec. 30, of the same township penetrated 47 feet of alluvial material. The deposit in many places consists of sand and small pebbles, as near the SW. corner of sec. 22, T. 17 N., R. 2 W., where it is worked on quite a large scale for gravel. In other places, as along Edwards River, silt and clay are the principal constituents. While the greater part of the material of the flood plain deposits was laid down by the main streams that occupy the valleys and is fairly well sorted, on the margins of the valleys near the foot of the bluffs a considerable amount of poorly sorted talus, sheet wash, and alluvial-fan material is mixed with the alluvium where this valley plain rises in a short slope to the bluffs. DUNE SAND Although considerable sand is present in places over the flood plains of Mississippi and Rock rivers, in only a few localities has the sand been shifted by the wind to any important extent, and deposited in hills or dunes. A few small hills have been formed on the surface of the terrace on which Mound View School is located, in sees. 20 and 21, T. 17 N., R. 1 W., and in a few places on the Mississippi River flood plain in sees. 31 and 32, T. 17 N., R. 5 W. Sand or sandy loess caps several of the hills that border the east side of the valley of Mississippi River near the west side of the Edgington quadrangle, as in sees. 18, 19, 30, and 32, T. 15 N., R. 5 W., and in sees. 8, 18, 19, and 30, T. 16 N., R. 5 W. In sec. 8 of the latter township there are a number of small ponds surrounded by hills of sandy material. These ponds have not yet developed outlets, probably because the water readily soaks out through the porous sand that forms the higher parts of their banks. STRUCTURE OF THE PALEOZOIC ROCKS In the Milan and Edgington quadrangles the layers Of rock are not quite horizontal, but in general they slope toward the south at the rate of a few feet to the mile. In an east-west direction the dip of the strata is more irregular and undulating; in some places the slope is toward the west, and in other places the direction of dip is eastward. Structure of Pre-Pennsylvanian Rocks The structure or dip of the Silurian and Devonian rocks appears to be somewhat different from that of the Pennsylvanian strata in this region. These older rocks dip in general toward the southwest at the average rate of about 9 feet per mile, as shown by the following observations : ]g2 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 In George Gray's well, one-fourth mile north of the southeast corner of sec. 10, T. 15 N., R. 3 W., the main water-bearing stratum of the Niagaran limestone lies about 332 feet above sea level, and in the well at Augustana College, about 14 miles north and 7 miles east of the former well, the corresponding horizon was reached at an altitude of 485 feet. The southward descent of the Devonian rocks near the east border of the Milan quadrangle between Mississippi and Rock rivers is nearly 10 feet to the mile; but there is a rise of these rocks in the next 3 miles farther south. In the vicinity of Cable, near the southeast corner of the Milan quadrangle, the elevation of the top of the Devonian is about 513 feet above the sea. If the upper surface of the Devonian at Cable is the same horizon as that of the top of the Devonian exposed along Mississippi River, 15 miles farther north, a general southward dip of these strata at an average rate of only 3 feet per mile is indicated between Cable and Mississippi River. In an east-west direction along Mississippi River the Devonian limestone dips toward the west across the Milan quadrangle, as shown by the fact that the top of the unfossiliferous Devonian limestone along Sylvan channel is about 580 feet above the sea level, while a short distance below Andalusia, 12 miles farther west, the altitude of this horizon of the Devonian is about 535 feet, making the average westward dip between these places about 4 feet to the mile. Six miles still farther west, in the SE. y± sec. 17, T. 17 N., R. 1 E., the corresponding level of the Devonian limestone occurs at an altitude of 585 feet, indicating a rise of the Devonian between these points of 50 feet, or about 8 feet to the mile. The elevation of the same rocks in the north bank of Rock River at the east border of the Milan quadrangle is about 545 feet, which is only 10 feet higher than 12 miles farther west, and about 40 feet lower than 18 miles farther west. Near the south end of the quadrangles the dip of the Devonian strata is in general -quite similar to that along Mississippi River farther north. A well near the middle of the east side of sec. 33, T. 15 N., R. 5 W., was reported to have reached the top of a thick limestone, which was probably Devonian, immediately beneath a bed of sand and gravel at an elevation about 445 feet above sea level. If the horizon of the top of the Devonian at this place corresponds with that of the top of the Devonian in the George Gray well 13 miles farther east, where the altitude is 457 feet, a westward dip of about one foot per mile is indicated between these places. Between the George Gray well and Cable, a distance of 10 miles, the top of the Devonian declines toward the west 56 feet, or about 5y 2 feet to the mile. Between the locality in the Edgington quadrangle in sec. 33, T. 15 N., R. 5 W., and the SE. % sec. 20, T. 17 N., R. 1 E., a distance of about 16 miles, the southward slope of the top of the Devonian is 163 feet, or about 10 feet to the mile. EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: STRUCTURE 183 On this general dip some minor flexures are imposed. One of these, known from outcrops and well records, consists of an uplift or anticline 20 to 30 feet in height, exposed in the bed and banks of Mill Creek near the center of sec. 25, T. 17 N., R. 2 W., where for a short distance' the unfossiliferous member (No. 2) of the general Devonian section rises in the left bank 5 feet above the bed of the creek. A short distance farther north this horizon of the Devonian suddenly disappears, and the overlying member, No. 3, of the general section is exposed in the banks of the creek for about one-fourth mile farther north, where these strata also disappear beneath the bed of the creek. A slight northward dip continues to Vandrufr* Island, where member No. 2 of the general Devonian section lies about at the level of low water in Rock River. The arch or uplift exposed along Mill Creek is also clearly indicated in the deep well at Milan, where the base of the Maquoketa lies 30 feet higher than it does in the wells in Rock Island 3 to 4 miles farther north. Member No. 2 of the Devonian general section is exposed near Oakdale, in the SE. *4 sec - 18, T. 17 N., R. 3 E., a few feet above its normal altitude in this area, which suggests that the anticline indicated along Mill Creek and in the Milan well may continue through Oakdale about 20 rods north of the wagon bridge over the creek in the NE. % sec. 27, T. 17 N., R. 3 W. A low anticline about 50 feet in width is exposed in the banks of a creek, and a short distance farther north a shallow syncline also crosses this stream. The axis of the anticline and syncline trends northwest-southeast in a direction nearly parallel with that of the uplift indicated at Milan and Oakdale. The general southwestward tilting of the pre-Pennsylvanian rocks was not entirely accomplished before the Pennsylvanian rocks were deposited, for the latter strata are slightly affected by this movement. The elevation of the Herrin (No. 6) coal is usually lower in the localities where it outcrops a short distance east of the middle of the south side of the Edgington quadrangle, than that of the coal 17 miles farther east in the vicinity of Cable. Structure of the Pennsylvanian Rocks In the north and south parts of the quadrangles wherever the Herrin (No. 6) coal bed is present, the structure of the Pennsylvanian rocks can be determined fairly accurately by using this coal as the key horizon. In the Edgington quadrangle the coal beds show a very slight south- ward dip between the places noted below : In the SE, y A sec. 20, T. 77 N., R. 1 E., the Herrin coal outcrops at an elevation of 658 feet. About 7 miles farther south, in the SE. 14 sec. 21, T. 16 N., R. 4 W., the altitude of the coal is 654 feet. Seven miles still farther south, in the SE. y 4 sec. 28, T. 15 N., R. 4 W., the altitude of the Herrin coal is 650 feet. In the Milan quadrangle the lay of this coal bed is more irregular, and undulating, but the general southward dip is also slight. Near the middle of the north Jg4 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 line of sec. 32, T. 17 N., R. 1 W., the altitude of the Rock Island ( ?) coal is about 654 feet. Seven miles farther south near the NW. corner of sec. 4, T. 15 N., R. 1 W., the elevation of this bed is 629 feet. Four miles farther south, in the NE. 14 sec - 29, T. 15 N., R. 1 W., the coal has risen again to 650 feet in altitude. In an east-west direction the Rock Island (?) coal bed lies at an eleva- tion of 658 feet in the SE. y A sec. 20, T. 77 N., R. 1 E., while 7 miles farther east, in the NW. }i sec. 16, T. 77 N., R. 2 E., the altitude of this bed is 660 feet, and about 13 miles farther east, at Coal Valley, the altitude is 648 feet. Near the south end of the quadrangles the Herrin coal outcrops on the SE. % sec. 28, T. 15 N., R. 4 W., at an altitude of 650 feet. Three miles farther east, near the middle of the east side of sec. 24 of the same township, it has risen to 674 feet. Ten miles farther east, in the vicinity of Matherville, the altitude has decreased to 650 feet above sea level. While the general dip of this coal in any direction is slight, local dips of 25 feet in short distances are found. In mine No. 3 of the Coal Valley Mining Company at Matherville the Herrin coal lies at an elevation of about 630 feet, while about one mile southwest of this place near the middle of sec. 33, T. 15 N., R. 2 W., this coal outcrops at an altitude of about 650 feet. Another place where the altitude of the Rock Island ( ?) coal is low is in the shaft of mine No. 2 of the Coal Valley Mining Company at Sherrard, where it lies at an elevation of 612 feet, while at Cable about 3 miles farther south its altitude is 654 feet. In a test boring in the town of Cable the altitude of the Rock Island (?) coal is reported 30 feet higher than its eleva- tion in an old coal shaft only 14 rods farther northeast. Whether this abrupt change in elevation is due to a fault or a steep dip could not be determined. In the coal mine at Sherrard the coal is undulating, a difference in altitude of 12 feet or more between the crests and troughs being common. The coal is usually thicker in the troughs, and thinner on the crests of these rolls. In mine No. 7 of the Alden Coal Company, the coal thins out in the east, north, and west directions, but maintains its thickness toward the south, as in the Sherrard mine. The main dip of this coal is toward the south and east. Some of the minor local changes in the altitude of this coal are doubt- less due to slight folding, but some of the irregularities are probably also due to the inequalities of the surface on which the vegetable matter that formed the coal bed accumulated, and to the unequal thickness of the vegetable matter of this bed from place to place, permitting unequal shrink- age when this vegetable matter was transformed into coal. The No. 1 and No. 6 coals are probably absent over the larger part of the middle portion of the Milan quadrangle, and over all but a very narrow belt one to two miles east of the central part and in the southeast corner of the Edgington quad- rangle. On this account no attempt has been made to show the structure of the Pennsylvania!! rocks in the quadrangles in this limited area by means EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: STRUCTURE 185 of contours on the coals, but the altitude of the coal is shown by figures at the different localities in the area where it has been found in outcrops, shafts, or borings. GEOLOGIC HISTORY Imperfection of the Record A considerable part of the geologic history of these quadrangles from the beginning of the Paleozoic era to the present can now be deciphered from the rocks exposed at the surface or encountered in borings in this region. The succession of events from the beginning of the Paleozoic era to the end of the Pennsylvanian epoch can be sketched in a broad way from the records preserved in the ancient rocks of this and adjacent areas. The times of submergence, the sources of the invading seas, and the general topography of the region during the times of emergence can be described with a good degree of assurance. The history of Mesozoic and Tertiary time has not been preserved in sedimentary deposits in this immediate region, but can be inferred from what is known of the events of this time in other parts of the continent, where such deposits have been studied. The record of many of the principal events of the Quaternary period has also been preserved in the quadrangles in legible form. Many other facts in the geologic history of the quadrangles can be safely inferred from the results of studies in other areas in this general region, for the processes that operated in the quadrangles affected also an extensive province around them. During the Paleozoic era the surface of Illinois was intermittently submerged by an epicontinental sea, the shores of which migrated widely and almost continuously, though the rate at which they shifted varied greatly from time to time. Since Paleozoic time this surface, with the exception of a small area in the southern part of the State, has been con- tinuously above sea level, and subjected to the agents of erosion which are constantly acting upon the lands. Paleozoic Era cambrian period At the beginning of Paleozoic time the surface of Illinois had probably been above the sea for a long time, and had been worn by erosion to a nearly level plain. This planed, almost level, surface of Algonkian rocks doubtless forms the floor beneath the Paleozoic strata over the entire State, and extends far beyond its borders on every side. During the latter part of the Cambrian period a sea advanced from the southwest over this region, and deposited the sand, clay, and calcareous material that make up the sandstones, shale, and limestone of the upper Cambrian or Croixan (Pots- dam) series in the Mississippi Valley. Of these sediments sandstones pre- 186 YEAR BOOK FOR 1017 AND 1918 dominate, the entire series having a known thickness of 868 or more feet. A few deep borings in the State have penetrated these upper Cambrian rocks to a depth of 1,100 feet without reaching the top of the Algonkian. ORDOVICIAN PERIOD The sediments deposited in this region during Ordovician time consist mainly of limestone and dolomite, but at certain times important deposits of sand and mud accumulated over extensive areas. The oldest division of this system is the Prairie du Chien limestone or dolomite, which was accumulated in rather clear seas and has a thickness in the quadrangles of 668 to 811 feet. After a break in sedimentation this limestone deposition was followed by the St. Peter sandstone, which doubtless also underlies the entire State except in a few small patches where it has been removed by erosion. Its thickness in this area ranges from 50 to 204 feet. Above the St. Peter sandstone were deposited in this area the Platteville and Galena limestones, 320 to 370 feet thick, after which a withdrawal of the sea put a stop to deposition. During the next submergence this region, like the greater por- tion of Illinois, received deposits of mud, sand, and limy sediment which now compose the shales, sandstones, and shaly limestones of the Maquoketa formation. The average thickness of this formation in deep wells in the area was 204 feet. SILURIAN PERIOD This region was land during early Silurian time, but in middle Silurian time the area comprised in the Edgington and Milan quadrangles was cov- ered by a clear sea, and received calcareous deposits known as the Niagaran limestone or dolomite, which ranges in thickness from 215 to 375 feet. DEVONIAN PERIOD After a long emergence the sediments that accumulated above the Niagaran in this region consist of limestones, of late middle Devonian age, which have a thickness in the quadrangles of about 140 feet. This was followed in Upper Devonian time by the widespread deposition of dark mud containing great numbers of fossil spores, of lycopodaceous plants. This is known as the Sweetland Creek shale formation, which was probably laid down over almost the entire State. It is well exposed along Sweetland Creek, in Iowa, in the northwest quarter of the Edgington quadrangle, and has been identified in well borings in many places in Illinois. MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD This region was a land surface between the deposition of the upper Devonian strata and the lowermost Mississippian. During the Mississippian epoch the southern part of the Mississippi valley was extensively submerged. EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: GEOLOGIC HISTORY 187 Although no rocks belonging to this epoch have been found in place in the quadrangles, yet fragments of chert occurring in the basal conglomerate of the Pennsylvanian system contained molds and casts of fossils characteristic of early or middle Mississippian rocks, indicating that more or less of these strata were originally deposited over the area. PENNSYLVANIAN PERIOD POTTSVILLE TIME For a long time after the middle Mississippian submergence this region was a land surface which became much trenched by erosion channels and developed considerable relief before the Pennsylvanian sea invaded the region. Upon this unevenly eroded surface the early Pennsylvanian rocks were laid down when the sea next covered the area. Slight warping pre- ceded the invasion of the Pennsylvanian sea which transgressed older forma- tions over extensive areas in the northern part of the Mississippi valley. In early Pennsylvanian time sedimentation was restricted to a rather narrow area in the Eastern Interior coal field of Illinois and northwestern Kentucky. As a result of further warping movements and erosion the sea was permitted to gradually spread northward, and extend farther eastward and westward. In this gradually enlarging basin were accumulated the sand and mud and limy clay which now make up the sandstone, shale, and impure limestone of the Pottsville formation. Layers of vegetal material interbedded with the other sediments indicate the existence of marshes at different times. The vegetal material that accumulated in these marshes now forms irregular layers or lenses of coal, ranging from thin films to beds which locally reach a thickness of 3 to 5 feet. The seas that from time to time covered this area during the Pottsville epoch were so shallow that some of the higher places were probably not entirely covered during the time of submergence, and a slight lowering of the strand line resulted in the emergence of the higher areas. Hence deposition was not uniform over this region, and frequent changes in the character of the sediment and local erosional unconformities occur within the Pottsville beds. CARBONDALE AND MCLEANSBORO TIME During the Carbondale and McLeansboro epochs this immediate area remained above the sea a large part of the time. However, in late Carbondale time a marsh in which the vegetal material accumulated that later became the Herrin coal, existed in places over the area ; and during early McLeans- boro time there was a great transgression of the sea, permitting the deposi- tion of the limestone containing Girtyina, and higher strata. Post-Pennsylvanian Deformation Deposition of Pennsylvanian time was closed by widespread movements which resulted in the uplift of the Appalachian Mountains in the east and the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains to the southwest, and the further uplift 188 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 of the La Salle anticline in Illinois. Attending these larger movements there were formed also the faults and minor folds that affect the Pennsylvanian rocks in different parts of the State. These movements permanently ban- ished the sea from the region. The rocks of the Edgington and Milan quadrangles were not greatly disturbed by these deformations, no faults having been found in the area, and the tilting and slight flexing of the strata that occurred at that time are so gentle that they are scarcely distinguishable from original irregularies of deposition. The general altitude of the surface was probably considerably increased, the region being elevated from near sea level to a position a few hundred feet above it. Mesozoic Era After the elevation and deformation that occurred near the close of the Pennsylvanian period, the areas that had received deposits of sediment at different times during the Paleozoic era were subjected for a very long time to continuous denudation. Erosion has progressed almost without inter- ruption from that time to the present, although at different times it has been accelerated by slight uplifts, and at others it was probably retarded by a more or less close approach to peneplanation. Cenozoic Era tertiary period Some time before the close of the Tertiary period the surface of the greater part of Illinois and adjacent regions had been reduced to a nearly level plain, as shown by the fact that the surface beneath the Quaternary deposits is quite level except where narrow valleys were cut in late Tertiary and early Quaternary time. Near the end of the Tertiary period there occurred a general uplift of the land which quickened erosion and caused the streams to deepen their valleys. Well borings show that many such rock valleys 100 to 200 feet deep, now filled with drift, occur in Illinois, and a few such buried valleys have been found in the Milan and Edgington quadrangles. The valley of Mississippi River, near the southwest corner of the Edgington quadrangle, was cut at least 120 feet below the level of the present flood plain, and the valley of Copperas Creek, in the NE. % sec. 16, T. 16 N., R. 4W., was about 65 feet below its present level. The maximum relief of the preglacial surface was at least 234 feet, but except in the deepest valleys it did not exceed 80 or 90 feet. QUATERNARY PERIOD PLEISTOCENE EPOCH At the beginning of the Quaternary period, the surface of the Milan and Edgington quadrangles was much like the present surface, but dif- EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: GEOLOGIC HISTORY lg9 ferent from it in one important particular. The topographic features of that time had been developed solely by erosion, whereas those of the present surface were in part produced by deposition of drift, and in part by the subsequent erosion of these deposits by the present streams. Kansan time. — Relatively early in the Pleistocene epoch, during the Kansan stage of glaciation, an ice sheet developed at the north and spread broadly over the upper Mississippi basin, invading western Illinois from the Iowa side. After a long period of glacial occupation the ice melted away, leaving a thick mantle of clay, sand, pebbles, and boulders over the area it had covered. Yarmouth time. — A change of climate from some cause or causes resulted in the melting of the Kansan ice sheet, which was followed by a long interval during which the climate did not greatly differ from that pre- vailing in the region today. During this interglacial stage, known as the Yarmouth, the surface of the Kansan till was covered with vegetation, and after a long time a soil was developed in the upper part of the till, and the glacial deposits suffered considerable alteration and erosion. Illinoian time. — The next event of importance was the advance over the region of the Illinoian ice sheet which came from the northeast, centering in Labrador. As it moved forward it gathered up much of the material left by the Kansan ice sheet and mixed it with other debris brought from the north. In some places, however, it overrode without greatly disturbing the older drift, or even the soil which had developed upon it, but buried it just as it was. When the Illinoian glacier melted it left over the surface a thick bed of till which completely buried the hills and valleys developed by the streams during Yarmouth time, leaving the surface more nearly level than before. Sangamon time. — Upon the surface of the nearly level drift plain left by the Illinoian glacier, new drainage lines were gradually developed, and over the more level areas the organic matter from successive generations of plants accumulated to such an extent as to form a carbonaceous soil (the Sangamon soil) which was in places peaty and contained large amounts of undecomposed plant remains. Percolating ground water leached and other- wise weathered the upper few feet of the underlying till. On the slopes where erosion was active, organic matter was not allowed to accumulate, but there was developed in places a thin bed of gravel which was con- centrated at the surface by the removal by sheet wash and erosion of the fine constituents of the till. Iowan and Peorian time. — The invasion of the Iowan glacier was not recorded by deposits of till in this immediate area. However, after the devel- opment of the present stream channels and the weathering of the upper portion of the till were well advanced, conditions arose in late Iowan and early PeOrian time which favored the accumulation of extensive deposits 190 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 of dust. This dust or loess was spread over the surface of the Illinoian drift sheet, covering the Sangamon soil and peat, the concentrated gravels, and over the leached and eroded surface of the Illinoian till where the soil, peat, and gravel were absent. Later, dust transportation diminished, and the erosive processes again became dominant. The carving of valleys con- tinued without interruption until the Wisconsin time, when they had reached almost their present forms. Wisconsin time. — After the close of the Peorian interglacial time, ice of the Wisconsin stage invaded northern and eastern Illinois and spread westward to a position within 50 miles of the area under discussion. The headwaters of Rock River and of other tributaries of the Mississippi in this region were covered by the Wisconsin ice sheet. The water liberated from the melting ice and loaded with glacial debris, followed these stream valleys westward from the ice sheet, depositing in their channels, and along the Mississippi into which they discharged, large quantities of sand and gravel. After the Wisconsin glacier melted from the region, the streams, in adjusting their channels to the reduced volume and load, cut down into the coarse materials they had recently deposited, and developed flood plains at lower levels. The greater part of this old filling has been removed, but in a few places patches of this material have escaped erosion and stand several feet above the level of the present flood plains as remnants of terraces, which indicate the height to which the stream valleys had been filled. RECENT EPOCH In the Recent epoch the altitude of this region is not known to have changed in any important way. The principal event has been the removal of a part of the material deposited during the Pleistocene epoch. During this time the streams have been widening their valleys and forming broader flood plains. MINERAL RESOURCES The principal mineral resources of the Milan and Edgington quadrangles comprise coal, shale and clay, limestone, sand and gravel, and water. To these may be added the soil which is the chief source of wealth in the area. Coal The Milan and Edgington quadrangles lie near the northwest corner of the eastern interior coal basin (fig. 13), and in the part of this basin where the Rock Island and Herrin coals, exist only in patches. COALS OTHER THAN THE ROCK ISLAND AND HERRIN BEDS In many places two or more coal beds besides the Rock Island and Herrin coals are known to be present in this area. These coals are thin, usually ranging from a few to 18 inches thick, and in only a few places is the thickness of one or more of them known to reach 24 to 30 inches. The distribution of these coals is as irregular as their thickness, some of them EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: MINERAL RESOURCES 191 being absent and others present in different outcrops and test borings less than one mile distant from each other. One of the thicker of these coals occurs near the base of the Pennsyl- vanian, but it is not persistent at this horizon. In the abandoned clay pit of the National Clay Company, at Sears, a coal 2 feet thick occurs about 5 feet above the Devonian limestone. In the log of a test boring in the SE. cor. SW. % SE. % sec. 28, T. 16 N., R. 4 W., a coal bed 19 inches thick is reported 17 feet above the Devonian limestone at an elevation of 569 feet, and another boring one-half mile farther northwest found a coal 29 inches thick 12 feet above the top of the Devonian, at an altitude of 550 feet. In a boring one-half mile east of the one last mentioned a coal 21 inches thick was found 35 feet above the Devonian limestone at an elevation of 510 feet. Another coal, reported 38 inches thick, occurs 14 feet higher, at an altitude of 524 feet. In another boring one-half mile south of the last, a coal 18 inches thick was reported 17 feet above the Devonian at an altitude of 490 feet; another coal, 8 inches thick, occurs about 61 feet higher, and a third bed 25 inches thick, is reported 50 feet still higher, at an elevation of 603 feet. The following data on the coals penetrated in four test borings around the border of a single quarter section of land will illustrate the very variable distribution and thickness of these coals : In the log of a boring on the NW. cor NW. % SE. 14 sec. 28, T. 16 N., R. 4 W., a coal 29 inches thick was reported about 14 feet above the Devonian limestone at an altitude of 549 feet; another coal 26 inches thick was found at an elevation of 645 feet; another 11-inch bed occurred at an altitude of 655 feet; and another 8-inch coal was present at 679 feet. Another boring one-half mile east and one-fourth mile south of the last, passed through a coal 21 inches thick, lying 35 feet above the Devonian, at an altitude of 509 feet; another bed 38 inches thick at 526 feet altitude; a 4-inch coal at 542 feet altitude; a 20-inch bed at 634 feet altitude; and a 6-inch coal at an elevation of 650 feet above sea level. A boring one-fourth mile south of the last passed through 18 inches of impure coal 17 feet above the Devonian, at an elevation of 489 feet ; an 8-inch bed at 550 feet altitude ; a 25-inch coal at an elevation of 603 feet; a 6-inch coal at 622 feet altitude; and a 5-inch coal at 647 feet elevation. A fourth boring one-fourth mile west of the last found 19 inches of coal above the Devonian, at an elevation of 569 feet, and an 8-inch coal at an elevation of 650 feet. These variations are shown in the accompanying columnar sections (fig. 32). As indicated above, it is not probable that any of these thin coals are peristent over very large areas, and the thicker beds appear to be somewhat more restricted in distribution than the thinner ones. In a few places near, or at, their outcrop in the banks of the tributaries south of Mississippi River, one or another of these coals has been worked on a small scale, by drifts 192 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 <* VERTICAL SCALE IN FEET m to c si C ■ q p, fl 3 as s _ a 13 o cc <5 3 02 O 5338 C19 0227a 5339 C19 0227a 5340 C19 0227a 5363 C19 0227a 5364 C19 0227a 5365 C19 0227a 5359 C18 0227 5360 C18 0227 5361 C18 0227 5371 C17 0104 5372 C17 0104 2775 0528 1758 0536 8/12 8/12 8/12 8/12 8/12 8/12 8/12 8/12 8/12 8/12 11/09 8/08 Mercer Mercer Mercer. . . . Mercer Mercer Mercer Mercer Mercer Mercer Mercer Mercer Rock Island Rock Island 6 13.23 Dry 40.29 46.43 37.20 42.88 9.28 10.69 4.37 5.04 .41 .47 6 15.24 Dry 37.66 44.44 35 . 73 42.15 11.37 13.41 4.80 5.66 1.47 1.73 6 15.15 Dry 39.06 44.44 38.48 42.15 7.31 14.41 3.30 5.66 .17 1.73 6 14.97 Dry 38.27 46.03 37.07 45.36 9.69 8.61 3.75 3.89 .33 .19 6 14.46 Dry 40.42 44.99 35.33 43.61 9.79 11.40 4.23 4.95 .69 .43 6 14.07 Dry 39.95 47.24 34.01 41.32 11.97 11.44 4.55 4.94 .78 .59 6 14 . 58 Dry 39.49 46.49 36.82 39.59 9.11 13.92 5.60 5.29 .15 .91 6 15.07 Dry 38.14 46.23 37.44 43.09 9.35 10.68 4.85 6.56 .34 .18 6 14.10 Dry 39.60 44.91 36.73 44.01 9.57 11.02 3.92 5.71 .23 .38 1? 17.75 Dry 39.50 48.03 34.61 42.08 8.14 9.89 5.53 6.72 .86 1.05 1? 17.50 Dry 38.78 47.00 33.66 40.80 10.06 12.20 4.51 5.46 .29 .35 17.30 Dry 38.25 46.25 36.25 43.82 8.17 9.87 5.10 6.16 15.36 Dry 35.64 42.05 37 . 03 43.70 12.07 14.25 6.45 7.61 11104 12797 10353 12214 11252 12214 9637 13260 10780 12749 10525 12603 10894 12247 10790 12754 10956 12705 10435 12687 10238 12409 10578 12791 10178 12010 14641 H478 14478 14760 H712 14551 14604 14642 146i8 M373 14372 i4533 U673 *Analyses having the same file number are from the same mine. Shale and Clay Shale, loess, and alluvial clay have been used in this region in the manu- facture of clay products. Of the shale, two beds have been used. The lower one lying near the base of the Pottsville was worked a few years ago by the Black Hawk Clay Manufacturing Company, at Sears, in making the better grades of pressed brick and building brick. A thickness of about 24 feet of shale was dug and mixed with a considerable percentage of the overlying loess as the raw material. 198 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 In the vicinity of Illinois City a bed of white shale 5 to 7 feet thick was formerly worked for white pottery, and used by four plants near Illinois City in the manufacture of jugs, crocks, and jars. Considerable quantities of this shale were also hauled to Fairport, and used in the manufacture of similar products. This bed of white clay lies about 35 feet above the upper zone of thin clay-iron stone concretions at an altitude of about 695 feet. It appears to be of limited distribution, this white phase especially not having been recognized outside of a small area, less than one square mile in extent, in the vicinity of Illinois City. This shale has not been utilized for a number of years. The Davenport Brick and Tile Company operates an up-to-date clay plant at Buffalo, Iowa, across the river from Andalusia. Shale from the basal part of the Pottsville mixed with the overlying loess is the material from which hollow building block, sidewalk brick, paving brick, building brick, sewer pipe, and drain tile are manufactured. For several years Mr. Hans Paulson has operated a brick yard on Twelfth Street road in South Rock Island. The more common grades of building brick are made from the surficial clays, about 34 per cent of loess being used in the mix with about 66 per cent of the underlying blue clay, a vertical face of 26 feet being dug. A few years ago Olaf Atkinson and Mr. Richmond in Rock Island, and August Raistens in Moline, operated plants for the manufacture of the more common building brick, using surficial clays as the raw material. In recent years work in these plants has been discontinued. Limestone The only limestone of commercial importance that outcrops in the quadrangles is of Devonian age, and is exposed along the rivers in the north part of the area. The Moline Stone Company formerly operated a large quarry in the limestone from the lower part of the Devonian, in Moline. The stone was crushed, and large quantities sent to the Rock County Sugar Company at Janesville, Wisconsin, for use in refining sugar. Considerable quantities of crushed stone were also shipped to various places within a radius of 100 miles, for use in concrete and road building. The Cady quarry and Swan Tropp quarry in Moline have taken out a large amount of Devonian limestone for use in the city and adjacent ter- ritory. In the bank of the river at Sears considerable limestone has been quar- ried for Government use in connection with the canal and locks, and other improvements in that vicinity. Limestone has also been quarried in the bank of the river south of Sylvan Island, and near the east end of Rock Island, for Government use. EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: LIMESTONE 199 Large quantities of limestone are quarried by the Linwood Quarry Company at Linwood and the Dorese Brothers Crushed Stone Works at Buffalo. The larger part of this stone is sold for riprap, or crushed for concrete and other purposes. It finds market in many places between Rock Island and Kansas City. Sand and Gravel Sand suitable for plaster and cement is abundant in many places along Mississippi and Rock rivers, and along the channels of several of the larger creeks in the quadrangles. Large quantities of both sand and gravel have been taken from a large pit worked by the Rock Island Southern Railroad Company on the flood plain of Mississippi River near the SE. cor. sec. 21, and the SW. cor. sec. 22, T. 17 N., R. 2 W. A vertical face 12 to 14 feet high has been worked in this pit for a distance of about 20 or more rods. The material consists mostly of small gravel mixed with coarse sand. This is an important source of gravel which is sorted from the sand by screen- ing. Large amounts of sand are hauled from the channels of Rock Creek and Mississippi River for use in plaster and concrete in Rock Island and Moline. Portland Cement Material The chief raw materials required for the manufacture of Portland cement are limestone and clay or shale. The limestone should be rela- tively free from such undesirable impurities as dolomite, chert, and pyrite. The clay or shale should not contain much sand, pyrite, or gypsum. Limestone in sufficient quantities and apparently of requisite purity is available, convenient to the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, in the vicinity of Sears and Milan, in the northeast part of the Milan quad- rangle. This limestone is of Devonian (upper Wapsipinicon and lower Cedar Valley) age; a working face of 20 to 40 feet could be in places developed. Shale of Pennsylvanian age that appears to be suitable for Portland cement material is exposed in the old clay pit of the Black Hawk Manu- facturing Company only a short distance from the limestone outcrops. While tests and analyses of these materials should be made before their suitability for Portland cement manufacture could be certainly determined, yet these deposits appear promising and their ready accessibility and near- ness to the railroad would seem to warrant an investigation of this locality on the part of anyone looking for available material for Portland cement purposes. The limestone worked in the old Cady quarry in East Moline also seems to be relatively pure calcium carbonate, and suitable clay or shale could doubtless be found at no great distance away. 200 year book for 1917 and 1918 Possibilities of Oil and Gas No definite and systematic testing for oil or gas has been done in this region. The churn-drill coal borings serve to test the rocks for oil and gas to the depth these borings penetrate the Pottsville strata, and the deep water wells in the area furnish information regarding the presence of oil and gas in strata as far down as they explore. Owing to the lack of any single, easily recognized key stratum in the Pennsylvanian rocks, the altitude of which could be determined from outcrops in borings in many places over the entire area, it has not been possible to present a structure map of the quadrangles showing the lay of the rocks in different places, and the areas where small domes arches, or synclines might be present. A few small structural features are known, as the low anticline extending in a north- west direction from near the center of sec. 25, T. 17 N., R. 2 W., prob- ably passing through Milan and across Mississippi River near Oakdale. This arch is 20 or more feet in height, and presents somewhat favorable oil structure. A small dome appears to be indicated by the altitude of the Herrin coal bed in sec. 24, Duncan Township, and sec. 19 of Perryton. What the eastward extension of this convex structure may be can not be determined by the explorations made up to the present time. The rise of the Rock Island coal from Sherrard, where its altitude is about 612 feet above sea level, to Cable, where its elevation reaches 654 feet, indicates a dome or anticlinal structure in the vicinity of Cable of sufficient magnitude to warrant testing, if any oil tests were to be made in this vicinity. Another small dome is indicated southwest of Matherville. The altitude of the Herrin coal at Matherville is about 630 feet, while about one mile southwest of this place the coal rises to 650 feet. However, it should be remembered that the presence of oil depends on several factors besides structure, so there is a large element of uncertainty regarding the presence of oil even where the structure appears favorable. gas in glacial drift Small quantities of gas have been reported from a few water wells in the quadrangles. Gas was reported in a well about one-fourth mile east of the center sec. 35, T. 17 N., R. 2 W. In another in the NE. % sec. 35, T. 16 N., R. 5 W., gas was found in a bed of sand or sandy clay at a depth of 85 feet. In another well in the NW. % sec. 36 of the same township gas is said to have been found at two levels, respectively 80 and 119 feet below the surface. In all of these cases the gas occurred in porous beds of sand or sandy clay enclosed in the drift. In such cases the gas was doubtless derived from the decomposition of relatively small amounts of organic matter that was buried in the glacial drift, and it can not be EDG1NGTON-MILAN AREA: POSSIBILITIES OF OIL AND GAS 201 expected to occur in such quantity as to be commercially important. Such gas-bearing beds of sand or gravel enclosed in glacial drift have no neces- sary connection with oil or gas accumulations in the deeper rock strata, nor does the presence of gas in the glacial drift furnish any indication of the presence of oil or gas in the deeper, hard rock strata of the region in which it occurs. Soil Five of the types of soil differentiated in the soil survey of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station are found in this area. These are : ( 1 ) black clay loam, found on the poorly drained prairies; (2) brown silt loam, found on the undulating uplands; (3) yellow silt loam, found on the hilly areas; (4) brown loam characteristic of the flood plains or bottom lands; and (5) sand soil, found in places along the flood plains, and crowning the hills in places along the east bank of Mississippi River. Like all others, these soils have been formed by geologic processes, to which they owe to a considerable extent their texture, their chemical and physical composition and their fertility. The character of the soil at any place depends on the character of the rock or rocks from which it was derived and on the conditions and forces to which it has been subjected. In the Milan and Edgington quadrangles the black clay loam has been formed from the loess under conditions of poor drainage which permitted the residual, imperfectly decomposed plant debris to accumulate in the soil. Probably imperfect drainage and humid climate are the chief factors con- cerned in the development of the dark color of this soil. The brown silt loam has been developed under conditions similar to that of the black clay loam, except that erosion was a little more active in the area where it occurs, which gave to the surface a little better drainage, and prevented the accumulation of the dark carbonaceous residual plant material to an equal degree. The yellow silt loam was formed in places where erosion has been still more effective than in the areas of brown silt loam, and where the dark, imperfectly decomposed plant debris is removed by erosion and leaching as rapidly as it is formed. The brown loam soil differs in origin from the type described above in that it receives from time to time accessions of new material. It lies on the flood plain within reach of high water, so that a thin film of sediment is deposited more or less uniformly over it at every time of overflow. The resulting soil is usually somewhat sandy, and loose textured. The sand soil is found only over small areas of flood plains, or on the hills bordering the east bank of Mississippi River. This soil is granular, porous, and thin, and is the least fertile of the soil types in the area. 202 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Water Resources shallow wells and springs An abundant supply of excellent water for domestic use can be ob- tained at shallow depths throughout this area. Rain and snow water is readily absorbed by the loess and percolates downward until it reaches the underlying comparatively impervious boulder clay. Much of it accumulates at the top of this clay, though near the borders of the upland a part moves laterally until it reaches the surface on the valley sides, where it issues as springs. A part percolates down into the boulder clay, commonly reaching and saturating lenses of sand which are in many places enclosed in the till. WELLS IN THE GLACIAL DRIFT Many of the farm wells obtain water from the base of the loess, which until recent years has been one of the important sources of water in the shallow wells on the uplands. On account of the general lowering of the ground-water level during the last fifty years, this source of water supply has been gradually weakened, and wells have more and more been drilled into sands lying within the glacial drift. Many wells from 80 to 140 feet deep obtain their water from sand and gravel beneath the boulder clays. Wells of this kind are common in the areas of deep drift in Black Hawk, Bowling, Edgington, Preemption, Perryton, Buffalo, Prairie, Drury, Eliza, and Duncan townships. Where the sand or gravel bed lying within or beneath the till is more than a few inches thick, it yields an abundant sup- ply of water for farm wells. WELLS IN HARD ROCK Where abundance of water is not obtained in the porous beds asso- ciated with the drift, it is sometimes found in the Pottsville sandstones, either those near the base of the formation or those occurring at higher levels. Borings into the Pottsville are often put down to the top of the Devonian limestone. The sandstones of the Pottsville are so irregular in their development and distribution that in some places well drillers have been obliged to drill a distance of 50 to 100 feet into the Niagaran limestone before obtaining a strong water supply. The upper part of the Niagaran limestone is usu- ally porous, and seldom fails to furnish a generous supply of water. This water-bearing horizon is found about 475 feet above sea level in the north- ern part of the area, but declines to about 325 feet above sea level, or lower, in the south part of the quadrangles. On low places over the Mis- sissippi flood plain the Niagaran limestone has yielded an artesian flow. The shallowest source of water for flowing wells in this region is the Galena dolomite. The water from this horizon usually has a strong odor of hydrogen sulphide, and in most wells that have penetrated to or below EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: WATER RESOURCES 203 this horizon the water has been cased off to prevent its mingling with the water from deeper sources. The only well known to be supplied from this horizon alone is the deep well at Linwood, the flow from which is known as the "sulphur springs." The St. Peter sandstone is the most reliable source of good deep-well water in the quadrangles. The original head of the water from the St. Peter sandstone in the quadrangles was about 645 feet above sea level, but in recent years this head has been reduced by the many wells that have been bored into the St. Peter sandstone in the cities of Rock Island, Mo- line, and Davenport, so that at present it does not much exceed 580 feet. The water from wells tapping the St. Peter sandstone will probably flow everywhere in the flood plains of the Mississippi and Rock rivers in this region. The supply of water from the sandstone is abundant, and the quality excellent, as shown by the analyses made by the State Water Sur- vey, Table 38. The St. Peter sandstone is the main source of water supply in the Atlantic Brewery well, in Rock Island, in the paper mill well in Moline, and in the city well in Milan. The deepest artesian water supply in this region is from the sandstones of Upper Cambrian age. The head of this water is higher than that of the St. Peter sandstone. A test made in the well of the Rock Island Brew- ing Company on Elm Street in Rock Island, in 1905, showed that when the well was cased down to 1,604 feet the water rose to a height of 596 feet above sea level. By the use of an air-lift this well has yielded 450 gallons per minute. The water from the Cambrian sandstone in the Prospect Park well in Moline and the Mitchell and Lynde well in Rock Island was some- what more salty than that coming from the St. Peter sandstone. From a well said to be 2,000 feet deep, on the edge of the flood plain of the north side of sec. 2, T. 16 N., R. 5 W., water flows constantly in a stream nearly three inches in diameter. The altitude of the top of the well is 549 feet. This water is also strongly mineralized and not good to drink. In this region the head of the water from the Cambrian sandstone is not so high now as it was when the first wells were put down into the formation. Surface-water Supplies The supply of surface water in this area is abundant for all ordinary purposes, but the water contains so much sediment, and other impurities that filtering is necessary before it is safe for domestic use. Since good well water is easily available everywhere in the region, stream water has not been much utilized except by the larger cities, which require large amounts. The city of Moline obtains its water supply from Mississippi River, the water being filtered through Jewell filters, lime, and iron also being used in the treatment. Sanitary analyses of the unfiltered and filtered river wa- 204 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 191i ter from which the Moline city supply is obtained were made by the State Water Survey. The results are shown in tables 39, 40, and 41. Table 38. — Mineral analyses of St. Peter sandstone water from wells in the Milan and E ding ton quadrangles Town Owner Depth of well feet Depth of casing feet Rate of pumping gals, per min. Date sample was collected. . . . Rock Island (3rd Avenue and 14th Street) Moline Plow Co. 1581 July 24, '11 Rock Island (1st Avenue and 6th St.) Rock Island Plow Co. 1404 April 25, '11 Moline (Power Plant) Deere Plow Co. 1467 250 78 April 23, '12 Moline Deere and Co. 1490 850 36 April 23, '12 Moline Dr. R. C. J Meyer 1028 Feb. 20, '07 Milan (4th and West Sts.) City 1157 700 100 Aug. 8, '18 Determinations made (parts per million) Potassium 12.4 338.3 2. 21. 46.7 .1 1.6 . „. 205. 378.5 7.2 5.2 30. 318.4 .4 21. 50. 2. 1.2 "2.2 295. 244.8 18.8 2.8 27.8 297.7 2.1 25.3 57.2 1.6 .0 .0 .0 280. 313.5 6.4 5.6 16.1 228. 2.3 30.5 71.5 .8 1.2 276! " 189.3 5.6 4. 304.6 1.7 28.5 58.6 .3 6. "'.5 300. 307.8 6.4 351.5 1.9 21.18 41.31 1.9 0.3 Nitrite Nitrate .35 185.2 371.8 Sillica 14.6 Hypothetical combinations (parts per million) .6 23.2 '320:i' 560.2 20.2 ' 5.3 "i'2.1 116.6 .2 ' i!6 7.2 5.2 3.6 54.5 ' 444 '. i ' 362.2 59.8 " 72 .' 7 ' 124.8 "2." 1.2 18.2 2.8 '*53.'" '420.5' 407.1 "Y.Y ' 41. i' 58.9 142.8 3.3 "qa' 5.6 "hb'.i' '42i.'5' 190.9 ' "8:4 - "65!7" 65.8 178.5 1.7 '"i!2* 5.6 4. .7 495.1 337. 106.4' 28.4 146.3 .6 "e." 6.4 4.4 Potassium chloride .5 305.9 549.6 120.3 Ammonium sulphate Ammonium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Magnesium carbonate " '4.9' "73.4' 103.2 3.8 .3 14.6 Total 1183.1 1145.9 1146.4 974. 1125.3 1177.1 Hypothetical ccmlinations (grains per U. S. gallon) .03 1.35 "i8!67 32.68 4.09 ".'.31 "i'.24 6.80 .01 "09 .42 .30 .21 3.18 "25:90 21.12 3.49 "4:24 7.28 • •• .07 1.06 .16 3.09 "24.51 23.74 ' "44 "2:44 3.43 8.32 .19 " .' 37 .32 * ' i ! 79 "24.58 11.13 ".'48 " - 3.'83 3.84 10.40 .09 .04 28.87 19.64 "5:88 1.66 8.53 .03 "34 .37 .26 Sodium nitrate Sodium chloride Sodium sulphate Sodium carbonate .03 17.71 31.18 6.98 Ammonium carbonate ....... .29 Magnesium carbonate 4.25 5.81 .22 .06 .32 .23 .01 .85 Total 68.99 66.82 66.85 56.75 65.62 68.01 EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA: WATER RESOURCES 205 I is T •M -(-3 o ^ CJ 1 1 o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 gg C CM + CO CM CM CM CM CM + 3 c3 o 1 c- + + 1 + 1 3 I _ l CO O o u u . CO a> tO CO i— 1 o t^ CM CO tO "tfl CM o3 <* o o "3 >. ec t^ 00 o CM "* OS CO CM M& ex o * -tf -* CM CO O) CC OS 1— 1 00 CO CM CM CO to Ph c o T ~ H _ o o o o o o S3 T3 c tO to to o 5*1 >. o c X o 3 "*l <* 00 CM 00 CO 00 00 o- r^ t^ CO to t^ 00 t^ t^ O M

«o to o f-* o o o o o ^H CM ,-H CM CM CM ^H CO O 3 is 32 s a -2 cn tO CO o* t^ Tt< "<* t^ d CC tO 00 o CM CO I—i o co 1—1 rH *""* 1—1 CM 1—1 > 1 >> ■„ o o o o O o o f- o o Fh o o O o o o 05 o o c3 o o o o o 1* • W co CM c 03 o o o 03 ^t CM CM o ~o o CO CO ft a o 3J O E i t: ■H a Ih +3 Fh 32 t: O O <3 o — o3 o o c T3 -a -C -o 3 1 u m U tc co CO CC CO CO CO CO CO c o c o o o o o o o o OC tO OS CO •* CO o to CO 5°| c \ c \ CM o o T-i - t^ CO CM 00 .Set. ■- OS CO CO /. s ec co Tt< Tj< Tt< <* <* to to 206 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 i J CD S T3 r=H e a =; a c 3 Ss QQ >> 1° T d w PQ < 1 6 : + + 1 1 1 + + + 1 1 1 + § •—i r_| ,— 1 CM CM CM CM ^H ^H CM CM rH CM 6 53 "c 03 o + + tN« + + + + + + 1 + 1 G O O O ~ CN I— 1 1-1 rH CM CM CM •^ CM CM CM CM CM a o CN + 1 + + + e~ + + + 1 + 1 o o o o o o © © © © © © .2 • o o o o CM o © © © © © © 'C *2 © to 00 CO OS ©_ o © CM tO t^ 0) t> 1-H 00 CM Tt< co" cm" ©*" 00 to CD o3 9) i-H CO r^ CS p CM CO * * * fi C o "* o o o 00 ^H © t^ CO t^ 1^ ^£ CO 00 r-i CM CO 00 Tf t^ CS CD © CO CD ,S-* CO 00 t^ CO os CM CM i-H i-H CM CO CM CM ^ 1-1 1—1 1—1 1-1 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 7—1 CO o o © © © © © © 00 ^H -* ** "* w CO CM "* 00 00 ^ -f fc 2 CM "* CM o CM CM CM CO CM CM CO T*H Tt< CO o ^ H CO ,_, CO o o CM CM CM CM ,_, ,_, CO •"- 1 -2 o o o o o »o © © © © © © £ o3 fc'js o o o o o o © © © © © © © 3 o Q o «tf O) CO CO CM CM CM la 5 £ 3 00 00 CM o co TJH o o CD "* 00 s © < CD 00 00 1-H 00 t^ CM i-H 'O >o CO ■^ 00 "tj £ o o t o T— \ o o © © © © © © CD a S 0) 6*1 X e 3 >o lO o iO o >o >o to OS CO cm o l^ o © °^ CS t^ co CO t^ e CM rH i-H CD <* CO >o CO CS CO CM CM CM o o o « t- ci e tO o to o >o o o © © © © © T3 o o 3 1— 1 1—1 CM 1—1 i-H CM CM 1-H i-H i-H CM CM CM CO -a 03 -a ^ i en 3 6 fl OJ 3 d 0-.2 co »o -* CM 1-H 00 rfi »o CM © >o i—t i-H "a pO**J ■* CO o OS o 00 o CS p CO CM © S 03 CO CD > o3 CM CM CM CM CO «o CO 1—1 CM CM CM CD >> >» >-J *o3 T3 Ih p£3 o O p4 c o ■^ © © © © © © O f_l o o u o o i- © © © © © © CD T3 ce o o o3 o o o3 o © © © © © 03 13. O W H H co CM CM CD CD co d 03 03 CD Tt< >o Tf< 3 o 00 00 00 c O O 73 a o 0) o V^H T3 a O S s CD co <) p 05 +3 o CO O ■3 3 o o 3 o -2 o o £ o o o CD '3 T3 -a +j 'S T3 "C ■"3 "C CD o cu t$ Q s Q co CD to CO CO CO CO co CO CO CO CO •- CO CD J$ d o o o o o o o © © © © o © © !x cd .5 00 to OS CO -^ CO © »o »o «o CO CD CO "o I" 8 ! CM CM CM CD O o CM T—l CM <* to 00 OS CO rrt , o 00 to rH co CO CM OS © rH t^ CS © s .2 d * tF o to to EDGINGTON-MILAN AREA WATER RESOURCES 207 pi, s M ^ ©' ^_ C3 *>• B" t— I CD ^ CO c CD "^ d "- 1 o o e ^^ c*-i T3 o d 5 * « <« a co ~c aco *& 3 ^ CC '-h , 80 So ci >> o +3 g o3 a o > ,0 c3 so h3 !-• r^ t^ O! t> CN Tt c a ir. CN o8 faC CD CO c CN c CO £ « CO c OC O CO 1-1 P 0) a CD CD cr iO "* CC OC OC CO CN CN *£} "3 C OC c c 1> I> TJH CO CN Tj" CC CM tH | l>. CO CO CT Tf cr CN »o l^ Tt< C3 o CD CO CO io CN OC CN iC CO rc< l-H B CD iC tC CT t>. "<* CC CC T* r - o co +3 CD CD CN cc t^ CN CN -* CM o3 CO CC l> c rP Ph *H ^ C c C - cc > d c c C C a P- Gl cc 5z C cc cc o- 5z . a co u f: c < ' C CO _o "-+J o3 a d 3 a CC c a s ^ 4= c -i- O a a a. 1 « C "5 CC c » CD cc F- -D c cr £ c £ CC | 43 O £ E 5 £ I "a fa 'a a e D b, I C CC t c 1 CC e £ CC cr a W c a: -5 C a; C cc £ < CC CC C i- < cd pq d o CD t> Fh CD i> i> CC iC o- C OC I> Tt< £d CD CO OC Tf cr. CN cr a CN CO CD CI «2 PCD O" CM c I> Tt T— iO OC T— o 1h eg CO iC OC CC CN T— c "* CN 03 Ph Ph^ CN c -* pa 1 e a P- C < ! c C i " C be CO £ £ d n p o 1— 1 £ 1 '1 1 c CC C -i a "cl .5 £ § 1 | g J c « CO 9 C cc £ < 5 < +: 2 C 3 CC CC 208 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 The city of Rock Island also obtains its water supply from Mississippi River. The sanitary and mineral analyses of the water from the Rock Island supply gave results similar in a general way to those of the Moline city water, as would be expected from the short distance between the in- take of these cities. Water Power Water power is developed by a dam across a branch of Rock River between Milan and Sears. Much greater amounts of water power could be made available on Mississippi River in this region but no effort Las been made to develop power from this source. GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE AVON AND CANTON QUADRANGLES By T. E. Savage OUTLINE PAGE Introduction 211 Location and importance of the area .. . . 211 Acknowledgments 212 Surface relief and drainage . 213 General geology .... 213 Stratigraphy 214 Surficial materials 214 Indurated rocks 214 Detailed well sections 215 Rocks exposed 218 Mississippian system 218 Burlington limestone 218 Pennsylvanian system 219 Correlation 220 Pottsville formation 220 Character and thickness 220 Strata below No. 1 coal 220 No. 1 coal and associated strata .... 223 Strata above the cap-rock of No. 1 coal 226 Carbondale formation 230 Strata between No. 2 coal and the septarian nodular lime- stone 230 Strata between the septarian limestone and No. 5 coal 235 No. 5 coal and associated strata 236 Canton shale member 240 Strata between the Canton shale and No. 6 coal 241 Strata between No. 5 and No. 6 coals near Cuba 242 No. 6 coal 245 McLeansboro formation 245 General character of the rocks 245 Strata between No. 6 and No. 7 coals 245 No. 7 coal and overlying strata 247 Structure 248 General description 249 Practical use of the structure map 250 Mineral resources 251 Coal 251 Pottsville coals 252 Rock Island (No. 1) coal 252 Coal below No. 1 coal 252 Coals between No. 1 and No. 2 coals 253 Carbondale coals 253 Colchester (No. 2) coal 253 No. 3 coal 253 209 PAGE No. 4 coal 254 Springfield (No. 5) coal 254 Herrin (No. 6) coal 255 McLeansboro coal . . 255 No. 7 coal 255 Chemical analyses of the coals 256 Mines and mining methods 258 Shale and clay 261 Pennsylvanian shales 261 Pleistocene clays 262 Clay-working plants 262 Sand and gravel 263 Building stone 263 Soils 264 Alluvial soils 264 Glacial till 264 Sandy soil 264 Loess soils 264 Water resources 265 General considerations 265 Water-bearing strata 266 Water supplies 266 Streams 266 Shallow wells 267 Wells in rock 267 Oil and gas 267 The Hoing sand 267 Other possible oil-bearing horizons 268 Relation of accumulation to folds in the oil-bearing bed 268 Localities already tested 269 Gas in glacial drift 269 Recommendations 270 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE PAGE I. Geologic map of the Avon and Canton quadrangles In pocket FIGURE 33. Map showing the location of the Avon and Canton quadrangles 211 34. Photograph showing Pottsville strata below No. 1 coal, exposed in an old quarry a few rods west of Marietta Station 221 35. Photograph of an outcrop of Rock Island (No. 1) coal and the overlying limestone in the west bank of Spoon River below Seville 224 36. View of the strata below No. 2 coal, exposed in the west bank of Spoon River in the SW. % sec. 27, T. 9 N., R. 2 E 229 37. View of No. 2 coal and the overlying shale exposed between Lewiston and Cuba 235 38. Photograph of Springfield (No. 5) coal exposed in stripping operations 1 }/ 2 miles north of Cuba 237 39. Canton shale, exposed in the shale pit of M. Heckard and Son, near Canton 241 40. Herrin (No. 6) coal and cap-rock, exposed along Copperas Creek, 2 miles east of Brereton 245 210 FIGURE PAGE 41. Lonsdale limestone, exposed in an old quarry 2 Y / 2 miles east of Farmington 247 42. Shale exposed in the clay pit of the Avon Milling and Manufacturing Company, a quarter of a mile north of Avon 261 42. 43. 256 260 TABLES Analyses of mine samples of coal from the Canton and Avon quadrangles List of shipping mines in and near the Canton and Avon quadrangles. . . . INTRODUCTION Location and Importance of the Area The district described in this paper embraces one of the important areas in which the Springfield (No. 5) coal is mined in the State. It is quad- rangular in shape, approximately 26 miles long in an east and west direction, and a little more than 17 miles wide, and contains about 450 square miles. Fig. 33. Map showing the location of the Avon and Canton quadrangles. The stippled boundary outlines the Illinois coal field. It is situated towards the northwest part of the Illinois coal field (fig. 33), and includes portions of four counties as follows: about 63 square miles in the southwest part of Knox, 24 square miles in southeast Warren, 24 square miles in northeast McDonough, and 340 square miles in the north part of Fulton. The area has been mapped topographically by the State Geological Sur- vey in co-operation with the United States Geological Survey. The name Canton Quadrangle has been given to the east half of the district from the 211 212 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 town of Canton, in the southeast quarter, which is situated near the center of the main coal production in this region, and the name Avon Quadrangle has been applied to the west half of this district from the town of Avon, in the northwest quarter. In and near the borders of this district are included all of the larger coal mines of Fulton County, including 19 commercial mines, and more than 50 local mines which are worked during only a part of the year to supply local trade. Almost the entire area, except about 30 square miles near the northwest corner is probably underlain by the Rock Island (No. 1) coal which in some places is known to be 3 to 4 feet thick. Nearly three-fourths of the area is underlain by the Colchester (No. 2 or Murphysboro) coal bed which has a rather uniform thickness of about 30 inches. Approximately the eastern third of the area is also underlain by the Springfield (No. 5) coal which is between 4 and 5 feet thick and lies within easy working distance below the surface. Over somewhat more than 50 square miles in the north- east corner of the area the Herrin (No. 6) coal is also present in a thickness of nearly 5 feet. The quality of the coals in this region is generally good, and the mining conditions in the better coal beds are usually extremely favorable. A good market for the coal output is afforded by several lines of railroad which pass through the quadrangles. The Toledo, Peoria, and Western passes near the south border of the area and affords a good outlet to the east and west. A branch of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy passes through Canton, Brereton, Norris, and Farmington, near the east side of the district. The Minneapolis and St. Louis passes through London Mills and Farmington in the north part of the area. The West Havana branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington and Quincy crosses the central part, through Cuba, Ellisville, and London Mills ; and the Chicago and Kansas City branch of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy passes near the west side of the area through Bush- nell, Prairie City, Avon, and St. Augustine. Besides these steam roads the Illinois Central electric road connects St. David, Canton, Norris, and Fairview in this area. Acknowledgments Reports on the geology of Fulton, Warren, and Knox counties were published by Worthen in 1870, in which he made the section of Pennsyl- vanian rocks in Fulton County 1 the type for western and central Illinois. The annual Coal Reports for the State 2 have given important infor- mation concerning mining and mining equipment, and statistics on the coa production of this area from year to year. iWorthen, A. H., Geol. Survey of Illinois, vol. IV, p. 92, 1870. See also vol. 5, p. 253, 1873, for the geology of McDonough County. 20f recent years these reports have been published by the Department of Mines and Minerals. Earlier reports were f issued by the State Mining Board and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. AVON-CANTON AREA: INTRODUCTION 213 Leverett has described some of the topographic features and published the records of a few water wells in this region. 1 S. O. Andros 2 has described the coal-mining practice in District IV, which includes the area under consideration. The coal operators in this area very generously furnished the Survey copies of the private records of their shafts and test borings which were of great help in the preparation of the structure data included on the geologic map (PI. I) which accom- panies this paper. Appreciation of this favor is here gladly acknowledged. Surface Relief and Drainage The range of surface relief in the Canton and Avon quadrangles is a little more than 300 feet, although the altitude over much the greater part of the uplands is included between 640 and 760 feet above the sea. The lowest point is about three miles east of the town of Marietta, where Spoon River leaves the Avon quadrangle at an elevation of about 474 feet. The highest elevation is at the top of a low hill, about 2 miles west of Norris, which rises slightly above 780 feet. The surface drainage of all but about 30 square miles along the east margin of the area is accomplished by Spoon River and its branches. This river is tributary to the Illinois, which it joins about 20 miles southeast of the area, opposite the city of Havana. The more important tributaries to Spoon River in this area are Cedar Creek in the northwest portion, Shaw Creek in the southwest, and Big, Littlers, Coal, and Put creeks in the east. The detailed topography of the area, including the location of timber tracts, public roads, railroads, and houses, is shown on the topographic map of the quadrangles. The relief and altitude of the surface are indicated on this map by contour lines, each of which passes through points of equal elevation above the sea. The successive contour lines are separated on the ground by a vertical interval of 20 feet. A belt of floodplain l 1 /^ to iy 2 miles wide borders Spoon River, and narrower areas of floodplain border the larger creeks in the region. The surface of the uplands is gently sloping, but in some places adjacent to the river and larger creeks a fairly rugged topography has been developed. GENERAL GEOLOGY In the study of the geology of this region an effort was made to deter- mine the number of coal beds of commercial importance occurring in the quadrangles ; the area underlain by each of these beds ; the thickness and the depth below the surface of each bed at different points ; and the structure of the beds, including the dips and deformations of the coals and the char- iLeverett. Frank. The Illinois Glacial Lobe: U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 38, 1899. 2 Andros. S. O., Coal Mining Practice in District IV : 111. Coal Mining Investigations Bull. 12, 1915. 214 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 acter of the associated strata as factors affecting the quality of the coal and the ease of mining. The data on the coals were largely obtained from a study of surface outcrops which are frequent in many places along the larger streams. Impor- tant information was also secured from the records of coal test borings and mine shafts that have been put down in the area. Additional information was also derived from the logs of water wells in various places. Stratigraphy The rocks of the Avon and Canton quadrangles consist of a mantle of surflcial materials, overlying more consolidated beds of indurated rocks. SURFICIAL MATERIALS The thickness of the surficial materials in this area varies from almost nothing to 155 feet. In 293 wells and test borings that passed through the unconsolidated deposits, the average thickness was 38 feet. These deposits are thin over the upland areas that constituted the higher lands during the late pre-glacial time, and are deep over the valleys of the early Pleistocene streams. The larger of these ancient drainage courses are followed, for considerable distances, by the present streams of the area. These pre-glacial channels were considerably deeper and broader than the present valleys, as shown by the fact that over a belt 2 to 3 miles wide bordering Spoon River and Cedar Creek the ancient channels were eroded in the Pennsylvanian strata 70 to 100 feet below their present floodplains and 1 to 2 miles wider than their present valleys. Over the uplands the surncial materials are of Pleistocene age and consist of a bed of fine-grained silt, known as loess, 10 to 18 feet thick, underlain by pebbly clay or till of Illinoian age, which has a variable thick- ness of a few to 20 or more feet. Along the stream valleys where the surficial deposits are thick, they consist largely of fluvial or fine, glacio-fluvial materials. They are composed for the most part of sand and clay with an occasional bed of gravel in the lower part. 1 INDURATED ROCKS All of the indurated rocks exposed in the Avon and Canton quadrangles consist of nearly horizontal strata of sedimentary origin and belong to the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian systems. They outcrop in many places along the streams, and comprise sandstones, shales, thin limestones, and occasional beds of coal. The entire section of the Pennsylvanian or "Coal Measures" strata can be studied in natural exposures in the area and the upper portion of the iSavage, T. E., Relations of loess and drift in Canton quadrangle : 111. State Geol. Sur- vey Bull. 30, pp. 109-114, 1917. AVON-CANTON AREA: STRATIGRAPHY 215 Burlington limestone, belonging to the Mississippian, is also exposed. Below the rocks that outcrop in the area, a thickness of 1300 feet of Paleozoic strata are known from a study of the records of deep wells put down for water in this region, the deepest of which penetrate the St. Peter sandstone. A section of the rocks encountered in deep borings is shown in the following detailed records. DETAILED WELL SECTIONS The city of Canton obtains its water supply from a deep well put down to the St. Peter sandstone. The Parlin and Orendorfr Plow Company has also drilled a well to the same horizon for their water supply. There is given below a log of the latter well, put down in 1896, as furnished by the company, with the interpretations of the several formations : Log of zvell of Parlin and Orendorff Plow Company at Canton Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent — Surface clay 22 Sand 2 24 Clay, blue 16 40 Pennsylvanian system — Carbondale formation — Shale 40 80 Coal (Springfield or No. 5) 4^ 84 V£ * Shale 15 99^ Limestone 20 1 \9 l / 2 Shale 61 180^ Shale 15 \9SV 2 Shale 30 225^ Coal (Murphysboro or No. 2) \V 2 227 Pottsville formation — Clay shale 6 233 Shale 15 248 Flint 5 253 Shale 35 288 Shale 7 295 Coal 1 296 Shale 12 308 Shale 50 358 Limestone (?) 17 375 Shale 23 398 Limestone ( ?), blue 18 416 Shale, sandy 12 428 Sandstone and conglomerate 30 458 Sandstone 7 465 216 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Log of Parlin and Orendorff well — Concluded Thickness Depth Feet Feet Mississippian system — Burlington formation — Limestone, white 100 565 Kinderhook shale — Shale, gray, calcareous, about 125 690 Devonian system — Upper Devonian shale — Shale, dark, with Sporangitcs, about 101 791 Wapsipinicon limestone — Limestone, gray 62 853 Silurian system — Niagaran limestone — Limestone, magnesian 127 980 (Horizon of the Hoing sand) Ordovician system — Maquoketa shale — Shale and limestone 175 1 155 Galena-Platteville limestone- Limestone 186 1341 Sandstone ( ?) (probably dolomite) 5 1346 Limestone 10 1356 Sandstone and limestone mixed 20 1376 Limestone 69 1445 St. Peter sandstone — Sandstone, white 282 1727 The city well at Cuba passed through a succession of strata similar to those described in the above record, and reached the St. Peter sandstone at about the same depth, as shown below : Log of deep zvell for city water supply at Cuba, Illinois 1 Elevation of curb, 677 feet Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent — Soil and clay 34 34 Pennsylvanian system — Carbondale and Pottsville formations — Shale, sandy 68 102 Sandstone 4 106 Coal (Springfield or No. 5 bed) 5 111 Shale and sandstone 144 255 Limestone ( ? ) , hard, black 5 260 Shale, gray and dark 50 310 Limestone ( ?), white 25 335 Shale 95 430 iCompiled in part from a record furnished by the City Clerk, and in part from a study of samples of drilling sent to the Survey by O. Klutz. AVON-CANTON AREA: STRATIGRAPHY 217 Log of Cuba City well — Concluded Thickness Depth Feet Feet Mississippian system — Burlington limestone — Limestone, white to gray, largely replaced by chert 95 525 Limestone, dolomitic, white to light gray, with some chert 105 630 Kinderhook shale — Shale, gray, calcareous 130 760 Devonian system — Upper Devonian (Sweetland Creek) shale — Shale, gray to dark, with spores of Sporangitcs huronense 55 £15 (Horizon of Wapsipinicon-Devonian limestone, but if pres- ent, it was not distinguished from the underlying Silurian) Silurian system — Niagaran limestone (possibly in part Devonian) — Dolomite, gray to brown 70 945 Dolomite, gray, with a very little hard dark shale 95 1040 Ordovician system — Maquoketa shale — Shale, dark gray to brown 45 1085 Shale, light gray, slightly dolomitic 80 1165 Galena-Platteville limestone — Dolomite, dark gray, with some pyrite 45 1210 Dolomite, gray to tan color 360 1570 St. Peter sandstone — Sandstone, white, of clear rounded quartz grains 190 1760 . The following is the log of a well drilled a few miles south of the Avon quadrangle, near the town of New Philadelphia. All but the upper 238 feet of this record was compiled from a study of samples that were saved from every bailer as the well was put down. The upper part was taken from the driller's record. Log of well drilled near New Philadelphia Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent — Soil and yellow clay 17 17 Sand, soft 2 19 Clay, blue 39 58 Quicksand and fine gravel (gas at 58 feet) 4 62 Gravel, with water and gas 10 72 Pennsylvanian system — Pottsville formation — Limestone (?) 14 86 Shale, blue 69 155 Mississippian system — Burlington limestone — Limestone, white to light gray (with water) 190 345 218 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Log of well drilled near Neiv Philadelphia — Concluded Thickness Depth Feet Feet Kinderhook shale — Shale, light gray to bluish 85 430 Devonian system — Upper Devonian (Sweetland Creek) shale — Shale, dark and light 155 585 Wapsipinicon limestone — Limestone, light gray ; slight showing of oil at 610 and 635 feet 56 641 Silurian system — Limestone, gray, magnesian 10 651 (Horizon of Hoing sand) Ordovician system — Maquoketa shale — Shale, bluish gray 160 811 Shale, gray, somewhat sandy 20 831 Galena limestone — Dolomite, yellowish gray 89 920 ROCKS EXPOSED MISSISSIPPIAN SYSTEM BURLINGTON LIMESTONE The oldest rocks exposed in the Avon and Canton quadrangles belong to the Burlington formation of the Osage group. They outcrop in a few places along Cedar Creek and its branches in the Avon quadrangle, exposing a thickness of 10 to 13 feet. In sec. 31, T. 9 N., R. 1 E., the following section is exposed in the west bank of Cedar Creek. Section of strata exposed in sec. 31, T. 9 N., R. 1 E. Thickness Feet Quaternary system — Pleistocene and Recent — 8. Loess 5 7. Till, pebbly, reddish brown 4 Pennsylvanian system — Pottsville formation — 6. Sandstone, gray 7 5. Shale, bluish, or shaly sandstone 4 4. Coal \V 2 3. Shale, dark and gray 14 2. Sandstone, gray; in places absent when the chert is highest 6 Mississippian system — Burlington chert — 1. Chert, in layers 3 to 7 inches thick 11 52^ AVON-CANTON AREA: MISSISSIPPIAX SYSTEM 219 In this place the uneven contact of the Burlington and Pottsville forma- tions is exposed for several rods, at an altitude of 571 to 578 feet. The chert masses in the lowest member of the above section contained the following fossils : Fossils from Burlington chert exposed in sec. 31, T.9N., R.1E. Granatocrinus cf. norwoodi Owen and Shumard Fenestella sp. Hemitrypa sp. Productus burlingtonensis Hall Productus viminalis White Spirifer incertus Hall Spirifer grimesi Hall Spiriferella latior Weller Syringothyris sp. Athyris lamellosa (Leveille) Orthonychia sp. Platyceras sp. Myalina sp. The contact of the Burlington strata with the Pottsville is also well exposed in the east bank of Cedar Creek about a mile farther north, and again in the bank of a tributary of Cedar Creek, in sec. 30, T. 9 N., R. 1 E., where the following section was made : Section of strata exposed near the middle of the east half of sec. 30, T. 9 N., R. 1 E. Quaternary system (Pleistocene and Recent) — Feet Loess, gray to yellow 3 Till, brown, pebbly 5 Pennsylvanian system (Pottsville formation) — Shale, dark gray 6 Mississippian system (Burlington limestone) — Chert, gray ; in layers 3 to 9 inches thick 5 Limestone, light gray, crinoidal, in layers 3 to 12 inches thick 8 The top of the Burlington limestone at this place has an altitude of about 603 feet, and the strata afforded fossils similar to those given in the former list. PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM The Pennsylvanian strata in this region rest in irregular unconformity upon the Burlington limestone of the Mississippian system, from which they are separated by a sedimentary break of very considerable length. In some places the lower 30 or 40 feet of Pennsylvanian rocks consist chiefly of sandstone, while in other places little or no sandstone occurs in the basal 220 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 portion. In the middle and upper parts of the Pennsylvanian section, shale sediments far exceed the sandstones, and occasional bands of limestone and beds of coal are also present. Worthen made the section of Pennsylvanian strata exposed in Fulton County the type or standard section for the correla- tion of the "Coal Measures" strata in the central and western parts of the State. He found exposed in this region seven coal beds, four of which have been mined to a greater or less extent. He applied consecutive numbers to the more important of these coal beds, beginning with No. 1 at the bottom. The coals he numbered 4 and 5 respectively in this region are now known to be the same bed ; the early misinterpretation was due to confusion arising from the much smaller interval between coals No. 5 and No. 6 in the vicinity of Cuba than farther east in Fulton County, and also from the fact that owing to local deformation the elevation of No. 5 coal, where it is exposed on opposite sides of a creek north of Cuba, varies nearly 30 feet. CORRELATION From a study of the fossil plants, David White has concluded that the Pottsville, Allegheny, and Conemaugh formations of the Appalachian region are represented in Illinois. The equivalent of the Pottsville formation of the eastern states includes the strata from the base of the Pennsylvanian up to the base of the Colchester (No. 2, or Murphysboro) coal bed, and these strata will be referred to the Pottsville formation. On account of the uncer- tainty of the plane of division between the strata representing respectively the Allegheny and Conemaugh formations in Illinois, local formation names, the Carbondale and the McLeansboro, have been applied to the Pennsylvanian strata above the Pottsville in this region, the top of the Herrin or No. 6 coal being made the division between these formations. POTTSVILLE FORMATION Character and thickness. — In the southern part of the state the Pottsville formation consists dominantly of sandstone, and has a thickness of 500 to 700 or more feet, but in the Avon and Canton quadrangles the sandstone sediments are subordinate to shale in this formation and the thickness does not exceed 125 feet. Strata betzveen the base of the Pottsville and the Rock Island ' (No. 1) coal. — Pottsville strata occurring below No. 1 coal in this region outcrop in several places in the Avon quadrangle as shown on the map (Plate I). They are exposed in an abandoned quarry on the north side of a tributary of Spoon River, a few rods west of Marietta Station, in the NW. *4 sec. 22, T. 6 N., R. 1 E. (fig. 34). The succession of strata at this place is described in the following section : iThe manuscript for the report on the Avon and Canton quadrangles was prepared before the field study on the Edgington and Milan quadrangles was made. As a result of the field study of the latter area it seems probable that some name other than "Rock Island" should be applied to the No. 1 coal bed. AVON-CANTON AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 221 Section of rocks in an abandoned quarry near Marietta Station Ft. In. 13. Shale, gray 6 12. Sandstone, gray to brown 10 11. Shale, gray, having a 3 to 6-inch concretionary layer 2 l A feet from the bottom 7 .. 10. Coal 1 9. Clay shale, gray, becoming sandy in the lower part and containing numerous crystals of selenite 2 6 8. Limestone, hard, dark colored, consisting largely of septarian nodules and containing Lophophyllum profundum, Productus semircticula- tus, and Composita argentea 1 8 7. Clay shale, gray 2 6 6. Shale, black bituminous 2 5. Clay shale, gray, with selenite crystals , 5 4. Coal band, about 4 3. Shale, dark gray 3 6 2. Shale, black, fissile 9 1. Sandstone, gray to brown, in thick layers, the top deeply stained and firmly cemented with iron 12 Fig. 34. Photograph showing Pottsville strata below No. 1 coal, exposed in an old quarry a few rods west of Marietta Station. 222 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 A boring at Leaman station, half a mile east of the exposure described above, passed through 35 feet of shale and sandstone, and 60 feet of hard limestone, the latter belonging to the Mississippian system. The top of this boring was about 20 feet below the level of the Rock Island (No. 1) coal bed which outcrops in the north bank of the stream at that place. This would indicate a thickness of about 55 feet of Pottsville strata below No. 1 coal in this region. Farther north along the wagon road up the hill between Marietta station and the town, the following layers are exposed above the level of the top of the preceding section: Section in the hill north of Marietta station Ft. In. 5. Sandstone, yellow to brown 7 . . 4. Shale, gray 5 . . 3. Limestone, dark, fossiliferous, with a 2-inch band of cone-in-cone struc- ture at the top 7 2. Shale, dark 6 1. Coal (Rock Island or No. 1) 2 3 Sandstone and shale of early Pottsville age outcrop to a height of 16 to 20 feet in a number of places along the banks of Cedar Creek and its branches in sections 22, 23, 26 and 27, T. 9 N., R. 1 W., near the northwest corner of the Avon quadrangle. In the south bank of the creek in the NE. y^ sec - 26 of this township the following succession of strata is exposed : Section of rocks exposed in the N.E. *4 scc - 26, T. 9 N., R. 1 W. Feet 4. Sandstone, gray to yellow, massive and irregularly bedded 11 3. Coal 1 2. Shale, clayey ZV 2 1: Coal V/ 2 Two thin coals separated by 3 to 6 feet of shale usually occur 20 to 25 feet below the Rock Island (No. 1) coal bed. A few feet of shale frequently lie between the upper coal and the overlying sandstone, and 10 to 14 feet of dark shale usually underlies the lower coal bed of the last section. About a quarter of a mile farther down this stream on the same side of the valley, strata belonging above the top of the section last given are well exposed. Section of strata near the middle of the east side of sec. 26, T. 9 N., R. 1 W . Feet 4. Limestone (cap rock of No. 1 coal), dark, shaly, fossiliferous 9 3. Coal (Rock Island or No. 1 bed) 3% 2. Shale, clayey 1 1. Sandstone, the top containing very numerous rootlets of Stigmaria 5 In this region Stigmaria with casts of numerous rootlets attached are generallv abundant in the upner part of the sandstone a few feet below the AVON-CANTON AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 223 Rock Island coal, as in the east bank of Swan Creek in the NE. y± sec. 23, T. 8 N., R. 1 W., and near the middle of the S. i/ 2 sec. 10, T. 6 N., R. 1 E., and at several other places. In sections 30 and 31, T. 9 N., R. 1 E., less than 2 miles east of the outcrop last described no sandstone occurs below the thin coal beds in the lower part of the Pottsville formation, as may be seen in the sections on a preceding page showing the contact of the Burling- ton limestone and the Pottsville formation. It is probable that the surface of the Mississippian limestone on which the basal Pottsville sediments were laid down in this region had a relief of at least 40 feet, and probably more, so that the sandstones that occur in the basal part of the Pottsville were deposited in the depressions, and the higher portions of the Mississippian surface were not submerged by the Pottsville sea until after the lower sand- stones were laid down. Rock Island (No. 1) coal and associated strata. — Worthen made the coal bed outcropping in the west bank of Spoon River near the village of Seville, the type of No. 1 coal for this part of Illinois. This coal, which is probably equivalent to the Rock Island (No. 1) coal, occurs about 25 feet above the middle of the Pottsville formation. It is well exposed along the Toledo, Peoria, and Western Railroad, one and one-half miles below Seville station, as shown in figure 35 and described below : Section along the Toledo, Peoria and Western R. R., 1% miles belozv Seville station Feet 5. Shale, gray 10 4. Limestone, nodular, shaly, fossiliferous, in layers 1 to 2 inches thick.... 5 3. Shale, black 2 2. Coal, Rock Island (No. 1) bed 3# 1. Shale, gray, clayey 2y 2 Along Spoon River, half a mile below Seville station, about 6 feet of sandy shale is exposed below the Rock Island coal, and is underlain by 12 feet of sandstone and sandy shale, beneath which is a thickness of 15 feet of massive sandstone extending down to the water in the river. The Rock Island coal is exposed at a number of places in the Avon quadrangle and ranges in thickness from 1 to 4y 2 feet. Its development is somewhat irregular, and it is absent at a few places where its horizon is exposed. It is mined on a commercial scale at Ellisville station and inter- mittently near Ellisville in the vicinity of Babylon, at London Mills near the center of the east line of sec. 10, T. 7 N., R. 1 E., and in the NE. % of the SW. % sec. 10, T. 8 N., R. 1 E. This coal is usually overlain by a dark, somewhat impure limestone (fig. 35) that varies in thickness from 5 to 20 feet, which may be separated from the coal by % to 3 feet of dark shale. Besides the localities in the vicinity of Seville, the Rock Island coal and its 224 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 191! Fig. 35. Photograph of an outcrop of Rock Island (No. 1) coal and the over- lying" limestone in the west bank of Spoon River below Seville. limestone cap rock are well exposed in the bed of a small tributary to Spoon River near the middle of the west side of sec. 13, a short distance below the wagon bridge at Babylon. They are well exposed at a number of places along Ay les worth branch and its tributaries, near the middle of the east side of sec. 10, and in the S. i/ 2 of sec. 11, T. 7 N., R. 1 E. The cap rock of the Rock Island coal outcrops in the bed of Spoon River just above the wagon bridge at Ellisville. It is also exposed to a height of 8 feet in both banks of Put Creek below the wagon bridge, near the middle of sec. 4, T. 6 N., R. 2 E. Corresponding strata are also well exposed in the east bank of Cedar Creek in the SE. y 4 sec. 10, T. 8 N., R. 1 E., where the following section was made : Section of Rock Island (No. 1) coal and cap rock in the SE.y 4 scc.lO. T.8N., R. 1 E. Feet 3. Limestone, dark, shaly hard, fossiliferous 10 2. Shale, dark l / 2 1. Coal, Rock Island (No. 1) bed 4 Strata corresponding to the above outcrop in the north bank of Cedar Creek near the west side of the same section, and are also exposed for about 40 rods in the north bank of Cedar Creek, as in the NE. 14 sec. 26, T. 9 N.. R. 1 W., as shown below : AVON-CANTON AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 225 Section of strata exposed in the NE.% sec. 26, T.9N., R.1W. Feet 5. Limestone, dark, shaly, fossiliferous 8 4. Shale, dark x /t 3. Coal, Rock Island (No. 1) bed 3 2. Shale, clayey 1 1. Sandstone, gray micaceous, with numerous Stigmaria and rootlets at top... 5 The strata at this place are inclined towards the east a little greater than the fall of the stream. In the south bank of the creek, near the east end of this exposure, the sandstone overlying the cap rock above the Rock Island coal has been quarried to a height of 10 feet and is succeeded by 6 feet of shale. The exposure of the Rock Island coal and limestone cap rock described in the above section terminates at the west by a small fault which has brought up beds belonging beneath the coal so that a ledge of rather massive sandstone, 6 to 10 feet thick, occurs at the level of the limestone on the opposite side of a small ravine tributary to the creek on the north. In some places the Rock Island coal and its limestone cap rock are both absent, as in the exposure in the east bank of Swan Creek, in the NE. y^ sec. 23, T. 8 N., R. 1 W. ; in the south bank of Shaw Creek, in the SE. ^4 sec. 10, T. 6 N., R. 1 E. ; and at a few other places in the Avon quadrangle. The limestone above the Rock Island coal in places contains many fossils, among which are the following species : Fossils from the dark limestone above the Rock Island (No. 1) coal Fossils Lophophyllum profundum Edwards and Haime. . . . Euphachyrinus crassus Meek and Worthen Fistulipora sp Fenestella delicatula Ulrich Fenestella mimica Ulrich Fenestella perminuta Ulrich Fenestella wortheni Ulrich Polypora whitei Ulrich Thamniscus sevillensis Ulrich Pinnatopora bellula Ulrich Septopora delicatula Ulrich Diploporaria biserialis Ulrich Rhombopora cf. multipora Foreste Chainodictyon laxum var. minor Ulrich Orbiculoidea cf. manhattanensis Meek and Hayden Orbiculoidea missouriensis Shumard Derbya crassa Meek and Hayden Derbya cf . robusta Hall Near Marietta Near Seville Near Ellisville 226 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Fossils from the dark limestone above the Rock Island (No. 1) coal — Concluded Fossils Near Marietta Near Seville Near Ellisville Chonetes mesolobus Norwood and Pratten Productus cora D'Orbigny Productus nanus Meek and Worthen Productus semireticulatus Martin Marginifera muricata Norwood and Pratten Marginifera splendens Norwood and Pratten Pugnax uta Marcou Dielasma bovidens Morton Spirifer cameratus Morton Spirifer rockymontana Meek Spiriferina kentuckyensis Shumard Squamularia perplexa McChesney Ambocoelia planiconvexa Shumard Hustedia mormoni Marcou Composita argentea Shepard Solenomya soleniformis Cox Cardiomorpha missouriensis Shumard Yoldia knoxensis McChesney Yoldia rushensis McChesney Schizodus sp Aviculopecten sp Entolium aviculatum Swallow Allorisma cuneatum Swallow Astartella concentrica McChesney Pleurotomaria speciosa Meek and Worthen Phanerotrema grayvillensis Norwood and Pratten Euphemus carbonarius Cox Schizostoma catilloides Conrad Meekospira inornata (?) Meek and Worthen Meekospira peracuta Meek and Worthen Soleniscus brevis White Soleniscus truncata (?) Sphaerodoma ponderosa Swallow Platyceras cf. parvum Swallow Orthoceras rushense McChesney Pottsville strata above the cap rock of the Rock Island (No. 1) coal. — The limestone above the Rock Island coal is usually succeeded by 10 to 13 feet of sandstone above which shale predominates up to the Colchester (No. 2) coal bed. The sandstone is well exposed in the north bank of Cedar Creek near the middle of the west side of sec. 10, and in the south bank of the creek in the SE. 14 sec. 9, T. 8 N., R. 1 E. At the latter place the following strata are exposed : AVON-CANTON AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 227 Section of strata exposed in the south bank of Cedar Creek in SE. y A sec. 9, T. 8 N., R. 1 E. Feet 5. Shale, dark 4 4. Coal 1 3. Shale, hard black, laminated 2 l /t 2. Shale, dark 2 l / 2 1. Sandstone, gray, micaceous 13 An almost complete section of the strata between the limestone above the Rock Island coal and the Colchester (No. 2) bed, is passed over in the wagon road going up the hill from Aylesworth branch in the NW. % sec - 14, T. 7 N., R. 1 E., as shown below : Section of strata exposed along the wagon road in the NW. ]/a sec. 14, T. 7 N ., R. 1 E. Feet 13. Shale, gray 15 12. Shale, black, bituminous 2 /z 11. Shale, gray 8 10. Coal 1 9. Shale, gray 6 8. Coal V* 7. Shale, gray 9 6. Limestone, nodular septarian, with very irregular surfaces 2 /z 5. Shale, gray 3 4. Shale, black laminated 2 3. Shale, gray to dark, hard 7 2. Coal 1 to 2 1. Sandstone, gray, and sandy shale 12 The band of very rough septarian nodular limestone, y 2 to 1% feet thick, is persistent in this region 25 to 35 feet above the Rock Island coal, and only 3 to 9 feet below another thin bed. Strata similar to those described in the foregoing section outcrop along the banks of another tributary to Aylesworth Branch along the south side of sec. 10, and in the SW. */£ sec. 11, T. 7 N., R. 1 E. The band of nodular limestone and overlying strata are also exposed along the tributaries of Spoon River in the SE. 14 sec. 29, and in the banks of Turkey Creek and its branches in sec. 27, T. 7 N., R. 2 E., as shown in the section given below : Section of strata exposed in east bank of Turkey Creek, near the middle of sec. 27, T. 7 N., R. 2 E. Feet 5. Sandstone, gray, micaceous 3 4. Shale, gray 11 3. Coal 1 2. Shale, gray 4 1. Limestone, nodular, septarian, with very irregular surfaces 1 Strata equivalent to the above are exposed along Shoal Creek in sec. 35, T. 7 N., R. 1 E., and sees. 1 and 12, T. 6 N., R. 1 E. The following section is exposed in the west bank of this creek near the NE. corner of sec. 12. 228 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Section of rocks exposed near the northeast corner of sec. 12, T. 6 N., R. 1 E. Feet 5. Shale, gray 6 4. Coal 1 3. Shale, gray $y 2 2. Limestone, irregular, septarian, nodular 1 1. Shale, gray 5 Farther south along the lower course of Shaw Creek and its tribu- taries in sees. 9, 10, 11, 13, and 14, T. 6 N., R. 1 E., there are numerous outcrops of strata belonging in the interval between No. 2 coal and the lime- stone above the Rock Island (No. 1) coal as shown in the following repre- sentative section given below: Section of strata exposed in the NW. 1 /^ sec. 13, T.6N., R.1E. Feet 11. Shale, black, laminated, with a 6-inch band of fossiliferous concretionary limestone •. . 2 l /£ 10. Shale, gray 12 9. Coal (Murphysboro or No. 2) 2% 8. Shale, gray to blue 17 7. Sandstone, gray, micaceous 3 6. Shale, gray 5 5. Shale, sandy, laminated 1 4. Shale, gray 2y 2 3. Coal 1 2. Shale, gray 4 1. Limestone, septarian, nodular and irregular 1 In the north half of the Avon quadrangle, Pottsville strata above the limestone overlying the Rock Island coal outcrop in several places along Cedar Creek and Spoon River and their tributaries, a representative section of which is well exposed in the west bank of Cedar Creek, near the middle of the west side of sec. 1, T. 8 N., R. 1 E., where the following section was made : Section of strata exposed in the west bank of Cedar Creek in sec. 1, T. 8 N., R. 1 E. f Feet 11. Coal (Colchester or No. 2) \y A 10. Shale, somewhat concealed 25 9. Sandstone, gray, in thick and thin layers 3 to 8 8. Sandstone, gray, in thin laminae alternating with dark shale 6 7. Sandstone, gray, massive, lenticular 2 to 8 6. Coal H 5. Shale, gray, clayey Zy 2 4. Shale, black, laminated 3 3. Coal, shaly 1 2. Shale, gray to dark 6 1. Sandstone, gray, micaceous 5 AVON-CANTON AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 229 Strata corresponding to some part of the above section outcrop in the banks of a number of the streams tributary to Cedar Creek on the north between the place where the last section was made and London Mills. They are well exposed in the east bank of Cedar Creek, near the middle of sec. 5, T. 8 N., R. 2 E., and they outcrop in the west bank of Spoon River, in the SW. % sec. 27, T. 9 N., R. 2 E., as shown in figure 36 and described in the following section : Fig. 36. View of the strata below No. 2 coal, exposed in the west bank of Spoon River in the SW. % sec. 27, T. 9 N., R. 2 E. Section of strata exposed in the zvest bank of Spoon River in sec. 27, T. 9 N., R. 2 E. Feet 5. Sandstone, gray, micaceous 9 4. Coal 1 3. Shale, gray and dark, with bands of sandstone 28 2. Shale, black, laminated, with septarian nodules underlying a thin coal near the top 14 1. Sandstone, gray, in thin layers 9 Near the heads of the small branches that join the river in the south- west quarter of this section, No. 2 coal has been stripped at a number of places at an altitude of about 584 feet, less than 10 feet higher than the top 230 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 of the section given above. In the northwest quarter of the Avon quad- rangle, strata belonging near the top of the Pottsville formation are well exposed in a number of places between a place a short distance east of the middle of the west side of sec. 22, T. 8 N., R. 1 W., and the junction of this stream with Swan Creek, and in the banks of smaller tributaries of Swan Creek, in sec. 23 of the same township. A section of the strata exposed in the SW. !/4 sec. 14 of this township is given below : Section of strata exposed in the SW .V A sec. 14, T.8N., RAW. Feet 6. Shale, gray 4^ 5. Coal y 3 4. Shale, gray to dark 12 3. Coal 1 2. Shale, gray and dark 20 1 . Sandstone, gray 7 Strata corresponding to some part of those of the above section also outcrop in many places along the streams in sees. 19, 30, and 31, T. 9 N., R. 1 E. CARBONDALE FORMATION The Carbondale formation in Illinois includes all of the Pennsylvanian strata lying between the base of the Murphysboro (Colchester or No. 2) coal and the top of the Herrin (No. 6) bed. The name is taken from the town of Carbondale, in Jackson County, Illinois, in the vicinity of which the rocks of this formation are well exposed. The Carbondale strata in the Avon and Canton quadrangles range in thickness from 120 to 175 feet, and consist of shale and sandstone with thin bands of limestone and a few beds of coal. Strata betzveen the Murphysboro (No. 2) coal and the septarian nodular limestone. — The No. 2 coal is known locally as the 30-inch bed, and its thick- ness is remarkably uniform, averaging about 2y 2 feet over all of this region. In many places in the Avon quadrangle this coal is worked by stripping and in drift mines, as in the vicinity of London Mills, Avon, and Marietta. The Colchester (No. 2) coal is everywhere immediately overlain by a bed of rather soft, bluish-gray shale, which makes a poor roof. The thick- ness of this shale is 9 to 14 feet in the northern and western parts of the region, but it thickens toward the south. It is followed above by a black laminated shale, 3 to 6 feet thick, near the middle part of which in most places there occurs a band of very fossiliferous septarian, nodular limestone, !/ 2 to 1 foot thick, the uppermost 2 inches of which shows cone-in-cone structure. This easily recognized succession of strata is exposed in many places in the Avon quadrangle, and at a few points near the west side of the Canton. In the northwest quarter of the former quadrangle these strata outcrop in the south bank of Swan Creek and near the heads of the tribu- AVON-CANTON AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 231 taries on the south in the south half of section 23, and in section 24, T. 8 N., R. 1 W. They are also exposed in the banks of the creek north of the wagon road in the NW. *4 section 22 of the same township, where the following section was made: Section of strata exposed in the NW.^i sec. 22, T.8N., R.1W. Feet 6. Shale, gray 5 5. Limestone, dark, septarian, nodular, fossiliferous, with a band of cone- in-cone structure at the top 1 4. Shale, gray to dark 3*4 3. Shale, black, laminated, with pyritic concretions 2 2. Shale, gray 9 J / 2 1. Coal (Colchester or No. 2) 2 In the southwest quarter of the Avon quadrangle, the No. 2 coal has been mined by drifts at several places along the streams in sections 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 17, and 18, T. 6 N., R. 1 E. At the middle of the north half of section 18 of this township the following section was made where the strata are exposed dipping gently toward the north. Section of strata exposed near the middle of the N. y 2 sec. IS, T. 6 N., R. 1 E. Feet 4. Shale, black, laminated, with a band of septarian, nodular limestone near the middle 2]/ 2 3. Shale, gray \2 l / 2 2. Coal (Colchester or No. 2) bed 2*/ A 1 . Shale, gray 9 The horizon of No. 3 coal, as described by Worthen, belongs imme- diately below the black laminated shale containing the band of septarian nodular limestone, but no coal occurs at this horizon in any portion of the Avon and Canton quadrangles. The coal outcrops cited by Worthen near Marietta, and in the bed of Coal Creek 3 miles northwest of Fairview, are both the Colchester (No. 2) coal of this region. An outcrop in the banks of a ravine in the NW. % sec. 18, T. 6 N., R. 2 E., shows the following section : Section of strata exposed in the banks of a ravine in sec. 18, T. 6 N., R. 2 E. Feet 9. Shale, gray 7 8. Limestone, concretionary 2 /z 7. Shale, gray 3}A 6. Shale, black, laminated, with an 8-inch band of septarian nodular lime- stone in the middle part 2]/ 2 5. Shale, gray 12*6 4. Coal (Colchester or No. 2) 2^ 3. Shale, gray 4 2. Sandstone, gray, micaceous, formerly quarried for local use 5 1. Shale, and shaly sandstone 6 232 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Strata similar to those described in the last section are exposed in the banks of the tributaries to Spoon River on the west in sections 1, 12 and 13, T. 6 N., R. 1 E. ; and also in the banks of Lost Grove Creek in the SE. ^4 sec. 27, and the SE. % sec. 22, T. 7 N., R. 2 E. In the northeast quarter of the Avon quadrangle strata representing the same succession are exposed in the banks of a tributary of Coal Creek in the SE. % sec. 22, T. 8 N., R. 2 E., where the No. 2 coal has been stripped at an altitude of about 566 feet. Section of strata exposed in sec. 22, T. 8 N., R. 2 E. Feet 10. Shale, dark, fissile 4 9. Band of shaly pyritic limestone, containing the fossils, Derbya crassa, Chonetes mesolobus, Productus cora, Marginifera muricata, Pugnax uta, Ambocoelia planiconvexa, Composita argentea, Astartella vera, Yoldia sp., Bellerophon percarinatus, Schizostoma catilloides, and Orthoceras rushense Vs 8. Shale, dark 5 7. Shale, black, laminated, with a band of septarian nodular limestone near the middle Z l / 2 6. Shale, gray and dark 9 5. Coal (Colchester or No. 2) 2]/ 2 4. Shale, clayey, bluish-gray 3^ 3. Sandstone, gray TVz 2. Shale, sandy with concretions 3 l A 1. Shale, black, laminated l^i The Colchester coal (No. 2) has also been mined by drifts in the banks of a creek northwest of London Mills, in the SW. % sec. 28, and in the SE. % sec. 29, T. 9 N., R. 2 E., at an altitude of about 579 feet. This coal has been stripped in a few places near the heads of the streams in the southwest quarter sec. 27, in the same township at an altitude of 581 feet. In every place where the septarian nodular limestone was seen, it contained numerous fossils among which pelecypods were abundant. The fossils obtained from this layer are listed below : AVON-CANTON AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 233 Fossils from the septarian nodular limestone Fossils Lophophyllum profundum Edwards and Haime.... Lingula sp Orbiculoidea cf. missouriensis Shumard Derbya crassa Meek and Hayden Chonetes messolobus Norwood and Pratten Productus cora D'Orbigny Productus costatus Sowerby Marginifera muricata Norwood and Pratten Pugnax nta Marcou Spirifer cameratus Morton Spiriferina kentuckyensis Shumard Squamularia perplexa McChesney Ambocoelia planiconvexa Shumard Composita argentea Shepard Phanerotrema grayvillensis Norwood and Pratten.. Worthenia tabulata Conrad Trepospira illinoisensis Worthen Euphemus carbonarius Cox Petallostium montfortianum Norwood and Pratten. Naticopsis altonensis McChesney Soleniscus brevis White Soleniscus altonensis Worthen Soleniscus cf. worthenanus Miller Sphaerodoma cf. medialis Meek and Worthen Platyceras parvus Swallow , Sphaerodoma pondeross Swallow Solenomya trapezoides Beede Clinopistha radiata var. laevis Meek and Worthen.. Cardiomorpha missouriensis Shumard Nuculopsis ventricosa Hall Yoldia rushensis McChesney , Pseudomonotis sp , Myalina perattenuata Meek and Hayden Euchondria neglecta Geinitz Deltopecten occidentalis Shumard Pleurophorus immaturus Herrick Astartella concentrica McChesney , Orthoceras rushense McChesney Metacoceras cf. sangamonensis Meek and Worthen. Near Middle sec. 12, T. 6 N., R. 2 E. nw. y A sec. 4, T. 5 N., R. 3 E. NW./ 4 sec. 35, 6 N., 3 E. The black shale and septarian nodular limestone overlying the gray- shale above No. 2 coal outcrop in several places near the west side of the Canton quadrangle. The following section was made of the rocks exposed in the banks of a tributary to Put Creek, near the center of sec. 12, T. 6 N., R. 2E. 234 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Section of strata exposed in sec. 12, T. 6 N., R. 2. E. Feet 11. Shale, blue, the lower part containing 1 to 2-inch bands of clay-iron stone, one to two feet apart 6 10. Shale, blue to black, with calcareous fossiliferous nodular bands 18 to 24 inches apart 4 9. Shale, black 3 8. Layer of very fossiliferous, septarian, nodular limestone, with a 2-inch band of cone-in-cone at the top 2 /$ 7. Shale, black laminated, with many "niggerheads" y 2 to 4 feet in diameter in the lower part 4 6. Shale, bluish-gray, clayey 3 5. Shale, blue to gray 6 4. Coal (Colchester or No. 2 bed) 2V 3 3. Under clay, bluish-gray 3 2. Sandstone, yellowish-gray, in layers respectively 22, 23, and 8 inches thick 4^ 1. Shale, gray 6 Strata belonging to the same horizon as above, outcrop in an exposure in the NE. % of sec. 34, T. 8 N., R. 2 E., as shown below : Section of strata exposed in sec. 34, T. 8 N., R. 2 E. Feet 6. Shale, gray 25 5. Shale, bluish, the upper part with 1-inch iron-stone bands one to one and one-half feet apart 9 4. Layer of septarian, nodular, fossiliferous limestone J / 2 3. Shale, black laminated with pyrite concretions or niggerheads... 3 2. Shale, gray 9 1. Coal (Colchester or No. 2) 2^ Corresponding strata are also exposed in the SW. % of sec. 7, T. 6 N., R. 3 E. ; near the middle of the N. % of sec. 14, and in the SE. % of sec. 23, T. 6 N., R.2E.; and in the NE. % of sec. 34, T. 8 N., R. 2 E. At these places the interval between the coal and the septarian limestone band is 9 to 15 feet, but a few miles south of the quadrangle, in the NW. % of sec. 35, T. 6 N., R. 3 E., the interval between these strata is 31 feet, as shown in the following section: Section along a tributary of Big Creek in the NW. Msec. 35, T.6N., R.3E. Feet 8. Sandstone and sandy shale 15 7. Shale, dark, fissile, with 1-inch bands of iron stone 1 to 3 feet apart 5 6. Shale, dark gray, with occasional 1-inch bands of iron stone nodules.. .. 6 5. Layers of septarian nodular fossiliferous limestone, with cone-in-cone at top y* 4. Shale, gray calcareous with segments of crinoid columns ^2 3. Limestone band, crinoidal V2. 2. Shale, gray 30 1. Coal (Colchester or No. 2) 2V 2 AVON-CANTON AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 235 A few miles southwest of the exposure last described a similar thick- ness of gray shale overlies the Colchester coal in the NW. % sec. 4, T. 5 N., R. 3 E., as shown in figure 37. Above the septarian limestone layer at this Fig. 37. View of No. 2 coal and the overlying shale exposed between Lewiston and Cuba. place are several feet of shale which is followed by 8 or 10 feet of sandstone In the Canton quadrangle a bed of gray shale everywhere lies above the septarian limestone horizon and is followed by a sandstone of variable thick- ness. Such a section is exposed in the south bank of Littlers Creek in the NE. % sec. 29, T. 9 N., R. 3 E., as shown below : Section of strata exposed in sec. 29, T. 9 N., R. 3 E. Feet 4. Sandstone 5 3. Shale, gray 35 2. Layer of septarian nodular limestone with many fossils 1 1. Shale, black, laminated with concretions or niggerheads 2}4 Strata between the septarian nodular limestone and the Springfield (No. 5) coal. — The thickness of the rocks occurring in the interval between the septarian limestone associated with the black shale overlying the Col- chester (No. 2) coal, and the base of the Springfield (No. 5) coal, varies from 50 to 85 feet, being greatest towards the south and east. This succes- sion of strata is well shown in the record of a test boring for coal put down in the Blacksby School yard near the northwest corner of sec. 24, T. 6 N., R. 3 E., a partial record of which is given below : 236 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Partial log of boring made in sec. 24, T. 6 $., R. 3 E. Feet 10. Coal (Springfield or No. 5) 5^ 9. Clay shale 2J>< 8. Band of nodular limestone . i 7. Shale, gray 12% 6. Sandstone or sandy shale 25 5. Shale, gray 47 4. Limestone septarian, nodular, fossiliferous y 2 3. Shale, black, laminated 6 2. Shale, gray 13V 2 1. Coal (Colchester or No. 2) 2*/ 2 Other borings put clown in the NW. *4 sec. 21, and near the center of sec. 22, T. 6 N., R. 3 E., penetrated a similar succession of strata between the Springfield coal and the septarian limestone above the shale overlying the Colchester bed. Strata belonging in this interval outcrop in several places near the west side of the Canton quadrangle. In the south bank of Littlers Creek near the NW. corner of sec. 28, T. 9 N., R. 3 W., there is exposed above the septarian limestone a bed of bluish gray shale, 35 feet thick, under- lying 5 feet of sandstone. In the banks of a tributary to Put Creek in the SW. 14 sec. 7, T. 6 N., R. 3 E., there is exposed 13 feet of bluish shale, containing 1-inch bands of ironstone concretions, 1 to 2 feet apart, which corresponds to the lower part of member No. 5 of the last section. Along the private road up the hill south of this exposure the Springfield (No. 5) coal outcrops at an altitude 66 feet above the level of the septarian nodular limestone in the bed of the branch. A bed of sandstone or sandy shale 34 feet thick, corresponding to mem- ber No. 6 of the last section, outcrops along the banks of a tributary to Coal Creek in the NE. % sec. 34, T. 8 N., R. 2 E., where it is followed above by about 6 feet of bluish shale, at the top of which occurs a discon- tinuous band of clay ironstone concretions which is succeeded by 3 or 4 feet of underclay lying below the Springfield coal bed. The underclay and under- lying band of concretions beneath the Springfield coal are exposed along Big Creek, and its tributaries in sections 9, 15, and 16, T. 6 N., R. 4E., and in several places along Put and Coal Creeks and their tributaries. Springfield (No. 5) coal and associated strata. — The Springfield coal is remarkably persistent in its distribution, and uniform in thickness in all of this region east of its line of outcrop, averaging 4% feet in 141 well records, and 43 measured sections, and generally departing less than 6 inches from that average. In the eastern and northern portions of the Canton area, where the usual sequence of strata overlies this coal, the bed is cut by numerous clay-filled fissures (clay seams or ''horsebacks") such as are char- acteristic of this coal in Sangamon County and in other parts of the State. In the vicinity of Cuba a sandstone immediately overlies this coal, and where such a roof is present, no clay seams have been developed. AVON-CANTON AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 237 Immediately overlying the Springfield coal there generally occurs a bed of black, laminated shale, 2 to 6 feet thick, in the lower part of which are many "niggerheads" or pyrite concretions ranging from 3 or 4 inches to as many feet in diameter. The succession of strata for some distance above the Springfield coal outcrops along a small tributary on the east side of Big Creek, about 40 rods south of the middle of the north line of sec. 9, T. 6 N., R. 4 E., where the following section was made : Section of strata in sec. 9, T. 6 N., K. 4 E. Ft. In. 7. Till, pebbly 4 6. Shale, gray to yellow 16 5. Shale, gray, soft, clay with fossils 1 4. Limestone, nodular 8 3. Shale, black, laminated 2 2. Coal (Springfield or No. 5) with clay seams 4 9 1. Shale, gray 4 The Springfield coal and the overlying black, laminated shale are exposed in many places along Big Creek and its tributaries south of the Toledo, Peoria and Western railroad. These strata also outcrop in several places along Put Creek and its branches in the north half of Putnam (fig. 38) and Fig. 38. Photograph of Springfield (No. 5) coal exposed in stripping operations 1V 2 miles north of Cuba. 238 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 the south half of Joshua townships. They are also well exposed in numerous places along Coal Creek and its tributaries in Fairview township, and in sections 7 and 18, in Farmington township. Still farther north a similar succession of strata outcrops along Littlers Creek and it branches in sec- tions 21, 22, 27, 28, 35, and 36, T. 9 N., R. 3 E., in sec. 6, T. 8 N., R. 4 E., and in sections 31 and 32, T. 9 N., R. 4 E. A typical exposure of these strata occurs along a small tributary on the east side of Big Creek in the SE. 14 sec. 9, T. 6 N., R. 4 E., where the Springfield coal has been worked by stripping, on the land of Geo. Tyler. Section of strata exposed in sec. 9, T. 6 N., R. 4 E. Feet 6. Shale, gray 23 5. Shale, gray calcareous, with fossils 1 4. Limestone, impure nodular 2 / 3 3. Shale, black, laminated, with niggerheads in lower part 2y 2 2. Coal (Springfield or No. 5) 5 1. Shale, gray clayey 2 The black laminated shale, above the Springfield coal, usually contains several fossils, the more common species of which are listed below : Fossils from the black shale above Springfield (No. 5) Coal Lingula umbonata Cox Orbiculoidea missouriensis Shumard Derbya crassa Meek and Hayden Chonetes mesolobus Norwood and Pratten Productus cora D'Orbigny Marginifera muricata Norwood and Pratten Marginifera splendens Norwood and Pratten(?) Squamularia perplexa McChesney Listracanthus hystrix Newberry and Worthen Petrodus occidentalis Newberry and Worthen The niggerheads or ironstone nodules that occur in the lower part of the black, laminated shale above the Springfield coal furnished the following fossils : Fossils from the "niggerheads" in the black shale above the Springfield (No. 5) Coal Lingula umbonata Cox Orbiculoidea missouriensis Shumard Productus cora D'Orbigny Marginifera muricata Norwood and Pratten Composita argentea Shepard Solenomya parallela Beede and Rogers Solenomya trapezoides Meek Cardiomorpha missouriensis Shumard Edmondia aspenwallensis Meek(?) AVON-CANTON AREA: PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 239 Fossils from the "niggerheads" in the black shale above the Springfield (No, 5) coal — Concluded Nuculana bellistriata Stevens Schizodus rossicus de Verneuil Euchondria neglecta Geinitz? Deltopecten occidentalis Shumard Pleurophorus occidentalis Meek and Hayden Petallostium montfortianum Norwood and Pratten Soleniscus illinoisensis Meek and Worthen Orthoceras rushense McChesney The limestone cap rock, above the black, laminated shale is usually present in a single layer, 9 to 20 inches thick. In places it is somewhat concretionary, and may attain a thickness of 3 to 5 feet. It is usually over- lain by 12 to 20 inches of bluish-gray, calcareous shale, known as "clod." Both the limestone and the overlying calcareous shale or "clod" contain many fossils, among which the following are common : Fossils from the limestone and clod above the Springfield (No. 5) coal Fossils W CO u > 1st: "As ree'd," with total moisture 6 V 4) 03 Q « o U 2nd: "Dry" or moisture free u 3 a "3 CO O U PQ 03 O o u O .O 03 _) CO *o 2 ._. o3 Fixed Carbon Ash U 'S 13 No. 1 Coal 12469 0328 4/21 1 11.38 Dry 38.66 43.62 39.51 44.58 10.45 11.80 4.52 5.10 .87 .98 11436 12905 14979 12470 0328 4/21 1 11.42 Dry 38.17 43.09 40.07 45.24 10.34 11.67 4.76 5.37 .45 .51 11409 12880 14934 12471 0328 4/21 1 10.84 Dry 38.42 43.09 40.91 45.88 9.83 11.03 5.61 6.29 .54 .61 11554 12959 14939 1858 0328 9/08 1 17.21 Dry 37.49 45.28 38.69 46.73 6.61 7.99 3.90 4.71 11147 13464 14904 No. 2 Coal 2753 1422 14.87 Dry 35.80 42.06 43.88 51.54 5.45 6.40 11641 13674 3.69 14083 No. 5 Coal 12442 0102 4/21 5 15.43 Dry 33.62 39.76 39.47 46.67 11.48 13.57 2.50 2.66 1.41 1.67 10389 12285 14473 12443 0103 4/21 5 14.43 Dry 34.60 40.43 39.09 45.69 11.88 13.88 2.82 3.29 2.45 2.86 10320 12061 14297 12444 0103 4/21 5 15.00 Dry 33.10 38.94 37.31 43.89 14.59 17.17 3.38 3.98 2.86 3.36 9834 11569 14300 12445 0103 4/21 5 14.69 Dry 34.07 39.94 40.18 47.09 11.06 12.97 2.83 3.32 1.75 2.05 10383 12172 14266 12446 0103 4/21 5 14.52 Dry 34.46 40.31 37.64 44.04 13.38 15.65 2.91 3.40 2.74 3.21 10045 11752 14261 12447 0103 4/21 5 14.75 Dry 33.18 38.92 38.89 45.62 13.18 15.46 3.70 4.34 1.54 1.81 9869 11577 14298 12448 0103 4/21 5 14.28 Dry 34.93 40.75 38.76 45.22 12.03 14.03 2.56 2.99 1.98 2.31 10329 12061 14316 12472 0104 4/21 5 15.32 Dry 35.12 41.48 38.05 44.93 11.51 13.59 2.59 3.06 1.41 1.66 10482 12379 14617 12473 0104 4/21 5 15.09 Dry 13.37 41.66 39.41 46.41 10.13 11.93 2.68 3.16 1.79 1.66 10741 12650 14631 a Analyses having the same file number are for the same mine. Attention is called to the fact that much greater dependence can be placed on these analyses where there are at least three for a given mine than where only one is available. AVON-CANTON AREA: COAL RESOURCES Table 42 — Continued 257 d 6 to cd Q n pq o U Proximate Analysis of Coal 1st: "As ree'd," with total moisture 2nd: "Dry" or moisture free j3 a, "3 CO 6 u 3 o o o 0) 3 en "3 £2 si CO < u "3 12474 0104 4/21 5 15.56 Dry 35.68 42.26 38.92 46.09 9.84 11.65 2.43 2.88 1.33 1.58 10753 12735 14668 12475 0104 4/21 5 14.56 Dry 35.37 41.40 38.98 45.62 11.09 12.98 2.72 3.19 1.38 1.62 10581 12384 14512 12476 0104 4/21 5 15.39 Dry 33.82 39.97 38.77 45.82 12.02 14.21 3.40 4.02 1.67 1.97 10338 12219 14565 12477 0104 4/21 5 15.66 Dry 34.65 41.08 37.56 44.54 12.13 14.38 2.93 3.47 1.88 2.23 10242 12144 14583 12439 0111 4/21 5 13.37 Dry 36.03 41.59 39.03 45.06 11.57 13.35 3.06 3.52 1.46 1.69 10787 12452 14670 12440 0111 4/21 5 14.44 Dry 34.71 40.57 38.58 45.09 12.27 14.34 2.17 2.54 1.80 2.10 10578 12364 14683 12441 0111 4/21 5 14.96 Dry 33.65 39.57 39.96 46.99 11.43 13.44 4.32 5.08 1.11 1.30 10502 12352 14616 5345 0115 C30 8/12 5 16.36 Dry 33.91 40.54 38.19 45.66 11.54 13.80 2.93 3.50 1.27 1.51 10186 12179 14431 5346 0115 C30 8/12 5 16.33 Dry 35.50 42.42 37.01 44.23 11.16 13.35 2.89 3.45 1.84 2.20 10220 12213 14389 5347 0115 C30 8/12 5 15.85 Dry 36.12 42.92 38.12 45.30 9.91 11.78 3.36 4.00 1.47 1.75 10494 12471 14386 5293 0127 C29 8/12 5 17.13 Dry 36.23 43.72 34.44 41.55 12.20 14.73 3.03 3.66 1.79 2.16 9846 11882 14252 5297 0127 C29 8/12 5 16.59 Dry 35.98 43.14 37.20 44.61 10.23 12.25 4.07 4.88 1.77 2.12 10271 12314 14354 5300 0127 C29 8/12 5 15.41 Dry 35.67 42.16 39.04 46.15 9.88 11.69 3.31 3.92 .52 .61 10579 12505 14443 12459 0134 4/21 5 14.57 Dry 35.24 41.25 39.58 46.33 10.61 12.42 2.89 3.38 1.00 1.17 10562 12363 14391 12460 0134 4/21 5 16.16 Dry 35.65 42.52 37.89 45.19 10.30 12.29 2.50 2.98 1.56 1.86 10422 12431 14434 12461 0134 4/21 5 13.35 Dry 37.84 43.67 39.86 46.00 8.95 10.33 2.22 2.56 1.77 2.04 10843 12514 14150 12462 0134 4/21 5 15.86 Dry 35.20 41.84 37.32 44.35 11.62 13.81 3.49 4.15 1.31 1.56 10198 12120 14380 12463 0134 4/21 5 14.34 Dry 35.09 40.96 36.72 42.87 13.85 16.17 3.84 4.48 2.47 2.89 9944 11609 14217 12464 0134 4/21 5 14.62 Dry 36.18 42.38 39.21 45.92 9.99 11.70 2.43 2.85 1.49 1.74 10719 12555 14465 5292 0811 C28 8/12 5 17.39 Dry 37.00 44.79 35.69 43.20 9.92 12.01 2.74 3.28 1.14 1.36 10273 12435 14416 5295 0811 C28 8/12 5 16.33 Dry 36.27 43.34 36.58 43.72 10.82 12.94 3.40 4.06 1.94 2.32 10246 12247 14371 5299 0811 C28 8/12 5 16.33 Dry 36.75 43.92 38.02 45.44 8.90 ' 10.64 2.59 3.10 1.02 1.22 10604 12674 14421 5342 0728 C32 8/12 5 13.66 Dry 38.46 44.54 37.06 42.92 10.82 12.54 3.64 4.22 1.26 1.46 10689 12379 14462 a Analyses having the same file number are for the same mine. Attention is called to the fact that much greater dependence can be placed on these analyses where there are at least three for a given mine than where only one is available. 258 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 191! Table 42 — Concluded 6 d 0) Q •a w o U Proximate Analysis of Coal 1st: "As rec'd," with total moisture 2nd: "Dry" or moisture free a Si a 6 u a" PQ o U "2 p o O a "3 < 5343 0728 C32 8/12 5 14.53 Dry 37.46 43.83 38.35 44.87 9.66 11.30 3.18 3.72 1.60 1.87 10804 12641 14525 5344 0728 C32 8/12 5 15.80 Dry 35.84 42.56 37.67 44.74 10.69 12.70 3.00 3.57 1.79 2.12 10460 12423 14520 12436 0814 4/21 5 15.88 Dry 33.96 40.37 38.75 46.07 11.41 13.56 4.38 5.21 .92 1.10 10330 12280 14569 12437 0814 4/21 5 16.68 Dry 35.46 42.56 37.90 45.49 9.96 11.95 3.82 4.58 .61 .74 10464 12559 14579 12438 0814 4/21 5 14.53 Dry 35.68 41.74 38.23 44.73 11.56 13.53 3.45 4.04 1.00 1.17 10608 12411 14679 1404 0832 4/08 5 15.09 Dry 35.39 41.68 38.89 45.80 10.63 12.52 3.21 3.79 10573 12450 14447 5283 1116 C31 8/12 5 15.18 Dry 37.17 43.82 35.17 41.45 12.48 14.73 3.45 4.07 1.70 2.00 10201 12026 14441 5284 1116 C31 8/12 5 16.94 Dry 35.68 42.95 37.15 44.73 10.23 12.32 2.98 3.59 1.31 1.57 10314 12418 14446 5285 1116 C31 8/12 5 18.42 Dry 34.98 42.88 37.66 46.15 8.94 10.97 2.33 2.85 .86 1.06 10270 12587 14371 5296 1116 C31 8/12 5 16.82 Dry 37.28 44.81 33.45 40.23 12.45 14.96 2.84 3.42 1.69 2.02 10580 12038 14479 5298 1116 C31 8/12 5 16.52 Dry 37.17 44.52 36.54 43.78 9.77 11.70 3.91 4.69 .81 .97 10394 12451 14409 5341 1116 C31 8/12 5 17.37 Dry 35.71 43.22 37.86 45.82 9.06 10.96 2.34 2.83 1.14 1.38 10420 12610 14398 1856 1217a 9/08 5 15.44 Dry 35.88 42.42 38.35 45.36 10.33 12.22 3.52 4.17 10711 12666 14673 4387 1220 8/11 5 12.03 Dry 36.30 41.27 39.67 45.08 12.00 13.65 3 . 35 3.81 .72 .82 10779 12254 14652 4388 1220 8/11 5 14.04 Dry 36.14 42.04 39.28 45.69 10.54 12.27 3.46 4.02 .56 .65 10721 12472 14627 2651 1220a 8/09 5 14.35 Dry 34.48 40.25 36.98 43.18 14.19 16.57 4.44 5.19 10324 12053 14771 a Analyses having the same file number are for the same mine. Attention is called to the fact that much greater dependence can be placed on these analyses where there are at least three for a given mine than where only one is available. MINES AND MINING METHODS The larger mines in this area are usually provided with modern equip- ment and conveniences but the smaller shipping mines and practically all \i the non-shipping mines employ primitive methods in mining the coal. The coal is worked by shafts in all but three of the commercial mines, and these drift in on the outcrop of the bed. The room and pillar method, or a modification of this plan, is followed in practically all of the mines. Machines for undercutting the coal are used in only a few of the larger mines, the coal generally being shot from the solid. Electric motors are AVON-CANTON AREA: COAL RESOURCES 259 used for the main haulage in several of the larger mines, and the tail rope is used in a few others, but in the larger number of the mines all of the haulage is done by mules. In a few mines compressed air is used for work- ing the drills and electricity is provided for lighting. The deeper mines are usually dry, but the more shallow ones are sometimes troubled with water seeping in from the roof. Generally, neither the necessary sprinkling nor pumping entails much expense. In the greater number of the mines few of the pillars are ever taken out, and at none of them is the coal washed before it is put on the market. Nineteen shipping mines were operated in the Avon and Canton quad- rangles during the year 1920, and more than 60 local mines were worked, generally by drifts or by stripping, during a small part of the year. The 1920 output of individual shipping mines in the area ranged from 4,826 to 238,400 tons, and of the non-shipping mines from 12 to 30,270 tons. In Table 43 is given a list of the commercial mines in the Avon and Canton quadrangles, and the location, depth to the top of the coal, and the thickness of the coal for each mine. 260 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1911 sO LO O 1 ~ o • r^ ~ 1- C On v rr -f co -t \r. co 00 00 • T^ to to - — 1 < — l OJ '— * CO co lo 00 »-h lO N ^ CO CN sO~ tJh" <* o" tH CO LO «M O On co ~ t^ -r T-H t^ 1—1 X so ir. T-| On CN o LO >o c; lO o CN o 1 — 1 ~ CN "tf SO LO fN 3> ro 1/-, so o 1^ (N -t l- TjH oo t^ c LO so >o o r^ so 00 a, . — i Th o t» c CO r O lO cs 00 00 *^ ^ SO CN S c o o lOLOLOLOloloiOLOLolololololoiOlolololo LO LO i-H LO LO o y 4i rv. -H -H OOlOOOLOlOOOOO O 1^ '— ' l~~ LO co r- r^ --'-*.coO< v }sOOC^losO •. *j C? rt 3 C U< U U pu H ^^OhO in u •- xj W ^ £ o cej £ s- c/) cu bt) c 3 X) in 03 «■> r *T3 «* 03 O S tf! C 0> 03 "* en Pu 5 £ g W fc OK ♦d a. a x) u a *0 en - * . ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: THE EMBAYMENT CLAYS 303 known in the Devonian area of Alexander and Union counties as far north as Mountain Glen, and the deposits of refractory clay at that place are prob- ably outliers. Still farther north clay has been dug at an elevation of about 625 feet above sea level, northwest of Alto Pass near the north line of Union County. Outliers of sand and thin-bedded clays are found west of Pomona in Jackson County at an elevation of about 650 feet above sea level. This clay is so white that it has been used by the farmers for white wash and paint. CRETACEOUS SYSTEM UPPER CRETACEOUS SERIES RIPLEY FORMATION The four lower embayment formations listed in the table are of Cre- taceous age but only the highest of these, the Ripley formation, extends into Illinois. The northern extension of this formation is composed largely of loose sands and sandstone, and is known as the McNairy sand member. The McNairy extends in a curved belt across southwestern Pope, southern Mas- sac, and central Pulaski counties, and in a constricted narrow belt across Alexander County, terminating not far from Fayville at Mississippi River. The width of this belt varies from 10 miles north of Metropolis to less than half that width in central Alexander County. Younger beds of Tertiary and Quaternary age overlie most of this area. Lithologic Character. — In Tennessee the Ripley formation is composed mostly of stratified, variegated sands, that are commonly rich in iron and contain "pipes" and irony masses. "The sands are usually fine gravel and between them are found beds of gray lignite or yellow sandy micaceous clay." 1 Drying cracks now filled with limonite indicate periods of exposure early in the history of the deposit. In Kentucky the Ripley is a "black clay in very thin laminae, separated by fine white and highly micaceous sand ; beds of sharp angular white and yellow micaceous sand 100 feet thick." 2 In Illinois the fewness of Ripley exposures makes study of this horizon difficult. In general, however, the formation is made up of variegated sands interstratified with beds of gray, leaden, or slate-colored clay, 10 to 20 feet or more thick. The sands are commonly rich in iron, and ironstone layers and concretionary masses are abundant. The clays of Massac County are of this age. Sections of the McNairy sands of the Ripley formation in Illinois follow : iNelson, W. A., Clay deposits of West Tennessee : Geol. Survey of Tennessee Bull. 5, p. ll, 1911. 2 Gardner, James H., Kentucky Geol. Survey Bull. 6, p. S3, 1905. 304 YEAR ROOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Log of the Eichcnseer well, one mile below Yates Landing in the SW. % sec. 2, T. 15 S., R. 2 E. Thickness Depth Feet Feet Description of strata Loam and loess 18 18 Gravel, coarse 3 21 Sand, white 30 51 "Potters clay," white 6^ 57 Sand, white, with small lumps of clay 70 127 Section of east bank of drainage ditch 300 yards north of Ohio River Thickness Ft. In. 5. Soil 1 3 4. Loess 5 to 15 . 3. Gravel and sand, stained brown or red by iron ; compact at base 1 3 2. Clay, bluish, micaceous, sandy, with thin lenses of sand 2 6 1. Sand and clay interbedded and slumped together 8 10 Log of the Stoncr zvell in sec. 28, T. 15 S., R. 6 E. Thickness Depth Feet Feet Description of strata Clay and "loam," yellow 10 10 Sand, fine 2}/ 2 12^ "Soapstone," dark compact clay, with lignite 9 21^4 Sand and clay, red in color ; some harder irony layers, others white and buff 28 49^4 Rock, hard ; bottom of well Section half a mile zvest of Round Knob Thickness Ft. In. 4. Gravel ; unmeasured 3. Clay, red 4 2. Clay, white and pink 6 6 1. Sand, red and white, case hardened ferruginous layers 18 TERTIARY SYSTEM EOCENE SERIES MIDWAY FORMATION The Midway formation includes the oldest beds of Tertiary age, and south of Illinois it rests with marked unconformity on the underlying Cre- taceous. Only in the vicinity of Caledonia Landing east of Olmsted have exposed deposits in Illinois been correlated with the Midway, although in wells at ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: THE EMBAYMENT CLAYS 305 Cairo and Mound City, beds 100 feet thick have been classified as Porters Creek [Midway]. 1 This phase of the Midway extends westward from Caledonia as a belt a few miles wide. Lithologic Character. — Sections indicating the character of the Midway, especially its variability, follow : Section of the Midivay formation at Caledonia Landing 2 Thickness Feet 8. Gravel, sand, and shale fragments 5 7. Shale fragments, light gray ; probably "in place" 25 6. Shale, light gray, lumpy 11 5. Clay, sandy, greenish gray and seamed by ferruginous clay "dike" 1 4. Clay shale, dark gray or drab, seamed by ferruginous clay "dike" 6 3. Shale fragments, light gray 3 2. Clay shale, brown to black, "fat," lumpy 3 1. Shale, debris, dark and light gray 2 Water level The section varies from place to place as is evident from the following : Section of Midivay formation a quarter mile upstream from Caledonia Landing Thickness Ft. In. 12. Gravel, chert pebbles 1 ± 11. Shale, gray, sandy, small stains of lignite 8 10. Sand, small hollow iron concretions 3 6 9. Sands and clay, buff and gray, partly covered 5 6 8. Hematite layer 2 7. Sand 6 6. Iron oxide bed, concretionary, platy 4 5. Sand, gray, micaceous 2 4. Ferruginous bed 10 3. Sand, buff, and iron concretions 1 6 2. Concretionary ferruginous bed, indistinct fossil casts (?) 8 1. Covered 10 (Bar.) Water level The nature of the Midway beds at this place strongly suggests beds of Ripley age. Less than a quarter mile below Caledonia Landing, a solid bank of 55 feet of dark shale, almost black when wet, but light gray when dry, rises above the water level. Upon drying it cracks out in characteristically large, roughly angular blocks. This deposit is the "soapstone" of the Midway group. iPurdy, Ross C, and DeWolf, Frank W., 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p. 3 43, 1907. 2Ibid., p. 144. 306 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Section of Chalk Bank 2 l / 2 miles above Caledonia Thickness Ft. In. Pleistocene and Recent deposits 11. Soil, grading into loess at base 1 6 10. Loess 15 Lafayette formation 9. Clay, sandy and bedded, below ; angular chert pebbles in clay above ; a re-worked base 3 Midway formation 8. Sand and limonite beds ; cross-bedded, clayey above, stringers of clay pebbles in base 10 7. Sand, very fine, ash-colored ; limonite concretions, clay lenses near top; "Petrified hickory"; wash shows greensand. . . . 30 Sharp break Ripley formation 6. Clay, chocolate, stained by plant remains 6 5. Sand, ash-colored and buff 8 4. Covered 5 6 3. Clay 3 2. Limonite, concretionary 1 1. Clay shale, micaceous, thinly bedded, numerous pyrite concre- tions ; several seams colored dark by lignite and fragments of plants (approx.) 10 Water level This horizon is replaced but a short distance below by clay and sand in which limonite and lignite streaks are common. Section in ravine three quarters mile northwest of Chalk Bank Thickness Feet Midway formation 5. Clay shale, dark 10 4. Sand in loose beds, containing greensand; grades into clay above.. 4 3. Conglomerate, rich in iron oxide ; voids filled with sand 1 2. Greensand, as above, a few quartz pebbles ZV2 1. Clay shale, impure 3 The greensand of the preceding section is about 30 feet higher than the base of the Chalk Bank section and is exposed in several hollows above Chalk Bank. Greensand is also reported from near low water mark at Hillerman's Landing, but was not seen in place. Wilcox Group The Wilcox group includes the youngest beds of Tertiary age in Illi- nois. They are exposed over the higher areas of southern Pulaski and Alexander counties. A section at Fayville of beds which are regarded as belonging to this horizon is as follows : ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: THE EMBAYMENT CLAYS 307 Section including the Wilcox group, at Fayville Thickness Ft. In. 7. Soil 1 3 6. Loess 10 5. Clay and sand, ash-colored 4 4. Sand, buff, partially cemented 5 6 3. Conglomerate layer cemented by iron; pebbles up to 3 inches in diameter 1 6 2. Clay, lignitic 3 1. Clay, sandy, micaceous 4 On the land of the Aetna Powder Company other Wilcox deposits are found : 9 feet of light drab to gray laminated clay with partings of mica and an occasional thin seam of sand is exposed at the first separator house ; and in the cut made for a railroad spur there are 20 feet of loose white sand. Pits dug for clay have penetrated similar sands in the Mountain Glen dis- trict of north central Union County, and the sand beds at Hillermans Land- ing and Grand Chain are also similar. These facts suggest but do not prove that the white clays above the sands at Mountain Glen and Grand Chain may be at the same horizon in the Wilcox group. The distribution and a similarity of elevation suggest that they are isolated deposits overlying an irregular erosion surface. PLIOCENE SERIES Certain beds formerly included in the Lafayette formation have recently been shown 1 to be parts of different deposits and to belong to several forma- tions, most of which are as yet unnamed. "It is believed to be made up of unrelated or distinctly related materials that * * * consist in the main of more or less modified parts of the underlying formations, including some residuum and colluvium, and of terrace deposits of Pliocene and Quaternary age." 2 The Pliocene deposits in Illinois show evidences of transportation and will probably prove to be terrace remnants. Chert pebbles, angular masses, and rounded quartz pebbles predominate. Lenses of clay or of clay and sand occur, generally below the gravel, and there is commonly sufficient fine material to fill all voids. The common color is red. The pebbles often show a polish akin to a desert polish over a maturely etched surface. Large masses display the same polish as do small rounded ones. Huge masses of conglomerate are included within other conglomerates, perfect polished surfaces are a second time recoated with rough red iron cement, features which are to be taken as evidences of re-working, trans- portation, and redeposition. iShaw, E. W., The Pliocene history of northern and central Mississippi : U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 108 H, 1918. 2Ibid., p. 161. 308 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 These beds may once have covered the older formations and overlapped them at the north. However that may be, erosion has since removed all but small terrace shoulders on the slopes or isolated remnants over the higher areas. QUATERNARY SYSTEM PLEISTOCENE SERIES Loess Formation Above the gravel and red clay horizon is a sheet of loess, which extends as a mantle over and beyond the embayment deposits and except where removed by erosion is everywhere present. It is composed of a porous, buff, silty clay which stands in vertical walls. In color it varies from yellowish brown to red. The thickness of this bed varies from place to place, ranging from a mere trace to as much as forty or fifty feet. RECENT SERIES Alluvial Deposits The latest deposits of this region, the river flood-plains, form the prin- cipal surficial covering over the continuous elongate lowland area which extends from Ohio River above Bay City westward past Brownfield, New Columbia, Belknap, and Ullin on the south, and Temple Hill, Grinnell, and Pulaski on the north. They extend from Mound City west to near Fay- ville where Cache River occupies a part of this flat which was at one time the flood-plain of Ohio River. Another smaller area extends from below Hamletsburg to near Brookport. "There are two distinct flood-plains though not always present at one locality. The upper or 'second bottoms' lies 45 feet or more above low water, and has a much greater extent than the lower plain, more recently developed at a level about 20 feet above low water. The lower flat is subject to partial or complete overflow at the present time, while the upper is for the most part, at least, above high water. "The composition of these alluvial deposits is commonly revealed along river bluffs and in water wells. Sandy clay predominates, but this gives way, on the one hand, to fine gray or blue clay or nearly normal loess, while, on the other, to beds of gravel one foot or more thick and composed of flint and sandstone pebbles commonly as much as two inches in diameter. Vegetal remains, leaves, and wood are often interbedded with the silts while other clays are darkly colored with organic matter. "The thickness of the alluvium can be obtained only from well borings, and as these rarely penetrate more than a few feet to water, it is not pos- sible to learn the thickness at many places in this area. At lower places along the Mississippi it is thought to be as much as 100 and 200 feet thick." 1 iPurdy, R. C, and DeWolf, F. W., Preliminary Investigations of Illinois Fire Clay: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 4, pp. 145-146, 1907. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: THE EMBAYMENT CLAYS 309 These deposits are not utilized at the present time. In the days when pottery was manufactured at Metropolis, slip clay was dug from the Ohio River silt near that place. ELEVATION OF THE ILLINOIS EMBAYMENT CLAYS A study of the relative elevation of the various clay deposits is of inter- est as bearing on the mode of origin and age of the different clays. It is necessary, however, to remember that noted changes of elevation have taken place in areas not far distant from southern Illinois in recent times, as for example in the Reelfoot Lake district of northwestern Tennessee, and that similar changes may have affected this area. Approximate present elevations of clay beds above sea level Clay "diggins," Rautn, Pope County 420 to 440 White and lignilic clays at Grand Chain, Pulaski County 425 Mountain Glen clays, Union County 400 to 460 Clay \]/ 2 miles west of Alto Pass, Union County 625 ^ Clay west of Devonian ridge at Kaolin, Union County 560=«= Clay east of Devonian ridge at Kaolin, Union County 560 ± Clay in southern Jackson County 600 to 650 The first three clays are similar in many ways and all are lignitic except possibly the Raum clay, in the description of which no mention was made of lignite. The last four clays are similar, in that they are sandy and gen- erally have a greenish gray tone. Similarity in elevation of the first three clays listed above, namely, those at Mountain Glen, Grand Chain, and Raum, suggests that they may have been of the same age, though the isolation of their positions makes accurate determination of the age impossible. Terrace clay 100 feet or more above the better clay of the Union County area points to at least one period of clay formation subsequent to that of the Mountain Glen clay. The fact that pure, white, plastic clays of this type are present in small isolated areas would seem to indicate that much greater quantities of such fine silt were washed' into the larger embayment area from the extensive Missis- sippian limestone outcrops and that the present deposits are mere remnants. In most cases sandy impurities become mixed with the silt in transportation and the outer deposits are more sandy in texture. Such clays are found in the Wilcox group (La Grange formation). "The clays * * * vary from pure, fine-grained, plastic material to sandy, silty clays that are often dark from organic matter or black from lignite. The clays of the lower part of the formation are characteristically fine-grained, pure, plastic, and either very light colored or white." 1 iGlenn, L. C, Underground waters of Tennessee and Kentucky west of Tennessee River, and in adjacent area in Illinois : U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply and Irrigation Paper 164, p. 34, 1906. 310 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 As mentioned, clay dug near Hickory, Kentucky, and north of Mayfield is identical in color, texture, and other physical properties with that at Mountain Glen. That clay is of Wilcox age. All these evidences point to the Wilcox age of the Illinois clays. The higher sandy terrace clays resemble the greenish gray clays at Wyckliff, Kentucky, and a later Wilcox age is suggested by their position. The sandy, bedded clays of Massac and Pulaski counties are in older beds referred to the Midway and McNairy members. Field and Laboratory Notes on the Embayment Clays Field Notes by C. R. Schroyer Tests by C. W. Parmelee UNION COUNTY, MOUNTAIN GLEN AREA PITS OF THE ILLINOIS KAOLIN COMPANY The large pit, known as the "K" pit, of the Illinois Kaolin Company is located in the SW. Y\ sec. 35, T. 11 S., R. 2 W., about a quarter mile west of Kaolin Station on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. This pit is approximately 200 by 300 feet and is about 80 feet deep at the west end where the lowest working encountered a light to orange colored sand. There is a variation in the section from place to place about the walls. One section measured at the west end is as follows '} Section measured at the west end of "K" pit of Illinois Kaolin Company Thickness Feet 6. Loess at top 5. Gravel 1 4. Sand, white, micaceous ; in places stained pink 10 3. Sand, pink to dark purplish red, micaceous 10 2. Clay, pink to red, highly plastic 15 1. Clay, bluish white, highly plastic 15 In some places the entire section is sand, gravel, and loess, while at others clay extends from the gravel to the bottom of the pit. A sketch of the north wall made when the pit was visited in March, 1918, is given in Figure 47. The sand rises as a huge dome and cuts out the clay at its crest over a 40-foot width. Orange sand above is replaced by white with occa- sional buff below. Discoloration follows the line of contact between the sand and clay. White, purple, buff, and red are mottled in bands due to concentration of underground water circulation along channels of easiest movement. The iron content of the sand and the resultant firmness of cementation increase toward the contact with the clay. Yellow limonite is iSt. Clair, Stuart, Clay deposits near Mountain Glen, Union County, Illinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 36, p. 13, 1917. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: UNION COUNTY 311 Scale in feet Y E ^■ : >^>^■^^v ; ;'^^^^^•-^^-X^■':^\^Hf^ -^^"V'^'.r■^■^^■^•^/l-r-^■^^^'^.^^») >■>.".: \ Zones of Slickensided Clay Pellets and Thin Sand Lenses 20 20 40 60 Scale in feet Fig. 47. Diagrammatic sketches of the "K" pit of the Illinois Kaolin Company. Above : North-south profile section. Below : Sketch of the north face. 312 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 evident, but Indian red hematite predominates. At each contact zone there is a layer of iron oxides, generally impure from admixtures of sand and clay, though several large hand specimens of pure hematite were broken from these seams. Beyond the contact this iron band grades from hematite through limonite into red, purple, and mottled clay. Concretions of iron oxide may be found 20 feet or more from the contact. Along this zone of iron, more commonly on the side of the clay, are numerous lenses, pellets, and plate-like stringers of clay with perfect slicken- sided surfaces and coatings of felty flakes of white mica. Such smoothed zones may be seen out six feet or more from the contact, separated not aw jA^^jlffe /» ill flfcr JLfftr. ^m w$}i&Q:- Jfe ■ '/■** -.._.»» Fig. 48. View of the southwest wall of the "K" pit of the Illinois Kaolin Company. uncommonly by thin sheetings of sand. Lines of weakness extend far beyond these smoothed pellets, as shown in some places by checks in the clay, and in others only upon the weathering of the clay after exposure. Such lines are roughly parallel to the line of contact between the sand and clay. A few larger spalls of clay are caught and completely surrounded by the sand. Rarely is a large quantity of sand included within the clay, but if so included, it is drawn out into a thin flattened stringer bounded on each side by slickensided clay pellets. These zones have so conspicuous a color when freshly exposed that they stand out and can be traced by the eye from the far side of the pit. The purple iron zone is reported to have been lower in the direction of the ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: UNION COUNTY 313 limestone wall at the south and to have everywhere been underlain by sand. This relation of sand to clay, due to a doming of the sand up into and through the clay may explain many of the irregularities found in the clay of the district. Later drilling is reported to have revealed another body of clay with almost vertical walls northwest of the present pit, presumably adjoining the sand dome on the northwest. Pyrite occurs at certain levels near one edge and a few thin lenses of lignite were found. Details of the working of this pit and the surrounding property are given by St. Clair in State Geological Survey Bulletin 36 and will be repeated here only briefly. The clay is dug by steam shovel, hauled by small steam engine to a large shed east of the mouth of the pit, cleaned by hand, graded, and stored or loaded directly onto the Mobile and Ohio Railroad switch. Large quantities of clay have been dug and one wall now shows an exposure of 20 feet of variegated, purple and white clay above 35 feet of white and bluish white, highly plastic clay. The greatest overburden is 40 feet with an average of 15 feet or perhaps more. The southwest wall of the "K" pit is cliff of limestone (fig. 48), and the relation of the clay to this wall suggests that it was deposited in depres- sions bordered at least partly by the limestone. Two other pits designated as the "G" and the "F," are located on this same property, north and west of the present "K" pit. PITS OF THE FRENCH CLAY BLENDING COMPANY The pit of the French Clay Blending Company in the NW. Y\ sec. 35, T. 11 S., R. 2 W., was not in operation when visited. Judging from former records and from the fact that clay outcrops in a gully not far from the pits, the workings probably represent one of the largest remaining clay deposits of the area. One exposure of bed rock just southeast of the former pit is an unfossiliferous limestone with chert, which dips 14° NE. and strikes N. 28° W. This clay was mined by shafts and connecting drifts, and by open pits. No sample was obtained. GOODMAN PIT Location and Method of Working The pit owned and operated by Dr. Goodman of Cobden is located in the NW. Y 4 sec. 2, T. 12 S., R. 2W. (fig. 49). The clay is obtained from shafts 14 by 14 feet, that are tightly cribbed, sheeted, and intercrossed with strong log braces set in about three feet from each side. When one shaft reaches the bottom of the clay it is abandoned and partly filled with the overburden from the next shaft which is dug so that it adjoins the old one 314 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 191! by half the length of one of its sides. This method recovers all the clay with a minimum working of overburden. Stripping and digging from an open pit would reduce the cost of pro- duction. Prospecting by drill and pits would outline the shape of the deposit and the quantity available, and thus indicate the development justified. Geology The log of the working shaft, which was down about 100 feet when visited March, 1918, is as follows : Fig. 49. View of Dr. Goodman's mine in the NW. % sec. 2, T. 12 S., R. 2 W. Log of the Goodman shaft in the NW.% sec. 2, T.12S., R.2W. Thickness Depth Feet Feet Description of strata Loess 10 Gravel 1 Sand 2 Clay fPink clay (Sample No. 27) 27 J White and pink (Sample No. 28) 30 [White clay (to bottom of pit) (Sample No. 25) 30+ Sand, orange 10 11 13 40 70 100 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: UNION COUNTY 315 The pink clay is reported to have an approximately uniform thickness over the deposit so far as worked. The white clay is increasing in quantity and quality as the pits are driven farther south in the ridge, for accompany- ing the rise in the upper surface is a lowering of the base. The results of tests made on samples No. 27, No. 28, and No. 25 are given on pages 321-324. One small pocket of lignite has been found in the white clay and five or six perfectly smoothed and polished pebbles have been taken from the lower levels. The top of the clay rises south under the ridge and the relation to Fig. 50. Sketch made at the mouth of the Goodman shaft. the sand at the base suggests irregularities similar to those in the Illinois Kaolin Company's pit. A sketch made at the mouth of the shaft (fig. 50) shows the relation of this thickening to the overlying sand and gravel. In addition to the samples noted above, a sample of the "Chocolate" (sample No. 30) clay which is found associated with the white clay was taken, and the results of tests made on it are given on pages 324 and 325. 316 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 MINES OF FREDERICK E. BAUSCH LOCATION AND METHOD OP WORKING The present Bausch workings include three pits. No. 1 mine, located near the center of sec. 35, T. 11 S., R. 2 W., is reported to have reached a depth of 55 to 60 feet. Tunnels driven from shafts at various levels total 500 feet. The overburden of ten feet has two feet of gravel at the base. The clay is underlain by white sand. Both pyrite and lignite are present commonly occurring together. Pink clay is wanting in this deposit. At mine No. 2 in the NE. cor. of SW. % sec. 35, T. 11 S., R. 2 W., the section is given as follows : Section measured at Bausch Mine No. 2 in sec. 35, T.11S., R. 2 W. Thickness Feet 3. Soil 15 2. Sand, reddish, coarse, gravelly (vertical seam) 40 1. Clay, one side of shaft pink, other side, white 25 Mine No. 3 is located in the SE. y 4 sec. 27, T. 11 S., R. 2 W., near the center of the east line of the section, about one mile from the loading stage at Kaolin. The mining is by shaft and tunnels, and the clay is said to be drifting down following the quicksand below. At the present working it is 30 feet thick, with an overburden of about \Sy 2 feet. The clay is assorted and trimmed by hand. Three grades of clay are made: namely, Al or No. 3 (sample No. 121), Blue No. 2 (sample No. 122), and No. 1 (sample No. 9) ; tests were made on these samples with the results given on pages 325 to 327. Geology This pit is located between upthrown Mississippian limestone at the east and the Devonian highlands at the west. The limestone outcrops in a scarp less than 200 yards east of the pit, dips 20° E., and strikes N. 15° W. Drillings by the Illinois Kaolin Company south of this pit near the NE. cor. sec. 34 show only black pyritic Devonian shale. The clay is evidently in an isolated depression. ELMER GANT MINE The Gant clay mine is located in the SE. % SE. J4 sec - 2, T. 12 S., R. 2 W., about \]/ 2 miles by wagon road from the Mobile and Ohio Railroad switch at Kaolin. The clay is mined from a shaft 14 by 14 feet with "lead tunnels." It is drawn out by horse and bucket and the better grades are assorted and trimmed by hand. Three grades are made, pink and white mottled, No. 3 (sample No. 29) ; white, No. 2 (sample No. 23) ; and the bluish white, No. 1 (sample No. 26) ; tests of these samples are reported on pages 327 to 329. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: UNION COUNTY 317 The overburden of loess and gravel is from 6 to 12 feet thick. Several test pits have been dug and borings have been made ; one is reported to have gone 73 feet in clay. The present workings are 35 feet deep. But very small amounts of lignite have been found associated with the clay and no pyrite is reported. This clay is obtained from a hollow on the west side of a loess-covered ridge. On the opposite side, beds of crystalline Mississippian limestone are found in place and loose slabs extend up to a level which is not far below the top of the clay. T. P. SIFFORD PIT A pit opened by T. P. Sifford is located on the Mary A. Walker farm in the SW. % sec. 1, T. 12 S., R. 2W. The overburden does not exceed 15 feet. The present shaft, a double hoist, 15 by 10 feet, has been dug 62 feet deep into 50 feet of clay. A boring, it is said, penetrated 72 feet of clay. White clay is reported to be above and pink below. In one side of the pit a streak of lignite was associated with concretions of pyrite and marcasite. This pit is little more than a quarter of a mile east of the Gant pit and is separated from it by a high loess-covered ridge and the crystalline limestone mentioned above. A pit 35 feet deep, dug 100 feet south of the shaft, penetrated nothing but orange sand, below the gravel, indicating a condition similar to that found in the Illinois Kaolin Company's pit. No clay has been shipped from this pit. MADDOX AND NIXON PIT The Maddox and Nixon clay mine is located in the NE. *4 sec. 10, T. 12 S., R 2 W., less than half a mile west of the loading switch on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Six 14- by 14-foot cribs have been mined from clay reported to be from 12 to 35 feet thick. The top of the clay rises and the base lowers as the pits are driven farther back into the ridge. Three grades of clay have been obtained: No. 1, blue clay (sample No. 11); No. 2, white clay (sample No. 16) ; and No. 3, pink and white mottled clay. The best grade comes from the lower parts of the pits. Results of tests made on samples No. 11 and No. 16 are given on pages 329 and 330. The overburden is about 12 feet thick. White sand underlies the clay. SMALLER PITS Much prospecting done outside of the main clay area, has discovered a few small lenses of clay. Wm. Ferril dug a small amount of sandy clay from pits in the NE. *4 sec. 3, T. 12 S., R. 2 W. Much sand and gravel accompanies this clay and the quantity is probably small. Samples No. 18 and No. 22 were taken from this property, and reports on their testing are given on pages 330 and 331. The latter is Ferrill's best or "Blue" clay. 318 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 R.2W. Fig. 51. Map of the Mountain Glen area. The lands known to include deposits of clay having proven or probable commercial value are indicated by shading. The following list contains the names of the owners of the several pits or mines shown on the above map : 1. Frederick E. Bausch (Mine No. 3) 2. French Clay Blending Company 3. Frederick E. Bausch (Mine No. 2) 4. Illinois Kaolin Company (3 pits) 5. Frederick E. Bausch (Mine No. 1) 6. Dr. Goodman 7. Elmer Gant 8. Maddox and Nixon ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: UNION COUNTY 319 Another pit has been opened in the NE. J4 se c 17, T. 11 S., R. 2 W., where the clay is sandy and mixed with red surface clay at the top. No clay has been shipped. This is at an elevation of about 625 feet above sea level. Much other prospecting has been done, and it is hardly likely that there are many deposits of the high grade clay that are not now known. Figure 51 is a map of the Mountain Glen area on which the lands known to include deposits of clay having proven or probable commercial value, are indicated by shading. COMPARISON WITH THE CLAYS NEAR MAYFIELD, KENTUCKY Pink and white clay reported to be 30 feet thick is dug on the D. M. Chapman farm 2*/2 miles west of Hickory, Kentucky. The pink clay is mostly at the top and there is some coloring from lignite. Similar clay is also dug 3 miles west of Hickory, where the average thickness is about 16 feet. These clays are in the lower part of the Wilcox group. In color, texture, and physical properties these clays resemble the Union County clays of Illinois. The presence of lignite and the lack of stratification is common to both. COMPARISON WITH THE CLAYS OF LUTESVILLE, MISSOURI In texture and color the clays of Union County, Illinois, are similar to the kaolin of the Lutesville district, Missouri. Those clays, however, are thought to occupy the same position as the bed rock from which they were derived and are a residual product from the decay of a sedimentary rock, presumably a cherty limestone interbedded with thinner beds of siliceous strata. This decay seems to have been localized along fault planes. In the Bausch mine, two miles west of Glen Allen, a sandstone bed is now repre- sented by three feet of quartzite 30 feet below the top of the shaft. This is interbedded with white kaolin above and below. Traces of former bedding planes are evident in the walls of the mine and irregular seams of chert parallel the bedding and sets of fracture lines. Large numbers of chal- cedonic nodules suggest considerable solution, concentration, and redeposition of silica, though part of the siliceous material is still distributed as stringers and beds of granular white "tripoli." In some of the concretionary masses such silica has served as the nucleus of deposition and is now enclosed in a coating of hard, banded chalcedony. The clay varies from white through grayish-white to reddish pink. The presence of lignite and an occasional pebble in the Illinois clays is proof of reworking, transportation, and redeposition, or, in other words, of a sedimentary clay in contrast to the similar clay in Missouri which is still residual. 320 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 RESULTS OF TESTS UNION COUNTY, MOUNTAIN GLEN AREA Samples F, G, and K 3 (Illinois Kaolin Company; SW. % sec. 35, T. 11 S., R.2 W.) Three samples of clays received from the Illinois Kaolin Company prior to the visit of members of the Survey were tested with the results as shown under the headings F, G, and K 3 . (F) Water of plasticity per cent 37.4 Shrinkage water per cent 18.9 Pore water per cent 18.5 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 142.5 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture. . . .lbs. per sq. in. 259.5 Slaking test min. 21 Screen test : — (G) (K 3 ) 41.4 24.0 17.4 145 195.6 163.7 202.8 21/ 2 (Sample F) Mesh 20. ^Residue Per cent .. .13 40. 60, 120. 200 (Sample G) 120 200 Drying shrinkage :- .10 .47 .13 3.14 1.4 .37 .22 Character of residue Silica and particles of coal Quartz particles, some colored with iron Quartz particles, round- ed, colored with iron Clear quartz particles White and brown quartz particles White quartz particles White quartz particles Quartz sand (F) Linear ; wet length 5.26 Linear ; dry length 5.68 Volume 28 Burning test : — (Sample F) Burning Color shrinkage Per cent 9.2 Cream 11.01 Gray exterior ; bluestoned 11.5 Tan exterior; bluestoned 10.8 J> 10.6] Tan exterior; bluestoned 11.0 J -Per cent- (G) 5.27 5.68 29 (K 3 ) 10.0 11 40.2 Cone Porosity Per cent 2 19.9 5 6.6 9 3.2 12 3.96 uy 2 3.68 15 4.2 Remarks Hackly fracture ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: UNION COUNTY 321 (Sample G) 2 25.1 White 5.9 5 18 Cream white 8.4 9 7.55 Cream 9.2 12 2.81 9.4 13 2.57 11.4 15 3.26 Tan exterior ; bluestoned 11.1 Hackly fracture Hackly fracture ; vein- ing of fine cracks in the surface (Sample K 3 ) 04 34 Cream white 4.3 02 33 Cream white 4.8 2 20 Cream white 5 21 Cream white 9.0 9 7 Cream white 12.0J 13 3 Gray white; bluestoned 14 3 Tan exterior ; bluestoned 13.0 (F) Fusion test Hackly fracture Fine-meshed surface cracks (G) (K3) Cone 29/30 Cone 32 Summary Samples F, G, and K 3 are all similar in appearance, excepting for the slight differences in color. In plasticity and working properties there is little difference. They are all similar in having a higher strength when mixed with standard sand than when tested as pure clay. The bonding strengths of K 3 and F are medium. G is low. The amount of residue left on the various sizes of screen mesh is exceedingly small. The drying shrinkage of K 3 is medium high while that of F and G is medium low. The burning shrinkages at cone 9 are high for all three samples. The sample F is well vitrified at cone 9, while the other samples are slightly less so at the same temperature. These are refractory clays, which do not overburn at cone 15. These clays belong to a class which has been found very useful for admixture with others in the production of close burning refractory bodies ; also of bodies not of refractory nature but of close texture or having a high content of non-plastic material which must be well bonded together. Sample No. 27 (Goodman pit ; NW. % sec. 2, T. 12 S., R. 2 W.) This is a soft pinkish-colored clay, varying somewhat in shade and showing an occasional yellowish streak. The working properties of the plastic mass are good It flows through a die satisfactorily when in a stiff condition. Water of plasticity per cent 36.4 Shrinkage water per cent 8T2 Pore water per cent 2&2 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 265 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 120.9 Slaking test, average min. 20 ^one Porosity Per cent 2 23 5 14 9 2.6 2 1.6 322 YEAR BOOK FOR 1*17 AND 1918 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 120 015 Fine sand 150 ( 57 Sand 200 63 Sand Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 6.7 Linear ; dry length 7.38 Volume 29.4 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Pink 9.57 Pink 10.85 Hackly fracture Light tan ; bluestoned 12.0 Hackly fracture Light tan exterior ; heavily blue- stoned 13^ 7 Light tan exterior ; heavily blue- stoned 9.27 15 6.24 Dark buff ; bluestoned 10.4 Fine mesh of cracks Fusion test: — It deforms at 29/30 cone. Summary The strength of the unburned clay is medium. The bonding strength is medium low. The percentage of residues left on the screens is slight. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium high. Vitrification is complete at cone 12. The apparent overburning at cone 13^4 may be due to the development of small cracks in the test piece during the firing since there is no further increase in the porosity at cone 15. It is a refractory clay. This clay is adapted for use in the manufacture of refractories, especially those which burn densely. This clay burns to a very dark color for a fire clay. Sample No. 28 (Goodman pit; NW. % sec. 2, T. 12 S., R. 2 W.) This is a soft clay varying in color from cream to red. The plastic mass is readily molded. It flows poorly through the die. Water of plasticity per cent 38.3 Shrinkage water per cent 18.7 Pore water per cent 19.5 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 192.7 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 151.8 Slaking test, average mm, 10.5 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 7.45 Linear ; dry length 8 Volume 30.9 Burning test :— Cone Porosity Per cent 01 30 3 16 4 10.1 6 7 9 3.0 12 2.5 13 3.4 15 4.7 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: UNION COUNTY 323 Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Pinkish white 7.42 Light cream 11.1 Light cream 11.7 Cream 12.0 Hackly fracture Cream ; bluestoned 12.9] Gray ; bluestoned 13.5 [► Vitreous ; hackly Cream ; bluestoned 13.61 fracture Tan exterior ; bluestoned 13.4 Hackly fracture. Fine veining of cracks throughout test piece Soluble salts : — Pieces burned at the low cones show strongly characteristic yellowish surface coating after soaking in water. Fusion test : — It deforms at cones 32/33. Summary This clay has a medium low strength in the unburned condition. Its bonding strength is low. The absence of residues on the screens indicates a very fine-grained material. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is high. Vitrification is nearly complete at cone 12. The clay is highly refractory and is espe- cially adapted to the manufacture of such wares, especially those which should burn dense at a low temperature. Sample No. 25 (Goodman pit; NW. % sec. 2, T. 12 S., R. 2 W.) This is a white clay which shows a few reddish stains on the faces of fractures. Its working properties in the plastic condition are good. When the clay is in a stiff con- sistency it flows satisfactorily through a die. Water of plasticity per cent 39.5 Shrinkage water per cent 19.4 Pore water per cent 20 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 131.2 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 141.4 Slaking test, average min. 12 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 8.3 Linear ; dry length 9.1 Volume 32 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Cream 8.45 Cream 9.15] Gray ; bluestoned 10.9 | Gray ; bluestoned 11.9 J> Hackly fracture 12.5 | Gray exterior; bluestoned 11.8 J -It deforms at cone 32. Cone Porosity Per cent 2 23.7 5 20 9 3.6 12 0.7 uy> 0.9 15 3.0 ision test: — It dei 324 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Summary The strength of the unburned clay is medium low. Its bonding strength is medium low. Practically no residues are retained on the screens. The drying shrink- age is medium. The total burning shrinkage at cone 9 is high. Vitrification is com- plete at cone 12. Overburning seems to be indicated at cone 15. It is quite possible that this appearance is due to the peculiar cracking of the piece rather than a real vesicular structure. It is a refractory clay. It is suggested that it will find important uses in the manufacture of refractories, especially those requiring a dense structure. Sample No. 30 (Goodman pit ; NW. Y A sec. 2, T. 12 S., R. 2 W.) This is a soft clay of a cream color, shading into reddish. Its working prop- erties in the plastic condition are good. It flows satisfactorily through a die when it has a stiff consistency. Water of plasticity per cent 44.2 Shrinkage water per cent 21 A Pore water per cent 22.8 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 345 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 229 A Slaking test min. 13 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 120 1.46 Cream-colored sand 150 0.39 Cream-colored sand 200 0.24 Very fine sand Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 7.5 Linear ; dry length 8.25 Volume 34.6 Burning test: — Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Cream 12.3 Gray 13.7] 13.0 1 Hackly vitreous f rac- Tan exterior ; bluestoned interior 13.2 f ture 12.4J Buff ; bluestoned 11.4 Hackly vitreous frac- ture. Surface cov- ered with mesh due to cracks Soluble salts: — Piece burned at cone 2 after soaking in water shows greenish-yellow surface coating. Possibly vanadium salts. Fusion test : — It fused at cone 32. Summary The strength of the unburned clay is medium. Its bonding strength is medium. The percentage of residues is slight. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total Zone Porosity Per cent 2 25.7 5 1.3 9 3.7 12 3.2 13 0.1 15 5.3 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: UNION COUNTY 325 shrinkage at cone 9 is high. Practically complete vitrification is reached at cone 5 and overburning is slight if any at cone 15. Suggested uses : Refractories, particularly crucibles and glass pots, etc. ; archi- tectural terra cotta, sanitary ware, stoneware. Sample No. 121 (Frederick E. Bausch mines ; near Mountain Glen) This is a soft white clay. When tempered with water, it becomes very plastic and inclined to be sticky. It flows very poorly through the die. Water of plasticity per cent 37.1 Shrinkage water per cent 20.9 Pore water per cent 16.2 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 191 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture. lbs. per sq. in. 123.3 Slaking test, average min. 22 -j- Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 60 Trace Sand 80 Trace 120 09 200 24 Fine white sand White sand and mica Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 7.4 Linear ; dry length 8.2 Volume 33.5 Burning test: — Burning Color shrinkage Per cent Cream white 8.3 Cream white 8.8' Gray ; bluestoned 9.6 Gray ; bluestoned 10.3 Gray ; bluestoned 9.8 Gray exterior ; bluestoned 9.3 Fusion test: — It deforms at cone 30. Zone Porosity Per cent 2 18.3 w 13.0 9 1.68 12 1.40 uy 2 2.0 15 2.5 Remarks Hacklv fracture Hackly vitreous frac- ture Summary The clay has a medium low strength and medium low bonding strength. The amount of screen residues is negligible. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is high. Vitrification is practically complete at cone 9 and the clay is not overburned at cone 15. The clay is refractory. This is the type of clay which is useful in the manufacture of dense burning refractories. Sample No. 122 (Frederick E. Bausch mines ; near Mountain Glen) This is a soft white clay which becomes very plastic when tempered with water. It is also somewhat sticky. It flows badly when forced through a die. 326 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Water of plasticity per cent 37.9 Shrinkage water per cent 20.6 Pore water per cent 17.3 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 177.0 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 136.5 Slaking test, average min. 29-f- Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 120 25 White sand 200 10 White sand Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 7.4 Linear ; dry length 7.8 Volume 35 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Cream white 8.0 Cream white Cracked along lines of differential flow Hackly fracture Cone Porosity Per cent 2 20.0 3 13.3 6 10.0 9 1.3 12 2.8 uy 2 2.4 15 3.3 Fusion test : — Dowr Darker cream white Gray; bluestoned Gray 9.7 Gray 10.4 Gray to tan exterior ; bluestoned 10.2 at cone 32. Not vesicular. Summary The strength of this clay with and without the addition of standard sand is medium low. It has a very fine texture, leaving hardly more than a trace of residue upon the screens. The drying shrinkage is medium and the total shrinkage at cone 9 is high. Vitrification is practically complete at cone 9 and the slight increases in porosity at the higher cones is apparently due to the formation of fine cracks which permeate the mass, rather than due to overburning. It is a refractory clay. Suggested Uses : This clay belongs to the type of refractory clays which is of importance in the preparation of refractory wares having a dense structure. It is also similar to the architectural terra cotta and stoneware clays, although it is doubtful that it could be used alone to advantage for the latter purpose. Sample No. 9 (Frederick E. Bausch mines ; near Mountain Glen) This is a soft clay of a pink color with streaks of brownish yellow and red. Its working property is fair, and it is rather sticky. Its conduct when flowing through a die is fair Water of plasticity per cent 32.7 Shrinkage water per cent 23.5 Pore water per cent 9.2 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 104.4 Slaking test, average min. 19 Fusion test: — It deforms at cone 31. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: UNION COUNTY 327 Summary This clay is slightly more refractory than Nos. 121 and 122 but similar to them in its properties in both the unburned and the burned condition. Sample No. 29 (Elmer Gant mine; SE. % SE y A sec. 2, T. 12 S., R.2W.) This is a soft white clay, marked by a few yellow and a few black veins. Some of the pieces are of a pronounced yellowish color. Its working properties in the plastic condition are good except that it is somewhat sticky. Its conduct when flow- ing through a die is fair. Water of plasticity per cent 35.8 Shrinkage water per cent 18.7 Pore water per cent 17.1 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 286.12 Slaking test, average min. 16 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 120 0.45 White sand 200 0.23 White sand Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 6.2 Linear ; wet length 5.75 Volume 30.4 Burning test: — Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Light cream 7.4' Light cream 9.6 Light cream 9.6 Cream 10.0 Cream; slightly bluestoned \ Hackly fracture Cream ; slightly bluestoned Cream ; bluestoned 11.0 Cream; bluestoned 11.0 Tan exterior ; bluestoned 9.6 Fusion test: — It deforms between cones 32 and 33. Summary This clay has medium strength. The percentage of residue is slight. The dry- ing shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 12 is medium high. Vitrifica- tion is nearly complete at cone 6. Suggested uses are refractories, especially for crucibles and other dense wares, architectural terra cotta, stoneware, sanitary ware. Sample No. 23 (Elmer Gant mine ; SE. % SE. % sec. 2, T. 12 S., R. 2 W.) This is a white soft clay which has some veins of red through it. Its working properties in the plastic condition are good. It flows fairly well through a die. Water of plasticity per cent 35.8 Shrinkage water per cent 19.2 Pore water per cent 16.6 Zone Porosity Per cent 1 20.4 2% 11.3 3 10.6 6 2.3 sy 2 2.0 9 2.1 12 1.9 13 2.2 15 3.0 328 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 311.2 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 302.3 Slaking test, average min. 23 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 20 Trace 40 Trace 60 Trace 120 0.2 White sand 200 0.43 White sand Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 7.7 Linear ; wet length 7.1 Volume 32.5 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Cream white 10.0 Cream white 9.0 Cream ; bluestoned 9.5 Hackly vitreous frac- ture Cream ; bluestoned 10.0 Vitreous fracture Bluestoned 10.0 Vitreous fracture Light tan exterior ; bluestoned Vitreous fracture Tan exterior; bluestoned 10.0 Fine closed cracks on the surface Fusion test: — It deformed at cone 32. Summary The strength of the unburned clay is medium. Its bonding strength is medium. The percentage of screen residues is slight. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is high. Vitrification is complete at cone 13. It is a re- fractory clay. It is suggested that it will be found of use in the manufacture of re- fractories requiring a densely burned body at a low temperature, such as crucibles. Sample No. 26 (Elmer Gant mine; SE. Y A SE. % sec. 2, T. 12 S., R.2W.) This is a soft white clay which may be brought to a good plastic condition with the development of some stickiness. It flows through a die satisfactorily when it is in a stiff condition. Water of plasticity per cent 41.5 Shrinkage water per cent 25 Pore water per cent 16.5 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 259.0 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 137.5 Slaking test, average min. 34 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 8.4 Linear ; wet length 7.64 ~one Porosity Per cent 2 12.1 3 4.8 6 2.6 9 2.4 12 2.9 13 1.1 15 2.0 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: UNION COUNTY 329 Burning test :— Cone Porosity Per cent 2 16 5 1.4 9 1.8 12 2.8 13 3.27 15 3.0 Burning Color shrinkage Per cent 10.2 Gray white 10.7^ Stoneware gray 11.3 Light tan exterior ; heavily blue- stoned 11.0 10.0 Gray exterior ; bluestoned 9.1 Fusion test : — It deformed at cone 33. Remarks Hackly, vitreous frac- ture Hackly fracture Summary The strength of the unburned clay in the dry condition is medium. The bonding strength is medium low. It leaves no residues on the screens. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is high. Vitrification is practically com- plete at cone 5. It is highly refractory clay. It is suggested that it will find use in the manufacture of refractories, especially those having a dense body. Sample No. 11 (Maddox and Nixon mine; NE. % sec. 10, T. 12 S., R. 2 W.) This is a plastic clay of a white color. It has good working properties and flows through a die quite satisfactorily. Water of plasticity per cent 32.9 Shrinkage water per cent 23.5 Pore water per cent 9.3 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 43.4 ( ?) Slaking test, average min. 6 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 40 None 60 80 120 200 Drying shrinkage, linear Burning test : — 0.03 White sand 0.03 White sand 0.8 White sand, some mica 2.1 White sand, some mica dry length. per cent 4.5 Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Total shrinkage Per cent Per cent Per cent 02 39.6 Light cream 3.8 8.3 1 38.4 Light cream 4.5 9.0 3 31.1 Light cream 7.4 11.9 5 28.8 Dark cream 9.0 13.5 7 15.6 Dark cream 9.9 14.4 9 12.9 Light brown 11.2 15.7 13 6.9 Light brown Fusion test : — It deforms at cone 33. 330 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Summary The percentage of screen residues is slight. The drying shrinkage is medium low. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is high. Vitrification is incomplete even at cone 13. It is a highly refractory clay. It is suggested that it will find use in the manu- facture of refractories of a high grade. Sample No. 16 (Maddox and Nixon mine; NE. V A sec. 10, T. 12 S., R.2 W.) This is a soft clay of nearly white color. Its working property is good. Its con- duct when flowing through a die is satisfactory. Water of plasticity per cent 28.3 Shrinkage water per cent 10.8 Pore water per cent 17.5 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 64.1 Slaking test, average tnin. 10.5 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 60 0.05 White mica and white sand 80 0.22 White mica and white sand 120 5.3 White sand 200 5.4 White sand Drying shrinkage, linear ; dry length per cent 4.3 Volume per cent 17.8 Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Total shrinkage Per cent Per cent Per cent 02 35.7 Light cream 2.1 6.4 1 35.2 Light cream 2.1 6.4 T . . -> <, T/r (Conchoidal 3 32.2 Lightcream 3.3 ™ j Fracture 5 20.4 Lightcream 7.4 11.7 7 19.6 Light cream 8.0 12.3 9 17.8 Light cream 9.2 13.5 13 13.0 Dark gray 9.7 14.0 Fusion test: — It fused at cones 30/31. Summary The strength of this clay is low. The percentage of screen residues is con- siderable. Its drying shrinkage is low. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium high. It is not completely vitrified even at cone 13. This is a refractory clay and it will be found useful in the manufacture of refractories. Sample No. 18 (Wm. Ferril pit; NE. % sec. 3, T. 12 S., R. 2 W.) This is a soft white clay with occasional yellow discolorations. Its working property is good. It flows satisfactorily through a die. Water of plasticity Per cent 33.2 Shrinkage water per cent 8.9 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: UNION COUNTY 331 Pore water per cent 24.6 Modulus of rupture : — The test pieces prepared for the determination of its strength proved to be too weak to be tested. Slaking test, average min. 6 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 20 None Trace .04 0.2 0.7 0.9 Fine white sand Fine white sand Fine white sand Fine white sand 40 60 80 120 200 Drying shrinkage, linear per cent 3.1 Volume per cent 12.5 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Per cent White 1.9 White 5.6 White 6.2 White 9.0 W T hite Cone Porosity Per cent 02 40.9 3 38.6 5 36.3 9 29.1 13 0.05 Total shrinkage Per cent 5.0 .. 8.7 .. 9.3 .. 12.1 .. Remarks Contains very fine reddish specks Fusion test : — It deforms at cone 33/34. Summary The strength of the clay is very low. The percentage of screen residues is slight. Its drying shrinkage is medium low. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. Vitrification is incomplete even at cone 13. It is a highly refractory clay. It is sug- gested that this clay will prove to be of value when used with stronger clays in the manufacture of high grade refractories. Sample No. 22 (Wm. Ferril pit; N.E. % sec. 3, T. 12 S., R. 2 W.) This is a moderately hard clay of a light gray color. It has good working properties in the plastic condition and flows satisfactorily through a die. Since only a small sample was secured for the preliminary test and subsequent attempts to obtain more material were unsuccessful because the face of the pit was inaccessible, complete test could not be made. The fairly long period required for slaking may indicate a clay of high bonding strength. The fusion test is very satisfactory. Suggested uses : This clay will be of value in the manufacture of refractories and possibly of particular interest to manufacturers of crucibles. Slaking test, average min. 42 Fusion test:— It fuses at cone 32. 332 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 MASSAC COUNTY PADUCAH POTTERY COMPANY S PIT The Paducah Pottery Company has a clay pit on the east side of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad half a mile north of Choat, in the NE. cor. sec. 17, T. 15 S., R. 4 E. The clay body is lens-shaped and the accompanying sketch (fig. 52) shows the relation to the sandstone and gravel above and the sandstone below. The grayish-white laminated clay is 14 feet 4 inches thick, and 2 feet 10 inches of reddish brown clay above are discarded with the overburden. The clay is loaded at Choat and shipped to the plant at Paducah. No tests have been made to determine the extent of the clay. 10 8 10 Scale in feet Fig. 52. Sketch showing the clay body and its relations to the surrounding strata at the Paducah Pottery Company's clay pit north of Choat. A Soil. B Loess. C Chert pebbles, red clay, and quartz gravels. D Sandstone, cemented by iron. E White clay, laminated with thin sheets of fine micaceous sand. Shipments vary somewhat as the clay is needed at the pottery, but averaged in the spring of 1918 from one to two cars per week. CI A.YS FROM THE VICINITY OF ROUND KNOB No clay is dug near Round Knob at the present time, though formerly clay was shipped to potteries at Metropolis and Paducah, and there is an abandoned pit a quarter mile south of Round Knob, in the SW. }4 sec - 1> T. 15 S., R. 4 E. When operated this pit furnished three grades of clay, ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: MASSAC COUNTY 333 white, blue, and gray, and had a working face of 8 to 10 feet. 1 Another pit nearby had 7 feet of clay. The overburden varied in thickness up to a maximum of 18 feet. Clay could still be obtained by removing a heavy overburden. A sample was taken from the road gutter a half mile west of Round Knob, in the N. y 2 SW. l / 4 sec. 8, T. 15 S., R. 4 E., where the section is as follows: Section half a mile west of Round Knob Thickness Feet 4. Gravel, rises with the hill 2 to 6 3. Clay, red 4 2. Clay, white and pink, sandy, laminated ; stains of iron oxide (sam- ple No. 46) 6y 2 1. Sand, red and white \}A A report of the tests made on sample No. 46 is given on pages 333 and 334. CLAY FROM THE OBERMARK PROPERTY A well is reported to have penetrated 30 feet of clay on the C. G. F. Obermark farm in sec. 36, T. 14 S., R. 5 E. A thin sandy horizon lies about 4 feet below the surface and streaks of iron at other horizons. The clay is blue-gray, sandy, and of fair plasticity. The sample (Sample No. 47) was taken by boring in a creek bed. Ten acres or more of this clay is available under an overburden of not more than 6 feet. Similar clay has also been dug in sec. 6, T. 15 S., R. 5 E. A sample (Sample No. 48) was taken from clay exposed along the road between sees. 8 and 9, T. 15 S., R. 6 E. This is an ash-colored, sandy, lam- inated clay, interbedded with seams of limonite and probably not of com- mercial value. These two samples (No. 47 and No. 48) were tested with the results given on pages 334 and 335. RESULTS OF TESTS MASSAC COUNTY Sample No. 46 (N. y 2 S W. % sec. 8, T. 15 S., R. 4 E.) This is a soft, very sandy clay, containing much mica. It is a cream color, mottled with brown and pink. When mixed with sufficient water, it develops a fair degree of plasticity and will flow through a die satisfactorily. Water of plasticity per cent 22.2 Shrinkage water per cent 11.6 Pore water per cent 10.6 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 217.4 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 214.0 Slaking test, average min. 27 iPurdy, R. C, and DeWolf, F. W., Preliminary Investigations of Illinois Fire Clay: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p. 149, 1907. See description of sample D28. The clay expands dur- ing burning The burned pieces are very weak 334 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent Residue 20 Trace Pyrites, sandstone and mica 40 Trace Pyrites, sandstone and mica 60 2.9 Mica and sand 80 1.7 White sand 120 36.2 White sand 150 13.5 White sand 200 5.9 White sand Drying shrinkage, linear per cent 2.9 Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Percent Percent 08 36.7 Light brownish red +0.5 06 35.4 Light brownish red +0.6 04 35 Light brownish red +0.8 02 36.8 Light brownish red +0.6 1 34.9 Light brownish red +0.8 3 36.5 Light brownish red +0.6 5 36.3 Darker brownish red +0.5 7 35.3 Darker with iron specks +1.0 9 36.0 Darker with iron specks +0.7 11 35.5 Darker with iron specks +0.9 Fusion test: — It deformed at cone 31. Summary This is a clay of medium strength, much higher than might be expected con- sidering its very sandy character. The bonding strength is medium. The percentages of screen residues are high. The drying shrinkage is low. Because of its sandy nature, the clay has a high and nearly constant porosity at all temperatures showing no sign of vitrification. This also explains the reason for the fact that it does not shrink but expands slightly at all temperatures. Suggested uses : The lack of strength of the unburned clay will restrict its usefulness to admixtures with other clays. Such sandy clays often have a distinct usefulness. Because of its high fusion test it should be of use in refractories. Sample No. 47 (C. G. F Obermark farm ; sec. 36, T. 14 S., R. 5 E.) This is a dark colored, moderately hard clay. It has a medium plasticity when mixed with 28.5% water and in that condition shows rather poor flowing properties when squeezed through a die. Water of plasticity per cent 25.3 Shrinkage water per cent 16.0 Pore water per cent 9.3 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 365.8 Slaking test, average win. 10 Drying shrinkage, linear per cent 6.8 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: PULASKI COUNTY 335 urning test :— Cone Porosity Per cent 02 20.6 1 20.9 3 19.6 7 13.9 9 7.6 10 9.5 usion test : — Com] Burning Total Color shrinkage shrinkage Per cent Per cent Dark cream 3.2 10.0 Dark cream 3.2 10.0 Cream 3.2 10.0 Gray 3.4 10.2 Gray 4.4 11.2 Gray — Remarks Conchoidal fracture No evidence of over- burning -Completely deformed and vesicular at cone 27. Summary This clay has a medium strength and medium drying shrinkage. The burning shrinkage at cone 9 is low. It is an open burning clay, which is incompletely vitrified at cone 10. The clay is not refractory. Suggested uses : Face brick, stoneware, architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware. Sample No. 48 (Sees. 8 and 9, T. 15 S., R. 6 E.) This is a gray colored clay, mottled with brown. It contains much mica. Slaking test, average min. 12.5 Fusion test : — No deformation at cone 27. Summary Insufficient material was received for complete test. However, it was found to be a refractory clay. The mode of occurrence with seams of limonite will prevent its use unless some method of purification is employed. PULASKI COUNTY CLAYS FROM THE VICINITY OF GRAND CHAIN Clay was formerly dug for pottery near Grand Chain Landing and re- cently prospect pits have been opened at several places. On the O. C. Field property pits have been dug in lenses of clay in the NE. Y\ sec. 9, T. 15 S., R 2 E., where sample No. 38, tests of which are re- ported on pages 336 and 337, was taken. Both the bottom and the top are irregular, the top rising backward into the hill. A thickness of 20 feet of "black fat" clay has been exposed and is said to be underlain by blue and pink clay. The overburden of 3 feet of iron-cemented sand and gravel capped by loess thickens back over the ridge to a maximum of 15 feet. Clay has also been worked just above water level in Ohio River. J. W. Joynt of Tamms, Illinois, has done considerable prospecting both by boring and pits in east half of sec. 4 and west half of sec. 3, T. 15 S., R. 2 E. The clay is irregular and lenticular, ranging up to 12 feet as a maxi- mum thickness. It is underlain by sand and overlain by gravel and loess. At pits in the N. y 2 SE. *4 sec. 4 the overburden will average 14 to 15 feet. This clay is white and resembles the clay from Mountain Glen. Clay from 336 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 the J. B. Hays farm in the SW. l /\. sec. 3 was of a chocolate color and con- tained lignite. The sample No. 37 was taken from a bin which contained clay from several test pits. Results of tests made are reported on pages 337 and 338. A sample of white to gray plastic clay was taken from the road ditch two miles east of Grand Chain, where clay was in the gutter. The sample was obtained by boring. The section is as follows : Section 2 miles east of Grand Chain Thickness . Ft. In. 4. Loess 16 to 32 ... 3. Gravel and red clay 4 6 2. Clay, red 1± 1. Clay, white to gray, plastic ; exposed in road gutter 21 4 Sample No. 45 resampled as No. 1678 represents the upper portion. Sample No. 44 resampled as No. 1691 is from the lower portion of the deposit. Results of tests made on these two samples are presented on pages 338 to 340. The top surface of the clay probably rises in the hill and if so the overburden would be less than given in the section. Other slopes show sand and impure clay at this horizon, proving that the clay is lenticular just as it is at other localities. CLAY FROM CALEDONIA A sample, No. 17, was taken from the dark gray clay exposed along the river bank at Caledonia (nearest railroad station, Olmsted). This comes from a 25-foot exposure and is a weathered product of the "soapstone" of Midway age. The lower 14 feet of a section exposed in the river bluffs on the Barber farm, 2j4 miles above Caledonia, in sec. 13, T. 15 S., R. 1 E., is of a gray, micaceous, thinly bedded clay. This contains some lignite and pyrite concre- tions and is said to extend down to low water level 20 feet below the bottom of the measured section. The overburden would be very thick, but hydraulic stripping would be possible at this place. Sample No. 37a (see page 341 for results of tests) is from this horizon. A very plastic white clay is exposed about 200 yards down stream at or near the water level. The exposure is small and the quantity uncertain. RESULTS OF TESTS PULASKI COUNTY Sample No. 38 (O. C. Field pit ; NE. % sec. 9, T. 15 S., R. 2 E.) This is a soft shaly material of a brownish color. It has good plasticity and flows smoothly through the die when a suitable amount of water is added. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: PULASKI COUNTY 337 Water of plasticity . Shrinkage water . . . Pore water Modulus of rupture Slaking test Screen test: — Mesh per cent 38.6 per cent 24.6 per cent 14.0 lbs. per sq. in. 164.8 min. 50 Residue Per cent . 0.27 . 0.25 . 0.16 . 1.69 . 1.52 20 40 80 120 200 Drying shrinkage : — Linear ; wet length Linear ; dry length Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Per cent Per cent 04 33.4 White 1.8 02 24.7 Cream 3.4 2 18.1 Cream 6.0 5 16.5 Cream 5.6 9 14.0 Cream 6.0 13 3.7 Stoneware gray 7.0 14 2.8 Dark buff exterior, bluestoned.. 6.2 Fusion test : — It deforms at cone 30. Character of Residue Rock particles Rock particles and sand Rock particles and sand Rock particles and sand Rock particles and sand Per cent 7.25 7.8 Remarks Hackly fracture Hackly fracture Hackly fracture, vitre- ous Smooth fracture Appears to be over- burned Summary The dry clay has medium low strength. The amount of residues left on the screens is low. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium high. Vitrification is practically complete at cone 13. It is a refractory clay and therefore suitable for use in the manufacture of such wares. The light color of the burned clay and its other properties make it available for architectural terra cotta, stoneware, and sanitary ware. Sample No. 37 (Sees. 3 and 4, T. 15 S., R. 2 E.) This is a soft clay containing a few nodules of carbonaceous matter. It is of a light gray color. It flows through a die fairly satisfactorily. Water of plasticity per cent 30 Shrinkage water per cent 21.6 Pore water per cent 8.4 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 487.2 With 507o standard sand — Modulus of rupture , lbs. per sq. in. 249.7 Slaking test, average min. 7 338 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Screen test: — Mesh 20. 40. 60. 80. 120. 200. Residue Per cent . Trace . Trace . Trace . Trace . .02 Character of Residue .07 Quartz and mica par- ticles Quartz and mica par- ticles Drying shrinkage : — Linear ; wet length . . . Linear ; dry length . . . Burning test : — Cone Porosity Color Per cent .. 6.6 .. 7.1 Burning shrinkage Percent Percent 15.9 Cream 4.95 9.6 Darker cream 5.7 1.7 Gray 10.1? Remarks .57 5.6 Conchoidal vitreous fracture Conchoidal vitreous fracture 13^2 18 Tan exterior; bluestoned interior 4.34 Fusion test : — It deformed at cone 28. Summary The strength of the unburned clay is medium high. Its bonding strength is medium. There is only a trace of residues on the screens. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is high. Vitrification is practically com- plete at cone 9. The sample is apparently overburned at cone \3 l / 2 although it is thought this appearance may be due to the peculiar shattering of the clay during the firing. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : For refractories, particularly those of a dense character such as crucibles ; also architectural terra cotta, stoneware, and sanitary ware. Sample No. 45 (resampled as No. 1678) (2 miles east of Grand Chain) This clay was bored for samples and later resampled as No. 1678. This record applies to sample No. 1678. It is a clay of medium hardness and a red color. It develops a good plasticity when worked with the addition of a sufficient amount of water. When the plastic clay is squeezed through a die it flows fairly well. Water of plasticity per cent 29.2 Shrinkage water per cent 15.8 Pore water per cent 13.4 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 526.6 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 299.5 Slaking test hours 2y' 2 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: PULASKI COUNTY 339 Screen test: — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 20 1.0 Brown sandstone 40 Trace Mica and white sand 60 Trace Mica and white sand 80 Trace Mica and white sand 120 30.2 Brown and white sand 150 9.4 Brown and white sand 200 2.0 Brown and white sand Drying shrinkage, linear per cent 6.8 Burning test: — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Per cent Per cent 08 36.8 Reddish brown 0.6 06 35.0 Reddish brown 1.1 04 34.9 Reddish brown 2.0 02 35.0 Reddish brown 2.2 1 33.8 Reddish brown 2.5 3 33.5 Reddish brown 2.4 5 34.3 Brown and black 2.2 7 32.7 Brown and black 2.2 9 34.0 Black 1.9 The burned pieces are weak. Fusion test : — No. 45 deforms at cone 30. No. 1678 deforms at cone 28. Summary This clay has a medium high strength tested alone and a medium bonding strength. This is particularly interesting because the screen test shows the presence of a high content of fine grained sand which does not impair its working properties. The dry- ing shrinkage is medium. It shows a very open burning body at all temperatures with low burning shrinkages. The fusion test indicates a refractory clay. Such open burning refractory clays having good plasticity and strength are of value used alone or in mixtures in the manufacture of refractory wares. Sample No. 44 [resampled as No. 1691] (2 miles east of Grand Chain) This is a soft clay of a gray color. It develops a fair degree of plasticity. Water of plasticity per cent 33.8 Shrinkage water per cent 21.4 Pore water per cent 12.4 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 465.6 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 325.6 Slaking test min. 32 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent Residue 20 Trace 40 ■. Trace Mica 60 Trace Cone Porosity Per cent 08 31.0 06 27.6 04 23.2 02 22.2 1 17.2 3 17.4 5 11.5 7 12.3 9 10.4 11 10.9 sion test : — It def< 340 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 80 Trace 120 1.32 Mica and sand 150 5.47 Mica and sand 200 4.80 Mica and sand Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 6.8 Linear ; dry length 7.0 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Per cent Light gray 1.45 Light gray 2.24 Cream 3.81 Cream 3.6 Cream 4.1 Cream 4.6 Grayish 4.9 Grayish 5.1 Grayish 5.3 Grayish 5.0 )rms at cone 29. Summary This clay has a medium high bonding strength. The drying shrinkage is medium. It does not reach a low porosity within the temperature range employed — up to cone 11. The shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. It is a refractory clay, but not of high grade. In addition to its use in refractories, it is of the type used for stoneware, architectural terra cotta, and sanitary ware. Sample No. 17 (River bank at Caledonia) This is a clay of rather hard and shaly character which seems to contain a considerable quantity of mica. The clay is of a brownish color marked with yellow specks. It has rather a poor degree of plasticity and does not flow satisfactorily through a die. Water of plasticity per cent 80.9 Shrinkage water per cent 28.1 Pore water per cent 52.8 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 180.9 Slaking test, average min. 4 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 10 0.25 Particles of clay 14 2.2 Particles of clay 20 8.8 Particles of clay 35 19 5 Sand and clay 48 6.3 Clay and flakes of mica 65 4.3 Clay and flakes of mica 100 5.0 Oay a^d flakes of mica 150 4.0 Clay and flakes of mica 200 4.1 Clay and flakes of mica ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: PULASKI COUNTY 341 Drying shrinkage, linear per cent 5.0 Volume per cent 25 Burning test : — Cone Porosity Color Remarks Per cent 02 38.6 Light brown Poorly oxidized 1 38.2 Light brown 3 38.8 Light brown 5 38.6 Darker brown 7 34.6 Darker brown 9 34.0 Black Appears to show vitri- fication 13 14.8 Black Overburned Fusion test : — It melts to a glass below cone 26. Summary The strength of the clay is medium low. The percentage of screen residue is high. Its drying shrinkage is medium low. It appears to be overburned at cone 13 even though its porosity is still quite high. The exceptionally high contents of water of plasticity and pore water indicates a very high colloidal content. Because of this the clay gives erratic results in the strength tests. This deposit has proved to be a good grade of fuller's earth and a plant is in operation preparing it for the market. Sample No. 37a (Barber farm ; sec. 13, T. 15 S., R. 1 E.) This is a light gray soft clay which contains many mica particles. The plastic mass is readily molded into shape and it flows well through a die. Water of plasticity per cent 27.9 Shrinkage water per cent 14.9 Pore water per cent 13.0 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in % 240.7 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 238.7 Slaking test, average min. 15 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 3.2 Linear ; dry length 3.4 Burning test: — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Percent Percent 2 28.80 Cream 2.6 5 27.00 Cream 2.2 9 3.7 Light gray 6.1 12 7.2 Light gray 5.0 lSy 2 13.0 2.4 Fusion test :— Complete fusion at cone 25. 342 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Summary This clay has medium strength. Its drying shrinkage is medium low. It devel- ops a high degree of vitrification between cones 5 and 9 with a medium burning shrinkage. It overburns at cone 12 and is non-refractory since it fuses at cone 25. The clay ought to find use for manufactures of stoneware, architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware and similar wares. ALEXANDER COUNTY CLAYS FROM THE AETNA POWDER COMPANY'S LAND Bedded clays are exposed at several places on the land of the Aetna Powder Company. High on the ridge at the first separator house, at least 9 feet of gray laminated clay has been exposed in the excavation for the foundation. The clay is light drab to gray in color and interstratified with distinct beds of mica and fine sand. The section is as follows : Section at first separator house of Aetna Powder Company at Fayville Thickness Feet 3. Loess, with soil at top 20 2. Gravel 1 to 2 1. Clay laminated (Sample No. 41) ; small crystals of gypsum 9 The clay could not be worked while this part of the plant is in operation. Results of tests of sample No. 41, which was taken from the upper 5 feet, are given below. In the hollow behind the old powder plant, clay is exposed at several places. The section varies from place to place, but the following is repre- sentative : Section behind old powder plant at Fayville Thickness Ft. In. 7. Soil 1 3 6. Loess 10-f- 5. Clay and sand, ash colored 4 4. Sand, buff, but loosely cemented 5 6 3. Conglomerate layers, cemented by iron; pebbles up to 3 inches. ... 1 6 2. Clay, lignitic 3 1. Clay, sandy, micaceous ; very pure in places (Sample No. 42) 4 Most of this clay has 20 feet or more of overburden. Results of the tests on Sample No. 42 are given below. RESULTS OF TESTS ALEXANDER COUNTY Sample No. 41 (Aetna Powder Company, at Fayville) This is a micaceous clay of a gray color streaked with brown. It is moderately hard. When plastic, it is rather sticky. Water of plasticity Per cent 32.3 Shrinkage water Per cent 21.9 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: ALEXANDER COUNTY 343 Pore water per cent 10.4 Slaking test, average tnin. 8 Drying shrinkage, linear . per cent 8.6 Burning test: — Burning Total Cone Porosity Color shrinkage shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent Per cent 02 18.9 Cream 3.9 12.5 Shrinkage determined on very small piece 13 8.4 Gray 3.9 12.S Vitreous ; conchoidal fracture ; not over- burned ; shrinkage determined on very small piece Fusion test : — Yj, deformed at cone 25. The cone appears to have developed a decided vesicufar structure. Summary A very plastic and rather sticky clay, which has a medium drying shrinkage. It has a medium porosity at cone 02 and is still quite porous at cone 13 with a medium high shrinkage. Its fusion point is about cone 25, which places it amongst the non- refractory clays. The incomplete tests indicate a clay which may be suited for stoneware, sanitary ware, or similar wares. Sample No. 42 (Aetna Powder Company at Fayville) The clay is a uniform light gray in color. It is rather hard. When tempered with water it has a fair degree of plasticity and flows through a die satisfactorily. Water of plasticity per cent 29.1 Shrinkage water per cent 15.4 Pore water per cent 13.6 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 283.1 Slaking test, average win. 10 Drying shrinkage, linear 7.5 Burning test: — Total Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent 12.8 Cream 13.7 02 5 9 13 Hackly fracture, vitre- ous 1.3 0.0 0.0 Gray Gray 16.0 17.5 17.5 No vesicular structure seems to have been de- Fusion test: — Cone down at cone 25. veloped in the cone. Summary The clay has a medium strength. Its linear shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is high. Practically complete vitrification is reached at cone 5 and there are no signs of overburning at cone 13. It is a non-refractory clay. Suggested uses : Stoneware, architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware, and face- brick. 344 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 CLAYS OF PENNSYLVANIAN AGE Field and Laboratory Notes on Pennsylvantan Clays Field notes by C. R. Schroyer Tests by C. W. Parmelee MONROE COUNTY Clay outcrops in St. Clair County along a small creek that flows south- west in the SW. J4 sec - 22, T. 1 S., R. 10 W. The clay is at the base of the Pennsylvanian system, specifically at the Cheltenham horizon. At the outcrop it is mottled yellow and white, plastic, and comparatively free from sand. Borings show that the yellow color is restricted to the upper part where there is an overburden of gravel and glacial drift. Section of clay 1 mile south of Columbia Thickness Ft. In. 5. Overburden, clay and gravel to 20 4. Clay, yellow and white (by boring) 10 8 3. Clay, white, exposed in bank of creek 2 2. Clay; boring in bed of creek (Sample No. 61) 3 6 1. Limestone, Mississippian The slope above the creek has slumped and it is uncertain if this thick- ness of 16 feet 2 inches represents the maximum thickness of the clay, which is exposed for 320 feet along the stream. A well 28 feet in depth ended in loose sand less than a quarter of a mile east of the outcrop. Other wells which should have reached the clay if it were a persistent bed, have not revealed it elsewhere. The quantity of this clay, though apparently small, is probably sufficient so that development for use as a blend with other clays might be considered. It is at the horizon of the Cheltenham clay of the St. Louis district. Sample No. 62 was taken from a boring which penetrated the entire thickness. RESULTS OF TESTS MONROE COUNTY Sample No. 61 (1 mile south of Columbia) This is a medium hard, grayish-colored clay, mottled with dark brown. It has a medium hardness. When tempered with water it becomes very plastic. Water of plasticity per cent 33.5 Shrinkage water per cent 20.5 Pore water per cent 13 Modulus of rupture, average lbs. per sq. in. 567 minimum lbs. per sq. in. 420 maximum lbs. per sq. in. 773 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 372.7 Slaking test, average min. 16 Drying shrinkage, linear per cent 8.4 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: PENNSYLVANIAN CLAYS 345 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 20 Trace 35 Trace 60 0.32 Colored sand 120 0.3 Colored sand 200 . Trace Colored sand Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent 02 1.5 Tan 7.6 Hackly, vitreous 2 0.6 Tan 7.4 Hackly, vitreous 5 1.6 Tan 6.9 Vitrified, hackly 9 6.1 Tan 6.3 Overburned 13 7.0 Dark tan 5.3 Overburned Fusion test : — Complete fusion before cone 26. Summary This clay has an exceptionally good strength when tested alone, but only medium when mixed with standard sand. It is very free from all particles coarser than 200 mesh. The drying shrinkage is medium. It develops a high degree of vitrification at an exceptionally low temperature and overburns at cone 5. It is completely fused before cone 26 is reached and therefore is a non-refractory clay. This clay will probably be most useful for the manufacture of brick and blocks, etc., for building purposes, and possibly pavers. Sample No. 62 (1 mile south of Columbia) The sample borings are a gray color, mottled with yellow. When mixed with a suitable quantity of water, the clay becomes very plastic. Water of plasticity per cent 38.9 Shrinkage water per cent 22.9 Pore water per cent 15.9 Slaking test, average min. 8 Drying shrinkage, linear per cent 8.5 Burning test : — jmox Suiuang Cone Porosity Color shrinkage shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent Per cent 02 1.5 Terracotta 3.7 11.2 Vitrified 1 1.8 Light brown 4.0 12.5 Vitrified 5 0.7 Reddish brown .... Vitrified conchoidal fracture 9 5.0 Reddish brown 6.5 Overburned 13 8.5 Reddish brown .... Vesicular Fusion test : — Completely fused at cone 27, vesicular. Summary This is a non-refractory clay which vitrifies at a very low temperature and over- burns between cones 5 and 9. Its drying shrinkage is medium. Burning shrinkage at cone 1 is high. It is suited for use in the manufacture of building brick and common wares. 346 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 MADISON COUNTY "The outcrop, of the fire clay in Madison County extends from a point on the county line north of Godfrey southerly and easterly to East Alton. South of East Alton it is cut off by the alluvium of the Mississippi River bottom. Fire clay is found, however, two miles east of Collinsville at Cantine at a depth of 270 feet, and it seems probable in view of the extent of the fire clay into the St. Louis district, that it may be found underlying the entire county." 1 This clay is used for sewer pipe by the East Alton Stoneware Pipe Company at their plant Wi miles northeast of East Alton. Section of the Stonezvarc Pipe Company's shaft at East Alton in the NE. Y 4 sec. 15, T.5 N., R.9 W. Thickness Ft. In. 7. Shale, light colored ; flint concretion and nodules of carcarous ironstone 50 6. Shale, black ; "slate" of miners 1 6 5. Coal (No. 2) 2 3 4. Clay, "little vein" 4 3. Limestone ; hard, flinty, brecciated beds 7 'Green shale — 3 in. Dark shale — 2 in. 2. Fireclay 14 6 | Light colored fireclay — 3 ft. (Sample No. 59) [Dark clay, colored by carbon — 11 ft. (Sample No. 60) J 1. Sandstone, brown, below Only the uppper 2*/ 2 to 3 feet of the dark clay and the 3 feet of light clay are used for sewer pipes. The lower beds run high in sulphur and contain large amounts of pyrite. These lower beds are variable in thickness and in places missing, so that the total thickness is not over six feet. At the old mines in the NW. J /\ sec. 15 the thickness is reported to have been about seven feet. RESULTS OF TESTS MADISON COUNTY Sample No. 59 (Stoneware Pipe Company's shaft; NE. y A sec. 15, T. 5 N., R. 9 W. A very hard, dark gray colored clay which develops a good plasticity although a little sticky. It flows satisfactorily through a die when rather soft. Water of plasticity per cent 36.2 Shrinkage water per cent 24.0 iLines, Edwin H., The Pennsylvania fire clays of Illinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 30, p. 66, 1917. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: MADISON COUNTY 347 Pore water per cent 12.2 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 589.0 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 169.8 Slaking test hours 6 Screen test : — Mesh 40. 60. 80. 120. 150. 200. Residue Character of Per Cent residue .17 Pyrites . . 4.57 Pyrites, hard particles of clay and fine sand 1.05 Pyrites, fine sand, and clay . . 6.76 Pyrites, sand, and clay . . 1.4 Pyrites, mica, fine sand, mostly clay . . 1.44 Mica, fine sand and clay Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 9 72 Linear ; dry length 10.5 Burning test :— Cone Porosity Per cent Color Burning shrinkage Per cent Remarks 2 3.4 2.4 Grayish white . . . ... 6.3 5 ... 6.6 Black core 9 5.4 Tan exterior ... 5.7 Black core 12 14.2 Red tan exterior, terior bluestoned in- ... 3.4 13 11.9 10.0 ... 2.3 15 Buff bluestoned . . ... 2.9 Large iron slag spots Oxidation conduct : — Very difficult to oxidize. Fusion test : — Down at cone 28. Summary A clay which has medium high strength when tested without admixture of sand but shows a medium low bonding power. It contains a notable amount of mineral particles which are retained upon the screens. The presence of pyrite amongst these explains the slag spots formed at high temperatures as well as the pitted and vesicular appearance of the fusion test. Undoubtedly this clay can be greatly improved by washing. The drying shrinkage is medium high and the burning shrinkage at cone 9 is medium high. Its low porosity at cone 2 is unusual. The overburning which de- velops between cones 9 and 12 is undoubtedly due to the high carbon and sulphur content. It is a difficult clay to oxidize. It is thought that the purification of this clay by washing will greatly improve its properties and extend its usefulness ; otherwise, it will be very difficult to use because of its high carbon-sulphur content and consequent slow oxidation. 348 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Sample No. 60 (Stoneware Pipe Company's shaft; N.E. Y A sec. 15, T. 5 N., R. 9 W.) The sample is a dark brown clay, having a flinty hardness. Its plasticity is good although it is slightly sticky. When it has rather a soft consistency, it flows well through a die. Water of plasticity per cent 33.05 Shrinkage water per cent 23.05 Pore water per cent 10.0 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 427 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 164.5 Slaking test hours 5 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Per cent 60 80. 100. 150. 200. Trace Trace 0.16 0.17 0.15 Character of residue Particles of sand Fine sand Fine sand and organic matter Fine sand and organic matter Drying shrinkage : — Pet cent Linear ; wet length 8.72 Linear ; dry length 9.3 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Per cent Red 7.28 Grayish 7.3 Gray exterior 7.4 Tan exterior; bluestoned 7.8 6.1 31— bloated. Cone Porosity Per cent 2 2.45 5 1.5 9 0.7 12 2.6 13 3.8 Fusion test : — Cone Total shrinkage Per cent 15.5 Remarks Vitreous Black core Black core Overburned Summary This clay is similar in some respects to sample No. 59. Its bonding strength is medium low although the pure clay has a considerably higher modulus of rupture. It contains very little material too coarse to pass a 200-mesh sieve. The drying shrinkage is medium high. The burning conduct is of particular interest because of the low porosity reached at a low cone (2) and maintained over a wide range of temperature. There are some slight indications of overburning above cone 12. The presence of a black core at cones 5 and 9 indicates that care will be required in oxidizing this clay during burning. Suggested uses : Its property of burning dense at a low temperature and main- taining a wide vitrification range ought to make it desirable for vitrified or close bodies. It may possibly serve for pavers although the poor oxidation conduct may prevent this. It is being used for sewer pipe and probably would serve for conduits. The color of the burned clay is not satisfactory for stoneware. It may possibly be used for architectural terra cotta. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: CALHOUN COUNTY 349 CALHOUN COUNTY Formerly a plant at Golden Eagle manufactured fire brick from the clay lying directly below the No. 2 coal. The mines are in bad condition (fig. 53) and no measurement of the clay could be made. Five feet of the upper part of the seam was mined. At the bottom of this level are nodular limestone boulders full of pyrite crystals. Smaller boulders were found scattered through the clay. The sample No. 58 was taken from a pile of clay which had been dug several years previous. However this clay was still unslacked and appeared fresh and in good condition. Fig. 53. Abandoned fire clay pit at Golden Eagle. The area underlain by this clay is small, but with the present equipment might again justify operation. Directly above the clay is a two-foot coal bed which is mined with it. Transportation is entirely by water. RESULTS OF TESTS CALHOUN COUNTY Sample No. 58 (Abandoned plant at Golden Eagle) This is a very hard grayish colored clay which contains much finely divided pyrite. Upon the addition of a suitable amount of water it develops a good but sticky degree of plasticity. It slakes very slowly. Water of plasticity per cent 34.4 Shrinkage water per cent 25.5 Pore water per cent 18.9 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 165.7 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 124.6 Slaking test hours $ l / 2 350 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1911 Screen test Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue SO Pyrites, fine sand and particles of sand 09 Mica and sand 12 Pyrites, sand, clay and organic material Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 10.05 Linear ; dry length 11.6 120. 150. 200 Burning test :— Cone Porosity Per cent 2 10.0 5 5.2 9 7.0 12 5.0 13 7.0 15 5.5 Color Burning shrinkage Per cent Remarks Tan Buff Buff exterior 6.1 6.0 4.3 Buff bluestoned 5.0 2.6 bluestoned 2.8 Small black core Black core, fine iron spots Flashed Overburned Fusion test : — Cone x /z deformed at cone 26. The cone has a vesicular structure. Summary This clay has a medium low strength and a medium low bonding strength. The drying shrinkage is medium high. The effect of the small residue of finely divided pyrite becomes evident at the higher temperatures, especially in the fusion test. Washing the clay for some products will correct this. The poor oxidation conduct should be noted. The clay is on the border line between a non-refractory and a refractory material. The test piece has the appearance of having been overfired at cone 15. Suggested uses : Architectural terra cotta, face brick. GREENE COUNTY At White Hall, Greene County, fireclay has long been dug for use in the manufacture of sewer pipe, and stoneware and refractory clay has been shipped widely from the pits at Drake. Two miles southeast of Hillview in the S. ]/ 2 sec. 34, T. 12 N., R. 13 W., a small amount of clay has been recovered from above the Mississippian limestone. This is probably a residual clay from the decay of the limestone and if so, does not properly belong in the Pennsylvanian system. The clay has a greenish or bluish white color when wet, but whitens upon drying. The exposed part contains abundant cherty and calcareous nodules, and gritty calcareous sand. The thickness may locally be as much as 10 feet but the distribution is irregular and pockety, conforming as it does into the irregular surface of the underlying weathered limestone. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: GREENE COUNTY 351 Section of the small opening in S. l A sec. 34, T. 12 N., R. 13 W. Thickness Feet 4. Loess and soil 10 =*= 3. Gravel 2 2. Clay, blue, containing calcareous sand and small gravel ; traces of pink (Sample No. 57) 3 1. Limestone, residual, decomposed, and cherty; covered at base but underlain by bedded limestone further down the ravine 12 The extent of this clay is uncertain, but it has been found in nearby wells to the west. A few carloads have been dug from the slope above the limestone one mile west of this outcrop where a boring is said to have pene- trated 9 feet of clay. The results of the tests made on sample No. 57 are given on pages 352 and 353. The overburden would range from 15 to 35 feet, depending upon how far the working penetrated the divides. Washing would be necessary to make this clay suitable for use as a refractory. The results of the tests made on sample No. 55 which is from the E. N. Ford farm near Hillview, are given on pages 353 and 354. Clay has not been shipped from Drake for over two years. Previous to that time it had been shipped more widely than any other in Illinois. The greatest thickness of clay ever dug was 26 feet. A well penetrated 8 feet of clay below this. As both the top and bottom are irregular, the thickness is variable and becomes as little as 5 feet. An eighth of a mile south of the station it is 20 feet thick. The overburden varies from 10 to 40 feet, a thickness that makes the working of the old pit unprofitable. The clay has an Indian red color locally, especially near the top of the west pit, which renders the clay useless for refractory purposes. Clay is also reported from north of the railroad at Drake, where a well section was given as follows : Log of well north of Drake Thickness Depth Description of strata Ft. Ft. "Earth" 12 12 Not described 8 20 Sandstone 7 27 Clay 15 42 Limestone Sample No. 136, sent in by Mr. A. M. Cain, was taken from a shallow pit north of the railroad. Sample No. 54 was taken from the lower clay; sample No. 56 from the upper clay, ^4 mile south of Drake. Sample No. 53 from the farm of C. T. Hicks, }i mile south of Drake. The results of tests on these samples are given on pages 354 to 358. 352 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Section of clay pits east of White Hall Thickness Ft. In. 6. Soil and yellow underlying hardpan 3 5. Clay, yellow, and till 16 4. Shale and clay, sandy ; stringers of gravel 17 5 3. Clay, buff and white (Sample No. 49) 3 5 2. Clay, bluish with scattered purplish red and dark stains (Sample No. 52) 7 6 1. Partly covered to deepest part of pit; clay not now worked 3 6 The clay above as well as that below is used entirely for sewer pipe and stoneware by the White Hall Sewer Pipe and Stoneware Company at their plant in White Hall. Results of tests on samples No. 49 and No. 52 are given on pages 358 to 360. Section 2y 2 miles northeast of White Hall Thickness Ft. In. 6. Drift 12 5. Shale, local 1 10 4. Coal (No. 2) 2 6 3. Clay, yellow, sandy 4 2. Clay, white and buff (Sample No. 51) 6 1. Clay, bluish; iron concretions in places; used for sewer pipes (Sample No. 50) 17 6 The results of tests made on samples No. 51 and No. 50 are given on pages 360 to 362. Lines 1 says of this area: "It is reported * * * that good deposits extending another mile east are available when the present pits are worked out. The dip of the rocks here is easterly, and nothing is known of the clay after it gets below drainage, but it is possible that shafts would reach the clay over a large area." RESULTS OF TESTS GREENE COUNTY Sample No. 57 (S.y 2 sec. 34, T. 12 N., R. 13 W.) The sample is a gray colored clay stained with yellow and containing a few black spots. When tempered with water it is very plastic. Water of plasticity per cent 25.9 Shrinkage water per cent 14.9 Pore water per cent 11.0 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 565.5 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 370 Slaking test, average ram. 9 Drying shrinkage, linear per cent 7.0 Volume per cent 27.6 iLines, Edwin H., Pennsylvanian fire clays of Illinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 30, p. 67, 1914. urmng test :— Cone Porosity Per cent 02 12.9 1 18.9 3 1.5 5 0.3 7 0.4 9 0.6 13 0.6 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: GREENE COUNTY 353 Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Gray 12.5 Cream 11.1 Dark gray 12.5 Vitreous conchoidal fracture Dark gray 13.1 Dark gray 12.5 Glassy fracture Dark gray ^ . 12.1 Glassy fracture Dark gray 11.7 Glassy fracture Small particles of some more fusible mineral are scattered through the mass. Note: — Grayish color of cone 3 et seq. may be due to reduction. Fusion Test : — Fused completely at cone 26. Summary The strength of the unburned clay is medium high and the bonding strength is medium. The drying shrinkage is medium and at cone 9, the total shrinkage is medium. The test pieces were virtually non-porous at cone 3 and showed no signs of overburning at cone 13, indicating a very long range of vitrification. It is not a refractory clay. Suggested uses : The very satisfactory strength tests together with the early vitrification and long heat range suggest a clay useful for stoneware, architectural terra cotta, sewer pipe, and paving brick. The rapid rate of vitrification between cones 1 and 3 may prove to limit its usefulness. Sample No. 55 (E. N. Ford farm, near Hillview) This clay is colored brown mottled with gray. It contains numerous lumps of limestone varying in size from a small grain to a hazel nut. The clay tempered with water has good plasticity but is slightly sticky if too wet. Its conduct when squeezed through a die is fair. Water of plasticity per cent 39.5 Shrinkage water per cent 25.4 Pore water per cent 14.1 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 172.5 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 145.17 Slaking test, average min. 55 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 40 25 Light colored particles, few sand grains 60 97 Light colored particles, few sand grains 80 23 More fine sand 120 42 Light particles and fine sand 150 18 Light and colored 200 07 Fine sand, mica, light and hard particles 354 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 6.05 Linear ; dry length 7.52 Volume 25.0 Burning test : — , Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent 2 2.19 Very light tan 9.58 5 0.5 Very light tan 9.58 9 3.3 Gray 9.78 12 4.62 Gray with iron spots 8.4 Vitreous fracture Small light red iron spots slagged" in the piece 13 Fusion test :- 9.0 -Deforms at cone 29. 6.3 Summary This is a clay of a medium low strength and medium low bonding strength. It has only a slight amount of screen residues coarser than a 200 mesh. The drying shrinkage is medium. It is practically non-absorbent at cone 2 and overburns be- tween cones 5 and 9. The shrinkage at cone 9 is high. Although the test cone did not deform until cone 29 was reached, yet there were numerous slag spots indicating advanced stages of fusion in local areas. Suggested uses: Face brick, sewer pipe (?), paving brick (?), architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware. Sample No. 136 (A. M. Cain; near Drake) This sample is a sandy, hard clay of a light gray color, mottled with brown. It has a medium plasticity and is inclined to be sticky. When forced through a die it flows satisfactorily. Water of plasticity per cent 25.6 Shrinkage water per cent 14.9 Pore water per cent 10.7 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 586 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 376 Slaking test, average min. 28 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 20 5.31 Quartz particles 40 39 Quartz particles 60 1.67 Quartz particles 80 55 Quartz particles, white and brown 120 3.76 Quartz particles 200 2.96 Quartz particles, most- ly brown ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: GREENE COUNTY 355 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 9.5 Linear ; wet length 10.7 Volume 28.8 Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Per cent Per cent 04 24.7 Salmon +0.65 02 25 Red brown +0.8 2 23.7 Red brown 0.2 5 23 Red brown 1.4 9 20 Chocolate 1.5 13 21 Chocolate 3.1 Fusion test : — Completely deformed at cone 25. Summary This clay has a medium high strength, tested alone, but its bonding strength is medium. It contains a considerable amount of quartz sand. The drying shrinkage is medium high. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. The burning shrinkages at all temperatures are low. In fact, there is a slight swelling at temperatures up to cone 1. The clay is open burning since its porosities are high at cones 5 and above. It is non-refractory. It is suited best for brick and similar products having a dark color and high porosity. Sample No. 54 (+4 mile south of Drake) This is a soft clay of a light gray color mottled strongly with darker gray and occasional brown spots. After the addition of a suitable amount of water it de- velops good plastic properties and flows fairly well through a die. Water of plasticity per cent 24.5 Shrinkage water per cent 1 1.7 Pore water per cent 12.8 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 250 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 220 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of residue Per cent 20 0.13 Roots and rock parti- cles 40 0.03 Roots and rock parti- cles 60 0.15 Quartz sand 80 0.03 Quartz sand 120 0.54 Quartz sand, and mica 200 4.2 Quartz sand, and mica 356 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Drying shrinkage : — Linear; dry length Linear; wet length Volume Burning test : — Per cent .. 5.7 .. 5.4 . . 24.1 Burning shrinkage Per cent Cone Porosity Color Per cent 02 22 White 1 22 White 3 21 Light cream 2.8 Remarks 20 Light cream 3.5 19 Light cream 3.9 16 Dark cream 4.1 Earthy fracture, vana- dium? stain Earthy fracture, vana- dium? stain, slight iron stain Earthy fracture, vana- dium? stain, slight iron stain 12 7.6 Cream, bluestoned slightly 5.7 13 4.0 Light tan exterior, bluestoned. . . 5.8 15 4.0 Tan exterior, bluestoned 6.9 Fusion test: — Deforms at cone 29. Summary This is a clay having medium bonding strength. The drying shrinkage is me- dium. It contains very little material coarser than a 200 mesh. The burning shrink- age at cone 8 is medium. Samples burned up to and including cone 8 have quite a high porosity. This decreases rapidly between cones 8 and 12. It is a refractory cla y- r u • 1 Possible uses : Architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware, stoneware, face brick, as a bond clay in refractories. Sample No. 56 (% mile south of Drake) A medium soft clay colored light gray, with brown stains and containing a few black nodules. When tempered with water it is very plastic and flows well through a die. Water of plasticity * er cent Shrinkage water P er cent Pore water P er cent Modulus of rupture lhs - P er ** tn With 50% standard sand— Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. tn Slaking test, average Screen test : — Mesh Residue Per cent 20 0- 3 mm. 21.2 10.1 11.1 462 231.8 14 Character of residue 40, Rootlets and rock par- ticles 0.12 Rootlets and quart? grains ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: GREENE COUNTY 357 60 0.33 Rootlets and white quartz grains 80 0.08 120 3.42 White sand and mica with some organic matter 200 8.59 White sand Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 4.9 Linear ; wet length 4.7 Volume 19.5 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Cream 2.2 Cream 2.5 Earthy fracture Light cream 3.4 Earthy fracture Light cream 3.3 Earthy fracture, slight veining of iron stain Cream 3.5 Earthy fracture Dark cream 4.4 Earthy fracture Light tan exterior ; bluestoned.. 4.5 Very minute glassy spots on and in the piece Cone Porosity Per cent 1 23 2 20 3 21.4 6 19 9 15 12 7 13 4 15 5 usion test; — Cone Light tan; bluestoned Summary The strength of the dry clay is* medium high. Its bonding strength is medium. The amount of residues on the screens is small. The drying shrinkage is medium low and the total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Architectural terra cotta, stoneware, sanitary ware, face brick, refractory wares. Sample No. 53 (C. T. Hicks; % mile south of Drake) This is a hard clay of a light gray color mottled with brown and darker gray color. When tempered with water it develops a good degree of plasticity and may be made to flow satisfactorily through a die. Water of plasticity per cent \72 Shrinkage water per cent 8.74 Pore water per cent 8.51 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 120.2 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 103.1 Screen test: — , Mesh Residue Character of residue Per cent 20 0.3 Quartz grains, rock grains and roots 358 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 40 09 Quartz grains, rock grains and roots 60 1.0 White sand with dark- er particles 80 0.4 White sand with dark- er particles 120 3.8 White sand with dark- er particles 200 4.6 White sand with dark- er particles Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 4.0 Linear ; wet length 3.8 Volume 17.1 Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Percent Percent 02 26 White 2.4 Earthy fracture 3 23 Very light cream 3.6 Earthy fracture shows vanadium (?) stain 6 22 Very light cream 4.4 Earthly fracture. Iron spots, very small Very light cream 4.6 Very light cream 4.9 Very light cream 6.2 Very light cream 6.2 Iron spots, very small and not conspicuous 15 7.0 Bluestoned ; tan exterior 7.5 Fusion test : — Deforms at cone 30. 8 19 9 18.2 12 13.0 13 7.6 Summary This clay has a medium low strength and a medium low bonding strength. The amount of the residues left upon the screens is moderate. The drying shrinkage is low. Shrinkage at cone 8 is medium. Vitrification proceeds slowly until cone 13 is reached. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Face brick, architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware, and refrac- tories. Sample No. 49 (Clay pit east of White Hall) This is a light gray colored clay with brown stains which is moderately hard. Good plasticity is developed upon the addition of water, and in this condition it flows readily through a die. Water of plasticity per cent 24.3 Shrinkage water per cent 11.2 Pore water per cent 13.1 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 369.2 With 50% standard sand— Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 189.5 Slaking test, average min. 23 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: GREENE COUNTY 359 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of residue Per cent 20 0.46 Colored sand 40 0.37 Colored sand 60 1.94 Colored sand 80 0.54 Colored sand 120 0.13 Colored sand 200 Trace Colored sand Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 4.75 Linear ; dry length 4.98 Volume 21.2 Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent 2 22.8 Cream 7.2 3 18.4 Light cream 7.2 Smooth fracture ; very fine iron speck 6 16.5 Cream 7.2 Smooth fracture ; very 12.9 Cream 5.8 9.6 Cream 5.6 Smooth fracture, very fine iron speck mooth fracture, fine iron speck 12 0.5 Gray interior ; light tan exterior 7.0 13 1.01 6.5 15 8.8 Bluestoned; buff exterior 6.0 Very small iron spots Fusion test : — It fused at cone 30. Summary The clay has a medium strength and medium low bonding strength. The amount of screen residues is slight. The drying shrinkage is medium low and the burning shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. The clay vitrifies to a porosity of less than one per- cent between cones 9 and 12. Overburning appears at about cone 15. Suggested uses : Stoneware, architectural terra cotta, face brick, sanitary ware, refractories. Sample No. 52 (Clay pit east of White Hall) This is a hard dark gray colored clay mottled with yellowish brown. When ground and tempered with water it develops a good plasticity and flows readily through a die. Water of plasticity per cent 23.0 Shrinkage water per cent 9.9 Pore water per cent 13.1 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 380.2 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 243.9 Slaking test, average tnin. 10 Screen test : — 360 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Mesh Residue Character of residue Per cent 20 Trace 35 0.12 Particles of shale, coal and sand 48 0.10 Particles of shale, coal and sand 65 0.15 Particles of shale, coal and sand 100 ' 2.0 Particles of shale, coal and sand with much mica 150 3.8 Particles of shale, coal and sand with much mica 200 8.1 Particles of shale, coal and sand with much mica Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 5.0 Volume 18.5 Burning test : — Total Color shrinkage Per cent Remarks Light tan 9.1 Light tan 10.4 Tan 10.1 Gray 1 10.4 Semi vitreous fracture Gray 1 11.3 Vitreous luster Gray 11.0 Vitreous luster, con- choidal fracture -Fused completely at cone 26. Summary The clay has a medium strength and a medium bonding strength. The screen residues are considerable. The drying shrinkage is medium low. The total shrink- age at cone 8 is medium. The clay is well vitrified at cone 8 and is not overburned at cone 13. It is non-refractory. Suggested uses : Stoneware, sanitary ware, architectural terra cotta, face brick. Sample No. 51 (2y 2 miles northeast of White Hall) This is a rather hard clay of a dark brown color and good plasticity. Its con- duct when squeezed through a die is fair. Water of plasticity per cent 24.0 Shrinkage water per cent 14.1 Cone Porosity Per cent 02 21.6 1 15.7 3 10.6 5 7.2 8 2.5 13 1.6 ision test : — Fuse ^Grayish color may be due to reduction. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: GREENE COUNTY 361 Pore water per cent 9.9 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 446.8 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 199 Slaking test, average min. 1 1 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Per cent 20 Trace 60 Trace 80 Trace 120 0.18 200 1.4 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 6.4 Linear ; wet length 6.0 Volume 27.8 Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent 02 19. White 4.8 3 16.2 Light cream 5.3 Character of residue Colored sand White sand and mica grain 6 13.5 Light cream 5.3 S l / 2 9.8 Cream 5.8 ) 9.5 Cream 6.1 1.1 0.5 Stoneware gray, uniform 7.6 Stoneware gray, uniform 7.6 Smooth, fine fracture Smooth fracture, near- ly vitreous Smooth fracture, near- ly vitreous Smooth fracture, near- ly vitreous Smooth fracture Smooth fracture 12 13 Soluble salts : — Pieces burned at cone 02 give a strong yellow surface discoloration after being soaked in water. Fusion test: — Deforms at cone 31. Summary The strength of the raw clay is medium high. The bonding strength is medium low. The percentage of screen residues is slight. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. Clay is well vitrified at cone 12. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Refractories, stoneware, architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware, face brick. Sample No. 50 (2y 2 miles northeast of White Hall) This clay is of a dark gray color with some portions brown and other reddish. It is quite hard but a good plasticity is developed when it is mixed with water and properly worked. Its conduct when flowing through a die is fair. Water of plasticity per cent 22.4 Shrinkage water per cent 10.6 Pore water per cent 11.8 362 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 207 With 50% standard sand— Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 275.5 Slaking test, average m i n% \ \ Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of residue Per cent 40. Trace Quartz particles 60 0.38 Quartz particles 80 Trace 120 1.57 Mica and quartz sand 200 4.7 Mica and quartz sand Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 5.9 Volume 21.8 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Light tan, pinkish 0.13 Cream, pinkish 1.5 Light tan 3.1 Very fine iron spots Tan 3.3 Stoneware gray 4.6 Smooth fracture Stoneware gray 4.5 -It fused completely at cone 26. Summary The strength of the dry clay is medium. The bonding strength is medium. The quantity of screen residue is small. The shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. It is a non-refractory clay. Suggested uses : It is reported as being used for sewer pipe. It appears adapted for stoneware, architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware, and face brick. SCOTT COUNTY The clay at Alsey underlies 5 feet of cherty limestone, above which there are 28 to 34 inches of coal. Between these is a 2- to 3-foot thickness of dark, shaly clay. Only the upper part of the lower clay is dug, as the lower beds contain much pyrite. Almost the entire output of the plant had come to be fire brick when it closed in February, 1918, though formerly only building brick was made. Production ran about 20,000 bricks per day but enlargement of the plant insures a possibility of double that quantity. The United States Bureau of Standards reports above the signature of A. V. Bleininger, "In the fusion test, conducted in an electric furnace, the softening point of the fire brick was found to correspond to cone 31^, or approximately 3083 degrees F. From this it appears that the fire clay may be considered of No. 1 grade." Cone Porosity Per cent 04 28.6 02 25.1 2 20.6 5 20.1 9 13.1 13 10.8 Fusion test : — It fu ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: SCOTT COUNTY 363 Sample No. 71 was taken from the stock pile of the clay used for fire brick and No. 70 from the clay which overlies the limestone. Results of tests are given on pages 364 and 365. The Cheltenham clay is exposed in the bluff of Mauvais Terre Creek half a mile west of Exeter. The section varies in short distances, and the clay is stained yellow by iron along seams where water circulates. Gypsum crystals may be seen on the weathered surface. This clay was used several years ago by potteries at Exeter and Merritt. Section along Mauvais Terre Creek half a mile west of Exeter Thickness Ft. In. 8. Limestone; weathers to rounded boulders, some of large size. Hard; fossiliferous 3 10 7. Clay, yellow and impure 2 10 6. Clay, dark blue 3 10 5. Clay, drab yellow irony seams, gypsum crystals ; the lower 4 feet sandy and not included in sample ; probably high in sulphur and iron 12 6 4. Clay, somewhat colored by carbon 8 3. Coal and coaly shale 1 to 6 2. Conglomerate, sandy ; pebbles up to the size of a walnut 2 to 6 1. Limestone, Mississippian ; cuts out both conglomerate and coal nearby Sample No. 65, reported on pages 365 and 366, includes No. 6 and part of 5 of the section. Section at small coal opening on Mauvais Terre Creek about 4 l /i miles downstream from Exeter Thickness Ft. In. 8. Clay shale 4 7. "Slate" or carbonaceous shale 2 6. Coal (No. 2) 2 8 5. Covered 5 4 4. Limestone, nodular ; same as number 8 of previous section 4 6 3. Clay, impure, stained yellow 3 6 2. Limestone, regular bedded, with shale partings 8 8 1. Clay unmeasured At outcrops two miles northeast of Alsey numerous gypsum crystals appear on the surface of four feet of clay just below the limestone. 1 If conditions here are similar to those at Alsey, the fire clay might be expected to be of better quality east of the outcrop where it would lie at a greater depth. The record of the city well at Jacksonville, Morgan County, shows five feet of fire clay below a coal at a depth of 148 feet. Near Franklin six feet of fire clay is reported at a depth of 347 feet. iQp. cit., p. 68. 364 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 RESULTS OF TESTS SCOTT COUNTY Sample No. 71 (Abandoned plant at Alsey) The sample is a hard material of a dark gray color. When tempered with water it becomes very plastic. Its conduct in flowing through a die is fair. Water of plasticity per cent 21.8 Shrinkage water per cent 10.9 Pore water per cent 10.9 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 328 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 144 Slaking test, average min. 10 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Per cent 20 0.6 40 0.13 60 0.11 80 0.14 120 Trace 200 Trace Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 5.9 Linear ; wet length 5.6 Volume 21.4 Burning test : — Total Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent Cream 7.1 Vanadium stain ( ?) Light cream 5.3 Vanadium stain ( ?) Light cream 6.0 Light cream 6.0 Light cream Cream 6.6 Bluestoned; light buff outside. . . 9 Contains fine black specks 02 16 3 15 5 14 6 12.7 8 11.2 9 10 12 13 1.0 15 3.4 Fusion test :— It Bluestoned Buff exterior ; bluestoned (black) 8.9 It deforms between cones 30 and 31. Summary The clay has a medium strength and a medium low bonding strength. The amount of screen residues is slight. Drying shrinkage is medium and total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium high. It is practically non-porous at cone 13 and apparently shows slight overburning at cone 15. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Stoneware, architectural terra cotta, face brick, sanitary ware, refractories. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: SCOTT COUNTY 365 Sample No. 70 (Abandoned plant at Alsey) This is a grayish colored clay of medium hardness. It is very plastic when tempered with water. Water of plasticity per cent 41.8 Shrinkage water per cent 31.4 Pore water per cent 10.4 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 609 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 302.8 Slaking test, average min. 7 Drying shrinkage, linear per cent 12.5 Screen test : — Mesh 10 14 Residue Per cent Trace Trace 20 0.85 " 35 6.8 48 7.4 65 7.4 100 150 5.1 8.1 200 8.5 Burning test : — ■ Character of residue Cone Porosity Color Per cent Hard lumps of black shale Hard lumps of black shale Hard lumps of black shale with particles of coal Burning shrinkage Per cent 04 20 Yellow cream 2.9 02 18 Dark cream 4.7 2 7.5 Buff cream 6.2 5 3.5 Buff cream 5.9 9 2.5 Gray ; bluestoned 6.8 13 10 Light tan ; bluestoned 5.6 14 9 21.5 Fusion test : — It fuses at cone 26. Vesicular structure. Remarks Hackly fracture Hackly fracture Hackly fracture Hackly fracture Hackly fracture Black core Bloated Summary The clay has a medium high strength and medium bonding strength. The dry- ing shrinkage is high. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is high. It is fairly well vitrified at cone 2 and is overburned at cone 13. The oxidation rate is slow. Suggested uses : Stoneware, architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware, face brick. Sample No. 65 (Bluff of Mauvais Terre Creek x / 2 mile west of Exeter) This is a brownish colored shaly clay. It becomes very plastic when tempered with water. It flows satisfactorily through a die. 366 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Water of plasticity . . Shrinkage water Pore water Modulus of rupture . Slaking test, average Screen test : — Mesh per cent 22.0 per cent 9.9 per cent 12.0 lbs. per sq. in. 240.8 min. 6 20 40 : 60 80 120 200 ; Drying shrinkage : — Linear ; dry length Linear ; wet length Volume Residue Per cent . 0.22 . 0.40 . 0.77 . 0.64 . 2.9 . 2.3 Character of residue Colored sand Per cent .. 4.9 .. 4.7 .. 18.7 urning test:— Cone Porosity Per cent 02 24 1 24 3 22 5 21 6 21 9 17 12 9 13 3.5 15 3.3 Burning- Color shrinkage Per cent Pinkish cream 3.1 Pinkish cream 3.1 Medium cream 3.8 Medium cream 4.0 Medium cream 4.2 Light tan 4.3 Darker tan 6.2 Bluestoned 6.6 Buff exterior; bluestoned (black) 6.7 Fusion test : — It deforms between cones 26 and 27. Remarks Fine iron specks, earthy fracture • 7 ine iron specks ; earthy fracture Numerous fine iron specks Numerous fine iron specks Iron spots Summary This clay has a medium strength and a medium low drying shrinkage. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. It is well vitrified at cone 13 and not over- burned at cone 15. It is a non-refractory clay. Suggested uses : Stoneware, architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware, for which uses it should be washed, face brick. PIKE COUNTY Clay outcrops in the west bluff of Illinois River at Bedford. The rela- tion to the Mississippian limestone at the north suggests faulting. Twenty- seven feet of clay are exposed above and 16 or more feet below. This thick- ness makes the deposit of special interest. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: PIKE COUNTY 367 Section of the river bluff at Bedford Thickness Ft. In. 7. Loess and loose limestone blocks to top of mound 50 6. Covered, cherty fragments over slope 10 5. Clay, bluish gray ; partly covered yellow iron stains in lower part (Sample No. 67) • 27 .. 4. Covered interval 11 6 3. Partly covered, probably clay 9 2. Clay, blue (Sample No. 69) , . . . 16 ;. 6 1. Partly covered to water level in Illinois River; loose blocks indi- cate Mississippian limestone in the lower part of this interval. . . 20 Clay has been dug in small amounts about 2 miles north of Pittsfield and used as a blend for surface clay in making building brick and drain tile and possibly also for pottery. This deposit (sample No. 66, p. 369) is reported to vary from 6 to 13 feet in thickness. It is of a bluish white color where exposed and has an overburden of drift and loess up to 20 feet in thickness. Boring has shown that the clay extends back under the bluff over an area of several acres and the topography suggests that extensive areas are underlain by clay both to the south and east. RESULTS OF TESTS— PIKE COUNTY Sample No. 67 (West bluff of Illinois River at Bedford) This is a gray colored, soft clay which develops a good plasticity. Water of plasticity per cent 26.5 Shrinkage water per cent 12.5 Pore water per cent 14.0 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 303.8 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 248.7 Slaking test, average raw. 15 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 40 0.12 Quartz sand, and pyrite 60 0.4 Quartz sand, and pyrite 80 Trace 120 , 0.3 Sand and some pyrite 200 0.3 Sand and some pyrite Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 6.4 Linear ; wet length 6.0 Volume 23.9 368 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Per cent Per cent 04 25.4 Terra cotta 2.1 02 16.6 Light red brown 4.8 2 6.7 Brown 7.4 5 2 Brown-red 5.6 9 2.7 Brown-red Fusion test : — It fused to glass at cone 25. Remarks Hackly fracture Vitreous, appears to be overburned Overburned badly Summary The clay has a medium strength and a medium bonding strength shrinkage is medium. sample is overburned. Suggested uses : The total shrinkage at cone 5 is medium low It is a non-refractory clay. Face brick, sewer pipe, hollow block, paving brick (?). The drying At cone 9 the Sample No. 69 (West bluff of Illinois River at Bedford) This is a clay of a uniform gray color, containing some shaly particles. It is very plastic when tempered with water. The flowing conduct of the clay when forced through a die is satisfactory. Water of plasticity per cent 24.7 Shrinkage water per cent 13.5 Pore water per cent 1 1.2 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 498.3 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 242.0 Slaking test, average min. 14 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Per cent 20 None 40 Trace 60 0.3 80 Trace 120 0.2 200 0.2 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length c 6.6 Volume 26 Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Percent Percent 04 26 5 Terra cotta 4.8 Hackly fracture 02 14.4 Terra cotta 4.9 Hackly fracture 2 1.8 Reddish brown 7.6 Hackly fracture 5 24 Reddish brown Overburned 9 19.9 Red-brown Swelled ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: PIKE COUNTY 369 Fusion test : — Bloated and fell over before cone 8 in a Fletcher furnace. Summary This clay has a medium high strength, a medium bonding strength, and a me- dium drying shrinkage. The total shrinkage at cone 2 is medium ; vitrification pro- ceeds rapidly and is practically complete at cone 2. It is overburned at cone 5. Suggested uses : Common brick, drain tile. Sample No. 66 (2 miles north of Pittsfield) This is a soft clay, colored yellow to dark brown. A fair degree of plasticity may be developed. Water of plasticity Shrinkage water Pore water Modulus of rupture Slaking test, average Screen test : — Mesh , Residue Per cent 20.'. 0.08 per cent 27 per cent 13.5 , per cent 13.5 .lbs. per sq. in. 414.5 min. 11 Character of residue 40. 60. 80. 120. 200. Trace Trace Trace 0.79 1.32 Rock particles and or- ganic matter White sand and root- lets White sand and root- lets Drying shrinkage : — Linear ; dry length Volume Burning test: — Burning Porosity Color shrinkage Per cent Per cent 17 Cream 4.9 14 Cream 5.1 12 Medium cream 5.8 Medium cream 6.2 Per cent .. 8.2 .. 24.5 Cone 02 2 3 Remarks 1.2 Stoneware gray 6.3 Smooth fracture; fine iron specks (?) ; none on another trial piece Smooth fracture; fine iron specks (?) ; none on another trial piece Somewhat conchoidal fracture Vitreous 370 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 12 1.0 Gray white 5.0 Fine veining of iron stain; good color 13 1 .6 Gray white 4.5 15 3.8 Gray white 4.5 Fine iron spots Fusion test : — It deformed at cone 29. Summary The sample is a clay of medium high strength which has a medium drying shrinkage. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium high. Vitrification is practi- cally complete between cones 6 and 9. There are some indications of overburning at cone 15. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Stoneware, architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware, a plastic bond for refractories. ADAMS COUNTY Toward the west the basal clays of the Pennsylvanian contain more gypsum, and are generally streaked by yellowish and buff iron markings. In a road cut 2y 2 miles north and one mile west of Camp Point, Sy feet of distinctly bedded clay are exposed. The upper 2y 2 feet are tough, ash colored clay, containing much gypsum sand and small gypsum crystals, and colored by streakings of iron. An overburden of from 5 to 15 feet of gravel and clayey till with locally thin sandstone layers immediately above the clay, forms the covering. BROWN COUNTY On Crooked Creek in the vicinity of Ripley, clay has been dug for stone- ware. The old pits one mile south of Ripley are almost obliterated by sur- face wash and caving. Since the clay directly underlies the drift it does not promise to be of refractory value. SCHUYLER COUNTY At a small mill and kilns at Frederick, drain tile is manufactured from a mixture of surface clay and bedded Coal Measures clay. Section of the clay pit at Frederick Thickness Ft. In. 5. Loess 9 4. "Potter's clay" 8 3. Coal ("peacock vein") 3 3 2. Clay, drab and sandy; plant remains and yellow iron stains 10 1. Shale, blue MC DONOUGH COUNTY "The line of outcrop of the clay in McDonough County extends along the bluffs and ravines of the east fork of Crooked Creek from Bardolph to the county line on the north side and Tennessee on the south side, whence it extends southeast toward Schuyler County." 1 Clay is being dug about lOp. cit., p. 70. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: MC DONOUGH COUNTY 371 Colchester and from a pit about 3 miles northeast of Macomb. At the open pit of the Macomb Sewer Pipe Works about 3 miles north- east of Macomb the clay is stripped, loaded by steam shovel, and hauled over a standard gauge track to the plant at Macomb. Samples No. 73a, No. 73b, and No. 73c are respectively from the top, middle and bottom of a boring on the Company's property. Results of tests are given on pages 373 and 374. A section of the face of the pit is as follows : Section of the face of the pit of the Macomb Sewer Pipe Works, 3 miles northeast of Macomb Thickness Feet 6. Loess, drift, and soil 20 to 25 5. Sandstone, hard, and chert 6 4. Coal traces 3. Clay, used for sewer pipe 10 2. Pebbles and iron concretions in layer 1. Shale, dark blue 10-f The Colchester Brick and Tile Company uses the clay from this horizon at its plant near Colchester in the manufacture of refractory brick, tile, and silo blocks. The clay is dug from an open pit in the side of a hollow (fig. 54) and hauled by wagon to the mill. Section of Colchester Brick and Tile Company's pit, half a mile north of Colchester Thickness Ft. In. 7. Shale, sandy 20 6. Shale, dark, and coal 2 5. Fireclay, poor grade 3 4. Shale, dark 6 3. Fireclay, stained yellow by iron (Sample No. 75a) 6 2. Shale 7 1. Fireclay (Sample No. 75b) 10 Sample No. 75a is from No. 3, and sample No. 75b from No. 1 of the above section. Results of tests are given on pages 374 to 376. Most of the clay obtained about Colchester is taken from mines we^t of town. The clay taken from the shaft of the Gates Fireclay Company is used for making flue linings among other clay products. Log of shaft at the Gates Fireclay Company's mine, near Colchester Thickness Depth Description of strata Feet Feet Soil and glacial clay 24 24 "Soapstone," compact shale 26 50 Coal (No. 2) iy 2 S2Y 2 Fireclay, used in the manufacture of flue linings, etc., "upper vein" ( Sample No. £8, see pages 376-377) S l / 2 ^ 372 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Log of Gates Fireclay Company's mine shaft — Continued Limestone, scattered boulders "Hard rock," probably sandstone 6 64 Clay, "middle vein" 8 72 Sandstone 5 77 Shale 8 85 The firm of Baird Brothers is operating a mine one mile northwest of Colchester in a 7- to 8-foot bed of clay that lies below the "middle vein" of the Gates shaft. On the Valentine farm three drift tunnels have been opened into a 7- to 8-foot bed of clay, and about 150 tons are taken out Fig. 54. View of the Colchester Brick and Tile Company's pit half a mile north of Col- chester showing No. 2 coal near the top and stoneware clay at the base. per day. One hundred and twenty acres of the adjoining Forncuff farm are underlain by the lower and upper clay. The middle clay contains so many boulders that it cannot be worked profitably. The clay is hauled by steam locomotive over a tram to tipple at the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad at Colchester. Sample No. 74 (p. 377) is from south mine, and sample No. 78 (p. 378) from the north mine on the Valentine farm. Sample No. 75 (p. 379) was taken from a carload of clay as it came from the Meyers mine, west of the Baird mines. Two other mines were being operated in June, 1918; one 3 miles west of town in the same bed as are the above mines, another 2 J / 2 miles west where the No. 2 coal and the underlying clay are both recovered. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: MC DONOUGH COUNTY 373 Cone Porosity Per cent 1 16 5 10 9 4.8 15 2.1 Fusion test : — Cone RESULTS OF TESTS MCDONOUGH COUNTY Sample No. 73-a (Macomb Sewer Pipe Works ; 3 miles northeast of Macomb) The sample is a gray shaly material, containing many mica flakes. It becomes very plastic when worked with water. Water of plasticity per cent 28.3 Shrinkage water per cent 12.9 Pore water per cent 15.4 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 352.2 Slaking test, average min. 13 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 6.5 Volume ! ; 22.9 Burning test: — Total Color shrinkage Per cent Cream 10.6 Cream 12.4 Light gray 13.1 Light gray 10.0 Cone slightly deformed at cone 26. Vesicular at cone 27. Summary The clay has a medium strength. The drying shrinkage is medium and the total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium high. It has a low porosity at cone 9 and has only a slight porosity at cone 15. It is non-refractory. Suggested uses : Stoneware, architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware, face brick. Sample No. 73-b (Macomb Sewer Pipe Works ; 3 miles northeast of Macomb) This is a rather hard clay, varying in color from a light to a dark gray. When tempered with water it becomes very plastic and flows satisfactorily through a die. Water of plasticity per cent 24.9 Shrinkage water per cent 1 1.9 Pore water per cent 13.0 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 356.5 Slaking test, average min. 9 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear 6.2 Volume 21.8 Burning test : — Total Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Light brown 13.7 Poorly oxidized Brown 14.0 Dark brown 12.5 Dark gray 11.2 Overburned, beginning to bloat !one Porosity Per cent 1 10.9 5 5.1 9 0.4 5 0.0 374 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Fusion test : — At cone 26 the cone was deformed half way and showed many bubbles on the surface. Summary The strength is medium. The drying shrinkage is medium. Burning shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. It burns to a dense body at cone 5 and is practically non- porous at cone 9. At cone 15, signs of overburning appear. It is non-refractory. Suggested uses : Sewer pipe, face brick, possibly paving brick. Sample No. 73-c (Macomb Sewer Pipe Works ; 3 miles northeast of Macomb) This is a hard dark gray-colored, clay which develops a very good plasticity. Water of plasticity per cent 26.8 Shrinkage water per cent 10.5 Pore water per cent 16.3 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 339.3 Slaking test, average min. 9 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear 7.0 Volume 16.8 Burning test : — Total Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent 1 11.2 Cream 12.5 5 4.0 Cream 14.4 15 Fusion test :- 0.2 0.8 Gray Gray Conchoidal vitreous fracture 14.4 Conchoidal vitreous fracture 11.2 Conchoidal vitreous fracture deformed at cone 27. Vesicular. Summary The clay has a medium strength. The drying shrinkage is medium and the total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium high. It attains a low porosity at cone 5 and is completely vitrified between that and cone 9. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Stoneware, architectural terra cotta, face brick, sanitary ware, and some types of refractories. Sample No. 75-a (Colchester Brick and Tile Company's pit; */* mile north of Colchester) This is a clay which is not of a uniform color, varying from gray to yellowish brown. The gray portions are harder than the yellow. Tempered with water, it develops a medium plasticity. When squeezed through a die, it flows rather badly. Water of plasticity per cent 25 Shrinkage water per cent 7.6 Pore water per cent 17.3 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 269.6 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 192 Slaking test, average min. 4 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: MC DOXOUGH COUNTY 375 Screen test : — Mesh 40. 60. 80. 120. 200. Residue Character of Per cent residue 0.2 White and colored sand 1.4 White and colored sand 0.3 White and colored sand 3.3 White and colored sand and mica 3.7 White and colored sand and mica Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 4.7 Linear ; wet length 4.5 Volume 11.2 Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Light red 1.0 Light red 1.7 Dark tan 4.4 Brown 8.2 04 02 5 9 13 Fusion test Porosity Per cent 33 30 23.3 13.5 16.9 It fused completely at cone 26. Hackly fracture Hackly fracture Overburned Summary The clay has a medium strength, a medium low bonding strength, a medium low drying shrinkage, and a medium high total shrinkage at cone 9. Minimum porosity — 13.5% — is attained at cone 9 and overburning appears at cone 13. It is a non-refractory clay. Suggested uses : Brick, tile. Sample No. 75-b (Colchester Brick and Tile Company's pit; J^ mile north of Colchester) This is a hard gray-colored clay, having an irregular fracture. When tempered with water, it develops a good plasticity and flows well through a die. Water of plasticity per cent 20.0 Shrinkage water per cent 8.6 Pore water per cent 11.4 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 263 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 199.6 Slaking test, average tnin. 8 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of residue Per cent 20 0.3 Rock particles 40 0.9 Rock particles and quartz sand 60 2.1 Rock particles and quartz sand 80 0.3 Rock particles and quartz sand 120 1.4 Quartz sand and mica 200 2.2 Quartz sand and mica 376 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear 4.8 Volume 16.5 Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent 04 30 02 28 2 25.5 5 25.0 9 17.4 13 14 6.3 6.8 White 0.1 Cream 0.5 Cream 1.7 Cream 2.0 Gray white 3.0 Stoneware gray 5.2 Hackly fracture Hackly fracture A very few fine iron spots Many slagged iron spots Buff 2.7 Fusion test : — Completely deformed at cone 26. Not fused as much as 75-a. Summary The strength of the clay is medium. Its bonding strength is medium. The drying shrinkage is medium low and total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. The porosity is low at cone 14 but vitrification is incomplete. It is a non-refractory clay. Suggested uses : Stoneware, architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware, face brick. Sample No. 88 (Gates Fireclay Company's mine, near Colchester) This is a dark colored, very hard clay, which becomes very plastic when tem- pered with water. Water of plasticity per cent 27.7 Shrinkage water per cent 1 1.7 Pore water per cent 15.9 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 496 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 243 Slaking test, average win. 14 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 20 None 40 Traces 60 0.29 Dark red grains 80 0.2 120 2.8 200 1 .0 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 7.2 Linear ; wet length 6.7 Volume 28 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: MC DOXOUGH COUNTY 2)77 Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Tan 7.7 Vitreous fracture Darker tan 7.6 Vitreous fracture Grayish tan 7.3 Vitreous fracture Grayish tan 6.9 Vitreous fracture Dark gray 6.9 Vitreous fracture Stoneware gray 7.3 Numerous fine iron spots ; vitreous frac- ture 12 4.4 Bluestoned, surface flashed 4.0 Numerous fine iron spots ; vitreous frac- ture 13 2.2 Buff exterior 2.6 Many fine iron spots ; Burning test : — Cone Porosity Per cent 01 0.8 2 0.6 3 0.5 4 0.7 6 0.8 9 2.6 blue core Fusion test: — Partly deformed at cone 27. Summary The strength of the unburned clay is medium and its bonding strength is medium. The amount of residue on the sieve is low. The drying shrinkage is medium and the total shrinkage when burned at cone 9 is medium high. It is practically non- porous at cone 01 which is an unusually low temperature and shows distinct over- burning at cone 13. The sample burned at that temperature appears to be reduced. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Stoneware, architectural terra cotta, refractories (particularly when good bonding properties are required), sanitary ware, face brick. Sample No. 74 (Valentine farm, south mine; near Colchester) This is a dark gray colored clay which becomes very plastic upon the addition of water. Water of plasticity per cent 22.0 Shrinkage water per cent 8.0 Pore water per cent 14.0 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 221.8 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 214.9 Screen test : — The sample would not slake satisfactorily for this test. Slaking test, average min. 8 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length ., 4.8 Linear ; wet length 4.6 Volume 15.0 Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent 1 21 Cream 2.2 2 20 Cream 2.3 378 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 3 20 Cream 2.3 6 17.9 Slightly darker 3.2 9 13.4 Cream 3.5 12 9.0 Cream 4.0 13 4.1 Buff 4.4 15 3.9 Bluestoned ; buff exterior 4.3 Fusion test: — Cone half way down at cone 26. Fine iron speck Fine iron speck Fine iron speck Numerous quartz grains ; fine iron spots Iron spots, small ; slagged Slagged iron spots Summary The clay has a medium strength and medium bonding strength. Drying shrink- age is medium low and total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. It is non-refractory. Weathering or aging will improve its working properties. Suggested uses : Face brick, stoneware, and terra cotta. But its slow slaking character as noted under the screen test may limit its usefulness for the latter pur- poses. Sample No. 78 (Valentine farm, north mine; near Colchester) This is a hard dark gray colored clay which may be brought to a very plastic condition. Its conduct when flowing through a die is very good. Water of plasticity per cent 19. Shrinkage water per cent 9.4 Pore water per cent 9.6 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 325.8 With 50% standard sand— Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 209 .4 Slaking test, average win. 7 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Per cent Character of residue 20 . 0.8 40 ... 0.7 60 0.7 80 0.22 120 0.75 200 0.7 ing shrinkage : — Hard clay and rock particles Hard clay and rock particles, also pyrite Hard clay and rock particles, also pyrite Hard clay and rock particles, also pyrite Hard clay and sand Hard clay and sand Per cent Linear ; dry length 4.1 Linear ; wet length 4.0 Volume 16.9 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Per cent Cream white 2.8 Cream white 2.6 Cream white 3.3 Cream white 4.0 Cream Cone Porosity Per cent 01 23 1 23 3 20 6 18 8 18 Remarks Granular fracture Granular fracture Granular fracture Granular fracture Granular fracture ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: MC DONOUGH COUNTY 379 9 14.9 Cream 4.0 12 9.0 Dark cream or light tan 5.2 Earthy fracture. Nu- merous fine iron specks. Also quartz grains. 15 6.5 Buff exterior; bluestoned 7.2 Numerous iron spots. Slagged. Fusion test : — No deformation at cone 25. It deforms at cone 29. Summary The strength of the unburned clay is medium. Its bonding strength is medium. The drying shrinkage is medium low. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. A low porosity is not reached until cone 15. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Architectural terra cotta, stoneware, sanitary ware, refractories, and face brick. Sample No. 75 (Meyers mine; near Colchester) This is a very hard dark gray clay which slakes very slowly. However, when properly worked with sufficient water, it develops a fair degree of plasticity and may be forced through a die satisfactorily. Water of plasticity per cent 20.7 Shrinkage water per cent 9.1 Pore water per cent 11.6 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 295.6 Slaking test, average min. 8 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 4.9 Linear ; wet length 4.7 Volume 17.6 Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent 02 20 Cream 2.8 2 17.3 Cream 4.7 5 13.8 Cream 8.3 9 6.8 Cream 11.0 Fine iron spots 12 2.5 Gray white 11.5 Fine iron spots 13 1.5 Grayish white 10.5 Numerous iron spots, small 15 4.0 Grayish white Numerous iron spots ; slagged Fusion test : — No deformation at cone 30. No vesicular structure. Note : — The iron ( ?) spots are so black as to suggest the presence of manganese. Its unusual appearance may be due to reduction. The effect at higher cones is very unique and interesting. Summary The clay has a medium strength. The drying shrinkage is medium low. Total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium high. Minimum porosity. Complete vitrification is 380 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 reached at cone 13. At cone 15 the slight increase in porosity may indicate incipient overburning. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : The appearance of numerous fine slagged spots at the high temperatures raises a question as to the desirability of this as a material for re- fractories. Its slow slaking character lessens its value in some degree for stoneware and architectural terra cotta. However, weathering or aging will correct these difficulties. FULTON COUNTY A sample of clay (No. 84) from about a mile northwest of Avon was taken at the Avon Milling and Manufacturing Company's plant at Avon. The clay had been dug from the bed of Swan Creek and is used for refrac- tory linings about the boiler. RESULTS OF TESTS FULTON COUNTY Sample No. 84 (Avon Milling and Manufacturing Company, at Avon.) The clay is a dark gray color with darker patches due to the presence of car- bonaceous matter. Its plasticity is only fair and its conduct in flowing through a die is fair. Water of plasticity per cent 21.5 Shrinkage water per cent 9.0 Pore water per cent 12.4 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 214 Slaking test, average mm. 4^4 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 40 0.5 Sand and coal 60 3.2 Sand and coal 80 0.4 Sand and coal 120 2.3 Sand and coal 200 1 1 .6 White sand, mica, and coal Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 3.7 Linear ; dry length 3.8 Volume 17 Burning test :— Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent 2 26 Light tan 1.8 Granular fracture 3 26 Light tan 1.9 Granular fracture 6 25 Light tan 2.6 Granular fracture 9 20 Light tan 3.7 Granular fracture 13 11.6 Buff 5.5 Fine iron (?) spots 15 16.6 Buff 5.8 Fine iron (?) spots Fusion test : — The cone fused to a glass at cone 28. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: FULTON AND MERCER COUNTIES 381 Summary The strength of the clay is medium. There is a considerable amount of residue left on the screens. The drying shrinkage is medium low, and when burned at cone 9, the total shrinkage is medium low. Vitrification is incomplete at cone 13 and it is overburned at cone 15. It is a non-refractory clay. Suggested uses : Architectural terra cotta, face brick. It appears to be rather short for stoneware. MERCER COUNTY The Northwestern Clay Manufacturing Company formerly recovered small amounts of clay with the No. 1 coal at their pits near Griffin. A sample was taken from clay which had been drawn from below the No. 1 coal at that time. The shale, till, and overlying soil are used for sewer pipe. Section of the Northzuestern Clay Manufacturing Company's pit at Griffin Thickness Ft. In. 6. Soil and yellow clay 10 5. Shale (Sample No. 86) 25 to 30 .. 4. Limestone - 2 3. "Potter's clay," thin horizon unmeasured 2. Coal (No. 1) 2 5 1. Clay (Sample No. 85) 6 RESULTS OF TESTS MERCER COUNTY Sample No. 86 (Northwestern Clay Manufacturing Company's pit, at Griffin) The material is a hard grayish-colored, shaly clay, streaked with brown and black. The plasticity is fair. Water of plasticity per cen t 29.5 Shrinkage water per cent 21.9 Pore water per cent 7.6 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 190.2 Slaking test, average min. 6 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 10 2.2] 14 1.7 | 20 2.4| 35 3.2\- Particles of shale, grains 48 0.6 | of coal 65 0.4| 100 : l.lj 150 1 .0 Shale with mica 200 1 .5 Shale with mica Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 3.62 Linear ; wet length 3.5 382 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Burning Cone test:— Porosity Per cent Color Burning shrinkage Per cent Remarks 02 18.4 Dark red . 5.0 Hackly fracture 5 14.5 0.5 Dark red . Dark red . 8.5 9.4 9 Vitreous fracture 12 Bloated Fusion test: — It fused completel y at cone 27. Summary The drying shrinkage is medium low. The strength is medium low. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium high. The shale reaches a minimum porosity at or before cone 9 and overburns beyond that point. Suggested uses : Sewer pipe, brick, tile, etc. Sample No. 85 (Northwestern Clay Manufacturing Company's pit, at Griffin) The sample is a soft clay of a gray color with darker mottling. Its plasticity is very good when tempered with water. Water of plasticity per cent 28.8 Shrinkage water per cent 11.9 Pore water per cent 17.0 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 386.7 Slaking test, average min. A l / 2 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 7.0 10. 14. 20. 35. 48. 65. 100. 150. 200. 6.5 8.9 13.8 3.7 5.4 3.9 2.4 2.6 Particles shale of coal and Particles of coal and shale, with flakes of mica Drying shrinkage, linear per cent 6.5 Volume per cent 21 Burning test : — Total Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Cream 13.4 Cream 14.6 Gray 15.9 Dark gray 16.2 Dark gray 13.6 Cone Porosity Per cent 02 14.4 1 6.7 3 0.5 5 0.8 7 1.2 1.4 Dark gray 11.1 Dark gray 7.5 Fusion test: — Completely deformed at cone 26. Vesicular. 13 1.6 Vitrified Bluestoned Bluestoned vesicular Bluestoned vesicular Bluestoned vesicular slightly slightly slightly ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: ROCK ISLAND COUNTY 383 Summary The strength of the clay is medium. The quantity of screen residues is high. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 5 is medium high. Complete vitrification is attained at a very low cone and the incipient overburning which seems to appear at cone 9 does not become serious even at cone 16. The appearance of the pieces suggests reducing conditions during the burn. The appear- ance of a whitewash on the pieces burned at cone 7 or lower should be noted. It is non-refractory. Possible uses : Architectural terra cotta, paving brick, stoneware, sanitary ware, sewerpipe, conduits. ROCK ISLAND COUNTY A sample was taken from the clay above No. 1 coal at Sears (sample No. 83). The clay below that coal was covered by water when visited. A second sample was taken from white clay lying directly below the No. 1 coal (sample No. 81) ; ordinarily a 5-foot sandstone commonly separates this clay and the coal but here it is missing. The clay 1 is full of pyrite concretions which weather to limonite at the surface. The plant which formerly operated here is now idle and the pits are in bad condition. Results of tests on samples No. 83 and No. 81 are given on pages 383 and 384, A large part of the upper 40 feet of the overburden which is a fine loess of pure quartz sand is now used for moulding sand. The value of the overburden in this case would materially reduce the cost of obtaining the clay if it were to be worked from an open cut. The maximum over- burden would be nearly 60 feet. At Carbon Cliff the fine clay (Cheltenham) varies from 10 to 25 feet in thickness, being replaced where the lesser thickness is found by as much as 10 feet of black shale which apparently wedges out laterally into the clay. The clay shows iron stains and traces of red. At its base there is a layer of nodular impure limestone boulders and limonite concretions. The over- burden of 18 to 25 feet could be removed most economically, it is believed, by a steam shovel. Sample No. 79 was taken from the west bank and sample No. 80 from the working face in the east pit. Results of tests are on page 385. RESULTS OF TESTS ROCK ISLAND COUNTY Sample No. 83 (Clay above No. 1 coal at Sears) This is a medium hard clay which is colored gray, heavily mottled with brown. The plasticity is very good when it is tempered with water and it flows satisfactorily through a die. Water of plasticity per cent 28.7 Shrinkage water per cent 16.4 Pore water per cent 12.2 iAccording to Lines, Op. cit., this clay was formerly used for sewer pipe. Cone Porosity Per cent 04 28.0 02 15.0 2 1.1 5 2.2 9 1.6 384 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Modulus of rupture, maximum lbs. per sq. in. 768 minimum lbs. per sq. in. 664 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 329 Slaking test, average min. W/2 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 7.5 Linear ; wet length 7.0 Volume 31.2 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Pinkish red 1.0 Pinkish tan 5.1 Hackly fracture 6.7 Hackly fracture Dark tan 6.8 Glossy fracture Dark tan 6.5 Smooth vitreous frac- ture 13 12.0 Gray 4.5 Overburned Fusion test : — It entirely fused at cone 27. Summary The strength of the clay is medium high and its bonding strength is medium. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. Vitrifi- cation proceeds very rapidly between cones 02 and 2, at which temperature it is practically complete. It is overburned between cones 9 and 13. It is non-refractory. Suggested uses : Face brick, paving brick, sewer pipe, drain tile. The color of the burned material is rather dark for stoneware or terra cotta. Sample No. 81 (Clay below No. 1 coal at Sears) This is a soft gray colored clay, streaked with brown and containing a few black spots. It contains much mica. Water of plasticity per cent 22.6 Shrinkage water per cent 9.8 Pore water per cent 12.7 Slaking test, average min. 8 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear 5.2 Volume 17.8 Burning test: — Total Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Percent Percent 1 13.7 Brown 8.7 5 6.1 Dark brown 11.8 9 2.4 Dark brown 11.2 15 Bloated badly Fusion test : — Completely fused at cone 26 to brown glass showing a partly vesicular structure. _ Summary The drying shrinkage is medium low and vitrification is practically complete at cone 9. It is overburned between that cone and cone 15. It is non-refractory. Suggested uses : Brick, tile. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: ROCK ISLAND COUNTY 385 Sample No. 79 (West bank at Carbon Cliff) This is a soft clay having a dark gray color with some brown streaks. When tempered with water it becomes very plastic. It flows fairly well through a die. Water of plasticity per cent 21.7 Shrinkage water per cent 8.9 Pore water per cent 12.5 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 287.3 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 119.5 Slaking test, average min. 4 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace 1.8 Sand and mica 20 40 60 80 120 200 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear : dry length 6.6 Linear ; wet length 6.2 Volume 17.4 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Per cent Cream 0.0 Cream 1.0 Cream 1.5 Cream 2.0 Cream 3.1 Cream 3.6 Brown exterior ; bluestoned. ... 2.8 .... Fusion test : — It fuses entirely at cone 26. No vesicular structure. lone Porosity Per cent 04 32 02 32 2 28 5 28 9 23 13 18 14 6 Remarks Hackly fracture Hackly fracture Hackly fracture Hackly fracture Granular fracture Summary The clay has a medium strength and a medium low bonding strength. The drying shrinkage is medium and the total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. The clay is very open burning until cone 14 is reached. It is non-refractory. Suggested uses : Architectural terra cotta, stoneware, sanitary ware, and face brick. Sample No. 80 (East pit at Carbon Cliff) This is a clay of a medium degree of hardness, colored gray with a darker mottling. It develops a good degree of plasticity when tempered with water and flows satisfactorily through a die. 386 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Water of plasticity per cent 20.5 Shrinkage water p er cent 9.2 Pore water p er cent 11.3 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 445.4 Slaking test, average min. Drying shrinkage, linear p C r cent Volume per cent Burning test : — Total Color shrinkage Per cent Cream 7.2 Cream 7.5 Cream 8.1 10H 6.2 17.7 Cone 02 1 3 5 13 Porosity Per cent 20.7 19.7 16.4 13.4 10.4 7.2 7.5 Remarks Gray Gray Gray Gray 8.6 10.0 9.8 9.7 Hackly fracture Hackly fracture Vitrified ; hackly frac- ture Conchoidal fracture Fusion test : — Test pieces are 2 /z deformed at cone 26 and slightly vesicular. Summary The clay has a medium high strength and medium shrinkage at cone 9. The total shrinkage is medium. Vitrification is still incomplete at cone 13. The clay Dorders on the refractory type. Suggested uses : Stoneware, architectural terra cotta, refractories, face brick. LA SALLE COUNTY At the pits of the Utica Firebrick and Clay Company two miles south of Utica the section is variable, but a somewhat generalized section of the east pit (fig. 55) is as follows: Sections of the east pits of the Utica Firebrick and Clay Company 2 miles south of Utica Thickness Ft. In. Overburden, glacial drift and soil 12 Coal (No. 1) 1 6 Clay, blue, "Joliet clay" (Sample No. 87, p. 393) ; the upper foot contains numerous pyrite concretions, and similar concretions are found in the lower Ibeds 3 6 Clay, green 8 Clay, gray, jointed (Sample No. 77, p. 394) ; used for fire brick; the upper 3 feet has a few small pyrite seams and concretions (av. 8 ft.) ; at one place 2 feet of the residual basal clay is lighter in color grading into a darker clay above 4 10 Sandstone, St. Peter ; forms the "nigger heads" of the mines ; the surface of the sandstone is very uneven and in one place rises so that the clay is only \y 2 feet thick ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: LA SALLE COUNTY 337 A second section of East pit of the Utica Firebrick and Clay Company Thickness Feet 3. Soil and drift 2 to 5 2. Clay, dark gray with scattered pebbles and some conglomerate 10± 1. Conglomerate, highly weathered, heavy Sample No. 82 from the east pit was lost in transit, and H. E. Culver of the Survey staff visited the pit later with the intention of taking a sub- Fig. 55. View of the Utica Firebrick and Clay Company's pit south of Utica; No. 2 coal overlies the clay. stitute sample. Being unable to find the exact location from which sample No. 82 had been taken, he measured the following section and took sample No. C 82; results of tests are given on pages 126 and 127. Section of West pit of the Utica Firebrick and Clay Company, near Utica 4. Overburden, soil and drift 2 to 5 3. Clay, gray, yellow when first exposed, very tough 2 to 3 2. Clay, darker yellow, "putty clay" (Sample No. 82) ; chert concre- tions and pyrite at base 5 to 6 1. Sandstone ; very much hardened by iron at surface The clay is hauled by train from the pit to a tipple, dumped down onto a tram at river level, transferred across the Illinois River by barge and then taken by train to the plant at Utica. 388 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 About 20 acres has been tested by drilling beyond the borders of the present pits. The plant can produce from 12,000 to 20,000 fire brick per day and about 30 tons of ground fireclay is shipped every month as well as crude clay in varying amounts up to 1000 tons. Small lots of the yellow "putty" clay have been shipped for ochre but most of it is used as furnace lining. A boring between the two pits has shown that the "putty" clay overlies the better grade blue clay. M. J. Gorman and Company are operating an open pit in sec. 21, T. 22 N., R. 1 E. The clay is hauled \y 2 miles by team and wagon to Utica. The average production is about 10,000 tons per year, including both "putty" and blue clay. Section of M. J. Gorman and Company's pit l J / 2 miles south of Utica Thickness Ft. In. 9. Soil 1 8. Soil and drift 6 7. Coal (No. 2), absent over parts of the clay 3 6. Clay, yellow and blue, very plastic, scattered gypsum crystals ; "putty clay" (Sample No. 97, pp. 395-396) 4 5. Clay, green 6 4. Clay, blue (Sample No. 100, pp. 396-397) 9 3. Pyrite, large boulders, usually with calcareous centers 2. Clay, blue 5 1. Sandstone, probably St. Peter Sample No. 98 was taken from the side of a gully a few rods up-stream from the mouth of the clay pit. It lies, however, below the mouth of the pit in altitude. This is not worked, and the sample was taken from a 2'x4'x 3" cut on the sloping surface of the clay bank which lies beneath soil and above sandstone which is probably St. Peter, but may be the lower sandstone of the Pennsylvanian. See page 397 for results of tests. More than seventy acres of clay have been proved by boring. The Company is contemplating tractor and trailer haulage over the lj^ miles of paved road to the railroad at Utica. The Illinois Clay Products Company are producing 250 to 300 tons of ground fireclay per day, from their mine at Deer Park. Only the upper 6 or 7 feet is mined at the present time, as it is found impracticable to mine a greater thickness. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: LA SALLE COUNTY 389 Section of Illinois Clay Products Company's mine at Deer Park Thickness Ft. In. 10. Overburden, of glacial till and soil unmeasured 9. "Soapstone," compact, sandy clay shale 15± 8. Coal (No. 2) ; forms roof of mine 3 6 7. Clay (Sample No. 93, p. 398) ; only the upper 6 to 7 feet mined at present ; erratic lenses of sandrock at the bottom of the present workings ; pyrite nodules about 3 feet from the top of the clay, also large pisolitic boulders ; in part of mine, clay rests on St. Peter sandstone and possibly in other part on "Trenton" lime- stone 13 Outside the mouth of the mine lower beds are exposed as follows : 6. Sandstone, thin layer 3 5. Clay, coal and coaly shale (No. 1 [?]) 6 4. Fireclay, very fine textured, plastic, and light in color (Sample No. 96, p. 399) 4 3. Fireclay, sandy 2 2. Pyrite bed, less than 2 1. Limestone, Trenton The clay is hauled by train and electric motor to the mill and after grinding is carried by cable train across the Big Vermilion River to the Rock Island Railroad. At Lowell the clay below the No. 2 coal has been used in a small way for pottery at the Lowell Stoneware Company's plant. Section of the Lowell Stoneware Company's pit at Lowell Thickness Feet 4. Overburden, drift and soil 1 to 12 3. Coal (No. 2) 3^ 2. Clay (Sample No. 90, p. 400), dark gray to light drab "W" clay; the upper three feet contains much pyrite at the base of which there are locally traces of green coloring 12 to 25 1. Limestone, Trenton Preliminary drilling is said to have proved that the clay underlies at least 200 acres. A great part of this is overlain by an overburden of less than 15 feet and could easily be removed by steam shovel. Near the river bank small quantities of clay have been dug from directlv beneath 1 to 7 feet of soil and drift overburden. The clay here is distinctly bedded and of a gray color with an occasional yellow pocket. It is sold as the "R" clay (sample No. 89, p. 400). The Pennsylvanian rocks are missing on the east flank of the La Salle anticline at Utica. The bluffs of Illinois Valley are largely St. Peter sand- stone from Utica to Twin Bluffs on the south side of Illinois River. At Twin Bluffs the National Fireproofmg Company is working clay in open cut from directly above the St. Peter sandstone, and about a mile to the east the 390 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Herrick Clay Manufacturing Company is tunneling the clay (sample No. 95, p. 401) from the same horizon. A section of the face of the former pit is given here : S> J Section of National Fireproofing Company's pit at Twin Bluffs Thickness Ft. In. 5. Overburden, drift unmeasured 4. Shale ("Soapstone") 8 3. Coal (No. 2) 1 11 2 Shale, black 6 1. Clay (Sample No. 94, p. 402) ; lighter in color and more sandy toward the bottom 7 At the Herrick mine the clay is 8 feet thick and because of the east- ward dip the overlying shale has increased to more than 30 feet. At the National Fireproofing pit the drift overburden and the shale are used for drain tile and building blocks. The coal above the clay is also recovered. At both plants the clays are ground and shipped. The output from the National Fireproofing plant is approximately 800 tons per week and a similar or somewhat lesser quantity is shipped from the Herrick mine. At Ottawa the Fox and Illinois rivers have cut through the Pennsyl- vanian and are now flowing on St. Peter sandstone. About 2 miles east of that city basal Pennsylvanian clay is dug from two open pits ; that of the Chicago Retort and Firebrick Company and that of the National Fire- proofing Company. Section of the National Fireproofing Company's "Pioneer" pit 2 miles east of Ottawa Thickness Ft. In. 10. Soil 6 9. Shale ("soapstone") 16 8. Coal 2 2 7. Fireclay, dark 1 6. Fireclay, lighter gray (Sample No. 91, p. 403) ; lenses of large rounded pisolitic boulders which contain large amounts of pyrite 8 5. Clay, green, in lenses, local 2 4. Sandstone, hard, brown 1 to 4 3. Clay, very light in color (Sample No. 92, p. 404) 5 to 9 2. Clay, sandy 1 1. Sandstone, St. Peter The clay is dug by steam shovel and hauled by electric tram to the plant at Ottawa. The output is about 5000 tons of manufactured ware per month, chiefly hollow ware and fire brick, and 1000 tons of ground fireclay. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: LA SALLE COUNTY 391 Section of the Chicago Retort and Firebrick Company's pit northeast of Ottazva Thickness Ft. In 8. Soil 1 7. . Shale, blue, weathers light ; "soapstone" 17 6. Shale, darker ; colored by carbon 2 5. Coal 2 4. Gypsum, persistent layer 1 3. Clay, colored by carbon 2 2. Fireclay (Sample No. 101, p. 404) ; traces of green in lower beds where clay becomes lighter in color; large rounded sandy pyritic boulders in bottom of pit; smaller pyrite concretions scattered in the clay 4 to 8 1. Sandstone, St. Peter This section differs little from the preceding one, except that instead of the lower clay it has the green clay resting directly upon the St. Peter sandstone. A large area of this clay has been removed, but the Company reports holdings of 300 acres of tested reserve clay land east and north of the present pit. No use is made of the overburden which is removed by steam shovel and tram. Three grades of clay are used: (1) Raw clay from this pit; (2) raw clay blended with Missouri flint clay; and (3) raw clay blended with a mix- ture of raw and calcined Missouri flint clay. About half a mile southeast of Dayton, clay is mined from a tunnel driven in the side of a deep ravine. Section at Dayton Clay Works half a mile south of Dayton Thickness Feet 6. Loam, drift, and soil 6 5. Shale, more compact toward the base 32 4. Shale, dark blue 1 3. Coal (No. 2) 2 =±= 2. Clay, sandy, pyritic gray (Sample Nc. 99, p. 406) 4*/ 2 to 5 J / 2 1. Sandstone . Sample No. 102 (p. 406) was from an outcrop of the gray fireclay above. The clay is ground and loaded by elevated conveyor onto a switch of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad about 100 yards east of the plant. The Chicago Firebrick Company is reopening the entries of the old Spicer Coal Company's mine 2 miles east of Marseilles with the intention of obtaining the clay which here is at a depth of about 90 feet. The clay is worked from a new face at the outer margin of the former mine by the room and pillar system. 392 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Section of Chicago Firebrick Company's shaft 2 miles east of Marseilles Thickness Feet Shaft from u»p of coal to surface 90 =*= 4. Coal (No. 2) iy % 3. Fireclay, drab, comparatively free from pyrite but colored by carbon. .Z l / 2 to 6 2. Clay, green ; rich in pyrite ^2 to 3 1. Fireclay; pyrite in small crystals to bottom of present workings; a maximum of 12 feet of this lower clay has been penetrated; at the shaft the St. Peter sandstone is 8 feet 4 inches below the bot- tom of the coal 5 The clay is shipped as ground clay. Sample No. 129 was taken from the working face omitting the green clay. (See page 408). South and east from Utica, or away from the crest of the La Salle anticline, the base of the Pennsylvanian beds lowers and in only a few places have mine shafts penetrated to the level of the clay. Two miles south of Streator, the shaft of the Streator Clay Manufac- turing Company penetrates the No. 2 coal, but the underlying clay is not of as good a quality as that farther north. Section of Streator Clay Manufacturing Company's shaft 2 miles south of Streator Thickness Ft. In. Shaft 230 4. Coal (No. 2) 2 6 3. Fireclay, gray and blue (Sample No. 130-a, p. 408) IVs to 4 2. Clay, sandy, "sandrock" 3 to 5 1. Clay, greenish gray; "Intermediate clay" (Sample No. 130-b, p. 408) 2 6 Bottom not reached. At Kangley the Spring Lake Coal Company is mining the No. 2 coal. Clay brought out in lifts from digging sumps was sampled from the dump. Results of tests on the sample (No. 131) are given on page 408. Section of the Spring Lake Coal Company's shaft at Kangley 4 miles northivest of Streator Thickness Feel Shaft 200 2. Coal (No. 2) 3 1. Clay (Sample No. 131) ; bluish and greenish gray with small gypsum crystals and an occasional iron stain 5 Bottom not reached. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: LA SALLE COUNTY 393 RESULTS OF TESTS LA SALLE COUNTY Sample No. 87 (East pit of the Utica Firebrick and Clay Company; 2 miles south of Utica) This clay is of medium hardness. It is of a dark gray or slate color speckled with a few black spots. The plasticity is very high when it is tempered with water, and its conduct when flowing through a die is good. Water of plasticity per cent 25.6 Shrinkage water per cent 17.0 Pore water per cent 8.6 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 497.6 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 290.3 Slaking test, average min. 10.5 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 20 None 40 Trace 60 0.4 Fine white sand 80 0.2 Fine white sand 120 0.7 Fine white sand 200 0.9 Fine white sand Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 9.3 Linear ; wet length 8.5 Volume 34.5 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Cream, nearly white 3.1 Light cream 4.2 White exterior Cream 5.1 Cone Porositv Per cent 02 17.0 2 12.3 4 10.7 8 8.4 9 8.2 Cream 5.1 12 4.7 Bluestoned ; cream 5.8 14 5.0 Dark buff ; bluestoned 5.6 Fine iron spot Fine iron spot Numerous fine iron spots Numerous fine iron spots Numerous fine iron spots Numerous fine iron spots, slagged Oxidation conduct : — Appears to be very slow. Fusion test : — Deforms at cone 28. Summary The strength of the raw clay is medium high and its bonding strength is high. The amount of residue on the sieves is slight. The drying shrinkage is medium and the total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium high. Vitrification is incomplete at cone 14. Oxidation appears to have been very slow. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Stoneware, architectural terra cotta. sanitary ware, face brick, refractories. 394 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 o.ii 0.2 1.0 1.8 1.21 Character of residue Quartz and pyrite Sample No. 77 (East pit of the Utica Firebrick and Clay Company ; 2 miles south of Utica) This is a very hard dark gray colored clay. When powdered and tempered with water, it develops a fair degree of plasticity and will flow through a die satisfactorily. Water of plasticity per cent 19.8 Shrinkage water per cent 9.3 Pore water per cent 10.5 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 320 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 261 Slaking tests, average min. 9 Screen test: — Mesh Residue Per cent 20 40 60 120 200 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 7.5 Linear ; wet length 7.0 Volume 19.2 Drying conduct : — Efflorescence, i. e., "whitewash," appears at the corners of the sample. Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Per cent Cream 4.4 Cream 4.8 Darker cream 5.4 Grayish 5.5 Grayish 5.1 Bluestoned 4.3 Tan, light bluestoned Buff exterior ; bluestoned, black 3.6 Some iron spots V\ deformed at cone 28. Vesicular structure. Cone Porosity Per cent 02 14.4 3 11.0 6 8.5 8 5.1 9 4.4 12 6.0 12^ 15 5.0 sion test : — Cone Remarks Granular fracture Granular fracture Granular fracture Granular fracture Summary The clay has a medium strength and a medium bonding strength. The drying shrinkage is medium and at cone 9 the total shrinkage is medium high. The clay attains a fairly low degree of porosity at cone 6 and is not overburned at cone 15. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Stoneware, architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware, refractories, face brick. Sample No. C82 (West pit of the Utica Firebrick and Clay Company, near Utica) This sample was a mixture of a light colored material, which was very hard, and a soft yellow mass. When tempered with water it developed a very good plas- ticity and could be squeezed through a die satisfactorily. ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: LA SALLE COUNTY 395 Water of plasticity per cent 32 Shrinkage water per cent 16.9 Pore water per cent 15.1 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 484.8 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 185.2 Slaking test, average min. 9 Screen test : — Mesh 10. 14. 20. 35. Residue Per cent . 7.8 .. 3.5 .. 3.5 .. 1.3 Character of residue Sand, colored rock fragments Sand, colored rock fragments Sand, colored rock fragments Sand, colored rock fragments, Sand, colored rock fragments, Sand, colored rock fragments, and coal and coal and coal 48 Trace 65 1.0 100 Trace 150 Trace 200 Trace Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear 6.8 Burning test : — Total Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent 02 33.7 Reddish cream 1.8 1 3.9 Dark gray 12.7 3 2.2 Dark gray 13.6 5 1.0 Dark brown 12.5 Fusion test : — Complete fusion at cone 26. very decided. Very brittle Very brittle Bloated. Sample heated above this cone was melted. Cone shows vesicular structure, but not Summary The strength of the clay is medium high. Its bonding strength is medium low. The drying shrinkage is medium. Total shrinkage at cone 5 is medium high. It appears bloated as though overburned at cone 5. The clay is non-refractory. Suggested uses : Common brick and tile. Sample No. 97 (M. J. Gorman and Company's pit; 1^ miles south of Utica) The following tests relate to the sample collected by Mr. Culver. The material is of a medium hard shaly nature. With it is mixed a softer por- tion. The color is dark gray and brown. A good plasticity may be developed. When forced through a die, the clay flows rather badly. Water of plasticity per cent 35.6 Shrinkage water per cent 22.9 Pore water per cent 12.5 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 565 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 201 Slaking test, average min. 60 396 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Screen test : — M esh Residue Per cent 20 0.3 40 17.3 60 17.6 80 6.0 120 0.8 150 1. 8 200 4.0 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 10.5 Linear : wet length 9 Drying conduct : — Shows tendency to warp. Burning test: — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Per cent Per cent 08 30 Salmon 1.6 06 27 Buff 2.2 04 24 Cream 3.1 02 23 Buff 4.0 1 22 Buff 4.6 2 16 Stoneware 5.4 4 9.5 Gray 5.7 7 5.6 Gray 5.2 9 6.5 Gray 5.5 10 4.4 Gray with brown specks 5.3 Fusion test : — It fused at cone 28. Summary The strength of the clay is medium high. Its bonding strength is medium. The total percentage of residue on the screens is high. The drying shrinkage is medium high at cone 9. The total shrinkage is high. The vitrification proceeds slowly and is incomplete at cone 10. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Refractories, face brick. Sample No. 100 (M. J. Gorman and Company's pit; \ l / 2 miles south of Utica) Resampled by Mr. Culver. The clay is a very hard gray colored material. Its conduct when forced through a die is good. Water of plasticity per cent 24.6 Shrinkage water per cent 13.8 Pore water per cent 10.8 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 475 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 222 Slaking test, resample min. 40 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: LA SALLE COUNTY 397 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of Per cent residue 20 0.2 Fragments of rock and pyrites 40 0.06 Sand and pyrites 60 3.5 Sand, particles of clay and pyrites 80 2.1 120 14.1 Particles of clay 150 3.4 Particles of clay 200 6.5 Particles of clay The sample did not slake completely. Drying shrinkage : — Linear ; wet length per cent 7.3 Burning test: — Burning- Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Per cent Per cent 08 24 Light gray 2.1 06 23 Buff and cream 2.5 04 20 Dark cream 3.3 02 18 Dark cream 4.0 1 16 Dark cream 4.4 3 12 Gray 5.0 5 8 Gray with iron speckles 5.5 7 6 5.5 9 6 5.5 11 7 Brown 5.7 Fusion test: — It deformed at cone 31. Summary The strength of the clay is medium high. Its bonding strength is medium. The amount of screen residues is high. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium high. Vitrification is incomplete at cone 11. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Refractories, face brick. The slow slaking properties may limit its usefulness for terra cotta, stoneware, and sanitary ware. Sample No. 98 (Side of gully near M. J. Gorman and Company's pit, near Utica) This report relates to sample obtained by Mr. Culver. This is a soft clay, yellow in color and marked with brown spots. When tem- pered with water, it has good plasticity. Water of plasticity per cent 28 Shrinkage water per cent 12.7 Pore water per cent 15.3 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 246 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 149 Slaking test, average min. 65 398 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Screen test : — Mesh Residue Character of residue Per cent 20 4.2 Chert and sandstone fragments 40 1.0 60 2.8 80 5.3 White and yellow sand 120 2.2 White and yellow sand with some mica 150 2.00 White and yellow sand with some mica 200 4.8 White and yellow sand with some mica Drying shrinkage :— Linear ; wet length per cent 62 Burning test : — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Per cent Per cent 08 36 Brownish red 1.7 06 34 Brownish red 2.2 04 32 Brownish red 3.4 02 31 Brownish red 3.8 1 30 Brownish red 4.3 3 28 Chocolate 5.0 5 22 Bluish black 6.2 7 19 Bluish black 6.8 9 17 Bluish black 7.6 Fusion test: — It deforms at cone 29. Summary The clay has a medium strength, a medium low bonding strength, and a medium drying shrinkage. It contains a considerable percentage residue material too coarse to pass the screen test. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium high. The clay is quite open burning. The very dark color of the samples carried to cone 5 and beyond suggests the possibility of reduction during burning. It is refractory. Suggested uses : Face brick. The dark color of the burned clay and its burning conduct suggest the possibility of the iron content being abnormally high for a re- fractory material, even though the fusion test was satisfactory. Sample No. 93 (Illinois Clay Products Company's mine at Deer Park) This is a dark gray colored clay which is a semi-flint in its character. It appears to contain a notable amount of pyrites. Water of plasticity per cent 25 Shrinkage water per cent 15.9 Pore water .per cent 9.1 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 554.7 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 302.5 Slaking test, average min. 10^2 Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; wet length 7.2 Linear ; dry length 7.8 Volume 32.6 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: LA SALLE COUNTY 399 Burning test :— Cone Porosity Per cent 2 72 3 3.3 6 3.0 8 2.2 12 11.8? 13 7.3 15 4.6 Burning Color shrinkage Per cent Grayish white 6.0 Gray 6.3 Gray 6.6 Gray 5.5 Bluestoned 2.6 Buff; slagged spots; blue core. 3.2 Dark terra cotta flash outside; gray inside 4.0 Remarks Nearly vitreous Nearly vitreous frac- ture Nearly vitreous Some fine iron spots Buff exterior, blue core, numerous iron spots Large iron spots over- burned Fusion test : — It deformed at cone 29. Summary The strength of the clay is medium high and its bonding strength is medium. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 8 is medium high. It is practically non-porous at cone 8 and is slightly overburned at cone 13. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Refractories, especially those requiring a clay having a good strength and burning to a dense structure. Facebrick. Its slow slaking property when mixed with water is rather unfavorable for its use for stoneware and terra cotta. Sample No. 96 (Illinois Clay Products Company's mine at Deer Park) The sample was a hard, dark gray colored material of medium plasticity. Water of plasticity per cent 19 Shrinkage water per cent 10 Pore water per cent 9 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 277 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 107.3 Slaking test, average raw. 7 Screen test : — Too hard to slake. Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 5.8 Linear ; wet length 5.5 Volume 20.5 Burning test : — Burning- Color shrinkage Per cent White 3.9 Light cream 4.4 Light cream Light cream 6 Cream 6.1 Bluestoned; uniform gray 7 Bluestoned ; uniform gray 6.8 Bluestoned ; uniform gray 7.0 Cone Porosity Per cent 02 18 2 17 3 14 6 12 9 7 12 3.0 13 2.4 15 2.4 Remarks Earthy fracture Earthy fracture Granular Earthy fracture Earthy fracture 400 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Fusion test : — It fused about cone 31. Summary The strength of the clay is medium and its bonding strength is medium low. The drying shrinkage is medium. At cone 9 the total shrinkage is medium. Vitri- fication is nearly complete at cone 12 and there is no sign of overburning at cone 15. It is refractory. Suggested uses : Refractories and face brick. Its slow slaking is rather unsatis- factory for stoneware and architectural terra cotta. Sample No. 90 (Lowell Stoneware Company's pit; at Lowell) This is a hard dark colored, i. e., gray clay which becomes very plastic when tempered with water. Its conduct when flowing through a die is very good. Water of plasticity per cent 20.8 Shrinkage water per cent 8.5 Pore water per cent 12.2 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 420 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 290 Slaking test, average min. 9 Screen test : — Clay was too hard to slake. Drying shrinkage : — Per cent Linear ; dry length 6.8 Linear ; wet length 6.2 Burning test : — Burning Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent White 4.1 Light cream 5.0 Earthy fracture Light cream 5.6 Earthy fracture Cream 5.7 Darker cream 7.0 Granular but vitreous fracture 15 2.0 Tan exterior ; bluestoned badly. 7.6 Fusion test: — Deformation at cone 30/31. Summary The strength of the clay is medium high and its bonding strength is medium. Because of its hardness, the clay could not be slaked properly for the screen tests. The drying shrinkage is medium. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium. Vitri- fication is practically complete at cone 15. It is a refractory clay. Suggested uses : Refractories, especially if good bonding power is desired. Its slow slaking property is a disadvantage for stoneware and architectural terra cotta, although otherwise it seems adapted to these uses. Sample No. 89 (Near river bank at Lowell) This report relates to a resampling of the deposit by Mr. Culver. This hard clay is of a gray color and it has a low degree of plasticity. The conduct of the plastic body when forced through a die is only fair. Cone Porosity Per cent 02 18 3 14 6 12 9 9.5 12 5.0 ILLINOIS FIRE CLAYS: LA SALLE COUNTY 401 Water of plasticity per cent 18 Shrinkage water per cent 6.6 Pore water per cent 11.3 Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 179 With 50% standard sand — Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 137.6 Slaking test, average min. 12 Screen test: — Mesh Residue Character of residue Per cent 20 4.5 Particles of coal, rock and pyrites 40 6.8 Particles of coal, rock and pyrites 60 2.3 Particles of coal, rock and pyrites, some mica 80 1.1 Particles of clay 120 0.9 Particles of clay 150 2.0 Particles of clay 200 9.4 Particles of clay Drying shrinkage : — Linear per cent 4.3 Burning test: — Burning Cone Porosity Color shrinkage Remarks Per cent Per cent 08 30 White +.4 06 27 Cream +0.3 04 28 Cream —0.1 02 28 Cream 0.26 1 27 Cream 0.3 3 25 Cream 1.0 5 19 Cream with black spots 2.5 7 19 Cream with black specks 2.2 9 17 Black specks 2.0 11 12 Black specks 2.5 Appears overburned Fusion test : — Fused completely at cone 26. Summary The strength of the unburned clay is medium low. Its bonding strength is medium low. The amount of residues on the sieves is high. The total shrinkage at cone 9 is medium low. The vitrification is still quite incomplete at cone 11, al- though it has the appearance of having been overburned. It is a non-refractory clay. Suggested uses : Stoneware, although the hardness and slow-slaking properties together with the low strength may be quite disadvantageous; face-brick. Sample No. 95 (Herrick Clay Manufacturing Company; 1 mile east of Twin Bluffs) This sample appears to be a mixture of clay and quartzite lumps and grains. It is a grayish or dark color. Modulus of rupture lbs. per sq. in. 157 Slaking test, average min. 6 402 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 19

£»»- • . IT 5 ' - • - . " - •••• ; ■- >» - -•' •' ILLINOIS PYRITE INVENTORY 429 rate of 120,000 tons a month, which was approximately the current demand, according to one authority. There was the additional uncertainty, how- ever, in regard to these deposits that was occasioned by their location near the coast, thereby making them possible targets of marauding German ves- sels that might escape into the Gulf. In general, however, uneasiness in regard to a possible sulphuric acid shortage had disappeared in the latter part of the summer, even before the pyrite inventory had been completed in all the states. PYRITE SITUATION IN ILLINOIS The pyrite inventory in Illinois, as well as in the other states, can most properly be looked upon as insurance against a possible contingency. Yet so far as Illinois is concerned, it will possibly lead to some benefits to the coal trade on a peace basis. It has been shown that pyrite can be recovered at washeries at a very small expense. The expense involves the installation and operation of one or two more jigs where the refuse is washed to recover the pyrite, the refuse itself being furnished without cost as a product of the coal washery. At least one coal washery has installed a pyrite-recovery section during the last year. Others would probably find it profitable to do the same. The pyrite inventory has also furnished a more systematic body of information relative to the distribution and occurrence of pyrite than here- tofore has existed. The investigations of the pyrite resources and the search for low-sulphur coal in connection with the work on gas coals per- formed by the Gas Section of the Illinois Mining Investigations have together furnished information relative to the distribution of sulphur and pyrite that is doubtless of sufficient general interest to warrant brief comment. Distribution of Pyrite The accompanying map, Plate III, shows the Illinois coal basin and also the areas wherein the various coals are mined. The actual sulphur content of the coals of the State, as determined by analyses of face samples, differs in a conspicuous degree only as between coals of southern Illinois and coals of central and northern Illinois. Small black figures on the map show the average . sulphur content of the coal at about 100 representative mines, as determined by three or more analyses of face samples at each mine. There is possibly a variation of about 1 per cent in the sulphur content among the coals north of Jackson, Jefferson, and Saline counties, except for Mercer and Rock Island counties. The northern coals generally have between 3.25 and 4 per cent of sulphur, but the Rock Island and Mercer County coal (No. 1) has an unusually high sulphur con- tent, varying from 4.25 to 5.02 per cent. In the southern counties, Jackson, Williamson, southeastern Perry, Saline, and Gallatin, the sulphur content averages 1 to 2 per cent less than 430 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 it does to the north, varying from about 1 to 2.75 per cent. In the lighter shaded areas shown on the map in Franklin, Williamson, and Jackson coun- ties, the sulphur content averages below 1.5 per cent, and in the darker area below 1 per cent. The low sulphur content of the southern Illinois coals is one special reason for their greater desirability among the coals of the State for domestic as well as for gas-making purposes. It should be stated, however, that coal from other parts of the State, if properly prepared at the mine, could probably be used with equal satisfaction by the householder, thus reserving the low-sulphur coal for industrial uses, to which it is spe- cifically adapted. Form of Occurrence In general, the low-sulphur coals, i. e., those containing less than 3 per cent of sulphur, do not contain much pyrite in free or nodular form, and therefore very little recoverable pyrite. And the higher sulphur coals, although they all contain free pyrite in some form, do not always contain it in recoverable form. Its ease of recovery may in fact be taken as an index of the ease with which clean coal can be furnished at the shaft head. The ease of recovery, furthermore, can by no means be inferred from the coal analysis, but can be determined only by an inspection of the coal at the face in the mine. Most of the pyrite occurs in one of three forms: (1) as nodules or balls; (2) as sheets or thin lenses in the parting between benches; and (3) as lenticular masses fingering laterally into the coal. Coals differ somewhat characteristically in regard to the form of pyrite most commonly found in each bed. Thus, No. 2 coal in northern Illinois has free pyrite most com- monly in the form of nodules of brassy, metallic-like, massive sulphide. No. 5 coal in the Peoria-Springfield district has pyrite balls of the same sort in the upper coal, but more characteristic are what are known as the brown or gray sulphur lenses. These are lenticular or irregular masses of banded stony pyrite that finger laterally into the coal. No. 6 coal is dis- tinctly a bedded coal, separated into three or more persistent benches. The pyrite is most commonly found as plates or thin lenses in the parting between the benches. No. 7 coal carries a large amount of pyrite as irregular lenses of massive stony sulphide much like that found in No. 5 coal, but not com- monly banded. Recovery Pyrite can be recovered in two places : at the coal face by the miner and loader ; and at the tipple either by pickers, or by mechanical dry separa- tion or by washing the coal. Recovery at the tipple is probably the most efficient method, but the coal should also be picked at the face to remove the larger pyrite nodules, if the pyrite is to be marketed. The ease of recoverability of the different forms of pyrite varies. The more easily the pyrite can be recovered, the cleaner the coal that can be ILLINOIS PYRITE INVENTORY 431 produced without special facilities for treatment at the tipple. Large nodules of bright pyrite such as are found in No. 2 coal are easily seen by the miner, and relatively easily removed. Irregular lenticular masses '"frozen" to the coal, such as are found in No. 5 and No. 7 coals, are not readily removed, and the miner is too much inclined to throw chunks of coal containing such lenses into the car, risking possible discovery at the tipple, and the resulting fine. Too frequently this is a very slight risk. Sheet pyrite is easily hand- picked when thick enough to resist the shattering incident to mining. When thin, however, it breaks into small pieces and forms accordingly a consider- able part of the fine coal or screenings and can be removed only by mechanical separation of some sort. If pyrite is to be considered as an impurity to be discarded rather than a commodity to be saved, as apparently it must continue to be regarded until its recovery becomes a matter of economic importance, the investigations have indicated that more systematic efforts than have been in force in the past should be instituted to eliminate this material from the coal before it is furnished to the public. Certainly the material has not been removed from the coal nearly as effectively as it might be, nor possibly have the means adopted in individual cases been especially applicable to the form of pyrite present. Some blame attaches to the miner for not obeying the rules and to the operator for not enforcing the rules in regard to clean coal. But a large part of the blame attaches to the general public in not insisting that all coal be subjected to some adequate form of preparation at the tipple. SUMMARY The pyrite inventory in Illinois has served its immediate purpose of furnishing the nation definite data concerning its supply of one of the essen- tial war minerals. Aside from furnishing desired information along the original lines of the investigation, the pyrite inventory has some economic bearing upon the industry in the normal times of peace. In connection with search for low-sulphur coal, it has effected a definite delineation of areas of coal suitable for special purposes, such as the manufacture of metallurgical coke and city gas. It has also furnished information relative to the varieties of free pyrite found in the higher sulphur coals which pos- sibly may lead to a better understanding of the various conditions affecting the production of clean coal at the shaft head. This information is prelimi- nary to a more systematic adaptation of the means of cleaning coal to the varying conditions of occurrence of the impurities, the elimination of which is desired. The pyrite inventory was an investigation conducted to safe- guard the public. It had uncertain commercial application and was of such a nature that private capital could only with difficulty have been found to carry it through. It is such services that can best be accomplished with public funds such as are allotted to the State Geological Survey. 432 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 R.1E. 2^ 4 6 Scale in miles Coal containing Coal containing less than 1 per less than 1.25 per cent sulphur. cent sulphur. Fig. 58. Location of the area of low-sulphur coal in Illinois. LOW-SULPHUR COAL IN ILLINOIS 1 By Gilbert H. Cady Extensive sampling of coal in Illinois during the past ten or twelve years by the State Geological Survey in cooperation with various organiza- tions, such as the U. S. Bureau of Mines, the University of Illinois, and the Illinois Cooperative Mining Investigations has made possible the delinea- tion of two areas of low-sulphur coal in Illinois, both areas being located in the southern part of the State. The sulphur content of these coals is less than 1.25 per cent, so that if otherwise suitable, they can be employed for metallurgical uses and for the manufacture of water-gas and retort gas. One of these areas is small and lies in Jackson County near Murphysboro ; the other is much larger and includes a large part of the famous Franklin County field. A small area of No. 2 or Murphysboro coal has been worked for many years near the town of Murphysboro, Jackson County, Illinois. In two mines, at least, operating in this field the coal has a sulphur content of less than 1.25 per cent. It is doubtful, however, whether this field will ever be a source of large tonnage of low-sulphur coal, as the total area underlain by this coal in workable thickness is probably less than fifteen square miles, and a large part of it has already been worked out. The location of the area of low-sulphur coal in the Franklin County field is shown in the accompanying map (fig. 58). The small area underlain by the Murphysboro low-sulphur coal is shown near the town of that name in the central part of Jackson County. The larger area lies in the west side of Franklin County, extending also about six miles south into Wil- liamson County, about four miles west into northern Jackson and western Perry County, and northward an undertermined distance into Jefferson County. All but the northern limit of the area is fairly well defined by sampling in numerous mines. The inner cross-lined area is underlain by coal having less than 1 per cent sulphur ; the outer boundary surrounds the area underlain by coal having less than 1.25 per cent sulphur. The coal mined in the district is No. 6 or Herrin coal, commonly known as the Carterville or Franklin County coal. The bed has a thickness vary- ing from about eight feet on the border of the lower sulphur area up to more than ten feet in the central portions, locally having a thickness of four- teen to fifteen feet. The sulphur content in general decreases as the thick- iThis is a reprint of a paper presented by Mr. Cady before the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, at their Chicago Meeting, September, 1919. The paper was first published in 1920 in Vol. LXIII, pp. 641-643 of the Transactions of that society. Analyses of many Illinois coals and additional information on low-sulphur coal will be found in the following bulletins obtainable from the State Geological Survey : Parr. S. W., Purchase and Sale of Illinois Coal on Specification : 111. State Geol. Sur- vey Bull. 29, 1914. Cadv, G. H., Mines producing low-sulphur coal in the central district : 111. Co-operative Mining Investigations Bull. 23, 1919. 433 434 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 ness of the coal increases. A further peculiarity is a variation of the char- acter of the roof accompanying the variation in thickness, for near and be- yond the border of the low-sulphur area there is a limestone cap rock within about twenty-five feet of the bed, whereas the cap-rock is either absent or at a much greater height above the coal in the central part of the area. This relationship between the roof rock, the thickness of the coal, and the amount of sulphur present seems to hold consistently throughout the field. There is also a decrease in the interval between No. 6 and No. 5 coals and an increase between No. 6 and No. 9 coals operating geographically across the Franklin County field the same as the decrease in the sulphur content. 1 These stratigraphic variations accompanying the chemical variation make it possible to estimate roughly the character of the coal even from drill records and to determine the approximate extension of the field in areas not yet mined. iCady, G. H., Coal resources of District VI : 111. Co-operative Mining- Investigations' Bull. 15, pp. 29-47, 1916. NOTES ON POTASH POSSIBILITIES IN ILLINOIS By C. R. Schroyer OUTLINE PAGE Greensand deposits of southern Illinois 435 Potash as a by-product in cement manufacture 437 Processes in use 437 Illinois shales of possible interest in cement and potash production 437 Chemical character • 437 Notes on occurrence 439 TABLES 45. Partial chemical analysis of Illinois greensand 435 46. Potash content of Illinois shales 437 47. Comparison of Illinois shale constituents with reference to their cement- making properties 438 GREENSAND DEPOSITS OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS A bed of greensand has been found in Pulaski County, two miles above Olmsted, on the farm of James A. Barber in sec. 13, T. 15 S., R. 1 E. Other beds are present, as shown by wash from partially covered cliffs in the same vicinity, as well as by reliable reports of deposits covered by water at the time of the examination. Such deposits were also mentioned at "Chalk Bank," a cliff facing Ohio River on the Barber farm, and at Hillerman's Landing, in sec. 16, T. 15 S., R. 3 E., Massac County. A section measured in a ravine three-quarters of a mile back from Chalk Bank is as follows : Section of greensand on the Barber farm, near Olmsted Feet Clay shale of a drab color 10 Greensand ; grades into clay shale above 4 Conglomerate and sand, small quartz pebbles cemented by iron 1 Greensand with few quartz pebbles 3^ Clay shale, impure 3 This bed is well above the highest water mark and fifty to sixty feet above the low-water level in Ohio River. It is also exposed in several of the near-by gullies. Tunneling would be the most economical way of recov- ering the greensand, although considerable quantities could be obtained by shallow surface workings. Chemical analysis by the Department of Chemistry of the University of Illinois gave the following results : Table 45. — Partial chemical analysis of Illinois greensand Percent Si0 2 74.76 K 2 6 6.22 CaO 48 In a separate determination made by the Department of Agronomy the phosphoric acid content was found to be about 1/10 of 1 per cent. 435 436 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 New Jersey greensand has higher phosphoric acid and calcium car- bonate content, but averages lower in silica, and about the same in potash. The richer New Jersey beds analyze from 5 to 7 per cent of potash, but many beds contain as low as 3 per cent or less. 1 Samples from New Jersey and Delaware yield from 3.50 to 7.15 per cent of potash ; from Maryland, 4.45 per cent, or less ; from Virginia, sam- ples rich in lime yield 2 to 2.5 per cent ; from North Carolina, 2.96 per cent or less ; and those from Arkansas, 4.90 per cent or less. The phosphoric acid content ranges from .62 to 7.35 per cent, generally being about 1.5 per cent. All modern analyses indicate that glauconite contains only 7 to 8 per cent of potash. 2 The total thickness of this deposit is not known, nor the thickness of any but one of the higher beds. Shallow drilling might well be expected to show an Illinois deposit of such extent and location as to attract potash producers, once that industry has passed the present experimental stage. It is unlikely that the thickness of the deposit will approach that of the New Jersey beds, many of which are twenty or more feet thick. However, very few of the thicker beds in New Jersey are rich in potash. According to information furnished by the United States Geological Survey and by H. B. Kummel, State Geologist of New Jersey, three com- panies are now producing or preparing to produce potash from greensand : the American Potash Company (formerly the Kaolin Products Corpora- tion), at Jones Point, New York; the Atlantic Potash Company, of Stock - erton, Pennsylvania ; and a third company with Dr. F. Tschirner in charge, at Medford, New Jersey. None of these companies has progressed far beyond the experimental stage. Various processes are being tried for the recovery of the potash. The Atlantic Potash Company extracts by the Von Kolnitz process. In brief, this consists of heating the marl with calcium chloride in rotary kilns, the leaching of the resulting potassium chloride from the calcined mass, and finally its precipitation. Another process consists of digesting under pres- sure finely ground greensand with lime and water, thereby obtaining caustic potash of remarkable purity, and at the same time converting the residue into a material of value for sand-lime brick. The operation is carried out with high-pressure steam (225 pounds for 2 to 14 hours). It has developed from this process that greensand does not react like a true potassium-iron- silicate, but that it is probably a potassium-iron compound involving free silica, but not a silicate. From 70 to 80 per cent of the total potash is con- sidered a satisfactory yield. The residue is to a degree self-cementing, and when subjected to steam pressure cements sand so firmly that small enclosed pebbles fracture before the bond gives way. Sand-lime brick, the impor- tant by-product, are of good quality and find a ready market. lTRenorts of the G^olo^ical Survey of New Jersey. 2Ashley, Geo. H., TJ. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 660-B, p. 29, 1917. ILLINOIS POTASH POSSIBILITIES 437 POTASH AS A BY-PRODUCT IN CEMENT MANUFACTURE Processes in Use Potash has also been produced from cement dust by the Cottrell 1 proc- ess. This consists, in brief, of catching and concentrating the volatilized potash by the electrical precipitation of the dust in cement mills. Further concentration is accomplished by reburning the accumulated dust with suf- ficient raw material to balance the feed. Other processes have been proposed '} One by S. B. Newberry is based on the principle that the alkali content in cement clinker is practically constant, irrespective of the proportion of alkalies in the raw mixture. This content may be reduced to a minimum by increasing both the temperature and the time of exposure to high heat beyond that ordinarily employed. A large part of the alkali may be recovered from the stack gases by bringing them into intimate contact with sprays of water or by passing the gases through a space fitted with porous material, the surfaces of which are kept wet with water. The smaller part of the alkali, which is soluble, is removed from the resultant mix, and the insoluble mud is recharged into the kiln with fresh raw material, thus increasing the alkali content of the stack gases and the relative amount of soluble alkali in the water-chilled solu- tion. Another process, originated by Samuel Peacock, 1 consists in treating the flue dust with a hot monocalcium phosphate solution, thereby obtaining potassium phosphate and calcium silicate. Illinois Shales of Possible Interest in Cement and Potash Production chemical character The interest which this possibility for potash production may have to Illinois cement producers is evident from the analyses of the following shales, most of which are suitable for use in Portland cement. Tarle 46. — Potash content of Illinois shales Potash (KoO) Location Percent Alton 3.28 Albion 3.82 Springfield 2.88 Edwardsville 2.03 Galesburg 2.60 Streator 2.80 Danville 2.90 Danville 2.94 Jcnesboro- 5.48 Dixon 5.8 iPhalen, W. G., Min. Resources of U. S., 1915, Pt. II, pp. 122-124. ^Average of nine samples. 438 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 The first eight analyses given above are reprinted from a report by A. V. Bleininger. 1 The last two are taken from a joint publication of the Division of Applied Chemistry of the University of Illinois, the Illinois State Geological Survey, and the Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 In this publication Parr and Austin have the following to say about the potash possibilities of Illinois shale in general and about the Jonesboro black shale in particular: ''The Illinois shales that we are here considering, instead of having an average potash content of 2 or even 2y 2 per cent, have a content of 5 per cent in the raw state. They compare, therefore, very favorably with the greensands of New Jersey, concerning which not a little consideration is now being given both in the literature and financially, as a possible source of supply for this important product. 3 The first question that naturally arises, therefore, relates to the suitability of these Illinois shales with ref- erence to their main constituents for the purpose of compounding into a suitable cement mix. The best authority on this phase of the topic is Professor A. V. Bleininger, who in his study of Illinois shales for cement- making, 4 gives analyses for eight samples which he deems suitable for such a purpose. "They show so little variation in composition that for purposes of illustration in this discussion they may be fairly represented by an average value for each constituent. These values are given in the second column of Table 47. For comparison, therefore, as to their suitability along cement lines, two of the high-potash shales are shown in parallel columns 3 and 4. Table 47. — Comparison of Illinois shale constituents with reference to their cement- making properties Average of eight Illinois shales (Bleininger) Sample No. 1 Illinois potash shales Sample No. 2 Illinois potash shales Si0 2 A1 2 3 Per cent 61.56 16.12 2.96 3.52 0.94 1.79 2.90 0.82 6.72 Per cent 53.8 17.7 5.8 5 0.7 1.8 5.0 0,5 11.9 Per cent 55.0 16.3 Fe 2 3 FeO 6.0 5 CaO MgO K 2 Na 2 0.3 1.5 4.9 0.4 Ignition loss 13.0 iBleininger, A. V., Portland cement resources of Illinois : 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 17, p. 101, 1912. ?Parr, S. W., Austin, M. M., Krey, Frank, and Stewart, Robert, Potash shales of Illi- nois : University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Bull. 232, March, 1921. 3Chem. and Met. Eng., 22, 815, 1920. 4111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 17, p. 101, 1912. STotal iron calculated to FeoOs. ILLINOIS POTASH POSSIBILITIES 439 ''Probably the most characteristic feature of this table from the cement- making standpoint is the ratio between the silica (SiCte) and the alumina (AI2O3). According to the average American practice, this ratio should fall between 2.5 and 3.5. Upon calculating these ratios for shale samples Nos. 1 and 2 of the table, we have: Shale No. 1 5i- =3.02 Shale No. 2 17.7 55.0 16.3 3.37 "Hence, it is evident that on the basis of the silica-alumnia ratio the two samples of the potash shales under consideration are seen to be in the most advantageous zone. "Since, in the process of compounding to produce a suitable cement clinker, a shale is mixed with from two to three times its weight of lime- stone, it follows that the percentage of K2O in the raw mix is correspond- ingly reduced. In the average American practice this factor amounts to from 0.7 to 1.0 per cent, and on this basis with a 66^3 per cent recovery of the total potash there would result an average yield of about 2.9 pounds of K2O per barrel of cement made. On the same basis the potash shales as given in columns 3 and 4 of Table 47 should show a yield of 5.4 pounds per barrel. "On this basis, estimating the price of potash at 15 cents per pound, the shales here studied would return a value for the potash recovery alone of 82 cents per barrel of cement made, as against 19^ cents recovery from the average potash content of the ordinary raw cement mix." In this same connection Parr and Austin make the statement that although the potash of the Dixon shale is held in chemical combination in a somewhat different manner than is that of the Jonesboro shale, "it is true that in the process of cement manufacture the potash would be equally recoverable in either case." NOTES ON OCCURRENCE The eight Illinois shales used for the averages in column 2 of Table 47 are all of Pennsylvanian age. Such shales are widely distributed through- out the Illinois coal basin. The Dixon shale is the green Decorah shale of Ordovician age. This shale is of variable thickness, ranging from a few inches to 25 feet, and is generally to be expected at its proper horizon at the top of the St. Peter sandstone just below the base of the Platteville limestone. Another thin horizon of greensand has been noted between the base of the St. Peter sand- stone and the top of the Lower Magnesian limestone. Both of these hori- zons are broken and irregular in distribution and thickness because of the 440 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 unconformable relation of the St. Peter sandstone both above and below. One section along Pecumsaugan Creek, La Salle County, according to field notes of Gilbert H. Cady, shows two feet three inches of such clay, with occasional lenses through a vertical section of nine and a half feet. The shale from the vicinity of Jonesboro is the Devonian (Mountain Glen) shale which is 35 to 40 feet thick as it outcrops a mile or two west of a line between the towns of Jonesboro and Mountain Glen, in a narrow belt seven miles long. Although in most places either the outcrop is in a com- paratively inaccessible position or else the overburden is of prohibitive thickness, there are several localities where the shale might be economically mined. In Part II of Bulletin 232 previously cited, a more extensive descrip- tion of the occurrence of the shale and the feasibility of its production, will be found. 1 iKrey, Frank. Geology, distribution, and occurrence of the potash-bearing shale oi Union County: Agricultural Experiment Station Bull. 232, Part II, pp. 237-243, 1921. NOTES ON ILLINOIS BITUMINOUS SHALES, INCLUDING RESULTS OF THEIR EXPERIMENTAL DISTILLATION Compiled by N. O. Barrett OUTLINE page Introduction 442 Summary 444 Jo Daviess County 444 Character and distribution of oil rock 444 Results of analysis 444 Origin of oil-rock 447 Fulton County s 448 Schuyler County 448 Source of samples 448 Results of analysis 449 Sangamon County 449 Source of sample 449 Results of analysis 450 Moultrie County 450 Source of sample 450 Results of analysis 450 Gallatin County 45i Source of sample 451 Results of analysis 451 Hardin County 451 Union County 451 Introduction 451 Location and topography 451 Stratigraphic relations 452 Character and distribution of the shale 452 Source of samples 452 Results of tests 453 Johnson County 453 Introduction 453 Location and topography 454 Stratigraphic relations 455 The oil shale 455 Description 455 Distribution 456 Present use 457 Source and description of samples 457 Results of tests 458 ILLUSTRATIONS 59. Index map showing the location of shales and cannel coals of Illinois, about which some information is available regarding the amount of oil they would produce upon destructive distillation 443 60. Map showing distribution of the oil rock in Jo Daviess County and an adjoining area in Iowa and Wisconsin 445 441 442 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 FIGURE PAGE 61. Sketch map based on work of G. H. Cady, showing the oil-shale outcrop near Ozark in Johnson County 454 62. Photograph of the outcrop of the Ozark oil shale and the overlying chocolate-colored shale, in the SW. V A NW. Y A NW. Y A sec. 35, T. 11 S., R. 4 E., Johnson County 455 TABLES 48. Analysis of gas from oil rock of Dugdale prospect, Jo Daviess County 445 49. Analysis of oil-rock from the Capitola and Big Jack mines, Jo Daviess County 445 50. Composition of average gas collected from distillation of Platteville, Wis- consin, oil-rock 445 51. Quantitative results of distillation of Platteville oil-rock 447 52. Results of preliminary analysis and distillation tests on Schuyler County shales 449 53. Distillation products of oil shale from SW. }i sec. 12, T. 1 N., R. 1 W., Schuyler County " 449 54. Distillation products of a Sangamon County shale 450 55. Results of preliminary analysis and distillation tests of the Lovington roof shale, Moultrie County 450 56. Distillation products of Lovington roof shale 450 57. Distillation products of a Gallatin County shale 451 58. Results of preliminary analysis and distillation tests of four Union County shales 453 59. Yield of gas and tar from two Union County shales 453 60. Results of preliminary analysis and distillation tests on four samples of shale from Ozark, Johnson County 458 61. Yield of oil and by-products from two samples of the Ozark shale from J ohnsbn County 459 62. Results of analysis of shale-tar oils obtained by distillation of two sam- ples of the Ozark shale from Johnson County 459 63. Results of analysis of the gases obtained by distillation of two samples of the Ozark shale from Johnson County 460 64. Results of analysis of the light oils taken from the gases yielded by two Ozark shale samples from Johnson County 460 INTRODUCTION Not infrequently the Survey receives inquiries about the possible value of Illinois shales and cannel coals as sources of oil and gas, and it is to satisfy such inquiries that this paper has been compiled. Deposits of assured com- mercial value are unknown, but certain of them have been carefully tested and have proved so promising that publication of the results, together with notes on other miscellaneous deposits is considered worth while. The sources of the information are various, but full references are given in the footnotes, and acknowledgment is here made of the free use of the reports and notes on which the compilation is based. Many of the black and dark-brown shales of Illinois owe their color to their content of bituminous or carbonaceous material and most of them, if heated, will yield oil, gas, and other similar products, at least in small amounts. Strictly speaking, the term "oil shale" should probably be reserved ILLTXOIS BITUMINOUS SHALES 443 ILLINOIS Fig. 59. Index map showing the location of shales and cannel coals in Illinois, about which some information is available regarding the amount of oil they would produce upon destructive distillation. 444 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 for carbonaceous shales which are rich enough to have possible commercial value as sources of oil and gas. In this report, however, the term "oil shale" is used in a very general way, as most of the deposits described do not have a sufficient content of hydrocarbon to deserve the name, and might better be called simply carbonaceous or bituminous black shale. SUMMARY In Illinois dark brown or black carbonaceous or bituminous shales are found to some extent in the Ordovician and Devonian systems, but it is in rocks of the Pennsylvania!! system that such shales are particularly wide- spread and abundant. Figure 59 shows the outlines of the area underlain by Pennsylvanian strata, and therefore the area in which black shales similar to those described for Schuyler, Sangamon, and Moultrie counties are not uncommon. Apparently, however, it is only locally, as in Johnson County, that the Pennsylvanian black shales approach commercial value as sources of oil and gas. The outcropping Ordovician bituminous shales are merely a local devel- opment and are too thin to be of value ; and the Devonian black shales of Union County will probably be of considerably more value as a source of potash 1 than as oil shale. All the available information about such Illinois shales as have been tested is covered in the following pages. For convenience the material is arranged by counties. JO DAVIESS COUNTY- 3 Character and Distribution of the Oil Rock The general distribution of the bed known commonly to drillers in extreme northwestern Illinois as "the oil-rock" is shown in figure 60. It is a laminated bituminous shale which when wet is light gray. Seldom is it much more than a foot thick though in an abandoned mine two miles west of Platteville it reaches its maximum known thickness of three feet. Results of Tests "The oil-rock is very porous and light, having a specific gravity of only 1.98 and yielding gas bubbles when placed in water. One volume of the rock gave 57.46 volumes of gas when heated to a red heat in a vacuum for two hours. A gas analysis of this material gave the following results : iParr, S. W., and Austin, M. M., Potash shales of Illinois ; Krey, Frank, Geology, dis- tribution, and occurrence in Union County ; Stewart, Robert, Finely ground shale as a source of potassium for soil improvement: Univ. of 111. Ag. Exp. Sta. Bull. 232, 1921. 2Cox, G. H., Lead and zinc deposits of northwestern Illinois: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 21. pp. 24-30, 1914. STrowbridge, A. C, and Shaw, E. W., Geology and geography of the Galena and Eliza- beth quadrangles: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 26, pp. 45-47, 1916. ILLINOIS BITUMINOUS SHALES 445 IOWA 'Freeport T.25N. ILLINOIS Fig. 60. Map showing distribution of the oil rock in Jo Daviess County and an adjoining area in Iowa and Wisconsin. Table 48. — Analysis of gas from oil-rock of Dugdale prospect Hydrocarbon vapors 11.11 Heavy hydrocarbons 4.00 CH 4 35.98 H 2 S 6.79 C0 2 18.12 CO 8.40 O 26 Ho 13.18 N 2 2.21 100.05 "Under the term hydrocarbon vapors are here grouped various hydro- carbons which are liquid at ordinary temperature and which are soluble in alcohol. Benzine may be taken as a type. They contain more than six atoms of carbon per molecule. The heavy hydrocarbons are gases, such as ethylene, acetylene, and their analogues. Results of other analyses are as follows: 446 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 49. — Analyses of oil-roc k 1 Capitola mine Big Jack mine Moisture 5.75 8.10 Volatile 22.08 18.65 Fixed carbon 4.23 3.41 Ash 67.93 69.84 Total 100.00 100.00 Sulphur 1.92 1.94 Calories 10.20 9.62 British thermal units 1836 1732 "The following- are the results of a destructive distillation test on the sample of oil-rock received April 28, 1909, from Platteville, Wis. The rock as received was crushed to buckwheat size, 500 grams (1.11 lbs.), placed in an iron retort and heated in a furnace previously brought to 1080° C, until practically all the gas was evolved. "Gas yield, cubic feet per ton at 0°C and 30 in. mercury pressure and dry: 6130 cu. ft. Table 50. — Composition of average gas collected from distillation of Platteville, Wisconsin, oil-rock C0 2 and H 2 S 35.4 Illuminants 2.2 O 1.3 CO 43.6 CH 4 , etc 2 3.0 H 7.5 N 7.0 100.00 "The large amount of CO2 in the gas is to be explained as resulting from the decomposition of calcite or other carbonates in the rock. Prob- ably the CO is in some degree formed by the reduction of CO2. There is a considerable amount of hydrogen sulphide in the gas as shown by lead acetate paper. The gas burns freely with a colorless flame. The solid resi- due from the distillation is gray-black in color and can be readily powdered. A certain amount of dark, thin oil was driven over in the test along with water. "The same sample was subjected to extraction with benzol to remove all naturally occurring petroleum oils, paraffines and asphaltums. "A second sample was subjected to distillation under atmospheric pres- sure, and a third sample distilled under a vacuum of 12 mm., with no appreciable increase in yield of oil of the vacuum distillation over the distilla- iFurnished by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, through David White. -Includes all hydrocarbons of C n H2n + 2 type. (N in this gas = 1.93.) ILLINOIS BITUMINOUS SHALES 447 tion under normal pressure, showing that but a small quantity of matter was present as a true oil. "The total distillate of oil came over between 325 °C, and 425 °C, both under normal pressure and under 12 mm. vacuum, accompanied with much yellow-brown fog due to decomposition, showing again that there was no appreciable quantity of naturally occurring oil present." Table 51. — Quantitative results of distillation of Platteville oil-rock Natural oil by extraction with benzol 0.36 Oil of destructive distillation, closely resembling creosotic oils formed by destructive distillation of woods 2.86 Loss due to destructive distillation of vapors and gases of destructive distillation 1.91 Water 8.71 Mineral residue, black and friable, containing a small amount of car- bonaceous matter 6.16 100.00 The statement is made that the oil-rock tested would probably yield not more than 3.22 per cent of oil, and it is suggested that on account of the large amount of mineral matter present, the shale would serve better as a gas- than as an oil-producing material. Origin of the Oil-Rock The results of microscopic examination of thin sections of the oil- rock by Mr. David White are given in detail in Bulletin 21, 1 but for the purposes of this report, the material there presented in full is here summarized. Over 90 per cent of the rock mass is made up of flattened oval or dis- coid translucent bodies that are distinguishable only under the highest-pow- ered microscopic lenses. They are brilliant lemon-yellow in color and are highly refractive, the birefringence as determined by F. E. Wright being 1.619. These bodies are less than 250/1,000,000 of an inch in their greatest dimension. They are interpreted as the fossil remains of microscopic algae comparable to the living family Protococcales. The oil and gas content of the oil-rock is believed to be due either directly or indirectly to these fos- silized residues. These algae settled in quiet or protected areas under con- ditions favorable to the early cessation of anaerobic bacterial decomposition, and subsequent slow changes brought the original plant material to its present state. To similar fossil remains subjected to similar changes all deposits of oil shales and cannel coals are apparently due. lOp. cit., pp. 28-29. 448 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 FULTON COUNTY A former utilization of a bed of cannel coal is described in the old Geological Survey of Illinois : x "A thin seam of cannel coal occurs in the vicinity of Avon in the northwest corner of the county, and before the discovery of the vast deposits of oil in Pennsyl- vania, was mined for the distillation of oil. We first visited the locality in 1859, and found ten retorts in operation at that time, the product of which was said to be from three to five hundred gallons of oil per day. The seam from which the material was supplied, was only from fourteen to twenty inches in thickness, and the cost of mining at that time was about two dollars per ton. It was said to yield about thirty gallons of oil per ton but the subsequent discovery of oil in Pennsylvania and Ohio, put a stop to its manufacture from cannel coal in this region." Professor T. E. Savage has visited the site of the former operations, in sec. 18, T. 8 N., R. 1 E., about a mile north of Avon, and reports that the bed is about 14 inches thick and resembles cannel coal. He identifies it as a coal which commonly underlies the Rock Island (No. 1 coal) a few feet, and is separated from it by a sandstone. This identification fixes the deposits as of Pennsylvanian, more specifically, Pottsville age. SCHUYLER COUNTY Source and Description of Samples Five samples of shale from Schuyler County were tested by Doctor Westhafer of the Department of Chemistry of the University of Illinois in connection with the preparation of a thesis. The results of these tests are here published by permission of that department. 2 The samples, all fur- nished to Doctor Westhafer by the State Geological Survey, were collected by E. A. Holbrook. Descriptions of the samples are as follows : Sample No. 1. From the SW. % sec. 12, T. 1 N., R. 1 W. The sample represents 3 feet of paper shale that directly overlies No. 2 coal. The shale has concretions the diameters of which are not uncommonly 1^2 by 3 feet. At the top it is fine grained and tough, and at the bottom fissile. Sample No. 2. From the SW. % sec. 23, T. 2 N., R. 1 W. The out- crop which the sample represents is a 2-foot bed of black, somewhat decom- posed calcareous shale containing fossils and concretions. Its stratigraphic position is not definitely known, but it is believed to lie above the horizon of No. 5 coal. Sample No. ,?. From the SW. % sec. 23, T. 2 N., R. 1 W. It consists of concretions taken from the same shale as Sample No. 2. The concretions are hard, tough, and have uneven fracture. Sample No. J,. From the NW. *4 sec. 31, T. 1 N., R. 1 E. This sam- ple was taken from 4 feet of blue shale just above No. 2 coal. iWorthen. A. H., Geology of Fulton County: Geological Survey of Illinois Vol. IV, pp. 105-106, 1870. . -'Abstracted from a Doctor's thesis prepared by T. O. Westhafer during his appoint- ment as Research Graduate Assistant in the Engineering Experiment Station of the Uni- versity of Illinois, under the general direction of S. W. Fair, Professor of Industrial Chem- istry. ILLINOIS BITUMINOUS SHALES 449 Sample No. 5. From the NW. ]/ A sec. 31, T. 1 N., R. 1 E. This sam- ple represents a 6-foot bed of black, fissile, carbonaceous shale, overlying 15 feet of blue clay shale, below which is the shale sampled as No. 4. The shales sampled all belong to the Pennsylvanian system and are of Carbondale age. Results of Tests Table 52 gives the results of preliminary tests made on the samples. Table 52. — Results of preliminary analysis and distillation tests on Schuyler County shales Sample No. 1 Sample No. 2 Sample No. 3 Sample No. 4 Sample No. 5 Moisture 1.75 21.15 63.80 13.30 14.7 0.67 0.97 3.95 21.00 74.95 0.72 39.13 51.60 8.55 0.7 0.19 0.37 0.53 7.02 93.40 1.67 Volatile Ash Fixed Carbon. . 9.33 88.11 0.90 Yield of tar per ton gals. Bitumen extracted by benzine per cent Total nitrogen per cent 0.5 0.19 0.39 0.18 0.36 Only in Sample No. 1 was sufficient organic material present to make further tests worth while. Experimental distillation of this sample gave the following results. .e 53. — Distillation products of oil shale from SW.V+ Sec. 12, Schuyler County Calculated for one ton of shale Gallons of crude tar at 25° Centigrade Cubic feet of gas (n. t. p.) B. t. u. of gas '. Gallons of light oil from gas Fusion point of ash, in degrees Centigrade T.1X., R.l IV. 117 3100 690 0.62 1090 SANGAMON COUNTY Source and Description of Sample A sample of black shale included in the Carbondale portion of the Pennsylvanian rocks of Sangamon County has been collected and tested by a representative of the U. S. Geological Survey. Quoting from Bulletin 641 of the U. S. Geological Survey: 1 Sample 9 was obtained from the black shale roof of No. 5 coal at the East Capitol mine in Springfield, Illinois, by breaking up a number of large blocks of black shale that had been removed from the mine about a week before in cleaning up a roof fall. Only the hearts of the blocks were taken to avoid including any shale that might have been weathered along the joints after the removal of the coal. The breaking down lAshley, George H., Oil resources of black shales of the eastern United States : U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 641 L, pp. 314 and 319, 1917. 450 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 of the shale would naturally follow the joints, and the joint faces would form the outside surfaces of the blocks. The shale appeared to be massive, non-fissile, and blackish drab. Results of Tests A preliminary test by David T. Day indicated a yield of 12 gallons of oil per short ton. The results of a more detailed test also by Doctor Day are as follows : Table 54. — Distillation products of a Sangamon County shale Calculated for one ton of shale Gallons of oil per short ton 11.9 Gallons of water 9.8 Cubic feet of gas 2,186 Pounds of ammonia .65 MOULTRIE COUNTY Source and Description of Sample A single sample from Moultrie County was tested by Doctor Westhafer. It represents a Pennsylvanian shale which occurs as the "roof-slate" in the Lovington Coal Company's mine. The coal mined is No. 6, and as this bed marks the top of the Carbondale formation, the overlying shale is of McLeansboro age. It is black, hard, and heavy, has uneven fracture, and contains pyrites. Results of Tests The results of preliminary tests on this shale and of further tests made in view of the excellent showing in the preliminary work are summarized below. 1 Table 55. — Results of preliminary analysis and distillation tests of Lovington roof shale Moisture per cent 1.42 Volatile per cent 17.97 Ash per cent 5(8.65 Fixed carbon per cent 21.96 Yield of tar per ton of shale gallons 16.4 Bitumen extracted by benzine per cent .60 Total nitrogen per cent .83 Table 56. — Distillation products of Lovington roof shale Calculated for one ton of shale Gallons of crude tar at 25° Centigrade 13.7 Cubic feet of gas (n.t.p.) 3285 B.t.u. of gas 640 Gallons of light oil from gas .57 Fusion point of ash, in degrees Centigrade 1160 Sulphur, per cent 6.62 i Abstracted from a doctor's thesis prepared by T. O. Westhafer during his appoint- ment as Research Graduate Assistant in the Engineering Experiment Station of the Uni- versity of Illinois, under the general direction of S. W. Parr, Professor of Industrial Chem- istry. ILLINOIS BITUMINOUS SHALES 451 GALLATIN COUNTY Source and Description of Sample 1 A sample of the roof shales of No. 5 coal at the Saline County Coal Company's mine located near the town of Saline Mines was cut by Wallace Lee. Its position with respect to No. 5 coal shows it to belong in the Car- bondale formation of the Pennsylvanian system. Results of Tests A preliminary test, made by D. E. Winchester, indicated a yield of 12 gallons of oil per short ton, and further tests also by Mr. Winchester, gave the following information : Table 57. — Distillation products of a Gallatin County shale Calculated for one ton of shale Gallons of oil 16 Gallons of water 7.5 Cubic feet of gas Not det. Pounds of ammonia 3.44 HARDIN COUNTY A sample of black shale collected by Charles Butts on Hicks Branch, southwest of Hicks, from the top of the Chattanooga shale (Devonian) was tested by D. E. Winchester. 2 As it yielded only a trace of oil and 4.98 pounds of ammonium sulphate per ton, it is not to be classed as an oil shale. UNION COUNTY Introduction Location and Topography The Union County black shale which has been tested for oil comes to the surface in a belt 75 to 200 feet wide along the west slope of the north- south ridge about a mile west of Jonesboro, as described by Frank Krey. 3 The crest of the ridge is from 150 to 225 feet above the level of the creek flats and the black shale lies generally only 40 feet below the crest. At the gaps of the ridge, however, the easterly dip of the rock brings it to the creek level, commonly within a quarter of a mile east of the crest. The eastern slope of the ridge is gentle, but the western slope is abrupt, especially in its upper portion where vertical faces are not uncommon. i Ashley. George H.. Oil resources of black shales of the eastern United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 641 L, pp. 314 and 319, 1917. ^Winchester, Dean E., Results of dry distillation of miscellaneous shale samples: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 691 B, p. 52, 1918. 3Krey, Frank. Geologv, distribution, and occurrence [of the potash shale] in Union County: Univ. of 111. Ag\ Exp. Station Bull. 232, pp. 237-243, 1921. 452 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS A section of the overlying and underlying strata is as follows i 1 Section of the Union County black shale and associated strata Quaternary and Cretaceous — Feet Loess, gravel, and iron conglomerate — 40 Mississippian — Cherty rock, probably representing the base of the Burlington for- mation 2 — 30 Devonian — Shale, green (Springville shale) 30 — 60 Shale, black, carbonaceous and potash-bearing; the "oil-shale" (Moun- tain Glen shale) 35—45 Limestone, brown, fine grained siliceous Alto / and cherty ( forma - ) 20—25 Shale, brown, thin bedded, and sili- ? t j on \ 30+ ceous * The Mountain Glen shale is probably to be correlated with the Chat- tanooga shale of Tennessee and the New Albany shale of New York. Character and Distribution of the Shale The shale disintegrates rapidly on exposure, but when fresh is hard, black, and thinly laminated, which gives it the appearance of slate. Near the base pyrite is common. Weathering causes the shale to split into thin sheets which are lighter in color than the fresh material and are stained red by iron. Like the other rocks of the section, the shale dips eastward at an angle of 15 degrees on the average. The constitution of the shale is complex: — free oil, bituminous matter, pyrite, undecomposed potassium-bearing mineral, probably felspathic in char- acter, and potassium-bearing mineral of a glauconitic character. 2 The outcrop of the shale which, as previously stated, lies high on the west slope of the ridge a mile west of Jonesboro, marks the western limit of the shale. To the north the outcrop is terminated by a northwest-south- east fault in sec. 22, T. 11 S., R. 2 W., northwest of Mountain Glen. And its southern end lies in the southern part of Sec. 23, T. 12 S., R. 2 W. Its extent eastward from the line of outcrop is unknown because its horizon is concealed by an increasing thickness of younger strata, but the probability is that it is at least several miles. SOURCE OF SAMPLES Four samples of shale from Union County were collected by E. A. Holbrook of the State Geological Survey, and the results of tests made on them by Doctor Westhafer are published with the permission of the Depart- ment of Chemistry. 3 iParr. S. W. f and Austin, M. M., Potash shales of Illinois: Univ. of 111. A?. Exp. Station Bull. 232, p. 238, 1921. 2Ibid., p. 236. •^Abstracted from, a doctor 1 * thesis prepared by T. O. Westhafer during his appoint- ment as Research Graduate Assistant in the Engineering- Experiment Station of the Uni- versity of Illinois, under the general direction of S. W. Parr, Professor of Industrial Chem- istry. ILLINOIS BITUMINOUS SHALES 453 Sample 1. From SE }/\ sec. 1, T. 13 S., R. 2 W., about 3 miles south of Jonesboro. This sample represents two bands of chocolate-colored shale about 16 to 18 inches thick and 18 feet apart, both of which lie in an exposed bank of many feet of tough, fissile, gray and green shale (the Springville shale). The beds sampled are hard and flinty and have an uneven fracture. Sample 2. From SW. j/ 4 sec. 11, T. 12 S., R. 2 W., about 3 miles northwest of Jonesboro, on Caney Creek. This sample was taken from the lower 10 feet of a 35-foot bed of chocolate-colored and black fissile shale (the Mountain Glen shale). Sample 3. From the same location as Sample 2, but taken from the upper 25 feet of the bed. Sample 4- From SW. J /\ sec. 9, T. 2 S., R. 1 W., about 2 miles north of Anna. A fossiliferous brownish shale bed, 15 feet thick was the source of this sample. Its age is not definitely known. Results of Tests Table 58 gives the results of preliminary tests made on these four samples. Table 58. — Results of preliminary analysis and distillation tests on four Union County shales Calculated for one ton of shale Moisture per cent Volatile per cent Ash per cent Fixed carbon per cent Yield of tar per ton gals. Bitumen extracted by benzine per cent Total nitrogen per cent Sample No. 1 1.30 10.50 92.55 0.13 Sample No. 2 1.01 10.29 87.40 1.30 4.5 0.15 0.41 Sample No. 3 1.25 11.60 85.51 1.64 4.2 0.20 0.51 Sample No. 4 3.25 9.82 89.20 0.04 Samples 1 and 2 contained only very small amounts of carbonaceous material, but the content of samples 3 and 4 was such as to encourage fur- ther tests, the results of which follow. Table 59. — Yield of gas and tar from tzvo Union County shales Calculated for one ton of shale Sample 3 Sample 4 Gallons of crude tar at 25° Centigrade 2.0 1.9 Cubic feet of gas (n.t.p.) 1208 2200 B.t.u. of gas 600 510 JOHNSON COUNTY Introduction The results of exhaustive tests by Dr. T. O. Westhafer of samples of an oil shale taken by a Survey representative from near Ozark are here 454 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 published, amplified by geological material taken from the field notes of Dr. G. H. Cady and Professor E. A. Holbrook, and from published reports. This deposit is particularly interesting because of its commercial possibilities. The kindness of Mr. Frank Stone of Ozark and especially the helpful interest and assistance of Dr. J. E. Blanchard, extended to members of the Survey during their brief inspection trips to the deposit, are gratefully acknowledged. LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY The Ozark oil-shale deposit lies chiefly in sees. 27, 34, and 35, T. 11 S., R. 4 E. (Burnside Tp.), about two miles southeast of the Illinois Central Railroad station of Ozark, and within a mile east of the railroad track as it passes south from Ozark. Hilly, rugged topography characterizes the area. The divides between creeks and their tributaries are conspicuous ridges, and their high points lie commonly 50 to 100 feet above the hollows. ■v^-a GENERALIZED CROSS SECTION Fig. 61. Sketch map based on work of G. H. Cady, showing the oil shale outcrop near Ozark in Johnson County. ILLINOIS BITUMINOUS SHALES 455 Figure 61 outlines the deposit, and by means of a diagrammatic section indicates the relation of the ridges and hollows to the shale and the strata overlying and beneath it. STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS The rock outcropping on the tops and upper slopes of the divides is resistant yellow sandstone, and the boulders in the fields on their lower slopes are also of hard yellow and red streaked sandstone. Underlying this sandstone and separating it from the oil shale is a 6- to 8-foot bed of dark chocolate-colored shale ; and beneath the oil shale is at least 5 or 6 feet of "clean" white fire clay. These relations are indicated diagrammatically in the section in figure 61. These strata belong to the Pennsylvanian system and are all of Potts- ville age. In this part of the State the Pottsville strata consist of alternat- ing sandstones and shales as shown in the following generalized section. 1 Generalised section of Pottsville strata Thickness Feet Shales with thin beds of sandstone and sandy, micaceous shale ; local limestones and coal beds ; some gypsiferous shale 400 Upper cliff-making sandstone, massive, cross-bedded sandstones not con- glomeratic, commonly ironstained 100-200 Shale with thin sandy layers and local coal beds 75-125 Middle cliff-making sandstone, massive, quartzose sandstone with local conglomeratic lenses 40-150 Shale with thin micaceous sandy beds and local dirty coals 40- 60 Lower cliff-making sandstone, massive cross-bedded sandstone with conglomeratic beds 100-250 Brown gritty shale 10- 40 As will be noted from the above section, the oil shale is a part of the shale horizon that separates the upper and lower cliff-making sandstones. The Oil Shale description The deposit is exposed commonly in the hollows as a 2 J / 2 - to 3^ -foot bed of black laminated shale on the face of which scattered white oily blotches appear. Its distinct tendency to split along the bedding planes in thin sheets gives it somewhat the appearance of a hard, firm, black slate. The term "cannel coal" has been applied to the bed, but the laminations are so numerous and conspicuous that "carbonaceous oil shale" is a much better descriptive term. Extending back from the face in two directions at right angles to each other are incipient, approximately vertical, cleavage planes which are wavy and sinuous rather than in sharp straight lines. When the shale is mined, it tends to split along these planes into large, roughly rec- iBrokaw, A. D., Parts of Saline, Johnson, Pope, Williamson counties: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 35, p. 24, 1917. 456 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 tangular blocks commonly about 1 foot thick, 20 inches long, and perhaps 12 inches wide. The 5-foot bed of carbonaceous shale which immediately overlies the oil shale is siliceous, and under the ridges it is covered by thick hard sand- stone which would probably make a good roof for mining. The following section was measured in a test pit near the stripping operations on the Frank Stone land. Section of oil shale measured in a test pit on the Frank Stone land in the NW. Y\ NW. V A sec. 35, T. 11 S., R. 4 E. Thickness Ft. In. 8. Soil, yellow 1 to 5 .. 7. Shale, chocolate siliceous 4 2 6. Mud, red, merely a streak 5. Oil shale 2 9 4. Coal, bituminous \ l / 2 3. Coal, cannel 4 2. Coal, bituminous, with peacock-colored blotches 2 1 . Fire clay, white 5+ Fig. 62. Photograph of the outcrop of the Ozark oil shale and the overlying cholocate- colored shale, in the SW. % NW. % NW. % sec. 35, T. 11 S., R., 4E., Johnson County. DISTRIBUTION At the stripping operations in the creek bed, on the Stone land in the SW. % NW. % NW. yi sec. 35, is perhaps the best typical exposure of the oil shale (fig. 62). As mined it is 31 to 32 inches thick, though in the nearby test pit from which the samples were taken for testing and in which the preceding section was measured, its thickness was about 8 inches greater. ILLINOIS BITUMINOUS SHALES 457 In the hollow immediately north of the stripping operations, in the woods along the north line of the NE. ]/\ NE. l /\. sec. 34, there are several old pits that are now partly filled so that the shale is no longer exposed. It is said to lie from 5 to 20 feet below the surface. In the creek bed in the NE. cor. SE. *4 SW. 34 sec. 27, the shale is not well exposed, but it is apparently less than 30 inches thick. Fragments of the shale were found at a pit west of the Illinois Central Railroad about half a mile south of the north line of sec. 34, but the thick- ness of the bed at this point could not be determined because the pit was covered. Fragments of the shale were also found in the bed of a creek in the NW. Y\ NE. *4 sec. 35, about half a mile northeast of the test pit on the Stone land ; but none was found in the next ravine half a mile farther east in the west half of sec. 36. In an old well about a quarter of a mile southeast of the Stone pit, the shale is reported at a depth of 22 feet, which is at practically the same ele- vation as it is in the pit. All these outcrops are shown on the sketch map (fig. 61) and the approximate boundary of the shale at intervening points is indicated. Appar- ently the shale seems to be present under nearly all but the. SE. V\ sec. 35 ; only in NE. ^4 sec. 34; and all but a small area in the S. ^4 SE. % sec. 27. West of sec. 35 ir is not definitely known to be present, at least in workable thickness, and in the east part of sees. 26 and 35 it is possibly too thin to w r ork. The continuity of the bed northward is practically undetermined. The available data indicate that the best shale underlies sec. 35 and it may extend under at least part of sec. 36. PRESENT USE The farmers in the vicinity use the shale in their cookstoves and fire- places. For their cookstoves they pound up the lumps with the head of an axe until they are reduced to flat pieces 2 to 3 inches square. The noise and results of the operation resemble what would take place if one struck a pile of roofing slate with an axe. For the open fireplaces, the large lumps are rolled in and burn freely with a very long hot flame. They split hori- zontally when heated and when one is pried apart often it reveals a little pool of oil which has "stewed" out of the shale and collected in the hollows. As this is exposed to the air it burns with a long flame and a noise resem- bling hot fat when dropped on a hot stove. After the oil burns out of the shale, the ashes commonly retain their original shale form but have become soft and gray. SOURCE AND DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES Sample 1. From NW. % sec. 35, T. 11 S., R. 4 E. A 42-inch thick- ness of the shale was sampled. 458 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Sample 2. Represents the same shale as does Sample 1, but was taken from a 20-ton pile of the shale mined and dumped beside the outcrop. It was somewhat mixed with leaner material. Sample 3. Represents the 50-inch chocolate shale lying above the deposit where Sample 1 was taken. Sample 4- From a shaft sunk about a quarter of a mile from the out- crop from which Samples 1 and 2 were taken. The sample consisted of a 1500-pound shipment of freshly mined shale. It was slightly heavier and less weathered than Samples 1 and 2. Results of Tests Samples of the oil shale were tested by Dr. T. O. Westhafer of the Department of Chemistry of the University of Illinois in the winter of 1917-1918. On the following pages will be found some of the results of these tests, abstracted from a doctor's thesis prepared during Mr. West- hafer's appointment as Research Graduate Assistant in the Engineering Experiment station of the University of Illinois, under the general direction of S. W. Parr, Professor of Industrial Chemistry. Table 60 is based on preliminary tests. Table 60. — Results of preliminary analysis and distillation tests on four Johnson County shales Moisture per cent Volatile per cent Ash per cent Fixed carbon per cent Yield of tar per ton gals. Bitumen extracted by benzine per cent Total nitrogen per cent Sample No. 1 1.77 33.73 38.50 26.00 38.4 1.09 0.89 Sample No. 2 1.96 31.69 42.85 23.50 36.0 0.98 0.82 Sample No. 3 1.80 8.75 18.35 1.60 0.35 Sample No. 4 1.65 36.80 38.45 23.10 48.8 1.16 0.92 The fact that only about 1 per cent is extracted by solvent benzine shows that free oily or asphaltic matter exists in only very small amounts and that therefore distillation is the only possible method of obtaining their content of bitumen. In this connection it is to be noted that Colorado and Utah shales yield about 6 per cent of their weight when treated with either benzine or ether. 1 iWoodruff, E. G., and Day, D. T., Oil shale of northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 581 a, 1915. ILLINOIS BITUMINOUS SHALES Further tests on samples 1 and 4 are summarized in Table 61. Table 61. — Yield of oil and by-products from the Ozark shale of Johnson Calculated for one ton of shale Sample 1 Gallons of crude tar at 25° Centigrade 36.6 Cubic feet of gas (n.t.p.) 6389 B.t.u. of gas 690 Gallons of light oil from gas 2.44 Fusion point of ash, in degrees Centigrade 1240 Sulphur, per cent The results of the analysis of the tar obtained from these two are given in Table 62; of analysis of the gases, in Table 63 ; and of of the light oils from the gas, in Table 64. 459 County Sample 4 45.1 5860 760 2.28 1240 1.18 samples analysis Table 62. — Results of analysis of tar obtained from two samples of Ozark shale from Johnson County Cut Sp. Gr. at 25° C. Per cent paraffin Per cent unsaturated hydro- carbons Per cent aromatic hydro- carbons Acids Bases Sample 1 To 150° C .770 .823 .865 .926 .897 54 44 42 34 37 38 46 55 10 6 11 8 5 2 150-225° 5 225-300° 4 Over 300° Crude tar Sample 4 To 150° C .776 .828 .871 .930 .901 59 48 35 27 31 50 65 72 12 9 8 6 4 2 150-225° 6 225-300° 3 Over 300° Crude tar 460 YEAR BOOK FOR 1917 AND 1918 Table 63. — Results of analysis of gases from two samples of Ozark shale from Johnson County 'Sample Sample 1 4 Carbon dioxide 6.7 5.0 Oxygen 0.3 0.3 Acetylene 0.0 0.1 Unsaturated hydrocarbons 4.4 6.0 Ethylene \ . 1.2 1.3 Aromatic hydrocarbons 1.0 1.3 Hydrogen 34.9 29.4 Carbon monoxide 2.3 3.0 Methane 23.1 25.1 Ethane 21.9 24.5 Nitrogen and residue 2.2 3.0 B.t.u 690 760 Table 64. — Results of analysis of light oils from two samples of Ozark shale from Johnson County Per cent Per cent Per cent Fraction Per cent weight Sp. Gr. at 25° C. paraffin hydro- carbons unsaturated hydro- carbons aromatic hydro- carbons Sample 1 To 95° C. . 52.2 35.5 3.5 0.719 0.733 0.738 67 64 75 27 27 22 6 95-125° C 9 125-133° C 3 Sample 4 To 95° C 95-125° C 40.5 44.3 6.7 0.721 0.728 0.742 72 70 22 24 7 6 125-133° C INDEX A FAGE Adams County, clays in 298, 370 Aetna Powder Company, descrip- tion of clay exposures of 342 tests of clay deposits of 342-343 Agricultural production 28 Albion, potash content of shales near 437 Alexander County, clays in . . 298, 299, 303 exposure of Wilcox group in . . . 306-307 field notes on clays in 342 tests of clays in 342-344 tripoli in 103 Alluvial deposits, development of clays from 308-309 Alluvial deposits in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 180-181 Alsey, clay deposits near. . . .298, 362, 363 tests of clay near 364-365 Alto Pass, clay deposits near 303, 309 Alton, clay deposits near 298 lime near 58-59 potash content of shales near . . 437 American Ceramic Society, work of 277,287 Andalusia, exposure of sandstone near 148 thickness of coals in 192 Anderson, description of clay from farm of 410 test of clay from farm of 412-413 Anticlines near: Cable 200 Matherville 200 Milan 200 Oakdale 200 Architectural terra cotta clay, character of 284-285 Asphalt, production of 102 Austin, M. M., work of 439 Avon Milling and Manufacturing Company, description and tests of clay deposits of 380-381 Avon, occurrence of .cannel coal near 448 oil well at 269 Avon Quadrangle, analyses of coals in 256-258 building stone in 263-264 Burlington limestone in 218-219 Carbondale formation in 230-245 clay in 261-263 coal resources of 251-260 Colchester coal in 230-235, 253 drainage of 213 geology of 213-251 location of 211-212 logs of wells in 215-218 McLeansboro formation in .... 245-248 mineral resources of 251-271 mining methods in 258-259 Mississippian system in 218-219 Pennsylvanian system in 219-248,261-262 Pottsville formation in 220-230 Rock Island coal in 223-226, 252 sand and gravel in 263 shale in 261 shipping mines in 259-260 stratigraphy of 214-248 structure of strata in 248-251 test wells in 269 topography of 213 water resources of 265-267 B Baird Brothers, description of clay mine of 372 Ball clay, characteristics of 281 461 462 INDEX PAGE Barber, James A., greensand de- posits on farm of 435 Bardolph, clay deposit near 370 Barrett, N. O., work of. .25-112, 441-460 Baryte, development of 105 Basic Mineral Company, fluorspar mine of 424 Bausch, Frederick E., description of clay mines of 316, 319 tests of clays from mine of ... . 325-327 Bay City, alluvial deposits near . . . 308 Bedford, clay outcrops at 366-367 tests of clay at. , 367-369 Belknap, alluvial deposits near. . . 308 Bibliography of the mineral in- dustries. . . 107-112 Bituminous shales, deposits of. . .443, 444 results of experimental distilla- tion of 441-460 Black Hawk's Watchtower, sec- tion of strata at 148 Bond clays, plastic, refractory, character and uses of 283-284 Bonding strength of raw clays . . . 293 Brereton, No. 6 coal near 245 Brick, production of 33 Brookport, alluvial deposit near. . 308 Brown County, clays in 298, 370 Brownfield, alluvial deposit near . 308 Bureau of information 18 Burlington limestone in Avon and Canton quadrangles 218-219 Burned clays, color changes of . . . 297 deformation tests of 297-298 fusion tests of 297-298 porosity of 297 properties and methods of test- ing of 294-298 pyrometric methods used in testing of 294-295 shrinkage of 297 see also Clays Bushnell, oil well at 269 water supply of 267 Butts, Charles, work of 451 Cable, anticline near 200 coal-test boring in 160 Cady, G. H., work of 427-431, 432-434, 440, 454 PAGE Cain, A.M., test of clay from pit of 354-355 Cairo, Ripley sand near 302 Calhoun County, clays in 289, 349 tests of clays in 349-350 Cambrian system in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 132-133, 185-186 Camp Point, clay deposit near. . . . 370 Cannel coal in Fulton County, occurrence of 448 Cannel coal, location of deposits of 443 Canton, log of boring near 242 oil tests in 269 water supply of 215, 267 Canton Quadrangle, analyses of coal in 256-258 building stone in 263-264 Burlington limestone in 218-219 Carbondale formation in 230-245 clay in 261-263 coal resources of 251-260 Colchester coal in 230-235, 253 drainage of 213 geology of 213-251 location of 211-212 logs of wells in 215-218 McLeansboro formation in. . . .245-248 mineral resources of 251-271 mining methods in 258-259 Mississippian system in 218-219 Pennsylvanian system in 219-248,261-262 Pottsville formation in 220-230 Rock Island coal in 223-226, 252 sand and gravel in 263 shale in 261 shipping mines in 259-260 stratigraphy of 214-248 structure of strata in 248-251 test wells in 269 topography of 213 water resources of 265-267 Canton shale member in Avon and Canton quadrangles 240-242 Carbon Cliff, Cheltenham clay at 383 tests of clay at 385-386 Carbondale and McLeansboro formations in Avon and Can- ton quadrangles, description of 230-248 fossils in 232-233, 238-240 sections of 231-232, 234-244 463 PAGE Carbondale and McLeansboro formations in Edgington and Milan quadrangles, descrip- tion of 149,156-161,187 Cave-in-Rock mine, fluorite in ... . 423 Cedar Valley limestone in Edging- ton and Milan quadrangles . . 136 Cement, bibliography of 112 production of 34, 90-93 Ceramic Engineering Department, work of 276 Chaledonia, description of clay deposits near 336 test of clay deposits near 340-342 Chaledonia Landing, deposits of Midway formation near . 304, 305, 306 Cheltenham clay, deposits of 272,298,363,383 stratigraphy of 299 Chicago Fire Brick Company, de- scription of clay from shaft of. 39 1-392 test of clay from shaft of 407-408 Chicago, limestone in vicinity of . 57 Chicago Retort and Fire Brick Company, clay pits of 390-391 test of clay from pits of 404-405 China clay, characteristics of ... . 280 Clark County, discovery of oil in . . 98 Clay, bibliography of 110-111 Cheltenham, deposits of . . . 272, 298, 383 investigations of 17-18 production of 36, 85 Clay in Avon and Canton quad- rangles 262-263 Clay in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 197-198 Clay products, bibliography of . . . 110-111 production of 33, 84-89 Clay products industry, condition of 89-90 Clays, character of 280-287, 299 classification of 277-280 color changes of 297 conservation of 287 distribution of 298-299 methods of testing of 287-298 origin of 299 outcrop of embayment deposits of 300 physical properties of 278, 287-298 porosity of 297 PAGE preparation for testing of 289 shrinkage of 297 tests of 297-298 types of 280-287 uses of 280-287, 417 see also Raw clays and Burned clays Clays of Embayment area 299-344 Clays of Pennsylvanian age 344-414 Coal, bibliography of 107-109 consumption of 75-78 distribution of 75-78 prices of 78-80 production of 30-31, 74-75 production of by counties 61,66-67,72,73 studies of 15-16 value of 30-31 see also Low-sulphur coal Coal in Avon and Canton quad- rangles, analyses of 256-258 Coal industry, history of 60-80 Coal in Edgington and Milan quadrangles, analyses of ... . 197 Coal investigations 15-16 "Coal Measures," see Pennsyl- vanian system Coal resources of Avon and Can- ton quadrangles 251-260 Coal resources of Edgington and Milan quadrangles 190-197 Coals, sulphur content of 429-430 Coal Valley Mining Company, coal in mine of 159 mine of at Sherrard 160-161 old channel in coal of Sherrard mine of 161-163 Cobden, clay pit near 313 Coke, bibliography of 109 production of 32, 82-84 value of 32 Colchester Brick and Tile Com- pany, description of clay pit of 371 tests of clay in pit of 374-376 Colchester, clay near 298, 371-372 Colchester coal in Avon and Can- ton quadrangles 230-235, 253 Color changes of burned clays . . . 297 Columbia, clay deposits near .... 344-345 Common brick, production of 33, 84-90 464 INDEX PAGE Cook County, common brick in. . 89 limestone in 57 Correlation of embayment clay deposits 299-309 Cottrell process of potash recovery 437 Cretaceous clay deposits . 299-301, 303-304 Cuba, log of well at 216-217 No. 5 and No. 6 coals near. . . . 242 oil test at 269 water supply of 267 Culver, H. E, work of 400 D Danville, potash content of shales near 437 Davenport, data on well in 132-133 section of Pleistocene strata at. 165 Day, David T., work of 450 Dayton, clay deposits near 391 test of clay near 405-407 Dayton Clay Works, test of clay from mine of 405-407 Deer Park, clay deposit near 388-389 tests of clays near 398-400 Deformation tests of burned clays. 297-298 Devonian limestone in Edgington and Milan quadrangles, fos- sils in 136-140 generalized section of 136-139 Devonian system, bituminous shales in 444 Devonian system in Edgington and Milan quadrangles, de- scription of 136-141 Distillation of bituminous shales, results of 441-460 Distribution of clays 298-299 Dixon, cement plant at 93 potash content of shales near . . . 437, 439 Dougherty Brothers, Herrin coal in mine of 159, 196 Drake, clay pit at 350, 351 tests of clay deposits near 354-358 Drain tile, production of 33, 84-90 Drainage of Avon and Canton quadrangles 213 Drainage of Edgington and Milan quadrangles 125-126 Drift gas in Avon and Canton quadrangles 269-270 PAGE Drift gas in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 200-201 Drilling in Avon and Canton quadrangles, recommenda- tions for 270-271 Drilling in Edgington and Milan quadrangles, recommenda- tions for 200 E Early industries, location of 46 East Alton, outcrop of fire clay near 346 East Alton Stoneware Pipe Com- pany, section of shaft of 346 tests of clay deposits of 346-348 Edgington Quadrangle, absence of coal in 184 alluvium in 180-181 Cambrian system in. .132-133, 185-186 Carbondale formation in . .156-161, 187 Cedar Valley limestone in 136 cement materials in 199 character of formations in 127-181 character of soils in 201 clay in 197-198 coal resources of 190-197 columnar section in 128 culture in 126-127 Devonian system in 136-141, 186 drainage of 125-126 drift gas in 200-201 fossils in loess deposits of . . 176, 178, 179 generalized section cf Devonian limestone in 136-139 generalized section of Pennsyl- vanian system in 149 geologic history of 185-190 geology of 127-190 Illinoian till in 169-173 Kansan till in 164-167 limestone in 198-199 loess deposit in 175-179 McLeansboro formation in ... . 149,156-161, 187 Maquoketa shale in 134-135 mineral resources of 190-208 Mississippian system in. . . 141, 186-187 Niagaran limestone in 135 oil and gas possibilities in 200-201 Ordovician system in 133-135, 186 465 PAGE Pennsylvania!! system in . . 141-163, 187 Platteville limestone in 134 Pleistocene series in. . . 164-180, 188-190 position of 121 "Potsdam" series in 132-133 Pottsville formation in . . . 141-156, 187 Prairie du Chien limestone in . . 133 Quaternary system in . 163-181, 188-190 Recent series in 180-181 Rock Island (?) coal in. 154-156, 193-197 rocks exposed in or near 136-164 St. Peter sandstone in 133-134 sand and gravel in 199 Sangamon soil zone in 173 shipping mines in 196 Silurian system in 135, 186 stratigraphy of 127-132 structure of strata in 181-185, 200 Sweetland Creek shale in 140-141 terrace deposits in 179-180 topography of 121-125 unconformities in Pennsyl- vanian system in 161, 163 Wapsipinicon limestone in 136 water resources of 202-208 Edwardsville, potash content of shales near 437 Eichenseer well, log of 304 Embayment area, clays of 299-344 elevation of deposits of 309-310 field and laboratory notes on clays of 310-343 subdivisions of deposits of 302 Exeter, Cheltenham clay near 363 test of clay near 365-366 Expenditures for the fiscal year 1917 and 1918 22-23 F Face brick clays, characteristics of 286-287 Farmington, test well at 269 Fayville, alluvial deposit near 308 clay deposits near 342 McNairy sand near 303 Ferril, Wm , clay pit of 317 test of clay from pit of 331 Field, O. C, description of clay pit of 335 test of clays in pit of 336-337 Fire clay, production of 85 PAGE use of term 281-283 see also Clay Fire clays of Illinois, investigations of 272-417 Fluorite, occurrence of 423-424 properties of 420-423 uses of 420-423 value of 420-423 Fluorite in southern Illinois 419-425 Fluorspar, bibliography of Ill development of 424-425 mines and prospects of 423-424 production of 35, 97-98, 99 prospective purchasers of 424 Ford, E. N., test of clay from farm of 353-354 Forests, effect of 45-47 Forncuff, description of clay on farm of 372 Fossils in: Burlington limestone in Avon and Canton quadrangles 219 Carbondale formation in Avon and Canton quadrangles 232-233,238-240 Devonian limestone in Edging- ton and Milan quadrangles . . 136-140 loess deposits of Edgington and Milan quadrangles 176, 178, 179 McLeansboro formation in Avon and Canton quad- rangles 246,248 Pennsylvanian system in Avon and Canton quadrangles . . 225-226, 232-233, 238-240, 246, 248 Pennsylvanian system in Edg- ington and Milan quad- rangles . .145, 146, 147, 149-150, 156, 158-159 Pottsville strata in Avon and Canton quadrangles 225-226 Pottsville strata in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 145, 147 Pre-Illinoian deposits in Edg- ington and Milan quad- rangles 167-169 Sweetland Creek shale in Edg- ington and Milan quad- rangles 140 Franklin County, low-sulphur coal in 433 466 INDEX PAGE Franklin, fire clay near 363 Frederick, description of clay pit at 370 French Clay Blending Company, description of clay pit of 313 Fullers earth, development of . . . . 105 Fulton County, clays in 298, 380 occurrence of cannel coal in . . . 448 tests of clays in 380-381 Fusion tests of burned clays 297-298 G Galena, mineral deposits near. . . . 50-53 Galesburg, potash content of shales near 437 Gallatin County, shale in 451 tests of shale in 451 Gant, Elmer, description of clay mine of 316-317 tests of clay from mine of 327-329 Gas in Avon and Canton quad- rangles 267-271 Gas in glacial drift in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 200-201 see also Natural gas Gasoline, see Natural-gas gasoline Gates Fire Clay Company, de- scription of clay from shaft of.371-372 test of clay from mine of 376-377 Geologic history of the Edgington and Milan quadrangles 185-190 Geologic history of the State. . . . 44-45 Geological surveys in 1917 and 1918 17 Geology of Avon and Canton quadrangles 213-251 Geology of Edgington and Milan quadrangles 127-190 Girtyina ventricosa . .149, 156, 161, 243, 246 Glass Brick Company, fluorspar mine of 423 Glass sand, production of 97 Godfrey, outcrop of fire clay near . 346 Golconda, fluorspar mines near . . . 424 Golden Eagle, description of clay deposits at 349 test of clay from pit at 349-350 Goodman pit, description of clay from 313-315 tests of clay from 321-325 PAGE Goose Lake, clay deposits near . . . 298, tests of clay from pits near. Gorman, M. J. and Company, description of clay pit of ... . tests of clays from pit of Grand Chain, clay deposits near. . 298, 302, 307, 309, tests of clay deposits near Gravel, see Sand and gravel Greene County, clays in ... . 298, tests of clays in Greensand, chemical analyses of. . deposits of 306-307, Griffin, clay near Grinnell, alluvial deposit near Grundy County, clays in. . . .298, tests of clays in H Hamletsburg, alluvial deposits near 308 Hardin County, fluorspar in . . 97-98, 423-424 53 451 298 409- -410 410- -413 388 395-398 335- -336 338- -340 350 -352 352- -362 435 435-436 381 -383 308 409 -410 .410-413 lead and silver in tests of shale in Henry County, clays in Herrick Clay Manufacturing Company, description of clay mine of 389-390 test of clay from mine of 401-402 Herrin coal in Avon and Canton quadrangles 241-245, 255 Herrin coal in Edgington and Milan quadrangles. .156-161, 193-197 Herrin coal, low-sulphur content of 433-434 Hicks, C. T., test of clay from farm of 357-358 Highway materials, investigations of 18 Hillermans Landing, greensand deposits near 306-307, 435 Hillview, clay deposits near 350-351 History of mineral industries. . . . 43-107 Hoing sand in Avon and Canton quadrangles, presence of ... . 267-268 Holbrook, E. A., work of. . . .428, 452, 454 I lllinoian till in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 169-173 467 Illinois City, pottery clay deposits near 151,198 thickness of coals in 192 Illinois Clay Products Company, description of clay mine of . . . 388-389 test of clay from mine of 398-400 Illinois Kaolin Company, descrip- tion of clay pits of 310-313, 315, 316, 317, 318 tests of clays from 320-321 Information, bureau of 18-19 Iron industry, history of 81 Iron, production of 80-81 Jackson County, clays in 303, 309 low-sulphur coal in 433 Jacksonville, fire clay at 363 Jefferson County, low-sulphur coal in 433 Jo Daviess County, bituminous shales in 444-447 mineral resources in . * 50-53 tests on oil rock in 444-447 Johnson County, analyses of gases from shale in 460 analyses of light oil from shale in 460 analyses of tar from shale in . . . 459 bituminous shale in 444, 453-460 clays in 298,301 description of clay deposits in . . 413 distribution of bituminous shales in 456-457 oil yield of bituminous shales in 459 stratigraphic relations cf bitu- minous shales in 455 tests on bituminous shales in . . 457-460 tests on clays in 414 use of bituminous shales in ... . 457 Jonesboro, potash content of shales near 437, 440 Joynt, J. W., description of clay pit of 335-336 test of clay in pit of 337-338 K Kangley, clay deposits at 392 test of clay at 408-409 Kankakee County, drain tile in . . . 89 limestone in 57 PAGE Kansan till in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 164-167 Kaolin, clay deposits near 309 Kaolin, characteristics of 280 Krey, Frank, work of 451 L Lafayette formation, section of . . . 306, 307 La Salle, cement plant at 93 La Salle County, clays in . . . 298, 386-392 St. Peter sandstone in 93 tests of clays in 393-409 Lead industry, history of 50-53 Lead, production of 52, 54-55 Lead and zinc, bibliography of . . . Ill Lead and zinc pigments, see Min- eral -pigments Lead Hill, fluorspar mines near . . . 423-424 Lead Hill Lead and Spar Com- pany, fluorspar mine of 424 Lee County, potash shale in 105 St. Peter sandstone in 93 Lime, bibliography of 112 Lime industry, history of 58-59 production of 35, 59 Limestone, average price of 58 bibliography of 112 production of 35, 55-58 relative importance of by dis- tricts 57 studies of 18 Limestone in Avon and Canton quadrangles 263 Limestone in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 198-199 Lines, E. F., work of ' 299 Loess deposits in Edgington and Milan quadrangles, character of 176-179 Loess formation associated with clays 308 Logs of strata penetrated in wells of, in, or near: Canton 242 Cuba 216-217 Eichenseer farm 304 Milan City 130-131 Mitchell and Lynde 131 Modern Woodmen 129 New Philadelphia 217-218 468 INDEX PAGE Parlin and Orendorff Plow Company 215-216 Rock Island 168 Rock Island Brewing Company 132 Stoner farm 304 Tri-City Railroad Company . . . 129-130 Yates Landing 304 Lovington Coal Company, occur- rence of shale in mine of ... . 450 Lowell, clay deposit near 389 test of clay near 400-401 Lowell Stoneware Company, de- scription of clay from pit of . . 389 test of clay from pit of 400 Low-sulphur coal, description of . . 432-434 Lutes ville, Missouri, clays near ... 319 M McDonough County, clays in.298, 370-372 tests of clays in 373-380 McLeansboro and Carbondale formations in Avon and Can- ton quadrangles 230-248 McLeansboro and Carbondale formations in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 149, 156-161 McNairy sand, character of 302,303-304,310 Macomb, clay deposit near 298, 371 Macomb Sewerpipe Works, de- scription of clay pit of 371 tests of clays in pit of 373-374 Maddox and Nixon, description of clay mine of 317 tests of clay from mine of 329-331 Madison County, clays in 298, 346 tests of clays in 346-348 Maps published in 1917 and 1918 . 21-22 Maquoketa shale in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 134-135 Marseilles, clay deposits near 298, 391-392 test of clay near 407-408 Massac County, clays in. . . .298, 301, 310 field notes on clays in 332-333 greensand deposits in 435 tests of clays in 333-335 Matherville, anticline near 200 exposure of Herrin coal near. . . 158, 195 Mayfield, Kentucky, clays near. . 319 Mercer County, clays in 298, 381 tests of clays in 381-383 PAGE Methods of testing of burned clays 294-298 Metropolis, McNairy sand near. . 303 manufacture of pottery at 309 Meyers, test of clay from mine of .379-380 Midway formation, character of . . 304-306,310 Milan, anticline near 200 log of city well of 130-131 Milan quadrangle, absence of coal in 184 alluvium in 180-181 Cambrian system in . . 132-133, 185-186 Carbondale formation in. .156-161, 187 Cedar Valley limestone in 136 cement materials in 199 character of formations in 127-181 character of soils in 201 clays in 197-198 coal resources of 190-197 columnar section in 128 culture in 126-127 Devonian system in 136-141, 186 drainage of 125-126 drift gas in 200-201 fossils in loess deposit of . . 176, 178, 179 generalized section of Devonian limestone in 136-139 generalized section of Pennsyl- vania system in 149 geologic history of 185-190 geology of 127-190 Illinoian till in 169-173 Kansan till in 164-167 limestone in 198-199 loess deposit in 175-179 McLeansboro formation in ... . 149,156-161,187 Maquoketa shale in 134-135 mineral resources of 190-208 Mississippian system in. . . 141, 186-187 Niagaran limestone in 135 oil and gas possibilities in 200-201 Ordovician system in 133-135, 186 Pennsylvanian system in . . 141-163, 187 Platteville limestone in 134 Pleistocene series in. . . 164-180, 188-190 position of 121 "Potsdam" series in 132-133 Pottsville formation in. . . . 141-156, 187 Prairie du Chien limestone in. . 133 INDEX 469 PAGE Quaternary system in . 163-181, 188-190 Recent series in 180-181 Rock Island (?) coal in. 154-156, 193-197 rocks exposed in or near 136-164 St. Peter sandstone in 133-134 sand and gravel in 199 Sangamon soil zone in 173 shipping mines in 196 Silurian system in 135, 186 stratigraphy of 127-132 structure of strata in 181-185, 200 Sweetland Creek shale in 140-141 terrace deposits in 179-180 topography of 121-125 unconformities in Pennsylva- nian system in 161, 163 Wapsipinicon limestone in 136 water resources of 202-208 Miller, CM., fluorspar mine of. . 424 Mineral industries, effect of war upon 106-107 importance of 28-42 rank of 29, 42 Mineral pigments, production of . 102-103 Mineral production by counties, 1917 and 1918 38-39, 40-41 Mineral resources 25-112 bibliography of 107-112 comparison of early and later development of 105-107 Pre-1818 period 47-78 Mineral resources of Avon and Canton quadrangles 251-271 Mineral resources of Edgington and Milan quadrangles 190-208 Mineral waters, production of . . . 37 Mississippian system in Avon and Canton quadrangles 218-219 Mississippian system in Edgington and Milan quadrangles. 141, 186-187 Mitchell and Lynde, log of well of. 131 Modern Woodmen, log of well of. 129 Modulus of rupture of raw clays . 293-294 Moline, limestone quarries near. . 198 logs of wells in 129-131 Monroe County, description of clay deposits in . . 344 tests of clays in 344-345 Morgan County, fire clay in 363 Moultrie County, bituminous shales in 444 PAGE tests of shale in 450 Mound City, alluvial deposit near. 308 Mountain Glen, clay deposits near. .298, 301, 302, 307, 309, 310-319 location of clay deposits near . . 318 potash content of shales near . . 440 tests of clays near 320-331 Mountain G len shale, correlation of 452 Murphy sboro coal, low-sulphur content of 433 Murphysboro coal, see also Col- chester coal Muscatine, section of Pleistocene strata near 165-166 N National Clay Company, section of pit of 148 National Fireproofing Company, description of clay pits of . . . 389-390 tests of clay from pits of 402-404 Natural cement, production of . . . 34 Natural gas, bibliography of 109-110 production of 98, 100-101 value of 32 Natural-gas gasoline, production of 36, 104-105 Natural gas industry, history of.-. 98 Newberry, S. B., process of potash recovery 437 New Columbia, alluvial deposit near 308 section of bluff at 301 New Philadelphia, log of well near.217-218 water supply of 267 Niagaran limestone in Avon and Canton quadrangles, oil pos- sibilities of 268 Niagaran limestone in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 135 No. 1 coal, see Rock Island coal No. 2 coal, see Colchester coal No. 5 coal, see Springfield coal No. 6 coal, see Herrin coal No. 7 coal in Avon and Canton quadrangles, 245-248, 255 Northern Illinois, production of lead in 50-53 Northwestern Clay Manufactur- ing Company, description of clay pit of 381 test of clay from pit of 381-383 470 O PAGE Oakdale, anticline near 200 Obermark, C. G. F., clay on farm of 333 test of clay on farm of 334-335 Ogle County, St. Peter sandstone in 93 Oglesby, cement plant at 93 clay mines near 298 Oil and gas, studies of 16-17 see also Petroleum Oil and gas in Avon and Canton quadrangles 267-271 Oil and gas in Edgington and Milan quadrangles, possibili- ties of 200-201 Oil and gas investigations 16-17 Oil-bearing horizons in Avon and Canton quadrangles 267-268 Oil rock, origin of 447 Oil shale, bibliography of 111-112 "Oil shale," use of term 442-444 see also Bituminous shale Olmsted, deposits of Midway formation near 304 description of clay deposits near 336 Fullers earth in 105 greensand deposits near 435 tests of clay deposits near 340-342 Optical fluorite in southern Illi- nois 419-425 Optical fluorite, occurrence of ... . 423-424 properties of 420-423 uses of 420-423 value of 420-423 Ordovician system, bituminous shales in 444 Ordovician system in Edgington and Milan quadrangles . 133-135, 186 Ottawa, clay deposits near. . . 298, 390-391 test of clay from pits near 403-405 Ozark, cannel coal near 413 oil shale near 413 test of clay near 414 Ozark oil-shale, location of 454 P Paducah Pottery Company, de- scription of clay pit of 332 Paleozoic rocks in Edgington and Milan quadrangles, structure of 181-185 PAGE Parlin and Orendorff Plow Com- pany, log of well of 215-216 Parmelee, C. W., work of 272-417 Parr, S. W., work of 439 Paving brick clays, characteristics of 286 Peacock, Samuel, process of pot- ash recovery 437 Peat, production of 103-104 Pennsylvanian clay deposits, field and laboratory notes on 344-414 Pennsylvanian strata in Avon and Canton quadrangles, correla- tion of 220 description of 219-248 fossils in . .225-226, 232-233, 238-240, 246, 248 structure of 248-251 Pennsylvanian strata in Edging- ton and Milan quadrangles, description of 141-163 fossils in 145, 146, 147, 149-150, 156, 158-159 generalized section of 149 structure of 183-185 Pennsylvanian system, bitumin- ous shales in 444 Pennsylvanian system in Edging- ton and Milan quadrangles, unconformities in 161, 163 Perry County, low-sulphur coal in 433 Petroleum, bibliography of 109-110 production of 32, 98, 100-101 value of 32 see also Oil Petroleum industry, history of . . . 98-101 Physical properties of clays. .278, 287-298 Physical tests of clays, tabulation of 414-417 Pierce, H. B. and Walter, fluorspar mine of 424 Pig iron, production of 81 Pike County, clays in 298 description of clay deposits in . . 366-367 tests of clays in 367-370 Pittsfield, clay deposits near .... 367 tests of clays near 367-370 Platteville limestone in Edging- ton and Milan quadrangles. 134 Pleistocene clay deposits 308-309 471 PAGE Pleistocene series in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 164-180 Pliocene deposits, character of . . . 307-308 Pogue, Joseph E., work of 419-425 Pomona, clays near 303 Pope County, clays in 298, 301, 309 Population, distribution of in 1820 46 Porosity of burned clays 297 Portland cement materials in Edgington and Milan quad- rangles 199 Portland cement, production of . . 34 value of 34 Potash as by-product in cement manufacture 437-440 Potash, bibliography of Ill development of 105 recovery of 436 Potash possibilities, notes on 435-440 Pottery clay, occurrence of near Illinois City 151 Pottery, production of 33 Pre-Illinoian deposits in Edging- ton and Milan quadrangles. . 167-169 Pottsville formation, bituminous shales in 455 Pottsville formation in Avon and Canton quadrangles, descrip- tion of 220-230 fossils in 225-226 Pottsville formation in Edging- ton and Milan quadrangles, description of 141-156 fossils in 145, 147 occurrence of conglomerate in . . 144-146 occurrence of shale and sand- stone in 144, 146-147 sections of 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155 "Potsdam" series in Edgington and Milan quadrangles, de- scription of 132-133 Prairie du Chien limestone in Edg- ington and Milan quad- rangles 133 Prairies, effect of 47 Pre-Illinoian deposits in Edging- ton and Milan quadrangles, description of 167-169 fossils of 167, 169 PAGE sections of 168 Pre-Pennsylvanian rocks in Edg- ington and Milan quad- rangles, structure of 181-183 Properties of burned clays 294-298 Publications in 1917 and 1918 . . . 21-22 Pulaski, alluvial deposits near. . . . 308 Pulaski County, clays in 298, 309, 310 exposure of Wilcox group in . . . 306-307 field notes on clays in 335-336 greensand deposits in 435 tests of clays in 336-342 Pyrite, bibliography of Ill distribution of 429 form of occurrence of 430 production of 37, 103-104 recovery of 429, 430-431 studies of 16 Pyrite inventory of 1918 427-431 Pyrite investigations 16 Pyrometric methods used for test- ing of burned clays 294-295 Quaternary clay deposits 308-309 Quaternary system in Avon and Canton quadrangles 214 Quaternary system in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 163-181 R Raum, clays near 302, 309 Raw clays, bonding strength of. . 293 modulus of rupture of 293-294 properties of 290-294 shrinkage of 290 slaking of 292-293 testing methods of 290-294 texture of 292 transverse strength of 293 water of plasticity content of. .291-292 Recent series in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 180-181 Recommendations for drilling in Avon and Canton quad- rangles 270-271 Refractory clays, characteristics of 281-283 Ripley, clay deposits near 370 Ripley formation, character of. . .303-304 Ripley sand near Cairo 302 472 INDEX PAGE Rock Island Brewing Company, log of well of 132 Rock Island, clay deposit near. . . 298 logs of wells in 129-132, 168 Rock Island coal in Avon and Canton quadrangles.223-226, 252-253 Rock Island (?) coal in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 154-156, 193-197 Rock Island County, clays in. . . .298, 383 tests of clays in 383-386 Rosebud, section near 301 Round Knob, description of clays near 332-333 section of McNairy sand near. . 304 test of clay near 333-334 S Saggar clays, properties of 285-286 St. Clair, clay deposits near 298 St. Clair, Stuart, work of 299, 313 St. Peter sandstone in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 133-134 Salt, history of 49-50 production of 49-50 Sand and gravel, bibliography of. 112 production of 34, 94-96 relative rank of 93 studies of 18 see also Glass sand Sand and gravel deposits in Avon and Canton quadrangles .... 263 Sand and gravel deposits in Edgington and Milan quad- rangles 199 Sand dunes in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 181 Sandstone in Avon and Canton quadrangles 263 Sandstone, production of 35 Sangamon County, bituminous shales in 444 tests of shale in 450 Sangamon soil zone in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 173-174 Sanitary ware clays, character- istics of 286 Savage,T.E.,work of. 11 5-208, 209-27 1,448 Scott County, clays in 298 description of clay deposits in. . 362-363 tests of clays in 364-366 PAGE Schroyer, C. R., work of .272-417, 435-440 Schuyler County, bituminous shales in 444 clays in 298, 370 tests of shale from 448-449 Sears, clay at 383-384 limestone deposits near 198 sections of strata near 148 Seville, coal near 223-224 Shale in Avon and Canton quad- rangles 261-262 Shale in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 197-198 Shales, use of in cement and pot- ash production 437-440 Sherrard, coal in mine at 160-161 section of Pleistocene deposit near 164-165 Shrinkage of burned clays 297 Shrinkage of raw clays 290 Sifford, T. P., description of clay pit of 317 Silica, see Tripoli Silurian system in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 135 Silver industry, history of 50-53 Silver, production of 37, 54 Slaking of raw clays 292-293 Slip clay, source of 309 Soils in Avon and Canton quad- rangles, character of 264-265 Soils in Edgington and Milan quadrangles, character of. . . 201 Soils, importance of 48 Southern Illinois, production of lead in 53 Spicer Coal Company, clay from mine of 391-392 Sporangites huronense in Edging- ton and Milan quadrangles, occurrence of 140 Sporangites in Avon and Canton quadrangles, occurrence of. . .216, 217 Springfield coal in Avon and Can- ton quadrangles . . . 235-240, 254-255 Springfield, potash content of shales near 437 test of shale near 449-450 Spring Lake Coal Company, description of clay from shaft of 392 test of clay from shaft of 408-409 473 PAGE Stone, Frank, section of oil shale in pit of 456 test of clay from farm of 414 Stoner well, log of 304 Stoneware clays, character of ... . 285 Stratigraphy of Avon and Canton quadrangles 214-248 Stratigraphy of Edgington and Milan quadrangles 127-132 Streator, clay deposists near 392 potash content of shales near . . 437 Streator Clay Manufacturing Company, description of clay from shaft of 392 test of clay from shaft of 408 Structure of strata in Avon and Canton quadrangles 248-251 Structure of strata in Edgington and Milan quadrangles. . 181-185, 200 Sulphur content of coals 429-430 Sulphur, national situation of ... . 427-429 Sulphuric acid, production of . . . . 102 Sweetland Creek shale in Edging- ton and Milan quadrangles. . 140-141 Tabulation of certain physical tests of clays 414-417 Temple Hill, alluvial deposit near 308 Tennessee, clay deposits near .... 370 Terra cotta clay, architectural, character of 284-285 Terrace deposits in Edgington and Milan quadrangles 179-180 Tertiary clay deposits 299-301, 303, 304-308 Test pieces, formation of 289-290 Test wells in Avon and Canton quadrangles 269 Testing clays, methods of 287-298 Tests of clays, tabulation of 414-417 Texture of raw clays 292 Topographic work 10, 19-21 Topography of Avon and Canton quadrangles 213 Topography of Edgington and Milan quadrangles 121-125 Transportation, effect on coal development 44, 63-65 Transverse strength of raw clays . 293 "Trenton" formation in Avon and Canton quadrangles, oil pos- sibilities of 268 Tri-City Railroad Company, log of well of 129-130 Tripoli, bibliography of Ill production of 37, 103 Twin Bluffs, clay deposits at. . . .389-390 test of clay near 401-403 U Udden, J. A., work of 117-208 Ullin, alluvial deposit near 308 Unconformities within the Penn- sylvanian system in Edging- ton and Milan quadrangles. . 161, 163 Union County, clays in 298, 299, 303, 307, 309, 319 description of bituminous shale in 451-453 field notes on clays in 310-319 tests of bituminous shales in . . . 453 tests of clays in 320-331 tripoli in 103 Uses of clays 280-287, 417 Utica, clay near 298, 386-388, 392, 393-398 natural cement at 90-93 tests of clays near 393-398 Utica Fire Brick and Clay Com- pany, description of clay pits of 386-388 tests of clay in pits of 393-395 Valentine, description of clay mine on farm of 372 test of clay from farm of 377-379 Vienna, clay near 301 W Wapsipinicon limestone in Edg- ington and Milan quadrangles 136 Warren County, clays in 298 Water in Edgington and Milan quadrangles, chemical analy- ses of 204-207 Water of plasticity content of raw clays 291-292 Water power in Edgington and Milan quadrangles, develop- ment of 208 474 PAGE Water resources of Avon and Canton quadrangles 265-267 Water resources of Edgington and Milan quadrangles 202-208 Waters, value of 37, 48-49 Westhafer, T. O., work of . . . .450, 452, 453 White, David, work of 447 Whitehall, fire clay deposits at. . .350-352 test of clays near 358-362 Wilcox group, section of 306-307 Will County, limestone in 57 Williamson County, low-sulphur coal in 433 Winchester, D. E., work of, PAGE 451 Y Yarmouth interglacial stage in Edgington and Milan quad- rangles 167 Yates Landing, log of well near . . . 304 Z Zinc, bibliography of Ill production of 36, 54 Zinc industry, history of 50-53 ^r 6*k_