334 - Wl^p wm: PRACTICAL CMrEEilI!0!l :iB3r E. C*. VALLEY FALLS, KANS. I^ra-ctica-1 co-o:p:E]i^jk.Tzonsr A S E R I E S OF A R T I C L E S BY E. C- WALKER. PimiSHED IX THE LIBERAL, IL P. Peplogle, Editor and Publisher. IJP»ERAL, MO. 3 3 ^ PRACTICAL CO-OPERATION. No. I. With no special pnvileges granted to favored hidividu als and classes possessing large wealth, there would be A\dsdom in calling upon outside capital to come in and es tablish manufactories. Capitalistic pro -uction would not then be the colossal evil that it is now. But the monopo liz.ation of credit, the monopolization of transportation, tlie restrictions on commerce and domestic exchange, and the monopolization of land, utterly prevent anything ap preaching to fair competition, and put the employees of manufactoi ies completely at the mercy of the latter. Capital, through money, absorbs the main portion of the earnings of the producer, leaving him, on the average, a bare subsistence, and when the panics and ccnvulsions come, brought, about chiefly by the monopohzation of credit, he finds himself out of employment, want and suf fering staring him in the face, with the market glutted with the productions of his labor, while millions like him ^elf are unable to procure enough of them to satisfy their most immediate and pressing wants. To our friends at Liberal who are pleading for capital to' come in and open up industries which shall furnish em ^ .r;: ploy men t to its people, I have a few earnest words to say. You read the news of the day, and you therefore know "' what is the condition of the workingmen and working wo ^ men of the manufactuiing districts of this country at the present. You know that panic, failure, closed doors of workshops, unemployed men, destitution ai*e everywhere. .^^Yor know that factones, foundries, workshops of all kinds are either running on short time or are now closed, and ^this too, on the approach of winter. You know that dilf -*^erent manufactories engaged in the production of the /r:::^same goods, are consolidating so as to reduce production, - and consequently throw more men out of employment. ^You know, or should know if you are prudent, careful "^^men and women, wiselj^ concerning yourselves with your ^ own permanent ha|)piness and that of your children, that 14 1^54 SLOCUM. 2 . there is no class of workers in this countiy occupying a more unenviable position than that known as the skilled wage workers, no other class which is so dependent, so enslaved, so utterly at the mercy of others as is this class which embraces the employees of the factories and manu factories, the laborers in the coal and other mines, and all in fact, who are directly employed by monopolized and piivileged capital, chartered and supported by the State. Do the I iberal citizens of “the only Liberal town in the world’ ^ wish to enroll themselves or any portion of their ] lumber, in the ranks of capital’s dependents? Do they v/ish to look for their livelihood to a system of production which promises them, judging the future by the past and present, notliing but mere subsistence and keeps them forever in doubt as to the continuance of their employ ment on these shameful terms, even. It makes but little diiTerence what kind of an employer you have; however just, humane and liberal he may be, he is in the fatal current and must drift with it or inevita ])ly sink beneath the waves of bankruptcy; sink as have uncounted thousands of small employers, who before him have essayed to live in the same waters with the larger iish of their own species and the sharks of monopolized credit. When the markets are full of the productions of liis mills or mines, he must reduce production or close en tirely for a time, though you,^his employees, are depend- ent upon your daily labor therein for the food, shelter, iind clothing of yourselves and children. Giant usury ex- acts so much tribute from him each day, and it must be fortlicoming. So long as he can find a ready market for the fruits of your labor, you and the consumers of these fruits pay this tribute; ever^ cent of it. But when the market is “overstocked,’’ as it is falsely called; that is, re- ally, when the monopolizers of credit and transportation have rendered it impossible for the people to buy and con- sume what they actually need, — when this state of affairs is reached, I say, your employer must reduce expenses, lest he shall pay a portion of this blood money, and so your wages are cut down or work ceases entirely, and yon lind yoursches with nothing to do and nothing with which to supply your daily wants. These ai*e the sad, stubborn, undeniable facts concern- ing the manufacturing business as it is organized under our existing industrial and financial systems. No w what shall we do? We need the employment, we need the manufactories, we need the productions of these manufac- tories. Our people have not half the manufactured goods^ which they need, and which the amount of labor they per- form entitles them to have. What is the remedy? This I shall endeavor to show in future issues of this paper, and will «ay now that it is- summed up in these few' w’ords — Organize your own cued IT AND EMPLOY YOURSELVES. 4 . PRACTICAL CO-OPERATION. Self-Employment. No. II. In mj first article under this head I called the attention of the readers of the Liberal to the injustice, the uncer- tainty of continuous employment, the meagre returns of the laborer, and eq^ecially to the fact that under it the employes always pays all the exactions of the usurer when his employer’s business is successful, of oui' system of capitalistic production. Next permit a f^vv words relative to the important po sition occupied by the town of Liberal at this juncture. Platforms, theories, generahties, ideals, etc., etc., are very useful in their way, and we never lack a sufficiency of them. But unless they lead to practical action for the improvement of the condition^of Humanity, they are bar- ren and worthless. The condition of our race is not an enviable one. Happiness is merely a dream to most, while physical comfort is denied to uncounted millions. The rankest injustice prevails in every department of hu man activity. The grossest inequalities, inequalities not ])orn of natural difference of organization and of inherited capabilities, ai’e manifest in whichever way we turn our gaze. The toiler reaps not where he sows, and gaunt women and pinched, emaciated, dwarfed children cry in vain for the merest necessaries of life. The culture and refinement which to day should be the portion of all our fellow creatures are denied to vast numbers even in this nature favored land of ours. They have no lime to spare from the bitter battle for bread to cultivate their minds, to revel in the delights of art, literature, and science. They know few of the joys of childhood. The struggle for ex istence begins early, and they enter factory, w^orkshop, mine, and the ranks of prostitution, ere the bloom of childhood has faded from their cheeks. Year by year em ployment grows more uncertain. Year by year the ranks of these serfs of capital are thinned by the diseases en gendered by w^ant and vice, and year by year they are more than filled by recruits drawn from the classes just 5 . above them and by their own increase. And this aug- mentation of the numbers of the very poor, this increas e of poverty, vice, and wretchedness, is in direct ratio to the increase of the wealth of and in the numbers of mil lionaire merchant princes, of bond and bank barons, of land kings and government and corporation cormorants. And all this after these many centuries of Christianit} ! The million dollar cathedral towers above the huts of the cibjectly poor, and the priest of god lifts his voice in elo (paent defence of the powers that bo, and of all popular institutions. Arrayed against the Chureh stands Free thought. Liberalism. What will Liberahsm do? Not what will Liberalism 5 <7 y, not what will it promise, lut w hat wdll it k f This is the crucial test. Will it practic alize for us a now and better code of commercial ethics? Will it make honesty and justice practicable rules of busi- ness? Will it show to the w’orld an example of manufac taring and mercantile integrity, now no w^ here to be found in ail the centres of American production and distribution? Will it convey morals into everyday life, and make of Equity a judge of our acts? Will it show us how to give to each the full fruits of his or her toil? Will it do this, or will it ignobly fail in its attempt to solve these hard problems of human necessity? Shall it, like Christianity, be overthrown in its grapple with the realities of existence or shall it gloriously succeed and become in deed and in fact the Gospel of Humanity, into Sahation from want and w^oe, from wTong and all injustice? ‘*What shall the harvest be” of all this seed of Freethought and Liberalism sown during these recent years as well as in times more remote? These questions, momentous in the possibilities of hu man happiness or misery of which they hint; now so often addresssd to Liberalism, have an especial and weighty meaning for the town of Liberal. You have gathered there many intelligent and earnest men and w'omen. You purpose to make of your town, an example for all the world. You desire to show what Liberalism can do for Humanity. You wish to establish there the democra cy of equal rights. You w^ould gladly give to every one 6 . the freest and fullest opportunity for tlia development of every capacity for usefulness and happiness. You hope that none among you may be idle, viciuus, or iriminal. The desire to educate the whole man, the whole worn in, is paramount to all else, I hope and trust. You would inform, elevate, refine, and beautify the minds and characters ol: all who dwell in your midst. This is a grand ambition, a noble purpose. But how shall this transcendently important work be accomplished V This is the practical question. You will remember that there is no morality without justice, and justice itself is impossible where liberty is denied; for the denial of lib erty is the perpetration of injustice. Ijiberty and justice, then, are essential. They are the foundation principles of all honest and equitable institutions, associations and so cieties. After this long preamble, I shall, in my next, proceed to indicate wherein, as I am convinced. Liberal can prac- ticalize the aspirations of her people and develop the high e^t types of manhood and womanhood, upon the enduring }>,isis of liberty, justice, social equity, eommer ial honesty, and industrial independence. 7 . PRACTICAL CO-OPERATION. Self-Employment. « XO. III. 'i he people of Liberal want remunerative employment. They also want independence. They do not want to be at the mercy of masters nor in the clutch of usurers. How to obtain this employment, to attain to this independenc e, to be fr(56 from the caprice of employers, to receive and enjoy all the fruits of their labor, is the problem which they must solve if they are to be free, self respecting*, prosperous and happy. There are various manufacturing industries which could be started upon the co operative basis and be made sue cessful. Among these may be named the c inning of fruits and vegetables, pottery, the manufacture of sugar from cane, leather works, tin works, furniture w^’orks, etc , etc. ^ But the canning business seems to be the most immedi- ately available, and to the consideration of that w^e w*ill for a short time address ourselves. Let all who feel inter estcd in the enterprise combine, determined to succeed, and each contribute what he or she can in labor, material, or money, receiving therefor a labor exchange note issued !>y the canning company, noninterest bearing, payable in the manufactured goods of the company at their average cost value, and receivable as a medium of exchaisge l>y ll\e co operators. Gradually, th^se notes v/ould come to be regarded and accepted, by your townspeople, as the best and cheapest medium of local exchange, and the same would be true of similar notes issued by othoi- co opej’ative industries. These notes wmuld not be payable by the company until a certain S[)ecitied time after the date of issuance, thus givirsg the co-operators time to transform their labor and raw material into manufactur- ed products. This interval between issuance and pay inent would be gradually lessened as the business of the co operators increased and there was a stored surplus of products. Subsequently as an outside market was de veloped., the redemption of the exchange notes in current- 8 . moiiej instearl of m inufacture J gooJs, woulJ bejome nec essary, scmetimes. • The original co operators, with others comirg in from time to time, could extend the business by starting other industries, or separate groups would be formed, accord ing to the necessities of the work or the inclination of the various workers. In the first place, all who should contribute of labor, material, or money, would feel an absorbing interest in the success of the enterprise. Each would feel that upon him or her rested the responbibility for the good or ill fortune which should attend the experiment, and all would realize that here was an opportunity to reap the full fruits of their toil, in so far as it is possible so to do before a large portion of our people shall readjust their business affairs upon this just, safe, and remunerative ba sis. How this good work can be supplemented by a La bor Product Exchange Bureau, I shall endeavor to make plain in a subsequent ])aper of this series. In the canning business, you could produce almost ev erything needed yourselves; that is, each of the co-opera tors would supply some want, and the stock for your cans, the cooking utensils required, the paper and ink used in the preparation of labels, etc., etc., would be pur chased at wholesale rates with the aggregate of the small f'ums of money contributed by such of the co operators as have it to put into the enterprise. You would make your own caixS, print your own labels, construct your own buildings, provide your own fuel, raise your owm fruits and vegetables and, in short, co-opemte for your individii al and mutual good. There is some one among you who wall gladly devote tie land needed, or who will become a CO operator to the extent of its reasonable value, receiving for it the non interest bearing exchange notes, pa}'able in installments as the business develops. Your farmers and gardeners will become co operators, raising the crops necessary in the bminess. Peas, string beans, tomatoes, lima beans, swmet corn, and succotash, would yield you the quickest returns and would furnish work until the small fruits adapted to your climate and soil could be 9 . planted and brought into learii g. Then many of the beeves now shipped from 3'our station in stock cars, could be sent to market as canned corned beef, while the hides, horns, hoofs, and bones could be worked into manufac tured articles by your people, while the viscera would con tribute to the fertilization of yoiu* fields ' and gardens. Patting up pickles, evaporation of fruits, manufacture of vinegar, making of jellies and jams, preparation of crushed ai^d whole grains of cereals, and the making of stare b are all branches ^^hich could be added later as time and exp'erience gave you means and skill. 10 . PPACTICAL CO-OPERATION. Self-Employment. i 'I No. IV. The manufacture of furniture and \^’OOtlenware ouglit also to engage }^our attention. The foreBts of Arkansas are accessible to you, and in them you would find abund tuit material for which you could exchange the various farm and manufactured products of this part of the coun try. In this you would need more machinery and more means, but beginning on a small scale, and makiijg the excellence of your work your first consideration, yon would ere long find yourselves in a position of compai-a^ live independence. One of the most necessary things for a CO opei ative community is to he independent of the moil ey loaner. .This can be partly effected by the use of the ijabor Exchange note, which, in time, will develop into the Exchange bajik, and for the rest we must depend up cn ^^lse forethought and cool business management. JStrive to establish such industries as shall give employ- ment, congenial emplojnneiit, to all your citizens. You should labor to make your tow)i so home like and attrac- tive ia every w*ay that your young people will not desire to go elsewhere to ‘‘seek their fortunes.” Aim to pro, (luce ail that you can consume; that is, of course, ail that the resources of your soil and youi\ accessibility to the sources of supply of the raw material entering into manu fa^tiu’es, will enable you to produce. Do not fear that commerce will languish should you become, Vvithin the limits here indicated, seif feeding and seif clothing. You Will have plenty of wants which the laborers of other pia- ces, of other states, and of other countries alone caji supply. A Luther impeudaht work for you will be to devise and perfect the best system of domestic co operation. A steam laundry is a pressing necessity with you now^, as it is with every other towm and village which has not one al- ready. Such a laundry, managed by those who have an aptitude for the wmrk and therefore can obtain the best i.esults, would be of inestimable advantage to you all. 11 . There are two possible plans for oarrviug on this woik successfully. One is to co operate in the purchase of iiten sils, materials, etc., paying in proportion to the number of people in each lamily and paying in a similar way for scr vices of those who do the work. The otliQi- plan would be to pay those vvho attend to the business ^ so much ])cr piece, as in ordinary laundries, but reserving an agreed upon per cent each week until the contribution of eac h member has been returned to him or her irp work. This would result in eventually giving the, workers full poses - sioii ot the tools. Or the workers could be paid by the piece, and the co operators retain possession of tools, etc. Next, we have the cooking department, which should be similarly conducted. As in the laundry, lusiness, the cost of all .articles to those using them will be determined [)y adding the separate items of hrst cost of materials, the cost of fuel, wear of utensils, laboi services of the workers, etc., etc., and striking an average showing,, say, the cost of bread per pound, of cakes the sarx^e, of pies per dozen, baked meats per pound, etc. Whatever could be most conveniently provided in this wa}^ would bb. cooked at the co-operative bakery and in the co operative kitchen, wbii(3 vegetables and silIx other articles of food as are more subject to the law of individual taste.', would continue to be prepared in the family kitchen and in the bcardijig house and hotel. Here .again we should have tin.* advantage of the division oi labor, whi».h vvoman has not anywhere nearh" equally shared with her broth('r. The be t materials can thus be used with the least waste, and the most skilled culinary' workers em })loyed. The time is coming hen all food will be iliixs prepared, and served in well aired and tastefully adorne I dining rooms, where the odors from the kitchen, wash room and nursery never come, and where lixeu. and worn en an i children gather to partake of good and liealtbfiil food, and to engigo in enlivening and digestion assisting conversation. But this can never be while women are the .slaves of the cook stove and the wash tub, and come to the table heated, iiTitated, and often soiled and' untidy. Woman must ha^e much more time for intelle.timl cul 12. >- ' .- '' '-V-- <•- ‘ ; tiire and for thb training ( f her children, and that time she cannot have until we learn to combine our various forces and effect such changes in the kitchen, wash room, nursery, sewing room and other parts of the household as shall give her the benefit of modern invention and put her upon an equality with man in thn posession of opportuni- ties for physical and intellectual culture and recreation. -Bad as is our present industrial system, man has some chance to choose his occupation. With woman, on the contrary, there, is no alterrative when once the cares of a ' family devolve upon her, unless she be avealthy. But if she is poor or in moderate circumstances onl^q she must be cook, washerwoman, nurse, chambermaid, sewing- Avoman, and girl of all work. No w^onder that she gets discouraged and disgusted and says that she “hates housework.’' Who can blame her if she does? Her work is simply drudgery; it is not congenial; it does not stimu- late to invention; it does not inspire to emulation in any considerable or exalted degree. But in such a system of CO operation as I have very biiefiy outlined, each woman would be apt to find some work to do wdiich wmuld • be to her something more than a mere routine of “chores.” Ambition v/ould be called into play, skill W'Ould. be de- veloped, a just reward for work done would cheer and encourage, and at last we should find skilled women tak- ing the same pride in and receiving the same pay for their labor as do skilled men. Extending the principles of co operation into every de- partment of human activity in your town and its vicinage, reaping the fruits of your own labors and robbing not others of theirs; giving each as full opportundy as possible to congenial work, and sharing in the benefits derived from your united but free labors, what a future may be yours! And all this is possible it’ you but begin aright. 13 . PRACTICAL CO-OPERATiON. Self-Employment. No. V. I Lave said that what is called ‘‘overproduction” is re ally the inability of the people to purchase the articles which are necessary to their comfort and happiness. Of course, this statement did not express ail I wished to say, and I will now indicate wherein our present system of production tends to make the poor poorer and the rich richer, ^vithout direct reference to the great cause already named, — Usory. AVhere once the constant labors of ail the race were necessary to provide for their physical needs, now, through tlie marvellous inventions of modern times, a few have been enabled to supply food, clothmg, and shelter for thousands. This has inured somewhat to the benefit of tiie masses, but has generally and in a far greater de- gree tended to build up certain privileged classes, to the development of castes, which have subsisted upon the la bor fruits of the toilers. No longer as in the palmy days of Koine, is the soldier simply a citizen and a laborer when not in active service. No longer is the priest the invent- or, the discoverer, the physiciar, the conservaior of learn iug. The soldier and the priest, the tax gatherer and the money lender, the protected manufacturer and the lawyer, are now ail in the non producing class; all living upon the actual laborers, whether of brain or brawn, it does not matter. As I Icefore stated, the monopolization of credit, of land, of mines, and of transportation, has made vast number^ of our people the helpless dependents of capital disassociated from labor. Added to these causes and helping to rivet the chains which they forge is machinery. In many instances, one man or even a child, tending a machine is able to produce iu one day what it formerly w^ould have taken hundreds of men the same length of time to produce. This is especially true iu the rnanufac ture of textile fabrics, but the same state of affairs prevails in other departments of production, as, for mstance. In making of boots and shoes. “One shoe factory in Massa 14 . chusetts tarns out by patent macliiiiery in twelve months as many pairs of boots and shoes as thirty thousand shoe makers can make by hand in the s^me time.” The re suit of all this is that the market is glutted with those goods while men are vainly crying for work, and their families are upon the verge of destitution. No intelligent person needs to be told that somebody must be reaping a golden harvest from the field of human want, lhat these machines which cheapen production must be cf immense advantage to somebody. Who is this favored individu^d? He assumes protean shapes; in one place, he is the office holder; in another, he is the protected manufacturer; in another, the land monopolist; in another, the monopolizer of credit; i. e., the banker and usurer. In ea( h and every instance he is the one who absorbs the earrings of the la borer and appropriates to himself the net dividends result- ing from the use of labor saving machinery. What shall be done? Machinery is good in itself, and it should be a blessing instead of a curse to mankind. Had the laboring masses but possessed the wisdom which is their sorest need, they would long ere this have per- ceived that they must themselves owni the maJiines they tend, and thus retain for their own use and l^enefit all that they produce. When all the surplus earnings of one thousand men go into the pockets of one man; when all the advantages that accrue from the use of ma; hinery by these one tbonsand men are reaped by this one man, w’^hat can wn expe t but just what stares us iii the face on every hand to day? Hundreds of thousands of idle looms in the cotton manufactare; tens of thousands in the wnol en; knit goods mills largel^^ closed; in the neighborhood of 200 iron mills and furnaces closed, and unemployed men and women and children everywhere. What is the cause of all this idleness and consequent misery? Can not these men iiiid women and children, by the aid of alt this wonderful macJiinery, produce enough to keep them from want? To be sure they can, and do, but they get onl}’ a snivall portion of what they create. 0 hey need not w'ork half so many hours as they now do to be twd^e as- w*ell provided for as they now are. - ' 15 . Co operation shall give them fool and clothing and homes and education and recreation. This politics never has done and tiever can do. It puis them more and more into the power of tlieir spoilers each year. They must combine their means, their brains, and their hands, and EMPLOY THEMSELVES. They must organize their own credit and gradually extricate themselves trcm the clutch es of the State chartered and State protected monopolizers of money. They must organize Labor Products Ex- crhange Bureaus to facilitate the equitable exchange of farm produce and manufactured goods. A certain num her of people engaged in the co operative manufacture of cotton goods; others of woolen and knit goods; others in the production of boots and shoes; others in the mining of coal and iron; otters in smelting; others in the making of machinery, and still others in tlie various branches of agriculture, etc., etc., could organize themselves into an Exchange Bureau and soon place themselves above want ill spite of the protective tariff and all other robbing de vices. Lei the people of Liberal set the ball in motion^ Beginning with the co operative enterprises I have biief y outlined, sustained by the Labor Exchange note, destined to grow into the Peoples’ Exchange Bank, and supple mented by the Labor Products Exchange Bureau, it is within your power to ring the death knell of . monopoly and pri^dlege, and usher in the glorious day of Liberty, Justice' and Equity. It is not enough that the crude theo- logical superstitions of the remote past are dying; the su- perstitions which most grievously afrlict us of to-day are political, iiidustrial, and social, and we must destroy them by supplanting with something better the unjust systems which they conserve. 16 . PRACTICAL CO-OPERATION. Salf-Employment. No. VI. When there are abundant crops and a great amount of inanufa'itured goods in the country, the people should not be in a state of need; should not suffer for the neces saries of life. And yet they are in such a state; yet they do suffer. Since I began this series of articles, I have been travelling through Kansas, and never before have I heard so many complaints of hard times; never before have I found the people of any considerable portion of the West so pressed for ready means. Crops were abund ant this season and the shops of the tradesmen were crowded with textile fabri(^s, with knit goods, with iron, wood and queensware, with table goods, in short, with all things needed in the household and upon the farm. But trade is dull. The crops remain in the cribs and bins, and the stock in the yards of the farm, and the goods up- on the shelves of the merchant. Prices of agricultural produce are so low that farmers will not sell unless abso lutely compelled by their wants to do so. On the other hand, the workingmen of the manufacturing districts are suffering for the food supplies for which there is no mar ket. The piracy of our government, through the tariff, shuts in our faces the doors of the world’s mai*kets, v\hile capitalistic production and monopoly of transportation, coupled with usury and monopolization of credit, make of our people the slaves of political and commercial gamblers and the dependents of money disassociated from and dominating labor. How easily might all this be changed if the people were only wise enough to help themselves. Through co oper ation and exchange they can free themselves from the gra^p of the money Icing's and transportation barons, of the protected manufacturers and the State which grants the protection. How this good work may be begun, I have briefly indicated, and now I will still more briefly sketch my ideal of the Township of the future. Here is the village or town, (omprised of houses built 17 , forcomfort and health; the houses being surrounded by pretty lawns and well tilled gardens; while the shops, manufactories and farms are located away from the dwelling, and the streets in all parts of the town are kept scrupulously clean, the most thorough drainage is provided, and fresh air and sunlight are ever welcome guests. On all sides away from the town stretch the groves, orchards, meadows, farm lands, and pastures, where are grown the finest fruits, Avhere the choicest varieties of grains, grasses and vegetables are raised, and where the best of stock is grazing. The isolated farmhouse is the memory of the sad ages gone, and the crowded, filthy, and unhealthful city tenement is known no more. City and country have been com- bined and only the best of each has been retained. Here are beautiful parks with fountains and arbors and green houses and parterres of fiowers; with birds and sweet perfumes, and all else that delights the senses of the rural denizen; and here also are to be found gymnasiums, bath houses, — water, air and sun — all facilities for youthful sports, aquariums, etc., etc.^ musical conservatories, libraries, reading rooms, scien- tific museums, labratories, and whatever else shall con- duce to the true culture and refinement of our race. The various everyday necessities shall be provided for by the individual and co-operative laundries, kitchens, bakeries, sewii g rooms, etc., of which I have previous- ly given short descriptions. Men and women have learned how to be happy, and in so learning they have* ceased to oppress and rob each other. Machinery and free co-operation have enabled them to supply all their wants by a fair and healthful amount of labor, thu» eliminating drudgery on the one hand and domineer- ing and arrogant idleness on the other. Population is limited by wisdom and supported by liberty of pro- duction and exchange. Indiuiduals, free to combine and to separate, have through Co-operation, the Labor Exchange note, the Excliange Bank, and the Labor Product Exchange Bureau, succeeded in establishing the free home and free society, wherein the rights of 18 . all are sacredly respected, where each reaps as he or she has sown; and where association based on rights has been freed from tyranny and has established equity and independence. ERRATA. 2nd page, after “even” in 16th line there should be an interrogation points 5th page, 27th line, in place of “into” read itnto. 8th page, 32nd line, “devote” read donate. 16th page, 10th line, for “were” substitute are. Same page, 15th line^ for “farm” read farmer. Same page, last line, for “comprised” read composed. Last paragraph, 23d line, omit “shall.” Same para- graph, 25th line, for “shall be” read are. ff.UCIFESI. Radical, Freetiiouglit, Agnostic, and Social Reform Journaf published at Valley Falls, Kan. by M. Har- man and E. C. Walker, FORTNIGHTLY. LUCIFER is the exponent and defender of the princi- ciples of Voluntary Assoeiation; which rests on Individual ism and can not be actualized where Statecraft colors the ihough.ts and denominates the actions of men and w^omeii. Terms: $1. per year; 50 cents for Six months. Sample Copies Free. Address, LUCIFER, VALLEY FALLS, KANS. }>ox 42.