jjjji 1 ijlll } I >5>; SPECIFICATIONS AND TOLERANCES FOR eighing and Measuring Apparatus Kg , ^ IN THE CITY OF CHICAGO ipp *«« v m i: : a ' i;: ; ill! cfc:- i : i ’■ )•! i:v d»a \ f'. /T -y- Published by he Department of Weights and Measures Chicago, Illinois January 5, 1914 i'rm m H. G. Adair, Printing 107-111 No. Market St. | i J 389 - C^Ss Specifications and Tolerances V \ LINEAR MEASURES. Cs Specifications—Measures of length may be grad¬ uated in yards, meters, feet or inches with customary subdivisions, provided that nothing in this section shall prevent the subdivision of the Gunter’s chain into links. Main divisions shall be plainly designated, and the length of their graduations shall be longer than that of the intermediate subdivisions. Intermediate subdivisions shall be varied in length that they may be conveniently read. Lines shall not be greater in width than % of the smallest subdivision. Provided, however, that in no case shall the line be wider than .03 inch. All graduations must be spaced uniformly and be perpendicular to the edge of measure. Measures of length may be made of any material whose form or dimensions remain reasonably per¬ manent under normal conditions; for example, steel, 7 brass, hard wood, etc. Provided, however, that tapes for commercial purposes may be made of wire woven cloth. The ends of wooden measures shall be protected L by metal firmly attached to the measures. Length measures shall be smooth and straight. Counter tacks may be used when diameter of head 0 does not exceed one-eighth inch. Tapes which have errors exceeding those in the ^ following table should not be sealed. Length. Allowable Error. Tension. 100 ft. J4 inch 10 lbs. 66 “ “ 10 “ O') 50 “ A “ 10 “ >. < 33 “ & “ 10 “ 9 25 “ * “ 10 “ 10 “ * “ 5 “ 6 “ 3*2 5 “ 3 “ 3*2 “ 5 “ On all measures of length except tapes the fol¬ lowing tolerances shall be allowed: Length. 6 feet 5 “ 4 “ 3 “ 2 ” - 1 “ 6 inches or less Tolerance. A inch & “ Vk " A “ & “ LIQUID CAPACITY MEASURES. (Not including graduated glassware.) Specifications—Liquid measures must be made strong enough to withstand ordinary usage without becoming easily bent, indented, or damaged, and should tie made of enamelware, metal, glass, or com¬ position. Liquid measures must be such that the capacity is determined by a definite edge at the top of the measure, and graduating rings, except those placed to strengthen the measure, will not be allowed. These reinforcing rings must be so placed that they cannot 'be' mistaken for graduations. ' In a liquid measure having a tap, this tap must completely empty the measure without tilting, and when pouring lid is provided the measure must hold * -T I ' ' - ' . - : . its full capacity without the contents running into the lip. ‘ The following errors are allowable: Measure. * ^ > ’ * * Tolerance. * ' 10 gal. 5. il 02. 9. cu. in. ' • ’"'--'I - - •' - :i * ' 4 3. u: “ 5.4 ii it * • / 2. “ 3.6 ii ii ,.t : 3 " 2. J “ * 3.6 ii ii i '• 2 “ 1. " 1.8 « a 1 gal. 4. fl. drams. .9 cu. in. • -/ J^/ !(’ - - 3. " € i .68 ii ii 1 quart' 2. “ ii . ^ . .45 ii ii . - i ■ • i • 1 pint 1.5 “ ii .34 ii ii •• • .. ^ 1.0 a 1 j • .22 ii ii 1 gill 1.0 “ a .22 if ft ^ *r' i V i L ™ • -* » MEASURING PUMPS. Specifications—All stops, where there are such, should be so arranged that they can be sealed, in such a manner that the stops cannot be changed •without destroying the seal. The amounts delivered shall be correct within the tolerances specified for liquid measures. The amounts delivered shall be correct, irrespec¬ tive of the speed -with which it may be operated or whether it has been unused for any length of time. DRY CAPACITY MEASURES. Specifications—Dry capacity measures must be made of metal, well dried wood or composition, and must be strong enough to stand the use to which they are subjected without materially changing their shape or becoming indented. All dry measures up to and including y 2 bushel shall be cylindrical and circular in cross-section. Provided, however, that measures may be used if the diameter of the top is not more than 10 % greater than that of the bottom diameter. In no case must the top diameter be less than that of the bottom. The bottoms must be flat and perpendicular to the axis of the measure. Provided, however, that y . 1 for strengthening purposes the bottoms of metal measures may be slightly corrugated. These cor¬ rugations may be straight or radial, but not con¬ centric. Measures of one bushel and over must be equipped with handles. i - f - > . ^ . . ‘ 1 -v. . J Baskets used as measures shall not be less than y 2 bushel capacity. The capacity of the measure shall be defined by / • < < , ; -% /. the top rim. Containers which are not of the capacity of a bushel, its multiples, or its binary subdivisions shall not be used as measures. Double capacity measures or measures with one end used for one capacity and the other for a dif¬ ferent capacity, shall not be used. The following errors are allowable: Measure. 1 bushel Y* “ 1 peck ^2 “ 2 quarts 1 “ 1 pint K2 “ Ya “ Double these errors should be allowed for baskets used in the sale of berries, and small fruitts. Tolerance. 25. cu. in 15. n 44 8. n 44 5. 44 44 2.5 44 44 1.5 44 44 1.0 44 44 .5 44 44 .25 44 44 SCALES. General Specifications. Where the scale is not equipped with a full capa¬ city beam or reading face, which, together with beam or runner, indicates the capacity, the maximum capa¬ city must be clearly and permanently placed on the scale where it can be easily seen. The construction of all scales must be such that they will bear the maximum capacity without percep¬ tibly bending, straining or loosening the parts. All knife-edges must be firmly attached. The knife-edges must be of hardened and tem¬ pered steel. They must be sharp throughout their entire length of bearing contact, and bear evenly the length of their working parts. Bearing covers which are liable to come in con¬ tact with the knife edges must be smooth and of a material equal in hardness to the knife edge. The part of the knife edge coming in such contact must be so constructed that the friction due to this cause is reduced to a minimum. If the scale has interchangeable or reversible parts, the interchange or reversal must not affect the accuracy of the instrument. The position of all nose irons shall be clearly indicated by a well defined mark showing the posi¬ tion of these parts when the scale was installed. Scales equipped with a scoop counterbalanced by a removable poise or weight must not be used. The graduations on all beams shall consist of sharply defined lines or notches which must be uni¬ form in spacing and character and parallel to each other. Weight graduations on the beam must indicate the weight represented by the poise. A shoulder stop must be provided on all beams to prevent the poise traveling back of the zero grad¬ uation. The adjusting material in all poises must be se¬ curely enclosed and permanently attached, and in such a position that it will not rub on the beam. Where the poise is equipped with a set-screw this must be permanently attached and not remov¬ able. Where the poise is provided with a device in¬ tended to engage in the notches this must fit firmly and without perceptible movement. The bearing edge of hanging poises must be hard and sharp. Poises must not be readily detachable from the beam. The normal position of the beam shall be hori¬ zontal. Unstable or accelerating scales shall not be used. The term “bearing” herein referred to is defined as the entire contact between the knife edge and bearing surface. The sensibility reciprocal is the weight required to move the beam, pan, pointer or other indicating device of a scale a definite amount. In scales pro¬ vided with a beam and trig loop the sensibility reciprocal is the added weight required to be placed upon the platform to break and turn the beam from a horizontal position in the middle of the loop to a position of equilibrium at the top of the loop. This may be determined indirectly by subtracting the weight instead of adding it or by using the sliding poise on the beam if this is moved without jarring the beam, etc. In the case of scales with stabilized platforms, such as even-armed trip scales and single-platform scales, such as postal scales, the sensibility recipro¬ cal is the amount of added weight required on the platform to cause the pan to move from the normal position to a position of equilibrium at the limit of its motion. In the use of scales provided with a pointer and graduated arc, it is the weight required to move the pointer over one division. PLATFORM SCALES. Specifications —The foundation of all built-in scales shall be solid and firm. All bearings shall be smooth and of a material at least equal in hardness to the knife edges. For scales of above 5,000 lbs. capacity the bearings shall be made of steel tempered HARD. The term “bear¬ ing” used in this paragraph refers to the entire line of contact between knife edges and their bearings and the point of contact between nose ironsteels and shackle bars. Platform scales having an outside frame must be equipped with a checking or centering device which will keep the platform from binding against the frame and hold the platform bearings in their proper position on the main lever knife edges. These devices must not bind and must also cause the platform bearings to return to their normal line of contact on the knife edges when the platform is disturbed. Scales with platforms must be so constructed that there is sufficient clearance between the platform and the frame to allow for any expansion due to weather effects. Sufficient clearance must also be provided that the live parts of the scale will not bind or be interfered with by the ordinary accumu¬ lation of dirt. A wagon scale should have at least 12 feet of straight way on either end of the scale in the same plane as the platform. Platforms and levers must be made sufficiently rigid that the degree of deflection under the maxi¬ mum load will not affect the accuracy of the scale. When the scale is equipped with a relieving device its operation must not change the normal balance of the beam. When corner platform loops are removable they must be marked to identify them with their proper corner. The balance ball on all counter platform scales shall be so constructed that it can be operated only by a mechanical device. Any device for altering the sensibility of the scale or which might cause the beam to become un¬ stable or accelerating shall be so limited in adjust¬ ment that the beam cannot be made unstable. All beams shall be so marked and graduated that the value of the weight can be directly read on the beam at all points whether or not a register¬ ing or stamping device, is used. The beam shall have equal play above and below the normal horizontal position. The minimum travel of the beam in the trig loop shall conform to the following table: Length of Beam. _JUnder 12 iqches .4 inch Over 12 inches and including 20 in. .5 “ Over 20 inches and including 40 in. .7 “ Over 40 inches and up .9 “ The length of the beam refers to the distance from the fulcrum to the nearest point of the trig loop. If the poise on a notched beam is equipped with a spring this shall be of sufficient strength to seat the pawl in its proper position wherever in the notch the pawl is placed. Poises shall be so constructed that no part can be easily detached. Reading edges or indicators of poises must be sharply defined, and all reading edges must be paral¬ lel to the graduations. The sensibility weight of platform scales shall not exceed the value of two of the minimum grad¬ uations on the beam at the capacity or at any lesser load. The tolerance allowed at any load must not ex¬ ceed that in the following table, provided, however, that the tolerance in no case shall be less than the minimum graduation on the beam. “Inside scales” are defined as scales that are used inside of a building. “Outside scales” are defined as scales of the dormant, -wagon and railroad track type, which are installed outside of a building. The columns with the heading “On Ratio” refer to the error in the ratio or multiplication of scales with which counterpoise weights are used. The columns with the heading “Full Capacity Beam” refer to weightless or self-contained scales. The column with the heading “Load” refers to the amount of weight placed in any position on the scale platform. -Inside Scales.-- -Outside Scales.- On Full Capacity On Full Capac Load. Ratio. Beam. Ratio. Beam. 50 lbs. OZ. 1 OZ. 100 i( 1 “ 2 “ 200 n 2 “ 4 “ 240 a 3 “ 6 “ 300 u 3 “ 6 “ 400, a 4 “ 8 “ 600 a 6 “ 12 “ 800 u 8 “ 1 lb. 1000 a 8 “ 1 “ 1200 a 10 “ m “ 1500 n 12 “ 1800 a 14 “ m “ 1 ton 1 lb. 2 “ 2 lbs. 4 lbs 1 Ya u iy 4 “ 2 / “ 2/2 66 5 66 2 66 2 “ 4 “ 4 66 8 66 3 66 3 “ 6 “ 6 66 12 66 4 66 4 “ 8 “ 8 6 6 16 66 5 66 5 “ 10 “ 10 66 20 66 6 66 6 “ 12 “ 12 - \ ' 66 24 66 8 66 8 “ 16 “ 16 66 32 66 ’ 10 66 10 “ 20 “ 20 66 40 66 . 12 66 12 “ 24 “ 24 66 48 66 15 66 15 “ 30 “ 30 66 60 *66 20 66 20 “ 40 “ 40 66 80 66 40 66 40 “ 80 “ 80 66 160 66 50 66 50 “ 100 “ 100 66 200 f I 66 80 66 80 “ 160 “ 160 66 320 66 100 66 100 “ 200 “ 200 66 400 66 150 66 150 “ 300 “ 300 66 600 66 200 66 200 “ 400 “ 400 66 800 66 COUNTER BALANCES AND SCALES. Specifications —Bearings must be made of a mate¬ rial equal at least to the knife edges in hardness. (Tempered steel or agate may be used but are not required.) . j ,rh The shape of the bearings must be such- that when the beam is displaced in any manner, the knife edges will return to their proper line of contact. The under connections must form a parallelogram with a line joining the knife .edges in the beam. These connections must be straight and work freely. All material used for balancing the scale must be securely enclosed. Attachments for adjusting the balance of the scale must be of such character that they can only be operated by the use of an outside mechanical device. Scales on which any weight or weights when used are not visible must be equipped with a device which will plainly indicate on the customer’s side of the scale when the weight or weights have been added and their value. Pendulum scales must be equipped with a device for indicating when the scale is level. Pendulum scales must be equipped with leveling devices which require the use of an outside mechan¬ ical device for their operation. When a weight equal to one-half the capacity of the scale is placed upon the weight plate in such a position that the edge of the weight coincides with the edge of the plate, the allowable error in the scale should not exceed the allowable error for the scale at its full capacity. When a weight equal to one-half the capacity of the scale is shifted on the commodity plate or scoop to a point one-half the distance between the center and edge of the plate or scoop the error should not exceed the allowable error for the scale at its full capacity. When scales are equipped with a graduated beam the sensibility weight allowed shall not be greater than two of the smallest graduations on the beam. Provided, however, that in no case shall the sensi¬ bility weight allowed be greater than that in the table below. The minimum fall or drop of the plate or scoop on equal armed scales from its highest point shall be as follows: Capacity 4 lbs. and below .35 inch “ 4 “ to 12 lbs. .5 “ “ 12 “ “ 26 “ .75 “ 26 “ and upwards 1. On scales equipped with graduated beams the error allowed at any point on the beam shall not ex¬ ceed the same proportional part of the error allowed at the capacity of the scale that the weight repre¬ sented by the poise at that point on the beam bears to the capacity of the scale. Provided, however, that the tolerance shall in no case be less than one- fourth of the sensibility weight of the scale. Except on special tests mentioned above, the tol- erances and sensibility weights must not exceed those given in the tables below: Sensibility Capacity. Tolerance. Reciprocal. 1 lb. -h oz. Vs OZ. 2 u * “ Vs << 4 a 54 “ 54 41 5 a Vs “ 54 44 6 a Vs “ 54 44 8 a 54 “ 54 44 10 a 54 “ 54 44 12 i ( 54 “ 54 44 15 a & “ ■H 44 20 a tv “ > V 44 24 a Vs “ l 44 25 n Vs “ l 44 30 a Vs “ l 44 40 n 154 44 50 a 54 “ 154 44 60 a 54 “ 154 44 75 a Vs “ ■ . 2 44 90 n Vs “ 254 44 100 a 1 “ 3 44 SPRING BALANCES. (Note.—The following specifications and toler¬ ances are to apply to all spring balances except in so far as they are modified for special types, under the sub-heads given hereafter.) Specifications —Graduated faces must be perma¬ nently fixed in position. All graduations must be clear and distinct and equally spaced. The clear interval between the graduations must be not less than .04 inch. The pointer must be firmly attached and reach to the graduated divisions. That part of the pointer which reaches to the smallest subdivisions must not exceed the width of these divisions. The distance from the pointer to the reading face must not exceed .12 inch. All devices for adjusting must be such that they are accessible or operative only by the use of an outside mechanical device. No device to alter the working length of the spring shall be placed on the outside of the balance. When there is no load, the indicator shall clearly point to the zero graduation, and there shall be no stop to prevent the indicator going beyond the zero graduation. When the graduations commence at a fixed load the position of the pointer when there is no load shall be clearly indicated by a zero graduation. Hanging spring scales shall be freely suspended from the ring, when in use. If provided with a hanging pan this shall be hung to a ring, and no hook will be allowed. Pro¬ vided-, however, that a hook may be used if no pan is provided. Where a dish-shaped pan is provided there shall be an opening in said pan to allow' for drainage. When a weight equal to one-half the capacity of the scale is shifted to a point one-half the distance between the center and edge of the plate or scoop, the error should not exceed the allowable error for the scale at its full capacity. Spring balances on which a w-eight or weights when used are not visible must be equipped w r ith a device which will indicate on the customer’s side when the weight or weights have been added, and their value. The value of the graduations on spring balances used in the sale of foodstuffs at retail shall not be more than 1 oz. Provided, however, that this shall not apply to scales used exclusively in the sale of vegetables. Spring balances must give correct results, whether the load is increased or decreased. The specifications for each part of combination spring and lever balances shall be the same as those for the class to which such part belongs. With the exception of the special test noted above spring balances must be correct within the following tolerances. Provided, however, that in no case shall the tolerance be less than one-quarter of the mini¬ mum graduation on the reading face. This table specifies the tolerance to be allowed at the values indicated, and does not refer to the capacity of the balance: Graduations. Tolerances. 1 lb. Vs OZ. 2 n Ya Li 3 4i • Ya LL 4 L % y 2 Li 5 L » y 2 Li 6 4 4 y Li 7 LL y 2 LL 8 Li Ya a 10 i 4 Ya LL 12 4( 1 Li 15 4 L 1 Li 20 Li l/ 2 Li 24 LL 1/2 Li 25 Li 1 Yt Li 30 6% 2 LL 40 4 L 2 LL 50 it 3 a 60 LL 3 Li 75 LL 4 Li 90 LL 4 a Graduations. . 120 lb. 150 “ 200 “ 300 “ 400 “ 500 “ 600 “ Tolerances. , 4 oz.. 6 “ 8 “ 12 “ 1 lb. 134 “ iy 2 “ STRAIGHT-FACE SPRING BALANCES Specifications —The support for the spring must be of sufficient strength and rigidity to sustain the maximum load without perceptible strain, and it must be permanently fixed. The graduated face must be firmly riveted to the frame at not less than three points. The indicator must be pointed in order to facili¬ tate accurate readings, and it must not obscure the figures showing the value of the graduations. The value and spacing of the graduations shall satisfy the requirements of the following table: • Maximum Value Minimum Distance Capacity. of Interval. Between Graduations. 25 lbs. *£ lb. .03 inch 50 “ 1 “ .03 “ 100 “ 1 “ .03 “ 200 “ 2 “ .03 “ 300 “ 5 “ .09 “ 400 “ 5 “ .04 “ 500 “ 5 “ .04 “ The tolerance to be allowed shall be four times that given in the preceding table for spring balances. COMPUTING SCALES. Specifications —Computing scales must be correct in both their weight and value indications. Charts which repeat the same values in any given column ot row are incorrect. This also applies to charts on which value graduations are correctly placed but which in addition have a duplication of value figures in any given column or row. The maximum value graduations on the chart must not exceed two cents. On all scales equipped with a drum-shaped chart the opening on the dealers’ side must be such that at least two value indications at the lowest price per pound may always be visible. Computing scales must be so constructed that the ounce graduations and a figure representing the proper number of pounds will show on the customer’s side when the load is placed on the pan or platform. The distance between the chart and the reference mark must not exceed .06 inch. Reference marks must be present on both the dealer’s and customer’s side and their width must not exceed the width of the finest graduation on the chart. Both reference marks must indicate clearly and correctly. The maximum value of the weight indications shall be 1 oz. The width of the value indicator must not exceed the width of the value graduations. On scales equipped with a magnifying device the clear interval between the weight and value gradua¬ tions shall not be less than .02 inch. On scales not equipped with a magnifying device the clear interval between weight and value indications shall not be less than .04 inch. All devices for adjusting shall be accessible or operative only by the use of an outside mechanical device. The specifications as to the other parts of com¬ puting scales not modified by the above shall be the same as those of the class to which they belong. CREAM TEST AND BUTTER-FAT TEST SCALES. Specifications —The scale shall be provided with a graduated scale of at least ten divisions over which the pointer shall play. The pointer must reach to the graduated divisions and shall terminate in a fine point to enable the readings to be made clearly and distinctly. The clear interval between the divisions on the graduated face shall not be less than .05 inch. The scale shall be provided with leveling screws and an attached level. The scale shall be so constructed and adjusted that when the pans are released or disturbed the pointer will return to rest at the zero mark. The addition of one-half grain to the scale when loaded to capacity shall cause a movement of the pointer at least equal to one division on the grad¬ uated face. The tolerance either in excess or deficiency when the scale is fully loaded shall be one grain. WEIGHTS. Specifications. Weights shall be made of steel, iron, brass or any other metal or alloy of metals not softer than brass. Provided, however, that weights below ounce shall not be made of iron or steel, but may be made of aluminum. Weights must have smooth surfaces and no sharp points or corners. Weights must not be covered with a soft or thick coat of paint or varnish. All holes in which foreign material is placed for adjusting purposes must be so made that the bottom diameter is larger than the top diameter. The adjusting material must not project beyond the surface of the weight and must be securely held in place. Rings on weights shall not be split or removable. All weights shall be clearly marked to show their value, and in addition weights intended to be used on multiplying lever scales must be clearly marked to show the weight they represent on the scale. The tolerances allowed shall not exceed the values given in the following table: TOLERANCES FOR COMMERCIAL WEIGHTS. (Manufacturers' Tolerances or the Tolerances on new weights are one-half of the values listed.) -Counterpoise- Weights for Multiplying-Lever Scales. Ordinary Ratio Ratio 100 :1 Ratio Weights Less and Less 1000:1 Weight. (Ratio 1:1) Than 100 :1. Than 1000:1. and Over. 50 lb. 100 gr. 60 gr. 40 gr. 20 gr. 25 60 36 24 12 20 60 36 24 12 15 40 24 16 8 10 40 24 16 8 8 30 18 12 6 5 30 18 12 6 4 20 12 8 4 3 20 12 8 4 2 15 9 6 3 1 10 6 4 2 10 oz. 10 6 4 2 8 5 3 2 1 5 5 3 2 1 4 5 3 2 1 2 3 1.8 1.2 0.6 1 2 1.2 .8 .4 V* 2 1.2 .8 .4 Va 1 .6 .4 .2 % 0.5 .3 .2 .1 .5 .3 .2 .1 3*2 .5 .3 .2 .1 .2 .12 .08 .04 Ratio of Tolerances 5/5 3/5 2/5 1/5 The tolerances allowed on Apothecaries prescrip- tion weights shall not exceed the values given in the following table: Oz. Troy. Tolerances. Weight. Tolerances. 10 kg. 2000 mg: 12 4 gr. 5 1500 10 4 2 800 8 3 1 500 5 3 . .. 4 2 500 g 350 3 2 200 200 2 2 100 150 1 1 50 100 ,* ■ „ ■* 4 20 50 J 1 • 1 10 40 Drachms > . , J V 5 20 2 15 •' * > - • - 7* _ . 1 10 8 1.0 gr. 6 1.0 500 mg. 6 4 0.7 200 ' 6 3 .6 100 2.5 2 .5 50 2.0 1 .3 Scruples 3 0.3 gr. 2 0.3 1 0.15 Grain 20 .15 gr. 15 .15 10 .10 5 .08 1 .03 STANDARD WEIGHTS, PER BUSHEL, PECK AND QUART IN ILLINOIS. Bushel, Peck, Quart, Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Ozs Alfalfa Seed . ...60 15 1 14 Apples, Green. ...50 12J4 1 9 Apples, Dried . ...24 6 12 Barley . ... 48 12 1 8 Beans, Green or String... ...24 6 12 Beans, Wax . ...24 6 12 Beans, White . ... 60 15 1 14 Beans, Castor. ... 46 ny 2 1 7 Beets . ... 60 15 1 14 Blue Grass Seed. ...14 354 7 Bran . ...20 5 10 Buckwheat . ...52 13 1 10 Carrots . ...50 1254 1 9 Charcoal . ...20 5 10 Clover Seed . ... 60 15 1 14 iuu Q •' - Bushel, Peck, Quart, Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Ozs. Coal . . 80 20 2 8 Coke . . 40 10 1 4 Corn Seed, Broom. . 48 12 1 8 Corn Meal, Unbolted. . 48 12 1 8 Corn, in the Ear. . 70 1 7y 2 2 3 Corn, Kaffir . . 56 14 1 12 Corn, Shelled . . 56 14 1 12 Cotton Seed . . 32 8 1 Cranberries . . 33 sy 4 1 y* Cucumbers . . 48 12 1 8 Emmer . . 40 10 1 4 Flax Seed. . 56 14 1 12 Gooseberries . . 40 10 1 4 Hair, Plastering, Unwashed. . 8 2 Hair, Plastering, Washed... . 4 1 Hemp Seed . . 44 11 1 6 Hickory Nuts . . 50 12 H 1 9 Hungarian Grass Seed. . 50 12J4 1 9 Indian Corn or Maize. . 56 14 1 12 Lime .. . 80 20 2 8 Malt .1. . 38 9}4 1 3 Millet..'. . 50 ny 2 1 9 Millet, Japanese Barnyard.. . 35 m 1 1 y 2 Oats . . 32 8 1 1 Onions . . 57 14J4 1 uy 2 Onion Sets, Top. . 30 ! ry 2 . ® 15 Onion Sets, Bottom. .32 8 1 AI " Orchard Grass Seed. . 14 3/4 v. TJ Osage, Orange Seed... . 33 8J4 1 V -2 Parsnips . . 50 12*4 1 9 Peaches . . 48 12 1 8 Peaches, Dried . . 33 8J4 1 K Peanuts, Green . . 22 5/4 11 Peanuts, Roasted . . 20 5 10 Pears . . 58 uy 2 1 13 1 Peas, Dried . . 60 15 1 14 Peas, Green in Pod. . 32 8 1 Pop Corn, in the Ear. . 70 17^4 2 3 1 Pop Corn, Shelled . . 56 14 1 12 Potatoes, Irish . . 60 15 1 14 Potatoes, Sweet . . 50 1254 1 9 Quinces . . 48 12 1 8 Rape Seed . . 50 12*4 1 9 Red Top Seed. . 14 sy 2 7 Rough Rice . . 45 1154 1 6*4 Rutabagas . . 50 12J4 1 9 Rye Meal . . 50 uy 2 1 9 Rye . . 56 14 1 12 Salt, Coarse. . 55 13J4 1 1154 Salt, Fine . . 50 1214 1 9 1 Shorts . . 20 5 10 Sorghum Seed . . 50 12J4 1 9 Spelt . . 40 10 1 4 Bushel, Peck, Quart, Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Ozs. Spinach . . 12 3 6 Sweet Clover Seed, Unhulled. 33 8 M 1 54 Timothy Seed l . 45 \l% 1 6/4 Tomatoes .. . . 56 14 1 12 Turnips . . 55 13^4 1 1154 Walnuts . . 50 uy 2 1 9 Wheat . . 60 15 1 14 Lbs. Wheat Flour, per barrel. 196 Wheat Flour, per half barrel. . 98 Wheat Flour, per quarter-barrel sack 49 Wheat Flour, per eighth-barrel sack . 24^4 Corn Meal, per bushel sack. . 48 Corn Meal, per half-bushel sack. . 24 Corn Meal, per quarter-bushel sack.. 12 BRIEF REFERENCE TABLES FOR SEALERS. United States Linear Measure. 12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.). 3 ft. = 1 yard (yd.) = 36 inches. 5 x /2 yards = 1 rod (rd.) = 16^4 feet. 320 rods = 1 mile (mi.) = 1760 yards = 5280 feet. Chain Measure. 7.92 inches = 1 link (li.). 100 li. = 1 chain (ch.)=66 feet. 80 ch. = 1 mile (mi.). The engineer’s chain is 100 feet long and consists of 100 links. Square Measure. 144 square inches (sq. in.) = 1 square foot (sq. ft.). 9 sq. ft. — 1 square yard (sq. yd.). 30J4 sq. yd. = 1 square rod (sq. rd.). 160 sq. rd. ~ 1 acre (a.). Surveyor’s Measure. 625 square links (sq. li.) = 1 square rod (sq. rd.). 16 sq. rods = 1 square chain (sq. ch.). 10 sq. ch. = 1 acre (a.). 640 a. = 1 square mile (sq. mi.). 36 sq. mi. (6 mi. sq.) = 1 township (tp.) = 23040 a. Cubic Measure. 1728 cubic inches (cu. in.) = 1 cubic foot (cu. ft.). 27 cu. ft. = 1 cubic yard (cu. yd.). = United States Liquid Measure. 4 gills (gi.) = 1 pint (pt.). 2 pt. = 1 quart (qt.)=8 gills. 4 qt. = 1 gallon (gal.) 8 pints = 32 gills. 31 y 2 gal. = 1 barrel (bbl.) = 126 quarts. 2 bbl. = 1 hogshead (hhd.)=63 gallons = 252 qts. Apothecaries’ Fluid Measure. 60 minims (m.) = 1 fluid dram (fl. dr.). 8 fl. dr. = 1 fluid ounce (fl. oz.) =480 minims. 16 fl. oz. = 1 pint (O.) = 128 fl. dr. = 7680 m. 8 O. = 1 gallon (cong.) = 128 fl. oz. = 1024 fl. dr. United States Dry Measure. 2 pints (pt.) = 1 quart (qt.). 8 qt. = 1 peck (pk.) = 16 pints. 4 pk. = 1 bushel (bu.)=32 quarts = 64 pints. Avoirdupois Weight. 27 11/32 grains (gr.) = 1 dram (dr.). 16 dr. = 1 ounce (oz.)= 437^4 grains. 16 oz. = 1 pound (lb.) = 156 drams = 7000 grains. 100 lbs. = 1 hundredweight (cwt.) = 1600 ounces. 20 cwt. = 1 ton (t.) =2000 pounds. Troy Weight. 24 grains (gr.) = 1 pennyweight (dwt.). 20 dwt. = 1 ounce (oz.) =480 grains. 12 oz. = 1 pound (lb.) = 240 dwt. = 5760 gr. Apothecaries* Weight. 20 grains (gr.) = 1 scruple (3). 3 3 = 1 dram (3) =60 gr. 8 3 = 1 ounce (3) = 24 3 = 480 gr. 12 3 = 1 pound (lb.) = 96 3 = 288 3 = 5760 gr. Number of cubic inches in U. S. Standard capacity measures: Liquid Measure. 1 gallon contains 231 cu. in. y 2 gallon contains 115.5 cu. in. 1 quart contains 57.75 cu. in. 1 pint contains 28.875 cu. in. 54 pint contains 14.437 cu. in. 1 gill contains 7.218 cu. in. 1 fluid oz. contains 1.804 cu. in. 1 dram contains .225 cu. in. Dry Measure. 1 bushel contains 2150.42 cu. in. y 2 bushel contains 1075.21 cu. in. 1 peck contains 537.60 cu. in. y 2 peck contains 268.80 cu. in. 54 peck contains 134.40 cu. in. 1 quart contains 67.20 cu. in. 1 pint contains 33.60 cu. in. y 2 pint contains 16.80 cu. in. The Metric System. The metric system is based on a unit of length (the meter). A cubic box one-tenth of a meter on the side has the unit of capacity, a liter, and the water contained in a liter weighs one kilogram. The unit of weight, the gram, in the metric system is the weight of water contained in a cubical box one- hundredth of a meter on a side. (Note: These values are not precisely correct, but hold for all but the most refined measurements.) The entire system is then built up by multiplying or dividing the unit by ten, one hundred and one thousand, using always the same prefix to indicate what the unit is multiplied or divided by, thus: milli means 1/1000 or divided by 1000 centi means 1/100 or divided by 100 deci means 1/10 or divided by 10 deka means 10 or multiplied by 10 hecto means 100 or-multiplied by 100 kilo means 1000 or multiplied by 1000. The tables then become: Length. 10 milli-meters = 1 centi-meter. 10 centi-meters = 1 deci-meter. 10 deci-meters = 1 meter. 10 meters = 1 aekameter. 10 deka-meters = 1 hecto-meter. 10 hecto-meters = 1 kilo-meter. Weight. 10 milli-grams = 1 centi-gram. 10 centi-grams = 1 deci-gram. 10 deci-grams = 1 gram. 10 grams = 1 deka-gram. 10 deka-grams = 1 hecto-gram. 10 hecto-grams = 1 kilo-gram. Capacity. 10 milli-liters = 1 centi-liter. 10 centi-liters — 1 deci-liter. 10 deci-liters = 1 liter (1 cubic deci-meter). 10 liters = 1 deka-liter. 10 deka-liters = 1 hecto-liter. 10 hecto-liters = 1 kilo-liter. In the metric system there is but one standard of weight, one standard of measure for liquids and dry commodities alike, and but one standard of length. A Few Useful Equivalents. 1 centi-meter = .394 inch. Approximate Equivalents. 4 1 0 1 inch =2.54 centi-meters. 2%. 1 yard = .914 meter. 9 1 O 1 meter =39.37 inches. 39K = 1.09 yards. liV 1 kilo-meter = .621 mile. % 1 mile = 1.61 kilo-meters. 1A 1 nail = 2^4 inches. 1 palm = 3 inches. 1 hand = 4 inches. 1 barley-corn = l /$ inch. 1 span — 9 inches. 1 cubit = 18 inches. 1 pace = 3 feet. 1 hairsbreadth = 1/48 inch. 1 dry quart = 1.164 liquid quarts (U. S.). 1« — 67.2 cubic inches. 1 liquid quart = .859 dry quart (U. S.).^ .. t = 57.75 cubic inches. 1 liter == 1.056 liquid quarts (U. S.). :ltJ l^oj = .908 dry quart (U. S.). : 1 cubic inch = 4.43 fl. dr. 4% 1 cubic meter = 1.308 cubic yards. iy 3: 1 cubic yard =21.696 bushels (U. S.). 21% 1 fluid dram = .226 cu. in. • , , % 1 hecto-liter = 26.42 gallons (U. S.). 26%; ,. = .765, cubic meter. % = 2.84 bushels (U. S.). 2f 1 cord (firewood) = 4x4x8 ft. = 128 cu. ft. 1 barrel refined oil =42 gallons. 3 _, 1 heaped bushel = 1% struck bushel or ordinary bushel. - ' < L ‘ j «*/>.-. - • -< v — - • - - * 1 firkin butter = 56 pounds. 1 gallon of water weighs 8.323 pounds. 1 gram = 15.43 grains. ^ , 15% 1 rpili-gram — .0154 grains. .... „ ;t#o 1 grain =64.8 milli-grams. , 65 1 ounce (Av.) = 28.35 grains* - 28% 1 kilo-gram = 2.205 pounds (Av.). , x 1 pound (Av.) =.454 kilo-gram. ,. ^o 1 ton =907.185 kilo-grams 900 1* metric ton = 2204.62 pounds (Av.). 2200 1 long^ton = 2240 pounds. 1 carat = 3.171 grains (varies considerably). To find the diameter of a circle from the circum- . J x. ^ zh ference divide the circumference by 3.1416. To find the capacity of a rectangular box or bin: Multiply the length by the breadth by the depth or height. The three dimensions must be in the same units. Example: A bin is 6 ft. wide, 5 ft. 6 in. deep and 8 ft. 3 in. long. Its capacity is 6 X 5% X 8% =272% cubic feet. * , • . \ v - To - find the capacity of a cylindrical measure dr . r- • - •> r box'; or bin: > Multiply the diameter by the diameter by 3.1416 by the height and divide by 4. Example: If a cylindrical measure is 13 inches in diameter and 6 inches in depth, its capacity is (13 X 13 X 3.1416 X 6) ~ 4 = 796.39 cubic inches. Find the approximate capacity of a barrel of di¬ mensions different from those given in the statutes by measuring the mean diameter and depth. Ex¬ ample: A barrel is 25 inches between the heads in- side. The inside diameter of the top and bottom is 18 inches and the inside diameter at the center is 20 inches. Find the capacity. The average diameter is approximately % of the diameter of the ends and of the center, or (18"-f- 20") -f- 2= 19 inches. Then pro¬ ceed as in the case of a cylinder. (19 X 19 X 3.1416 X 25) 4 = 7088.2 cu. in. To find the capacity of a berry box which has sloping sides, the approximate capacity can be found by adding the area of the top and the area of the bottom and dividing by 2, and then multiplying by the depth. Example: A berry box is 5.1 X 5.1 inches on top; 4.37 X 4.37 inches at the bottom, and 2.93 in depth, the content is [(4.37 X 4.37) -j- (5.1 X 5.1)] X 2.93 -f- 2 = 66.1 cubic inches. To find the capacity of a berry box more exactly, find the area of the top and the area of the bottom, and the perpendicular depth. Then multiply one- third of the height by the sum of the top area plus the bottom area plus the square root of the product of the two areas. Example: A berry box is 5.1 inches on the side at the top and 4.37 inches on the side at the bottom. The depth is 2.93 inches, then 1-3X2.93 ■{ [(4.37 X 4.37) + (5.1 X 5.1)] + V [(4.37 X 4.37)X(5.1 X 5.1)] } = 65.8 cubic inches. To find the number of tons of coal in a bin, find the number of cubic feet it occupies and multiply by the weight of a cubic foot of coal and divide by 2,000. Example: Average nut coal weighs about 52 pounds to the cubic foot of coal. If a rectangular bin is 5 feet wide and 8 feet 6 inches long and filled evenly to a depth of 4 feet, there will be: 5X8^4 X 4 = 170 cubic feet of coal, or (170 x 52) -f- 2,000 = 4.42 tons of coal. The weight of a cubic foot of various kinds of coal as given in a bulletin of the Anthracite Coal Operators’ Association is as follows: Weight Cu. Ft. Per Per Ton Cu. Ft., Lbs. 2,000 Lbs. Lehigh Lump . . 55.26 36.19 Lehigh Cupola . . 55.22 36.02 Lehigh Broken. . 56.85 35.18 Lehigh Egg. . 57.74 34.63 Lehigh Stove . . 58.15 34.39 Lehigh Nut. ..... 58.26 34.32 Lehigh Pea . . 53.18 37.60 Lehigh Buckwheat . . 54.04 37.01 Lehigh Dust . . 57.25 34.93 Free Burning Egg. . 56.07 35.67 Free Burning Stove. . 56.33 35.50 Free Burning Nut. . 56.88 35.50 Pittsburgh . . 46.48 43.03 Illinois. . 47.22 42.35 Connellsville Coke. . 26.30 76.04 Hocking . . 49.30 40.56 Indiana Block. . 43.85 45.61 Erie . . 48.07 41.61 Cannel . . 49.18 40.66 Pocahontas Mine Run. . 55.55 36.00 Pocahontas Egg Lump. . 50.00 40.00