THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF ILLINOIS 
 LIBRARY 
 
 From the collection of 
 James Collins, 
 Drumcondra, Ireland. 
 Purchased, 1918. 
 
 914.183 
 D85£ I 
 
DUBLIN 
 
 A HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 OF 
 
 IRELAND’S METROPOLIS. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 THE RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY ? 
 
 Instituted 1799. 
 
n ^ z 1 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 It Is proposed to give in this small volume, 
 some account of a city which rules and graces 
 one of the finest bays of the ocean— the metro- 
 polis of a country fraught with industrial 
 resources beyond what most others possess, 
 and peopled by a race proverbial for intelli- 
 gence and hospitality, and certainly not inferior 
 to their neighbours in many qualities neces- 
 sary to form a prosperous and influential 
 community. 
 
SECTION 1 
 
 PAGE 
 
 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. . 7 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE . 30 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 DUBLIN DURING THE BRITISH REFORMATION . . 63 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. AND CHARLES I. . . .93 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, THE RESTORA- 
 TION, AND THE REVOLUTION . 116 
 
VI 
 
 CONTENTS, 
 
 * SECTION VI. page 
 
 DUBLIN IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY . . .141 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION WITH GREAT BRITAIN TO 
 THE YEAR EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY . . 174 
 
DUBLIN.- 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TQ THE ELEVENTH CENTURY 
 
 The earliest authentic notice of Dublin occurs 
 in the geography of Ptolemy, who flourished in 
 the second century of our era. His description of 
 the world as then known begins with Hibernia, 
 an honour which the country received from 
 him because of its being the most western in 
 Europe. His map of Ireland is much more 
 correct in its outline than the one he has 
 furnished of Great Britain ; in the latter, the 
 portion now called Scotland is made to bend off 
 eastward, nearly at a right angle from the 
 southern portion. He marks u Eblana” just 
 where Dublin at present stands, and he describes 
 it as “ TroXt?,” a city. The people inhabiting 
 the range northward as far as the river Boyne, 
 including part of Meath, he calls a Eblani,” 
 probably as belonging or subject to “ Eblana 
 though some conjecture that the place took its 
 name from the people, not the people theirs from 
 the place. 
 
DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 That the words “Dublin” and “Eblana” 
 were at first one, is obvious, Indeed, it has 
 been more than supposed that a letter has been 
 lost from the original, and that Ptolemy wrote 
 
 Deblana.” “ Dublin ” is composed of two 
 Irish words— “Dubh,” black, and “Linn,” 
 ivater — the river which here empties itself into 
 the sea being of a dark colour from its flowing 
 over a bog. 6 
 
 The city was otherwise called “ Ath-Cliath ” 
 the “ Hurdle-Ford,” and “ Bally Ath-Cliath,” the 
 “ Town of the Hurdle-Ford.” Both names 
 indicate that a passage was here made or 
 marked by “ hurdles” across the stream. Tra- 
 dition reports that it was constructed for more 
 safely conveying sheep from one side to the 
 other ; but whether it had at all the form of a 
 “ suspension-bridge” the account does not ex- 
 plain. 
 
 A fourth name given to the city in olden 
 time, was “ Droom-Choll-Coil,” the “ Brow of a 
 Hazel-Wood,” from its occupying the upper 
 front of a rise of ground, other parts of which 
 were covered with a wood of the kind men- 
 tioned. 
 
 Dublin must have been in Ptolemy’s day, by 
 report at least, a place of some size and import- 
 ance, or he would not have styled it a “ city.” 
 We should, however, greatly mistake if we con- 
 ceived it to have been then an aggregation of 
 houses, streets, and public buildings, such as the 
 word suggests to us now. “ The ancient Irish 
 were at no trouble in pioviding for themselves 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 
 
 9 
 
 habitations of solid and lasting materials. Their 
 houses were built of twigs and hurdles, and 
 covered with sedge or straw.” Buildings of 
 stone and mortar are believed to have been 
 unknown in Ireland before the sixth century. 
 For the introduction of what we call “ architec- 
 ture,” the country is indebted to Christianity. 
 The population of “Eblana” were unacquainted 
 with our often costly and trouble-causing super- 
 fluities of boarded floors, glazed windows, paved 
 ways, gas-lights, scavengering, sewerage, and 
 police, matters which we moderns are apt to 
 reckon among the necessaries of life. Let the 
 reader, for a moment, in his conception sweep 
 away the present “ Dublin;” then group, 
 without much regard to order, a few hundred 
 “ cabins,” some of them larger than the rest, 
 along the upper part of the range fronting the 
 LifTey, from Cork-hill to Bridge-street ; next, 
 clothe the top and southern descent of the ridge 
 with a hazel-wood, which he may also carry 
 round the eastern and western sides of the 
 u city,” and along between it and the river ; 
 finally, let him place a “ hurdle-ford” where 
 Whitworth Bridge now stands ; and he will 
 perhaps have as correct an idea of Ptolemy’s 
 “Eblana” as a model by Brunetti could 
 supply. 
 
 Three orders of royalty then existed in 
 Ireland. The country had its unity, its divi- 
 sions, and its sub-divisions of sovereignty. It 
 was parcelled out under a large number of 
 toparchs, or petty chiefs, each of whom bore the 
 a 2 
 
10 
 
 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 title of il king,” as was the case in the early times 
 of Palestine and its neighbour lands. Above 
 these were five provincial monarchs, “ kings” 
 of a higher grade. One of the five reigned 
 over all as “king of Ireland his palace was 
 on the hill of Tarah, in Meath, where he trien- 
 nially convened the states of his realm, for 
 enacting laws and other national business, and 
 where he entertained his dignitaries with hospi- 
 tality and magnificence worthy of his supremacy. 
 “ Eblana” had its “ king,” one of the lowest 
 order of royal personages. 
 
 The food of the common people of ancient 
 Ireland is said to have been “ very mean and 
 slender, namely, milk, butter, and herbs ; from 
 whence,” writes Ware, “ the Epitome of Strabo 
 calls the Irish, herb-eaters.” The gentry and 
 nobility lived in higher style. Had we entered 
 a banqueting-hall of the Eblani on a great 
 festival day, we might have found the company 
 reclining on couches, of grass or rushes, round 
 a table furnished with griddle-baked bread, 
 milk-meats, and varieties of fish and flesh, both 
 boiled and roast. The cup too, made of wood, 
 or horn, or brass, filled with beer or mead — 
 “ whiskey” was then unknown — was passed 
 joyfully from guest to guest ; while the metal- 
 strung harp, obedient to the touch of skill and 
 taste, sent forth stirring sounds, with which oft 
 mingled those of the martial drum, accompany- 
 ing the bard’s recital of warm affection, of 
 illustrious ancestry, and of heroic deeds. 
 
 Of trade and commerce Eblana had not 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 
 
 II 
 
 much to boast ; none of its people ranked as 
 “ merchant princes/’ Its Liffey was not 
 crowded with shipping which brought in the 
 produce of other lands, or bore away the 
 growth and manufacture of its own. The risk 
 incurred in crossing the bar from the sea, 
 except at certain times of the tide, together 
 with the scanty demands for articles of which 
 there was not a home supply, made the arrival 
 of a foreign vessel an “ event” as great as was 
 the visit of a European or American ship at 
 Hawaii or Tahiti fifty years ago. The Eblani 
 had pasturage for cattle and sheep. They were 
 also engaged in agriculture, though of a some- 
 what humble order, the Irish plough being, 
 centuries later, a small wooden instrument 
 tied to the tail of an ox or a “ hobby.” 
 Fishing was common. Their boats were of two 
 kinds ; one, a canoe formed out of the trunk of a 
 tree and called a “ Gotti,” of which a specimen 
 is to be seen in the Royal Dublin Society’s 
 Museum. The other, called a “ Corragh,” con- 
 sisted of a frame of wicker-work covered with 
 hides ; larger, longer, and otherwise more 
 adapted for sea-work, but in materials and 
 structure like the “corracles” still used on 
 rivers in Wales and adjoining parts. It was 
 in a “ corragh” that Columba with his twelve 
 companions went from Ireland to Iona in the 
 sixth century. 
 
 Learning and refinement among the Eblani 
 can be judged of only from what is known of 
 the Irish in general of those times, and even 
 
12 
 
 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 that, information is scanty and precarious. The 
 Ogham inscriptions are of a very high antiquity. 
 We are told of schools at Tarah, where youths 
 were trained for sacred and civic duties. The 
 Irish warriors were u sworn to be the pro- 
 tectors of the fair, and avengers of their 
 wrongs ; and to be polite in word and address 
 to their greatest enemies.” “ A character 
 without guile or deceit, was esteemed the 
 highest that could be given among the ancient 
 Irish ; and the favourite panegyric of a bard 
 to his hero would be that he had a heart in- 
 capable of guile.” The Irish were early 
 acquainted with the game of chess. Their 
 harp and song, too, have attained a world- wide 
 fame. The former is believed to have been 
 kept “ sacredly unaltered” from the ages we 
 are speaking of down to comparatively modern 
 date when Drayton wrote — 
 
 “ The Irish I admire, 
 
 And still cleave to that lyre 
 As our muse’s mother, 
 
 And think, till I expire, 
 
 Apollo’s such another.” 
 
 Bacon pronounced, “ No harp hath the sound 
 so melting and prolonged as the Irish harp 
 and Evelyn wrote — “ Such music before or 
 since did I never hear, that instrument being 
 neglected for its extraordinary difficulty ; but 
 in my judgment being far superior to the lute 
 itself, or whatever speaks with strings.” 
 Ancient Erin was the home of poetic genius. 
 Feargus, called “ Fionbell, or the Sweet-voiced,” 
 was one of its most distinguished bards. An 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 
 
 13 
 
 ode of his composition, delivered extempore, is 
 said to have succeeded in blending in peace 
 and friendship two chiefs, “ Gaul the Son of 
 Morni” and “Finn of the flowing locks,” 
 who, with their respective followers, had met 
 on a field of strife to contend for spoils they 
 had jointly won from a common foe. The 
 following lines from a translation of his “ War 
 Ode” to Osgar the Son of Ossian, at the battle 
 of Gaura, when leading on his troops against 
 Cairbre the monarch of Ireland, towards the 
 close of the third century, present a thought 
 truly sublime : — 
 
 “ Thine be the battle, thine the sway ! 
 
 On, on to Cairbre hew thy conquering way, 
 
 And let thy deathful arm dash safety from his side ! 
 
 As the proud wave, on whose broad back 
 The storm its burden heaves, 
 
 Drives on the scatter’d wreck 
 Its ruin leaves ; 
 
 So let thy sweeping progress roll, 
 
 Fierce, resistless, rapid, strong ; 
 
 Pour, like the billow of the flood, o’erwhelming might along.” 
 
 The Cromlechs in the neighbourhood of 
 Dublin — one near the Hill of ITowth, another 
 on the south of Killiney Hill, and another at 
 Cabinteely about a mile westward — show that 
 Druidism was the religion of the Eblani, as it 
 was of other parts of the country. In due 
 form and solemnity their priests ministered at 
 the altar within the circle of stones, presenting 
 on behalf of the congregation outside the sacred 
 inclosure, sacrifices and other homages to their 
 Baalim, the sun, the moon, and the host of 
 heaven. Holocausts of human beings were 
 
14 
 
 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 among the rites prescribed by that superstition. 
 Fire was an object of worship, perhaps by 
 tradition from the Shechinah. Mountains and 
 trees, also, are said to have had divine honours 
 paid to them. Groves of the oak were not 
 wanting to aid devotion and afford growth to 
 the mistletoe. Then, as now, the faith of the 
 people hung pieces of cloth on branches near a 
 holy well,” to imbibe from the presence there 
 a virtue which might be carried away and 
 applied for the removal of disease, or for some 
 other useful purpose. Moreover, the invisible 
 but, when angered, desolating Wind, was held 
 in awe and propitiated, lest, neglected, it should 
 break forth in fury and spread havoc around. 
 It was a prevailing opinion that the Round 
 Towers, of which there is one at Clondalkin, 
 about three miles west of Dublin, and another 
 at Swords, six miles north of the city, were 
 Fire-temples. But Dr. Petrie seems to have 
 exhausted the argument upon the subject, and 
 concludes that they are buildings connected 
 with Christianity. 
 
 It is certain that the gospel had found its 
 way into Ireland previously to the fifth century, 
 in the early part of which, as Prosper’s Chro- 
 nicle records, Palladius was sent by Celestine, 
 bishop of Rome, “ to the Scots believing in 
 Christ,” Ireland being then called “ Scotia,” 
 and its inhabitants “ Scoti,” or Scots. How, 
 when, or by whom, the Christian faith first 
 came into the country we know not, but the 
 honour of converting the Irish nation is com- 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 
 
 15 
 
 monly ascribed to St. Patrick, who came to 
 evangelize them, shortly after the mission and 
 death of Palladius. Sir William Betham, 
 however, than whom few antiquaries have 
 given more attention to the question, thinks 
 that the true Patrick, whose labours so emi- 
 nently contributed to Christianize the people, 
 lived and did his work long before Palladius 
 existed. Without entering upon that inquiry, 
 we may notice the account which a tradition 
 gives of the gospel being brought to Dublin. 
 It is, that Patrick, having preached with great 
 success in Ulster and Connaught, came into 
 Meath and Leinster, and took Dublin on his 
 way southward ; that having crossed the Finglass 
 river to the rising ground within a mile of the 
 city, perhaps near the site of Phibbsborough, 
 he pronounced upon it a prophetic benediction, 
 affirming that the city u should increase in 
 riches and dignities, until at length it should 
 be lifted up unto the throne of the kingdom 
 that when he reached Dublin he preached to 
 the- king, Alphin Mac Eochaid, and his sub- 
 jects, who received the Divine message, and 
 were baptized at a well, south of the city ; and 
 that the saint founded a church near this well, 
 where now stands St. Patrick’s cathedral. This 
 is said to have occurred in the year 448. The 
 detail is not vouched for by high authority, 
 but it is the only one that tradition has pre- 
 served. 
 
 We have good evidence that the religion 
 taught by Patrick, properly so called, was not 
 
16 
 
 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 that decreed by the Council of Trent, professed 
 in the creed of pope Pius iv., and disseminated 
 by the propagandas of Eome and Lyons. In 
 other words, it much more resembled New 
 Testament Christianity than modern Romanism. 
 Patrick found a number of churches and bishops 
 in Ireland. He himself formed three hundred 
 and sixty-five churches, and ordained over 
 them an equal number of bishops, and three 
 thousand presbyters ; but he subjected none of 
 them to the Roman see. The worship of the 
 Virgin, transubstantiation, the adoration of 
 images, restricting the reading of the sacred 
 Scripture, and many other things now insisted 
 upon as parts of the gospel, were not then recog- 
 nised even by the church at Rome. In the 
 Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy is 
 published a translation, by Dr. Petrie, of a hymn 
 composed by St. Patrick when he was about to 
 visit Temur, or Tarah, and preach the gospel 
 to Leogaire, the monarch of all Ireland. The 
 visit was critical to Patrick himself, and to the 
 cause he was embarked in. The adherents of 
 the old paganism were prepared to withstand, 
 as best they could, the assault he was about to 
 make upon it in its highest places. Though it 
 be not connected with Dublin in particular, yet, 
 as throwing light on the doctrine which Patrick 
 taught there, this “ Hymn” will be interesting 
 to the reader, and he shall have the translation 
 of it before him entire : — 
 
 11 At Temur,” [that is, Tarah, the court of 
 the king,] 11 to-day I invoke the mighty power 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 17 
 
 of the Trinity. I believe in the Trinity under 
 the God of the elements. 
 
 “At Temur to-day (I place) the virtue of 
 the birth of Christ with his baptism, the virtue 
 of his crucifixion with his burial, the virtue of 
 his resurrection with his ascension, the virtue 
 of his coming to the eternal judgment. 
 
 “ At Temur to-day (I place) the virtue of the 
 love of Seraphim ; (the virtue which exists) in 
 the^obedience of angels, in the hope of the 
 resurrection to eternal reward, in the prayers 
 of the noble fathers, in the predictions of the 
 prophets, in the preaching of the apostles, in 
 the faith of the confession, in the purity of the 
 holy virgins, in the deeds of just men. 
 
 “ At Temur to-day (I place) the strength of 
 heaven, the light of the sun, the rapidity of 
 lightning, the swiftness of the wind, the depth 
 of the sea, the stability of the earth, the hard- 
 ness of rocks (between me and the powers of 
 paganism and demons.) 
 
 “ At Temur to-day may the strength of God 
 pilot me, may the power of God preserve me, 
 may the wisdom of God instruct me, may the 
 eye of God view me, may the ear of God hear 
 me, may the word of God render me eloquent, 
 may the hand of God protect me, may the mercy 
 of God direct me, may the shield of God defend 
 me, may the host of God guard me, against the 
 snares of demons, the temptations of vices, the 
 inclinations of the mind, against every man 
 who meditates evil to me, far or near, alone or 
 in company. 
 
18 
 
 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 u I place all these powers between me and 
 every evil unmerciful power directed against 
 my body (as a protection) against the incanta- 
 tions of false prophets ; against the black laws * 
 of gentilism ; against the false laws of heresy ; 
 against the treachery of idolatry ; against the 
 spells of women, snaiths, and Druids; against 
 every knowledge which blinds the soul of man. 
 May Christ to-day protect me against poison, 
 against burning, against drowning, against 
 wounding, until I deserve much reward. 
 
 “ Christ be with me, Christ before me, Christ 
 after me, Christ in me, Christ under me, Christ 
 over me, Christ at my right, Christ at my left, 
 Christ at this side, Christ at that side, Christ at 
 my back. 
 
 “ Christ be in the heart of each person whom 
 I speak to ; Christ in the mouth of each person 
 who speaks to jne ; Christ in each eye that sees 
 me ; Christ in each ear which hears me. 
 
 “At Temur to-day I invoke the almighty 
 power of the Trinity. I believe in the Trinity 
 under the unity of the God of the elements. 
 
 “ Salvation is the Lord’s, salvation is the 
 Lord’s, salvation is Christ’s. May thy salvation, 
 
 O Lord, be always with me.” 
 
 The above document, of the genuineness of 
 which no doubt appears to exist, may not 
 present the trust of Christian piety in the clear 
 and strong light of New Testament instruction. 
 
 It corresponds rather with the mysticism which 
 had begun to creep over the church about the 
 time of Jerome. But it shows a heart that 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 
 
 19 
 
 looked for help to Christ alone as God our 
 
 Saviour. It gives no token of the “ ever Blesse d ll . ir -„ 
 
 and Ihimaculate u never-failing 
 
 Star of Hope,” the u Help of Christians,” the 
 u most Holy Mother,” being u constantly and 
 fervently invoked,” “ as the general patroness 
 of all Ireland,” as the synod at Thurles, in the 
 year 1850, prescribed she should be; although, N 
 if at any time that zealous and devout man, 
 
 St. Patrick, had judged it right and useful to y 
 seek her aid, he surely would have implored 
 it under the circumstances which led him to 
 compose the “ Hymn” given above. 
 
 The notices which we have of Dublin previous 
 to the arrival of the Danes, an event which is 
 believed to have occurred towards the close of • , « 
 the hfth century, are extremely meagre and V 
 uncertain. Almost the only item of information 
 beyond what has been stated, is that about the 
 beginning of the third .century a division was 
 made of the country into two portions, by a line 
 running direct across it from Dublin on the east 
 coast to Galway on the west. The northern 
 portion or kingdom was called Leath Quinn , or 
 the Plalf of Quinn or Conn , and the southern 
 was called Leath Mogha, or the Half of Eoghan , 
 or Mogha , king of Munster. The termination 
 of the separation line eastward is said to have 
 been where High-street now stands. 
 
 The Danes were usually called “ Ostmen,” 
 or men from the east , in Ireland, as in England 
 and France they were called “ Northmen,” or 
 Normans, men from the north — the name being 
 
20 
 
 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 given in each case according to the relative 
 position of the country whence they came. It 
 is not unlikely that their first landing at Dublin 
 was for trade rather than for war or plunder. 
 The place of their settlement, was styled “ Ost- 
 mantown, now changed into “ O^mantown,” a 
 district on the north side of the Liffey, at 
 present partly occupied by the Koyal Barracks, 
 and perhaps nearly answering to Arran Quay 
 Ward in the municipal divisions of the city. 
 Some respectable authorities maintain that the 
 Danes were unknown in Ireland till near the 
 middle of the ninth century. 
 
 Dr. Lanigan, in his Ecclesiastical History of 
 Ireland, not only rejects the story of the inhabi- 
 tants of Dublin and their king having been 
 converted by the preaching of St. Patrick, 
 but states that the city had no bishop till the 
 eleventh century. In the latter particular he a 
 is in error, unless by a u bishop” he intends a 
 prelate of the Itomisli church. The names of 
 seven persons who were bishops of Dublin 
 during the seventh and eighth centuries, are 
 given by WarerThere were also monastic estab- 
 lishments formed at Kilmainham, Clondalkin, 
 Tallaght, and a few other places in the vicinity. 
 In those times, Ireland was eminent for her 
 schools of learning, and for the piety and zeal 
 of her monks. About the year 564, St. Columba 
 and twelve companions left the country and 
 settled in Iona.* Other monks from Ireland 
 
 * For information on this point, the reader is referred to 
 I)r. Alexander’s volume on Iona, in this series. 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 
 
 21 
 
 located themselves and laboured with much 
 zeal in the north of England. Many ot hers, 
 aga in, passed over to the continent, and devoted 
 themselves to Christianize and civilize its then 
 barbarous population, until the power of Rome’s 
 bishop obliged them to conform or flee. What 
 proportion, or whether" any,~ of OTIsST earnest 
 men went from Dublin or its neighbourhood is 
 unknown. 
 
 The Venerable Bede records that, in the 
 seventh century , numbers of the nobility and 
 others of England came over to Ireland on 
 account of the advantages it afforded above 
 their own country for education and religious 
 improvement. Among the persons of high 
 rahFwEo”fIms made it a temporary residence, 
 was Alfrid, a son. of Oswin the king of Nor- 
 thumberland. Oswin, urged by the agents of 
 Rome to recognise her rule, held an assembly 
 for discussing in his presence the difference of 
 opinion between them and the Irish monks — 
 who till then had ministered to his people — 
 respecting the observance of Easter. The 
 design of the conference was to supply argument 
 which would enable the king to form a sound 
 judgment for his own guidance. In the end, 
 Oswin, to make himself sure of the favour of 
 Peter, who was represented as holding the keys 
 of heaven, gave his verdict in favour of the 
 Roman clergy, and the Irish monks were 
 obliged forthwith to leave Northumbria and 
 return to their native land. On the death of 
 Oswin, his son Egfrid succeeded him in the 
 
 z 
 
22 
 
 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 throne, and Alfrid, his other son, withdrew to 
 Ireland, dreading his brother’s jealousy. In 
 June, 684, Egfrid sent an expedition, under a 
 commander named Beret, against the district 
 called Bergia, lying between Dublin and Drog- 
 heda. The marauders spared neither laity nor 
 clergy, things sacred nor things secular, and 
 bore away with them “many captives and 
 much booty.” It is possible that the favourable 
 treatment given to Alfrid may have provoked 
 this outrage. Alfrid is said to have become, 
 while in Ireland, “ a man most learned in the 
 Scriptures,” and “ highly qualified for being 
 placed at' the head of a state,” which position 
 lie acquired when his brother died. A poem, 
 composed by Alfrid, is yet extant in the Irish 
 language, describing, in a lively strain, what 
 he had observed in travelling through various 
 parts of the country. It is too long to be inserted 
 entire, but three verses may be transcribed as 
 given in a translation : — 
 
 “ I found the good lay monks and brothers 
 Ever beseeching help for others, 
 
 And, in their keeping, the Holy Word 
 Pure as it came from Jesus the Lord. 
 
 “ I found in Leinster the smooth and sleek, 
 
 From Dublin to Slewmargy’s peak, 
 
 Flourishing pastures, valour, health, 
 
 Long-living worthies, commerce, wealth. 
 
 “ I found in Meath’s fair principality, 
 
 Virtue, vigour, and hospitality ; 
 
 Candour, joyfulness, bravery, purity, 
 
 Ireland’s bulwark and security.” 
 
 With regard to what is said of the Irish 
 monks “ ever beseeching help for others,” the 
 
TIIE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 
 
 23 
 
 reader will observe that it was for others , not 
 for themselves , that they sought assistance ; and 
 it ought to be borne in mind that the Irish 
 monks had it as a law that they were not to 
 live upon alms, but were to support themselves 
 by their own industry. The mention of “ com- d 
 merce” in Leinster, naturally refers to Dublin, v 
 that city being, it is presumed, the principal, if ( 
 not then the only sea-port in the province. ,) 
 Slewmargy is a mountain i n the Queen ’s County. 
 
 In the third of the above verses, there are allu- 
 sions to Tarah, where the monarch of all Ireland 
 neld his court. 
 
 Supposing the Danes to have settled in or 
 near Dublin, as before noticed, towards the 
 close of the fifth century, they must have lived " 
 on good terms with its native inhabitants, for 
 we have no accounts of disagreements between 
 the two parties till about the year 838. By that 
 time, however, they appear to have become 
 masters of the place, and their power had so 
 increased that it aroused the fears of the local 
 Irish chiefs around. In 851, t he king s of * * 
 Leinster and Meath made war upon them, ex- 
 'peHe3 them from the city, ancT gave it up to 
 pillage by a rude soldiery. But, i n the y ear Q 
 following, the Danes returned in great power, 
 
 " regamea the place, fortified it with a wall and 
 iowqW, and crowned their leader, Amlaffe, 
 " n Tung'” of Dublin. He built himself a royal 
 residence at Clondalkin. Hostilities frequently 
 occurred between him and the neighbouring 
 princes. On one occasion, they attacked 
 
24 
 
 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 Clondalkin, burned his palace there, and slew a 
 hundred of his servants. He retaliated, by 
 surprising a body of their followers, two thou- 
 sand in number, all of whom he either killed 
 or made prisoners. He made excursions into 
 the country, and, among other successful enter- 
 prises, he plundered and burned Armagh. In 
 870, he 'and his son Yvar crossed the channel 
 with an army to assist their brethren, the 
 Danes, against the Saxons in England. The 
 Ulster Annals relate their return thus : — 
 li Amlaffe and Yvar came to Ath-Cliath out of 
 Albany with two hundred ships, and brought 
 with them a great prey of English, Britons, and 
 Piets.” In 872, Ostin Mac Amlaffe, king of 
 Dublin, invaded the Piets of North Britain 
 with success, but was afterwards slain by his 
 own people. On the other hand, in J89J}, 
 Dublin was taken by Gregory, king of Scot- 
 land. Two years afterwards, a great fleet of 
 Danes arrived in the Liffey, to assist their 
 countrymen, but on disembarking they were 
 routed near the city with great slaughter. In 
 916, the Danes sustained the greatest defeat 
 they ever had experienced in the country ; yet, 
 strange to record, in that same year they 
 ravaged the island of Anglesea ; and in three 
 years more they vanquished and slew Neill IV., 
 king of Ireland, in a battle near their city. 
 
 The long recital of constantly occurring 
 fights, maraudings, and bloodshed, at which 
 the preceding paragraph merely affords a 
 glance, is interrupted by a statement that, about 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 25 
 
 the year 948, the Danes of Dublin renounced 
 heathenism and embraced Christianity. As 
 will appear in our next section, it was Chris- 
 tianity as then Romanized, not Christianity 
 as it existed among the native Irish, that they 
 received. This circumstance will account for 
 the outrages the Danes of Dublin continued to 
 practise on their Irish neighbours, so strongly . 5 
 
 complained of by Dr. Lanigan, the ecclesiastical 
 historian of Ireland “ These new converts,” 
 he writes, “ did not imbibe the meekness pre- 
 
 scribed by the gospel ; for in 950,” only two 
 years after their conversion, 11 the Danes of 
 Dublin plundereD^and” burned Slane ; so That 
 many persons assembled in the belfry perished 
 in the flames.” About the time they became 
 nominally Christians, they fo unded the Abbeys 
 of St. Mary, near_Ostmahto wn, their own set-' 
 fTemenir As the best sites were chosen for such 
 establishments, we may presume that the 
 portion of the city now traversed by Capel- 
 street, and its branches right and left, was 
 “TEena spot the most eligible, for its rich soil, 
 lovely position, and other conveniences, that 
 the Danes had at their command in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Dublin. 
 
 Eapin informs us that Edgar, surnamed the 
 Peaceable, king of England, kept a fleet of four 
 thousand vessels, by which he not only pro- 
 tected his own dominions, but “ obliged the 
 kings of Wales, Ireland, and the Isle of Man, to 
 swear allegiance to him and acknowledge him 
 for sovereign.” This account of the extent of 
 
DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 26 
 
 Edgars rule corresponds with statements in a 
 charter granted by him at Gloucester, 964. In 
 that document he claims to have subdued under 
 his power, “ by the propitious grace of God,” 
 “ together with the empire of the English, all 
 the kingdoms of the islands of the ocean, 
 with their fierce kings, as far as Norway, 
 and the greatest part of Ireland, with its most 
 noble city Dublin” It is probable that the 
 u king of Ireland,” mentioned in Rapin, is the 
 Danish king of Dublin, who was also sovereign 
 of all the Danes in other parts of the country, 
 including Limerick and Waterford. How long 
 the king of Dublin remained subject to the king 
 of England is not reported ; but coins exist 
 which were struck at “ Dyfelin,” or Dublin, 
 bearing the name of Ethelred, who was next 
 but one in succession to Edgar on the English 
 throne. Consequently there was a “ mint” in 
 the, city, in the latter half of the tenth century. 
 "~"~The* year 980 saw the Danes of Dublin 
 routed by Malachi, king of Ireland, in an 
 engagement at Tarah, and nine years after- 
 wards, the same Malachi assailed them in their 
 own quarters in Dublin, slew great numbers of 
 them, remained there three-score nights, and 
 pressed them so close in their camp on the 
 shore outside the city, that they had no drink 
 but the salt water. At length they submitted, 
 and agreed to pay an ounce of gold out of every 
 messuage and garden in Dublin, to him and his 
 successors yearly at Christmas. 
 
 While these matters were transpiring, another 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 27 
 
 person was rising in power, who made his name 
 one of the most famed in ancient Irish history. 
 
 This was Brien Boroomh, king of Munster, who 
 ere long became king of the whole country. 
 
 In the year 999, the Dublin Danes ravaged a 
 great part of Leinster, and brought back among 
 other prisoners the king of the province, who 
 was one of Brien’s liegemen. Brien on hearing 
 this marched with a select body of troops to 
 Dublin, delivered the king of Leinster, banished 
 the Danish king Sitricus beyond the seas, 
 burned a great part of the city, and brought 
 away a considerable quantity of gold and silver, 
 with manufactured goods and other valuable 
 effects. The citizens gave hostages, and were 
 allowed to repair their works. Brien con- 
 tinued to pursue his conquests and depredations 
 in other parts of Ireland. In 1013, however, 
 the king of Leinster and the Danes of Dublin 
 joined in a league against him. He laid the 
 province waste to the very walls of the city, and, 
 early in the following year, engaged many of 
 the Irish princes to unite with him in a grand 
 effort either to destroy the Danes or compel 
 them to quit the country altogether. Their 
 monarch, Sitricus, with the Leinster king, were 
 not slow in making preparations to defeat him. 
 
 Aids came from the Isle of Man and the 
 
 Hebrides . OnjGood^Friday , 23r d t 1014, 10 * ^ 
 
 the hostile armies™ aieTonT^ 
 
 each resolved on victory or death. The place 
 
 has thence been called the Marathon of Ireland. 
 
 Both armies were in three divisions. The Danes 
 
28 
 
 DUBLIN PREVIOUS TO 
 
 had a thousand men in complete armour, and 
 nine thousand Leinster troops, with their auxi- 
 liaries. A portion of Brien’s followers were 
 absent. The king of Meath with a thousand 
 soldiers came obedient to Brien’s call, but had 
 a private understanding" with the king of Lein- 
 ster, that he and his troops would desert Brien 
 in the hour of battle. The conflict was tremen- 
 dous ; the carnage fearful. It began at sun- 
 rise, and till four in the afternoon the issue 
 remained doubtful. The Irish battle-axe, 
 wielded with one hand, cleft in twain the armed 
 
 Dane at a single stroke ; but prodigies of valour 
 were performed by all the combatants, and on 
 TbotE sides the victors of one moment fell victims 
 the next. According to some accounts, Brien’s 
 forces gained the day ; according to others, the 
 Danes at first gave way, but rallied, and at last 
 prevailed. Brien, it is said, when he had ha- 
 rangued his forces in the early morning, and the 
 signal for battle was given, was not allowed by 
 his followers to head them in the strife on 
 
 account of his great age, (eighty-three years,) 
 TuFretIFed To his tent, where he was attacked 
 at the close of the engagement by a party of 
 Danes, and slain. On his side fell, also, his 
 son, a long catalogue of princely and noble 
 leaders, together with from seven to eleven 
 thousand men. On the other side fell the king 
 of Leinster, almost all his princes and chiefs, 
 and three thousand men, while the Danes lost 
 their principal officers and fourteen thousand 
 men, including the thousand in coats of mail, 
 
THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 
 
 29 
 
 who, it is said, were all cut to pieces. After 
 the battle, Sitricus with the Irish Danes re- 
 turned to Dublin, and those from foreign parts 
 went on board their vessels, and set sail home- 
 wards. Some report that Brien’s body and his 
 son’s were interred at KilmainTiam, t( a ViHage 
 ^about a mile from Dublin, near an old stone 
 cross;” but it is believed by others that his 
 corpse was conveyed to Swords, and then 
 removed, pursuant to his own directions, and 
 buried in Armagh. 
 
 " Fr fen Boroomh is renowned for his supe- 
 riority in statesmanship and in music, equally 
 as in war. What is said to have been his harp 
 is preserved in the museum of the Dublin Uni- 
 versity ; but its identity is apocryphal, and 
 were it proved that the instrument was Brien’s, 
 a deep sigh would escape one on looking at the 
 relic, that, unlike the harp of the Son of Jesse, 
 it was seldom or never tuned to allay an evil 
 spirit, or to celebrate the glorious grace of the 
 Messiah’s reign. 
 
30 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 We have mentioned that the Danes of Dublin 
 exchanged heathenism for Christianity in its 
 Roman form about the year 948. 
 
 The Black Book of Christchurch has the 
 following account of the origin of that edifice : — 
 “ Sitricus, king of Dublin, son of Ableb earl of 
 Dublin, gave to the Blessed Trinity, and to 
 Dona te first bishop of Dublin, a place on which 
 to build a church of the Blessed Trinity, where 
 the arches or vaults were founded, with the 
 following lands, viz., Beal-duleck, [now Bal- 
 doyle,] Rechen, Portrahern, with their villeins, 
 cows, and corn ; he also contributed gold and ' 
 silver enough wherewith to build the church 
 and the whole court thereof.” The “ arches or 
 vaults,” are thought to have been places which 
 had been used for storing merchandise, though 
 others conjecture that they were rather cells 
 for devotion. Don ate became bishop of Dublin 
 J.n 1038, and die5~ in 1074. The church of 
 the Holy Trinity erected by him as above, 
 afterwards became Christchurch cathedral. 
 He also built the chapel of St* Michael, 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 31 
 
 which in course of time was changed into a 
 parish-church. 
 
 It is probable that the Danes of Dublin 
 leceived their Christianity from England, by 
 communication with ecclesiastics in that coun- 
 try. Indications of connexion with home 
 through Canterbury are not wanting in the case 
 of bishop Donate, but that connexion becomes 
 apparent in the case of Donate’s successor, 
 Patrick. Sir James Ware, in his “ Bishops of 
 Ireland,” gives the letter which the king of Dub- 
 lin sent with Patrick to Lanfranc the English 
 primate, requesting his consecration as having 
 been chosen by the clergy and citizens to be 
 their bishop. Ware gives also the formal vow 
 of canonical obedience which Patrick made to 
 Lanfranc and his successors. Ware furnishes 
 likewise two letters which Patrick brought 
 back with him from Lanfranc, one to Godfrid 
 king of Dublin, and the other to Tirdelvac 
 king of Ireland, both of them written in that 
 complimentary, patronising, admonitory, and 
 hortatory strain, which dignified ecclesiastics of 
 those days, as of our own, well knew how to 
 employ for . their purposes in addressing secular 
 lords. This Tirdelvac is the same king to 
 as Lanigan mentions, pope Gregory vii 
 Hildebrand, sent a letter, “nu^T in the style 
 ot several others which he wrote to several 
 kings, princes, etc., for the purpose of claim- 
 mg, not only a spiritual, but likewise a temporal 
 and political superiority over all the kingdoms 
 and principalities of Europe. Having insinuated 
 
82 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 //£/ 
 
 his claim over Ireland, he concludes with 
 oiving directions to Tirdelvac, etc., to refer to 
 him whatever affairs the settling of which may 
 require his assistance.” Thus did the pope s 
 temporal power over nations and their rulers 
 come in, as it were by" stealth, behind his 
 spiritual powerr^CncT as it was m the days of 
 Hildebrand, so it is in those of Pio Nono. , . 
 
 Usher, in his' “ Religion of the Ancient Irish, 
 gives the following letter from Henry i. of 
 England to his primate, ordering the consecra- 
 tion of a Dublin bishop, in 1121 1 “ Henry, 
 Pin ^ of England, to Ralph, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, greeting. The king of Ireland hath 
 intimated unto me by his writ, and the 
 burgesses of Dublin, that they have chosen 
 this Gregory for their bishop, and send him 
 ' url to you to be consecrated. Wherefore, I wish 
 you, that satisfying their requests, you perform 
 his consecration without delay. Witness — 
 Ranulph our chancellor at Windsor.” . Usher 
 writes that “ all the burgesses of Dublin like- 
 wise, and the whole assembly of the clergy, 
 directed their joint letters to the archbishop of 
 Canterbury the same time ; wherein, among 
 other things, they write thus : — 4 Kn ow y ou for 
 verity that the bishops of Ireland have great 
 indignation, towards us, and that bishop most 
 of Adi that dwelled! at Armagh ; because we 
 will not obey their ordination, but will always 
 be under your government.’ ” Hence it appears 
 what an opposition existed between the lnsh 
 ' and Romanist ecclesiastics of the country, 
 
TIIE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 The expression used by the Dublin burgesses 
 and clergy is even stronger than Usher has 
 rendered it, “ maximum zelum erga nos” “ the 
 greatest indignation towards us.” The “ indig- 
 nation” was not less in the Romanists a gainst 
 the Irish. There were essential ecclesiastical 
 dTSerences between the two. The Irish 
 churches were self- governed : owning no sub- 
 jection to the pope. They freely followed each 
 its own mode of worship ; none of them used 
 the Roman. Each church had its bishop ; 
 so much so that Roman divines censured lie- 
 land for its ' “paganism” in .having as many 
 bishops as churches. The Irish clergy were 
 ’not" boun3To“ce^ for among rules given 
 for their style of dress one is, that their wives 
 should have their heads veiled when they walk 
 abroad. The Irish churches were charged by 
 TJ^Samsts with not observing due order in 
 ordaining bishops ; in England, indeed, and on 
 the Continent, the ministry of Irish-ordained 
 clergy was often disallowed. The Roman laws 
 with regard to matrimony, the use of chrism 
 in baptism, and the observance of Easter, were^ 
 not recognised by the Irish Christians. These 
 differences gave rise to strong contentions 
 when the parties came in contact elsewhere ; 
 and no doubt the bishops of Ireland looked 
 upon the bishop of Dublin placing himself 
 in the position of a suffragan to Canterbury, 
 instead cf being in fellowship with themselves, 
 as the inhabitants of a besieged city would on a 
 person who sought to open its gates to the foe, 
 
 A 
 
34 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 The jurisdiction of the Dublin bishop did not 
 extend beyond the city. Limerick and Water- 
 ford were each of them a bishop’s see, and 
 being like Dublin, Danish settlements, their 
 prelates were of the Koman order, and 
 suffragans of Canterbury. Gregory, whose 
 application for consecration we ^ have men- 
 tioned, lived to see the long-cherished wishes 
 of the pope and his English primate consum- 
 mated, in all the Irish churches being placed 
 as one under the sway of Rome. 
 
 Early in the twelfth century, one Gillebert, 
 who, as Lanigan thinks, had been^ordaTried 
 among the Irish, was invited by the people of 
 Limerick to become their bishop. This changed 
 his ecclesiastical relation, and be became in- 
 timate with Anselm, the archbishop of Canter- 
 bury. He took a journey to the continent, and 
 was enamoured with the Roman worship as 
 there celebrated. It occurred to him how 
 much more orderly and respectable the Iri^li 
 "clergy' and ritual would be, were they brought 
 into conformity with Rome. The pope eventu- 
 ally made him his legate for Ireland, and he 
 wrote more than one treatise in furtherance of 
 his favourite purpose. “ It is probable,” writes 
 Lanigan, “ that Gillebert was encouraged in his 
 proceedings by Anselm, although it can scarcely 
 be supposed that Anselm supplied him with 
 his bad arguments.” The same author adds, 
 “ Gillebert did not succeed, at least to any 
 considerable degree, in setting aside the Irish 
 offices.” But the leaven spread. Malachi, 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL PULE. 35 
 
 bishop of Armagh, successor to the one alluded 
 to in the Dublin letter which we have quoted 
 above from Usher, entered into Gillebert’s views, 
 and went to Rome to solicit two “ palls,” one for 
 Armagh and the other for Cashel, making 
 them archbishoprics. The pope receiv ed him 
 graciously, appointed him legate for Ireland 
 instead of Gillebert, who had become infirm 
 through age, and promised that the palls should 
 be granted on their being applied for in due 
 form, by delegates from a council of the clergy 
 and chief men of the country. A council was 
 held on Malachi’s return, and ultimately pope 
 Eugenius sent cardinal Paparo to Ireland, who 
 conferred four [paHs^ TamHyT one eacE upon 
 Armagh, Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam. Thus 
 all Ireland wasbrought into direcFTellowship 
 with the pope, and vowed allegiance to him as 
 her head. . Dublin also ceased to be ecclesias- 
 tically subject to Canterbury, and became itself 
 an archiepiscopal see. Then, or in a few years 
 afterwards, several bishoprics in the neighbour- 
 hood of the city, as Clondalkin, Tallaght, Taney, 
 etc., were merged in the see of Dublin. 
 
 The movement commenced by Gillebert had 
 other than spiritual results. Within four years 
 after Ireland received the palls, Henr y il, king 
 of England, obtained from pope" Adrian iv., as 
 absolute sovereign of Ireland in his capacFty of 
 vicar of Christ, a bull, formally assigning over 
 the country to Henry and his successors on the 
 throne of England as its lords. The grant was 
 made by the pope to the king il for extending 
 
DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 36 
 
 the borders of the church, restraining the pro- 
 gress of vice, for the correction of manners, the 
 planting of virtue, and the increase of religion.” 
 It empowered Henry to “enter Ireland and 
 execute therein whatever shall pertain to the 
 honour of God and the welfare of the land. 
 
 It enjoined the people to “ receive him honour- 
 ably and reverence him as their lord ; the 
 rights of their churches still remaining in- 
 violate.” It bound Henry' and his successors 
 to pay to the pope one penny annually for each 
 house in the country. It concluded by exhort- 
 ing Henry to fulfil his mission for the good of 
 Ireland, that he “might be entitled to the 
 fulness of eternal reward from God, and obtain 
 a glorious crown on earth throughout all ages.” 
 This bull from Adrian was variously confirmed 
 by his successors on the papal throne. 
 
 Henry was too much occupied otherwise to 
 act upon this bull at once. In the mean time, 
 preparations were being made for his success, 
 and no doubt the connection which had existed 
 between Dublin and Canterbury favoured his 
 interests among the Danes in the former city. 
 In 1162, Dermod, king of Leinster, brought 
 “TR®TT5anes and their king under his own 
 power. Five years afterwards, O’Connor, king 
 of Ireland, made war on Dermod and the Danes. 
 Dermod, reduced to extremity, applied to the 
 king of England for aid to regain his territories. 
 Henry issued warrants to his subjects command- 
 ing them to furnish Dermod with supplies. The 
 principal person who espoused his cause was 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 37 
 
 the earl of Pembroke, surnamed 1 1 Strongbow ’ 
 from liis power in archery. To engage this 
 lord in his interest, the king of Leinster pro- 
 mised him his daughter in marriage and his 
 crown in reversion. Strongbow came accord- 
 ingly,andDermod recovered his lost possessions, 
 made himself master of Dublin, and appointed 
 Miles de Cogan, an English adventurer, com- 
 mander of the place. Dermod died in 1171, and 
 Strongbow became king of Leinster, including 
 its metropolis, Dublin. Henry hearing of his 
 success became jealous ; but the earl visited 
 England, and appeased Henry’s wrath by con- 
 senting to surrender Dublin to him, and to 
 hold the province under him as liege-lord. 
 
 In October, 1172, Henry himself crossed the 
 channel from Milford to Waterford, with a fleet 
 of two hundred and forty vessels, bringing 
 with him many of his court and nobility, four 
 hundred knights or men-at-arms, and four 
 thousand soldiers. On landing, he received the 
 submission of the English settlers ; Strongbow 
 did homage to him for the crown of Leinster ; * 
 and, in his progress towards Dublin, many of 
 the Irish princes offered him their allegiance. 
 At Dublin, Strongbow formally ceded the city 
 to him, and he appointed Hugh de Lacy its 
 governor, who bore the titles of bailiff, seneschal, 
 and guardian or custos ; under the Danes, its 
 chief magistrate had been called “ Mor Maer,’ 
 Great Steward . Henry then went southward, 
 and attended an ecclesiastical council at Cashel, 
 wherein all matters affecting the Irish churches 
 
38 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 were arranged according to the will of the 
 Roman pontiff. On returning to the metropolis , 
 lie gave the laws of England to his Irish subjects,^ 
 held a parliament, and established courts of 
 Ch ancery , King’s Bench , Common Pleas , and 
 Exchequer, on the model of those in London. 
 Henry spent his Christmas in Dublin, with 
 truly royal feasting and splendour. There 
 being no place in the city large enough for his 
 use, he “ caused to be erected a royal palace, 
 framed artificially of wattles, according to the 
 custom of the country,” on a spot outside the 
 walls, where Dame-lane enters George’s-street, 
 'This palace “ was a long pavilion, like a cabin, 
 which being well furnished with plate, house- 
 hold stuff, and good cheer, made a better 
 appearance than ever had been before seen in 
 Ireland. Many of the Irish princes . flocked 
 thither to pay their duty to the king, not 
 without admiration and applause of his mag- 
 nificence.” His object herein was to establish 
 his power in the country by attaching the 
 chiefs and people to himself, giving proofs of 
 his goodwill towards them in order to secure 
 theirs in return. Before his departure, at 
 Easter, he granted the city of Dublin to the 
 people of Bristol ; “ Wherefore,” says the charter, 
 “I will and firmly command that they do in- 
 habit it, and hold it of me and of my heirs, 
 well and in peace, freely and quietly, fully, and 
 amply, and honourably, with all liberties and 
 free customs which the men of Bristol have at 
 Bristol and through my whole land.” 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 39 
 
 Earl Strongbow died in 1177, and was buried 
 with great solemnity in Christchurch cathedral, 
 where a monument was placed to his memory, 
 which still exists, though much injured and 
 defaced. The record of his death states that 
 he was interred “ in sight of the cross.” Happy 
 had it been if all who undertook the cure of 
 souls, in those and other times, had been as 
 concerned that men should know the doctrine 
 of the cross for their salvation while living, as 
 the ‘ ecclesiastics who arranged the obsequies 
 of Strongbow were to lay his corpse within 
 ... View of the crucifix, which the spirit of anti- 
 christ has substituted as a refuge for the soul 
 
 r in the place of a living faith in Christ ! 
 
 During the time that the English power was 
 being established in Ireland, the archbishopric 
 of Dublin was held by the celebrated Lawrence 
 O’Toole. At first he opposed Henry’s pro- 
 jects, Dut afterwards acquiesced in them. We 
 read of him, that although he studiously avoided 
 all popular applause, yet his charity to the poor, 
 and hospitality to the rich, could not be con- 
 cealed. He caused every day, sometimes sixty, 
 sometimes Torty, and at least thirty poor men to 
 be fed m his presence, besides many whom he 
 otherwise relieved. He entertained the rich 
 Splendidly inelegantly, with variety of dishes, 
 and several sorts of wines, yet never tasted of 
 the repast himself, contented with coarser fare. 
 In 1179, he attended the second general coun- 
 cil of the Lateran, and while there obtained a 
 bull from the pope Alexander, confirming the 
 
 
 //;? 
 
40 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 dioceses of Glendalough, Kildare, Ferns, Leigh- 
 lin, and Ossory, to his metropolitan see. ° 
 When cardinal Paparo gave palls to Armagh 
 and Dublin, he did not sufficiently appoint in 
 what relation the two sees should stand to each 
 other. To Comyn, who followed O’Toole in 
 that of Dublin, pope Honorius in. granted that 
 he should be primate in his archdiocese, and 
 that no prelate should have jurisdiction over 
 him therein, save tne pope or his legates. A 
 controve rsy of some centuries’ duration arose 
 between Dublin and Armagh on this subject. 
 The sign of primatial rank and prerogative 
 consisted in the cross of the prelate being car- 
 ried . upright before him. Popes, councils, 
 parliaments, were variously appealed to, and 
 gave judgment variously. On one occasion, 
 the archbishop of Armagh appeared at Howth 
 with his cross erect, which some belonging to 
 the Dublin party observing, they beat it down 
 and drove him out of Leinster. At another 
 time the archbishop of Armagh came to a par- 
 liament in Dublin, under the king’s warrant 
 that he should have no molestation ; but the 
 archbishop of Dublin would not allow him to 
 appear, because he insisted on having hi» cross 
 carried upright. In 1345, Fitz-Ralph, of Armagh, 
 procured from king Edward in. authority 0 to 
 bear his cross erect in any part of Ireland. 
 Accordingly he came to Dublin, and remained 
 in the city three days, exhibiting the symbol 
 of pre-eminence, asserting his claim, publicly 
 reading the bulls of popes in support of it, and 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 41 • 
 
 denouncing excommunication against any who 
 should oppose it. Hcwson, the lord justice, the 
 prior oF Kilmainham, and other high officials, 
 interfered, (being induced to do so, it is said* 
 by a bribe from the archbishop of Dublin,) 
 and put a stop to those proceedings. Fitz- \ 
 Ralph left the city in great anger. On reaching 
 Drogheda he pronounced the curse of the church 
 on the parties who had dared to impugn his 
 dignity. This alarmed and humbled them. 
 The Kilmainham prior himself, seized with 
 dangerous illness, sent deputies to confess his 
 sin, and implore absolution. He died before 
 their return, and his remains were refused 
 Christian burial ; but the grace desired being 
 at length vouchsafed, they were then allowed a 
 resting-place in consecrated ground. The next 
 archbishop of Dublin received letters from 
 Edward, revoking those given to Fitz-Ralph, 
 on the ground that the latter had been obtained 
 through misrepresentation. Finally, pope Inno- 
 cent vi. brought the dispute to a close, by 
 ordaining that Armagh should be primate of 
 all Ireland, and Dublin primate of Ireland, 
 answering to the difference, ecclesiastically, 
 between Canterbury and York in England. 
 
 We must now retrace our steps, and notice 
 matters which, in order to avoid breaking the 
 thread of our narrative, we refrained from 
 alluding to before. 
 
 The establishment of the abbey of St. Mary, 
 on the north side of the LifFey, and the building 
 of the church of the Holy Trinity, or Christ- 
 
 B 2 
 
42 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 church, and that of St. Michael, in the heart of 
 the city, have been mentioned. In 1095, the 
 church of St. Michan was founded between 
 Ostmantown and Mary’s Abbey, by a Dane of 
 that name; and about a century later, arch- 
 bishop Comyn demolished the old parochial 
 church of St. Patrick, and erected and endowed 
 a cathedral in its place. In 1146, the nun- 
 nery of St. Mary de Hoggins was built not iar 
 from the eastern gate of the city, which thence 
 took the name of Dame’s Gate, and the me- 
 morial of the nunnery is still preserved, m Alie 
 names Dame-street and Dame-lane. T« y 
 years later, the great monastery of All-Hallows 
 was erected where Trinity College now stands ; 
 and in the same year was also founded the 
 priory of All-Hallows, at Hoggin s-gieen, now 
 called Stephen’s-green ; both the monastery 
 and tKe priory sprang from the zeal of Dei-mod, 
 kina of Leinster. About the same time, a. 
 Andrew’s church was built where the Cattle 
 Market is at present. The abbey of St Thomas 
 was erected by Eitz-Audelin, butte to Henry ., 
 and its situation is yet known as Thomas-court 
 and Thomas-street ; it was, however, then 
 “ near’’ Dublin. Earl Strongbow erected the 
 priory of Knights’ Templars at KihnainJuun, 
 where now stands the Koyal Hospital ; their 
 grounds extended across the river, including. « 
 portion of the Phoenix Park. In 1188, the 
 priory of St. John the Baptist was built by 
 Alured de Palmer, on what is, m our day, the 
 north side of Thomas-street, And, in 1202, 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 43 
 
 William Marshall, earl of Pembroke, egba : 
 IblTsEed the priory of St. Saviour, on the site of 
 ' the present Pour Courts. In 1235, the abbey 
 “of St. Francis was erected, mid from it after- 
 wards was taken the name of Francis-street. 
 In 1259, the monastery of the Holy Trinity 
 was founded by earl Talbot, where Croyv-strget 
 theatre stood in modern time. The abbey of 
 Witeschan, for Friars Penitent, was founded 
 near the Coombe in 1268 ; and ten years later 
 the monastery of Carmelites," or White Friars, 
 was" founded by sir Robert P>agot, near the 
 present Whitefriars-street. The churches of 
 ’St. Nicholas Within, St. Werburgh’s,. St. 
 Owen’s, (now Audoen’s,) and St. Catharine’s, 
 are believed to have existed at that period. 
 So that the Dublin of the thirteenth century 
 must have been well supplied with ecclesiastical 
 buildings. Some of these establishments had 
 immense property, and their heads were lords 
 of parliament, who had great influence in po- 
 litical affairs. 
 
 The 44 wall and tower” with which the 
 Danes encompassed Dublin for its defence 
 when they first became masters of it, were, of 
 course, built of masonry, probably, however, 
 of a somewhat rude and frail kind, a step or 
 two in advance upon the 44 forts” which uni- 
 versal tradition ascribes to them, and which 
 are so frequently met with in the country. 
 In the year 1000, they repaired and added 
 to the fortifications, which then became of 
 
 considerable strength. The city wall went, 
 
44 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 it is believed, from Cork-liill on the east 
 down to within some distance of the river, 
 then along, or rather above the present Cook- 
 street, running up the hill through Owens or 
 Audoen’s Arch, and afterwards, a few yards 
 below the top of the rise on the south side, 
 took its course eastward till it reached Cork- 
 hill. There were several gates ; one on the 
 east called Dame’s Gate ; another towards the 
 west called Owen’s Gate ; a third on the north, 
 or north-west, near the present Winetavern- 
 street, leading to the river ; and a fourth on 
 the south side. Early in the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, it was judged that the city required 
 greater security ; and on a representation made 
 to that effect by Meyler Fitz-Henry, the lord 
 justice, or, as we should style him, the lord 
 lieutenant, king John granted him a commission 
 to “erect a castle there, in such competent 
 place as he should judge most expedient, _ as 
 well to curb the city as to defend it, if occasion 
 should so require, and to make it as strong as 
 he could with good and durable walls.” It 
 was, if so much could be accomplished, to 
 be a “ palace” as well as a “ castle.” To aid 
 the work, John assigned to Fitz-Henry a debt 
 of three hundred marks (£200) due to the 
 king by one Jeffrey Fitz-Robert. He also 
 ordered the inhabitants to improve the city 
 defences, to defray the cost, of which he ap- 
 pointed them an annual fair to be held for 
 eight days, beginning on the festival of the 
 u Invention of the Holy Cross.” It is thought 
 
TIIE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 45 
 
 that the “ castle” was finished by the arch- 
 bishop Henry Loundres, in 1220. It was built 
 on the site occupied by its present successor. 
 The entrance to it was on its north side, from 
 what is called, in consequence, “ Castle-street,” 
 and was secured by two towers, a portcullis, 
 and a drawbridge. What now forms the 
 Lower Castle-yard and parts adjoining, were 
 then called “ Sheep’s La nd,” (whence Ship- 
 street,) and aTo3gment of water there was 
 called the “ City Ditch.” In 1215, the citizens 
 obtained a royal license to build a bridge over 
 the LifFey where they pleased. The site chosen 
 was probably where we have conjectured the 
 old Ford to have been, and from this bridge 
 the street leading to it from the city naturally 
 came to be called “ Bridge-street.” “ High- 
 street,” named from its' position, was burned 
 down in 1285, and the year following the 
 greater part of the city was consumed. It is . , 
 recorded to the honour of the inhabitants, that 
 they first made a collection to repair the 
 damage done to Christchurch, “ before they 
 thought of re-edifying their own houses.” 
 
 The reader has been informed that Henry II. 
 gave special encouragement to his loving sub- 
 jects of Bristol to settle in Dublin. A gloomy 
 event followed in connexion with their having 
 taken advantage of his permission. Easter 
 Monday, ordinarily accounted bright, acquired 
 the name of “ Black Monday.” “ The occasion 
 of Black Monday,” writes Ware in his 
 “Antiquities,” anno 1209, “and the original 
 
46 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 remembrance thereof, arose in Dublin. The 
 _city of Dublin, by reason of some great mor- 
 tality, being waste and desolate, the inhabitants 
 of Bristol flocked thither to dwell, who after 
 their country manner upon holy-days, some for 
 love of the fresh air, somS to avoid idleness, some 
 "other for pastime, pleasure and gaming sake, 
 Socked out of the town towards Cullen’s Wood 
 upon Monday in Easter- week. The Beirnes and 
 Tooles, (the mountain enemies,) like wolves lay 
 in ambush for them, and upon finding them un- 
 armed, fell upon them, and slew three hundred 
 men, besides women and children which they 
 led in their hands. Although, shortly after, 
 the town was upon the report thereof soon 
 peopled again by Bristolians, yet that dismal day 
 is yearly remembered, and solemnly observed by 
 the mayor, sheriffs, and citizens, with feast and 
 banquet,, and pitching of tents in that place, in 
 most brave sort, daring the enemy upon his 
 peril not to be so hardy as ever to approach 
 near their feasting camp.” This custom was 
 continued for some centuries. At last, on 
 Easter Monday, in 1578, “ the wind and rain 
 were so violent that neither bowmen nor shot 
 could go abroad p r and brave as the then chief 
 magistrate and his compeers might be to face 
 the human “ mountain enemies,” they shrank 
 from encountering the terrible war of elements. 
 Nor did their valorous successors in following 
 years, except on one occasion, ever feel called 
 upon to resume this old champion-like celebra- 
 tion of “ Black Monday.” 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 47 
 
 In the latter half of the thirteenth century, 
 warm contests arose between the spiritual' and 
 the civic rulers of the city. So excessive were 
 the “dues” exacted by the clergy for church ser- 
 vices and purposes, that it was resolved to limit 
 their power and reduce their demands. This 
 incensed the archbishop Fulk de Sandford. He 
 excommunicated the mayor and other secular 
 officials, placed the city under an interdict, and 
 had the inhabitants denounced by the pope’s 
 legate then in London. In 1268, sir Robert de 
 Ufford, the lord justice, brought about an ad- 
 justment. Among the terms agreed upon were 
 the following : — If a citizen were guilty of a 
 public sin, he might commute its punishment 
 for a sum of money ; if he persisted in it, and 
 it were great and public, he was to be cudgelled 
 ( fustigetur ) about the church ; on that prov- 
 ing insufficient to reform him, he was to be 
 cudgelled before the processions made to the 
 cathedrals ; and in case he was still impenitent, 
 he was to be expelled the city or cudgelled 
 through it. The modern use of the horsewhip 
 * T 1 1 for administering Romanist pastoral 
 
 might refer to the above agreement 
 as its precedent. 
 
 Honourable mention is made of J ohn le Dacer, 
 the first “ provost” of Dublin, as having been a 
 great public benefactor. Besides building two 
 chapels and granting other liberalities to the 
 church, he provided a marble cistern for the 
 city conduit, such as had never been seen 
 before *, he also erected a new bridge over the 
 
48 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 LifFey, and in a time of scarcity sent out three 
 ships and brought over a supply of corn, 
 bestowing one cargo on the lord justice and the 
 militia, and a second on the Dominican and 
 Augustin friars, reserving the third for the 
 exercise of his own hospitality and bounty. 
 The last-named generosity probably occurred 
 ,| /I in 1310, for we are told that in that year the 
 bakers of Dublin were drawn on hurdles at the 
 tails of horses, through the streets, for using 
 false weights and for other mal-practices, during 
 a famine when a “crannoch” of wheat (four 
 Winchester bushels) sold' for twenty shillings, 
 the price in England a few years before (1288) 
 having been only fourpence per bushel. An- 
 other famine occurred in 1331, when the 
 distress of the citizens was singularly “ relieved 
 by a prodigious shoal of fish, called 4 turleyhides,’ 
 being cast on shore at the mouth of the Dodder. 
 They were from thirty to forty feet long, and 
 so thick that men standing on each side one of 
 them could not see those on the other. Upwards 
 of two hundred of them were killed by the 
 people.” 
 
 Besides famine, pestilence frequently made 
 havoc in the city. One that occurred in 1348 
 carried off “vast numbers” — a writer of the 
 time says, “ fourteen thousand 1 ” A second came 
 in 1361 ; a third, yet more destructive, in 1370 ; 
 and a fourth in 1383, which “ destroyed abun- 
 dance of people.” Of one in 1439, “ three 
 thousand” persons died; of another in 1447, 
 “ vast multitudes died.” What was the state of 
 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL PULE. 
 
 49 
 
 medical practice in Dublin during the times we 
 are speaking of cannot be satisfactorily ascer- 
 tained ; but a statement in Messrs. Warburton, 
 Whitelaw, and Walsh’s History, may suggest 
 to us that the healing art was studied among 
 the Irish and in Dublin at even an earlier 
 period. “ In passing,” say the authors, “ through 
 Mitre-alley, an obscure part of the old city, 
 near St. Patrick’s cathedral, the eye is attracted 
 by an angular sign-board projecting from the 
 wall, on which is the following inscription: 
 
 ‘ Domestic medicine prescribed from Irish ma- 
 nuscripts,’ and a couplet of Irish poetry, which 
 is literally, 1 O Christ, the sick relieve ; to their 
 aid I Thee implore.’ Attracted by this notice, 
 we visited the doctor, in the hope of meeting 
 those Irish manuscripts from which he derived 
 his prescriptions. Nor were we disappointed. 
 We found an old man of a genuine Milesian 
 aspect, possessed of seventy-three very old and 
 valuable volumes of vellum, bound in modern 
 covers. They contained several thousand re- 
 cipes in Latin and Irish, written in a very 
 beautiful but very old Irish character. The 
 title-pages were wanting, but they were sup- 
 posed to be a collection of native and other 
 recipes made in the thirteenth century, and 
 from that period traditionally descending from 
 family to family.” 
 
 Dublin had no school of learning after she be- 
 came Koman, previous to the fourteenth-century. 
 In 1313, archbishop Leek obtained from pope 
 Clement v. a bull for founding 11 the university 
 
50 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 of scholars at Dublin,” and in seven years more 
 his successor, Bicknor, procured another bull 
 from pope John xxil, renewing and confirming 
 the former. Bicknor applied himself with much 
 spirit to perfect the design. The rules of this 
 college are given by Ware. It had power to 
 confer degrees, and at its opening several persons 
 received that of doctor in divinity, and Bodiart, 
 dean of St. Patrick’s, was made doctor in canon 
 law and chancellor of the university. It was 
 held in St. Patrick’s cathedral. King Edward hi. 
 appointed for the university a professor of di- 
 vinity, enlarged the original endowment, and by 
 special writ granted his protection and safe-con- 
 duct to the students while going and returning. 
 It had, however, only a feeble and hardly- 
 sustained existence. A vigorous attempt was 
 made to revive it in 1496, when archbishop 
 Fitz-Simons, at a council held in Christchurch, 
 “ assigned certain stipends to the lecturers in the 
 university at Dublin, payable yearly by him- 
 self and his suffragans.” But we hear nothing 
 of it afterwards. 
 
 In Bicknor’s day, indolence and mendicancy 
 seem to have been rampant in Dublin, and he 
 laudably sought to promote industry as well as 
 learning among the people. There was formerly 
 “ extant in the registry of St. Mary’s Abbey, 
 an account of a remarkable sermon preached 
 by him in Christchurch, against sloth and 
 idleness ; wherein he bitterly complained of the 
 mischiefs arising from the strangers and beggars 
 who infested the city and suburbs of Dublin ; 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 51 
 
 and so warm was lie in his discourse, that he 
 cursed every one that would not exercise some 
 trade or calling every day, more or less. His 
 sermon had such an influence that the then 
 mayor of Dublin exercised his authority on the 
 occasion, and would not suffer any person 
 within his liberties but such as spun or knitted 
 as they walked the streets. Even the begging 
 friars were not excused.” The evils thus 
 rebuked and corrected came to the metropolis 
 from the provinces, where we have reason to 
 believe they prevailed a century and a half 
 later. King Henry vn. inquired of Fitz-Simon, 
 archbishop of Dublin, when the latter waited 
 on him at court, why his Irish subjects so often 
 rebelled and made no improvement under the 
 English rule, notwithstanding the advantages 
 which the country afforded. Fitz-Simon referred 
 the king to an explanation he had sent to his 
 majesty in a letter some time before, ascribing 
 the poverty and di|cpntent of the Irish to their 
 “ idleness.” Let us rejoice that, whatever may 
 have been the facts of the case then, a disposi- 
 tion towards industry and self-reliance is now 
 growing up rapidly among the people, and that 
 they are, in all parts of the country, coming to 
 regard it as a maxim of common sense and an 
 element of social prosperity, not less than an 
 ordinance of God’s word and a principle of his 
 providence — that u If any will not work, neither 
 shall he eat.” 
 
 Edward Bruce, brother to the celebrated 
 Robert, king of Scotland, invaded the north of 
 
DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 52 
 
 Ireland about the year 1315, marched thence 
 towards Dublin, and, encamping at Castleknock, 
 placed the city in imminent danger. The 
 citizens, to protect themselves, burned some of 
 the suburbs on the west, and, besides other 
 additions to their defences, they built a new 
 wall on the north side of the town, along what 
 is now Merchant’s Quay, about four hundred 
 feet nearer the river than the old line. Bruce 
 burned St. Mary’s abbey and plundered St. 
 Patrick’s cathedral, but observing that the city 
 was well prepared to stand a siege, he withdrew 
 towards Naas. Less than a century afterwards, 
 the citizens returned the visit of the Scots*, for, 
 in June, 1405, they fitted out a fleet and “in- 
 vaded Scotland at St. Ninian’s,” where their 
 forces “ behaved themselves valiantly and did 
 much mischief.” They subsequently sailed 
 down the channel and committed some depre- 
 dations on the coast of Wales, bringing back 
 with them the shrine of St. Cubie, which trophy 
 they deposited among the relics in Christchurch. 
 For the great services thus rendered by the 
 citizens in creating divisions among his enemies 
 the Scots and Welsh, king Henry iv. granted 
 that the mayor of Dublin should thenceforth 
 have a gilt sword borne before him, for the 
 fionour of the king and his heirs, as was 
 customaiy with the mayor of London. 
 
 Feuds and disafFections prevailing in Ireland 
 to the weakening, if not peril, of the English 
 power there, king Richard ii. had funds for 
 visiting that country placed at his disposal by 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 53 
 
 his clergy and parliament. At Michaelmas, 
 1894, he landed at Waterford with four thousand 
 men-at-arms and thirty thousand archers, the 
 duke of Gloucester, the earls of Nottingham 
 and Rutland, and other of his nobility accom- 
 panying him. To give gorgeousness to his 
 state he brought with him his crown jewels. 
 Not fewer than seventy-five Irish chiefs, each 
 bearing the title of “ king,” waited upon him in 
 Dublin and humbly tendered their submissions. 
 They were perfectly charmed with his royal 
 pomp and hospitality, and perhaps were yet 
 more pleasurably excited by the condescending 
 notices to which so great a potentate admitted 
 them, for Richard and his courtiers conversed 
 with them, through Castile, one of his attendants, 
 and the earl of Ormond, both of whom under- 
 stood the Irish language. The four principal 
 princes were treated with marked favour above 
 the rest. They were informed that his majesty 
 was disposed to confer upon them the order of 
 knighthood. But, in their simplicity, they did 
 not at first understand the value of this grace, 
 and they expressed some surprise that knight- 
 hood should be considered any addition to the 
 rank they already held. “ Every Irish king,” 
 they said, “ makes his son a 4 knight’ at seven 
 years old, or, in case of his death, the next 
 kinsman. We assemble,” they continued, “ in 
 a plain '; the candidates run with slender lances 
 against a shield fastened on a stake; he who 
 breaks the greatest number is distinguished by 
 particular honours attached to his new dignity.” 
 
DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 54 
 
 Richard and his great men acknowledged such 
 proofs of early prowess to he highly praise- 
 worthy; but it was explained that all the states 
 of Europe adopted a more solemn form in 
 bestowing knightly honour. The ceremonial 
 was described in detail, and the four Irish 
 princes, being now able to appreciate the boon, 
 accepted it with due thanks at Richard’s hand, 
 in Christchurch cathedral, March 25th, 1395 
 after which these royal personages, thus exalted 
 above their former selves, appeared in robes of 
 state, and were seated at the king’s table. 
 Richard having spent nine months in Ireland, 
 was hurried home by information from the 
 archbishop of York and the bishop of London, 
 that in England religion and the church were 
 in much danger through the spread of Lollard- 
 ism. The prelates told him that the reformers 
 "had gone so far as to make appeals to the 
 parliament, and that that body had received 
 them with a degree of attention that greatly 
 alarmed the clergy, so that the king’s own 
 piety and authority alone could save the faith 
 from utter ruin. 
 
 Notwithstanding the great spread of Wycliffe’s 
 doctrines in England, few traces e:adst ot their 
 having found their way into Dublin, which is 
 the more remarkable from the constant com- 
 munication which was kept up between that 
 country and the Irish metropolis. But there is 
 evidence that about the time of Wycliffe’s birth 
 (1324) opinions the reverse of what were 
 deemed orthodox existed in the city. In the 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 55 
 
 year 1327, “Adam Duffe O’Toole was con- 
 victed of blasphemy in Dublin, namely, for deny- 
 ing the incarnation of Christ, the Trinity in 
 unity, for affirming that the blessed Virgin was 
 an harlot, that there was no resurrection, that 
 the Scriptures were a mere fable, and that the 
 apostolical see was an imposture and usurpation ; 
 rind the next year, pursuant to his sentence, 
 was burned on Hoggin Green, near Dublin.” 
 
 It is not unlikely that this man held Waldensian 
 
 principles; if so, persons acquainted with the 
 representations made of those tenets by Romanist 
 writers, well know what weight is to be attached 
 to the charge of denying the Incarnation, the 
 Trinity, and the inspiration of the Scriptures. 
 
 Shortly before this trial and execution of 
 O’Toole, namely, in 1324, lady Alice Kettle, 
 William Outlaw her son, and two other persons, 
 are said to have been charged with “ witchcraft 
 and enchantments,” in the spiritual court of 
 Ossory; but another authority, judged by Ware 
 to be more trustworthy, records that her lady- 
 ship suffered death for heresy, and that she 
 was the first that was ever known to suffer for 
 that crime in Ireland. The chief magistrate of 
 Kilkenny favoured the delinquents. Iiis bishop, 
 Ledred, accused him of heresy, excommuni- 
 cated him, and had him committed to the 
 castle in Dublin. The prior of Kilmainham, 
 however, then lord justice, treated him kindly. 
 The bishop, enraged, went to Dublin, and 
 there charged “heresy” upon the lord justice. 
 A parliament was summoned, who appointed a 
 
56 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 committee of inquiry. 11 They examined the 
 witnesses apart, and every one of them made 
 oath that the justice was orthodox, a zealous 
 champion of the faith, and ready to defend it 
 with his life. Upon this report of the com- 
 mittee he was solemnly acquitted, and prepared 
 a sumptuous banquet for all his defenders.” 
 A year or two subsequently, Ledred was himself 
 accused of heresy by his metropolitan, Bicknor, 
 and appealed to the judgment of the pope, who 
 exempted him from Bicknor’s jurisdiction. We 
 have no means of knowing certainly what the 
 “ heresy” was which parties thus charged upon 
 each other. It may have involved no very 
 serious departure from the faith received and 
 enforced by the Romish church ; but, on the 
 other hand, it may have been a near approach 
 to evangelical truth. At all events, after Bick- 
 nor’s death, pope Clement vi. sent a commission 
 to the new archbishop u to make inquisition 
 against all such heretics as had fled from the 
 prosecution of Richard Ledred, bishop of Ossory, 
 into the diocese of Dublin, and had been pro- 
 tected by Alexander Bicknor, and to bring 
 them to due punishment according to the 
 canons.” 
 
 * Bale, to whom we shall refer hereafter, in 
 his book entitled “ The Great Process against 
 Lord Cobham,” having noticed the act of the 
 English parliament which declared Lollardism 
 to be both treason and heresy, and ordained 
 that a convicted Lollard should be first hung 
 in chains for his treason and then burned for his 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 57 
 
 heresy, says, that “ many were taken in divers 
 qtffiters and suffered most cruel deaths. And 
 many fled out of the land into Germany, 
 Bohemia, France, Spain, Portugal, and into 
 the Weld [ Wold, open country] of Scotland, 
 Wales, and Ireland, working there many 
 marvels against their false kingdom too long to 
 write.” Hence it appears that some Lollards 
 came to Ireland ; but had they been in con- 
 siderable numbers, or made much stir in favour 
 of their principles, more information would 
 have been preserved respecting them than has 
 been handed down to our time. 
 
 In the year 1489 “ musquets ” were brought 
 to Dublin from Germany, and six of them, as 
 a great rarity, were presented to Gerald, earl pt 
 ICildare, tlien lord deputy, which lie put into 
 the hands of his guards, as they stood sentinels^ 
 before his house in Thomas Court. They are 
 supposed to have been the first fire-arms ever 
 seen in Ireland. 
 
 The impostor Simnel, who had been trained^ 
 by an Oxford priest to personate the deceased 
 earl of Warwick, and claimed to be the rightful 
 heir to the English throne, came to Dublin in 
 1486, and was received by the earl of Kildare, 
 then lord justice, and other chief officials, with all 
 respect and submission, they being warm par- 
 tisans of the house of York. He was crowned 
 in Christchurch, under the style of Edward vi. 
 The crown used on the occasion was taken 
 from the image of the Virgin in the nunnery 
 of St. Mary, already mentioned, between the 
 
DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 58 
 
 ^ r C6llege - -green. But the year following, the 
 cause of Simnel having become desperate, the 
 mayor, Jenieho Marks, humbly besought mercy 
 for himself and the citizens from king Henry 
 vii., pleading in apology for their misdeeds 
 the example that had been set them by the 
 king’s representative, the archbishop of Dublin, 
 and most of the clergy in the country except 
 the primate of Armagh. In June, 1488, sir 
 Richard Edgcumbe came with a royal com- 
 mission to receive new oaths of fidelity from 
 the lord deputy, with the nobility, clergy, and 
 pe ople ? who had been engaged in the revolt, 
 ancl to grant them a full pardon. It may be 
 observed, as indicating the state of education in 
 the city at this period, that several of the 
 parties who subscribed the application to the 
 king for forgiveness, did so by affixing their 
 ijiaxk to it, being unable to write. 
 
 Dublin, under Roman ecclesiastical rule, had 
 I*- its pageant performances on sacred days. . The 
 reader will form an idea of these exhibitions 
 / bv the following outline of the provision for 
 
 names of the several city guilds, me glovers 
 were to represent Adam and Eve, with an 
 angel bearing a sword before them. The 
 curriers, Cain and Abel, with an altar and their 
 offering. The mariners and vintners, Noah 
 and the persons in his ark, apparelled in the 
 habit of carpenters and salmon-takers. The 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL RULE. 
 
 59 
 
 weavers personated Abraham and Isaac, with 
 their offering and altar. The smiths, Pharaoh 
 and his host. The skinners, the camel, with 
 the children of Israel. The goldsmiths were 
 to find the king of Cullen — (who was he ?) 
 The hoopers, or coopers, were to find the 
 shepherds, with an angel singing Gloria in 
 excelsis Deo . Corpus Christi guild was to find 
 Christ in his passion, with the Maries and 
 angels. The tailors were to find Pilate with 
 his fellowship, and his wife clothed accordingly. 
 The barbers, Annas and Caiaphas. The 
 fishers, the apostles. The merchants, the 
 prophets. And the butchers, the tormentors. 
 The reader may comment on the list as he will. 
 Doubtless each corporation felt a gratification 
 in doing its part well, though the degree of 
 complacency must have varied according to the 
 honour and excellency of what it had to 
 personify. 
 
 What was reckoned an act of gross sacrilege 
 was perpetrated in Dublin, early in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. . The partisans of the lord deputy 
 Kildare, and those of the earl of Ormond, met 
 in St. Patrick’s cathedral professedly for an 
 amicable conference with a view to adjust 
 differences which had led to much asperity 
 between them. It was a stratagem, how- 
 ever, on the part of Ormond and his people 
 to get Kildare and his followers into their 
 power. Words soon gave place to blows. 
 Some of the arrows of Kildare’s men stuck 
 in the images of the sacred edifice. The 
 
60 
 
 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO 
 
 daring profanation was reported to the pope, 
 who in his clemency absolved the citizens,^ 
 but “ in detestation of the deed, and to keep 
 up the memory of it for ever,” ordained 
 hat “ the mayor of Dublin should walk bare- 
 foot through the city in open procession before 
 the sacrament on Corpus Christi day yearly,” 
 a penance duly submitted to till the Deforma- 
 tion, and the performance of which must have 
 given much interest to the festival. 
 
 The year 1535 saw Dublin in one of the 
 greatest of its many perils. Fitzgerald, son of 
 the lord deputy, was left in charge of it while 
 his father went to England. A rumour was 
 spread that the latter had been seized and be- 
 headed in London. The son, on the 11th of 
 June, came with a party of a hundred and 
 forty horse, and made a formal and entire 
 resignation of his authority to the chancellor, 
 and then forthwith raised the standard of re- 
 bellion. He demanded liberty to pass through 
 the city in order to besiege the castle, giving 
 the magistrates some time to consider their 
 reply. In this interval, a large supply of pro- 
 visions and means of defence were conveyed 
 into the castle. Alderman John Fitz-Simons, 
 on his own account, furnished its commander 
 with twenty-two tuns of wine, twenty-four of 
 beer, two hundred dried ling, sixteen hogs- 
 heads of powdered beef, twenty chambers for 
 mines, and an iron chain for the drawbridge, 
 forged in his own house to avoid suspicion. 
 The citizens then, with the commander’s con- 
 
THE ENGLISH PAPAL PULE, 
 
 61 
 
 currence, agreed to Fitzgerald’s demand, on 
 the condition that no injury should be done to 
 themselves. They had at first sent a messenger 
 to the king for help, and he brought an en- 
 couraging answer. The rebels killed arch- 
 bishop Allen when he attempted to escape ; 
 and they broke faith with the citizens, by 
 threatening to place some of the children of the 
 latter on their works, to deter the garrison in 
 the castle from firing upon the besiegers. The 
 citizens at last closed their gates, imprisoning 
 the soldiers who were within the walls, and 
 cutting them off from their comrades outside. 
 Fitzgerald was absent from his camp. On 
 hearing of what had occurred, he hastened 
 back, attempted to take the city, but was 
 repulsed and obliged to retire. The fidelity of 
 the citizens, was not unrewarded. The king, 
 Ilenry vm., by letters patent, dated February 
 4th, 1538, after reciting the “siege, famine, 
 miseries, wounds, and loss of blood,” they had 
 suffered, granted them “ all the building and 
 estates belonging to the dissolved monastery of 
 All-hallows, near Dublin, lying in the counties 
 of Dublin, Meath, Louth, Kildare, Tipperary, 
 Kilkenny, and elsewhere in Ireland, at the rent 
 of four pounds, four shillings, and three far- 
 things.” And, further, to repair the weakened 
 and ruined great forts and towers of the city 
 and its walls, he confirmed to them, for ever, a 
 formal grant of nearly forty pounds a year, 
 with an annual gift of twenty pounds from 
 himself 
 
62 DUBLIN SUBJECT TO ENGLISH PAPAL PULE. 
 
 The hill on which Dublin stood was not yet 
 entirely cleared of the u hazel-wood ” which at 
 first gave it the name of “ Atli-Cliath,” for the 
 annals record that, during the quarrels between 
 the two factions of Ormond and- Kildare, the 
 former 11 came down with a great host^of Irish- 
 men, and encamped in Thomas Court Wppd. 
 What is now Dame- street was then an “ avenue 
 leading from the city gate to Ilogges , or Hog- 
 gin’s, Green. 
 
DUBLIN DURING TIIE BRITISH REFORMATION. G3 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 DUBLIN DURING THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 Tiie city had been for five hundred years 
 under the spiritual yoke of Bomanism, and, 
 during nearly four centuries out of the five, the 
 secular power of England had, for upholding 
 its own interests, been joined with that spiritual 
 dominion in both countries. In profound, yet 
 contented servitude to the pope, Ireland re- 
 mained till Henry viii. had numbered-, more 
 than thirty years on the English throne. 
 Continental Europe had been convulsed 
 throughout ; the monk of Wittemberg had 
 made the Vatican' quake to its foundations ; 
 Great Britain was in the midst of the tumult 
 attending a revolution in her faith ; but Ireland 
 slumbered on as if drugged to stolidity or death 
 under the pontiff’s sway. Having little inter- 
 course with other nations, she was so ingrossed 
 with the local interests and strifes of her 
 people, that she neither cared for nor knew 
 much of what was passing elsewhere. Many of 
 the Irish clergy, some even of prelatic rank, 
 were ignorant, indolent, and immoral ; and 
 
64 
 
 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 occasionally their exactions were painfully 
 oppressive. But tlie clergy were ccnsideied 
 the almoners of grace and the lords of con- 
 science, and it was believed that in proportion 
 to the amount of “ carnal things” demanded 
 by the church, and to the cheerfulness with 
 which those demands were acquiesced in, would 
 be the degree of heavenly benediction vouch- 
 safed from the “ holy mother ” to her much- 
 loved and much-loving children. Priest-ridden 
 as the latter were, the want of self-respect and 
 self-reliance, the want of manly independent 
 thought and action, the habit of hanging upon 
 others and succumbing to them, which Popery 
 generates, tended to keep the population at 
 ease and even satisfied beneath the sacerdotal 
 yoke. Clerical influence then, as now, beguiled 
 Irish patriotism to believe that English rule 
 was the incubus to be got rid of in order to 
 uplift the people, and that the papal supremacy 
 Im^Ee clung’ to as the only protecting and 
 sustaining agency that could deliver from what 
 was denounced as an usurped and crushing 
 tyranny . .. Little did its victims think, that the 
 papal supremacy was itself the chief tyranny. 
 ■'“'"’"When, therefore, Ireland first heard of the 
 “ lleformation,” the intelligence stirred _ no 
 kindling sympathy in her heart. Previous 
 movements had more or less prepared ot-pr 
 { countries to welcome it. England had had 
 its Wycliffe; Bohemia, its Huss and Jerome ; 
 Switzerland had its Zuingle ; Germany, its 
 Luther; France, its Calvin; Scotland, its 
 
 l 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 65 
 
 Knox. But in Ireland no herald had come to 
 prepare the way of the Lord ; no native 
 champion had arisen there to assert His claims 
 upon her homage ; no Irishman ventured to 
 raise a banner for his brethren to rally round 
 and escape from their Babylonian thrall ; no 
 Irishman lifted his voice to warn his brethren 
 of the “ mystery of iniquity” that bewitched 
 them, and to proclaim to them the “ mystery of 
 godliness” which brings freedom and health, 
 and life for evermore. What was at first, and 
 for not a short, time afterwards, done to make 
 Ireland Protestant, was for the most part 
 eHecTed'Ly the English government •obliging 
 the clergy and laity to adopt the English rit n^ J, 
 as an obedience due to the king’s will, and to be 
 enforced by the king’s authority. The project 
 was dealt with as a matter of state-regimen 
 more than of conscience towards God/ The 
 aim was rather to secure conformity of “ bodily 
 exercise” with outward regulations, than to 
 renew the spirit to the faith of Christ ; and 
 this conformity was sought by the application 
 of pains and penalties, more than by the 
 intelligent and kind persuasions of Christianity. 
 Happily, there has been since learned “ a 
 more excellent way.” 
 
 When Henry received the crown he was a 
 zealous Romanist. Some dozen years after- 
 wards, came forth his book on the Seven Sacra- 
 ments, written against Luther, and which 
 obtained for him and his successors, from the 
 pope, the title of “ Defender o f the Fait h.” In 
 ' o * 
 
DUBLIN DURING 
 
 66 
 
 course of time, he found it convenient to repu- 
 diate the papacy of Rome, and appropriate its 
 prerogatives to himself over liis own realm. 
 But Romanism was still to be the religion of 
 his country; the principal change being that 
 he who was its sovereign was to be its 
 pope also. Cardinal Wolsey, when legate, had 
 seized forty monasteries and applied their pro- 
 perties to found a new college at Oxford. Henry 
 judged that he could now do at his pleasure 
 what Wolsey had done ; and he disposed of the 
 religious houses and estates in his kingdom 
 according to his royal will and pleasure. That 
 lie still designed no change of creed, except in 
 the matter of supremacy, is evident from the 
 . act passed by his parliament, and called the 
 l ^JBloody Bill” which, by its first provision, 
 consigned any party who denied the “ real pre- 
 sence” to death by burning, and allowed no 
 mitigation of the sentence even if the heresy 
 were solemnly abjured. After Henry’s mar- 
 riage with Catherine Parr, in 1543, he 
 became less hostile to the reformers. But it was 
 not till the accession of his son, Edward Vi., 
 that the royalty of England became truly 
 engaged for Protestantism. Next arose Mary, 
 and, with her, Romanism returned to the high 
 place from which it had been expelled. She 
 was followed by Elizabeth, when a “ uniformity” 
 which excluded Romanism and often tried to 
 annihilate English Puritanism, was affirined, 
 and was continued under her successor JOTSs i. 
 
 It may be thought that the contents of the 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 67 
 
 loregoing paragraphs are foreign to our subject 
 —that they concern England, Ireland, and the 
 Reformation, rather than Dublin. But the 
 well-informed reader is aware how much pro- 
 ceedings about religion bore on the affairs of 
 the city, and how closely the history of Ireland’s 
 metropolis is interwoven with that of Ireland 
 itself, and of England also. 
 
 George Brown, provincial of the Augusti- 
 nians in England, was consecrated archbishop 
 of Dublin, in March, 1535, in the place of Allen, 
 whose murder has been already noticed. He 
 was appointed a commissioner for abolishing the 
 pope’s supremacy, and establishing that of the 
 king in Ireland.' The task, however, proved 
 greater than he was equal to, in consequence of 
 the. devotedness of the Irish clergy to the 
 Roman pontiff. He advised the lord Crom- 
 well that a parliament should be convened to 
 carry the measure, which was done in the year 
 following, when Brown proposed the act for 
 establishing the king’s supremacy, “ in a short 
 speech,” setting forth that kings were head over 
 all in their dominions, that even Christ paid 
 tribute to Caisar, and that kings and emperors, 
 1 '’^'tKh^earty ages of the church, governed 
 bishops and Sven popes themselves. Lord 
 Brabazon seconded Brown’s proposal, and it 
 ' was adopted. The pope was quickly a pprised 
 of this, and sent over a bull of excommunication 
 against all who should acknowledge Henry’s 
 claim, and great numbers of the clergy and 
 laity, English as well as Irish, set themselves 
 
DUBLIN DURING 
 
 68 
 
 against it. However, through many difficul- 
 ties, Henry’s government kept its stand in 
 Dublin and in the country. 
 
 On the 13th of June, 1541, another parlia- 
 ment met in Dublin, and ordained that hence- 
 forth Ireland should Be made a “kingdom” 
 instead of a “ lordship,” as hitherto, and that 
 the king of England should be also “king” of 
 Ireland. The contents of this statute were 
 announced the next Sunday in St. Patrick’s 
 cathedral, in presence of the lord deputy and 
 many peers in their robes of state, with other 
 principal persons ecclesiastical and secular. On 
 that occasion, royal grace was exercised in par- 
 doning and liberating prisoners. There were 
 also great feastings, tournaments, and running 
 at the ring on horseback, with grand civic pro- 
 cessions in which the mayor bore the mace 
 before the lord deputy ; and the comedy of the 
 “ Nine Worthies” was acted for the entertain- 
 ment of the citizens. The same parliament 
 
 which gave to Henry the style and title of “ king 
 of Ireland,” also confirmed to him the full and 
 free disposal of all its abbeys and other religious'" 
 houses, a power which he had already exercised 
 upon some of those in and near Dublin. 
 
 It is said that Brown, before he left England 
 to be made archbishop of Dublin, “ advised the 
 people to make their applications to Christ 
 alone, for which doctrine he was much taken 
 notice of.” Probably his bias against the 
 I^manopinions of mediation, inclined him to 
 favour the king’s supremacy. After coming to 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 G9 
 
 Ireland he became yet more favourable to the 
 reformed views. In 1538, he obtained a war- 
 rant for removing images and relics from his 
 cathedrals, a measure which greatly provoked 
 the Romanist party. But, though sincere, 
 Brown had not the bold, God-trusting zeal, 
 required in a reformer. He was fettered and 
 enfeebled by his belief in the king’s supremacy y 
 over the creed and the church, and could not 
 make any movement in favour of religion 
 without sanction from the court. 
 
 Not until the fifth year of Edward vi. were 
 decided steps taken towards introducing the 
 reformed faith into Ireland. Under date of 
 February 6th, 1551, a royal order came to the 
 lord deputy that the church Liturgy, as it had 
 been translated into English, should be used in 
 'dhUTrishT 'churches. The order was laid be- 
 'lore ah assembly of the prelates and other lead- 
 ing clergy, called together in Dublin. Some of 
 them were exasperated at the king’s interference 
 in church affairs. Dowdal, the Armagh pri- 
 mate, threatened the deputy with the clergy’s 
 curse, and after warm contention he and many 
 others withdrew. Brown gave, as his reason 
 lor * 
 
 
 .ccepting the order, the duty of obeying his 
 
 king. A proclamation was issue 
 use of the new liturgy, but it intimated no 
 change in this prayer-book of king Edward 
 from the old mass-book, except the circuin- 
 \ "stanceJoTlts being a translation into English. ,.r— ■ 
 y Public worship was first celebrated according 
 v to the new jrubric, on Easter Sunday, in 
 
70 
 
 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 Christchurch cathedral, before the lord deputy 
 'and other authorities.” Few churches in the 
 country adopted it. A new lord deputy en- 
 deavoured to conciliate Dowdal, but in vain; so 
 the primacy was withdrawn from Armagh and 
 'Transferred toTJublTm Brown became primate 
 ’ofair Ireland ; and Dowdal left the country, but 
 did not formally vacate his archbishopric. 
 
 King Edward’s prayer-book is believed to 
 have been the first instance of printing in Tre; 
 Tand.' Tfsinie ' ran^TKS" BoEe' of common 
 "prayer and administracion of Sacramentes and 
 other Kites and Ceremonies of the Churche after 
 the use of the Churche of England. Dubliniss, 
 Tn^ScinaTStSiJfedriPdweli^ cum 'privilegio ^ad 
 imprimendum solunr. Anno Domini m.d.li. 
 
 The government found it almost impossible . 
 to supply ecclesiastical vacancies. with meipjof 
 Protestant convictions. Two divines, however, 
 I/TAj clilHfe to Dublin in 1552, namely, Hugh Good- 
 / V V * — ucre, appointed to Armagh, which Dowdal had 
 abandoned though not resigned, and jJohn 
 Bale, appointed to Ossory. They were conse- 
 crated by Brown and other prelates, in Christ- 
 church cathedral, on the 2nd of February. 
 Brown and his assistants in the ceremony were 
 for using the old Homan form on the occasion, 
 lest, by adopting the English one, they should 
 offend prejudice and create disturbance. Good- 
 acre was willing to meet their wishes, but Bale, 
 who was made of st e rne r stuff, would not con- 
 sent,' The point was yielded to him. lie also 
 requirecTTEat the* “ altar ” should be covered 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 71 
 
 with a cloth as a “ table,” and that u non- 
 printed ” bread, not the a wafer,” should be had 
 for the communion ; and to bis wishes in this 
 respect Brown and his co-prelates had to give 
 way. To their great surprise, no tumult en- 
 sued. Goodacre died in Dublin about three 
 months afterwards ; his death was ascribed to 
 poison. Bale went to his charge, and of his 
 ministry wrote — “ My first proceedings were 
 these : I earnestly exhorted the people to 
 
 repentance for sin, and required them to give 
 credit to the gospel of salvation ; to acknow- 
 ledge and believe that there was but one God, 
 and him alone, without any other, sincerely to 
 worship ; to confess one Christ for an only 
 Saviour and Redeemer, and to trust in none 
 other ma n’s prayers, merits, nor yet deservings, 
 but in his alone for salvation. I treated at 
 Targe^both "of the heavenly and the political 
 state of the Christian church ; and helpers I 
 
 the gospel of the knowledge and right invoca- 
 tion of God. But when I once sought to de- 
 stroy the idolatries and dissolve the hypocriteP 
 yokes, then followed angers, slanders, and in the 
 end' slaughters of men.” His labours :r» Irelan 1 
 were of short duration, for on the death of 
 Edward and accession of Mary he had to leave 
 the kingdom ; but he came back to England 
 in Elizabeth’s reign and joined the Puritans. 
 Ba le had Studi ed at" Cambridge, was a man oi 
 great learning, and the author of numerous 
 
72 
 
 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 works on theology and other subjects. He has 
 been censured for his vehemence ; and, in 
 straightforward earnestness of purpose and en- 
 deavour, his habits presented a wide contrast 
 to those of Brown ; but he was not, as his 
 censurers would have us to believe, more vio- 
 lent than Luther, Knox, and other leaders in 
 the' assault on Komanism in the sixteenth 
 century. We may safely assume that the re- 
 lative position of Popery and evangelism in 
 Ireland would be far different from what it is, 
 if, instead of indulging in lukewarmness, time- 
 serving, and self-seeking, the parties professing 
 the gospel had always cherished self-sacrificing 
 earnestness like that of Bale, without his faults 
 
 ag of the man. Lawrence Hmnfryd,' 
 
 dean of Winchester in 1550, no mean authority 
 in the case, wrote of him : — 
 
 •* Plurima Lutlierus patefecit ; Platina multa ; 
 
 Quaedam Vergerius ; cuncta Baloaus liabet 
 
 which Harris translates, with more of rhyme 
 than elegance, yet not without some spirit, — 
 
 The reader, it is hoped, requires no apology 
 for this notice of such a man, though he was 
 connected with Dublin only by two circum- 
 stances — his consecration there, as before stated, 
 and his escape in a sailor’s dress, on' WafJg 
 vessel there, when he fled from Kilkenny to the 
 
 “ Platina hath much unveiled ; but Luther more 
 Vergerius many things ; but Bale haUi tore 
 Away the mask that pope and Popeyf’wore.” 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 73 
 
 continent in peril of his life in consequence of 
 Popery again coining into power. 
 
 — We have ' fpohen oT^arcliSisliop Brown jvith 
 somewhat reserved approval. W e^ think ^ifc 
 would have been better for himself, for the 
 truth, for Dublin, and for Ireland, if he had 
 'possessed more moral courage ; but we have 
 intimated no doubt of his honest dissent from 
 Rome. Ware transcribes a sermon which he, 
 Brown, preached in Christchurch, perhaps on 
 the day when the English liturgy was first used. 
 Part of it has been thought somewhat prophetic of 
 the course of the Jesuits, then just coming cm the 
 stage of Europe. His text was Psalm cxix. 18, 
 “ Open tliQU min?, eyes, that I may behold won- 
 drous things out of thy law.” After applauding 
 the translation of the Scriptures into the vulgar 
 tongue, eulogizing the government, and exposing 
 the 9 ' folly and 'sin of worshipping and trusting 
 images, he proceeds: “But there are a new 
 fraternity of late sprung up, who call themselves 
 Jesuits, which will deceive many, who are much 
 after tlie Scribes’ and Pharisees’ manner amongst 
 the Jews. They shall strive to abolish the 
 truth, and shall come very near to do it; for 
 these sorts will turn themselves into several 
 forms: with the Heathen, an Heatlienist; with 
 Atheists, an Atheist; with the Jews, a Jew; 
 and with the Reformers, a Reformade; pur- 
 posely to hnow'^youT intentions, your minds, 
 your hearts, your inclinations, and thereby 
 bring you at last to be like the fool that said in 
 BTs heart there was no God. These shall spread 
 
74 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 over the whole world, shall be admitted to the 
 councils of princes, and they never the wiser; 
 charming of them, yea, making your princes 
 reveal their hearts and the secrets therein unto 
 them, and' yet they not perceive it, which will 
 happen from falling from the law of God, by 
 neglect of fulfilling of the law of God, and by 
 winking at their sins ; yet, in the end, God, to 
 justify Ins law, shall suddenly cut off 'this 
 society, even by the hands of those who have 
 most succoured them and made use of them, 
 m that at the end they shall become odious to 
 all nations ^ they shall be worse than Jews, 
 having no* resting-place upon the earth, and 
 then shall a Jew have more favour than a 
 Jesuit.” Brown could hardly have described 
 the Insiory of the Jesuits, during the' latter half 
 of the eighteenth century, more correctly, had 
 he Foreseen what then occurred in their expul- 
 sion from every Roman Catholic country in 
 Europe, and the suppression of the order by a 
 bull from pope Ganganelli in 1778. But' 
 Brown’s vision of the future seems not to have 
 embraced th e subsequent revival and re-estab- 
 lishment of the brotherhood within the last 
 fifty years, and the ascendency it is now seeking 
 ' to acquire over the affairs of these countries 
 and of Europe at large. 
 
 Mary, on coming to the throne in 1553, 
 gave no token of resorting to those measures 
 for exterminating Protestantism which not long 
 afterwards struck terror into England’s heart. 
 The lords justices and privy council, in Dublin, 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 75 
 
 J 
 
 issued a proclamation, making it lawful to 
 attend the mass, but leaving all persons free to 
 act as they chose in the matter. Afterwards, 
 the Roman Catholic religion and the pope’s 
 supremacy were again established. Dowdal 
 
 was recalled to Armagh and reinvested with 
 
 the primacy. Brown of Dublin and four other 
 prelat es were removed from .their sees because 
 dhey were married jn^n. Bale of Ossory, as 
 before named, had to flee for his life. All the 
 other bishops, however, were continued in their 
 sees. Indeed, the whole affair passed off most 
 quietly, so little hold had Protestant principles 
 taken of the population. Persecution was un- 
 heard of in Ireland, because there was nothing 
 T6 persecute. Pins induced many of the English 
 Prdtestanfs“lo come over and reside where they 
 would be free from the deadly violence to which 
 they were exposed in their own land. “Among 
 others, John Hervey, Abel Ellis, John Edmonds, 
 and Henry Hough, all Christian men, trans- 
 ported their effects to Dublin, and became 
 citizens thereof; one Thomas Jones, a Welsh- 
 
 man, and a Protestant priest, privately officiating 
 amo ng them.” This was in 1554. But in a 
 year or twothe queerf s government began to 
 cast their eye upon the refugees, and an act 
 “ for reviving three [English] statutes, made 
 for the punishment of heresies,” was passed in 
 a Dublin parliament. Perhaps it was deemed 
 enough for the present to have these statutes 
 held up in terrorem , for nothing appears to 
 have been done towards putting them in force. 
 
70 
 
 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 However, it would have been anomalous if 
 Protestants had continued to enjoy life and 
 liberty where Popery was in strength. Within 
 two months of the queen’s death, namely, in 
 October, 1558, the storm which had broken 
 with desolating fury upon all that was dear to 
 truth and godliness in England, began to move 
 westward, and threatened to make havoc of the 
 same in Ireland. Rarely has the historian had 
 to record a more singular deliverance than in 
 the case now referred to. It is, perhaps, 
 generally known, but must not be omitted 
 here. The reader shall have the account as 
 given by sir James Ware’s son: — 
 
 (t Queen Mary towards the end of her reign, 
 this year granted a commission for to call the 
 Protestants in question here in Ireland, as well 
 as they had done in England ; and, to execute 
 the same with greater force, she nominated 
 Dr. Cole, sometime dean of St. Paul’s in 
 London, one of the commissioners ; and so 
 sent the commission by this said doctor. And 
 in his journey coming to Chester, the mayor of 
 that city, hearing that her^majesty was sending 
 commissioners into Ireland, and he being a 
 churchman, waited on the doctor, who in his 
 discourselvlth the mayor took out of his cloak- 
 bag If Mather box, and said unto him, ‘Here 
 ?S STdffiroM on^liat shall lash the heretics of 
 lrelahd7 ^cal]i n g tKeT ^r'otestants by that title. 
 The "good woman of the house being well af- 
 fected to the Protestants and to that religion, and 
 also havlrigXTSKEe?; 'named John Edmonds, 
 
. THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 77 
 
 r Protestant and a citizen in Dublin, was 
 ~ mu cli troubled at the doctor’s words. But 
 she, waiting her convenient time, whilst Hlie 
 mayor took his leave of the doctor and the 
 doctor was complimenting him down the stairs, 
 opened the box and took the commission out, 
 and placed in lieu thereof a pack of cards, 
 with the knave of clubs faced uppermost, and 
 wrapt them up. The doctor coming up to his 
 chamber, suspecting nothing of what had been 
 done, put up his box as formerly. The next 
 day, going to the water side, wind and weather 
 serving him, he sailed towards Ireland, and 
 landed on the 17th of October, 1558, at Dublin. 
 Then coming to the castle, the lord Fitz-Walter 
 being at this time lord deputy, sent for the doctor 
 to come before him and the privy council, who 
 coming in, after he had made a speech relating 
 upon what account he came on, presented the 
 box to them! deputy, who causing it to be 
 opened that the secretary might read the com- 
 mission, there appeared nothing save a pack of 
 cards, with the knave of clubs uppermost; 
 which not only startled the lord deputy and 
 ^eppuncil, but the doctor, who assured them 
 he had a commission, but knew not how it was 
 gone. Then the lord deputyymade answer, 
 4 Letms have another commission, and we will 
 shuffle the cards in the mean while.’ The 
 doctor, being troubled in his mind, went away, 
 and returned into England, and coming to the 
 court obtained another commission ; but stay - 
 ing for a wind at the water side, news came to 
 
 r 
 
 J 
 
DUBLIN DURING 
 
 78 
 
 him that the queen was dead. Thus,” adds 
 'Ware, “ God preserved 'the' Protestants in 
 Ireland from the persecution intended.” As 
 authorities for this extraordinary narrative, 
 the writer of it mentions the earl of Cork’s 
 a Memorials,” sir James Ware, and the two 
 primates Usher. He adds, that when lord 
 Pitz-Walter went to England after Elizabeth’s 
 accessioh, th e deputy related the circumstances 
 to her majesty, which- so delighted the queen 
 that she “ sent for the good woman named 
 v Elizabeth Edmonds, by her husband Matter- 
 Vhed, and gave her a pension of forty pounds 
 per annum durante vita , for saving her Pro- 
 testant subjects of Ireland.” 
 
 The new queen, Elizabeth, was proclaimed 
 in Christchurch, Dublin, before the end of 
 November, with the usual ceremonies. On 
 ’We^ftE^of August following, Thomas, earl of 
 Sussex, landed at Dalkey, which seems to have 
 been then a port of more importance than at 
 present. He lay that night at sir John 
 Travers’s house at Monktown. On the mor- 
 row, being Sunday, he came to Dublin, and 
 was met by the mayor and aldermen on 
 Stephen’s - green, when he, the lord deputy, 
 took the mayor by the hand, asked the aider- 
 men how they did, and said, 11 You be ail 
 happy, my masters, in a gracious queen.” 
 That night he lay at one Mr. Peter Forth’s 
 house, because the house at Kilmainham, the 
 usual residence of the deputy, once belonging 
 to the Knights Templars, had been damaged 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 79 
 
 by a great tempest the year before, and was not 
 yet repaired. The next morning he rode to 
 St. Patrick’s and then to St. Sepulchre’s, where 
 he kept his court. On the 30th he attended 
 worship in Christchurch, where sir Nicholas 
 Parly sang the litany in English, after which 
 the lord deputy took liis oath of office. These 
 ceremonies being ended, his lordship rode back 
 to St. Sepulchre’s, inviting the mayor and 
 aldermen to dine with Jrim. goon after, the 
 use of the mass-service was forbidden by pro- 
 clamation. Orders came to the dean of 
 Christchurch to remove from the cathedral 
 all popish relics and images, and to paint and 
 whiten it anew, putting sentences of Scripture 
 upon the walls instead of pictures. This work 
 was begun May 23rd, 1559. In the same 
 year the archbishop of York sent over two 
 large Bibles in English, one for each of the 
 cathedrals, Christchurch and St. Patrick’s. 
 They were put up in the choir, and crowds of 
 people flocked to see and read for themselves 
 the sacred Scriptures of truth. So great was 
 the demand thus created for Bibles, that John 
 Pale, a Publin bookseller, importeoand sold' 
 ToTMhe London publishers, not fewer than 
 seven thousand covies in the two years ending 
 with 1566. 
 
 The lord deputy having visited England to 
 consult the court how he should manage 
 respecting the affairs of the church, returned 
 in 1560, with, instructions to call an assembly 
 of the clergy, and to proceed with the 
 
DUBLIN DURING 
 
 80 
 
 establishment of the Protestant religion m Ire- 
 land. The convocation met. Some of the 
 ^ecclesiastics were much angered, and one. of 
 them, William Walsh, bishop of Meath, having 
 preached against the prayer-book, was, by the 
 queen’s commands, deposed and put in prison. 
 By an act of parliament, the ecclesiastical 
 jurisdiction was restored to the crown, and a 
 new oath of supremacy appointed ; the use of 
 the common prayer was enforced, and all 
 subjects were obliged to attend the service 
 of the church. English not being then the 
 spoken language of the country, except in 
 Dublin and a few other principal towns, it was 
 ordered that where the people did not under- 
 stand English, the service should be performed 
 in Latin! The reason of this arrangement is 
 not explained ; possibly it may have. been from 
 a wish to meet the prejudices of Eomamsts, or 
 from a fear of countenancing the Irish language, 
 of which the English authorities seem generally 
 to have had an instinctive dread. 
 
 Long before Elizabeth’s time, great improve- 
 ments had taken place in the house-building 
 and general plan of Dublin. The structures of 
 wattles plastered with clay had generally given 
 place to those of “ cage-work”— a frame-work 
 of timber having the compartments filled up 
 with brick or with wattles plastered, such as are 
 yet to be seen in Chester and some other old 
 English towns. Shingles, tiles, and slates, were 
 taking the place of sedge and straw for roofing ; 
 although there were some thatched roofs in the 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 81 
 
 city in the time of Charles 1 . One of the “ cage” 
 houses remained in Coolce-street till about the 
 middle of the last century ; it was taken down 
 on the 27th of July, 1745. “ On an oak beam,” 
 says Whitelaw, “ carried over the door the 
 whole length of the said house, was the follow- 
 ing inscription cut in large capitals and a fair 
 Roman character, nothing damaged by time in 
 the space of one hundred and sixty-five years, . 
 except in one part where an upright piece of 
 timber, being morticed into it, had received the 
 drip, and was somewhat rotted : — QUi fecisti 
 CCELUM ET TERRAM BENEDIC DOMUM ISTAM, QUAM 
 
 JOHANNES LUTREL ET JOHANA NEI CONSTRUI 
 
 FECERUNT, A.D. 1580, ET ANNO REGNI REGINjE 
 ELIZABETHS 22. 4 Thou who madest the heavens 
 and the earth bless this house, which John 
 Lutrel and Joan — caused to be built in the 
 year of our Lord 1580, and in the twenty- 
 second year of the reign of queen Elizabeth.’” 
 Many other houses of the same sort were to 
 be seen in the city and suburbs when this 
 author wrote, namely in 1766 : but the one he 
 considered to be the oldest and most remark- 
 able was in Skinner’s-row, near the Tholsel ; 
 it had been called “ the Cairbre,” and was 
 described as having been the residence of the 
 lord-deputy Kildare, in 1532. 
 
 The “ Tholsel,” from toll-stall , or place where 
 tolls were paid, above named as existing in 
 1766, was the successor of a previous one in 
 Elizabeth’s time, which also stood where now 
 Nicholas-street joins Christchurch-place, lately 
 
82 
 
 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 Skinner-row ; it occupied the angle formed by 
 the junction of the two, haying its front towards 
 the cathedral. “ Newgate,” the common jail, 
 was a building of a square form, having a tower 
 at each corner ; it was one of the city gates, 
 and stood in what was then called Newgate- 
 street, now Corn-market, between New-row 
 and High-street. The Dublin “ Bridewell” of 
 Elizabeth’s day was about half-way on the 
 road from the city to where the college was 
 built. The “ Hospital” was on the river side, 
 near where Fleet-street now is. The “ Inns,” 
 of that time, were followed in their site first by 
 an “ Infirmary.” and then by the present “ Four 
 Courts.” 
 
 The “ Castle” was to have been built as a 
 “ palace” in addition to a fortress, but means 
 had not been forthcoming for the purpose, and 
 the representatives of the sovereign held their 
 court at Thomas Court, or at St. Sepulchre’s, 
 the residence of the archbishop, or in the house 
 of the Knights Templars at Kilmainham. 
 Elizabeth, in the third year of her, reign, 1560, 
 commanded the lord-lieutenant and council u to 
 repair and enlarge the castle of Dublin, for the 
 reception of the chief governors.” The par- 
 ticulars of what was done in obedience to this 
 order are not given us, but we are told that, in 
 1567, the lord-deputy, sir Henry Sidney, 
 “ repaired and beautified” it. Whatever the 
 improvements were, they seem to have been 
 neither adequate nor very durable, for within 
 some seventy years afterwards it was in a 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 83 
 
 ruinous condition, and archbishop Laud wrote 
 to the lord-deputy Wentworth to “ vindicate to 
 God’s service” St. Andrew’s church , which had 
 been used by his lordship as a stable. 
 
 The “ walls” of the city, in Elizabeth’s reign, 
 were in extent nearly as described in our last 
 section, excepting that they now inclosed the 
 space which then lay between them and the 
 river. The principal streets within them were 
 Castle-street, Skinner-row, High-street, New- 
 gate-street, St. Nicholas-street, St. Werburgh’s- 
 street, Back-lane, Cooke-street, Bridge-street, 
 Winetavern- street, and Fish -shamble -street. 
 Merchant’s Quay was the place where vessels 
 landed their cargoes, and merchants carried on 
 their business in imports and exports. Wood 
 Quay, also, then existed. Between these two 
 quays, at the foot of Winetavern-street, stood 
 the Custom House, called the “ Crane.” Beyond 
 the walls on the south of the Liffey, were 
 St. Andrew’s, St. Michael-le-Pole’s, St. Peters, 
 St. Stephen’s, St. Bride’s, and St. Catharine’s 
 churches, and St. Patricks cathedral j with 
 Thonras-street, New-row, Francis-street, 1 a- 
 trick- street, Bride -street, and Sheep - street, 
 more or less built, while indistinct rudi- 
 ments showed themselves of the Coombe, 
 New-street, Kevin-street, George’s-lane, and 
 Dame-street. A lodgment of water, called the 
 City Ditch, ran from what is now Exchange- 
 court, to the foot of Nicholas-street, having a 
 bridge over it at Pole’s-gate, at the foot of 
 Werburgh’s-street. The other gates were St. 
 
84 
 
 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 Nicholas’s at the foot of St. Nicholas-street, 
 Newgate, Ormond-gate, whence we now have 
 “ Wormwood ’’-gate at the foot of New-row, 
 Bridge-gate opening from Bridge-street to the 
 Bridge, and Dame’s-gate leading into Dame- 
 street. The last was the principal entrance to 
 the city, and was “ armed” with a port-cullis. 
 As part of the city wall at the river end of 
 Fish-shamble-street, stood Finn’s or rather 
 Fynn’s Castle, also called Proutefort’s, a place 
 of some strength, thought to have been built 
 about the middle of the sixteenth century, and 
 to have been named from its owner. 
 
 Parliament-street and Essex-street did not 
 exist in Elizabeth’s time ; they, with Essex- 
 gate, were formed about 1672, when the earl 
 of Essex was lord-lieutenant. Their place was, 
 at the period we are describing, occupied by a 
 creek, or small harbour for boats, which ran up 
 from the river to near the head of Dame-street. 
 Here archbishop Allen embarked when he lied 
 from Fitzgerald in 1535, but being driven on 
 shore at Clontarf, he was discovered and put to 
 death by the rebels. Along where we have 
 Sycamore-alley, Temple-bar, Fleet-street, and 
 Poolbeg-street, was covered with water at 
 every rise of the tide. A village, called u Hog- 
 gins,” occupied part of the space between 
 George’s-lane, and what is now Dawson-street, 
 probably about our Grafton- street, and the 
 village “ Green” extended to the river; the 
 name is thought to have come from the nun- 
 nery which stood there, “ Ogh,” in Irish signi- 
 
TIIE BRITISn REFORMATION. 
 
 85 
 
 fying a 1 1 virgin.” “ Stephen’s-green ” then 
 existed, so called from the church of St. 
 Stephen, which stood near it, but there was no 
 road from it to Hoggin’s-green except through 
 George’s-lane. Almost all the range beyond 
 New-row, Thomas-street, Francis-street, Pa- 
 trick’s-street, Sheep-street, and Dame-street, 
 was considered “ the country.” 
 
 One bridge crossed the Liffey, namely, at 
 the foot of Bridge-street. There was also the 
 “Ford” of St. Mary’s Abbey, perhaps where 
 Essex bridge has been since built. On the 
 north side of the river were the Abbey and its 
 lands, St. Michan’s church, the Inns, and 
 Ostmantown ; with Church-street, Mary’s-lane, 
 and Pill-lane. The Liffey, more or less, flowed 
 over what is Ormond Quay, Upper and Lower, 
 and the adjoining parts. 
 
 “Good queen Bess” made herself highly 
 popular with the Dublin people, by the grant 
 of three public clocks, which were put up, one 
 at the Castle, a second at the Tholsel, and the 
 other at St. Patrick’s cathedral. She also raised 
 the value of the coin, so that the Dublin 
 “shilling” passed for “nine-pence” in England. 
 
 A writer of this period tells us that “ the 
 hospitalitie of the maior and sherriffes for the 
 year being is so large and bountifull, that, 
 surelie very few such officers under the crowne 
 of England keep so great a port, none I am 
 sure greater. The maior, over the number of 
 officers that take their dailie repast at his table, 
 keepeth for his yeare in a manner open house. 
 
36 
 
 DUBLIN DURING 
 
 And, albeit, in terme time his house is fre- 
 quented as well of the nobilitie as of other 
 potentates of great calling: yet his ordinarie is 
 so good, that a verie few set feasts are provided 
 for them. They that spend least in their 
 maioraltie (as those of credit, yea, and such as 
 bare the office have informed me) make an 
 ordinarie account of five hundred pounds for 
 their viand and diet that yeare: which is no 
 small summe to be bestowed in housekeeping, 
 namelie where vittels are so good cheape, and 
 the presents of friends diverse and sundrie.” 
 It will, however, be seen that by the end of 
 the queen’s reign “ vittels” had ceased to be 
 (t so good cheape,” and that the chief magis- 
 trate’s hospitalities must have declined, or that 
 his expenditure thereon must have greatly 
 increased. 
 
 We have now to record the establishment of 
 the Dublin University, Elizabeth’s great boon 
 to Ireland. 
 
 It has been noticed that an institution of the 
 kind was commenced, and existed for some 
 time languishingly, at an earlier period, but 
 at length died away. In 1568, a Dublin par- 
 liament projected another, to be supported by 
 voluntary contributions; and the lord deputy, 
 with other wealthy persons, promised liberal 
 assistance. Representations were forwarded to 
 London in order to obtain the sanction of the 
 crown. Many delays and difficulties occurred 
 to prevent this design from being carried into 
 effect as quickly as it deserved. In 1590, it 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 87 
 
 was renewed with greater vigour. St. Patrick’s 
 cathedral had been occupied for the former 
 university, and it was proposed to appropriate 
 that edifice for the one now contemplated, but 
 the archbishop, Loftus, would not give his 
 consent, though zealous for the undertaking. 
 However, accompanied by the lord chancellor 
 and clergy, he met the mayor, aldermen, and 
 commons, at the Tholsel, and after setting forth 
 the advantages of having a seat of learning in 
 the city, intimated that her majesty would be 
 highly pleased if they would give the decayed 
 monastery of All Hallows, which Henry vin., 
 her father, had made over to the city, as a site 
 for the erection. The mayor and corporation 
 at once acquiesced. Applications for aid were 
 made to the country, and from Cork, Galway, 
 and other places, about £2, 000, equal to £14,000 
 now, was received towards the expense of build- 
 ing;, etc. The foundation-stone was Jaid^by the 
 mayor, on the loth of March, 1591. The 
 queen’s charter of incorporation bears date 
 March the 30th, 1592; and in January, 1593, 
 the college was opened. It was based on liberal 
 principles, much more so than is Oxford or 
 even Cambridge, all Protestants, Conformists or 
 others, being eligible for its provostship and 
 fellowships, as well as admissible to its advan- 
 tages for education; but, in less than half a 
 century from its beginning, archbishop Laud 
 greatly modified its constitution. Archbishop 
 Loftus was the first provost, and the first three 
 fellows were William Daniel and two presby- 
 
DUBLIN DURING 
 
 88 
 
 terians from Scotland, who had been sent over 
 by James Vi. to watch his interests, and em- 
 ployed themselves as schoolmasters in the city. 
 The first scholars, or students, were Abel Walsh, 
 James Usher, and James Lee. Tt> some of the 
 parties connected with the university in its 
 earliest days, we must devote a few sentences. 
 
 The name best known among them is that 
 of James Usher — a name that reflects honour 
 upon his country and his age. He was born 
 in Dublin on January the 8th, 1580; his father 
 was one of the six clerks in chancery ; his uncle, 
 Henry Usher, was archbishop of Armagh. 
 The child James learned to read from two aunts 
 who had been blind from their birth, but taught 
 him the Bible from their recollection of it on 
 its being read to them; he ever called it fhe 
 “ best of books.’ 7 He was placed for acquiring 
 the elements of learning, under the care of 
 Fullarton and Hamilton, the two Scottish school- 
 masters, above referred to as made fellows of 
 the college. James Usher entered college when 
 only thirteen years old; Hamilton was his tutor 
 there. In his nineteenth year, while yet a 
 student, he accepted a challenge thrown out by 
 Fitz-Symonds, a Jesuit, to a public disputation 
 on the" Protestant faith. The Jesuit reckoned 
 on an easy triumph ; but the stripling vanquished 
 the giant. After a second conference, the latter 
 declined a third. On this Usher wrote to him; 
 the Jesuit sent no reply. He afterwards said 
 of the discussion, “ There came to me once a 
 youth of about eighteen years of age, of a ripe 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 89 
 
 wit, when scarce, as you would think, gone 
 through his course of philosophy, or got out of 
 his childhood, yet ready to dispute on the most 
 abstruse points of divinity.” The same Jesuit 
 called Usher “ Acatholicornm doctissimus ” — the 
 “ most learned of the not- Catholics.” In 1601, 
 he was ordained by his uncle, the primate, and 
 preached a series of controversial sermons in 
 Christchurch with great success. What he 
 afterwards became is known to the world. 
 
 William Daniel, one of the first fellows of the 
 university, was the first or second who took 
 there the degree of doctor in divinity. He was 
 consecrated archbishop of Tuam in 1609. He 
 was an eminent scholar, and translated the New 
 Testament out of Greek into the Irish language ; 
 which work was printed in quarto, and dedi- 
 cated to king James i. It was reprinted in 1681, 
 at the expense of the honourable Eobert Boyle. 
 Daniel also translated the English Common 
 Prayer into Irish. This was printed in 1608, 
 and dedicated to the lord deputy, sir Arthur 
 Chichester. 
 
 Archbishop Loftus took the honorary title of 
 u provost” to the college at its opening, in order 
 to countenance the undertaking, but shortly 
 resigned the office, and arranged that Walter 
 Travers, a Puritan, who had been joint-fellow 
 with himself in Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 should succeed him. Travers was afternoon 
 preacher at the Temple church, London, where 
 Hooker, author of the Ecclesiastical Polity, 
 preached in the morning. The two ministers 
 
DUBLIN DURING 
 
 90 
 
 were strongly at variance on doctrinal and 
 ecclesiastical matters ; the same pulpit, in one 
 part of the day, was antagonist to itself in the 
 other. Hooker took deep umbrage, and failing 
 to carry the mind of the congregation with him, 
 appealed to a higher authority, Whitgift, the 
 archbishop of Canterbury, who, says Thomas 
 Fuller in his Church History, “ silenced Travers 
 from preaching in the Temple or anywhere 
 else. It was laid to his charge : — 1. That he 
 was no lawful ordained minister of the church 
 of England. 2. That he preached here without 
 licence. 3. That he had broken the order 
 made in the seventh year of her majesty’s 
 reign, that erroneous doctrine, if it came to be 
 publicly taught, should not be publicly refuted, 
 but that notice thereof should be given to the 
 ordinary to hear and determine such causes, to 
 prevent public disturbance.” Hearing of what 
 had thus occurred in London, Loftus wrote to 
 Travers, inviting him to the provostship of the 
 Dublin college. Travers acceded, and remained 
 in that office till ill-health obliged him to resign 
 in 1601, when he returned to England. Fuller 
 gives him the highest character. u Some- 
 times,” he writes, “ he did preach ; rather 
 when he dared than when he would ; debarred 
 from all cure of souls for his nonconformity.” 
 Usher, who had studied under him, held him 
 in high veneration, and when Travers was in 
 poverty for conscience’ sake, offered him 
 money ; but Travers u returned a thankful 
 refusal thereof.” He “ bequeathed all his books 
 
THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 91 
 
 of oriental languages, (wherein he was exqui- 
 site,) and plate worth fifty pounds, to Sion Col- 
 lege in London. Oh I if this good man had had 
 a hand to his head, or rather a purse to his 
 hand, what charitable works would he have left 
 behind him. But,” continues Fuller, in con- 
 cluding a pretty full account of him, “ in pur- 
 suance of his memory, I have intrenched too 
 much on the modern times. Only this I will 
 add, perchance the reader will be angry with 
 me for saying thus much ; and I am almost 
 angry with myself for saying no more of so 
 worthy a divine.” 
 
 The University, in its charter of incorpora- 
 tion, was styled Collegium Sanctce et Individual 
 Trinitatis Juxta Dublin a Serenissimd Regina 
 Elizabetlid Fundatum . The “ Juxta ” is inap- 
 propriate to describe its position now, its situa- 
 tion being in one of the greatest thoroughfares 
 of the city. Its first buildings formed a square, 
 the principal of them being on the north side. 
 Within a few years of its commencement, its 
 revenues failed in consequence of a rebellion in 
 the country, and applications had to be made 
 to the government for funds to prevent its being 
 finally closed. The necessary aid was granted, 
 and this university is at present second to 
 neither Oxford nor Cambridge in the ability 
 and zeal of its professors, its general regulations, 
 or the conduct of the resident students. But 
 “ Trinity,” in its beginning, had a very humble 
 form compared with the noble establishment of 
 our own day, including its handsome frontage, 
 
92 DUBLIN DURING THE BRITISH REFORMATION. 
 
 its magnificent library and its chapel, its exa- 
 mination-hall, its dining-hall, its printing- 
 office, its squares, its spacious park for recrea- 
 tion, its botanic garden on the east and its 
 observatory on the west of the metropolis it 
 adorns. 
 
 The rebellion which imperilled the infant 
 college was only one of a succession which 
 kept the country in ferment to nearly the 
 close of Elizabeth’s reign, when the English 
 power came to be generally acknowledged. Of 
 the distress occasioned by these wars, some 
 opinion may be formed by the following account 
 of the prices at which provisions were sold in 
 Dublin in the year 1602, signed by John 
 Tirrel, the mayor. Wheat had risen from 865. 
 the quarter to 180s. ; barley-malt from 10s. 
 the barrel to 43s. ; oatmeal from 5s. the barrel 
 to 22s.; peas from 5s. the peck to 40s. ; oats 
 from 3s. Ad. the barrel to 20s. ; beef from 
 26s. 8 d. the carcase, to £8 ; mutton from 3s. 
 the carcase to 26s.; veal from 10s. the carcase 
 to 29s. ; a lamb from Is. to 6s. ; a pork from 
 8s. to 30s. If we multiply these prices by 
 seven, to give their equivalents in our own 
 money, the sums almost exceed belief, and 
 show that if money were not in proportion 
 much more plentiful than it is with us, the cost 
 of what are considered necessaries, must at that 
 period have been, with most persons, tanta- 
 mount to a prohibition of them. 
 
DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. AND CHARLES I. 93 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. AND CHARLES I. 
 
 Allusion has already been made to the frequent 
 occurrence of pestilence in Dublin. In the 
 year 1575, a plague broke out on the 7th of 
 June, and continued till the 17th of October, 
 carrying off at least three thousand persons. 
 The city is described as having been then so 
 depopulated, by deaths or desertions, that grass 
 grew in the streets and about the church-doors. 
 The mayor and sheriffs held their court at 
 Glasmanogue, and the lord deputy resided at 
 Drogheda. In 1604, the same calamity began 
 in October and continued till September, 1605. 
 It broke out again the next year, and continued 
 till the year following. Yet the annals record 
 that in the year 1610 the inhabitants of the 
 city and suburbs amounted to twenty thousand. 
 The density with which the people were crowded 
 together,, the want of sewerage, and, equally, 
 of cleanliness and ventilation, with the malaria 
 from the swamps bordering on the river and 
 elsewhere near the city, must have almost com- 
 pelled disease in some of its worst forms to hold 
 the place as its den and throne. 
 
94 
 
 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 Notwithstanding all that Elizabeth’s govern- 
 ment had done to make Ireland Protestant, 
 little, very little, had been effected. The poet 
 Spenser gives an appalling account of what he 
 had observed to be the state of both clergy and 
 laity in the country, and he places in humiliating 
 contrast the earnestness of the Roman priest- 
 hood and the supineness and selfishness of what 
 he calls “ the ministers of the gospel.” 
 
 Lord Bacon thought much for Ireland, and in 
 1601, wrote to Cecil, secretary of state, urging 
 “some course of advancing religion indeed, where 
 the people is capable thereof ; as the sending 
 over some good preachers, especially of that 
 sort which are vehement and zealous preachers, 
 and not scholastic, to be resident in principal 
 towns, endowing them with some stipend out of 
 her majesty’s revenues, as her majesty hath 
 most religiously and graciously done in Lanca- 
 shire; and the re-continuing and replenishing 
 the college begun in Dublin, the placing of 
 good men to be bishops in the sees there, and 
 the taking care of the versions of Bibles, and 
 catechisms, and other books of instruction in 
 the Irish language; and the like religious 
 courses, both for the honour of .God,, and for 
 the avoiding of scandal and unsatisfaction here, 
 by the show of toleration in religion in some 
 parts there.” Little or no notice appears to 
 have been taken of Bacon’s advice. 
 
 It may be hoped that Dublin itself was not 
 so destitute of faithful Christian ministrations 
 in the beginning of the seventeenth century as 
 
AND CHARLES I. 
 
 95 
 
 Spenser’s statements show too many portions of 
 the island to have been. Travers, who remained 
 provost of the college till 1601, must have had 
 some influence for the truth of the gospel in 
 the city. Usher, also, had been catechist-reader 
 in the college, and, about 1602, was appointed 
 afternoon preacher in Christchurch, where the 
 court attended. 
 
 Having mentioned Usher’s connexion with 
 the college, we may add that the English army 
 when they had defeated the Spaniards and dis- 
 affected Irish in the south of the country, 
 raised among themselves the sum of £1,800 
 to furnish a library for the Dublin university, 
 and placed it in the hands of “ Dr. Challoner 
 and Mr. James Usher,” to be expended in 
 the purchase of books for the purpose. The 
 military have seldom perhaps been thus forward 
 in such good works ; but, as we shall see, 
 this was not the last instance of the college 
 library deriving aid from the bountifulness of 
 the English soldiery. 
 
 Under the date of 1605, Whitelaw’s “His- 
 tory of Dublin” records, “The Jesuits and 
 seminary priests busied themselves greatly in 
 dissuading the people from resorting to Divine 
 service according to the Act of Uniformity, 
 and the king’s proclamation thereon grounded. 
 The lord deputy (Chichester) and council con- 
 vened before them the aldermen and some of 
 the principal citizens, and endeavoured by 
 persuasions and lenity to draw them to their 
 duty. They also exemplified under the great 
 
96 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 seal, and published the Statute of Uniformity 
 of the 2nd of Elizabeth, in regard there was 
 found to be some material difference between 
 the original record and the printed copies, that 
 none might pretend ignorance of the original 
 record, and added thereto the king’s injunction 
 for the observance of the said statute. But 
 these gentle methods failing to have any effect, 
 sixteen of the most eminent men of the city 
 were convened into the court of the u castle- 
 chamber” — answering to the u star-chamber 
 in England — “ of whom nine of the chief were 
 censured, and six of the aldermen fined each 
 £100, and the other three £50 a-piece ; and 
 they were all committed prisoners to the castle 
 during the pleasure of the court ; and it was 
 ordered that none of the citizens should bear 
 office till they conformed. The week following, 
 the rest were censured in the same manner, 
 except alderman Archer, who conformed. Their 
 fines were allotted to the repairs of such 
 churches as had been damaged by an accidental 
 blowing up of gunpowder in 1596, to the 
 relieving poor scholars in the college, and 
 other charitable uses. This proceeding brought 
 many to an outward conformity.” The “ blow- 
 ing up of the gunpowder” mentioned, was an 
 explosion of 144 barrels which had been landed 
 at Wood Quay, and stored in Winetavern- 
 street for the use of the castle ; nearly fifty 
 houses were burned, and about four hundred 
 lives lost by this accident. 
 
 The measures adopted to enforce Protest- 
 
AND CHARLES I. 
 
 97 
 
 antism, provoked resistance to tlie government 
 on the part of the Romanists, In 1607, a 
 conspiracy was formed between the earls. of 
 Tyrone and Tyrconnel, with other leading 
 persons, to seize the castle, cut off the lord 
 deputy and the council, dissolve the state, and 
 set up a new authority. A Roman Catholic 
 who had been invited to join but who shrank 
 from the design, dropped a letter in the council- 
 chamber, addressed to sir William Usher, clerk 
 of the council, giving the particulars of the 
 plan as they had been made known to him. 
 The conspirators were apprised that they had 
 been betrayed, and fled before they could be 
 apprehended; but their estates were confiscated. 
 
 After an interval of twenty-seven years, a 
 parliament was once more called in. 1613. 
 The two parties disagreed on the choice of a 
 speaker, and the Romanists withdrew. Another 
 met the year after ; and a convocation of the 
 clergy was held which adopted a code of 
 11 articles” as the Confession of the Irish 
 Church. This formulary of faith was prepared 
 by Usher ; it was essentially Puritanic, being 
 rigidly Calvinistic in doctrine, and liberal in 
 matters ritual and ecclesiastical. It declared 
 the pope to be the Man of Sin ; taught that 
 Lent is of merely political, not religious obliga- 
 tion ; and affirmed that the Lord’s Day is to 
 be wholly devoted to the service of God. It 
 set forth that the Catholic or invisible church 
 includes all the faithful on earth and in heaven ; 
 but that (t particular and visible churches (eon- 
 j> 
 
98 
 
 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 sisting of those who make profession of the 
 faith of Christ, and live under the outward 
 means of salvation) be many in number ; 
 wherein the more or less sincerely according to 
 Christ’s institution, the word of God is taught, 
 the sacraments are duly administered, and the 
 authority of the keys is used, the more or less 
 pure are such churches to be accounted.” 
 It makes no reference to the consecration of 
 prelates, a v s if, in Collyer’s judgment, done on 
 purpose to avoid the distinction between the 
 episcopal order and that of presbyters ; and 
 Neal thinks it was u contrived to compromise 
 the difference between the church and the 
 Puritans which effect, he says, it had till 
 1634, when, by the influence of archbishop 
 Laud and the earl of Strafford, these articles 
 were set aside, and others received in their 
 stead. It was feared that Usher would incur 
 the king’s displeasure by the tenor of these 
 articles, and attempts were not wanting to pre- 
 judice James against him for the leading part 
 he took in the adoption of a confession by the 
 Irish church, which included much that was 
 contrary to the king’s principles. u But 
 Usher,” writes Leland, il had the address to 
 guard against the insinuations of his enemies ; 
 and James was so just to his piety and erudi- 
 tion, that he soon after promoted him to the 
 see of Meath.” 
 
 A notice of the neighbourhood of Dublin 
 about this period, occurs incidentally in an 
 account of the state of Ulster, given when 
 
AND CHARLES I. 
 
 99 
 
 James was parcelling out six counties of it 
 which were at his disposal in consequence of 
 confiscations. “ Sir Toby Caufield’s people are 
 driven every night to lay up all his cattle, as 
 it were in ward ; and do he and his what 
 they can, the woolfe and the wood-kernac,” a 
 marauder living in the wood, 11 within culiver 
 shot of his fort, have oftentimes a share ;” 
 “ even in the English pale,” he adds, u sir 
 John King and sir Henry Harrington, within 
 half a mile of Dublin, do the like, for these 
 forenamed enemies do every night survey the 
 fields to the very walls of Dublin.” 
 
 A proclamation for banishing the Roman 
 Catholic regular clergy was issued in October, 
 1617. But, in five" years afterwards, that 
 party opened a university in Back-lane, for the 
 education of persons of their own persuasion ; 
 Whitelaw, indeed, dates this establishment 
 later. When lord Falkland came over as lord 
 deputy, Usher preached before him in Christ- 
 church, and the Roman Catholics took umbrage 
 at the sermon as intended to encourage per- 
 secution against them ; to satisfy them he 
 delivered an explanatory discourse, which, 
 however, it is likely did not give them the 
 satisfaction desired. In November following, 
 u several popish magistrates, who had refused 
 the oath of supremacy, contrary to the statute 
 of 2 Eliz. cap. 1, were censured in the Star- 
 chamber, when bishop Usher made a speech 
 about the lawfulness of the oath.” And, in 
 two months more, there was u issued a pro- 
 
DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 100 
 
 clamation requiring the popish clergy, regular 
 and secular, to depart the kingdom within forty 
 days, and forbidding all intercourse with them 
 after that time.” 
 
 Notwithstanding all that could be done to 
 suppress them, the lord deputy found himself 
 unable to keep the disaffected in check. They 
 were aware that the revenue of the country fell 
 seriously short of the expenditure, and that the 
 authorities had not power at command to con- 
 trol them. The troubled state of England on 
 Charles’s accession and assumption of arbitrary 
 power, gave yet more confidence to the Ro- 
 manist hierarchy and laity. They judged it a 
 favourable juncture for obtaining a toleration 
 for their religion ; and it was not for Charles, 
 in his circumstances, to slight the applications 
 of a party so important. Its leaders were ad- 
 mitted to a conference on the subject with the 
 authorities in Dublin. They intimated that 
 for a partial toleration they would give a 
 voluntary contribution for supporting the 
 army. u A grand meeting of the principal 
 nobility and gentry, in which the popish party 
 was by far the more numerous, assembled in 
 the castle of Dublin ; they offered large con- 
 tributions to purchase security to their lands 
 and a suspension of the penal statutes. Lord 
 Falkland, far from discouraging their overtures, 
 advised them to send agents to England, to 
 make a tender of their dutiful services to the 
 king, and to submit the grievances and incon- 
 veniences to which they were exposed, to his 
 
AND CHARLES I. 
 
 101 
 
 gracious consideration.” These movements 
 alarmed the Protestants. Usher and eleven 
 other prelates met in Dublin and entered a 
 strong protest against the measure. This pro- 
 test was read from the Dublin pulpits, and 
 Usher was requested to explain the grounds of 
 it in a speech before the council for the con- 
 viction of the parties it concerned ; and his 
 address, though it failed of its purpose, was 
 considered worthy of being sent over to the 
 king, who highly approved of it. 
 
 The Irish agents, however, were successful 
 at the English court. It was greatly in their 
 favour that money and strength were at the 
 time of greater value to Charles, if they were 
 not always nearer to his heart, than Protestant 
 orthodoxy. They offered his majesty a hun- 
 dred and twenty thousand pounds, payable 
 in quarterly instalments, on condition of re- 
 ceiving in return certain royal £C graces, which 
 were to be affirmed by parliament. Several of 
 these “ graces,” it is to be observed, affected 
 the property and trade of the country, and 
 were by all parties reckoned just and beneficial. 
 Respecting ecclesiastical matters, it was agreed 
 that bishops and patentees of dissolved monas- 
 steries should be equally subject to the state 
 burdens with other persons ; and, £< as the popish 
 recusants had clamoured against the severe 
 demands of the established clergy, it was pro- 
 vided that all unlawful exactions taken by the 
 clergy be reformed and regulated ; and the 
 rigour,” writes Leland, “ with which their (the 
 
DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 102 
 
 clergy’s) demands had been enforced, may be , 
 gathered from the injunction annexed ; ( That 
 no extraordinary warrants of assistance, touch- 
 ing clandestine marriages, christenings, or 
 burials, or any contumacies pretended against 
 ecclesiastical jurisdiction, are to be issued or 
 executed by any chief governor ; nor are the 
 clergy to be permitted to keep any private 
 prisons of their own for these causes, but 
 delinquents in that kind are henceforth to be 
 committed to the king’s public jails and by 
 the king’s officers.’ ” 
 
 The success of the Irish deputies with Charles 
 well nigh intoxicated the “ recusants,” as the 
 Homan Catholics were now called. Their 
 worship was openly celebrated in due form and 
 with great pomp. Parochial churches were 
 seized for their service. Their ecclesiastical 
 jurisdiction was strictly administered. New 
 friaries and nunneries were erected. Priests 
 from foreign seminaries swarmed into the 
 country and its metropolis, sworn to hatred 
 against England and to allegiance to the pope, 
 under the direction of the Propaganda Fide , 
 then lately established. These swellings of 
 Romanism stirred the fears and the zeal of 
 Protestants. Accustomed to look to the govern- 
 ment as their stay, instead of being themselves 
 valiant for the truth in the use of truth’s own 
 weapons, and relying upon God whose the 
 truth and its triumphs are, they obtained a 
 proclamation from the government, forbidding 
 the exercise of the Roman Catholic worship. 
 
AND CHARLES I. 
 
 103 
 
 The Roman Catholics despised the proclama- 
 tion and became yet more bold conscious of 
 S r superiority in the kind of strength on 
 which Protestantism was then made to rest as its 
 safeguard. They complained that their agen 
 in England had exceeded their powers in en- 
 ; “ s0 i arK e a contribution to the lung, and 
 ?hS the country was not able to bear *e mn- 
 post. Falkland was recalled, and viscout 
 Flv the lord chancellor, and the earl of Cork, 
 S' Sgh treasurer, r.ere sworu lords J»st,ce>. 
 
 Thev proceeded forthwith to execute the laws 
 n gainst “ recusants,” and to compel attendance 
 TZ established worship. But intimation 
 came that such measures were not pleasing 
 the king The Romanists were m consequence 
 SS'on. A fraternity of ȣ 
 
 neared in public, wearing the habit of tneir 
 order, and^elebrated their worship m one of 
 the most frequented parts of the city. T 
 was not to be endured. The archbishop and 
 the mayor led a body of troops to their chapel, 
 to disperse the congregation, «o n g r g^ n ! | 
 
 headed by the priests, repelled the assailants , 
 t archbishop, P the mayor, and the military 
 had to save themselves by flight An order 
 id ow came from London for the seizure of si 
 teen religious houses for the king’s use, and or 
 the transfer of the Roman Catholic college 
 
 position when Went- 
 worth, afterwards earl of Strafford, ainvc a 
 
 lord deputy, in July, 1633. He came, 
 
104 
 
 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 solved to break down all power in the country, 
 Eomanist or Protestant, to the king’s will % as 
 absolute and universal law. Wentworth 
 brought with him Dr. Bramhall, afterwards 
 bishop of Derry, a man sufficiently endowed 
 with abilities and erudition, but whose ideas of 
 doctrine and discipline were so consonant with 
 those of Laud, that Oliver Cromwell afterwards 
 called him the “ Canterbury of Ireland.” 
 
 A new influence was now brought to bear 
 upon the Irish established church. Some of its 
 first measures had reference to altering the 
 place of the communion tables in the castle 
 chapel and Christchurch cathedral, and order- 
 ing the earl of Cork to take down a family 
 monument lately erected at the east end of the 
 choir in St. Patrick’s. But its most important 
 work was changing the church’s profession of 
 faith. The Puritanic cast of the Irish church 
 greatly encouraged the anti-Laud party in 
 England. u If, therefore,” writes Heylin, in his 
 Life of Laud, u the archbishop meant to have 
 peace in England, the church of Ireland must 
 be won to desert those articles, and receive 
 ours in England in the place thereof.” Heylin’s 
 description of the management by which the 
 change was brought about, shows Jesuitism of 
 a high order, and proves that the majority of 
 the Irish clergy, with Usher at their head, in 
 convocation at Dublin, were beguiled to adopt 
 resolves contrary alike to their intentions and 
 convictions. “ Usher and his party,” says 
 Heylin, “ found, too late, that by receiving 
 
AND CHARLES I. 
 
 105 
 
 and approving the English Articles, they had 
 abrogated and repealed the Irish.” “ To salve 
 this sore,” Usher and some bishops of his 
 opinion, at the next ordinations, required sub- 
 scriptions to the Articles of both churches, 
 which, however, was not required afterwards, 
 through the inconsistency it involved. Usher 
 next applied to the lord deputy to have the 
 former Irish confession ratified anew by par- 
 liament ; but the lord deputy threatened to 
 have that confession burned by the common 
 hangman ; and, when nothing availed on the 
 Irish side of the Channel, assurances were sent 
 to persons of distinction in England that the 
 Irish Articles were not recalled. “ But all this,” 
 Heylin somewhat exultingly records, “ would 
 not serve the turn, or save those Articles from 
 being brought under repeal by the present 
 canon.” He intimates, that the abrogation of 
 the Irish Articles which asserted the sanctity of 
 the Lord’s Day, removed an objection to his 
 majesty’s declaration about lawful sports on 
 that day ; and he quotes from Fuller, that “ the 
 Irish Articles, wherein Arminianism was con- 
 demned in terminis terminantibus , and the obser- 
 vation of the Lord’s Day resolved Jure Divino , 
 were utterly excluded.” 
 
 Thus Laud triumphed over the Irish church. 
 The Dublin college was regulated with com- 
 parative ease. He was appointed its chancellor, 
 and remodelled its constitution and statutes, so 
 far as policy would allow, after his own mind. 
 To make Laud’s victory doubly sure, a court of 
 d 2 
 
106 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 High Commission was established in Dublin ; a 
 fit coadjutor to the court of Castle Chamber, 
 or Irish Star Chamber, already existing. 
 
 From affairs ecclesiastical, arranged so ably 
 for Laud by Bramhall, we now turn to affairs 
 secular, not quite so well adjusted for Charles 
 by Wentworth. In the parliament which sat 
 during the convocation in 1634, the lord deputy 
 obtained in the commons a vote of six subsidies, 
 amounting in the whole to two hundred and 
 forty thousand pounds ; the vote was encumbered 
 only with recommendations as to the modes in 
 which the money should be applied. The lords 
 were not quite so accommodating. They re- 
 quired a redress of “grievances” and a con- 
 firmation of the “ graces,” particularly the one 
 which limited the king’s title to lands. Against 
 their resolve Wentworth entered a protest, 
 founded on an act called, from its author, 
 Poyning’s, which required that no bill should 
 be proposed in the Irish parliament that had 
 not been approved by the king in council. . 
 
 An apparently trifling incident, but one which 
 was really important, happened in the beginning 
 of this parliament. To prevent danger from 
 collisions of opinion which might arise in . the 
 heat of debate, an order had once been given 
 that peers, on entering the house, should leave 
 their swords with the usher of the black rod. 
 Wentworth revived this order. The young 
 earl of Ormond presented himself at the door, 
 but refused to comply with the usher’s demand. 
 The official insisted on his submission. Ormond 
 
AND CHARLES I. 
 
 107 
 
 replied, that if he must receive his sword it 
 should be in his body ; and, not waiting for 
 permission, entered the house and took his 
 seat. The lord deputy, highly incensed, sum- 
 moned Ormond to answer for his conduct. 
 
 “ The young lord appeared, avowed his know- 
 ledge of the order, and his own wilful dis- 
 obedience; but added, that he had received the 
 investiture of his earldom per cincturam gladn, 
 and was both entitled and bound by the royal 
 command to attend his duty in parliament 
 qladio cinctus. Wentworth,” continues Leland, 
 
 << was abashed and confounded. He consulted 
 his friends whether be should at once crush or 
 reconcile this daring spirit. They reminded 
 him of the necessity of gaming some ot the 
 great personages of Ireland; of the power, con- 
 nexions, and capacity of the earl; of the good 
 disposition he had already discovered to the 
 interests of the crown, and of his influence in 
 the house of peers.” These considerations 
 weighed with Wentworth to attempt reconciling 
 the°refractory Ormond, who soon became a 
 particular favourite at the Irish court, and at 
 the age of twenty-four had a seat m the privy 
 council. Winning Ormond over to the king s 
 party was a gain to Charles m Ireland, hardly 
 second in value to Charles’s alienating Went- 
 worth from the popular side in England and 
 
 attaching him to the royal cause. 
 
 « The splendour of the court of Dublin 
 during the vice-royalty of Stratford,” obser J®? 
 the Irish Quarterly Review, “far exceeded 
 
108 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 anything before known in the city. ‘ Other 
 deputies,’ says the earl, in 1633, ‘kept never a 
 horse in their stables, put up the king’s pay for 
 their troop and company in a manner clear into 
 their purses, infinitely to his majesty’s disservice, 
 in the example; I have three score good horses 
 in mine, which will stand me in twelve hundred 
 pounds a year, and a guard of fifty men waiting 
 on his majesty’s deputy every Sunday, person- 
 able men and well appointed. Other deputies 
 have kept their tables for thirty pounds a week ; 
 it stands me (besides my stable) in three score 
 and ten pounds when it is at least.’ The author 
 of the Epistolce Ho-Eliance, writing from Dub- 
 lin during Strafford’s vicegerency, says, ‘ Here 
 is a most splendid court kept at the castle, and 
 except that of the viceroy of Naples, I have 
 not seen the like in Christendom ; and in one 
 point of grandeza the lord deputy here goes 
 beyond him, for he can confer honours and dub 
 knights, which that viceroy cannot, or any 
 other that I know of. Trafficlc increaseth here 
 wonderfully, with all kinds of bravery and 
 buildings.’ A tourist, who had travelled through 
 Holland, the United Provinces, England, and 
 Scotland, tells us, in 1635, that ‘ Dublin is, 
 beyond all exception, the fairest, richest, best- 
 built city he had met with, (except York and 
 Newcastle;) it is far beyond Edinborough; only 
 one street in Edinborough (the great long street) 
 surpasseth any street here. Here is the lord 
 deputy, and the state and council of the king- 
 dom.’ ‘ This city of Dublin,’ continues the same 
 
AND CHARLES I. 
 
 109 
 
 author, 1 is extending liis bounds and limits 
 very far; much additions of building lately, 
 and some of them very fine, stately and com- 
 plete buildings ; every commodity is grown 
 very dear. You must pay also for an horse 
 hire Is. Gel a day. There are various com- 
 modities cried in Dublin as in London, which 
 it doth more resemble than any other town , I 
 have seen in the king of England’s dominions. 
 
 « The excess to which iuxury in dress was 
 carried in Dublin about this period, called forth 
 the interference of the legislature, and m lood 
 it was ordered by the Irish house of commons, 
 that ‘ the proposition made against the excessive 
 wearing of bone lace, and of gold and silver 
 lace, shall be referred to the consideration ot 
 the ’committee of grievances, to consider what 
 persons and degrees are fit to use the same, and 
 how, for to report their opinion thereon to the 
 
 house.’” , , . 
 
 Not fewer than fifty peers attended the par- 
 liament called by Wentworth, and they, with 
 the members of the lower house, must have 
 added much to the trade and splendour of the 
 city. Some families of distinction had mansions 
 worthy of their rank. Among them was the 
 earl of Cork’s, at the Dame’s-gate, near the 
 castle, from which the ascent there acquired 
 the name of “ Cork Hill.” This building was 
 afterwards taken on lease by the government ot 
 Charles i., and it was occupied for public pur- 
 poses early under the commonwealth, tlioug 1 
 by that time it had fallen much into decay. 
 
110 
 
 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 Little, it is to be feared, can be said favour- 
 able to the state of Christian piety in Dublin at 
 this period. Dr. Joshua Hoyle occupied the 
 pulpit of St. Werburgh’s, where he is said 'to 
 have preached at ten in the morning and at 
 three in the afternoon. He is described as 
 “ the friend of Usher, and the tutor and cham- 
 ber-fellow of sir James Ware,” u a most zealous 
 preacher and general scholar in all manner of 
 learning.” He was a fellow and professor of 
 divinity in the university. He appeared as one 
 of the witnesses against Laud on his trial, and 
 -afterwards was a constantly-attending member 
 of the W estminster Assembly of Divines . Wood , 
 in the “ Athene Oxonienses,” gives him a high 
 character. He had studied at Oxford, and died 
 master of University College there in 1654. 
 
 Notwithstanding all the gaiety and appearance 
 of prosperity in the metropolis, the elements of 
 strife already adverted to were generating fearful 
 convulsions in the country. Home, by its bulls, 
 its nuncio, its emissaries, conspired with Charles’s 
 self-seeking tyranny and duplicity, to sever it 
 from England and Protestantism together ; but 
 the details of organizations and movements 
 directed to this end belong to the history of 
 Ireland rather than of Dublin. The lord deputy’s 
 rule here was of the same tenor with that of 
 his master; it aggravated discontent in the 
 honest and well-disposed, while it cheered on 
 the revolted. Wentworth returned to England, 
 where he was created earl of Strafford. He 
 was impeached, attainted, and executed. Sir 
 
AND CHARLES) I. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Christopher Wandsford was appointed lord 
 deputy, but died suddenly. Sir William Parsons 
 and sir John Borlase were sworn lords justices 
 in February, 1641. The insurgents had then- 
 schemes laid widely, but with so much secrecy 
 that the authorities were totally unaware ot 
 their intentions. They had prepared to possess 
 themselves of Dublin, with its castle, and on 
 the 22nd of October they resolved to effect their 
 purpose on the evening of the next day. 
 
 Providentially for the city, its inhabitants, 
 and the government, one Mac Mahon, a leader 
 among the rebels, had disclosed their projects 
 to a man named Owen O’Connolly, servant to a 
 Protestant gentleman in the north, hoping to 
 engage him with them. This man came up to 
 Dublin in quest of a friend on the 22nd, when 
 he met Mac Mahon, and while they were drink- 
 * dl' „ - laffov rhvnWd to him the 
 
 formation to sir William Parsons. The mans 
 appearance made sir William for the moment 
 pay little regard to his statements. He was 
 told to go and obtain further information. But 
 he was hardly dismissed when it struck sir 
 William that what the man had said was 
 more important than it at first seemed to be. 
 He ordered the castle and city to be guarded, 
 and went to his fellow lord justice, sir John 
 Borlase. The privy council were summoned,. 
 Messengers were sent to discover and bring 
 O'Connolly again. He was found with the 
 
112 
 
 DUBLIN UNDER JAMES I. 
 
 Hi 
 
 1 
 
 police, who had taken him in charge for not 
 being able to give an account of himself. By 
 his disclosures, Mac Mahon, lord Maguire, and 
 some more, were arrested ; but other leaders; 
 hearing of the discovery, saved themselves by 
 instant flight. Most opportunely, sir Francis 
 Willoughby, governor of Galway Castle, a 
 privy-councillor and an able soldier, reached 
 Dublin at this critical moment. He found the 
 gates closed and the suburbs in much confusion. 
 Hearing that the lords justices and the privy 
 council were in deliberation at sir John Borlase’s, 
 on the green leading to the college, he went 
 thither. He told them that in the country 
 through which he passed he observed no signs 
 of disturbance, but that an unusual number of 
 strange horsemen had all night been pouring 
 into the suburbs. He recommended an ad- 
 journment to the castle for greater security. 
 The lords justices and council acted on his 
 suggestions, assigned to him the general defence 
 of the place, and issued a proclamation informing 
 the public of the plot discovered, and exhorting 
 to loyalty and courage in self-defence. 
 
 The force at the command of the government 
 did not exceed three thousand men, and these 
 were scattered m garrisons and detachments 
 through the country. In Dublin castle were 
 “ one thousand five hundred barrels of powdeiy 
 with proportionate match and bullet, arms for 
 ten thousand men, and thirty* five pieces of 
 artillery with all their equipage.” For its 
 security were “ eight infirm wardens and forty 
 
113 
 
 AND CHARLliS I. 
 
 halberdiers,” being the parade guard of the 
 chief magistrate on state occasions. Willoughby 
 was prompt and energetic . “The council 
 table was his only couch. He could not veil 
 ture to lay down his drawbridge without the 
 attendance of his whole insignificant guard, 
 until tlie arrival of a part of his disbanded 
 regiment from Carlisle enabled him to arm two 
 hundred men for the defence of the castle ; a 
 Body soon reinforced by those who flea lor 
 shelter to the capital, and by some detachments 
 of the army recalled from their quarters by the 
 
 lords j ustices.” c 
 
 Nothing could exceed the consternation ot 
 the citizens. Rumours the most appalling flew 
 like lightning. Many of the English went on 
 board vessels in the river to return to their 
 native country, and, though wind-bound, pre- 
 ferred remaining on the water to venturing on 
 land a<min. A lleet of Scotch fishermen offered 
 five hundred of their men for the service of the 
 
 state, but' just as the offer was accepted, they 
 
 set sail under a false alarm. Hour hundred 
 soT^s, embarked for the service of Spain and 
 detained by order of the English parliament, 
 were not permitted to leave the ships till they 
 were nearly perishing from hunger, and even- 
 tually they dispersed to join the rebel cause. 
 However /under the advice of sir John Temple, 
 Master of the Rolls, the principal Protestant 
 merchants of the city deposited their goods and 
 valuables in the castle, under a guarantee ot 
 payment for whatever should be applied to the 
 

 public service. Thus provisions were obtained 
 when the treasury was exhausted, and when the 
 magistrates of the city could not or would not 
 advance money to the government. 
 
 Dublin was saved and became tranquil. Not 
 so the country. In the course of the ensuing 
 winter, horrors were perpetrated the accounts 
 of which make the blood run cold as we read 
 them in our own day. “ Forty thousand 
 persons, and by some computations,” writes 
 Godwin, “five times that number, are said 
 to have perished in this undistinguishing mas- 
 sacre.” 
 
 Charles, unable to adjust matters with the 
 Parliament, appealed to arms in support of his 
 prerogative. In August, 1642, he unfurled 
 his standard at Nottingham. “ A high wind 
 beat down the flag, an evil omen, as it was 
 deemed by some who saw it, and a symbol as 
 it proved of the result of that unnatural con- 
 flict.” At length, Ireland became the dernier 
 resort of the royal cause. Ormond was made 
 lord deputy and commander of the army. He 
 soon found himself in a position of difficulty 
 between two antagonists — the friends of Pro- 
 testantism, and the Koman Catholic con- 
 federates — neither of whom now cared much 
 for his sovereign, but against both of whom, 
 though hostile the one to the other, he felt it 
 impossible to maintain his ground. The month 
 of February, 1647, found him yet in Dublin, 
 but under the necessity of deciding to which 
 party he would yield. His choice was in 
 
AND CHARLES I. 
 
 115 
 
 favour of the English parliament. In April, 
 several of their regiments arrived, and in June 
 came their commissioners with more troops. 
 To these Ormond formally surrendered Dublin, 
 Drogheda, then called Tredagh and other gar- 
 risons ; and in July he delivered up into their 
 hands the insignia of his authority, and went to 
 England. One of the three persons given by 
 Ormond as hostages for this capitulation, was 
 the eminent sir James Ware, « the Camden of 
 
 Ir< Thus ended the reign of Charles over Dub- 
 lin The city was in a most wretched and 
 dilapidated state. By returns dated Angus , 
 
 1644, its inhabitants numbered— Protestants, 
 
 2,565 men, and 2,986 women ; Roman Catho- 
 lics, 1,202 men, and 1,406 women ; total 
 8159. But perhaps this census embraced 
 only adults ; or, which is more probable, i 
 did not include the suburbs; otherwise the 
 population had decreased three-fifths during 
 the preceding thirty-four years— a diminution 
 incredible, even with every allowance for havoc 
 made by war, pestilence, and famine. 
 
116 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, THE RESTORATION, 
 AND THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 On the surrender of Dublin to the parlia- 
 mentary commissioners, they appointed colonel 
 Michael Jones to be its governor with the 
 command of the troops. His first care was to 
 repair the walls and otherwise to prepare the 
 city for defence against the army of the con- 
 federates which threatened it. Within a fort- 
 night after Ormond had left, Jones marched 
 forth and attacked them at Duggan’s Hill, 
 gaining a complete victory. They are said 
 to have had between five and six thousand 
 slain in the engagement ; fifteen of their field- 
 officers, and eighty-four other commissioned 
 officers were among the prisoners ; while Jones 
 lost . only twenty men. Besides artillery and 
 other spoil, sixty-four u fair oxen” fell into his 
 hands, and proved a most seasonable supply. 
 A person giving an account of the battle, wrote, 
 u All their colours we have, which colonel 
 Jones would not be persuaded to have brought 
 into Dublin with triumph, as savouring (said 
 
TIIE RESTORATION, AND THE REVOLUTION. 117 
 
 lie) of ostentation, and attributing to man tlie 
 glory of this great work due to the Lord 
 alone.” By November, however, the rebel 
 leader, Owen Roe O’Neil, was committing such 
 devastations in the neighbourhood of Dublin, 
 that not fewer than two hundred fires were 
 visible at the same time from one of the church 
 
 Ste Onnond, still attached to Charles, and think- 
 ing it possible even yet to retrieve his royal 
 master’s affairs, returned to Ireland. In 
 January, 1648-9, he concluded a peace with 
 the confederates, in the king’s name and behalf. 
 Charles, or Glamorgan whom lie accredited 
 fox the purpose, had often negotiated and made 
 peace with them before, and as often had the 
 terms agreed on been disallowed or broken 
 through. Lord Inchiquin also now made com- 
 mon cause with the Irish ; the Scots of Ulstei, 
 too, ranged themselves against the parliament 
 and the “sectaries.” Early in 1649, Oliver 
 Cromwell was appointed by the parliament 
 their lord lieutenant for Ireland. He invited 
 the eminent Dr. John Owen, whose « Exposi- 
 tion of the Hebrews” and other works are yet 
 well known and valued, to accompany him as 
 chaplain and to regulate the affairs of Trinity 
 College. To this, after much difficulty, Owen 
 acceded. The army for Ireland, under Crom- 
 well’s command, assembled at Milford Haven 
 in August, and the day before embarking was 
 spent by them in fasting and prayer. 
 
 About this juncture, Dublin was m deep 
 
118 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 distress. Jones, its governor, was closely 
 pressed by Ormond and the confederates who 
 had encamped at Finglass, but on July the 
 25th had removed to Bathmines, on the oppo- 
 site side of the city. There Jones attacked 
 them with success. The parliament ordered 
 his dispatch .to be printed for the information 
 of. the English public. Some extracts from 
 this small old pamphlet may interest the 
 reader. The battle is sometimes mentioned 
 as fought at “ Bagotrath,” a place between 
 Donnybrook and Beggar’s Bush, now occupied 
 by Upper Baggot-street, taking its name from a 
 “ rath” or fort there, which in the 13th century 
 came into the possession of the “Bagot” 
 family. The conflict probably waxed strongest 
 over the lands extending from that place to 
 Bathmines. Bathmines was then “ compassed 
 by a wall about sixteen feet high, and inclosing 
 ten acres of ground.” 
 
 The pamphlet has for its title — “ Lieutenant- 
 General Jones’s Letter to the Council of State, of 
 a. Great Victory which it hath pleased God to 
 give the forces in the City of Dublin under his 
 command on the Second of this instant August, 
 against the Earl of Ormond’s and the Lord 
 Inchiquin’s Forces before the City.” Jones’s 
 letter begins : — “ Bight Honourable ; the Lord 
 hath blessed this your army with good success 
 against Ormond and his, for which God’s most 
 holy, name be glorified.” After giving the 
 particulars of the engagement he proceeds : — 
 
 “ The whole work is the Lord’s doing, and it 
 
THE RESTORATION, AND THE REVOLUTION. 119 
 
 is marvellous in our eyes; by whose especial 
 providence it was that we should thus engage, 
 we ourselves at first not so far intending it, 
 neither did the enemy expect our doing so , 
 nor would they have willingly engaged with 
 us if it might have been by them avoided, 
 they reserving themselves for the coming up o 
 Cknricard with his Connaught ^s, about 
 three thousand, and the lord of Ards 
 seven thousand Scots, all ready for nmrchmg, 
 Inchiquin also being looked for who had the 
 week before gone towards Munster, with two 
 regiments of horse, for appeasing some stirrings 
 there by Owen Roe, raised in his absence. 
 Never -was any day in Ireland like this, to t e 
 confusion of the Irish, and to the raising up 
 the spirits of the poor English, and to the 
 restoring of the English interest which, flora 
 their first footing in Ireland, was nevei m so 
 low a condition as at that very instant, there 
 not being one considerable landing-place left 
 Y ou but this alone, and this also (without -his 
 the Lord’s most gracious goodness and ( P£?™“ 
 dence to us) almost gone, etc. Your 
 honor’s most faithful servant, Mic. Jones. 
 Med Dublin, Aug. 6, 1649. 
 to the numbers slam, Jones took prisoner 
 17 field officers, and more than 150 other com- 
 missioned officers. Of the troops taken, 1 500 
 joined the parliamentary service. A list ol 
 artillery taken from the Irish at Ramine , 
 
 2nd of August, 1649. One brass can , 
 weighing 7,321 pounds, her length 10 feet, her 
 
 ( 6^7 
 
 ' v 
 
120 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 bullet; weighing 44 pounds. One brass derni- 
 cannon eldest, weighing 5,428 pounds, her 
 length 11^ feet, her bullet weighing 82 pounds. 
 Two brass demi-cannon of one mould, each 
 weighing 4,400 pounds, their length 9J feet, 
 their bullet weighing 26 pounds. One square 
 brass demi-culverin weighing 2,800 pounds, her 
 length 11 feet 4 inches, her bullet weighing 12 
 pounds. One small brass saker-drake, weighing 
 600 pounds, her length 4-g- feet, her bullet weigh- 
 ing 6 pounds. One brass mortar-piece weighing 
 927 pounds, her shell weighing 100 pounds.” 
 u Captain Otway, the messenger that brought 
 this dispatch,” says the pamphlet, “ who was 
 an actor in that service, relates that the enemy 
 marched away with such haste that they left 
 their whole camp, which was very well 
 furnished of all provision of victual, store of 
 wine, silks and velvet, scarlet and other cloth, 
 both woollen and linen, and some money, all 
 the cattle left in the quarters of Dublin as they 
 found them there. Wednesday, the 8th, was 
 appointed to be a day of thanksgiving in 
 Dublin for this great victory.” Besides the 
 castles of Eathmines and Eathgar, Naas, May- 
 nooth, and various other places, surrendered to 
 Jones at that time. The earl of Fingall, and a 
 brother of Ormond were among the prisoners, and 
 it is said that Ormond himself narrowly escaped. 
 
 The news of this “ great victory” reached 
 Cromwell at Milford, and is noticed by him in 
 letters written on ship-board when about to 
 sail. About the middle of August, he “ landed 
 
THE RESTORATION, AND THE REVOLUTION. 121 
 
 at Ringsend with 8,000 foot, 4,000 horse, a 
 formidable train of artillery, and all other neces- 
 saries of war.” In Dublin, he- “ was received 
 with all possible demonstrations of joy ; the 
 great guns echoing forth their welcome, and 
 the acclamations of the citizens resounding in 
 every street. The lord lieutenant being come 
 into the city— where the concourse of the 
 citizens was very great, they all flocking to see 
 him of whom they had heard so much — at a 
 convenient place he made a stand, and with 
 his hat in his hand, made a speech to them. 
 This speech was entertained with great ap- 
 plause by the people, who all cried out, 11 We 
 will live and die with you !” . , . 
 
 Cromwell had nothing to detain him m 
 Dublin, beyond making arrangements for 
 governing the city, and for prosecuting the 
 campaign on which he was about to enter ; the 
 rout of Ormond by Jones had cleared the way 
 for him in the neighbourhood of the metropolis. 
 In a few days, he with his army marched 
 towards Drogheda, where he promptly gave 
 unmistakable and terrific proof of the course 
 he had resolved to pursue. Carlyle describes 
 it truly ; 11 Oliver descended on Ireland like 
 the hammer of Thor ; smote it, as at one fell 
 stroke, into dust and ruin, never to reunite 
 against him more.” “ To him,” Merle D’Au- 
 bigne says, “ the most energetic way appeared 
 the most humane.” Even sir Jonas Barrington 
 writes of him, “Never was any rebel so 
 triumphant as he was in Ireland, yet it is 
 
122 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 impossible to deny, that perhaps a less decisive 
 or less cruel general than that splendid usurper, 
 might by lenity have increased the misery in 
 prolonging the warfare, and have lengthened 
 out the sanguinary scenes of an unavailing 
 resistance.” 
 
 Owen did not accompany Cromwell to the 
 country. He remained preaching in Dublin 
 till, in a few months, through abundant labours 
 in that and other ways, his health declined and 
 he returned to his pastorate at Coggeshall in 
 Essex. In a sermon on “ The Stedfastness of 
 the Promises and the Sinfulness of Staggering,” 
 preached before the parliament, February 28th, 
 1649, he lays open the case of Ireland, and 
 pleads in its behalf in a style worthy of 
 himself. 11 How is it,” he asks, a that Jesus 
 Christ is in Ireland only as a lion staining all 
 his garments with the blood of his enemies ; 
 and none to hold him out as a Lamb sprinkled 
 with his own blood to his friends ? Is it the 
 sovereignty and interest of England that is 
 alone to be there transacted? For my part I 
 see no further into the mystery of these things, 
 but that I could heartily rejoice that, innocent 
 blood being expiated, the Irish might enjoy 
 Ireland so long as the moon endureth, so that 
 Jesus Christ might possess the Irish.” In 
 urging his auditors to “ do their utmost for the 
 preaching of the gospel in Ireland,” he pleads 
 in this strain : “ They want it. No want like 
 theirs who want the gospel. I would there 
 were for the present one gospel preacher for 
 
the restoration, and tiie revolution. 128 
 
 every walled town in the English possession in 
 Ireland. The land mourneth, and the people 
 perish for lack of knowledge; many run to and 
 fro, but it is upon other designs ^knowledge is 
 not increased. They are sensible of their 
 wants, and cry out for a supply. The tears and 
 cries of the inhabitants of Dublin, after the 
 manifestations of Christ, are ever in my view. 
 
 If they were in the dark, and loved to have it 
 so, it might something close a door upon the 
 bowels of our compassion ; but. they cry out of 
 their darkness, and are ready to follow every 
 
 one whosoever to have a candle. If their being 
 gospelless move not our hearts, it is hoped their 
 'importunate cries will disquiet our rest, ana 
 wrest help as a beggar' doth an alms,” etc. 
 
 - These appeals from Owen to the parliament 
 told better for Ireland, than did lord Bacon s 
 advice to queen Elizabeth’s secretary, hall a 
 century before. In the month after they were 
 Uttered, a bill was passed for vesting certain 
 estates in the hands of trustees for the better 
 support of Trinity College, the erection of 
 a second college, the support of professors in 
 the university, and the maintenance oi a 
 free-school ; and on the same day the house 
 resolved to “send over forthwith six able 
 ministers to dispense the gospel in the city ot 
 Dublin," - — » 7*7 
 
 Perhaps it is to the college and free-school 
 whose erection was provided for by the above bill, 
 or to that college and the one previously exist- 
 ing in Back-lane, which had been taken Irorn 
 
124 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 the Roman Catholics and connected with the 
 university, that Fuller refers when he writes, 
 “ The whole species of the university of Dublin 
 was for many years preserved in the individnum 
 of this one college [Trinity.] But, since, this 
 instrument hath made better music, when what 
 was but a monochord before hath got two other 
 smaller strings unto it— the addition of New 
 College and Kildare Hall.” Among the minis- 
 ters sent over pursuant to the parliament’s 
 resolve was John Rogers, a man of much 
 learning, exuberant fancy, and ardent piety, all 
 apparent in his singular quarto entitled “A 
 Tabernacle for the Sun.” 
 
 Commissioners came from the parliament to 
 administer the affairs of Ireland, in 1651, and 
 resided in Cork House. They were accom- 
 panied by the reverend Samuel Winter, pre- 
 viously minister of Cottingham, in Yorkshire, 
 whom they made provost of the college, which 
 office he held till the restoration. Calamy 
 states that Winter relinquished a living of £400 
 a year in England, for a salary of £100, that 
 he might promote the gospel in Ireland ; also 
 that Irinity College, which he found almost 
 desolate, became under his care a valuable 
 seminary of piety and learning. He was most 
 indefatigable ; besides presiding over the college, 
 he was pastor of a church in the city, afternoon 
 preacher at Christchurch, the principal service, 
 had a sermon every Sunday morning in St. 
 Nicholas’s at seven o’clock, and preached occa- 
 sionally at Maynooth. 
 
THE RESTORATION, AND THE REVOLUTION. 125 
 
 Many other ministers settled in Dublin 
 during the Commonwealth, of whom the best 
 known are Dr. Harrison, Stephen Charnock, 
 author of the treatise on the “ Divine Attri- 
 butes,” Samuel Mather, to whom we are indebted 
 for a work on the 11 Types,” being a collection 
 of discourses delivered in Dublin after the 
 Restoration, and John Murcot, a young man of 
 great promise, and whose ministry seems to 
 have been attended with signal power for use- 
 fulness in the city and other parts. From 
 Murcot’s Life, called “ Moses in the Mount,” in 
 a posthumous volume of his works, we learn 
 that people of the highest rank, as well as the 
 public generally, flocked to hear him, and that 
 both in the pulpit and in private he proved 
 himself to be most earnest for the honour of 
 God and the good of souls. Dr. Winter, with 
 whom he was colleague in the ministry, in an 
 Epistle Dedicatory to the lord-deputy Fleet- 
 wood, and the lord Henry Cromwell, prefixed 
 to the above volume, says of him, “ his praise 
 is in the gospel throughout all the churches ; 
 I have seldom known of his years a head better 
 hearted, or a heart better headed ; the enlarge- 
 ment of whose heart was the enlargement of his 
 abilities.” He died in December, 1654, not 
 having completed his thirtieth year, and was 
 buried in St. Mary’s chapel, Christchurch ; his 
 funeral was attended by the lord-deputy, the 
 commissioners, the mayor, aldermen, and great 
 numbers of the citizens. 
 
 Most persons are aware how nobly Oliver 
 
126 DUBLIN AT TIIE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 Cromwell espoused the cause of the persecuted 
 Protestants in Piedmont. In July, 1655, a 
 collection towards their relief was begun in Dub- 
 lin, and in January the sum of £1,097. 6s: M. 
 was remitted for the purpose by parties belong- 
 ing to Dr. Winter’s church. 
 
 About the time we are now speaking of, asso- 
 ciations by mutual agreement for common 
 purposes were being formed in several parts of 
 England, among the ministers of different 
 denominations. The celebrated Pichard Bax- 
 ter was zealous in promoting them. Arch- 
 bishop Usher approved of them. They some- 
 what resembled our “ Evangelical Alliance.” In 
 their meetings one of the ministers presided as 
 u moderator.” Baxter, in his Life, writes that 
 “ Independent churches also in Ireland, led 
 on by Dr. Winter, pastor of their church in 
 Dublin, associated v r ith the moderate Presbyte- 
 rians there, upon these provocations, and the 
 persuasions of colonel John Bridges.” He 
 gives a letter signed by Winter and other 
 ministers, u In the name of the associated 
 churches of Christ in Ireland. These for the 
 reverend Mr. Kichard Baxter, pastor of the 
 church of Christ in Kidderminster, to be by 
 him communicated to the several churches of 
 that association.” The letter is dated July 5th, 
 1655, and breathes genuine Christian catho- 
 licity : “ The present condition of God’s people 
 in foreign parts, as among us,” say the writers, 
 u calls aloud for a more cordial union and com- 
 munion among all such who desire to fear His 
 
THE RESTORATION, AND THE REVOLUTION. 127 
 
 name. It is therefore our hearts’ desire, not to 
 be wanting in our faith and prayers, resolves 
 and endeavours, to the fulfilling of those exceed- 
 ing great and precious truths which do eminently 
 centre in these latter days, that Christ's friends 
 may receive one mind and heart , to serve him 
 with one lip and shoulder . We are thereby 
 much encouraged to request your Christian 
 assistance, and brotherly correspondency, that 
 we may all be the better able in our several 
 stations and relations, to promote more vigor- 
 ously the interest of Christ and his people. 
 After the sad shakings of this land, and his 
 many turnings of things upside down, the Lord 
 is pleased to promise us a little reviving, and to 
 open a door of hope, even in the valley of 
 Achor. Your favourable help is therefore 
 earnestly craved, that Ireland may once more 
 partake of the glad tidings of heaven, and the 
 wants of many thousand starving souls may be 
 seasonably supplied with the bread of life.” 
 To the letter from which these sentences are 
 taken, Baxter and four other ministers sent a 
 long and cordial response, u In the name of the 
 Associated Ministers meeting at Kidderminster, 
 August 12th, 1655,” inscribed, “ To the Reve- 
 rend our much honoured Brother Dr. Winter, 
 Pastor of the Church at Dublin, to be commu- 
 nicated by him to the associated churches in 
 Ireland ; These.” Under date of 11 Dublin, 
 January 16th, 1655-6,” a letter was sent to 
 Baxter and his brethren, signed by Dr. Winter 
 and five il Elders of the Church of Christ in 
 
128 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 Dublin, whereof Dr. Samuel Winter is Pastor,” 
 
 « In the name and by the appointment of the 
 rest of the associated churches in Ireland.” . 
 
 Henry Cromwell was lord deputy at the time 
 this correspondence was going on. He was a 
 truly Christian man, and did much to promote 
 the gospel in the country, and union between 
 the followers of his and their Lord. At his 
 invitation, a meeting of the principal ministers 
 of different denominations, and from the several 
 provinces of the country, was held in Dublin in 
 April, 1648. About thirty were present, 
 including three Presbyterians from the north 
 of Ireland. “He requested their advice re- 
 specting the instruction and conversion of the 
 Roman Catholic population, the promoting of 
 peace and unity among all godly ministers 
 though of different churches, the due observ- 
 ance of the sabbath, and the suppression of 
 heresy and profaneness.” They remained, for 
 five weeks together, gave Henry their opinions 
 on the topics he had proposed, presented to 
 him an address, and then “ returned to their 
 respective homes, with much love, having 
 during the time of their being together, kept a 
 good understanding and mutual respect and 
 kindness towards one another. 
 
 The information we have of secular matters 
 in Dublin, from Cromwell’s arrival to the 
 Restoration, is extremely meagre. Colonel 
 Hewson was, in the early part of the time, 
 governor of the city, and general Fleetwood 
 lord deputy. In 1652, a court of justice was 
 
THE RESTORATION, AND THE REVOLUTION. 129 
 
 erected for the trial of persons concerned in the 
 “ barbarous murders ” committed in the rebel- 
 lion, and sir Plielim O’Neil and others were 
 condemned and executed. The city was tran- 
 quil and prosperous. Provision was made for 
 victualling the government vessels as they lay 
 near the city, the absence of which convenience 
 had obliged them before to go elsewhere for 
 supplies. A weekly postal communication was 
 established with England, by packet to Holy- 
 
 head. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell died early in September, 
 1658 ; his eldest son, Richard, succeeded him 
 as protector, and was proclaimed in Dublin on 
 the 10th. Henry was appointed lord lieutenant 
 of Ireland by his brother Richard. (( The king- 
 dom continued to enjoy unusual tranquillity, and 
 in no part of the empire did there exist a more 
 cordial or general submission to the new pro- 
 tector.” But Richard was unequal to his high 
 and difficult position. He summoned a parlia- 
 ment in January 1658-9, which he dissolved in 
 April. The army induced him to resign. 
 The remains of Oliver’s last parliament assem- 
 bled ; the government of Ireland was vested in 
 commissioners, but Henry, anticipating his 
 recall by the parliament, sent his resignation to 
 the speaker, and retired from public life. 
 Rapin gives it as the general opinion, that had 
 Henry been made protector instead of Richard, 
 the course of events afterwards would have 
 been widely different from what it was. Early 
 in May, four commissioners came from the 
 
180 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 parliament to Dublin, and continued undis- 
 turbed in power till January, 1659-60, when a 
 party of general officers seized the castle, 
 declared for a free parliament, and, upon peti- 
 tion from the mayor and aldermen of the city, 
 summoned a convention which met in Feb- 
 ruary. 
 
 While matters were going on thus in Dublin, 
 measures were being taken in England which 
 ended in an agreement that Charles n. should 
 take the throne of Britain. He had, years before, 
 sworn to the solemn league and covenant, and 
 been crowned at Scone ; he now promised all 
 manner of good things as he thought might be 
 agreeable to the parties who went to negotiate 
 with him at Breda. On 14th of May, 1660, his 
 declaration was accepted by the Convention in 
 Dublin, and the authorities there concurred in 
 his restoration. Soon afterwards, sir Hardress 
 Waller with his troops seized the castle for the 
 parliament, but was obliged to surrender it 
 after a siege of five days. By the close of the 
 year the “ Restoration ” was accomplished; lords 
 justices were sworn in to administer the king’s 
 government in Ireland ; and the duke of Or- 
 mond came over as lord lieutenant the follow- 
 ing year. 
 
 The ecclesiastical arrangements of Ireland 
 now reverted to the position in which they 
 were before the English parliament acquired 
 the sovereignty of the country. Bramhall was 
 appointed to the primacy, and six new bishops 
 were consecrated for vacant sees. Noncom- 
 
TIIE RESTORATION, AND THE REVOLUTION. 131 
 
 formists were ejected from the churches and 
 the college, without waiting, as in England, 
 for a new Act of Uniformity. 
 
 The college was a gainer by the Restoration. 
 Archbishop Usher had died, in 1655 ; his 
 library, containing ten thousand volumes, which 
 had cost him many thousand pounds, was, 
 together with his collection of manuscripts, 
 then offered for sale. The king of Denmaik, 
 and cardinal Mazarin, sought to purchase it ; 
 but the officers and men of the parliamentary 
 army in Ireland, nobly resolving that so great a 
 treasure should not leave the country, raised 
 among themselves the money requisite to secure 
 it and then freely assigned it for the new 
 college which had been projected in the city. 
 
 It was placed in the castle for safe custody. 
 When Charles came to the throne, he made a 
 present of it to Trinity College, and oyer the 
 compartments which it occupies in the library , 
 his royal munificence is commemorated by the 
 following inscription: 11 Bibliotheca UsserianaEx 
 jjono Serenissimi Regis Caroli Secundi .” Dr. Parr • 
 states that this contribution then made up the 
 greater part of the college library. 
 
 During the year 1662, some of the noncon- 
 formist ministers who had formerly resided in 
 the city returned and re-gathered their con " 
 gregations. Of these were Samuel Mather 
 and Dr. Harrison. The church of the former 
 met in New-row, the other in Cooke- street. 
 A third congregation was formed in Wood- 
 street. 
 
1 32 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 Among the occurrences of the city about 
 this period, mentioned in its annals, are the 
 gift of a collar of SS. to its chief magistrate by 
 the king, in 1660, together with a foot company 
 to protect his person and sustain his dignity. 
 This was followed, in 1665, by the title of 
 “ Lord Mayor,” and £500 a year in lieu of the 
 foot company. In October, 1666, the lord 
 lieutenant and the council “ considered about 
 sending 105,000 bullocks for the relief of 
 London, lately burnt but whether they did 
 the generous deed is not explained. The next 
 year, through an apprehension of invasion from 
 France, the militia were enrolled ; and that year 
 was further remarkable for the birth of the 
 celebrated dean Swift, in Hoey’s- court, near the 
 castle, the houses in which were then handsome 
 residences, though now in extreme dilapidation. 
 In 1670, “in consequence of a great storm at 
 new moon, the river overflowed up to Lazar’s- 
 hill, now Brunswick-street, and the college.” 
 St. Stephen’s-green was inclosed and drained, 
 and a double row of lime-trees planted along 
 the wall. New pipes •were laid for supplying 
 the city with water. Bells were hung in St. 
 Patrick’s, Christchurch, and St. Catharine’s. 
 Essex bridge was erected in 1676. 
 
 Not long subsequent to the Restoration, the 
 leaders of the Roman Catholics were on the 
 alert to engage the king to fulfil the stipulations 
 made to them in the peace concluded between 
 his father and the confederates, in 1648-9. A 
 toleration was in consequence granted then*, 
 
THE RESTORATION, AND TIIE REVOLUTION. 13o 
 
 but not to the extent desired. Shortly after 
 this the plot of Titus Oates, in England, created 
 alarm in Ireland. Stringent courses were ^ taken 
 by the authorities against the “ papists.” All 
 Roman Catholic ecclesiastics were ordered to 
 quit the country, and no person of their per- 
 suasion was allowed to enter the castle. The 
 titular archbishop of Dublin was thrown into 
 prison. Proclamation was made to seize and 
 confine the relations of “ Tories,” till the prin- 
 cipals were killed or apprehended ; also to 
 incarcerate the parish priest on occasions when 
 a robbery had been committed. 
 
 Charles ir. died on February 6th, 1684; 
 James n. was proclaimed in Dublin on the 
 11th. In the same year, “ the Royal Hospital 
 of Kilmainham, at the west end of Dublin, was 
 built at the charge of the army, being a very 
 spacious, stately, and commodious building, for 
 aged and maimed soldiers, who are here well 
 maintained,” says Harris, “ to the number of 
 about four hundred” Ormond and Arran 
 bridges were also erected. 
 
 In January, 1685, the earl of Clarendon suc- 
 ceeded the duke of Ormond as lord lieutenant, 
 and having held office twelve months, ^was 
 superseded by the earl of Tyrconnel. This 
 nobleman had already, while having command 
 of the troops as lieutenant-general, made the 
 army, as far as possible, Roman Catholic ; and 
 now proceeded more thoroughly to fulfil his 
 royal master’s will, and to promote the interests 
 of his church, in the exercise of his new 
 
1 34 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 powers. But he had one aim which he did not 
 dare to avow. He secretly negotiated for 
 separating Ireland from the British crown, and 
 placing it under the protectorate of France. 
 Protestants were removed from the highest law 
 offices, and Boman Catholics appointed in their 
 room. The municipal corporations were 
 cajoled, on various pretexts and promises, to 
 give up their charters, in order to new ones 
 being granted, and if they objected, were pur- 
 sued with a quo warranto . By this means, the 
 local civil authorities throughout the country 
 became Roman Catholic. Large provisions were 
 made for the Koman Catholic prelates ; and dis- 
 pensations were granted to Protestant episcopal 
 ministers who embraced Romanism, to retain 
 their benefices, notwithstanding their apostasy, 
 of which a signal instance occurred in Peter 
 Manby, the dean of Derry. In April, 1687, 
 came out James’s “ Declaration of Liberty of 
 Conscience, by his sole prerogative suspending 
 the execution of the penal laws against Roman 
 Catholics and Dissenters. It extended to Ireland, 
 and was met by addresses of approval, thanks, 
 and professions of loyalty from almost all par- 
 ties in the country ; among others, under the 
 head of u Windsor, June 20,” the London 
 Gazette mentions that “ An Address from the 
 Presbyterian ministers and the congregations in 
 and near the city of Dublin, was transmitted 
 hither by his excellency the earl of Tyrconnel, 
 lord deputy of Ireland ; with another address 
 presented to his excellency on the same subject 
 
THE RESTORATION, AND THE REVOLUTION. 185 
 
 by tliose of the Congregational persuasion, in 
 behalf of themselves and others meeting in New- 
 row, in Dublin 5 both which were very gra- 
 ciously received by his majesty.” And in a 
 July Gazette is recorded an address from his 
 majesty’s “Dissenting subjects in Munster,” 
 and another from the “ Presbyterian ministers of 
 Ulster.” In fact, that official organ, number 
 after number, so teemed with announcements of 
 these effusions that one might suppose there 
 was hardly a difference of opinion in the country 
 on the subject to which they referred. 
 
 Now came the memorable year 1688. The 
 reader is referred to histories of England for 
 details of the measures which ended in the sub- 
 stitution of William, prince of Orange, for his 
 father-in-law, James 11 ., on the throne of these 
 realms, an issue that secured much of what had 
 been struggled for, but not permanently obtained, 
 thirty years before. It is said that Tyrconnel 
 had private knowledge of proceedings with 
 William before James was acquainted with 
 them, and that James received his earliest intima- 
 tion of them from his Irish lord deputy. James 
 at first treated the movement with contempt, 
 but he soon was made to feel that it was a sub- 
 stantive and strong reality, . before which he 
 and his principles had to quail. 
 
 William arrived at Torbay on the 4th of 
 November, and, before the end of December, 
 James left the kingdom and retired to France. 
 A convention of the lords and commons of 
 England adjudged that he had, ipso facto , abdi- 
 

 136 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 cated the throne, which they then offered to 
 William, prince of Orange, and his princess 
 Mary, James’s daughter. The offer was 
 accepted. Ireland had no share in that trans- 
 action ; Tyrconnel held that country for James. 
 While the English convention were presenting 
 the crown to William and Mary, Tyrconnel 
 was disarming all the Protestants of Dublin 
 and other places over which his power ex- 
 tended. The churches of the city were made 
 depots ; Trinity College was converted into a 
 barrack. Sir Thomas Racket, the lord mayor, 
 colonel Lutrel, the governor of Dublin, and 
 the lord chief justice Nugent, emulated the lord 
 lieutenant in zeal against the Protestants. On 
 the 12th cf March, king James landed at Kin- 
 sale, reached Dublin on the 24th, and called a 
 parliament, which sat till July 20th. Among 
 other doings, it repealed the Act of Settlement, 
 and passed an Act of Attainder against two 
 thousand six hundred Protestants. King, dean 
 of St. Patrick’s and locum tenens of the arch- 
 bishop, then absent, was repeatedly imprisoned, 
 and in great danger through his stedfastness, 
 when the Protestants were proscribed. 
 
 To provide for his necessities James esta- 
 blished a mint in Dublin, for coining money 
 out of the worst kind of brass, old guns, and 
 other refuse metal, melted down together. The 
 mass was worth from threepence to four-pence a 
 pound weight ; and by proclamation, dated 
 June T8th, this money was made current, 
 twenty shillings of it not being worth more 
 
 VQAJ 
 
 
 
THE RESTORATION, AND THE REVOLUTION. 137 
 
 t.L an twopence. Of this base coin nearly 
 590,000 pounds weight were struck and made 
 to pass for the value of nearly 1,600,000 pounds 
 sterling , in what were called half-crowns, shill- 
 ings, and sixpences. In this money the troops 
 were paid, and all business transacted. A. 
 coinage of pewter was prepared the next year, 
 but the final defeat of James prevented its being 
 issued. 
 
 On the 3rd May, 1690, Lutrel, governor of 
 Dublin, issued an order commanding^ all mi- 
 nisters and curates of the several parishes in 
 tlie ~city and liberties to send in the names of 
 all male Protestants and Dissenters in the 
 several parishes, by the following Thursday, 
 under pain of being treated as spies or enemies. 
 On the 18th, he issued another, requiring all 
 Protestants who were not housekeepers, or 
 who had not followed some lawful vocation for 
 three months before, to depart within twenty- 
 four hours, under pain of death or imprison- 
 ment ; and all Protestants not of the privy 
 council, nor in the king’s army or actual service, 
 to deliver up within the said time their arms 
 au.d ammunition into the stores, on pain of 
 death. He further ordered that no Protestant 
 presume to walk the streets from ten o’clock at 
 night till five in the morning, nor at any time 
 during an alarm ; and that no greater number 
 of them than five should meet and converse at 
 any time, either in houses, streets, or fields, 
 under pain of death, or such punishment as a 
 court martial should think fit. Pie also made 
 
138 DUBLIN AT THE COMMONWEALTH, 
 
 disobedience to many of his verbal orders 
 death. But deliverance was at hand. 
 
 On the day before the last-named edict was 
 issued, king William landed at Carrickfergus, 
 near Belfast. Some of his officers suggested 
 the propriety of remaining for some time in 
 that neighbourhood, but he said, with a degree 
 of warm resolve, “ I came not to Ireland to 
 let the grass grow under my feet.” He at once 
 marched southward. On Tuesday, July 1, he 
 routed James’s army in the battle of the Boyne, 
 and the next day took possession of Drogheda. 
 James hastened to Dublin after the battle, 
 called together the council and magistrates, and 
 gave them a farewell address, representing that 
 his Irish troops were not to be depended on, 
 that fortune was against him, and that he 
 should now shift for himself, as they also must 
 do. He charged them not to burn or pillage 
 the city, and concluded by promising to labour 
 for their deliverance as long as he lived. The 
 next morning he left, accompanied by the dukes 
 of Berwick and Tyrconnel and the marquis of 
 Powis, for Waterford, whence he embarked 
 for France. On his departure, the principal 
 Roman Catholics fled from Dublin ; the Protest- 
 ants possessed themselves of the militia arms, 
 formed a committee of management, despatched 
 letters to king William with an account of 
 what had transpired, and invited his presence in 
 the metropolis. On Saturday the 5th, William 
 encamped at Finglass, and the next day, 
 Sunday, he “rode,” says Rapin, “in a tri- 
 
THE RESTORATION, AND THE REVOLUTION. 13 J 
 
 umpliant manner into Dublin, and went directly 
 to St. Patrick’s church, the cathedral of that 
 metropolis, attended by the bishops of Meath 
 and Limerick ; and after the public services 
 were solemnly performed, Dr. King, afterwards 
 archbishop of Dublin, preached a sermon upon 
 the power and wisdom of the providence ot 
 God, in protecting his people, and defeating 
 their enemies. The mayor and aldermen 
 waited on his majesty ; and the people endea- 
 voured, by all demonstrations of joy, to express 
 their just sense of their great and happy deli- 
 verance. In the afternoon, the king returned 
 to the camp.” On the Monday, he published a 
 royal declaration, promising pardon and pro- 
 tection to all who returned and submitted, 
 excepting the leaders in the outrages that had 
 been perpetrated, and even holding out hope to 
 them by an assurance that he would never 
 refuse mercy to those who were truly penitent. 
 On Wednesday, July 9th, the king removed 
 the greater part of his army to Crumlin, two 
 miles south of the city, and despatched the 
 remainder of his forces towards Athlone. On 
 the next day, he issued a proclamation, annull- 
 ing that of James respecting the base money, 
 and reducing its current value to its real worth. 
 Having appointed brigadier Trelawny to the 
 command in Dublin, William advanced as far 
 as Inchiquin, twenty-two miles on his way to 
 Kilkenny. Towards the end of the month, he 
 came back from Carrick-on-Suir to Dublin, and 
 stayed at Chapel-Izod some days, hearing com- 
 
140 DUBLIN AT THE INVOLUTION. 
 
 plaints and redressing grievances. He rejoined 
 the aimy on the 4th of August, and having 
 besieged Limerick, he appointed lords justices, 
 and sailed for England from Duncannon Fort, 
 about the 1st of September. 
 
 The next year’s campaign brought the war 
 in Ireland to a close. The city of Dublin, “ in 
 grateful commemoration of their late deliverance 
 by the conduct and valour of king William m. f 
 erected his statue on horseback,” in College- 
 green, bearing a Latin inscription. It was 
 inaugurated with great solemnity, on July the 
 1st, 1701, being the anniversary of the victory 
 of the Boyr>e. 
 
 Until the past few years, this statue was 
 wont to be rewly gilt and painted for the same 
 anniversary. Its new adorning, however, pro- 
 voked assailt and defence between partisans, 
 contests which frequently ended in bloodshed. 
 Its annual decoration, therefore, has given 
 place to an enduring coat of bronze, and it is 
 allowed to stand longer than the twelvemonth 
 round in quietness, unharmed itself, and with- 
 out offence being given or taken from it among 
 any of the passers by. 
 
DUBLIN IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 141 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 DUBLIN IN THIS EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 A London bookseller, who had crossed the 
 Atlantic and was generally acquainted wrd 
 m en and things, spent some tone m _ Oub 
 
 ab0 ut the — -l^He 
 ir^en^a pretty full account of Trinity 
 College, as then circumstanced. 
 
 1° consists,” he writes, « of three squares, 
 the outward being as large as bo* the inner, 
 one of which, of modern building, has not 
 chambers on every side ; the other has j, 
 the south side of which stands ti e h ary 
 
 the whole length of the square. The hall oa 
 
 butteries run the same range with the libr. y, 
 
 afold P bihlding ; aHsdso'the regent-house, 
 
 which from a gallery looks into ** 
 
 which has been of late years enlarged, bem 
 
 before too little for the number of scholars 
 who are now, with the fellows, etc., rec ^ 
 about three hundred and forty. r W 
 carden for the fellows, and another for t p 
 S bo!h neatly kept ; as also .toJW 
 and large parks for the students to walls and 
 
142 
 
 DUBLIN IN 
 
 exercise in . The foundation consists of a provost ; 
 seven senior fellows, of whom two are doctors in 
 divinity ; eight juniors, to whom one is lately 
 added ; and seventy scholars.” A new house was 
 then building for the provost, which was to be 
 “ very noble and magnificent.” The same 
 writer speaks of being shown ie the gardens 
 belonging to the college, which were very 
 pleasant and entertaining. Here was a sun- 
 dial, on which might be seen what o’clock it 
 was in most parts of the world. This dial 
 was placed upon the top of a stone, repre- 
 senting a pile of books. And not far from 
 this was another sun-dial, set in a box, of a 
 very large compass, the gnomon of it being 
 very near as big as a barbers pole. Leaving 
 this pleasant garden, we ascended several 
 steps, which brought us into a curious walk, 
 where we had a prospect to the west of the 
 city, and to the east of the sea and harbour : 
 on the south we could see the mountains of 
 Wicklow, and on the north, the river Liffey, 
 which runs by the side of the college.” He 
 says, “ the library is over the scholars’ lodg- 
 ings, the length of one of the quadrangles ; 
 and contains a great many choice books of 
 great value, particularly one, the largest I ever 
 saw for breadth ; it was a 1 Herbal,’ contain- 
 ing the lively portraitures of all sorts of trees, 
 plants, herbs, and flowers.” There also he 
 saw what seem to have been the germs of a 
 museum ; among other curiosities <( the thigh- 
 bone of a giant,” u kept there as a convincing 
 
the eighteenth century. 
 
 143 
 
 fWiomtration of the vast bigness which some 
 
 i.„ nf i ; s a chamber called the Countess oi 
 Tbith’s Library,’ filled with many handsome 
 £ and other books, in Dutch bmdmg. gdt 
 •with the earl’s arms impressed upon them , 
 
 e had been some time in tits house. On 
 
 SCri & n rf.tal ito^toSTdMeionmade 
 bv’^kfmi of wooden lattice-work, containing 
 7 f Trf” aces full of choice and curious 
 
 S ' iSb P “S .be library of that great 
 boots, wuiia TT , .1 “ The library, at 
 
 man, ff^VJdinary pile of building, 
 present, is bpt an the outside ; 
 
 rilTeL they dSgTIhe building of a new 
 hbrary and l am told, the House of Commons 
 In Sand have voted _ three thousand pounds 
 
 % a 2o7ii°it as customary to read 
 D™ . ,, chapel of the college, every 
 
 Trinity^ Sunday, in the afternoon, the name of 
 or SfaabeS, and of every other con.nbuta 
 to it from its foundation, “ as a grateful *knoy ; 
 “dement to the memory of them benefeoton 
 
 tury from the foundation of the colleg ,) y 
 
144 
 
 DUBLIN IN 
 
 celebrated their first secular day, when the 
 provost, Dr. Ashe, now bishop of Clogher, 
 preached, and made a notable entertainment 
 for the lords justices, lord mayor, and aider- 
 men of Dublin. The sermon preached by the 
 provost was on the subject of the foundation 
 of the college ; and his text was, Matt. xxvi. 
 13, 1 Verily I say unto you, Wheresoever this 
 gospel shall be preached in the whole world, 
 there shall also this, that this woman hath done, 
 be told for a memorial of her ; ’ which in this 
 sermon the provost applied to queen Elizabeth, 
 the foundress of the college. The sermon was 
 learned and ingenious, and afterwards printed 
 by Mr. Day, and dedicated to the lords justices. 
 In the afternoon, there were several orations in 
 Latin, spoke by the scholars in praise of queen 
 Elizabeth and the succeeding princes ; and an 
 ode made by Mr. Tate, (the Poet Laureate,) 
 who was bred up in this college. Part of the 
 ode was this following: — 
 
 Great parent, hail ! all hail to thee ; 
 
 Who hast the last distress surviv’d, 
 
 To see this joyful day arrived ; 
 
 The Muses’ second jubilee. 
 
 Another century commencing, 
 
 No decay in thee can trace ; 
 
 Time with his own law dispensing, 
 
 Adds new charms to every grace 
 That adorns thy youthful face* 
 
 After war’s alarms repeated, 
 
 And a circling age completed, 
 
 Numerous offspring thou dost raise, 
 
 Such as to Juverna’s praise 
 Shall Liffey make as proud a name, 
 
 As that of Isis or of Cam. 
 
TUE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Mb 
 
 Awful matron, take thy seat 
 To celebrate this festival ; + t 
 
 The learn’d assembly well to tieat, 
 
 TCless’d Eliza’s days recall ; 
 
 The wonders of her reign recount, 
 
 In strains that Phoebus may surmount, 
 
 Son as for Phoebus to repeat. 
 
 She ’twas that did at first inspire. 
 
 And tune the mute Hibernian l>ie. 
 
 Succeeding princes next recite ; 
 
 With never-dying verse requite, 
 
 Those favours they did shower. 
 
 »Tis this alone can do them right 
 To save them from oblivion s ni 0 nt, 
 
 Is only in the Muse’s power. 
 
 But chiefly recommend to Fame, 
 
 Maria and great William s name, 
 
 Whose isle to him her freedom owes ; 
 
 And surely no Hibernian Muse 
 Can her restorer’s praise refuse, 
 
 While Boyne or Shannon flows. 
 
 “ After this ode had been sung by the prin- 
 cipal gentlemen of the kingdom, there was a 
 very diverting speech made in English y 
 Terra Filius. The night concluded with ihu- 
 minatimis, not only in the college, but in otker 
 
 Pla Thus was celebrated the “ first secular day ” 
 or hundredth anniversary, of the Dublin Um- 
 versitv The same informant, speaking of the 
 viceregal court, says of the lords justices, 
 » W hen they go to church, the streets, from 
 the castle-gal g to the church-door as , also he 
 
 irreat aisle of the church, to the foot ot the 
 stairs by which they ascend to the pl^e where 
 they sit, are lined with soldieis. Thy 
 preceded by the pursuivants of the counci - 
 chamber, two maces, and, on state-days, y 
 king and pursuivant-at-arms, their chaplains, 
 
146 
 
 DUBLIN IN 
 
 and gentlemen of the household, with pages 
 and footmen bare-headed. When they alight 
 from their coach, in which commonly the lord 
 chancellor and one of the prime nobility sit 
 with them, the sword of state is delivered to 
 some lord to carry before them. And in the 
 like manner they return back to the castle, 
 where the several courses at dinner are ushered 
 in by kettle-drums and trumpets.” 
 
 Upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 
 many French Protestants came over to Ireland. 
 Their numbers were increased by the officers 
 and men of a Huguenot regiment which served 
 under William the Third, and, on being dis- 
 banded, remained in the country. Their prin- 
 cipal location was Portarlington, in the Queen’s 
 County, where they formed so large and in- 
 fluential a proportion of the inhabitants, that 
 French became the common language of the 
 place. Not a few of them, however, settled in 
 the metropolis, and proved an important acces- 
 sion to its general intelligence, refinement, 
 industry, and moral worth. The names of 
 French-street, Digges-street,Aungier-street, etc., 
 tell their origin, and those of La Touche and 
 other respectable families indicate their descent. 
 These refugees, in 1695, formed three con- 
 gregations ; two of them Calvinistic, w T ho wor- 
 shipped in Peter-street and Lucas-lane, and 
 the other, consisting of persons who preferred 
 a liturgical service, had the use of a chapel in 
 St. Patrick’s cathedral. A German regiment 
 had also been engaged in Ireland under William, 
 
the eighteenth century. 
 
 147 
 
 On the war of the revolution being ended, this 
 corps went to the continent, but when it was 
 Sanded at the peace of Ryswiclc, portions 
 belonging to it came over to Dublin with their 
 chaplain, and formed a German Lutheran con- 
 gregation, which had a place of 
 flarlborough-street. The government of that 
 period greatly encouraged the set ^ment f 
 foreio-n Protestants in Ireland. the in on 
 conformists also had obtained comparative 
 security and freedom. Under the general name 
 of “ Protestant Dissenters,” they had in Dublin 
 seven congregations, four Presbyterians, two 
 Independent or Congregational, and one Baptis^ 
 Dr Narcissus Marsh had been archbishop 
 „f Dublin from 1691 to 1709. m whmkjar 
 he was translated to Armagh. He clied “ 
 1718 “While lie governed the church in 
 Sin,” mites Harris, “ f 
 library, near the palace of fet. Sepulchres, 
 which he enlarged after his translation to 
 Armagh, and filled it with a choice collection 
 Tf hooks having for that purpose bought 
 the library of doctor Edward Stillmgfleet, 
 formerly bishop of Worcester, to which he 
 
 added his own 1 collection. And to make it 
 
 more useful to the public, ^ Plen flly 
 endowed a librarian and shb-bbran 
 attend to it at certain prescribed ho " rs - . , 
 is estimated that, besides the endowment, which 
 amounted to two hundred and fifty P°™ ds ^ 
 year, he expended more than four thousand 
 pounds in the building and books ; and to 
 
148 
 
 DUBLIN IN 
 
 make everything secure to perpetuity, he 
 obtained an Act of Parliament for the settling 
 and preserving it.” Harris adds, “ I am 
 under the necessity of acknowledging from 
 a long experience that this is the only useful 
 library in the kingdom, being open to all 
 strangers, and at all reasonable times.” This 
 library is chiefly valuable for works published 
 prior to its founder’s death, only ten pounds 
 annually being available for providing additions 
 except what are obtained by donation. Harris 
 wrote in 1739. Marsh’s library, though a 
 most munificent boon to the city, has long 
 ceased to be “ the only useful library in the 
 kingdom.” It is not at present resorted to as 
 it once was, partly from its locality and from 
 its worth not being known, but principally 
 from other libraries in the city, including 
 those of the University and the Dublin Royal 
 Society, being made nearly as accessible. 
 
 The reign of William hi., many as were 
 its advantages to the empire, was not, in all 
 its measures, an unmixed good to Ireland. 
 The fault, however, lay with a portion of his 
 subjects, rather than with the king himself, 
 who seems to have acted, in the case we are 
 about to allude to, more from compulsion than 
 from choice. In Henry the Third’s time, and 
 afterwards, the woollen manufactures of Ireland 
 were much sought after in England, and were 
 admitted there duty free. Their excellence was 
 such that the Irish serges won for themselves 
 the epithet of “ noble” in Italy ; and in 1482, 
 
liO 
 
 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTUllY. 
 
 the pope's agent at the Englis^o^^ expor t 
 obtained, from Richard ■“•^““ 8 for his Un 
 woollen mantels fl °™ The trade went 
 
 dominions on the sam "though of course 
 
 on more or less prospering *0 6 t half 
 
 affected by circumstances, tiU the ^ tQ 
 
 of the seventeenth centu y, ed j n the 
 
 excite jealousy among par ^ The restoration 
 same manufacture in England, the 
 
 of quietness and con e 0 f English capi- 
 
 r evolution, induced a t ^ e ^elves in that 
 
 cheap 
 
 and with them t became the residence of 
 then built, and soo .. The success 
 
 much opulence and resp tbe um brage, 
 
 £i'. to *>'* PjfSia ££ 
 
 t „e tori, ana ‘•'“S* ^ 
 
 tioned the king i 0 .. int ®^ p k Ireland. He 
 progress of the vroohen^ t ^ . ugticeg> and by 
 accordingly 'wrote h J the Irish par- 
 
 governmental influence cent . 0 n 
 
 1 lament to impose a duty of twen y P half 
 
 broad cloth exported w® This sudden 
 
 that amount on serges an manufacture was 
 
 suppression ofthe Ins wo ‘ t degre e. 
 
 disastrous to Dublin in the g ^ in 
 Multitudes were reduced to beg & y> 
 
150 
 
 DUBLIN IN 
 
 the metropolis and the country. Happily the 
 incubus then placed on Irish industry has long 
 since been removed, and the energy and skill of 
 both countries may now, so far as our govern- 
 ment is concerned, be put forth at will in friendly 
 competition on equal terms, in any of the 
 world s markets. J 
 
 The Irish parliament having thus nearly 
 destroyed the woollen manufacture of their 
 country, sought to make amends for the mis- 
 chief by encouraging that of linen. The 
 ancient Irish were so partial to their linen as 
 an article for clothing, that, under Henry vra 
 laws were enacted limiting the quantity to 
 seven yards for a garment, in making which 
 thirty had previously been employed ; the 
 reason of this interference does not appear : 
 but, as we have already seen, the Irish parlia- 
 ment at a later period regarded the “ dress ” of 
 the people as within the province of legislative 
 cognizance. Whatever censure may justly 
 attach to Wentworth, earl of Strafford, it is not 
 to be denied that he was a great and lasting 
 benefactor to Ireland in one particular. Ob- 
 serving, when lord deputy, of how much advan- 
 tage to the country the linen manufacture might 
 become, and how well adapted the soil was for 
 the growth of flax, he devoted thirty thousand 
 pounds of his own money to promote the cul- 
 ture of the plant and the increase of the trade. 
 By an Act of the 8th year of Queen Anne, a 
 board of trustees was constituted with exten- 
 ave powers for advancing the manufacture and 
 
151 
 
 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 sale of linens. They first rented a room on 
 Cork-hill as their place of business ; but that 
 accommodation being soon too small, apart- 
 merits were assigned them in the castle. By 
 the year 1719 the erection of a “ Linen Weaver s 
 Hall in or near the city of Dublin, was resolved 
 on, Parliament voting £3,000 towards the 
 undertaking. On the 14th of November, 
 1728, the great linen hall at the top^ ot 
 Capel-street was opened by public advertise- 
 ment. For many years it presented all the 
 stir of a first rate mart ; but, through changes in 
 mercantile intercourse, it is now deserted and 
 pervaded by the stillness of a sepulchre, so far 
 as regards occupation for its original purpose. 
 
 French refugees brought the silk manu- 
 facture to London ; and to their brethren who 
 settled in Dublin, as already described, that 
 city owes its “ Spitalfields.” The progress of 
 this branch of trade will be noticed hereaftei . 
 
 We have mentioned the birth of Swift. It 
 was in 1713 that he became dean of St. Patrick s. 
 Neither his general conduct nor his writings 
 were always consistent with his profession as a 
 minister of religion, yet he is said to have made 
 some reforms in the chapter of his cathedral, 
 and he proved himself earnest for his country. 
 In 1720, he acquired great popularity by pub- 
 lishing “ A Proposal for the Universal Use m 
 Irish Manufactures.” That, however, was not 
 the chief service he rendered to the public. 
 In the year 1722, the duchess of Kendal obtained 
 through lord Sunderland an exclusive patent 
 
152 
 
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 for coining half-pence and farthings for Irish 
 circulation, to the amount of £100,800, and 
 then sold the patent to a person of the name of 
 Wood, at Wolverhampton. Wood, to make 
 the best of his bargain, prepared a coinage of 
 the basest metal, striking off a few of the stand- 
 ard value, as specimens for approval at the Mint 
 in London. I he whole power of the govern- 
 ment was engaged to force the new coinage on 
 the Irish public. Archbishop King protested ; 
 but Swift wielded his pen, under the assumed 
 name of M. B. Drapier, with resistless force 
 against it, in four letters, during the year 1724. 
 The authorities offered a reward of “ three 
 hundred pounds'’ (the largest that had ever 
 been offered) for the discovery of the writer, 
 but in vain. The printer was seized ; but 
 the grand jury ignored the bill, notwith- 
 standing that the violence of a corrupt judge 
 was exerted to induce them to send the case 
 for trial. The next grand juries of Dublin 
 city and county proscribed all such persons as 
 should attempt to impose Wood's coin upon the 
 kingdom, as enemies of his majesty’s govern- 
 ment, and acknowledged “ with all just grati- 
 tude, the services of such patriots as had been 
 eminently zealous in detecting this fraudulent 
 imposition, and preventing the passing of this 
 base coin.” At length, the government, in 
 September, 1725, found themselves unable to 
 continue the struggle, and refrained from any 
 further attempt towards making the people 
 submit to the gross and scandalous imposition. 
 
153 
 
 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 The “ Drapier” had been throughout known, 
 though not betrayed. He now came forth from 
 his retreat, beloved, revered, idolized,, as the 
 deliverer of his country. At his death, in 1744, 
 he bequeathed a large portion of his property 
 to found a hospital for lunatics and idiots. As 
 he advanced in years, his own mind gave way, 
 and he became a fit object for an asylum, such 
 as he was providing for others. . The hospital 
 was begun in 1749, and finished in 1757. 
 
 Previous to the founding of Swift s Hospital, 
 several other public buildings, besides the 
 Linen Hall, had been completed, or at least 
 commenced, in Dublin, since the centuiy 
 began. Of these may be named the Work- 
 house, (changed in 1730 into a foundling hos- 
 pital,) and the Royal Barracks, in 1704 ; 
 in which year also the Castle Market was 
 opened by the civic authorities with u beat of 
 drum.” The foundation of a new Custom- 
 house, on what is now Wellington Quay, was 
 laid in 1707. In 1720, Stevens’s Hospital was 
 begun ; in 1728, the “ Charitable Infirmary” 
 on Inn’s Quay, now the hospital in Jervis- 
 street, was founded ; in 1729, the “ North 
 Wall,” and in 1748, the South Wad from 
 Ringsend, were commenced. In 1/32, the 
 building of the College Library, which was 
 preparing for early in the century, as before 
 noticed, was finished, as was also the Mercer s 
 Hospital in the year following, on what had 
 been the site of St. Stephen’s church. But 
 the principal undertaking of this period was 
 
154 
 
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 the erection of a building for the accommo- 
 dation of the parliament. The foundation of 
 this magnificent structure — which since its com- 
 pletion has stood almost unrivalled, for its size, 
 in dignified simplicity and elegance— was laid 
 in 1729. The site chosen for it was College- 
 green. The main portion of the building was 
 completed in ten years afterwards, at an expense 
 of £40,000. In 1785, an eastern front was 
 added to afford a separate entrance for the 
 lords, who, however, showed their authority 
 more than their good taste in requiring that its 
 columns should be adorned with Corinthian 
 capitals, instead of Ionic as in the rest of the 
 building ; this exception in the architecture is 
 the only blemish in the edifice. Two years 
 afterwards, a western front was supplied, but 
 the example of the lords was not followed, the 
 capitals being Ionic. These additional fronts cost, 
 the eastern £25,000, and the western £30,000. 
 
 A Royal College of Physicians had been 
 established by charter from Charles n. re- 
 newed by William hi., but the metropolis of 
 Ireland had no general institution for advancing 
 science and the arts, previously to 1731. In 
 that year, several gentlemen, of whom the 
 most active were Dr. Samuel Madden and Mr. 
 Thomas Prior, formed a voluntary association, 
 for which, in 1749, a charter was obtained 
 from George ii., under the name of the Royal 
 Dublin Society. Its specific object was to pro- 
 mote husbandry and other useful arts in Ire- 
 land ; but it affords to its members the advan- 
 
155 
 
 TIIE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 t a ges of a general literary as well as scientific 
 establishment. It now occupies the once ducal 
 palace of Leinster, in Kildare-street, containing 
 an excellent library; two museums, one general, 
 the other agricultural; a reading-room, lecture- 
 room, and board-room ; with schools of design 
 in painting, sculpture, and the fine arts. It 
 has professors of chemistry, geology, . botany, 
 natural philosophy, etc. Its extensive and 
 well-furnished Botanic Garden at Glasnevm is 
 surpassed by few in the world. 
 
 A French tourist, giving an account of 
 Ireland in 1734, says, “ The better to judge of 
 this people in matters of learning, I have passed 
 some hours in a bookseller's shop, whereof there 
 are a great many in the capital (Dublin.) I 
 found "there is no city in Europe ( 'catena 
 paribus) where there are so many good pieces 
 printed, and so few bad. They do not believe 
 this ; but it is because they do not know what 
 is done in other places. Printing and books 
 are cheaper here than in London, but dearei 
 than in Holland, and near a par with France. 
 English editions are sold at the same rate as 
 in London. But the prices of foreign books 
 are exorbitant, and pass all bounds, the prime 
 cost whereof in Holland, whether they be bought 
 new, or at auctions, is very moderate and a mere 
 trifle. Coffee-houses here are much frequented ; 
 they have the best English papers, the Am- 
 sterdam Gazette, and three good newspapers, 
 taken out of the English, of their own. Alter 
 the four capitals of Europe, Paris, London, 
 
156 
 
 DUBLIN IN 
 
 Rome, and Amsterdam, Dublin, I think, may 
 take place. It is a very large, populous, and 
 well-built city. It stands on near as much 
 ground as Amsterdam, and would take an oval 
 wall of six miles and a half to encompass it. 
 According to the manuscript account (taken in 
 1733) of all the several baronies and counties 
 in the kingdom of Ireland, as the same were 
 returned, and are now remaining in his Ma- 
 jesty’s Surveyor -General’s office, there are 
 twelve thousand houses in Dublin, which at 
 the rate of ten persons to a house, makes the 
 number of inhabitants amount to one hundred 
 and twenty thousand. The river Lifiey, over 
 which there are five stone bridges, runs through 
 the middle of the city; ships of good burthen 
 come up to the lowermost bridge, and unload 
 at the Custom-house quay ; from this bridge 
 there is a noble view down the river, which is 
 always full of vessels ; and in winter evenings, 
 when all the lamps are lighted, you have three 
 long vistas, resembling fire-works, both up and 
 down the river, and before your face as you 
 pass the bridge from the old town. The out- 
 lets of Dublin into fine fields, the banks of the 
 river, a royal park, the sea-shore, etc., are very 
 beautiful, and in this far exceed London, and 
 indeed most other cities in Europe, which I 
 have seen.” 
 
 The 11 three good newspapers ” referred to 
 above, as then published in Dublin, were 
 “ Pue’s Occurrences,” begun in 1700, the first 
 Irish newspaper ; the “ Dublin Gazette,” and 
 
TIIE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 157 
 
 “ Faulkner’s Dublin Journal.” Essex bridge 
 was then the lowest on the river. The “ long 
 vista” before you as you passed over this bridge 
 from the “ old town,” is Capel-street. What 
 would this tourist have said had he come again 
 a century later, and stood on Carlisle bridge, 
 with Sackville-street, containing the Post-office, 
 Nelson’s Pillar, and the Rotunda, northwards — 
 the lines of quays, with bridge after bridge suc- 
 ceeding, up the river towards the Four Courts 
 and the Park, westwards— other lines of quays 
 down the river, with the splendid Custom- 
 house, and crowds of vessels, including steamers 
 not a few, and the North Wall Lighthouse, 
 eastwards — Westmoreland-street, terminating 
 with the Bank, the University, and College- 
 green, southwards — and D’Olier-street branch- 
 ing off to the south-east — and all these ranges 
 well lighted through their whole extent every 
 evening, not with the dingy oil-tins of that now 
 olden time, but with the brilliant gas which 
 modern science and art have given ? 
 
 Handel is yet held in remembrance, and will 
 be till the loftiest strains of human music give 
 place to those yet loftier of the perfected 
 redeemed myriads before the throne of God and 
 the Lamb. Dublin is interestingly associated 
 with Handel’s history. Fish-sliamble-street is 
 now abandoned to the occupancy of trunk-sellers 
 and such-like crafts ; a century ago, it was a 
 resort of the fashionables of the city. There 
 yet stands, within a court-yard, what was the 
 Deanery-house of Christchurch cathedral, now 
 
158 
 
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 a parish school and workhouse ; and lower 
 down a building mean, neglected, and in decay, 
 not long since a theatre, but before that a 
 Music-hall, erected by the subscriptions of a 
 charitable musical society, and opened on the 
 2nd of October, 1741. Here a musical academy, 
 whose members were amateurs, exclusively 
 moving in the first classes of society, held its 
 meetings, under the presidency of the earl of 
 Mornington, father of the duke of Wellington, 
 as leader of the band. To lord Mornington 
 we are indebted for the tune called “ Ferns” 
 one of the most exquisite that taste has sup- 
 plied to aid the utterance of devotion. About 
 six weeks after the opening of the Music-hall, 
 Handel came to Dublin on the invitation of the 
 lord lieutenant, the duke of Devonshire. By 
 the “ Account” lately published, it appears that 
 he prepared his well-known production “ The 
 Messiah,” in prospect of his visit to the Irish 
 metropolis, and that this incomparably grand 
 composition, including the “ Hallelujah Chorus,” 
 and “ Worthy is the Lamb,” in which earthly 
 music seems to have reached the ne plus ultra 
 of its wondrous power, was first performed in 
 the Music-hall, Fish-shamble-street, on Tues- 
 day, the 13th of April, 1742, “for the relief of 
 prisoners in the several jails, and for the support 
 of the Mercer’s Hospital, and of the Charitable 
 Infirmary on Inn’s Quay.” The proceeds on the 
 occasion amounted to upwards of £400. 
 
 The “ Society of Friends ” is advantageously 
 known as having been constantly identified 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 159 
 
 with the interests of benevolence and humanity. 
 They had formed congregations in Ireland 
 during the Commonwealth, and were numerous 
 at the time of the- Revolution. Early in this 
 century those in Dublin were subject to gross 
 molestations ; but after a while they obtained 
 protection. The devotedness of the “ Friends” 
 in the struggle for abolishing the slave-trade 
 and slavery, has become a matter of history. 
 In the year 1727, their yearly meeting in 
 Dublin recorded on its minutes a “ declaration 
 of censure upon the practice of importing negroes 
 from their native country .” The first record of 
 a similar resolution in England was from the 
 yearly meeting in London, in 1758. Hence it 
 appears that the public movement which has 
 gloriously prevailed against that infamous traffic, 
 and is now annihilating it, began in Dublin. 
 
 Subsequently to the revolution, and parti- 
 cularly on the threatened invasion by the Pre- 
 tender in 1715, severe penal statutes were 
 enforced against Roman Catholics. Among 
 them were some to prevent the celebration of 
 their worship. Whatever was done in adminis- 
 tering its ritual, had to be performed privately 
 and by stealth. No chapels were permitted, 
 and the clergyman moved his altar, books, 
 and everything necessary for the celebration of 
 his religious rites, from house to house, among 
 such of his flock as were enabled in this way 
 to support an itinerant domestic chaplain ; 
 while for the poorer some wash-house or stable, 
 in a remote and retired situation; was selected; 
 
 
160 
 
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 and here the service was silently and secretly 
 performed, unobserved by the public eye.” In 
 consequence, however, of serious accidents fre- 
 quently occurring to parties thus crowded toge- 
 ther, combined with a disposition to less severity 
 on the part of the government, the lord lieu- 
 tenant, lord Chesterfield, in 1745, permitted 
 the congregations to assemble in more safe and 
 public places. Chapels which had been long 
 closed were re-opened, and several new ones 
 were subsequently built. 
 
 But Ireland has given many proofs that 
 neither the persecution, nor the toleration, of a 
 false religion by the civil authorities, insures 
 the predominance of true piety in the com- 
 munity. Among the Protestant denominations, 
 established or otherwise, in Dublin and in the 
 country, at the period we write of, formalism 
 was the order of the day. Early in the cen- 
 tury, when Emlyn, co-pastor with Boyse in 
 Wood-street, avowed his disbelief in the deity 
 of. Christ, Boyse and the other Dissenting 
 ministers, presbyterian and independent, proved 
 their firm and zealous faith in that great truth. 
 Afterwards John Leland, who had been ordained 
 co-pastor with the excellent and highly evange- 
 lical Nathaniel Weld, in the New-row congre- 
 gation, since removed to Eustace-street, was 
 honourably distinguishing himself by his various 
 writings in defence of Christianity against the 
 determined assaults made upon it by the lead- 
 ing sceptics of the age. But by the middle 
 of the century, when Leland was thus earnestly 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 161 
 
 caring for the outworks of the gospel, complete 
 listlessness towards the doctrines which are its 
 life and strength and glory as a revelation ot 
 salvation by grace through faith to depraved 
 and guilty and perishing men, was settling like 
 a death-chill upon the dissenters of the metro- 
 polis, and upon the generality of their brethren 
 elsewhere. And from the account given by 
 the editor of the Life and Times of the Countess 
 of Huntingdon, of the parochial or conforming 
 clergy of that period, it appears that vital god- 
 liness was well-nigh quite extinct. . 
 
 Such was the deplorable state of things 
 affecting the highest and everlasting state of its 
 inhabitants, when it pleased God who com- 
 manded the light to shine out of darkness, to 
 bring among them some of his servants bearing 
 the light of the knowledge of his glory in the 
 face of Jesus Christ. 
 
 The first of these faithful men was George 
 Whitfield. His sphere of ministry embraced 
 the countries speaking the English language on 
 both sides of the Atlantic. With an eloquence 
 which now flashed and rolled like the elements 
 in a thunder storm, and then tenderly beamed 
 forth like the sun-ray on the flowers whose head 
 the storm had drenched, and made to droop, 
 did he enforce on the people the truths which 
 he had gathered out of God’s precious word. 
 The holiness of God as a Being of purer 
 eyes than to behold iniquity ; the perfect 
 excellence of the Divine law ; its. demand ot 
 entire obedience ; its adaptation, if observed, 
 
162 
 
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 to promote the happiness of man ; its spi- 
 rituality, reaching to the most secret thoughts 
 and affections of the heart ; the corruption 
 of human nature ; the alienation of man from 
 God, and his moral inability to keep the 
 Divine law ; the sentence of everlasting con- 
 demnation, which, as the awful but righteous 
 consequence, falls upon our race ; the mar- 
 vellous kindness of God in so commending 
 his love to us, “ that while we were yet sinners 
 Christ died for us ; ” the Saviour’s fulfilment 
 of the law in his gracious representative cha- 
 racter ; the perfect satisfaction for sin rendered 
 by his atoning sacrifice ; the unutterable con- 
 descension and infinite love with which he 
 receiveth sinners ; the grace of the Holy Spirit; 
 the necessity of an entire regeneration of the 
 soul by his Divine agency ; the full and free 
 invitations of the gospel to mankind at large ; 
 forgiveness through the blood of Christ offered 
 to all who believe ; the universal obligation of 
 repentance ; the requirement of holiness of 
 heart and life, as the evidence of love to 
 Christ, and the indwelling of the Spirit, 
 as the Author of holiness ; such were the 
 grand truths which formed the theme of 
 Whitfield’s discourses, and which, in numerous 
 instances, fell with startling power on ears 
 unaccusomed to evangelical statements and 
 appeals.* 
 
 Whitfield’s first visit to Ireland was what 
 would be called accidental. On his return 
 
 * See " London in Modern Times,” in Monthly Series. 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 163 
 
 from America in 1738, the vessel put into the 
 Shannon in distress. He went to Limerick, 
 introduced himself as a clergyman, and preached 
 in the cathedral. Thence he came to Dublin, 
 where his name and fame had preceded him, 
 and he was most kindly received by some 
 leading dignitaries of the church. He preached 
 in St. Werburgh’s and St. Andrew’s, to large 
 congregations, with an effect unknown in the 
 city before. This visit was followed by others. 
 When in Dublin in 1757, he preached in the 
 open air on Oxmantown-green, and was in 
 imminent danger through the violence of the 
 mob, who stoned and otherwise ill-treated him. 
 On this he remarked, that “ when he first came 
 to Dublin the people received him as a gentle- 
 man, but at his last appearance among them 
 they treated him as an apostle.” 
 
 Early in 1747, a minister connected with 
 Mr. Wesley’s part of the great movement, 
 arrived and preached statedly in the chapel in 
 Marlborough-street, originally built for the use 
 of the German Lutherans. Afterwards, Mr. 
 Wesley himself came ; and notwithstanding 
 much opposition, his followers increased till, in 
 1756, they built the chapel until lately occupied 
 by them in Whitefriars- street. Mr. Wesley 
 often visited Ireland ; after a conference in 
 Dublin in 1790, he left it never to return. 
 
 A church of the United Brethren was formed 
 in 1750, by the rev. Messrs. Cennick and 
 Latrobe, who erected the premises still held by 
 that body in Bishop-street. 
 
DUBLIN IN 
 
 164 
 
 At a somewhat later date, the rev. Walter 
 Shirley, rector of Loughrea, and the rev. Richard 
 De Courcy, afterwards vicar of St. Alkmond’s, 
 Shrewsbury, visited the city, and occasionally, 
 but with great difficulty, had access to the 
 parochial pulpits, their doctrine and style of 
 ministry meeting with strong opposition from 
 the ecclesiastical authorities. Some respectable 
 individuals who had learned the value of the 
 gospel and felt its power, opened a correspon- 
 dence with lady Huntingdon, known to the 
 world as having consecrated her all to God 
 her Saviour; and, in connexion with her plans, 
 the old meeting-house in Plunket-street, then 
 unoccupied, was engaged, and there the true 
 doctrine of Christ was preached, and prayer and 
 praise presented, in presence of crowded assem- 
 blies, often including persons of rank, by a 
 variety of truly godly and able men — clergymen 
 of the establishment and dissenting ministers. 
 Among them were the two just mentioned, and 
 the rev. Rowland Hill of London, and the rev. 
 Samuel Pierce of Birmingham. Of the amount 
 of good done by converting sinners and infusing 
 spirit and energy among Protestants, in that 
 house of worship, it is hardly possible to form 
 an exaggerated idea. In 1783, the late well- 
 known Bethesda chapel was built by William 
 Smyth, esq., for the purpose of providing the 
 preaching of the gospel in connexion with the 
 forms of the Established Church. It has been 
 well said, that at the time when religion was at 
 a low ebb in the church of Ireland, and evan- 
 
tiie eighteenth century. 
 
 165 
 
 Helical men were made the objects of ridicule 
 and reproach, the Bethesda chapel was a 
 beacon of light in the midst of darkness. 
 
 We will now present the reader with a 
 general notice of the principal additions, com- 
 bining architectural distinction with public 
 utility, made to the city during the latter half 
 of the eighteenth century. They were— -1st. 
 The Lying-in Hospital, in Great Britain-street, 
 fronting towards Sackville-street In 1745, 
 Dr. Mosse, eminent equally m his profession 
 and for his philanthropy, opened at his own 
 expense a large house in George s-street for the 
 accommodation of poor lying-in women; this 
 was the first institution of the kind in the 
 empire, and from it sprang a corresponding 
 one P in London. In 1751, the first stone was 
 laid of the spacious premises tor its accom- 
 modation, an undertaking towards which the 
 parliament liberally contributed. _ 2nd. I he 
 truly beautiful frontage of Trinity College. 
 3rd. The Royal Exchange, on Cork-hill, founded 
 in 1769 and opened in ten years afterwards. 
 Previously the general rendezvous for business 
 among mercantile men, had been a portion ot 
 the Tholsel. The present Exchange, though 
 not one of the largest, is considered one ot the 
 most richly finished structures m the city. 
 4th. In 1773, the Blue Coat Hospital, for the 
 education of the sons and grandsons of decayed 
 citizens, was commenced on Oxmantown-green. 
 5th. The present Custom House, which is con- 
 * See Memoirs of Robert and James Haldane. 
 
166 
 
 DUBLIN IN 
 
 sidered the most sumptuous edifice of the kind 
 in the world, was commenced in 1781, opened 
 for despatch of business in 1791, and, with docks, 
 quays, furniture, etc., including accommodation 
 for the Irish department of excise, had cost the 
 public, by the year 1811, upwards of half a 
 million of money. 6th. The Four Courts, com- 
 prising under one roof the several courts of 
 Chancery, Queen’s Bench, Common Pleas, and 
 Exchequer. These courts were at first, and for 
 a long time ambulatory, being as often held at 
 Carlow as in Dublin. In the beginning of the 
 eighteenth century, they occupied a building in 
 Christchurch-lane, erected for the purpose in 
 1695, which also bore the name of the Four 
 Courts. The foundation of the present edifice was 
 laid by the duke of Kutland,then lord-lieutenant, 
 with great ceremony in 1786, and it was 
 subsequently completed, at a cost of about 
 ^200, 000, in a style which well bespeaks the 
 majesty of the law. It is said not to equal the 
 design of the architect, through the impossibi- 
 lity of obtaining ground in the rear of the pre- 
 mises, sufficient to allow of the central portion 
 being made to stand somewhat retired from the 
 line of frontage shown by the two wings. 
 7th. Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital, the foundation 
 of which was laid in 1800. 
 
 With the above enumeration we might 
 include the present Essex bridge, built in 
 1755 ; Queen’s bridge, 1768 ; and Carlisle 
 bridge, opened in 1794 ; also the erection of 
 granite quays on both sides of the river for con- 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 167 
 
 fining its waters, which previously flowed up to 
 within eighty feet of the college, and occasioned 
 alarming inundations upon that and the oppo- 
 site bank. The grand canal was commenced in 
 1772, and the royal canal in 1789, the former 
 entering the river below the city on the south 
 side, and the latter on its opposite part on the 
 north, both canals opening a communication 
 from the river Shannon with the metropolis 
 and the English channel. But the greatest 
 undertaking of this period was the building of 
 the Poolbeg lighthouse in Dublin Bay, com- 
 menced in 1764, with the wall, or pier, about 
 three miles in length, connecting it with the 
 city at Ringsend, and having the Pigeon-house 
 Fort midway between the two. This light- 
 house was the first which was provided with 
 candles , as an improvement upon coal-fires. 
 About the same time, candles were substituted 
 for coal -fires in the Howth light ; and in course 
 of time the candles themselves had to give place 
 to argand-lamps with reflectors, much to the 
 advantage of the mariner. 
 
 The silk manufacture of Dublin was, in 
 1764, placed by authority of parliament under 
 the care of the Royal Dublin Society, through 
 whose excellent arrangements the sales, at an 
 establishment opened in the city, for disposing 
 of silk goods, reached an average of £70,000 a- 
 year, and the silk manufacture itself, in Dublin, 
 attained the highest state of prosperity. But, 
 after a few years, the legislature forbade the 
 society appropriating funds to support any house 
 
168 
 
 DUBLIN IN 
 
 in which Irish silk goods were sold ; and that 
 prohibition seriously affected the manufacture. 
 
 About 1706, two persons established a cotton 
 manufactory, and employed six hundred looms. 
 Large sums, both individual capitals and even 
 grants from parliament, were expended in pro- 
 moting that branch of industry, yet wdth only 
 limited success. The trade however held on, 
 and until recently a respectable amount of 
 business was done. 
 
 In the year 1782, persons chiefly connected 
 with the university, associated together for the 
 purpose of investigating general literary and 
 scientific subjects, and questions connected with 
 the ancient history and circumstances of Ireland. 
 In a few years, they obtained a charter of incor- 
 poration under the name of the “ Royal Irish 
 Academy,” for the study of polite literature, 
 science, and antiquities. Its “ Transactions” 
 present a collection of papers which do honour 
 to the body from which they emanate, and its 
 Museum abounds in articles interesting to the 
 curious in what belongs to Erin’s ancient times. 
 
 The name of “ dean Kirwan ” is still men- 
 tioned in Dublin, though half a century has 
 gone since his day, as that of a perfect master 
 and model of pulpit eloquence, who thrilled, 
 and almost did his will with the audiences he 
 addressed. He had been a Roman Catholic, 
 but conformed. It is reported that the late 
 Mr. Grattan said before the House of Commons 
 that, as occupied by Kirwan, “ the preacher’s 
 desk became the throne of light.” lie con- 
 
1G9 
 
 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 fined himself to appeals for charity, and so 
 great was his popularity that the militaiy were 
 ?n attendance to keep order and secure a passage 
 to the church for the nobility and gentry, of 
 whom the vast congregations on those. occa- 
 sions were almost entirely composed. His sei- 
 mons were most carefully elaborated, and were 
 spoken, not read. The collection upon one 
 occasion amounted to eight hundred pounds . 
 By his published discourses we are led to be- 
 lieve that his forte was delivery , including appro- 
 priate and correct intonation and action, rather 
 than anything extraordinary in the quality or 
 quantity of thought conveyed. It cannot be 
 said that he was what is called evangelical . 
 But it is reported that before his death his 
 mind underwent an important change, and that 
 he spoke of his former preaching thus — “ I can 
 compare it to nothing better than to Nero fid- 
 dling when Rome ivas on fire” 
 
 During the American war, when Ireland was 
 in constant danger of invasion from the fleets of 
 hostile continental powers hovering on her shores, 
 she had not more than five thousand regular 
 troops for her defence. The town of Belfast 
 applied to the British government for increased 
 protection. The reply was that all the aid avail- 
 able for the purpose, was half a troop of dis- 
 mounted horse and half a company of invalids. 
 The inhabitants met the exigency themselves, 
 by forming a corps of volunteers. “ dhe 
 noble example was ardently followed by the 
 country at large, and Ireland soon beheld 
 F 2 
 
170 
 
 DUBLIN IN 
 
 starting up, with a scenic rapidity, a self-col- 
 lected, self-disciplined body of forty thou- 
 sand volunteers.” In 1778, the first Dublin 
 regiment was formed, under the command 
 of the duke of Leinster. The whole force 
 reached the number of eighty thousand men. 
 At their head was the earl of Charlemont. 
 The host included the wealth and intel- 
 ligence, as it did the popular strength, of the 
 country. The government supplied arms, and 
 though the volunteers were not called into 
 active service, they received the thanks of 
 parliament for their loyalty, patriotism, and 
 zeal. But the confederation considered itself 
 formed for the good of the country, and there- 
 fore did not limit its view r s to repelling an 
 invader. It aimed to obtain the redress of 
 Ireland’s wrongs. Delegates from its several 
 portions met in Dublin in November, 3 788. 
 They marched in procession, with an imposing 
 military display, to open their deliberations in 
 the Rotunda, and continued their assembly for 
 several weeks. By their spirited discussions 
 and resolves they obtained from the legislature, 
 then sitting, (and of which body not a few of 
 them were members,) several measures favour- 
 able to the trade and independence of the 
 country. By degrees, however, fears arose in 
 some quarters that the convention was going 
 too far. The tide turned and ebbed. Yet 
 numbers remained firm in purpose for achieving 
 what they accounted the complete emanci- 
 pation " of their own, their native land.” 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 171 
 
 They were encouraged by the recent example 
 of the United States. The French revolution 
 gave increased power to their movements. 
 The members of the body were for the most 
 part Roman Catholics ; but with them others 
 sympathized in seeking the abolition of civil 
 penalties for religious opinions. A degree of 
 relief was granted to the Roman Catholics, in 
 1793. Three years more had not expired 
 when societies of United Irishmen were formed 
 in all parts of the country. Separation from 
 England, and the establishment of a Republican 
 government was projected. Thousands upon 
 thousands were being privately drilled and 
 disciplined to the use of arms in the metro- 
 polis and elsewhere. It is said that their 
 numbers amounted to half a million. The 
 leaders, disappointed of aid from France, and 
 perhaps finding discouragement, if not desertion 
 arising in the masses, thought it wise to delay 
 the crisis no longer, and May the 23rd, 1798, 
 was fixed for a general insurrection. 
 
 Of this purpose the government were ap- 
 prised some months before, and in March took 
 their steps accordingly. Many persons were 
 arrested — among others lord Edward Fitz- 
 gerald, who died of the wounds he received 
 in the struggle at his capture. The city was 
 placed under martial law. 11 Throughout the 
 capital, against which the first fury of the 
 insurgents was to be directed, and where, from 
 its extent, there could never be a certainty that 
 the attack had not already begun, the con- 
 
172 
 
 . DUBLIN IN 
 
 sternation was universal. The spectacle of awful 
 preparation, which promised security, gave 
 no tranquillity. In the panic of the moment 
 the measures for security became so many 
 images of danger. The military array and 
 bustle in some streets — the silence and de- 
 sertion of others — the names of the inhabitants 
 registered on every door — the suspension of 
 public amusements, and almost of private inter- 
 course — the daily proclamations — prayers put 
 up in the churches for the general safety — 
 families flying to England — partings which might 
 be final — everything oppressed the imagination 
 that a great public convulsion was at hand. 
 The parliament and the courts of justice, with 
 a laudable attention to the forms of the con- 
 stitution, continued their sittings ; but the 
 strange aspect of senators and advocates trans- 
 acting civil business in the garb of soldiers, 
 reminded the spectator that the final dependence 
 of the state was upon a power beyond the laws. 
 In Dublin, the domestics of the principal citizens 
 had disappeared, and gone off to join the insur- 
 gents ; while those who could not be seduced to 
 accompany them became the more ' suspected 
 from this proof of their fidelity: they remained, 
 it was apprehended, for the sole purpose of 
 being spies upon their masters, and co-operators 
 in their intended destruction ; and thus, to the 
 real dangers of a general design against the 
 government, were added all the imaginary 
 horrors of a project of individual vengeance.” 
 The writer of the above, Mr. H. J. Curran, 
 
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 173 
 
 In the Life of his father, the celebrated John 
 Philpot Curran, states further — “ Upon ^ the 
 appointed day, the explosion took place. The 
 shock was dreadful. The imagination recoils 
 from a detail of the scenes that followed.” 
 
 “ After a short and sanguinary struggle, the 
 insurgents were crushed. The numbers of them 
 who perished in the field, or on the scaffold, or 
 were exiled, are said to have amounted to fifty 
 thousand; the losses upon the side of the crown 
 have been computed at twenty thousand lives.” 
 Upon the rebellion of 1798, followed the 
 Legislative Union between Great Britain and 
 Ireland, a measure which encountered strenuous 
 opposition in and beyond the parliament of the 
 latter country, but was at length carried, and 
 on the 27th of March, 1800, the Houses of 
 Lords and Commons waited on the Viceroy at 
 the Castle with the “ Articles of Union ” The 
 bills passed in College Green and St. Stephens 
 for consummating it, received the royal assent ; 
 and thus, in all due form, the two islands came 
 to have thenceforth only one legislature, as 
 they had for centuries been subject to one 
 crown. May they, as “ brethren,” “ dwell toge- 
 ther in unity ;” not merely linked together by 
 law, but influenced by the fear of God and the 
 faith of his gospel, may they strive in all 
 integrity and good-will, with wisely directed 
 and unceasing endeavour, to become, according 
 to their respective capabilities, blessings to each 
 other, and, as of one heart and of one soul, an 
 agency for multiplying blessing to the world 1 
 
174 
 
 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 SECTION YII. 
 
 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION WITH GREAT BRITAIN TO THE 
 YEAR EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY, 
 
 On the 1st day of January, 1801, “ The Im- 
 perial United Standard was first displayed 
 upon Bedford Tower, Dublin Castle, in conse- 
 quence of the Act of Legislative Union becom- 
 ing an operative Law.” 
 
 Widely contrasted were the feelings with 
 which persons recognised the flag on that 
 memorable morning, according as they were 
 favourable or otherwise to the new relative 
 position which it symbolized as existing between 
 Ireland and Great Britain. 
 
 Great as may be the aggregate benefits of the 
 11 Union” to the two countries, it was unavoid- 
 able that Dublin itself should suffer by the 
 abolition of the Irish parliament. The measure 
 was to the metropolis what absenteeism is to 
 the country. According to Dr. Walsh, Dublin, 
 before the Union, was the constant or occasional 
 residence of 249 temporal peers, 22 spiritual 
 peers, and 300 members of the house of com- 
 mons. This unquestionably created and sus- 
 
175 
 
 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 tained for the city a large amount of business, 
 which was the more important from the limited 
 extent of Dublin’s manufactures, mercantile 
 transactions, and enterprise. Yet the city has 
 not altogether sunk under the privation, as 
 many of its inhabitants and others foreboded. 
 Changes in the sources and modes of industry 
 and acquisition may take place without absolute 
 ruin to a community ; and such changes must, 
 in the progress of society, frequently occur. 
 Dublin has survived, under the Union, for half 
 a century ; and it may be hoped that the 
 century’s end will see Ireland’s metropolis far 
 more flourishing and prosperous than when, at 
 the century’s beginning, the Union flag first 
 floated on Bedford Tower. 
 
 The Irish parliament having ceased to exist, 
 the stately structure built for its accommoda- 
 tion was no longer wanted. In the year 1783, 
 a company had been formed by Act of Parlia- 
 ment and charter, called the “ Bank of Ireland,” 
 and had hitherto occupied premises in Mary s 
 Abbey. An Act was now passed in the Imperial 
 Parliament, authorizing the sale of the edifice 
 in College-green to the Bank of Ireland. . Alter- 
 ations were made in it to accommodate it to its 
 new purpose, and others to render it more secure 
 if not more beautiful. What had been the House 
 of Commons where Grattan, Plunket, Flood, 
 Burke, Saurin, and other men of might, gave 
 forth eloquent argument which might have 
 honoured the Pnyx of Athens or the senate- 
 house of Borne, was changed into the bank 
 
176 
 
 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 cash-office ; and the House of Lords, with its 
 tapestried walls, where nobles assembled in 
 deliberation upon their nation’s interests, and 
 where the representative of majesty sat on the 
 vice-regal throne, was changed into a room for 
 holding meetings of Bank proprietors. 
 
 Ihe month of July, in 1803, was made 
 memorable in Dublin by an insurrection 
 headed by Robert Emmet, a man of ability 
 and of a reputable position in society. On the 
 evening of the 23rd, the highly respected lord 
 Kil warden, chief justice of the King’s Bench, 
 returning from the courts in his carriage, was 
 attacked by an infuriate rabble and murdered 
 on the spot. The outbreak “ resembled a riot 
 rather than an insurrection, and was alarming 
 only because it was unexpected ; for, notwith- 
 standing the momentary panic which it excited, 
 in a few hours the public tranquillity was 
 restored.” 
 
 For twenty years, the peace of the city re- 
 mained unbroken by any serious disturbance. 
 In 1830, the government had to suppress the 
 Society of Friends of Ireland, the Anti-Union 
 Society, and the Volunteers of Ireland, as 
 endangering the public tranquillity. During 
 the year following, the late Daniel O’Connell, 
 esq., m.p.j and seven others, were arrested for 
 holding political meetings, contrary to pro- 
 clamation. On the 8th of October, 1843, a 
 public meeting to be held at Clontarf, under 
 Mr. O’Connell, for promoting the repeal of the 
 Union, was prevented by proclamation; and on 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 177 
 
 the 14th of the same month informations were 
 lodged against that gentleman and his son, with 
 two Roman Catholic clergymen, and five other 
 leaders in the movement, for a misdemeanoui . 
 Their trial, one of the most arduous and generally 
 exciting to the public mind of the empire, 
 though not the most important, which . has 
 occurred in the administration of national 
 justice, commenced on the 15th of January^; 
 on the 12th of February a verdict of “ guilty ” 
 was returned ; and the convicted were com- 
 mitted to prison on the 30th of May. An 
 appeal was carried before the House of Lords, 
 who reversed the decision of the court . below. 
 The sensation produced upon all parties and 
 classes in the city, when the news of this 
 arrived, was most profound. It is said to have 
 taken the prisoners themselves and their most 
 sanguine friends by surprise. Throughout the 
 city, but especially on the way to the Rich- 
 mond Bridewell, where they were confined, all 
 was intensely earnest but noiseless stir. In a 
 day or two afterwards, they left the prison, but 
 no riot or even lesser breach of the peace 
 occurred. 
 
 The year 1848 was marked by more threaten- 
 ing movements than had appeared since the 
 rebellion fifty years before. On the 18th of 
 July, Dublin was proclaimed under the Crime 
 and Outrage Act ; and on the 26th the Habeas 
 Corpus Suspension Act arrived in the city. 
 But the transportation of John Mitchell, under 
 the Treason Felony Act, for fourteen years, the 
 
178 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 violent proceedings of other disaffected parties 
 with their arrest, conviction, and condemnation 
 for high treason, and the commutation of their 
 sentence of death to expatriation, are things 
 fresh in general recollection. 
 
 Of calamitous events in Dublin since the 
 century began, several must not pass unadverted 
 to. . In the latter part of the summer of 1832, the 
 Asiatic cholera appeared for the first time, and 
 hurried off its thousands of victims. On the 
 night of Sunday, January the 6th, 1839, a 
 most terrific storm swept across the city. The 
 evening was heavily stiil and warm ; about ten 
 o clock, P.M., the wind had risen ; by one next 
 moining it was raging ; from three to four was 
 at its greatest fury ; and it scarcely subsided 
 till the Tuesday following. Just at the mid- 
 night of the Sunday, the Bethesda chapel and 
 premises were on fire. The view of the city 
 irom the rear of houses on the canal bank, be- 
 tween Portobello and Charlemont-street, was 
 appallingly awful ; the roar of the tempest, the 
 trembling of those comparatively sheltered dwell- 
 ings, the blaze in the distance lighting up the 
 sky so as to render objects almost visible as at 
 noon, the consciousness of the havoc which was 
 being made, and, if possible, the yet far greater 
 havoc that was threatened by the flames, awoke 
 sensations which approached what we mio-ht 
 suppose would be produced by foretokens of 
 the heavens passing away with a great noise, 
 the elements melting with fervent heat, and the 
 earth and all things therein being burned up. 
 
DUBLIN SINCE TIIE UNION. 
 
 179 
 
 In April, 1849, the cholera again carried off 
 numbers, continuing to prevail with inter- 
 mitting violence till October. On the 18th of 
 April, 1850, between three and four in the 
 afternoon, a storm like a tornado suddenly 
 burst upon the city, accompanied with thunder, 
 lightning, and a torrent of hail-stones many of 
 them nearly the size of walnuts, by which pro- 
 perty to the value of £27,000 was destroyed. 
 
 Under the head of joyous occurrences in the 
 course of this period must rank as chief far 
 above all others, the visits of two of our sove- 
 reigns. His majesty, king George iv., landed 
 at Howth on the 12th of August, 1821, and 
 came in state to the city on the 17th, amidst 
 the warmest acclamations of his subjects. On 
 two nights the city was illuminated. His 
 majesty visited the public institutions, presided 
 at the installation of the Knights of St. Patrick 
 in St. Patrick’s Cathedral, and finally embarked 
 at Dunleary, thenceforth 11 Kingstown,” on the 
 3rd of September. The king left behind him 
 favourable impressions of his respect for the 
 religious convictions and feelings of others. It 
 is said, that having proposed to visit a noble- 
 man residing a few miles from the city on a 
 Sunday, it was intimated to him by his lordship 
 that the arrangement might occasion much dis- 
 regard of the sabbath in the neighbourhood, 
 when his majesty promptly changed the ap- 
 pointment to the next day, Monday. It has also 
 been stated, that when he went in state to a 
 ball given by the Knights of St. Patrick in the 
 
180 
 
 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 Rotunda, all the knights being, as a matter of 
 duty to their sovereign, present at the entrance 
 to receive him ; the king recognising one mem- 
 ber of the illustrious order in attendance whom 
 he knew to be otherwise minded than to be 
 at home in such engagements, took him most 
 
 cordially by the hand and said, “ Ah ! 
 
 you he here ; well, I know you don’t like these 
 sorts of things; good-night, good-night so 
 graciously giving him liberty to retire, and then 
 passed on. 
 
 The evening of the 5th of August, 1849, 
 saw anchoring in Kingstown Harbour a royal 
 squadron of ten men-of-war, with the Victoria 
 and Albert yacht, having on board her most 
 gracious majesty queen Victoria, with the 
 prince consort, the prince of Wales, the princess 
 royal, and others of the royal family, attended 
 by several members of the court and cabinet. 
 On the following morning, the queen, accom- 
 panied by prince Albert and the royal children, 
 made their public entry into Dublin, where 
 preparations on the most extensive and mag- 
 nificent scale had been made to give her majesty 
 the best possible welcome to her Irish metropolis. 
 N othing could exceed the enthusiasm with which 
 she was everywhere by all parties and classes 
 greeted, in her progress through the city to the 
 Viceregal Lodge in the park. At night, the 
 illuminations were most brilliant, and, in many 
 instances, on the costliest scale, but the throngs 
 out to witness them were subjected to the heaviest 
 fall of rain that had occurred for many years. 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 181 
 
 Her majesty during her short stay visited the 
 Glasnevin Gardens, and some of the leadu 0 
 public establishments. “ When inspecting the 
 tine library of the college, a copy of Sallust, ot 
 the fifteenth century, having in it the autograph 
 of Mary queen of Scots, was shown to hei 
 majesty, who was pleased to favour the uni- 
 versity with another autograph still more 
 interesting and estimable, by writing her name 
 on a blank leaf of the Book of Kells, imme- 
 diately beneath which prince Albert also - 
 affixed his signature, each bearing the date ot 
 the day which marked this incident. A levee 
 and drawing-room were held ; by far the most 
 numerous and splendid ever seen in Dublin ; 
 and the uniformly condescending and gracious 
 manner of the queen on all occasions won tor 
 her all hearts. The elegant neatness and sim- 
 plicity of her majesty’s dress particularly 
 struck the common people. After partaking 
 of a collation with the duke and d^hess of 
 Leinster, at Carston, on the morning of the 10th, 
 her majesty and the prince Albert, with the 
 roval children and attendants, went by rail to 
 Kingstown and there embarked. The scene on 
 that occasion baffles our attempt adequately to 
 describe it. The day was delightfully fine. 
 The myriads of human beings crowding every 
 spot where standing could be had on land 
 or water; the men-of-war, with other sailing 
 and steam vessels, including many belonging 
 to the yacht clubs, besides boats almost beyond 
 count, having every shred of colour hoisted and 
 
182 
 
 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 every yard manned ; the roar of cannon salut- 
 ing from the quay and ships, as her majesty 
 set foot on board, amidst yet mightier thunder- 
 ings from the densely thronging masses of loyal 
 hearts, whose acclamations almost drowned the 
 roar of the artillery ; the royal squadron mov- 
 ing out to sea, the ship La Hogue, of 60 guns, 
 having taken the lead, firing her salute, with 
 her flags all hoisted, and her yards covered 
 with her crew ; above all, the gliding, in truly 
 royal style, of the Victoria and Albert close in 
 along the pier with its multitudes, her majesty 
 on deck ordering the royal standard to be 
 lowered and raised again (an honour never 
 done before except for a royal personage) in 
 token of her gracious farewell to her Dublin 
 subjects, — formed altogether a spectacle the like 
 of which no party present had ever seen 
 before, and which all judged it next to impos- 
 sible they should ever see again. The Divine 
 Searcher of hearts alone knows how many 
 earnest prayers were offered to Him on that 
 occasion for her majesty, the prince consort, 
 and the royal children, or with how much 
 true devotion the exclamation then rose before 
 Him, “ God save the Queen !” 
 
 The most prominent public edifices erected 
 in Dublin since the Union, have been: — 1st. 
 The King’s Inns, commenced and opened be- 
 fore, but the greater portion of it built in 1802. 
 2nd. St. George’s Church, begun in the same 
 year. 3rd. The College of Surgeons in 
 Stephen’s-green, founded in 1806. 4th. The 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 183 
 
 Castle Chapel, a gem of architecture, and a 
 cabinet of carved work, begun in 1807, and 
 opened in 1814. 5th. Nelson’s Monument, in 
 1808. 6th. The General Post Office (far ex- 
 celling for its size, its junior in St. Martin’s-le- 
 Grand,) founded in 1814, and completed four 
 years afterwards. The National Bank, founded 
 1842 ; with the termini of the South-Western, 
 Midland, and Drogheda Eailways, in the past 
 four years. 
 
 The literary and scientific, educational, 
 medical, surgical, commercial, benevolent, and 
 religious associations and institutions, to 
 which the past fifty years have given birth in 
 Dublin are so numerous, that it would be 
 difficult to make a selection for the purpose of 
 explaining their nature and objects in these 
 pages. 
 
 Notice was taken in the last section of a 
 reviving attention to evangelical truth in 
 Dublin, particularly in the Plunket-street and 
 Bethesda chapels. Persons belonging to these 
 places of worship, with others of the Mary’s 
 Abbey and Bishop-street congregations, formed 
 themselves into a society for bringing over 
 ministers of the gospel from London and other 
 places, to supply, by their visits for a few 
 weeks, the lack of Christian teaching in the 
 city. Since this century began, evangelical 
 piety has greatly increased. Within the last 
 twenty-five years particularly has this happy 
 change been manifest in the Established 
 Church ; evangelical activity prevails in many 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 184 
 
 of its parish churches, ecclesiastical activity in 
 all ; and to these have been added several 
 voluntary chapels in which justification by faith 
 is constantly held forth as the only doctrine on 
 which man can safely rest his hope before God, 
 and which is to be the guide of his life and the 
 joy of his heart while journeying to immor- 
 tality. It is no unreasonable digression from 
 our narrative, we trust, to pause and affection- 
 ately inquire of our reader whether he has ex- 
 perimentally known this great truth ? Whether 
 he has ever felt in all its importance the reality 
 of eternal things ? his state by nature as a 
 perishing sinner? the necessity for repentance 
 from dead works, of a living faith in Christ, 
 and of the regenerative influence of the Holy 
 Spirit? Fifty or sixty years ago, the Sacred 
 Scriptures were uncared for ; there were then 
 only two booksellers in Dublin who sold pocket 
 Bibles ; one of them had but two new ones, 
 and the other had not one new one, though he 
 had some two or three old ones. Now, in pro- 
 fession at least, “ The Bible, and the Bible 
 only, is the religion of Protestants.” At the 
 beginning of this century, family worship was 
 a rarity among Protestant households ; now it 
 is observed by a considerable proportion of 
 them. Then, there were two or three Sunday- 
 schools ; now, it would be difficult to mention a 
 part of the city which is not supplied with them. 
 Then, the theatre was well sustained ; now the 
 reverse is the case. Then, with one memorable 
 exception, not a preacher in the city opened his 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 185 
 
 lips to warn Romanists against their delusions 
 and teach them the gospel ; now, by many 
 ministers in and out of the establishment, wit- 
 ness is constantly being borne for the doctrine 
 of Christ in opposition to the spirit of anti- 
 christ, and large classes meet for discussing 
 the points at issue between the two. Then, 
 practical godliness was as contemned, as it was 
 rare among Protestants ; now, perhaps, the 
 danger is of its being assumed and professed 
 where it does not exist, through its having 
 become to a certain extent frequent and 
 respected. 
 
 On the whole, there is probably no city in the 
 world where so great an alteration for the better 
 has taken place in the state and habits of a 
 Protestant population as in Dublin. But the 
 people must press on. 
 
 This revival of sound piety among the 
 Protestants has been accompanied by, if 
 it have not provoked to, greatly increased 
 vigilance and energetic working among the 
 Roman Catholics of the community, who by 
 their many new chapels and other edifices, 
 their thronged attendance at their places of 
 worship, their large pecuniary contributions 
 towards objects specially their own, and 
 their clerical and lay activities for their 
 church, might well put to the blush persons 
 who are yet slumbering in Protestant denomi- 
 nations. 
 
 The following general statement of the popu- 
 lation at different periods during the last and 
 
186 
 
 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 present centuries, will enable the reader to 
 judge, of its progress : — 
 
 In 1728—146,075. In 1821—185,881. 
 1753—128,570. 1831—203,650. 
 
 1777—138,208. 1834—240,273. 
 
 1798—182,370. 1841—232,726. 
 
 1812—176,610. 1851—254,850. 
 
 Showing an increase in Dublin of 22,124 per- 
 sons between 1841 and 1851. 
 
 The woollen, linen, cotton, and silk manu- 
 faetures of Dublin are described as well nigh 
 extinct, notwithstanding several efforts to re- 
 vive them. “ Brewing, iron-casting, and cabi- 
 net-making are the principal manufactures in 
 a thriving state.” The number of vessels 
 entered with cargoes from foreign parts was, 
 in 1840, 247, and in 1850, 462. “ Very 
 laudable exertions are making to establish a 
 respectable foreign import trade ; and from the 
 business-habits of the people, there is every 
 reason to anticipate a result beneficial to the 
 spiiited undertakers. Several cargoes of tea 
 from China have been imported, and also 
 importations from Calcutta and the Mauritius. 
 The importations from the West Indies have 
 also increased. The best symptoms of the 
 improvement of the trade of this port, is found 
 in the annual amount of custom’s duties on 
 articles of home consumption. From 1821 
 to 1832, the receipts were nearly stationary at 
 about £600,000. In 1850, they had increased 
 to £874,943.” 
 
 We have seen that in the former half of the 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 187 
 
 last century, Dublin had three newspapers ; it 
 has now twenty- eight, of which three are daily, 
 sixteen weekly, five thrice a week, two twice 
 a week, and two monthly. It has also several 
 periodicals, among which are the Dublin Uni- 
 versity Magazine, the Dublin Review, a leading 
 Roman Catholic journal ; and the Irish Quar- 
 terly Review, lately commenced. 
 
 A division is made of the city into two nearly 
 equal parts by the river Liffey, over which 
 there are nine bridges, two of them of iron, and 
 the extent of quays along its banks is two miles 
 and a half. It would be impossible to compress 
 into a small portion of our historical sketch of 
 the city anything like a detail of the various 
 “ lions” of the place; for those particulars 
 recourse must be had to the guide books, with 
 one out of the many of which no visitor should 
 omit to supply himself. The greatest objects 
 of interest are the University, with its Library 
 of 120,000 volumes, its Museum, and various 
 other buildings — the Royal Dublin Society 
 House, including the Library, Museums, and 
 Schools, together with its Garden at Glasnevin 
 — the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy — 
 the Bank of Ireland, especially its Printing 
 Office with its mechanism, the precursor and 
 type of that in the Bank of England. If pos- 
 sible, too, the visitor should obtain a view of 
 the bank, with the college on his right hand, 
 King William’s statue on his left, and West- 
 moreland-street towards the river — as seen 
 from the bottom of Grafton-street, on a clear 
 
188 
 
 DUBLIN SINCE TIIE UNION. 
 
 night with the moon at full. The Castle, parti- 
 cularly its chapel, the Four Courts, Post Office, 
 with Sackville-street, the Exchange, the Custom 
 House, must not be passed over, while there 
 are various other edifices upon or within which 
 a visitor may look with pleasure or with profit, 
 as the case may be. 
 
 Dublin has a position above any other city 
 in the United Kingdom, except London which 
 is the seat of the British court, in being the 
 residence of a viceroy. The abolition of this 
 office was mooted some time ago, but it seems 
 now agreed that matters shall for the present 
 remain in statu quo . The “ Castle,” however, 
 is certainly not what it ought to be as a vice- 
 regal palace, especially compared with the 
 public buildings of the city. 
 
 There are in the city two cathedrals, twenty 
 parochial churches, and about the same num- 
 ber of subsidiary chapels, belonging to the 
 Established Church. The Methodists have 
 eight chapels. The Presbyterians, five. The 
 Independents, three. The Society of Friends, 
 two. The Unitarians, two. The Baptists, 
 Moravians, Welsh Methodists, Christian Breth- 
 ren, Jews, and one or two other bodies, one 
 each. The Roman Catholics have nine parochial 
 churches, six belonging to different orders of 
 friars, one Jesuit church, three monasteries, 
 and eight convents. Twenty-two hospitals or 
 infirmaries, with a variety of dispensaries, 
 administer medical or surgical relief, general or 
 specific, to the Dublin poor. The city has two 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 189 
 
 institutions for the deaf and dumb ; two for the 
 blind ; four penitentiaries ; several education 
 boards, of which the principal are the Govern- 
 ment Commissioners, the Church Education 
 Society, and the Sunday School Society of 
 Ireland ; three Eagged Schools ; the Hibernian 
 Bible Society, and some others, for circulating 
 the Scriptures, with about a dozen institutions 
 for directing or otherwise aiding the propagation 
 of the gospel at home or abroad ; several 
 Protestant Orphan Societies, asylums for the 
 aged and infirm, and numerous other benevo- 
 lent agencies on a more or less extensive scale. 
 
 How much the city has extended as time has 
 rolled, may be understood of by comparing its 
 present range with the accounts given in former 
 sections of its population, streets, etc. Within 
 the last two centuries there has been added to 
 it by far the greater portion of the liberty, and 
 nearly all the streetage, etc., lying to the west of 
 the castle and on the north-side of the LifFey. 
 The increase includes Mount) oy-square, Eutland- 
 square, Merrion-square, Fitzwilliam-square, and 
 StephenVgreen ; the last named is not the latest 
 formed, but we introduce it last for the sake 
 of stating that it is the largest square in Europe, 
 being nearly a mile in circumference. 
 
 The city of Dublin is under the jurisdiction 
 of a lord mayor, whose official residence, the 
 Mansion-house, is in Dawson-street. The cor- 
 poration consists of the lord mayor, fifteen aider- 
 men, and forty-five town-councillors, elected 
 yearly in the proportion of one alderman 
 
190 
 
 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 and three councillors from each of the fifteen 
 municipal wards into which the city is divided. 
 The police force of the city and suburbs is 
 upwards of 1,000 strong, arranged under seven 
 divisions. The military amount to about 6,000, 
 whose principal barracks are the Portobello, 
 Richmond, Royal, Ship-street, Mountjoy, Island- 
 Bridge, Aldborough House, Beggar’s Bush, and 
 the Pigeon-house Fort. 
 
 West of the city is the Phoenix Park, the 
 word PhcenLv being a corruption of the Irish 
 Fionnuisge , pronounced short Finnishe , and 
 signifying fair or clear water, the name given 
 to the ancient manor from a spring in a glen 
 not far from the entrance to the Lodge, and 
 long known, celebrated, and much resorted 
 to as a chalybeate spa. The formation of the 
 park began in 1662, by the duke of Ormond, 
 then lord-lieutenant, through the appropriation 
 of the above manor, (which had reverted to the 
 crown after belonging to the Knights Templars 
 at Kilmainham,) as a royal deer-park, and the 
 purchase of some adjoining lands to render it 
 of the desired size. Other additions have been 
 made since, and its contents are now nearly 
 two thousand acres. In the park are the Vice- 
 regal Lodge, the country-residence of the vice- 
 roy, a simple, unimposing structure, with one 
 hundred and sixty acres in demesne and gardens ; 
 lodges for the chief and under- secretaries ; the 
 Hibernian School for Soldiers’ Children : the 
 Military Infirmary ; the Constabulary Barracks ; 
 Military Magazine ; the Ordnance Survey Dep6t, 
 
DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 191 
 
 and some other buildings, together with the 
 Wellington Testimonial, the Phoenix Column, 
 and the Zoological Gardens. One thousand 
 three hundred acres of the park are free to the 
 public. 
 
 The suburbs on the south side of the city 
 are extending fast. The township of Rath- 
 mines is the most frequented, and considered 
 to be the most salubrious portion of the envi- 
 rons. The Dublin mountains form a fine back- 
 ground to it as approached from the city. 
 
 To the south-east of the city, at a distance of 
 about seven miles, is Kingstown and its Royal 
 Harbour, to which vessels have access at all 
 times of the tide, and which is the port for the 
 mail packets and government vessels. The 
 Dublin and Kingstown Railway affords a quick 
 transit between the two places. From the 
 top of Killiney Hill commanding views are 
 obtained of the range terminating with Dublin 
 to the 'north, the Dublin mountains on the 
 west, those of Wicklow and Bray Head on 
 the south, and the English Channel on the 
 east. 
 
 Many paragraphs might be taken up with 
 allusions to places and objects, interesting from 
 their antiquity or otherwise, which stud the 
 country around Ireland’s metropolis. But we 
 have not room to introduce them. 
 
 And now, with warm assurances of our good 
 wishes, do we bid Dublin, for the present, adieu ! 
 Our heart was with her ere we undertook to 
 sketch her progress from infancy to her present 
 
192 
 
 DUBLIN SINCE THE UNION. 
 
 matured and established growth ; and as we 
 proceeded, the more kindly and strongly did 
 our sympathies cluster around her. She has 
 had her many times of distress and peril. Her 
 times of prosperity have been hitherto few. 
 But dawn, now brightening, promises her a 
 glorious sun-rise. Much, as to its being “ a 
 morning without clouds ” ushering in a day of 
 blessing, depends on her moral and religious 
 course. The righteousness that exalts a nation 
 is the true elevation of a city. 
 
 LONDON - : BLACKBURN AND BURT, PRINTERS, HOLBORN HILL.