Series III. 
 
 I, No. 6. 
 
 m UBHAdi 
 fif WE 
 
 UNJYERSITV press buknetwods 
 
 CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
THE TEACHERS’ BULLETIN 
 
 A Monthly Publication of the 
 
 University of Cincinnati. 
 
 A Commentary on Materials 
 Essential to the Teaching 
 of Roman History. 
 
 OCTOBER, 1905. 
 
 Voe. I., No. 6. 
 
 Published at the University Press, Burnet Woods, 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Entered February 27, 1905, at Cincinnati, Ohio, as second 
 class matter, under Act of Congress of July 16, 1894. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2018 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 
 
 https://archive.org/details/commentaryonmateOOhadz 
 
The Teachers’ Bulletin 
 
 Series III. October. Voe. I., No. 6. 
 
 A COMMENTARY ON MATERIALS ES¬ 
 SENTIAL TO THE TEACHING OF 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 G. D. HADZSITS, Assistant Professor of Greek and katin. 
 
 This paper is a result of the conviction that the 
 study and teaching- of Roman history should be as 
 broad as possible and that the teacher owes it to 
 himself and to his students to fortify himself and 
 to enrich their interest, by constant parallel studies 
 in the various fields of Roman endeavor. 
 
 In fact, the interrelation of Roman history, pub¬ 
 lic and private life, religion, geography, archae¬ 
 ology, and literature is so close that the study of 
 any one of these must necessarily take account of 
 all others. A synthetic study of the history of the 
 Romans, of their public and private life, of their 
 achievements in art, architecture, and engineering, 
 of the nature of their religion, of the character of 
 their literature so illuminates Roman history that 
 a shadowy evolution of events becomes a living, 
 vital expression of the Roman mind and tempera¬ 
 ment. 
 
 3 
 
What may seem an ideal interpretation of Roman 
 history, may, perhaps, become a reality by a con¬ 
 scientious effort to emplo}^ the materials suggested 
 in the course of this bulletin. The arrangement 
 of that material and the criticism of it that appears 
 in this paper may, possibly, facilitate the winning 
 of the golden apples of the Hesperides. The selec¬ 
 tion of this material has been determined, entirely, 
 by practical considerations. This fact may, it is 
 hoped, disarm criticism touching the omission of 
 many important works, so numerous, as is well 
 known, that one often can scarce see the wood for 
 the trees. 
 
 The unity of Roman life must be the phylactery 
 of the teacher of Roman history. The early Roman- 
 Etruscan architecture corresponds to the broad 
 foundations of the Roman rule; the practical nature 
 of the basilica is a correlative to the simplicity and 
 dignity of Roman law; the commemorative columns 
 and arches are a result of the same patriotic im¬ 
 pulse that led to a proud historical literature; the 
 Flavian amphitheatre betrays the same love for 
 massive grandeur that appears in the Roman ritual; 
 the Golden House of a Nero reflects decadence as 
 clearly as does the brilliant mosaic literature of a 
 Seneca; a patriotic, national realism produced, at 
 once, the tragedies of an Ennius and the sculptural 
 decorations of Trajan’s column; the evolution of 
 domestic architecture is parallel to the develop¬ 
 ment of an individualistic philosophy; the Circus 
 Maximus spells power and confidence as clearly as 
 does the career of Julius Caesar; “integer vitae 
 scelerisque purus” breathes the same ambition that 
 
 4 
 
thrilled a Lucilius and fired a Juvenal; the belief 
 in Rome’s immortality is written no more distinctly 
 in the verse “Dum Capitolium scandet cum tacita 
 virgine pontifex” than in the walls of an imperial 
 palace. Upon each and every one of these the 
 peculiar temperament of the Roman is stamped and 
 a clear insight into all of these manifestations of 
 his genius unifies and clarifies the study of his 
 histor}^. A fullness of knowledge, capable of satis¬ 
 fying the golden moment of the student’s excited 
 curiosity, will make the study of Roman history 
 a vital factor in his life. 
 
 The several very excellent works upon Roman 
 history, published within the last decade by' Ameri¬ 
 can scholars, render unnecessary in this place a 
 detailed statement or account of the numerous 
 works bearing upon this subject. Part I. of 4 ’The 
 History Syllabus,” a work which every teacher of 
 Roman history ought to possess, is devoted to the 
 subject of ancient history. In this syllabus will 
 be found bibliographical notes and suggestions 
 not only upon the sources of Roman history, but 
 also upon the great histories of Rome, written in 
 English, German, and French, whose comparative 
 values are clearly stated. Munro’s illustrated 
 “Source Book of Roman History” contains an ad¬ 
 mirable collection of translated extracts from the 
 sources,—extracts that are arranged under topical 
 
 A History Syllabus, for Secondary Schools . Prepared by the 
 Committee of Seven of the American Historical Asso¬ 
 ciation. Boston, Heath, 1904. $1.20. 
 
 Munro, D. C.: A Source Book of Roman History . Boston, 
 Heath, 1904. $1.00. 
 
 5 
 
heads and that illuminate the entire range of 
 Roman activity, as religion, the army, the consti¬ 
 tution, society, philosophy, and various special 
 periods of the history. Under each of the heads, 
 parallel readings are also suggested in more recent 
 works bearing upon the various subjects. This 
 work, which should be used in connection with the 
 text-book, becomes an invaluable companion volume 
 in giving life and reality to the history. Another 
 source-book is that of Dr. Botsford, in which trans¬ 
 lated passages from the sources are ingeniously 
 interwoven, so as to form a continuous story. 
 These extracts are largely narrative and bio¬ 
 graphical and are chosen with a view to clarifying 
 the lives and characters of the great actors in the 
 Roman historical drama. The school histories of 
 Myers, West, Morey, and Fairley are so well known 
 that a word upon their merits will suffice. They 
 are all well illustrated, they all take into account 
 Roman life in all its aspects and present to the 
 student not only the sources but also the modern 
 references for collateral reading upon the various 
 phases of the subject. Professor Morey even 
 touches upon the fiction literature that has grown 
 out of Roman history. 
 
 Botsford, G. W. and L,. S.: The Story of Rome , as Greeks and 
 Romans Tell It. An elementary Source-Book. New 
 York, Macmillan, 1903. $0.90. 
 
 Myers, P. V. N.: Ancient History . Boston, Ginn, rev. ed. 
 1904- $1.50. 
 
 West, W. M.: A7icient History . 1903, Boston, New York, 
 
 Chicago, Allyn & Bacon. $1.50. 
 
 Morey, W, C.: Outlines of Roman History . 1901, New York, 
 Cincinnati, Chicago, The American Book Co. $1.00. 
 Seignobos, Ch.: History of the Roman People (translated by 
 Wm. Fairley). New York, Holt, 1902. $1.25. 
 
 6 
 
Taking- for granted then that Roman history 
 must be read in the lig-ht of a full knowledg-e of all 
 of the phases of Roman life and energy, we may, 
 perhaps, assist to a clearer vision of the truth and 
 may encourag-e a wide, collateral reading-, by com¬ 
 ments upon and estimates of those works with 
 which every teacher of Roman history in every sec¬ 
 ondary school should be familiar. 
 
 Our discussion will pass from a rather rapid con¬ 
 sideration of those aspects of Roman life that are 
 g-enerally recognized to a more careful study of 
 works dealing- with subjects that are, perhaps, 
 usually' treated with less elaboration. Johnston’s 
 “The Private Life of the Romans,” by no means 
 beyond the comprehension of the young-er student, 
 would reveal to him a new and a strang-e world, 
 that could not fail to stimulate, powerfully, his 
 interest in Roman history. As the work is provid¬ 
 ed with a bibliography, it also serves as a g-uide 
 for the teacher who has the time and the inclina¬ 
 tion for more extensive research. While all of the 
 histories of Rome, mentioned above, have more or 
 less information on the subject of Roman society, 
 with references to other works upon the subject, 
 special mention should be made of the very remark¬ 
 able “Roman Society in the Last Century of the 
 Western Empire” b}^ Samuel Dill, for its clear and 
 learned chapters upon the tenacity of pag-anism 
 and the causes of decay of the middle class. In 
 
 Johnston, H, W.: The Private Life of the Romans (illus¬ 
 trated). Chicago, Scott, Foresman & Co., 1903. $1.50. 
 
 Dill, S.: Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western 
 Empire. Dondon, Macmillan, 1898. $2.00. 
 
 7 
 
the matter of education among- the Romans one 
 could hardly do better than consult Laurie’s “His¬ 
 torical Survey of pre-Christian Education”, while 
 the selected bibliography in Cubberly’s “Syllabus” 
 is a valuable guide to further reading. For the 
 study of political antiquities, so closely and imme¬ 
 diately related to the study of Roman history, 
 Professor Abbott’s “A History and Description of 
 Roman Political Institutions” is indispensable. 
 The importance of this subject to the student of 
 Roman history hardly needs to be dwelt upon. 
 The scholarly nature of Professor Abbott’s work 
 renders it invaluable. It is equipped with thorough 
 bibliographies of sources and of modern works. 
 The same praise may be given the “Roman Public 
 Life” of A. H. J. Greenidge. The brief study of 
 the Roman army by Judson might serve as an ad¬ 
 mirable introduction to the military affairs of the 
 Romans, which played such an important part in 
 their lives, while, as an initiation into the problems 
 of Roman religion, “The Roman Festivals” of W. 
 
 Faurie, S. S.: Historical Survey of pre-Christian Education . 
 
 2d ed., Fongmans, 1900. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Cubberly, F. P.: Syllabus of Lectures on the History of 
 Education; with selected bibliography. New York, 
 Macmillan, 1902. $2.25. 
 
 Abbott, F. F A History and Description of Roman Political 
 Institutions . Boston, Ginn, 1901. $1.50. 
 
 Judson, H. P.: Caesar's Army . A study of the Military Art 
 of the Romans in the Fast Days of the Republic. Boston, 
 Ginn, 1894. $1.10. 
 
 Greenidge, A. H. J.: Roman Public Life (with bibliography). 
 New York, Macmillan, 1901. $2.50. 
 
 8 
 
W. Fowler and Fustel de Coulanges’ “The An¬ 
 cient City” should be consulted. A fine instance 
 of an exhaustive treatment of one epoch in Roman 
 history is Holmes’ “Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul”, 
 a book which neither the teacher of history nor the 
 teacher of Latin can neglect with impunity. Fred¬ 
 eric Harrison’s suggestive essays may be read with 
 much pleasure and profit, and the broad outlook 
 and brilliant conclusions of Seeck ought to be 
 brought within reach of every English-speaking 
 student by a worthy translator. 
 
 A very immediate and obviously practical way 
 of gaining the student’s interest lies in a clear 
 reconstruction to the imagination of the land of 
 the Romans, its geography and climate, and con¬ 
 sists in a vivid portra} r al of the Roman cities, with 
 their complex architecture and life. In fact, the 
 history of the Roman people must be to the aver¬ 
 age student much like a puppet-show, unless the 
 environment of that people be understood. The 
 influence of the Italian coast and of the Mediter- 
 
 Fowler, W. W.: 1 he Roman Fesiivals oj the Period of the 
 Republic . An Introduction to the Study of the Religion 
 of the Romans. New York, Macmillan, 1899. $1.50. 
 
 de Coulanges, Fustel: The Ancient City. Translation by 
 W. Small. Boston, Fee and Shepard, 1889, 7th ed. $1.60. 
 Holmes, T. Rice: Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul . New York, 
 Macmillan, 1899. $6.50. 
 
 Harrison, Fr.: The Meaning of History . New York, Mac¬ 
 millan, 1894. $1.75. 
 
 Seeck, Otto: Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt . 
 Berlin, Siemenroth & Troschel, 1897-1901, 2 vols. 13m 
 (for 2 v.). 
 
 9 
 
ranean sea cannot be overestimated; one sees that 
 influence at once in the military character of the 
 land-people, and we find no less a record of that 
 influence in the magnificent system of roads that 
 the Romans developed. The Apennine ridge, the 
 peninsula’s back-bone, and the granite masses of 
 the Alps in large measures determined the course 
 of Roman history. Knowing, too, the architec¬ 
 tural character of their cities, we begin to under¬ 
 stand better the true nature of the Roman people; 
 for the Romans built in their own way walls, law- 
 courts, places of amusement and of worship. The 
 Roman cities repay, with interest, the attention 
 which the historical student may devote to them, 
 for he conies from a study of them with a keener 
 insight into the Roman character that loved the 
 permanent and the powerful. The need of such 
 information, geographical and archaeological, for 
 a true appreciation of Roman history hardl}^ calls 
 for comment, and the immense interest of these dis¬ 
 ciplines further recommends them to the consider¬ 
 ation of the historical student- Hannibal at Capua, 
 Caesar at the Rubicon, Tiberius at Capri grow in 
 interest for us as we know these localities; the hor¬ 
 ror of Jugurtha’s fate dawns upon us when we real¬ 
 ly know the nature of the Mamertine prison; Cicero’s 
 career gains enormously in interest by a knowl¬ 
 edge of the Roman Forum with which it was so 
 closely identified, Nero’s by an acquaintance with 
 the Palatine hill and its burden of palaces, and 
 Pompeii may even woo the historical student from 
 his own studies by the natural beauty r of its loca¬ 
 tion and by the mystery of its ruined homes. 
 
 10 
 
For such collateral reading- there is no dearth of 
 material; rather, we suffer from an embarrassment 
 of riches that makes selection a matter of difficult}^ 
 Professor Lanciani has acted as a delightful inter¬ 
 preter for the American public, of Roman monu¬ 
 ments, their history and their significance, and in 
 several of his volumes the student and teacher of 
 Roman history will find much of value for the 
 class-room that does not dismay by technicalities 
 but rather allures by its charming* simplicity. In 
 “Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discover¬ 
 ies,” which is g-enerously illustrated, (including 
 Forum and Palatine views) there are chapters on 
 such subjects as the “Foundation and Prehistoric 
 Life of Rome,” “Public Places of Resort,” the 
 “House of the Vestals,” “The Palaces of the 
 Caesars,” and the “ Campagna.” “Pagan and 
 Christian Rome” is also profusely illustrated, and 
 some of its chapters of especial interest are entitled 
 “Pagan Shrines and Temples,” “Imperial Tombs,” 
 and “Pagan and Christian Cemeteries.” For a 
 general survey of the subject of Roman architect¬ 
 ure, containing many suggestive pages for the his¬ 
 torical student and written rather for the layman 
 than for the specialist, the volumes of Liibke, 
 
 Lanciani, R.: Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discov¬ 
 eries . Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 
 1891. $6.00. 
 
 Lanciani, R.: Pagan and Christian Rome . Boston and New 
 York, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1896. $6.00. 
 
 Liibke, Wm.: Outlines of the History of Art (translated from 
 the 7th German edition by Clarence Cook). 2 vols. New 
 York, Dodd, Mead and Co., 1888. $14.00. 
 
 11 
 
Rosengarten, Russell Sturgis, and Von Reber may 
 be followed with confidence. In these Roman 
 architecture is interpreted by comparison with 
 other styles, and Liibke and Von Reber treat, be¬ 
 sides, the subjects of sculpture and of painting’. 
 All of these volumes are well illustrated, but as 
 their range is comprehensive and the compass 
 within which great subjects are treated, small, 
 they serve merely as excellent introductions to a 
 wider and deeper stud} r of the problems involved. 
 Another somewhat popular treatise which could 
 hardty fail to contribute considerable stimulus to 
 the student’s interest is the work of Boissier, en¬ 
 titled “Rome and Pompeii,” a series of archae¬ 
 ological rambles, including, among other places, 
 the Forum, the Palatine, the Catacombs, Hadrian’s 
 Villa, Ostia, and Pompeii. For the purpose we 
 have in mind, undoubtedly the best thing in Eng¬ 
 lish on the subject of Pompeii is the very attractive 
 volume of Mau-Kelsey, to which these scholars 
 bring all the accuracy and richness of profound 
 learning and the rare charm of a felicitous style. 
 
 Rosengarten, A.: A Ha?idbook of Architectural Styles (trans¬ 
 lated by W. Collett-Sandars). London, Chatto and 
 Windus, 1889. $2.50. 
 
 Sturgis. Russell: Europea?i Architecture . An historical 
 study. New York, Macmillan, 1896. $4.00. 
 
 Von Reber, Fran 2 : History of Ancient Art (translated and 
 augmented by J. T. Clarke). New York, Harper, 1883. 
 $3.50. 
 
 Boissier, Gaston: Rome and Pompeii (translated by D. 
 
 Havelock Fisher). New York, Putnam’s, 1896. $2.50. 
 
 Mau, Aug. & F. W. Kelsey: Pompeii, Its Life and Art. 
 New York, Macmillan, 1902. $6.00 and $2.50. 
 
 12 
 
The work is rich^ illustrated, treats Pompeii’s 
 Life and Art as well as her Buildings, and contains 
 a complete bibliographical appendix. In this cate¬ 
 gory might also be mentioned the authoritative 
 contribution to the literature on Etruscan Archae¬ 
 ology, entitled “The Cities and Cemeteries of 
 Etruria,” by George Dennis, which, considering 
 the great influence of Etruscan life, architecture 
 and institutions upon the Roman historical develop¬ 
 ment, should certainly' be consulted. For still 
 another side of the subject, Lowrie’s “Early 
 Christian Art and Archaeology” will be found 
 reliable. In the “International Quarterly,” an 
 almost romantic, though none the less scientific 
 article appeared on the “Roman Campagna,” by 
 Sir Archibald Geikie. The subject of Italy’s geog¬ 
 raphy and climate has not been adequately treated 
 in English, though in Smith’s “Dictionary of 
 Greek and Roman Geography,” a very thorough 
 article on “Italia” may be found; the history, 
 ethnography, climate, natural products, popula¬ 
 tion, and boundaries of Italy are discussed. Tozer’s 
 “Classical Geography” does not claim to be more 
 than a primer, and devotes only two brief chapters 
 
 Dennis, Geo.. The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria . 2 vols. 
 
 London, Jno. Murray. Rev. ed. 1883. 21s. 
 
 Lowrie, Walter: Early Christian Art and Archaeology. 
 
 Monuments of the Larly Christian Church (illustr.) 
 
 with bibliography. 1901, New York, Macmillan. $1.75. 
 The Internatio7ial Quarterly . Vol. ix, No. 2. $1.00. 
 
 Smith, Wm.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. 
 
 London, Jno. Murray, 2 vols., 1872-3. $12.00. 
 
 Tozer, H. F.. Classical Geography , New York, Appleton, 
 
 1889. $1.00. 
 
 13 
 
(pages 92-120) to Italy. Nissen’s “ Landeskunde ” 
 is the great work upon this subject. Robert Burn’s 
 “Rome and the Campagna” may also be referred 
 to, in this connection, for the same problem is 
 treated in the chapters “Geology and Climate of 
 Rome,” and the “Campagna.” Burn’s work, which 
 Professor Middleton spoke of as “by far the best 
 general work in English,” is still valuable for the 
 archaeologist, and well illustrates the general im¬ 
 portance to history of archaeology,—which, mak¬ 
 ing a direct appeal to actual existing monuments 
 and sites, brings the events of Roman history very 
 close to the mind and imagination. 
 
 In another group we might speak of a few more 
 works on Roman Archaeology and Topography, 
 more because of their intrinsic merit and scholarly 
 character than because of their probable immediate 
 value to the average class in Roman history. Such 
 preliminary studies as have been suggested above 
 might readily whet the appetite for further read¬ 
 ing in this subject, for its own sake. Middleton’s 
 “ The Remains of Ancient Rome ” is standard and 
 contains very full accounts of the architectural 
 growth of the Eternal City and of its monuments. 
 Platner’s “Topography and Monuments of Ancient 
 
 Nissen, H.: Italische Landeskunde . Vol. i, Land u. Leute. 
 1883. Vol. ii, (2 parts) Die Stadte. 1902. Berlin, 
 Weidmann. 23m (2 v.) 
 
 Burn, R.: Rome and the Campagna. London, Bell and 
 Daldy, 1871. 63s. 
 
 Middleton, J. H.: The Remains of Ancient Rome . p. xxxii, 
 vol. i. 2 vols. Adam & Charles Black, I^ondon and 
 Edinburgh. New York, Macmillan, 1892. $7.00. 
 
 Platner, S. B.: The Topography and Monuments of Ancient 
 Rome. Boston, Allyn and Bacon, 1904. $3.00. 
 
 14 
 
Rome” is of the greatest value for the American 
 student, and covers the subject with much thor¬ 
 oughness. Lanciani’s “Ruins and Excavations of 
 Ancient Rome,” written in the same appreciative 
 spirit as the other volumes of Professor Lanciani 
 mentioned above? is full of enthusiasm for the 
 subject, and although it makes no claims to finality' 
 or to a complete treatment of various monuments,— 
 is an inspiring- companion volume to those of 
 Middleton and of Platner. All three volumes are 
 abundantly provided with maps, plans and illus¬ 
 trations. This brief statement of archaeological 
 works would be incomplete without reference to 
 the brilliant discussion of Thedenat “Le Forum 
 Romain et les Forums Imperiaux,” and without 
 mention of those master works “ Topographie der 
 Stadt Rom,” by Professor Richter, and Kraus’ 
 “Geschichte der Christlichen Kunst.” 
 
 Lanciani, R.: The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome . 
 Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1897, Boston and New York. 
 $4.50. 
 
 Thedenat, H.: Le Forum Romain et les Forums Impdriaux . 
 2d ed. Paris, Hachette et Cie. 1904. 6f. 
 
 Richter, Otto: Topographie der Stadt Rom. Miinchen, 1901. 
 C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 15m. 
 
 Kraus, F. X.: Geschichte der Christlichen Kunst . 2 vols. 
 
 Freiburg iin Breisgau. Herder’sche Verlagsbuchhand- 
 lung, 1896-1900. 38m. 
 
 15 
 
[The appended statement is one of illustrative 
 material of the utmost value, the free use of which 
 will add greatly to the interest of the study of 
 Roman history. As the character of Italy and, 
 more particularly, of Rome thus becomes clear to 
 the student he can escape neither the charm of the 
 one nor the power of the other, not idly called the 
 “Eternal City.”] 
 
 Kiepert, Henry : Atlas Antiquus . 12 maps (colored) of the 
 
 Ancient World. 11th ed. Heach, Shewell and Sanborn, 
 Boston, New York and Chicago. $2.50. 
 
 Kiepert, H.: Wall Maps. D. Reimer (publisher), Berlin, or 
 Rand, McNally & Co., Chicago and New York. 
 
 Ginn & Co.: Classical Atlas. 23 colored maps. James 
 Cranstoun, editor. Boston, New York, Chicago. $1.25 
 or $2.50. 
 
 Outline Atlases for History Classes ; each atlas contains 25 
 outline maps and specific page references to the his¬ 
 torical atlases and text-books, where material can be 
 gained for filling- in of the maps ; also 
 
 No. 5—Outline Atlas for Roman History ; contains 25 out¬ 
 line maps arranged in chronological order,—1. Physical 
 Features of Italy, 3. Roman Domain 509-450 B. C., 20. 
 Roman Fmpire under Trajan. Size, 8^x12 inches. 
 Price, 20c. net; also 
 
 Outline Maps, separate. Harge size, 10% x7^ inches, 75c. 
 per 100. Small size, 7)6 x5)6 inches, 50c. per 100. The 
 McKinley Publishing Company, 6004 Germantown Ave., 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 The Ivanhoe Historical Note-Book Series—Atkinson, Ment- 
 zer, and Grover, Chicago and Boston. Pt. iii. Ancient 
 History. 40 outline maps, arranged in a chronological 
 series. 25c. Such maps furnish the physical setting of 
 historical movements. 
 
 Cosmos Pictures Company, 296 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 
 
 (a) standard size, 6 x 8$6 inches, 10 for 25c., 50 for $1.00. 
 
 (b) large sizes j ^ Inches.' } 4 for 25c ” 20 for |1 - 00 ' 
 “ Cosmos ” Pictures of Roman Sculpture and Architecture. 
 
 16 
 
Brown Pictures. Geo. P. Brown & Co., 38 Lovett Street, 
 Beverly, Mass. 
 
 Regular size, 5^ x8 inches, 1c. each, 120 for $1.00. 
 Miniature size, 3 x 3% inches, 2 for lc. 
 
 Large size, 9 x 12 inches, 3c. 
 
 Platinoprints, 7x9 inches, 3c. 
 
 Carbonprints, 7x9 inches, 3c. 
 
 Gravureprints, 9x12 inches, 5c. each. 
 
 Wall pictures, 25c. each. 
 
 Perry Pictures. Perry Picture Company, Malden, Mass, 
 lc. each. 
 
 Photographs of Roman and Italian scenes, monuments, etc., 
 may be ordered of D. Anderson, via Salaria 7a, Rome, 
 Italy, and of G. Sommer e Figlio, Largo Vittoria, 
 Naples, Italy. 1 fr. each, 
 
 For Lantern Slides. The two firms mentioned above and 
 T. H. McAllister, 49 Nassau Street, New York, N. Y.; 
 Dr. Arthur S. Cooley, Auburndale, Mass.; 
 
 Principal Geo. R. Swain, Bay City High School, Bay 
 City, Mich. 
 
 G. F. Hill: Illustrations of School Classics . Macmillan & 
 Co., London, 1903. 10s. 6d. 29 colored plates and numer¬ 
 ous illustrations. Illustrations of buildings, cities, 
 country, religion, mythology, antiquities, barbarians, 
 etc. 
 
 Under the determining influence of that course 
 of events which we may denominate as the evol¬ 
 ution of Roman history the character of Roman 
 literature was shaped and its development pro¬ 
 foundly affected. Roman literature, a direct pro¬ 
 duct and expression of Roman life, clearly reveals 
 the character of the Roman people and its 
 gradual complete transformation. We read in 
 that literature the mystery of a constantly chang¬ 
 ing attitude toward life, the direct resultant 
 
 17 
 
of a background of kaleidoscopic political move¬ 
 ments. Not a page of Roman history but is illu* 
 minated by reference to Rome’s literature. Not 
 a page of Roman literature but which, in some way 
 explains the web and woof of Roman history. 
 Plautus’ energy, Cicero’s vacillation, Virgil’s mel¬ 
 ancholy, Tacitus’ bitterness, Pliny’s sentimentality 
 are but the reflex of a national temper, passing 
 through manifold phases. A study of the Cartha¬ 
 ginian wars is not sufficient for a true knowledge 
 of the third and second centuries B. C.; such knowl¬ 
 edge must also take account of the Plautine comedy. 
 The Social Wars of the first century B. C. do not 
 tell the entire tale of Rome’s activity during a 
 memorable hundred years; the poem of the Epicu¬ 
 rean recluse is also an historical chapter of the 
 greatest value on the higher aspiration of that 
 same age. The Aeneid, instinct as it is with the 
 spiritual fire and religious unrest of a great tran¬ 
 sition age, is as important an historical document 
 as the “Monumentum Ancyranum”. The history 
 of the Empire period is to be read in the satire of 
 protest against vice as much as in the annals of bat¬ 
 tle. Prom Ennius’ “Annals” to Apuleius’ “Myth 
 of Cupid and Psyche” is a far cry, but each is 
 true to its own epoch, although the latter be alien 
 to the former. It were presumptions to insist fur¬ 
 ther upon the importance of this collateral work 
 for the student of Roman history; it is my pleas¬ 
 anter task to act as mystagogue through the lab) r - 
 rinth of rich material, concerned with this subject. 
 
 The histories of Roman literature may, in the 
 main, perhaps, be only of general value to the tea- 
 
 18 
 
cher of Roman history, but none the less they are 
 a positive inspiration,—to be used either by him¬ 
 self or by the student as exigencies of time and 
 place permit, always with a view to clarifying the 
 age whose formal history may be under considera¬ 
 tion. An “Introduction to Classical Latin Litera¬ 
 ture” b) r Wm. C. Lawton is a recent contribution 
 by American scholarship, whose value for our pur¬ 
 poses is very great. The author is constant^ con¬ 
 scious of his historical background and by chrono¬ 
 logical tables brings into parallel columns, politi¬ 
 cal and literary events. The style is pleasing 
 and the treatment sympathetic, making the volume 
 a most useful one for the younger student, while 
 bibliographical notes add to its value for the more 
 ambitious scholar. The study of Roman history 
 should be enlivened by readings from “Masterpieces 
 of Latin Literature,” which have been collected in 
 translation by Gordon J. Laing. Whether it be 
 a play of Terence or letters of Cicero or a selection 
 from Petronius, such collateral readings cannot 
 fail to arouse the historical imagination, besides 
 creating the correct impression that literature was, 
 after all, not merely a hostage in the Roman camp. 
 When once a genuine interest has been created in 
 Rome’s literature, perhaps the keener minds will 
 crave more information touching this side of the 
 Roman genius. Tyrrell’s volume on “Latin Poetry,” 
 
 Hawton, W. C.: hitroduction to Classical Latin Literature . 
 
 New York, Chas. Scribner, 1904. $1.20. 
 
 Taing, Gordon J.: Masterpieces of Latin Literature (trans¬ 
 lations, with brief biographical sketches and notes). 
 Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1903. $1.00. 
 
 Tyrrell, R. Y.: Latin Poetry . Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 
 Boston and New York, 1895. $1.50. 
 
 19 
 
written with the deft hand of an impressionistic 
 artist, is sure to inspire a desire for further knowl¬ 
 edge, no longer satisfied with snap-shot judgments 
 or curb-stone opinions. It might be well at this 
 stage to turn to another work on Latin literature, 
 teeming with enthusiasm, viz. that by J. W. 
 Mackail. For a full treatment of all of the literary 
 problems, thus far suggested, Cruttwell’s “History 
 of Roman Literature” will be found invaluable. 
 In this volume, too, the threads of history and of 
 literature are interwoven and the debt of each to 
 the other is made manifest. Middleton and Mills’ 
 “Companion to Latin Authors” is virtually a 
 source-book for the lives of the Roman authors and 
 the circumstances of their work. 
 
 For a still more intensive study of Roman liter¬ 
 ature, the student should be referred to the follow¬ 
 ing works: Sellar’s great studies of the Roman 
 poets are truly monumental and epoch-making, 
 destined to remain a contribution of permanent 
 value to the literary study of Catullus, Lucretius, 
 
 Mackail, J. W.: Latin Literature. New York, Scribner, 
 1895. $1.25. 
 
 Cruttwell, C. T.: A Llistory of Roman Literature, from the 
 Barliest Period to the Death of Marcus Aurelius. New 
 York, Scribner, 1892. $2.50. 
 
 Middleton, Geo. and Mills, T. R.: The Student's Companion 
 to Latin Authors. New York, Macmillan, 1896. $1.50. 
 
 Sellar, W, Y.: The Roman Poets of the Augustan Age. 
 Horace and the Bleglac Poets. Oxford, Clarendon 
 Press, 1892. $3.50. 
 
 The Roman Poets of the Republic . New York, Macmillan, 
 3d ed., 1889. $2.50. 
 
 The Roman Poets of the Augustan Age. Virgil. New 
 York, Macmillan, 3d ed., 1897. $2.25. 
 
 20 
 
Plautus, Ennius, Horace, and Virgil. In these 
 volumes we find a complete and exhaustive account 
 of the authors’ lives and of their total environment, 
 coupled with a keenly analytic and appreciative 
 discussion of their literal productions. F. W. H. 
 Myers’ remarkable essay on Virgil is full of the 
 most brilliant touches of a rich imagination that 
 penetrates the deepest secrets of the Roman poet’s 
 heart and mind. Julia Wedgwood also possesses 
 this rare gift of penetration and her paper on 
 Virgil, appearing- in the 44 Contemporary Review,’’ 
 must be noted. Still another aspect of the poet’s 
 influence,—the posthumous fortunes of Virgil, as 
 Dante’s g*uide, as the magician of the Middle Ag-es, 
 and as a prophet of the Gentiles—is revealed in the 
 studies of Tunison and of Comparetti. 44 The 
 Ancient Classical Drama” is a study in literary 
 evolution by Professor Moulton, which considers 
 the birth and development of trag-edy and of 
 comedy, as a species of literature, subject to bio¬ 
 logical laws. Matthews’ “The Development of the 
 Drama” is the first single volume in Engiish that 
 
 Myers, F. W. H.: Essays Classical: Greek Oracles, Virgil, 
 M. A. Antoninus. Fondon, Macmillan, 1897. $1.25. 
 
 Wedgwood, Julia : Virgil. The Contemporary Review, 1877. 
 
 Tunison, J. S,. Master Virgil. Cincinnati, Robt. Clarke & 
 Co., 1890. $2.00. 
 
 Comparetti, D.: Vergil in the Middle Ages. (Translation 
 by F. F. M. Benecke. Introduction by R. Fllis.) Mac¬ 
 millan, 1895. $2.25. 
 
 Moulton, R. G.: The Ancient Classical Drama. Macmillan, 
 1890. $2.25. 
 
 Matthews, Br.: The Development of the Drama. Scribner, 
 New York, 1903. $1.25. 
 
 21 
 
gives a complete history of drama, and it is written 
 not so much from the philosophic or aesthetic 
 point of view as from the technical, that of crafts¬ 
 manship. In Saintsbury’s “History of Criticism,” 
 the Latin literary criticism of Cicero, Horace, and 
 Quintilian stands out in relief against the Greek 
 and against the mediaeval methods of criticism. 
 Finally, Burn’s “Roman Literature in Relation to 
 Roman Art,” although the author’s conclusions 
 can by no means be accepted in toto, possesses 
 great value for pointing out the unity of Roman 
 experience which produced similar results in liter¬ 
 ature, sculpture, and architecture. 
 
 In conclusion, it may be apropos to make a plea 
 for combining into one great whole the sum total 
 of our knowledge of the Roman people with a view 
 to lifting the teaching of their history to a very 
 dignified plane. As side-lights are thrown upon 
 the course of Roman history, the march of the 
 Roman legion and the transformation of a kingdom 
 into a republic, which eventuated in a world-empire, 
 becomes a tale of irresistible fascination. Not only 
 is the unity of Roman civilization thus apprehended, 
 but the significance of the Roman moment in the 
 world’s history is clearly established. 
 
 Saintsbury, Geo.: A History of Criticism . New York, Dodd, 
 Mead & Co., 2 v., 1902. 2d. ed. $3.50 each. 
 
 Burn, Robert: Romati Literature in Relation to Roman Art, 
 (Illustrated.) New York, Macmillan, 1888. $2.25. 
 
 22 
 
[The following' works are recommended as very 
 useful aids. They require no special comment.] 
 
 Smith, Wm., Wayte, Wm., Marindin, J. E}.: A Dictionary 
 of Greek and Roma?i Antiquities. London, Jno. Murray, 
 3d ed., 1890-91. 3 vols. (Contains many engravings on 
 wood.) $14.00. 
 
 Smith, Wm.: A Dictioyiary of Greek and Roman Biography 
 a?id Mythology . (Illustrated.) Boston, Little & Brown, 
 1849. 3 vols. $18.00. 
 
 Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Literature and Latin An¬ 
 tiquities. H. T. Peck, editor. (Illustrated.) New York, 
 Harper, 1897. $6.00. 
 
 Gow, J.: A Coynpanion to School Classics. New York, Mac¬ 
 millan, 1896. 3d ed. $1.75. (An excellent, short treat¬ 
 ise on many topics, as philosophy, drama, the alphabet, 
 government, the army, law, chronology, etc.). $1.75. 
 
 Kelsey, F. W.: Fifty Topics in Roman Antiquities, with 
 References. Boston, Allyn & Bacon, 1891. 55c. 
 
 D’Ooge B. L.: Helps to the Study of Classical Mythology. 
 Ann Arbor, Geo. Wahr, 1899. (Bibliographic in char¬ 
 acter.) 45c. 
 
 Wilkins, A. S.: Classical Antiquities. (Illustrated.) New 
 York, Chicago, Cincinnati, The American Book Co. 
 (This volume appears in the “ History Primers ” series, 
 edited by J. R. Green.) 35c. 
 
 Collins, W. L-: Ancient Classics for English Readers. Phila¬ 
 delphia, Iyippincott. (The Roman authors treated are ; 
 Caesar, Virgil, Horace, Cicero, Pliny the Younger, 
 Juvenal, Plautus, Terence, Tacitus, Livy, Ovid, Catul¬ 
 lus, Tibullus, Propertius, and Lucretius.) $9.00 for 9 v. 
 
 Baedeker, K.: Handbooks for Travellers. 
 
 i. Northern Italy. 11th ed. ’99. 8 M. 
 
 ii. Central Italy and Rome. 13th ed. 1900. 7 m. 50. 
 
 iii. Southern Italy and Sicily. 13th ed. 1900. 6 M. 
 
 Leipzig, K. Baedeker. (Also, Scribner.) 
 
 23