THE NEWSPAPER AS AN AGENCY FOR CIVIC SERVICE BY ALTA R. HAHN THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN ENGLISH (JOURNALISM) COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1922 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/newspaperasagencOOhahn / 922 HI 2 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS May 24 THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY MISS ALTA R. HAHN ENTITLED. ^_1^SPAPER_ _AS__AN AGENCTT _FOR .CIVIC _ SERVICE IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF ?fpEELOE OF APTS_ IN ENGLISH (.JOURNALISM) Instructor in Charge HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF ... 77 1 . The Newspaper as an Agency for Civic Service # s|c s{c 7/hen the first newspaper in America was issued from Harris' "London Coffee House" in Boston in 1690, there was latent in that three-paged modest colonial ancestor of our modern journalism the germ of the fourth function of the newspaper. Because "Publick Occurances" exposed the "bar- baric treatment suffered by French prisoners at the hands of Indian allies of Governor Winthrop's troops, the paper was suppressed after the first issue. The spirit of service had been caught by the very first editor. Civic service is sometimes referred to as the latest development of the public press, as though this function had been added by some artificial process in recent years, whereas it was in reality inherent in the newspaper from the very beginning. The traditional beliefs concerning the proper functions of the newspaper still linger in the jour- nalistic world. The older idea of "news, opinion, enter- tainment and instruction" has not been entirely outgrown. One group of editors, represented among the older journalists by James Gordon Bennett, still believes that the newspaper is fundamentally a news gathering and news-dispensing agency and that a paper's interest in seeking to develop its 2 . possibilities as an agency for civic service should he only secondary if entered into at all. The opposing group, once led by Horace Greeley, believes in the newspaper first as a molder and guide and creator of public opinion. The func- tion of advertising has to be admitted as a business necess- ity. Although the development of public service has followed long after the newsgathering, editorial, and advertising phases, it may nevertheless be regarded as one of the major functions of the newspaper and the most significant develop- ment in the field of journalism in the last twenty-five years. Civic service is a broad term used to designate any extra- journalistic activity that is carried on by a news- paper toward the attainment of some constructive social good or toward the destruction of some menace to human wel- fare. This end is usually pursued unselfishly, often at a great expense to the paper concerned. Civic service pro- grams are not carried out primarily with the idea of creation of news or of building up circulation, although both usually accompany any such project. In the great enterprises initiated and carried out in the earliest period of journalistic civic service, these motives probably ent- ered more than they do now, but the work of that era was the inspiration for much that has been done in a smaller and more altruistic way during the Hast twenty years. The newspaper is peculiarly fitted for the kind of 3 . work designated by the term "civic service". Journalism is by nature of a fundamentally social character; human inter- course is the very essence of news. The newspaper reaches more people within the radius of its circulation than any other agency, and it is through this ability to reach the masses that it derives much of its power. Most public ser- vice enterprises need only three things: someone to start them, someone to sponsor them after they are started, and some medium of advertising. She newspaper can supply all three to better advantage than any other medium, and if the project is a worthy one, citizens will usually respond. Of- ten it takes many years to accomplish an end, but the public good usually triumphs. The Detroit Ilews, for instance, waged a thirty years’ fight for municipal ownership of street rail- ways, a campaign that was successfully completed in March, 1922 . In many cases it is very difficult to separate the work done by the paper and that which should be credited exclu- sively to the editor. William Bockhill Dels on and the Kansas City Star are inseparable insofar as public service work done by both is concerned. Joseph Pulitzer was the Hew York World, Ed Howe the Atchison Globe. In this discussion no effort will be made to distinguish civic service done by the editor indi- vidually and that accomplished in the name of his newspaper. The greatest growth of extra- journalistic activity has taken place since the opening of the twentieth century. 4 . Although most of the epoch-making enterprises came before this time, the aggregate of service rendered by newspapers during the last twenty years has been much greater than the total previous to this era. The New York Times Tweed Ring expose, the New York Herald's hunt for David Livingston, and the early activities of the San Francisco Chronicle were all history-making in their importance. Present day activities are much less spectacular, much more local, but in their aggregate, much more significant and of immeasurably greater value to the public. Many of the services which began as distinctly local enterprises have expanded into national movements — the Chicago Tribune's Sane Fourth of July and Good Fellow campaigns, for instance. In other cases the newspaper, through its consistent fight for efficiency and accomplishment, has literally built cities. The histoiy of Kansas City is largely a history of the Star and Colonel Nelson. The work of the larger newspapers in civic service has been extensive, but the combined services of the thou- sands of smaller papers have probably been inestimable in social value. There is nowhere a record of how many country towns have secured hotels, paved streets, street lighting, school clubs and gymnasiums, better business methods, and a progressive community spirit through t he work of the local newspaper. All this work belongs in the great mass of un- published charities that has contributed so immeasurably to the welfare of millions of people. u . , * ■ . 5 The field of public service is practically limitless. Prom the fight for clean politics, efficient government and upright business methods, the projects range to the develop- ment of educational programs, the fostering of patriotism, the accomplishment of an unbelievable amount of charitable and relief work, the promotion of health, the exposure of all kinds of frauds, the initiating and carrying out of ex- tensive campaigns for municipal welfare, and the backing of state and county fairs and expositions. Certain classes of activity — particularly those that fall into the classes of political, municipal welfare, and charitable and philanthrop- ic, are carried on by practically all the papers which go into public service work at all extensively. Exclusive of these, the great variety of civic services performed defies classification, because nearly every paper has developed its own unique campaigns adapted to its own community. How, for example, would it be possible to relate the efforts of a small Hew Jersey paper in securing the discont inuance of the pew system in the old churches, with the manner in which the St. Petersburg (Fla.) paper advertised the climate of the region by giving away the entire circulation of the paper every day it rained. (This gamble with the weather proved profitable, for the paper was forced to live up to its agreement only fifty-five times in 113 months.) Since the beginning of the century public service work by newspapers has been given a considerable impulse through 6 • men and organizati ons actively interested in it. One of the first stimulants offered was the Pulitzer prize of a $500 gold medal "for the most disinterested and meritorious public service rendered by any American newspaper during the year." The first year (1918) the prize was awarded to the Dew York Times for the printing, in full, of many valuable public documents affecting the issues of the Great War. In 1919 the award was made to the Milwaukee Journal "for its strong and courageous campaign for Americanism in a constituency where foreign elements made such a policy hazardous from a business point of view." Ho award was made in 1920. In 1921 the medal went to the Boston Post for its exposure of Get -Rich-Quick Ponzi, the leader of one of the most gigantic schemes of fraudulent financing ever attempted in America. Mention should also be made of awards of state interest such as the prize offered in Iowa by the Iowa State College chapter of Sigma Delta Chi, men’s honorary professional journalistic fraternity, for the most notable community ser- vice. In January 1922, the South Dakota Publishers 1 Auto- caster Association offered a loving cup to the newspaper or editor or publisher initiating the greatest public service during the year. These awards indicate the increasing inter- est in the newspaper as a means for the promotion of public welfare and benefits. The new journalism embraces public service as one of its great functions; a paper that is not serving its community in some way other than the mere gathering and disseminating . . . * ' . ’ V of news is lagging behind the times. It is the paper that has served its community in some unselfish, public-spirited way that is achieving the greatest success, both as a business enterprise and as a good social influence. The schools of journalism are generating and encouraging ideals of service so that the men and women who succeed to the editor’s chair in the next era will seek to build on the foundation of ser- vice to the community as the first requisite of a successful paper. Such a psp er grows into a community until it is no longer a commodity but an institution. ■!! i ■ , u 8 II. The work of the larger newspapers in the United States in civic service has meant the investment of many millions of dollars, far-reaching and often spectacular results, and benefits to millions of people. The charity work has been of a direct, effective kind, carried out without slow and complicated administrative machinery. The political fights have resulted in wide-spread reforms and an educated public. The municipal enterprises have succeeded in accomplishing improvements and establishing progressive movements where city councils had failed miserably for decades. The fights against profiteering have had a very practical effect on family budgets. The educational programs have brought a more enlightened, less naive public, an active, living spirit of Americanism, and a public that has been helped to help itself. Usually the papers that have performed such services are backed by a solid, dependable good-will of the public they serve. The newspaper and its public believe in each other, and through this cooperation advance together. When such great movements are viewed in their totality simply as great sociological influences, the view of the individual and his family, the single mother and child that have been benefited, is lost. This is unfortunate, for it is just in this individual aspect that newspaper services seem the most worth while. The work of a number of the larger papers will be discussed in some detail first, followed by a general class- ification of the civic services performed by papers of less power and influence* For meritorious public service in many different fields of work, for the broadest, most farsighted accomplishment, the Kansas City Star might probably be awarded first place among all the newspapers in the United States. Most of the early enterprises originated in William Eockhill Kelson, the editor and owner, but the work has been carried on much the same since his death as before. The Star has <| 5 ome times been called the paper that "pulled Kansas City out of the mud.” Certainly its inter- est in city streets, good roads, and transportation is the foremost in its history. In "William Eockhill Kelson", a 7 history of the paper written by one of the members of the \ staff, the author v/rites of Colonel Kelson: "Through the years of his editorship of the Star, he printed, it might be almost said, miles of argument in favor of good roads, not only in Jackson county, but in all of the Southwest. He sent members of the Star's staff to good roads conven- tions; he sent out lecturers on the subject of good roads, helped lay out cross-state and cross-continent highways, had pamphlets about good roads printed by the thousand for free distribution, sent men to the legislature to help draft and pass good road laws, and preached the gospel of good roads and good streets in every conceivable form of 10 . argument.” The Star’s interest in transportation was not a narrow one; it went into the subject from every possible angle# To quote the author of "William Roekhill Nelson” further, "Scientific construction, the grading and draining, the proper width for economy and the correct crowning, foundation, and surface, the choice of materials as demon- strated by experience or by test or by limitation of ex- penditure, guttering and curbing, sidewalks, the adornment by turf and by trees — all of these he (Nelson) studied and discussed in the Star. The effective care and maintenance of the street, the building of bridges and viaducts, the lighting of the streets, the obstruction of si de walks, the flushing of catch basins, the projection of bill-boards, the dripping dirt wagon, the reckless driver of wagon or motor car, the proper guidance of traffic, the sore-should- ered and overworked dray horse, the encroaching push-cart, were details of the mighty subject of streets which he kept constantly before the public. And so were the police, the street-cars, the rules of the road, and public service fran- chises." This gives some indication of the thoroughness with which the Star developed its campaign. Colonel Nelson loved beauty and art, and he sought, in every possible way, to make Kansas City a city -beautiful. The park system was fathered by him, and a complete program for educating the public to the value of parks was carried out before the movement for city beautification was organised. Colonel Nelson himself planted elm trees the entire length * ' ■ of Warwick Boulevard, developed his own nurseries, studied grass and sod, and finally imported squirrels for the public parks . Provision wa s made in Colonel Nelson’s will for the gift of an art gallery to Kansas City after the final dis- position of his estate. The complete record of the Star’s services to Kansas City fills a volume; it can merely he indicated here that the interest of this powerful paper extended through clean politics--the Star boasts that it is for the best man regard less of his party — and that it was responsible for the installation of the commission form of city government. The cheaper and better lighting, the fight against franchise- grabbers, the securing of municipal water and public baths, the building of Convention Hall, the "navigate the river" movement, the abolition of grade crossings, the lessening of the smoke nuisance, the building up of a system of pro- tection from floods, and the relief expedition to noncom- batants in Cuba during the Spanish-Americ an war, can merely be mentioned. Each, in itself, is a story of the accomplish- ment of some far-reaching civic good. One of the pioneer movements in civic service was begun by the New York Evening Post and taken over the the New York Tribune in 1881 — that of a fresh air fund. The inspiration for this movement came from a sermon preached in Sherman, Pennsylvania, by a young clergyman who had once fathered a mission church in the New York slums. He told of the dis- tress and suffering in that part of the city and urged his congregation to assist in alleviating that suffering by taking children from the tenements into their homes during the summer. The Tribune took up this movement and developed it along two distinct lines. First it established fresh air camps and homes and maintained them through the public sub- scription fund. In addition to this it provided outings for poor children in private homes in the country. This was the beginning of many movements through which children v/ere given fresh air outings in the summer in institutional homes and camps. The Tribune now maintains ten such homes. In 1881 the Tribune sent 5200 children to the country for two weeks; in 1900 it sent 7451. In the summer of 1920 it sent more than 15,000 to the country for two weeks' vacation each at an approximate cost of §7 per child. The maximum number was sent in 1892, when the fund was large enough to accomo- date 15,267. Other enterprises carried on by the Tribune might be mentioned: the theater party for 2000 orphans during Christ- mas week of 1916, the campaign that secured the passage of the New York State cocaine law, and the contest conducted for the ten best planks for the Republican platform in the last presidential election. The Tribune also maintains a tax service department in which all questions pertaining to income, war, and excess profits tames are answered without charge by experts. This paper also has the distinction of 13 . initiating what has proved to be one of the greatest move- ments toward clean advertising and upright business methods — that of guaranteeing every inch of advertising that appears in its columns. The He?/ York Herald was another of the pioneers in the field of service. Its first and perhaps greatest enterprise was the sending of Henry Morton Stanley to find David Liv- ingston, the English missionary who had been lost somev/here in Africa. On July 2, 1872 the Herald announced that Liv- ingston had been found at Ujiji after discovering the source of the Hile river. This enterprise was net widely recognized in America at the time, but England saw the full significance of the undertaking. Another of the Herald's greatest projects was started in May, 1892, when the Free Ice Fund was initiated for the relief of thousands of mothers and babies in the Hew York tenements. The Herald began the fund with a subscription of ^500. When the season closed in September of that same year, the paper was distributing 40,000 pounds of ice daily from fifteen stations, to more than 12,000 people. During 1914 the daily average was 700,000 pounds to 22,000 famil- ies. The ice was dis tributed on presentation of tickets secured on the recommendation of social workers , physicians, ministers, and others who were familiar with the needs of the people living in the district of the station. In 1916 the contributions went above §11,000, all of which came in 14. unsolicited, and the total distribution for the summer ms about 2,000,000 pounds. Besides these activities the Herald has gone extensively into public service work of a minor character, such as civics essay contests and other devices to encourage the develop- ment of sound citizenship and Americanism. Although the work of the Hew York Times has not been as extensive as that of other big papers, there are three enterprises which stand out particularly as notable examples of civic service. The first — the far-famed Tweed Hing expose that has now gone into history — resulted in the overthrow of the ring and the conviction of many of its members. Tweed and his followers had secured control of Hew York City and through manipulation of public funds secured enormous rewards for themselves at a cost of many millions of dollars to the city. Before the Christmas of 1912 the Times opened a subscrip- tion for the relief of the "Hundred neediest Cases” in Hew York City, the names of whi c h we re chosen from lists of the four leading charitable societies. The Times related the history of the cases, which v/ere usually families that needed temporary help to r egain economic independence, and out of the money raised, the "Hundred neediest" were cared for, and as many others as the fund would roach. The subscriptions have mounted steadily since 1912, as shown by the following table: <• 15 1912 1915 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 $3, 630.88 9,646.36 15.032.46 31,819.92 55,792.45 62.103.47 81,097.57 106,967.14 111,131.00 124,903.10 Since the time the fund was started many of those who were aided in early years have now become contributors, and through it many orphans have been adopted into private homes. The Times believes that the value of such a fund lies not only in the material help given so many needy fam- ilies, but in the education it affords to the general pub- lic. It was for this reason that a standing endowment of $1,000,000 for the fund was refused. The third great hobby of the Times has been centered in the care and development of the ITew York parks. The paper has waged a series of campaigns to educate the popu- lace to the value of parks, and has always endeavored to protect the recreational centers from the encroachment of commercial interests. The Times, for instance, fought the scheme of digging trenches in Central Park to advertise the Liberty Loan campaigns during the war, and succeeded in preserving the park from this mutilation as from many others. Of the newspapers that have entered extensively into civic service, the Detroit hews ranks in the highest class. In the fall and winter of 1919 the hews undertook to interest 16 the people of Detroit in the value of fish as a meat substi- tute. Great Lakes fish were selling, at this time, for twenty-five to forty-five cents a pound and the consumption was relatively low. The Hews secured the cooperation of the Bay State Fisheries Company of Boston and shipped into Detroit by special train, 500,000 pounds of fish a week, which were sold from fifteen stations for ten cents a pound. Prices of other meats immediately began to fall and a demand was created in nearby cities for ocean food. About the same time the Hews published a series of articles on reforestation methods prompted by the extremely high prices of lumber. These were reprinted by thousands in pamphlet form and there followed a complete reorganization of the department of for- estry in Michigan and suitable forestry legislation. Another of the Hews 1 fights against profiteering and high prices 7/as directed against the exorbitant costs of bread stuffs. The paper conducted a bread-making campaign and contest in which over tv/elve thousand v/omen entered loaves of bread. The Hews printed and reprinted a series of articles on the breakdown of the patent office in Yjashington, thou- sands of copies of which v/ere distributed all over the coun- try. The results of this ent erprise v/ere not immediately apparent, but have since been accorded recognition by Con- gress. It was the Detroit Hews that first developed the interest 17. in the Detroit Museum of Arts, now the Detroit Institute of Arts. Both James E. Scripps, former owner of the News, and George G. Booth, president, have contributed many great col- lections of art to the institute. Among other notable activiUes of the News are listed: the reorganization of the Detroit liberty Band which, ex- cept for the News, would have been forced to disband on account of lack of funds; a thirty years’ fight for munici- pal ownership of street railways, successfully closed in March 1922; the proposal of the canal-and -lagoon system that developed Hog Island into Detroit's famous "Belle Isle" park; an annual Good Fellow campaign at Christmas time; sev- eral intensive campaigns against tuberculosis, including the setting up of a sanitarium; the development of the first ex- tensive wireless telephone system for a new s service; notable work in insuring the establishment and maintenance of the Florence Crittenton Home for unfortunate girls, the humane city prison (which returns a profit to the city and pay prisoners for their work) , the replacement of the prison with a prison farm; the establishment of psychological clin- ics in Michigan courts; the establishment of juvenile courts and special detention places for young prisoners; and the founding of a Young Writers’ club and a Sunshine society. One of the greatest projects engineered by the News was the workmen's mission to Europe. In 1889 when an Exposition was being held in Paris, the News started the idea of sending ' fifty expert mechanics and tradesmen to Furope to tour the industrial centers of England, Belgium, France and Germany, in order that they might he inspired hy the master crafts- manship of the old T/orld* This plan, carried out v/ith the cooperation of the government, resulted in a series of articles of industrial interest that were printed through- out the United States. This gives a general idea of the extent and widely diverse character of public service that may he rendered hy one newspaper. The Detroit ITews has found that public service is always accompanied hy increased good-will and support of the community which it serves, hut it finds the true test of public service to lie in the motives which impel the newspaper in its endeavors. The Americanisation campaign of the Milwaukee Journal mentioned before as winning the award of the Pulitzer prize is one that deserves first mention for unselfish, effective, and courageous service. The Journal was one of the first to recognise the uncivilised methods used by Germany in co nduct- ing its latest war. It employed a special editor to trans- late and follow Geiman propaganda, and during the course of the war made translations of over five million words of pro-German matter. The Journal's attitude was always one of "America First"; it was one of the first papers to demand the recall of the charter of the National German-American alliance after presenting in its columns evidence of its 19 nefarious activity. It exposed a meeting of German clergy- men conducted against the national government hy leaders of the American Embargo conference who were afterwards prose- cuted, and uncovered a mass of propaganda by which Germany hoped to keep America out of the European conflict. The Journal also opposed the election of Wisconsin congressmen whose records had not shown the highest type of Americanism. From November 1915 to November 1917 the Journal printed 750,000 words of original matter not printed elsewhere in the United States; some of the more important exclusive stories were sent in proof to all the great nev/spapers of the country, to members of Congress, and to other influential Americans in all parts of the East and -Middle 'Jest. Of the western papers, the San Francisco Chronicle has been the most active and the most enthusiastic in public service enterprises. The career of the Chronicle has been more or less cyclonic, for it has stood, many times in its history, as the single champion of some great policy or revolutionary project against a whole aggregate of "wild- west” journs-lists. The Chronicled political wars are far too many and too complicated to tell here, but its services in fighting for cleaner politics and more efficient govern- ment have been more than praisev/orthy. One of the first great civic enterprises of this paper was the system of weather warnings to fruitgroY/ers begun in 1885. fhe Chron- icle had campaigned energetically for the development of 20 . the orchard and vineyard industries of California and had made a special study of the culture of citrus fruits and grapes. The Chronicle saw that great losses could he avoided if weather warnings could he sent out to the growers. The science of meteorology was Just beginning to develop at this time, and although the national government had provided for the rental of quarters and for a certain number of observers, there was no provision made for sending out such warnings. The Chronicle thereupon sponsored a plan by which weather signals v/e re sent out by telegraph over a wide territory; the cooperation of local stations was secured, and the service furnished to growers at the Chronicle's expense. This scheme v/as subsequently taken up by the national government and dev- eloped into the system that is in operation today. Another of the great projects fathered by the Chronicle was the Mid-Winter Exposition of 1894. M. H. de Young, one of the editors of the Chronicle, started the agitation for a mid -winter fair, which finally culminated in the magnifi- cent displays in 150 buildings which had all been erected in four months. The possibilities of ornamental lighting were here first demonstrated; there were fireworks, music, parades, a midway, and many displays for foreign splendor — one of which, the Japanese Tea Garden, still exists in the Park. The exposition practically stands alone as an instance of an enterprise that financed itself after the first voluntary subscriptions had been made. Hot one cent came from the city, 21 state or nation. After the close of the exposition. Hr. de Young secured the consent of the park commissioners to leave the Art Building in the park for the creation of a museum which is now one of the foremost institutions of Ban Francisco. It was named the Golden G-ate Park Museum, and Mr. de Young gave to it many valuable collections of curios and antiques secured during his travels. During the latter part of the nineteenth century the ambitious Chronicle advocated smooth pavements and extensive irrigation, advertised the climate of California, and devoted much of its space and many special editions to descriptions of the resources of surrounding territories which afterwards became the state of Oregon, Washington, ITevada, Idaho, and Montana. In 1904 the Chronicle succeeded in exposing primary election abuses long prevalent in California, and in the same year carried out an extensive city beautifying scheme. One of the greatest services of the Chronicle was that rendered at the time of the San Francisco fire in 1906. The morning after the disaster, April 19, the "Bxaminer-Call- Chronicle" was issued from the presses of the Oakland Trib- une, a modulating force in the midst of all the hysteria precipitated by the fire. The Chronicle led the rebuilding in the old business center with its news seventeen-story office structure. On Christmas eve of 1910 the Chronicle succeeded in persuading Tetrasinni, the great prima donna, to sing for a 22 . public concert. An audience of 100,000 people heard the program given directly in front of the Chronicle office that night. Charles de Young, son of If. H. de Young, originated in 1911 the custom of providing amusement for the sick and crippled children of the Children's Hospital and the aged inmates of the Relief Home with a Thanksgiving entertainment, and since his death the custom has been perpetuated in his memory. In 1914 the Chronicle collected a ship load of toys and wearing apparel to send to the children of the belliger- ent countries of Europe. Over a quarter of a million arti- cles contributed by San Franciscans were shipped to Europe on the U. S. collier Jason, offered for the purpose by the Secretary of the Navy. These facts by no means indicate the entire range of activities entered into by the paper, but they indicate the tremendous energy expended by it in services of this nature. The civic service work of the Chicago Tribune is known principally through the Sane Fourth of July and Good Fellow campaigns. The Good Fellow movement began in 1910 as the result of a letter written to the paper by a reader who sug- gested that the Tribune appeal to all "good fellows" in the city to send in as Thanksgiving and Christmas offerings to the needy, the money that would otherwise be spent wastefully. Since this time the movement has developed into a nation-wide 23 custom sponsored by newspapers in many different localities. In this same year the fresh air hospital and camp for poor mothers and children was opened at Algonquin, Illinois, where service is free to all worthy applicants. In addition to these services, the Tribune drove out of Chicago a veritable host of clairvoyants, quack doctors, and gold brick promoters. During late years it lias specialized in such campaigns as a monthly gift for heroism or a weekly gift of $50 as a politeness prize. During the period of high prices in meats, the Tribune shipped in fifteen tons of fresh ocean fish and dis tributed them at a low cost from three market centers in an effort to combat profiteering. The story that finally resulted in the investigation and conviction of Senator Lorimer of Illinois for election brib- ery cost the Chicago Tribune over $20,000. To the Tribune credit is also due for the capture of a Milwaukee avenue bank president who looted his bank and escaped to Africa with a large sum of money. Joseph Pulitzer was perhaps the greatest exponent of the "journalism that does things", and his paper, the Hew York World, was the medium for the practice of his theories. Particularly interesting are the activities of a civic ser- vice nature entered into by this paper. During the endless chain of gold depletion of the United States treasury during the Cleveland administration, the World opened a fight against the operations of the Morgan Syndicate which was making vast profits on bond sales. The 24. Y/orld sent telegrams to banks and financial houses all over the country and secured support for a popular loan. Jsnuary 3, 1896 the famous editorial appeared which resulted in the saving of millions of dollars for the government; "Trust the people, Mr. Cleveland I You can get all the gold you need in Europe at l°/o, or less, premium. You can get it in our own country without paying any premium at all. An issue of ^50,000,000 in bonds, ample for present needs, would be subscribed by the public many times over at 3 percent or on a 5 percent basis. "So sure are we of this that the World now offers to head the list with a subs cript ion of one million dollar s on its own account. It will talre that amount , and it will promptly find and furnish the gold with which to pay for the bonds. The whole country will respond with like alacrity. Europe 7/ill clamor for them. Trust the People, Mr. Cleveland, "And smash the Ring!" The entire issue of $100,000,000 was over-subscribed six times. In 1905-06 the World undertook a gigantic campaign to reform life insurance in IT eY/ York State, which ended success- fully against the opposition of the governor, legislature, and a coalition of business ini erests. Another phase of the Y/orld’s activities is represented by the undertaking in 1913 through which organized play and recreation was provided for half a million children 7/ho could be reached through playgrounds. The Y/orld's interest in the welfare of children is also indicated in another slight, though very human, service to the youngsters, 7/hen, after the police had decreed that there should be no sleighing in the public parks, the Y/orld sent out men to investigate and £ 5 . report on safe places for this kind of sport, and subsequently reported to the mayor and park commissioners. The ruling was revoked, and children were allowed to coast in the places found to he safe; laborers were even provided to keep these hills covered with fresh snow. An aesthetic achievement sponsored by the World was the raising of a $30,000 fund in 1917 for the installation of a permanent lighting system for the Statue of liberty in ITew York harbor. Over 50,000 individuals and organizat ions con- tributed. In 1885 the World had sponsored a $100,000 fund to build the pedestal on which the statue stands. Other activities of the World too noteworthy to be omitted are: the crusade on gambling, the Americanization campaign for lew York’s foreign population, the reform of Sing Sing prison conditions, effective campaigns to reduce the price of bread and the price of coal, and the send-off dinner given at the beginning of the war to 30,000 members of the national Guard encamped about Hew York. Any adequate discussion cl the World’s services must include also the recognition of Joseph Pulitzer as the founder of one of the greatest schools of journalism in the United States. Pulitzer offered Columbia University an en- dowment of $1,000,000 to establish a school of journalism with another $1,000,000 conditional upon its successful operation. This school offers, every year, a series of prizes for excellence in various phases of journalistic activity. The work of the smaller papers is difficult to handle because of its heterogeneity. It is manifestly impossible to include in this discussion any exhaustive classification or list of the work done by a very large number of such papers because of the difficulty of securing information concerning them. A discussion of the civic services of several representa- tive community papers will serve to show the extent and char- acter of such work in the smaller papers. An attempt will then be made to classify in a somewhat general way the social service accomplishments of all newspapers, citing a number of papers in each case which have excelled in the particular type of work discussed. The classifications are not, in any sense, rigid, and the papers included do not, by any means, represent the total number of those engaged in this kind of work. The Oakland Acorn of Oakland, Iowa, which was awarded the Iowa Sigma Delta Ghi cup in 1920, may be taken as a typical example of a smaller paper that is actively engaged in civic service. In this year the Acorn was awarded first- place among Iowa newspapers for its all-around community spirit campaign, during which it organized a community club, a town band, conducted two community Christmas trees, marked the roads for twenty miles each side of the town with guide 27 posts calling attention to the free camping facilities, and put through a number of municipal improvements. The .year 1921 was devoted principally to a campaign for a new depot, agita- tion for better mail service, and boosting for the establish- ment of an ice plant and creamery. The Fairfield (Iowa) Tribune, the winner of the same prise in 1921, received the award through three principal services: 1. Aid given to the cause of education by reason of the educational number which the Tribune produced in the spring. 2. The Tribune’s activity in securing for Fairfield an aviation field and organised company, and bring- ing to the city the largest aviation meeting ever held in the state. 3. The Tribune’s original and special efforts to enlarge the trade territory of the city’s business interests was regarded as an important community service in that it tended to promote the prosperity of the city and vicinity, to attract favorable notice to the city with the probability of increasing population. A distinctly worth while type of service has been carried through by the Journal-Chronicle of Owatonna, Minnesota, which adopted for its motto several years ago: ’’Make Steele County the Banner Dairy County in the State.” The end was accom- plished without reservation. The Journal-Chronicle secured - . * - V 28 . the cooperation of the hanks of the district, which agreed to lend money to Steele county farmers if they would invest it in the purchase of the tested and pure-bred Holstein cows and bulls which were to be sold at one of the Hairy Center Holstein sales during the county fair. The cooper- ation between the town and the country was thus secured in business interests, and accounts in large measure for the county's high standing. Steele county holds the state’s record for butter production; it has twenty-four cooperative creameries. It is the biggest Holstein center in the state. The work of the Atchison (Kansas) Globe is attributable to Ed Howe’s enthusiasm for a flourishing community spirit. The keynote of the service performed by this paper is that of kinship — kinship developed among the people, not only within the city limits of Atchison, but in all the surround- ing territory. The Globe celebrated its birthday some years ago with a community picnic. Ed Howe himself gives a characteristic description of this event: "Fifteen thousand people showed up at the park. There was such a rush on the trolley even the members of the band couldn’t get on the special car I’d arranged for them. People came in from away out in the country in wagons and buggies--people who were starved for a little good music and the chance to rub shoulders with a crowd in town. You know in those days before the automobile and the rural telephone, life on the farm was pretty monotonous. 29 . It v/as just to give these farm folks a good time that I got this idea of the Globe’s party.” There were several such big family picnics for Atchison folk in succeeding years. The ”Gorn Carnival” sponsored by the Globe nearly twen- ty years ago 7/as given with the idea of booming Atchison county’s chief product. The Thole tov/n dressed itself in corn; there v/ere parades, floats, exhibits, and special bands, and the main streets became avenues of corn. The car- nival drew crowds from three states. The Greenwich Press of Greenwich, Conn, is unique in several respects. It is independent politically; its ten men and women directors are half Republican and half Demo- cratic. Furthermore the editor and manager is a v/oman — Miss Shirley Putnam- -under whom much energetic campaigning has been carried on by the paper. A three months’ campaign in 1920 was designed to defeat the ’’town boss” for the nomina- tion for governor of the state. Through a vigorous editorial campaign and an appeal directed toward the women of the state, the paper succeeded in its efforts. Only one vote 7/as east for the u tov/n boss” at the state convention, 7/hen every other paper in the state 7/as predicting a sweeping victory for him. In June 1920 the Press opened a campaign to improve political and living conditions in Greenv/ich. The paper aided in obtaining charter revision, cooperated with the Social Service League and the Board of Health to improve living conditions, aided in mapping out the tov/n ior tax collection, 29a and entered extensively into humane measures of every sort. The paper also sponsors a "neediest Families" fund at Christ- mas time • The Greenwich Press for two years has been endeavoring to obtain a new high school and to better all school conditions in the town. This campaign has not yet met with success, but the paper has been fighting against heavy odds. Civic service activities of newspapers may be classified roughly under the headings of: Charitable and Philanthropic, Aesthetic and Recreational, Municipal ./el fare. Economic, Political, and Educational, with a series that can not prop- erly be included under any of these in a Miscellaneous group. Charitable and Philanthropic work is usually carried on in cooperation with the associated charity authorities, without, however, the elaborate administrative machinery often employed in ordinary charity w ork. The principal activities in this division center about the Christmas sea- son, although a considerable amount of v/ork has been done for the relief of mothers and children in the hot summer months through free ice and milk funds. Christmas funds are sponsored by the Hew York American; the Hew York Evening Mail (’’Save a Home" Fund); the Hartford (Conn.) Times; the Chicago Hews; the San Prancisco Examiner; the Cleveland Plain Dealer; the Boston Post, the Charleston (S. C. ) Amer- ican ("Third Floor Back” Fund); the Manchester (H. H. ) Union; the St. Louis Post Dispatch; the Illinois State Journal (Springfield, 111.); and a whole group of smaller papers, especially in the East and Middle west. Representative types of summer relief work, including free ice and milk funds, fresh air and vacation funds, and playground funds, are carried on by: the Indianapolis Hews; the St. Louis Post-Dispatch; the Troy (H. Y.) Times, the 31. Chicago Hews; the Winston-Salem (IT. C.) Sentinel, and the Decatur (111.) Review. In June 1920 the New York American raised $27,579.4:7 for the benefit of the dependents of six firemen 7/ho lost their lives in a Brooklyn fire. The six families received $4000 each. A similar fund 7/as raised by the Hudson (IT. J.) Dispatch for the widows and children of two firemen who were killed in the 7/reck of an auto fire engine in Union Hill, N. J. The Canton (Ohio) Daily News adopted a boy as an example in a movement it led to force the state to make provisions for Ohio T s crippled children. The News v/as appointed the legal guardian of the boy, who was placed in a private family and given instruction. The New York Globe sponsors benefit performances for the Sydenham and Flower Hospitals; the San Francisco Examiner is the founder of the Little Jim Hospital for Incurables and the Free Eye and Ear Infirmary of that city. Philanthropic activity among the newsboys has been quite prevalent. The Milwaukee Journal, the Columbus (Ohio) State Journal, the Pittsburgh Press, the Indianapolis News, the Grand Rapids (Mich.) Press, the Des Moines Capital, and the Cleveland Press, have done noteworthy v/ork in this line. Chaitable and philanthropic v/ork has by no means been limited to a local or even a national scope. The Christmas ship of the San Francisco Chronicle and the Kansas City Star’s relief expedition for Cuba have been mentioned in the previous section. The New York Atlantis, a Greek newspaper, collected 32. $109,000 for hospital and relief work in the Balkans during the war, and the hew York Day, a Jewish paper, secured a ship to send supplies to stricken Jews in Palestine. William Randolph Hearst initiated and carried out relief work for the victims of the great lit. Vesuvius eruption. Of all activities entered into by newspapers, those of political interest and application are probably the most general. Since most newspapers are sympathetic with either one party or the other, there is an added incentive for extra- journal is tic activity in exposing bad urban managment, corruption in city affairs, and fraudulent election practices. The newspaper wields a tremendous power in influencing votes, and one such exposure can turn the tide of an election. The newspaper is the best and most effective means of educating the public on the issues involved in political campaigns, and it has been largely through the newspaper in late years that more interest has been awakened among intelligent citi- zens in taking an active part in community politics. All the larger papers have had, at some time during their histor- ies, dramatic episodes centered in political fights — the Tweed Ring exposure of the Rev/ York Times, the lew York World’s thirty years' fight for election reform, the San Francisco Chronicle's defense of the Constitution of 1879, the Chicago Tribune's exposure of bribery in the Lorimer case. The Cottage Grove (Ore.) Sentinel completely cleaned 33 . out the Lane County court house. The Kenosha ( v/is . ) Lews led a fight which had for its object the reform of county affairs through the grand jury. One of the newest campaigns of the Janesville (Wis.) Gazette is for better government in its city and county. The Kansas City Star’s present campaign is an attempt to secure an improvement in muni- cipal politics by inducing a larger number of people to take a hand in the establishment of political organisations. The novelty lies in the determined and continuous campaign to urge people to join their ward political clubs in advance of the primaries and so to have a hand in determining nom- inations. Enterprises of the Aesthetic and Recreational type include the Hew York Times' interest in the protection of parks, the lighting of the statue of liberty by the Hew York World, the San Francisco Chronicle’s Tetrasinni con- cert, and the many Christmas festivals and ent ertainments sponsored by newspapers. Besides the entertainments held in hundreds of country towns through the local papers, Christmas festivals are held on a large scale each year by the Chicago Examiner, the Hew York American, and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. All the city beautification campaigns fall in this category. Playground funds and the organization of all kinds of young people’s clubs form a broad field for activity. The Pittsburgh Press formed a baseball league, a girl's ' 34 club, a young folks' league, an athletic league, and a band. The St. Paul Dispatch and Pioneer and the Chicago Herald- Examiner both sponsored amateur baseball leagues. The Dew York World went extensively into playground work. The Cleve- land Press provides one big outing every year for its news- boys and their friends. Municipal Welfare work, in combination with political activities, forms the great bulk of civic service work done by newspapers. Municipal welfare work includes all activities which contribute notably to the advancement of the city as a social unit or to the community in which the paper is issued . The Kansas City Star's principal enterprises of this nature have been enumerated in Section II. The Los Angeles Examiner floated a §750,000 school bond issue in twelve days after no bids had been received from outside banking houses. It also incorporated San Pedro as a part of Los Angeles and purchased the land connecting the two towns, making Los Angeles a seaport. In 1912 it obtained an appropriation from Congress for the deepening of the harbor. Both the Trent on (D. J. ) Times and the Birmingham (Ala.) Dews offer loving cups to the citizen who has most notably served the city during the year. The Cumberland (Md.) Times performed a noteworthy ser- vice when it induced the Kelly- Springfield Tire Company rath about 70GD employes and their families to move its plant to * t 0 Cumberland. The paper raised, through popular subscription among the business men of the city, 4)750,000 defray the expenses of removal. A similar service was performed by the Columbia (S. C.) State, which, through a series of thirty editorials, brought a cotton mill to that city which was so successful that a second and then a third mill were built. Both the Monroe County Appeal (Paris, Mo.) and the Ashland (Xans.) Clipper secured municipal water and light for their communities. All the activities described under the Atchison Globe, the Journal-Chronicle, the Oakland Acorn, and the Fairfield Tri- bune may be included under municipal welfare services* All the campaigns for advertising particular towns, usually carried out in cooperation with Chambers of Commerce, are of the municipal welfare type. The unique illustration of the St. Petersburg, Fla. paper v/hich advertised the cli- mate of the district by giving away its total circulation every day it rained, will suffice for an example of such an advertising scheme. Economic activities in civic service have been directed principally toward the prevention of price manipulation and profiteering. These activities were particularly prevalent during the period of the Great War when the abnormal rise in prices of commodities made profiteering possible. Many campaigns have been waged to hold down the price of food stuffs. The Hew York Globe and the Chicago Tribune, the 36 . Kansas City Post and the Detroit Hews all fought the high price of meats hy shipping in fresh ocean fish and distri- buting it at a low cost from stations in different parts of the cities. Phis was done on the most extensive scale hy the Detroit Hews. The Cleveland Plain Dealer carried out an effective campaign against the high cost of food hy urging citizens to plant gardens in vacant lots. The paper offered three valuable building lots as awards for the best gardens, and at the close of the contest, an exposition was held of an educational nature. The Cincinnati Commercial Tribune became so keenly interested in price manipulation in food stuffs that it offered the full use of its columns for publicity and insti- tuted state-wide proceedings against the profiteers. When it failed to get immediate results, it appealed to the gov- ernor through whom the lagging grand jury was finally aroused. The Springfield ( lias s . ) Union conducted a crusade on rent profiteering and realty speculation. The San Prancisco Chronicle founded the Remedial loan Association of that city, a valuable economic service to many thousands of people. The New York Dvening Mail conducted a bureau of investigation in the particular interest of finding employment for those over forty-five years of age. The Kansas City Star’s crusade against high freight rates and its "navigate the river" movement were successful enterprises of this general type. The Hew York World in 1905-06 played a leading role in the 37 fight that resulted in the reform of life insurance in New York; when this same paper opened demands for an investiga- tion of the high price of coal in 1916, coal dealers dropped prices from $12 to $9 a ton. When the investigati on began the price fell as low as $8. state officials credited the Hew York World with the desirable results brought about by a state inquiry into the price of bread, which followed a campaign in the columns of that paper. The exposure of banking frauds, such as the Get-Hich- Quiek Ponzi scheme brought to light by the Boston Post, and the banking fraud investigated by the Atchison Globe, rep- resent services of special magnitude. Hearst’s action in securing an injunction to prevent the sale of ships taken from Germany, said to have saved America $50,000,000, should also be mentioned. Major services that fall in the Educational class in- clude the Pulitzer School of Journalism in Columbia Univer- sity, the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern Uni- versity, the Chicago Herald’s Industrial Exhibition in 1916, the Milwaukee Journal’s Americanization campaign, the San Francisco Chronicle’s Mid-winter Exposition of 1894, and the elaborate series of lectures that for many years have been offered to the public by the Chicago News. The Brooklyn Eagle has performed distinctive educational services, especially through the school children of that city. It is the official organ of the Boy Scout movement. 38 The Nashville Tennessean devoted its attention to the school children of the city and provided a series of free education- al lectures. All essay contests held hy newspapers have for their aim the education of school children; these are usually conducted at the time of some national holiday or anniversary, such as Lincoln’s "birthday, Washington’s birth- day, or the fourth of July. Other activities that fall into the educational class- ification are the special editions issued by newspapers. The San Francisco Chronicle lias to its credit an elaborate, finely written series of such editions, such as those devoted to mining, irrigation, and fruit -growing, and the Pan-Amer- ican and Japanese editions. The Columbia (S. C.) State entered into another field of educational activity when it established a model exper- imental farm near Columbia to help farmers make land more productive and to raise better varieties of fruit and vege- tables. In connection with this a model dairy was operated where women were taught efficient dairying methods. In the last presidential campaign the He?; York Tribune offered $1000 in prizes for the ten best planks submitted for a Republican platform. One of the late developments designed by ne?;spapers to meet educational needs is the department conducted in the paper every day in which certain types of questions are ansv/ered, and certain services are offered gratis to readers. The Hew York Tribune's tax service department is a case in 39. point* all questions pertaining to income, war, and excess profits taxes are answered by experts without charge. The Chicago Tribune has a medical department, an etiquette de- partment, a home decoration department, and a legal service department for its readers. The Chicago Herald -Examiner has a "Soldier's Friend" department which furnishes free service to ex-soldiers in routine affairs with the govern- ment. The -Hew York Globe "Our Family Music" page conducted by Charles D. Isaacson is an excellent example of a success- ful department. Thousands of letters are received with in- quiries concerning the purchase of instruments, musical instruction for children, and choice of records, roils and sheet music. A Globe Musical club was formed in which no dues were charged and all expenses were met by the paper. Sunday afternoon readings were held when a program was pre- sented by some eminent musician secured by the Globe. Two Globe choruses were organised to meet weekly and free public concerts v/ere given. The Chicago Herald-Examiner in 1916 started a standard- ised food department. All foods advertised in the columns of the paper were examined by chemical experts and no adver- tising space was sold to those that did not meet the pure food requirements. The North Adams (Mass.) Herald and the New York Evening Mail also have pure food pages. Civic service activities that fall outside the preced- ing classifications include the widest possible diversity 40. in types of enterprise carried on and in the value of the services rendered. A whole group of papers have carried out pure food cam- paigns and exhibits: the Freeport (111.) Journal-Standard held a pure food and cooking utensils exhibit in 1917; the Philadelphia Press gave a pure food sho w and domestic science demons tration; the New York Globe waged an extensive pure food campaign. Many activities grew out of the abnormal conditions of the war. The Chicago Evening Post sponsored a "Sammy Back- er" fund to buy tobacco for men in the service. A similar fund was raised by the New York Sun. The Chicago Tribune and the Hearst papers were mentioned in the United States senate for their intensive interest in stimulating recruit- ing. The Monroe County Appeal (Paris, Mo.) performed a very human service when it sent home-made cookies to all the boys from that county who were in camps. The combined services of all the newspapers given to the government during the war in floating the liberty loans, stimulating recruiting, preserving lav/ and order, and main- taining a high morale, are inestimable. Millions of dollars worth of advertising space was donated to the war department and the food administration . Some of the random activities v/orth noting include: the better baby contest held by the New York American; the Chi- cago Tribune’s campaigns against quack doctors, gold brick promoters, and clairvoyants; the exposure of lotteries by I . ' . , . < 41. the Los Angeles Examiner; the monument to Stephen Poster erected through the Pittsburgh Press; the Brooklyn Eagle" s fund for the purchase of animals for the zoo, and its bureau for the benefit and accomodation of Brooklyn people opened at the San Prancisco exposition; the Pew York World's crusade on gambling, its reform of conditions in Sing Sing prison, and its send-off dinner to 50,000 members of the national guard; the Allentown (IT. J. ) Messenger's campaign for Sunday quiet; the offer by the Denver Post of ^£5,000 for a cure for the influenza; and the state prison reform secured by the ITew Haven (Conn.) Journal-Courier. Although this discussion has been limited largely to the services that were initiated by the newspapers them- selves, such enterprises represent only a part of the total work accomplished in civic service* All the support fur- nished by newspapers to undertakings that were initiated by other organizations or by individual citizens must be considered a large part of the total services rendered. Such support falls within the category of civic service when papers make a deliberate attempt to give prominence and novelty and interest to projects beyond their initial news value in order to assure their success. A survey of the extent and diversity of civic service accomplishments of newspapers in the United States is not only impressive; it is stupendous. The activities, in their totality, represent a very great contribution to society. But the economic value — the mere dollars and cents value — is small in comparison with the educational value and the human value. It is as if some newspaper men, be- ginning to recognize the potentialities of a powerful paper for bringing about needed reforms, for building con- structively for the social welfare, for alleviating the sufferings of the poor, and for stimulating a sense of cul- tural values, are seeking to utilize those potentialities to their limit. There would be no news apart from human values; it is 43 the human interest element alone that makes news. Hence the men who deal in human nature day by day in all of its aspects, lovely and unlovely, are quick to recognise human hungers, particularly those which go a little beyond the bare necess- ities of life. The newspaper entertains no illusions about how the other half lives; it knows the other half in all its squalor and misery and poverty, There are millions of others who know too, but the newspaper is the one that proposes not only to sympathise with poverty and hunger and helplessness, but to do something about it. While a whole nation of sociol- ogists theorize on the causes for a childhood that knows no playground except the city streets and alleys and no air except that of the slums, a single paper raises a popular subscription and sends 15,000 children of the tenements to the country for two weeks' vacation. Another paper builds a fund and gives 2,000,000 pounds of ice to relieve the summer heat of the slum districts. And while uhe children are being made happier and healthier a million people are learning to give for the relier or those who are less for- tunate. There is not only this kind of charity work, but that through which individuals and families are once more enabled to regain their economic independence after misfortune has visited them. This means that these families, because of the aid of a newspaper, are no longer burdens on society, the sociologist who deplores the newspaper as one of the worst influences in society, these facts should give at 44 . least give a different perspective. Civic service is not, therefore, in any sense super- ficial, It is practical, direct, and effective. It means a saving of human courage, of human energy, and of the fruits of human labors. It lowers the tremendous waste in the op- eration of the complex machine of society. It tends toward the correction of elements in that society which threaten the welfare of the majority. Civic service is distinctly a part of the new journal- ism. Just as '’service” has entered into business as the basis upon which whole minature worlds of commerce are built, so service is coming into journalism as a watchword for the editor who seeks not only financial success, but who wishes to contribute to his profession and to raise it to higher planes of fairness, charity, and uns elfishness. The news- paper man is in more than one sense a public trustee, and he should be able to say of himself and his paper, not only, ”1 have made a good newspaper” , but, like Othello, ”1 have done the State some service.” I. Appendix Allentown Messenger, Allentown H. J. Campaigned for Sunday quiet. Ashland Clipper, Ashland, Mans. Secured municipal light and v/ater system through an unique scheme. After repeated attempts to secure muni- cipal light and water, all of them unsuccessful, the editor attached a generator to his press engine and fur- nished electricity for his own office, Main street, and the opera house. After the t own had become accustomed to the light, he shut it off, requested the mayor to call an election, and the city immediately voted to install a ^30,000 system. Atchison Globe, Atchison, Mans. See Part III. Birmingham Hews, Birmingham, Ala. Offers a loving cup to the citizen who performs the most notable service to the community each year. Boston Journal, Boston, Mass. Sponsors a flower and toy day for poor and sick child- ren. Boston Post, Boston, Mass. Maintains a Christmas fund for gifts to poor children. Exposed fraudulent financing scheme of Ge t -Hie h- Quick Ponzi. A total of 90,000 children visited in 1915. Brooklyn Eagle, Brooklyn, Md. Does extensive work among children, particularly in the Boy Scout movement. Conducts bird house building con- tests, current events bees, and other educational pro- jects for school children. Haised public subscription to buy animals of Bostock circus for Prospect Park zoo. Huns special trains to all national expositions and fairs. Provided a special accomodation bureau for Brooklyn people at the Panama Pacific Exposition. Bureau County Republican, _rinceton, 111. A live community paper. Ho report received. * Canton Daily Hews, Canton, Ohio Adopted a hoy as an example in a movement it led to force the state to make provision for Ohio 1 s crippled children. Charleston American, Charleston, S. C. Maintains "Third Floor Back" fund for the needy at Christmas time. Chicago Bvening Post, Chicago, 111. Haised "Sammy Backer" fund to buy tobacco for men in service during war. Chicago Her aid -Examiner, Chicago, 111. Put in standardized food department in 1916 in vyhich all food to be advertised in its columns was examined by chemical experts and no advertising space was sold to those that did not meet the pure food requirement. Printed educational articles by leading food experts. Organized amateur baseball league for grammarschool boys. Maintains Christmas fund and has a Christmas entertainment. Gives free public musical entertain- ments. Held a land and industrial exposition in 1916 to demonstrate the rapid development of the United States and its sister countries* of the Americas and to show the new opportunities confronting commercial int- erests. Chicago Hews, Chicago, 111. Maintains a Christmas fund for the needy. Sponsors an elaborate series of free lectures. Has free ice and vacation funds. Chicago Tribune, Chicago, 111. See Part II. Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, Cincinnati, Ohio Waged an intensive campaign against manipulation of cost of food stuffs. Jerked up lagging grand jury action by appeal to governor. Gave full use of its columns for publicity and instituted state-wide pro- ceedings against offenders. Cincinnati Post, Cincinnati, Ohio Conducted a series of free journalism classes. III. Cleveland leader, Cleveland, Ohio Entertained 1000 orphans at a Buffalo Bill show in 1916. Cleveland Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio Maintains Christmas fund for "Pen Worthy Families". Held a vacant lot garden contest with three valuable building lots as prizes and held exposition at close. Cleveland Press, Cleveland, Ohio Newsboy welfare. Gives one big outing each year for newsboys and their friends. Columbia State, Columbia, S. C. Brought three cotton mills to Columbia. Established experimental farm near town to help farmers make land more productive and to raise better varieties of fruits and vegetables. Conducted a model dairy where women were taught efficient dairying methods. Valuable ser- vices during the war. Cottage Grove Sentinel, Cottage Grove, Ore. Waged clean-up political campaign in Lane county court house. Curnb er 1 and Times, Cumb er land , Hd . Induced Xelly-Springfield Tire Company to move with 7000 employes and their families to Climber land. Raised v 750, 000 to defray expenses of removal. Decatur Review, Decatur, 111. Maintains fund to pay carfare of children to and from the city T s playgrounds. Denver Post, Denver, Colo. Offered $>25,000 for a cure for the influenza. Des Moines Capital, Des Moines, Iowa Newsboy welfare. With the cooperation of teachers in the public schools, the paper has manual training classes, gymnastics, and a glee club. Paper fitted up a gymnasium and library, bowling alley, pool, and cafeteria for newsboys. IV. Detroit Dews, Detroit, Mich. See Part II. El Paso Herald, El Paso, lex. Held aviation meet in 1910. Ho report received on activities since that time. Emporia Gazette, Emporia, Mans. Active paper. Ho report received. Fairfield Tribune, Fairfield, Iowa See Part III. Freehold Transcript, Freehold, II. J. Reported as active, no further information. Freeport Journal -Standard, Freeport, 111. Held pure food and cooking utensils exhibit, 1917. Greenwich Press, Greenwich, Conn. See Part III. Grand Rapids Press, Grand Rapids, Mich. welfare v/ork for nev/sboys. Organized, among them, junior and senior bauds; started a day school for boys who handled noon editions and extras. This school, under a high grade teacher, was so successful that it received the endorsement of public school authorities. Maintained a cafeteria, put in a swimming pool, and held "Happy Hour" programs every Sunday afternoon with flag service and motion pictures. Hearst, Y/illiam Randolph Initiated and carried out relief work for the afflicted at the time of the Lit. Vesuvius eruption. Mentioned in Senate for efforts to stimulate recruiting. Secured an injunction to prevent sale of ships taken from Germany, to prevent enormous loss to the government. Houston Chronicle, Houston, Tex. Excellent work. Ho report. V Hudson Dispatch, Union Hill, IT, J, Started relief fund for two volunteer firemen killed in the wreck of an auto fire engine, 1917. Raised 05000 in four days. Indianapolis Hews, Indianapolis, Ind. Built a fresh air village for sick women and children. Built several public monuments. Newsboy welfare. Janesville Gazette, Janesville, Wis. Campaigns for better government. Journal-Chronicle, Owatonna, Minn. Pure bred cattle campaign. Secured the cooperation of business interests with the farmers. Made Steele county the banner dairy county in the state. County hold’s state's record for butter production. Crusade among Bohemians for one hundred percent Ahe ric an ism. Journal-Courier, Nev/ Haven, Conn. State prison reform under N. S. Osborn. Kansas City Post, Kansas City, Mo. Nought high prices of meats by shipping in fresh ocean fish. Secured subscriptions of O5000 for a gift to General Pershing of a gold sword. Kansas City Star, Kansas City, Kans. See Part II. Kenosha News, Kenosha, Wis. Secured commission form of government. Cleaned up county politically through the grand jury. Los Angeles Kzaminer, Los Angeles, Cal. Floated a $750,000 school bond issue in twelve days after no bids had been received from outside banking houses. Incorporated San Pedro as a part of Los Angeles and purchased the land connecting the two towns, making Los Angeles a seaport. Secured appropriation from 1912 Congress for deepening of harbor, iixposed lotteries that were costing Californians over ^4, 000, 000 yearly. ■ . VI Manchester Union & Leader, Manchester, N. H. Gave Christmas party for 700 poor children through the St. Nicholas girl, the head of the wcm an 1 s department. A supper, a Christmas tree, music, and gifts were fur- nished and the entire staffs of both papers took part. Minneapolis Daily News, Minneapolis, Minn. Entertained old ladies from Minnesota Home for the Aged in 1916. Milwaukee Journal, Milwaukee, Y/is. See Part II. Monroe County Appeal, Paris, Mo. See Part III. Nashville Pennessean, Nashville, Penn. Devoted its attentions to school children of the city and provided public lectures to amuse, entertain, and instruct. New Orleans Item, New Orleans, La. Suggested that Wilson’s war message be read in the schools; furnished copies. New York American, New York, N. Y. Raised $>27, 579.47 for the dependents of six firemen who lost their lives in a Brooklyn fire, 1920. Holds essay contests for children. Sponsors Christmas fund and Christmas entertainment. Held better baby contest 1916 in which 30,000 babies were entered. New York Atlantis, New York, N. Y. Secured subscriptions amounting to $>109, 000 for hospital and relief work in the Balkans during the Balkan cam- paigns. New York Day, New York, N. Y. Secured ship to send supplies to striken Jews in Pales- tine. New York Evening Mail, N ew York, N. Y. Opened bureau to find employment for those over forty- VII. five years of age. Pure food campaigns under Paul Pierce. "Save a Home" Christmas fund; collected toys at Christmas time for many years. Hew York Globe, Hew York, H. Y. Sponsors benefits for the Sydenham and Flower hospitals. "Our family Music" page, and extensive work in musical education. Camuai^ned against high cost of foods by placing large quantities of Hew Zealand lamb on sale at a low price.” Extensive pure food campaign. Also held fresh fish sales. Hew York Herald, Hew York, H. Y. See Part II. Hew York Sun, Hew York, H. Y. Gave out free bread to the needy 1916 in famous "Bread line". Sent John H. Hears on record trip around the world. Raised smoke fund for men in service during war. Hew York Times, Hew York, IT. Y. See Part II. Hew York Tribune, Hew York, H. Y. See Part II. He?/ York World, Hew York, H. Y. See Part II. North Adams Herald, north Adams, Mass. Pure food campaigns in 1917 which were linked up with the advertising. Ohio State Journal, Columbus, Ohio. Raised $6000 in Christmas of 1915 from the sale of extra editions for a charity newsboys fund. Oakland Acorn, Oakland, Iowa. See Part III. Pendleton Tribune, Pendleton, Ore. Fought graft in county affairs and in district attor- ney’s office in Umatilla county. . VIII. Philadelphia Press, Philadelphia, Pa. Held pure food show and domestic science lectures and demonstrations in 1917. Philadelphia Times, Philadelphia Pa. Has flower and toy day for poor and sick children. Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pa. Started a subscription for §40,000 to build a home for newsboys of the city. Haised fund to erect a monument to the memory of Stephen Poster, a native of Pittsburgh. Started a young folks' league, a baseball club, a band, two clubs for girls, and an athletic league. Pittsburgh Sun, Pittsburgh, Pa. Held a "Mermaid Meet" at lake Elisabeth in which 200 boys and girls participated before a crowd of 7000 to provide an outing for crippled children of the city who were invited as guests of the Sun and for whose benefit the meet was given. San Prancisco Examiner, San Praneisco, Cal. Campaigned for city beautification. Erected Little Jim Hospital for Incurables and the Pree Eye and Ear Infirmary for unfortunate children of the poorer classes. San Prancisco Chronicle, San Prancisco, Cal. See Part II. St. Louis Pos t -Dispatch, St. Louis, Mo. Holds gigantic Christmas entertainments at which thou- sands of families are supplied with baskets through the Christmas P estival fund. Has maintained summer milk and ice fund for eighteen years. In 1921 this fund amounted to §15,685. Springfield Union, Springfield, .lass. Crusaded against rent profiteering and realty specu- lation. St. Paul Dispatch and Pioneer, St. Paul, Minn. Sponsored school baseball league. IX. Trenton Times, Trenton, IT. J. Offers a S500 loving cup to citizen who serves the city best each year. Troy Times, Troy, U. Y. Fresh air fund raised by which hundreds of children get o wo weeks* vacation in the fresh air home erected by the Times in the mountains of Bensselaer County. Y/ichita Beacon, Wichita, Zans. ITo report received. Wichita Bagle, Wichita, Zans. ITo report received. Winston-Salem Sentinel, Winston-Salem, IT. C. Free milk and ice fund. 'Worcester Telegram, Worcester, Mass. Newsboy welfare.