THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY From the collection of Julius Doerner, Chicago Purchased, 1918. 031 REVISED, IMPROVED EDITION THE NEW CONKLIN'S HANDY MANUAL OF USEFUL INFORMATION AND WORLD'S ATLAS For Mechanics, Merchants, Editors, Lawyers, Printers Doctors, Farmers, Lumbermen, Bankers, Book- Keepers, Politicians, and all classes of workers in every department of human effort ; also A Compilation of Facts for Reference on 2,000 Sub- jects, being an epitome of matters Historical, Statistical, Biographical, Political, Geo- graphical and of General Interest Census for 1900 Up to Date of Publication COMPILED BY Prof. GEO. W. CON KLIN of the Hamilton University CopyHght, im, 7^ /v'7. hi/ LAIRD & LEE, Copyri: . h,/ H'.M. H. LEE. CHICAGO LAIRD & LEE, Publishers 1902 THE SCHLEY VERDICT, DEC. 13, 1901 Majority report, by Admiral Dewey and Rear Admsrais Benham and Ramsay. (Admiral Dewey, the President of the court, signed this ciocuinent. bnt took exceptions iis stated in his miiioi iiy report. See next page.) "Coiuinodore Schley, in command of the flying squad- ron, should have proceeded with utmost dispatcli off Cieiifuegos, and should have maintained a close blockade of that port. •'He should have endeavored, on May 23, at Cien- fueyos, to obtain information regarding the Spanish squadron by communicaiing wii.h the insurgents at the pla (;e designated in the memorandum delivered to him at 8; 15 a. m. of that dale. '"He should have proceeded from Cienfuegos to Sin- tiago de Cuba with all dispatch, and should have disposed bis vessels with a view of iniercepiing the enemy in any attempt to pass the flying sqnadi on. "He should not have delayed the squadron for the Eajile. "He should not have made the retrograde turn west- ward with his squadron. He should have pi omptly obeyed the Navy deparl- meni's order of May 25. " He shouhl have endeavored to capture or destrov the Spanish vessels at, anchor near the entrance of Santiago harbor on May 29 and 30. " He did not do his utmost with the force unrier his command to capture or destroy the Colon and other vessels of the enemy which he a ttacked on May 31. "By Commencing the eng{jgement on July 3 with the port ba'tery and turnimr the Brooklyn ai'ound with port helm. Commodore Scliley caused it to lo^e distance and po^nlion with the Si>anish Vessels. The turn was made toward the Texas, and caused that vessel to .stop aud back its engines to avoid a possible collision. "Admiral Schley did injnstice to Lieutenant Com- mand sr A. C. Hodgson in publishiiig only a portion of the cort esnomlence which jiassed between them. '•Commodore Schley's conduct in connection with the events of the Santiago campaign prior to June 1. 1898, was characterized by vacillation, dilatoriness, and lack of enterprise. " His official reports resxardine: the coal supply and the coaling facilities of the flying squadron were inaccurate and misleading. '•His conduct during the battle of July 3 was self- 703068 possessed, and he encouraged, in his own pprson, his subordinate ottlcers and men to fight courageously." Minority report, by Admiral Dewey, President of the Court. "Ill tlie opinion of the under.- igned, the Dassii^e from Key Wesi to Cienfuegos was made by tlie flying squadrnu with all possible dispatch, Commodore Schley ha.-ing in view the importance of arriving off Cienfuegos with as much coal as pos&ible in the ships' bunkers. ' The blockade of Cienfuegos w is effective. Commander Schley, in permitiing the British steamer Adula lo enter the port of Cienfuegos, expected to obtain informiiiion concerning the Spanish Squadron from it when it came out. "The passage from Cienfuegos toa point about twenty- two miles south of Santiago was made with as much dispatch as was possible while keeping the squadron a unit. " The blockade of Santiago was effective, "Commodore Schley was the senior officer of our squadron off Santiago when the Spanish squadron attempted to escape on the morning of July 3, 1898. He was in absolute command and is entitled to the credit due to sucn commanding officer for the glorious victory which resulted in the total destruction of the Spanish ships. The Court of Inquiry recommended that •»ln view of the length of time which has elapsed since the occurrence of the events of the Santiago campaign, no further proceed- ings be had in the premises." On Dec. 21, 1901 Secretary Long approved of the majority report, and of this recom- mendation, ret using to give further hearing to Schley, Sampson, or others in this matter. SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF WILLIAM IVIcKINLEY Twenty-fifth President of the United States. Born Jan. 22, 1843, at Niles. Trumbull Co., O. Ances" try. Scotch-Irish. Joined M E. Cliurch 1858. Attended public school and Union Seminary. Poland. 0.,tiil 1858. Tauerht school, 1859. Entered Allegheny College 1860. Enlisted as a private in Co. E, 23d Ohio V. I., June 11, 1861. Promoted to sergeant April 15, 1862: to sec- ond lieutenani Sept. 23, 1862: to first lieutenant Feb. 7, 1863: io cap'ain July 25, 1864. Bievetted major March 13. 1865. Mustered out July 26, 1865. Admitted to the bar at Canton, O., 1867. Elected Prosecuting Attor- ney 1869. Married Miss Id i S ine Islands without, hard.ship to any one. For the Islands tlie Phiiip))ines commission framed a tariff that is splendidly adopted to the needs of the people there without showing any favor to Americans over any other nations. It imposes the same ierican ships. This re.striction does not anply to the transportation between the U. S. and the Philippines. The revenues derived from custom duties in the Philip- pines, and tlie duties paid in ihis country on goods imported from the island.-s, shall all be paid into i he trea- sury of the islands, to be expended for their benefit. THE HAY-PAUNCEFOTE TREATY. Was ratified by the U. S. Senate on Dec. 16, 1901. It frees the U. S. from all burdensome obliiraiion-- of the Clayton-Buluer treaty, ratified July 4, 1850. in which England and the U. S. boib guaranteed the neutrality of a proposed ship-canal aci oss Central-America . By I lie new treaty the U. S. a ione acquires full c(mtiol and guarantees neutrality toall the nations. The former restricii(»n that *• no fortifications shall be erected com- manding the canal or the waters adjacent" is omitted. In the old clause: "Thecanal shall be free and open [in time of war as in time of peace] to the vessels of com- merce and of war of all nations," the bracketed words have been omitted. There is no obstacle now in the way of an Isthmian Canal built and controlled exclusively by the United States, either over the Nicaragua or the Pana:na route. REVISED INDEX, (ipoi)- MAPS Index Page X. I>ES€RIPTION OF MAPS, Etc " X. INDEX TO USEFUL INFORMATION. A PAGE. Accidents on Water, Rules for 213 Acre— Dimensions of one 26 Alcohol as a Drink 99 Alloys 161 Alps, The 124 Andes Mountains, The 124 Animal s, Ages of , 124 Antidotes for Poisons 82 Apothecary's Weights 285 Aqueducts of Ancient Home 125 Archimedean Screw 156 Architects and Builders, Useful Information for 30 Arctic Explorers, Most northern point reached by . . 110 Armenian Massacre 439 Armies of the Principal Nations 141 Armories of the United States 309 Army of the United States. (1901) 143,306 Arsenals of the United States 309 Artesian Wells 157 Asphalt , 5 Asses on United States Farms 73 Atlantic Ocean Steamship Records 137 Australian Ballot System 271 Automobile, 15 Rules for Running an 209 Avoirdupois Weights 285 Average Velocity of Various Bodies, The 154 B Babylonian Architecture Ii5 Bankruptcy, Law of, 1898 2(U Bark Measurement at Sight 25i) Battles— Greatest in History 105 Bell— Largest in the World 185 Bible, Curiosities of the 157 Bibles of the World, The 3 Biggest Thiners. The 74 Blackinsr. A Waterpr 242 Board and Plank. Tvr, ; 24S II. PAGK. Books Published 71 Breviries, Legal 277 Bricklayers' Work 25 Bricks; Quantities Required 31 Bridges, Notable 38 Brushes, How to Cleanse 213 Builders' Estimating Tables 23 Building Materials; Estimates 29 Bushel, Pounds to the 72 Business— Safe Rules 276 C Calendar up to 1927 76 Canals, International 159 Canals— Length and Cost 73 Capitals, Use of .... ^ 275 Carpenters' Work 25 Castings, Shrinkage of 99 Cast Iron, Weight of Square or Round 257 Cavern, Biggest in the World 75 Census of 1900 99, 170, 199, 214, 386, 215 Centenarians in the United States 15 Century of Growth, Our 130 Checks 175 Child's Prophecies 278 Cholera, History and Treatment 79 Chronology of Spanish- American War 530 Circular Measure 285 Circus in Germany, An American 197 Cisterns, Capacity of 313 Cities, Relative Rank of Our Largest (1880-1900). . . 214 Cities, Social Statistics of 168 Civil Service 299 Civil War, Important Events of the 39 Clerks, Valuable Suggestions to 222 Cloth Measure. 285 Coins, First American 235 Cold — Degrees Needed to Freeze Certain Substances, 284 Coliseum at Rome 125 Colleges, Founding of Noted 129 Colored Population of the United States 14 Colors, Symbolic Meaning of - 223 Commercial Travelers, Tax on 279 Common Carriers, Law Concerning 177 Confederate Money .'J05 Congress, Reapportionment of U. S. (1901) 203 Contagious and Eruptive Diseases 87 Co-Par tnerships. 103 Coppers, Capacities, Size, and Weight, of 250 Copyright Law, the New 215 Gordwood, Weights of 252 III. PAGE. Corn — How Deep to Plant it 69 Corn — How to Measure it in the Crib 69 Correspondence, The Correct Thing in — 208 Cost of Articles by the piece, from 1 lo 1 dozen 226 Countries of the World, Principal , . 194 Cuba 336, 525 Cuban Independence Recognized. 263 Cubic Foot of Earth, Stone, etc.. Weight of 35 Ciktoic Measure 284 Currency Circulation, United States 102 D Debt of Nation, States and Counties (1880-1890) ... 150 Debt of the World 151 Deposit, Certificates of 174 Depots of the United States Army 309 Desert, Largest in the World 75 Detailed Debt of the United States (1890) 151 Diamonds, Value of 31 Diana, Temple of 125 Digestion; Average Time According Nature of Food 89 Distances from Washington, D. C, to Various Points all over the World 109 Divorce Laws in the United States 105 Drafts 175 Dry Measures , 284 Due Bills 171 E Education, Higher 129 Eggs, How to Preserve 167 Engineering, Ancient and Modern 125 Engineers and Mechanics, Tables for , 252 Equestrians, Law Ruling 182 Exi)orts and Imports 230 F Famoi?s Sayin gs 93 Facts Worth Knowing 167 Farm Crops in 1900, Value of 296 Farm Deed— What it Includes 70 Farmers of America 236 First Occurrences, Dates of 90 First Steamer Crossing the Atlantic 136 Flax in the United States 144 Floor Measures 29 Food, Analysis of Articles of Ill Foods for Stock, Relative Value of 153 Foreign Trade of the United States (1874-1900) .... 140 IV PAGE, Foreign Coins, Value of , . , 227 Formulas, Valuable 213 Fort, Oldest American = 296 Fortress; L a.m. :03 p.m. :22 p.m. :23 p.m. :07 a.m. :50 a.m :58 a.m. :15 p.m.' :58 p.m. :32 a.m. :58 a.m„ :40 a.m. :44 a.m. :20 am. :42 a.m. :44 p.m. :37 p.m. :50 a.m. :C7 a.m. :56 a.m. :18 a.m. :51 a.m. :43 a.m. :05 a.m. :40 a.m. :45 a.m. :58 a.m» 5 HOW TO TELL ANY PERSON'S AGE. There is a good deal of amusement in the following* magical table of figures. It will enable you to tell hov* , old the young ladies are. Just hand this table to a young lady, and request her to tell you in which column or col j umns her age is contained, and add together the figures at the top of the columns in which her age is found, an^ you have the great secret. Thus, suppose her age to be 1*?, you will find that number in the first and fifth col- umns; add the first figures of these two columns. Her©. Is the magic table: 1 2 4 8 16 32: 3 3 5 9 17 33 5 6 6 10 18 3^ 7 7 7 11 19 35 9 10 12 12 20 36^ 11 11 13 13 21 37 13 14 14 14 22 38 15 15 35 15 23 3& 17 18 20 24 24 40 19 19 ?1 25 25 41 21 22 22 26 26 42 23 23 23 27 27 43 25 26 28 28 28 44 27 27 29 29 29 45 29 30 30 30 30 46 31 31 31 31 31 47 33 34 36 40 48 4a 35 35 37 41 49 49 37 38 38 42 50 60 39 39 39 43 61 6S 41 42 44 44 62 52 43 43 45 45 53 63 45 46 46 46 54 47 47 47 47 55 it 49 50 52 56 56 66 51 51 53 57 57 53 54 54 58 58 55 55 55 59 59 69 67 58 60 60 6Q 59 59 61 61 61 61 62 62 62 62 62 63 63 63 63 63 63 Aspbalt, or Aspbaltum.— -A bituminous sub^ stance, found in the tertiary strata in different parts oC the earth, evidently produced from coal by the action of heat. It is much used as a pavement when misled with certain proportions of lime, gravel or pounded stOB@i^ Coal-tar is artificial asphalt. 4> Q >. .Jo '3. § 2 3i C30 1) O) _ J So . d §) > i: §5 5 5 > 3 C aj- § G .;5 J ^ g g la c c fi ® .2 H 3.2 35 oj -tio fiS .a *a cS *2 i ^ O « .rt -M o ^ § fl o"3 oi «j C 4) ^ .23 ^ j ^ M ^3 o • ™ a) 3 I ^ ^ r3 .s o) M s III S .iS :S 5 5 3 « -i^ ti ^ v5 t}OOOiOOXiOOOOOOOOOOr-"350 rC'rfrHM'rH'H^'" rn" m"tH rH rH tH ^TrH ^"^frH rH^rH rH ^^^r^ 0^" M S o m c o . j3 O O O as " 4) re 03 • ^-^^ - • C ;3 cJ Q. « c 2"^ i 7 .2 s c 3 =« o rf^ ^ do* odd d ^TrHrHrHr-T r-T c o SI H w Ph Pi « o ^ c» < oooooooooooooooooo OOOOOOO^OOOONOOOOIOO i-Tr-l r-TrH r-( pH ^"r-Tr-i rH rl i-l J^JcTrHC^TrH i-< : : ' o • ^ . ^' ^ tc s ~ f 2i i 5 SZ5 OOOPupHflm A, Pi . : ^ : p g o oj . ^2 ^ ^ ^ (B "*f & aj 4> - ^ ^"Js ^Si^o-S o-S NEW YORK STATE CAPITOL, ALBANY, N, Y. STATE CAPITOL, SPRINGFIELD, ILL. 9 Panliamentapy Rules and Usages. The following are the complete rules, in a plain and compact form, for conducting a public meeting. Si^ Quorum. — A quorum is a sufficient number of the members ol an association to legally transact business. Unless a quorum is present no busmess is in order, except to adjourn. A majority of the members constitutes a natural quorum, but the by-laws of (the association may prescribe a smaller number. The Chairman. — Itis the duty of the chairman to open the sneetingat the time fixed upon, by taking the chair, calling the house to order, to announce the business before the house in the order in which it is to be acted upon; to receive and submit all motions; to put to vote all questions which are regularly moved, or which necessarily arise in the course of proceedings, and to announce the result; to restrain every one, when engaged in debate, within the rules of order; to enforce the obseirvance of order and decorum; to appoint committees; to authenticate by his signature, when necessary, all the acts and proceedings of the house, and generally to declare its will. He may speak to points of order in preference to others; shall der'de all questions of order, and if the house is evenly divided he may give the casting vote, in doing which he may, if he pleases, give his reasons. The Clerk. — Itis the duty of the clerk or secretary to keep correct minutes of the proceedings of the house; to rea.d all papers when ordered, and for this purpose he should always rise; to call the roll, and state the answer when a vote is taken by yeas and nays; to have the custody of all papers and dociiments, and to authenticate the acts and proceedings of the house by his signature. Committees. — Standing committees sit permanently; special committees perform only some particular duty, when they arc discharged. The person first-named is usually regarded as chairman, but this is only a matter of courtesy; every committee has a right to select its own chairman. Custom, however, has practically taken away this right, and it is considered bad form to elect any other person than the first-named as chairman. The mover of a motion to commit, should be placed on the committee and first-named, except where the matter committed concerns him personally. In the appointment of the committee no person directly opposed to the measure committed should be named, and when any person who is thus opposed to same, hears himself named of its committee he should ask to be excused. The chair appoints all committees. Committees do not adjourn, but, when they have concluded their deliberations, should rise and report. The report should be presented by the chairman. When the roBifFt is received the committee is dissolved and cannot act further v/ithout new power. Any committee required or entitled to report upon a subject referred to them may make a majority' and minority report, white 10 »ny member oi such committee dissenting in whole or in part, frona cither the conclusion or the reasoning of both the majority and minority, may also present a statement of his reasons for such, dissent, which should be received in connection with the reports. ^ The committee of the whole is an expedient to simplify the busi- ness of legislative bodies. No record is made of its proceedings.! The presiding officer puts the question, and, if san.e is carried,^ appoints some person as chairman and then vacates the chair. i Motions. — Propositions made to a deliberative assembly are called motions; when the proposition is put to vote it is called the question. A motion cannot be entertained or the question put, until the same has been seconded. After this it becomes the prop- erty of the house, and cannot be withdrawn except by leave. It must be in writing whenever the house or presiding officer require it, and must be read when any person demands it for information. An exception to the rule requiring a second to a motion is made in cases when the proposition is to proceed with or to execute an order of the house; as where it is moved to proceed with an order of the day, or where a call is made for the enforcement of some order relating to the observance of decorum. No motion can be made while a speaker has the floor, nor while another motion is pending, except it be a question of privilege. ILmendments — A motion may be amended by inserting or adding words, or by striking out words, or by striking out and inserting words. An amendment takes precedence of the original question and must be first decided. So, too, an amendment to an. amendment must be decided before the amendment. *A moti«D> maybe made to amend, after which a motion will be to amend the amendment, but this is the full limit of the rule by which one motion may be put upon another. A motion to a'~:C-^3ebate or discussion is in order, but if the decision is not satisfac- tory any one may object to it and appeal to the house. On appeal being taken, the question should be: "Shall the decision of the ^hair stand as the judgment of the house?" Whereupon the luestlon may be debated and discussed the same as any other question. Commitment. — Any measure maybe referred to a committee, on motion. This motion stands in the same degree with the pre- vious question and postponement, and, if first made, takes pre- cedence of them. A motion to commit may be amended by the substitution of one kind of committee for another, or by enlarging or diminishing the number of the members of the committee, as originally proposed, or by instructions to the committee. After a measure has been committed and reported, it should not, in an ordinary course, be recommitted, but in cases of importance, and for special reasons, it is sometimes recommitted, and usually to the same committee. ^ Reconsideration. — When a motion or question shah have been determined, either in the affirmative or negative, it is always in order for any one who voted with the majority, or in case the vote was eoually divided, for one who voted in the negative, to move for a reconsideration thereof Such motion must be made at the same meeting at which the former vote was taken. A motion to reconsider, being put and lost, cannot be renewed. UndebataDie Motions. — A motion to adjourn; to lay on fche table, and a call for the previous question, must be decided without debate. And all incidental questions of order, arising after a motion is made for either of the foregoing questions, must be decided, whether on appeal or otherwise, without debate. Order in Debate. — When a person means to speak, he is tc stand up in his place, uncovered., and address himself to the chair, who calls him by name, that all may take notice who it is that speaks. A person who is indisposed may be indulged to speak sitting. When a person rises to speak, no question is to be put, but he is to be heard undisturbed, unless overruled. If two or more rise to speak nearly together, the chair deter* mines who was first up and calls him by name, whereupon he pro- ceeds, unless he voluntarily sits down and yields the floor to the Other. ' No ont may speak more than twice to the same question with- out the consent of the house, except merely to explain himself in some material part of his speech, or to the manner of the words in question, keeping himself to that only and not going the merits of it. If the chairman rises to speak, the person standmg muse sit down, that the chair may be first heard. 13 No one is to speak impertinently, or iDeside the ques- tion, or to use indecent language against the proceedings of the house. Nor should a person in speaking, mention another then present, by his name, but should describe by his seat, or as "the gentleman who spoke last," or, *' on the other side of the question," etc. Any one when called to order by another or by the chair, must sit down, and not proceed without leave until the question of order shall have been decided by the chair. While the presiding officer is addressing the house or putting a question, no one should cross the floor or leave the room; nor while another is speaking, walk between him and the chair. Adjournment.— A motion to adjourn is not suscept ible of amendment. If it is desirable to adjourn to any particular place or time, this may be accomplished by a previous resolution to that effect. FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS. Odd Fellows 1,025,073 Freemasons 896,830 Modern Woodmen of A] erica 547,625 Knights of Pythias.... 492,506 Ancient Order of Unit- ed Workmen 410,000 Improved Order of Red Men 236,702 Knights of the Macca- bees 227.936 Royal Areannm 205,628 Junior Order of United American Mechanics 183.508 Foresters of America. . 175,569 Independent Order of Foresters 170,000 W^oodmenof theWorhl 114,643 Ancient Order of Hiber- bians of America 104,869 Benevolent and Protec- tive Order of Elks. . . 75,000 Knights of the Golden Eagle 70.000 Knights of Honor 62,173 Ladies' Catholic Benev- olent Association... . 59.821 National Union 58,000 Improved Order of Heptosaphs 55,668 Elnights and Ladies of Honor 53,000 Order of United Amer- ican Mechanics 49,189 Catholic Benevolent Legion 44.000 Ancient Order of For- resters 38,098 Tribe of Ben Hur 36,429 Sons of Temperance. . . 34,614 Independent Order of B'nai B'rith 31,750 New England Oi'der of Protection 29,688 Knights of Malta...... 27,000 Catholic Knights of America 23,200 United Order of Pil- grim Fathers 22,901 Royal Templars of Temperance 22,718 Brith Abraham order.. 19,487 Order of Chosen Friends 17,533 United Ancient Order of Druids 16,782 Irish Catholic Benevo- lent Union 14,095 American Legion of Honor 13,107 Smaller organziations not reported 54,913 1» Total 5,722,016 14 MINERAL PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The 1890 census furnishes the following data concern^ Ing this important branch of public wealth. It divides mineral products into two classes. Metallic Products (11 different metals). Value ex- tractH3d in 1889: ^269, 590,487; iron counting the highest ($120,000,000), and platinum the lowest ($2,000), with 66 million worth of silver and 32 million worth of gold. Non-Metallic Mineral Products (44 different substances). Value extracted in 1889: $307,640,175. headed by coal (bituminous for 94 millions: anthracite. 66 millions; total, $160,000,000), followed by lime, 33 millions; petro- leum, 27 millions, and natural gas, 21 millions. Then eome cement, 5 millions; salt, 4 millions, etc., down to lithographic stones, value $243. For the preceding ten years (1880-89 inclusive) we find the following totals: Metallic Products $2,165,000,310 Non-Metallic Minerals 2,461,843,320 Unspecified Minerals 60,500,000 Grand Total $4,687,343,630 for ten years' production. The Total Colored Population, as returned under the census of 1890, is 7,638,360. Of this number 7,470,040 are persons of African descent, 107,475 are Chinese, 2,039 are Japanese, and 58,806 are civilized Indians. Considering persons of African descent, it is seen that there has been an increase, during the decade from 1880 to 1890, of 889,247, or 13.51 per cent, as against an in- crease, during the decade from 1870 to 1880, of 1,700,784, or 34.85 per cent. The abnormal increase of the colored population of the South, during the decade ending in 1880, led to the popular belief that the negroes were in- creasing at a much greater rate than the white popula- tion. The last census has showTi, however, that) the high rate of increase in the colored population, as shown, by the census of 1880, was apparent only, and w^as due to the imperfect enumeration of 1870 in the southern states There has been an increase in the number of Chinese in the United States, during the decade from 1880 to 1890, of only 2,010, or 1.91 per cent, the number returned in 1880 being 105,465, and the number returned in 1890 being 107,475. The Chinese increased 66.88 per cent from 1870 to 1880, and 80.91 per cent from 1860 to 1870. In 1880 the Japanese in the United States numbered only 148, while in 3 890 they numbered 2,039. In 1870 there were only 55 Japanese returned under that census. *rThe civilized Indians have decreased during the past ten years 7.601. nv 1 145 ])er cent, the number returned in 1880 beiiiiz: (iO. 107 as aL^ainst 58,806 returned in 1890. 15 CENTENARIANS IN THE UNITED STMfES. Bulletin No. 154 of the Census of 1890, treats ex- clusively of the poorhouses throughout the United States. It finds therein 73,045 paupers, 40,741 of these oeing males, and 32,304 females. Then the ages are given in detail, ranging from less than 1 year to the respectable age of 128. Here is a table? of all the paupers 100 years old and over: AGE. MALE. FEMALE. TOTAL. AGE. MALE, FEMALE. TOTAL, 100 to 104 105 to 109 no to 114 115 to 119 .... 122 40 16 () 5 0 51 18 9 6 1 91 34 15 11 1 123 125 128 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 Totals, .68 88 15(3 Of the Jive oldest paupers /o Mr are women, and belong: [or rather belonged, for they are probably dead -since 1890] to the following states: Missouri (122), South. Carolina (123), Tennessee (125) and Alabama (128). The man (age, 123) was in a Georgian institution. All five were colored. Between 90 and 94 years old, we flnd 345 men and 271 women. Between 95 and 99 years old, we find 80 men. and 75 women. Out of a total of 73,045 inmates, the proportion is enormous. THE SPHINX. In ancient mythology the sphinx was a monster having the head and breast of a woman, the body of a dog, the tail of a serpent, the wings of an eagle, the paws of a lion and a human voice, She lived in the country near Thebes,, and proposed to every passer-by the following enigma: '"What animal is that which walks on four legs in the morning, two at noon and three in the evening "?" CEdi- pus solved the riddle thus : Man is the animal, for when he is an infant he crawls on his hands and feet; 4n the noontide of life he walks erect, and as the evening of his existence sets in, he supports himself with a stick." When the Sphinx found her riddle solv^ed she destroyed herself. Her image is found often represented in ancient Egyptian architecture. TO CPOSS THE RUBICON. To take a decisive step as did Caesar when he cpogsed.thft small stream that separated Gaul from Italy. No Roman, general was allowed to come so near the capital city with, his army. 16 POPULAR and ELECTaRAL VOTES for PRESIDENTS. TEAR." CANDIDATES. PARTY. Popular Elec'l Vote. Vote. 1840. .Martin Van Buren Democrat 1,128,702 48 1840. .W. H. Harrison Whig 1,275,017 234 1844.. James K. Polk. Democrat l.;^37,243 170 1844.. Henry Clay Whig 1.299,068 105 1848. .Zachary Taylor Whig 1,800,10"1 163 1848.. Lewis Cass Democrat 1.220.544 127 ' 1848. .Martin. Van Buren Free Soil.. 291,263 1852.. Franklin Pierce Democrat 1.601.474 254 1852..Winfield Scott Whig 1,386,578 42 1852. .John F. Hale Free Soil 156,149 .... 1856. ..James Buchanan Democrat 1.838,169 174 1856.. John C. Fremont Republican 1.341,262 114 18,56 i .Millard Fillmoj-e.. American 874,534 8 1860. .Abraham 'Lincoln Republican 1.866.352 180 I860.. Stephen A. Douglas ...Democrat 1.375,157 12 1S60. ..Tolm G Breckenridge . . . .Democrat 845,763 72 181)0,. John Bell. Union 589,581 39 1864.. Abraham Lincoln.. Republican 2.216.067 212 1864. .George B. McClellan Democrat 1,808,725 21 1868 :.U. Grant Republican 3,015,071 214 1868.. Horatio Seymour Democrat 2.709,613 80 1872. .U. S; Grant.. Republican 3.597,070 286 1872. .Horace Greely Liber'l and Dcm.2,834,079 1872.. James Black Prohibition .... 5,608 1876:.R. B. Hayes Republican 4,033,950 185 1876. . Samuel J. Tilden Democrat 4,284,885 184 1876.. Peter Cooper Greenback 81,740 1876.. G. C; Smith... Prohibition 9,522 1880. .James A. Garfield Republican 4,449.053 214 1880,,Winfierd S. Hancock Democrat 4,442.035 155 1880/.JamesB. W^eayer. Greenback 307.306 .... 1884 .Grover Cleveland Democrat 4.911.017 219 1884. .James G: Blaine. Republican 4,848,334 182 1884. .Benj. F. Butler Greenback 133,825 1884. .John P. St. John.. Prohibition 151.800 1888V. Benjamiit Harrison. .... Republican 5,441,902 233 1888. . Grover Cleveland Democrat 5,538.560 168 J 88^^Fisk Prohibition 249.937 1888. . Labor Vote. ... 147,521 1892. .Grover Cleveland... . Democrat 5,553,142 277 1892.. Benjamin Harrison Republican. 5,186,931 145 189a". .James B. Yfeavex... .... .People's 1,030,128 22 1892. .John Bidwell..,. Prohibition 268,361 1896. .William McKinley. Republican 7,104,779 271 1896 ; William J. Bryan Democrat 6,502,925 176 1 896 . . Palmer. Gold Dera 133 .424 .... 189G . . Leverfng Prohibition 132 ,007 189^. .Matchett.. Social Democrat. . . 36,274 190V>. . William McKinley Republican 7.220,193 292 19Qft, • Willilam J. Bryan Democrat 6,337,431 155 Wm. . Wooirey Prohibition 207,125 .... 19w...'Debs Social Democrat. . . 85,344 17 Popular and Electoral Vole for President — 10D0 ElIictoraIj States and rOPULAR VOFI Vote Terrimories McKinley Bryan Pluralities McX. Bryam 55,634 96,368 40,734 B 11 44,700 81,141 3.6,442 B 165,175 124,985 ■39,770 Mc 9 93,141 122,408 .29,267 B '"i 102,572 74,014 '28^58 Me *"6 22,529 18,858 3,671 Mc 3 7,314 28,007 20,6.93 JB "4 35,035 81,700 -46,665 B 13 27,198 29,414 "2,216 B 3 Illinois . . 597,985 503,061 .,94,924 Mc "24 336,063 309,594 26,4T9 Mc 15 307,808 209,265 ,98,543 Mc 13 185,955 162,j601 23,354 Mc 10 226,801 234,899 „ 8,098 B ' 1^ 14,233 53,671 39,438 B 65,435 30,822 28,613 Mc * 6 136,305 122,336 .lo,\)bv Mc 8 Massachussets . . , 239.147 157,016 S2,131 Mc 15 Michigan 316,269 211,685 lU4,Oo4 Mc 14 Minnesota 190,461 112,901 77 j560 Mc 9 Mississippi 5,753 51,706 45,953 B 314,093 351,913 37^820 B 17 25,373 37,146 11,773 B 121,385 114,013 7,372 Mc "8 3,849 6,347 2,498 B "i New Hampshire. . 54,798 35,489 19,309 Mc 221,707 164.808 56,899 Mc 10 New York 821.992 678,462 143.530 Mc 0() North Carolina. . 133,080 157,773 24,653 B ' 11 North Dakota 35 891 20.519 15,372 Mc '"'3 543,918 474,882 ij9,036Mc 23 Oregon 46,294 33,067 13,227 Mc Pennsylvania 712,665 424,232 288,433 Mc 32 Rhode Island 33,784 19,812 13,972 Mc ' 3 South Carolina . . 3,779 47,233 43,654 B "9 South Dakota.... 54,530 39,544 14,986 Mc * 4 iZO.UUo 145,250 - 22,242 B Texas 130,641 267,432 136,791 B 15 47,139 45^06 2.133 Mc "'3 lont 42,568 12.830 29.738 Mc 4 117,151 146 177 12 a.^hington ....> 57,456 44,833 l^^xjZo Mc '■■4 West Virginia... 119,851 98.811 21 ,040 Mc 6 Wisconsin 265,866 159,285 1 OB. 5 81 Mc 12 14,482 10,164 4,318 Mc 13 Totals 7,220,193 6,357,431 292 155 f»urality 862,762 tfajority over all 480,148 i 18 How to Tell the Speed of a Train. it^rA ia R wav to tell bow last you are travelmg m a railway '"fee Sing of timber requires from two to four years, ac- wmmsM T>ieces of email dimensions, and is apt to cause c^acKs, ami uu Impair the streneth of wood, unless performed very slowly. Ser of iSSI dimension is improved by t W|r lor some weeks! according to its size, after which, itis less sul>. 'WZlrZ'se'^^^^^^^ its^if^ B-soning. 4ind about one-ihird of its weight in becoming dry. r:i-owtli of tlie United States. it was 17 069 4^^^^ increase of 33.52 per cent; m 1850 it ^ItoTi^rc^^ f„ WOO, it was 76,304,799, an increase of .hat the future .pro.n.ses_ ■g.ti',!,';!"!^ d^f^t^t^„,",^ § o 19 »H f-J c>i ciw-^ ^ o6» t*8»>^fc-C0Ot-C0Ot»00O «"< CO »o CO CO o crj lO CO coo "a* 00 ©i Q »o OS CO fr^ i-J i6c5 r-t i-i ©1 ©* ©i CO 00 rr 25 11500 o« ©J CO T»< *o » CO o CO o St so 5? »-5r-5,-ioi©iTf CO QOt>-»OCO©| O00 OS eo r-i »o 00 CO l>0 CO t- O CO t-o C0l>0 00«0»0C0r-jO00»OC0«O t-1 ©i CO ^ O iOCO£^Q0^C( s 1 '^C«3^»l>00OrHC0"<*t» 1 r-«rHr-lr-«0ieOCOTf t-rH GOiacooootooooeoioeoo COI>rH iO00©»C0O«?-SS 1 »-< i-i r-t c« Gteo CO i> o CO{>OCO^»OCO{>OOOfc>C» cocoooocoqcocbSmSS •^r^»Heioi©ic6oo««* I •-••-< ©i W <0 CO 0> rst-i^0i0l©|©(e9«i o «D «» ©t W^O TT *cjo©ttAe<<> r4(Mt-ir-i©i^©i0OTj«l>r-iCOrf«ot^coo r-< 00 O «0 00 O r-l CO O «0 00 O o CO «'-•»-•©<©< CO CO CO "cr Tj< X) 00 o CO ^ CO OS CO O 00 O 00 lOOD O 00 o ooo r-i w C040 CO t-ooq r-J ©jcoZ o (M «» <»£jJ2co©»OQOi-oco««o ©I OO '^9' UO O CO t-ooo>o o «» t— < ^{»cot»i-^ooscoooo-» w w w w r-i f-i i-i t-H r-( 5^ ^ ;q rj< CO QOO CO«3 t-OS r-« CO O r-lr-.r-(r-(r-lOi©<©i C< j OOOOOOOOOOO^rs^^^CO 1 ^Ctroco^o^C^QOOP^ -•wao'g.tocot-ooosoooooeocoro 1 r •g^YQ- ««-'©<©«coco«c» ■^00^ ocotxxjoso^et SHiMOJf '^'^'^ i 20 ^Isiliilliii 1 1 1 1 90 1.35 1.80 2.25 2.70 3.15 3.60 4.05 4.50 4.95 1 iH o 1 1 25 50 75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 1 20 I 40' i 60 ) 80 ; 1.00 ) 1.20 ) 1.40 ) 1.60 ) 1.80 ) 2.00 ■) 2.20 ) 2.40 1 1 OrHr-l,-iC^a:^lOJXX:ClOt-XOrHr-HrH o OOSOOr-(iH(-lr- tS « 3 3 4 4 40 4.00 *9 « 3 3 3 4 4 42 4- 23 80 a 0 X .2 2 3 3 4 4 4 44 4-44 0 I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 47 4,67 22 u 0 I 2 2 3' 3 4 4 5 49 4.89 *J M I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 51 511 «4 (( (1 * I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 53 5.33 Si: 3 3 4 4 5 efi 5° 5-50 s6 (i 3 3 4 5 5 5 50 " '79 j-7<» S*7 S 5° , 66% $1 CO I i6% I 50 I 66':_ 1 83M 2 00 2 16% 2 33/^ 2 50 2 66% 2 83M 3 o 3 33/i 26% 40 66% 80 93% Pi 06% 1 20 I 33% I a6% I 60 X 73M 1 86% 2 00 2 13% 2 26% 2 4c 2 53% 2 66% 30 40 50 60 70 80 00 I 10 I 20 I 30 z 40 I 50 I 60 I 70 1 8c 1 90 a 00 25 4x% 58% 66% 75 9x?^ 00 I 08% I 16% I 25 I 33% I 41% I 58% I 66% I3)i 20 26% 33% 40 46% 53^ 60 66% 73M 80 86% . 93>^ pi 00 I 06% I 13% I 20 I 26% X 33% Carpenters', Plasterers' and Brick- layers' Work. To find how many square yards in a floor or wall : multiply the length by the width or height, and diinde the product by 9. 14X18=252 sq. ft. 9)252(28 sq. yds. 28 4 How many square yards in a floor 18 ft. : long and 14 ft. wide ; and hoAv many yards 5 of carpet % yd. wide, will it take? To divide by a fraction, multiply the number by the denominator, and divide the the product by the numerator. To multiply by a fraction, multiply by 8)112(37>8 yds. carpet, the numerator and divide by the denom- J 28 sq. yds. inator. ) \ 'S7}i yds. carpet. Find how many square yards in 176X11=836 sq. ft. in four walls, the four walls and ceiling of a 18X20=360 " •* '* ceiling, room 18 by 20, 11 ft. high; and| the cost of plastering the same atl 15 cts. per sq. yd. The length of the four -wixWs is (twice 20 and twice 18) 76 feet,! which multiplied by the height gives the sq. ft. in the walls. The length multiplied by the width gives the sq. ft. in the ceiling. 9)1196(133 sq. yds. nearly. ^15 Ans. $19.95 for plastering. 26 To measure square timbers : multiply the lengthy width anS titiciness together ^ and divide the product Ity j 2. How many square feet in a joist 2 by 8, 18 ft. long? 2X8X18=2884-12=24 ft. Ans Sill 8 by 8, 22 ft. long? 8X8X22=ri4o8-f-i2=n7>S ft Ans. Amount of Paint Required for a Qiven Surface. It is impossible to give a rule that will apply in all cases, as the amouut varies with the kind and thickness of the paint, the kind of wood or other material to which it is applied, the age of the surface, etc. The following is an approximate rule : Divide the number of square feet of surface by 200. The result will be the number of gallons of liquid paint required to g^ve two coats; or, divide by 18 and the result will bo the number of pounds of pure ground white lead required to give three coate. How to Kill Grease Spots before Painting. Wash over smoky or greasy parts with saltpetre, or very thin lime whit«-wash. If soap-suds are used, they must be washed off thoroughly, as they prevent the paint from drying hard. Dimensions of One Acre. A square, whose sides are 12,649 rods, or 69.57 yards or 208. |i feet long, contains one acre. Table of dimensions of rectangle OOntaining one acre : RODS. I X160 iKXio6^ 3^1 X 45 5-7 2 X 80 25^ X 64 3 X 53^ 4 X 40 4^X 35 5-9 S X 32 SKX 29 i-ii 6 X 26^ t>%Vs 24 8-13 7 X 22 6-7 7KX 21M 8 X 20 8KX 18 14-17 9 X 17 7-9 9^X 16 16-19 ID X 16 lojJX 15 5-ai IX X 14 6-II iijiX 13 21-33 12 X 13K i2j|X 12 4-5 12 13-20X 12 13-^ Roof Elevations. By the '* pitch ** of a roof is meant the relation which the height of the ridge above the level of the roof-plates bears to the span. Of the distance between the studs on which the roof rests. The length of rafters for the most common pitches caA be foua^ as follows from any given span : If pitch, multiply span by 5^9, or 7-12 nearly. MM " " " " .6' ,or3-^ If^ " V " " 625. or ^ « If^ - " " " .71 , or 7-10 « .8 , or 4-5 t la, or xVg 27 To lengths thus obtained must be added amount of projection ot rafters at the eaves. As rafters must be purchased of even lengths, a few inches more or less on their lengths will make a difference to the pitch so slight that it cannot be detected by the eye. Example. — To determine the length of rafters for a' roof cerficial Feet of Wall. Number of Bricks to Thickness of inch 8 inch. inch 12 6 inch 20 inch 24 lock 7 15 22 37 15 30 45 60 75 23 45 68 90 "3 30 60 90 120 150 x86 .38 75 "3 150 188 3a5 45 90 135 180 225 370 S3 105 158 2x0 263 31S 60 120 180 240 300 360 68 135 203 270 338 405 75 150 225 300 375 450 150 300 450 600 750 900 225 450 675 900 1,125 1,350 300 600 900 1,200 1,500 x,8oo 375 750 1,125 1,500 1,875 2,250 450 900 1,350 1,800 2,250 2,700 525 1,050 1,575 2,100 2,625 3,150 600 1,200 1,800 2,400 3,000 3,600 67s 1,350 2,025 2,700 3,375 4,050 750 1,500 2,250 3,000 3,750 4,500 1,500 3,000 4,500 6,000 7,500 9,000 2,250 4,500 6,750 9,000 11,250 13,500 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000 18,000 VALUE OF DIAMONDS. Diamonds averaging one-half carat each, $60 per carat Diamonds averaging three-quarters carat each, $80 per carat Diamonds averaging one carat each, $100 per carat. Diamonds averaging one and one-quarter carats each, $110 pcf carat Diamonds averaging one and one-half carats each, $120 per carat. Diamonds averaging one and three-quarters carats each, $145 per carat. Diamonds averaging two carats each, $175 per carat In other words, the value of the gem increases in the geometrical ratio of its weight Four diamonds weighing together two carats are worth $120; but one diamond weighing just as much is worth $350. Stones weighing over two carats are about the same price per caxat as two-carat stones* they should be dearer, but they are not, simpiy because the demand for them is limited. If the demand for diamonds were as imperative as the demand for flour or beefg the geometrical ratio would again come into play, and five-carat stones would be yalued in the thousands. 32 ft !-! X X 50 . « X X X 33 d 1 ^ 1 s 1, ^ . O 5 i 1 1/3 _U 0 J} 8 o Joists. J^ooo^c^OONc^c>^e^^^M«cncr>■^^•■^ (/) U » O h. O Z a, 0 Inches. 12x14 HX15 8 Feet. ^OOO^OHMONOwN'-'NMNWNe* 6 Feet. -f. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX The Use of the Steel Square. s(j. foot. box. onvoR Tin ZUA^O X ill. sq. fooC^ $8.00. ... . . . .$2.01. . . . . .0201 $16.00. . . . . . .$4.01 . . . .040SK 8.50 2.13... ... .0213 16.50. . . .... 4.13.-. •>■' 17.00. . . . . . . 4.26. . . . . . .04^ ^ 9.50.... .... 2.38... 0238 I7-50--- .... 4-38... ... .043^. xo.oo. ... 2.51... . , . .0251 18. oc. . . 4.51... . . . .0452: X0.50 — 2 . 63 . . . . . . .0263 18.50... .... 4-63... . , . ■ .0463; XI.OO.... . . . . 2 .76. . . 0276 19.00. . . 4.76... ... ,047^. II 50 — .... 2.8S... . . . .0288 19.50... . . . . 4.88. . . . . . .048^, Z2 00 ... . . . . 3.00. . . . . . .0300 20.00. . , 5.01... . . . .050-:^ 12.50 — .... 3.13..- ... .0313 20 50... .... 5.13... .0513^; 13.00 — .... 3-25... ... ,0325 21 .00. . . 5.26... . . . .osafto 13 50 ... .... 3.38... ... .0338 21 50. .. .... 5.38... 0S3S?; ... 3-50... ... .9350 22.00. . .... 5 5I..' ... .o55sr 14.50..- . 3 63... ... .C363 22 50 . . . .... 5-63. .• ... .05% ... 3.75-.. 0375 23.00. .. .... 5-76... ... .OST^ XS 50. • . . .... 3.88.... 0388 STANDING SEAM ROOFING-COST WITH 20x28 Tim. Cost per square of Price of standi'g seam Tin per roof with Cost per 20x28 Tin . sq . foot . ...$2.15 .. 2.28 .. 2.41 ... 2-55 ... 2.68 box. ^.00.. . 8 50... 9.06. . e 9.50 zo.oo. .. 10 50... 11.00. . 11.50... M 00. . . 12 50. .. 13 00... X3 so 3 62 M-oo 3 75 »4-So 3 89 15.00..' .... 4.02 »5-5o 4 IS 16.00 4.29 2- 95 3 09 3.21 3- 35 3 48 .0215 .0228 .0241 •0255 .0268 0282 .0295 .0309 .0321 •0335 .0348 .0362 •0375 .0389 .0402 .0415 •0429 Price of Tin per box. $16.50.. 17.00 . 17.50.. 18.00. . 18.50.. 19.00 . :9 50.. 20 00. . 20.50. . 21-00. . 21 .50. . 22 .00 . 22 50 . 23.00. . 23.50.. 24.00> . Cost per square of standi'g seam roof with 20x28 Tin I4.42.. 4 56.. 4.69.. 4 82. . 4.96. . 5.09.. 523.. 5-3^" 5 49- • S.63.. 5.76.. 5-90.. 60^.. 6 17.. 6 30 . 6 43 • Cost peat sq. foofe. 38 GREAT LIBRARIES OF THE WORLD. No. of Volumes. ?:<"ationaI, Paris 2,500,000 BritishMus'm, London. 1,600,000 imperial, St. Peters- burg , 1,000,000 .'Munich 1,000.000 Berlin 800,000 3Library of Cong-iess, Washington* 680,000 Public, Boston* 560,000 Darmstadt 550,000 Xeipsic 650,000 uStrasburg 525,000 Roya!, Copenhagen.... 600,000 N«. of Volumes Imperial, Vienna 450.000 Bodleian, Oxford 450.000 Public, St. Petersburg, . .440.000 Stuttgart 480.000 Gottingen 425.000 National, Blorence 425,000 Madrid 410,000 Buda-Pest 400,000 University of Chicago *. 380,000 Harvard University *. . .800.000 Heidelberg 300.000 Astor, New York * 240,000 Vatican, Rome 225,000 ♦Exclusive of pamphlets. The Harvard University Library has 278,000, and the Library of Congress 210,000 pamphlets. NOTABLE BRIDGES OF THE WORLD. Sublician Bridge at Rome, oldest wooden bridge; 7tli (Century. Twice rebuilt, but ruins only remain. ^The bridge at Burton over the Trent; once tbe longest bridge in England; 1.545 feet. The old London Bridge was the first stone bridge; com- aaaenced in 117G. completed in 1209. The Niagara Suspension Bridge was built by Roebling In 1852-55. Cost $400,000; 245 feet above water; 1,268 feet long: estimated 1.200 tons. The Brooklyn Bridge was commenced under the direc- tion of J. Roebling in 1870, and completed in about thir- ?[«en years; 3,475 feet long, 135 high. Cost $15,000,000. The Canii-Lever Bridge, 1884, over the Niagara, steel. F^ength, 910 feet: weight, 3,000 tons. Cost $222,000. Rush-street Bridge, Chicago. 1884. The largest general traffic draw-bridge in the world. Will accommodate four teams abreast, and its foot passages are 7 feet wide in the «elear. Cost $132,000. Cincinnati, over the Ohio River (suspension), 2,220 feet long. Highbridge, Harlem (stone), 1,460 feet long. Victoria Bridge at Montreal over the St. Lawrence Hiver (tubular): 9.144 feet long. Louisville, over the Ohio River (truss). 5.218 feet long. St. fx»rjis. (fver the Mississippi River (steel), 2,045 feet Song. Cosi (.ver $6,000,000. ') iM r r the Danube River (stone), 4,770 feet loir 'i Moly Trinity, Florence, built in 1569 <"'l' t; long. 39 IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE LATE CIVIL WAfl. Casualties, etc. X861. April 12th— The first shot of the Rebellion was fired at Fort Sumter, by order of General Beauregard (Pierre Gustave Toutant) at 4:30 a. m. April 1 5 th— President Lincoln issues a proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion, and orders all rebels to return to loyalty in twenty days. May 3d— President Lincoln calls for 42,000 three years' volunteers, 22,000 troops for regular army service, to serv^e during the war, and 18,000 men for the navy. June 4th— Harper's Perry is evacuated by the Confed- erates. June 20th— General McClellan is appointed Commander of the army in western Virginia. July 1st— United States asks for a war loan of $260,0©0- 000. July 21st— Battle of Bull's Run. July 22d— General McClellan takes command of the Army of the Potomac. November 1st— McClellan becomes CommandeT-in- Chief of the armies of the United States. November 18th— The Confederate Congress meets at Richmond. November 30th— Jefferson Davis is elected President of the Confederate States for a term of six years. 1862. February 16th— General Grant captures Fort Donelson. February 22d— Jefferson Davis is inaugurated Presi- •dent of the Confederate States, at Richmond, with A. H. Stephens as Vice-President. February 23d— N^shVUle, Tenn. is captured by General Grant. April 6th— Battle at Pittsburg landing; General Grant Is driven from his position. April 7th— General Grant regains his position. The valiant General Johnstone was killed in this battle. April 24th— New Orleans was taken by a double forca The naval force under Commodore Farragut, aided by a land force under General Butler. May 1st— General Butler enters New Orleans and pro- claims martial law. July 1st— President Lincoln calls for 300,000 volun- teers. August 8th— The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended. 40 1862. September Ist— Battle of Chantilly is fought in a thunder-storm. General Kearney is killed. September 5th— General Lee crosses the Potomac and maicbes to Frederic. September 22d— President Lincoln issues his famous Proclamation of Emaucipiiiion. Proclamation takes effect. -iLt f^v. i.bt i ij.iion Act is passed, giving the Pi III 'i,000,0(>0 of men on whom he may call A, :i . , -Aumircil Farragut makes Lis heroic march past tne Uulf battei'ies. April (j' h— The market prices of Richmond of this date, show the vaiue of comnion cominodities: Apples, $50 perbbl.; butter, $3 per lb.; round of bacon, §1.40; ham, $1.45: brandy and whiskey, $22 to $30 per gal.; corn, $7.50 per bu.; candle.-^, $3 per lb.: coffee, S4.50 per lb.; flonr. ilf;j2 to mi per Ihl.: sugar, H-'SO per Jb. May 2d— Battle of Chanceilorvilie. May 10th— '"Stonewair' Jackson dies. JuJy 1st— The awful bat^tie of Gettysburg, the most stubbornly fought of the war begins. This was the turn- ing point of the great conflict July 4th— The battle of Gettj^sburg ends. Vicksburg s>urrendf^rs. No\-ember 24th— Battle of Lookout Mountain. 1864. Marcli 9th— General Grant becomes Lieutenant-General in coniinajid of 'all the armies. June IHtb— ni-)

. ■ all the guns. Noveii.i!:;>r .-j-.txiim Linr«.-^lii is re-elected Presi- dent with the electoral vote of tweriiy-two states. 213 votes i?] all.^ November— General Sherman commences his grand marcli from Atlanta to the sea. Februarv 7th— ( Of all the Confer] Marrh ''r'^ ' ( ' ' April Appon J April ^ort Si; assumes supreme control '"TUTS. I Grant at the ;nce more above APRIL, 1861. Bombardment of Fort Sum- ter. No casualties Evacuation of Ft. Sumter, S.C. Riots in Baltimore, Md MAY. N. Y. 69th Regment arrived in Washington Gen. Butler took possession of Relay House Camp Jackson, Mo Riots in St. Louis, Mo Charleston blockade establs'd C. S. Cong, authorised issue of $50,000,000 8% 20-year bonds Pres't Davis reached Richm'd Cavalry skirmish at Fairfax C. H. Va JUNE. Fairfax Court Houss, Va Phillippi, West Virginia Big Bethel, Va *Romney, West Virginia Confederates evacuate and burn Harper's Ferry, Va Vienna, Virginia *Boonville, Mo Edward's Ferry. Md Camp Cole, Mo 48 B. & O. R. R. loccmotives, valued at $400,000, destroyed by the Confederates Patterson Creek, Va Matthias' Point, Va , General council of war held at Washington JULY. Falling Waters, Md ♦Carthage, or Dry Forks, Mo. Newport News President Lincoln called for 400,000 men and $400,000,000 to put down the rebellion Middle Creek Fork, W. Va Great Falls, Va Laurel Hill, W. Va Monroe Station, Mo ♦Rich Mt., Va, (Camp lost and CASUALTIES. UNION. CONFED. K. W. P-M K. W. s L \ 3 4 20 9 4 27 I 4 I 2 10 10 34 I 7 I 2 I 5 6 6 2 19 15 20 I 4 15 15 52 4 20 • I I 7 2 I 4 8 IS 31 50 13 31 6 40 125 6 45 1 6 7 2 12 2 6 3 4 20 75 42 JULY, 1861. CASUALTIES. W. P-M 1 K. W. i II 35 60 X40 100 I 10 600 13 40 20 10 50 7 I 7 1 15 9 38 I I 4 19 38 15 53 I 14 481 lOII 1460 269 1483 3 5 10 I 12 3 I 3 420 4 37 40 44 3 6 12 3 8 14 14 3 2 3 6 I 5 721 291 205 800 SO 2 3 7 6 40 3 I 3 40 200 2 2 5 8 51 S 2 I 8 6 30 2 4 9 3 5 150 prisoners taken.) Barboursville, or Red House, Va Beverly, W. Va Carrick's Ford, W. Va Millsville, or Wentzville, Mo. Fulton, Mo Scarrytown, W. Va Martinsburg, Mo Bunker Hill, Va Blackburn's Ford, Va Harrisonville and Parkers- ville. Mo tBull Run, or Manassas, Va. . . Forsyth, Mo Blue Mills, Mo Lane's Prairie, near Rolla, Mo. Ft. Fillmore, New Mexico.... AUGUST. Dug Springs, Mo Messilla, New Mexico.. „ Athens, Mo Point of Rocks, Md Hampton, Va *LovettsviIle, Va ♦Wilson's Creek, Mo. (Gen. Lyon killed.).. Potosi, Mo Martial law declared at St. Louis, Mo.. , Brunswick, Mo Charleston, or Bird's Pt., Mo. ♦Hawk's Nest, W. Va Cross Lanes, or Somerville, W. Va Ball's Cross Roads, Va ♦Ft. Hatteras, N. C Lexington, Mo Munson's Hill, Va SEPTEMBER. Bennett's Mills, Mo Boone Court House, W. Va. . . Dallas, Mo Dry Wood, or Ft. Scott, Mo.. Beher's Mills, Mo Paducah, Ky., occupied by Union forces 43 SEPTEMBER, 1861 CASUALTIES. K. W. P-M K. w. SB 16 102 6 8 5 9 12 80 I 4 12 30 3 15 I 8 75 42 108 1624 25 75 2 6 7 II 39 10 60 I I 7 220 266 500 36 264 I 5 3 50 35 4 9 20 50 g 25 8 32 100 75 II 30 20 50 2 14 29 350 I 4 8 5 3 5 62 I 6 33 5 4 63 4Q 4 7 J 6 60 200 2 14 ^4 223 226 445 36 264 17 2 ID 5 3 3 5 18 37 lOG 2 15 20 15 Carnifex Ferry Lewinsville, Va Black River, near Ironton, Mo. Cheat Mountain, W. Va Booneville, Mo Confed. privateer Judah de- stroyed near Pensacola, Fla. Pritchard's Mills, Va 20. tLexington, Mo Morristown, Mo Blue Hills, Mo Banks of New Orleans sus- pend specie payment Barbourville, W. Va tBall's Bluff, Va. (Col. Baker killed.) Poppinsville, or Osceola, Mo. Elliott's Mills, Mo *Romney, or Hanging Rock, W. Va Chapmansville, W. Va Lucas Bend, Ky Munson's Hill OCTOBER. Grienbrier, W. Va Ft. Craig, New Mexico Bulfalo Hill, Ky Hillsboro, Ky Santa Rosa, Fla Cameron, Mo Upton Hill, Ky Bayles Crossroads, La ' Beckvvith Farm, Mo. West Glaze, .Mo Big River Br'ge, nr. Potosi, Mo, Lime Creek, Mo Bolivar Heights, Mo Warsaw, Mo 21. Fr'd'ckst'n and I'nton, Mo. Big Hurricane Creek, Mo Bell's Bluft; called Edwards Ferry, or Har'sn's Ln'dg,Va. Buffalo Mills, Mo West Liberty, Ky Hodgeville, Ky Zagonyi's ch'ge, Spr'gfield.Mo. Romney, or Mill Creek, W. Va. 44 OCTOBER, 1861. CASUALTIES. UNION. CONFED. K. W. P-M K. W. I 4 8 17 8 5 I 14 2 6 90 261 427 I 8 3 8 23 II 39 4 26 18 45 7 20 3 10 2 16 7 9 3 I 10 3 5 I 5 5 7 5 23 I 2 13 1 1 15 2 17 6 10 16 20 I I 17 7 10 20 107 00 9fl Saratoga, Ky Plattsburg, Mo Spring Hill, Mo Woodbury and Morgant'n, Ky. NOVEMBER. Winfield Scott, Com. U. S. army, retired, and Maj.-Gen. Geo. B. McClellan app'nted.. Renick, Randolph Co., Mo.... Little Santa Fe, Mo *Belmont, Mo Galveston Harbor, Tex *Port Royal, S. C *Piketown, or Fry Mtn., Ky. (70 wagons, stores, and eq'p'gs.) Guyandotte, W. Va Gauley Bridge, W. Va Little Blue, Mo Occoguan Creek, Va Cypress Bridge, Ky Palmyra, Mo Wirt Court House, W. Va Eng. packet Trent boarded by Capt. Wilkes, and Mason and Slidell captured. On the 24th inst. they were placed in Ft. Warren, Boston Harbor; released Jan. i, 1862, on a de- mand of the British govt. . . . Ft. Pickens, Pensacola, Fla. . . Lancaster, Mo Little Blue, Mo Drainesville, Va Black Walnut Creek, Mo DECEMBER. Salem, Mo Vienna, Va Anandale, Va Dunksburg, Mo.; citizens re- pulse raiders Congress passed bill authoriz'g exchange of prisoners Shelling of Free Stone Point by Union gunboats Bertrand, Mo Camp Allegheny, or Buffalo Mt., W. Va 45 DECEMBER, 1861. CASUALTIES. UNION. CONFED. K. W. K. W. 10 22 33 50 2 8 61 1300 7 43 5 10 2 I 8 30 5 63 25 150 I 10 I I 7 2 2 30 ID 30 3 I 6 14 8 16 6 6 5 6 80 5 2 25 40 38 194 100 160 I I 4 10 3 2 40 5 II I I 8 7 35 200 16 39 3 2 5 13 4 4 446 1735 150 231 1007' 5 9 I 3 4 5 62 140 150 2 I 2 I I 5 5 20 900 Rowlett' s Station, Ky *Milford, Blackwater, Mo Drainsville, Va Hudson, Mo Wadesburg, Mo Sacramento, Ky Mt. Zion, Mo.... Banks of New York, Philadel- phia, Albany, and Boston sus- pend specie payment. JANUARY, 1862. Port Royal, S. Huntorsville, Va Near Bath, Va Calhoun, Mo Blue Gap, near Romney, Va.. Jennie's Creek, Ky Charleston. Mo Dry Forks, W. Va , Silver Creek, Mo Columbus, Mo Middle Creek, Ky 20. *Mill Springs, Ky. (Gen. Zoiicoffer killed) Knob Noster, Mo Occoguan Bridge, Mo FEBRUARY. Bowling Green, Ky *Fort Henry, Tenn. Linn Creek, Va *Roanoke Island, N. C. (Sur- render of Ft. Henry, Tenn., to Federal army ....... Elizabeth City, N. C Blooming Gap, Va Flat Lick Fords, Ky 15, 16. *Ft. Donnelson, Tenn. (6 forts, 65 guns, and 17,500 small arms captured, and 13,829 Conf. w. and m.) Pea Ridge, Mo Independence, Mo Ft. Craig, New Mexico.. Mason's Neck, Va Keytersville, Mo MARCH. Pittsburg Landing, Teaa 46 MARCH, 1862. CASUALTIES. UNION. CONFED. K. W. P-M K. W. 1 P-M 3 2 203 9/2 174 IIOO 2500 i60» 5 4 10 2 261 108 7 17 3 5 2 2 4 5 5 10 9 3 13 5 50 100 466 64 106 4 5 0 g 100 7 I 103 440 24 fin 342 26i I 22 9 17 5 15 32 75 35 36 60 9S 3 I- 3 4 10 2 20 1735 7882 3950 1728 8012 958 17 6000 25 20« I 2 I 4 360 2 8 5 a 0 7 I 3 3 2 6 2 20 5 3 5 10 35 5 7 New Madrid, Mo Occoguan, Va 7, 8. *Pea Ridge, Ark Fox Creek, Mo Near Nashville, Tenn Mountain Grove, Mo Hampton Roads, Va Burke's Station, Va Jacksb'o,Big Creek Gap,Tenn. Paris, Tenn Lexington, Mo Near Lebanon, Mo New Madrid, Mo *Newberne, N. C Black Jack Forest, Tenn Salem, or Spring River, Ark... Mosquito Inlet, Fla Independence, Mo Carthage, Mo ♦Winchester, Va. (Gens. Mc- intosh, McCulloch and Slack killed) Warrensburg, Mo Humonsville, Mo 27, 28. Near Santa Fe, N. M. Warrensburg, Mo APRIL. Putnam's Ferry, Mo Great Bethel, Va Crump's Landing, Tenn *Shiloh, or Pittsb'g Ld'g, Tenn. *Island No. 10, Tenn. (6 forts captured) Near Corinth, Miss Owens River, Cal *Ft. Pulaski, Ga Hunteville, Ala Yorktown, Va Little Blue River, Mo Monterey, Va Pollocksville, N. C Diamond Grove, Mo Walkersville, Mo Monta Vallo, Mo Pechach's Pass, Ariz Savannah, Tenn.......,,,,... Wilmington Island, Ga 47 DATB. 1 APRIL, 1862. CASUALTIES. UNION. CONFBDb _ K. W. s 1 K. W. I 16 T ' *yfn 17 35 129 /5 J» 17 Holly River W Va 3 18 s 5 16 x8 Edisto Island S C 3 18- zo. jTis. J cicKaon cina oi« x^xiiiiip End tli6 capturG of New Or* 193 105 197 «9 *Ta1hr»<-' « Tt^e>rr\r A rVr 19 L/aniaen. i\. ....•*•<•.. 12 9» 1 D 19' 93 25 \Jl d-cb v-'Iv'IV) VV • Y(ta«. 3 r* 1. «yA'JIwOI1> iN • •••>««•••• 7 18 26 26 3 3 30 26 Conit f arra^ut demanded the smrender of New Orleans*. S6 3 xo a? 38 Norton's Mills N. C... 3 Paint Rock R.R. Bridge, Tenn. 7 s8 Cumberland Mountain, Tenn. 88 3 5 89 72 MAY. New Orleans capt d by Union X ^IdrKc S jrxOilOW, VVtJat V£u»«»» 3 2 12 30 4 Licking IVIo 2 4 Cheese Cake Church Va 5 D 25 5 4 ID 68 5 450 1400 372 1000 7 40 104 41 7 2 7 24 8 McDowell or Bull Pasture, Va. 20 225 100 200 8 I 4 30 9 5 43 16 9 Npw Kpnf C M Vp 4 3 10 14 10 ■Dz-wi-t "Dillz-iTir T'ann 3 2 z 10 10 Gen. Butler captured $800,000 II I 13 2 2 a X5 I 3 14 15 Fort Darling, James River, Va. 12 14 7 8 15 Clalk Bluff, Mo I 3 15 Butler, Bates Co.. Mo 3 I 48 MAY, 1862. Princeton, West Va Corinth, Miss Searcy Landing, Ark Clinton, N. C Phillips Creek, Miss Florida, Mo Near Newberne, N. C Louisburg, Va Front Royal, Va Backton Station, Va Ft. Craig, New Mexico.... New Bridge, Va Chickahominy, Va tWinchester,Va. (Fed. retr'd.) Hanover Court House, Va..,. Big Indian Creek, Ark Osceola, Mo Wardensviile, Va Pocotaligo, S. C Booneville, Miss , Front Royal, Va *Corinth, Miss Neosho, Mo Near Washington, N, C, And JUNE. i Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, Va Strasburg, Va Legare's Point, S. C Jasper, Tenn Blackand, Miss Tranter's Creek, N. C Memphis, Tenn. (Memphis sur- renders) Harrisonburg, Va , t Cross Keys, Va I Port Republic, Va James Island, S. C Monterey, Ky VV,i'.ifJ. li s Farm, Ark O'd Cr i'iv']). Va . .1^^-'^' 'IniT, In. , .. rd, S. C •>i. Cli.nly.. Ark W.iuensburg, Mo CASUALTIES. K. w. 1 P-M K. W. L 30 70 2 14 10 39 12 18 17 150 5 9 3 2 3 8 14 60 40 60 KO 32 122 750 2 6 12 3 I 10 60 a? 2 4 38 155 711 53 344 200 3 5 25 3 2 2 3 2 g 2009 5 8 2 3 I 3 2 800 3627 1222 2800 3807 2 5 2 7 20 20 5 14 7 II 80 80 63 17 50 125 500 42 230 67 364 574 88 335 H 3 13 17 30 2 109 12 28 3 19 I 19 6 4 8 85 472 128 51 144 105 30 155 2 3 49 JUNE, 1862. Smithville, Ark Williamsburg Road, Va Battle Creek, Tenn Raceland, La Raytown, Mo Oak Grove, Va Germantown, Tenn , , , . Little Red River, Ark *Chickahominy, Va tGaines Mills, Va 29. U. S. fleet under Com. Far- ragut; no casualties rec'rd'd. tojuly I. *Malvern Hill, Va. President Lincoln calls for 600,000 men. The seven days' retreat of the Army of the Potomac under Gen. Geo. B. McClellan; total casualties in the various engagements were: ist corps 2d corps 3d corps 4th corps 5th corps 6th corps Engineer's corps Total Total casualties in Confed. divisions were 14,011 w, . . . JULY. Booneville, Miss Morning Sun, Texas Elvington Heights, Va Grand Prairie, Ark Bayou Cache, La Black River, Mo Hamilton, N. C Aberdeen, Ark Thompkinsville, Ky Williamsburg, Va Pleasant Hill, Mo Lebanon, Ky. (Morgan's raid). Near Culpepper, Va Murfreesboro, Tenn Batesville, Ark Apache Pass, Ariz Fayetteville, Ark 80 7500 CASUALTIES. K. W. 253 187 189 69 620 245 1582 33 150 k w k w 1240 1076 105 1 507 2460 1313 2 7709 &m &m 1000 7500 5000 1581 848 833 201 1 198 1 179 5958 K. V/. 65 495 k w k w 2820 5 50] 100 75* 15c 50 JULY, 1862. Decatur, Tenn Cynthiana, Ky. Morgan's raid. Postage stamps made legal tender Memphis, Mo Guerrilla campaign in Mo. to Sept. 20. (Morgan's guer- rillas scattered) Florida, Mo Columbus, Mo , Trinity, Ala Near Florida, Mo Courtland Bridge, Mo , . . . Young's Crossroads, N. C. . . , . Moore's Mills, Mo Brownsville, Tenn , Paris, Ky , Coggin's Point, Va , AUGUST. Newark, Mo , Orange Court House, Va Clear Creek, Mo Languelle Ferry, Ark President Lincoln ordered 300,- 000 men to be drafted Sparta, Tenn *Baton Rouge, La. (Gen. Will iams killed) , Malvern Hill, Va Kirksville, Mo Thornburg, Va , Tazewell, Tenn Trenton, Tenn Stockton, Mo *Cedar Mountain, Va. (Conf, repulsed) Nueces River, Tex to 13. Grand River skirmishes, Mo. Total Independence, Mo... Gallatin, Tenn Clarendon, Ark Merriweather's Ferry, Tenn Lone Jack, Mo ClarkBville, Tenn Edgefield Junction, Tenn tGallatin. Tenn. (Gen. John CASUALTIES. V w. w • i 4 17 34 8 29 13 35 23 77 156 347 500 1800 560 22 3 2 2 II 12 30 I 2 I 12 100 7 4 19 21 30 160 4 6 4 6 27 39 10 15 10 6 4 4 60 73 5 14 II 17 38 to 82 255 34 84 316 76 xoo 2I 60 128 aoo 2 12 72 0 2- 50 40 30 20 13 3C 450 660 290 229 1047 31 40 8 14 IOC 14 18 312 x8 30 50 200 6 TOO 3 6 ao 60 100 no 200 8 18 51 AUGUST, 1862. CASUALTIES. K. W. K. W. son captured) Big Hill, Madison Co., Ky.... Waterloo Bridge, Va Pope's campaign in Va. to Sept. I. Army of Virginia. . Ft. Donnelson, Tenn *Bull Run and Kettle Run, Va. *Groverton and Gainesville, Va. Army of Potomac losses in all corps Manchester, Tenn tSecond Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas, Va Bolivar, Tenn tRichmond, Ky Medow Station, Tenn SEPTEMBER. Britton's Lane, Tenn tChantilly, Va. McDowell's corps, Hooker and Kearney' s Div. of 3d corps, and Reno's corps. (Gens. Kearney and Stearns, Federals, killed.... Washington, N. C Columbus, Tenn Cold Water, Miss.. Fayetteville, W. Va 15. Harper's Ferry, Va. 11583 Union prisoners taken . , * South Mountain, Md. (Gen. Reno killed) tMumfordsville, Ky Harper's Ferry surrenders 11,- 500 Federals *Antietam, or Sharpsburg, Md. Total loss in all corps 20. * luka, Miss Blackford's Ford, Va Emancipation Proclamation is- sued Newtonia, Mo OCTOBER. Shepherdstown, Va Corinth, Miss Metamora, Miss La Vergne, Tenn *PerryviIIe. Ky 7000 31 300 7000 800 5 200 3 1300 4000 18 700 13 3000 64 4000 43 52 36 80 120 1800 2010 144 92 9416 598 131 3566 1043 no 25 37 1500 30 300 179 3500 263 33 94 k w 3000 500 100 45 80 &w 8000 1000 2344 50 1812 9 2943 232^1423 400 80 489:2500 280 5692 1506. 600c 501 224^ 52 OCTOBER, 1862. CASUALTIES. UNION. CONFED. K. W. r K. W. a L 4 24 350 43 258 14 102 10 3 6 9.0 26 17 85 300 16 18S 6 10 5 20 4 36 75 300 4 9 200 10 54 7 43 167 798 183 300 1200 55 1800 21 114 5 48 90 478 71 268 1180 9028 2145 579 3870 40 120 50 75 400 7 10 124 7 2o 1000 3 22 50 191 982 756 207 23 139 58 50 150 1533 7245 2800 1456 0 600 50 14 144 4 200 129 831 100 400 5OQO Harrodsbiirg, Ky Lexington, Ky Morgan, the raider, dashed into Lexington and captured 125 prisoners Maysville, Ark Pocotaligo, S. C NOVEMBER. Artillery fight at Philmont, Va. Reconnoisance at the base of Blue Ridge Mts. Confeder- ates literally driven into the river and drowned by scores. Harrisonville, Mo Galveston, Texas, surrendered Nashville, Tenn Garretsburg, Ky Big Beaver Creek, Mo Hudsonville, Miss , Gen. Sumner demands surren- der of Fredericksburg, Va... Beaver Creek, Mo Crane Hill, Boonesboro, Ark.. Hartwood Church, Va DECEMBER. Winchester, Va., captured by Union soldiers Cofifeeville, Miss Fayetteville, Ark Hartsville, Tenn Dobbin's Ferry, Tenn Goldsboro expedition, N. t Frederickburg, Va., Army of the Potomac Kingston, N. C Lexington, Tenn Holly Springs, Miss Davis Mills, Miss tChicasaw Bayou, Vicksburg. Red Mound, Tenn To JANUARY, 1863. *Murfreesboro, or Stone River, Tenn., Army of Cumberland. Galveston, Tex Springfield, Mo *Ft. Hindman, Ark 53 FEBRUARY, i86r CASUALTIES. UNION. CONFED. K. W. 2 1 a< K. W. P-M 16 60 50 140 400 ^130 100 9 7 10 300 65 35 48 1306 150 J3 450 88 300 2 20 4 10 100 19 35 85 44 6 202 ^60 400 275 2000 4OCI 12 I 58 69 6 1466 100 130 1512 10 60 40 95irf 20 341 & m 5000 40 1150 1581 100 909 450 8700 500 2000 426 1842 >89 2500 i8eo 29 242 600 545 3688 303 640$ 25 200 154 4 223 26 115 125 20 400 80 200 500 3000 ?50 Ft. Donnelson, Tenn. . ■ MARCH. Spring Hill and T/nionville, Tenn Port Hudson, La Kelly's Ford, Va Vaught's Hill, Tenn Dutton's Hill, or Somerset, Ky. APRIL. Bombardment of Ft. Sumter, by South Atlantic squadron. Franklin and Harpeth River, Tenn Irish Bend, or Indian Ridge. La Siege of Suffolk, Va Cap^ Girardeau, Mo Streight's raid from Tuscum- bia, Ala., to Rome, Ga Fairmount, W. Va Spottsylvania Court House, Va MAY Port Gibson, Miss La Grange, Ark *ChancellorsvilIe, Va tFredericksburg, Va Horse Shoe Bend, Ky Raymond, Miss *Jackscn, Miss ♦Champion Hills, Miss. (20 cannon captured) ♦Big Black River, Miss. (17 cannon captured) to 22. tSiege of Vicksburg, by Gen. Grant and Porter's gunboat fleet. (31,277 Con. killed, wounded and miss'ng to July 9. Siege of Port Hud- son, La JUNE. Franklin, Tenn ♦Milliken's Bend,La. Colored regm'ts. No quarters shown. Monticello and Rocky Gap, Ky Bevery Ford and Brandy Sta- tion, Va. Cavalry fight tWinchester, Va 54 JUNE, 1863. CASUALTIES. K. W. P-M K. W. a I 200 I 2 24 41 89 100 8 40 53 150 94 20 100 60 46 40 300 3 18 85 462 1634 39 112 150 12 43 75 60 'a* 2834 6643 3500 0 0 M 22 80 790 86 385 3000 57 117 32 173 687 776 2000 30 30 IOC 9 15 3 6 550c 100 800 100 71 504 764 1757 501 250 450 1000 29 36 125 1500 51 329 1200 800 60 25 75 17 150 400 17 61 75 12$ 35 102 300 16 134 2 2 27 0 25 140 24 40 16 "3 150 13 72 3 114 Martinsburg, Va Aldie, Va.Kilpatrick s cavalry La Fcrche Crossing, La Upperville, Va Brashearn City, La to 30. *Rosenkranz's campaign from Miirfreesboro to Tal- lahoma, Tenn Donaldsonville, La Hanover, Penn JULY. ♦Gettysburg, Pa., Army of the Potomac. Decisive battle of the war 26. Morgan's raid into Ken- tucky, Indiana and Ohio *Helena, Ark Vicksburg surrenders * Bolton and Birdway Ferry, Miss, (rear guard of John- ston's army) Smithburg, Md Lebanon, Ly *Port Hudson surrenders 16. tjackson, Miss Sept. 6. Siege of Fort Wagner, Morris Island, S. C Yazoo, City, Miss Donaldsonville, La 15. Draft riots in N. Y. City. . Falling Waters, Md *Bristow Station, Va Sheppardtown, Va Honey Springs, In4ian Ter Wytheville W. Va Manassas Gap and Chester Gap, Va AUGUST. Rappahannock, Stationj Va. . . Jacksonville, La Sparta, Tenn Lawrence, Kas., burned Massacre at Lawrence, Kas.. Rocky Gap, Va to 31. Brownsville Bayou, Ark SEPTEMBER. Night attack on Ft. Sumter. . , 55 SEPTEMBER, 1863. CASUALTIES. UNION. I CONFED. K. W. 2 K. W. 1 O4 2000 3 40 10 40 7 644 9262 4945 2389 2003 5 22 15 50 zoo 14 40 400 II 30 45 50 8 46 II 42 8 24 51 329 750 ISO 20-) 12 13 379 7 37 40 II 27 53 164 2 6 10 30 76 339 300 12C0 26 124 570 60 320 65 7 57 100 5 12 650 10 20 31 94 §0 250 100 370 II 98 4 6 4 8 100 ICM3 60 340 570 20 80 80 400 300 757 4529 330 361 2181 6141 100 400 100 400 S90 68 351 50 200 2tO 700 932 150 ia-4 Cumberland Gap, Tenn Culpepper, Va and 20. Chickamauga, Ga. Army of Cumberland; 13,412 Confed. wounded Blountsville, Tenn Near Morganzia, La OCTOBER, Henderson's Mills, Tenn Ingham's Mills and Wyatt's, Miss Culpepper and White Sulphur Springs, Va Auburn, Va Bristol Station, Va Canton, Brownsville, and Clin- ton, Miss President Lincoln calls for , 300,000 more men Charlestown, W. Va Cherokee Station, Ala Pine Bluff, Ark Cane Creek, Ala Wauhatchie, Tenn NOVEMBER. Grand Cateau, La Colliersville & Moscow, Tenn Rogersville, Tenn Droop Mountain, Va Rappahannock Station, Va. . . Natchez, Miss Huff's Ferry, Tenn Maysville, Tenn Campbell's Station, Tenn to Dec. 4. Siege of Knoxville, Tenn. Army of the Ohio ♦Chattanooga, Tenn., Look- out Mt., and Mis'y Ridge, Army of the Tennessee Operations at Mine Run, Va., Army of the Potomac Cleveland, Tenn ♦Ringgold and Taylor's Ridge, Ga DECEMBER. Bean's Sta. and Morristown, Tenn 56 -< Q DECEMBER, 1863. CASUALTIES. • UNION CONFED, K. W. K. W. f a, •*y Rarran TT/rrlr Tn/-1 Tor- 50 8 28 Charleston Tenn 2 15 39 21 30 4 JAiMU/iKY, Io04« 29 41 4 10 3 Jonesville, Va , 12 48 300 4 12 14 150 23 II 24 31 27 100 65 29 10 70 100 1717 T5t? TT A T? V rJC/rSKU AKY. 16 50 250 5 30 March 8. Ya.zoo River exp'd'n 35 121 35 90 3" March 5* Expedition from Vicksburg to Meridian, Miss. 50 138 503 7,1% 5 Onallto\.\'n XT 3 6 50 5 10 201 100 9 1 4 65 10- 25' Smith's raid from Ger- mantown, Tenn., ^ito Miss. . 43 267 50 300 14-5 Waterproof, La, Cbl'd troops. 8 14 ' 15 Olustee or Silver Lake, Fla... 193 1 175 400 100 400 22 13 256 25-7 17 272 20 120 March 4. Kilpatrick's raid from Stephensburg to Richmond, Va. 33<3 308 10 9 8 I 25 17 21 ^7 Gen. Grant assumes command of all the armies of the U. S. 21 I 8 250 25 14 46 10 40 ZD to 30" Longvievv and Mt. Elba, Ark 4 18 12 35 300 31 16 3 3 7 APRIL 10 33 100 3 16 74 '85 5 19 II 15 25 11 7 Wilson's Farm, La 14 39 15 40 100 8-9 Sabin Cross Roads and Pleas- J 300 1600 2100 600 204 XO-3 100 50 57 < Q APRIL, 1864. CASUA UNION. LTIES. CONFED. K. W. K. W. 31 J 12 Pleasant Hill Landing, La. y 200 *5 and 16. Liberty P.O. and occu- pation of Camden, Ark .... ^jj 17 */ to 20 "fPlymouth N C 20 80 1500 l8 Poison Springs, Ark 113 88 68 4^1 •J and 24, Moneti's 31ii£f, La« 350 Mark's Ivlills Ark 100 250 100 1 10 228 40 Jenkin's Fsrry Ark 200 955 300 300 MAY. 1-8 Hudnot's plantat'n, near Alex- andria, La 87 25 Battle of the Wilderness, Va. Army of the Potomac 5597 M 2000 6000 3400 Gen. Sherman begins his At- 0^ lanta campaign u> Roc'iy Face Ridge, Ga. Army of tl^e Cumberland 200 637 600 6-7 Chester Station Va 48 250 50 200 Todd's Tavern Va 40 150 30 150 8- 18. Spottsylvania, Fredericks- burg Road, Army of the Po- mac. (2 Confederate generals 0 C^ and 30 guns captured). 00 vt 2577 1000 10 Swift Creek Va 90 500 10, Cloyn's Mountain, Va. 126 095 300 n— y 13. Sheridan's cavalry raids in Virginia ''OO 100 X2— 6 Drury's Bluff Va 238; 2IC 2000 1^-6 * Resaca Ga 600 2147 3"^ 1500 1000 15 Newmarket, Va 240 8s 16 to 30. Bermuda Hundred, Va. 20c 1 00c 3000 18 Calhoun Station La 60 300 2^-7 ••J / North Ann River Va 223 1400 to June 4. '''Dallas, Ga. Army of the Cumberland 2400 40 3000 26-5 Decatur Ala 60 27-£ Hanoverton, Va 25 119 200 475 Ashland Va 26 130 JUNE. 1-12 ■fCold Harbor, Va. : 10,570 Fed. wounded 1995 2450 1200 500 5 Piedmont W Va 130 650 400 1450 1060 5 Lake Chicot Ark 40 70 100 9 35 150 50 200 9-30 Kenesaw Mountain, Army of 1370 6500 800 HOC 3500 to Brice's Cross Roads, Miss. . . . 223 394 1623 131 475 58 JUNE, 1864. Cynthiana, Ky and 12. Trevillian Sta., Va . Malvern Mill tPetersbuig, Va., Army of the James and 18. Lynchburg, Va Alabama sunk off Charbourg, France, by the Kearsage... to 30. In front of Petersburg, Va Jerusalem Plank road, Va. Army of the Potomac to 30. ^Wilson's raid on th' Weldon railroad, Va Jones' Bridge, Va Clarendon, St. Charles river, Ark Confederates move on V/ash- ington by way of the She- nandoah Valley, Va JULY. to 31, In front of Petersburg, Va., Deep Bottom, Ne^ iBarkct and Malvern Hiil. Smyrna, Ga Expedition from Vicksburg to Jackson, Miss Smith's expedition from La Grange, Tenn., to Tapola, Miss Chattahoochee river,Ga. Army of the Ohio Monocacy, Md Ft. Stephens, Washington, D.C Ashby's Gap, Va 20. Winchester, Va *PeachtTee Creek, Ga. *At'.anta,Ga. (McPherson k'ld) Kernstown and Winchester. . 31. Stoneman's raid to Macon 31. McCook's raid to Love- joy Station, Ga , Atlanta, Ga, Second sortie at Ezra Chapel AUGUST. In front of Petersburg, Va. . . 5-23I *Ft, Gaines, Mobile Harbor, CASUALTIES. K. W. 150 1398 100 7474 500 85 80 90 54 200 37 300 500 1200 100 100 100 87 506 2494 160 1814 100 800 4060 310 567 450 579 319 175 1310 2141 200 1200 1000 990 500 1113 2482 600 642 W. 600 200 1X0, 600 400 300 2500 4000 370 200 0083 2017 1900 59 OCTOBER, 1864. CASUALTIES. UNION. K. W. K. W. I Ala. (100 drowned by sink- ing of the Tecumseh. 150 guns captured).., Morefield, Va Explosion at City Point, Va. .. Strawberry Plains, Va Front Royal, Va 19, 21. *Six Mile House, Wel- don R. R. (Railroad cap'd). Summitt Pt., Berryville, and Flowing Springs, Va Smithville and Kearneysville, Va , Ream's Station, Va Smithfield, Va And SEPTEMBER. Jonesboro, Ga - Rosseau's pursuit of Wheeler in Tennessee Oct. 30. In front of Peters- burg, Va. Army of the Pot'c *Fali of Atlanta, Ga Berryville, Va Greenville, Tenn Sycamore Church, Va 22. *Winchester and Fisher's Hills, Va. 2d Div. 19th corps under Sheridan. (Con. Gens. Rhodes and Gordon killed). Athens, Ala *Pilot Knob, or Ironton, Mo . . Massacre by Price, Mo 30. Newmarket Heights, or Laurel Hill, Va And OCTOBER. Poplar Springs Church, Va. . . Waynesboro, Va Saltville, Va..„ Allatoona, Ga. Darbytown Road, Va Strasburg, Va Dalton,Ga. Troops under Col. Johnson Glascow,*Mo , ♦Cedar Creek, Va, (Sheridan's ride). . . 600 20 127 10 1 149 10 170 30 400 693 28 122 400 141 50 54 142 105 30 130 1755 58 ^^55 170 1400 3176 100 1709 30 400 300 1500 200 1000 150 4033 56 2 2029 788 190 352 502 144 400 3516 1750 104 212 206 40 400 3259 5 1500 18 231 IIOO 50 3000 25 800 2X44 4C» 300 2000 800 3GOO too CI 4U 6o OCTOBER, 1864. CASUALTIES. UNION. CONFEA. K, w. S 1 &« K. W. I 156 120 8 1047 783 25 699 400 13 206 60 17 600 3" 27 300 80 9» 5 60 46 84 0" 100 100 .10 50 60Q 200 109 189 1033 1004 1750 3800 709 66 64s 16 40 100 ITS 40 30 39 125 329 100 3175 300 200 100 800 20 24 400 110 1740 8 126 500 350 446a 8 23 38 88 3 55 1800 4 184 9 749 20 400 30 ao8S 25 66 138 232 1062 186 1200 20 76 200 20 70 xoi fNatcher's Run, Va , Fair. Oaks, Va Beverly, W. Va NOVEMBER. Atlanta,Ga Newton and Cedar Spring, Va Ball's Gap, Tenn Myerstown, Va Griswoldville, Ga Saundersonville, Ga Sylvan Grove, Ga 30. *Spring Hill and Franklin, Tenn Honey Hill, or Grahamsville, S. C DECEMBER. Stony Creek Station, Va *In front of Nashville, Tenn. In front of Petersburg. Army of the Potomac Block^House No. 7, Tenn Murfreesboro, Tenn Deveaux's Neck, S. C Hatcher's Run, Va 21. Siege of Savannah, Ga. . . . 21. Stoneman's raid, Bean's Sta., Tenn., to Saltv'le, Va. *Ft. McAllister, Ga Nashville, Tenn Franklin, Tenn. Wilson's cav. Wounded and sick captured tFt. Fisher, N. C Egypt Station, Miss JANUARY, 1865. Franklin, Miss *Ft. Fisher, N. C Explosion of magazine at Ft. Fisher, N. C. (Fort and 72 guns captured) To Feb. 9. Combahee River, S. Q * FEBRUARY.* tDabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, Va Williston, Blackville, and Aiken, S C. Kilpatrick'scav. James Island, S. C 61 FEBRUARY, 1865. CASUALTIES. K. W. K. W. I 22. Ft. Anderson, N. C March 25. Sheridan's raid in Virginia • MARCH. Wilcox Bridge, N. C Averysboro, N. C 21. *Bentonville, N. C, Kil- patrick' s cavalry April 24. Wilson's raid from Chickasaw, Ala., to Macon. Ft. Stedman, in front of Pe- tersburg, Va Assault of 2d and 6th corps. . . April 9. Siege of Mobile, Ala., including Spanish fort and Port Blakely Quaker Road, Va Boydton and White Oak Roads Dinwiddle Court House, Va. APRIL. *Five Forks, Va. All of Lee's artillery captured) Fall of Petersburg, Va Fall of Richmond. 6,000 Con. prisoners taken, of whom 5,000 were sick and wounded Amelia Springs, Va Sailor's Creek, Va Farmville, Va Appomattox Court House. Va. 204 421 477 1086 345 337 86a 1211 300 1034 354 706 2565 96 1014 600 556 5000 70 1500 108 267 800 400 3000 1000 500 400 540 375 1667 217 1625 6766 1881 834 400 1000 295a 100 235 550c 3000 6000 APRIL — Continued. 9---Lee surrendered to the Armies of the Potomac and James (Maj.-Gen. Grant), with 26,000 prisoners. 14 — Mobile surrendered to a combined army and naval at- ' tack. 14 — The flag that Gen. Anderson had lowered at Ft. Sumter was returned to its position. 14 — President Lincoln was assassinated at Washingtor.. He was shot in the back of the h-ead at Ford's theatre by Wilkes Booth, and died next morning. 15 — Andrew Johnsor, Vice-President, took the oath of ofl&ce as President. 17 — Surrender of Mosby to Maj.-Gen. Hancock, with 700 prisoners. 25— Wilkes Booth shot in a bam in Virginia and died in twenty-four hours. 62 APRIL— Continued. 26— Johnson surrendered to the Armies of the Tennessecv^ Georgia, and Ohio (Maj.-Gen. Sherman), with 29,924 prisoners, MAY, 1865. 5 — Galveston, Tex., surrenders to the Federals. 10 — Capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinsville, Ga. 10 — Surrender of Sam. Jones' command at Tallehassee, Fla., with 8,000 prisoners. 11 — Chalk Bluff, Ark. Surrender of Jeff Thompson's com" mand with 7,454 prisoners. 13-Palmetto Ranch, Tex., 118 Federals killed. 26— Surrender of Kirby Smith to Maj.-Gen. Canby's com- mand with 20,000 prisoners. 26 — The Armies of the East and West were disbanded and feturned home, after a review at Washington. TUNE, 1865. 6— An order was issued for the release of all prisoners ol War in the depots of the North. JULY, 1865. 7— Mrs. Surratt, Harold, Payne, and Azertoth hanged Washington for conspiracy in the murder of Lincoln. DECEMBER, 1865. 18 — Secretary Seward officially declared slavery abolished. Explanation of Marks and Abbreviations. * Federals victorious, .k— Killed. m— Missing. t Confederates victorious, w— Wounded. p-M — Prisoners and missing. PRESENT FORCE OF STATE MILITIA. According to a report on the organized militia of the United States, which has just been prepared by the War Department, the United States, in case of need, can put 11,448,300 men in the field, not including Naval Militia. The total force of the militia number 107,845 of which 96,899 compose the infantry arm, 4,576 the cavalry, 5,459 the ariillery, and 911 generals and staff officers. The total appropriation allowed the militia by the gov- ernment amounted to $400,000, while the States during the same period spent $3,282,407 on these organizations. The permanent quota of troops as authorized by the several States as standing organizations : Alabama, 7,788; Arizona, 898; Arkansas, 1,932; Call- tornia, 6,471; Colorado, 1,142; Connecticut, 4,108; Del- aware, 750; District of Columbia, 3,320; Florida, 1,458; Georgia, 12,344; Guam, 42; Hawaii, 2,000; Idaho,l,200; Illinois, 10,626; Indiana, 4,601; Iowa, i3,694; Kansas, 2,131; Kentucky, 3,500; liOuislana, 1,513; Maine, 2,051; Maryland, 2,700; Massachusetts, 6,592; Michigan, 3,429; 63 Minnesota, 3,729; Mississippi, 1,800; Missouri, 3.000? Montana, 1,124; Nebraska, 2,113: Nevada, 155; New Hampshire, 1.699; New Jersey, 5,127: New Mexico, 1,128; New York, 18,000: North Carolina, 5.000; Nortla Dakota, 933; Ohio, 9.436; Oklahoma, 2,164; Oregon, 1,585; Pennsylvania, 11,103; Porto Rico, 1,000; Rhode Island, 1,030; Samoa, 68: So. Carolina, 5,000; So. Dako- ta, 1,000; Teiniessee. 3,000: Texas, 3,244; Utah. 1,000; Vermont, 711: Virginia, 5, i ;6; Washington, 1,877; West Virginia, 8,359; Wisconsin, 3,122; Wyoming, 1,078. These make up a total of 199,694 officers and men, bufe on a peace footing does not reach over 107,845. ''' If necessary. 111. could place 852.625 men in the field? Pa., 771,874; Ohio, 650,000: N. Y., 560.000: Ind., 481,- 192; Ky., 361,138; Mo., 390,000: Mass., 339.391; Wis., 306,343; Tex., 300,000: Va., 295,444: N. J., 284,887: Ga.* 264,071; fMich,, 260,000; la., 245,899; N. C, 240,000; Miss,, 228,700; Md., 205,816; Ark. 205,000; other States beluw 200,000 each; total, 11,448,300 officers and men. THE PHONOGRAPH. The Phonograph is a machine for recording and theo ransmitting sounds, speech, mucic, ef.c. It is tlie inveniiorv ;t Thos. A. Edison, the most noted electrician of this age, i he phonograpn was accidentally discovered. Mr. Edison "as at work on an apparatus for recording a telegraphic mes- sage, by having an armature (with a needle fastened in one end) of the sounder make indentations on a piece of tin foil wrapped around a cylinder. The message would thus be punctured or indented on this tin foil, then, by substituting ■mother needle— blunt — for the sharp one and turning the • ylinder, the arm.ature would be vibrated as the needle entered 'itoand passed out Ol the indentations. While experiment- ag, he turned the cylinder verp rapidly, and instead of a suc- cession of "clicks," I musical sound was produced. He .eized the idea, and the Edison Phonograph was the result. The perfected phonograph of to-day consists of a cylinder of • wax, or other plastic material, which is revolved either by hand, foot power or an electric motor. This cylinder, called the phonogra^jt, is used for recording the sound. This is done by a diaphragm — such as is used in a telephone — into the cen- ter of which is fastened a sharp needle, which rests upon and just touches the phonogram. When the words are spoken the diaphragm vibrates, moving this needle up and down, and a series of indentations are made in a spiral line on the phonogram, which is turning around about eighty-five times a minute. To make the phonograph or repeat the words, another diaphragm, similar to the first or recorder, but havijig a blunt instead of a sharp needle, is placed at the starting point and the phonogram made to revolve, of course, as the needle ^^asses over the indentations it vibrates the diaphragn^ »nd the words are reproduced — as in a telephone. 64 THE TELEPHONE. ^ In 1831, Wheatstone showed that when the soundiag tooards of two musical instruments were connected together bf a rod of pine wood, a tune played on one will be faithfully reproduced by the other. Somewhat later a toy, called the Lovers' String, was made, and is the simplest form of a mechanical telephone. The toy consisted of, two tin cups, the bottoms made of parchment or cat gut tightly stretched like a drum head, and connected, one with the other, by a etrmg or cord. When the string was drawn taut, sounds, such as those of ordinary speech, produced in front of one of the cups were transmitted along the string to the other cup and reproduced there. This was the first telephone. At various times between 1831 and 1876, electricians and scientists had experimented with electro-magnets as a means of transmitting sounds a long distance. Charles Bourseul in 1854 published an article on the electrical transmission of speech, and recom- mended the use of a flexible plate at the source of sounds which would vibrate in response to the atm.ospheric pulsa- tions and thus open and shut an electrical circuit, and would thus operate, by an electro-magnet, upon a similar plate at a distance connected by wire with tne first, causing it to give out as many pulsations as there were breaks in the circuit. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell first exhibited the speaking telephone at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. It is this telephone, greatly improved, however, which is now in common use. This telephone consists of a compound perma- nent magnet fitted into the center of a hard rubber tube and carrying, at one end, a short electro-magnet. In front of this electro-magnet is fixed a thin, soft iron disk, about one and three-fourths inches in diameter. This disk lies at tne end of the rubber tube, where the tube is formed into a mouth piece. The action of telephoning with this telephone is very simple. The sound, as ordinary speech, is made in the mouth piece. The atmosphere conveys the sound— vibrations against the thin, iron disk (commonly called the diaphragm.) The disk vibrates in sympathy, and ceming against the electro-magnet, breaks and opens the electric circuit with every vibration. By means of the connecting wire, the electro-magnet in the distant telephone causes the diaphragm to vibrate corre- sponding to the breaks in the current. This of course vibrates the atmosphere and the pulsations ar^ conveyed to the ear. Ttte telephone thus described is now used as a receiver. The transmitter invented and im\)roved by Edison and Blake, is" combined with the Bell telephone and makes the telfiphone of general use. Telephonic communication nave been held between Chicago and New York, but not with overwhelmia^ 65 Highest and Greatest Mountains in tne World. Feet Name. Country High. Mile* Mt Everest (Himalayas) Thibet .... 29,002 5% Sorato, the highest in America Bolivia 21,284 4 lUimani .Bolivia.. 21,145 4 Chimborazo Ecuador 21,422 4% Hindoo-Koosh .Afghanistan. . .20,600 3^ Demavend, highest of Elburz Mts Persia 20,000 3^ Cotopaxi, highest volcano in the world . Ecuador . . •• • •19,496 35? Antisana Ecuador ..••••S9,iso 3l§ St. Elias, highest in Noith America Alaska 27^850 3)§ Popocatapetl, volcano Mexico 17, 540 3^ Mt. Roa, highest in Oceanica Hawaii ... 16,000 3 Mt. Brown, highest peak of R'ky Mts Brit. America 15,900 3 Mont Blanc, highest in Europe, Alps. .Savoy 15.732 3 Mt. Rosa, next highest peak of Alps. . Savoy . . .15,150 2^ Limit of perpetual show at the ... .Equator 15,207 2^ Pichinca ....Ecuador ,15,924 3 Mt. Whitney California 14,887 2|^ Mt. Fairweather Alaska 14,500 2}^ Mt. Shasta California 14,442 2^ Mt. Fanier , .Wash. Territ'y 14,444 2% Long's Peak, Rocky Mountains Colorado 14,271 2% Mt. A.arat .Aimenia. ...14,320 2^ Pike's Peak.. Colorado 14,216 2^ Mt. Ophir Sumatra 13,800 2^ Fremont's Peak, Rocky Mountains... Wyoming... .13,570 2^ Mt. St. Helens Wash Territ'y 13,400 2}4 Peak of TenerifFe Canaries 12,182 2j4 Miltzin, highest of Atlas Mountains Morocco 11,500 2 Mt. Hood Oregon ......11,225 2 Mt. Lebanon . Syria 10,533 2 Mt. Perda, highest of Pyrenees France 10,950 2 Mt. ^tna, volcano Sicily. 10,835 2 Monte Corno, highe-st of Appenines. ..Naples 9,523 1^ Sneehattan, highest Dovrefield Mts. . . Norway 8,115 Pindus, highest in Greece 7,677 ij4 Mount Sinai Arabia 6,541 1^ Black Mountain, highest in N. Carolina. . . 6,760 1^ Mt. Washington, highest White Mts. . .N Hampshire 6,285 i}£ Mt. Marcy, highest in New York 5,402 i Mt Hecla, volcano.. Iceland 5,104 i Ben Nevis, highest in Great Britain. . .Scotland 4,406 % Mansfield, highest of Green Mountains .Vermont. ..... 4,280 % Peaks of Otter Virginia 4,260 5? Mt Vesuvius V Naples 4,253 , ^ Round Top, highest of Catskill Mts New York 3,804 ^ .NE HORSE POWER is the strength necessary to lift 33,009 pounds ono foot per minute. ^ 06 HOW FA3T THE USE OF THE TELEPHONE IS GROWING. The 1890 census gives the following startling figures concerning this new branch of electrical contrivances. We only insert round figures. Capital invested in the Telephone business: 1880, 14 millions; 1890, 72 millions. Gross earnings: 1880, 3 millions; 1890, 16!^ millions. Net earnings: 1880, % millions; 1890, 5J4 millions. Number of exchanges: 1880, 437; 1890, 1,241. The number of instruments was from 108,638 to 467,356-; the miles of wire from. 34,305 to 240,412; the number of employes from 3,338 to 8,645, and the number of subscribers from 48,414 to 227,357. The census-takers, in 1890, report 453,200,000 conversa- tions to have taken place over the telephone wires . In 1900 the number of instruments used had grow to 1,580.101, the number of exchauses to 1.239, with 1,187 branch offices, and the conversations held over the wires had reached the stupendous figure of 5.173,803 daily, or 1,666,000,000 for the year. Temperature in United States.— Average of Three Years. Prescott, Arizona 51.9 Jacksonville, Florida 70.4 New Orleans, Louisiana. .70.2 Galveston, Texas 70.5 Mobile, Alabama 67.4 Jackson, Mississippi 66 Little Hock, Arkansas 62.3 Charleston, S. Carolina. . .66.9 Ft. Gibson, Indian Ter. . .59.4 Charlotte, N. Carolina 60.6 Atlanta, Georgia CI. 7 Memphis, Tennessee 61.7 Norfolk, Virginia 60.1 Louisville, Kentucky 57.4 San Francisco, California. 55 Washington, D. 0 55 St, LouiH!, Missouri 55 Baltimore, Maryland 56 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 54 Wilmington, Delaware 53 Trenton, New Jersey 53 Cincinnati, Ohio 56 Portland, Oregon 51.4 Boise City, Idaho .49.4 Salt L;ik.> Cit v 1^1 ah 50.3 Mor'.r Virginia. 53.1 Indi: liana 53.3 Leavt ] . . . iTisas 53.3 Santa re, N. Mexico Ter., 46.8 Spokane Falls, W. Ter . . .46.2 Kew Loudon, Connecticut. 49.9 C h i c a g o , 1 1 1 i n o i s 48.8 Winnemucca, ISevada 48 Des Moines, Iowa 4S.5 O ! n aba, N ebraska 49. 5 Denver, Colorado 49,'^ Bo-ton, Massachusetts 48.4 Albany, New York 50.4 Providence, Rhode Island. 48 Detroit, Michigan 49.7 Ft. Randall, Dakota 47 Sitka, Alaska 43.9 Concord, INew Hampshire. 46 Augusta, Maine 45 Madison, Wisconsin 45 Helena, Montana Ter 42 6 Burlington, Vermont 45 St. Paul, Minnesota ".43.9 If a railway were built to the sun, and trains upon it were run at the rate of thirty miles an hour, day and night without a Btop, it would require 350 years to make the journey from the eartii to the sun. 0 C7 Average Rainfall in PLACE. Inches. ' Ft Garland. Colorado 6 Ft Bridger, Utah Ter 6 Ft Bliss, Texas 9 Ft Colville, Wash. Ter g San Diego, California 9 Ft Craig, New Mexico Ter..n Ft Defiance, Arizona 14 Ft Randall, Dakota Ter 16 : Ft Marcy, New Mexico Ter.jsS Ft Massachusetts, Colorafla.i/ Sacramento, California 21 Dallas, Oregon. 21 San Francisco, Caliii«jrrnia.#..2t Mackinac, Michigan 23 Salt Lake City, Utah Ter.,.. 23 Ft Snelling, Mianesota... ...ss Ft Kearney. .,4 25 Penn Van, New York 28 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 30 Detroit, Michigan • • • 30 Ft Leavenworth, Kansas.... 31 Ft Brown, Texas ••••33 Buffalo, New York 33 Burlington, Vermont 34 Peoria, Illinois 35 Key West, Florida 36 Ft, Gibson, Indian Ter 36 White Sulphur Springs, Va. .37 Washington, D. C 37 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. . . .37 Cleveland, Ohio 37 Ft Vancouver 38 Hanover, New Hampshire ... 40 the Unitec^ States. PLACE. Inches. Ft. Smith, Ar>,ftiisas 40 Providence, I-feode Island.. 41 New Bedfof Mass 41 Baltimor'^; Maryland ....... 41 Muscati.ie, Iowa St. liouis, Missouri Mij-ietta, Ohio jR.ichmond» Indiana...,, Gaston, N. Carolina..., New York City, N. Y.., Charleston, S. Carolina Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 44 New^ Haven, Connecticut ... 44 Cincinnati, Ohio 44 Brunswick, Maine 44 Boston, Massachusetts.,* . 44 Newark, New Jersey., v.... 44 Memphis, Tennessee....... 45 Fortress Monroe, Virginia. . 47 Springdale, Kentucky. . 48 Savannah, Georgia. ... 48 New Orleans, Louisiana.... 51 Natchez, Mississippi 53 Huntsville, Alabama 54 Washington, Arkansas. . , . . . 54 Ft. Myers, Florida 56 Ft Tonson. Indian Ter 57 Meadow Valley, California. . 57 Baton Rouge, Louisiana.... 60 Mt. Vernon, Alabama 66 Ft. Haskins, Oregon 66 Sitka, Alaska ..83 Neah Bay, Wash. Ter, ..... 123 Wire Sauge. No.o.. Yards of Wire pen Bundle. Wires all weigh 63 lbs. to the bundle Yards in Bundle. 7^ 91 305 121 143 , 170 , 203 239 , 286 342 I .... . 420 Wire Gauge. No. 7 1. 13... 14. 15... 16... 17. -. 18... Yards lA Bundle. . 529 . 700 • S93 .1142 .1468 .1954 • 2540 .3150 .408s .490 68 Amount of Barbed Wire Required for Fences. Estimated number of pounds of barbed wire required to feaos space or distances mentioned, with one, two or three lines of frire, based upon each pound of wire measuring one rod (i6j4 feet). I Line. 2 Lines. 3 LiiSies. I square acre , 50% lbs. lox^ lbs. 152 lbs. X side of a square acre 12% lbs, -2$/^ lbs. 38 fbs. 1 square half-acre .. » 36 lbs. 72 lbs. 108 lbs, I square mile 1280 lbs. 2560 lbs. 3840 lbs, X side of a square mile... .... 320 lbs. 640 lbs. 960 lb»^ I rod in length i lb. 2 lbs. 3 lbs* xoo rods in fength 100 lbs. 200 lbs ^ 300 lbs* xoo feet in length 6 1-16 lbs. 12^ lbs. 18 3-16 lb»' Number of Shrubs or Plants for an Acre of Ground. Vist. aj>art. No. 0/ Plants. 3 inches by 3 inches 696,960 4 inches by 4 inches 392,040 6 inches by 6 inches ..... 174,240 9 inches by 9 inches 775440 X foot by I foot 43,560 x%, feet by 1 5^ feet 19,360 a feet by i foot 21,780 8 feet by 2 feet 10,890 %%, feet by 2% feet 6,960 3 feet by i foot 14,520 3 feet by 2 feet 7,260 3 feet by 3 feet 4,840 3% feet by 3^ feet 3,555 4 feet by i foot ... 10,890 4 feet by 2 feet 5,445 4 feet by 3 feet 3,630 4 feet by 4 feet. ........ . 2,722 45^ feet by 4 feet . . . . . 2,151 5 feet by i foot 8, 712 5 feet by 2 feet 4,356 5 feet by 3 feet 2,904 5 feet by 4 feet 2,178 5 feet by 5 feet 1,742 554 feet by s]4 feet 1,417 Dist. apart. No. of Plants, 6 feet by 6 feet 1,210 6% feet by 6% feet ijOSl 7 feet by 7 feet , 88x 8 feet by 8 feet 680 9 feet by 9 feet 537 10 feet by 10 feet. 435 11 feet by II feet , 360 12 feet by 12 feet 30a 13 feet by 13 feet. « 257 14 feet by 14 feet 22a 15 feet by 15 feet 193 16 feet by 16 feet. 170 16^^ feet by 16^ feet 160 17 feet by 17 feet 150 18 feet by 18 feet. 134 19 feet by 16 feet 120 20 feet by 20 feet 108 25 feet by 25 feet 69 30 feet by 30 feet 48 33 feet by 33 feet 40 40 feet by 40 feet 27 50 feet by 50 feet 17 60 feet by 60 feet la 66 feet by 66 feet lO COST OF EMANCIPATION.— If the total cost of the CivU War be divided among the slaves set free, emancipation cost about $700 per slavc^ 69 How Deep in the Ground to Plant Corn. The following is the result of an experiment with IndiaKi. Com. That which was planted at the depth of % inch, sprout appeared in i 8 days 1 inch, sprout appeared in 8V2 days IV2 inch, sprout appeared in 9^4 days 2 inches, sprout appeared in 10 days 2^4 inches, sprout appeared in days 3 inches, sprout appeared in 12 days S^i inches, sprout appeared in 13 days 4 inches, sprout appeared in ISYz days The more shallow the seed was covered with earth, themor^ rapidly the sprout made its appearance, and the stronger after- ward was the stalk. The deeper the seed lay, the longer it remained before it came to the surface. Four inches was too deep for the maize, and also too deep for smaller kernels. How to Measure Corn in Crib, Hay in a Mow, etc. This rule will apply to a crib of any kind. Two c^ubic feet f sound, dry corn in the ear will make a bushel shelled. To - the quantity of shelled corn in a crib of com in the ear, measure the length, breadth and height of the crib, inside of the rail ; multiply the length by the breadth and the product by the height; then divide the product by two, and you have t he number of bushels in the crib. To find the number of bushels of apples, potatoes, etc., in a n, multiply the length, breadth and thickness together, and tins product by 8, and point off one figure in the product for decimals. To find the amount of hay in a mow, allow 512 cubic feet for a ton, and it will come out very near correct. How Grain Will Shrink. Farmers rarely gain by keeping their grain after it is flt for market, when the shrinkage is taken into account. Wheat, from the time it is threshed, will shrink two quarts to the bushel or stx per cent in six months, in the most favorable circumstances. Hence, it follows that ninety-four cents a bushel for v. heat when first threshed in August, is as good, taking into account the shrinkage alone, as one dollar in the following February. Corn shrinks much more from the time it is first husked. One hundred bushels of ears, as they come from the field in November, will be rec^uced to not far from eighty. So that forty cents a bushel for corn in the ear, as it comes from the field, is as good as fifty in March, shrinkage only being taken into the account. In the case of potatoes— taking those that rot and are other- ' wise lost— together with the shrinkage, there is but little doubt that between October and June, the loss to the owne?" who holds them is not less than thirty-three per cent. This estimate is taken on the basis of interest at 7 per cen^ and takes no account of loss by vermin, ^ 70 What a Qeti to a Farm in many States Includes. Everyone know^ it conveys all the fences standing on the farm, hut all might not think it also included the fencing-stuff, posts, tails, etc., which had once been used in the fence, but had beea taken down and piled up for future use again in the same place. But new fencing material, just bought, and never attached to the soil, would not pass. So piles of hop poles stored away, if once used on the land and intended to be again so used, have been con- sidered a part of it, but loose boards or scaffold poles merely laid across the beams of the barn, and never fastened to it, would not l)e, and the seller of the farm might take them away. Standing trees, of course, also pass as part of the land; so do trees blown down or cut down, and still left in the woods where they fell, but not if cut, and corded up for sale; the wood has then become personal property. If there be any manure in the barnyard, or in the compost heap on the field, ready for immediate use, the buyer ordinarily, in the absence of any contrary agreement, takes that also as belonging to the farm, though it might not be so, if the owner had previously sold it to some other party, and had collected it together in a heap hy itself, for such an act might be a technical s^everance from the oil, and so convert real into personal estate; and even a lessee of a farm could not take away the manure made on the place while'he was in occupation. Growing crops also pass by the deed of a farm, unless they are expressly reserved; and when it is not intended to convey those, it should be so stated in the deed itself; a mere oral agreement to that effect would not be, in most States, valid in law. Another mode is to stipulate that possession is not to be given until some future day, in which case the crops or man- iires may be removed before that time. As to the buildings on the farm, though generally mentioned in the deed, it is not absolutely necessary they should be. A deed of land ordinarily carries all the buildings on it, belonging to the grantor, whether mentioned or not; and this rule includes the lumber and timber of any old building which has been taken down ©r blown down, and packed away for future use on farm. United States Land Measure and Home- stead Law. A township is 36 sections, each a mile square. A section is 640 •creek A quarter section, half a mile square, is 160 acres. An ^i^hll) section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a mile ivide, is 80 acres. A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square^ i& 40 acres. 71 The sections are all numbered i to 36, commencing at northca* borner, thus : 6 5 4 3 2 ) NW NE] SW SE 7 8 9 10 XI 12 z8 17 16 15 14 13 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 29 28 27 26 25 31 32 33 34 35 36 The sections are all divided in quarters, which are named bj die cardinal points, as in section 1. The quarters are divided i» die same way. The description of a forty-acre lot, would read; The south half of the west naif of the south-west quarter of section I in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be . and sometimes will fall short, and sometimes overrun the numbei of acres it is supposed to contain. Homestead Privilege. — The laws give to every citizen, and t<^ those who have declared their intention to become citizens, the right to a homestead on surveyed lands, to the extent of one- quarter section, or 160 acres, or a half-quarter section, or 80 acres; toe former in cases in the c2ass of lower priced lands held by law a.t ^1.25 per acre, the latter of high priced lands held at $2.50 per acre, when disposed of to cash buyers. The pre-emption privilege is restricted to heads of families, widows, or single persons ovef the age of twenty-one. Every soldier and officer in the army, and every seaman, marine •nd officer of the navy, during the recent rebellion, may enter t6o •cres from either class, and length of time served in the army of navy deducted from the time required to perfect title. BOOKS PUBLISHED.— There are published daily, througrhout the Civilized world, about 200 new books; total in 1898, 70,554. 72 1? I? ^5 - S i •P3»S 1 r.- vS vS ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ :^ : •sdjddy P^HQ B B B -P 73 CANALS - THEIR LENGTH AND COST. The following table comprises the canals of tl»e United States and Canada of which the cost has exceeded $l,0(X),ooo each : Name. State. Length in miles, Cost Erie Champlain Chenango Central Division, public Western " " Susquehanna Division, public N. Branch " " N. Branch Extension " Delaware Division " Schuylkill " private.. Lehigh « « .. Union " " . . Del. and Hudson " " enlarged Del. and Raritan feeder Morris and Essex Chesapeake and Delaware Chesapeake and Ohio Ohio and Erie Miami Sandy and Beaver James River and Kanawha Wabash and Erie Illinois and Michigan Welland St. Lawrence Cornwall Beauharnois Lachine New York. Penna N. Y. & Pa. New Jersey. Del. & Md, Maryland Ohio . . Virginia Indiana Illinois . Canada. 363 63 97 173 104 39 73 90 66 108 85 82 108 108 43 lOl 191 307 178 76 U7 379 QO 102 36 10 la II $7,143,784 1,257,604 2,419,95^ 5,307, 25J 3,096, 52i 1,039,256 1,096,178 3,528,302 1,275,715 2,500,176 4,455,099 2,500,000 6,500,000 2,844,103 3,100,000 2, 750,000 10,000,000 4,695,824 3,750,000 1,500,000 5,020,050 3,057,120 8,654,337 7,000,000 1,000,000 2,00^^^000 1,500,000 2,000,000 FARn ANIMALS IN THE UNITED STATES, (1900.) The Department of Agriculture reported the following farm anl- jnals in the United States on January 1, 1900 : Hoi'ses, 13.537.534, value, $603,969,442; mules, 2^086.127, value, $111,717,092; Tiiiloh cows, 16.292,360, value, $514,812,106; oxen and other,cat- tlp. 27,610.054, value, $689,486,260; sheep, 41,883.065, value, ' 22.605,916 Total value farm animals, $2, 212,756,578. THE BIGGEST THINGS. Interesting Facts Useful When You Get Into ta Argument. The largest theater in the world is the new Opera- house in Paris. It covers nearly three acres of groundf its cubic mass is 4,287,000 feet; it cost about 100,000,000 francs. The largest suspension bridge is the one between New York City and Brooklyn ; the length of the main Span is 1,595 ^^^^ ^ inches; the entire length of the bridge 155,980 feet. The loftiest active volcano is Popo- catapetl — " smoking mountain " — thirty-five miles south- west of Puebla, Mexico ; it is 17,748 feet above the sea level, and has a crater three miles in circumference, and 1,000 feet deep. The longest span 01 wire in the world is used for a telegraph in India over the River Kistnah. It is more than 6,000 feet in length, *and is 1,200 feet high. The largest ship in the world is the Great Eastern. She is 680 feet long, 83 feet broad, and 60 feet deep, being 28,627 tons burden, 18,915 gross, and *3»334 net register. The greatest fortress, from a strategical point of view, the famous stronghold of Gibraltar. It occupies a rocky peninsula jutting out into the sea, about three miles long and three-quarters of a mile wide. One cen- tral rock rises to a hight of 1,435 f^^t above the sea level Its northern face is almost perpendicular, while its east side is full of tremendous precipices. On the soutll it terminates in what is called Europa Point. The west side is less steep than the east, and between its base and the sea is the narrow, almost level span on which thd town of Gibraltar is built. The fortress is considered impregnable to military assault. The regular garrisoQ in time of peace numbers about 7,000- 74 75 The bluest cavern is the Mammoth Cave, in Edmoa^ son County, Kentucky. It is near Green Rive ?, about six miles from Cave City, and twenty-eight from Bowling Green. The cave consists of a succession of irregulai chambers, some of which are large, situated on different levels. Some of these are traversed by the navigable branches of the subterranean Echo River. Blind fish are found in its waters. The longest tunnel in the world is that of the Sti Gothard, on the line of railroad between Lucerne and Milan. The summit of the tunnel is 900 feet below th^'a i5 i^^^T 0) N N >'i| ^^^i.i^^'ll ^^^^>^'i| ^^H^g^'^l '-^^5^ 13 I o ^ ^ o ^^i-c^ I o ^ ^ o H o || N (N N fO «n •r t; 5 o H . i> f- • r ' ro in 00 < I •^^^;>>'^| :^^^;>^'^| •^^>.>^'5| 73 ^ 3. '5 B (/iiS •aj?\>>^t/3j5 •rt?s>.^!/!i5 •rt?\>^^'/5iS 'rt?s!^^<«i5 * T3 5 T3 : 11 •< THE LIBERTY BELL. The I'hiiadelphia News gives some interesting par. ticulars of the history of the Independence Bell : The order for the bell was given in 1751. The State House of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, work on which had been suspended for a number of years, was then approaching completion, ^he lower floors were already occupied by the Supreme Court in the chamber, while in the other assembled the Freemen of the Province of Pennsylvania, then consisting of one body. A committee was appointed by the Freemen, with Peter Norris as chairman, and empowered to have a new bell cast for the building. The commission for the bell was in the same year awarded to Robert Charles, of London, the specifi- cation being that the bell should weigh about .2,cxx> pounds and cost ;^ioo sterhng. It was to be made by the best workmen, to be examined carefully before being shipped, and to contain, in well-shj^ped letters around it, the inscription : " By order of the Province of Pennsyl- vania, for the State House in the City of Philadelphia, 1752.' ' ^An order was given to place underneath this the fatal and prophetic words from Leviticus xxv. 10: " Pro- claim liberty throughout the land and to all the inhab- itants thereof. " , The reason for the selection of this text has been a subject of much conjecture, but the true reason is appar- ent when the full text is read. It is as follows: " And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year and proclaim liberty throughout the land and to all the inhabitants thereof. " In selecting the text the good Quakers had in memory the arrival of William Penn and their forefathers more than half a century before. In August, 1752, the bell arrived, but though in apparoit good order, it was cracked by a stroke of the clapper while being tested. It could not be sent back^ 78 79 as the captain of the vessel who had brought it over could not take it on board. Two skillful men undertook to recast the bell, which, on being opened, revealed a bell which pleased very much. But it was also found to be defective. The original bell was considered too high, and a quantity of copper was added to the composition, but too much copper was added. There were a great many witticisms on account of the second failure, and tl: ^ , igenious work- men undertook to recast the bell, wl l., they success- fully did, and it was placed in conditio a in June, 1753. On Monday, the 8th of July (not the 4th), at noon, true to its motto, it rang out the memorable message of " Liberty throughout the land and to all the inhabitants thereof." For fifty years the bell continued to l)e r-nng on every festival and anniversary until it eventiial.'y cracked. An ineffectual attempt was made to cause it to con- tinue serviceable by enlarging the cause of its dissonance and chipping the edges. It was removed from its posi- tion in the tower to a lower story, and only used on occasions of public sorrow, such as the death of ex- Presi- dents and statesmen. Subsequently it was placed on the original timbers in the vestibule of the State House, and in 1873 it was suspended in a prominent position imme- diately beneath where a larger bell presented to the city in 1866 now proclaims the passing hours. CHOLERA. Cholera. — Known in its native country, India, under the names Morshi, Mordeshi and Visuchika; first ap- peared in Europe in 1831; was first introduced into Can- ada and the United States in 1832, spread as an epidemic^ md lasted in some localities until 1835. Second European epidemic began in 1847; reached New York and New Orleans in December, 1848; Canada in April, 1849; continuing epidemically in the United States until 1852; almost died out in Europe at the close of 1850, but broke out afresh in 1852, and was again imported into this country in 1853,'' not entirely dis- appearing until 1855. 8o Third epidemic in Europe' began in 1865; cases at Ward's Island, New York, in November, but the conta- gion not fairly introduced into the United States until the spring of 1866; died out here in 1867, and in most Euro- pean countries in 1869-70; a fresh outbreak there in 187I reached this country again in February, 1873, when it spread from New Orleans and involved nineteen States in eight months. Fourth epidemic followed a violent outbreak in Egypt in 1883 (the " Damietta outbreak "); cases at Marseilles in October, but existence concealed; declared epidemic at Toulon in June, 1884; spread throughout Southern France, thence into Italy; existence suspected in Spain, but denied during the winter of 1884-85, but during the spring and summer of 1885 invaded nearly all parts of the kingdom,, causing over one hundred thousand deaths; attacked Italy again during the autumn, and at the close of 1885 was reported in Venice, Trieste and in the prov- ence of Brittany. Cases were reported in various other parts of Europe, but no spread resulted, except' in the countries named. So far as known, only one infected vessel arrived in this country; deaths occurred during the voyage, but the vessel was properly cared for on her ar« rival in New York Bay, latter part of September, 1885. The first European epidemic lasted seven years — from 1831 to 1837, inclusive — dying out during cold weather, and reappearing in spring in previously infected localities, and thence spreading to localities which had previously escaped ; in many instances more severely scourging local- ities in the second or subsequent years than during the first visitation. The second epidemic lasted seventeen years — 1847 to 1863 — with a remarkable intermission in 1851-52, and numerous fluctuations of intensity, the severest in 1849-50 and in 1853-55. '^^^ lasted ten years— 1865 to. 1874 — ^^^^^ ^ remission in 1869-70. and a fresh outbreak in 187 1 . In all of the^n the diseaijc was brought to the United States within two years after it had become epidemic in countries in close commercial relation with this country, and in each epidemic there were several direct importations of the contagion. Deduction. — That xuhenever, and. as long as Asiatk 8i cholera exists on the European continent^ this country is in danger of a cholera epidemic. Three things are necessary for a cholera epidemic: First, the cholera poison; second, filthy local condi- tions of air, soil and water; third, individual predisposi- tion. If, by quarantine, the poison can be kept out of the country, the other two factors might be disregardecL But since the most rigidly enforced quarantines have here- tofore failed to prevent the introduction of the poison, it is essential that such measures of local and individual sanitation be enforced as will secure cleanliness of person, of habitation and of surroundings — of air, water and soil. Certain of these conditions the individual can only indirectly control, but for his own immediate environ- ment, his dwelling and premises and his personal hygiene, he is himself responsible. And these conditions have much to do with determining the individual predisposi* tion. Cholera is most surely guarded against by keeping the body clean and well nourished, and the mind equable and ■ contented; underfeeding, anxiety, overwork, exposure to extremes of temperature, intemperance in eating or drink- ing — all tend to reduce the resistance of the system to ? the influence of any morbid poison, and more especially [ ' that of cholera. Y If cholera should, unfortunately, make its appearance, the following most important precaution should be ob- • served: No diarrhea, or even lax condition of the bowels, should be disregarded while there is a single case of chol- era in the country. An attack of cholera is usually pre- ceded by a loose, painless diarrhea, although less fre- quently one may pass from apparently perfect health after a single dejection into the state of cholera collapse. But, as a rule, there is the premonitory stage above indi- cated, and which may last from one to five days. Such Attacks, if promptly and properly treated, may almost invariably be cured, but if neglected, may develop into malignant cholera. Treatment. — First, absolute rest ; second, a teaspoon- till of the following mixture every two hours until the diarrhea is checked; 82 CHOLERA MIXTURE. Aromatic sulphuric acid One cviuct . Paregoric Three ounces. Dose. — One teaspoonful in four tablespoonfuls of water. This is the simplest and most generally useful combina.- don, and should be kept ready for use in the house, office, store and workshop during a cholera season. A good doctor should be called, but the above treat- ment is to be followed until the doctor arrives. Mean- time take no food or stimulants of any kind, but allay thirst with ice. Preventive. — in addition to ordinary prudence in diet and drink, especial care should be taken as to the quality of drinking-water used. If not known to be abso- lutely pure, add a teaspoonful of aromatic sulphuric acid (elixir of vitriol) to one quart of water. Epidemics of cholera have been arrested, when every other means failed, by using water thus acidulated. It may be flavored with lemons and sweetened. There is good reason for believing that the cholera poison is absolutely destroyed by mineral acids. It would be well, therefore, to confine the drink exclusively to this mineral-acid lemonade so long as there is any danger of cholera. No o-ther single precaution is of so much importance as this. POISONS— ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT. Immediately on discovering that poison has been swal- lowed, send for a physician with all possible haste. Until his arrival, the treatment should either be with a view to removing the poison by an emetic or neutralizing its effects by an antidote. Emetics. — Ground mustard, a tablespoonful in a tumbler of warm water, is an emetic usually quickly pro- cured. Give the patient one-fourth of it at once, and follow with a cup of warm water. Repeat the dose every minute or two until vomiting takes place. Give tepid water freely. Mustard has a special value in most cases where an emetic is needed^, as it is also stimulating In its effects. 83 Common salt is also used as an emetic, a teacup of water with as much salt as the water will dissolve h&Mkg given every few moments until vomiting occurs. Tickling the throat with a feather, or with the finger, is a valuable aid to the action of an emetic. After vomiting takes place, the white of eggs in warm water, warm milk, gum-arabic water, or flour and to soothe the irritated mucous membrane. The following table gives the common poisons and suggestions as to the treatment for each, and, together with the above, may be of assistance until the arrival of a physician: ACIDS— MINERAL.— Chalk, magnesia (plaster off wall), solution of cooking soda, or saleratus; then barley-water, linseed-tea, or olive-oil, ACONITE. — Emetics, stimulants external and intemaL ANTIMONY. — Strong tea in large quantities. AQUA FORTIS.— Same as Aczds, Mineral. ARSENIC. *-Give milk in large quantities, or the white of eggs, or flour and water. Follow with stimu- lants. ATROPIA. — Same as Belladonna. ARGENTl NIT. — Large teaspoonful of salt in cup af water; repeat in ten minutes; then give castor-oU and linseed-tea or barley-water. BAD FISH OR OTHER FOOD.— Emetics; then a large dose of castor-oil with some warm spice. Mustard-plaster to pit of stomach if necessary. BED-BUG POISON— Same as Corrosive Sublimate, BLUE VITRIOL. ^Same as CupriSulph. and Copper, CANNABIS INDICA.— Hot brandy and water, lemon- juice, vegetable acids, vinegar; allow patient to sleep; blister to nape of neck. CANTHARIDES.— Emetics, followed by barley-water, flaxseed-tea, or other soothing drinks. CARBOLIC ACID.— Castor or olive-oiL CAUSTIC POTASH.-:Sameas/'(?/?^j-^ CAUSTIC SODA.— Same as Potash. CHLORINE WATER.— Albumen (white of e^, milk, flour. water, may be given to further 84 CHLOROFORM. —Fresh air ; incline the body so as to get the head as low as possible, pull the tongue forward; dash cold water on the chest at intervals; excite respiration by other means. CHLORIDE OF TIN.— Milk in large quantities with magnesia, chalk or whiting in it; raw eggs beaten up with water or milk. CHLORAL HYDRATE.— Same as Chloroform. CHLORIDE OF ZINC— Milk with white of eggs in it. Large doses. COBALT. — Same as Arsenic, COLCHICUM.— Emetics; then barley water, lin* seed tea, etc. If stupor [coma) be present, give brandy, coffee, ammonia. CONIUM. — Emetics, followed by stimulants, ex- ternally and internally. COPPER. — Milk and whites of eggs; large quan- tities; then strong tea. Don't give vinegar. COPPERAS.— Emetics: Mucilaginous drinks. CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE.— White of eggs in a little water. Repeat dose at intervals of two or three minutes until patient vomits. Use milk or flour and water if you can't get eggs. CROTON OIL.— Emetics; then flaxseed tea, gum-arabic water, slippery elm, etc. CUPRI SULPH.— Whites of eggs. Same as Copper CYANIDE OF POTASSIUM.— Same as Prusdc Acid. DIGITALIS.— Emetics. Keep the patient lying down. Stimulants externally and internally. FOWLER'S SOLUTION.— Same as Arsenic. HASCHISCH. — Same as Cannabis Indica, HEMLOCK. — Same as Conium, HENBANE. — Same as Hyoscyamus, HYDROCYANIC ACID.— Fresh air and artificial respiration, with dashes of cold water. HYOSCYAMUS.— Emetics; lemon juice stimu- lants, external and internal. INDELIBLE INK.— Same as Argenti Nit. INDIAN HEMP.— Same as Cannabis Indica. IODINE. — Emetics; starch or flour in water; bar- ley water or other demulcent drinks. IVY POISONING.— Apply soft-soap freely to affected parts ; or bathe the poisoned skin frequently with weak tincture of belladonna. tAUDANUM.— Same as Opium, LEAD. — Two ounces of Epsom salts m a pmt of water; wineglassful every ten minutes until it operates freely. Afterward milk. LEAD SALTS.— Same as Lead, LEAD WATER.— Same as Lead. LOBELIA. — Stimulants externally and internally. LUNAR CAUSTIC— Same as Argenti NiL hYl^.— Potash. MERCURY. — Same as Corrosive Sublimate. MINERAL ACID.— Same as Acids., Mineral MORPHIA.— Same as Opium. MURIATIC ACID.— Same as ^r/V/j-, Mineral. NITRATE OF SILVER.— Same as Argenti NiL NITER— Same as Saltpeter. NITRIC ACID.— Same as Acids, Mineral. NUX VOMICA. — Emetics, artificial respiration, linseed tea or barley-water; to an adult 30 drops of laudanum to relieve the spasms. OIL OF BITTER ALMONDS.— Same as Prussic Acid. OIL OF VITRIOL.— Same as Acids, Mineral, OPIUM. — Emetics (10 grains of sulphate of copper if possible); ::fter vomiting, which must be induced quickly, give plenty of strong coffee with brandy, put mustard plasters around calves of legs; keep patient aroused by walking around, dashing cold water in face, heating soles of feet, or whipping body with <.owels wrung out in cold water. If the patient is allowed ta go to sleep before the effect of the opium has passed off, death will result. OXALIC ACID.— Same as Acids, Mineral. PAREGORIC— Same as Opium. PARIS GREEN.— Same as Arsenic. PHOSPHORUS. — Emetics, large quantities of tepid water, with magnesia, chalk, whiting, or even flour stirred in it. POTASH. — Vineear and water, oranp:es, lemons, sour 86 beer, cider, or sour fruit; then give oil— lin* seed or olive. fRtJSSIC ACID.— Sal-volatile and water; apply smelling salts to nostrils; dash cold water in f:^ce; stimulants. RATSBANE.— Same as Arsenic. RED PRECIPITATE.— Same as Co^-rosive Sub/imau RED LEAD.— Same as Lead. ROUGH ON RATS."— Same 2.^ Arsenic, SALI PETRE.^ — Flour and water in large doses;; lifiseed or sweet oil. SALTS OF TIN.— Milk in large quantities. SILVER, NITRATE OF.— Same 2.s Argenti Nit. SPANISH FLY. — Same as Cantharides. SPIRITS OF SALTS.— Same as Acids, Mineral, STRAMONIUM.— Same as Belladona, STRYCHNINE.— Same as Nux Vomica, SUGAR OF LEAD.— Same as Lead Salts, SULPHURIC ACID.— Same as Acids, Mineral. SULPHATE OF ZINC— Same as Zinc Salts. TARTAR EMITIC— Same as Antimony. TARTARiZED ANTIMONY.— Same as Antimony TOBACCO. — Emetics; stimulants external and internal. VERDIGRIS.-— Same as Copper. VERMILLIiON. — Same as Corrosive Sublimate, VOLATILE ALKALI.— Same as Potash, WHITE PRECIPITATE.— Same as Arse^iic, WHITE VITROL.— Samo as Zinc Salts, aiNC SALTS.— Give milk with white of eggs free- ly; afterward warm barley water or li jseed oil. Live Stock on Ranges in the United Sta' es. It is found that in Jnne, 1890, there wjre upon the ranges 517,128 horsetof 5,433 mules, 14 109 asses or burros, 6,828,182 cattle, 6,676,902 sheep, and 17,276 swine, with sales of horses, in a889, amounting to fl, 418,205; of cattle, $17,913,712; of sheep, $2,669,663, and of swine, $27,132. The total number of men re- ported upon ranges in care of this stock is 15,390. The vidustry is found to be more generally prosperous at this lime than for several years previous. 8? .2 1 "in ^ w ^ ^ CL, o ^ > B . ^ O Cj (U O "TJ ^ p B 5t3 .52 i=5 O b/)-^ O.r^ ci O § fl^ O ^ r--H I— < +J -l-J t-t ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ rs ^ ^ (D O u CO 4- aJc^rtcirtcScicicJ 00 vo ''i- o 1 I 1 I II I I I c^cirtrtcicicicjci "nJ T3 T3 T3 "TJ TIJ "T? 13 :::::: ij-a !^ I . : . a> : s u . C . Cij o ^ si^ 2 CO* fl7^a.:^U 88 -4-> o tn o '4 o o O ^ O W5 2 M "d I OS c/2 (£4 o w H o o . o ^, 'd : o5. \t oj "d i: o •d -*-» CO t>. S ' ■ o "d o u & Q C/3 :s1 bi9 r3 -5? i2 • ^ > ^ • § ^ ^ • U2 : ^ fl) • q 2i o a> . Recognized probity is the surest of all oaths.— ifme, Keeker. Our humanity were a poor thing but for the divinity that stirs within us.— Bacon. There is nothing of which men are so fond and withal so careless as lifa.—Bruyere. Christianity commands us to pass by injuries; policy, to let them pass by us. — Franklin. An angry man is (again) angry with himself when he has returned to resison—FubUus ^yrus. You may depend upon it that he is a good man whose intimatejriends are all good.— La vat er. The art of putting well into play mediocre qualities often begets more reputation than true merit achieves. — RouchefducauLd. If you wish to appear agreeable in society you musft consent to be taught many things which you know already.— Za?;a^6r. Affectation naturally counterfeits those excellences which are placed at the greatest distance from possibility of ^ild^inmQiit.— Johnson. Good nature is the very air of a good mind, the sign of a large and generous soul, and the peculiar soil in which virtue ^vos^qvs.— Goodman. No man receives the true culture of ama.n. in whom- the sensibility to the beautiful is not cherished; and I know Of no condition in life from which it should be excluded. —Channing. Habit is our primal, fimdamental law: habit and imita- tion—there is nothing more perennial in us than these two. They are the source of all working and all appren- ticeship, of all practices and all learning, in the world.— CarLyle. ^ There are chords in the human heart— strange, varying strings— which are only struck by accident: which will remain mute and senseless to appeals most passionate and earnest, and respond at last to the slightest casual Umc\i.— Dickens '■■ 94 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA OCCUPIED BY, AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF, THE UNITED STATES. The greatest length of the territory from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, occupied by the United States, on the parallel of 42 is 2,768 miles; and its greatest breadth, from Point Isabel, Tex., to the northern boundary of North Dakota, is 1,650 miles. The Mexican boundary line is 1,500 miles in length. The boundary line separat- ing the United States from the British possessions is about 3,400 miles long. The first attempt at civilized settlement, in the United States, was made on the Island of Roanoke, off the coast of North Carolina, where a colony from England was placed, under the command of Sir Richard Grenville, in 1585. Having trouble with the Indians, several of the settlers were killed, and the remainder returned to Eng- land. In 1587 John White landed a party of 108 persons, and returned to England after founding the city of Raleigh named after Sir Walter Raleigh. Here Virginia Dare, the first white child, native of the United States, was born. In 1590, John White returned with a fleet, but all traces of the colonists, left three years before, had vanished. Their fate has never been ascertained. In 1540, French fur-traders founded a settlement on Manhattan Island, where the city of New York now stands, but the next year they abandoned the country. A party of Huguenots, driven from Prance, sought refuge in South Carolina, where they built Port Royal, in 1562; but subsequent famine compelled them to abandon the colony. In 1565, the Spaniards, on the east coast of Florida, founded St. Augusti-ne, the oldest existing town in the United States. The first permanent English settle- ment was made at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607: the colony consisting of 105 emigrants, more than one-half of whom died within six months, from privation or at the hands of the Indians. Newly arrived immigrants from England, however, swelled the number of colonists to 200, in the year 1610. Hendrick Christjenson, a Hollander, in 1612, made a small redoubt enclosing four log huts, as a place in which to live and receive furs, on Manhattan Island, on the site where is now located No. 29 Broadway, New York City. A Dutch settlement, in 1614, was founded at Albany, N. Y. In 1620, the Puritans, a company of British refugees, numbering 102 persons, landed at Plymouth, Mass., at a point known as Plymouth Rock. In 1623 the Virginia colonists, then numbering 2.500, feeling themselves st^ror.g enousrlT. nt tricked the Indians; 4:his resulted in a des;ilir)V ^ iiich continued for 24 years. RAILROAD MILEAGE OF THE WORLD. At the Beginning of the Year 1899. COUNTRIES. MILES. United states 180,245 I'.ritish North America.. 16,867 \i\vioundland 592 » xico 8,498 ntral America 646 Total, North America, 212,848 uted States of Colum- hiii 346 V aba . 1,133 Venezuela... 633 San Domingo 177 Brazil 8,718 Argrentina 9,8'22 Paraguay 157 UrugMiay 1,118 Chile 2,662 INiu 1,035 !!()livia 621 K.-uador 186 itish Guiana 22 . 11 aica^arbadoes, Trin- idad, Martinique, Por- to Rico, Salvador 618 Total. South America and W. Indies 27,188 British India 21,973 Ceylon .■ 297 Asia Minor and Syria — 1,558 Russia (Transcaspian District) 1,568 Siberia 2,573 Persia , 34 Dutch India 1,293 Japan 2,948 Portuguese India 51 Malay Archipelago 188 ' hina 401 am 167 ochin China, Pondi- cherry, Malacca and Tonquin 238 Total Asia COUNTRIES MILES. All of Germany 30,777 Austro-Hungaj y (includ- ing Bosnia, etc.) 21.805 Great Brit'n and Ireland, 21 .529 France 25.898 Russia (incl. Finland) . . . 26 .414 Italy 9.759 Belgium 3,781 Netherlands (including Luxembourg) 1 965 Switzerland 2,303 Spain 8,303 Portugal 1,467 Denmark 1,618 Norway 1,230 Sweden..., ... 6,35& Servia 354 Roumania.... 1,895 Greece 591 European Turkey, Bul- garia and Roumania , . 1,595 Malta, Jersey, Man 68 Total, Europe 167,510 Egypt 2.085 Algiers and Tunis 2.704 (Upe Colony 2.384 Natal 459 South African Republic, 774 Orange Free State 832 Mauritius, Reunion, Con- go, Senegal and other states 2,011 Total, Africa 11.214 Australasia 14,490 Recapitulation ; Europe 167,510 North America 212,848 South Americans 26,187 Asia 33,289 Africa 11,214 Australasia 14.490 Total 96 ■o S ^ S J ^ ft Ph CZA G «^ ce 3 «s •S - "3 § .S' oj -a o j2 « 2 03 oco ^ ci lO 'si< ^ cs 5 .5 w - ^ > < 2 ®^ Mri< CO ao ox PS ^ bo 52;^ 00 ;3 21 fl^ cj c3 ^ O M — ' HI 2 QjVO^ fS m O C fl O ^ c c3 oT g ? :^ « d CO 5 - 0) M ^ ^'^•^S ft C O C ^ CD m cj e| o ® ;h

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O H •-ox" kC x> OiO X lO t>?^ t>iH s 05 o rHCO" xt> t> x'co" 10 1> Tj<^05 o'~ CO 10 05 o^q 0" rH 03 03 H 4J 01 !2i co" lO co'jq x"" co'co'^ co'x' rH rH < 03 6 t>-t> t>fH X 05 COO •x>o xo M 1 •X) X^ I>X xr- rHiH »o X CO xc- CO'^ >o X XrJ* rH T# o^x^ ^> X x^ rHO XrH 05 iq^ cr> "M uf co'co' X os^io" rH !M i>x' rH rH iM r-( rt< »o 05 kO ERIC i:: o lO »o X xt> Tj<05 X >o o xx> OrH C<> rH (M »C CO rHX ox l> X ?Q ?^05 XrH rH CO 0 0) iH rH rH rH rH :z; O !«■ C3 6 cox 05^rH 05 )ESCRIP- 55 o * s o H •£ ; o3 ; 9. o H j: 5 9. ■3 c H 3 0 H : S — eS 0 H 5 in 00 oj t-i O geqc - S,^ J -2 03 ;m >^ o ^ 0++ M > 03 ;i o , o'w © •-^ o _S «s 55 ^ 03 (O »• ^< Sh ► 5C w o>. 03|S 98 UJ < O UJ UJ CM 0> 00 I 0> s 00 < I- o X c i> o !N o tJ< O^O I- Tl<^".0 t> X 3^^ iM CO W »0 C5 cJt> 00 lo' O t> t>'*:ot>r-i coc'^l^^>ococo co r-To'iH »C ^ lO lO'lO CCrH (?q Tti O OiXXXOSOiOiXCOXXCSO CNXOC ICXIC3 t>r-;Xt cc t-^ oi :i COrHC In! C 5 Oi :o O X Ic.^ o cocoes iCrs CO CO CO r# »0 CO CO 00 rHrHCOtS TjtHCOCOCO :5r-^-oxoooicococokO^^ -dOXr-X CrH ICJStXH CClCOXlOf-ifMC^t^n-CtJ^O '1-^:0 ■1 >c 1 CO CO COOiCO CD 0»C ooTji'cq coco CO OCOOOM OCOt-COTt( kCCO^r-i*^^I> t^^C^X^Oit-" C^J cocox-^ CO CO CO CO OCC/ •r« :o c CiOsC : OOirH H oodo 1 iHtHO J o:^cDco__ 5 OCIX t-iOCOrf^ Oi CO(M(MCqi> c^_^o^?oi>co^ ■^oacDodco XC0COICC5 s^-^^oooo >o">o oJcitcT oc:o^( CDiO*0 lO oocooo^ _ . lO"^ C<]iH CO-^ '^•<# coco 0) -n ^ ^ s Xt-»CI>'^ XCOXC-rHCO-^O C^^X'*XCO cOCOOXOSCOOiX OC0I>O(N CO^iOXXtHt-ICI !MXO( CO CO '< C^"l ^ r-" !> »Cl (M O I> CO Tj< lO X o I = CO :c :o C^CfiO X^»r5 ©^X^»H — ' cici -JD »0 C^Oi CO"0 OQ (NrH •,OrHa5Cot^>ocoo5i>cox?qx lO O rH lO 0_X> ^^C^^ ^ X >o oVr o o »o~th o CO th cq ^ ^ X CJJO^o^c^i iq i> xxxxr XX XX XX XX » > CD fl > ?^ -iJ 'SI'S 9 -C) «M g> -5 fi ^ > aj o « Q ^ ^ J ^ „ 73 S > be ? C O V.^ ^ p. 5 O : 3 S S o ti o o c S 01 :0 O 99 SHRINKAGE OF CASTINGS. Tin— One-fourth inch in a foot. Pipes— One-eighth inch in a foot, zinc— Five sixteenths inch in a foot. Lead— Five sixteenths inch in a foot. Copper— Three-sixteenths inch in a foot. Thin Brass— One-eighth inch in nine inches Thick Brass— One-eighth inch in ten inches. Bismuth— Five-thirty-seconds inch in a foot. Locomotive Cylinders— One sixteenth inch in a foot. Beams, Girders, etc, —One-eighth inch in fifteen incfies. Engine-beams, Connecting-rods, etc.— One-eighth inch In sixteen inches. Center of Population in the United States. WES' DATE. POSITION OF CENTER OF POPULATION, 1790. .23 miles E. of Baltimore, Md 1800.. 18 miles V^. of Baltimore, Md 41 miles. 1810.. 40 miles N. W. by W. of Washington, D. C. 36 miles. 18 20.. 16 miles N. of Woodstock, Va.... 50 miles. 1830. .19 miles W. S. W. of Moorefleld, W. Va 39 miles. 1840. .16 miles S. of Clarksburg-, W. Va 55 miles. 1850. .23 miles. S. E. of Parkersburg, W. Va 55 miles, 1860. 20 miles S. of Chillicothe, O. .81 miles. 1870.. 48 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati, 0 42 miles. 1880.. 8 miles W. by S. of Cincinnati, O .58 miles. 1890. .20 miles E. of Columbus, Ind .43 miles. 1900.. 7 miles S. E. of Columbus, Ind 13 miles. Western movement in 110 years 513 miles. ALCOHOL! WHO DRINKS IT? It has been the endeavor of the ceD-^JUS-takers, in 1890, to obtain, as far as possible, such facts as relate to the 1166 of alcohol as a beverage. It appears that alcohol, as such (in some cases diluted with water, but without any coloring or extraneous flavoring), is used by a certain foreign element of our population. It is drunk to a great extent by Poles, Norwegians, Swedes, Finns, Hungarians and Russians. The quantity thus consumed is larger than is generally supposed. Inquiry of some of the large houses in the Northwest, familiar with this particular trade, elicits the information that fully one-half of the alcohol sold in that section is drunk, it being the favorite leverage of these foreign races. It is estimated, by com- tent authority, that about fifteen barrels of alcohol are ily consumed for that purpose in New York city aione. A considerable amount is consumed by the same element Id the coal regions of Pennsylvania, and undoubtedly ia •ther localities. 100 TELEGRAPH STATISTICS OF THE WORLD. Alg-eria 3,645 Austria-Hungary 32,684 Bavaria 5,215 Belgium 3,713 Bolivia 182 Brazil 4,888 Bulgaria 1,325 Canada 23,330 Cape of Good Hope 4,031 Chili 6,840 China 3,089 Columbia 2,357 Costa Rica 450 Cuba 2.835 Denmark 2,283 Dutch East Indies 3,682 Egypt 3,222 France 46,932 Germany 47,637 Great Britain & Ireland. 27,604 Greece 3,720 Guatemala 2,880 Hawaii 175 Honduras 1.800 India, British 21,740 Italy 17,258 Japan 4,733 Luxemburg 196 Mexico 19.000 Total Miles COUNTRIES. Montenegro 280 Netherlands 2,660 New South Wales 10,000 New Zealand 4,074 Nicaragua 800. Norway 5.629 Orange Free State 276 Paraguay 45 Persia , 3.647 Peru 550 Portugal 2.920 Queensland 6,614 Roumania, 3.000 Russia 65,726 San Salvador 750 Servia 1 .405 South Australia 5,278 Spain 10.733 Sweden 5.347 Switzerland 4.270 Tasmania 1.273 Transvaal 110 Tunis 2.500 Turkey , 14.617 United States 215 ,764 Uruguay 1.405 Victoria 3.600 Western Australia 2.359 673,168 One Dollar loaned for 100 years at the following rates of interest compounded will amount to the figures set opposite the per cent at the end of that time; 3 per cent $ 19.25 6 *' " 540.00 8 " " 2.203.00 10 " 13,809.00 12 " " 85,075.00 18 " " 15,145,007.00 24 " " 2,551,799,404.00 The moral is— lend instead of horroiv. The Metropolitan Police District, of London, England, extends over a radius of 15 miles from Charing Cross, exclusive of the City of London— 688.31 square miles —with a ratable value of ^^25. 089, 558. The number of new houses built since 1849 is 525,107, with 3,532 in course of erection, the new mileage being 1,888; total length patroled, 8,360 miles. 101 O X O X :c O X O O O 'X* tH (M r-nn rfft- lO 05O CC»H (M CO ^^^CrHS^}'#^^:xt>^oco(^^^oxt^T}^cocc:o ^ ,0 ,-( IC Tt* 05 rj<^03 00 lO O ^ '^^^^.'"1'^'^ to oi oi o rH 0:0 x'x'o^d^o^cTt^ ocdc^ »o:d (Nr-TiC oJo^x^LO O (M Oi >0 O CC O rH X) i-H O r-( CO t> fH rH O Oi CO O CD OC^MrHiCXXOrH CO tO t> CD O^O^CN CO ID_"^f> CO t> O QC r-t ?0 Co' Co' Co' O 10' L— ' L-'- CO O 00 ^ X» CD l> kO^to' lO >d CO lO "J^" O t> rdH -XI CO --^^ O CO 05 (M CO CO rH lfi> O Oi CO CO r^ Oi »0 O 1^5 :0 Oi O O rH X Cq 05 10 Or)H O l>?^ l-0 10 Xl> O 05 !M^O O O 05 1> O O rH X O Xtt rH :0_^t> if5 »O^C^ o x^io':o'^^'!m' X o 10 "^00 o ^5 ^'co 10 10 C« *X'^xo5 05(>>oi>»c-«*:oi>-H 00^x05 05 Tt< 05 1> o q oo^rH «5 o q rj< Ti 05cqq^'^5 X) X 05 r-T co' go 00 iHrHiHiHr-trHiHrHiHrHrHi-tTHr-Hr-lrHiH :ic loco TlC'*X>COO'*05 0T)0 iH CO OQr-H 'S) •X 05 CO X) X »0 r-* 05 05 X_^CO__05^rH rH OCO '^X) qi>Cqt> CTjlO^ !m' -^^ ^ ?i"rH o^cf CO tjTtj^ cico'co tH 1-H r: c^tjTx c^Tod 00 •o"'*" co X'XCOiHX)X)X05fHOC0005C:5i-lXXCOI>»Or-iTHCOiH>0 0 C CO r-t rj^ X> tXM rH t> t> coo 05 X C<* --C X 05 05 1> X o t-- lOr-CXr 05 M oToi CO_^rHt>r- :o'^t> x'rH u ixcot>oi!; DOC!O^t>C^XC)C0ir q ri ko o r-( CNJ o x^iq 0 0 o^io'o'c^j -H xTx'o'^'^' c Ht:-r-tO^Xt:-05 X 05:i r500Q»oXtHOOC^coT "^CO Xt> 05t> CO "■^5 rtl K5 CO --I X 10 X t> CO GO CQ . 09 -^^q^t^ th OOOO rH cJt-O rH COGO t> cr ^ 05 CO ox> u:) t- 05 X 10 CD coo rH tH CO rH X x: o o CO CO x> X) X io ^ i> xg^$5§^ coS xo rH »A quo o^ko q x^qq t> th rH qo? cOo5orHcot>t>!NCQ05 10 X M CO M X) rjf r-i X X) fH CO I> «H X I> tx^rH (MiH 05(M O coco r505:C^10X»COt>XC^lt>XO'*^0505coOOilOC<10C^lOOkO t> --^ X CO i-O »r5 tH CO t> lO^Cq q^qOQ CD^qiO (Nt> X5 05 O tJ M'o'c^'oTr** Co'^t> x'iO OiO 0^ CO iH^'rjJ CO O O X 05 O --I CO O CO » O X X (N rH -"^ t> ,H CO 05 C5 i> O CO tH r-( r-i i-( o t- X X X X 05 o; 1.0 ^■; M 1 ^5 C<1 O O O O t> O 03 rt< »C >?i< t> rH CD CO X Til l> X 1 XCCCO»OOX'*-?t05COOCO.Ht>»OtHXXOrHMr-tri q qqco^t- qq co oo t- -Tm' Co'xj^rH c^To'o rH tJ^K5 O .-h xTrH X Co' t>0>0 05 crsO 05 05 lt>t-OOXXX'HCOr*XXX05XXC»XX05 pHrHi-(rHrHrHtHrHf-(f-rH»0 iHtoxxp^cq cD»ox)Xcr-r-t J Or-lC<)^2rJilOX>t>XOiO ( XXXXXXXXXXOi :»CfHrHr-rHlOC-^|>?00iX)OX'*X'O OO X 05 Oi -X) i^c^rx'cT'o ^5x:cc50 5 O XOir-lr-105 {ft r-TrHrH Oi kcio:ooo5 OiyDlOrHX^-X) lOX'dosO'rH ro (N (N'i>cX CM CQ ^: MM h4 p5 ;< < (35 O rH (M ?C ^5 1> X Oi t>xxxxxxxxxx SbH xxxxxxxxxxx fa'^^rH>Hr-.r-r-lrHrHr-..-l^ lot>ooal'*^:o:^^xc^l XlOiO"<:Jxx3636i>oioi6 7JfHrHtHrHr-lrHrHrHr-l mo 10 05 JQ05 oo ■rjf in a Sir-it^ C50^ O?0'* t>qo^x^o^a5 (M'aj'ai'r-TMrH rHXOXXO !NXM XO^tH kOrHM ioi>>o XM'^ MXM ©--ICC 2^ 0»OOrH(NM"<#iOCOt>X xi X) t> t> i> t> b- xxxxxxxxxxx « !3 u o ^9 2 q-i o OO 0 »0 X O O X -3 :5CDt>rHO05XXt- t J5 C5 IC >C M X C O ;r d d ir> d d d d '^t 5rHrHC4 rJ|_q»CX^M 0> i^drnddt-'THr-Td r (M CO lOOJ X C • CO -lOX^t^ •o ::0'Hio :o5 :iciHM M XO-X) • M -t-^qq, , _ •'^l^ -OrHX 3 05 'x > C *- « - '-' * 2 .1-! cc o I* 2 ! Q u "S ^ W 3'^ T 3 >5 r S w •is w 0) jl^ O H O H f 00« ^;3_ S-S Si!; 2.2 3 103 Z z CO > ^ Z> ag X 0] Q' Z u Mot; T^i lO t>X5 CM COTfJrHOOlO , O X) X 03coy3q CCoiri*'x"t^ (MOXXtO Total Revenue. Ttc;oxcDio ^ t> CD o q !M qq^qx^ 03 1> 00 C03THlO'^ qq X t> M q t> »q q03 03 lO t> CO d t> rH^icTt^ 05'OX!3iTH03'^OrHCD CO CO CO 03 CO CO CO rj< »0 to 1 Miscellaneous Sources. | Other Miscellaneous Items. 23,374,457 20,251,872 18,253,898 17,118.018 16,706,438 19,186,061 23.614,422 83,505,319 37,024,793 35,911,171 Premiums on Loans & Sales of Gold Coin. Sales of Public Lands. lOXOt>I>C0r-(05 CO X t>!35C0Tt(O3XO^ X iqxqqcqiqtqrH oq d rH 03 X CO to tJ^x" • d 0^X>Xt-OOCDri< -X q^03rHqfHC!X 03 'oq -!^C6 CO iH tH tH »H 03 Internal Revenue. 145,686/249 153,971,072 160,296,130 147.111.232 143,421.672 146.762.865 146,688,774 169 943 040 272,486 1648 295.327,927 Customs. to -ei^ t> r-i t-^ O) O to r-H O X) -H X r-i to 03 05 CO 03 qq iq qt> T-i to C3 X of 0^ to' x' x" rH "^iT d iH rl< 0QtOiOrHtO03iOiHTi tq "^CO^X_^ rH q^ '9 X rH rH d tr^x'rH 03* o'd d dx' rHi>ox»oxir>rjo x -y. rf X 0) 35 q CO cr. X 0 J r- X X L- X X x >o C5 -^'0 r^x t^03 t> Ttl 05 1> I^t-- to rH p. iC ""l"^. ^. ^'^^ »d to" CO i> 003" to CO to' t> CD'*X:DiOiOCD"=:t*OX XXCOXXXX-^CD"* Interest on Public Debt. iO-Xi03CD0 05 0X»OX Xr--050X03rHtOTjH?: rH r-H CO Tjj! q q rH qq X t> 00 TiTrH x"to' rH to to d "^t>X» -^0X05X05 CD 10^X^03X^05 X_^t> to OOrH t> x"!-^ t> d toV t> dd X03 0303XCOXXXrJ< Pensions. | 124,415,951 134,583,053 159,357,558 141,177,235 141,395,229 139,434,001 1 4-1 O^'-i 1 fid- 147,450,940 139,387,353 140,877,316 Indians. 8,527,469 11,150,478 13.345,347 10,293,482 9,939,754 12,165,528 13,016,802 10,986,523 12,784,676 10.175.107 Navy De- partment. 26,113,896 29,174,139 30,136,084 31,701,294 28,797,796 27.147,732 34,561,546 58,848,763 64,814,440 55,953,078 Department. War tocoxoc:5rHt>o3'*x XtOt^XtOOJCDOtOCD q t> q t> 05 03 x_^ r-j t> d to r-5~ t^'r#' d 0 1--' ^ N 05 CD Ox to to X t> t>xqtoxx05C5Xi> X' d d T)5 rH d X rH x' rt? "^■^':tltOlOtOTjXrHO CD X05 l>X X --D C CD05 rHqt>rHl>0103C0OrH x' oTto' d d d x' ^ XX i--r-( 0 X h- q X i> ^ oi 03 T# tq 00 1> 0" d CO 03 x' r-' 0 cii d to rH05OO05 X 05 05rHO Premiums on Loans and Purchase of Bonds, etc. 10,401,221, Years Ending June 30. rH 03 CO 10 X> t>X 05 0 C;C5 05 C505O5O5 05 05 0 xnxxxxxxxo5 WftlGHT OF Various Materials in Lbs. (Avoirdupois) Ftt CvBic Foot.— Pure Gold 1,203.6, Standard Gold 1,102.9, Hammoned Gold x»2io.ii. Pure Silver 654.6, Hammered Silver 656.9, Standard Silver 658.4, Cast Brass 524,8, Brass Wire 534, Bismuth (Cast) 613.9, Antimony 418.9, Bronze 513.4, Cobalt (Cast) 488.2, Coppcf JCast) 459-3, Copper (Sheet) 557.2, Copper (Wire) 554.9, Wrought Iron 486.75, Iron Plates 481.5, Cast Iron 450.4, Gun Metal 543.75, Cast Lead 709- 5» Rolled do. 711.75, Red Lead 558.75, Tin 455.7, Platinum (Pure) 1,218, Hammered do. 1,271, Mercury 60 dcg.. Fluid 848, Mercury (Solid) 977, Nickel (Cast) 487.9, Steel (Plates) go.75. Steel (Soft) 489.6, Type Metal 653.1, Zinc (Cast) 43^ ranite 165.75, Millstone 155.3, Marble (Mean, of nineteen kinds) 180, Grindstones 133.9, Firebrick 137.5, Tile 114.44, Brick (Mean) 102, Clay 102, Limestone (Mean, of seven sorts) 184.1, Loose Earth or Sand 95, Coarse Sand 112.5, Ordinary Soil 124, Mud 102, Clay and Stones 160, Slate 167 to 181.25, Plaster Paris 73.5, Plumbago 131.35, Anthracite Coal from 89. 75 to 102.5, Canndl Coal from 77.33 to 82.33, Charcoal from Hard Wood 18.5, ditto from Soft Wood iQ, Port Wine 62.31, Fresh Water 62.5, Sea Water 64.3, Dead Sea Water 77.5, Vinegar 67.5, Alum 107.10, Asbestos (Starry) 192.1, Ice at32degs. 57.5, Sulphur 127.1, Peat 375 to 83.1, Marl (Mean) 109.33, Hydraulic Lime 171.60, Quartz 166.25, Rock Crystal 170.^4^ Salt (Common) 133.12, Lard 59.20, Whale Oil 57.70, Ohve Oil 57.19- <^ >> Weight of a Cubic Inch of Various Metals in Pounds.— Hammered Gold .701 lbs., Cast do (pure) .698, 20 Carats Fine do. .567, Hammered Silver .382, Pure do. .378, Cast Steel .287, Cast Iron .263, Sheet Iron .279, Rolled Platinum .797, Wire do .76a. Hammered do .735, Sheet Copper .323, Sheet Brass .304, Lead .410, Cast Tin .264, Cast Zinc .f 45. Sundry Commercial Weights. — A ton of wood is 2 stones ol 14 lbs. each. A pack of wooV is 240 lbs. A sack of wool is aa stones of 14 lbs., or 308 lbs. In Scotland, it is 24 of 16 lbs. A keel of 8 Newcastle chaldrons is 15^^ London chaldrons. 56 or 60 lbs. is a truss of hay, 40 lbs. a truss of straw; 36 trusses a load. A bushel of rock salt is 65 lbs., of crushed salt 56 lbs., of foreign salt, 84 lbs. A tierce of beef, in Ireland, is 304 lbs., and of pork 320 lbs. A fodder of le^d is 19^^ cwt, in London and 21 cwt in the l^Torth. A man's load is 5 bushels, a market load 40 (or 5 quar- ters) A lasi ^ TO quarters of corn, or 2 cartloads, 12 sacks of wool, 24 barrels 01 gunpv^^ j- barrels of ashes, herring, soap^ &c.. and 18 barrels of salt. A hunu:rv-i '>f of salt 126 barrels. Sundry Measures of Length. — The Ii«ur's breadth is the smallest, of which 48 are an inch. Four barley-corns laid breadth- ways are ^ of an inch, called a digit, and 3 barley-corns length- ways are an inch. 4n inch is divided into 12 lines and by mechanics into 8ths. A nail used in cloth measure is a}^ ins. or the 16th of a yard. A palm is 3 ins, and a span 9 ins. An English Statute mile is 1,760 yds. or 5,280 ft., an Irish mile 2,240 yds. » a Scotch mile 1,984 yds., 80 Scotch miles being eqiiivalent to 9f Snglish, and 11 Irish to 14 English. Mappiage and Divopce Laws of all the States and Territories. Marriage, Licenses. — Required in all the States and Territories except Dakota, Montana, New Mexico, New ersey, and New York. In Maryland legal marriage can e had only by an ordained minister. Marriage, Prohibition of .—M.^xx\2.^q between whites and persons of negro descent are prohibited and punish- able in California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. Marriages between whites and Indians are prohibited in Arizona and North Carolina. Marriages between whites and Chinese are prohibited in Arizona. The marriage of first cousins is forbidden in Arkansas, Dakota, Indiana, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mex- ico, Ohio, Washington and Wyoming, and in some of them is declared incestuous and void. Marriage, Ageto Contract. — In New Jersey and Ohio males under twenty-one years and femaies under eighteen years of age must obtain the consent of parents or guardians. In Massachusetts a marriage between a male over fourteen and a female over twelve is legal, even without the consent of parents. Marriage, Presu7nption of. — In Missouri it has been held that where parties cohabit and represent themselves as husband and wife, a marriage is presumed, and when parties capable of contracting agree, in express terms, with each other, to be husband and wife, and cohabit as such, the marriage is valid, without any further ceremony being performed. In California marriage is declared a 105 io6 civil contract; consent, followed by a mutual assumptklB of marital rights and obligations, is sufficient. ' Divorce i ^Previous Residence Required, — Dakot% ninety days ; Arizona, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, ano \ "Wyoming, six months; Colorado^ Illinois, Iowa, Kansas^ j Kentucky, Maine, Mississippi, Minnesota, Montana, 1 New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode ' Island^ Vermont (both parties, as husband and wife). West Virginia, and Wisconsin, one year; Florida, Indi- J ana, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee, two ' years; Connecticut, Massachv.setts, and New Jersey (for • desertion), three years. Divorce^ Causes for. — The violation of the marriage ' vow is cause for absolute divorce in all the States^ ex» j cepting South Carolina, which has no divorce law. r- Willful desertion, one year, in Arizona, Arkansas ' Colorado, Dakota, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky* ( Montana, Nevada, Rhode Island, Utah, Wisconsin and i Wyoming. \ Willful desertion, two yearSj. in Alabama, Illinois^ < Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Pennsyl- \ vania, Tennessee. 5 Willful desertion, three years, in Connecticut, Dela- ^ ware, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minne^ Sota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Ver- mont, and West Virginia. Willful desertion, five years, in Virginia. Habitual druuRenness, in all the States, except Louisip ana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia^ and West Virginia. " Imprisonment for felony " or " conviction of felony,'* in all the States, except Florida, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, New Y<^k, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, arid Wiscon^ sin. " Cruel and abusive treatment," " intolerable cruelty,* " extreme cruelty, " or " inhuman treatment," in all the States, except Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, New York, Norih Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Failure to provide, one year, in California, Nevadi^ I07 and Wyoming; two years i?n Indiana and Idaho; three years in Massachusetts; no time specified in Maine, Ne^ Draska, Rhode Island, and Vermont. " Gross neglect of duty," in Kansas; willful neglect for three years, m Dela^ ware. Fraud and fraudulent contract, in Connecticut , Geor- gia, Idaho, Kansas, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Absence without being heard of, in New Hamp» shire; absence two years, in Tennessee; seven years, m Connecticut and Vermont; absence, without reasonable cause, one year, in Missouri: separation five years, in Kentucky; voluntary separation, five years, in Wiscon sin. Ungovernable temper, in Kentucky; " habitual indul* gence in violent and ungovernable temper, in Floridaj " such indignities as make life intolerable," in Missouri and Wyoming; " indignities as render life burdensome," in Oregon and Pennsylvania. Other causes in different States are as follows; " Husband notoriously immoral before marriage, unknown to wife," in West Virginia; " fugit.ive from justice," in Virginiai " gross misbehavior or wickedness," in Rhode Island^ "attempt on life," in Illinois; "refusal of wife to move into the State," in Tennessee; "mental incapacity at time of marriage," in Georgia; "three years with any religious society that believes the marriage relation un* lawful," in Massachusetts; "joining any religious sect that believes marriage unlawful, and refusing to cohabit six months," in New Hampshire; "parties cannot live in peace and union," in Utah; " settled aversion, which tends to permanently destroy all peace and ivippiness," in Kentucky. In Georgia an absolute divorce is granted only after the concurrent verdict of two juries, at different terms of the court. In New York absolute divorce is graatedl for but one cause, adultery. In South Carolina there is no divorce law. All of the causes above enumerated are for absolute c^^ full divorce, c V Divorce, Re?narriage. — There are no restrictions upoD remarriage, by divorced persons, in Connecticut, Kenu *tucky, Illinois, and Minnesota. Either party m y io8 remarry, V^jt defendant must wait two years, and obtain permission from the court, in Massac huseUs. The decree of the court may restrain the guilty party from remarry- ing in Virginia. Parties cannot remarry until after two years, except by permission of the court, in Maine. In the State of New York the plaintiff may remarry, but the defendant cannot do so during the plaintiff's lifetime, unless the decree be modified or proof that five years have elapsed, and that complainant has married again, and defendant's conduct has been uniformly good. Any violation of this is punished as bigamy, even though the other party has been married. The courts of every State, and particularly of New York, are very jealous of their jurisdiction, and generally refuse to recognize as valid a divorce against one of the citizens of the State by the court of another State, unless both parties to the suit were subject at the time to the jurisdiction of the court granting the divorce. Kansas courts grant divorces for the reason that the applicant's husband or wife has obtained a divc^rce in another State, and the applicant has been forbidden to remarry. If a wife in New York olitains a divorce from her husband, and he is forbidden to remarry, he may go to Kansas and obtain a divorce on that ground. If his wife contests the case, or can be served with the papers in Kansas, so that she is brought under the jurisdiction of the Kansas court, the courts of New York must recog- nize the divorce as valid, and cannot punish the iiusband for remarrying in New York. )New York permits polygamy and polyandry in certain cases. Desertion for five years, without knowledge that the deserter is living, permits the one deserted to marry again; and the second marriage is valid, though the de- serter returns. The second marriage may be declared void, but only from the date of the decree, by a court of competent jurisdiction, upon proper petition; but if no such petition is made, and all parties are satisfied, one husband may live in lawful wedlock with two or more wives, or one wife with two ok- more husbands. The chil- dren will inherit, and both wives will be entitled to dower. MASON AND DIXON'S ME. A name given to the southern boundary .ine of Pennsylvaniu,, which formerly separated it from the slave States of Maryland and Virgina. It was run — vvitli the exception of about twenty-two miles— by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two English sur- veyors, between Nov. 15, 1703, and Dec. 2t), 1767. During the excited debate in Congress, in 1820, on the question of excluding slavery from Missouri, John Randolph of Roanoke made great use of this phrase, which was caught up and re-echoed by every news- paper in the land, and thus gained a celebrity which it still retains. Air-Line Distances from Washington to Various Parts of the World Miles. Alexandria, Egypt 5,275 Amsterdam, Holland 8,555 Athens, Greece 5.005 Aukland, New Zealand. . . . H,290 Algiers, Algeria ^,^25 Berlin, Prussia 3.847 Berne, Switzerland 3.730 Brussels, Belgium 3,515 Batavia, Java 11,118 Bombay, Hindostan. 8,548 Buenos Ayres, A. R 5,013 Bremen, Prussia 8,500 Constantinople, Turkey. . . 4,880 Copenhagen, Denmark 3,895 Calcutta, Hindostan 9.348 Canton, China 9,000 Cairo, Egypt 5.848 Cape Town, Cape Colony.. 0.684 Cape of Good Hope 7.380 Caraccus, Venezuela 1,058 Charlotte Town, P. E. I... 820 Dublin, Ireland 3.076 Delhi, Hindostan 8.36)^ Edinburgh, Scotland 3,275 Frederickton, N. B 670 Gibraltar, Spain 3,150 Glasgow, Scotland 8,215 Halifax, Nova Scotia 780 Hamburg, Germany 3,570 Havana, Cuba 1.139 Honolulu, S. 1 4,513 Jerusalem, Palestine 5,495 Jamestown, St. Helena.. . 7,150 Lima, Peru 3,515 Lisbon, Portugal 3,190 Liverpool, England 3.228 London, England 3.315 City of Mexico, Mexico... 1.867 Montevideo, Uruguay 6. 003 Montreal, Canada.... 471 Madrid, Spain 3.485 Moscow, Russia 4,446 Miles, Manilla, Phillipine Islands 9,360 Mecca, Arabia 6,598 Muscat, Arabia 7.600 Monrovia. Liberia 8,645 Morocco, Morocco 3,805 Mourzouk, Fezzan. ...... . 5,525 Mozambique, Mozambique 7,348 Ottawa, Canada 462 Panama, New Granada. .. 1,825 Parana, A. R 4,733 Port au Prince, Hay ti 1,429 Paris, France 3,485 Pekin, China 8,783 Quebec, Canada 601 Quito, Ecuador 2,531 Rio Janeiro, Brazil 4,280 Rome, Italy 4,365 St. Petfusburg. Russia.... 4,296 Stockh 8,300,00(1 14,000,00(' * Buildings and covered structures. t The largest number of visitors in anyone day v«ras 400,000 i; Paris, and 716,881 in Chicago. ^-p^^ Paris Exposition, 1900,1 t Receipts for admission. |_ see page 92. J MOST NORTHERN POINT REACHED BY ARCTIC EXPLORERS. YEAR. EXPLORERS. NO. LATITUDE. 1607— Hudson 80d. 23m. 00s. 1773— Phipps (Lord Musgrove) 80d. 48m. 00s. 1806— Scoresby 81d. 12m. 42s. 1827— Parry 82d. 45m. 30s. 187 4 -Meyer (on land) 82d. 09m. 00s. 1875— Markham (]|yare's Expedition). 83d. 20m. 26s. 1876— Payer 83d. Qffm. 00s. 1884— Lockwood (Greely's Party)... 83d. 24m. 00s. 1890— Nansen 86d. 14m. 00s. 1900 -Cagni (Duke of Abruizzi) 86d. 33m. 00s. The distance from the farthest point of polar discovery to the pole itself is 239 miles. But this polar radius, though only 239 miles in extent is covered by ice gorges and precipices of incredible difficulty, and frost is so severe that no instrument of human invention can meas- ure its intensity, and it blisters the skin like extreme heat. The greatest progress that has ever been made across these wildernessesSof storm, of fury and desolation, was at the rate of six miles a day. Ill •ppv PooM •inno ^ JO uuqi J ; . M CO iiS 19 Guerriere captured, 1812, J» Battle Contreras, 1847. Sll Lawrence, Kas., burned, 1863. S2 Yacht America wins, 1851. 83 New Mexico annexed, 1846. 2*4 Washington taken, 1 8 14. a[5 British army in Chesapeake, 1 777. 26 Stamp Act riot, 1768. 27 Battle Long Island, 1776. 2$ First cable message, 1858. 2^ Capture of Hatteras, 1 861. 30 WilHam Penn died, 17 18. 3k Battle Jonesboro, Ga., 1864. SEPTEMBER. Itf Lopez garroted, 185X. ^ Atlanta evacuated, 1S64. ^ Treaty of Paris, 1783. 4 Gen. Morgan killed, 1864. .fS Continental Congress met, 1774. 6 May Flower sailed, 16^0. 7 Brazil declared independent, i822u 8 Montreal surrendered, 1 760. 9 California admitted, 1850. 10 Hudson River discovered, i6o§# 11 Battle Brandy wine, 1777. 12 Battle Chapultepec, 1847. 13 Battle Quebec, 1759. 14 Fulton's steamboat starts, i8ej^. 15 Fenimore Cooper born, 1789. 16 Battle Harlem Plains, 1776. 17 Battle Antietam, 1862. lo Surrender of Quebec, 1759. 19 Battle Saratoga, 17.77. 20 Capture of Lexington, Mo., l86i. ai Andre captured, 1780. 22 Battle Fisher's Hill, Va., 1864. 23 Serapis captured, 1779. 24 Montery surrendered, 1846. 25 Battle Montreal, 1775. Philadelphia captured by British, 1777. ft7 Steamer Artie lost, 1854. iig j8 Fort narrison, Va., captured, 1864. 2g Draft in New York, 1862. 30 Peace treaty with France, 1800. OCTOBER. , I British troops arrived Boston, 1768. t Andre executed, 1780. J Blackhawk died, 18^8, 4^ Battle Corinth, 1862". ^ 5 Tecumseh killed, 18 13. 6 Peace proclaimed, 1783. 7 E. A. Poe died, 1849. 8 Battle Perryviiie, Ky., 186a. 9 Great Chic. -.c tire, 1871. 10 B. West born, 1738. 11 Prince of Waies arrived in New York, i86a 12 R. E. Lee died, 1870. 13 Battle of Queenstown, 1812. 14 William Penn born, 1644. 15 Chippewa i: Iains, i8i4. 16- First newspaper in New York, 17^*5. 17 Burgoyne surrendered, 1777, 18 Sloop Frolic captured, 18 12. ig Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781. aa dteamer Florida captured, 1864. 21 Battle Ball's Bluff, 1861. 22 Battle Fort Mercer, 1777. 23 Battle St. Regis, 1812. 24 Daniel Webster died, 1852. 25 Macedonian captured, 1812. 26 Fight of Chatauqua, 1813. 27 Ram Albemarle destroyed, 1864. 18 Harvard College founded, 1636, 29 Battle White Plains, 1776. 30 Old John St. Church died, 1768. 31 Nevada admitted, 1864. NOVEMBER. 1 Battle French Creek, 1813. 2 Erie Canal finished, 1825. 3 Bryant born, 1794. 4 Declaration of rights by Congress, 1774, 5 Grant's second election', 1872. I20 t Lincoln elected, i860, f Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811. Mason and Slidell seized, 1861. ^ Mayflower arrived Cape Cod, 1620. 1^ Dutch seized rule New York, 1674. 11 Battle Shryser's Field, 1813. 12 Conscription declared unconstitutional, 186^ 13 Montreal captured^ 1775. 14 Sherman marched to sea, 1864. 15 Great fire in New York, 1835. 16 Fort Washington captured, 1776. 17 Teff Davis threatens reprisal, 1862. 18 Battle Fish Dam, S. C, 1780. 19 Garfield born, 1831. 20 Battle Belle Isle, 1759. 21 North Carolina admitted, 1789. 22 Bishop Wiley died, 1884. 23 Bragg defeated, 1863. 24 Battle Lookout Mountain, 1863, 25 Evacuation New York, 1783. 26 Battle Mission Ridge, 1863. 27 Hoosac Tunnel opened, 1873. 28 Irving died, 1859. 29 Wendell Phillips born, 181 1. 30 Revolutionary War ends, 1 782. DECEMBER. 1 Statue Washington unveiled, iS^2, 2 John Brown executed, 1859. 3 Illinois admitted, 181 8. 4 Alabama admitted, 18 18. 5 Van Buren born, 1782. 6 Carver landed New England, 1620. 7 Delaware admitted, 1787. 8 Washington crossing Delaware, 1776. 9 Buffalo burned, 1 8 13. 10 Mississippi admitted, 181 7. 11 Pilgrims landed, 1620. 12 Pennsylvania admitted, 1787. 13 Battle Fredericksburg, Va., 1862. 14 Washington died, 1799. 15 Hartford convention, 1814, 121 1 6 Boston Tea Party, 1773. 17 General Bolivar died, 1830 18 New Jersey admitted, 1787, 19 Massacre Narragansetts, 1675, 20 South Carolina seceded, i86a 21 Savannah captured, 1864. 22 Embargo on American ships, 1807. 23 Washington resigned commission, 1 783. 24 Fort Fisher stormed, 1864. 25 Christmas. 26 Major Anderson occupied Sumter, i860? 27 Battle Chickasaw Bayou, 1862. 28 Iowa admitted, 1846. 29 Texas admitted, 1845. 30 New Mexico purchased, 1853. 31 Monitor founded, 1862. MILES OF VARIOUS NATIONS. rhe English and American mile is 1,760 yards^ The Scotch mile is 1,984 * The Irish mile is 2,240 ** The German mile is 8,106 " The Dutch and Prussian mile is 6,480 ** The Italian mile is 1,766 ** The Vienna post mile is 8,296 ** The Swiss mile is 9,i53 " The Sv/edish and Danish mile is 7,34i-5 " The Arabian mile is 2,143 " The Roman mile is 1,628 or 2,0^5 " The Werst mile is i, 167 or 1,337 ** The Tuscan mile is 1,808 " The Turkish mile is .. , 1,826 ** The Flemish mile is 6,86q " Facts About Postage Stampis. The number of postage stamps used in a year Is some* thing enormous. For instance, the ordinary postal revenue for the year ending June 30, 1900, was $102,- 354,879. On that date there were 4, "280 presidential offices, and 72,408 fourth-class offices. Tue number of money orders was 32,060,98^, for a total amount of $238,9«1,010. 122 O H CO Hi] > ^ ^ ^ is/) 0) Si o 2 - i=l ^ rrj ^ (L) O 3J " 3 "55 rt > ^ tu!) ^^S^ " ^ oJ fcy}-- tt •T3 ^ b/) n; E.; ^ ^ -5 ^ ^ 0^ ^ ^ 2 &o s-^^ 2 O 5 e r: r,u] v.-tjtion of the humuu body by contact with quence of the riatuvation of its tissues b Vibrations of the Am- beneath a railway girder-brjdge with i over his head, when a train is pas .1 of the air ^vTH he distinctly felt in th^ . . i-s the um- oecause the outspread sun ace coUecis and con- ( s the waves into the focus of the handle. EARTH'S Center— All bodies weigh less the fur- noved they are from the center of the earth. A i stone weighing 700 pounds upon the sea-shore, igh only 699 pounds if carried up a mountain three :ie.] high. A pendulum oscillates more quickly at the 'les than at the equator, because the earth is flatter by "enty-six miles at the poles— that is, the "bob" of the ndulum is that much nearer the earth's center, antl lerefore heavier, and so swings more quickly. PHOTOGRAPHING THE INVISIBLE. p" A W Wright of Yale University, who is in charge < itory and professor of experimental I diution, has recently confirmed in the nner the experiments of P)-of . Roentgen, < [ \\ Ui Ziun g, Germany, in photographing objects behind opaque bodies by the use of cathode rays— in other words, in photographing objects invisible to the eve. In making the photographs of invisible objects a high- ly sensitized plate is placed in an ordinary photographic plate holder. Right in front of it is placed the object to e photographed. In the case illustrated it was an ordi- ary lead pencil, and his purpose was to photograph the - ad in the pencil. Next to the object to be photographed is placed a high vacuum tube, technically known as Crooke's tube, in which there is an almost perfect vactumi. At the upper end "t ' hi nibe the cathode or negative pole of the bat- ^fyy i'lci' hed, the positive pole being attached to the ^ i-^y t n I of the tube and both polep, being connected with 128 an indp.ction coil giving out very high potential dis- charges. When the object to be photographed has been for a short time before the sensitized plate the latter is re- moved and developed like any other photo, and prints of the impression on it can be made to any number desired. The results obtained by Prof Roentgen in his experi- ments have been most astonishing. A lecture was given in Berlin on the new discovery, and the lecturer, in its course, made several striking photographs. He took a purse, put a key and some coins into it, wrapped up the whole in black paper, and laid it on a photographic plate; in order to show the great penetrating power of the rays he laid on the top of the wrapped up purse a board two fingers in thickness. He then exposed the whole to the rays electrically pro- duced in the Roentgen tubes. After about fifteen min- utes the letcurer took out the plate, developed it and had it thrown by limelight on a white curtain. With the greatest clearness were seen the key and the coins, while even the outlines of the purse were scarcely visible. Among other photographs shown was one representing the hand of a man who, years ago, ran into it a piece of glass, which could not be extracted, and always pene- trated deeper. The photograph of the skeleton of the hand produced by Prof. Roentgen's method showed this bit of glass quite distinctly. Very interesting also was the reproduction of a photo- graph of a large metal plate. It appeared that the plate had been broken in different places, then welded together, and so smoothed over that one saw nothing of the joints. The cathode rays brought the fracture to lignt quite dis- tinctly. Would not these cathode rays be useful in look- ing for flaws in our armor plates? The cathode rays were put to practical use not long ago in a European hospital, and the results obtained demonstrated that they may become most valuable aids In modern surgery. There were two patients on whom operations were to be performed. The photographic pic- tures taken showed with the greatest clearness and pre- cision the injuries caused by a revolver shot in thei left hand of a man. and the position of the small projectile. In the other case, that of a girl, the position and nature of a malformation in the left foot were ascertained. Tbe experiments were regarded as affording a means of de- termining the exact spot where an operation may be necessary. Prof. Roentgen is of Dutch birth, and his full name is Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Pile ]>i*iviii^ on Saaidy Soils.— The greatest force Will not effect a penetration exceeding fifteen feet. 129 Total Number of Pupils and Students of All Grades Receiving Education in the United States in 1898-99. {Compiled from the Report of the United States Bureau of Education, Pupils receiving elementary instruction (pri- mary and grammar grades), public. 14,6G6,48S Pupils receiving elementary instruction (pri- mary and grammar grades), private 1,19:5,822 Pupils receiving secondary instruction (high school grade), public 488,54J> Pupils receiving secondary instruction (in preparatory schools, seminaries), private, 166,679 Students receiving higher education: Universities and colleges 103,251 Professional schools 55,134 Normal schools 68,380 Total number receiving education. . . . 16,738,363 FOUNDING OF NOTED COLLEGES. The University of Oxford has the reputation of having been founded by King Alfred in 872; but it is not con- firmed by any documentary evidence. The University of Paris was founded by King Philip XL about 1200. The first college of the University of Cambridge was founded by Hugo, Bishop of Ely, in 1257, The first university in the (3-erman Empire was at Prague, Bohemia, 1348, Trinitry College, Dublin, was Incorporated by royal charter in 1591. The University of Edinburgh was founded in 1582 by a charter granted by King James VI. of Scotland. Harvard University had its beginning at Newtown, afterward Cambridge, Mass., in 1636. Yale University had its beginning at Say brook, Ct., in 1700. and was removed to New Haven in 1716. William and Mary College; first steps taken toward es- tablishing it in 1617, erected at WiJliamsburg, Va., and charier granted in 1693. The first common schools established by legislation in America were in Massachusetts. 1645; but the first town school was opened at Hartford, Ct., prior 10 1642. Grand Army of the Republic. First formed in Decatur, ill., April 6, 1866, at sue^ges- tion of Dr. B. F. Stephenson. The Tnember?hip. June 30.^ i\Kuj. :7fi,662, divided inio ('.O-'r^ Posrs 130 OUR CENTURY OF GROWTH. Now that the field work for the twelfth census is prac- tically finished, at least so far as the count of the popula- tion is concerned, there is some opportunity to make a comparison of the year 1800 with the last year of the century— the 19th— and to show the enormous strides, not only in the number of our people, but also in the in- dustrial and material situation. It also affords to the speculative mind an opportunity to peer into the future, and prophesy, perhaps, with tbat delightful uncertainty which characterizes all prophecy, as to wbat is in store for us in the year 2000. We were fairly launched as a nation in 1800, with a triflelover 5,000,000 people scattered throughout thestates and western territories. Most of the inhabitants engaged in pastoral pursuits. There were no cities of import- ance, and comparatively few of the leading statesmen had any idea of the tremendous growth that would come to us in the century just expired. It is hardly possible that the eminent statesman and democratic leader, Jeff- erson, who laid down such wise rules for the government of the country, could have had the slightest idea what would be the size or government of a great city like Chi- cago or New York in the year A. D. 1901. Some of the wise things attributed to him do not seem to be adapted to the present conditions. The count, which began June last, shows that we have, including Alaska and the Hawaian Islands, something more than 76,000,000 people. All this in a hundred years! The percentage of growth has been muci| larger In America than in any important nation that pretends to take a regular census. This is accounted for In many ways, practically by the invitation to all the countries of Europe to send their people here, that homes would be granted and equal opportunities afforded them. Thus immigration has largely accounted for a percentage of our increase. The movement toward the west has been constant. While all of the agricultural lands of the United States are not taken up, yet a considerable portion of them are, and the tide must soon turn back from the Pacific coast, checked on the western side of the country by the ocean. It is not likely that the percentage of growth will be as great in the ten decades following as it has been in the past. As a matter of fact it is well known that the in- crease in the number of people in congested countries is very much'less than in newer regions. For example, in Germany, one of the strongest of the great nations of the earth, the increase is something like 11 per cent, each decade; in England about the same, and in Prance not to exceed 2 per cent., so that it is very diffldult to make a hard and fast rule of increase so far as population is concerned. I think it is safe to say that the per cent, of growth in America will diminish during the next hundred years. If, however, a rate of 18 per cent, increase is continued, we may look for something like 490,000,000 people in the year 2000. . Professor Pritchetfc, formerly superintendent of the geodetic survey, estimates that the year 2000 will find Uncle Sam's children numbering about 330,000,000. It is possible that the latter figure Is, more nearly correct. There are so many elements that enter into the situation that it is not possible to prophesy the population of 2000 with any degree of accuracy. The great cities of New York and Chicago will un- doubtedly continue to increase with great rapidity. New York is likely to have 30,000,000 people at the end of this century, and Chicago in proportion. The indications point to a remarkable expansion in our commerce, owing to ihe increase of trade with the Orient, and we may fairly indulge in the hope and belief that the western side of the continent will enhance in population, and material growth in a proportionately larger way than heretofore. Naturally enough there should be great shipbuilding and vast manufacturing enterprises growing out of the trade with China and the Philippine Islands. I think one is justified in the belief that a great city, perhaps the equivalent of Chicago, will find a resting place on the sea on the western side of the continent in response to the commercialism that is now ahead of us. While we have new problems of governmental poli'vy confronting us, I am one of those who believe that wa shall solve them as we go along, and that our country will continue to offer the best opportunities in life for the greatest number of people, and that a century hence we shall still be the greatest republic of the world s history, and continue in our material and intellectual growth as foretold by the fathers. W. R. MERRIAM, Director of the Census. How Looking Glasses Are Made. After the glass has been^carefuUy polished on both sides it is laid on a firm table (usually of stone), with up- turned edges, and one or more sheets of tin-foil are laid upon the plate. Quick-silver is then spread over it, and at once forms an amalgam with the tin, making a re- flecting surface. 132 Tlie Mayflower's Passengers. A true list of the male passengers who landed at Plymouth in the Maj^ flower. Mr. Isaac Allerton, Richard Gardiner, John Alden, John Rowland, John Allerton, Mr. Stephen Hopkins, Mr. William Bradford, Edward Leister, Mr. V/illiam Brewster, Mr. Christopher Martin, John Billington, Mr. William Mullins, Peter Brown, Edmund Margeson, Richard Britterage, Degony Priest, Mr. John Carver, Thomas Rogers, Francis Cook, John Rigdale, James Chilton. Captain Miles Standish, John Crackston, George Soule, Richard Clarke, Edward Tilly, Edward Dotey, John Tilly, Francis Eaton, ' Thomas Tinker, Thomas English, John Turner, Mr. Samuel Fuller. Mr. Edward Winslow, Edward Fuller, Mr. William White, Moses Fletcher, Mr. Richard Warren, John Goodman, Thomas Williams, Gilbert Winslow. AND SERVANTS AS FOLLOWS; Carter, Langemore, Sampson, Coper, Latham, Story, Ely, Minter, Thompson, Holbeck, More, Trevore, Ilooke, Prower, Wilder. Tlie Eleven Great Wonders in America* Croton Aqueduct, in New York City. City Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The largest park in he world. Lake Superior. Th^ largest lake in the world. Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky. Niagara Falls. A sheet of water three-quarters of a mile Wide, with. a fall of 175 feet. Natural Bridge, over Cedar Creek, in Virginia. New State Capitol, at Albany, N. Y. New York and Brooklyn Bridge. The Central Park, in New York City. Washington Monument, Washington, D. C, 555 feet high. Yosemite Valley, California; 57 miles from Coulterviile. A valley from 8 to 10 miles long, and about one mile wide. Has very steep elopes about 3,500 feet high; has a perpendicular precipice 3,089 feet high; a rock almost perpendicular, 3,270 feet high; and waterfalls from 700 to 1,000. 133 FACTS ABOUT THE HUMAN BODY. The weight of the male ;nfatit at birth is 7 lbs» avoirdupois; that of the female is not quite 6| lbs* The maximum weight (140^ lbs.) of the male is at- tained at the age of 40; that of the female (nearly 124 lbs.) is not attained until 50; from which ages they decline afterwards; the male to 127i lbs., the; female to 100 lbs., nearly a stone. The fuU-growa adult is 20 times as heavy as a new-born infant* In the first year he triples his weight, afterwards the growth proceeds in geometrical progression^ so that if 50 infants in their ^rst year weigh 1,000 lbs., they will in the second weigh 1,210 lbs.; in the third 1,331; in the fourth 1,464 lbs.; the term remaining very constant up to the ages of 11-12 m females, and 12-13 in males, where it must be nearly doubled; afterwards it may be continued* and will be found nearly correct up to the age of 18 or 19, when the growth proceeds very slowly,. At an equality of age the male is generally heavier than the female. Towards the age of 13 years only an individual of each sex has the same weight. The male attains the maximum weight at about the age of 40, and he begins to lose it very sensibly towards 60.O At 80 he loses about 13.2328 lbs., and the stature is diminished 2.756 inches. Females attain their maximum weight at about 50. The mean weight of a mature man is 140 lbs., and of an average woman 94 lbs. In oM age they lose about 12or 14 lbs. Men weigh most at 40, women at 60^ and begin to lose weight at 60. The mean weight of both sexes in old age is that which they had at 19. When the male and female have assumed their complete development they weigh almost exactly 20 times as much as at birth, while the stature is about times greater. Children lose weight during the first three days after birth; at the age of a week they sensibly iuo crease; after one year they triple their weight; then 134 they require six jei\. '-hmv weight, and 13 to quad- ruple it. It has been computed that nearly two years' eickness is ex- perienced by every person before he is 70 years old, and there- fore that 10 days per annum is the average sickness of human life. Till 40 it is but half, and after 50 it rapidly increases. The mixed and fanciful diet of man is considered the cause of numerous diseases from which animals are exempt. Many diseaees have abated with changes of diet, and others are vir- Qlent in particular countries, arising from peculiarities. Human Longevity —Of 100^00 male and female children, in the first month they are reduced to 90,396, or nearly a tenth. In the second, to 87,936. In the third, to 86,175. In the fourth, to 84,720. In the fifth, to 83,571. In the sixth, to 82,526, and by the end of the first year to 77,528, the deaths being 2 to 9. The next four years reduces the 77,528 to 62,448, indicating 37,» 552deaths before the completion of the fifth year. At 25 years the 100,000 are half, or 49,995; at 52, one-third. At 58H a f6urth, or 25,000; at 67, a fifth, at 76, a tenth; at 81, a twentieth, or 5,000; and ten attain 100. Children die in large proportions because their disease cannot be explained, and be- cause the organs are not habituated to the functions of life. The mean of life varies in different countries from 40 to 45. A generation from father to son is about 30 years ; of mer general 5-6ths die before 70, and 15-16ths before 80. After 80 it is rather endurance than enjoyment. The nerves are blunted, the senses fail, the muscles are rigid, the softer tubes become hard, the memory fails, the brain ossifies, the affections are buried, and hope ceases. The 16th die at 80; except a 133d, at 90. The remainder die from inability to live, at or before 100. About the age of 3G the lean man usually becomes fatter and tho fat man leaner. Again, between the years 43 and 50 his appetite fails, his complexion fades, and his tongue is apt to be furred on the least exertion of body or mind.* At this pe- riod his muscles become flabby, his joints weak; his spirits droop, and his sleep is imperfect and unrefreshing. After Buffering under these complaints a year, or perhaps two, he Starts afresh with renewed vigor, and goes on to 61 or 63, When a similar.change takes place, but with aggravated symp- toma. Wbeii these grand periods have been succossively passed, Ihe gravity of incumbent years is more strongly marked, and he begins to boast of his age. In Russia, much more than in any other country, instances of longevity are numerous, if true. In the report of the Iloly Synod, in 1827, during the year 1825, and only among the Greek religion, 848 men had reached upwards of lOG years of age; 32 had passed their 120th year; 4 from 130 to 135. Out or 606,818 men who died in 1826, 2,765 were above 90; 1,432 aboTe 95; and 848 above 100 years of age. Among this last number 88 were above 115; 24 more than 120: 7 above 125; and one 130. Riley asserts that Arabs in the Desert live 200 years. On^the average, men have their first-born- at SO and women at 28. The greateet number of deliveries take place between 25 and 35. The greatest number/ of deliveries 'take place in winter months, and in February, and the smallest in July, t* e.. to February, as 4 to 5 in towns and 3 to 4 in the country. The night births are to the day as 5 to 4. Human Sfrengtli. — In Schulze's experiments on human ^ strength, he found that men of five feet, weighing 126 lbs., could lift vertically l.'G lbs. 8 inches ; 217 lbs. 1.2 inches. Oth- ers, 6.1 feet, weh:hing 183 lbs., 156 lbs. ISinches, and 217 lbs. 8 inches; others 6 feet 3 inches, weighing 158 lbs., f56 lbs. 16^ inches, and 217 lbs. 9 inches. By a great variety of experi- ments he determined the mean human strength at 30 lbs., with a velocity of 2.5 feet per second; or it is equal to the raising half a hogshead 10 feet in a minute. A good authority reckoned 1 horse equal to 5 mei^. Porters carry from 150 to 250 pounds. A man draws horizontally 70 to 80 lbs., and thrusts at the height of his chest 28 or 30 lbs. In hot climates men cannot perform half the continued labor. A man's mean labor is sufficient to raise 10 lbs. 10 feet in a sec- ond, for 10 hours per day, or 100 lbs. 1 foot in a second, or 36,- Ouft^feot in 10 ho". 8; that is, 100 pounds per day would be 3,600,000 feet in a day, which he calls a dynamic unit. The force of a man in turning a winch is taken at 116 lbs. ; or as much as would raise 256 lbs. 3,281 feet in a day ; his force in pumping is as 190. or equal to 410 lbs. in 3,281 feet: in ring- ing, 259, or 572 lbs', in 3,281 feet ; and in rowing 273, or 608 lbs. in 3,281 feet. Jn working a pump, a winch, a bell, and rowing, the effects are as 100. 167, 227 and 248. A man w.th an augur exerts a force of 100 lbs., with a screw-driver of 84 lbs., with a windlass 60 lbs., a hand-pl:\ne 50 lbs., a hand-saw 38 lbs. steamer ** Savannah,'' the First that Crossed tbe Atlantic. The Times (of London, England), in the issue of Maf 18, 1819, thus announced the expected event: "Great Experiment. — A new steam-vessel of 300 tons has been built at New York for the express purpose of carrying passengers across the Atlantic. She is to come to Liverpool direct. " This steamer, named the Savannah, the first that cjrossed the Atlantic, was built at New York by Francis Ficket. Her engines were made by Stephen Vail, of Morristown. She was launched on the 22d of Augu^ 1818^ She could carry only seventy-five tons of coal and twenty -five cords of wood. Commanded by Captain Moses Rogers, of New London, Conn., the Savannah sailed from Savannah, Ga., on the 25 th of May, 1819, bound for St. Petersburg via Liverpool. She reached the latter port on the 20th of June, having used steam eighteen days out of the twenty-six 137 tti l> 00 SSJ O t> O CD «> »f5 ©o 7i K rHrHiHiHrHi-i . -ooo • -(^J : :oc5i : :o < z < o o 5 a? 5^ O E3 « 03 ® 3 ^S^h O CO >>> : o o . 33 : o H § ; 8. oc5 : :d3 : I'd SS : :S O S ii^ : : ■ ' ' « ^ -8 ^ ^ Q. • • ""^^-i • ;o lo »o ic>o H'? > ° «XX003pXGOX0OXX O ^ ^ Ci X 1> t- 1> tr- 1> CO to » 2 * f5 o o ^ C ^ J pj ;-, S) t-t>xxxoo sxxxxxxxxxxx 1ESJDENTS AMD VIC^ ^ -^^aS OF THE UNHED STATER PRESI- DENTS. DBMT8. Ti J New Hampshire 1 0 . r, D I Illinois 1 ■ 1 M 1 : District of Columbia. 1 O 0 j Kentucky 0 2 ^ctts 'J o South Carolina 0 1 1 2 I Ala,bama 0 3 ! t $1 worth 'V electroly :?iong prof p. . , ■ , in Chinamrin ijas St adroit and dill. M detector. Ou ; es weie fonnci . extracted from each process now in hi.Kh , i; .-woaters," of whom the the reputation of being hy far ?.Aent. In the coin detector tiie ^i om the balance i^an on this knife edge is at ( r the left-hand limit : off to the "light" . se may be. •life edge is " bahmce tion. OOUt HOW THE PRESIDENTS DIED. Georgi: WASiiiNOTON—His dcn-h '.vas (ho n-sulL of f.'so'/ere coid, contracted \vhil< - . ' Lorm on December lU v a cliili, wliich br^ . u on December 14, 17; ,v,,>. o.- ;)>.:.- .m ..t;.,;.. John AdajM.s— He died Ironi old age, liaving- reachecji iiis 91st jiiilestoue. Though active mentally, he waa nearly blind aiul unabl» ■ • hold a pen steadily enough to write. He passed away without a I in on July 4, 1826. Thomas Jefferson— He died at the age of 83, a few hours before lams, on July 4, 1826. Hiss disease was chronic diarraea, super duced by old age, and, his physician said, the too free use of the ■iters of the "White Sulphur Springs. James Madison — He, too, died of old age, and, peacefully , on Jun© 1836. His faculties were undimmed to the last. He was 85. James Monroe — At the time of his death, which occurred in the Id year of his age, on July 4, 183,1, assigned to enfeebled health. John Quincy Adams— He was stricken with paralysis on Fe'o lary 21, 1848, while addressing the Speaker of the House !:)resentatives, being at the lime a Member of Congress. I in tliH rotunda of the Capitol. He was 81 years of age. i;soN— He died on Julie 8, 1845, 78 years old. He ! onsumption, and finally dropsy, which made its It six months before his death. BuiiEN— He dj( d on July 24, 1862, from a violent ::ia, followed by e-itarrhal afrectiohs of the throat was 80 years oi' age. V HY Harrison.— The cause of his death was pleurisy, )'id which he caught on the day of his inauguration, apanied wiih severe diarrhea, which would not : troMtment. His death occurred on April 4, 1841, lis in.-uiguration. He w n^ 68 years of age. . He died on January 17. 1862, at the age of 72. I ■'lie to ascertain 11 - (->i;-: <.f his death. LK — In the ' ' 9 he was stricken with a 1' ch<»lei-a w" ; going up the ^Mississippi , ;i ten!por;iriI,\ ' ;!d arelapso on his retura lit' ana died on June lo. 1 ' ■ Zachary Taylor— He wn die in office. ■ is said to have partal- ' -or and iced ■ ' t"ii K V , r ■ T"-^ result •butes . . ' j.lareh. \ -iih year. ::rce — His c to abdominal dropsy, and tober 8. 18G<) -ar of his life. ,.\\, -> i,i ctfANAN -His dc -1 iSo8,andwas used by rheumatic gout. Abr.vham Lincoln— He n U at Ford's lieater, Washington, D. C. : . :l :< , o >., ... i died the fol" •ing day, aged 56. Andrew Johnson— He died from a stroke oJf paralysis, July 31, •^75, aged 67. The deaths of Garfield (1881), Grant (1885), Arthur (1886), and Ii Kinley (1901), are recent enough to be remembered by all. ] 10 O) a. 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Servia. 51,600 6 900 3,000 2,150 0 q CO CO Bul- garia. 24,000 2,740 4.800 1,960 33,400] Sweden and Norway 22,000 3,260 9,400 3,400 38,0601 Switzer- land. 118.000 2.750 9,160 5,800 135.610 1 Greece. 10,400 1.650 2.800 2,420 17,300| Den- mark. 22,700 2,650 9,512 1,420 CO X co^ 0" CO 48,000 4,720 10,600 1,870 0 Oi 10" •.0 Bel- gium. oooco OOC^JrH q'^^x^'* 0 odco CO 52,2321 Spain. 46.520 4.000 10,600 3,470 64,5901 Classes. > Z a >> u > < Total Active Army 14:2 ococo- o o o o o:> . - C; O -O O -sD OOCOOOO O O O lO lO o o 1 '*CCMrHr-^XX o oo O CO q CO d Co' C CO 1-1 r-. lO I OCO^'Tt^OO I -f^ O C^l rH t- O O •OCl-_CX'^;0^ ! 'XL-'o-^' r-'dx'" ; o Xf-:o 3 be ' ■ - . 5 0) ^ OJ - ^ p ~ "3 4J « :? ~ £ O .S © ^' i1 H [xi CO a z o yj' a) . ■ Tx cu •—; D ^ £/) 1 -r: s-« ^.5 S-^ S:2 S 0} o ; CD (D (X o ;■. - S oj o CO p. So ^"5 " 2 ^ o o ^ r^'^ fli a> :3 > m • ■ . ^ 3cS Ot) < ^^-Sw Sl^T) o bcrz; , c -J -r: - nipanies, divided iuto 3 battalions of 4 companies each^ . wiih 3 majors per regiment. But the act made the organ- iziitiob temporary, by requiring the army, on the tirst- day of July, 1901," to be reduced to about 27.000. The necessity for legislation by the 56th Congress was •Imperative. There were more than 60,000 soldiers in the- Philippines alone. 35,000 of these had to be mustered o;it before the first of July, 1901. There were over 400 posts in the Philippines held by troops, and to remove ' them before others had taken their places would have bpcn fraught with grave consequences, as the natives would have construed such a move as evidence of weak- ness. The T>ew law gives us 1 lieutenant-general. 6 majors, general; 15 brigadiers-general ; a corps of artillery num- bering j.S.9'30 enlisted men: 15 regiments of cavalry and 30 re.'vinients of infantry. In addition to this we have a^i ad.iuCant and inspector general's departments, where n*;- permanent appointments shall be made, and where va,- caricies, in the future, shall be filled only by assigning iiu ortieer yrom the li?ie. A corps of engineers is now pro vided by law. There will be a medical corps, a judge ad-.-v - ' • ■ : •; , ;v ;<) '. 1890 This is nearly $1,000 per head, as against $514 per head' in 1860, $780 per head in 1870, and $870 per head in 1880. ^ Flax and Hemp in the United States. The total area of land devoted to the cultivation ol' Jiax in 1889 is found, in the 1890 census, to have been' 1,318,698 acres, the production of flaxseed 10,250,410' bushels, the production of fibre 241,389 pounds, the^ amount of flax straw sold of so utilized as to have a determinable value 207,757 tons, and the total value of all flax products, $10,436,228. While flaxseed is reported Xrom 31 states, Minnesota, Iowa, South Dakota and Ne- tiraska produce 80.06 per cent of the total a\nount, or 1,035,613 bushels in excess of the entire production of the United States at the census of 1880. Throughout the greater portion of the principal flaxseed-producing region flax straw is of little or no value, and much of the so-called fibre is only an inferior quality of tow, used -chiefly for upholstering purposes. There are indications, however, of the revival in the United States of a linen industry that will afford a market for fine flax fibre of 'omestic production, and revive a branch of agriculture : riat has for many years been almost extinct. For the 1 resent, linseed oil is the only important product ob- ;Mined from flax in the United States. The total area of land devoted to the cultivation of hfimp, in 1889, was 25,054 acres, and the production of fibre 11,511 tons, valued at $1,102,602 to the producers. •Pa is branch of agricultural industry is confined almost exclusively to the State of Kentucky, which produced D:}.77 per cent of the total hemp crop of the country. U5 THE NATION'S D^AD. A recent report shows that the nation's dead are buried in seventy-nine national cemeteries, of which twelve are in the Northern States, /^mong the principal ones in the North are Cyrus Hill, Brc jklyn, N. Y., with its 3,786 dead; Finn's Point, N.J.. whic'i contains the remains of 2,644 unknown dead; Gettysburg, Pa., with 1,967 known, and 1,608 unknown dead; Mound City, 111., with 2,505 known and 2,721 unknown graves; Philadelphia, with 1,909 dead, and Woodlawn, Elmira, N.Y., with its 3,090 dead. In the South, near the scenes of terrible conflicts, are located the largest depositories of the nation's heroic dead : Arlington, Va., 16,264, of whom 4,349 are unknown. Beaufort, S.C., 9,241, of whom 4,493 are unknown. Ghalmette, La., 12,511, of whom 5,674 are unknown. Chattanooga, Tenn., 12,962, of whom 4,963 are un* known. Fredericksburg, Va., 15,257, of whom 12,770 are un- known. Jefferson Barracks, Mo., ll,4i?0, of whom 2.906 are un- known. Little Rock, Ark., 5,602, of whom 2,337 are unknown* , City Point, Va., 5,122, of whom 1,374 are unknown. ! Marietta, Ga., 10,151, of whom 2,963 are unknown. ! Memphis, Tenn., 13,997, of whom 8,817 are unknown, i Nashville, Tenn., 16,526. of whom 4,701 are unknown. I Popular Grove, Va., 6,199, of whom 4,001 are un* I known. 1 Richmond, Va., 6,542, of whom 5,700 are unknown. Salisbury, N.C., 12,126, of whom 12,032 are unknown. I Stone River, Tenn., 5,602, of whom 288 are unknown. ! ■ Vicksburg, Miss., 16,600, of whom 12,704 are unknown. I Antietam, Va., 4,671, of whom 1,818 are unknown. i Winchester, Va., 4,559, of whom 2,365 are unknown. In all, the remains of 300,000 men who fought for the ' Stars and Stripes find guarded graves in our national cemeteries. Two cemeterias are mainly devoted to the brave men who perished in the loathsome prisons of the same name— Andersonville, Ga., which contains 13,714 f raves, and Salisbury, with itr, 12,126 dead, of whonx 2,032 are unknown. REMARKABLE WATERFALLS, Niagara Palls, North America Montmorency Falls, Quebec, Canada... Natchikin Falls, Kamschatka Lanterbaum, Lat e Theen. Switzerland Falls of Arve, Savoy , Cf^rosola Cascade, Alps, Switzerland.. 1,100 2,400 " 146 United States Pension Statistics. [18710 ^Uumber of Pension Claims, Pensioners and Disbursemeni-i,, [If^OO J Fiscal yearend- icg June 30. Army and Navy. Claims allowed. Inva- lids. Widows, etc. Total num- ber of ap- plications filed. Total number of claims allowed. 7,934 6,46S 6,551 5,937 5,760 5,360 7,282 7,414 7,242 10,176 21.394 22,946 32,014 27,414 27,580 31,937 35,283 44,893 36,830 50,395: 8,399 7,244 4,073 3,152 4,736 4,376 3,861 3,550 3,379 4,455 3,920 3,999 5,303 6,366 7,743 8.610 11,217 15,359 11,924 14,612 43,969 26,391 18,303 16,734 18,704 23,523 22,715 44,587 57,118 141,466 31,116 40,939 48,776 41,785 40,918 49,895 7^,465 7t>,726 81,2201 105,044; 090,941 2ir),(j:>>8 57, m 1900 147 United States Pension Statistics— Continued. Number of pensioners on the roll and the amount paid for pensions, with cost of disbursements. Inva- lids. Widows, etc. 93,394 113,954 119,500 121,628 122,989 124,239 128,723 131,649 138,615 145,410 164,110 182.633 206,042 225,470 247,146 270,346 306,298 343,701 351,284 415.654 536,821 703,242 759,706 754,382 750,951 747,967 746,829 760,853 753,451 751,864 114,101 118,275 118,911 114,613 111,832 107,898 103,381 92,349 104,140 105,392 104,720 103,064 97,616 97,286 97,979 95,437 99,709 108, 8'' ' 178,2^ 122.290 139,339 172,826 206,306 215,162 219,567 222,557 229,185 232,861 238,068 241,674 Total. Disbursements. 207,495 232,229 238,411 236,241 234.821 232,137 222,104 223,998 242,755 250.802 268,830 285,697 303.658 322,756 345.125 865,783 4nB;no7 676,160 876,068 966,012 969,544 970,524 970,678 976,014 993,714 991,519 983,520 33,077, 30,169, 29,185, 30,593 29,683, 28,351 28,580, 26,844, 33,780, 57,240, 50,626, 54.296, 60.431 57,273 r.5,693 64,584, 74.815 7!), 64.6, 88,275, 106 493. 118,548, 141,086, 158,144, 140.772, 140,959, 139,280, 140,845 145,748, 139,482, 139,381, 384.00 341.00 290.00 750.00 117.00 600.00 157.00 415.00 ,526.00 540.00 539.00 281.00 973.00 ,537.00 707.00 270.00 483.85 146.37 113.28 890.19 959,71 948.84 .342.51 163.68 ,361.00 ,075.00 ,772.00 ,865.56 ,696.00 ,522.73 148 p w o < o w xn C o 0) -P H * o o 5c 8 00 00 00 00 00 O 00 ro 0.00 !>. i~^00 00 00 a\ . On 0^ O a. 00 O Ml ^ « cs N 00 o K .c^oo «j r O aj «^ O ^ c3 »H CQ £ 2 (O g V 00 ^ O t>. O QO tJ- OS u-> t>. to OS . Tj- OSM .ON t>. ro 00 00 eg eg vo Thoo to 00 00 00 00 VO 00 00 So 00 00 00 00 • TO • 2 ^ jT • S o u cJ o ^ Co WARS OF THE UNITED STATES— CON- ' TINUED. Killed in battle, 61,362 ; died of wounds, 34,727 ; died of disease, 183,287; total died, 279,376; total deserted^ Number of soldiers in the Confederate service, who died of wounds or disease (partial statement), I33,82X« Deserted (partial statement), 104,428. Number of United States troops captured during the war, 212,608; Confederate troops captured, 476,169. Number of United States troops paroled on the field, 16,431; Confederate troops paroled on the field, 248,599* Number of United States troops who died while prison- ers, 29,725; Confederate troops who died while prisoners^ fl6,774. The casualties on the American side in the last wai with Great Britain, 1812-15, were: Killed, 1,8775 wounded, 3,737; total, 5,614. The casualties on the American side in the war with Mexico, 1846-48, were: Killed, 1,049; ^^^^ wounds^ 904; wounded, 3,420. The estimated cost to the United States of the Revo- lutionary War was $135,193,703; of the war of 1812 with Great Britain, $107,159,003; of the Mexican War, $100,000,000; of the Civil War (including aU expensei growing out of the war), $6,189,929,909. For Spanish- American War see pages S3^'3^' The height of the railway bridge at Niagara river, above the river, is 250 feet. Aggregate Debt of Nation, States and Counties, 1880 and 1890. 1880. 1890. PER HEAD. 1880. 1890. The United States. The Several States and Territories. The Several Coun- $1,922,517,364 290,326,643 124,105,027 $ 915,962,112 223,107,883 141,950,845 $38.33 5.69j 2.47 $14.63 2.2f Total $2,336,949,034 $1,281,020,840 $46.59 $20.48 151 CO (M iH :05r-lr-( GO CO CD GO (M LU X lo"'^' :d (Mr-t- o o - § - S S £ c ^ is 152 STEEL AND BRASS PLATES. Weight of steel and brass plates per sq. foot by American gauge. No. of Steel, Brass, pounds. No. of Steel, Brass, pounds. gauge. pounds. gauge. pounds. 1 10.993 12.382 18 1-531 1-725 2 9.789 II .027 19 1-363 1-536 3 8.718 9.819 20 1. 214 1-367 4 7-763 8.744 21 1. 081 1.218 5 6-913 7.787 22 .9631 1.084 6 6.156 6-934 23 .857 .966 7 5-482 6-175 24 •763 .860 8 4.882 5.499 25 .680 .766 9 4-348 4.897 26 .605 .682 ID 3-871 4.360 27 •539 .607 II 3-448 3-883 28 .480 -541 12 3.070 3-458 29 .427 .481 13 2.734 3-079 30 .380 .429 14 2-435 2.742 31 •339 .382 15 2.168 2.442 32 .302 -340 i6 1-931 2-175 33 .269 -303 17 1.719 1-937 34 •239 .269 RAILWAY SIGNALS. One whistle signifies "down brakes." Two whistles signify "off brakes." Three whistles signify "back up." Continued whistles signify "danger." Rapid short whistles "a cattle alarm." A sweeping parting of the hands on a level with the eyes signifies "go ahead." Downward motion of the hands with extended arms signifies "stop." Beckoning motion of one hand, signifies '"back." Red flag waved up the track signifies "danger." Red flag stuck up by the roadside signifies "danger ahead." Red flag carried on a locomotive signifies "an engine following." Red flag hoisted at a station is a signal to "stop." Lanterns at night raised and lowered vertically is a signal "to start." Lanterns swung at right angles across the track means *'stop." Lanterns swung in a circle signifies "back the train." 153 COST OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF HAY. FXtiCB PER Ton. 25 lbs. worth. 40 lbs. worth. 100 lbs. worth. 200 lbs. worth. 300 lbs. worth. ft A. on e cts. 10 cts. 20 cts. $ AO $ 60 K oo. . 6 « 12 (( 25 u so 7< o oo. 15 u 3Q u 60 7 oo. « 35 it 70 I oc 8 oo. . 10 " 20 u 40 80 I 20 o oo. . II « 22 (( 45 it I ^< lo oo. . 25 (i 50 u I 00 I ^ II oo. . '3>^ " 27 « 11 I 19 1 1; 12 OO. . IS " 30 (( (( I 20 I & 13 00.. 16 " 32 (( 65 i< I 30 I 95 14 00. . 17^ « 35 (( 70 i( I 40 2 10 15 00. . 18X " 37 75 (( I 50 2 25 AMOUNT OF OIL IN SEEDS. Kind of Seed. Per cent. Oil. Bitter Almond 55 Barley 2)4 Clover hay 5 Hemp seed 19 Indian corn 7 Linseed. 17 Meadow hay 3^ Oat-stiaw 4 Kind of Seed. Per cent OIL Oats 6}^ Rapeseed 55 Sweet Almond 47 Turnip seed 45 White mustard 37 Wheat bran 4 Wheat -straw 3 Wheat flour 3 RELATIVE VALUE OF DIFFE;RENT FOODS FOR STOCK. One hundred pounds of good hay for stock are equal to : Articles. Pounds. Beans , 28 Beets . . .669 Clover, red, green . . . 373 Carrots 371 Corn 62 Clover, red, dry 88 Lucerne . , 89 Mangolds 368^ Oat-straw , 317 Articles. Pounds. Oats 59 Oil- cake, linseed. ... 43 Peas, dry 37;^ Potatoes 350 Rye-straw 429 R/e 53/4 Turnips 469 Wheat 44^ 154 THE AVERA6E VELOCITIES OF VARIOUS BODIES, A man walks 3 miles per hour or 4 feet per second. A horse trots 7 ** " 10 " " A horse runs 20 '* *• 29 " ** Steamboat runs 20 *' *' 26 " *' Sailing vessel runs 10 miles per hour or 14 feet per second. Eapid rivers flow 3 " '* 4 " " A moderate wind blows 7 miles per hour or 10 feet per second. A storm moves 36 miles per hour or 52 feet -per second. A hurricane moves 80 " " 117 " " A rifle ball 1000 " " 1468 " Sound 743 " " 1142 Light, 192,000 miles per second. Electricity, 288,000 miles per second. MORMONS, MORMON WAR/' A sect of religious fanatics that has arisen within th« present generation, and gained over many converts. Its founder was Joseph Smith, an American. Brigham Young succeeded, after the death of Smith, to the post of prophet, and retained it until his death, at Salt Lake City, Aug. 29, 1877. In February, 1857, an armed body of Mormons dispersed the United States district court, in Utah, and openly defied the laws of the nation, because their territory was not admitted as a State. President Buchannan appointed Colonel Cumming governor of the territory, and sent troops to suppress the rebellion. Young issued a manifesto, and determined on resistance to national authority, but when the governor arrived there, in April, 1858, Young concluded to surrender, and so the ' Mormon war" ended. After remaining for a time, the troops, in May, 1860, left the territory. Uncle Sam.— The popular title for the United States. In the year 1812, a large (Quantity of provisions for the army was purchased at Troy, N. Y., by Elbert Anderson, a government contractor. The goods were inspected by two brothers, Ebenezer and Samuel Wilson. The last- named was invariably known among the workmen as *'Uncle Sam." The packages were marked E ?A.— U. S. On being asked the meaning of tliese initials, a workman jokingly replied that he did not know unless they meant Elbert Anderson and Uncle Sam. So the title became current among workmen, soldiers and people, and the United States Government is known now by those wbe fiffectionatelv call it Uncle Sam, 155 LONGEVITY IN EUROPE. Servia contains more centenarians than any other country on the globe. In this little country, which has less than 1,300,000 inhabitants, there are actually 575 persons, according to the last census returns, whose ages exceed 100 years. Ireland comes next in the list with 578, but then her population is very much larger than that of Servia. Spain has 401 out of a population of 17,000,000, and France counts 213 among her 38,000,000 inhabitants. England, Scotland and Wales can only muster 192 between them, and Germany, with her enor- mous population of 55,000,000, has but 78. Norway has 23 out of 2,500,000 inhabitants, and Sweden a population of nearly 5,000,000 and only 20 centenarians. Denmark has but two and in little Switzerland there is not a single person whose years number five-score. KNOW-NOTHINGS. The name of a secret political party which originated In 1853. The party, or rather society was first formed by a person of some notoriety, who called himself Ned Bunt- line— the writer of sea stories. Ned was once a midshipman in the United States navy, but left the service and commenced the business of founding a secret order, of so exclusive a character that none were to be admitted as members whose grandfathers were not natives of the United States. Ned gave instruc- tions to his followers to reply to all question's in respect to the movements of the new party "I don't know." So they were at first called don't-kncws, and then know- nothings, by outsiders. The Crmxder, a party organ, printed the principles of the society as follows: Repeal of ail naturalization laws; none but native Americans for office; a pure American common school system; war to the hilt on Romanism. In the year 1855-6 the slavery question had assumed paramount importance, and the civil war between the free state men and the pro-slavery- Ites in the territory of Kansas, so overshadowed the public mind, that foreign citizenship was forgotten, and the know-nothings as a body disappeared. The nearest approach to know-nothingism or Americanism, in 1856 (as indicated by the name), was the American party, whose nominees for President and Vice-President were Millard Fillmore and Andrew J. Donelson, of Tennessee. In that year there was a general excitement, and brush of polit- ical elements, which resulted in the complete annihila* tion of the American and Wbig parties. Thereupon rose the Renublican party ARCHIMEDEAN SCREVwc OR SPIRAL PUMP. It is so-called for Archimedes, its inventor. It consists of a pipe twisted spirally round a cylinder, which, when at work, is supported in an inclined position. The lower end of the pipe is immersed in water, and when the cylinder is made to revolve on its own axis, the water is raised from bend to bend in the spiral pipe until it flows out at the top. A NEW AND PROFITABLE INDUSTRY. TROPIC AND SEMI-TROPIC FRUIT GROWING. In addition to the tropic and semi-tropic fruits and nuts grown for home and family use through the United States, there were, in the census year 1890, 13,515 acres of almond, 677.50 of banana, 169.88 of citron, 9,864 of cocoanut, 4,477 of fig, 550 of guava, 1,362.25 of kaki, 7,256 of lemon, 495.58 of lime, 12,180 of madeira nut, 7,097 of olive, 184,003 of orange, 2,189.50 of pineapple, 171.89 of pomelo, and 27,419.50 of pecan trees, repre- senting 658,566 bearing and 800,010 nonbearing almond trees, 577,782 bearing banana plants, 4,237 bearing and 14,110 nonbearing citron trees, 123,227 bearing and 1,- 199,549 nonbearing cocoanut trees, 138,186 bearing and 285,201 nonbearing fig trees. 32,943 bearing and 120,529 nonbearing guava trees, 58,390 bearing and 124,522 non- bearing kikl trees, 167,663 bearing and 498,784 nonbear- ing lemon trees, 19,096 bearing and 44,255 nonbearing lime trees, 188,409 bearing and 411,248 nonbearing ma- deira nut trees, 278,380 bearing and 331,022 nonbearing olive trees, 3,885,890 bearing and 9,705,246 nonbearing orange trees, 21,750,000 pineapple plants, 3,279 bear- ing and 12,867 nonbearing pomelo trees, and 214,986 bearing and 657,980 nonbearing pecan trees. Excluding pineapples and bananas, which are all counted as bearing plants, as they commence- fruiting within a year of planting, it will be noted that the aver- age num'^er of all nonbearing trees is about double that of the bearing trees, the product of which in the census year, was as far as reported, valued at $14,116,226.59, divided as follows: almond, $1,525,109,80; banana, $280,653.75; cocoanut, $251,217.41; fig, $307,271.76; lemon, $988,099.92; lime, $62,496.90; madeira nut, $1,256,958; olive, $386,368.32; orange, $6,602,099.06; pineapple, $812,159.17; pomelo, $27,216. and pecan, $1,616,576.50. On the basis of present prices, with all the nonbearing trees in fruitage, the next census (1900) ought to show a value of product of more than $50,000,000. As a forecast of the future growth of these branches of horticulture, the above figures are most interesting. 157 ARTESIAN WELLS So called from the French province of Artois, whence they are supposed to originate. It is the name given to a peculiar kind of bored well, in which the water rises to the surface and . overflows. In the United States any deep-bored well is called artesian, even if the water has tc be pumped from a considerable depth. The geological conditions permitting an overflow without pumping are not general— since it is necessary that the region ^ould have a more or less complete basin-structure, and that there should be a series of permeable, covered by im- permeable, beds. Artesian wells vary in depth from less than 100 feet to nearly 4,000 feet, the deepest borings being for petroleum. The total number of artesian wells on farms, in June 1890, in the states and territories forming the western half of the United States, was 8,097, representing an estimated aggregate im"estment of $1,988,461.26. Complete statistics, concernmg the depth, cost, discharge, and other features of 2,971 of such wells, fairly distributed through the various states and counties from which they are reported, have been ob- tained from the owners, and from the averages derived from such statistics, the number of artesian wells used for the purposes of irrigation is computed at 3,930; the average depth per well, 210.41 feet; the. average cost per well. $245.58; the total discharge of water per minute, 440,719.71 gallons, or 54.43 gallons per well per minute; the average area irrigated per well, 13.21 acres, and the average cost of water per acre irrigated, $18.55. Over one-half of these wells are in the State of California, where 38,378 acres of agricultural land were irrigated by artesian water. Utah stands second in the number of artesian wells used for irrigation purposes and Colorado in the area of land thus irrigated. CURIOSITIES OF THE BIBLE. The Bible contains 3,566,480 letters, 773,746 words, 31,173 verses, 1,189 chapters and 66 books. The word AND occurs 46,277 times. The word lord occurs 1,855 times. The word reverend occurs but once, which is in the 9th verse of the 111th Psalm. The middle verse is the 8th verse of the 118th Psalm. The 21st verse of the 7th chapter of Ezra contains all the letters of the alphabet, except the letter J. The longest verse is the 9th verse of the 8th chapter of Esther. The shortest verse is the 35th verse of the 11th chapter of St. John. There are no words or names of more than six syllables. 158 STATE FLOWERS. The following are "State Flowers," as adopted by the votes of the public school scholars of the respective States: Alabama Golden Rod Colorado Columbine Delaware Peach Blosscm Idaho Syringia Iowa Rose Maine . . Pine Cone and Tassal ( Cypripodium Minnesota k or Moccasin I Flower. Montana ........ Bitter Root Nebraska'. Golden Rod New York Rose North Dakota. . . . Wild Rose Oklahoma Territory Mistletoe Oregon Golden Rod Utah Sego Lily Vermont Red Clover In other States the scholars have not yet taken action. In Rhode Island and Wisconsin a vote was taken for a "State Tree," resulting in the selection of the Maple. In the State of Washington the Rhododendron is the choice of many, but has not been adopted. The universally, if not officially, recognized National Flower is The Golden Rod. THE GREAT GAME OF GOLF. The progress of golf continues in the conservative lines which have governed Its progress in the past, the tenden- cy toward a process of elimination and selection of the best players for national honors being materially helped by the continued aggregation of local clubs into subord- inate and State organizations. At the same time the for- mation of clubs continues with unabated vigor. The men's amateur national championship was contest- ed on the Garden City Links, Long Island, from Monday, July 2, to Saturday, July 7, 1900, over an 18-hole course. There were 121 entries, of whom 32 only qualified to con- tinue the contest beyond the preliminary round of 36- holes medal play. The thirty-two was reduced by match play on July 3 to 16. Then on July 4 to 8, on July 5 to 4, on July 6 to 2, and on July 7 the two, Walter J Travis and Findlay S. Douglas, champion of 1898, played the finals, Travis winning on the eighteen-hole by 2 up. It was the second victory for home- taught golf, Travis being entirely American self-taught. The women's national championship, and driving, ap- proaching and putting contests, were played over the links at Shinnecock Hills, Southampton, Long Island. Aug. 28 to Sept. 1, 1900. Eighteen holes medal play re- duced fifty-eight entrants to sixteen on the first day; from thence on match play, reduced the sixteen to eight on the 29th, to four on the four on the 30th, to two on the 31st, and on Sept. 1 Miss Francis C. Griscom, of Philadelphia, defeated Miss Margaret Curtis, of Essex County. 159 rNTERNATIONAL CANALS BUtLT AMD BEING BUILT Suez Canal.— The Suez Canal is 92 miles long and cost $102,750,000. Three thousand three hundred and fiftv-two ships, of 8.039.106 tons net, passed through the Suez Canal in 1894, yielding $14,770,081 in dues. Nearly 95 per cent of the vessels were enabled to steam at night through the canal owftig to the general use of the elec- tric light. As to the nationality of the vessels, the Eng- lish were 2,394, German 294. French 184, Dutch 188, Austro-Hungarian 78. Italian 63, Norwegian 40, Turk- ish 33, Spanish 28. Russian 35, Portuguese 2, Egyptian 1, Japanese 6, Guatemalan 1, American war ships and yachts 5. Panama Canal.— Length, 46^4 mi.; estimated time of transit, 14 hrs. The construction of a canal with locks has been pronounced practicable by an international board of French, English, German, Russian and American engineers. The new plans provide for the usual system of locks and dams. Good harbors exist at the Atlantic and Pacific terminals. The canal is practically finished from Colon to Buejo, 14 miles; this, however is the least expensive part. The great trouble is in passing through the Culebra Ridge. The width of the canal will be 160 ft. at the top and 72-f t. at the bottom, except through the ridge where it will be 78 ft. at the top and 29 ft. at the bottom. The cost of completing the canal, it is said, will not exceed $100,000,000. About $275,000,000 is estim- ated as having already been expended on the canal, re- sulting in the accomplishment of about 40 percent, of the entire amount of excavation that will be required, Time required for completion, about ten years. IK^icara^ua Canal. — Projected to connect the Atlan- tic and Pacific oceans, using the waters of Lake Nicar- agua. Total distance from ocean to ocean, 189.9 miles; depth of canal, 30 ft. ; least width at bottom, 100 ft. ; time transit from ocean to ocean, 44 hours; length of Lake Nicaragua, 110 miles; average width 40 miles; surface area, about 2,600 square miles; area of watershed of lake, about 8,000 square miles. From New York to San Francisco by water the present distance is 15,672 miles, or 31,344 miles the round trip; by the Nicaragua Canal the distance between the same points will be 5,636 miles, or 11,272 miles both ways, a saving of 10.036 miles each way, and of 20.072 miles on the round trip. The distances in statute miles from New York to the Pacific Ocean by the principal land and water routes are: By water to Cape Horn, 7,897: by Southern Pacific, 3.709; by Canadian Pacific, 3,619: by Central Pacific, 3,269; by Northern Pacific, 3,237; by Nicaragua Canal,2,519. i6o FORMULA FOR WOOD SCREWS* N = number. D == diameter, 0 = (iVX. 01325)+ .056, D — .056. N= .01325. • Diameter and Number of Wood Screws. Diameter. No. Diameter. .056 16 .268 .069 17 .281 .082 18 •293 .096 19 -308 .109 20 -321 1 .122 21 -334 .135 22 •347 23 -361 \ .162 24 •374 9 -175 25 .387 xo .188 26 .401 xs .201 27 .414 19 •215 28 •427 «3 -228 29 •440 »4 .241 30 •453 '5 .255 MELTING POINT OF METALS. Platinum 3080** Fahr. (Pouillct). Wrought iron 2822 " " Steel 2462 Cast iron (Gray) 2210 " * Gold 2192 « « Silver. 1832 " « Antimony 842 " (I. Lowthian fiell). Zinc 782 « " Lead 620 " " Tin 475 " WEIGHT OF GRINDSTONES. Rule. — Square the diameter (in inches) ; multiply by thickncfl {in inches) ; then by the decimal .06363; the product will b« the weight of the stone in pounds. * I6i ALLOYS. Alloys. Brass, engine bearings Tongh brass, engine work.- ** for heavy bearings Yellow brass, for turning Flanges to stand brazing Bell-metal... z Babbitt's metal Brass, locomotive bearings..; ** for straps and glands. Mtintz*s sheathing Metal to expand in cooling. . Pewter Spelter Statuary bronze Type-metal, from Solders. For lead « tin.... • pewter • brazing (hardest) . . . « « (hard) «* « (soft) 112 lOO i6o 2 52 16 . I . 64 130 6 90 'A- 15 ■ 5 . SURE CURE FOR SMALL-POX AND SCARLET FEVER. The following small-pox remedy was given to the public by a correspondent of the Stockton (Cal.) Herald, who says: " I here- with append a recipe v/hich has been used, to my knowledge, in hundreds of cases. It will prevent or cure small-pox, though the pittings are filling. It will also cure scarlet fever. Here is the recipe as I have used it to cure small-pox. When learned physi- cians said the patient must die, it cured : Sulphate of zinc, one Sain; foxglove (digitalis), one grain; half a teaspoonful of sugar, ix with two taolespoonfuls of water. When thoroughly mixed, add four ounces of water. Take a teaspoonful every hour. Either disease will disappear in twelve hours. For a child, smaller dose according to its age. If countries would compel physicians to use this, there would be no need of pest-houses. If you value fUlvice and experience, use this for that terrible disease. " 1 62 DIFFEKENl COLORS O? IRON CAUSED BY HEAT. Beg. Deg. Cen. Fah. 261 370 502 680 i "XTiniat- T3ii<-T-\1o rtnA T^iill T^1ii«> T^<:>fiu^An r>/\tO' I V luicL, x^Lirpic dna j^uii xjiuc r>c<.w...cn ( Gre^n'^ and'then^df^ppe'irs"^^' Sea ( Commences to be covered with a light coating 932 -\ of oxide J becomes a deal more impressible / to the hammer, and can be twisted with e2isc# 977 Kecomes Nascent Reda 700 Somber Red. 800 1472 Nascent Cherry, 900 1657 Cherry. 1000 1832 Bright Cherry. 1100 2012 Dull Orange. I2CX> 2192 Bright Orange. 1300 2372 White. I4CO 2552 Brilliant White-welding heat. 1500 1600 2732 2912 j- Dazzling white. STANDARD SCREW THREADS. Diam. of Screw. Thread per Inch. Diam. at root of Thread. Dia m. of Screw. Thread per Inch. Diam. at loot of Thread. 20 .185 2 4K 1. 712 5-16 18 .240 2^{ 1.962 16 .294 2^ 4 2.175 7-16 14 '344 2^ 4 2.425 13 .400 3 3K 2.628 9-16 12 •454 3K 3^, 2.878 II •507 3% 3^ 3.100 10 .620 3Y4 3 3317 9 .731 3.566 8 .837 2% 3.825 7 .940 4^ 2^ 4-027 7 1 .065 2^ 4-255 jYs 6 1 . 160 2K 4.480 6 1.284 H 2^ 4-73° 1.389 572 2^ 5-053 5 1.490 5Y 2>^ 5 203 1^8 5 1 .6x5 6 _2^ 5-423^ Angle of Thread 60°. Flat at top and bottom Yz of pitch. i63 COPARTNERSHIPS. Partnerships may be either general or special. In general partnerships, money invested ceases to be individual property. Each member is made personally liable for the whole amount of debts incurred by the company. The company is liable for all contracts or obligations made by individual members. Special partners are not liable beyond the amount contributed. A person may become a partner by allowing people generally to presume that he is one, as, by having his name on the sign or par- cel, or in the bills used in the business. A share or specific interest in the profits or loss of a business, as remuneration for labor, may involve one in the liability of a partner. In case of Bankruptcy, the joint estate is first applied to the payment of partnership debts, the surplus only going to -the credit- ors of the individual estate. A dissolution of partnership may take place under express stipu- lations in the articles of agreement, by mutual consent, by the death or insanity of one of the firm, by award of arbitrators, or by court of equity in cases of misconduct of some member of the firm. A partner signing his individual name to negotiable paper, which is for the use of the partnership firm, binds all the partners thereby. Negotiable paper of the firm, even though given on private account by one of the partners, will hold all the partners of the firm, when it passes into the hands of the holders, who are ignorant of the fact attending its creation. Partnership effects may be bought and sold by a partner; he may make contracts; may receive money; indorse, draw and accept bills and notes, and, while this may be for his own private account, if it apparently be for the use of the firm, his partners will be bound by his action, provided the parties dealing with him were ignorant of the transaction being on his private account; and thus representation or misrepresentation of a partner, having relation to business of the firm, will bind the members in the partnership. In case of death, the surviving partner must account the representatives of the deceased. 164 RULE TO CALCULATE THE HORSE-POWER IN AN ENGINE. This rule will prove correct for^all ordinary engines; but there may he a very slight variation in the case of an extra long or extra short stroke. Rule.— Multiply the diameter of the cylinder in inches by itself— in other Words, square the diameter in inches, and divide by four. Size of Lakes, Seas and Oceans. LAKES. Miles Long. Cajruga 36 George 36 Constance 45 Geneva 50 Lake of the Woods . . 70 Champlaiii 123 Ladoga 125 Maracaybo 150 Great Bear 150 Ontario 180 Athabasca 200 Winnipeg 240 Huron 250 Erie. 270 Great Slave 300 Michigan 330 Baikal 360 Superior 380 Miles Wide. 4 3 75 60 40 40 20 40 90 50 45 6o 35 120 SEAS. Miles Long. Aral 250 Baltic 600 Black — 933 Caribbean 1,800 China i»700 Caspian 640 Japan 1,000 Mediterranean 2,000 Okhotsk 600 Red i>400 White 450 OCEANS. i^^^^ Square. Arctic 5,000,000 Southern „ 10,000,000 Indian 20,000,000 Atlantic 000,000 Pacific 80,000,000 Carrying Capacity of a Ten Ton Freight Car. Flour 90 barrels. Lime 70 " Salt 70 « Whisky 60 " Flour 200 sacks. £ggs 130 to 160 barrels. Wood 6 cords. Sheep 80 to 100 head. Hogs 50 to 60 " Cattle 18 to 20 « Butter 20,000 pounds. Lumber 6,000 feet Wheat 340 bushels. Barley 300 " Apples 370 " Corn 400 " Potatoes 430 ** Bran 1,000 ** Oats 680 Flax Seed 360 • 165 The Greatest Battles in History. >.J!5^1^f"'f ?f B C. 31, in which the com- bined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra were defeated br Octavius' '""Pe^alism established in the person A *Ji}r T^"-^^ °^ ^'^^h 331. in which the Persians, ?i^^L T'-aT'^ defeated by the Macedonians ar3 ureeks under Alexander the Great. The Battle of Marathon, B. C. 490, in which the AAemans, under Mietiades, defeated the Persians, under The Battle of Syracuse, B. C. 413, in which the Athenians were defeated by the Syracusans and the^ fhJ}^^^^^^^ °i ?• C. 207, in which the Car thagenians, under Hasdrubul, were defeated by th Srcririul'"*''^"""'^'^^'"^' The Battle of Philippi, B. C. 42, in which Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Octavius and Antony. The ft*: of the Republic was decided. * The Battle of Blenheim, A. D. 1704, in which the French and Bavarians, under MarsQ' Tall™w«^ defeated by the English and their allies, under MkrW The Battle of Chalons, A. D. 451, in which theHi.™ under Attila, called the " Scour|e W Sod," we2 S feat^edby the confederate armies%f Romans Ind V^. Battle of Hastings, A. D. 1066, in which Harold, commandmg the English army, was defea™y wS I the Conquerer of Normandy. ^ I The Battle of Lutzen, 1632, which decided tht j^hgu^ushbertiesofGermany. Vustavus Adolphls^ On the 2ist of October, 1805, the Great Naval Battle l66 of Trafalgar was fought. The English defeated thi^ French and destroyed the hopes of Napoleon as to a suc- cessful invasion of England. The Battle of Valmy, A. D. 1792, in which an invading army of Prussians, Austrians and Hessians, under the command of the Duke of Brunswick, were defeated by the French, under Dumouriez. The Battle of Waterloo, 1815, in which the French,- under Napoleon, were defeated by the allied armies of England, under the Duke of Wellington, and of Prussia, under Prince Blucher. The battles around Metz, August 14, 16, 18, 1870. Bazaine, with 200,000 men, thrown into the fortress by the Germans. The Battle of Sedan, Sept. 2, 1870. Napoleon with 80,000 ineu, surrendered to the allied Germans. The naval battle in Manila Bay, May i, 1898, The American squadron, under Dewey, annihilated the Spanish iieei: under Montejo. The Battle of Oradurman, Sept. 3, 1898. English- Egyptian army, under Kitchener, routed large army of dervishes under Khalifa Abdullah, SOME GOOD MAXIMS. Tbere is nothing better in heaven than religion. Our actions of to-day are the thoughts of yesterday. A truthful woman is the greatest adornment of a home. If you live in impure thoughts you will be impure in your lives. f rnfanity is more or less a profession of your loyalty to th< devil. N'jbody ever went to sleep indifferent to religion and waked up in heaven. A child is loved by God because it has no opinions and wants to learn something. ®Don't get into anybody's way with your naturalness^ bul try to be yourself wherever you go. Run into heaven barefooted and bareheaded rather tharv Miiss 2<; on account of anything in the world. l67 How to Preserve Eggs. To each pailful of water, add two pints of fresh slacked! imc and one pint of common salt; mix well Fill your barrel half faU with this fluid, put your eggs down in it any time after June, an3 they will keep two years if desired Facts Worth Knowing. There are 2,754 languages. America was discovered in i492# A square mile contains 640 acres* Envelopes were first used in 1839* Telescopes were invented in 1590* A barrel of rice weighs 600 pounds* A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds. A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds. A firkin of buiter w*sighs 56 pounds. The first steel pen vas made in 1830, A span is tea «.nd seven eighth inches, A hand (horse measure) is four inches. Watches were first constructed ir. 1476* The first iron steamship was built in 1830* The first lucifer match was made in 1829. Gold was discovered in California in 1848. The first horse railroad was built in 1826-7^ The average human life is thirty-one years^ \ Coaches were first used in England in 1569. Modern needles first came into use in 1545. Space has a temperature of 200 degrees below zerO. Kerosene was first usi?d for lighting purposes in 1826. The first newspaper was published in England in 1588. The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652. Robert Bonner refused $100,000.00 for the famous trotter Until 1776 cotton-spinning was performed by the hand-spinning wheel. Measure 209 feet on each side and you will have a square acre within an inch. The first sewing machine was patented by Elias Howe, Jr., iit 1846. The first steam engine on this continent was brought Irom Eng* land in 1753. The first knives were used in England, and the first wheeled carriages in France in 1559. The national colors of the United States wert adopted by Con* gress in 1777 The cost of coal burned by an ocean sicaniCi on a trip wiD average $13,000. The sun is 92,500,000 miles from the eartli. The tatter receives only one two-Oillionth of the solar heat. The nearest fixed star is 16,000,000,000 miies dlStaQl;^ imd taker ihree years for light to reach the earth. 168 05 Financial. •2aiTlT?9[0 -^99J58 JO 1S09 ^[IB9iC 92^J9AV $1,075,200 283,909 165,165 126,804 136,673 110,000 58,437 185,000 13,000 250,000 30,000 •a TTtJ^Ta T pat? uoTpuj^s -aoo JO 1900 KH'BdS. 9S'8J9AY $1,024,161 637.550 393.945 837,304 825.000 120,000 958,743 855,000 573,244 35,000 334,617 468,077 20,000 200.000 }0 ^{lUI qOT?8 01 uoii 2,632 909 1,232 434 1,094 556 871 610 t-< oo t-- o lO-^OS 04 •T39JT} 01 ;89I19 JO ^080 ja J i> rf l> lO 05 CO 05 rHQOOi »0 OJ 1-1 ■rH »0 03CO ojco -"Oi "Baiu JO 911UI "bs qo^9 o; 8i89i:is JO sauivr 14.5 14.9 a4.o 21.9 11.6 42.6 22.1 19.4 10 0 16.8 19.4 24.6 10.5 15.5 •fijg O; 85[lBM.9pi9 JO q:)piA\ 9!jBnopj"odoJtj »o ifi lO o o o o OI Ol 03 I-' (Ti oo -^OJ •p9ABd epa.ns jo 'jn9o j9J 03 iCl- Q Q i> OJ O iC O iO OJ »o o? t-i>COC0 •;99J — 9;99J:;8 JO qipiAV 9S«J9AV 8 COO O IC o o »Ci>COQ0 Length OF Streets IN Miles. ^^yao p9qjno pUT? pop^io iO • ^ ; O CO o . o o - • »o Tt" -ooS • • '. to • :®* : •p9ABJ 00 • i.O • CO ; Q O O? 00 Oi OJ . 25 i> o? o >o 05 io • i>» CO ^ 05 • OSQO ; t> 03 CO in ^ l>T)lOl iC . • lO ' 1,151 653 1,061 408 780 342 486 O? ^rt . o? • coo • OOSCOQ rr T— 1 ^ •uopBindoj *e9iira aiBTibg — B9iv C0Q0«0Tt?D-^Tl*i-i000llC^T-iT kCooaDTriTt''^030JO ad lO 00 oi j> «d C0«DJ>i-irfC0T-i.-iOlOlCOC0 4d ^5 Q piH m M w pa oj o Q PQ ;z; Ph ^ « S ^z; S 169 5 CO CO III mmmmmmm iliiiiiliiiliiiiilli lllljiiiiigisilisgspiisyg|3g§ iiiiillii 170 < Q CO Tt; o > l75 05 Tt< r-l 05 00 f "i* OS (M — I CO !>• CO to !-< ^ in 1 CO 1-H rH O l-C0O'-i.^l>«0?00iJ>T-l-TH ''j? »Q I> CO 00 OJ in 5D T-i (M f ^ t> rJ"^ 00 2 > Tf CO »ft ^ O J^-^^Cil^ 00 0^»> r-i r o~ os" i> Iff i> >«COCOM05 0D® - OS «D 0» iO — J>QOS'-'iflkf5-^' 05COOJ05'-Hi-lr-(OSL. . ao^«o^o^co^o^05^os c» o t- < os'oTf rf^'co CO Q''t^:*'"ort> '-^ CC aSOiCOOJCQ'NQOiOQOJOGQOJ mSS^COCOt-COt-'^^'^OOt- (n r-i Q to Oi T-i OS OS O OS tfl CO OS ■'J' CO O 40 Ofofoo'co"!?/" ^ — 1-H coc CO CO Tfi 'ii •ii^cDT-^osao^copt^coooooifi Q 05 OS 05 O Q OS 00 25 CO CO i> o '^^'-<^ .of of Tj» of co''os''o2" COOOOSOiTficO'^ ^T-C0 t-Q ^„C0l-OS0D coocoososdtoosi>ioco I> Q0'T}rco'"00 Os'otf ^'CO'CO^Q -^"OO OJOS-«1«C0t*CO00CO0DC0CO OOSCOOSCOOScOOSt-COt-r-i'^ co'i-Tt-T t-Tt-T ,-?of O CD S tH S ^OJOSi-HGOt- of of CD rf CD s; CO 00 OS CO CO_ t-OSOOOOOCOOJCOlCt— -^COCO ^i>«oos)nosojiQooiooo5a O^^^OJrtirfiCOCOCOTtOOO iO^OJ-*t>^COOO _ 1>COOCOCSCOQ •*OSO'-'C OOsa COODODOS-rroOOlOQOlO'-'COC 0_CO OS 0DQ0CO'-<'r-iOSI>W ~ CO — OS Os" of 00 > ' " CO i> i> of O3Q00t^C0lOT}Tt OCOOcoiC'^»f5coocooi'^^ '"1^ Tjrcv}cf T-T T-T oi oi i-Tr-Tco ec OS _ OS 1— < Oi 00 CO ^ 3 e s ° (jj Q o <<6 o o oj; 13 =3 d ^ P f^i ^, 'S O P aa (D > > > ^ ^ u 171 s5^§ CO Oi Tl^^O iC to" O O « 1-1 Oi i-h:0 COlO O CO CO 00 |«OC0 ^ coco lO CO CO ©5 0iOiC <0 Cv! 00 CO (M CO ICO ^ C0«O(MC0(M CO CO Oi Oi CO o o OS J> 00 i> OS T-i 7? C^l OS OS OS CO «D UO W5 «D 00 CO CO i> OS Ol co>o «0 CO OS CO 00 O 00 ?o CO t-. ?^'er2 00 Ifi tHCOOOOlCOCvUfSCQC H O l-H ^ ""^^ - 0 \c t-" t-h' ^-»' t-' oi »o os" f-o c i'-titoiococcoooiOTf^oooy •}coi>'-,(>}cc(>^oo':ocoi>^ TtCOt'Sv{COiCrtiOO-^CO CO co^^icOl-l coT-icocvJ>^Tti moin'to-JDoooos^-^coofr}'^ rt*C0i-iiO^l-— i'-^'^TtiGOOO'^CO lf3 1-H ki^_^CO iC O i> ?0 ■r^ X_^0 tC l> CO oi OO'o"'—' o'oD «0 CO^'Tt^' 00 oo^os' lO i-H o c^? Tt* o -^» Tt^ ic ^ »c CO OS ^T^co'!t^ccT}-oo<^^coool0050 TtT O '>ICQ 1-H J oo' \c oo' CO O-l i>» If? OS OS OS T-^ (M CO ^ CO rt CO CO »0 1-H I C3 P3 pis 2 s td D-d O O , passengers on board consists of : Eggs, 32,000: meat, ) 23,000 pounds; vegetables, 8,200 pounds; potatoes,! 9 | tons; ducks, 1,200; game and poultry, 1,400 head; fish, 11, pounds; flour, 33 barrels. ' POINTS OF l^AW. {By a Supreme Court Lawyer.^ The advice on matters in the follow pages has been acquired at a great expense, and is absolutely correct. It can be relied upon as such. I/awyers' fees can be saved, and much annoy- ance and expense avoided by acting on the advice given here.* NKGOTIABI^E INSTRUMENTS. Introduction. — The laws governing mercantile transactions, and particularly such as relate to negotiable instruments, are, in the main, of very ancient origin, and are derived for the most part from the well established usages of mer- chants, which have been adopted, sanctioned and confirmed by the courts, and in many instances 173 redeclared by statue. These usages and customs consti- tute what is called, in the language of the books, the law-merchant. Promissory Notes. — A note of hand, as it is called, is a written promise to pay to a person certain, his order, or bearer, at a specified time, a given sum of money. To render it negotiable, that is, so that it may be transferred by endorsement or delivery, it must be payable to "order" or "bearer," and unless these words appear it will not be negotiable. Further, the Dromise must be absolute and uncoupled with any conditJoii, and the time of payment must be certain and not dependent upon any contingency. Again, the promise must be for a definite sum and must be payable in money. These are all of the essence of negotiability. Failing in any of the foregoing particu- lars, the note may still be good as a contract, but it will not be a negotiable instrument. \t may be written upon anything capable of receiving written characters, in any language susceptible of trans- lation, and with any substance that will leave a perma- nent mark; hence a note written in pencil is just as valid as one vn-itten with ink. It need not be-dated, for deliv- cry gives it effect, although a date is customary and proper, and when no time is specified it is payable on demand. It need not be signed at the bottom, provided the name of the maker elsewhere appears and was writteu with intent to bind, as: " I, John Smith, promise," etc., but the better way is to subscribe the note. The payee must be named or designated, unless the note is drawn to bearer, and if drawn to the maker's owu order possesses no validity until he has indorsed it. A note payable to bearer is transferable by simple delivery and passes from hand to hand without anything; further, and the same is true of a note payable to the payee's order after he lias indorsed it. In such a case- any holder may write over such indorsement an order to pay to himself. But if indorsed in full, that is to pay t© some person certain, it can only be transferred by the subsequent indorsement of such designated person. ft is customary to write notes for " value received,'* but this is not necessary, for a negotiable note imports a co^' ■.-Vrotion anrl, except as between t.h^^ n-.rH.er \v!tn» .74 1 of con^deration cannot be shown if the note was negotlS ated m good faith and before maturity, while as betwINfiuJ the parties consideration may always be disproved, eveit'' though expressed. The better practice, however, is to| write them as expressing consideration. One who places his name on the back of a note as aa indorser thereby enters into an undertaking with hif assignee, as well as others into whose hands the note may come, that he will pay it if the maker does not; but he may protect himself against the claims of subset quent indorsers by making his indorsement "without recourse. " On the other hand, a party, by simply re- ceiving and passing a note while under a blank indorse- ment, and without putting his name to it, assumes no responsibility in relation to it. The holder or indorsee of a note has a right of actioi? against every one whose name appears on the same, whether as maker or indorser, but it is his duty to present the note promptly at maturity and demand payment; if - payment is refused, he should immediately notify the • indorsers, and a failure so to do will, in most cases, dis- charge the indorser from liability. He should further use' all reasonable means to compel payment by the maker , before resorting to the indorsers, and the law only excuses' him from this duty where at the time of maturity the maker is hopelessly insolvent and a suit against him would be unavailing. Prior to maturity, any person who takes a note withe out notice of any defect, and pays therefor a valuable consideration, will be protected against any equities existing in favor of the maker; but one who takes it as a mere volunteer, paying no value therefor, or one who receives it after it has become due, even though in good faith, and for value, will take it subject to all its infirm- ities, and any defense that would have been availing as against the payee may be interposed as to them. Due Bills are not distinguishable in general effect from promissory notes, and are governed by the same ftHes and assignable in the same manner. Certificates of Deposit are, in effect, promissory notes, and subject to the same rules and principles applicable to that class of paper. 175 I IVarehouse Receipts are not technicallv negotiabk, bjA :andintheplaceofthepropertyitself;tfied^^^^^^^^ ^ipts has the same effect, in transferring the title to the ^operty, as the delivery of the proper y itself. Jhej owever frequently declared negotiable paper by statute. Fr^//^.-The dmft, or bill of exchange is the oldest Dim of negotiable paper, and is said to have existed as Lly as the^first century. Drafts are governed by the ame general rules as notes, and all the remarks of the oregoing paragraphs concerning negotiability are equally '^KheS of the holder of a bill to present it for tcceptance without delay, and if it is payable at sight^ tt a certain time after sight, no right of action accrue against any person until it has been so presented, [f it be not accepted, when properly presented, or, if iccepted, be not paid when due, the further duty devolves 3n the holder to have it regularly protested by a notary public This is essential, however, only m case of foreign bills, and is not required for inland exchange or notes. Simple notice in the latter case is sufficient. Checks.— check on bank is a species of bill of ex- change but is governed by somewhat different rules from the ordinary bill. It need not be presented for acceptance, for a bank is bound to pay at any time if it have funds of the drawer on deposit; nor is it material that the holder delay presentment for payment. A check should, how- ever, be presented immediately; this the drawer has a ! right to expect, and the delay is at the holder's risk, for if the bank fails in the meantime, the loss falls on him, if the drawer had funds on deposit sufficient to have paid the check had it been timely presented. Certifying a check practically amounts to an acceptance and binds the bank as an acceptor. Checks should be drawn to order to guard against loss and theft, and at the same time it acts as a receipt ot the payee. A check is not a payment until it has been cashed. In paying a forged check the loss falls on the bank, which is bound to know the signature of its own deposit- ors, and, in like manner, if the check has been fraudu- lently raised, the drawer is chargeable only with the original amount 1 70 INNS AND INN-KEEPERS. An Inn is a public house for the lodging and enter- fcainment of travelers for compensation, and the person who conducts such house is called an inn-keeper. To enable him to obtain his compensation the law invests an inn-keeper with peculiar privileges, giving him a lien upon the personal property brought into the inn by the guest, and on the other hand holds him to a strict degree of responsibility to the guest if the goods are lost or stolen. The essential character of an inn is, that it is open for all who may desire to visit it ; hence, a mere private boarding-house, or lodging-house, cannot, in any proper sense, be regarded as an inn; nor will a coffee-house or restaurant come within the term. A person who enter- tains travelers occasionally, although he may receive com» pensation, is not an inn-keeper, nor liable as such, pro- vided he does not hold himself out in that character. An Inn-keeper is bound to receive all travelers and wayfaring persons who may apply to him, and to provide entertainment for them, if he can accommodate them, imless they are drunk, or disorderly, or afflicted with con- tagious diseases. If a person be disorderly he may not only refuse to receive him, but even after he has received him may eject him from the house. ^ He is further bound to exercise a high degree of care over the person and property of his guests, and is held to a strict responsibility for all loss or damage which may occur through his negligence. This responsibility extends act only to his own acts, and the acts of his servants, but also to the acts of his other guests. The liability of an inn-keeper commences from the time the goods are brought into the inn or delivered to any of the inn -keep- er's servants; and a delivery into the personal custody of the inn-keeper is not necessary in order to make him re- sponsible. He is not liable for what are termed the acts of God, or tiie public enemy; nor for property destroyed without his negligence by accidental fire; and, generally* the inn-keeper will be exonorated if the negligence of the guest occasion the loss in such a way that the loss would not have happened if the guest had used the ordinary care that a prudent man may be reasonably expected to have taken under the circumstances. 177 The strict liability of an inn-keeper has been much modified by statute, particularly in regard to money and valuables, and where the inn-keeper provides, in the office or some other convenient place in the hotel, an iron safe for the keeping of money, jew^els, etc., and notifies his guests of that fact, and the guest neglects to avail himself of the opportunity thus afforded, the inn-keeper will not be liable for the losses sustained by the guest by theft or otherwise. A guest, in the restricted and legal sense of that term, is the only person who is entitled to the privileges of protection, and to entitle him to this he must have the character of a traveler, a mere sojourner or temporary lodger, in distinction from one who engages for a fixed period, and at a certain agreed rate; but if a party is in fact a wayfarer, and his visit is only transient, it matters not how long he remains, provided he retains this charac- ter Thus, regular boarders by the week or month are not guests, nor are they entitled to the privileges of guestsj and on the other hand, in the absence of an enabling statute, the landlord is not, as to them, an inn-keeper, and as such entitled to a lien on their effects for his com- pensation. COMMON CARRIERS. Generally. — A common carrier is one who undertakes for hire to transport the persons or goods of such as choose to employ him, from one point to another, and who does this as a business. The law compels him to take the goods or persons of all who may apply and to make due transport of them; it gives him a lien on such goods or on the baggage of passengers for his compensa- tion, but at the same time holds him liable for all loss or injury, even though occurring without any fault or neg- lect on his part. Included under this head are dray and truckmen, hackmen, stage coach, railway and steamboat companies, and indeed all who hold themselves out as transporters, either of persons or goods, whether by land or water. Carriers of Passengers. — A carrier of passengers is bound to receive all who apply; to treat all alike; to provide proper carriages and not to overload them; to stop at proper intervals for rest or food; to carry his passengers over the v^rhole route contracted for, and to exercise the utmost care in protecting them from peril while on the journey. Failing in any of these particulars he is responsible, not only to the extent of the actual damage caused thereby, but frequently for pain and injury to the feelings. In the sale of a ticket for transportation the foregoing is the implied agreement on the part of the carrier, and the passenger on the other hand accepts such ticket and contracts for passage subject to the reasonable regulations of the company. A carrier of passengers is liable for any loss or damage to the baggage of his passengers, but only to the extent of what may reasonably and naturally be carried as bag- gage. This w ould not include large sums of money, nor merchandise, and, as a rule, damages in this respect are limited to such articles of necessity and personal conve- nience as are usually carried by travelers. Nor v^^ill ihs carrier be liable for any baggage not delivered to him or his servants; and hence, if the passenger keeps his bag- gage about his person, or in his own hands, or within his sight and immediate control, he assumes the risk of loss, and the carrier will not be held liable unless himself in fault. Carriers of Goods. — A common carrier is an insurer of the safe transportation and delivery of all property in- trusted to him for carriage, except as against such losses as are caused by the immediate act of God or the public enemy, and this liability continues until the goods have arrived at their destination and for a reasonable time after they are unloaded. But after safe delivery in the freight depot of the carrier and a reasonable time has elapsed for their removal, and particularly if notice of their arrival has been given to the consignee, the liability of the carrier as such ceases, and he will hold the property as a ware- houseman only. In this latter event he will be bound to no more than ordinary care. The acts of God are held to extend only to such inevit- able accidents as occur without the intervention of man's agency. Hence, the carrier is not responsible for losses occurring from natural causes, such as frost, fermenta- I7<* tion, evaporation or natural decay of peiishable artid^ nor for the natural and necessary wear in the course of transportation, provided he exercises all reasonable care to have the loss or deterioration as little, as practicable. Carriers, both by land and water, are bound to take the goods of all who offer, and if they refuse, without jubt excuse, are^iable to an action; yet they may restrict their business within such limits as they may deem expe- dient, and are not bound to accept goods out of the usual line of then* business. They may also qualify theii responsibility by notice brought to the knowledge of the shipper and assented to by him, but cannot even then excuse gross negligence on their part. Warehousemen are persons who receive goods and merchandise to be stored for hire, and is the character sustained by a carrier after the goods have reached their destination. A warehouseman is bound to use ordinary care in preserving such goods and merchandise, and his neglect so to do will render him liable for any damage that may accrue. His liability commences as soon as the goods arrive at the warehouse. Sleeping Cars. — Though sleeping cars are, compara- tively, a modern invention, their wide use and general adoption by the public has already created quite a vol- uminous mass of law upon the subject, and the rights, both of the companies and the public, have become tol- erably well defined. The service of the railway com- panies and of the sleeping car companies, though rendered in connection, are entirely separate and distinct. The business of the former is to furnish transportation, of the latter to provide accommodations that travelers may sleep, and in so doing they deal only with persons who are provided with tickets entitling them to trans- portation by the railway company over whose lines they operate ^ The Sleeping car companies are not common carriers, like the railway companies, nor are they subject to the duties or responsibilities of carriers, nor can they be con- sidered as inn-keepers, though performing many of their offices. They are not, therefore, insurers of the safety of all property taken into the car by one who has pur- chased the use of a berth. They are, however, bound to i8o afford protection to a sleeping passenger, and to exercise a reasonable care that he does not suffer loss. The faithful performance of this undertaking is the limit of their duty in this respect. They must keep a watch dur- ing the night to see that no unauthorized persons intrude themselves into the car, and take reasonable care to prevent thefts by the occupants; failing in this, they are liable for neglect. The measure of their liability is limited to the value of such articles as are usually and ordinarily carried for comfort and convenience: the small articles usually carried in the hand, the clothing and personal ornaments of the passenger, and a reasonable sum of money for traveling expenses. The nature of the employment of the sleeping car companies is public, and in this respect is the same as a common carrier or inn-keeper. They must treat all persons with fairness, and without unjust discrimination. Where there are berths not engaged, it is their duty to furnish them to unobjectionable applicants on tender of the customary price. The passenger, when he is assigned a berth, impliedly agrees to conduct himself in a quiet and orderly manner, to tak e good care of the berth while in his possession, and surrender the same at the end of his journey in as good condition as when assigned to him, necessary wear excepted. The company, on the other hand, impliedly agrees that it will use ordinary and proper means to pre- serve order in the car during the journey, and especially during the sleeping hours; that it will furnish such cpn- veniences as are necessary to the health and comfort of the passenger and permit him to quietly and peaceably occupy the berth engaged by him during the journey. THE LAW OF THE ROAD. General Principles. — To prevent collisions, and to se- cure the safety and convenience of travelers meeting and passing each other upon the highway, a code of rules has been adopted which constitutes what is called the law of the road. These rules, originally established by custom, have, in many instances, been re-enacted and declared by statute, and are of general and uniform observance jn au iSi parts of the United States. In general, they apply to private ways, as well as public roads, and, indeed, extec4 to all places appropriated, either by law or in fact, (of the purposes of travel. The fundamental rule, applicable alike to all who use traveled way, is, that every person must exercise reason- able care, adapted to the place and circumstances, to prevent collision and avoid accidents, and to this all other rules are subsidiary. No one will be entitled to redress for aa injury sustained on the highway where his own negligence contributed to such injury, nor will the fact that a fellow- traveler fails to observe the law in the use of the road absolve another who is in the right from the duty of ex- ercising ordinary care to avoid injury to himself or to prevent injury to the party who is in the wrong. At the same time, a person lawfully using a public highway has a right to assume that a fellow-traveler will observe the law and exercise ordinary care and prudence, and to govern his own conduct in. determining his use of the road accordingly. This assumption he may rely on, not to justify carelessness on his own part, but to warrant him in Dursuing his business in a convenient manner. Vehicles. — It is a primary rule that vehicles meeting on a highway must bear or keep to the right. This, how- ever, applies only to passing vehicles, for a person having before him the entire road free from carriages or other obstructions, and having no notice of any carriage behind him, is at liberty to travel upon any part of the way as suits his convenience or pleasure, and no blame can be imputed to him. But while a traveler may well occupy any part of the road if nc other is using any portion of it^ he must, upon all occasions of the meeting of another, reasonably turn to the right; and in all cases of a crowded condition of a thoroughfare must keep to the right of the center or traveled part of the way. A driver may, indeed^ pass on the left side of the road, or across it, for the pur- pose of stopping at a house, a store, or other object on that side ; but he must not interfere or obstruct another lawfully passing on that side; and if he does, he acts at his peril, and must answer for the consequences of his violation of duty In such case he must pass before or vait until the person on that side of the way has passed oa* i'i$2 Where fvr^^ drivers are moving in the same direction, the one in advance is entitled to the road, provided he does not obstruct it, and is not bound to turn out for the other if there is room for the latter to pass on either side ; if, however, there is not sufficient room to pass, the foremost traveler should yield an equal share of tne road, on request made, if that is practicable. If it is not prac- ticable, then they must defer passing until they reach more favorable grounds. If the leading traveler then refuses to comply w^ith the request to permit the other to pass him, he will be answerable for such refusal. Ordi- narily, when a driver attempts to pass another on a public road, he does so at his peril, and will be held responsible for all damage? which he causes to the one whom he attempts to pass, and whose right to the proper use of the road is as great as his, unless the latter is guilty of such recklessness, or even gross carelessness, as would bring disaster upon himself. The rule requiring persons meeting upon the highway to keep to the right is not imperative, however, and where a driver cannot safely turn to the right on meeting another vehicle, the law will absolve him from negligence in not attempting impossibilities; but where it is not practica- ble to pass to the right, either of the travelers shoidd Stop a reasonable time until the other passes ; nor will the rule apply in the winter season, when the depth of snow renders it difficult or impossible to ascertain where the center of the road is. In such cases the center of the road is the beaten or traveled track, without reference to the worked part of the road. Again, the rule does not apply when one vehicle is passing along one street and another is passing into said street from a cross street. A traveler is bouSid to keep his harness and carriage in good condition, and is liable for any damage that may result from a failure to do so; he must not drive at ail immoderate rate of speed, and must yield the road to a heavier or loaded vehicle. Equestrians are not governed by the same stringent rules that apply to drivers of vehicles, and usually all that is required of them is to exercise prudent care under the existing circumstances. They need not turn out in any particidar direction oa meeting another horseman o^ a «83 ▼eWde, but in crowded thoroughfares must keep to tie proper side in passing, and must yield the traveled part of tne road to a wagon. Pedestrians have a right to use the carriage-way as well as the sidewalk, and drivers must exercise reasonable care to avoid injuring them, but a foot-passenger in crossing the street of a city has no prior right of way over a passing vehicle; both are bound to act 'iviti Snidence to avoid an accident, and it is as mueh the uty of the pedestrian to look out for passing vehicles ^ it is for the driver to see that he does not run ov«» any one ; nor does the rule requiring vehicles to keep to the right apply to carriages and foot-passengers, for, as regards a foot-passenger, a carriage may go on eittor ode. LANDLORD AND TENANT. The relation of landlord and tenant exists by virtue dl a contract for the use or occupation of lands tene- ments, either for a definite period, for life, or at wilL It is usually created by express contract, but its existence will be implied by law whenever there is an ownership of land on the one hand and an occupation of it by per- mission on the other. In every such case it will be pre* snmed that the occupant intends to compensate the ownef for such use. While the relation may be inferred from A variety of circumstances, the most obvious acknowledg» ment is the payment of rent. If a tenant under an express contract hold over after the termination of his term, the landlord may consider him as a tenant, and, indeed, is so understood, unless he takes some steps to eject him. If the landlord receives rent from him, or by any other act admits the tenancy, a new leasing begins,^ and can onl^ be terminated by a proper notice to quit. The rights and obligations of the parties are usually considered as having commenced from the date of tha lease, if there be one, and no other time has been desig- nated as the commencement of the tenancy, or, if ther* no date from the delivery of the papers, and if there be no writings, from the time the tenant entered inte possession. The Landlord is bound to protect the possession << bis tMftmty and t« defend him against every one asserting a paramount right. Nor can the landlord do any act iUiimself calculated to disturb the enjoyment of the tenant. He must, unless otherwise agreed, pay all taxes and assess- ments on the property, and all other charges of his own . creation; and if the tenant, in order to protect himself in the enjoyment of the land, is compelled to make a payment which should have been made by the landlord, he may caJl upon his landlord to reimburse him, or deduct the amount from the rent. The landlord has no right of possession during the con- tinuance of the lease, nor indeed any substantial rights in the property further than such as may be necessary to protect his reversionary interests. He may go upon the premises peaceably and during reasonable hours, for the purpose of viewing same and ascertaining whether anj waste or injury has been committed, and may make such repairs as are necessary to prevent waste; but he is under no obligation to make any repairs, nor does he guarantee that the premises are reasonably fit for the purposes for which they were taken. Nor can the tenant make any repairs at the expense of the landlord in the absence of a special agreement. The tenant is entitled to all the rights incident to possession, and to the use of all the privileges appendant to the land, and, on the other hand, is personally liable for any misuse of same, or any nuisance or obstruction he may erect. He must use the premises in such a man- ner that no substantial injury shall be done them, and that they may revert to the landlord at the end of the term unimpaired by any negligent or willful conduct on bis part. He must keep the premises in fair repair at his own expense, but is not bound to rebuild structures which have accidentally become ruinous during his occupation; nor is he answerable for incidental wear and tear, nor accidental fire, or flood. He must further punctually pay the rent reserved, or if none have been specifically reserved, then such reason* able compensation as the premises are fairly worth. In the absence of special agreement he must pay only for the time he has had the beneficial enjoyment, but if he has agreed to pay for an entire term, as a rule nothing short I8S of an eviction will excuse him from such payment. If he is evicted by a third person, or if the landlord annoys him by the erection of a nuisance, or renders the prem- ises untenantable, or makes his occupation so uncomfort- able as to justify his removal, he will be discharged from the payment of rent. The rights and liabilities of the relation are not con- fined to the immediate parties, but attach to all persons to whom the estate is transferred, or who may succeed to the possession of the premises. A landlord may not violate his tenant's rights by a sale of the property, nor can the tenant avoid his responsibiiity by assigning his term. The purchaser of the property becomes, in one case, the landlord, with all his rights and remedies, while in the other the assignee of the tenant assumes all the responsibilities of the latter, but the original lessee is not thereby discharged from his obligations. The tenancy may be terminatea in a variety of ways. If for a definite time, or conditioned on the happening of a certain event, it expires by its own limitation, and usually^ when depending upon the express conditions of a. lease, no notice to quit is necessary. If from year to year, or at will, a notice is always necessary. This must be in writing, and explicitly require the tenant to surren- der up the premises. It must be served upon the tenant and afford the statutory notice in regard to time. A breach of any of the covenants of the lease will forfeit the tenant's rights, and when a tenancy has been termi- nated, by whatever cause, the landlord's right to re-enter becomes absolute. The largest bell in the world is the great bell of Mos- cow, at the foot of the Kremlin. Its circumference at the bottom is nearly 68 feet, and its height more than 21 feet. In its stoutest part it is 23 inches thick, and its weight has been computed to be 443,772 lbs. It has never been hung, and was probably cast on the spot where it now stands. A piece of the bell is broken off. The fracture is supposed to have been occasioned by water having been tnrown upon it when heated by the building erected over it being on fire. 186 LO! THE POOR INDIAN! The total Indian population of the United St riTf: , ex- clusive of Alaska, but including 32.567 counted lu the general census, being the taxed or taxable Indians, num- bers 249,273. The following table gives the divisioi] of the Indians in detail: Indians on Reservations or at Schools, under Control of the Indian Office (not taxed or taxable) l. .:).r^82 Indians Incidentallj- under the Indian Office, and Self- supporting^ : The Five Civilized Tribes, Indians and Colored: CIVILIZED TRIBES. | COLORED. | TOTAL. Cherokee Indians.... 25.357 4.242 29,599 Chickasaw Indians . . 3,464 3,718 7.182 Choctaw Indians .. .. 9.996 4,401 14.397 Creek Indians 9.291 5,341 14.632 Seminole Indians.... 2,539 22 2,561 68,371 Deduct number of colored persons probably not members of tribes (estimated) 3.500 64,871', Indians other than Chickasaws in that Nation 1,161 Indians other than Choetaws in that Nation , 257 Population of the Five Civilized Tribes: Indians 52,065 Colored Indian Citizens and Claim- ants 14, 22"^ Total 66,289 Pueblos of New Mexico 8,278 Six Nations, Saint Regis, and other Indians of New York 5,304 Eastern Cheiokees of North Carolina 2,885 Indians Taxed or Taxable, and Self-sustaining- Citizens, counted in the General Census (98 per cent not on resevations) 32,567 Indians under Control of the War Department. Prisoners of War (Apaches at Mount Vernon Bai racks) 384 Indians in State or Territorial Prisons 184 Total 249,273 C HIGHER EDUCATION. There are, in the United States (1892): 415 Universities and Colleges of Liberal Arts; 7,918 Instructors are employed by them; 118,581 Students attending them. $8,635,385 is the value of their Scientific Apparatus. $64,259,344, the value of Grounds and Buildings', $10,801,918, their total yearly Income. i8'r FULL STRENGTH OF OUrt NAV>. The United States navy, which means all vessels now constructed, or under construction, or authorized to be conttrucied, will be in the following strength: Displacement Speed Illinois, battleship 11,525 16.00 Alabama, battleship 11,525 16.00 Wisconsin, battleship 11,525 16.00 Indiana, battleship .. 10.288 15.55 Massachusetts, battleship 10.288 16.15 Oregon, battleship 10.288 16.78 Kearsarge, battleship 11,525 16.00 Kentucky, battleship 11,525 16.00 Iowa, battleship 11,410 16.00 Texas, battleship 6.315 17.00 Three battleships 12,000 16.00 Atlanta, protected cruiser 3,000 15.60 Atlanta, protected cruiser 3,720 18.00 Boston, protected cruiser 3,000 15.60 Chicago, protected cruiser 4,500 15 10 Baltimore, protected cruiser , . . . . 4,413 20.90 Philadelphia, protected cruiser 4.324 19.68 San Francisco, protected cruiser 4.098 19.53 Olympia, protected cruiser 5,870 21.78 Cincinnati, protected cruiser 3,213 19.00 Raleigh, protected cruiser 3,213 19.00 Columbia, protected cruiser « 7,375 22.80 Minneapolis, protected cruiser 7,375 23.07 New Orleans, protected cruiser 3,600 21.00 Albany, protected cruiser 3.600 21.00 New York, armored ci'uiser 8,200 21.00 Brooklyn, armored cruiser 9.271 21.07 Newark, protected cruiser 4,098 19.00 Detroit, cruiser 2,089 18.71 Marblehead, cruiser ; , . . . 2,089 18.44 Montgomery, cruiser 2,089 19.05 Topeka, cruiser 1,800 16.00 Petrel, gunboat , 892 11.80 Yorktown, gunboat 1,710 16.14 Bennington, gunboat 1.710 17.50 Concord, gunboat 1,710 16.80 Castine, gunboat 1,177 16.03 Machias, gunboat 1.177 15.50 Helena, gunboat 1.392 16.00 Nashville, gunboat 1,392 16.00 Wilmington, gunboat 1,392 16.00 Annapolis, gunboat 1,000 13.17 Marietta, gunboat 1,000 13 03 Newport, gunboat 1,000 12.29 Princeton, gunboat 1,000 12.00 Vicksburg, gunboat 1,000 12.71 Wheeling, gunboat 1,000 12.88 Vesuvius, dynamite cruiser 929 21.42 Gushing, torpedo 105 22.50 Ericsson, torpedo 1 20 24.00 Plunger, torpedo 168 8.00 Nos. 3, 4 and 5, torpedo 142 24.50 188 Strength of Our Navy— Cont'd. Displacement Speed Nos. 6, 7 and 8, torpedo 190 28.50 Nos. 9 and 10, torpedo 14(3 30.50 No, 11, torpedo 273 30 00 Nos. 12, 13 and 14, torpedo 132 22. 50 Nos. 15 and 10, torpedo 40 20.00 Nos. 17 and 18, torpedo 05 20.00 Nos. 22 to 33 , torpedo 150 27.00 ManJey, torpedo 4(5 17.00 Monterey, monitor 4,084 13.00 Katahdin, ram 2,155 16.25 No. 19, torpedo destroyer 340 30.00 Nos. 20 and 21, torpedo destroyers 240 30 00 Nos. 34 to 52 400 32.00 Amphitrite, coast defense monitor. . . , 3,999 10.50 Miantonomali, coast defense monitor 3.999 10.50 Monadnock, coast defense njonitor 3,999 12.00 Terror, coast defense monitor 3 999 10.50 Puritan, coast defense monitor G,0()0 12.40 Stiletto, torpedo 31 18.20 Nictheroy, cruiser 5 000 19.00 Yorktown, cruiser . . . . . '2,898 14.50 Mayflower, torpedo gunboat 1,475 18.80 ORDNANCE ON BOARD SOiVIE OF THE SHIPS. Illinois — Guns: Four 13-inch, fourteen 0-inch ra,pid-flre, seven- teen 0-pounders, six 1-pounders, one Colt, two field guns, four tor- pedo tubes. Combined energy of one broadside, 134,508 foot tons per minute. Massachusetts— Guns : Four 13-inch, eight 8-inch, four 6-inch, twenty 6-pounders, four 1-pounders, four Gattlings, two field guns, three torpedo tubes. Combined energy of one broadside, 126,202 foot tons per minute. Oregon— Guns: Four 13-inch, eight 8-inch, four 6-inch, twenty <5-pounders, six 1-pounders, four Gatlings, two field guns, three tor- pedo tubes. Combined energy of one broadside, 122,310 foot tons per minute. Iowa — Guns: Four 12-inch, eight 8-inch, six 4-inch, twenty 6- pounders, four 1-pounders, four Colts, two field guns, four torpedo tubes. Combined energy of one broadside, 123,800 foot tons per minute. New York — Guns: Six 8-inch, twelve 4-inch, eight 6-pounders, two 1-pounders, four Gatlings, two field guns, two torpedo tubes. Combined energy of one broadside, 105,130 foot tons per minute. Kentucky — Guns: Four 13-inch, four 8-inch, fourteen 5-inch, twenty 6-pounders, six 1-pounders, four Colts, two field guns, four torpedo tubes. Combined energy of one broadside, 134,800 foot tons per minute. Brooklyn— Guns : Eight 8-inch, twelve 5-inch, twelve 6-pound- ers, four 1-pounders, four Colts, two field guns, four torpedo tubes. ■Combined energy of one broadside, 111,350 foot tons per minute. Texas— Guns: Two 12 inch, six 6 inch, six 1-pounders, four 37-mm. Hotchkiss, two Gatlings, two torpedo tubes. Combined energy of one broadside, 112,600 foot tons per minute. Chicago— Guns : Four 8-inch, fourteen 5-inch, six 6-pounders, two 1-pounders, two Colts, one field gun. Combined energy of one broadside, 97,688 foot tons per minute. 189 55 c c 21 o o :5 ••••••••• • '• ^ ' ' • months days... days. . . 1 fi e -73 ; S ! .* 1 73 ! 73 T3 "a r-lr-HO :o : : ; :oo :ooo CCXi • CO X CO :too-o : o 00 o :o H -CO .cj ^ • • W M mont mont days mont mont mont mont days days days days years moni moni mon1 days days days moni mont a ixir-cDXioooo :c CS Oj cS 3 d 5 oj 0) > >j >^ s ;. pHrHrHX>rHr- 4J . +o +3 +j tn • + C 2 fl S '3 2 2 o « o o o « « c 555 :orH-x>x>XiOi(-4cctHr-(C0'*X)fHp-i:D:: >>>> H .S t .S § t .; 2 3 N 13 :3 +^ _N ; ^ "S 5 y o C o H 1 : ce ^ cs c 5 > > O CC 00 «! D CZ2 01 J H O -Ji (f) ^ 02 -4^ o o o o .-^^ ."I: ■ 02 >• tn S3 eS c :.2 5 C3 eS © i=l 3 0 ^ ^ a; 3^ £3 fl — D cS 01 oi ^ "S S 5 "S • ^ 52 * °^ *. o "o , a» a> ■ t3 "CJ M > > e «3 .s .2 ^ ^ o S o o « m O 05 M §5 : d c« : : § 5 : ; ^ 2i g 2 5 ? G H ^ S5 - ^ S O) 0) £3 © 03 i3 .S .52 a» » *^ 0) g Sti bo ^ CD £ « C3 S ._ ^ 'S ►5 ? 191 INTEREST LAWS AND STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS. STATES AND TERRI- TORIES. INTEREST LAWS. STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS. Legal Rate. per ct Kate Allowed by Contract. per ct. Judg- ments, Years. Notes, Years. Open Ac- counts, Years. — - — 8 8 20 0 3 6 10 10 5 3 10 Any rate. 2 3 2 7 Any rate. 5 4 2 10 Any rate. 6 (3 6 6 6 17 17 6 (3 6 21 (3 3 District of Columbia. . . 6 10 12 3 3 8 Any rPwte. 20 5 3 7 7 7 4 10 18 t) 5 4 6 8 7 20 5 6 8 20 10 t> 6 10 20 10 5 7 12 5 5 3 6 10 15 15 2 5 8 10 5 3 6 Any rate. 20 6 6 6 6 12 3 3 6 Any rate. 20 6 G 7 10 (3 0 2 7 10 10 6 0 (3 10 7 (3 3 6 10 5 10 5 10 Any rate. (3 (3 2 7 10 ry 5 5 10 Any rate. (5 4 6 6 20 6 6 6 6 20 6 G (3 12 15 6 4 (> 20 (3 (3 6 L 10 3 3 7 10 20 6 6 6 8 5 15 5 7 12 8 10 10 6 1 (3 (3 5 ( 6 (3 « Any rate. 20 6 6 7 Any rate. 10 (3 (3 7 12 20 1 6 6 10 10 6 6 8 12 15 4 Utah 10 Any rate. 5 4 2 6 6 8 6 6 8 10 5 2 10 Any rate. 6 (3 3 6 13 10 10 3- 7 10 20 6 6 12 Any rate. 5 5 4 * New York has, by a recent law, legalized any rate of interest ou call loans of $5,000 or upward, on collateral security. 192 m $10,000 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT STEEL TEMPERING PROCESS. The following process and mixtures, patented by Gar- man and Siegfried, and owned by the Steel Refining and Tempering Co., of Boston, Mass., cost the U. S. Govern- ment $10,000 for the right of using in their shops, and is said to impart extraordinary hardness and durability to the poorest kind of steel. Siegfried's specification reads as follows "I first heat the steel to a cherry red in a clean smith's fire, and then cover the steel with chloride of sodium (common salt), purifying the fire also by throwing in salt. I work the steel in this condition, and while subjected to this treatment, until it is brought into nearly its finished form. I then substitute for the salt a compound composed of the following ingredients, and in about the following proportions: One part by weight of each of the following substances: Chloride of sodium 05C0L0C0C0C0OC0CCiHCDO00t>OrHOI> OiOC75050a)t>COJ>CDCOi>COOTHt^05t>OCOXC '^CQ C0^05_'-H lO tH CO 05 CD iO iH C5 O^r0_C0_C^ X00THTta50^^ cxD o^o th th r^o'o G^fcd w C35"!> i-ioTcico 00 th i6 ic ci THOCDOrHOO^CCOCOI>COiHOi> (^^x^cDco^(^^(^i(^lr^r^1HCDI-H(^^^c^^> thco j>co -^th t^'tHXCO^ rH ""^Tcd. CO DOTHOiOOC:iiO!>CDiOOTt DWOOL--TtHC0XXrHt-Oxt<'^XXOl>t-OC0OrH D!MXOOOCOOJCDrHXCiCCOX O?0O X-J^ O Of t-CD Ox CO (MiH OOil>i>CiXOiC50X00005'!t*COXOOCOOiO OtXMTHXXOSiOiOOOT-HCCXXiCOiOO^^OO 00 »0 O 00 CO^iO CO O^CD O iC t-^CD l> rfl CO o^o o> CO'"cirH x'~tH ?> Oi CO~i> Co' x'cicO if5 ^'l>-'"'* •'^'^'^CQ CO ^ t-iOTtiC0rH tHr-l 5 ce - *j fl =^ " ?s rv* M rK rv. rh 'Lj rri rn rn 53 rn rn r/^ r\ . n . u 2 195 o o >»>>{>,o j>>oo>>ciuooooooof>» ..}_iMM..2...t-ip....... if fl if O .2^ .^H if ^ ^ ^ .2 ♦3+jOOO+j+ja)4J-t-34JOo+^-t-=4^'i-=*^+='i-= -t-3 o; C3 ^ .Jlii§iit=ii!p|ppl OOOrHiOOiWJ>CO'^OiOOOO^XOQOCDOiOcD Ot-OC£>OC0rH0?C0i005OQ0O ■oool-»0'*rHoa>ool■-oo50oo•HO}c£)OC-^oo5Tt^ *-;OiOCO!>COrHCOOO^OOOiOiOOOOOOCOO ..a0OO'tlTHr-(pHOr-lCf3Oi>OC^?WOOOOC00 00 •OO(M-^0iX050000CDOiHOC£)i>>0OOOOOC0 ■OOOHOOCDTtCOX>XOCOOTHOOOOOOaiiO ^>-^ot>coo^^co>OcoOlOl01HT^^O'^>o^oOO'tl 1-^ 1 0^0^-rlH_O^Tt< CD lO^^W 05 O Oi^X X ^ tJH CO CD CO § 2 g § S § a SI 0)1- S^p i ® PI o a o 5^ m M M $ 5 o c« S PJ OQ (D +o 'CJ © o ^ y >- -*J M a> 196 QUESTIONS ABOUT SHIPS ANSWERED. Speed and DiSTANCE.—The rapidity with which a rapid sailing propelling steamer travels is ascertained by the miinber of revolutions or movements made per minute in certain portions of the machinery. It is also learned by the dropping of an object attached to a line into the water at the side of the stern of the vessel, which, re- maining nearly stationary, allows the operator to know the speed by the number of knots which the line runs out tn a certain number of seconds. The drop line, called the log line, contains a small string tied into a knot at a dis- tance of every 47 feet and 3 inches; hence the name •*knot." Steamship Names.— The bow is the extreme forward part of the ship. The stern is the after part. Forward is the fore part of the vessel. Aft is the rear part. Amid- ships is the central part of the vessel. Starboard is the right side of the ship, looking forward. Port, the left side. The Index Guide gives the following description of sails, namely: That the masts are the fore mast, main mast and mizzen mast. The parts of the masts are the fore mast, fore-top mast, fore-top gallant mast, fore-royal mast, and similarly for the other masts; thus, main mast, main-top mast, mizzen-top mast, etc. Booms are round, heavy wooden spars to which the sails are attached— the Jib-boom extending from the bowsprit, the flying jib- boom being attached to, but extending beyond, the jib- boom. The main and mizzen booms are attached to the main and mizzen masts, the spanker boom extends affc from the mizzen mast. Yards are strong, horizontal, wooden spars, extending crosswise the ship, to which the sails are attached along, up the masts. The principal sails are the jib and flying jib, long triangular sails ex- tending from the fore mast to the jib-booms, and along the masts upward from the deck to the try-sail, the fore- course or fore-sail, or fore-top sail, fore-top gallant sail, fore-royal sail, fore-sky sail, and similarly for each of the other masts; thus, main try-sail, main sail, main top-sail, mizzen top-sail, etc., and spanker, the stern-most sail, extending from the spanker boom to the gaff. Tbe ensign or ship's colors are attached to the gaff. Shrouds are the ropes used to sustain the masts, and extend from the fore-top to the sides of the ship (the rope ladders). The other ropes, used as supports to the masts, are designated stays, and are named from that part of the mast to which to which they are attached, as fore-stay, mizzen-stay, fore royal-stay, mizzen-top gallant-stay, etc. The jib-boom, flying jib-boom and several of the sails here mentioned, are not required and are not used on th© large modern steamers. 197 SIZES OF NEWSPAPER SHEETS. We herewith present a Tabular Statement showing the different sizes of Newspaper Sheets, and the number of columns to each size : WIDTH OF COLUMN, COLUMN 13 KMS PICA. PAPER. RULES. 5 Column Folio 20x26 17^ incheai 6 " 22x31 19^ " 6 ** " (wide margin) 22x32 19^ '* 7 '* 24x35 21^ " 7 " (wide margin) 24x36 21^ " 8 " 26x40 23 X " 9 " " 28x44 26 ** 4 " Quarto 22x31 13^ ** 4 " " (wide margin) 22x32 13^ '* 5 " " 26x40 17^ " 6 " " 30x44 193^ 7 " 35x48 21^4 " SIZES OF FLAT PAPER. Flat Foolscap 13x16 Cap 14x17 Crown 15x19 Demy 16x21 Folio Post 17x22 Medium 18x23 Double Flat Foolscap 16x26 Royal 19x24 Double Cap 17x28 Super Royav 20x28 Double Demy 21x32 Double Demy 16x42 Imperial 23x31- Double Medium. 23x36 Double Medium 18x46 Elephant 23x28 Colombier 23x34 Atlas 26x33 Double Royal 24x38 Double Elephant 27x40 Antiquarian 31x53 AN AHERICAN CIRCUS IN GERMANY. U. S. Consul Brundage, In a report dated Sept. 21, 1900, describes the effect on the people of Aix-la-Chapelle of an American circus. The bill posting was a revelation in this line of work, both in magnitude and character; the way in which the tents were erected and the ground prepared astonished the people: and when the circus arrived, not a workman went to the factories; the spin- dles were Mle all day. At every performance, the tent was full, and the vague antipathy toward the United States has been turned into respect and awe. Doubtless, if an agent for American goods would follow in the wake of the circus, these would find a ready sale. 198 SALARIES OF UNITED STATES OFFICERS, PER ANNUM. President, Vice-President and Cabinet.— President, $50,000| Vice-President, $8,000; Cabinet Officers, $8,000 each. United States Senators.— $5,000, with mileage. Congress. — Members of Congress, $5,000, with mileage. Supreme Court.— Chief Justice, $10,500; Associate Justices, $10,000. Circuit Courts.— Justices of Circuit Courts, $6,000. Hea'/S of Departments.— Supt. of Bureau of Engraving and printing, $4,500; Public Printer, $4,500; Supt. of Census, $0,000; Supt. of Naval Observatory, $5,000; Supt. of the Signal Service, $4,000; Director of Geological Surveys, $0,000; Director of the Mint, $4,500; Commissioner of General Land Office, $4,000; Com- njiBsioner of Pensions, $5,000; Commissioner of Labor, $500; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, $4,000; Commissioner of Educa- tion, $3,000; Commander of Marine Corps, $3,500; Supt. of Coast and Geodetic Survey, $6,000. United States Treasury. — Treasurer, $6,000; Register of Treasury, $4,000; Comptroller of Customs, $4,000. Post-Office Department, Washington.— Four Assistant Post- ffiaster-Generals, $4,000: Chief Clerk, $2,500. Postmasters. — Postmasters are divided into four classes/ First class, $3,000 to $4,000 (excepting New Yoi'k City, which is $8,000); second class, $2,000 to $3,000; third class, $1,000 to $2,000; fourth class less than $1,000. The first three classes are #>rrpointed by the President, and confirmed by the Senate; those of toUrth class are appointed by the Postmaster-General. Diplomatic Service.— Embassadors at $17,500: France, Ger- many, Great Britain, Mexico, Russia; at $12,000 : Italy. Ministers Plenipotentiary: at $12,000, Austria Hungary, Brazil, China, Japan and Spain; at $10,000: Argentine, Belgium, Guatemala, Chili, Nicaragua, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Netherlands and Turkey; at $7,500: Denmark, Hayti, Paraguay and Uruguay, Sweden and Norway, and Switzerland; at $6,500: Greece; at $5,000 Bolivia and Ecuador. Ministers Resident at $7,500 : Corea and Siam; at $5,000 : Persia ; at $4,000 : Liberia. Then four Con- suls-Generals at $6,000; three at $5,000; six at $4,000; and eight at $3,500 to $2,000; also 72 Consuls at $1,000 up to $3,400. ARMY Officers.— General, $13,500; Lieut.-General, $11,000; Msgor-General, $7,500; Brigadier-General, $5,500, Colonel, $3,- 500: Lieut.-Colonel, $3,000; Major, $2,500; Captain, mounted, $2,000; Captain, not mounted, $1,800; Regimental Adjutant, $1,800; Regimental Quartermaster, $1,800; 1st Lieutenant, mounted, $1,600; 1st Lieutenant, not mounted, $1,500; 2d Lieu- teziftnt, mounted, $1,500; 2d Lieutenant, not mounted, $1,400; Chaplain, $1,500.^ NavyOfficers.— Admiral, $13,500; Rear-Admirals, $6,000; Cap- tains, $4,500; Commanders, $3,500; Lieut.-Commanders, $2,800; Lieutenants. $2,400; Masters, $1,800; Ensigns, $1,200; Midship- men, $1,000; Cadet Midshipmen, $500;aMates, $900 ; Medical and Pay Directors and Medical and Pay Inspectors and Chief Engineers, $4,400; Fleet Surgeons, Fleet Paymasters and Fleet Engineers, $4^400; Surgeons and Paymasters, $2,800; Chaplains, $2,500. 199 POPULATION OF CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, CONTAINING 25,000 INHABITANTS AND OVER, WITH THEIR POPULATION IN 1900, IN 1890 AND 1880. CENSUS OF 1900. 1900. 1890. 1880. Akron, 0 42,728 27,601 16.512 Albany, N. Y 94.151 94,923 90,758 Allegheny, Pa 129,896 105,287 78,682 Allentown,Pa 85 416 25,228 18,063 Altoona, Pa 88 973 80,837 19,710 Atlanta, Ga 89 872 65,583 37,40^ Atlantic City, N. J 27.888 18.055 5,477 Auburn, N.Y 80.845 25,858 21,925 Augusta, Qa 89.441 33,800 21,891 Baltimore, Md 508.957 434,489 332,312 Bay City, Mich 27.628 27,839 20,693 Bayonne, N. J 32.722 19.088 9,872 Bingharaton, N. Y 89.647 85,005 17,317 Birmingham, Ala 88 415 26,178 400 Boston, Mass 560,892 448,477 362,839 Bridgeport, Conn 70,996 48,866 27,643 Brockton, Mass 40.063 27,294 13,608 Buifalo, N. Y 852.887 255,664 155,134 Butte City, Mont 80,470 10,723 3,866 Cambridge, Mass 91.886 70,028 52,669 Camden, N.J 75 985 58,813 . 41,659 Canton, O 80.667 26,189 ^ 12,258 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 25.656 18,126 10,104 Charleston, S. C 55,807 54,955 49,984 Chattanooga, Tenn 82.490 29,100 12,892 Chelsea, Mass 34 .072 27,909 21,782 Chester, Pa 88.988 19,791 14,997 Chicago, 111 1.698.575 1,099 850 508,185 Cincinnati, O 825,902 296,908 255,139 Cleveland, 0 381,768 261'353 160,146 Columbus, 0 125.560 88,150 51,647 Council Bluffs, loAva 25,802 21,474 18:063 Covington. Ky 42,938 37,371 29,720 Dallas, Tex 42.638 38,067 10,858 Davenport, Iowa 35.254 26,872 21.831 Dayton, O 85,333 61,220 38,878 Denver, Colo 138,859 106,713 35,629 Des Moines, Iowa 62,139 50,093 22,428 Detroit, Mich 285,704 205.876 116,340 Dubuque, Iowa 86.297 30,811 22,254 Duluth, Minn 52.969 33.115 5,415 Easton, Pa 25,238 14,481 11,124 E. St. Louis, 111 29.655 15,169 9,185 Elizabeth, N. J 52.180 87,764 28,229 Elmira, N. Y. 35,672 30.893 20.541 Erie, Pa 52,733 40,634 27,737 200 Evansvillo IikI 59 007 50 756 29,280 Fall River ]\Ia,ss 104,863 74,398 48 961 Fitchburg Mas-; 31 531 22'037 12*429 Fort Wayne I nd 45 115 35.392 26 880 Fort Wortli To\ 26 688 23^076 6^663 Galveston T*'x 37 789 29084 22^248 26 121 24 651 19^329 Grand Rapid^^ Miob 87 565 60.278 32,016^ Harrisburg I^a 50 167 39,385 30^762 Hartford (^orn 79 850 53.230 42*015 27 412 18 472 Hoboken N .J 69 364 43.648 30*999 Holyoke Miss 45 712 35.637 21915 Houston Tt)\' 44 633 27,557 16*513 169 164 J.yj'J.^OyJ 75 05ft Jacks n^Miss 25 180 5.920 5.204 Jacksonville F'a 28,429 17/201 7,650 Jersey City N «J 206 433 163.443 120,722 35 936 21.805 8-380 Joliet 111 29 353 23.264 11,657 Kansas City Mo 163 752 132. 716 55^785 51 418 38-316 3202 Knoxville Vcnii 32 637 22.535 9,693 La Cro'?se ^Vi'^ 28 695 25^090 14,505 41 459 32.011 25769' Lawrence Jiii^s 62 559 54,654 39 J51 Lhicohi^Nel^^ 26 369 21.567 16.655 40 169 55,154 13,005 Little Rock Ark 38 307 25^874 13,138 102 479 50^395 11,1 83 LouisvUIe Kv 204 731 I6lil29 123"758 L well M ss 94 969 77!o96 59 475 T irnn IVT « 68 513 55*727 38.274 ft"^, . ' lyj' '.^ 33 664 23.031 12017 M he' t r N H * " " 5(3 9^7 44.126 32,630 McKeesDort ^^^a 34 227 20^741 8,212 J- , P T nn * 102 320 64495 33-592 M"l k'e Wis * * 285 315 204.268 115 587 Minneapolis Minn 202 718 164 733 46 8g7 Mobile Ala 38 469 31.076 29.132 Montgome y, Ala 30 346 21^883 16.713 80 865 76,168 43,350 -k N J 246 070 181,830 136.501 "W "RpdrnrrJ AT " *' 62 442 40^733 26-845 25 998 19'007 1 1 ,800 wewca^t e, a 28 339 iiiooo g|41g 108 027 81,299 62*882 „ ^ n ' T 287 104 240,039 216,090 ^ewpoi ) • 28 301 24,918 20,433 33 587 21,379 16^995 New York N Y 3 437 202 1,515,301 1 206 299 Norfolk Va 46 624 34,871 ' 21,966 Oakland Cal 66 960 48.862 34^555 102,555 140,452 30,518 28,284 22,836 15,748 27,777 13,028 6,532 201 Paterson, N. J 105,171 Pawtucket, R. 1 39,231 Philadelphia, Pa 1.293,697 Pittsburg, Pa 321,616 Portland, Me 50,145 Portland, Ore 90,426 Providence, R. 1 175.597 Pueblo, Col 28,157 Quincy, 111 36.252 Racine, Wis 29102 Reading, Pa 78,961 Richmond, Va 85.050 Rochester, N. Y 162,608 Rockford, 111 31,051 Sacramento, Cal 29.282 Saginaw, Mich 42.345 Salem, Mass 35.956 Salt Lake City. Utah 53.531 San Antonio, Tex . 53,321 San Francisco, Cal 342,782 Savannah. Ga 54,244 Schenectady, N. Y 31,682 Scranton. Pa 102.026 Seattle, Wash...., 80,671 Sioux City, Iowa 33.111 Somerville, Mass 61,643 South Bend, Ind 35,999 South Omaha, Neb 26 .001 Spokane, Wash , 36,848 Springfield, 111 34,159 Springfield, Mass 62.059 Springfield, O . 38,253 St. Joseph, Mo 102,979 St. Louis, Mo 575.238 St. Paul, Minn 163,065 Superior, Wis.. 31,691 Syracuse, N. Y 108.374 Tacoma, Wash 37,714 Taunton, Mass 31,036 Terre Haute, Ind 36,673 Topeka, Kans 33.608 Toledo, O 131.822 Trenton, N. J 73.307 Troy, N. Y 60,651 Utica, N. Y 56,383 Waltham, Mass 33 481 Washington, D. C 278,718 Waterbury, Conn 45.859 Wheeling, W. Va 38,878 Wilkesbarre, Pa 51,721 Williamsport, Pa 28.757 Wilmington, Del 76.508 Woonsocket, R. 1 28.204 Worcester, Mass 118-421 Yonkers, N. Y... 47.931 York, Pa 33.708 Youngstown, O 44.885 78.347 51,031 27.633 19,030 1,046,964 8-.7.170 238.617 156-389 36,425 33.ai0 46,385 17.577 132,146 104,857 24,558 3.217 31,494 27.268 21,014 16.031 58,061 43,278 81.388 66,600 133.896 89,366 23,584 13,129 26,336 21.420 46.322 10,525 30,801 27,563 44.843 20.768 37,573 20.550 298.997 233.959 43,189 30,709 19,902 13,655 75.215 45.850 •42,837 3.533 37,806 7,366 40,152 24 933 21,819 13,280 8,062 19.922 350 24.963 19.743 44,179 33,340 31,895 20.730 52.234 32.431 451,770 350.518 133,156 41,473 11,983 . 655 88,143 51,792 36.006 1,098 25.448 21,213 30,217 26,042 31007 15.452 81,434 50,137 57.458 29.910 60,956 56.747 44,007 33,914 18,707 11.712 188,932 147.293 28,646 17.806 34.552 30;737 37,718 23,399 27.132 18.934 61.431 42,478 20;830 16.050 84,655 58 291 32 033 18 892 20.793 13,940 33.220 15 435 202 Summary of the Above List of 169 Cities with 25^000 Inhabitants or Over. The percentage of increase in population from 1890 to 1900 was 32.5, as against 49.5 for the same cities in the previous decade. The absolute increase in the popula- tion from 1890 to 1900 was 4,839,136, or 82,426 less than the absolute increase from 1880 to 1890, when it was 4,921.562. The 159 cities combined have a population in 1900 of 19,694.625, against 14,855,489 in 1890, and 9,993,927 in 1880. Of these 159 cities, divided into four classes; 19 had 200,000 and over, 19 had 100,000 and under 200,000. 40 had 50,000 and under 100,000, and 81 had 25,000 and under 50,000. In 1880 there were only 20 cities which contained more than 100,000 inhabitants, but in 1890 this number had increased to 24 and in 1900 to 38. Manufacturing Increase. 1899—1901. The activity of American manufacturers is illustrated by the statistics of the imports of manufacturers' mater- ials and exports of manufactured goods. In the eight months ending with August, 1900, imports of raw mater- ials for use in manufacturing amounted to $200,000,000, against a little over $100,000,000 in the corresponding months of 1896, and the exports of manufactured goods were $304,000,000, against $163,000,000 in the corres- ponding months of 1896. Thus in both importation of raw materials for use in manufacturing and in export- ation of the finished product, the figures of the present year are nearly double those of 1896. The total imports of the eight months ending September 1900 exceeded by $93,000,000 the imports of the corres- ponding months of 1896. The following table shows the principal exports of man- ufactures in the eight months of 1896 and 1900, respect- ively : Eight months ended Aug. 31. 1886. 1900. Iron and steel $20,957,090 $87,174,389 Oils 37,329,246 45,635,660 Copper 17,872,807 41,830.330 Leather 12,635,358 17,697,762 Cotton manufactures 10,782,956 15,263,167 Agricultural implements 4,070,772 13,854,774 Chemicals 5,889,797 9,188,129 Wood manufactures 5,037,265 7,899,857 Scientific implements 1,762,855 4,171,561 Paper and mfr. of 1,861,868, 4,508,766 203 U. S. CONGRESS. House of Representatives Reapportionment. Under the terms of the apportionment bill passed by the House on Jan. 8, 1901, the new, total membership of 386 goes into effect after the 3d day of March, 1903. The Congress elected November, 1900, went into office the- oretically on March 4, 1901, and expires by limitation with the conclusion of the 3d day of March, 1903. That, which is the Fifty-seventh Congress, of course, has a membership of 357. The Congress to be chosen under the new apportionment of 386 will be elected in Novem- ber, 1902, and although the term of office will begin on March 4, 1903, the first regular meeting will be held the first Monday in December following. The number of 336 is arrived at by taking the ratio of one representative to 194,182. This gives 360 Represen- tatives on an even division, but it leaves four States with no Representatives at all and twenty-two having remain- ders which are more than one-half of the ratio. These are added so as to make the total membership 386. This is not the system recommended by the Census office. It is what is known as the compound ratio, which recognizes all majority fractions and which entirely eliminates all the curio-.is paradoxes seen in the Census office method. The official membership of the House by States under the new apportionment is as follows : Alabama 9 Arkansas 7 California 8 Colorado 3 Connecticut .5 Delaware 1 Florida 3 Georgia 11 Idaho 1 Illinois 2o Indiana 13 Iowa 11 Kansas 8 Kentucky 11 Louisiana 7 Maine 4 Maryland 6 Massachusetts .14 Michigan 12 Minnesota 9 Mississippi 8 Missouri 16 Montana 1 Nebraska 6, Nevada 1 New Hampshire 2 New Jersey ..10 New York 37 North Carolina 10 North Dakota 2 Ohio 2 J Ore R on 2 Pennsvlvania 32 Rhode Island 2 South Carolina 7 South Dakota 2 Tennessee 10 Texas 16 Utah 1 Vermont , 2 Virginia 10 Washington 3 West Virginia 5 Wisconsin 11 Wyoming 1 204 HAWAII. Hawaii, or the Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, annexed Aug. 12, 1898 to the terriiory of the United States, were discovered in 1778 by Captain Cook, and united into one kingdom under King Kamehameha I. A constitution was granted to th*e people by King Kame- hameha III, in 1852. On the death of King Kalakua he was succeeded January 20, 1891, by his eldest sister, Liliuokalini. A disagreement between the Queen and her Cabinet in January 1893. was taken advantage of by white American residents and descendants of American settlers, who formed a Committee of Safety, seized the government, deposed and imprisoned the Queen, and established a provincial government. They were sustained by United States Minister Stevens, who caused the marines from the United States war vessels in the harbor of Honolulu to be landed, ostensibly for the protection of American Interests. On July 4, 1894 a republic was proclaimed and a constitution adopted. But the annexation agitation ended as above stated. April 30, 1900, Hawaii was con- stiuted as a regular territory. The area of the several islands composing the group is as follows: Hawaii, 4.210 square miles: Maui. 760; Oahu, 600; Kauai, 590; Molokai. 270; Lanai. 250; Nilhau, 97; Kahoolawe, 63. Total, 6740 square miles. At the time of the discovery of the islands by Captain Cook in 1778 the native population was about 200,000. This has steadily decreased, so that at the last census the natives numbered but 31.019, which was less than that of the Japanese and Chinese immigrants settled in the islands A census taken early in 1897 revealed a total population of 109,020, distributed according to race as follows : Males. Females. Total. Hawaiians.... 16.399 14,620 31,019 PartHawaiians 4,249 4,286 8,485 Japanese 19,212 5,195 24,407 Chinese 19,167 2,449 21,616 Portuguese 8,202 6,898 15,100 Americans 1,975 1,111 3,086 British.... ^. 1,406 844 2,250 The remainder were German, French, Norwegians, South Sea Islanders, and representatives of other nation- alities. The American population was 2.78 of the whole. The official U. S. Census of 1900, declares the total popu- lation to be 154,001. There are 71 miles of railroad and about 250 miles of telegraph in the islands. All forms of religion were tol- erated, but nearly all the natives are Christians. Hono- lulu, the capital, with a population of 39,306 (1900), has most of the local features of an American city. 205 The production of the islands are sugar, coffee, tropical fruits and rice. We import from foreign countries more than $200,000,000 of this class of goods annually, and while the quantity produced in Hawaii amounts to less than one-tenth of this sum, it may be materially in- creased, and our expenditures for this class of articles be, in future, kept within our own borders. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. This large archipelego is lying between the China Sea on the west, and the Pacific Ocean on the east. It was ceded by Spain to the U. S. by the treaty of peace of Paris, Dec. 10. 1898; consideration: $20,000,000, gold and special trade conditions. The i.^lands number about 2,000. The land area is over 120,000 miles. The island of Luzon, on which the capital city (Manilla) is situated, is the largest of the group. Mindaneo is nearly as large. A conservative estimate of the population is 8,000,000. Racially the inhabitants are piincipally Malays. The country has been in the possession of Spain since 1565, and the religion introduced by the proprietors has long been that of the natives on the coast, so that the Roman church has been a strong ruling power. There is also a large number of Mahometans. There is considerable variety in the climate, and for the tropics it is not excessively hot. On the western side of Luzon the hot season is from March to June, May being the hottest month, when the temperature ranges from 80 to 100 degrees. The mean temperature for the month is 84 degrees, 2 degrees above the Summer temperature of New Orleans and 9 degrees above the hottest month in Washington. Prom October to March is a cool, dry sea- son. There is but one railway in the islands— from Man- illa to Dagupin— a distance of 123 miles. It is single- track and well built and has paid more than 10 per cent, per annum to shareholders. The Compania Transatlan- tica (Manila-Liverpool) maintains a monthly service to Europe; there are four lines of steamers to Hong Kong, and many local lines plying between Manila and the provinces, the largest having twenty-eight steamers of 25,000 tonnage. There are about 25,000 Europeans resident in the islands, of course, not counting the troops and the Amer- icans recently attracted to Manila. Some 12.000 are es- tablished in the capital, Manila. English, Spanish, and German houses are engaged in trade, advancing money to the natives on their crops. Such business methods in- volve risks, but the profits are immense. The land is fertile. Adaca (manila hemp) is one of the chief sources of wealth- Sugar cane does not give as satisfactory re- turns. The average production is 175.186.96 tons. The 206 cultivation of tobacco is one of the most important in- dustries. The native coffee has a fine aroma. Cocoa trees grow in abundance, and the oil is used for lighting houses and streets. The indigo is famous for its superior Qualities. Cotton spinning and work in bamboo are among the chief industries. Manila hemp is perennial and requires little cultivation. About a million bales are exported annually, nearly all of it going to England or coming to this country, and our importation of the fibre has been increasing. The tobacco is as well known in Europe and Asia as the tobacco of Cuba is in this country; it is extensively cultivated and its manufacture is the staple business of the capital city. There are also many kinds of fancy woods for furniture, etc., purposes. In 1891 the Philippines' exports to Spain amounted to $22,479,000 ($18,095,595 in United States money). In 1891 the Philippines' imports from Spain amounted to $17,126,000 ($13,786,430). The total exports from the Philippine in 1892 consisted of 95,016 tons of hemp; 3,95r,060 plculs (553.148,400 pounds) of sugar; 21,223 piculs (2.971,220 pounds) of coffee; 61,459 piculs (8,604,260 pounds) of samnanwood; 5,570 piculs (779,800 pounds of indigo; 254.428 quintals (56.091,197 pounds) of tobacco leaf; 137.050,000 cigars. The total exports in 1892 were of the value of $33,479,000 ($23,803,569). Total value of imports in 1892 were of the value of $27,0000,000 ($19,197,000). PORTO RICO. A West Indian island over which the flag of the United States was raised on October 18, 1898, and which the Treaty of Paris has finally awarded us, is the most east- ern of the Greater Antilles and separated on the east from the island of St. Thomas by a distance of about fifty miles, and from Hayti on the west by the Mona pas- sage, seventy miles wide. The island is 108 miles from E. to W,, and from 37 to 43 miles across; the area 3,600 square miles. The popu- lation in special census of 1899 was 953,243, of which 3-5 were white. Most of the population is situated on the lowlands at the sea front. For lack of roads, the interior is accessible only by mule trails and it is covered with vast forests. Forty-seven very considerable rivers have been enumerated; they are short and rapid. The moun- tains intercept the northeast trade winds blowing from the Atlantic so that the rainfall of the north section is very copious. South of the mountains severe droughts occur and agriculture demands irrigation. The climate is hot, but the temperature seldom exceeds 97 degrees Fahrenheit in the shade during the hottest hours. At night it sinks to 68 or 69 degrees. The mean 207 annual average rainfall is 64i/4 inches. The prevailing diseases are yellow fever, elephantiasis, tetanus, marsh fever and dysentery. Porto Rico is unusually fertite, and its dominant in- dustries are agriculture and lumbering. There are more than 500 varieties of trees found in the forests, and the plains are full of palm, orange and other trees. The principal crops are sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, maize, bananas, rice, rice, pineapples, and many other fruits. The principal mineral found in Porto Rico are gold, carbonates, and sulphides of copper and magnetic oxide of iron in large quantities. There are salt works at Guanica and Salinac on the south coast, and at Cape R030 on the west, and these constitute the principal mineral industry in Porto Rico. There are 137 miles of railway, with 170 miles under construction, and 470 miles of telegraph lines. Submar- ine cables run from Sau Juan to St. Thomas and Jamaica. The capital of Porto Rico is San Juan Bautista, found- ed by Ponce de Leon. It is situated on the small island of Morro, now connected with the mainland by the San Antonio Bridge. The district of its name contains 27,000 ,4 inhabitants. Besides the capital. San Juan, there are some sixty or seventy towns and villages of considerable size in the island. Of these the most important are Ponco and Arecibo, each with a larger population than San Juan (that of Ponce being about 35 000 or 40.000, while that of San Juan is estimated^ at 25,000); Mayaguez (also larger than the capital) and Aguadilla,on the west coast; Fajardo and Humacao, on the east coast; Guanica and Aroyo, on the south, and Pepino and Cayey, in the interior. The largest article of export from Porto Rico is coffee, which is over 63 per cent, of the whole. The next largest is sugar, 28 per cent. The other exports are tobacco, honey, molasses, cattle timber, and hides. The Preachers, Doctors and Lawyers of the Future. In 1901 there were 23,778 young men in the medical colleges of the United States; less than half as many— 11.874 — in the law schools, and only about one- third as many— 8,261— in the theological seminaries. The four states having the largest number of professional students are New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania and Missouri, as follows : New York Illinois Pennsylvania Missouri Theology. Law. Medicine. Total. 2,449 5,665 2,909 5.454 2,505 3,834 2,212 3,15a 978 2,228 1,117 1,279 742 587 567 371 208 U. S. Army and Navy Pensions for 1901—1902. The pension bill calls for $145,245,230, of which $145,245,230, of which $144,000,000 goes for pensions and the remainder for the expense of paying them. There iiie now 933,529 pensioners on the roll who receive an average annual pension of $132.39. During the last year 40,645 claims were allowed and 51,964 new claims were filed. The pension list was never so long as to-day. It has increased abont 2,000 names since 1899. Gold and Silver Production in 500 Years— (1380—1880.) Countries. Gold. Silver. Tons Value. Ra- tio. Tons Value. Ra- tio. 740 1,840 460 1,040 $ 520,000.000 1,290,000,000 325.000,000 725,000,000 7.1 17.8 4.4 10.0 Australia 7,930 $ 305,000,000 4 1 8,470 78,600 72,000 3,200 325,000,000 3,040,000,000 2,770,000,000 120.000,000 4.4 40.7 37.3 1.7 Spanish Am. . United States Others 1,235 2,220 2,042 778 865,000,000 1,550.000,000 1,430.000,000 535,000,000 12.0 21.5 19.7 7.5 11,600 11,200 445,000,000 430,000,000 6.0 5.8 The World, 10,355 $7,240,000,000 100.0 193,000 S7,435,000,000 100.0 The Correct Thing in Correspondence. To fold and direct a letter neatly, and to put on a stamp evenly, and in the right-hand corner. To put on as many stamps as the weight of the letter or parcel demands. To enclose a stamp when writing to a stranger on your own business. To use postal cards for business communications only. To write legibly and straight. To spell correctly. To write numbers, dates, and proper names with special care and distinctness. To date a letter at the beginning, on the right-hand side, l)ut a note at the end on the left-hand. To give one's full address when writing to a person who does not know it, and from whom an answer is desired. To sign a letter with the full name, or with the last name and initials. To write "Rev. and Mrs. J. T. Sawyer," or "Dr. and Mrs. Paul Jones. 209 15 Rules for Running an Automobile. I.— General Road Rules. 1. Remember that the front wheel of an auto jio not work like those of an ordinary carriage. They turn more sharply, therefore go slowly, or the machine might turn over. Too short a turn is liable to strip the tires. 2. Asuddea stop is liable to throw one over the dash° board and to damage the rear tires. A motor vehicle can be stopped far more quickly than a horse vehicle, but it is foolhardy to indulge in high speeds where a violent stop may be necessary. 3. When you meet a timid horse, stop the machine and try to have the horse led quietly up to it. 4. Carry a spare tire. Tools should never be neglected, A steam carriage should have one or two spare gauge glasses. 5. Observe the rules of the road. Don't forget that pedestrians and horse owners are entitled to some rights II. ~RuLEs For An Electric C^lRriage. 6. Watch the curreht-indicating instruments. Don't discharge the batteries to a voltage of 1.8 volts per cell, as this will damage the battery. 7. If you need to go as far as possible on one charge, run at a moderate speed and avoid stopping and starting frequently. 8. Inspect the batteries frequently, testing the density of the solution in each cell with a hydrometer, and fol- lowing the maker's directions as to the density to be maintained. 9. Don't reverse the electric motor except in extreme emergency, as it is liable to injure the motor. III. — Rules For A Gasoline Carriage. 10. Be sure that the igniting apparatus is in order and inspect it whenever in doubt. 11- Be sure that the mixture of gasoline vapor and air is correctly proportioned. A good vaporizer is less liable to get out of order than the igniting apparatus, but noth- ing but experience will make you master of your partic- ular form of vaporizer. 12. Inspect the machinery often. The mechanism of a gasoline v'ehicle is more complex than that of thejelectric or steam vehicle, and it demands some mechanical know- ledge of its ope;ator. The oil cups should be kept filled, the pump should be watched, and the nuts, screws, etc., should be looked after. IV— Rules For A Steam Carriage. 13. See that your gasoline tank and pipes do not leak. As there is an exposed flame (under the boiler) on all these carriages, any leaking gasoline Is liable to take fire and perhaps blow up the tank. 210 14. Watch the water level in your boiler. If your boiler runs dry while the burner is alight it is ruined» 15. Avoid the use of hard or dirty water in the boiler. Clean rain water is the best. Don't doctor the feed water except under competent advice, as you may do more harm than good. World's Production of G-old and Silver in 1898» Countries. Gold. Silver. United States Mexico Canada, Newf'l'd,. Africa Australasia Russia Austria-Hungary . German Norway Sweden Italy Spain Greece Turkey France ... Great Britain Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia ... Brazil Venezuela Guiana (British) . . Guiana (Dutch) . . . Guiana (French) . . Peru Central America . . Japan China Korea India (British) East Indies (Brit.) Oz. fine 3,118.398 4li;i87 669,445 3,890,704 3,137,644 1,231,791 89,954 3,561 4,044 8,027 n,833 t353 321 6,661 16,617 16,482 109,483 76,613 *51,151 99,105 27,532 79,547 *30.380 22,917 38.253 294.059 *49,350 376,431 31,973 Dollars. 64,463,000 8.500,000 13,838,700 80,428.000 64,860,800 25,463.400 1,859,500 73,600 Oz. fine, 54,438,000 56,738,000 4,452,333 83,600 165,900 37,900 7,300 6,600 *137,700 *343,500 *340,700 2,263,200 1,583,700 1,057,400 2,048.700 569,100 1,644.400 628,000 473,700 790,800 6,078,700 1,020,200 7,781,500 660,900 12,021 278 1,814 5,571 173 65 804 *5,957 981, t225. *542. 211, 383, 8,204, 2,591, 5,483, ,682 492 ,294 516 ,321 345 512 965 356 225 913 347 479 568 998 717 1,951.240 716,008 1,659,856 Dollars. 70,384,500 73.358,200 5,756,500 15,543,200 360,100 2,345,700 7,203,600 224,100 84,500 1,040,200 7,703,200 1,268,800 291.200 701,900 273.300 *495,800 *10,607,900 3,351.300 7,090,100 *2,522.800 925,700 2,146,100 Fine oz. of gold, $20.671834-1-; of silver, $1.292929-1-, coining rate in U. S. silver dollars. *1897. +1896. The London "Statist" estimates the production of the Transvaal gold mines from 1897 to 1898 inclusive at $382,440,240. The Railway Mileage of Europe Has increased from 83,680 miles in 1875 to 167,439 miles in 1899. The increase has been the largest in Russia, amounting to no less than 15,142 miles; then comes Germany, 14,666 miles; and France with 12,990 miles; while England has added only 5,089 miles. 211 Standard Table Showing Velocity and Force of Winds. Description. Mi. per Hour. Feet per Minute. Feet per Second. Force in lbs. per Sq. Foot. Very high wind 2 3 5 10 15 20 . 25 30 i 35 40 . 45 50 60 70 80 100 .176 .264 .352 .440 .880 1.320 1.760 2.200 2.640 3,080 3,520 3,960 4,400 5,280 6,160 7,040 8,800 2.93 4.4 5.87- 7.33 14.67 22.0 29.3 36.6 44.0 51.3 58.6 66.0 73.3 88.0 102.7 117.3 146.6 .000 .044 .079 .123 .492 1.107 1.968 3.075 4.428 6.027 7.872 9.963 12.300 17,712 24,108 31,488 49.200 THE nURDERER. (AN UNPUBLISHED POEM BY EDGAR ALLEN POE.) Ye glittering stars I how fair ye shine to-niglit. And O, thou beauteous moonl thy fairy light Is peeping thro' those iron bars so near me. How silent is the night— how clear and brightl I nothing hear, nor aught there is to hear me Shunned by all, as if the world did fear me; Alone in chains I Ah, me I the cursed spell That brought me here. Heaven could not cheer me Within these walls— within this dark cold cell. This gloomy, dreary, solitary hell. And thou, so slow, O Timet so passing slow; Keeping my soul in bondage, in this woe So torturing— this uncontrollable pain; Was I CO blame? I was they say. Then s<» Be it. Will this deep, sanguinary stain Of my dark crime forever haunt my brain? Must I Jive here and never, never hear The sweetness of a friendly voice again? Must 1 this torture feel year after year? Live, die in hell, ana Paradise so near? Am I dead to Thee. O Christ? Thou who sought The prisoner in his lonely cell; taught Him to feel the enchantment of Thy loye— Am I dead to Thee? Canst Thou not be brought By prayer from Thy celestial throne above Into this darkened cell? Dost Thou, too, recrov^ 212 My soul? Thou, too, doom it to endless misery Am I so hardened that 1 cannot move The divine, forgiving love in Thee? Canst Thou be Christ and have no love for me? What I lost am I? ne'er will I feel the bliss Of heaven? Ne'er feel the joys above this World of sin? What I never? Is my destiny Hell? Into that dark, fathomless abyss Of sin and crime? Into that misery Eternal? Into that unquenchable sea Of fire? Is there my future— is it there? Ah! It comes before my eyes. Seel seel Ye Infernal fiends 1 Why come ye here. How dare Ye come? Away I mock me not with your stare! Away ye fiends! Why at me now? Am I Not hardened yet? Am I not fit for hell? Why Test me again? O horrors, hear the groans Of tortured victims! Ah! see them lie Bleeding and in chains! Hear the mocking moans Of the madden'd demons, in deep, wild tones! See them hurl their victims into the hot mire! Now see the devils dance! What! are they stones? Have they no hearts, no love, no kind desire? Fearfully reveling 'midst Jehovah's fire! Cries, cries! horrible cries assail my ears! I see her ! My murdered victim now appears Before me! Hear her pleading for mercy; Ah! see her stare, with eyes swollen with tears; Horrors! see her white arms outstretched to me Begging for life 1 O woe ! O misery ! Take me demons! take me out of this cell; Satan, I'm thine! Hear, hear, I call on thee; Torture me— rack me with the pains of hell; Do what thou wilt, but break this madd*ning spell. Listen! What's that? My soul, they come, they come? The demons come to take thee to thy home! See, see! No, no! O heavens! What brought this Pale skelton here! Speak! speak! What! dumb? And hast thou naught to say? What is thy office? Away fiend! What! move not for me 1 What is Thy want? Speak, devil, speak! Come,'Come, unsheatla Thy tongue. Com'st thou from the dark abyss Of sin? Hold, hold! I know thee— my breath I Ha! ha! I know thee now— 'tis Death! 'tis Death! 313 VALUABLE FORMULAS. How TO Cleanse Brushes.— The best method of cleansing watchmakers' and jewelers' brushes is to wash them out in a strong soda water. When the backs are wood, you must favor that part as much as possible ; for being glued, the water may injure them. How TO Write Inscriptions on Metals. — Take 5^ lb. of nit- ric acid and 1 oz. of muriatic acid. Mix, shake well together, and it is ready for use. Cover the place you wish to mark with melted beeswax; when cold, write your inscription plainly in the wax clear to the metal with a sharp instrument; then apply the mixed acids with a feather, carefully fiUing each letter. Let it remain from 1 to 20 minutes, according to appearance desired; then throw on water, which stops the process and re- moves the wax. Rules for Accidents on Water. — When upset in a boat or thrown into the water and unable to swim, draw the breath in well ; keep the mouth shut tight; do not struggle and throw the arms up, but yield quietly to the water ; hold the head well up, and stretch out the hands only below the water ; to throw the h*ands or feet up will pitch the body below the water and cause the whole person to go down immediately. Keep the head above and everything else under water. Every one should learn to swim; no animal, aquatic fowl, or reptile, requires to be taught this, for they do it naturally. Few persons exist who have not some time or other seen a bullfrog perform his movements in the water, and it Would detract from no one's dignity to take a few lessons from him. In learning, the beginner mightsustainhimself byaplank, a blockof wood, an attachment composed of cork, an inflated bladder, a flying kite, or a stout cord attatched to a long rod held by an assist- ant on land. Learn to swim, cost what it will. Trichina is the term applied to a minute, slender and trans- parent worm, scarcely l-20th of an inch in length, which has recently been discovered to exist naturally in the muscles of swine, and is frequently transferred to the human stomach when pork is used as food. Enough of these filthy parasites have been detected in a half pound of pork to engender 30,000,000 more, the females being very prolific, each giving birth to from 60 to 100 young, and d^ing soon after. The young thread-like worm at first ranges freely through the stomach and intestines, remaining for a short time within the lining membrane of the intestines, causing irritation, diarrhea, and sometimes death, if present in sufficient numbers. As they become stronger, they begin to penetrate the walls of the intestines in order to efifect a lodgment in the voluntary muscles, causing intense muscu- lar pain and severe, enduring cramps, and sometimes tetanic symptoms. After four weeks' migration they encyst themselves permanently on the muscular fibre, and begin to secrete a del- icate sac which gradually becomes calcareous. In this torpid state they remain during the person's lifetime. 214 THE RELATIVE RANK OF OUR LARGEST CITIES. (Census of 1900.) In 1880 there was but one city, New York, which had a popula- tion in excess of a million. In 1900 there were three, New York, Chicago and Philadelphia, and there would have been four if Brook- lyn had not been merged into Greater New York. In 1880 there were but twenty cities, each containing more than 100,000 inhabitants. In 1890 this number had increased to twenty- eight, and in 1900 to thirty-eight. The number and l elative rank of cities having a population of 100,000 or more at the date of each of these censuses are set forth in the following- table : ' CITIES BY NAME 1900 New York, N. Y . . . Chicago, 111 Philadelphia, Pa . . St. Louis, Mo Boston, Mass Baltimore, Md Cleveland, O • Buffalo, N. Y San Francisco, Cal. Cincinnati, O Pittsburg, Pa New Orleans, La. . . Detroit, Mich . Milwaukee, Wis . . . Washington, D. C. . Newark, N. J Jersey City, N. J. . . Louisville, Ky Minneapolis, Minn. Providence, R. I . . . Indianapolis, Ind. . Kansas City, Mo. . . St. Paul, Minn. . .. Rochester, N. Y Denver, Colo Toledo, O Allegheny, Pa. . . Columbus, O Worcester, Mass. . . Syracuse, N. Y New Haven, Conn . Paterson, N. J Fall River, Mass. .. St. Joseph, Mo. . .. Omaha, Neb Los Angeles, Cal . . . Memphis, Tenn Scranton, Pa 1890 New York, N. Y.... Chicago, 111 Philadelphia, Pa. . . Brooklyn, N. Y.... St. Louis, Mo Boston, Mass Baltimore, Md San Francisco, Cal. Cincinnati, Chio... Cleveland, O Buffalo, N. Y New Orleans, La. . . Pittsburg, Pa Washington, D. C. . Detroit, Mich Milwaukee, Wis Newark, N. J Minneapolis, Minn. Jersey City. N. J. . . Louisville, Ky Omaha, Neb Rochester, N. Y St. Paul, Minn Kansas City, Mo... Providence, R. I. , . Denver, Col Indianapolis, Ind.. Allegheny, Pa 1880 New York, N. Y,. Philadelphia, Pa. Brooklyn, N. Y. Chicago, 111. Boston, Mass. St. Louis, Mo. Baltimore, Md. Cincinnati, Ohio. San Francisco, Cal. New Orleans, La. Cleveland, Ohio. Pittsburg, Pa. Buffalo, N. Y. Washington, D. C. Newark, N. J. Louisville, Ky. Jersey City, N. J. Detroit, Mich, Milwaukee, Wis. Providence, R. I. 215 THE NEW COPYRIGHT LAW. PASSED MARCH 4, 1891. The author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving., cut, print, or photograph or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine arts, and the executors, administrators, or assigns oi' any such person shall, upon complying with the provi- sions of this chapter, have the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing, and vending the same; and in the case of dramatic composition, of publicly performing or representing it or causing it to be performed or represented by others; and authors or their assigns shall have ex- clusive right to dramatize and translate any of their works for which copyright shall have been obtained under the laws of the United States. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living, or his widow or children, if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the further term of fourteen years, upon re- cording the title of the work or description of the article so se- cured a second time, and complying with all other regulations in regard to original copyrights, within six months before the ex- piration of the first term ; and such persons shall, within two monjths from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record thereof to be published in one or more newspapers printed in the United States, for the space of four weeks. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, on or before the daj^ of publication in this or any foreign country, de- hver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail within the United States, addressed to the Librarian of Con- gress, at Washington, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, photograph, or chromo, or a description of the painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts for which he desires a copyright, nor unless he shall also, not later than the day of the publication'thereof in this or any foreign country, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Columbia, or deposit in the mail within the United States, addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composi- tion, engraving, chromo, cat, print or photograph, or in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model, or design for a work of the fine arts, a photograph of the same: Provided, that in thf 216 case of a book, photograph, chromo, or lithograph, the two ooplM ©f the same required to be delivered or deposited as above shall be printed from type set within the limits of the United States, er from plates made therefrom, or from negatives, or drawings on stone made within the limits of the Unitecl States, or from transfers made therefrom. During the existence of such copyright the importation into the United States of any book, chromo, lithograph, or photograph, so copyrighted, or any editiea or editions thereof, or any plates of the same not made from type set, negatives or drawings on stone, made within the limits of the United States, shall be, and it is hereby prohibited, except in th« cases specified in paragraphs 512 to 260 inclusive, in section 2 of the act entitled "An act to reduce the revenue and equalize the duties on imports and for other purposes," approved Oct. 1, 1890; and except in the case of persons purchasing for use and n«t for Bale, who import, subject to the duty thereon, not more than two copies of such book at any one time, and except in the case of newspapers and magazines not containing, in whole or in part, matter copyrighted under the provisions of this act, unauthorized by the author, which are hereby exempted from prohibition ©f Importation: Provided, nevertheless, that in the case of foreign languages, of which only translations in English are copyrighted, the prohibition of importation shall apply only to the translations of the same, and the importation of the books in the original lan- guage shall be permitted. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: First. For recording the title or description of any copyright book or article, fifty cents. Second. For every copy under seal of such record actuallp given to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifly cents. Third. For recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of a copyright, one dollar. Fourth. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. All fees so received shall be paid[ into the Treasury of the United States: Pro^^ided, that the charge for recording the title or de- Bcription of any article entered for copyright, the production of a person not a citizen or resident of tjie United States, shall be one dollar, to be paid as above into the Treasury of the United States, to defray the expenses of lists of copyrighted articles as herein- after provided for. And it is hereby made the duty of the Librarian of Congress to furnish to the Secretary of the Treasury copies of the entries of titles of all books and other articles wherein the copyright has 217 been completed by the deposit of two copies of such booK prlQted from type set within the limits of the United States, in accord- ance with the provisions of this act and by the deposit of two copies of such other article made or produced in the United States; and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to prepare and print, at intervals of not more than a week, cata- logues of such title entries for distribution to the collectors of customs of the United States and to the postmasters of all jiost- oflSces receiving foreign mails, and such weekly lists, as they are issued, shall be furnished to all parties desiring them, at a sum not exceeding five dollars per annum ; and the Secretary andl the Postmaster-General are hereby empowered and required to make and enforce such rules and regulations as shall prevent tho im- portation into the United States, except upon the conditions above specified, of all articles prohibited by this act. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit iji the mail, addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washin^^ton, District of Columbia, a copy of every subsequent edition wherein any substantial changes shall be made: Provided, however, that the alterations, revisions and additions made to books by foreign authors, heretofore published, of which new editions shall appuar subsequently to the taking effect of this act, shall be held and deemed capable of being copyrighted as above provided for in this act, unless they form a part of the series in course of publication at the time this act shall take effect. Section 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars, re- coverable one-half for the person who shall sue for such penalty and one-half to the use of the United States. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any book and the depositing of two copies of such book, as provided by this act, shall, contrary to the provisions of this act, within the term limited, and without the consent of the proprietor of the copy- right first obtained in writing, signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, dramatize, translate, or import, or knowing the same to be so printed, published, dramatized, trans- lated, or imported, sell or expose to sale any copy of such book shall forfeit every copy thereof to such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be recovered in a civil ac- tion by sucli proprietor in any court of competent jurisdiction. If any person, after the recordhig of the title of any map, chart, 218 dramatic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photo- graph, or chromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine arts, as provided by this act, shall within the term limited, contrary to the provisions of this act, and without the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, print, publish, dramatize, translate, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, dramatized, translated, or imported, sliall sell or expose to sale any copy of such map or other article as afore- said, he shall forfeit to the proprietor all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub- lished, imported, or exposed for sale, and in case of a painting, statue, or statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the proprietor and the other half to the use of the United States. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript what- ever without the consent of the author or proprietor first ob- tained, shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages occasioned by such injury. Sec. 11. That for the purpose of this act each volume of a book in two or more volumes, when such volumes are published sepa- rately, and the first one shall not have been issued before this act shall take effect, and each number of a periodical, shall be con- sidered an independent publication, subject to the form of copy- righting as above. Sec. 12. That tliis act shall go into effect on the first day of July, anno Domini eighteen hundred and ninety-one. Sec. 13. That this act shall only apply to a citizen or subject of a foreign state or nation when such foreign state or nation per- mits to citizens of the United States of America the benefit of copyright on substantially the same basis as its own citizens, or when such foreign state or nation is a party to an international agreement which provides for reciprociiy in the granting of copy- right, by the terms of which agreement the United States of America may, at its pleasure, become a party to such agreement. The existence of either of the conditions aforesaid shall be deter- mined by the President of the United States by proclamation made from time to time r!s the purposes of this act may require. 219 " OSTLER JOE.'' The recitation of the following poem by Mrs. James Brown Potter before a large and cultured audience at Washington, D.C., was the inspiration and starting point of that distinguished lady's career as an actress: I stood at eve as the sun went down, by a gre ve where a woman lies, Who lured men's souls to the shores of sin with the light of her wanton eyes; Who sang the song that the siren sang on the treacherous Lurley height, Whose face was as fair as a summer day, and whose heart was as black as night. Yet a blossom I fain would pluck to-day from the garden above her dust- Not the languorous lily of soulless sin, nor the blood-red rose of lust. But a sweet white blossom of holy love that grew in the one green spot In the arid desert of Phryne's life, where all was parched and hot. In the summer, when the meadows were aglow with blue and red, Joe, the 'ostler of the Magpie, and fair Annie Smith were wed. Plump was Annie, plump and pretty, with a cheek as white as snow; He was anything but handsome, was the Magpie's 'Ostler Joe. But he won the winsome lassie. They'd a cottage and a cow And her matronhood sat lightly on the village beauty's brow, Sped the months and came a baby— such a blue-eyed baby boy! Joe was working in the stables when they told him of his joy. He was rubbing down the horses, and he gave them then and there All a special feed of clover, just in honor of the heir. It had been his great ambition, and he told the horses so, That the Fate? would send a baby who might bear the name of Joe. Little Joe the child was christened, and, like babies, grew apace : He'd his mother's oyes of azure, and his father's honest face. 220 Swift the h ippy .yen s went over, years of blue and cloud- less sky, Love v/as Lord of that small cottage, and the tempest passed them by. .*assed them by for years, then swiftly burst in fury o'er their home. Down the lane by Annie's cottage chanced a gentleman to roam; Tin rice he came and found her sitting by the window with her child, Arid he nodded to the baby, and the baby laughed and smiled. S<> at last it grew to know him— Little Joe was nearly four; He woald call the "pretty gemplin" as he passed the open doo?; And ono clay he ran and caught him, and in child's play pullv^^ him in; And tha jaby Joe had prayed for brought about the moth/'t 's sin. 'Twas the ame old wretched story, that for ages bards have ss^Ag, 'Twas a woman weak and wanton, and a villian's tempt- ing tongue; 'Twas a picture deftly painted for a silly creature's eyes Of the Babylonian wonders, and the .joy that in them lies. Annie listened and was tempted; she was tempted and she fell, A.S the angels fell from heaven to the blackest depths of hell; She was promised wealth and splendor, and a life of guilty sloth, Yellow gold for child and husband, and the woman left them both. Home one eve came Joe the 'Ostler with a cherry cry of "Wife I" Finding that which blurred forever all ths story of his life. / She had left a silly letter— through the cruel scrawl he spelt; Then he sought the lonely bedroom, joined his hands and knelt. "Now, O Lord, O God, forgive her, for she ain't to blame," he cried; "For I owt t' a seen her trouble, and 'a gone awav and died. 221 Why, a wench like her— God bless herl— 'twasn"t likely as her 'a rest With her bomiy head forever on a 'ostler's ragged vest. % *'It was kind o' her to hear me all this long and happy time; So, for my sake please to bless her, though you count her deed a crime. If so be I don't pray proper, Lord, forgive me; for you see, I can talk all right to 'osses, but I'm nervous like with Thee." Never a line came to the cottage from the woman who had flown. Joe, the baby, died that winter, and the man was left alone. Ne'er a bitter word he uttered, but in silence kissed the rod. Saving what he told the horses, saving what he told his God. Far away in mighty London rose the woman into fame, For her beauty won men's homage, and she T)rospered in ber shame; Quick from lord to lord she flitted, higher still each prize she won, And her rival paled beside her as the stars, beside the sun. Next she made the stage her market, and she dragged Art's temple down. To the level of a sbow-place for the outcasts of the town. And the kisses she had given to poor 'Ostler Joe for nought With their gold and costly jewels rich and titled lovers bought. Went the years with flying footsteps while the star was at its height; Then the darkness came on swiftly, and the gloaming turned to night. Shattered strength and faded beauty tore the laurels from her brow; Of the thousands who had worshiped never one came near her now. Broken down in health and fortune, men forgot her very , name, 'Till the news that she was dying woke the echoes of her fame; And the papers in their gossip mentioned how an "actress" lay Sick to death in humble lodgings, growing weaker every day. 222 One there was who read the story in a f ar-ofl country place, that night the dying woman woke and looked upon his face; Cince again the strong arms clasped her that had clasped her long ago, And the weary head lay pillowed on the breast of 'Ostler Joe. All the past had he forgotten, all the sorrow and the shame; He had found her sick and lonely, and his wife he now could claim. Since the grand folks who had known her one and all had slunk away. He could clasp his long-lost darling, and no man can say him nay. In his arms death found her laying, in his arms her spirit fled; And his tears came down in torrents as he knelt beside her dead. Never once his love had faltered through her base unhal- lowed life; And the stone above her ashes bears the honored name of wife. That's the blossom I fain would pluck to-day from the garden above her dust; Not the languorous lily of soulless sin or the blood -red rose of lust; But a sweet, white blossom of holy love that grew in the one green spot In the arid desert of Phryne's life, where all was parched and hot. George R. Sims. Valuable Suggestions to Clerks and Workingmen.— Never consider time wasted that is spent in learning rudiments. In acquiring a knowledge of any art or handicraft the greatest dif- ficulty is experienced at the beginning, because our work then poeeesses httle or nothing of interest. Our first lessons in drawing or music, or wxth tools, are very simple; indeed so simple are they that we are disposed to undervalue their importance. The tempta- tion is to skip a few pages and begin further on in the book But such a course is fatal to success. To learn principles thoroughly is to succeed Be content to learn one thing at a time, whether it be to push a plane square and true, or draw a straight line^ What- ever you learn, learn it absolutely, without possible question. This will enable you to advance steadily, step by step, year ^tcr year, and some day you will wonder why you have been enabled 223 to distance the geniuses who once seemed so far in advance o§ you. Set your heart upon what you have in hand. Valuable knowl- edge is acquired only by intense devotion. You must give your entire mind to whatever you undertake, otherwise you fail, or suc- ceed indifferently, which is but little better than failure. Learn, therefore, to estimate properly the value of what is called leisure time. There is entirely too much of this in the world. Do not mistake our meaning. Rest is necessary and play is well in hs place, but young men who hope to do something in life must not expect to play one-third of their time. While you resolve to acquire a thorough knowledge of your art» be equally as anxious to know something beyond it. A craftsman ought to be ashamed of himself who knows nothing but the use of his tools. Having the time to acquire it, be careful to properly estimate the value of knowledge. Remember ®f what use it wiU be to you in ten thousand instances as you go along in life, and be as conscientious in learning rudiments here as elsewhere. Leam to spell correctly, to write a good plain hand, and to punctuate your sentences. Do not dress beyond your mean^^ never spend your last dollar, unless for food to keep yourself or some one else from starving. You will always feel better to keep a little money in your pocket- At the earliest possible opportunity save up a few dollars and place the amount in a savings bank. It will serve as a magnet to attract other money that might be foolishly spent. Just as soon as you can command the means, buy a piece oJ ground. Do not wait until you have saved enough to pay all down, but begin by paying one-third or one-quarter. Do not be afraid to go in debt for land, for it increases in value. Save a Little. — Every man who is obliged to work for his liv- ing should make a point to lay up a little money for that "rainy day" which we are all liable to encounter when least expected. The best way to do this is to open an account with a savings bank. Accumulated money is always safe ; it is always ready to use when needed. Scrape together five dollars, make your deposit, receive your bank book, and then resolve to deposit a given sum, small though it be, once a month, or once a week, according to circum- stances. Nobody knows without trying it, how easy a thing it is to save money when an account with a bank has been opened. With such an account a man feels a desire to enlarge his deposit It gives him lessons in frugality and economy, weans him frona^ habits of extravagance, and is the very best guard in the world against inteinperance, dissipation and vice. Refer to page 277 for a table showing the time required by money to double itself when loaned at interest. ^ Symbolic Meaning of Colors. — White was the emblem of ligjht, religious purity, innocence, faith, joy and life. In the judge» it indicates integrity; in the sick, humility; in the woman, chastity. Red, the ruby, signifies fire, divine love, heat of the creative power, and royalty. White and red roses express love and wis- dom. The red color of the blood has its origin in the action of ^e heart, which corresponds to, or symbolizes love. In a bad SCOM^ fed corresponds to the infernal love of evil, hatreds etc 224 Blue, or thj sapphire, expresses he* van, the firmament, tfutb from a celestial origin, constancy and fidelity. Yellow, or gold, is the symbol of the sun, of the goodness of God, of marriage and faithfulness. In a bad sense yellow signi* fies inconstancy, jealousy and deceit. Green, the emerald, is the color of the spring, of hope, particu- larly of the hope of immortality and of victory, as the color of die laurel and palm. Violet, the amediyst, signifies love and truth, or passion and suffering. Purple and scarlet signify things good and true from a celestial origin. Black corresponds to despair, darkness, earthliness, mourning, negation, wickedness and death. Durability of a Hokse. — A horse will travel 400 yard.s in 4^ minutes at a walk, 400 yds. in 2 minutes at a trot, and 400 yds. in X minute at a gallop. The usual work of a horse is taken at 22,500 lbs. raised i foot per minute, for 8 hours per day. A horse will carry 250 lbs. 25 milcG per dajr of 8 hours. An average draught-horse will draw 1,600 lbs. 23 miles per day on a leve.l road» weight: of wagon included. The average weight of a horse is x,ooo lbs. ; his strength is equal to that of 5 men. In a horse mill moving at 3 feet per second, track 25 feet diameter, he exertti witii the machine the power of 4^ horses. The greatest amount a horse can pull in a horizontal line is 900 lbs. ; but he can onljr do this momentarily, in continued exertion, probably half of this is the limit. He attains his growth in 5 yeairs, will live 25, average 16 years. A horse will live 25 days on waier, without solid food, 17 days without eating or drinking, but orJy 5 days on solid food* without drinking. A cart drawn by horses over an ordiii.'Jjy road will travel i, t miles per hour of trip. A 4-horse team will haul from 25 to 36 cubic feet of lime stone at each load. The time expended in loading, unload- ing, etc., including delays, averages 35 minutes per trip. The cost of loading and unloading a cart, using a horse cram at the quarry, and unloading by hand, when labor is $1.25 per day, and a horse 75 cents, is 25 cents per perch=24.75 cubic feet. The work done by an animal is greatest when the velocity with which he moves is 5^ of the greatest with which he can move when not impeded, and the force then exerted .45 of the utmost force the animal can exert at a dead pull. Comparative Cost of Fretcht by Water and Rail. — It has been proved by actual test that a single t-ow-boat can trans- port at one trip from the Ohio to New Orleans 29,000 tons of coal^ loaded in barges. Estimating in this way the boat and its tow, worked by a few men, carries as much freight to its destination as 3,000 cars and 100 locomotives, manned by 600 men, could trans- port. Cost of a Pennsylvania Railroad Passenger Car. — De- tailed cost of constructing one first-class Standard Passenger Car, at thK) Altoona shops of the Pennsylvania R. R., the total cost being $4,42.^.75. The principal items are as follows : 225 Labor $1,263 94 Proportion of Fuel and Stores 28 61 •,480 feet Poplar 86 80 3,434 feet Ash 12708 I, zoo feet Pine 20 90 t,35o feet Yellow Pine. 7050 500 feet Oak ........ 10 00 450 feet Hickory 13 50 700 feet Mich. Pine. . 4900 400 feet Cherry 16 00 439 feet Maple veneer 24 14 4 pairs Wheels and Axles 332 85 2 pairs Passenger Car Trucks 533 62 13 gallons Varnish. . 52 34 45 lbs. Glue 14 33 3,925 lbs. Iron 87 75 792 lbs. Castings .... 16 99 Screws 51 88 Gas Regulator and Guage 25 25 2 Two-Light Chan- deliers 50 72 '2 Gas Tanks 84 00 SSHble, showing the MONTH TO 1 Air Brake, complete 131 79 57 Sa-sh Balances 44 61 61 Lights Glasses .... 65 83 2 Stoves 77 56 25 Sets Seat Fixtures. 50 50 3 Bronze Lamps 13 50 2 Bronze Door Locks Butts and Hinges. . 13 Basket Racks 12 Sash Levers , 61 Bronze Window Lifts 61 Window Fasteners. 238 Sheets Tin 41 44 273 lbs. Galvanized Iron 25 31 96 yards Scarlet Plush 44 yards Green Plush. 61 yards Sheeting .... 243 lbs. Hair 72 95 12 Springs 22 96 12 Spiral Elliptic Springs 20 29 1 Head Lining 80 63 2 packets Gold Leaf. 14 58 Various small items 261 44 IS 20 15 58 77 35 42 00 24 40 16 47 228 87 109 99 10 30 $4,423-75 NUMBER OF DAYS FROM ANY DAY IN ONE THE SAME DAY IN ANOTHER, From To 1 Jan. 1 Feb. •Mar. April. ^ May. June. 1 July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. ft 365 31 59 90 120 151 181 212 243 273 304 334 334 365 28 59 89 61 120 150 181 212 242 273 303 306 337 365 31 92 122 153 184 214 245 275 275 306 334 365 30 61 91 122 153 183 214 244 245 276 304 335 365 31 61 92 123 153 184 214 214 245 273 304 334 365 30 61 92 122 153 183 184 215 243 274 304 335 365 31 62 92 123 153 153 184 212 243 273 304 334 365 31 61 92 122 122 153 181 212 242 273 303 334 365 30 61 91 92 123 151 182 212 243 273 304 335 365 31 61 61 92 120 151 181 212 242 273 304 334 365 30 31 62 90 121 151 182 212 243 274 304 335 36s January February. . . March April May June July August September., October November . December , . Explanation. — To find the number of days from January 20 to Dec. 20, follow the horizontal line opposite January until you reach the column headed by December, when you will find 334, repre- senting the required number of days, and so on with the other months. During leap year, if February enters into the calculation, add one day to the result. 226 Z2 cost $X CO $1 25 $1 50 $1 73 $2 00 $2 25 $250 IX cost I 15 I 38 I 60 183 2 06 2 29 to cost 83 X 04 I 25 X 46 I 67 X 88 2 08 ocost 75 ?^ I 13 X 29 X 50 X 69 X 88 8 cost 67 83 I 00 1 17 I 33 X 50 1 67 7 cost 58 73 88 X 02 X 17 I 31 146 6 cost 50 03 75 QQ 00 X 00 X 13 I 25 5 cost 42 52 63 73 83 94 X04 4 cost 33 42 50 56 67 75 83 3 cost 25 3X 38 44 50 56 3 cost 17 21 29 38 X cost 105^ 12K 14^ 18H of Articles by the Piece, from i to i Dozen. 92 cost $2 75 $3 CO $3 25 $3 50 $3 75 $4 00 $4 25 sx cost 2 52 2 75 2 98 3 21 3 44 3 67 389 •ocost 2 29 2 50 2 73 2 92 3 13 3 33 3 54 ocost 2 06 2 25 2 44 2 63 2 81 3 00 3 X9 8 cost X83 2 00 2 17 2 33 2 56 2 67 2 83 7 cost I 60 I 75 I 90 2 04 2 19 2 33 248 ^cost 138 1 SO X63 X 75 X 83 2 00 2 13 5 cost I 15 1 25 136 X 46 X56 X67 X 77 4 cost 92 I 00 X 09 X 17 X 25 X 33 X 42 3 cost 69 75 82 88 94 X 00 X06 2 cost 46 50 55 58 67 7X X cost 23 25 28 29^ 31K 33M> 35% liicost $4 50 $4 75 $5 00 $5 25 $5 50 $5 75 $6 00 tx cost 4 13 4 23 4 58 4 81 5 04 5 27 5 50 •ecost 3 75 3 96 4 17 4 38 458 4 79 5 00 9 cost 338 3 56 3 75 3 94 4 13 4 3X 4 50 8 cost 3 00 3 17 3 33 3 50 3 67 383 4 00 7 cost 2 63 2 77 2 92 3 06 3 2X 3 35 3 50 6 cost 2 25 2 34 2 2 63 2 75 2 87 3 00 5 cost I 88 1 98 2 08 2 19 2 29 2 40 2 50 4 cost I 50 I 58 I 67 1 75 X83 I 92 2 00 3 cost X 13 I 19 I 25 I 31 138 I 44 I 50 2 cost 79 88 92 96 I 00 1 cost 37^ 39^ 41?^ 43^/^ 46 48 50 ta cost $6 25 $6 50 $6 75 $7 CO $7 25 $7 50 $7 76 SI cost 5 73 5 96 6 19 6 42 6 65 6 88 7 IX #»cost 5 25 5 42 5 63 583 6 C.4 6 25 646 ocost 4 69 4 88 5 06 5 25 5 44 5 63 5 8k 8 cost 4 17 4 33 4 50 4 67 4 93 5 00 5 17 7 cost 365 3 79 3 94 4 08 4 23 438 4 52 6 cost 3 X3 325 338 3 50 3 63 3 75 388 5 cost 2 60 2 71 2 81 2 92 3 02 3 13 3 23 4 cost 2 08 2 17 2 25 2 33 2 42 2 50 258 3 cost X56 163 I 69 I 75 T 81 I 88 I 94 • cost X 94 1 08 I 13 I 17 X 21 X 25 X 29 BCOSt 52H 54K 56K 58 60K 62 K 64H 237 i ^ 1 o S ? c ^ It* I Si I o d ^ J M OQ r-l S « 2 . * .2 is 10 W o I o I ^ I > 9 ' Oh " I Q Sh 7 ^ 10 10 I > ' 1 1 il "xs ts is o5C o i=^o o J 2 s 2 -2 o o^c o i=^o o Ph Ph Ood Ph 22 2>2 2 02 «2 O O 02 22 cues s^' CO (U ^ ^ o > a ^ 4 2 ^ ?^ 2 U £3 I I -a 73 (N - ' M a> c c c I > I I I i I -a a 5? "O 0) CD O. W P I •00 O g I ?^ I I T3 -a o ^ o o ec O O o ^§ i Id iHo >H CO -rH I ^ I I i c o I CO GO Ci O C5 d tH d X~X rH Oi dC5 '2^ 5? 3 p< 3tf 2 2 o o 2 2 o o 222 o 3 o 2 2 229 Gold and Silver Produced in the United States. The following estimate of the gold and silver produced in the United States, since the discovery of gold in California, is compiled from the official reports of th& Director of the United States Mint : $40,ooo,(X)0 50,000,000 55,000,000 60,000,000 65,000,000 60,000,000 55,000,000 55,000,000 55,000,000 50,000,000 50,000,000 46,000,000 43,000,000 39,200,000 40,000,000 46,100,000 53,225,000 53,500,000 51,725,000 48,000,000 49,500,000 50,000,000 43,500,000 36,000,000 36^000,000 33.490,902 33,467,856 39,429,166 46,89;, jyo $50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 500,000 roo,ooo 150,000 2,000,000 4,500,000 8,500,000 11,000,000 11,250,000 10,000,000 13,500,000 12,000,000 12,000,000 16,000,000 23,000,000 28,750,000 35J5O5OOC 37» 324*594 31,727,560 38,783,016 39J93>573 230 COLD AND SILVER PRODUCED— (Continued) GOI,D. SIIyVB^R. TOTAI.. 51,206,360 38,899,858 36,000,000 34,700,000 32,500,000 30,000,000 30,800,000 31,800,000 35,000,000 33,000,000 33,167,500 32,967,000 32,845,000 33,175.000 33,000,000 35,955,000 39,500,000 46,610,000 53,088,000 57,363,000 63,463.000 71,053,000 45,281,385 40,812,132 38,450,000 43,000,000 46,800,000 46,200,000 48,800,000 51,600,000 51,000,000 53,357,000 59,206,700 64,768,730 57,225,000 57,630,000 55,563,000 46,800.000 31,422,000 36,445,000 39,655,000 32,316,000 32,118,000 32,858,000 96,487,745 79,711,990 74,450,000 77,700,000 79,300,000 76,200,000 79,600,000 83,400,000 86,000,000 86,357,000 92,374,200 97,735,730 90,070,000 90,815,000 90.805,000 82,755,000 70,922,000 83,055,000 97,743,000 19,679,000 96,581,000 103,912,000 Total to 1900. Grand Total. 2,204,728,432 1,245,337,420 896,337,100 Effect of Incandescent Light on the Eyes. The medical faculty of the University of Heidelberg (Germany), has made a very interesting report on the effect of incandescent light (gas or electrical) on the eyes. After having carefully weighed all the pros and cons on the question, the verdict is that the incandescent light is not harmful. For lighting large halls or places of enter- tainment, electricity is especially recommended from hygienic points of view. 231 Lumber and Log Measurement at Sight Showing net proceeds (fractions of feet omitted) of logs in I inch boards, deducting saw kerf and slabs. If the required dimension is not in the table, unite two or three suitable numbers together. The length will be found in the left hand column and the diameter in inches on the head of the other columns. Length, Feet § 2 5 d 5 2 1-4 Q Q Q g S ^ 5 ^ Q •Q 5 ^ Q 23 31 40 50 62 |5 90 105 122 25 34 44 55 69 83 99 116 135 27 37 48 61 75 91 108 126 147 13 29 40 52 66 Si 98 ''I 137 159 14 32 43 56 71 88 106 126 148 171 15 ^ 46 60 76 94 113 135 158 184 16 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 17 38 52 68 86 1 06 128 153 179 208 41 55 72 9J 112 136 162 190 220 19 43 58 76 96 119 143 171 20I 232 46 61 80 lOI 125 151 180 211 24* 48 64 84 106 131 158 189 222 257 50 67 88 III 137 166 198 232 269 52 70 92 u6 144 174 207 243 281 74 96 122 150 181 2l6 254 294 77 100 127 156 189 225 264 308 26 59 80 104 132 163 196 234 274 318 61 83 108 137 169 204 243 285 330 P 86 112 142 175 212 252 296 342 29 . 4 65 89 116 147 182 219 261 306 68 92 120 152 188 226 270 316 IS 380 31 70 95 124 157 193 234 279 327 72 98 128 162 200 242 288 338 39« 33 74 lOI 132 169 206 249 297 348 404 77 104 136 172 212 256 306 416 79 107 140 177 219 265 315 369 428 81 1 1 10 144 182 224 272 324 380 440 UJMBER AND LOG MEASUREMENT— (Cont'ec^, Length, Feet. C3 Co ^ Q rj cJ ^ Q A 1 <^ s 1 ^ 3 . s A s . i ^ (5 •S CI Q 140 160 180 202 225 250 275 302 154 176 198 223 248 275 302 333 363 169 192 217 243 271 300 331 363 0^1 183 208 235 263 293 325 358 393 430 197 224 253 283 313 350 386 433 463 211 240 271 303 336 375 413 453 496 i6 ...... . 225 256 289 324 359 400 441 484 530 17 239 272 307 344 383 425 468 514 563 I8. ..... 253 288 325 364 406 450 496 544 y 267 304 343 384 429 475 523 574 630 20 280 320 361 404 452 500 550 605 21 293 336 379 425 473 525 579 63s 22 309 352 397 445 496 550 605 720 323 368 415 465 519 575 632 695 760 338 3M 433 486 54^ 600 662 726 794 25 351 400 451 506 562 625 689 756 827 26 366 416 370 526 586 650 716 786 860 27 380 432 488 546 606 675 744 826 891 28 394 44S 506 566 626 700 772 866 920 20 408 464 524 586 649 725 799 886 •JO 422 480 542 606 672 750 826 906 992 31 436 496 560 627 695 775 S54 937 1026 32 450 648 718 800 S82 968 1060 33 464 528 596 668 742 825 909 998 1093 34....... 478 544 614 688 766 850 936 1028 1 126 35....... 492 560 632 708 789 875 964 1058 36 506 57^^ 650 728 812 900 992 1088 II92 THE COMMOfj SCHOOLS OF THE UNITED STATES (Cen^;i?s of 1890). Population 62.(322,250 Enrolled Pui^: 12.(397,196 Averay:c I)-.. 8.144,938 Averatre Lci 1 . i < 1 ;ii 1 o4 days. Salaries of Sh,)li iuk : and Teachera $91,683,338 Total Expenditures for Public Schools $140,277,484 Percentagre of Population Enrolled 20.27 Expended Per Capita of Population $2.24 233 tUMBER AND LOG MEASUREMENT— (Cont'ed). f cel. § CO .2 N Q i On .2 .2 ^ Q S M .2 ^ .2 Q i <^ .2 ^ Q .2 ^ 300 391 422 450 490 ?78 502 396 430 405 502 539 57^ 615 432 469 507 547 555 631 675 400 500 549 592 627 004 731 Ta 504 547 501 v»OU 73° 701 540 550 633 003 735 759 8/1 /I 544 625 yjJyJ 729 754 900 6 664 718 774 ^33 <^95 95" 703 761 Ron ooz 946 684 ♦7/1 005 931 999 1069 720 545 912 90U 1052 1 12^ SI 820 887 957 1029 II81 ••••••• 792 oUL> 930 1004 IfJ/O 1150 * J 828 898 93^ iU4y 1 127 1209 *4 0U4 IOI4 1094 1 176 1262 ^350 !| 900 977 AO50 1 139 1225 I3I5 '936 1016 1098 I 104 1274 1305 1462 972 1 140 1230 1323 1420 I5I5 lOOo 1094 IIo2 1276 1372 1472 1574 1044 1 133 1224 I32I 142 1 1525 163 [ lOoO 1 1 72 1266 1366 1470 157^ lOOO III6 1211 I4I2 T T/l /I 32 II52 1250 1352 1458 1568 1684 1800 1 188 1289 1394 1503 1617 1737 1856 1224 1328 1436 1548 1666 1790 I912 35 1260 1367 1479 1594 I715 I84I 1968 ?^ : 1 2961 1406 1522 1640 1764 1892 2024 .2 Q 601 66i 721 781 841 901 961 102 1 1081 1 141 1202 1261 1322 1381 1442 1501 1562 1622 1682 1742 1802 1862 1922 2 2042 2102 2162! 1% 640 704 768 332 896 960 1024 1088 1 152 1216 1280 1344 140? 147} 1536 1600 1664 1728 1792 1856 1920 1984 2C48 2112 2176 2240 2304 LICK OBSERVATORY. On Mt. Hamilton, Cal. ; founded by James Lick, 1877; had formerly the largest telescope in the world, with a 36-inch lens; a 40-inch lens has been made for Chicago, given by Charles Yerkes. A 50 inch lens has been cast for the gigantic telescope of the Paris Exposition, 1900, which has shown the moon as if only 40 miles away from us. LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE. Sq'iiare timber and scantling brought down to i indk board measure. Example : To find the number of feet in a beam 6xio and 24 feet in length, consult the tables and opposite 24 and under 6x10 you will find 120, tint correct number of feet. DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES. 2x4 2x5 2x6 2x7 2x8 3x4 4. 4.8 5 4 6. 6. 7.4 9.4 10 10.8 11.4 12. 12.8 13.4 14.8 15.4 16 j6.8 20. 22.8 26.8 28. 29.4 .6 .4 .2 10 .8 .6 • 4 2 .10 8 6 4 6. 7. 8 9. 10. II. 12. 13 14. 15 i6. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 30. 34. 40. 42. 44. 7. 8.2 10. 0 II. 8 12.10 14 _ .2 16.4 17.6 18.8 19.10 21. 22.2 23.4 24.6 25.8 26.10 28. 29.2 35. 39.3 46.8 49. 51.4 9 10 I2\ 13 14. 16. 17. 18. 20. 21 . 22. 24. 25. 26. 28. 29. 30. 32. 33. 40. 45. 53. 56. .4 .5 5.3 6 6.9 7.6 8.3 9. 10.6 12 12.9 13.6 14.3 IS 15.9 16.6 18 18.9 22.6 25.6 31.6 33 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II. 12. 13. 14. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 30. 34. 40. 42. 235 LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE--(Contmued). Feet DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES. 3x8 4x4 4x6 4x7 4x8 4x9 I::: 9... 10. . . II... 12. . . 13... 14. . • 51::: 19.... 90 31..., 22 23 ... 24 .. 25..., 30.... 34.-.. 40..., 42..., 44..- 10.6 12.3 14. 17.6 19.3 21. 22.9 .6 28 29 31 33 36.9 38.6 40.3 42 43.9 52.6 59.6 73.6 77 12. 14. 16. 18 20. 22. 24. 26. 28. 30. 32. 36. 38. 40. 42. 44. 46. 48. 50. 60. 68. 80. 84. 8. 9.4 10. 12. 13.4 14.8 16 17.4 18.8 20.0 21.4 22.8 24. 24.4 26.8 28 29.4 30 8 32 33 4 40. 45.4 56. 58.8 10. II. 8 13.4 ills 18.4 20. 21.8 23.4 25 26,8 28.4 31.8 33-4 ^§ o 36.8 38.4 41.8 58.8 66.8 73.6 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. 26. 28. 30 32. 34. 36. 38. 40. 42. 44. 46. 48. 50. 60. 68, 80. 84. 88. 14 16.4 18.8 21 23 . 25.8 28. 30.4 32 " 35 37-4 39 8 42. 44-4 46. S 49. 51.4 53.8 56 58.4 70. 79.4 93.4 102.8 16 18.8 21 .4 24. 26.8 29.4 34.8 37.4 40 42.8 45.4 50.8 53.4 56 58.8 61 .4 64 66.8 80. 90.8 106.8 112 117. 4 18. 21. 24. 27. 30. 33. 36. 39. 42. 45. 48. 51- 54. 60. 63. 66. 69. 72. 75. 90. 102. 120. 126. 132. 12.6 14.7 16.S 18.9 20. IG 22.11 25. ! 27.1 29.2 31.3 33.4 35.5 37.^ 39.7 41.8 43.9 45. w 47." 50. 52.1 62.6 70. ic 83.4 87.6 90.8 First American Coins.— The first coins minted in North America were produced in Mexico in 1535, and the coinage of the colonies that afterward became the United States used the Mexican dollar as the standard of value. Cholera Remedies — There are said to be 1,142 patent, remedies for cholera in the list at the United State? Patent Office. 236 IimBER MEASUREMENT TABLE— {Continued). DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES. 5x0 5x5 oxu 6x7 0x0 0X9 OXLt? 0 15- 17 6 20. lo . 21 24. 27. 30 1 17 .6 20 c 23-4 21 . 2d. 6 2o. ^6 35 0 20. 21 A 4- 20 . 0 24. 28 11 40 9. e . . . 22 .0 26 30- 27. 11 6 30- 40.0 45 •JO.. . . . . 25. 2Q 2 33-4 30. IC 40. 45. 50 :! 1 . , . . . 27 . 0 12 I 30.5 ^6' 18 6 44. 49.0 J » . . 1^ OJ 40. 3^- 45. 54- 00 1(3.,,. . 32.6 1 1 43-4 39- to 6 52. 55.0 05 35- 4.0 10 40 . 0 42. 03- 70 15, 37-^ Q 45- ^2 O'^ 6 00. 07 .0 i6..,.. 40, 8 53-4 45. c;6 0" 04. 72. oO ^7 42 . 6 7 50.5 6 Do . /D . 0 io. . . . 45- 52 6 DO . 54. 63 72. Oi . 90 29 ^0. , . , , 47.6 5 03.4 57. 66 6 76. 55.0 95 58 4 00.0 DO. 70 oO. 100. . . . . . 52.6 61 3 70. 63. 73 6 84. 94.6 105. ^2 . c • • . 3 J • 64 2 / 3 •4 66 77 88. OQ 1 10 24 57.6 67 I 76.8 69. 80 6 92. 103.6 liS 60. 70 80. 72. 84 96. 108. 120, |Cu . . . . 62.6 72 II 83.4 75. 87 6 100. 112. 6 125- 75. 87 6 100. 90. 105 120. 135. 150 99 2 113. 4 102. 119 136. 153. 170, 40 100. 116 8 133.4 120. 140 160. 180. 200 42 105. 122 6 X40. 126. 147 168. 189. 210 44. . . , . no. 128 4 £46.8 132. 154 176. 198. 220 The Farmers of America.— In 1860 the farms of the United States were valued at $9,854,000,000, now they are worth $200,958,000,000; in 1860 the live stock was valued at $246,000,000, now it is worth $550,000,000; in 1860 the farmers o^^Tied household furniture to the amount of $1,089,000,000, now they own $2,418,000,000 worth: in 1860 the farm implements in use aggregated V 6. ;>45. 000,000, now the total is *1 .'5.110.000.000 237 LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT, ONH INCH BOARD MEASURE. For Plank, double or treble the product, as may bt required. If a board or plank is longer or wider thatt the dimensions here given, add two suitable numbeni together. The left-hand column contains the lei^th in feet ; the width in inches heads each column. H 6 « S 6in W 7in W Sin W 9 in W loin W II in W lalnW ft. in. ft. m. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 8... 4 0 4 8 5 4 6 0 6 8 7 4 8 0 9... 4 6 5 3 6 0 6 9 7 6 8 3 9 0 lo. . . 5 0 5 10 6 8 7 6 8 4 9 2 10 0 II. . . 5 6 6 5 7 4 8 3 9 2 10 I II 0 12, . . 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 10 0 11 0 12 0 13... 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 II II 13 0 14... 7 0 8 2 9 4 10 6 II 8 12 IC 14 0 15... 7 6 8 9 10 0 II 3 12 6 13 9 15 0 16... 8 0 9 4 10 8 12 0 13 4 14 8 16 0 17... 8 6 9 II II 4 12 9 14 2 15 7 17 0 18... 9 0 10 6 12 0 13 6 15 0 16 6 18 0 19... 9 6 II I 12 8 14 3 15 10 17 5 19 0 20. . . 10 0 II 8 13 4 15 0 ^6 8 18 4 20 0 21 . . . 10 6 12 3 14 0 15 9 17 6 19 3 21 0 22. . . II 0 12 10 14 8 16 6, 18 4 20 2 22 0 23... II 6 13 5 15 4 17 3 19 2 21 I 23 0 24... 12 0 14 0 16 0 18 0 20 0 22 0 24 0 25... 12 6 14 7 16 8 18 9 20 10 22 II ^1 0 26... 13 0 15 2 17 4 19 6 21 8 23 10 26 0 13 6 15 9 18 0 20 3 22 6 24 9 27 0 2o. . . 14 0 16 4 18 8 21 0 23 4 25 8 28 0 29... 14 6 16 II 19 4 21 i 24 2 26 7 29 0 30... 15 0 17 6 20 0 22 25 0 27 6 30 0 31... 15 6 18 I 20 8 23 3 25 10 28 5 31 0 32... 16 0 18 8 21 4 24 0 26 8 29 4 32 33... 16 6 19 3 22 0 24 t 27 6 30 3 33 34... 17 0 19 10 22 8 28 4 31 2 34 0 35... 17 6 20 5 23 4 26 3 29 2 32 I 0 36... 18 0 21 0 24 0 27 0 30 0 33 0 11 0 238 LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT. ( Continued. ) i3in W 14 in W 15 in W i6inW 17 in W i8mW xginW w o ft in. ft in. ft in. ft. in. ft in. ft in. ft in. 8. . . 0 | tons. Reduced to Running Board Measure* LogB 9edii^c^ to One Inch Board Measure. If the log is longer than is contained in the table, take any tWO leagths. The first column on the left gives the length of the log in fcc^ The figures under D denote the diameters of the logs in inches. Fractional parts of inches are not given. The diameter of timber is usuall>r taken 20 feet from the butt AH ioes short of 20 feet, take the diameter at the top or small end. To find the number of feet of boards which a logjwill produce Wlaen sawed, take the length of feet in the first column on the left band, and the diameter at the top of the page in inches. Suppose a log 12 feet] long and 24 inches in diameter. In the left hand column is the length, and opposite 12 under 24 is 300^ $Sbc number of feet of boards in a log of that length and diameter. 1% D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. J) D. J) 12 13 X4 IS 16 ri7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 10* . ^"54 66 76 93 — 107 137 154 179 237 256 St.. 59 72 83 102 114 131 151 169 196 213 231 261 270 St. 64 78 90 III 124 143 164 .184 213 232 252 285 300 13-. 69 84 97 120 134 154 177 199 231 251 273 308 327 74 90 104 129 144 166 191 214 249 270 293 332 350 79 96 III 138 154 177 204 229 266 289 314 355 376 84 102 118 146 164 189 217 244 284 308 335 379 401 Ji:: 89 108 126 155 173 200 231 259 301 327 356* 4O2 426 94 114 133 164 183 212 244 274 319 346 377 426 if- 99 121 140 173 193 223 257 289 336 365 398 449 477 #0.. 104 127 147 182 203 236 271 304 354 384 419 473 501 ac. 109 133 154 191 213 247 284 319 371 403 440 497 527 at.. 114 139 161 200 223 259 297 334 389 422 461 520 552 »3' 119 145 168 209 233 270 3" 349 407 441 481 542 568 M" 124 151 176 218 243 282 325 364 424 460 502 568 613 n • 129 157 183 227 253 293 337 379 442 479 523 591 628 a6.. 134 163 190 236 263 305 350 394 459 498 544 615 653 139 169 197 245 273 316 363 409 477 517 565 639 678 at.. 144 175 204 254 283 328 376 424 494 536 586 663 703 a9- 149 181 211 263 293 339 389 439 512 555 607 687 728 3D.. 154 187 218 272 303 351 402 454 529 574 628 711 753 31 • 159 193 225 281 313 362 415 469 547 593 649 735 778 If we're right we can't be hurt by the truth, and if we ain't right we ouyht to be hurt righteously. You show me a man who keeps the Sabbath day holy and IH iShow you a man that's a Christian, all the week 247 IOCS RBDUCBD TO RUNNING BOARD MBASURB, BTC. — ConHnU4€L s ^ D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. D. £ J 25 20 27 2o 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 lO. . . 283 309 339 359 377 407 440 450 486 496 XI.. . 3" 340 374 396 415 447 484 502 535 546 12. . . 340 371 408 432 453 489 528 548 584 596 053 088 746 13.-. 369 404 442 469 491 530 572 594 633 646 708 14... 397 435 47b 505 529 571 618 640 682 696 761s 803 IS-- 42c 465 511 541 567 612 662 686 731 746 III 861 16. . . 455 496 545 578 605 %l 706 732 780 796 072 919 17... 403 527 579 014 043 094 75 ^ 778 829 846 927 976 18. . . 512 550 613 681 735 795 024 878 896 981; 1034 19... 541 590 047 688 719 776 839 870 927 946 1036 1098 90. . . 569 621 681 724 757 »I7 804 916 976 996 1091 1149 8X. . • 598 052 716 796 059 928 902 1025 1046 1146 iao6 82. . . 627 684 750 790 834 900 972 lOOo 1074 1096 X200 1004 83- 655 715 784 833 872 941 IOI7 1054 1123 1 146 1255 Z918 24... 684 746 818 889 910 982 1061 IICX5 1172 1 196 I3IO 1376 85... 777 853 906 948 986 1023 1 105 II46 1221 2246 1365 X43# 86... 742 808 887 942 1064 1 149 II92 1270 1296 1420 149s 87... 771 839 921 970 1024 1 105 "93 1238 1319 1346 1475 1550 88... 800 870 955 1015 1062 1 146 1237 1284 1368 1396 1530 160S 89... 829 901 989 1052 1 100 1 187 1281 1330 1417 1446 1585 1666 30... 858 932 1023 1088 1138 1228 1325 1376 1466 1496 1640 31.. 887 963 1057 II25 1176 1269 1369 1422 1515 1546 1695 I7«t Stock Brokers* Technicalities. A Bull is one who operates to depress the value of stockf^ tbaC lie may buy for a rise. A F>EAR IS one who sells stocks for future delivery, whidt he doof not own at the time of sale. A Corner is when the Bears cannot buy or bclroMr die stock to deliver in fulfillment of their contracts. Overloaded is when the Bulls cannot take and pay for the stodc they have purchased. Short is when a person or party sells stock* when they have none, and expect to buy or borrow in time to deliver. Long is when a person or partjr has a plentiful supply of stocks. ^ A Pool or Ring is a combination formed to control prices. A broker is said to carry stocks for his customer when he has bought and is holding it for his account, A Wash is a pretended sale by special agreement between buyer end seller, for the purpose of getting a quotatioja reported. A Put AND Call i% when a person gives so iauch pev eent. lor QC^n of buying or selling so much stock on a certain dny* at 0 finoe fixed the day the option is £W«a. 248 Board and Plank Measurement at Sight. This table gives the Sq. Ft. and In. in Board from 6 to 25 inchei wide« and from 8 1036 feet iong. If a board be longer than 36 fti. nnite two numbers. Thus, if 3. board is 40 ft. long and 16 in. wide, fdd 30 and 10 and yoii have 5;i ft. 4 in. For 2 in. plank doubl* the product. 6 in, W. ft. in. 4 c 4 e 5 c 5 e 6 c 6 6 7 o 7 6 8 o 8 6 9 6 7 in, W. ft. in. 4 ^ 5 3 5 10 6 5 7 7 8 8 9 9 4 9 " 0 6 1 I 11 8 3 12 10 12 8 13 14 14 II 613 515 4 1 14 o 16 614 716 615 9 < 16 4 616 II 1 17 6 618 118 8|2I 6 19 3 22 I 19 lOi22 )20 523 o 24 8 in, W. ft in, 5 6 6 8 7 4 9 4 [Q O ID 8 9 m, W. ft. ir 13 14 15 15 16 17 .18 8 18 823 424 o 24 825 4 26 o 27 io 16 [ 17 ji8 223 9 4J25 o 626 3 827 6 10 28 9 o 30 O 231 I 432 6 633 9 835 o 1036 3 037 6 238 9 440 o 641 3 842 6 1043 9 045 o The infidelity that hurts is the infidelity of the man who makes out that he*s on God's side, and then won't live up to it. Find me a man preparing himself to hear the gospel and I Ctt fibow you a man that is going to be benefited by the gospeL 249 BOARD AND PLANK MEASUREMENT. — ConttftUed. 16 in. 17 m. 18 in. 19 in. 20 in. 21 in. 22 in. 2^in. 24 in. 252n> Feet W. w. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W, - Long. ft. ft tflU la ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft.'in. m. ft. m. ft. in. 10 8 II 4 12 0 12 8 13 4 14 0 14 8 15 4 16 0 16 g 9 12 0 12 9 13 6 14 3 15 0 15 9 16 6 17 3 18 0 18 9 13 4 14 2 15 0 13 10 16 8 17 6 18 4 19 2 20 0 20 10 14 8 15 7 16 6 17 5 18 4 19 3 20 2 21 I 22 0 22 It 16 0 17 0 18 0 19 0 20 0 21 0 22 0 23 0 24 0 25 0 13 17 4 18 5 19 6 20 7 21 8 22 9 23 10 24 II 26 0 27 s 18 8 19 10 21 0 22 2 23 4 24 6 25 8 26 10 28 0 29 s 15 20 0 21 3 22 6 23 9 25 0 26 3 27 6 28 9 30 0 31 3 16 21 4 22 8 24 0 25 4 26 8 28 0,29 4 30 8 32 0 33 4 17 22 8 24 I 25 6 26 II 28 4 29 931 2 32 7 0 35 5 24 0 25 6 27 0 28 6 30 0 31 6 33 0 34 6 36 0 37 0 19...... 25 4 26 II 28 6 30 I 31 8 33 334 10 36 5 38 0 39 1 26 8 28 4 30 0 31 8 33 4 35 0 36 8 38 4 40 0 41 8 28 0 29 9 31 6 33 3 35 0 36 9 38 6 40 3 42 43 9 29 4 31 2 33 0 34 10 36 8 38 640 4 42 2 44 0 45 10 23 30 8 32 7 34 6 36 5 38 4 40 3 42 2 34 I 46 0 47 i« 33 0 34 0 36 0 38 0 4'-> 0 42 0 44 0 4t» 4I48 0 50 0 34 4 35 5 37 6 39 7 41 8 43 9 45 10 47 11/50 0 52 « 35 8 36 10 39 0 41 2 43 4 45 6 47 8 49 1052 0 54 « 36 0 38 3 40 6 42 9 45 0 47 3 49 6 51 954 0 56 3 37 4 39 8 42 0 44 4 46 £ 49 0 51 4 53 «,56 0 58 4 »9 38 8 41 I 43 6 45 II 48 4 50 9 53 2 55 758 0 60 1 40 0 42 45 0 47 6 50 0 51 6 55 0 57 6160 0 62 i GENIUS OF VOUTH. Handel had produced an opera before he was 15. Corneille had planned a tragedy before he was 10. Auber wrote an operetta for the stage before he was 14. Pitt was Chancellor of the Exchequer befofe he was 25. Schiller was widely known as a poet before the age of 20. Kaulbach at 17 was pronounced the first artistic genius in Germany. Kent began his philosophical and metaphysical specu- lations before the age of 18. Goethe had produced a considerable number of poems and several dramas before he was 20. Raphael showed his artistic abilities at the early age of 12, when he was widely known as an artist in oil. 250 WOOD AND BARK MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT. The Cord of Wood or Bark is 8 feet long, 4 feet high, and 4 feet wide, as established by law in most of the States and the Dominion of Canada. If the Wood is 8 feet long, double the product. Fractions of feet are omitted in the Table. Price will be found heading the columns, number of feet in the left-hand column. Ft. $1 KO $1 75 $2 00 $2 25 $2 50 $2 'T'i $300 $3 25 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 2 02 02 03 03 04 05 05 3 "J 04 04 05 06 06 07 07 ji 't 06 06 07 08 00 09 10 10 c 07 08 09 10 I J 12 13 Is 07 08 09 II 12 T '5 14 15 I 08 10 II 12 14 16 17 00 uy II 12 14 16 18 19 20 21 M\f s 22 25 28 31 40 A1 7^ 9A *4 28 33 37 42 47 56 61 32 38 44 56 63 69 75 81 87 47 55 63 70 78 86 94 I 02 I 09 1 f 66 75 84 94 I 03 I 12 I 22 I 31 61 77 88 98 I 09 I 20 I 13 I 42 I 53 25 88 98 I 00 I 13 I 25 I 38 I 50 I 62 84 I 13 I 27 I 41 I 55 I 69 I 83 I 9I 94 I 09 I 25 I 4i I f I 72 I 88 2 03 2 18 98 I 15 I I 48 I 64 I 81 I ^ 2 13 2 29 88 I 03 I 20 I 38 I 55 I I 89 2 2 23 2 40 I 08 I 26 I 44 I 62 I 80 I 98 2 15 2 33 96 I 13 I 31 I 50 I ^9 I 88 2 06 2 25 2 44 2 62 104 I 22 I 42 I 63 I 83 2 03 2 23 2 44 2 64 2 8d 112 I 31 I I ^ I 97 2 19 2 41 2 62 2 84 3 00 120 I 41 I 64 I 88 2 II 2 34 2 58 2 81 3 05 3 28 ia8 I 50 I 75 2 00 2 25 2 50 2 75 3 00 3 25 3 50 251 WOOD AND BARK MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT. ( Continued. ) I 2 3 4 I 7 8 i6 24 $400 03 06 09 12 II 21 24 49 75 3d I 00 1 25 56 I 75 64 2 00 72 2 25 80 2 50 2 62 2 75 92 2 87 3 00 104 3 25 3 50 120 3 75 128 4 00 $4 5o$5oo 03 07 10 14 17 21 24 28 t 12 40 68 96 25 53 81 95 09 23 37 65 93 21 50 $5 50 $6 00 03 07 II 15 19 23 27 62 93 56 87 18 50 81 13 28 43 59 75 4 OS 4 38 4 68 5 00 04 08 12 17 21 25 30 34 68 I 03 1 37 2 06 2 40 2 75 3 09 3 43 3 60 3.78 3 95 4 12 4 47 4 80 5 15 5 50 04 09 14 18 23 28 .32 ' 37 74 12 50 87 25 62 3 00 3 37 3 74 3 94 4 12 4 30 4 49 487 5 24 5 62 6 00 50 $7 00 $7 5oJ8oo The Wedding Anniversary. Fifth year Wooden Wedding Tenth year Tin Wedding Fifteenth year Crystal Wedding Twentieth year China Wedding Twenty-fifth year Silver Wedding Thirtieth year Pearl Wedding Fortieth year o Ruby Wedding Fiftieth year • . . .Golden Wedding Seventy-fifth year < .Diamond Wedding 252 Table for Engineers and Machinists. AND Strength of Cast Iron Columns. Iron i in. Thick. Height in Feet. 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 23 24 §1 Q Load in CWT. 72 60 49 40 32 26 22 18 ^3 It 119 105 91 77 65 55 47 40 34 29 as 178 143 145 128 III 97 84 73 64 56 247 232 214 191 172 156 135 HO 106 94 89 "a 326 318 288 266 242 220 198 if^ ■ 160 144 I3» 418 400 379 354 327 301 275 851 229 208 iSg 522 501 479 452 427 394 365 337 310 28s 263 607 592 573 550 525 497 469 440 413 386 360 1032 1013 989 1289 959 924 887 1185 848 808 765 725 686 1 :::::::: 1333 1315 1259 1224 1142 1097 1052 1005 959 1716 2697 1672 1640 1603 1561 1515 1461 146T 1364 1311 2119 2100 2077 2045 2007 1964 1916 1865 1811 175^ ^697 2570 2550 2520 2490 2450 2410 2358 2305 2248 2l8| 2x27 3050 3040 3020 2970 2930 2900 2830 2780 2730 ^2670 260c WEIGHTS OF CORDWOOD. Lds. Carbon, One cord of Hickory c 4*468 loO » Hard Maple 2,864 58 « Beech ^ ? 234 64 " Ash...e.. 3,449 79 • « Birch 2,368 49 Pitch Pine . . , 1,903 43 ^ Canada Pine 1,870 42 Yellow Oak. 2,920 Ol <• White Oak 1,870 81 • Lombardy Poplsur. I>77S 4£ • Red Oak 3,255 253 READY RECKONER TABLE. Foi computing Wages, Rent, Board, etc. The sum will be ^nd heading the columns, and the days and weeks cm. the ex» trcme left-hand column. If the desired sum is not in the table, ' :able or treble two or three suitable numbers. Time. $2.50 $2.75 $3.00 $3-25 $3.50 $3.75 $4.00 1 $4-25j$4-5o $4-75 I .36 •39 .43 .44 •50 .53 .57 .61 .64 .68 .2 .72 .78 .86 •93 1 .00 1 .07 1. 14 1.28 1.36 (A 1.08 1 . 17 1 .29 I '39 1 .50 1. 61 1 .71 1 .82 1 "93 2 .07 1.44 1.56 1.71 1.86 2.00 2.14 2.28 2 -43 2.57 2.71 1 .80 I -95 2.14 2.32 2.50 2.68 2 .86 3*03 3.2* 3-39 6 2.15 2-34 2.57 2.78 3.00 3.21 3-43 3*64 3 .00 4.07 2.50 2.75 3.00 3-25 3-50 3-75 4.00 4-25 4.50 475 5-09 5-50 6 .00 6.50 7 .00 7-50 8 .00 8.50 9-50 7-50 8.25 9.00 9-75 10.50 11.25 12 .CO 12 . 75 13*50 14-25 10.00 II .00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16 .00 17.00 18 .00 19.00 12.50 13-75 15.00 16.25 17.50 18.75 20.00 21 .25 22 .50 23 - 75 Time. $5.00 $5.25 $5.50 $5.75 ^ 1 $6.5o $6.25 $6.50 $6.75 $7.00 $8.00 I •71 •75 •79 .82 .86 .89 1.78 •93 .96 1. 00 1.14 .2 (A 1.43 1.50 1.58 1 .64 1.72 1.86 1.92 2.00 2.28 2.14 2.25 2^37 2.46 2.23 2.67 2.79 2.88 3. CO 3-52 2.86 3.00 3^15 3.28 3-44 3-56 3-72 3.84 4.00 4.26 ^5 3-57 3-75 3-94 4.10 4-30 4-45 4-65 4.80 5.00 5.7a 6 4.28 4-50 4-73 4.92 5-i6 5.34 5^58 •5-76 6.00 6.86 5.00 5-25 5 -50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 8 GO 10.00 10.50 11.00 31.50 12 .00 12.50 13.00 13-50 14.00 16 .00 15.00 15-75 16.50 17-25 18.00 18-75 19.50 20.25 21 .00 24.00 • 21, oe Sf:>Goi23.oo 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 32.00 26.25 27.50 28.75 30.00 31-25 32.50 33-50 35 -oo 40.00 WWL^m: OF LEAD PIPE— DIFFERENT SIZES. AAA Weight per foot AA Weight per foot. A Weight per foot. B Weight per foot. C Weight -^er foot. D Weight per foot. D Light Weight per foot. E Weight per foot. lb. oz. tb. oz. tb. oz. tb. oz. tb. oz. tb. oz. tb. oz. lb. oz. I 8 I 5 I 2 1 0 0 13 0 10 0 8 2 0 I 12 I 4 I 0 0 13 0 xz 2 12 2 8 2 0 I 12 I 8 I 4 I 0 4 8 3 8 3 0 2 4 2 0 I X2 I 8 6 0 4 12 4 0 3 4 2 8 2 0 1 6 12 5 12 4 12 3 12 3 0 2 8 3 0 9 0 8 0 6 4 5 0 4 4 3 8 3 4 ID 12 9 0 7 0 6 0 .'> 4 4 0 In. P. I in lb. oz. 0 9 1 13 1 Weight V) otno Noo ^ M r^o fo^o os« »oo*e mm ■♦o M N r^»ON tfi tTi 'i- vi\6 t^cooo d H ro^^ •^.cn^ Size. ! :^ :^ Flat. Weight. M m -^vo 00 Q .fovo ro Q 00 Q vo N -^vo 00 0 N «n OS #9 Q\(r)t>>M lOQOOvO fOO O fOVO OOMVOMVOMt^MCt ff « ro CO m >o»o ooOMWNMmm-<»-Tt-io »ovo r^09 Size. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXM Flat. Weight. cT) rn ft- XT) lovo t^oo On 0 0 h m rovoi^O 0 O m Cs 00 0^ 0 H w -^vo 000W»OtN.O\HrotxH5« tsoO Size. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXK MMMMMMNMNWfOCOfOrO'*'* »OVO H H H H Mr Square. Weight. 00 00 ro « ^<»* mew" »n fo N w mS)<» 8 K.roo*oo'o 8 ^ M w « fo ^ lovo r^oo O H m mvo o to o m v> ^ Size. Round. Weight. ^ ^VO* O ^ § vo r?) 0^ O^Ctt* 0 8 ^?00 S'ft^ft^^ H H c4 C4 CO 'i- ■♦invd 00 6vd M ro"4-vd ^^^^j^^J* i 255 4MMMMHMHMMM ^ :^ ;^ ^ V) looo M ■<4-t>^roo'0 woo tot^O WK xxxxxxxxxxxxx ^ VMO w T*- n-j 0 « lOVOOO 0 N »o • ci c« «o m CO ^ v>vo 11 M et M C4 MXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ftt»»cnOOOfOOOO wqooSSioMMOo^ooooo « CO fo 10 10 mo t^oo 00 0\ M NJ^ o\ ^ *foei '♦lot** 10 ro 5» Toei "<-»ov5 10 ro M On moo M m C4 fO»ovd rt- M 00 ID Njt fo »nvo 00 c. ei CO «o ERN MAKERS* TABLE. FOOT. COONO « M «^ N CO « N fO ■«•• »0 STEEL PER M tx CO On (>00 00 M H M CO '♦ 0 V) 0 NO t> »0 N « • • • ' M N CO ■>«• FLAT 0\ COOO M M « « CO WEIGHT OF M to 0\ "m M H CJ CO < t>» to CI s^o M ro 0\ M M ei ei S NO 0\CONO 7* M M ei ci 0 \J0* CO H OV ►fs 0\ •♦ On CO M • • • • M M N Jo 0 CO M 00 N W M M Ct * ? • ii Ri o ^ f1 : : : : it'"' 2S6 Weight in pounds. to to Tj- ^ W Ot^ rj- Q VQ VO M M M d Gallons. N ro ro r^ T^- to mv© vo t>. O ^ Depth in inches. to CO CO CO ro CO ^ to Weight in pounds. ^ X X X ^ W N W W N CO CO CO CO CO coco Gallons. Depth in inches. tJ- rt- to vovo vo vo r>i t>.00 OQ Ox Weight in pounds. ^ ^^5* ^ N5« CO '«tvO ^ ON O N CO »OVO 00 ON M Gallons. i-i N cO"*tovO t^OO 0\0 M N co^ M M M M M Depth in Inches. OnN Thtovo OnO M M N N ro 257 C 1-5 ri-vd On N vnOO »h tJ- (j rf m 00 to t< ^ ^ vo vovO VO VO t>. X>. O^OO 00 o» O o W .2 ^ Tj- tJ- rh tI" vo ir>vO VO 5fi Nil N CO CO Tj- ii->vo t^OO On "-t N ijO C< C< C* M « < 00 vo in M CO CO Tt- lo t^oo On d N '^vor^OH W N N N M Weight . N vo m qo vn 0\ *i Ov | C3 CO O OnOO tA. !>• t^. t^OO d S3 O N N CO mvo t^OO OS "5 >er Foot. Size. 1 g:^^ ^^'^^ X"::^^ (J vO vo 4^ t>»00 00 00 00 Round p Weight. w5 i-i vo 00 00 vo «^ u-jvo vo iM vo t>. Svdod 6 ^ rovoi^O "^vO ^ Ph Size. O ^ N N CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ij* Weight. O O coi-i M t>.vO vot>.N M S N c4 co^i-iot^d NiiSdxco S COrJ-u-)VO t^OO 0 M COVJ )er Foot. Size. cj ^ vo vO vO t^OO 00 00 OO 0*v Square j Weight. J2 CO CO CO N »H OsOO vp N § M rovood 6 coiood M rovO g N W N COCOCOCOTt--*^ Size. W S N n N COCOCOCOCOCOCOCO HH tC 259 NAVAL STRENGTH OF GREAT NATIONS. The following table has been compiled from the latest official reports, and includes all vessels built or ap- proaching completion. As the value of torpedo boats and vessels and torpedo boat destroyers has, during the war with Spain, been shown to be problemctical, they have not been included in the figures in the column showing the totals. Omitting these three classes of vessels in the estimate of the fighting of the nations, it would show that Great Britain is immensely superior to any other nation. Battleships. Armored Cruisers. 1 Protected ! Cruisers. 1 Unprotected Cruisers. Armored Coast Defense Vessels. Special Vesssels. { 1 Torpedo Boats 1 (1st class). 1 Torpedo Boat Destroyers. Torpedo Boats (2d class). Guns. Great Britain 70 23 22 168 13 408 44 108 123 10,508 France 32 25 4 63 23 216 175 14 154 5,020 Russia 23 12 11 32 16 163 98 38 98 5,013 17 6 6 44 8 106 85 24 56 1,972 Italy 15 8 2 37 5 124 22 13 149 2,368 United States 18 8 27 19 138 16 37 Japan 1 8 2 5 54 3 53 '66 16 1,476 NAVAL MILITIA. The Naval Militia is now organized in 19 States and in the Dist. of Columbia, as follows: California, Connecti- cut, Dist. of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisi- ana, Maryland, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, No. Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsyl- vania, Rhode Island, So. Carolina, and Virginia, The proper duty of the Naval Militia in time of war is to man the coast and harbor defense vessels, thus leaving free the regular force to carry on offeusive operations at sea. All matters relating to the Naval Militia come under the cognizance of the Asst. Secretary of the Navy. Total enlisted force of petty officers and men on January 1, 1900, 5,309. The Navy Department transacts all its business with the Naval *Militia through the Governors and Adjutants-General of the States. CHRONOLOGY OF THE WAR WITH SPAIN, 1898. Feb. 15— Maine blown up in Havana harbor; 2(56 killed. March 13— Senator Proctor tells of Cuban horrors. March 25 — Official report says a mine destroyed the Maine. April 4 — McKinley declines Pope's intervention. April 9— General Lee and Americans leave Havana. April 19 — Congress recognizes independence of Cuba. April 21— American minister in Madrid dismissed; ultimatum not presented. April 22 — North Atlantic Squadron leaves Key West. April 23— President issues call for 125,000 volunteers. April 24— Asiatic Squadron sails for the Philippines. April 24 — Spain declares war. April 25 — Congress declares war has existed since April 21. April 27 — Batteries at Matanzas bombarded. April 29 — Batta - les at Cienfuegos bombarded. April 30 — Bat : T ;cs at Cabanas bombarded. May 1 — Spanish fleet at Manila destroyed. May 7 — Matanzas forts shelled. May 9 — Fight off Cardenas between Winslow and three Spanish gunboats. Maj' 11— Attack on Cienfuegos. May 1 2— San Juan de Porto Rico bombarded. May 12 — Cardenas shelled. May 13 — Flying Squadron leaves Hampton Roads. May 18— Flying Squadron reaches Key West. May 18 — New Spanish cabinet under Sagasta.' May 19 — Cervera's squadron in Santiago harbor. May 25— President issues second call, for 75,000 voluntears. :\Iay 25— First Manila expedition leaves. ^lay 31 — Santiago forts bombarded. June 3 — Collier Merrimac sunk. June 6— Bombardment of Santiago forts. June 8 — Shafter's force leaves Tampa. 'nne 8 — Caimanera bombarded. June 10 — Marines land at Guantanamo. June 11 — Fight at Guantanamo; Spaniards repulsed. June 14— Army sails from Tampa. June 15 — Second Manila expedition sails. June 15 — Spanish defeat at Guantanamo. line 16*-- Fore Caimaner A Oi 00 00 t350iOcr)tDOLoO"^ioot>-:^'0 0»^'v OiHlOiOTjMt>:o.H>OiH:oooaiMXrHt>0!M!M -d : : : ' ''V '• as : S ; : : : : d .' © > o > o w o - - - - - - xxxxxxxxxxxxxx a^oo oo os 271 AUSTRALIAN BALLOT SYSTEM. INSTRUCTIONS FOR VOTERS In Conformity with the Illinois State Laws."*" When entering the voting place, give your name, and if required, your residence, to the Judges of Election. If your name be found on the Register, you will he permitted to enter the enclosed space inside the guard rail. Then, if your vote be not challenged, one of the Judges will hand you a Ballot, on the back of which he must write his initials. If your name be not on the Register, or has been erased, you cannot vote. If your vote be challenged you will not receive a Ballot until you have established your right to vote, either under oath to the Judges of Election, or by affldavit. When you have received a ballot retire at once, alone, into one of the voting booths, and prepare your ballot for the ballot box by marking it as the law prescribes. At the top of each column you will find the name of each party ticket or list of canidates, as Democratic, Republican, Prohibition, etc. The names of all the can- didates of each party and each group of petitioners are to be found in that column directly beneath the name of the party, and nowhere else. ^ At the left of the party name, or heading of the different tickets, will be a circle half -inch in diameter, thus: At the left of each name on the ballo t will be a square quarter- inch on each side, thus: | | To prepare your ballot for voting, you must mark it with a cross, thus: Xy either in the circle at the top of the ticket, or in the square before the name of each candidate for whom you wish to vote; you can make this cross either with a pen or pencil. Do not mark your ballot in any way, except as directed below, and do not erase any names." The law of most states using the Australian ballot system, permits four methods of marking the ballots for voting, as follows : 1. To vote for all condidates of a party, that is to vote a straight party ticket, mark a cross in the circle at the head of the ticket of your choice, thus: A ballot so marked will be counted for all the candidates in the column under the circle so marked. * Similar laws, differing only in iinimporta it details, are in use- in a majority of the States of the Union. 273 2. To split or scratch a ballot make a cross in the circle at the head of the ticket of your choice, and then make a cross in the square before the name or names of any candidates for whom you want to vote on any other ticket or tickets. A ballot so marked will be counted for all of the candidates on the ticket under the circle marked, except for the offices for which the names of candidates are marked on the other ticket or tickets on the ballot, and the latter will be counted for the candi- dates marked in the square on those tickets. But voters are cautioned against marking a ballot by this method when there is more than one candidate to be elected to the same office on the same ballot, as in case of Presidential Electors. Congressman-at-Large, etc. The law says: "If the voter marks more names than there are persons to be elected to an office, his ballot shall not be counted for such office." Therefore, if you wish to split your ticket on Presidential Electors, Congressmen- at-Large, etc., you should do so by placing a cross (X) <)])p()site the names of all those you wish to vote for, but yoii must be careful not to make a cross (X) opposite the names of more than the number of men to be elected for each office. When there is but one candidate to be ' elected to the same office on the same ballot, the danger of confusion above pointed out does not arise. A safe way to " split " a ticket, however, is to mark the name of each candidate for whom you vrant to vote in the squares and leave the circle blank. 3. Another method of ninrldug a ballot, that is, to vote for some of the candiitcto on one ticket and re- maining candidates on another ticket, leave all the circles blank and mark a cross in the square to the left of each candidate of your choice. A ballot so marked will be counted only for the candidate marked. But be careful not to mark more names than there are persons to be elected to office, or your ballot will not be counted for such office. 4. If the voter desires to vote for a candidate not on the ticket of his choice, he may write in the name of the candidate of his choice in the blank space on the ticket, making a cross (X) before the name written in. ' Where the word ballot is used in this instruction the entire sheet given to the voter by the Judge of Election is meant. Where the word ticket is used, only a single party group of candidates is meant. In voting on any proposition submitted to vote, and printed on the ballot, make a cross (X), mark in the ijolumn opposite the headings Yes " or " No," and your ballot will be counted "for,"' if you mark opi:)oslle "Yes,'» and " against," if you mark opposite "No/' Before leaving the voting booth fold your ballot so as to conceal the marks, and to exjjose the ofhcial endorse- ment on the back. Leave the booth and hand your ballot to the judge i.u charge of the ballot box, who, without numbering it, must deposit it in the box. You will not be allowed to occupy a voting booth v.'ith another voter. You Vv'ill not be allowed to occupy a booth more than five minutes, if others are waiting to^vote. You will not be allowed to remain in the enclosed space more than ten minutes, and you must quit it as soon as you have voted. You will not be allowed to re-enter the enclosed space, after you have voted, during the election. You will not be allowed to take a ballot from the polling place. You will not be allowed to vote any ballot except { le one you received from the judges. If you spoil a ballot in preparing it, you must returii it and ask for another in the place of it. Do not vote a torn or mutilated ballot. If a voter will declare upon oath that he cannot read the English language, or that by reason of physical dis- ability he is unable to mark his ballot, upon request he will be assisted by two of the election officers, appointed for that purpos-. of opposite political parties. These officers will mark the ballot as directed by the voter. Intoxication will not be regarded as a physical dis- ability, and if a voter is intoxicated, he will receive no assistance in marking his ballot. The polls will be opened at 0 o'clock in the morning^ and closed ar ! . "ir in the evenina-. Between these hours voters -i' - lo absent themselves from their place of emp;> the i:»eriofl nf nvo hours for the their employer may .-D-ciry iho 'jvjars ciiiring which they may be absent. These are the prescriptions of the law as practiced In Illinois. For details and .flight changes in other states, consult the Election (Commissioners in your district. purpose of vo . for their abst ^ their wages ( ask for leave * t o any penalty- lie made froro. ut they must i election, and 274 COST OF ROYALTY IN ENGLAND. Pounds Reduced to Dollars. The Queen—Privy Purse $ 300,000 Household Expenses and Sundries 1,625,000 ^ $1,925,000 Prince of Wales 200,000 Princess of Wales » 50,000 Children of the Prince of Wales (in trust) 180,000 Queen's Children— German Empress Frederick 40,000 Duke of Edinburgh 125,000 Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. . 30,000 Princess Louise (Lome) 30,000 Duke of Connaught 125,000 Princess Beatrice (Battenberg) . 30,000 Duchess of Albany (daughter-in-law) 30,000 Queen's Cousins— Duke of Cambridge 60,000 Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 15,000 Duchess of Teck 25,000 Other Royal Pensions, together 125,305 Total $2,990,305 RULES FOR SPELLING. Words ending in e drop that letter before the termina- tion able, as in move, moveable; unless ending in ce or ge^ when it is retained, as in change, changeable, etc. Words of one syllable, ending in a consonant, with a single vowel before it, double the consonants in deriva- tives; as, ship, shipping, etc. But if ending in a conso- nant with a double vowel before it, they do not double the consonant in derivatives; as troop, trooper, etc. Words of more than one syllable, ending in a consonant preceded by a single vowel, and accented on the last syllable, double that consonant in derivatives; as com- mit, committed ; but except chagrin, chagrined. All words of one syllable ending in I, with a single vowel before it, have double U at the close; as mill, sell. All words of one syllable ending in I, with a double vowel before it, have only one I at the close; as mail, sail. The words foretell, distill, instill and fulfill, retain the double II of their primitives. Derivatives of dull, skill, will and full also retain the II when the accent falls on these words; as dullness, skillful, willful, fullnewsa. 275 Words of more than one syllable ending in / have only one / at the close; as delightful, faimful; unless the accent falls on the last syllable; as befall, etc. ^ords ending in /, double the letter in the termina- tion ly. Participles ending in ing^ from verbs ending in lose the final e; as have, having; make, making, etc.; but verbs ending in ee retain both; as see, seeing. The word dye, to color, however, must retain the e before ing^ All verbs ending in ly, and nouns ending in ment, retain the e final of the primitives; as brave, bravely; refine, refinement; except words ending i-n dge; as acknowledge^ acknowledgment. Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding s; as money, moneys; but if^ is pre- ceded by a consonant, it is changed to ies in the plural; as bounty, bounties. Compound words whose primitives end in y, change the ^into as beauty, beautiful. THE USE OF CAPITALS. 1. Every entire sentence should begin with a capitaL 2. Proper names, and adjectives derived from these^ ihould begin with a capital. 3. All appellations of the Deity should begin with a capital. 4. Official and honorary titles begin with a capital. 5. Every line of poetry should begin with a capitaL 6. Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and divisions are printed in capitals. 7. The pronoun I and the exclamation O are always capitals. 8. The days of the week and the months of the year begin with capitals. 9. Every quotation should begin with a capital letter. 10. Names of religious denominations begin with capitals. II In preparing accounts, each item should begin with a capital. 12. Any word of very special importance may begip with a capitaL 276 Savings Bank Compound Interest Tabit, Showing the amount of $i, from i year to 15 years, with Compound Interest added semi-annually, at different rates^ a a u a V u ^ 1) Eigh V V > u > u 3 V 0 w H ^ 4> U V V Pi Ph 15 years. $4.32 $3-74 $3.24 $2.80 $2.42 $2 .09 $z.8o $z.s6 14 3 .62 3-42 2.99 2 .62 2 .28 X •99 z •73 Z.51 13 u 3 •55 3 14 2.77 2 •44 2.ZS I .90 z .67 X.47 12 3 .22 2.87 2.56 2 .28 2.03 X.80 X.60 X.48 11 2 .92 2.63 2.36 2 . X3 Z.9Z X .72 X •54 X.38 10 2 65 2.4Z 2.Z9 Z 98 z.80 X ■63 X .48 1-34 m 2 52 2.30 2.Z0 Z 92 1-75 X •59 X •45 I -3a 9 2 40 2.20 2.02 z 85 z .70 X •55 I .42 I'll 2 29 2 . IZ 1-94 z 79 Z.65 X 52 X •39 1.28 8 2 z8 2 .02 Z.87 z 73 z .60 X 48 I 37 1.26 2 07 1-93 Z.80 z 67 ^•55 X 44 X 34; 31 1.24 7 X 97 Z.85 1-73 z 6z 151 X 41 X 123 I 88 Z.77 Z.66 z 56 z .46 X 37 z 29 1. 21 6 I 79 z .69 X .60 z 51. z .42 X 34 z 26 Z.X9 I 71 z .62 1-53 z 45 Z.38 I 31 z 24 5 « X 62 1-55 z.48 X 41 ^•34 X 28 z 2X z.zo 4M I 55 Z.48 X.42 I 36 Z.30 X 24 z 19 Z.Z4 4 I 47 z .42 X.36 X 31 X 2Z z 17 3V2 M I 40 Z.36 I-3I X 27 z .22 X z8 z 14 z.zo 3 I 34 z .30 X.26 I 22 Z.19 X 15 z Z2 Z.09 f I 27 Z.24 X,2I X z8 ^•i5 X 13 z ZO Z.07 I 21 Z.Z9 z.z6 X 14 X .X2 X zo z 08 X.06 VA z 15 Z.Z4 I-Z2 X zo X .09 X 07 z 06 X.04 1 U I zo z .09 Z.08 I 07 X .06 X 05 z 04 1.03 m z 05 Z.04 Z.04 X 03 X.O3 X 02 I 02 1. 01 ONE DOLLAR LOANED zoo YEARS at Compound InteresI would amount to the following sum ; 94 per cent $2, 35 x, 799, 404.00 10 per cent $Z3,8o9.ofl 18 " x5,x45,207.oo 6 " 340.00 "5 " x,x74,40S.oo 3 " X9.2S » * 84,675.00 X ** 2,T^ Safe Business Rules. Business men, in business hours, attend only to busi- ness matters. Social calls are best adapted to the social circle. Make your business known in few words, without loss of time. Let your dealings with a stranger be most 277 carefully considered, and tried friendship duly appreciated) A mean act will soon recoil, and a man of honor will b« esteemed. Leave " tricks of trade " to thosa whose edu- cation was never completed. Treat all with respect, confide in few, wrong no man. Be never afraid to say no, and always prompt to acknowledge and rectify a wrong. Leave nothing for to-morrow that should be done to-day. Because a friend is polite, do not think that his time is valueless. Have a place for every thing, and everything in its place. To preserve long friendship, keep a short credit; the way to get credit is to be punctual; the way to preserve it is not to use it much. Settle often; have short accounts. Trust no man's appearances; they are often deceptive, and assumed for the purpose of obtaining credit. Rogues generally dress well. The rich are gen- ally plain men. Be well satisfied before you give a credit that those t^ whom«you give it are safe men to be trusted. Time at, which Money Doubles at Interest. Rate J>er cent. Simple Interest. Compound Interest. zo .10 years. 7 years loo days. II years 40 days. 8 years i6 days. 12)^ years. 9 years 2 days, 7 14 years 104 days. lo years 89 days. 6 16 years 8 months. 11 years 327 days. 5 20 years. 15 years 75 days. 4^^ 22 years 81 days. 15 years 273 days. 4 25 years. 17 years 246 days. 28 years 208 days. 20 years 54 days. 3 33 years 4 months. 23 years 164 days. aj^ 40 years. 28 years 26 days. a 50 years. 35 years i day. Legal Brevities. A note dated on Sunday is void. A note obtamed by fraud, or from one intoxicated, is void. If a ndte be lost or stolen, it does not release the maker, he must pay it. An endorser of a note is exempt from liability, if not served with notice of its dishonor within 24 hours of its non-payment. A note by a minor is void. Notes bear interest only when so stated. Principals are responsible for their agents. Each individual in partnership is re- sponsible for the whole amount of the debts of the firm. 278 Ignorance of the law excuses no one. It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. It is illegal to compound a felony. The law compels no one to do impossibili- ties. An agreement without consideration is void. Signatures in lead pencil are good in law. A receipt for money is not legally conclusive. The acts of one partner bind all the others. Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. A contract with a minor is void. A contract made with a lunatic is void. Written contracts concerning land must be under seal AMERICAN SHIPPING. United States Vessels, 1900. Class. Engaged in Foreign Trade. Engaged in Coastwise Trade. Num- ber. Ton- nage. Num- ber. Ton- nage.' Steamers Sailing-vessels Canal-boats Barges Total 328 |- 960 337,356 479,439 6,715 13,853 2,316,455 1,970,061 1,288 816,795 20,568 4,286,516 The entire number of documented vessels was 23,333, of which 7,053 were steamers and 16,280 were vessels other than steamers, all aggregating 5,164,839 tons. The estimated value of the whole amount of floating property under the flag, according to the census of 1890, was $215,069,296. The statistics of the above table are for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900. THE CHILD'S PROPHECIES. Monday's child is fair of face; Tuesday's child is full of grace; Wednesday's child is merry and glad; Thursday's child is sorry and sad; Friday's child is loving and giving; Saturday's child must work for his living: Sunday's child is blithe, bonny* good and gay- 279 TAX ON COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS. The following is a list of places and amount of taxatioK^ on commercial travelers: Alabama, $15.50 per yearf. Arizona, $200 per year; Beaufort, S. C., $10 per visits Bennettsville, S. C.,$i per visit; Batesburg, S. C, 7jJ cents per day; Charleston, S. C, $10 per month; Cum«^ berland, Md., $1 per day; Delaware, $25 per year; Dead- wood, D. T., $5 per week; Darlington, S. C., $1; East St. Louis, $2 per day; Elkton, Md., percent, on stock carried; Florida, $25 per year; Hartwell, Ga.,$5 per trip; Johnston, S. C. , 50 cents per day; Lewistown^, Idaho, $5 per trip; Montana, $100 per year for eacb county; Memphis, Tenn. , $10 per week or $25 per month;. Mobile, Ala. , $3 per day or $7 a week; Natchez, Miss. 5. 25 cents per day; New Orleans, La. , $50 per year; New- port, Ky., $1 per month; North Carolina, $100 per year;; Nevada, $100 per year; Orangeburg, S. C. , $2 per day;; St. Matthews, S. C., $1 per day; San Francisco, Cal.,^ $25 per quarter; Texas, $35 a year; Tucson, Arizona^ $50 per quarter; Tombstone, Arizona, $10 per day; Vir- ginia, $75 per year; Wilmington, N. C, $3 per day^ Washington, D. C, $200 per year; Walhalla, S. C, $t per day. Durability of Difierent Woods, Experiments have been made by driving sticks, made of different woods, each two feet long and one and one- half inches square, ifiito the ground, only one-half an inch projecting outward. It was found that in five years, all those made of oak, elm, ash, fir, soft mahogany, and nearly every variety of pine, were totally rotten. Larch> hard pine and teak wood were decayed on the outside ordy; while acacia, with the exception of being also slightly attacked on the exterior, was otherwise sound. Hard mahogany and cedar of Lebanon were in tolerably- good condition ; but only Virginia cedar was found as good as when put in the ground. This is of some im» portance to builders, shriving what wood should be avoided^ and what others f vsed by preference in under- gfound work. The duration of wood, wh'~\kept dry, is very great, m 280 beams still exist which are known Isabel, 100 years old. Piles driven by the Romans prior to the Christ- ian era, have been examined of late, and found per- fectly sound, after an immersion of nearly 2, 000 years The wood of some tools will last longer than the metals; as in spades, hoes and plows In other tools the wood is first gone; as in wagons, wheel-bavrows and machines. Such wood snould be painted or oiled; the paint not only looks well, but preserves the wood; petroleum oil is as good as any other; Hardwood stumps decay in five or six years; spruce stumps decay in about the same time; hem- lock stumps in eight to nine years; cedar, eight to nine years; pine stumps, never. Cedar, oak, yellow pine and chestnut are the most durable w^oods in dry places. The States and the Union.— thirteen original states. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 States. Ratmed the Constitution. 8 9 10 11 12 13 States. Ratified the Constitution. Delaware, Pennsylv'a, New Jersey Georgia, Conn. Mass. Maryland, 1787, Dec. 7. 1787, Dec. 12. mt Dec. 18. 1788, Jan. 2. 1788, Jan. 9. 1788, Feb. 6. 1788, April 28. S Carolina, New Ham. Virginia, New York, N. Carolina R. Island, 1788, May 23. 1788, June 21, 1788, June 25 1788, July 26. 1789, Nov. 21 1790, May 29. STATES admitted TO THE UNION. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 States. Admitted. States. Admitted. Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio. Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi Illinois, Alabama, Maine, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, 1791, March 4. 1792j June 1, 1796, June 1. 1802, Nov. 29. 1812, April 30. 1816, Dec. 11. 1817, Dec. 10. 1818, Dec. 3. 1819, Dec- 14. 1820, March 15. 1821, Aug. 10. 1836, June 15. 1937, Jan. 26. 1845, March 3. 1845, Dec. 29. 1846, Dec. 28. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Wisconsin, California, Minnesota., Oregon, Kansas, W. Virginia Nevada, Nebraska, Colorado, N. Dakota, S. Dakota, Montana, Washing'n, Idaho, Wyoming. Utah ) 1848, May 29. 1850, Sept. 9. 1858, May 11. 1859, Feb. 14. 1861, Jan. 29. 1863, June 19. 1864, Oct. 31. 1867, March 1. 1876, Aug. 1. 1889, Nov. 3. 1889, Nov. 3. 1889, Nov. 8. 1889, Nov. 11. 1890, July 3. 1890, July 8. 1896, Jan. 4. 251 iSATES OF POSTAOIB. Letters. — Prepaid by stamps, 2 cents each ounce or fraction thereof to all parts of the United States and Can- ada; forwarded to another postoffice without charge on request of the person addressed; if not called for, returned to the writer free, if indorsed with that request. If the stamp is omitted, the letter is forwarded to the Dead Letter Office, and returned to the writer. For Regis- tering letters the charge is 10 cents additional. Drop letters at letter-carrier offices, 2 cents per ounce or frac- tion thereof; at other offices, i cent per ounce or fraction thereof. On insufficiently prepaid matter mailed in Can- ada, 3 cents per ^ ounce or fraction thereof. Stamped Postal Cards, furnished only by Government, i cent each. If anything except a printed address slip is pasted on a Postal Card, or anything but the address written on the face, letter postage is charged. Postage on all newspapers and periodicals sent from newspaper offices to any part of the United States, to regular subscribers, must be paid in advance at the office of mailing. Second-Class Matter. — Periodicals issued at regular intervals — at least four times a year — and having a regular list of subscribers, with supplement, sample cop- ies, I cent a pound; periodicals, other than weekly, if delivered by letter-carrier, i cent each; if over 2 ounces, 2 cents each. When sent by other than publishers, for 4 ounces or less, i cent. Third' Class Matter (not exceeding 4 pounds). — Printed matter, books, proof-sheets, corrected or uncorrected, unsealed circulars, inclosed so as to admit of easy inspec- tion without cutting cords or wrapper, i cent for each 2 ounces. Fourth' Class Matter. — Not exceeding 4 po\ jnds, em- bracing merchandise and samples, excluding liquids^ poisons, greasy, inflammable or explosive articles, live animals, insects, etc., i cent an otmce. Postage to Caa* ada and British North American States, 2 cents per ounce; must be prepaid; otherwise, 6 cents. 282 Knmber ot Tears Seeds Retain Their Vitality, Vegetables. Years, Artichoke , 5 to 6 Asparagus 2 to 3 Beans 2 to 3 Beets 3 to 4 Eroccoli 5 to 6 Cucumber 8 to 10 Cauliflower 5 to 6 Cress 3 to 4 Carrots .0 ; .2 to 3 Celery , „ 2 to 3 Corn (on cob) 2 to 3 Endive 5 to 6 Egg Plant I to 2 -Leek 2 to 3 Lettuce 3 to 4 Melon 8 to 10 Mustard 3 to 4 Okra . . 3 to 4 Onion 2 to 3 Pea 5 to 6 Pumpkin 8 to 10 Parsley , . . 2 to 3 Parsnip 2 to 4 Pepper 2 to 3 Rhubarb 3 to 4 Squash 8toio Spinach 3 to 4 Turnip 3to 6 Tomato 2to 3 HOW TO MIX PAINTS FOR TINTS. Red and Black makes Brown Lake and White makes Rose White and Brown makes ^ .Chestnut White, Blue and Lake makes .Purple /Blue and Lead Color makes. , , . . « . .Pearl 2»3 White an3 Carmine makes Pink Indigo and Lamp-Black makes. Silver Graf White and Lamp-Black makes. • • .L^ad Color Black and Venetian Red makes.. , .Chocolate White and Green makes Bright Green Purple and White makes , French White Light Green and Black makes Dark Green White and Green makes Pea Green White and Eruerald Green makes. ..... .Brilliant Green Red and Yellow makes Orange White and Yellow makes. ^ . .Straw Color White, Blue and Black makes Pearl Gray White, Lake and Vermillion makes Flesh Color Umber, White and V enetian Red makes. . . . » . . . .Drab White, Yellow and Venetian Red makes Cream Red, Blue, Black and Red makes „ Olive Yellow, White and a little Venetian Red makes. . ..BufF DEGREES OF HEAT AND COLD REQUIRED ro FREEZE, MELT AND BOIL THE FOL- LOWING SUBSTANCES. Degrees of Heat ABOVE ZERO at which the follow* ing articles Melt. Cast Iron 3j5oo Glass 2.dOO Copper 2,1^, Gold 1,983 Brass 1,900 Silver 1,850 Antimony , 950 Zinc , 780 Lead . . . . , 590 Bismuth 476 Tin.... 420 Gutta jr ercha 150 Lard 96 35 284 Degrees of Cold ABOVE ZERO at which the following articles Freeze. Turpentine (Spirits) , Strong Wine. , 20 Milk. Water , 29 32 Degrees of Heat ABOVE ZERO at which the following articles Boil. Blood Heat 98 Alcohol 175 Water „ 210 Petroleum 305 Linseed Oil c . , 600 Quicksilver , 630 Tables of Weights and Measures. CUBIC MEASURE. 3,728 cubic inches i cubic foot, 27 cubic feet i cubic yard, 128 cubic feet i cord (wood), 40 cubic feet i ton (shipping), 2,150.42 cubic inches i standard bushel, 268.8 cubic inches i standard gallon, i cubic foot four-fifths of a bushel. SURVEYOR'S MEASURE. 7.92 inches I link, 25 links i rod, 4 rods i chain, 10 square chains or 160 square rods I acre, 64Q acres I square mile. LONG i>lEASURE— DISTANCE. 3 barleycorns i inch, 12 inches i foot, 3 feet i yard, 5^ yards I rod, 40 rods i furlong, 8 furlongs i mile. DRY MEASURE. 2 pints make i quart, 8 quarts make i peck, 4 pecks make i bushel, 36 bushels make i chaldron. LIQUID OR WINE MEASURE. 4 gills make I pint, 2 pints make i quart, 4 quarts make I gallon, ^i}4 gallons make 1 barrel, 2 barrels mak© I hogshead. 285 APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 20 grains make i scruple, 3 scruples make i drachm, 8 drachms make i ounce, 12 ounces make i pound. TROY WEIGHT. ^ grains make i pennyweight, 20 pennyweight make I ounce. By this weight, gold, silver and jewels only are weighed. The ounce and pound in this are same as in Apothecaries' weight. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 6 drachms make i ounce, 16 ounces make i pound, 25 pounds make i quarter, 4 quarters make 100 weight, 2,000 pound-s make i ton. CIRCULAR MEASURE. 60 seconds make i minute, 60 minutes make i degree, 30 degrees make i sign, 90 degrees make i quadrant, 4 quadrants or 360 degrees make i circle. TIME MEASURE. 60 seconds make i minute, 60 minutes make i hour, 24 hours make I day, 7 days make i week, 4 weeks make i lunar month, 28, 29, 30, or 31 days make I calendar month (30 days make i month in computing interest), 52 weeks and i day, or 12 calendar months make i year, 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 49 seconds make i solar year. SQUARE MEASURE. 144 square inches i square foot, 9 square feet i square yard, 30X square yards i square rod, 40 square rods i rood, 4 roods i acre. CLOTH MEASURE. 2% inches i nail, 4 nails i quarter, 4 quarters i yard. MISCELLANEOUS. 3 inches i palm, 4 inches i hand, 6 inches i span, 1 8 inches i cubit, 21.8 inches i Bible cubit, 2% feet l military pace. 286 N : : : : :^ : :^ : : : : '• I '.hi ' TjT : : : : .o" : o o 00 t> C5 :o t> :d Oi X X o o © lo iO'*iHi-i:x>iHOTj (N S^W X »C rH X t> knV^:^ ko'os C^CD o xtHxt>f-iin"«*iO!Nx>Mo?^ift"^©xx> • oosos (NO!MOCt>X)^.-iXO»0 ^1X?0 :> X X X 35 M rj< M ,H O r-l 05 t> O Ci CO O MS^IXrfiiHiCX r-t ©Mt>lOa505C5 • o O 5) O O • i-i >^ «, ^ ■ ■ M : • S .5 >■ ^ 'rt H ^ r .2 J ^^1 2 Is ''3 T^05 Ul U. o •05 t> :'*a5 i>C50xx:=ts^:C5ir5C5^qM? R""! --i "^^^.R ^.^1^, ^, '^.i'l^^^. ""l x' X -o'x'rH t> rjT::; c^TrH t-'x'x'i-H ^j' x' yi^Oi Ci six o to""; rHC:0>O-^t>'>; rH (N ri* t> rH X X^ X^fH CS^^-^jJ^X iH 'Xl O ©„W„!^1 '^O « rHrHr-T rH X rH iH t-i r-T rH ?i ?i.H rH rH i- X^X t^^^©L':lk0^3r-l^©(^J^:!>^5Tl^lC•x©r>N"^c»0 0505lOX©a^ 5uOOi^^r:rfXt>tC:Dtf505t>!NX>»0'*X05t>Xi^W«X© © ^^© t- cci^ o M t> »ft "^^X rH :q^^^© yi 05 m ci :d^« iq^co «5 :o ^ 'iC 05" X' TlTx' X r-T-T-^O rH ©' l> rH rfTo l^s'©' rH d^JC x'j^' rH M « x^:©X!NrH:0!^^^^:c-^xa505o^^»^lc©'*:0'^r^x> Tj< lO 05 rH !N rH » (N rH M rH X TjJ^t> »0 rH IV 107'43r^ i'^'^'-"^ the Labor issue. Cleveland over 479 304' Harrison less than entire vote of opponents, 1 0S?M9«'J'^''w^''''~^l? 5 553,142 to 5,186,931 for Harrison. TtT , u?^ t^ A^eaver (People's party) and 268,361 to Bidweli (Prohibition). Cleveland over Harrison, 366,211 Cleveland ess than entire vote of opponents 932,278. v. eveiana less 1896. Mckinley -Had 7,105,959 to 6,454,943 for Bryan to 132,878 for Palmer (Gold Democrat), to 131,748 for Leverinff tc. McKinley over Bryan, 832,280. McKinley over all 443,054. 299 UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE. The purpose of the Civil Service act, as declared ia its title, is "to regulate and improve the Civil Service of the United States." It provides for the appointment of three Commissioners, a Chief Examiner, a Secretary, and oth- er employees, and makes it the duty of the Commissioners to aid the President as he may request in preparing suit- able rules for carrying the act into effect; to make regu- lations to govern all examinations held under the pro- visions of the act, to make investigations and report upon all matters touching the enforcement and effect of the rules and regulations. The address of the Commission is Washington, D. C. Extent or the Service. It is estimated that the number of positions in the Ex- ecutive Civil Service is now about 182,000, of which 80,000 are classified competitive positions and 102,000 unclassified. Less than 20,000 of the official force are employed in Washington, D. C. Most of the unclassified positions are held by fourth-class postmasters, of whom there are more than 71,000. Divisions of the Service. The rules require that all that part of the Executive Civil Service of the United States which has been or may hereafter be classified under the Civil Service act shall be arranged in branches as follows ; The Departmental Service, the Customs Service, the Postal Service, the Government Printing Service, and the Internal Revenue Service. The Departmental Service includes all officers and em- ployes, who on the one hand are not appointed subject to the consent of the Senate, and on the other hand are above the grade of laborer, and who are serving in or on detail from the Departments, Commissions, and offices in the District of Columbia, the Railway Mail Service, the Indian Service, the Pension Agencies, the Steamboat In- spection Service, the Marine Hospital Service, the Light- House Service, the Life-Saving Service, the Revenue Cut- ter Service, the Mints and Assay offices, the Sub-Treas- uries, the Engineer Department at large, the Ordnance Department at large, the Land-Office Service, and the force employed under Custodians, of Public Buildings, and in the U. S. Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kan. In addition to these are included all other employes (except laborers and persons whose appointments are subject to the Senate) whose duties are clerical and medical, or who serve as watchmen, messengers, draughtsmen, engineers, firemen, computers, or as superintendents of construc- tion, superintendents oi repairs, or foremen under the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, or who are in any 300 branch of the Treasury Department not enumerated above. The Customs Service includes all officers and employes between the extremes before mentioned, who are serving in any customs district. The Postal Service includes all similar offices and employes at free-delivery post-offices. The Government Printing Service and the Internal Revenue Service cover all like positions in the branches indicated by their designations. Applicattons. Persons seeking to be examined must file an application blank. The blank for the Departmental Service at Wash- ington, Railway Mail Service, the Indian School Service and the Government Printing Service should be request- ed directly of the Civil Service Commission at Washing- ton. The blank for the Customs, Postal, or Internal Rev- enue Service must be requested in writing of the Civil Service Board Examiners at the office where service is sought. These papers should be returnd to the officers from whom they emanated. Applicants for admission must be citizens of the United States and of proper age. No person using intoxicating liquors to excess may be appointed. No discrimination is made on account of sex, color, or political or religious opinions. The limitations of age vary with the different services, but do not apply to any person honorably dis- charged from the military or naval service of the United States by reason of disability resulting from wounds or sickness incurred in the line of duty. Examinations. The applicants to enter the services designated are ex- amined as to their relative capacity and fitness. For or- dinary clerical places in the Departmental Customs and Internal Revenue Services the examination is con- fined to orthography, penmanship, copying, letter-writing and simple arithmetic. Patent examiners are examined in physics and technics, mathematics, chemistry and me- chanical drawing. Meat inspectors are examined in let- ter-writing, veterinary anatomy and physiology, veterin- ary pathology and meat inspection. One of the tests for post-office and railway mail clerks is an exercise in read- ing manuscript addresses, Specimen se*s of questions will be furnished by the Commission upon request Ex- aminations are held twice a year in every State and Ter- ritory at fixed times and places. All examinations relata as nearly as possible to the duties to be performed, and, wherever practicable, include experience and practical tests. No applicant is admitted to an examination iU) any one of the different recognized trades, such as thos0 in the Government Printing Office, unle&s he has had five years' experience in his trade, one year of whicU must^ 301 have been as a journeyman. This information is obtained by personal questions relating to the applicant's exper- ience at his trade and th3 certificates of persons who have employed him. No one is certified for appointment whose standing in any examination is less than 70 per centum of complete proficiency, except applicants whose claims for military or naval preference under Section 1,754 R. S. have been admitted. These need obtain but 65. The law also prescribes competitive examinations for promotion in the service. A certificate is given to eacb person ex- amined, stating whether he passed or failed to pass. Excepted Places. Among the places excepted from examination or sub- . ject only to non-competitive examination are the follow- ing : Two private secretaries or confidential clerKs to the President and each of the heads of departments; one for each head of bureau appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, if authorized by law; all persons appointed solely by tbe President, attorneys, and special assistant attorneys. The excepted positions throughout the departments were increased in number by the Presi- dent's order of May 29, 1899, but are too diverse and too numerous to mention here specifically. Appointments. Upon the occurrence of a vacancy, the appointment to fill, if not made by promotion, reduction, transfer, rein- statement (for all of which provision is made by the Civil Service rules), must be made by selection from the eligi- bles of highest grade on the appropriate register. In the Executive Departments at Washington and in the Gov- ernment Printing Oflftce appointments are apportioned among the States and Territories on the basis of popula- tion. Every appointment is made for a probationary period of six months. Whenever there are no names of eligibles, upon a register for any position in which a va- cancy exists, and the^public interest requires that it be filled before eligibles can be provided by the Commission, such vacancy may, subject to the approval of the Com- mission, be filled by appointment without examination and certification until an eligible can be provided by the Commission. The number of women applying for cleri- cal places is greatly In excess of the calls of appoihting officers. The positions to which the largest numbers of them are appomted are those of assistant microscopists in the branch offices of the Bureau of Animal Industry at the various stockyards throughout the country, and teachers, matrons, seamstresses, etc., in the Indian Ser- vice. A few receive appointments as stenographers and typewriters in the Departmental Service, and a few are appointed to technical and professional places. 302 NATURALIZATION LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. The conditions under and the manner in which aa alien may be admitted to become a citizen of the United States are prescribed by Sections 2165-74 of the Revised Statutes of the United States. DECLARATION OF INTENTION. The alien must declare upon oath, before a circuit Of district court of the United States, or a district or supreme court of the Territories, or a court of record ol any of the States having common law jurisdiction, and a «eal and clerk, two years at least prior to his admission. that it is, bona fide^ his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince or Sta^e, and particu* larly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen or subject. OATH ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION. He must, at the time of his application to be admitted, declare on oath, before some one of the courts above specified, " that he will support the Constitution of the united States, and that he absolutely and entirely .renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, potentate, State or sovereignty, and par- ticularly, by name, to the prince, potentate. State or sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject,** which proceedings must be recorded by the clerk of the court. CONDITIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP. If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court to which the alien has applied that he has resided contina* ously within the United States for at least five years, and within the State or Territory where such court is at the time held one year at least ; and that during that time he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order andhappincse of the same,^' he will be admitted to citizenship. TITLES OF NOBILITY. li tlie applicant has borne any hereditary title or ordef 303 of nobility, he must make an express renunciation of the same at the time of his application. SOLDIERS. Any alien of the age of twenty- one years and upward, who has been in the armies of the United States and has been honorably discharged therefrom, may become a citizen on his petition, without any previous declaration of intention, provided that he has resided in the United gtates at least one year previous to his application, and is of good moral character. MINORS. Any alien under the age of twenty-one years who has resided in the United States three years next preceding his arriving at that age, and who has continued to reside thereinto the time he may make application to be admit- ted a citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one years, and after he has resided five years within the United States, including the three years of his minority, be adniitted a citizen; but he must make a declaration on oath and prove to the satisfaction of the court that for two years next preceding it has been his ^ona-fide intention to become a citizen. CHILDREN OF NATURALIZED CITIZENS. The children of persons who have been duly natural- ized, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens thereof. CITIZENS' CHILDREN WHO ARE BORN ABROAD. The children of persons who now are or have been citizens of the United States are, though born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, considered as citizens thereof PROTECTION ABROAD TO NATURALIZED CITIZENS. Section 2000 of the Revised Statutes of the United States declares that " all naturalized citizens of the United States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall receive from this Government the same protection of persons and property which is accorded to native-born citizens. 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The length of navigation ot 'JAe Mississippi river itself for ordi- nary large steamboats is about 2,161 .iiiles, but sfriall steamers can ascend about 650 miles further. The following are its principal oavigable tributaries, with the feiiles open to navigation. MtZes. Minnesota 295 Chippewa ^ 90 Iowa.... 80 Missouri 2,900 Big Horn.... 50 Allegheny 325 Muskingum 94 Kentucky 105 Wabash 365 Tennessee 270 Osage 302 White 779 Little White 48 Big Hatchie 75 Sunflower 271 Tallahatchie 175 Red 986 Cypress 44 Black 61 Bartholomew 100 Macon 60 Atchafalya 218 Lafourche 168 '■^The other navigable tributaries have less than fifty miles each ol navigation. The total miles of navigation of these fifty-five streams is about 16,500 miles, or about two-tkirds the distance around the world. The Mississippi and its tributaries may bp Animated to possess 15,550 miles navigable to steamboats, and «^aax miles navigable to bargeg. Wisconsin r*^ Rock. 64 Illinois 350 Yellowstone 474 Ohio 950 Monongahela no Kenawha 94 Green 200 Cumherland 600 Clinch 50 St. Francis 180 Black 147 Arkansas 884 Issaquena 161 Yazoo 228 Big Black 35 Cane 54 Ouachita 3S4 Boeuf 55 Tensas 112 Tcche 91 D*Arbonne 50 306 ARHY OF THE UNITED STATES. Headquarters, Washington, I>. C. Lieut. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, Commanding. ORGANIZATION. The Congress of the United States, by act of March 2, 1899, reorganized the army on the following basis : The President was authorized to maintain the regular army at a strength not exceeding 65,000 enlisted men, to be distributed among th« several branches of the service, in- cluding the Signal Corps, and to raise a force of not more than 35,000 volunteers. Under this provision the strength of the army was raised to 100,000 men. The act also provided that the increased regular and the volunteer forces should continue in service only during the necessity therefor and not later than July 1, 1901. In Feb. 1901, a new law was passed, re-organizing the army on practically the same basis as to numbers. MILITARY DIVISIONS AND DEPARTMENTS^ (UAN. 1, 1901.) Headquarters of the Army.— Commander, Lieut.- Gen. Nelson A. Miles, Washington, D. C. Division of the Philippines.— Consisting of the De- partments of Northern Luzon , Southern Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao, and Jolo comprising all the islands ceded to the United States by Spain; headquarters, Manila, P. I. Commander, Major-Gen. Arthur MacArthur. Department of Northern Luzon.— Includes all that part of the Island of Luzon north of Laguna de Bay and and the province of Laguna. the same being the provinces of Abra, Bontoc, BuUacan, Cagryan, Ilocos, Infanta, Mor- ong, Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Isabela de Luzon, Lepanto, La Union, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, all that portion of Manila north of theJPasig River, Principe, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Z am bales, and all the islands in the Philippine Archipelago north of Manila Bay and the provinces above named; headquarters, Manila, P. I. Commander, Major- Gen. Loyd Wheaton. Department of Southern Luzon.— Includes Island of Samar and all the remaining part of the Island of Luzon, the same including the following provinces: Albay, Ba- tangas, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, La La- guna, Manila south of the Pasig, and Tayabas and all islands of the Philippine Archipelago which lie south of the south line of the Department of Northern Luzon, as above described, including the Island of Polliloand north of a line passing southeastwardly through the West Pass of Apoto the twelfth parallel of north latitude; thence •asterly along said parallel to 124° 10 ' east of Greenwich, but including the entire island of Masbate; thence north- 507 erly through San Bernardino Straits; headquarters, Man- ila, P. I. Commander, Major-Gen. John C. Bates. Department of the Vis a yas.— Includes all islands (except Island of Samar) south of the southern line of the Department of Southern Luzon and east of longitude 121® 45' east of Greenwich and north of the ninth paral- lel of latitude, excepting the Island of Mindanao and all islands east of the Straits of Surigao; headquarters^ Iloilo, P. I. Commander, Brig.-Gen. Robert P. Hughes. Department of Mindanao and Jolo.— Including all the remaining islands of the Philippine Archipelago; headquarter?, Zamboanga, P. I. Commander, Brig.-Gen. William A. Kobbe. Department of Alaska,— Territory of Alaska; head- quarters, Fort St. Michael, Alaska. Commander, Brig.- Gen. George M. Randall. Department of California.— States of California and Nevada, the Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies; headquarters, San Francisco, Cal. Commander, Major- Gen. William R. Shaf ter. Department of the Colorado.— States of Wyoming, (except so much thereof as is embraced in the Yellow- stone National Park), Colorado and Utah, and the Terri- tories of Arizona and New Mexico; headquarters, Denver, Col. Commander, Brig.-Gen. Henry C. Merriam. Department of the Columbia.— States of Washing- ton, Oregon, Idaho (except so much of the latter as is em- braced in the Yellowstone National Park) : headquarters, Vancouver Barracks, Wash. Commander, Major-Gen. William R. Shaf ter. Department of Cuba.— Consisting of the provinces of the Island of Cuba: headquarters, Havana, Cuba. Com- mander, Major-Gen. Leonard Wood. Department of Dakota.— States of Minnesota, North. DaKOta, South Dakota, Montana, and so much of Wyo- ming and Idaho as is embraced in the Yellowstone Na- tional Park; headquarters, St. Paul, Minn. Commander* Brig.-Gen. James F. Wade. Department of the East.— New England States, New York. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia West Virginia. Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and District of Porto Rico, em- bracing Porto Rico and adjacent islands; headquarters. Governor's Islands, N. Y. Commander, Major-Gen. John B. Tanner. Department of the Lakes.— States of Wisconsin, Hicbigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky and Tenne- 308 see; headquarters, Chicago, 111. Commander, Major-Gea, Elwell S. Otis. Department of the Missouri.— States of Iowa, Neb- raska, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, the Indian Territory and the Territory of Oklahoma; Omaha, Neh. Commau der, Brig. -Gen. Fitzhugh Lee. Department of Texas.— State of Texas; headquarters, Sau Antonio, Tex. Commander, Col. Chambers McKib- bin. Twelfth Infantry. GENERALS AND LIEUTENANT-GENERALS OF THE ARMYa 1. George Washington: Elected General (and Com- mander-in-Chief) of the Continental Army by the Con- tinental Congress, June 15. Resigned December 23, 1783. Nominated to the Senate, July 2, and commissioned by President John Adams, July 4, 1798, to be Lieutenant- General (and Commander-in-Chief) "of all the armies raised or to be raised in the service of the United States,'* under authority conferred by an act of Congress, May 28, 1798. Washington h3ld this office till his death, Dec- ember 14, 1799. 2. Major-GeneralWinfield Scott: Commissioned Lieu- tenant-General, by brevet, March 7, 1855, to rank from March 29, 1847. Held this brevet rank on the active list to November 1, 1861, and on the retired list from that date until his death. May 27, 1866. < 3. Major-General Ulysses S. Grant: Commissioned Lieu tenant-General March 2, 1864. underact of Congress of Feb 27, 1864, reviving that grade, and commissioned General July 25, 1866, creating the grade of General. General Grant vacated as General when he assumed the office of President, March 4, 1869, He was appointed General, on the retired list, Mar. 3, 1885, and died July 23, 1885. 4. Maj.-Gen. Wm. T. Sherman: Appointed Lieut.-Gen. July 25, 1866, vice Grant, appointed General; and ap- pointed Gen. Mar. 4, 1869. in place of Grant, when the latter assumed the office of President. General Sherman held the rank of Gen. on the active list until 1884, and on the retired list until his death, Feb. 14, 1891. 5. Ma,1.-Gen. Philip H. Sheridan: Appointed Lieut.- Gen. Mar. 4, 1869, vice Sherman, appointed General. Was appointed General, June 1, 1888, and died Aug. 5, 1888. 6. Maj.-Gen John M. Schofield: Appointed Lieut.- Gen. Feb. 5, 1895, Was retired Sept. 29, 1896, and now holds the rank of Lieut.-Gen. on the retired list. 7. Maj.-Gen. NeLson A. Miles, the senior Maj-Gen., as- signed to command of the army on retirement of Gen. Schofield. The rank of Lieut.-Gen., conferred upon Gen. 309 Miles -by act of Congress of June 6, 1900, which provides: ' That the senior major-general of the line commanding the army shall have the rank, pay, and allowances of » lieutenant-gent ral. " Armories, Arsenals, Depots and Soldiers* Homes. ARMORIES, ARSENALS AND ORDNANCE DEPOTS. Allegheny Arsenal, Pa. Augusta Arsenal, Ga. Benicia Arsenal, Cal. Columbia Arsenal, Tenn. Fort Monroe Arsenal, Va. Fort Snelling Ordnance De- pot, Minn. Frankfort Arsenal, Pa. Indianapolis Arsenal, Ind. Kennebec Arsenal, Me. National Armory, Mass. New York Arsenal, N. Y. Omaha Ordnance Depot. Rock Island Arsenal, 111. St.Louis Powder Depot, Mo. San Antonio Arsenal, Tex. U. S. Powder Depot, N. J. Vancouver Barracks Ord- nance Depot, Wash. Watertown Arsenal, Mass. Watervliet Arsenal, N. Y. UNITED STATES ARflY RECRUITING REQUIREMENTS. Applicants for first enlistment must be between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five years, of good character and habits, able-bodied, free from disease, and must be able to speak, read, and write the English language. No person under eighteen years of age will be enlisted or re-enlisted, and minors between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one years must not be enlisted without the written consent of father, only surviving parent, or legal- ly appointed guardian. Original enlistments will be confined 'to persons who are citizens of the United States, or who have made legal dechiration of their intention to become citizens thereof. Married men will be enlisted only upon the approval of a regimental commander. Applicants will be required to satisfy the recruiting of- ficer regarding age and character, and should be pre- pared to furnish the necessary evidence. ' For infantry and heavy artillery the height must be not less than five feet four inches, and weight not less than one hundred and twenty pounds (120) pounds and not more than one hundred and ninety (190) pounds. For cavalry and light artillery the height must be not less than five feet four inches and not more than five feet ten inches, and weight not to exceed one hundred and sixty-five (165) pounds. No minimum weight is pre- scribed for these arms, but the chest measures must b« satisfiictory. 310 RECRUITING DEPOTS. Columbus Barra<;ks, Ohio; David's Island, N. Y. ; Jefferson Bar- racks, Mo., and 44 Kceruiting Rendezvous all over the country. NATIONAL HOxME FOR DISABLED VOLUNTEER SOLDIERS. The National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers comprises seven branches. Eastern Branch. — National Home, Togus, Me. Southern Branch. — National Soldiers' Home, Elizabeth City- County, Va. Central Branch.— National Military Home, Montgomery County, Ohio. Northwestern Branch.— National Home, Milwaukee County, Wis. Marion Branch.— National Military Home, Grant County, Ind. Western Branch. — National Military Home, Leavenworth County, Kan. Pacific Branch.— Soldiers' Home, Los Angeles County, Cal. Agency In Washington, D C. STATE HOMES. Vermont Soldiers' Home, Bennington, Vt. National Soldiers' Home, Quincy. Mass. Soldiers' Home in Massachussetts, Chelsea, Mass. Fitch's Home tor the Soldiers, and Soldiers' Hospital of Connecti- cut, Noroton Heights, Conn. New York State Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Bath, N. Y. New Jersey Home for Disabled Soldiers, Kearny, N. J. Pennsylvania Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers and Sailors, Erie, Pa. Michigan Soldiers' Home, Grand Rapids, Mich. Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Sandusky. Ohio. Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy, 111. Wisconsin Veterans' Home. Waupaca, Wis. Minnesota State Soldiers' Home, Minnehaha, Minn, Iowa Soldiers' Home, Maishalltown, Iowa. Nebraska Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Grand Island, Neb. Kansas State Soldiers' Home, Dodge City, Kans, California Veterans' Home, Yountville, Cal. South Dakota Soldiers' Home, Hot Springs, S. Dak. Colorado Soldieis' and Sailors* Home, Monte Vista, Colo. New Hampshire Soldiers' Home, Tilton, N. H. The word "news " was not. as many suppose, derived from the adjective new, but from the fact that many- years ago it was customary to put at the head of the periodical publications of the day the initial letters of the compass, thus: N S Signifying that the matter contained therein was from the four quarters of the globe, From these letters came the word "news." Workshop Rules and Receipts. Moisture-Proof Glue.— One pound glue, melted in two parts skim-milk. To Remove Rust from Steel. — Brush the rusted steel with a paste composed of % oz. cyanide potassium, ^ oz. castiie soap, i oz. whiting, and enough water to make a paste. Then wash the steel in a solution of ^ oz. cyanide potassium in 2 oz. water. To Test Quality of Iron. — A soft, tough iron is indicated by the fracture giving long, silky fibers of a gray- ish hue, the fibers cohering and twisting together before breaking. Badly refined iron is indicated by shorty blackish fiber. Good iron is indicated' by a medium, even grain, mixed with fibers. Brittle Iron is indicatea by coarse grain, with brilliant crystallized fracture, brown or yellow spots. It works easily when heated, and welds easily. Hot Shot Iron is indicated by cracks on tlie edge of bars. Good iron heats readily, throws Tew sparks, and is soft when hammered. Marine Glue. — One part India rubber, twelve parts mineral naphtha. Mix, heat gently, and add twenty parts of shellac, powdered fine. Cool on a slab. Heat to 250 degrees when wanted for use. Parting Sand.— Burnt sand, scraped from the sur- iace of castings. Loam. — Mixture of brick, clay and old foundry sand. Blackening for Molds.— Charcoal powder, or, in ome instances, fine coal dust. Black Wash.— Charcoal, plumbago and size. Mixture for Welding Steel.— i sal ammoniac, 10 borax, pounded together, and fused until clear, when it is poured out, and, after cooling, reduced to powder. Notes on Working of Steel. 1. Good, soft heat is safe to use if steel be immediately and thoroughly worked. It is a fact that good steel will endure more pounding than any iro»^. 2. If steel be left long in the fire, it will lose its steely nature and grain, and partake of the nature of cast iron. Steel should never be kept hot any longer than is necessary to the work to be done. 3. Steel is entirely mercurial under the action of heat, and a careful study of the tables will show that there must, of necessity, be an injurious internal strain created whenever two or more parte of the same piece arq subjected to different temperatures. 4. It follows, that when steel has been subjected to heat no! absolutely uniform over the whole mass, careful annealing should be resorted to. 5. As the change of volume due to a degree of heat increases directly and rapidly with the quantity of carbon present, there- fore high steel is more liable to dangerous internal strains than low steel, and great care should be exercised in the use of high steel. 6. Hot steel should always be put in a perfectly dry place, of even temperature, while cooling. A wet place in the floor might be sufficient to cause serious injury. 7. Never let any one fool you with the statement that his steel possesses a peculiar property which enables it to be " restored ** after being " burned ; " no more should you waste any money on nostrams for restoring burnt steel. We have shown how to restore " overheated " steeL For " burned " steel, which is oxidized steel, there is only one way of restoration, and that is, through the knobbling fire or the blast furnace. ** Overheating " and " restoring ' should only be allowable foi purposes of experiment. The process is o:ie of disintegration, and is always injurious. 8. Be careful not to overdo the annealing process ; if carried too far it does great harm, and it is one of the commonest modes of destruction which the steel-maker meets m his daily troubles. 313 It Is hard to induce the average worker in steel to believe that very little annealing is necessary, and that very little is really more efficacious than a great deal. The mean strength of American wrought iron is 45,900 lbs.; English 43,900. Ultimate extension of wrought iron is 600th part of its length. The working strain is from 1-6 to the mean strength. Resistance to flexure, acting evenly over the surface, equals one-half the tensile strength. Bars of wrought iron will expand or contract 151200th of their length for each degree of heat. With range of temperature of this country (=20 to -}- i2o°)c=i4o^, wiU expand or contract io8oth part of its length, equal to a force of 20, 74:^ lbs. , or 9^ tons per square inch of section. Tensile strength increases, in from i to 6 reheatings- and rollings, from 43,904 lbs* to 60,824 lbs. ; in from 6 to 12, is reduced again to 43,904. Capacity of Cisterns. For each ten inches in depth. Twenty-five feet in diameter holds 3>o59 gallons Twenty feet in diameter holds i>958 gallons Fifteen feet in diameter holds 1,101 gallons Fourteen feet in diameter holds 959 gallons Thirteen feet in diameter holds. „ 827 gallons Twelve feet in diameter holds 705 gallons Eleven feet in diameter holds 592 gallons Ten feet in diameter holds » 489 gallons Nine feet in diameter holds 396 gallons Eight feet in diameter holds 313 gallons Seven feet in diameter holds 239 gallons Six and one-half feet in diameter holds 206 gallons Six feet in diameter holds 176 gallons Five feet in diameter holds 122 gallons Four and one half feet in diameter holds 99 gallons Four feet in diameter holds 78 gallons Three feet in diameter holds 44 gallons Two and one-half feet in diameter holds . gallons Two feet in diameter holds ig gallons 314 AFRICAN EXPLORATIONS. The return of Henry M. Stanley from the rescue of Emin Pasha, during the summer of 1890, has excited a good deal of interest in the country, especially so since last year about 6,000,000 square miles of African territory has been taken and divided amone the nations of Europe. The object of Mr. Stanley's last trip through Africa was for the relief of Emin Pasha, who had been appointed governor of Equatoria by Gen. Gordon previous to his own fall in Khartoum. This was in 1878. Eii.m at once entered upon his duties, which iiivolved him in constant warfare with the Arab slave traders and the Mahdi. Up to 1886 he was entirely cut off from the outside world and nothing could be heard of him. It was known that he had ten fortified stations on the Nile and 1,500 soldiers. Dr. Junker, the Russian explorer, left Emin Jan. 1, 1886, and after Hiany dangers reached Europe. His account of the perilous posi- tion of Emin created a profound impression in Europe and plans were formed to rescue him. Money was raised and the relief expedition was placed under the command of Mr. Stanley. He left London for Zanzibar Feb. 3, 1887, which he reached on the 21st and started at once for the mouth of the Congo, arriving there March 18, 1887. The next day he started up the Congo river and on the 28th of June reached the Aruwimi river, which is about one hundred miles north of the equator and about two- fifths of the way across, near longitude 25 east from Green- wich. From this point Stanley started across an unknown V7ilderness with 389 officers and men. Of the indescribably horrors encountered in fights with the natives, sickness and death of his men, hunger and sufferings of every conceivable kind, there is not space to speak. It was not until the last of February, 1889, that Stanley met Emin. To his dismay he found Emin not willing to leave the country, although be was a prisoner. At last, being influenced by the offer of a commis- Blon from the king of Belgium, he decided to unite his forces with those of Stanley and go to Bagamoyo on the Indian ocean, where they arrived Dec. 4, 1889. The distance to the mouth of the Congo was about six thousand miles and the time occupied in the journey was nearly three years. QUEEN VICTORIA. Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India (in India, Kai- sar-i-Hind), 24th May, 1810, daughter of the Duke of Kent, fourth son of King George III. (died Jan. 23, 1820); succeeded to the throne 20th June, 1837, on the death of her uncle, King William IV.; crowned 28th June, 1838; and married, 10th February, 1840, to his« late Royal Highness Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel, Prlnce Consort, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Cobnrg and Gotha {horn 26th August, 1819, died 14th December, 1861). Her Majesty died at Osborne, Isle of Wight. Jan. 22, 1901. She had issue: 1. Victoria, Em- press Frederick of Germany, born 1840 (6 children liv- ing). 2. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, now King- Emperor Edward VII., born Nov. 9, 1841, married to Alexandra, Princess of Denmark (now Queen Alexandra), ;3orn Dec. 1, 1844 (5 children living). 3. Alice, Grand. Duchess of Hess, born 1846, died 1862 (5 children living). 4. Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, later of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha, born 1844, died 1900 (5 children). 5. Hel- ena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holsiein, born 1846 (5 children). 6. Louise, Duchess of Argyle, Mar- chioness of Lome, born 1848. 7. Arthur, Duke of Con- naught, born 1850 (3 children). 8. Leopold, Duke of Albany, born 1853, died 1884 (2 children). 9. Beatrice, Pi incess of Battenberg, born 1857 (4 children). During her reign of 64 years. Queen Victoria excited a wholesome injfiuence on English politics, never o])posing the strong wave of reform that transformed her king- dom from 1838 to 1901, granting political rights to cath- olics and Jews, extending the franchise to millions of non-electors, and allowing the A.nglican Church to lose lis supremacy in Ireland. Under her reign ihe United Kingd'^>m extended its power in all directions, especially Asia, Australia and Africa. She preserved peace with the great powers, except during the Crimean war (1854- 56). when her troops, allied to France s, triumphed over Russia. The Queen's sympathies were openly in favor f the SouLh, during the American war of rebellion, and prevented the recognition by England of the Southern Confederacy. During her reign Europe was greatly transformed. Prance became a settled republic, Germany a united empire, Italy a united kingdom. The Dominions of Canada and Australasia were organized, the latter but a short time before the venerable old sovereign's death. 316 RELIGIOUS STATISTICS. NUMBERS IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO CREEDS. Christianity 477,080,1 58 Buddhism 147,900,000 Mohammedanism 176,834.1^72 Brahmanism 190,000,000 Confucianism 256,000,000 Shintoism 14,000.000 Judaism 7,186,000 Fetisliism and all others 117,681,690 ENGLISH-SPEAKING RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES OF THE WORLD. Epi^c•upalians 29,200,000 Methodists of all descriptions 18.650.000 Roman Catholics 15.500,000 I^resbyterians of all descripiions 12,250.000 Baptists of all descriptions 9.280 000 Congreg-ationalists 6.150.000 Free Thinkers 5 250.000 Lutherans, etc 2.800.000 Unitarians 2,600 000 Minoi- Religious Sects . ■ 5.500.000 Of no particular Religion 17,000,000 English-speaking Population 124,130,000 PERPETUAL MOTION. Perpetual motion is a movement which is not only self -active but also self -creative. A machine which when set in motion would continue to move without the aid of external force and without the loss of momentum, until its parts were all worn out, might be said to have solved the perpetual motion problem. But even more is ex- pected of this invention should it ever become practica- ble, that it shall go on doing work without drawing on any external source of energy, or shall by its movement continually create power. The impossibility of con- structing such a machine has long been demonstrated, but still ignorant and ambitious inventors continue to try for it, As early as the year 1775. the Parisian Academy of Sciences refused to receive any further schemes for perpetual motion, regarding it as an im- possibility. There was a time when the perpetual motion problem was worthy the aitention of a philosopher, just as there was a time when a man might have been justi- fied in doubting whether the earth was a globe. EUROPE. Europe is a peninsula, projecting from Af ia. It is situated In the same latitude as the United States and the Dominion of Canada. The ex Ireme length of Europe from northeast to southwest is about 3,500 miles. The population is about six times that of th^ United States. Its water boundary, if a continuous line, would reach four-fi/! 4^ of the way around the world. The British Isles are separated from the continent by the 3^ortb Sea, which has an average depth of about 600 feet. There i? much evidence to show that they were formerly a part of the main* land. In relative extent of coast Europe surpasses all oth«>r countries. It is partly to the great number of indentations of the coast that Europe owes its commercial supremacy. The islands of Europe constitute about one-taventieth of its area. The greater part of the continent is low and level. Russia and all the territory bordering on the North and Baltic seas constitute a vast plain, called Low Europe. The basin of the Caspian Sea and much of the Netherlands are below the sea-level. A high plateau, extending along the southern part of the conti- nent, is known as High Europe. This plateau is surrounded by the irregular and broken mountain ranges which constitute the Alpine System, the main axis of the continent. The Alps are the highest range. The other principal ranges are the Pyrenees, Apennines, Balkan, Carpathian and Caucasus mountains. ^ The Alps have long been celebrated for the number and extent of their glaciers, among which are the sources of the Rhine, Rhoae, Po and several tributaries of the Danube. The chief lake region of Europe is in Northwestern Russia. Lake Ladoga is the largest lake. , The lakes in Switzerland, especially Geneva and Constance, arc celebrated for their beautiful scenery. There are many salt lakes in Russia, most of which are situated in the basin of the Caspian Sea. Most of the rivers of Western Europe are connected with one another by canals, and are navigable. Climate.— Europe enjoys a more equable climate than any other country situated in corresponding latitudes. Its mildness is due, chiefly, to the southwesterly winds, which are warmed by the water of the Gulf Stream. Rain is most abundant on the western coasts. The tundras, or frozen marshes of the Arctic Slope, are covered with mosses and willows. South of this region is a belt of dense forest, chiefly of pine, oak, elm and ash. Grains, hemp, flax and tobacco are cultivated in the central regions. The cultivatioa of the grape, olive, orange, lemon, ng, mulberry and cotton is confined, chiefly, to the Mediterraneaa CoftSL 3i8 Most of the wild animals have disappeared. The reindeer, white bear and other animals valuable for their furs are, however, found In the more thinly settled regions; the wolf and wild boar are common in the forests, and the chamois and ibex inhabit the Alpine heights. Water fowl are numerous. The sardine, herring, pilchard, anchovy and other fish suitable for food abound in the surrounding waters. Minerals. — Coal, iron and copper are very widely distributed. Silver, zinc and lead are plentiful in the central highlands. Quicksilver, niter, sulphur and salt in volcanic regions. Coral of great beauty and value is obtained in the Mediterranean Sea. People. — The inhabitants of Europe, numbering about 330,000,- 000, belong to the Caucasian and Mongolian races. ASIA. Asia, the largest country in the world, occupies the eastern part of the Eastern Continent. It contains about one-third of the land surface of the earth — is twice as large as North America, and nearly five times the size 0/ the United States. Its greatest length is 7,500 miles, nearly one- third the circumference of the earth. The islands of Asia are a partly submerged mountain chain. All of them volcanic The northwestern Asia is a continuous plain; the southeastern, an elevated plateau traversed by high mountains. The line oi greatest length is also the line which separates the highlands from the lowlands. From the Hindoo Koosh, the mountain ranges of Asia radiate toward the east. The Himalaya Mountains are the highest in the world. The summit of Mt. Everest is over 29,000 feet above the sea-level, being inore than 6,goo feet higher than the highest peak of the American continent. The Caspian Sea ^nd the Sea of Aral are thought to have been formerly arms of the ocean. Both are salt lakes. The former is below the sea-level. Lake Baikal is the largest body of fresh water in Asia and is about as large as Lake Erie. The rivers of Asia, though of great length, are distinguished by narrow valleys, rather than large basins. Most of them rise in the central highlands, from which they radiate in three directions, — north, east, and south, and mingle their waters with those of three oceans. The Yang-tse and Hoang rivers are subject to great changes, brought about by the shifting of their channels. In 1851, the Hoang Ho burst through its banks and poured its waters into the Gulf oi Pecheelee, and within two years its lower course had so changed that theAiouth of the river had shifted 250 miles from its former position. < Central Hindoostanis often called the Plateau of the Deccan. The Obi is the only river navigable to any considerable distance. 3^9 The river valleys and the plains which are well watered are extremely fertile. The high, central region and the western pla- teaus are dry, sandy, and barren. Every degree of temperature and moisture maybe found in Asiia, froni that of the frozen tundras of Siberia, to that of the not, pesti- lential ju-nglesof India. The deserts of Arabia, Persia, Turkestan and Gobi receive little or no rain, while the southern slope of the Himalaya is annually inundated. Siberia is swept by icy winds from the Arctic Ocean; Arabia, by the hot and fatal simoom. India is traversed by winds which scorch the entire surface for half the year, and flood it with rain the remaining part. Destructive cyclones often visit the coast, frequently piling up the waters of the Bay of Bengal until the lowlands of the Ganges are submerged. Southern Asia is covered with a dense tropical vegetation. The palm, bamboo, and banyan tree are abundant Rice, cotton, sugar-cane, flax, jute, hemp, poppy, and the spices, are the prin- cipal plants cultivated in the plains and valleys of Southern Asia. Central Asia produces the plants which thrive best in the tem- perate zones. Vast forests of pine, larch, teak, maple and birch are on the upland terraces of Siberia. The chief cultivated plants of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Asia are wheat, tea and rice. Western Asia produces the famous Mocha coffee, tobacco, the fig, date and olive. Nearly all the domestic animals of the earth are found in Asia, and most of them are native to it. The camel and elephant are used as beasts of burden. Southern Asia abounds in fierce animals and dangerous reptiles. The largest animals are the elephant, rhinoceros, tapir, lion, tiger, hyena, and jackal. The reptiles include the crocodile, python and cobra de capello. Monkeys and beautiful birds are numerous. In the colder regions the bear, wolf, fox, buflalo and several species of wild cattle are common. Also many kinds of deer. Gold and platinum are widely diffused throughout the Ural Mountains and the central plateaus. Silver is rained in Siberia. Copper and iron are abundant and widely distributed. Tin is abundant in the Malay Peninsula and the Island of Banca, near Sumatra. Petroleum is found in the basin of the Caspian Sea. ' Asia has always been famous for precious stones. Most of the large and valuable diamonds, sapphires, rubies, and emeralds are from the mines oT India, The finest pearls are obtained in the Persian Gulf and in the «vater along the coasts of Ceylon. Asia is probably the birthplace of tho human race. The strong- est evidences of history and science point to the highlands of Asia as the birthplace of man. Somewhere in the valleys of Persia, the old name of which was Arya, there lived a people who built house?, cultivated the soil and had forms of government. 320 They believed u. an Omipotep*^ Being and also a spirit of evil, ^ully one-haii* the inhabitants of the earth live in China and India. Siberia, Russian Turkestan and Trancaucasia are siib- fect to Russia, whose capital is St. Petersburgh. Siberia maybe divided into three belts; agricultural and grazing land in the South; forests in the middle; and frozen marshes in the North. Gold, silver, copper and other metals are mined in the moun- ^ins; and numerous wild animals are hunted for their iurs. Trade is carried on by means of caravans and camel trains. In summer boats navigate the rivers, and in winter sledges are ' ' awn on the ice and snow by dogs, horses and reindeer. The chief cities are Tiflis in Transcaucasia, west of the Caspian ■ea; Tashkend, in Russian Turkestan; Omsk, in Western Siberia; and Irkootsk, in Eastern Siberia, Yakootsk, on the Lena River is said to be the coldest city in the world. The Chinese Empire is larger by one-half than the United States and con tain 5, about six times as many inhabitants. China contains the greater part of the population. The laad is fertile and well cultivated, agriculture being the chief occupation of the people. Rivers and canals are numerous; much traveling is done in boats. Thousands of the inhabitants of China have their houses and gardens on rafts and boats which float on the rivers. These people live by gardening and fishing. In their floating houses their children are born, are married and die. A young child falling overboard there is kept from drowning by means og an empty gourd which its mother had tied between its shoulders. The food of the Chinese consists, principally, of rice and fish„ The leading exports from China are tea, silk, porcelain and giottery. Its trade is carried on, mainly, with Great Britain, Australia and the United States, by means of ships, and with Russia by means of caravans. Many of the inhabitants of the other divisions of the empire are wandering tribes, whose occupation is the raising of horses, sheep and goats. Pekin, the capital of the Chin<:se Empire, is noted for its sur- rounding walls, magnificent gates and heathen temples. Its houses are only one or two stories high. Its population is greater than that of New York City. Thibet is situated on a high plateau, surrounded by the highest mountains in the world. Corea is a kingdom. It was, until recently, under the control of the Chinese government. The Empire of Japan consists of islands, which contain mountains, streams, forests, and a well cultivated soil. Japan contains beautiful lakes, rivers, water-falls, trees, and flowers of reat variety; bears, deer, wolves, and foxes; pheasants and other irds. The celebrated mountain in Japan is Fujiyama, whose ^uitimit is covered with snow nearly all the year. In summer bands of pilgrims dressed ui wiiUe travel to its saiii.niit to worship adols there. The principal occupations of the Japanese are agriculture, manu- facturing and mining. Its exports comprise tea, rice, silks, porcelain, fans and lac- quered ware. Tokio, the capital, is the residence of the emperor, called the mikado. Its chief port is Yokahama. . India is larger than all the Pacific States and Territories, and contains about four times as many inhabitants as the United States. The Empire of India is ruled by the Governor-General, wlio is appointed by Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India. Next to the Chinese Empire it is the most populous iii the world. India was settled by the Aryans, about 1400 B. C. They were Brahmins, but unlike the Brahmins of the present time in their religious teaching and practices. Their lan- guage was the Sanskrit. The people are divided into castes. They believe in the transmigration of souls. Gautama or Buddha, about 500 B. C, introduced a form of religion which, after a long struggle with Brahmanism, was overcome in India and transplanted in China, where it has degenerated into a debasing form of idolatry. Queen Elizabeth chartered die East India Company in 1600 A. D, The vast empire, which haa grown by its conquests, was trans* ferred to the British Crown in 1858. Nearly the whole of India is subject to Great Britain, either absolutely or as tributary states. India is remarkable for its high, snow-covered peaks, hot climate and large population. Its low plains in the north are the most fertile in the world. The west and south contain desert tracts. Agriculture and stock-raising are the principal industries. The exports are cotton, opium, rice, wheat and jute. Cattle, camels, buffalos, sheep and goats are numerous.^ The inhabitants subsist, principally, upon rice, fish and tea. Calcutta is the capital and the largest city in India, and the ■ most important city in Asia. Bombay, on the western coast, and Madras, on the eastern, are important cities. Ceylon is a mountainous island, belonging to Great Britain. I4 is famous for coffee and spices. Pearl oysters abound on the southern coast, and the fishery is often very profitable. Farther India or Indo-China, forming the southeastern peninsula of Asia, comprises the kingdoms of Bunnah, Siam and Anam, Lower Cochin China, Cambodia and the Malay Peninsula. This division of Asia is remarkable for its long mountain^ ranges and fertile valleys, its hot, moist climate* and its dense forests and jungles. v ^ It contains large, savage animals, and many tribes of people scarcely removed from barbarism. , The chief occupation of the inhabitants is the cultivai^'an of rioa^ which is their principal article of food. Bangkok, the capita! of Sianl, is the largest city in Farther India. It contains royal palaces and many pagodas. These are surrounded by bamboo houses built on piles. Mandalay is the capital of Burmah. Saigon is a sea-port of French Cochin China. Singapore, on the Island of Singapore, is a sea-port belonging to Great Britain. Persia, Afghanistaiit Beloochistan and Bokhara are remarkable for their desert tracts, forest-covered mountains and fertile river valleys. The principal products are grain, fruits, sugar, indigo and dates. Many of the inhabitants own large flocks of goats and sheep, while others are engaged in the manufacture of silk goods, shawls, rugs and perfumery, or in the caravan trade. There are, also, many roving, warlike tribes. Nearly all are Mohammedans. Persia is remarkable for extensive salt deserts. Near the Cas- pian vSea, however, vegetation is luxuriant. Here, as in other Mohammedan countries, education is confined to learning portions of the Koran and scraps of poetry. The Persians are a slow, easy- going people, hospitable, generous, but procrastinating. These countries are important because of their situation between Russia and the Indian Ocean. Afghanistan has been called the "gateway to India." Teheran, the capital of Persia, and Tabriz, are the chief cities. Cabul, Herat and Candahar are the principal cities in Afghan- istan. Arabia is chiefly a hot, desert plateau, with oases of different sizes, in which dates, grapes, tamarinds and other fruits grow. It has no general government, the inhabitants being ruled by sheiks or chiefs. The rulers are called Sultans. Arabia is celebrated for fine dromedaries and horses, and excel- lent coftee. Muscat, the capital ofl.Oman, is the largest city in Arabia, and ^e chief sea-port. Aden is a fortified sea-port belonging to Great Britain. Mecca, the birthplace of Mohammed, is visited by many Mo- hammedan pilgrims every year. It is said to be the hottest city in ':he world- Turkey in Asia is a part of the Ottoman, or Turkish Empire, who«e capital is Constantinople. Its northern part is remarkable for forests, mountains and fertile valle} s. Its eastern part for the fertile plains of the Tigris and JEuph rates, and its southern for a desert region. Trc.pical fruits, cotton, grain and tobacco grow abundantly. The people are-chiefly Turks and Aiabs, professing the Moham* medan religion. Smyrna, an important commercial port and steamer station, is the largest city. Damascus is the oldest city in the world. It contains gruad old 323 mosques, and is the center of the caravan trade, Itr. manufactures comprise saddles and silk goods. Palestine, or the Holy Land, is mentioned in Scripture as the Promised Land of the Ancient Hebrews, and the birthplace o£ Christianity, It contains the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem, the Valley of the Jordan, the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee. AFRICA. Africa, the south-western continent of the Old World, is the only country stretching entirely across the Torrid Zone, It is a peninsula, joined to Asia by the Isthmus of Suez. The ship-canal, cor^structed across the isthmus, makes it, artificially, an island. The shortest distance across the Isthmus of Suez is about seventy-two miles; the line of the canal is one hundred miles. The average height of the isthmus above sea-level is scarcely ten feet. The Suez Canal was completed in 1869. It has a depth of twenty- four feet, and a clear channel seventy-two feet in width. By con- necting the Red sea with the Mediterranean, this canal furnishes a shorter route between European ports and India, than that around the Cape of Good Hope. It extends from Port Said, on the Medi- terranean, to Suez, a sea-port town near the head of the Gulf of Suez. Africa is the second country in size. Its length and breadth are each about 5,000 miles. The coast is unbroken by bays and inlets such as make secure harbors for vessels. In proportion to its size, it has the shortest coast-line. There are many continental islands lying along the coast of Africa. Madagascar, the largest, is separated from the continent by a very shallow channel. The interior of Africa is a plateau, which is highest in the south and south east. This, in most parts, is bordered by mountains, between which and the sea is a low and narrow strip of coast. The average elevation of the high plateau is about 5,000 feet; and of the northern region, about 1,500 feet. The principal mountain system extends along the eastern side of the continent. Mount Kenia, the highest peak, is about 20,000 feet above the level of the sea,. The Great Sahara Desert has an undulating surface, and id covered mostly with shifting sand and gravel. A small portion, south of Barca, is below the sea-level. Oases, watered by springs and covered with groves of date-palm- trees, are met with in different parts of the desert. vSoudan, situated south of the Great Desert, is a region remark- able for its extreme heat and excessive rains and droughts. C<9itral Africa, or the region crossed by the Equator, is remarkable for its fertility; and, owing to its great height above the sea-level, its climate is mild and healthful. This region is drained by many large rivers. .]24 Southern AfWca is mountainous, but it contains roany fertile ▼alleys and plains well adapted to agriculture and stock-raising. The Kalahari Desert, though destitute of streams, is covered • mining a great part of the year with grass. The lakes of Africa confined chiefly to the high, equatorial region, and are remark- able ^or their number and size. Lake Victoria is the largest lake in the world. Its cutlet is the Nile river. The i 'ver Nile flows through the most important part of Africa. Its lower ourse is in a region almost rainless, and for more than 1,500 niilt^: t does not receive a single tributary. It is fed by the annual rains and the melting snows of the high mountains. The water 01 the Nile is highest from May till September, when the lower valle> is covered with a fine, rich soil, brought down by the flood; and J-h seeds which are scattered over the water, as it subsides, bring for h abundant crops of grain. Cotton, also, is an important product o 'the Nile Valley. The Congo, first xplored by Livingstone, and afterward by Stanley, drains the mo. t fertile part of the continent. Us source is in the region of heavy ra ns. The region of greatest K -"at is in the Egyptian Soudan. There the midday temperature dv -ing the summer months is often 140 deg. Fahr., while the nights i-e sometimes so cold that ice forms. In the desert, hot winds, kn oil, and reindeer skins. The Deople comprise a few Danes and a number of Esquimaiss tribes. Iceland, which is about half the size of Kansas, is noted for* volcanoes, geysers, glaciers, and lava fields. Its southern part has a milder climate than its northern, and contains all the settle- ments. The Icelanders are generally educated. Their trade is earned- on with Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. Their capitals Reikiavilc, contains a A)llege, 33a THE UNITED STATES. A Republic, it is the middle division of North America. Alaska, a territory occupying the northwestern part of North America, is partly in the North Temperate Zone and partly in the North Frigid Zone. It was purchased from Russia by the United States. Ex- tends from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west, from the Dominion of Canada on the north to the repub- lic of Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. The distance across the United States from east to west through the center, is about 2,600 miles, and from north to south about 1,600 miles. The shortest distance between the Dominion of Canada and the Gulf of Mexico is about 800 miles. The high mountains and plateaus of the United States are in the western part. There the mining of gold and silver, and the raising of cattle and sheep, constitute the leading occupations of the people. The plains, prairies, slopes and lowlands extending from the fP'eat highland region eastward to the Atlantic Ocean, are remark- able for their fertile soil, which produces immense crops of grain, cotton, fruits and vegetables. The valleys of the Pacific Slope are noted for their mild, genial climate and their great yield of wheat, fruits and vegetables. Coal and iron are mined extensively in various parts of the United States. The variety and importance of the products and industries of this country are due principally to its vast extent of territory and its great diversity of soil, elevation and climate. Its increase in population,- wealth and power is unsurpassed. A century ago there were but thirteen states, containing less than 4,000,000 inhabitants. Now there are forty-five states, six ter- Titories, and the District of Columbia, with a total population of more than 70,000,000. A territory is under control of tbe Gen- •eral Government of the United States, until it is admitted into the Union as a state by Congress. The original thirteen states were Wew Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The first states admitted after them were Kentucky, Vermont, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana and Mississippi, ^ The first colonies in the region now called the United States were established by the English, in Virginia, in 1607; by the Dutch, in New York, in 1613 ; and by the Pilgrims, in Massachu- setts, in 1620, All were subject to Great Britain from 1664 to 1776, when the tiiirteen colonies declared themselves free and independent states. £acb state has its own constitution, laws, legislature, and gov- ernor, while all the states are united under the constitution and laws of the United States. A state is entitled to be represented in the United States Senate by two senators, and in the House ol Representatives by one member for every 154,325 inhabitant*. 333 Every state is entitled to, at least, one member. A territory may- send a delegate to the House but he has no vote, There are at present 76 senators and 325 members of the House of Representa- tives. Th-e states which have the largest representation in the House are New York 34 members, Pennsylvania 28, Ohio 21, and Illinois 20. The states and territories of the United States have legislatures consisting of two houses similar to those of Congress, elected by the people. They are divided into counties, which are, in some cases, subdivided into townships. The divisions of Louisi- ana corresponding to counties are called parishes. The hrghest officials in a state are the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney-General, and Superintendent of Schools. Towns and villages are collections of houses and inhabitants. Cities have certain rights and privileges not possessed by towns and villages. The atfairs of a city are usually controlled by its mayor and aldermen. A county scat is the chief town in which the official business of the county is conducted. The general government comprises three departments, the legis- lative, the j udicial and the executive. It has control of all matters pertaining to commerce and treaties with foreign countries, the army and navy, the declaration ot war, the post-offices, and the coining of money. The legislative power is vested in Congress, which consists of the St nate, (composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the state legislature, for six years. The Vice-president of the United States is the president of the Senate) and House of Repre- sentatives. Congress holds its sessions in Washington. The session of Congress begins on the first Moaday in December of each year. A law cannot take effect unless passed by both the Senate and the House of Representatives, and approved by the President. If, however, he disapprove a measure which has been passed by both houses of Congress, it may become a law on being repassed bv two-thirds of each house. The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, which interprets the laws. The Supreme Court consists of a chief-justice and eight associate justices, all appointed for life by the president with the consent of the Senate. - The executive power is vested in the President, whose duty is to execute or enforce the laws. He is elected for four years. The President and Vice-President are elected by a number of electors, called the electoral college, chosen by the people of the states, or their legislatures. Each state is entitled to a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which it is entitled in Congress. In case of a vacancy in the office of President, it shalLbe filled by the Vice-President. If there be no Vice-President, tn6 law of 1886 vests the succession in those mem- bers of the cabinet who are constitutionally eligible, in the following order : Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary a, celebrated for its forests of ebony, mahogany and rosewood, commenced an open revolt agamsi its , Spanish oppressors early in 1895. American sympathy with the Cubans, and the blowing up of the Maine, Feb. Id, 1898, led to Spanish-American war, which freed Cuba. The Island of Hayti comprises two independent republics, Hayti and Santo Domingo. The people and then rulers are N^cfifroes Port au Prince is the capital of Hayti; and Santo Dommgo ol Santo Domingo. Jamaica yields allspice, in addition to the products which are similar to those of the other islands. Rum is the prmcipal export. Turtle-fishing is important. Kingston is the capital. Porto Rico ceded to United States, 1898. The L.esser Antilles extend from Porto Rico to the mouth ol l2te Orinoco River. 338 SOUTH AMERICA. Sontll America was discovered by Columbus in 1498, near the mouth of the Orinoco. The early Spanish discoverers found an Indian village near Lake Maracaybo, built over the water on piles. As it reminded them of Venice, they called it Venezuela, which means Little Venice. Balboa, in 1513, crossed the Isthmus, and was the fir&t man who saw the Pacific Ocean from the coast of the Western Continent; but, iong years before this, the ancient Peruvians had lived there. They had built strong cities, fine temples, great aqueducts, and splendid roads and bridges, ruins of which still remain. Peru was invaded by the Spaniards, under Pizarro, who cruelly treated the natives, destroying their cities and plundering their temples. South America was thus conquered and settled by Spaniards^ except Brazil, which was settled by Portugese, and Guiana, which "was settled by British, Dutch and French. About 300 years afterward the people of the countries of South America (except Guiana) declared themselves independent of Spain and Portugal. Simon Bolivar was the most distinguished general and patriot of South America. He was called the " Liberator," also the •* Washington of South America." South America is the Southern part of the Western Continent Its area is nearly twice that of the United States. In shape it Is a triangle, which tapers to a point toward the south. The coast line has but few indentations. Like North America it has mountain ranges in the west and €ast and a vast plain in the center. The Andean Plateau, the main axis of the continent, extends along the entire western coast. It supports parallel ranges, which constitute the Andean System. Its high peaks are always cov- ered with snow. The highest measured peak is Mount Aconca- gua, which is about 24,000 feet in height. The most celebrated volcano is Cotapaxi. The plains of South America cover about one-half its area. The llanos of the Orinoco are treeless plains. During the rainy season they become a vast inland sea. With the disappearance of the water comes a profusion of tropical vegetation, which quickly withers under the intense heat of the sun. The largest lakes in South America are Maracaybo and Titicaca. The latter is 12,000 feet above the sea-level. The Amazon is the largest and one of the longest rivers in the world. Its course is nearly along thi Equator. Its highest source is within 70 miles of the Pacific Oce'*r. At its mouth the river is nearly 200 miles wide. Its current . i.nd the freshness of its water are perceptible 200 miles out at sea. The soil is fertile in nearly all parts jf the continent. The south' €rn part, however, is barren, rocky and desolate. The climate along the sea-coast is generally warm, except in thfc south. In the interior of the lowland plains, the heat is almost Oilolerable. 339 The banks of the Amazon produce a wonderful variety of orna- mental woods, such as mahogany, rosewood, vegetable-ivory, and tortoise-^hell wood. The India rubber, cacao, and cocoa-palm trees are abundant. The lowlands abound in wild grasses, and on the mountain slopes are found the cinchona-tree and many kinds of medicinal plants. The chief cultivated plants are coffee, sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco, indigo^ manioc, and spices. Minerals. — South America is rich in minerals. A large part of the silver now in use in the world was obtained from the Andes Mountains. Gold is mined in Colombia and Brazil. Industries. — The chief industries of the inhabitants of South America are herding, agriculture, and mining. BRAZIL. The Kepablic of Brazil is the laiv^st country of South America. It comprises the eastern plateau and the basins of the Amazon and the La Plata., The northern and wes'ern parts a?c loWp swampy, and, during the rainy season, completely inundated. Near the coast, the valleys are rich and well cultivated. The greater part of the country has a tropical climate. Coffee, cotton, sugar, tobacco, rice, grain, tropical fruits, nuts, and spices are raised in abundance. The leading industries are cattle-raising and agriculture. The natives live in the interior. The ruling people are the Portuguese, or their descendants. Rio Janeiro, the capital, is the largest in South America, Its chief exports are coffee and India rubber. Bahia is the center of the diamond trade. The Andes Republics comprise the United States of Colom- bia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chili occupy the mountainous region along the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The coast is very steep, affording few harbors. The surface is rugged. The high plateaus are barren, but the mountain sides and the valleys afford pasturage, and yield grain and other products. This region is subject to earthquakes, and it contains sottie'ol the most celebrated volcanoes in the world. The goveriMnents are republican in form, modeled after our own; but they are subject to frequent revolutions. Bogota, although within four and a half degrees of the Equator, has a climate of perpetual spring, due to its altitude of nearly 9,000 feet. Its wet seasons are our spring and autumn; its dry seasons, our summer and winter. It is warmest in February, and coldest in December. Grain is sown twice a year Most of the houses are built but one story high, owing to the frequency of earthquakes. There are, however, many large, splendid buildings. Panama, on the isthmus, is the largest and most important city. 340 It is connected by railroad with Colon, or Aspinwall. Its cHmate Is tropical and unhealthy, Quito, the capital of Ecuador, is situated on a very high plateau, surrounded by volcanoes, Guayaquil is the chief commercial city. Lima, a few miles from the coast, is the capital of Peru. Its port is Callao. Areqnipa was several times destroyed by earthquakes. La Paz is the capital and largest city of Bolivia. Chili is tfce most powerful and enterprising of the Spanish- American republics. It is the same in extent from north to south as the United States from east to west — about 2,600 miles. It is situafid on the western slope of the Andes and extends from the Bay of Arica to Cape Horn, Along the coast are numerous islands, which are rich in guano and niter. Its climate is temperate and moist. The people are chiefly of Spanish origin. They are active. Industrious and intelligent. ^ Santiago is the capital. Valparaiso is the largest commercial city on the west coast of South America. The Argentine Republic is a broad and level country, com- prising most of the pampas. The people are engaged in herding in preparing dried beef, hides, tallow and horns, for export. Buenos Ayres, the capital and largest city, has an extensive commerce. Paraguay and Uruguay resemble the Argentine Republic in surface, products and the occupations of the people. Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay, is an important commercial As uncion is the capital of Paraguay. Patagonia with Terra Del Fuego at its southern end forms the point of the pear-shaped cont inent of Sonth America. It is for the most part a region of steppe-like plains rising in a succession of abrupt ter/aces, with only a thin clothing of coarse brushwood. Vast herds of guanaco form the chief means of subsistence for the aborigines, famous for their huge size and wild habits, Fonr-fifths of Patagonia belong to the Ai gentine Republic; the balance to Chili. Guiana embraces three colonies — British, French and Dutch. Its products are likf those of Venezuela- Cayenne is the«^ital of French Guiana. Georgetovm of British Giiiausi, and Paramaribo of Dutch Guiana. CHILI. 342 DOMINION OF CANADA. The Dominion of Canada embraces the provinces ot British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova >cotia and Prince Edward Island, besides several territories and «. istricts. Its area is about equal to that of the United States. The surface is mostly a vast plain, bordered by a high plateau in t»e west, on which stand the Rocky mountains and the Cascade A chain of lakes extend from the mouth of the Mackenzie river tt fhe Great Lakes. The St. Lawrence, Nelson and Mackenzie rivers drain the principal basins. The climate of the Pacific slope is mild, but elsewhere the winters are of great severity. The summers are short and in the southern provinces hot. A belt of timber, mostly pine, extends from the Rocky mountains to the Atlantic ocean. The Pacific slope is covered with forests of fir, the valley of tlie St. Lawrence contains growths of maple, oak and elm. The central prairie regions are covered with luxuriant crops o? wild grasses, and, where cultivated, yield large crops of grain. The wild animals comprise the bison, bear, moose, wolf , beaver, otter ermine, mink and marten, most of which are hunted for their skins. The coast waters abound in seal, cod and salmon. The minerals comprise gold, silver and coal, which are mined in the west. Copper and iron are found near Lake Superior. Coal is mined in Nova Scotia also. The chief industries in the eastern provinces are lumbering and fishing. The central regions are agricultural. The uninhabited regions of the north yield valuable furs in great quantities. Most of the inhabitants are of English descent. In the eastern provinces, however, there are many descendants of the early French settlers. The government of the dominion is vested in the Governor- General and Parliament. The Governor-General is appointed by the sovereign of Great Britain. Parliament consists of a Senate and a House of Commons. The members of the Senate are appointed by the Governor-General. The members of the House are elected by the people. Each province has a Lieutenant-Gov- ernor and a legislature. Ottawa is the capital of the Dominion of Canada. It contains magnificent public buildings. British Columbia, including Vancouver and other islands, is the largest and most mountainous province of the dominion. Its mines of gold and coal are valuable. Lumber, fish and wool are exported. Victoria, on Vancouver Island, is the capital and metropolis. Manitoba is noted for wheat and furs. Steamers ply on the Red River of the North, and on Manitoba and Winnipeg lakes. Winnipeg, the capital, is the agricultural and commercial center. Ontario, the most important province, contains nearly one- 344 ithira the jpopuiation of the dominion. Grain, fruit, and lumDei are the principal products. Petroleum, copper, and iron are ob- tained near Lake Superior. Toronto, the capital of the province, is noted for its manu- factures and educational institutions. It is an important railway center and lake-port. Hamilton, situated near the western extremity of Lake Ontario, jsan important lake-port and manufacturmg center, Quebec is hilly. Its winters are extremely cold ; its summerSg ^jvarm, short, and foggy. Its agricultural region is south of the St. Lawrence, and pro- duces good crops of oats, potatoes, and hay^ The most valuable export is lumber. The people of this province are, chiefly, descendants of early French settlers. Quebec, the capital, is the oldest city in the dominion. The heights, on which the upper portion of the city is built, are strongly fortified. The fortress of Quebec, next to that of Gibraltar, is con- sidered the strongest in the world. It was, however, captured by General Wolfe during the French and Indian War. The principaJ business part of the city occupies the low ground. Montreal, the metropolis, is noted for its magnificent cathedrals^ and the tubular bridge across the St. Lawrence River, New Brunswick is noted for lumber and ship-building. Fredericton is the capital of New Brunswick. St. John is the metropolis and largest port Nova Scotia has more sea-coast than any other province^ Ship-building and the fisheries constitute the chief industries. Ite ioal -fields are extensive. Gold and gypsum are also mined, Halifax, the capital, has an excellent harbor, and is the chie^ British naval station in North America, Prince Edward Island, the smallest province, is the mosK densely populated. Agriculture and fishing are the chief occupa- tions. Fish and eggs the principal exports. Charlottetown is the capital Newfoundland is noted for its barren soil, cold climate and dense fogs. The dense fogs which prevail in this latitude are due to th$ meeting of the cold Arctic Current with the warm waters of tbf^ Gulf Stream. During the spring and summer, icebergs and pack- ke are brought down by the Arctic Current, and drift about until melted. It is for this reason that the steam-ship route between America and Great Britain is one of the most dangerous in the world. Its cod, salmon and seal fisheries give employntent to abotili nine-tenths of the inhabitants. St. John's, the capital, is the most easterly city in North America^ -couth of Greenland. The Territories were formerly owned by the Hudson Bay Com- jpany. 346 \ NEW HAMPSHIRE. One of the thirteen original states. Named for Hamphsire county, England, called the "Granite State.'' Ratified United States Constitution JuneSl, 1788. Union soldiers 33,937. Num- ber counties 10 ; miles railroad 1,225, All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., number senators 24, ropresentativesSSB, sessions of legislature biennial, ineven-numbeied years, meet- ing first Wednesday in June. Terms of senators and representa- tives 2 years each. Number electoral votes 4, congressmen 2, number voters 92,348. Paupers excluded from voting. Dart- mouth College, at Hanover, founded 1769. Compulsory educa- tion law, common schools excellent, school age 5-15. Legal in- lerest 6 per cent, usury forfeits three times the excess. Popula tion, census of 1900, 411,588. Extreme length :N. and S. 185miles, extreme width 90 miles, area 9,305 so. miles- 5,855,200 acres. Coastline 18 miles. Highest peak Mt. Washington. Largest lake, Winnipiseogee, 74 sq. miles General elevation 1,200 ft. Isles of Shoals form part of state. The White MountaiiiS occupy the northern part of the state with unsurpassed scenery. Soil rocky, with small fertile districts. Hay best crop; corn, wheat, oats and ordinal y vegetables do fairly with close cultivation. For- ests largely exhausted, except at the north. Cleared lands aver- age $16% and woodland $35 per acre. Mica quarried at Grafton, aoapstoneat Haverhill, Keene and Francestown, granite at Ply- mouth, Troy, Roxbury, Concord. State ranks high in cotton manufacturing. Climate. — Winter averages 24, summer 69 deg. Extremes great in White Mountains. Summer short and hot, with violent storms. Rainfall 41inches. Frost late in spring and early in fall. Winter begins in Nov., cold till May. Snow lies two-thirds of year in mountains, elsewhere 70 to 130 days. Health good. Principal Industries.— Agriculture, manufact- ure of cotton, woolens, lumber, leather, boots and shoes, etc. Quarrying mica, granite and soapstone. Principal Cities.— Census of 1900— Manchester. 56.987; Nashua, 23,895; Concord, (the capital), 19,632; Dover, 13,207; Portsmouth (chief harbor) 10,637. The harbor of the latter place, Great Bay, never freezes over. Salaries of State Officers. Governor..... 1:3,000 Secretary of State $800 and fees Treasurer 1,800 Attorney General , 2,300 Superintendent Public Institutions 2,000 Three Railroad Commissioners $2,000 to 3,500 Adjutant General 1,000 Secretary Board of Agriculture 1,000 Librarian 800 Chief Justice 2,900 Six Associate Justices iJ,700 348 VERMONT. First state to join the original 13. Called the "Green Mountain State." Active in war of 1812. Union soldiers furnished, 33,288. Kumber counties 14. Miles railroad 988. First railroad built f^om Bellows Falls to Burlington 1849. State elections biennial, first Tuesday in Sept. ; number senators 30, representative8245. Sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meet- ing first Wednesday in Oct. Terms of senators and representa- tives, 2 years each. Number electoral votes 4, congressmen 2. Bribers excluded from voting. Colleges 2. School age 5-20. L'egal interest rate 6 per cent., usury forfeits excessive inteiest. Pop- ulation, (jensus of 1900, 343,641. Length N. and 8. 149 miles, width 34 to 52 miles, area 9,565 sq. miles, 5,847,040 acres. Highest Point (Green Mountains) about 4,600ft. Green Mountains run N. and S. through the state and are 3,000 to4,600 feet high. The surface is generally hilly. Alleast of mountains drained by the Cotinecticut,the only navigable river. Small streams abundant. Soil rocky but good in narrow strips on streams. Potatoes beet crop. Corn, wheat, oats, hay, hops and buckwheat yield moder- ately if w^ll attended.. Forests remain to considerable extent, but are cut over orciilled. Clearedland averages $17»50and for- est land $18 per acre. Dairying profitable. Manganese, copper, iron, gold, black, white, red and variegated marble and slate are found, the marble in great abundance. State ranks Ist in quar ries, 4th in copper. Temperature ranges from 15dei?. below to 95 deg. above, but changes not sudden ; winter averages IS.deg. to 33 deg. Summer averages 66 deg. to 75 deg. Summer Fhort. Rainfall greatest at south and east, where i t averages 43 inches ; in other sections the average is 35 inches. Snows heavy. Frosts early in fi 11 apd late in spring. Snow lies 80 to 140 days, Il-ealth excellent. Death rate very low, less than 1 % in the 100. Indus- trie's very varied, numbering 2,600. Principal ones, agriculture, dairying, manufacture of flour, furniture, leather, tin. iron and copper wtu-e, and lumbei, mining, quarrying and finishing mar- bles and stones, and maple sugar mjiking. Principal Cities, Census of 1900— Burlington, 18,640; Rut- land, 11,499; Montpelier (capital) 6 266; Brattleboro and Bel- lows Falls are thriving towns and seats of large industries. Salaries of State Officers. Governor, $1,500; Lieutenant Governor, $6 a day : Secretary •f State, $1,700; Treasurer, $1,700; Auditor, $3,000; Inspector of Finances, $500; Railroad Commissioner. $500; Adjutant Gen- eral, 7.")0; Superiniend(Mit of Public Instruction, $1,400; Chief Justice, $2,500; Six Associated Justices, $,\.500; Senators and Representatives, a day ; District Judge, $3,500; Collector of Internal Revenue, $2,6:>0 ; Collector of Customs, $1,000 aiiu fees. 349 KENTUCKY. Name Indian. Signifies dark and bloody ground, becaus the state was the hunting and battle ground of the tribci Called "Corn-Cracker State." Louisville founded 1780. Admit ted as a State June 1, 1792, State furnished 7,000 troops in W£l of 1812, and 13,700 m Mexican war. Won great credit in latter Neutral at beginning of civil war. State the scene of continuom cavalry raids during ihe war, and some sharp battles at Perry b ville, Kichmond, etc. Put under martial law 1864. Civil govern, ment restored 1865. Union soldiers furnished, 75,760. Numbet counties, 119. State elections biennial, first Monday in August in odd-numbered years. Number senators 38, representatives 100, sessions of legislature biennial in even-numbered years, meeting last day of Dec, holds 60 days. Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. Number electorial votes 13, number of congressmen 11, Bribers, robbers and forgers excluded from voting. Number of colleges 15, public school system framed in 1838, good schools, school age 6 to 20 years. Legal interest 6% , &y contract 10% , usury forfeits excess over 10%. Miles of railroad 3,093 Population census of 1900, 2,147,174. Number of slaves in 1860, 225,4^9. Extremelength E and W350, width 179 mi^es, area 40,000 sq. miles525,6OO,O0O acres: River frontage 833 miles, navigable water ways 4, 120 miles. Soil fair, except^ m the famous " Bluegrass Region," extending for 40 or 50 miles around Lexington, and one of the most beautiful sections on the globe. Natural wonder Mammoth Cave, greatest in the world. Kentucky ranks high as an agricultural and stock; state. Staple crops, corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, barley, hemp, rye and vegetables. Fruits do fairly. Famous for thoroughbred horses and cattle. Mules and hogs largely raised. At the ^ast in the mountains are immense forests of virgin oak, poplar, ash, chestnut, elm, walnut, cucumber and other valuable tim- ber trees. Coal, marbles, minerals, oil stone, etc., also at^'nmd. Iron deposits of immense magnitude are known to jxist. Cleared laud averages $20 and woodland $5 per acre. Thft average of the former is raised materially by the hip^i;! prices, often $100 or more per acre, in the Bluegrass section. Mount ain lands rich in timber and minerals and not without agricul» tural value, rate $2 to $5 per acre. The state ranks fi,rst in to bacco and fourth in malt and distilled liquors. Climate vari. able, favorable to health and a j^ri culture, bealth'ilness not surpassed. Thermometor ra))i2;os from 5 deir. belo'V zero to 9!| above, rarely greater extremes aie known. Temperature aver ages, summer 75 deg., winter 38 deg., rainfall 50 inches. Snow^ fall, but disappear in a fe\^ days. Sleighing only for a day or so. Winters moderately long. Malaria very rare, except on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Chief Cities— Census 1900— Louisville, 204,731 : Frankfort (the capital) ; Cov- ington, 42.938. Lexington, former capital, founded 1776, pop 26,369. Newport, connected with Covington by bridge pop 28,301. (Salaries of State Officers, page 439.) 351 TENNESSEE. «* Big Bend State." First settled 1854. Became a part of North Carolina 1777. Organized as the State of Frankiin 1785, but again became part of North Carolina 1788. Ceded to United States by North Carolina 1789. Admitted as state Jnne 1, 1796. Capital, Nashville. First railroad part of N. C.^ 1853. Nash- ville to Bridgeport, miles of railroad in 1890, 3,109. Seceded June 8, 1861. Re-entered Union 1866. Number counties 66. State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November, number senators 33, representatives 99, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January ; holds 75 days. Terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. Number electoral votes 12. Number of congressman^, 10. Legal interest 6 per cent, by contract any rate,, y«ury forfeit, excess of interest and tlOOfine. Schools r«tir. Miles railroad 2.166. Population census of 1900, 2,020.616. Slaves 1860 , 275,519. Extreme length E. and W. 430 miles, width 110 miles, area 42.056 sq. miles, 29,475,840 acres. Mountainous at E. where Apalachians separate state from North Carolina. Soil fair, except in central basin, where it is very productive. State abounds in coal, iron, fine marbles and building stones, copper and other minerals. Possesses one of the finest areas of forest in the Union. Principal timbers, vralnut, oak, poplar, ash, hickory, etc. Staple products, mules, hogs, peanuts, com, wheat, cotton, vegetables of all kinds, potatoes, tobacco, hemp, flax, broomcorn, iron, copper, coal, marbles, etc. Ranks second in peanuts and third in mules. Resources but little developed, 5,000 square miles of coal field, with 3 to 7 workable veins. Cleared land averages $12.50, forest $5 per acre. Grape growing pays. Climate one of healthiest in world. Mild and pleasant, and owing to varying elevation very di- verse. Snow light, and lays briefly. Ice rarely more than a mere film in thickness. Average temperature winter 38 deg. Summer 75 deg. Extremes seldom occur. Rainfall 45 to 47 inches. Air bracing. Chief Cities.— Nashville, capital, 80,865; Memphis, 102,320; Chattanooga, 32,490; Jackson ; Knoxville, 32,637; Clarksville, Industries chiefly agri- cultural, mineral, lumbering and iron-making. Salaries of Rtal e officers. Governor Secretary of State Treasurer Comptroller Attorney General Superintendent of Public Instruction Adjutant General Commissioner of Agriculture «4,000 .'51,800, and fees .$2,750 . 2,750 . 3,000 . 1,900 . 1,300 . 3.000 352 NORTH CAROLINA. One of the 13 original Btates. Called "Old North State," "Fur State," and "State of Turpentine." Discovered by Lord Ra. leiL'h, 1584. Settled by English, 1650. State seceded May 21,1861. Forts, etc., seized by state troops. Soast section scene of sharp fighting during civil war. State re-entered Union June, 1868. Number counties, 96, miks of railroad, 3,590. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov, Number senators 50, rep- resentatives 120, sessions biennial, in odd numbered years, meeting Wednesday after first Monday in Jan., hold 60 days. Terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. No. elec- toral votes 11, No. congressmen 9. Convicts excluded from vot- ing. Public school system adopted 1840, at present over 2,000 public schools in operation; school age 6-21 ; separate schools for whites and blacks. Legal interest rale 6 per cent, by con- tract 8, usury forfeits interest. Rate of tax lens than 50c on $10'). Population, census of 1900—1,893,810. Number of slaves in 1860 331.059. Greatest length E. and W. 453 miles, greatest width, 185 miles, area, 52,674 sq. miles, or 33,711.360 acres, less area water surface. Coast line 423 miles with many harbors Much forest yet remains. Swamps extensive, most noted of them, the Great Dismal, north of Albemarle sound. contains 148,000 acres. Small streams abundant, water powers numerous ;coru best crop tobacco largest product, other staples are orchard products, sweet potatoes, rice, wheat, oats, peanuts, cotton, hay and vege tables in the order named. North Carolina ranks first in tar and turpentine, second in copper, third in peanuts and tobacco, and fourth in rice. lias rich deposits of gold and the baser miner- als. Stone, elate, coal, marble, rnica. Excellent fisheries. Na|- ural resources but slightly developed. Ample opportunities for homes, enterprise and capital. Cleared land averages $10 and woodland $5 per acre,and much of excellent quality in the mar- ket below this average. Stock thrives. Scenery varied, picturesque and grand. Wheat harvested June. Corn ripe Sept. Climate is varied, warm and moistinlow sections; cool and dry in mountains, withallintermediateconditions. Average wmter temperature, 49 deg., summer, 78 to 79 deg. Frosts light and seldom come till the end of fall. Rainfall,including some snow in mountains. 45 in. Health good. Chief Cities of N. Carolina, Wilmington, Raleigh (capital), Asheville, Winston, Fayette- ville. New Berne, Charlotte contains assay office. Industries — Agriculture principal occupation. Fi=.]iii; r. manufacture of turpentine; and lumber, mining, etr "f difterent in- dustries, 3,800 Number boats ti u.sheries, about 3.000. Copper mined 1,640,000 lbs, Salaries of State Officers. Governor $3,000, Secretary of State $i,000, Treasurer $3 000, Auditor $1.500.Attorney General $2.0(X).Superintendent ot Pub- lic Instruction $1,500, Adiutant G(!neral 3^i>(K), (Commissioner of Agriculture $1,200. Slate Librarian $750, Chief J ustice $2,500. '^54 SOl/TH CAhtOLINA. One of the thirteen original eiatee, "Palmetto state." Re'*^ olutionary record, briJliaut. English seized the territory bnt were thrashed at Cowpens and Eutah Springs and penned up in Charleston. First railroad in United States using American locomotive, 1830. First state to secede, Nov., 1860. Sumter bombarded April 12-13, 1861. Ordinance of secession repealed Sept. 1865, and slavery abolished. Re-entered Union June 1868. No. counties 41. miles railroad 2.688. State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. State senators 41, representatives 124, sessions annual, meet- ing fourth Tuesday in Nov. Term of senators 4 years, rcpre- t^entative8 2 years. No. electoral votes 9, No. congressmen 7. Insane, inmates of asylums, alms-houses and prisons, United States army and duelists excluded from voting. No. colleges 9, school age 6-16, school system fair. Legal mt. 7%, by con- tract, any rate. Population, census of 1900—1.340 316. Num- ber slaves in 1860, 402.406. Greatest length 28U miles, greatest width 210 miles, area 31,048 sq. miles, or 19,870,720 acres, coast line 212 mrles. Principal river Savannah, navigable VJ) miles. Magnificent water power, undeveloped. Soi2 from medium to very rich. Forest' extensive and valuable, 'LixvA cleared or uncleared, avera^^es $7 per acre. Rice and cotton, best crops. All other cereals as well as vegetables, fruits, grasses and fiber crops grow well. Phosphate beds enormous, gold, mica, mar- bles of all colors, building stones found in large quantities. Turpentine, tar, lumber and oysters largely produced. Stock thrives. Gold mines m Abbeville, Edgefield and Union coun- ties, first mint deposits, $3,500, in 1827. White and variegated marbles found in Spartanburg and Laurens counties. Climate —Temp, ranges 15 to 96 deg. F. Averages, summer 82 dcg., winter 51. Average rainfall 48 inches, decreasing to the south. Health good. Epidemics rare and confined to seaports. Re- sort for consumptives. Changes slight and infrequent, frosts rare. Chief Cities, census of 1900 — Charleston, 55,807; port of entry, seat of a Catholic/bishop; Columbia, ; Greenville, ; Spartanburg, United States customs districts at Beaufort, Charleston and Georgetown. Capital, Columbia. Principal^ndustries — Agriculture, mining, fishing, quarrying, lumbering, turpentine and tar making and phosphate digging. SALARIES OP STATE OFFICERS. Governor $3,000, Lieutenant Governor $1,000, Secretary of State $2,100, Treasurer $2,100, Comptroller General $2,100, At- torney General $2,100, Superintendent of Public Instruction $2,100, Commissioner of Agriculture $2,100, Adjutant and In- specto^r General $1,500, Chief Justice $4,000, Associate Justices $3,500, Clerk of Supreme Court $1,000, Senators and Repre- sentatives $5 per day, mileage 10 cents; District Judge $3,500' Collector of Internal Revenue $3,250. 355 VIRGINIA. One of ihe thirteen original states. Called the "Old trDmin* ion," and "The Mother of Presidents." First English settle- ment in America, 1607. Active in lie volution and subsequent steps toward founding the Union, Virginia won the title of "Firsc of the States." l>.wealth. Num-b- Miles railroad 2,143. Governor and state ofiicerscK-cLeu L.v.. u; i.- ennially, and legislature every two years on second Tuesday in Oct. ; number senators 26 representatives 71. Sessions bien- nial in odd-numbered years, holdiag 45 days. Terms of sena- tors 4 years, representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 6, congressmen 4. Insane, paupers and convicts not voting. Flourishing free school system, school age 6-21. Legal interest 6 per cent, by contract 6, usury forfiets excess of interest. Popu- lation, census of 1900, 858,800. Number of slaves in 1860, 18,371. Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — Length N. and S. 241 miles, greatest v.idth 158 miles, area 24,404 sq, miles, 16,682,580 acres. Surface mountainous with fertile va/jeys, the Aliegbenys principal range. Some high peaks. Scenery fine and much visited by tourist^'. Western part hilly but gradually descends from 2,500 feet above the sea toward the Ohio river, where the elevation is 800 to 900 feet. Much of the state is virgin forest densely clothed with oak, walnut, poplar, ash and other timber trees. Mine al springs abound. The soil, where not mountain- ous, is excellent. Mineral wealth, including coal, oil, iron, salt is prodigal. Staple products include the minerals named, sheep, hogs, tobacco, jvheat, com, dairy products, fruit, wine, lumber. Petroleum extensively produced. The state ranks fifth in salt and coal, seventh in buckwheat, iron and steel. Cleared land averages $22.50. Climate moderate, average tern. Eeratnre, winter 30 deg., summer 70 deg. Elevation rc^luces eat which in the valleys averages 76"to 78 deg. Average rain* fall 42 to 45 inches. Health is excellent. Chief Cities, Census of 19UO--Wheeling, 38,878; Charleston, capital, Parkers- burg, , ... ; Martinsburg, Chief .Industries — Sixty per cent of laborers eniraged in agriculture, balance in mining, iron making, lumbering, manufacturing, etc. SALARIES or STATE OFFICERS. GoveTn(;r $2,7(X), Secretary of State $1,000 and fees. Treasurer ftl,400, Auditor $2,000 and fees. Superintendent of Free Schools $:,500, Attorney General $1,000. Presiding J'aO'ic of Supreme Court $2,250, AFsocinre Judtre^ $-i.'*.5i). S.-n sirw-s aiul Kepr.;- sexrtatives $4 per day, niiU'ajj'c li) cents: DisiricL Judge ^fo,.XU tWi Collectors of Intemai lievcnue $2„870. I ALASKA. l>iBCovered by Vitus Behxins 1741, and became Russian tti- ritory by ri|rht of discoverj. Purchased by the United States for $7,200,000, 1867, as a deed of gratitude to Russia for her course in civil war. Haa paid 5 per cent on investrne^i^i ever since, and promises to become the source of enormous m' reral, lur, agricultural and tixuber wealth. Governor appo'-rV'^d by the president of the United States. Pop.— Census of 1900—63,441; Indians, estimated: Innuits 18jOOO, Aleutian 2,200, Ninneh 4,000, Tblinket 7,000, Hyda 800. Extreme length north and south 1,200 miles, width 800 miles, area (estimtd.) 514,7?>0 sq. miles. Yukon, chief river, 80 miles wide at mouth, navi'^able 840 miles, length about 1,300 miles; coast line 5,000 miles. Fertile land. Good oats, barley and root crops are raiped without difficulty. Rich grass land in the valley of Yukon. Timber abundant. Yellow cedar best, being of great value for boat-building. Berries plentiful. Fine quality of white marble is on Lynn Channel. Coal, am- ber and lignite on Aleutian Islands, the best coal being on Cook's Inlet. Gold, silver, copper, cinnabar and iron are found: sulphur abundant. Noted for fur-bearing animals, the chief of which afe beaver, ermine, fox, marten, otter, squirrel and wolf. The main revenue is the fur seal, taking of which is regulated by lat?. The walrus is of value in furnishing ivory and oil. Whales, cod, herring and halibut and salmon are abundant. Climate— Pacific coast modified by Pacific Gulf Stream and long summer days. Temperature at Sitka averages, winter about that of Washington, D. C. Rainfall copious and foggy weather common on coasts and islands. Sitka one of the rain- iest places in ihe world outside the tropics; annual precipiia- tion 65 to 90 inches ; rainy days 200 to 285 in year. Chief CitiuB— Sitka, seat of Bishop of Greek church, and Fort St Nicholas, Cook's Inlet, Fort St. Michael, Norton's Sound, and a number of other mining settlements. Other harbors at Port Clarence, Michaelooski and Captain's Harbor. Industri'^ «--Fishing, canning, trapping and mining. SALARIES OF TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. Governor $3,000 District J^.dge 3,000 Clerk of District Court and ex-officio Secretary and Treasurer 2,500 District Attorney 2,500 Marshal and Surveyor General 2,500 Collector of Customs $2,500 and fees Three Deputy Collectors 1,P00 One Deputy Collector 1,200 Two Ip^pectore, per day , . . 3 360 ALABAMA. Name Indian, means "We rest here." Mobile founded by French 170;^. Admitted to Union Dec. 14, 1819. Seceded Jan. 11, 1861. Montgomery made capital of Confederacy Feb. 4,1861. Subsequently removed to Richmond, Va. State re-entered Union July 14. Number counties 66,miles of railroad 3,846. State elec- tions biennial first Monday in Aug., number senators 33, repre- sentatives 100,sessions of legislature biennial in even-numbered years, meetings Tuesday after second Monday in Nov., and holding 50 days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. Number of electoral votes 11, congressmen 9. Indians, idiots, convicts of crime excluded from voting. Number col- leges 4, school age 7-21, schools good. Legal interest 8 per cent, usury forfeits entire interest. Population, census of 1000,1,828,697. Number of slaves in 1860, 435,080. Length N. and S. 330 miles, width averages 154 miles, area 52,$50 sq.miles, 32,985,600 acres. Surface at N. E. rugged, extending into Alle- gheny mountains, gradually descends, forming rolling prairies at center of state and flat low stretches at the south. Sea coast 68 miles. Mobile bay best harbor on the gulf, 1,600 miles of navigable waterv^ays. Has fair soil and is enormously rich in coal, iron, lime and eandstbne, timber and vkrious minerals. Middle section soil fertile and varied. Coast region sandy, but by proper cultivation prolific. Vegetable farming near Mobue very successful. Cotton, mules, iron, coal, sugar, rice,tobacco, hay, oats, corn, staple products. Fruits are a good crop. Much forest remains. Cleared )and averages $7,and woodland $4 per acre. State ranks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and molasses, sixth in iron ore and sugar, seventh in rice. Climate. — Tem- perature mild, cold at north, warm at south, average winter 47 deg., summer 81 deg., July hottest month, range of themome- ter 20 to 95 deg., sometimes for a day reaching 102 deg. Rain- fall 50 inches. Snow or ice very rare. Trees bloom in Feb. Chief Cities, census of 1900. — Mobile, 38.464; Birmingham, 38,415; Montgomery (the capital), 30,346; Selma, 8,713 ; Hunts- ville, 8,068. Leading Industries. — Agriculture and kindred pursuits, mining, iron making, lumbering, etc. Number in- dustries 2,070. Salaries of State Officers. Governor Secretary of State Treasurer Auditor Attorney Crcneral Superintendent of Fiiolic Instruction Librarian T^aree Railroad Commissioners Chief Justice Two Associate Justices $2,000 to 3,500 $3,000 1,800 2,150 l,8uO 1,500 2.->50 J, 500 3,000 3,000 362 ARKANSAS. "Bear State." Settled 1685. Arkansas territory o! <;aiiized 1819. Admitted as a state June 15, 1836. Slavery acknov/ledged. Seceded May 6, 1861. Considerable lighting during tiie war, but no great battles. Re-entered Union 1868. Number coun- ties 75. Miles railroad, 2,747. State elections biennial, in even- numbered years first Monday in Sept. ; number senators, 32, representatives 100, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd- numbered years, meetine second Monday in Jan., holding 60 days, term of senators 4 years, representatives 2 years. Num- ber of electoral votes 8, congressmen 6. Idiots, Indians, con- victs not voting. Number colleges 5, school system progressive, school age 6-21. Legal interest rat^^ per cent, by contract 10 per cent, usury forfeits principal and interest. Population, census of 1900—1,311,564. Length N. and S. 240 miles, average breadth 212 miles, area 53,845 sq. miles, 44,460,800 acres. The leenery varied and charming. Hot Springs (temp. 140 deg.) treat natural wonder and famous for medicinal properties, oil varies, but greatbr portion exceptionally rich and suited to all crops, especially fruits, berries and gardening. State espe- cially favorable to agriculture. Magnificently timbered. Pine, oak, cypress, cedar, hickory, wain., linn, locust chief growth. Cleared land ctverages $10 and woodland $3 per acre. Coal exists on the Ash river, iron in theOzarks, salt near Ouachita. Mlstone near Hot Sprinpg, kaolin in Pulaski county. Staple j^roducts, corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco, oats, sweet potatoes, mules, tar, turpentine, lumber, etc. Climate— Genial. Temp, ranges 15 deg. to 95 deg., on rare occasions going to 100 deg. Averages winter, 45 deg. ; summer 80 deg. Rainfall 44 inches, heaviest in S. E., lightest inN. W. Health unsurpassed, espe- cially in N. W. Chief Cities, census of 1900— Little Rock, the capital, 38,307; Helena, 5,550; Fort Smith, 11,587; Hot Springs, 9,973; Pine Bluff, 11,496. Industries, 2,100 in number. Cheifly agricultural. SALARIES OF STATE OFPICEKS. Governor Secretary of State Treasurer Auditor Attorney General Superintendent of Public Inst — Land Commissioner. Chief Justice Two associate JuHticos Senators and Representatives Two District Judges District Attorney Two / saia'aut District Attorneys $3,000 1,800 2,250 2,250 1,500 1,600 1,800 3,000 3.000 $6 a day. 3,600 S200 and fees. ..$1,200, 1,000 364 ARIZONA TERRITORY. Explored 1526. Mineral wealth found, no important settle- ments effected because of hostile natives. Organized as terri- t«ry,Feb.24, 1863. Numbercounties 11. Miles railroad 1,320. All elections Tuesday after nrst Monday in Nov ; number sena- tors, 12; representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., holds 60 days ; terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each. School age, 6-21 years. Legal interest rate, 10 per cent., by contract, an y rate ; no penalty for usury. School endowment in lands reserved very large. Population, census 1900, 122,931. Extreme length north and south. 378 miles, width, 339 miles, area, 113,929 sq. miles, 72,- Ql'Lfieo acres. Volcanic peaks reach an altitude of 10,500 feet. Soulnern portion a plain, dipping occasionally below sea level, and rising only to a very moderate elevation (200 to 600 feet usually), mountains numerous, highest point San Francisco, 11.056 feet. Colorado river navigable 620 miles. Flows between perpendicular walls cut in solid rock in places 7,000 feet high. Agriculture possible only in the valleys or where irrigation is practicable. Soil in valleys and bottoms very rich and pro- lific. Wheat, barley, potatoes, hay, corn, onions are staple field crops, corn follows wbeat or barley, giving two crops yearly. Oranges and all semi-tropical fruits do well where water is obtainable. Cattle raising extremely profitable. De- eerr tracts of considerable area are found. Timber grows on the mountains, foot-hills and along the streams. The varieties mciuae pine and cedar on mountains, cotton-wood, walnut and CLierry on streams. Size of trees fair and quantity large. Abundant mineral wealth exists, which can be developed with profit, owing 10 completion of railways. Nearly all mountain ranges contain gold, silver, copper and lead. Superior quality of lime found near Preston ana Tucson, beds of gypsum in S*n Pedro valley, remarkable deposits of pure transparent salt near Callville. Territory ranks second in production of silver. Climate exceptionally healthful, and generally mild, except In mountains, temperature averages 38 deg. winter, ?3 sum- Mer, mucli warmer at south, the thermometer reaching occa- sionally 115, and rarely falling below 35 deg. in winter. In central portion heat seldom exceeds 88 deg. to 90 deg., snow in mountains, but melts soon. Rainfall on Gila 6 inches, in foot-hills 28 inches. Heaviest in July and August. Chief Cities.— Census of 1900: Tucson, pop. 7,531; Prescott, the capital, pop. 3,559. Phoenix, 5,544. Leading Industries.— -Mining, grazing, agriculture, lum* bcring, smelting, etc. 366 CALIFORNIA. "Golden State." First settled at San Diego 1768. Gold dis- covered 1848. Rush of immigration set in 1849. State constitu- tion, without the preliminary of a territorial organization, framed Sept. 1849. Admitted as a state Sept. 9, 1850. Number counties 57.* Miles railroad 5,274. Governor and state officers elected quadrennially and legislature every two years; number senators 40, representatives 80, sessions of legislature biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting 1st Monday after Jan. 1, holds 60 days ; term of senators 4, representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 9, congressmen 7. , Idiots, Indians, convicts and Chinese excluded from voting. School system very fair; school, age 5-17. Legal interest 7 per cent, by contract any rate. Population, according to census of 1890, 1,208,130. Extreme length N. and S. 725 miles, width 330 miles, area 158,360 sq. miles, 91,350,500 acres. Coast line over 800 miles. San Francisco Bay, 40 miles long 9 miles wide, magnificent harbor.' Yosemite in the Sierras, one of the greatest natural wonders of the world and the greatest marvel of the state, where scenery is always grand. Mt. Whitney 15,000, highest peak. Very rich agriculturally and in minerals. Soil warm, genial and rich. Two crops may be raised in season. Irriga- tion necessary in parts and almost always desirable. Wheat most valuable crop, all cereals, root crops and grasses do well, corn, barley, grapes, fruit, nuts, silk, hops and oats staples. Mineral deposits include gold, silver, iron, copper, mercury, coal, stones, salt, soda, etc. Ranks high as a fruit growing state, fruits of temperate climates, sub-tropical fruits and nuts, g^rapes N. to 41 deg., olives, etc., grow to great perfection. Fine sheep raising country. Ranks first in barley, grape Culture, sheep, gold and quicksilver, third in hops, fifth in wheat and salt. Noble forests of redwood and other valuable growths. Land runs from $1.25 to several hundred dollars per acre. Im- proved land averages $30, unimproved $7.50 per acre. It is the paradise of the small farmer. Plenty of room for men with a little something to begin on. Climate varies with elevation and latitude. Mild and pleas- ant on coast. Average temperature at San Francisco in sum- mer 62 deg., winter .50 deg. Warmer in interior, reaching at times 100 deg. Rainfall variable, from 7 to .50 inches at San Francisco. Average at S. 10 inches. Melting snow from mountains replaces rainfall. Frosts rare. Chief Cities, census of 1900— San Francisco, pop. 342,782; port of entry, regular line of steamers to Australia, Panama, Mexico, China and Japan; Sacramento, capital. 29,282; Oak- land, 66,960 , San Jose, 21,500; Stockton, 17,506; Los Ansreles, 102,479; U. S. navy yard at San Pueblo Bay; Fresno, 12,47u, Alameda, 16,464; Berkeley, 18,214; San Diego, 17,700. Leading Industries-Agriculture, stock raising, fruit culture, mining, lumbering, etc. 368 CONNECTICUT. "Wooden Nutmeg State." One of the original 13 states ex- plored by the Dutch settlers of Manhattan Island, 1615, by whom eettlement was made, 1633, at Hartford. The state furnished a very large quota of men to the Revolutionary armies. Yale College founded 1701. Union soldiers furnished 55,864. Number countless. Miles railroad 1,009. State elections yearly on same date as presidential election. Elects 24 senators, 252 representa- tives, 4 congressmen and 6 presidential electors. State senators hold 2 and representatives 1 year. Legislature meets yearly on Wednesday after first Monday in Jan. Convicts and persons unable to read not permitted to vote. School system superior, includes 3 colleges with 160,000 books in libraries'. School age 4-16 years. Legal interest 6 per cent. No penalty for usury. Population, according to census of 1900, 908,355. Area 4,990 sq. miles, average length 86 miles, average breadth 55 miles ; sea- coast 110 miles. Surface less rugged than the other New Eng- land states. Mountain range terminates in this state in a series of hills. The coast is indented by numerous bays and harbors. Soil, except in valley, light and stony. Corn, oats, hay, wheat, tobacco and vegetables are the staple cropsj Cleared land avemges $40 and Avood land $30 per acre. No valuable timber remains. Stone extensively quarried. Valuable iron mines exist. CSimate moderate and healthy; average temperature, Bummer 72 deg., winter 28 deg. Occasionally the thermometer sinks below zero, considerable snow falls, summers warm, rain fall, including snow, about 47 inches. Chief Industries — Manu- facture of hardware, clocks, silks, cotton, rubber, carpets, wool- ens, arms, sewing machines and attachments, dairying, quarry- ing, agriculture, etc. ; total number of industries 4,488. Prin- cipal Cities, census of 1890— Hartford, capital and noted for banking and insurance business, pop. 79,850; New Haven, "City of Elms," seat of Yale college, 108,027; Bridgeport, noted for manufacture of fire arms and sewing machines, 70,996; Waterbury, important manufacturing city, 45,859: Danbnry, 10,537; Meriden, 24,296; Middletown, 9,589 ; New Britain, 25,998 ; New London, 17.748; Norwich, 17,251; Stamford, 15,997. 1-air- tieid, Middletown, New Haven, New London and Stonington are ports of entry, SAi:.Ar.IES OF STATE OFFICERS, Governor §4 O H) Lieutenant Governor 500 Secretary of State 1,.'500 Treasurer 1,500 Comptroller l'50O Secretary State Board of Education 3.000 Adjutant General 1.200 Insurance Commissioner 3,50<> Three Railroad Commissioners 3,000 Chief Justice 4 500 Tout Aseociate Justices 4,000 370 COLORADO. *'CenteuDial State." John C. Fremont, " The Pathfinder/" croeeed Rockies 1842-44. First American settlement near Denver, 1859, Mining begun. Organized as territory Feb. 1861. Indian troubles 1863-4. Union soldiers furnished 4,903. Admitted as a state Aug. 1, 187'' Number counties 56 No railroad in 1870. Mileage 1899. 4,572. All elections Tuesday- after first Monday in Nov., number senators 36 representatives 65, sessions biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., limit of session 40 days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 4 congr.essmen 2. Convicts excluded from voting. Number colleges 3, school system fair endowment, school age 6-21 years. Legal interest 10 per cent., by contract any rate. Population— census of 1900—439,700. Length E. and W. 380 miles, width 270 miles, area 103,925 eq. miles, 66,460,800 acres, three-fifths unsurveyed. Rocky moun- tains traverse state N. and S. with 3 ranges having many peaks more than 13,000 feet high. Fine grazing grounds. Scenery grand beyond words. Much rich soil along streams and wher- ever irrigation is possible. Cereals do very well. Corn, wheat, oats, hay, staple crops. Cattle, sheep and hog raising safe and profitable. Dairying pays, as does gardening. Timber re- sources moderate. Mountains fairly clothed with pine and other trees. Mineral wealth inexhaustible. State ranks first in silver, fourth in gold. Iron, soda, coal, copper, lead, stone, mica, etc., exist in large deposits. Cllmate. — Dry and range of temperature comparatively small. Winters mild, summers cool. Average temperature winter 31 deg., summer 73 deg. Rainfall, mainly in May, June and July, average 18 inches. On mountains winters severe, accompanied by heavy snowfall ; violent winds common; fogs unknown. Health unsurpassed. Chief Cities. — Census of 1900— Denver, capital and me- tropolis, and contains assay office ; pop. 133,859 Leadville, 12,455 Colorado Springs, 21,085 State University at Boulder; Agricultural College at Fort Collins ; School of Mines at Golden City. Pueblo, 28,157; Cripple Creek, 10.147. Leading Industries. — Mining, smelting ores, agriculture, grazing, etc. Salaries of State Officers, Govern $5,000 Lieutenant Governor 1,000 Secretary of Stale 3,000 Treasurer 3,000 Auditor 2,500 Attorney General ... 2,000 Chief Justice 5,000 NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA Named for Dak' tn hidiHiKs. Fn-^t setteled at Pcii.r:;. ^ ) Dakota wu.:, or;,u.uzod Us leiri.ory Alareh, 1861, auU ..f i Jiied to tbe Union aw North aud South Dakota ou Nov. Fir-t legislature met 1862, at Yankton. Immigration becaiuo a( live 1866. Railroad building active and systeme mammoth in their scale. Number counties North Dakota, 39; South Dakota, 53. Number senators and representatives. North Dakota, 93; South Dakota, 132; sessions biennial. Teim of senators 4 years, and of representatives 2 years. Legal interest rate 7 per cent, by contract 12 per cent . usury forfeits excess. Miles railroad in North Dakota, 2,584. in South Dakota, 2,802. Population, census of 1900, N. D., 319,146; S. D.. 401.570. Aieas, N. D.. 70.894 sq. miles or 45,362.560 acres: S. D.. 77 5S() sq.miles or 49,661,200 acres. Indian reservation principally s\ • t of Mift&ouri river, 42,000,000 acres, one-seventh gooU fafmin^ land. Surface high, level plain, 950 to 2.600 U ct above the t^ea, traversed by ranges of lofty hills, which at the W. reach an elevation of 7,000 feet in the Black Hills. The Mist^ouri river traverses the territory diagonally from N. \V. to S. K., an'd is navigable. Lakes are numerous, especially in the n; '-'li and 1 east. Devil's Lake is teuii-salt. Other large lakes .-Oil is very rich and peculiarly suited to wheat, which is the staple crop. Corn, oats, grasses and potatoes do well. Fruit is not a good crop. Cattle, and especially sheep-raising, favored and growing industries. Timber scarce, except along the streams and some of the hills. Gold and silver extensively mined. Black Hills v?ry rich in precious minerals. Ranks fourth in gold output. Good coal west of the Missouri. Not much de- Teloped as yet. Deposits of tin said to be of great value exist. Price of land $1.25 to $20 per acre (later improved). Climate.— Temperature^ranges from 32 deg. below zero to 100 deg. above. Averages, winter4 to 20 deg., summer 65 to 75 deg. Winters at north severe, with heavy snow. Modeiate at the south. Air clear, dry and free from malaria. Cold not so pene- trating as in moister climates. Springs late and Suramet s of medium length. Rainfall 19 in., chiefly in spring and sunnner. Chief Cities of North Dakota.— Fargo, northern metrop- olis. Bismarck. Gi and Forks. Chief Cities of South Dakota.— Yankton, Pierre. Dead- wood. Industries,— Almost entire laboring population c i agriculture and mining. SALAREIS OF STATE OFFICERS. Governor N. Dakota, $3,000; S. Dakota, 2.600; 1 Governors, $1,000; Secretaries of State, 82000; Irt. : s, $2,000; Auditors, $2,000; Superind^nts of Public Instruction, $2,000; Chief Justices, $3,000; Senators and Representatives, ^ a day, mileage 20 cents. MAP OF NORTH DAKOTA. Boyne Otterbifi Joli^ttT Garfield ' ^ , White B^ch Hill vres'ervatlonv "^r^,, .^-^-^-Crv-l*^ I / t-Ntw X ~U ^ ^\ ^-''v-./^An.V S r>iewpul ! . / FO^pl^old ^ o 0^ ^..Csvo^*^ ^ \\Mardellk NiPbrtlanJ oGayteuiT La IMoureo' Wahpeto Hud^ sesbions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday iu Dec, holds 60 days, terms of senators and repre- sentatives, 2 years each. Electoral votes 3; 1 congressman. School age, 5-21 years. Legal interest rate 10 per cent., by contract 18 per cent., usury forfeits three times excess of in- terest; miles railroad, 1,106. Population, 1900—161,772. Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc.— Length, 140 to 490 miles, width 45 to 286 miles. Area, 84,800 sq, miles, 53,944,- 600 acres. Surface table land and mountains. About one- twelfth is arable and one-tenth more grazing land. One-third barren, but may be reclaimed by irrigation. Many lakes are found, as well as numerous water powers. Forests estimated at 9,000,000 acres. The soil, where water can be had, is fertile. Wheat, oats, rye, barley, potatoes and hay are good crops, and dairying and stock-rais-mg profitable. Gold is found in quartz veins in Idaho, Boise and Alturas counties, silver in Owyhee county. Some of the mines very rich. Wood river district on fouthem slope of Salmon River mountains, at headwaters of Wood or Malad rivers, gives promise of valuable mining oper- ations, chiefly placers. Coal in vicinity of Boise City. Terri- tory ranks sixth in gold and silver. Climate severe, with heavy snows in mountains, on plains less severe, but cold and bracing. In the valleys it is milder, with moderate snowfall. Summers cool and pleasant. Tem- perature averages 20 deg. in winter, 70. deg. in summer. Rain- fall small in tne Rocky and Bitter Root mountains, and very light at the N. and W. Chief Cities.— Boise City (capital), 5,957 ; Pocatello, 4,046: Wallace, 2,265. Leading Idustries.— Mining, grazing, agriculture, smelting and lumbering. Salaries of State Officers. Governor $3,000 Secretary 1,800 Treasurer 1,000 Auditor 1,800 Librarian 250 Chief Justice 3,000 Two Associate Justices 3,000 Senators and Representatives. ..$4 per day and 20 cents mileage Two District Attorneys $250 and fees Collector of Internal Revenue 2,250 Three Deputy Collectors $1,400 to 1,600 Aesayer 2,000 ILLINOIS. Name derived from Illini tribe of Indiane, meaning Superior Men. Grilled "Prairie State*' and "Sucker State." Ft. Dearborn (Chicago) massacre, 1812, by Pottawatomies. Admitted as Btate, 1818. Capital moved to SpnnglieJd, 1836. Soldiers in Mexican war, 5,000. Union soldiers, 259,092. Number counties, 102. All elections, Tuesday afier lirst Monday in Nov. ; num- ber senators, 51 : representatives, 15 ''; sessions biennial, in odd- numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jaji., term of sena- tors, 4years ; representat ives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, ^.'4; congressmen, 22. Idiots and convicts excluded from voting. School system excellent; number colleges. 28; school age, 6-21. Legal interest, 6 per cent. ; by contract, 8 per cent. ; usury forfeits entire interest. Miles of railroad, 10,752. Popu- lation, census of 1900, 4,821,550. Extreme length N. and S.386 miles; extreme width, 218 miles. A v. elevation, 482 ft., eleva- tion at Cairo, 340 ft.; highest point, 1,140 ft. in norihw. portion. Area, 56,000 sq. m., 36,256,000 acres; miles of navigable water- ways, 4, 100. Frontage on Lake Michigan, 110 miles. Among first agricultural states of Union. Staple crops, com, wheat, oats, rye, barley, broomcorn, vegetables, hay, potatoes, etc. Fruits and grapes do well at south. Yield of all crops culti- vated, large. Coal area, two-thirds state. First coal mined in America at Ottawa; quality moderately fair. Considerable forest of hardwoods at south on hills and in bottoms. Superior quality limestone on Fox and Desplaines rivers ; lead, most im- portant mineral ; Galena in center of richest diggings in N. W. Rich salt wells in Saline and Gallatin counties, 75 gal. brine making 50 lbs. salt. State ranks first in corn, wheat, oats, meat packing, lumber trafllc, malt and distilled liquors and miles railway; second in rye, coal, agricutural implements, soap and hogs; fourth in hay, potatoes, iron, steel, mules, milch cows and other cattle. , Cleared land av. $28, and woodland or raw prairie, $18 per acre. Climate healthful as a rule; subject to sudden and violent changes at north. Temp, ranges from 30 deg. below zero to 101 deg. above. Av. temp, at Springfield, 30 deg. winter; 78 deg. summer. At Chicago, 25 deg. winter, 72 deg. Bummer. At Cairo, 38 deg. winter, 80 d. summer. Frost comes last of Sept. Vegetation begins in April. Rainfall 37 inches. Chief Cities, census of 1900 — Chicago, pop. 1.698,575; Peoria, 56,160; Quincy, 36,252; Springfield (capital), 34.159; Joliet, 29,353; Rockford, 31,051. Industries — Agriculture, mining, stock raising and manufacturing of all kinds. Salaries of State Officers. Governor $6,000, Sec. of State $3,500, Treas. $3,500, Auditor $3,500, A,ttomey General $3,500, Chief Justice $5,000, Senators and Representatives $5 per day, mileage 10 cents and |5(y ob4 INDIANA. *'Hoo8ier State." Settled at Fort St. Vincents, now Vincen- uee, in 17 2, by French-Canadian voyagers. Admitted as a state Dec. 11, 1816. SixtL state admitted. Soldiers furnished in Mexican war 5,000. Union soldiers 196,303. Isuinber counties, S2. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. : number senators, 50; representatives. 100; sessions of legislature bien- nial, in odd-numbered year.^. meet Thursday after Arst Monday, holds 60 days: terms of senators 4 years, of representatives, 2; number electoral votes, 15; number congressmen, 13; number voters, 498,437. Fraudulent voters and bribers excluded from voting. Number of colleges 15, State University at Blooming- ton; medical school at Indianapolis, university at Notre Dame, flourishing common-school system ; school age, 6-21. Legal in- terest rate 6 pet., by contract 8 pet., usury forfeits excess of in- terest. Miles of railroad, 6 383. Population : Census of 1900— 2.516.462. Extreme length N. and S. 275 miles, width averages 150 miles, area 36,350 sq. miles, 23.264,000 acres. Surface some- times hilly. No mountains. Hills 200 to 400 feet above the sur- rounding country. Frontage on Lake Michigan 43 miles. River bottoms wide and unsurpassed in fertility, highlands when level, rich, black or sandy sbil. All crops and fruits of the tem- perate zone do well both in yie'd and quality. State highly fa- vored for agriculture anji manufacturing. Ranks second in wheat, fourth in corn, hogs and agricultnral implements, fifth in coai. Cattle, hogs, sheep, horses, etc., are most successfully raised. Corn, wheat, oats, staple crops. Timber still abundant at south, buG in scattered tracts. Coal fields in southwestern portion of siate o^-er 7,000 sq. miles, on much of which are 3 workable veins. Kinds of coal, block, cannel and ordinary bi- tuminous, cokes well, superiorfor gas. Building stones varied and of unsurpassed quality, including the famous Bedford etone. Supply unlimited. Land is cheap, cleared averaging $18, and woodland $14 per acre. In rich section to southwest cleared land $15, woodland $10 to $12. Chances for making homes, comfort and advantages considered, not excelled else- where. Iron ore is found. Climate changable in winter, but seldom severe; winds from north and west ; summers moderately long, and sometimes hot ; temperature averages, winter 34 deg., summer 78 deg. Trees blossom in March. Rainfall 40 inches. Health excellent. Ma- laria rapidly disappearing from bottoms before proper drain- age. Chief Cities: Census of 1900— Indianapolis (capital) pop. 169.164; contains deaf and dumb, blind and insane asylums; Terre Haute, pop. 36.673; Evansville, 59.007; Fort Wayne,45,115; Michigan City, lake port ; South Bend, 35,999. Indus- tries, mining and mannfactuiing. 386 INDIAN TERRITORY. Set apart for peaceful tribes. Organized 1834, no teiritorrial government. Govertrnent in hands ot tribes. Also encloses Oklahoma Territory, which was opened to settlement by procla- mation of President Harrison on April 22. 1889. Each tribe elects oflicers, legislatures and courts, and criminals are pun- ished as in the states. No laws for collection of debts. All lands held in common, and any Indian may cultivate as much as he wants, but one-quarter mile must intervene between farms. Whites can hold land only by marrying an Indian. Miles of railroad, 1,200. School system excellent; pupils ed- ucated and supported by the tribes, half entire revenue being set aside for the purpose. Three colleges, 200 schools. Pop. census of 1900, 391,960. Cherokees 29,599. Choctaws 14,397, Creeks 14,632, Chicasaws 7,182, Seminoles2,561, Osages Cheyennes, Araphoes, Kiowas, Pawnees and Comanches, all together, 6808. Two-fifths of entire population can read. Extreme length east and west 470 m iles,average length 320 miles, width 210 niiles, area 69.991 miles, 44,154,240 acres. Surface vast rolling plain Blopinj eastward. Valleys timbeied heavily with hard woods. South of Canadian river prairies very fertile, valleys rich and productive throughout territory, grass rich and heavy almost everywhere. Corn, cotton, rice, wheat, rye, potatoes are staples. Grazing interests large. Coal is found, but extent unknown. Fur-bearing animals numerous. Climate. — Mild in winter, warm in summer. Temperature averages 41 deg. winter, 80 deg. summer. Rainfall at east, 50 inches, center 36, far west 22. Health as good as anywhere in Union. Chief Cities. — Tahlequah, capital of Cherokees, Tishomin- go, capital of Chicasaws ; Tushkahoma, of Choctaws; Musco- gee, of Creeks; Pawhuska, of Osages; Seminole Agency, of Seminoles; Pawnee Agency, of Pawnees; Kiowa and Coman- che Agency, of Kiowas and Comanches. Leading Industries. — Agriculture and grazing. INDIAN AGENCIES. ARAPHOE. OiAGE. Agent $ 900 Agent...* $1,600 Physician 1,800 '^HEYENNE. OTOE, Agent 2,200 Agent 1,500 Physician 1,200 Physician 1,000 KAW. PAWNEE. Superintendent 1,600 Clerk 1,200 Physician 1,200 Physician 1,000 KIOWA AND COMANCHE. PONC A. Agent 1,000 Superintendent 1,200 Physician 1,000 Clerk 720 OAKLAND, QUAPAW. SAC AND TOX. «upt $1,000 Agent $1,500 Agent $1,200 3 Teachers.,. 600 Physician.,.. 1.200 2 Physicians. 1,000 a88 IOWA. "Hawkeye State." Settled first by Dubuque, 1788, a French Canadian, for whom that city is named. First settlers miners of lead. Active immigration began 1833. Iowa territory organized July 4, 1838. Admitted as state 1846. Union soldiers furnished 76.242. Number counties 99, miles of railroad 8,508. State elec- tions annual, Tuesday after second Monday in October, ex cept- ing years of presidential elections, when all elections occur to- gether. Number senators 50, representatives 100, sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in January. Terms of senators 4 years, of representa- tives 2 years. Number electoral votes 13, congressmen 11. Idiots. insane and crimiLuls excluded from voting. Number colleges 19, school age 5-21. School system admirable, endow- ment liberal. Legal interest rate 6 per cent., by contract 10 per cent., usury forfeits 10 per cent, per year on amount. State has adopted prohibition. Population, census or 1900, 2,231,853. Extreme length E. and W. 208 miles, width 208 miles, area 56,025 sq. miles, 35,850,000 acres. Surface almost an un'?roken nrairie, without mountains and with very few low hills. Nat- ural meadows everywhere, and water abundant. Many small lakes at north: Highest point Spirit Lake, 1,600 feet above the sea. Soil superior. Corn, wheat, oats, potatoes,hay,barlGy, sor- ghum, rye, staples. Apples unsurpassed in United States ;pears, plums, cherries, grapes and berries are excellent crops. Cattle and other stock interests large and thrifty. Dairying attractive. Forest area small— scarcely equal to home requirements. Coal area fair. Other minerals unimportant. Manufacturing active. Improved land averages $20 : unimproved, including railroad and government domains, $12.50. State ranks first in hogs, second in milch cows,oxen and other cattle,corn, hay and oats; third in horses ; fifth in barley and miles of railway. Climate subject to extremes. Winter severe,with sharp north and west winds ; summers pleasant. Temperature averages, summer 72 deg., winter 23 deg. ;range8 from 10 deg. below to 99 deg. above zero. Rainfall 42 inches. Wheat harvest in August. Chief Cities— Census of 1900— Des Moines, metropolis and capital, pop. 62,139; Dubuque. 36,297; Davenport, 35 254; Burl- ington, 23 201; Council Bluffs, 25,802- Keokuk, Burlington and Dubuqne are United States ports of delivery. Cedar Rapids, 25,6.56. , Leading Industries.— Agriculture, stock-raising and niar>u- facturing. ca o ca UJ < ca o a 390 KANSAS. Name Indian, means "Smoky water." Called the "Gardaaa State." Kansas Territory organized May, ia54. Law known *'Mis80uri Compromise," forbidding slavery in states formed ftutof Louisiana purchase north of latitude 36 deg. 30 min. re- pealed, and question of slavery left to the territory. At first it was decided for slavery. Constitution prohibiting slavery addpted J uly, 1859. Admitted as a state 1861. Union soldiers fur- nished,<{0,149,number countiesl06,miles railroad 8,790, firat rail- road built 1864, 40 miles long. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. senators 40, representatives 124, sessions bien- nial, meeting second Tuesday in Jan. in odd-numbered years, limit of session 50 days; term of senators 4 years, of represent- atives 3 years. Number electoral votes 9, congressman 7. Idiots, insane, convicts and rebels excluded from voting. Number col- leges 8, number schoolhouses over 8,000, school age 5-21 years ; school system magnificent.Endowment immense. Legal interest 7 per cent, by contract 12 per cent, usury forfeits excess of inter- est. < Population.— Cen&jis of 1900, 1,470,495. Extreme length E. and W., 410 miles, breadth 210 miles, area 82,236 sq. miles, 51,631, 040 acres. No mountains. There is little navigable water. Water powers of fair proportion, irrigation necessary in large sections. Coal area of moderate extent ; veins usually thin; quality fair. Soil fine. Corn, wheat, oats, hemp, flax and rye, staples. Castor beans and cotton grows success- fully. Soil of prairies deep loam of dark color; Dottoms sandy loam. Peculiarly favorable to stock-raising. Prairie rich in grasses. Dairying favored. Fruits successful. Forests small. Limestone and colored chalk furnish building materials. Value improved land averages $13 per acre,woodland $15. Manufactur- ing growing. State ranks fifth in cattle,corn and rye. Climate— Salubrious; winters mild, summers warm, air pure and clear. Temperature averages wititer 31 deg., summer 78 deg., ranges 6 deg. below to 101 deg.above zero: such extremes exoeptional. Rainfall averages 45 inches. at east, 33 inches at west. Chief Cities— Census of 1900. — Leavenworth, pop ,To- peka (capital) 33,608 Atchison , Fort Scott. ; Wichita , , Lawreoce State University at Lawrence, state asy- lums for insane and feeble-minded at Topeka and Ossawato- mie ; institution for education of the blind at Wyandotte, for deaf mutes, Olathe. Industries.— Agriculture, 8tock-raising,raanufacturing,etc. SALARIES OP STATE OFFICERS. Governor $3,000, Secretary of State $2,000, Treasurer $2,500, Auditor $2,000, Attorney General $l,500,Superintendent of Pub- lic Inst. $2,000, Secretary Board of Agriculture $2,000. Insur- ance Commissioner$2,5l)0,three Railroad Commissioners $3,000, State Librarian $1,500, Chief Justice $3,000, two Associate Justices $3,000, Senators and Representatives $3 per day, mile- age 15 cents, District Jiid'^e $?.,50(), Pension Agent $1,000. 392 LOUISIANA. Named for Louis XIV of France. Called the "Pelican State" And the "Creole State." First sugar cane cultivated in United States near New Orleans 1751. First sugar mill 1758. First Bhipment of cotton abroad 1784. Purchased by United St-ates 1803, for $15,000,000. Louisiana admitted as a state under pres- ent name April 8, 1812. In the war with England immediately toilowingj the state made a glorious record, and at the battle of NfefwOrleans,Jan,8, 1815, humiliated the British and ended the war. Seceded Jan. 26,1861. Some fighting on the river between boats and forts. New Orleans captured May 1, 1862. 1868. in June, state re-entered Union. Capitol, Baton Rouge. Number 0f parishes or counties 59, miles railroad 2,501. Legislature and Btate officers elected quadrennially,member9 congress biennial- ly, state elections Tuesday after third Monday in April, number senators 35, representatives 98. sessions biennial,in even- num- bered years, meeting second Monday in May, holds 60 days, terms of senators and representatives 4 years each. Number electoral votes 8. congressmen 6. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting. Legal interest 5 per cent., by contract 8 per cent., usury forfeits entire interest. Educational facil- ities average. Population : Census of 1900 — 1,381,625. Number of slaves in 1860 was 331,726. Extreme length east and west 294 miles, breadth 241 miles, area 49,626 square miles, 31,760,000 acres. Coast line 1,276 miles, very irregular navigable rivers 2,700 miles. Mississippi dows in or on the borders of the state. Bays numerous on coast but harbors in- different. Many small islands in Gulf. Staple products, sweet potatoes, sugar, molasses, rice, corn, cotton, grasses, oats, etc. All fruits of the semi-tropical climate thriv^. State ranks first in sugar and molasses and third in rice. Forests almost inex- haustible. Timber superior in kind and quality, lumbering im- portant industry. Salt produced on a large scale. Iron discov- ered. Cleared land averages $12.50, woodland $3 to $4 per acre. Reclamation of marshes very profitable and beginning to be done on a large scale. Moss-gathering profitable and invites more attention. Climate.— Temperature ranges from 44 to lOQ deg., average summer 81 deg., winter 55 deg. Rainfall 57 in- ches, chiefly in spring and summer. Summers long and occa- sionally hot. Health average. Actual death rate lower than in many northern sections. Occasional yellow fever in the cities. Chief Cities— Census ojf 1900. New Orleans port of entry and largest cotton market in the world 287,104, Baton Rouge, (cap- ital) , Shreveport , Morgan City port of entry. State institution for insane at Jackson, for deaf mutes and blind Baton Rouge. Industries. -Three-lifths of laboring population engaged in agriculture. Average income of rural population among highest in Union. Number industries 1,600. 394 MAINE. Called the "Piue Tree State" or "Lumber State ;" oiiginally included New Hampshire; settled by French 1604, English ii) 1607. Number counties 16, Union soldiers 70,107, miles of rail- road 1,340. State elections fiecond Monday in Sept., number senators 31, representatives 151, sessions biennial in odd-num- bered years, meeting first Wednesday in Jan., terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. IN' umber electoral votes 6, congressmen 4, paupers and Indians not taxed excluded from voting. Number colleges 3, system of common, high and nor- mal schools excellent, school age 4-21 years, legal rate interest 6, by contract, any rate. Population.— Census of 1900. 694,466. Indians— Penobscots 625, Passamaquoddies 502. Extreme length north and south 298 miles, wjdth 21) miles, shore line about 2,480 miles, area 33,056 sq. miles, land 29,885 sq. miles 21,155,840 acres, 37th of states and territories in size. Surface hilly, mountainous toward center. Highest point, Katahdin, 5,400 feet; largest island. Mount Desert, 92 sq. miles. Area of lakes and streams, one-thirteenth entire state. The soil ip medium, only except on some of the streams, where it is rich. Hay the best crop." Wheat, oats, corn, hops, potatoes, buck- wheat and the ordinary vegetables grow. Cattle do fairly, dairying pays. Half the state is forest of excellent timber. Cleared land averages $15 and forest land $14 per acre. Slate^ copper and granite are found in large quantities. Winter aver- age 29 deg,, summer 67 deg., rainfall 45 inches, snow lies 80 to lS)days. Climate excellent, except for pulmonary troubles,- Death rate low. Chief mdustries — Agriculture and kindred pursuits, lumbering, fisheries, $3,620,000 yearly; quarrying, ehip-building (380 establishments). Principal cities, census of 1900. — Portland (seaport) pop 50,145, Lewiston , Bangor (port of entry) , Biddeford , Augusta (the capital) , Bath , Rockland Salaries of State Officers. Governor Secretary of State Treasurer Attorney General Adjutant General Superintendent Common Schools. Secretary Board of Agriculture... State Librarian Chief Justice Seven Associate Justices Senators and representatives District Judge..... Collector Internal Revenue Collector Customs Surveyor Customs Fensioii AgeiU .$2,000 1,200 1,600 1,000 900 1,000 600 600 3,000 3,000 .$150, mileage 20 cents 3,500 2,500 6,000 4,500 4.00O 395 MARYLAND. One of the thirteen original states. Baltimore laid 1730. Fed- •eral congress met at Annapolis 1783, when Washington re- signed command of array. Federal constitution ratiiid April 28, 1778. Fiedericktown and other places burned in wa-r of 1812, and Fort McHenry bombarded. First blood of civil war shed at Baltimore. April 19, 1861. Legislature opposed war April 26, 1861, but passed resolutions favoring the South. Bat- tle of Autietam Sept. 16 and 17, 1862. Slavery abolished 1864. Union soldiers furnished 46,638. No. counties 24. Miles railroad 1,316. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Num- ber senators 26, representatives 91, sessions biennial in even- numbered years, meet first Wednesday in Jan., and hold 90 days. Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. Number of electoral votes 8, congressmen 6. Insane, convicts and bribers excluded from voting. No. colleges 11, school age 5-20, school system fair. Legal interest 6 per cent, usury for- feits excess of interest. Population: census of 1900, 1,190- 050. No. of slaves in 1860, 87,189. Topography, Area, Soil, Pro- ducts, etc.— Length E. and W. 196 miles^ width 8 to 122 miles, areal2,297sq. miles. Acreage of state 7,871,000; water surface large. Western and northern sections mountainous and broken. Chesapeake Bay almost divides the state. Tide water coast nearly 500 miles. Chief navigable rivers Potomac, Susque- hanna, Patuxent, Patapsco, empty into the bay. At the west is the Youghiogheny. Soil varies from very poor to very good. Cleared land averages $22.50 and woodland $14 per acre. The average value of latter lowered by mountain sections. Consider- able good timber remains. Enormous coal fields west. Copper is found in Frederick and Carroll counties, iron ore in Alle- gheny, Anne Arundel, Carroll, Baltimore, Frederick and Prince George^s counties. Great oyster, fish, fruit and vegetable pro- ducing state. Oyster beds most valuable in Union. Wheat, com, oats, buckwheat and tobacco staple crops. Opportunities for capital are yet excellent. Climate mild, agreeeable and healthful, some little malaria in lowlands. Temperature soften- ed by ocean. Winter averages 37 deg. summer 78 deg. Rainfall 42 inches. Chief Cities, census of 1900, Baltimore, port of entry, pop. 508,957 : Annapolis, capital, contains United States Naval Academy, ; Cumberland, ; Hagerstown ; Frederick Chief industries, agriculture and fruit-grow- ing, oyster and other fishing, canning, coal, iron and copper mining, manufacturers of cotton goods, etc. Salaries of State Officers. GowQMfcor $4,500, Secretary of state $2,000, Treasurer $2,500, Corap*roller $2,500, Attorney General $;3.000. Chief Justice $3,500, Seven Associate Justices $3,500. District J udge $4,000, Senators and Representatives $5 per day and mileage, two col lectors internal revenue $2.e2'. to $4.' 00, Collector of Customs •7,000, two collectors $250 and $1,200 fees, Auditor $2,500, Naval Officer $5,000, Surveyor $4,500. 898 MASSACHUSETTS. •* Old Bay State," one of the thirteen original states. First settlement 1602, abandoned the same year. Explored 1614 by Capt. John Smith. First permanent settlement 1620. Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock Dec. 22. Boston settled 1630. First American newspaper, Boston, 1690. Massachussetts was ac^ve in bringing on Revolution. Boston massacre, March 5, im. Destruction of tea Dec. 16, 1773. Boston Port Bill passed March, 1774. Battle of Lexington, first blood of revolu- tion. Ratified U. S. constitution Feb. 6, 1788. Union soldier© 146,730, Desides sailors. Number counties 13. Miles railroad 2,124. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Nlim- ber senators 40, representatives 240, meeting first Wednesday ia Jan. Yearly terms of senators and representatives 1 year. Num- berelectoral votes 15, coiigressraen 13. Paupers, persons under guardians, non-taxpayers and men unable to read and write excluded from voting. School system excellent, attendance compulsory, age 5-15 years. Seven colleges, including Harvard. Legal interest 6 per cent, by contract any rate. P'^pulatioTj — Census of 1900, 2,805,346. Females outnumber males. Length. N.-E. to S.-W., 163 miles; breadth 47 miles in western and 100 in eastern part; area ot' 8,315 square miles, 5,321,600 acres. Coast extensive and irregular with numeious good harbors. The Merrimac River only large stream entering the sea within the state. The Taconic and.Hoosac ridges traverse the state at the west. Saddle Mountain, 3,600 feet, the highest peak. The east and northeast divisions are hilly and broken, and the southeast low and sandy. Scenery very beautiful, especially in Berkshire hills. Soil generally light. Hay best crop. Wheat, oats, corn and vegetables grown. Forests practi- cally exhausted. Cleared land averages $80 and woodland $45 per a-^re. Stone is found. No minerals mined, Elizabeth islands, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and smaller islands ta the south belong to tue state. Winters severe and protracted, summers short and warm. Thermometer ranges from 10 deg. below to 100 deg. ; averages, summer 73 deg., winter 24 deg. Snow falls October to April. Rainfall, including snow, 44 incnes. Chief industries, agriculture and kindred callings, fishing for cpd and mackarel (half the fishing vessels of the Union owned here), manufacture of cotton, woollen, worsted, eilk, iron and steel goods, soap and implements, quarrying. Principal Cities : Census of 1900— Boston, 560,892; Lowell, 94,- 969; Lawrence and Fall River, famous for cotton manufac- tures. 62,559 and 104,863: Worcester, railroad and itianufactur- ing center, 118,421 ; Cambridge, seat of Harvard College, 91,786; Lynn, famous, for manufacture of boots and shoes, 68,513; New Bedford, greatest whaling port in the world. 62,442; Spring- field, contains greatest arsenal in the United States. 62,059. ;poi"ts of entry 9, 400 MICHIGAN. Called "Wolverine State." First gettlement by Father Mar- quette, 1668, at Sault Ste. Marie. Admitted as state Jan. 26, 1837. Thirteenth state to enter Union. Received upper penin- sula as compensation for disputed territory same year. Capital, Lansing. Union soldiers furnished 87,364. Number counties 83 Miles railroad 7,974. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in November. Number senators 32, representatives 100, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in January ; terms of senators and representativciS 3 years each, number electoral votes 14, number congressmen 12. Duelists excluded from voting. Number colleges 9, eflacient pnblio schools, school age 5-20 years. Legal interest 7 percent, by Contract 10 per cent, usury forfeits excess of interest. Popu- lation, census of 1900, 2,420,982. Extreme length lower penin- sula north and south 978 miles, breadth 260 miles. Extreme length upper peninsula east and west 320 miles, width 24 to 165 miles, area 97,990 sq. miles, or 62,713,000 acres. Length shore line 2,000 miles. Lower penmsula consists of plains and table lands, heavily timbered with pine and hardwoods and small prairies. Soil eenerally good, but patches of sand occur. Fruit raising, especially apples, peaches and grapes, very successful. All cereals make good crop, except corn at north. Staples, wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, barley, etc. Upper peninsula broken, rocky and almost mountainous, rising at west to 2,000 feet above sea. Western portion mining region, eastern portion favorable to agriculture. Rivers, inlets and small lakes numerous. Water good and well distributed. Cop- per, valuable iron, coal and salt abundant. Timber yet in im- mense tracts of virgin pine and hardwoods. State ranks first in copper, lumber and salt, second in iron ore, third in buck- "wheat, fifth in sheep, hops and potatoes. Cleared land aver- ages $20 per acre, forest $10. Climate. — Temperature averages at Detroit winter 30 deg., summer 70 deg. ; at Sault Ste. Marie, winter 23 deg., summer 65 deg. Rainfall at Detroit 30 inches, at Sault Ste. Marie 24 inches. Health excellent. Temperature at Marquette averages about 3 deg., lower than at Sault Ste. Marie. Chief Cities, Census of 1900.— Detroit, 285,704; Grand Rapids, 87,765; Lansing (capital) ; Bay City, 27,628; Saginaw, 42,345; Jackson 25,180; Muskegon, ; Alpena. ; Battle Creek, ; Flint, ; Kalamazoo, ; Menominee, ; Port Huron, Detroit, Marquette, Port Huron and Grand Haven are ports of entry. Chief Industries.— Lumbering, mining, farming, fruit rais- ing, manufacturing, fishing, etc. 402 MINNESOTA. "Gopher sthte." Explored by Fathers Hennepiu and La Salle, 1680, via Missieeippi river to Falls St. Anthony. Amitted as state, 1858. Foreign immigration immense. Number Union soldiers tarnished, 25,052. Number counties, 82. Miles railroad, 6,216. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in November ; number eenators, C3; representatives, 119; sessions of legislature, bien- nial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first Mon- day in January ; holding 60 days ; term of senators, 4 years ; rep- resentatives, 2 yearn. Number electoral votes, 9; congressmen, 7 ; idiots, insane and convicts not voting. Num"ber colleges, 5 ; school age, 5-21 ; school system, |irst-class. Legal interest rate, 7% ; by contract, 10% ; usury forfeits excess over 10%. Population, census of 1900, 1,751,394; Indians, 2,300. Length N. and S. 378 miles, average width 261 miles, area 86,335 sq.miles, 55,244,400 acres. Surface rolling plain 1,000 feet above sea level, s^'xcepi at N. E., where are a series of sand hills called "Heighti of Land,"l,600feet high. It is the state of small lakes, including over 7,000, varying from a few rods to 32 miles across. In one of these. Itasca, the Mississippi rises and flows 800 miles through the state. The other principal rivers are the Minnesota, Red Kiver of the North, and the St. Louis. Small streams and lakes Make water plentiful. The scenery is picturesque and beautiful. The soil is splendid, as a rule, and the accessibility to market and general attractions render the state especially favored by agriculturists. The forests of the state are small (2,000,000 acres) , but in parts are rich in fine timbers Two-thirds of the state is unoccupied. Cleared land averages $12.50 per acre and woodland $8, Wheat is the great crop. Corn, oats, barley, hay and dairy products are also staples. State ranks fourth in wheat. Climate. — Healthful. Air pure and dry, summers warm, averaging 68-70 deg. ; winters cold, averaging 9-24 deg. Rain- fall, :i6 inches, chiefly in summei. Snowfall medium. Thedry* aess mitigates the cold in winter. Chief Cities, Census of 1900. — Pembina, port of entry on Red River. St. Paul, capital, 163,065; Minneapolis. 202.718; Duluth, 52.969; Winona, Stillwater, Chief Industries. — Aj^jricultiire, dairying, inillirig, etc. Salaries of State ^>fficer.s. Governor $5,000 Lieutenant Governor 600 Secretary of State \,SO0 Treasurer 3,500 Auditor : 3,000 Attorney General 2,500 Superintendent of Public Instruction 2,500 Adi'U'!T!t f^.'iieral 1,500 Tuiiier 3,000 (iiiiinif^^ioiier 2,000 404 MISSISSIPPI. Indian name meaning Father of Waters. "Bayon State.** Visited by De Soto 1M2, by LaSalle 1682. Settled Biloxi, 1699,by M.de Iberville. Formed a part of the territory of Louisiana, and belonged to France. Admitted as a state Dec. 10, 1817. Seventti state admitted. Capital fixed at J ackson, 1822. Shiloh the most notable battle of the rebellion in the state. State re-entered Union 1870. Number counties 75,number miles of railroaa 2,681 State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years, all elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered yeais, meeting Tues day after first Monday in Jan.,number senators 37, representa^ tives 120,term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years- number electoral votes 9, congressmen 7. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting. Number colleges 3,8Chool age 5 -21, school system fair. Legal interest6 per cent, by contract 10 per cent., usury forfeits excess of interest. Population, census of 1900, 1,551,270. Number of slaves in 1860, 436,631. Greatest length north and south, 364 miles, average width 143 miles, area 49,919 sq. miles, 31,948,160 acres. Coa-st line, in- cluding islands, 512 miles. Harbors, Biloxi, Mississippi City, Pascagoula and Shieldsburg. Surface undulating with a gradual elope from elevation of 700 feet at N. E., W. and S. to the Mis- sissippi and Gulf. Some hills reach 200 feet above surrounding country. From Tenn. line S. to Vicksburg. Mississippi bot- toms wide, flat, with more or less swamp, and covered with cypress and oak. Soil an inexhaustiole alluvium. Soil light but productive, at south sandy wiuh pine growth. Cotton pro- lific. Staple crops, cotton, rice, sugar, molasses, tobacco, corn, sweet potatoes, grapes for wine. Fruits and vegetables are splendid crops, but are neglected. ' Forest area large,pine, oak, chestnut, walnut and magnolia grow on uplands and bluffs, long-leafed pine on islands and in sand. Lumbering important industry, mules raised with great success. State ranks second m cotton, fifth in rice. Oyster and other fisheries valuable. Cleared land averages $7.50 per acre, woodland $3. Climate mildjSnow and ice unknown. Summers long and warm, July and Aug. hottest months. Temperature averages summer 80 deg., winter 50 deg. Rainfall 46 in. at north,58in.at south. Highlands very healthy. Malaria in bottoms, v Chief Cities, census of 1900— Jackson (capital) Natchez, ; Vicksburg, .... . . . ; Meridian, ; Columbus, ; Yazoo City, Lead- ing Industries. — Agriculture, lumbering, fishing and canning. Salaries of State Officers- Governor $3,500 .Lieutenant Governor, $800, Secretary of State 12 500 Treasurer $2,500, Auditor $2,500, Attorney General $2,500, Superintendent of Public Education $2,000, Commissioner of Agriculture $l.rOO, Lund Commissioner $>1,000. 406 MISSOURI. Kame Indian, means *' Muddy River." Settled llrst at St, ■ Genevieve. Organized as territory under present name 1812, included Arkansas, Indian Territory, etc. Admitted March, 1821. Eleventh state admitted. Admission aroused much dis- cussion. "Missouri Compromise'-' effected and state permitted to retain slavery. State divided on secession and was scene of perpetual internal warfare.^ Martial law declared Aug., 1863. Union soldiers furnished, 109,111. Number counties 115. Miles railroad 6,762. State officers elected quadrennially,and legisla- ture every 2 years. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., number senators 34, representatives 140, sessions of leg- islature biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting Wednesday after Jan. 1, holds 70 days, term of senators 4 years, representa- tives 2 years. Number electoral votes 17, congressmen 15. United States army and inmates of asylums, poorhouses and prisons excluded from votmg. Number colleges 17, school age ^20, school system good, endowment large. Legal interest rate 6 per cent,by contract 10 per cent, usury forfeits entire interest. Population, census of 1900—3,106,665. ^ Length N. and S. 575 miles. Average width 246 miles. Area 69,137 sq. miles, 44,747,680 acres. Soil generally good. South the surface is broken with hills, sometimes 1,000 feet high The most noted. Iron Mountain and the Ozarks. West of Ozarks is a prairie region with wide, deep, fertile valleys. Entire area well watered by small streams, springs, etc. Chief crops, corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco. Fruits do splendidly. Feachea «specially fine. Vegetable gardening successful. Improved land averages $12. unimproved $7 per acre. Coal, iron,marble, granite, limestone, lead and copper found in enormous depos- its. Lead area 5,000 sq. miles. Forests magnificent. Growth walnut, poplar, oak and the hardwoods, grazing a leading busi- ness both in extent and profit. Stock of all kinds raised with success. State ranks first in mules, third in oxen, hogs, com and copper, fifth in iron ore. > Climate variable, with sudden changes, but generally pleas- ant and healthy. Summers are long and warm, but not ener- vating. Winters moderate, with occasional severe days. Aver- age temperature, summer 76 deg., winter 39 deg. Rainfall great- test in May, average 34 inches. Chief Cities, census of 1900.— St. Louis, largest city west of the Mississippi, port of entry and great commercial and manu- facturing point, 575,238. Capital, Jefferson City, Pop. St. Joseph, 102,979; Kansas City. 163,752; Springfield, ; Hannibal, Leadinq Industries. — Agriculture, mining, manufacturing, quarrying, gmziui;, fruit and vegetable growing,lumbering,etc. 408 MONTANA. Gold discovered 1860. Formed part of Idaho, organized 1863. Organized aa territory May, 1864. Custer masBacre June 25, 1876,350 men of the 7th United States Cavalry annihilated by Sioux under Sitting Bull, on the Little Big Horn river. Number counties Hz. Miles of railroad 2.915. AH elections Tuesday after first Monday in November. Number senators 24, repre- sentatives 70. Sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-num- bered years, meeting second Monday in Januap^, holds 60 days, terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. School age 4-21 years, graded schools in Deer Lodge City^ Virginia City and Helena. School lands reserved for sale when territory becomes state valuable and extensive. Legal inter- est 10 per cent, by contract any rate. Admitted 1890. Population.— Census of 1900—243.329. Extreme length E. and W. 540 miles, average width 274 miles, area 147.061 sq, miles, 94.119,040 acres, two-fifths good farm land, of which about 4,000 acres is cultivated. Three-fifths of territory rolling plains, rest mountainous. Surface fairly supplied with small streams. Timber supply ample. Soil good. Immense area of arable land. Wheat best crop, oats, potatoes, hay, also staples. To cold for corn. Area grazing land, over two-thirds territory. Grazing interest great. Splendid grazing grounds yet untaken. Mineral wealth great. Ranks fifth in silver and in gold. Cli- mate dry. Rainfall about 12 inches. Warmer than same lati- tude farther east. Snows heavy in mountains, light in valleys and on plains. Temperature averages summer 62 deg., winter 18 deg. Colder in mountains. Health excellent. Chief Cities. — Three Cnited States districts, court held twice a year at Helena, twice at Virginia City, and three times at Deer Lodge. Helena, capital and most important town. Leading Idustries.— Mining, lumbering, grazing, agricul- ture, smelting, etc. Salaries of Territorial Officers. Governor $2,600 Secretary 1,800 Treasurer 1,500 Auditor 1,500 Superintendent of Public Instruction 1,200 Chief Justice 3,000 Two Associate Justices 3.000 Senators and Representatives. ..$4 per day aiid20 cents itiileage Surveyor General 2,500 Chief Clerk 1,800 Chief Draftsman 1,600 Collector of Internal Revenue 2,500 410 NEBRASKA. Narae Indian, means "Shallow Water." Nebraska Territoiy organized May, 1854. Few Bettlements till 1864. Idaho cutoff March, 1863, and present boundaries fixed. Bill to adroit J uly, 1866, unsigned by President Johnson, and another January, 1867, vetoed. Bill passed over veto February, 1867. Admitted tbat year. Lincoln capital. Union soldiers furnished, 3, 157. Number of counties 90. Miles of railroad, 1899, 2,915. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in November,number sen- ators 33, representatives lOO, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Tuesday in January, holding 40 days, terms of senators and representatives 2 years each, number electoral votes 8, number congressmen 6. U. S., array, idiots and con- victs excluded from voting. Number colleges 9, school age 5-21, school system superior, school endowments liberal. Legal interest, 7 per cent, by contract 10 per cent, usury for- feits interest and cost. Population, census of 1900, 1.068.539. Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc,— Extreme length K. and W. 424 miles, width 210 miles, area 77,531 eq. miles, 49- 619,840 acres. Surface a vast plain, undulating gently, and principally prairie with af ew low hills. At extreme northwest are spurs of the Rocky mountains, and Black Hill country be- gins, general slope from W. to E., Missouri, Platte, Niobrara, Republican and Blue, principal rivers, and are fed by numer- ous smaller streams. Southern portion of state peculiarly favorable to all kinds of crops, western half magnificent series of pastures and best suited to grazing. Whole eastern two- fifths a great natural garden. Corn the great crop ; wheat, oats, hay, rye, buckwheat, barley, flax, hemp, apples, plums, grapes, Jberries, staples and flourish. Cattle raising of vast importance and magnitude. Good herd laws. No important minerals. Manufacturing growing wonderfully. Improved land aver- ages $9, unimproved $5 and woodland $18 per acre. Climate dry, salubrious and free from malaria. Temperature a-^'erages, summer, 73 deg., winter 20 deg. Rainfall east of 100th meridian, including snow, 25 inches, heaviest in May. At west, precipitation falls to 17 inches. Rainfall gradually increasing. Chief Cities, Census of 1900 — Omaha, U. S. port of delivery, commercial center, 102,555; Lincoln contains State University, 40,16i>; Plattsmouth, ; Nebraska City, ; Hastings ; Fremont, : Columbus, Leading Industries.— Agriculture, cattle-raising, dairying, manufacturing, etc. Salaries of State Officers. Governor $2,500, Lieutenant-Governor $6 a day, Secretary of State $2,000, Treasurer $2,500. Audi tor of Publi^Accouuts $2,500, Attorney -General $8,000, Superintendent of Public Ins. $2,000. 412 NEVADA. "Sage Hen State." First settlements in Washoe and Carson Talleys 1848, Gold discovered 1849, silver 1859. Territory or- fanized March, 1861. Admitted as state October, 1864. Nam- er counties 14. Miles railroad 898. Governor and state oflacials elected quadrennially, and legislature every 2 years, on Tuesday after first Monday in November; number sena- tors 15, representatives 30, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January, hold- ing 60 days. Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. Idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting. School age 6-18 years. Legal interest rate 10 per cent, by con- tract any rate. f Population, census of 1900— 42,335. Extreme length N. and S. 485 miles, width 320 miles, area 110,679 sq. miles, 70,834,560 acres. Lake Taboe, 1,500 feet deep, 10x22 miles in area and 9,000 feet above sea, temperature year round 57 deg. Many mineral springs, warm and cold. Great part of surface unavailable for cultivation. Considerable areas of grazmg land; many valleys, rich, easily worked and prolific BoiT. Com, wheat, potatoes, oats and barley, staple crops; horses, mules, cattle, hogs and sheep do well. Forests valu- able. Mineral resources enormous. Com stock lode supposed to be richest silver mine in the world; Eureka one of the most prod active. Rich in lead and copper; zinc, platinum, tin and nickel, plumbago, manganese, cobalt, cinnebar, etc., found. Extensive deposits of borax. Coal and iron. Ranks second in gold, fourth in silver. Kaolin, building stones, slate, soda «na salt are obtained. Little land improved. Climate mild in valleys ; little snow except on mountains. At north mercury sometimes falls to 15 deg. below zero ; ak bracing, health good. Extremes of cold unknown. Summer heat occasionally reaches above 100 deg. Temperature averages, summer 71 deg., winter 36 d. Rainfall slight, chiefly in Bprmg. Chief Cities, census of 1900— Virginia City, chief commercial center, pop ; Carson City (capital), and contains a branch mint, pop Leading Industries— Mining, reducing ores, lumbering, agri- culture, etc. Salaries of State Officers. Governor $4,000 Lieutenant Governor 3,000 Secretary of State ... . 3,000 Treasurer 3,000 Comptroller ... 3,000 Attorney General 3»000 Superintendent of Public Inst 3,400 414 NEW JERSEY One of the thirteen original states. Battles of Trenton,Princc- ton, Monmonth and others fought wi thin its borders during the Revolution. State Constitntion adopted 1776, revised 1844, and amended in the present decade. Lnited States Constitution ananimously adopted Dec. 1787. Capital established at Trenton 1790. A slave state till 1860, when but 18 slaves remained, audit was counted a free state. Union soldiers furnished, 75,814. State contains 21 counties, and has 2,287 miles railroad. State elections annual, same date as congressional and presidential. Number of seLators 21, representatives 60, meeting of legisla- ture 2d Tuesday in January. Term of senators 3 years, repre- sentatives 1 year. Number of electoral votes 9, congressmen 7. Paupers, idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting. Number colleges 4, schools good, school age 5-18. Legal in- terest 6 per c^nt, usury forfeits entire interest. Population, census of 1900—1,883,669 Miles of railroad in 1900, 2,237 Length north and south 158 miles, width 38 to 70 miles, area 8,173 sg^. miles, or 5,230,'720 acres. Forty-third state in size. Atlantic coast 128 miles, Delaware Bay coast 118 miles. The famotis palisades of the Hudson at the northeast are 600 feet high. Toward center state slopes to a rolling plain, and at south be- comes flat and low. Hudson river forms the eastern border. Delaware Water Gap and Falls of Passaic are the natural won- ders of the state. Cleared land averages 3S0 and woodland $60 per acre. Hay the best crop. Other staple cro^^s are potatoes, wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, cranberries, fruit an ranks first in agricultural implements and wool, second in -dairy products, petroleum, iron and steel, third in wheat, sheep, coal, malt and distilled liquors, fourth in i)rinting and publish- ing, salt, miles railway and soap, fifth in milch cows, hogs, horses, hay, tobacco and iron ore. Coal, building stones, iron ore and salt are found in vast quantities. Staple crops, wheat, corn,, oats, potatoes, tobacco, buckwheat, etc., vegetables, apples, and the haidier fruits. Cleared land averages $45, wood- land ^0 per acre. Little forest valuable for lumber remains, except in small reserves. Climate as healthful as any in the United States. Warmest on Ohio River. Temperature for state average:", winter 35 deg., summer 77 deg., range of temperature 16 deg. below zero to lOl deg. above. Snowfall considerable. Average rainfall, including snow, 42 inches, decreases to 37 in. at north and increases to 47 inches at south. Chief Cities, censns of 1900— Cincinnati, 325,902; Cleveland, 381,768; Colum- bus, capital, 125,560 ; Dayton, 85,333; Springfield, 38,253; To- ledo, 13,1822; Canton, 30,667; Youngstown, 44,885. OKLAHOMA. Means in Indian "Beautiful couatry." Formerly a part of Indian Territory; opened up for settlement by Pres. Harrison, April 22, 1899. Organized as a Territory in 1890; increased by a large tract in 1891, and again by the addition of the Cherokee Strip or Outlet in the North, 1893. Bounded by Kansas and Colorado on the North, Indian Territory on the East, Texas and New Mexico on the West. Area, 39,030 sq. mi., or 24,979,- 200 acres. Began (1890) with a population of 61,834. Census of 1900, pop. 398,245, equal to the population (in the same cen- sus) of the States of Nevada, Wyoming and Utah combined. Chief Cities.— Guthrie (capital), Oklahoma City, Woodward. 422 OREGON. "Name means "Wild Thyme.'* Oregon territory organized August, 1848. Indian troubles, 1844, '47 and '54. Oregon ad- mitted as a Slate 1859. Number counties 32, miles railroad 1,599. State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years; number of senators 30, representatives 60, sessions of legislature biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting first Mon- day in Jan., holds 40 days, term of senators 4 years, representa- tivesSyears. Number electoral votes 4, congressmen 2. United States army, idiots, insane, convicts and Chinese not voting. Number of colleges 7, school age 4-2i), school system good. Legal interest rate 8 per cent, by contract 10 per cent, usury forfeits principal and interest. Population— Census of 1900, 413,536. Average length E. and W. 362 miles, average width 260 milf s, Varea 96,838 sq. miles, 61,976,320 acrea. Two-thirds entire state mountainous, with 'wide rich valleys. Columbia river 1,300 miles long, navigable 175 miles, full of cascades and runs through entrancing scenery. Soil generally superior. Wheat the best crop, superior in yield and quality; other crops do well, as do also fruits and vegetables, etc. Extremely favorable to cattle and sheep. Rich in minerals, gold in Jackson, Jo- sephine, Baker and Grant counties, copper in Josephine, Doug- las and Jackson, iron ore throughout the state, coal along coast range. Timber resources enormous, aud but little touched. Salmon fisheries among best in world. Improved land aver- ages $17.50, unimproved $4. Area arable two- tifths state, forest one-sixth state. Climate — In western Oregon moist, equable, ramfall 59 inches. In eastern Oregon dry. Both pleasant and healthful, though subject to occasional extremes at east. Crops in east do not suffer, however, from drouth. At west snow and ice unknown, except on peaks, where it is perpetual. Frosts on high lands. Average temperature summer 65 deg., winter 45d. Chief Cities— Census of 1900: Portland, Astoria and Coos Bay ports of entry. Portland, 90,426; Salem (capital, . ... ; East Portland, ; Astoria, Leading Industries— Agriculture, grazing, mining, fishing, limbering, fruit growing, canning, etc. Salaries of State Officers. ^vernor $1,500 Secretary of State, Auditor and Comptroller 1,500 Treasurer 800 "Superintendent of Public Instruction 1,500 State Librarian 500 Chief Justice 2,000 Two Associate Justices 2,000 Senators and Representatives . . .$3 a day and 15 cents per mile District Judge 3,500 424 PENNSYLVANIA. One of the thirteen original states, named for Wm. Penn, the "Keystone State." State invaded ttiree times by confederates, 1862, 1863, when battle of Gettysburg was fought, and 1864, when Chambersburg was destroyed. Union soldiers f urni6hed,337,930. Number counties 67, miles railroad, 9,909. State elections an- nual, same date as presidential. Number senators 50, represent- atives 204, sessions biennial, meeting first Tuesday in Jan., hold 150 days, term of senators 4 years, representatives 2 years, num- ber electoral votes 30, congressmen 28. Non-taxpayers and brib- ers excluded from voting. Number colleges 26, school age, 6-21, school system good. _ Legal interest 6 per cent. Usury forfeits excess of interest. Population.— Census of 1900—6.302,115. Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — Length east and west 800 miles, width 176 milas, area 45,928 sq_. miles, 29,393,920 acres. Surface very diverse. Level at the southeast, hilly and mountainous toward the center, and rolling and broken at the west and southwest. Soil varies from barren hills to sections of great fertility. Many superb farms. Cleared land averages $45, woodland $i30 per acre. Much good timber remains. Farms average 100 acres. ^ Oil, coal (anthracite at east, bituminous at west), iron, copper, kaolin, building stones, salt abound. Rye, com,wheat, buckwheat, potatoes, vegetables, hay, oats, tobacco are staple crops. Dairying and stock flourish. Cimate in moun- tains severe in winter, with much snow, summers pleasant. Summers hot on the Delaware reaching 100 deg. Summers long in Susquehanna valley. West of mountains summers hot and of moderate length, winters cold. Average winter temperature 34 deg., summer 74 deg , rain fall including snow averages 42 inches Climate healthy. Chief Cities.— Census of 1900, Philadelphia contains mint 'and navy yard, 1,293,697; Pittsburg, extensive manufacturing city, 321,616; Harrisburg, capital, 50,167; Alle- ghany, 129,896; Erie, 52,733 ; Scranton, 102,026; Lancaster,41,459; Reading, 78,961; Wilkesbarre, 51,721. Industries. — Pennsyl- vania is the great oil and coal state. The other industries ii>- elude agriculture and kindred pursuits, lumbering, manufac- ture of paper, woolens, liquors, implements, machinery, etc. Salaries of State Officers. Governor $10,006 Lieutenant Governor 3,006 Secretary of State 4,005 Treasur^^r 5,00& Auditor General 3,00a Attorney General 3,500 Chief Justice 8,500 Six Associate Justices 8,00d Senators and Representative*, H,QQO fo* 200 days ; 9M) per d^; BftiJee^ 5 cen^s. For the Philippines and Porto Rico see pages 533—535* 426 RHODE ISLAND. One of the 13 original etatee. Called "Little Hhody.' Plret Bettled at Providence, 1(336, by Roger- Williams. It-land of A cquid* neck (Rhode Island) bought from Indians, 1638, and Nfiwport and Portsmouth founded. Lands of N a rragan sett Indians ac- quired by purchase, 1709. R. 1. seamen distinguish themselve© in the Anglo-French wars, 1750 to 17G3, andin the RevtJlution. Union soldiers furnished, 23,236. Number counties, 5. Miles railroad, 223. State elections first Wednesday in April. Elects 72 representatives, 37 senators, 2 congressme n and 4 presidential electors. Legislature meets annually on last Tuesday in May, at Newport, and holds adjourned sessions annually at Provi* dence. Terms of senators and representatives one year. Per- sons without property to the value of $134 excluded from voting. Brown's University at Providence founded 1764. CommoB school system excellent. School age 5-15. Legal int erest rate 6 per cent., by contract any rate. Population, census of 1900, 428.556. Area 1,247 sq. miles, oi 799,080 acres. Length N. and S. 46 miles, width 40 miles. Narragansett bay divfdes the slate unequally, the western and larger part extending, N. from the ocean some 27 miles. The bay is 3 to 12 miles wide, and contains several islands, of which Acquidneck, Canonicut and Prudence are largest. Block Island, at the western entran ce of the bay, also belongs to this state. Surface of state broken and hilly, femall rivers unfit for navigation are numerous, and afford val- uable water powers. Chief rivers: Pawtucket and Pawtuxet, entering Narragansett Bay, and Pawcatuck, falling into Long Island Sound. The state contains numerous small lakes, some of great beauty. Scenery varied and pretty. Soil middling quality. Hay best crop. Potatoes, corn and oats are the next most important products. No forests. Dairying profitable. Land high-priced. No minerals mined. Climate, owing to nearness to sea, moderate. Average temperature— winter 24 to 42 deg. , summer 44 to 74 deg. Rainfall 43 inches. Snow lies 60 to 100 days. Health good. Chief Industries.— Manufacture of fabrics of cotton, flax, linen, wool, boots and shoes, rubber goods, metals, jewelry, etc., agriculture, dairying. Rhode Island, in proportion to size, is the largest manufacturing state ia Union. Principal Cities.— Census of 1890.— Providence, capital and seaport, 175,797. Newport, capital, seaport finest in the world, and great pleasure resort Brisiol. seaport. Warren, seaport. Pawtucket,39,231. Woonsocket.28,204. Westerly, Salaries of State Officers. Governor, $1,000; Lieutenant-Governor, $500; Secretary ot State, $2,500; General Treasurer, $2,500; State Auditor, Insur- ance Commissioner,$2,500; Railroad Commis8ioner,$500; Attor- ney General, $2,500; Adjutant General,$600; Commissioner Pub- lic Schools,$2,500 ; Chief Ju8tice,$4,500 ; Four Associate Justices, •4,000; Senators and Repre8entativee,$l per day,mileage 8 cents ; District Judge, 83,500; Appraiser of Customs, $3,000. 428 TEXAS. **Loiie Star State." Settled first by French under LaSalle 1685, was a part of Old Mexico. Independence declared Dec. 20,1835. Houston inaugurated as president Oct. 1836. Independence of the republic recognized by United States March, 1837, by Euro- pean powers 1839 and '40. Continued wars with Mexico, em barrassed finances. Proposition for union with United States 1845, and admitted as a state Dec. 29. State paid $10,000,000 by United States for all lands outside present limits 1850. Seceded Feb. 1861. Houston, who refused to secede, deposed. Military operations small. Last battle of the war near Rio Grande May 12, 1865. Re-entered Union 1870. Number counties 224, miles of railroad 9,650. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., number of senators and representatives 159, sessions of legisla- ture biennial in odd numbered-years, meeting second Tues. in Jan., holds 60 days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 15, congressmen 13. United States army, lunatics, idiots, paupers and convicts excluded From voting. Number colleges 10, school age 8-14. School en- dowment enormous, includes 23,470,377 acres yet unsold. Legal interest 8 per cent, by contract 12 per cent,usury forfeits entire Interest. Population, census of 1900—3,048,710. Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc.— Extreme length E. and W. 830 miles, extreme width 750 miles, area 170,247,040 acres, largest of the states and territories. Coast line 412 miles, Galveston bay largest, has 13 feet of water 35 miles inland. Rio Grande (navigable 440 miles). Lands extremely fertile, except in the N. W., where water is scarce. .Lands on Rio Grande and at south require irrigation for good results, although crops will grow to some extent without. Entire state covered with rich grasses, affording pasture the year round. All cereals, root crops, vege- tables,fruit and stocks flourish. Cotton best crop. Other staples, sugar, molasses, sweet potatoes, com, wheat, grapes and fruits. Dairjring extensive. Cattle, sheep, goat and hog raising on mammoth scale. Cotton picking July to Dec, com planting middle of Feb., grain harvest May, com harvest J uly. Ranks first in cattle and cotton, second in sugar, sheep, mules and borses. Coal area 6,000 sq. miles, quality good. Iron ore and Bait deposits extensive. Other minerals found but extent un- known. Improved land averages $8, and unimproved $3 to $4 per acre. Uncultivated and timber land seven-eighths of area, timber area one-fourth.; Climate varies, temperate at North, eerai-tropical at south. Health everywhere most excellent. Thermometer ranges from 35 to 98 deg., but seldom rises to the latter temperature. At Austin averages winter 56 deg., summer 80 deg. Rainfall averages at Austin 35 inches, increases on coast and to the south, decreases to 13 inches in N. W. Chief Cities, Census of 1900— San Antonio, 53,321; Dallas, 42,638; Galveston, 37,789; Fort Worth, 28,688; Houston, 44,633. 430 UTAH. Settled 1848 at Salt Lake by Mormons from Illinois, March, 1849, state of "Deseret" organized. Congiess refused to re- ceive constitution adopted. Utah territory organized Sept., 1850. Trouble with government till 1858 Federal officers driven from territory 1856. The Territory of Utah became, by proclamation of President Cleveland, the Forty-fifth State of the Union at 10:00 a.m., January 4th, 1896. The prominent features of the Constitution cf the new State are the following : 1. No union of state and church. 2. No church shall dom- inate the state, or interfere with its functions 3. No inhab- itant of the state shall ever be molested in person or property on account of his or her mode of religious worship. 4. Po- lygamous or plural marriages are forever prohibited. 5. The penalties imposed under previous territorial laws for polygamy are re-enacted in the new Constitution. Number counties 27, miles railroad 1,417. Elections annual, first Monday in August. Number senators and representatives 63, sessioE;* of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second Monday in Jan., holds 60 days. Terms of sen- ators and representatives 2 years each. School system fair, school age 6-18 years, number colleges 1. Legal interest 10 per cent., by contract any rate. Population, census of 1900, 276,749. Average length 350 miles, width 260 miles, area 84,928 miles, 54,353,920 acres. Surface rugged and broken with some rich valleys. Traversed by Wahsatch, Uintah, Roan, Little, Sierra Lasal, Sierra Abajo, San Juan, Sierra Panoches, and Tusoar mountains. Southeast portion elevated plateaux, western por- tion disconnected ridges Great Salt Lake is 130 sq. miles in area. In N. W. a large area of desert land. Soil in valleys very productive. Yield ffne crops of cereals and vegetables. Wheat best crop. Fruits successful. Grazing important in- terest. Dairymg profitable and interest is growing rapidly. Forests sufficient for home purposes. Gold, copper and silver in Wahsatch mountains. Silver predominates. Coal in valley of Weber River. Salt found in large deposits, and the lake sup- ply inexhaustible. State ranks third in silver. Ciimate mild and healthy. Warmer W. of Wahsatch mount- ains. Summers dry and hot in S. W. Rainfall averages 16 inches at S. and 17 at N, chiefly in Oct. and April. Sprinp opens in April. Cold weather begins late in Nov. In mount- ains winters severe and snows heavy. Temperature at Salt Lake averrges, winter 35 deg , summer 75 deg. Chief Cities, Census of 1900— Salt Lake City, capital, 53,531 ; Ogden, ; Provo City. . . ; Logan, Leading Industries,— iMining, stock raising and agriculture. 433 WASHINGTON. learned for George Washington. First settlement 1845, pre- ceded, however, by Hudson Bay Co.'s trading posts. Organ- ized as territory 1853, and admitted to the Union Nov. 11, 1889. First legislature assembled at Olympia February, 1854. India© wars 1855 and 1858. Gold discovered 1855. Island San Juan in dispute between United States and England la'^', Rights of the Hudson Bay and Puget Sound Co.'s purchased. Number counties i54. Miles railroad 2,829. All elections Tuesday after firct Monday in Nov. Number senators 34, representatives 78, sessions of legislature biennial in odd-numbered years, meet- ing first Monday in October. Terms of senators and repre- sentatives 2 years each. Number colleges 2, school age 4-21 years, school endowment reserve large. Legal interest 10 per cent., by contract any rate. .Population, census of 1900—518,103. Topography. Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — Extreme length E. and W. 341 miles, width 242 miles, area 70,574 square miles, 45- 169,360 acres. Coast line 200 miles. Columbia rivei navigable 175 miles. Excellent harbors in Puget Sound, Admiralty Inlet and Hood's canal Scenery, especially on Columbia, grand. Columbia river current overcomes tide at the mouth, and water in the bar drinkable. Cereals flourish but com not su-ccessful. Wheat, oats, hops, fruit of temperate climates, excepttpeaches, are staple. Grazing region entire section east of Cascades, covered with inexhaustible supply pf bunch grass. Stock raising and dairying growing industries. Lumber resources unsurpassed. Coal on Bellingham bay and at Seattle, area of coal-bearing strata 20,000 sq. miles. Gold-bearing quartz and silver lodes in Cascade and Coast ranges. Copper, cinnabar, lead and other minerals are found. Climate — On coast dry season April to November, rest of year rainy. Rainfall averages at north 96 inches, for entire section 54 inches. Winters mild, little snow or ice. Summers cool with sea breezes. Temperature averages winter 39 deg., summer 61 deg., ranges 30 deg. to 90 deg. Eastern section dry, rainfall 10 inches. Chief Cities— Census of 1900 : Seattle, 80,671 ; Tacoma, 37.714 ; Spokane, 36,848. Leading Industries — Agriculture, lumbering, grazing, iiiin- ing, etc. SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. Governor $4,000, Secretary $1,800, Treasurer $1,200, Auditor il,200. Superintendent of Public Instruction $1,000, Librarian $400, Chief Justice $3,000, three Associate Justices $3,000, Sena- tors and Representatives $4 a day and 20 cents mileage, Surveyor General $2,500, Chief Clerk $1,800, Chief Draftsman $1,700. 434 WISCONSIN. Badger State." Settled first by French at Green Bay, 1609. Formed part of northwest territory. Included in Indiana ter- ritory, 1800. Became part of Michigan territory, 1F05. Wiscon- sin territory organized 1836. Present boundaries fixed 1838. Madison made capital 1838. Admitted as state May 1848. Seventeenth state to join Union. Number Union soldiers fup- BiBhed 91,327. Number counties 7U- Miles railroad 6.398. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number sena- tors 33, representattvee 100, sessions biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting second Wednesday in Jan., term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 12, number congressmen 10 ; insane, idiots, convicts, bribers, bet- ters and duellists excluded from voting. Number colleges 7, number puolic schools 6,588, school age 4-20 years. Legal in- terest 7 per cent, by contract 10 per cent, usury forfeits entire interest. i Population, census of 1900, 2,069,042. Topography, Ared, Soli, Products, Etc.— Extreme length N. and S. 298 miles, width, 260 miles, aiea 65,805 sq. miles, 42,115.- 200 acies. Besides the great lakes Michigan and Superior the «tate contains Green Bay, Winnebago, Geneva, Devil's lake knd innumerable other lakes in the central and northern sec tions of the state, of unsurpassed beauty, making the state a favorite place of summer resort. Much of state prairie, but enormous stretches of magnificent pine and hardwood timbers remain untouched. Soil excellent and adapted to farming, dairying and stock raising. Fruits grow and berries are a fine crop. Cranberries largely raised. Wheat the best crop, flax, buckwheat, hay, corn, oats, staples. Extensive lead mines in OraMt, Lafayette and Iowa cotinties, native copper in the north, in Crawford and Iowa counties. Iron ores in Dodge, Sauk, Jackson and Ashland counties. Ranks second in hops, third in barley and potatoes, fourth in rye and buckwheat, fifth in oats and agricultural implements. Improved land averages $18 and unimproved $10 Per acre. Much government' and railroad land yet untaken. Climate— Temperature avepages winter 20 deg., summer 71 deg., ranges from 32 deg. below zero to 95 deg. Rainfall 31 inches, includmg snow. Snows heavy, especially at north; filing late, summers short, falls pleasant. Milwaukee river frozen over an average of 105 days in year. Chief Cities— Census of 1900 : Milwaukee, port of entry, great pork-packing and beer-brewing center, grain and wheat mar- ket, 285,315; Madison capital, ; Eau Claire ; Fond du Lac, ; Oshkosh, 28,284; La Crosse. 28,875; Racine, 29,102; Superior. 31,091; Sheboygan, ; . Janesyille, Leading Industries — Lumbering, farming, mining, manu- facturing, brewing, pork packing, d;u!\ing, etc. 436 WYOMING. First settlement, Ft. Laramie, 1867. Organized as a territory in 1868, and admitted to the Union July 8, 1890. Counties, 13. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., number senators 19, representatives 38, sessions biennial, in even-num- bered years, meeting second Tuesday in Jan., hold 60 days, terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. Good school system, school age 7-2\ . Legal interest rate 12 per cent. , by contract any rate. Miles of railroad, 1179. Population.— Census of 1900, 92,531. Length 350 miles, width 275 miles, area 97,878 sq. miles, 62 641,920acres. Surface traversed by Rocky Mts., forming the continental divide, and is high and mountainous, varying in ele- vation from 4,800 to 12,000 feet. At the N. W. is the Yellowstone National Park, 3,600 sq. miles in area, and one of the greatest natural wonders of the continent. It varies from 6,000 to over 12,000 feet in elevation, and its scenery is one vast panorama. Along the streams and in the valleys are tracts of arable lands which may be made to produce prolifically with irrigation. Mountains, covered with forests of considerable extent, contain precious and base metals in great deposits. Soil, where water can be had, is good ; soil chiefly suited to grazing. Half the territory grazing land. Wheat, rye, oats and barley flourish, firost too frequent for corn. Water plentiful, game and fur- Ssearing animals numerous, iron ore abundant, mainly red hematite. Copper, lead, plumbago and petroleum found, gold in the Sweetwater country and near Laramie City, valuable de- posits of soda in valley of the Sweetwater. Coal abundant and of good quality at Evanston, Carbon, Rock Springs and other points. Climate cold, severe in mountains, milder in ^?aUeys. Healthful, air pure, dry and bracing. Rainfall, 15 inches. Temperature averages, summer 66 deg., winter 18 deg., ranges from 31 deg. below to 80 deg. above. July warm- est month, January coldest, latter averages 10 deg. Chief Cities. — Cheyenne, (capital), pop Laramie City, pop Chief Industries. — Grazing, mining and agriculture, but little is done in manufacturing. Salaries of State Officers. Governor $2,500 Secretary 1,800 Treasurer $800 and com. Auditor 1,000 Snperintendent of Public Inst 400 Librarian 400 Chief Justice 3,000 Two Associate Justices 3,000 Senators and Representatives $4 a day and SO cents mileage 48d DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA, named for Colambna. Fixed bb seat of XT. S. governmeat IW bf act of Congress. Formed oat of Washington Co., Md. (6i<^[. miles). Government removed to District 1800. Captnred m British 1814, and capitol, ezecative mansion and congressixnml library burned. Governed by Congress till 1871, when a legteft^- tive body of 33 ( 1 1 appointed by the president and 22 elected) wM created. Executive ofllcers still appointed by president. Offieew Appointed are paid bv the United States, those elected bv tbo District. Citizens of District have no vote for national omcerB. Schools superior. Legal interests per cent.by contract 10,more forfeits entire interest. Population, 1900, 278,718. Miles rail- road, 29. Surface made up of flats and hills. Similar in all features and products to Southern Maryland. Cities. — Wash- ington (capital U. S.), pop. 218,196, Georgetown, pop. 14,549. THE WHITE HOUSE AT AVASHINQTON, D. C. The White House, at Washington, D. C. is 170 feet long by 80 feet wide. The largest apartment, known as the east room, is ^ by 40 feet in dimension and 22 feet high. The adjoining bine room, finished in blue and gold, is devoted to receptions, dif^* matic and social. The green and red rooms, so called from thdr finishing, are each 30 by 20 feet. The rooms on the second floor are occupied by the executive office and the apartments of Ihe President's family. THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. The corner-stone was laid by President Polk, July 4th, 1848, and December 6, 1884, the cap-stone was set in position. The foundations are 126^ feet square and 36 feet 8 inches deep. TIm base of the monument is 55 feet 1^ inches square, and the walls 16 feet % inch thick. At the 500 foot mark, where the pyramidal top begins, the shaft is 34 feet b% inches square and the walls am 18 inches thick. The monument is made of blocks of marble two feet thick, and it is said there are over 18,000 of them. The height above the ground is 555 feet. The pyramidal top termim- ates in an aluminum tip, which is 9 inches high and weighs 100 ounces. The mean pressure of the monument is 5 tons per square foot.and the total weight, fonndation and all.is nearly 81,- 000 tons. The door at the base, facing the capitol.is 8 feet wide and 16 feet high, and enters a room 25 feet square. An immense Iron f ramework supports the machinery of the elevator, which is hoisted with steel wire ropes two inches thick. At one side be- gin the stairs, of which there are fifty flights, containing eighteen steps each. Five hundred and twenty feet' from the base there are eight windows, 18x24 inches, two on each face. The area at the base of the pyramidal top is l,187H/eet, space enough for a six-room house. each room to be 13x16 feet. The Cologne Cathe- dral is 525 feet high; the pyramid of Cheop8,486; Strasburg Cathe- dral,474 ; St . Peter's, at Rome,448 ; the capitol at Washington ,306, and Bunker Hill monument, 221 feet. The Washington monu- ment is the highest monument in the world ;total cost, $1,500,000. 439 LIQUID FUEL IN STEAMERS. The steamship Cowrie of the Shell Transport and Tradl- Ing CJompany (British), which recently discharged a car- go of oil in the Thames, has steamed all the way from Borneo to London— 9.250 miles— nsing nothing but liquid luel: and the boilers for supplying the steam for th6 pumps discharging the cargo were fired by the same ma- terial. The oil is not burned by a thin layer of incandes- cent coal, as is the case in some systems, but is pulverine* or reduced to spray by means of a steam jet at the fur- nace door, where it is delivered from furnace tanks aboTo the boilers. The Cowrie was formerly fired with coal, and her conversion to liquid fuel has been attended with advantageous lesults. Her complement of stokers has been reduced to six, as aa:ainst sixteen, necessary witk coal, and Ler speed has, at t he same time, been slightly improved. Moreover, the change has effected an import- ant saving in bunker space, lor her consumption of oil oa this voyage was only 22 tons a day, whereas her daily consumption of coal used to be 35 tons, and a ton of oil is calculated to only 34 cubic feet, aaainst 45 feet required for coal. Oil , too, can be carried in the water-ballast tanks, and can also be taken on board much more quickly than coal— on a recent occasion 300 tons were pumped into a German steamer in one hour. THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES. Armenia, formerly a homogenous, independent king- dom of Western Asia, is now divided between three powers, Turkey, Russia and Persia. Its Inhabitants. wh» all belong to the Christian Armenian Church but not ia communion with either the Greek orthodox or the Roman Catholic Church, have preserved their own language and literature, and are found all over the East among the foremost business and professional men. Their Christian creed however has caused constant i^prisings against them on the part of their neighbors, the Kurds, a confed- eration of fanatic tribes of a peculiar Mahometan sect. The Turkish authorities have proved powerless to pre- vent these periodical raids, and are now held responsible for them. American missions possessing large intei*ests all over the country, the United States Congress called for the intervention of our executive to protect them from maltreatment and reimburse them for losses already- Incurred. The jealousy of Western powers— Great Bri- tain, Prance, Rus.sia. etc.— render any durable pacifica- tion -jf the country an almost impossible task. 440 44i VENEZUELA. THE BOUNDARY CONTROVERSY. No document has issued from the White House s?i Washington, since Lincoln's famous Proclamation i f Emancipation of September, lSd2, that has created such world-wide interest as the message sent to Ck>ngress by President Cleveland on the 17th of December, 1895, calling attention to the controversy between Great Britain and the Republic of Venezuela concernirg the boundary lines dividing Venezuelan and British territory. The British claims concerning the extent of the colony of British Guiana are resented by the Republic of V^enezuela. As a matter of fact the boundary lines of this Republic have never been definitely fixed. The total area claimed by Venezuela is 632.807 square miles, but of this only 4:39 r 000 square miles are actually under Venezuelan admin- istration. Taking his stand firmly on the Monroe Doctrine as a recognized element of International law, the President has asked the British Government to submit the whole matter to arbitration. This being refused, the United States Government unanimously passed a bill on the 20th of December, 1895, authorizing the President to appoint a commission to "Investigate and report on the true divisional line between the Republic of Venezuela and British Guiana." The bill based on the President's Message passed the house and the senate in about forty-eight hours. Never was a law passed so rapidly nor supported with such enthusiastic patriotism. $100,000 was a-vpropriated for the expenses of said commission. The Commission thus appointed consisted of David J. Brewer, Richard H. Alvey, Andrew D. White, Frederic Coudert, Daniel C. Gilmore. Venezuela has a delightful climate and is a realm of matchless tropical beauty. Its palms and ferns are of gigantic growth. Its chief crops are manioc and maize. It exports coffee, cocoa, tobacco and cotton. Its mines are rich in gold, copper, phosphates and coal. The Republic is divided into eight states, eight federal terri- tories, the federal district, and two national colonies. Its population, according to the last census, was 2.198,820. There are two universities, one at Caracas, and the other at Merida. There are nineteen federal coUecres. The standing army consists of 2,800 men. Every male subject between eighteen and forty-five must be enrolled in the militia. The Roman Catholic is the religion of the state, but liberty of worship is guaranteed by law. The 44-2 constitution is modeled after that of the United States There is a President, agisted by eight ministers and a federal council. There are two houses of legislature, which constitute the congress, a senate of twenty-four members, and a chamber of deputies, of fifty-two mem- bers. The members of the chamber of deputies, one for every 35,000 inhabitants, and one more for an excess of 1.5,000, are elected every four years, directly by the electors of the states and the federal district, those of the senate by the legislative bodies of the different states, three for each. The congress elects the members of tiie federal council, the federal council elects tne President. The federal council and the President remain in office for t wo years. The coast of Venezuela is said to have been the first laud sighted by Columbus, who during his third voyapre in 1498, entered the gulf of Paria. and sailed along tne coast of the delta of Orinoco. In ir).50 the territory was (^rented into the Caotain-Generaiey of Caracas, and re- mained under Spanish rule till 1810. Then followed a ten years" war under the lead^^r^hip of the redoubtable Bolivar a native of Caracas, who was the soul and inspi- ration of the revolt. The Independence of Venezuela was recoftuized by Spain in the treaty of IVLadrid, March 30, 1845 Affairs were in an unsettled state for many years. On M .X3h 28, 1864, a federal constitution was drawn up for th6 republic. In December 1870. Don Guzman Blatico, who had proved himself to be :t state>>man of remark.ible ability was declared Provisional President. It was not. however, until February '20. 1874, that Blanco assumed the dignity and authority of Constituiionil President. He was elected to this office for a term of four years. Th^n came days of peace and prosperity for Venezuela. THE VENEZUELAN AWARD. The Anglo-Venezuelan Boundary Commission, after a session at Paris, France, beginning June 15, 1899, on October 3, 1899. rendered its award by unanimous agree- ment and both Great Britain and Venezuela accepted the decision. The arbitrators were Chief Justice Fuller, Associate Justice Brewer, Lord Chief Justice Russell of Killowen, Sir Richard Henn Collins and Professor Mar- tens. Ex-Preisident Harrison, General B. F. Tracy, M. Mallet-Provost and tne Marquis of Rojas were counsel for Venezuela, and Attorney-General Sir Richard Web- ster and Sir Robert Reed for Great Britain. 443 NEW U. S. TARIFF LAW Enacted July 24, 1897 Compared With the McKinley (1890) and Wilson (1894) Tariffs. The Tariff Bill, known generally as the "Dingley Bill,"" became a law by signature of the President at 4:06 p. m. on July 24, 1897. It was in force as to the collection of customs duties from 12:01 a. m. on the same day. It was just one hour from the conclusion of the roll call in the Senate that the President placed his signature to the bill. In those sixty minutes the bill over which Con- gress worked for more than four months went to the House to be signed in open session by Speaker Reed, thence back to the Senate for the signature of Vice-President Hobart, and thence to the White House, where it was signed by President McKinley. It had taken Congress exactly four months and nine days to prepare and enact this most complicate piece of legal machinery called a Tariff Law. To the energy and constant vigilance of Speaker Reed is due a great part of the credit for this unequalled legislative achievement. President Cleveland was inaugurated March 4, 1893, md it was only in October, 1894, that the Wilson Tariff Bill became a law without the President's signature. Schedule A— Chemicals, Oils, and Paints. Articles. Dingley Wilson McKin- Law. Law. ley Law Acids — Ac;etic, not exceeding specific ^clb 20 pc l^c 2c 20p c 4c 5c 3c 3c 5c 4c 6c 5c 20 p c 20 pc 7c 25pc 10c 10c 20p c 20 pc Free He 444 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. Tannic Gallic Tartaric All other acids All alcoholic perfumery and toilet preparations containing alcohol, and alcoholic com pounds not provided for. .... Alkalies, alkaloids, distilled, essential, expressed and ren- dered oils, and combinations of them, and chemical com- pounds not otherwise provid- ed for Alumina Alum, alum cake, etc Ammonia, carbonate of Muriate of Sulphate of Argols containing not more than 40 pc bitartrate of potash Containing more than 40 p. c. Partly refined, containing not more than 90 p. c. Containing more than 90 p. c. . Rochelle salts Cream of tartar Blacking Bleaching powder Blue vitriol Bone char, suitable for decol- orizing sugars Borax Borales of lime containing more than 36 p. c. of anhydrous boracic acid Not more than 36 p. c Camphor, refined Chalk (not medicinal or toilet) precipitated or prepared in cubes, blocks, or sticks, in- cluding tailors', billiard, red, or French Other chalk Chloroform Coal tar dyes, not provided for. Other products of coal tar 50c 10c 7c 25 p c 60c & 45 pc 25 pc 6-lOc VAc 3-lOc Ic 4c 5c 4c 6c 25p c l-5c 20 p c 5c Ic 25 p c 20c 30pc 20p c 60c 20p c 20p c $2 gal i: 50 pc 20 p c 4- 10c 4-lOc 20p c 10 p c 20 p c Free Free 20p c 20p c 2c 20p c 20p c Free 20 p c 5c VAc 10 p c 25c 25 p c Free 445 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin. ley Law Cobalt oxide of 25 p c 25 p c 30 p c Collodion 50c 40c 50c 60c 50c 60c I^sinuf sctured 65c & 45 p c 60c & 25 p c 25 p c 1 • t \^ » A 50 p c 50 p c 50 p c Copperas %c Free 3-lOc ^bu^s ^dried^^in^ects* g^nf' Duts sidvanced invalue not provided for 10 p c 10 p c 10 p c Ethers- 40c 40c 4Dc 25c 25c 25c Fruit ethers, oils, or essences. . $2 $2.50 $1 $1 None shall pay less than ^ 25 p. c. JLXtracts and uecoctions ot log- wood etc. not provided for. 10 p c ^^^'^^S*^ /^u Q^*^*"^^^*^ and in n r lU p C /8C Extracts of sumac and of woods other than dye woods. IVI p C ^^clatine, glue, etc., valued not above 10c lb 672 C £0 p C l^C above 35c lb 25 p C 25 p c 30c Valued above 35c lb 15c & 25 p c 30c 20 p c Grlycerine crude Ic Ic oc oC He ^C Indifo' ra^ ^cts or paste 3/r Free « I- J • V"^*^^ , lUC Free •60 p C 25 p c ov p c Iodine resublimed 20c Free 50c $1 $1 $1 .50 DC o>^c Chicle 10c Free Free Magnesia, carbonate of, medi- 3c 3c 4c 7c 7c 8c l-5c l-5c 3-lOc 446 j^lRTICLES. Dinglcy Law. Wilson Law. Oils- Alizarin, etc., liquid or solid, ■where 50 per cent, castor oil is used Less than 50 per cent, castor oil used All other alizarin not provided for Castor oil Cod liver oil Cottonseed oil Groton oil Flaxseed Fusel oil Hempseed and rapeseed oil Olive oil not provided for. . . Packed in bottles, jars, etc. Peppermint oil Seal, herring, and other fish oil Opium, crude, containing 9 per cent, of morphia Morphine and all salts of opium Aqueous extracts of opium not provided for Opium containing less than 9 per cent, of morphia, and opium prepaid for smoking. Paints, Colors, & Varnishes- Baryta, sulphate of, including bartyes earth, unmanufac- tured Manufactured Blues, such as Berlin, etc., con- taining ferrocyanide of iron, in pulp, dry or ground in oil. Blanc-fixe Black, from bone, ivory or veg- etable, dry or ground in oil or water Chrome yellow, green, etc. , dry or mixed with oil or water. . . Ochre, sienna, umber, crude, not powdered or washed .... Powdered or washed Ground in oil or water Orange mineral Red lead 30c gal 15c 30p c 35c gaJ 15c 4c 20c lb 20c gal Mclb 10c gal 40c 50c 50c lb 8c gal $1 lb $1 oz 40 pc $6 lb 75c ton $5.25 8c lb 25pc 4^c 3^c 2%c 30 p c 30p c 30 p c 35c 20 p c Free Free 20c 10 p c 10c 35c 35c 25 p c 25 p c Free 50c 20 p c $6 $1.12 $3 6c 25 p c 20 p c 3c Free Free 447 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Ultra-marine blue and wash blue containing ultra-marine Varnishes, including gold size. Spirit varnishes Vermilion red and other colors containing quicksilver Not containing quicksilver White lead and other pigment containing lead Whiting and Paris white, dry. Ground in oil or putty Zinc oxide of, or pigment, con- taining zinc, but not lead, dry Ground in oil Sulphide of, or white sulphide of zinc Chloride and sulphate of All paints and pigments, lakes, crayons, smalts, frostings, or crude, dry, or mixed, ground with water, oil, or other solu- tions not provided for; artists' paints in tubes, pans, or cakes Paris green and London purple Lead- Acetate of white Brown, gray, or yellow Nitrate of iLitharge Ph^c 2- 10c 'Ac Vsc VAc Kc $1.25ton 10 p c 20 p c 40 p c 30c oz $8 ton 3- 10c lb 80c oz 25 p c 25 p c 25 p c 40 p c $1.00 lb 20 p c 35pc 10 p c VAc 25 p c 25 p c 25 p c 25 p c 25 p c He Free 10 pc 10 p c 30c 20 p c 3- 10c lb 25 p c Scbediile B— Earths, Earthenware, and Glassware. Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Brick and Tile — Fire brick, weighing not more than 10 lbs. each, not glazed $1.35ton 25 p c $1.^ 449 Articles. Dingley Wilson McKin- Law. Law. ley Law 40 p c tiU p c 0 p c Brick, other tli^n fire brick, not OK do p c 4o p c 40 p C 45 p c 30 p c 45 p c Tiles, pl^in, one color, exceed- 4c s f 25 p c -o p c Gla2ed, ceramic, mosaic, orna- mented, and all earthenware tiles, valued at not more than 8c s I ^5 p c <65 p C Exceeding 40c. sq. ft 10c s f 40 p c 45 p c & 25 p c v^ement, j_«ime and x laster — I^oman, Portland, and other ■^lydraulic, in barrels, sacks, ft cc cwt oG fir- In K.tlb- 7c 7c 4 C 20 p c 10 p c 20 p c 5c cwt DC 6c J^iaster, rock, or gypsum, crude 50c ton #1.25 $2.25 $1.25 »1. ii> 20 p c 9L.OU 91. <<> Pumice stone, wholly or par- $D ton r ree r ree 10 p c Free Fre& Clays or Earths- Clays or earths, unwrought or 91 ton ^1 £1 tin $2 $2 ??l 91. DU 91 $3 $2 »<$ Earthenware and China — Common yellow and brown, plain, embossed, or glazed, 25 p c 20 p c 25 PC l^ockingham earthenware, not 40 p c 30 p c 55 p c 450 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. China, porcelain, crockeryware, ornaments and toys, decor- ated or ornamented, includ- ing clock cases, with or with- out movements Plain white, without ornament All other china, porcelain, crockeryware, etc., in any way decorated or ornamented If not ornamented or decorated Articles wholly or in pan ol mineral substances, not dec- orated If decorated Gas retorts J^ava tips Carbons for electric lighting . . Filter tubes Porous carbon pots for electric batteries, without metallic connections Glass and Glassware — Plain green or colored, molded or pressed flint, lime or lead glass bottles, vials, jars, demi- johns, Jcarboys, filled or un- filled, holding more than one pint Holding not more than one pint and not less than %. pint. . . . Holding less than % pint None to pay less than Glass bottles, or other vessels of glass, in any way orna- mented or decorated, and porcelain and opal glassware Unpolished, cylinder, crown, and common window glass, not exceeding 10 by 15 inches square Above that, and not exceeding 24 by 30 inches square Above that, and not exceeding 24 by 36 inches square Above that, and not exceeding 24 by 36 inches square. . . U) p c 5.0 p c 60 p c .55 p c 35 p c 45 p c $3 each lOcgross 15 p c 90c per ^ 100 45 p c 20 p c Ic lb, l^c 50c gr'ss 40 p c 60 p c l^iclb. 2/8C 60p c 35 p c 40 p c 30 p c 30 p c 40 p c 20 p c 30 p c 20 p c 20 p c 20 p c 40c 40 p c iy,c 451 Articles. Not exceeding 30 by 40 inches square Above that, not exceeding 4( by 60 Above that Cylinder and crown glass, pol ished, not exceeding 16x24 inches square Above that, and not exceeding 24x30 inches Above that, and not exceeding 24x60 inches Above that Fluted, rolled, or rough plate glass, or the same containing wire netting within itself, not including crown, cylinder, or common window glass, not ex- ceeding 10x15 inches square Above that, and not exceeding 16x24 inches Above that, and not exceeding 24x30 inches All above that AH fluted, rolled, rough plate glass weighing over 100 lbs. per 100 square feet, shall pay fan additional duty on the ex cess at the same herein im posed. Cast polished plate glass, unsil vered, not exceeding 16x24 inches square. . Above that, and not exceeding 24x30 inches square Above tha^., and not exceedin; 24x60 lognes square All ab^c 4c 6c 4c 6c 15c 15c 2ac 20c 2C^ 40c He Ic Die 2c VAc 2c 2c VAc 8c 8c 5c 5c 12c 8c 8c 22>^c 225^ c 25c 35c 35c 50c 11c sq ft 6c 6c 13c 8c 8c 25c 22%c 25c 38c 35c dtc 4. J 2 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law, McKin- Icy Law No looking glass framed to pay less duty than when un- framed, and shall pay addi- tional duty applicable tc frames. Cast polished plate glass, or common window glass, bent, obscured, beveled, etched, or otherwise ornamented or decorated Spectacles, eye - glasses, gog- gles, and their frames, or parts, valued at or not over 40c per doz Valued at over 40c per doz and not over $1.50 per doz. ... Valued at over $1.50 per doz . Lenses of glass or pebble, ground and polished to a spherical, cylindrical, or prismatic form, and ground and polished piano orcoquill glasses, wholly or partly man- ufactured, with the edges un- ground with the edges ground or beveled Strips of glass not more than three inches wide, ground or pnolished on one side or both sides to a cylindrical or pris- matic form, and glass slides for magic lanterns . pera and field glasses, tele- scopes, microscopes, photo- graphic and projecting lenses, other optical instruments, and frames or mountings for the same, not specially pro- vided for Stained or painted glass win- dows, mirrors not exceeding in 5126 144 square inches, with or without frames or cases, 5 p c ad^tional 20c doz & 15pc 45c & 20 pc 50 pc 45 p c 10c & 45 p c 45 p c 45 p c 10 pc 40 pc 40 pc 40 pc 35 pc 35 pc 25 pc 40 pc 10 pc 60pc 60pc 60pc 60 pc 60pc 60pC 60pC 453 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. and all glass (except broken) or manufactures of which glass or paste is the compo- nent material of chief value, not specially provided for. . . Fusible enamel Marble and Stone and Manu- factures of — Marble, in block, rough or squared only Onyx, in block, rough or squared Marble or onyx, s a w e d or dressed, over two inches in thickness Slabs or paving tiles of marble or onyx, containing not less than four superficial inches, if not more than one inch in thickness If more than one inch and not more than 1 ^ ins in thickness If more than 1^ inches and not more than two inches in thickness If rubbed, in whole or part. . . . Mosaic cubes of marble, onyx, or stone, not exceeding two cubic inches in size, if loose. If attached to paper or other material Manufactures of agate, ala- baster, coral, marble, rock crystal, etc., not provided for, including clock cases, with or without movements Stone — Burr stones, manufactured or bound up into millstones Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other building or monumental stone, except marble and onyx, unmanu- •actured or undressed, not specially provided for 45 p c 25pc 65c c f «1.50c f $L10c f 12c su f I5c 18c 8c addi- tional Ic lb & 20 p c 20c su f & 35 pc 50 p c 15 pc 12c c f 35 p c 25 p c 50c 50c 85c 85c cf 85c c f 85c c f 85c c f ! 85c c f : 45 p c 45 p c 7c 454 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. ley Law Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other building or monumental stone, except marble and onyx, not special- ly proved for, hewn, dressed, Grindstones, finished or un- 50 p c $1.75 ton 20 pc 30 pc lOpc 20 pc 40 pc 30pc Siates, slate chimney pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, roof- ing slates, and all other man- ufactures of slate notspecially Schedule C — Metals and Manufac- tures of. Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Iron ore, including mangani- ferous iron ore, and dross Basic slag, ground or unground Iron in pigs, iron Kentledge, Spiegeleisen, ferro mangan- ese, ferro silicon, wrought and cast scrap iron and scrap 40c ton $1 ton 6-lOc lb 8-lOc 5-lOc 40c ton 40c $4 6-lOc 8-lOc 5-lOc 75c ton 75c 3-lOclb 11-lOc 8-lOtt Bar iron, square iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats, not less than 1 inch wide, nor less than % in thickness, round iron, not less than 7-16 iRound iron, in coils or rods, less than 7-16 of an inch in diameter, and bars or shapes of rolled or hammered iron, not specially provided for.. t*rovided, that all iron in slabs, blooms, loops, or other forms less finished than iron in bars, and more advanced than pig iron, except castings, shall be 455 Articles Provided further, that all iron bars, blooms, billets or sizes or shapes of any kind, in the manufacture of which char- coal is used as a fuel, shall be subject to a duty of Beams, girders, joists, angles, channels, car truck channels, tees, columns, and posts or parts or sections of columns and posts, deck and bulb beams and building forms, together with all other struc- tural shapes of iron or steel, whether plain or purK:hed or fitted for use Boiler or other plate iron or steel, except crucible plate steel cind saw plates, herein- after provided for, not thin- ner than No. 10 wire gauge, sheared or unsheared, and skelp iron or steel, sheared or rolled in grooves, valued at Ic per pound or less Valued above Ic and not above 2c per pound Valued above 2c and not above 4c per pound Valued at over 4c Iron or steel anchors or parts thereof Forgings of iron and steel of whatever shape or stage of manufacture Ball forgings of iron or steel. . Hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel, valued at 3c per pound or less, 8 inches or less in width, and less than % of 1 than No. 10 wire gauge Thinner than No. 10 wire gauge wire gauge . Dingfcy Law. Law. McKia- $12 ton $12 5-lOc lb 6-lOc 9-ldc 5-lOc 5-lOc 5-lOc 6-lOc 6-lOc 8-lOc Ic 25 p c 30 p c 25 p c 15-lOc 2c l^clb 23-lOc 35pc 45 p c 5-lOc 35 p c 45 p c 30 p c Ic 6-lOc 8-lOc 30 p c 30p c 11-lOc 13-1^ 456 Articles. Dingley Law, Wilson Law. band iron, splayed or punch ed, shall pay more duty than that imposed on the hoop or band from which they are made Steel bands or strips, untem pered, suitable for band saws If tempered Hoop iron or steel, wholly or partially manufactured into hoops, painted or not, with or without fastenings for baling Kailway bars made of iron or steel and railway bars made in part of steel, T rails, and punched iron or steel flat rails Railway fish plates or splice bars, made of iron or steel. . . Sheets of iron or steel, common or black, of whatever dimen- sions, and skelp iron or steel, valued at 3c. per lb. or less, thinner than No. 10 and not thinner than No. 20 wire gauge , Thinner than No. 20 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 25 wire gauge Thinner than No. 25 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 32 wire gauge Thinner than No. 32 wire gauge Corrugated or crimped Steel sheets or plates, and hoop or scroll iron or steel, not tin plates and taggers tin, gal- vanized or coated with metal, more than if not galvanized. Sheetsof iron or sheetsteel, pol- ished, planished or glanced, by whatever name designated Provided, that plates or sheets of iron or steel, by whatever name designated, other than 'he polished, planished, or glanced herein provided for. MOc 3c lb & 20pc 6c & 20p c 5-lOc lb 7-20C 4- 10c 7- lOc 8- lOc 1 1-lOc 1 2-lOc 1 1-lOc 2-lOc 2c 457 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKta ley Law which have been pickled or cleaned by acid or by any other material or process, or which are cold rolled, smoothed only, not polished, shall pay more duty than the corresponding gauges of com mon or black sheet iron or steel Sheets or plates of ir^n or steel or taggers iron or steel, coated with tin or lead, with a mixture of which these metals or either of them is a component part, by the dip- ping or any other process, and commercially known as tin plates, terne plates, and taggers tin Steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms, and slabs, by what- ever process made ; die blocks or blanks; billets, and bars, and tapers or beveled bars, mill shafting ; pressed, shear- ed, or stamped shapes; saw plates wholly or partially manufactured ; hammer molds or swaged steel; gun barrel molds not in bars alloys used as substitutes for steel in the manufacture of tools; all descriptions and shapes of dry sand, loam, or iron molded steel castings; sheets and plates, and steel in aH forms and shapes not specially provided for; all of the above valued at Ic per pound or less Valued above Ic and not above 14-lOc per lb Valued above 1 4-lOc and nor above ! 8-lOc lb Valued above 1 8-lOc and not above 2 2-lOc lb Valued above 2 2-lOc and not above 3c lb 2-lOc He 1 l-5c 2 2-l«c 3- 10c 4- lOc 6- lOc 7- lOc 9-lOc 3- lOc 4- lOc 6- lOc 7- lOc 9-lbc 4-IOc 4-16C 8-iac 1 2-l«c 458 Articles. Dinglcy Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Valued above 3c and not above 4c lb Valued above 4c and not above 7c lb Valued above 7c and not above 10c I) Valued above 10c and not above 13c lb Valued above 13c and not above 16c lb Valued above 16c per lb Wire- Wire, rods, rivet, screw, fence, and other iron or steel wire rods, whether round, oval, flat, or square, or in any oth- er shape, and nail rods in coils or otherwise, valued at 4c or less per lb Valued over 4c If tempered, treated, or par tially manufactured, an addi tional duty of Round iron or steel wire, not smaller than No. 13 wire gauge Smaller than No. 13, and not smaller than No. 16 Smaller than No. 16 Valued at more than 4c lb. . iron, or steel, or other wire not provided for, including such as is known as hat, lK)nnet, crinoline, corset, needle, piano, clock, and watch wire, flat or otherwise ; and corset clasps, steels and dress steels and sheet steel in strips .0025 of an inch thick or thinner, whether uncovered or cov- ered with cotton, silk, metal, or other material, valued at more than 40c lb Provided, that articles manu- factured from iron, steel, brass, or copper wire shall 12-lOc 1 3-lOc 2c 2 4- 10c 2 8-lOc 4 7- 10c 4-lOc IVaC 2c 40p c 45 p c 12-lOc 1 3-lOc 1 O-lOc 2 4-lOc 2 8-lOc 4 7-lOc 1 6-lOc 2c 2 8-lOc 3Kc 4 2-lOc 7c 4-lOc 6-lOc 6-lOc 2c 40 pc 459 Articles. Drnglcy Law, Wilson Law. McKin. ley Law pay the rate of duty which would be imposed on the wire used, and in addition And on iron or steel wire coat- ed with zinc, tin, or other metal, in addition to duty on the wire All metal produced from iron or its ores, which is cast and malleable, shall be classed as steel. No article wholly or partly of tin plate shall pay less duty than tinplate. All iron or steel, cold rolled, drawn, or hammered or pol ished, in addition On strips, plates, or sheets of iron or steel, other than pol- ished or planished, treated in like manner, in addition . . . On steel circular saw plates, in addition to rates for steel saw plates Manufacture of Iron and Steel- Anvils of iron or steel, or of iron and steel combined, by whatever process made, or in whatever stage of manufac- ture Axles or parts thereof, axle bars, axle blanks or forgings for axles, whether of iron or steel, without reference the stage or state (A xrianu- facture, valued at not more than 6c lb Blacksmiths' hammers and sledges, track tools, wedges^ and crowbars, whether of iron or steel Bolts, with or without threads or nuts, or bolt blanks and 6ntshed hinges or hinge blanks, whether of iron or •tee. 2-lOc He 'Ac Ic l%c lb Ic lb l>tfc 2Xc 460 'Card clothing manufactured from tempered stieel wire. . .' . All other Cast ir©n pipe of every descrip- tion Cast iron ves^pls, plates, stove plates, andirons, sadirons, tailors' irons, hatters* irons and castings of iron not spe cially provided for Castings of malleable iron not specially provided for Cast hollow ware, coated, glazed or tinned Chain or chains of all kinds, made of iron or steel, not less than ^ of an inch in diame- ter Xess than ^ of an inch and not less than }i inch in diameter. Xess than ^ inch' and not less than 5-16. Xess than 5-16 Provided, no chain or chains of any description shall pay a lower rate of duty than Xap welded, butt welded seamed or jointed, iron or steel boiler tubes, pipes, flues or stays, not thinner than No. 16 wire gauge Welded cylindrical furnaces, made from plate metal All other iron or steel tubes, finished or unfinished, not provided for. Cutlery- Penknives, pocket knives, claspknives, pruning knives, and budding knives of all kinds, erasers or parts there- of, wholly or partly manufac- tured, valued at not more than 40c per doz Valued at more than 40c and OQt exceediog 50c per doz. . . 45c sf 20c s f 4-lOc lb 8- lOc 9- lOc 2c mc mc 3c 45 p c 2c 2Hc 40p c Iceach & 40 p c 40c 40c 6-lOc 8- lOc. 9- lOc 2c 30 p c 30p c 30p c 30p c 30p c 25p c 25 p c 25 p c 25pc, 461 Articles. Dinglcy Law, Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Valued at more than 50c and not exceeding $1.25 per doz Valued at more than $1.25 and not exceeding $3 per doz. . . . Valued at more than $3 per doz, Razors and razor blades, fin- ished or unfinished, valued at less than $1 50 per doz At $1.50 per doz and less than $3 per doz Valued at $3 per doz or more. . Scissors and shears, and blades of the same, finished or un- finiMied, valued at not more than 50c doz. Valued at more than 50c and not more than $1.75 per doz . Valued at more than $1.75 per doz Swords, sword blades, and side arms Table, butchers'^ carving, cooks', huntmg, kitchen, bread, butter, vegetable, fruit, cheese, plumbers', painters', palette, artists', and shoe knives, forks and steels, finished or unfinished, with handles of mother-of-pearl, shell or ivory With handles of deer horn. . . . With handles of hard rubber, solid horn, celluloid, or any pyroxyline material. . . With handles of other material 5c & 40 p c 10c & 40p c 20c & 40p c 50c doz & 15p c $1 & 15pc fl.75cloz & 20p c 15c & 15 p c 50c & 15pc 75c & 25p c 35p c 16c each & 15p c 12c & 15pc 5c & 15 p c l^c & 15 p c 25 pc 7^c doz $1.50doz 40 p c 40 p c 40 p c 40 p c 45 p c 35 p c 35 p c 35 p c $2 doe $2 doz &50pc $1 do« & 30pc $1 doz 30p c $1.75doie &30pc 45 p c 45 p c 35 p c 35p c $1 doz & 35pc 462 Articles. Files, file blanks, rasps, and floats of all cuts and kinds, 2)i ins. in length and under Over 2}i inches and under 4% inches in length Over 4^ and under 7 inches . . Seven ins. in length and over. . Firearms — Muskets, muzzle loading shot- guns, rifles and parts thereof. Double barreled, sporting breech loading shotguns, combination shotguns and rifles valued at not more than $5 Valued at more than $5 and not more than $10 Valued at more than #10 Double barrels for sporting breech loading shotguns and , rifles, further advanced in manufacture than rough bored only Stocks for double barreled sporting breech loading shot- guns and rifles, wholly or par- tially manufactured On all other parts of such guns or rifles, and fittings for such stocks or barrels, finished or unfinished. Provided, that all double bar- reled sporting breech-loading shotguns and rifles imported without a lock or locks or other fittings shall be subject to a duty of Single barrel breech loading shotguns, or parts thereof, ex- cepting as otherwise specially provided for. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law 30c do2 •35c 85c 50c doz 60c 60c 75c 60c 60c $1 $2 25 p c 25 pc 25 p c $1.50 & 30 p c $1.50& 15 p c 35 p c 14 & 30 p c 13 & 15 p c 35pc 30 p c $6& 35 p c 35pc $S each 30 p c $3& 35 p c 35pc 30pc $3& 35 pc 50 pc 30 pc 35 pc $6& 30pc I6& 35 pc 35pc ii & SOpc 11 & 35 pc 35pc 463 Articles. Revolving pistols or parts thereof Sheets and plates, ware or ar- ticles of iron, steel, or other metal, enameled or glazed with vitreous glasses Nails, Spikes, Tacks and Needles — Cut nails and cut spikes of iron or steel Horseshoe nails, hob-nails, and all other wrought iron or steel nails not specially provided for Wire nails made of wrought iron or steel not less than 1 inch in length and not lighter than No. 16 wire gauge . . Shorter than 1 inch and lighter than No, 16 wire gauge . . Spikes, nuts and washers, and horse, mule or ox shoes, of wrought iron or steel Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, not exceeding 16 ounces to the 1.000 Exceeding 16 ounces to the 1.000 Needles for knitting or sewing machines, including latch needles Crochet needles and tape nee dies, knitting and all other needlesnotspecially provided for, and bodkins of metal. . . . Steel engraved, stereotype plates, electrotype plates, and plates of other materials, engraved or lithographed, for printing Rivets of iron or steel Saws — Crosscut saws, per linear foot.. Mill saws, per linear foot 40 pc 6- 10c lb 214c ma 25 p c 25 p ' 25 pc 2c lb 6c 10c Wilson Law. SOpc 35 p c 22 lisp c 30pc 25 pc 25pc 25 pc 25 pc 25 pc 35 pc 25 pc 6c 10c 464 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Pit and drag saws, per linear foot 8c 25 pc 10c lb &20pc 30 pc 4c lb 6c B^uc 12c 50pc l^lb 154c lb 8c 25 pc 10c to 16c 30pc Steel band saws, finished or Hand, buck, and all other saws not specially provided for. . . Screws, commonly called wood screws, made of iron or steel, more than 2 inches in length Over 1 inch and not more than Over ^2 inch and not more than 25 p c 3c 5c 7c 10c 50pc 40pc 5c 7c 10c 14c 45pc l%c to 2i«c l^cto 2Xc One-half inch and less in length Umbrella and parasol ribs and stretchers, composed in chief value of iron, steel, or other Wheels or parts thereof, made of iron or steel, and steel tired wheels for railway pur- poses, whether wholly or partly finished, and iron or steel locomotive, car, or other railway tires or parts thereof, wholly or partly manufac- Ingots—Cogged ingots, blooms, or blanks for the same, with- out regard to the degree of Provided, that when wheels or parts thereof of iron or Steel are imported, with iron or steel axles fitted in them, the wheels and axles together shall be dutiable at the same rate as is^rovided for the wheels when imported separately. Miscellaneous Metals and Manufactures of — Aluminum and alloys of any kind in which aluminum is the component material of chief value in crude form .... Plates, sheets, bars, and rods. . Antimony as regulus or metal. . 8c lb 10c 13c 10c He Free 465 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. Argentine, Albata, or German silver, unmanufactured Bronze powder Bronze or Dutch metal of alumi- num in leaf Copper in rolled plates, sheets, rods, pipes, and copper bot- toms Sheathing or yellow metal, of which copper is the compo- nent material of chief value, and not composed wholly or in part of iron ungalvanized Gold and Silver — Gold leaf, 500 leaves Silver leaf, 500 leaves.., Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, made wholly or in chief value of gold, silver or other metal. . . Bullions and metal thread,with chief value in tinsel wire, lame or lahn Laces, embroideries, braids, trimmings or other articles with chief value in tinsel wire, lame or lahn, bullions or metal threads Hooks and eyes, metallic, whether loc e, carded or otherwise Lead — Lead-bearing ore o^ all kinds, on the lead contained therein Lead dross, lead bullion or base bullion, lead in pigs and bars and old refuse ; lead run into blocks and bars,and old scrap lead fit only to be remanu- factured Lead in sheets, pipe, shot, glaziers* lead and lead wire.. Meta'lic mineral substances in crude state, and metals un- wrought, not specially pro- vided for Monazite sand and thorite • 25 p c 12c lb 6c 100 leaves 2c ri.75 75c 5c lb 5c and 35 p c I p c 5^^c lb i: 15 p c l^c lb 2/8C 2%c 20 p c 6c lb 15 p c 40 p c 40 p c 20 p c 20 p c 30 p c 30 p c 25 p c Free Free 35 p c Ic li^c 466 Articles. Dingley Law, Wilson Law. Mica unmanufactured.. Cut or trimmed. Nickel oxide, alloy, in which Dickel is of chief value, in pigs, ingots, bars or sheets. . . Pens, metallic, except gold pens Penholder tips, penholders and parts, and gold pens Pins with solid heads, without ornamentation, including hair, safety, hat and shawl pins, wholly of brass, copper, iron, steel or other base metal not plated, and not commonly known as jewelry Quicksilver Type metal, for the lead con- tained therein New types Watch movements having not more than 7 jewels If having more than 7 jewels and not more than 11 jewels If having more than 11 jewels and not more than 15 jewels If having more than 15 jewels and not more than 17 jewels If having more than 17 jewels Watch cases and parts of watch cs.includingwatch dials,chro- nometers, box or ship, and parts thereof, clocks and parts thereof, not otherwise provided tor, whether separ- ately packed or otherwise, not wholly or in chief value al china, porcelain or earth- enware All jewels for watches or clocks 2inc in blocks or pigs In sheet 6c lb &20 p c 12c & 20p c 6c 12c grs 25 PC 35 p c 7c lb 25 p c 35c each & 25pc 50c & 25 p c 75c 25 p c $1.25 & 25p c $3.00 & 25 pc 40 p c 10 p c l^clb 20 p c 35 p c 20 p c 25p c 25 p c 7c 15 p c 25 p c 25 p c Ic 467 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKia ley Law Old and worn out, fit only to be Ic 45 p c He 35 p c l%c 45 p c Articles or wares not specially provided for, composed whol- ly or in part of iron, steel, lead, copper, nickel, pewter, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, or other metal, and whether partly or wholly SchediUe D— Wood and Mcuiuf aotures of. Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law 1*imher, hewn, sided or squared (not less than 8 inches square) and round timber used for spars or in building wharves. Sawed boards, planlcs, deals and other lumber, of white- wood, sycamore and bass- Ic c f $1 M $2 50c $1 $1.50 20p c 20 p c 3-lOc Free Free Free Free Free Free Free Free Free 10 p 11 12 60c $1 $1.50 20p c Free Free Sawed lumber, not provided When lumber of any sort is planed or finished, in addi- tion to the rates herein pro- vided there shall b,e paid for each side so planed or fin- ished, per thousand feet. If planed on one side, and tongued and grooved, per If planed on two sides, and tongued and grooved, per Paving posts, railroad ties, tele- phone, trolley, electric light, and telegraph poles of cedar. Kindling wood in bundles, not exceeding one-quarter of a cubic foot each, per bundle; . 468 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Larger bundles, for each addi tional quarter of a cubic foot or fraction thereof Sawed boards, planks, deals, etc., not further manufac- tured than sawed Veneers of wood, unmanufac- tured, not specially provided for Clapboards, per M Hubs for wheels, posts, last blocks, wagon blocks, head ing bolts, stave bolts, oar blocks, heading blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough hewn, sawed or bored .... Fence posts Lath, per M Pickets and palings and staves of wood of ail kinds Shingles, per M Casks and barrels and hogs- heads (empty), sugar box shocks, packing boxes and packing box shocks of wood, not specially provided for. . . Boxes, barrels, or other articles containing oranges, lemons, fruit, etc Chair cane or reeds, wroughf or manufactured fromrattans or reeds Osier or willow, prepared for basket makers' use Manufactures of osier or willow Toothpicks or vegetable sub- stances, per thousand Butchers' and packers* skewers House or cabinet furniture, manufactured or partially manufactured, and manufac- tures of wood, or of which wood is the material of chief value, not specially provided for 3-lOc 15 p c ZUp c $1.50 20 p c 10 p c 25c 10 p c 30 p c ) p c 10 pc 20p c 40 p c 15 pc 40c M Free Free Free Free Free Free Free Free Free 20 p c 10 p c 20 p c 25 p c 35 p c 35pc 25pc 35pc 469 Schedule E— Sugrar, Molasses, and Manu- factures of. Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Sugar, not above No. 16 Dutch standard in color, tank bot- toms, syrups of cane juice, melada concrete and con- centrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above For each additional degree and fraction of degree in propor- 95-lOOc lb 35-lOOOc 195-lOOc 3c gal 6c gal 4c lb l^clb 20 p c $1.50 & 10 p c 4c & 15 p c 50 p c 40 p c Free Sugar above No. 16 Dutch standard in color, and on all sugar which has gone through a process of refining Molasses testing above 40 de- grees and not above 56 de- %c and 40 p c 5-lOc Testing 56 degrees and above. . Sugar drainings and sweepings shall pay duty according to polariscopic test. Maple sugar and maple syrup . Sugar candy and all confec- tionery valued at 15c per lb or less, and on sugar after being refined when tinctured, Valued at more than 15c lb 40 p c 15 p c 10 pc 25 p c 35 p c 35 p c 40 p c He lb 10 p c 50 pc 5c 50 p c 470 Schedule F— Tobacco and Manufactures ofl Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Wrapper tobacco and filler to- bacco, when mixed or packed with more than 15 per cent of wrapper tobacco, and a " leaf tobacco the product of two or more countries, when mixed or packed together, if unstemmed If stemmed Filler tobacco not provided for, if unstemmed If stemmed All other tobacco, manufac- tured or unmanufactured, not provided for Snuff and snuff flour, manufac- tured of tobacco, of pU de- scriptions Cigars, cigarettes, and che- roots, including paper cigars and cigarettes «1.85 lb $2.50 35c 50c 55c 55c $4.50 lb &25pc 35c 50c 35c 50c 40c 50c $4 &25pc $2 $2.75 35c 50c 40c 50c $4.50 &25pc Schedule G— Agrricultural Products and Provisions. Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Animals, Live — Cattle, if less than 1 year old All other cattle, if valued at not more than $14 a head Valued at more than $14 Swine Horses and mules valued at $150 or less per head Valued at over $150 Sheep 1 year old or over hess than 1 year old Other live animals not provid- ed for Breadstuffs and Farinaceous Substances — Barley $2 head $3.75 275^ pc $1.50 $30 head 25 p c $1.50 75c 20 p c 20 p c $2 20 p c 20 p c 20 p c 20 p c 20 p c 20 p c 30c bu 40 p c $1.50 $30 30 pc $1.50 75c 20 pc 30c 471 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin^ ley Law T> 1 1*. ^C An 4U p C AKt^ Csrley, peErled^ patent or ^C ID An 40 p C 4C 15c bu lO p C IOC Corn 15c LO p C lOv 20c 15 p c 20c Twr • " • * * 1 r A • • JVlEcaroniy verniiceiii, a.nci simi- 1%C ID on /iV P C 46C Ic lb 15 p c IC Ic lb 15 p c nuns, per luu ids. .'>.^. lUC 20 p c on n ( ^wliich will pciss through j|^ sieve known £is !No. 12 wire 1/ _ Ic Paddy, or rice with outer hull on Sat ^C %c *sic lu P C 10c IgQ lb 10 p C ■*2C "Wheat 15 p c (40C 25 p c 25 p c 25 pc Dairy Products- Butter and substitutes therefor 6c lb 4C OC Cheese and substitutes therefor DC Af- 4C DC 2c gal Free 5c IVIilk, preserved or condensed, tic ID 2c 3c oc DC DC Farm and Field Products — 45c bu on <6U p C Beans, peas and mushrooms, preserved in tms^ jars or sini" 2-^c lb ^11 vegetables, prepared or preserved, including pickles anQ sauces oi all Rinos, not provided for, and fish paste 40 p c 30 p c 40 p c 3c ea Free Free Cider 5^ gal Free oc £ggs, not provided for Lc doz 3c 5c 25 pc Free 25 pc 3c lb Free l^sc $4 ton 20c gal Free $2 10c $4 20c 472 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. Hops Hop extract Onions Garlic Peas, green, in bulk, barrels, sacks, or similar packages . . . peas, dried Pead, split ]?eat, in cartons, papers, etc. . . Orc&ids, palms, drecoenas, cro- tBUs and azaleas Tulips, hyacinths, narcissi, jon- quils, lilies, and all other bulbs, bulbous roots, culti- vated for their flowers Natural flowers of all kinds suitable for decorative pur- poses Stocks, cuttings, or seedlings of Myrabolan plum, Mahaleb cherry, 3 years old or less, per 1,000 Stocks of pear, apple, quince, and St. Julien plum, 3 years old or less, and evergreen seedlings, per 1,000 Rose plants, budded, grafted, or grown on their own roots. Stocks, cuttings, and seedlings of all fruit and ornamental trees, deciduous and ever- green shrubs and vines, and all trees, shrubs, plants and vines known as nursery stock, not provided for Potatoes Castor beans or seeds Flaxseed or linseed and other oil seeds not specially pro- vided for Poppy seed Seeds of all kinds not specially provided for Straw Teazles 12c lb 50 pc 40c bu Iclb 40c bu 30c bu 40c bu Iclb 25 pc 25 pc 25 pc 50c & 15 p c $1& 15 pc 2^c ea 25 pc 25c bu 25c 25c 15c bu 30 pc i^l.50ton 30 p c 473 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Vegetables in natural state not specially provided for Fish- Anchovies, sardines, sprats, brislings, or sardels, packed in oil or otherwise, in bottles, jars, tin boxes, or cans, con- taining '7% cubic inches or less, per bottle, jar, or can. . Containing more than 7^ and not more than 21 cubic in. . . Containing more than 21 and not more than 33 cubic in. . . Containing more than 33 and not more than 70 cubic in . . . If in other packages .... . All other fish in tin packageSj except shellfish Fish in packages containing less than % bbl. not provided for Fresh water fish not specially provided for Herring, pickled or salted Herring, fresh. Fish, fresh, smoked, dried, salted, pickled, frozen, pack- ed in ice or otherwise for pres- ervation, not provided for. . . Fish, skinned or boned Mackerel, halibut or salmon, fresh, pickled, or salted Fruits and Nuts — Apples, peaches, quinces, cher- ries, plums, and pears, green or ripe Apples, peaches, pears, and other. edible fruits, including berries when dried or pre- pared in any manner, not provided for Berries, edible, in their natural condition Cranberries Comfits, sweetmeats, and fruits preserved in sugar, molasses, spirits, or in their own juices, QOt provided for 25 p c iKc 5c 10c 40 p c 30 p c 30 p c x/c lb ^clb 56c 30 p c 2c Free Olives, in bottles, jars, etc 25c gal 20 p c Free In casks, or other than in bot- 15c 20 p c Free Grapes, in barrels, or other 20c cf 20 p c 60c bri Oranges, lemons, limes, grape fruit, shaddocks, or pomelos Ic lb 8c c f 13c pkg Orange peel or lemon peel, of Ijic preserved, candied or dried. and cocoanut meat, desiccat- 2c lb 30 p c 2c Citron or citron peel, preserved. 4c 20 p c 20 pc Pineapples, in barrels or other 7c cf 20 p c Free $7 20 p c Free 4c lb 3c 5c 6c 5c 7J^c Filberts and walnuts of all 3c 2c 3c 5c 4c 6c 20 p c Ic Ic 20 p c VAc Nuts of all kinds, shelled or unshelled, not provided for. Ic 20 p c l%c Meat Products — 5c lb 20 p c 5c Fresh beef, veal, mutton, and 2c 20 p c 25 p c Meats of all kinds, prepared or preserved, not provided for. . 25 pc 20 p c 25 p c Extract of meat, not provided 35c 20 p c 25 p c 1.5c 20 p c 25 pc 2c 20 p c 25p c 3c 2c 3c 5c 3c 5c 475 Articles. Dingley r> - McKin- ley Law Free Ic Free Miscellaneous Products- Ic lb Free Free Burnt, ground, or unground, in rolls or otherwise, not pro- vided for •••••• •••••• . • 2J^c 2c 2c Chocolate and cocoa, prepared. not provided for, valued at 2c 2c Valued over 15c, not above 24c lb 2%c & 2c 2c 10 p c Valued above 24c and not above 35c lb 5c & 2c 2c 10 p c Valued above 35c lb. 50 p c 35 p c 2c Powdered cocoa, unsweetened. 5c lb 2c 2c Cocoa butter or cocoa butterine 3^c 3>^c Dandelion root and acorns, pre- p3red, and articles used as 2>«^c Salt in bags, sacks, barrels, or other packages, per 100 lbs. . 12c Free 12c In bulk 8c Free 8c The provisions of the McKin- ley law remitting the duty paid on salt used in curing fish on vessels or on the shores of navigable waters of the United States, and in packing meats, is re-enacted Starch and all preparations \%c lb l^C 2c Dextrine, burnt starch, gum substitute, or British gum. . . . 2c \%c Spices— I^ustard prepared in bottles or 10c 25 p c 10c 25^c 2>^c Ic Ic 3c 3c 3c 4c 7^c T^cgal pr'f gal 470 Schedule H— Spirits, "Wines, and Other Beverages. Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. Spirits — Brandy and other spirits, man- ufactured or distilled from grain or other materials, and not specially provided for, per proof gallon Cordials, liqueurs, arrack, ab- sinthe, Kirschwasser, ratafia, and other spirituous bever- ages or bitters of all kinds, containing spirits, and not specially provided for Imitations of brandy or spirits or wines, imported by any names whatever, shall be subject to the highest rate of duty provided for the genu- ine articles respectively in- tended to be represented ; and in no case less than Bay rum or bay water, whether distilled or compounded, of first proof, and in proportion for any greater strength than first proof Wines — Champagne and all other sparkling wines, in bottles, containing each not more than one quart and more than one pint, per doz Containing not more than one pint each and more than one- half pint, per doz Containing one-half pint each or less, per doz In bottles or other vessels, con- taining more than one quart each in addition to ^8 per doz- en bottles, on the quantity in excess of one quart, per gal.. $2.25 per gal $2.25 per gal $1.50gal $1.50 gal 12.50 477 Articles. Dingley Lav Wilson Law. Still wines, including ginger wine and vermouth, in casks orpackages other than bottles or jugs, containing 14 p c or less of absolute alcohol Containing more than 14 p c alcohol In bottles or jugs, per case of one doz., containing each not more than one quart, and less than one pint, or 24 bottles or jugs, containing each not more than one pint, per case. Excess of these quantities is subject to a duty per pint or fractional part' thereof of. . . . Ale, porter, and beer, in bottles or jugs, per gal But no separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or. jugs. Otherwise than in bottles or jugs, per gal Malt extract, fluid, in casks, per gal] In bottles or jugs Solid or condensed Cherry juice and prune juice, or prune wmes and other fruit juice not specially provided for, containing no alcohol or not more than 18 p c of alco- hol, per gal If contStining more than 18 p c of alcohol Ginger ale, ginger beer, lemon- ade, soda water, and other similar beverages, in plain, green or colored, molded or pressed glass bottles, con- taining each not more than ^ of a pint, per doz Containing more than % of a pint each and not more than Iji pints, per doz 40c gal 50c $1.60 30 to 50c 30 to 50c $1.60 5c 40c 20c 20c 40c 40 p c 60c 60c gal & $2.07 per gal on spr's 18c 28c 5c 30c 15c 15c 30c 30 p c 50c $1.80 gal 20 p c 20 p c 478 Articles. Dingley Lav Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law If imported otherwise than in plain green or colored, molded or pressed glass bottles, or in such bottles containing more than V/i pints each, duty shall be collected on the bot- tles or other colorings at the rate charged thereon if im- ported empty All mineral waters, and all imi- tations of natural mineral waters, and all artificial min- eral waters not specially pro- vided for, in green or colored glass bottles, containing not more than one pint per doz. . If containing more than one pint and not more than one quart, per doz If imported otherwise than in plain, green or colored glass bottles, or if imported in such bottles containing more than one quart, per gal 50c gal 20c 30c 24c 20 p c 20 p c 20 p c 50c 16c 25c 20c Schedule I— Cotton Manufactures. Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. Cotton thread and carded yarn, warps or warp yarn, except spool thread or cotton, not colored, bleached, dyed, etc., up to and including No. 15. . . On all numbers exceeding No. 15 and up to No. 30 i:xceeding No. 30 Colored, bleached, dyed, etc., all numbers up to 20 Exceeding No. 20, and up to No. 80, per No., per lb No. 80 and above, per No., per lb Cotton card laps, roping, sliver cr roving 3c lb l-5c per No %c 6c Yac 3-lOc 45 p c 3c lb l-5c per No Vac 6c 479 Articles. Dingley Law Wilson Law. Spool thread of cotton, includ ing crochet, etc., on spools or reels; spools 100 yards each, per doz For «ach additional 100 yards, per dozen If otherwise than on spools or reels, for each 100 yards or fraction Cotton cloth, not exceeding 50 threads to the square inch, not bleached, per yard. . . Bleached, per yard Dyed, colored, or printed, per yard Exceeding 50 threads, and not exceeding 100 threads to sq. I inch; not bleached; not ex- - ceeding 6 yds to lb., per yd. Over 6 and not over 9 yards to lb,, per yard Over 9 yards to lb Bleached : Not over 6 yards to lb., per yard Over 6 and not over 9 yards Over 9 yards to lb Dyed, colored, or printed; not over 6 yards to lb., per yard. Over 6 and not over 9 Over 9 yards to lb Not over 100 threads, not bleached, valued at over 7c per yard Over 100 and not over 150 threads to the sq, inch, not bleached, not over 4 sq. yds to lb., per yard Over 4 and not over 6 Over 6 and not over 8 Over 8 If bleached and not exceeding 4 sq. yds. to the lb , per sq yard Over 4 and not over 6 sq. yds. per lb Over 6 and not over 8 Over 8 Dyed, not over 4 yards to lb . . . 6c 6c ^c Ic 2c VAc IXc VAz 2Kc 2^c 3^c 3>^c 25 p 2c 2^c 2^c 2^c 3c 3^2C 334c 3^c 480 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. Over 4 and not over 6 Over 6 and not over 8 Over 8 Over 100 and not over 150 threads to the sq. in., not bleached, etc., valued at over 9c sq. yd Bleached, valued at over He. . Dyed, colored, etc., valued at over I2>^c Exceeding 150 and not over 200 threads to square inch, not bleached, not over Sj4 yards to lb., per yd Over S% and not over 4)^. . Over 4J^ and not over 6 Over 6 Bleached, not over S% yards to the pound Over 3^ and not over 4% Over 4>^ and not over 6 Over 6 Dyed, not over 3^ yds to lb. . . Over 3^ and not over 4^ Over 4^ and not over 6 Over 6 Exceeding 150 and not over 200 threads to the square inch, not bleached, etc., valued over 10c per square yard. Bleached, valued at over 12c square yard Dyed,etc., valued at over 12%c square yard Exceeding 200 and not exceed- ing 300 threads to square inch, not bleached, not over 2^ yards to pound, per yard Over 2^2 and not over 3^ Over 3^ and not over 5 Over g. Bleached, not over 2^ yards to pound Over 2^2 and not over 3^ Over 3^ and not over 5 Over 5 Dyed, not over 3^ yards to Y( pound, per yard SHc 4Xc 30 p c 35 p c 35 p c 2c 3c 2Hc 4c 4Kc 4^c 434c 5c 55 p c S5pc 40 pc 3c 4c 4^c 5c 4^c 4c 5c 4^c 5^c 5c 6c 534c 481 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. Exceeding 3^ square yards to pound Kot bleached, dyed, etc., val- ued at over 12^20 per square yard ; bleached, valued at over 15c square yard, and dyed, valued at over I7^c square yard Exceeding 300 threads to the square inch, not bleached, and not over 2 yards to the pound, per yard Over 2 and not over 3 yards, per pound Over 3 and not over 4 Over 4 Bleached, not over 2 yards to the pound Over 2 and not over 3 Over 3 and not over 4 Over 4 Dyed, not over 3 yards to the pound, per yard Over 3 Not bleached, dyed, etc., val- ued at over 14c per square yard ; bleached, valued at over 16c per square yard, and dyed, valued at over 20c per square yard Cloth composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber and silk, of which cotton is the chief value, per square yard None such to pay less than. . . . Cotton cloth filled or coated, per square yard Handkerchiefs and mufflers to pay same duty as on cotton cloth in them, not less than . II hemstitched, additional If embroidered, additional Cotton cloth, known as lappets, shall pay in addition to duty on cotton cloth valued at less than 7c per yard 7c 40 pc 4c r ~ 5c 6c 6V 8c 40 pc 8c & 30 pc 50pc 3c & 20 pc 45 p c 10 pc 60 pc 482 Articles. Dingley Law, Wilson Law. At more than 7c Clothing, ready made, and wearing apparel Articles having India rubber as component material .... Plushes, velvets, velveteens, corduroys and all pile fabrics, cut or uncut, any composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, not bleached or dyed. . Bleached or dyed Bias dress facings from plushes, velvets, or other pile fabrics, the foregoing rates of duty and additional None of such fabrics to pay less than Curtains, table covers, and ar- ticles manufactured of cotton chenille Hosiery made on knitting ma- chines Stockings, hose and half hose, fashioned or shaped wholly or in part by knitting ma- chines, of cotton or other vegetable fiber, finished or unfinished,valuedatnotmore than $1 per doz., per doz. pairs Valued at more than $1, and not more than $L50 Valued at more than $1.50, and not more than $2 Valued at more than $2, and not more than $3 Valued at more than $3, and not more than $5 Valued at more than $5 2c 50 pc 15c lb & 50 pc 9c s y & 25 p c 12c & 25 pc 10 p c 47K P c 50 p c 30 p c 50c & 15 pc 60c & 15 p c 70c & 15 p c $1.20 & 15 p c 12 & 15 p c 55 p c 40 pc 50 pc 40?*^ 47^2 p c 40 p c 30pc 50 p c 50 p c 50 p c 50p c 50 p c 50 p c Articles. ing ey W 1 1 on • MrKin- ley Law Shirts, drawers, pants, vests, etc., valued at not more than ^Gc (Be- dT) p c 85 p c 15 p c Valued at more than $1.50, and $1.10 & 50 p c $1.25 & 15 p c 35 p c Valued at more than $3, and not more than |5 $1.50 & 50 p c $1.25 & 25 p c 40 p c Valued at more than $5, and #1.75 & 50 p c $1.50 & 35 p c 40 p c Valued at more than $7, and $2.25 & 50 p c $2& 35 p c 40 pc 50 p c 50 p c $2& 40 p c Bandings, beltings, bindings, bone casings, cords, garters, suspenders, and braces, gor- ings, lining for bicycle tires, ribbons, tapes, tubing, webs. 45 p c 45 p c 40 p c Spindle banding, woven, braid- ed, or twisted lamp, stove, or 10c lb 45 p c 40 pc &15pc 50c lb 35 p c 40 pc &25pc Boot, shoe, and corset lacings. 25c lb &15pc 50c lb 35 pc 40 pc &30pc 40 p c 35 p c 40 p c 35 p c 35 p c 40 pc All other manufactures of cot- ton not specially provided for 45 p c 35 pc 40 pc Schedule J— Flax> Hemp, Jute, and factures. ISffanu" Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Flax« not hackled or dressed . . $5 ton Ic lb Free Free $3 Ic 484 Articles. Wilson Law. Flax, hackled Tow of flax Hemp and tow of hemp Hemp, hackled Single yarns, made of jute, not finer than 5 lea Finer than 5 lea Cables and cordage of istle, Tampico fiber, Manila, sisal grass, or mixture Cables and cordage made of hemp Threads, twines, or cords made from yarn, not finer than 5 lea or number of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which either * of these substances is a ma terial of chief value From yarn liner than 5 lea, for each lea in excess of 5, addi- tional Single yarns, in the gray, of flax, hemp, or ramie, not finer than 8 lea Finer than 8 lea and not finer than 80 lea Finer than 80 lea Flax gill netting, nets, webs and seines, same duty as on mate- rial of which they are made . Floor mattings, plain or fancy, from straw, round or split, or other vegetable substance, not provided for, including ' Chinese. straw mats, etc., not exceeding 10c square yard. . Exceeding 10c Carpets, carpetings, mats and rugs of flax, hemp, jute, or other vegetable fiber, except cotton, valued at not more than 15c per square yard. . . . Valued above 15c square yard. 3c $20 ton $20 ton $40 ton Ic lb & lOpc 35 pc 13c lb 34c 7c lb 40 pc 15 p c 3c sq yd 7c yd &25pc 5c sq yd &35pc 10c & 35 pc 3c ific lb i2c lb $50 35 pc 35 pc 35 pc 40 pc Free Free 15clb& 35 pc Free Free 485 Articles. Hydraulic hose, made in whole or in part of flax, hemp, ramie or jute. Tapes, composed wholly or in part of flax, with or without metal threads, etc Oilcloth for floors, stamped, painted, or printed, including linoleum, corticene, figured or plain, and all other oil- cloth (except silk oilcloth) not specially provided for. . . Oilcloths for floors, and lino- leum, 12 feet and over sn W^dth, inlaid and cork cnx- peU. Shirt collat-^rand cuffs com- posed of co(ft^-»n Whole or in part of lifi>n Plain woven fabrics of single jute yarns, not exceeding in. wide, weighing not less' than 6 oz per square yard, not exceeding 30 threads per square inch Exceeding 20 and not exceed- ing 55 threads Bags or sacks, plain woven fab- rics, single jute yarn, not dyed, stained, or bleached, not exceeding 30 threads to square inch Bagging for cotton, gunny cloth, similar fabrics, for cov- ering cotton, of single yarns of jute, etc., not bleached, colored, or stained, not ex- ceeding 16 threads to the square inch, weighing not less than 15 oz per square yd Dingley Law. Wilson I«aw. McKin. ley Law 29^ lb 40 pc 30c lb 40 pc 25 pc 50 pc 8c sq yd & 15pc 25 pc or 40 p c 20csqyd &20pc 25 pc or 40 p c 40 pc 45c doz pieces &i5pc 40c tlbz &20pfe, 40 pc 20c doz &30pc 15c doz &35p>; 30c doz &20p^ &15pc Free ISfic lb ^Ib & 15 p c FrC^ IBgclb ^sc lb & 15 p c Free l%&Zb 6-lOc lb 486 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Laces, lace window curtains, tidies, bed sets, flouncings, and other lace articles; hand- kerchiefs, napkins, and other articles wholly or part of lace, or 'in imitation ; nets, veils, ruchings, tuckings, fleshings, and quillings ; embroideries, and all trimmings, including braids, edgings, insertings, flouncings, galloons, gorings, and bands; wearing apparel, handkerchiefs, and other fabrics embroidered in any manner; tamboured articles, or wearing apparel ; hem- stitched or tucked flouncings or skirtings ; articles wholly or in part of rufflings, tuck- ings or ruchings ', all fore- going of flax, cotton, or other vegetable fiber, not provided for, in part India rubber or 60 pc Icsqyd &20pc 20 pc 50 pc 60 pc 50 pc 50 pc 50 pc 60p« 60pc 60 pc Lace window curtains, pillow shams, bed sets, finished or unfinished, made on the Not- tingham lace curtain ma- chines, or on the Nottingham warp machines, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, when counting five points or spaces between the warp threads to the inch Counting more than five points or spaces to the inch in addi- tion for each point to the None of the above to pay less Pile fabrics, in which flax is of 35 p c 50 pc Handkerchiefs, composed of flax, hemp, ramie, or other vegetable fiber, in the piece or otherwise, wholly or partly 487 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. finished, not hemmed, or ..emmed only If hemstitched, or imitation hemstitched, or revered, or with drawn threads, but not embroidered, or initialed Woven fabrics, not provided for, of flax, hemp, or ramie in chief value, weighing 4^ ozs. or more per sq. yd., when containing not more than 60 threads to sq. in Containing more than 60 and not more than 120 threads to sq. in Containing more than 120 and not more than 180 threads to sq. in Containing more than 180 threads to sq. in None of the foregoing woven fabrics less than Woven fabrics of flax, hemp, or ramie, or in which they are cjhief value, including such as i5 known as shirtmg cloth, weighing less than 4% oz. per sq. yd., and containing more than 100 threads to sq. in . . . All such manufactqres of flax, hemp, ramie, or other vege- table fiber, or in which they are chief value, not provided for 50 p c 55 p c l^cs.y. &30pc 2Kc& 30 p c 6c & 30 p c 9c & 30 p c 50 p c 35 p c 45 p c 40pc 50 p c 35p c 35 p c 35 p c 35 p c 35 p c Schedule K— Wool and Manufactures of Wool. All wools, hair of the camel, goat, alpaca^ and other like animals shall be divided, for the purpose of fixing the duties to be charged thereon, into the three following classes : Class one, that is to say, merino, mestiza, metz, or metis wools, 9t other wools of merino blood, immediate or 4^ temote, down ilMttm'g wools, and wools of like character with any of the preceding, including Bagdad wo<^ China lamb's wool. Castle Branca, Adrianople skin w of the first class 11c lb Free He Wools and hair of the second class 12c Free 12c Wools of the third class and camel's hair of the third class, valued at 12c or less. 4c Free 32 pC Wools of the third class and camel's hair of the third class, valued above 12c . 7c Free 50 pC The duty on wools on the skin shall be Ic less per pound than is imposed on other wools of the same class. 490 Articles. Top waste, slabbing waste, rov ing waste, ring waste, and garneted waste Shoddy Noils wool extract, yarn waste, thread waste, and all waste wholly or part of wool, not provided for Woolen rags, mungo and fiocks Wool and hair, advanced beyond washed or scoured condition, not provided for, shall be subject to same duties as imposed on manufactures of wool not specially pro- vided for. Yarns wholly and in part of wool valued at not more than 30c per lb Dingley Law. Wilson Law. 30c lb Free 25c 15c 20c Free 10c Free McKin- ley Law 30c 30c 30c 10c Valued at more than 30c Cloths, knit fabrics and all man- ufactures wholly or part of wool, not provided for, valued at not more than 40c per lb. . Valued above 40c and not above 70c per lb Valued at over 70c. 27Kc& 30 p c 40 p c 38%c& 30 or 40 p c 40 p c 33c & 40c 50 p c 44c & 40c or 50 p c 50 p c 44c & Free 55 p c The McKinley law provided on woolen or worsted cloths, shawls, knit fabrics and all fabrics made on knitting ma- chines and frames, and all manufactures of every descrip- tion made wholly or in part of wool, worsted, hair of camel, goat, alpaca, or other animal, not specially pro- vided for, valued at not more than 30 cents a pound, the duty shall be three times the duty imposed on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition 45 per cent. ; valued at more than 30 cents and not more than 40 cents a pound, the duty shall be three and one-half times that on unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition 40 per cent. ; valued above 40 cents a pound, the duty shall be four times that on unwashed wool ot the first class, and in addition thereto 50 per cent. 491 Vrticles. Blankets, and flannels for un- derwea«», composed wholly or in part of wool, valued at not more than 40c lb Valued at more than 40c and not more than 50c lb Valued at more than 50c lb Flannels valued above 50 cents a pound shall pay the same as women's and children's dress goods, etc. Blankets over three yards in length pay same duty as on cloths. The McKinley law provided on blankets, hats of wool, and flannels for underwear, composed wholly or in part of wool, etc., valued at not more than 30 cents a pound, the- duty per pound shall be the same as that imposed ot^ one. and one-half pounds of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition 30 per cent. ; valued at more than 30 cents ' and not more than 40 cents per pound, twice the duty on unwashed wool of the first class ; valued at more than 40;. cents, and not more than 50 cents a pound, three times the duty on unwashed wool of the first class, and in addi- tion on all the above named 35 per cent. ; on blankets and hats of wool, etc., valued at more than 50 cents a pound, three and one-half tiines the duty on unwashed wool of the- first class, and 40 per cent. Flannels composed wholly or- in part of wool, etc., valued above 50 cents a pound, shall be classed and pay the same duty as women's and chil- dren's dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, and goods of similar character and description Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKio. ley Law Women's and children's dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, and goods similar, of which warp is wholly of cot- ton, or other vegetable ma- terial, with remainder wholly or partly wool, valued at not Valued at more thjin 15c sq. yd. 7c sq yd &50pc 8c & 50 p c 40 pc 40 or 50p c 7c & 40pc 8c& &Opc Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKm^ ley Law 22c lb &30pc 33c & 35 p c 33c & 40 p c 25 or 30 p c 35 p c 35 p c 492 Articles. Dineley Law. Wilson Law. Valued above 70c per lb ... . Provided that on foregoing weighing over 4 oz. per sq.yd. the duty shall be the same as imposed in schedule cloths. Women's and children's dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, bunting, and similar goods, -wholly or in part of wool, not provided for. . . . Valued not above 70c per lb. . . Valued above 70c per lb ... . The foregoing, weighing over 4 oz. per sq. yd., the duty shall be the same as imposed in schedule on cloths. Clothing, ready made, and ar- ticles of wearing apparel of every description, including shawls, knitted or woven, and knitted articles of every de- scription, made up of manu- factured, wholly or in part, felts not woven and not spe- cially provided for, wholly or in part of wool Webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, galloons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tas- sels, dress trimmings, laces and embroideries, head nets, buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms, for tassels or ornaments, and manufactures of wool orna- ments with beads or spangles, made of wool, etc., or of which wool, etc., is a com- ponent material, in part India rubber or otherwise 55 p c 11c s y &50pc 50 p c 55 p c 44c & 60 p c .50c lb &60pc 40 or 50 p c 40 or 50 p c 40 or 50 p c 40 or 50 p c 45 or 50 p c 50 p c 493 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. Aubusson, Axminster, mo- quette, and chenille carpets, figured or plain, and all car- pets of like character or de scription Saxony, Wilton, and Tournay velvet carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets and carpetings of like character and description Brussels carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets and carpeting of like description. Velvet and tapestry carpets, fig- ured or plain, printed on the warp or otherwise, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or description.. Tapestry Brussels, figured or plain, and all carpets or car peting of like description, printed on the warp or other- wise Treble ingrain, three-ply, and all chain Venetian carpets. . . Wool, Dutch, and two-ply in- grain carpets Carpets woven whole for rooms, and Oriental, Berlin, etc., and similar rugs Druggets and bockings, print- ed, colored, or otherwise Carpets and carpeting of wool, flax or cotton, or composed in parts of either, not bpeciaily provided for 60c s y & 40«p c 60c & 40 p c 44c s y &40pc 40c & 40 p c 28c & 40 p c 22c & 40 p c i8c& 40 p c 10c s ft &40pc 22c s y &40pc 50 p c 40 p c 40 p c 40 p c 40 p c 42% pc 32M pc 30 p c 40 p c 30 p c 30 p c Mats, rugs, screens, covers, hassocks, bed sides, art squares, and other portions of carpets or carpeting, made 494 wholly or in part of wool, and n,ot specially provided for, shall be subject to the rate of duty imposed on carpets or carpeting of like description. Whenever in any schedule of this act a duty is provided for or imposed on any goods, wares, or merchandise com- posed wholly or in part of wool, the word "wool " shall be held to include wool or hair of the sheep, camel, goat, alpaca, or other animal, whether prepared by the woolen, worsted, felt, or any other process of manufacture. Schedule Ij— Silks and Silk Goods. Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. Silk partially manufactured from cocoons or from waste silk, and not further ad- vanced or manufactured than carded or combed silk Thrown silk, not more ad- vanced than singles, tram, organzine, sewing silk, twist, floss, and silk threads or yarns of every description, except spun silk Spun silk in skeins, cops, warps or on beams, valued at not exceeding $1 per lb Valued at over $1 per lb and not exceeding $1.50 per lb. Valued at over $1.50 lb and not exceeding $2 per lb Valued at over $2 per lb and not exceeding $2.50 per lb. . . 40c lb 30 p c 20c lb &15pc 30c & 15 p c 10c & 15 pc 20 p c 30 p c 30p c 30 p c 30 p c Valued at over $2.50 per lb. . . 30 p c 30 p c 50c & 15 p c 60c & . 15pc But in no case shall the foregoing articles pay a less rate of duty than 35 p Velvets, velvet or plush rib- bons, chenilles or other pile fabrics, composed of silk or of which silk is the compo- nent material of chief value, cut or uncut, not provided for. $1.50 lb $1.50 & 15pc 495 Articles. Plushes, composed of silk, or of which silk is the component material of chief value In no case shall foregoing pay less than 50 p c. Woven fabrics, in the piece, not provided for, weighing not less than 1^ oz. per sq. yard, and not more than 8 oz. per square yard, and contain- ing not more than 20 p c in weight of silk, if in the gum. If dyed in the piece If containing more than 20 p c and not more than 30 p c in weight of silk, if in the gum. If dyed in the piece If containing more than 30 and not more than 45 p c in weight of silk, if in the gum If dyed in the piece If dyed in the thread or yarn and containing not more than 30 p c in weight of silk, if black (except selvedges) .... If other than black If containing more than 30 and not more than 45 p c in weight of silk, if black (except selv- edges) If other than black If containing more than 45 p c in weight of silk, or if cod- posed wholly of silk, if dyed in the thread or yarn, and weighted in the dyeing so as to exceed the original weight of the raw silk, if black (ex- cept selvedges) If other than black If dyed in the thread or yarn, and the weight is not in- creased by dyeing beyond the original weight of raw silk. . . If in the gum If boiled off, or dyed in the piece, or printed Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley jLaw $1& 15 pc $1 $1.50 &15pc 50c lb 60c lb 45 p c 45 p c 50 pc 50pc 65c OUC 45 p c 45 p c 50 pc 50 p c 90c $1.10 45 p c 45 p c 50 pc 50pc 75c 90c 45 p c 45 p c 50pc 50 pc $1.10 $1.30 45 p c 45 p c 50pc 50 pc $1.50 45 p c 45 p c 50pc u\j p c $3 $2.50 45 pc 45 p c 50pc 50pc $3 45 pc 50pc 496 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law If weighing less than 1^ ozs, and more than ^ oz. per sq yd, if in the gum or if dyed m the thread or yarn If weighing less than 1}^ ozs. and more than ^ oz. per sq yd, if boiled off If dyed or printed in the piece If weighing not more than ^ oz. per sq yd $2.50 $3 $3.25 $4.50 45 p c 45 p c 45 pc 45 p c 50pc 50 pc 50 pc 50pc In no case shall any of such fabrics pay less duty than 50 per cent. Handkerchiefs or mufflers composed wholly or in part of silk, whether in the piece or otherwise, finished or unfinished, if not hemmed or hemmed only, shall pay the same rate of duty as is imposed on goods in the piece, of the same description, weight, and condition as provided for in this schedule ; but such handkerchiefs or mufflers shall not pay a less rate of duty ithan 50 per cent, ad valo- rem. If such handkerchiefs or mufflers are hemstitched or imitation hemstitched, or revered, or have drawn threads, or are embroidered in any manner, whether with an initial letter, monogram, or otherwise, by hand or machinery, or are tamboured, appliqued, or are made or trimmed wholly or in part with lace or with tucking or insertion, they shall pay a duty of 10 per cent, ad valorem in addition to the duty hereinbefore prescribed, and in no case less than 60 per cent, ad valorem. Articles. Dingley Wilson McKin- Law. Law. ley Law landings, bindings, beltings, bone casings, braces, cords, cords and tassels, garters, gor- ings, suspenders, tubings and webbings, composed wholly or in part of silk, whether composed in part of India rubber or otherwise, if not embroidered by hand or ma- chinery Laces and articles made wholly or in part of lace edgings, in- sertings, galloons, chiffon or other flouncings, nets or net- tings, and veilings, neck ruf- 50 p c 45 p c 50 pc 497 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law flings, ruchings, braids, fring- es, trimmings, embroideries, and articles embroidered by hand or machinery, tam- boured, or appliqued, cloth- ing ready made, and articles of wearing apparel of every description, including knit goods, made up or manufac- tured, in whole or in part, by the tailor, seamstress, or man- ufacturer. All the above named articles made of silk or of which silk is the chief component material, of value not specially provided for, and silk goods ornamented with beads or spangles, of whatever material composed. Proviso — That any wearing apparel or other articles provided for in this paragraph (except gloves) when composed in part of India rubber, shall be subject to a duty of All manufactures of silk, or of which silk is the component material of chief value, eluding such as have India rubber as a component mate- rial, not specially provided for, and all jacquard figured goods in the piece, made on looms, of which silk is of chief value, dyed in the yarn and containing two or more colors in the filling 60 p c 60 p c 50p c 50 p c 60 pa 8c 02 &60pc 50 p c 45 p c 50 PC 498 Schedule M— Pulp, Papers, and Books. Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Mechanically ground wood pulp, dry weight Chemical wood pulp, un- bleached, dry weight. . . . Bleached, dry weight If export duty is imposed by* any country, it shall be added to imports from that country. Sheathing paper and roofing felt ., Filter masse, wholly or in part wood, wood fiour, or other vegetable fiber Printing paper, unsized, sized, or glued, suitable only for books and newspapers, val- ued not above 2c per lb.. . Valued above 2c, not above 2^c Valued above 2^c, and not above 3c Valued above 3c, and not above 4c Valued above 4c, and not above 5c Valued above 5c per lb From countries imposing ex- port duty on pulp wood, for each $1 of export duty per cord so imposed, and pro- portionately for fractions ad ditional Papers commonly known as copying paper, stereotype, bibulous, tissue, pottery pa- per, and all similar papers, white, colored, or printed, weighing not over 6 lbs to the ream of 480 sheets, on 1-12C lb l-6clb 10 p c l^c & 15p c 3- lOc lb 4- 10c lb 5- lOc lb 6- lOc lb 8-lOc lb 15 p c 1-lOc lb 10 p c 10 D 10 p c 35 p c 15 p c 15 p c 15 p c 15 p c 15 p c 15 p c $2. 50 ton 499 Articles. Dingley Law Wilson Law. McKin^ ley Law a basis of 20x30 inches in ream or other form Weighing over 6 lbs and not over 10 lbs to ream, and let- ter copying books, whether wholly or partly manufac- tured Crepe paper and filtering paper Surface coated papers not pro- vided for If printed, wholly or partly covered with metal or its so- lutions, or with gelatin or flock Parchment papers Plain, basic, photogra.phic pa- pers for albumenizing, sensi- tizing, or baryta coating Albumenized or sensitized, or paper otherwise surface coat- ed for photographic purposes Lithographic prints from stones, zinc, aluminum, or other material, bound or un- bound (except cigar labels and bands, lettered or blank; music and illustrations, when forming a part of a periodical or newspaper and accom- panying the same, or if bound in or forming part of print- ed books), on paper or other material not exceeding 8-1000 of an inch in thickness On paper or other material ex- ceeding 8-1000 of an inch, and not exceeding 20-1000 of an inch in thickness, and exceed- ing 35 square inches, but not exceeding 400 square inches, cutting size and dimensions. , 6c lb & 15p c 5c & 15 p c 5c & 15 p c 2>^c lb &15pc 3c & 20 p c 2c & 10 p c 3c & 10 p c 30 p c 20c ib 8c 35 p c 35 p c 35 p c 30 p c 30 p c 30 p c 30 p c 30 p c 8c & 15pc 20c 8c- 500 Articles. Exceeding 400 square inches, cutting size and dimensions. . Prints exceeding 8-1000 of an inch, and not exceeding 20-1000 of an inch in thick- ness and not exceeding 35 square inches, cutting size and dimensions Lithographic prints from stone, zinc, aluminum, or other ma- terial on cardboard or other material exceeding 20-1000 of an inch in thickness Lithographic cigar labels and bands, lettered or blank, printed from stone, zinc, aluminum, or other material, if printed in less than eight colors (bronze printing to be counted as two colors), but not including labels printed in whole or in part in bronze or metal leaf If printed in whole in bronze.. . If printed in eight or more col- ors, but not including printed in whole or part in metal leaf If printed in whole or in part in metal leaf Books for children's use, with illuminated lithographic prints, not exceeding 24 ozs, and periodicals printed in whole or in part by litho- graphic process or decorated by hand Writing, note, letter, hand- made, drawing, ledger, bond, record, tablet, and typewriter paper, weighing not less than 10 lbs and no more than 15 lbs to the ream , Weighing more than 15 lbs to the ream But if any such paper is ruled, bordered, embossed, printed, 5c 6c 20c 15c 30c 50c 8c lb 2c lb & 10 p c 3}^c & 15 pc Wilson Law. 20 p c 20 p c 501 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law or decorated in any manner, it shall pay in addition to the Paper hangings and paper for screens and all other paper Jacquard designs of one -line paper, or designs cut on jac- q uard cards, or parts, finished Books of all kinds, including blank books and pamphlets, and engravings, bound and unbound, photographs, etch- ings, maps, charts, music in books or sheets, and printed matter, all such not provided 10 pc 25 p c 35 p c 25 p c 35 pc 45 p c 10c pk &20pc 35 p c 20 p c 20 p c 20 p c 25 p c 30 pc 30 pc 10c & 50 p c 20 p c 25 p c 25 p c 25 p c 25 p c 35 p c 35 p c 50c 25 pc Photograph, autograph, and scrap albums, wholly or Al! fancy boxes of paper, or in Vv hich paper is chief value, or if covered with surface coated Playing cards in packs not ex- ceeding 54 cards, and at a like rate for any number in Manufactures of paper or in which paper is chief value, Schedule N— Sundries. Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law Beads of all kinds not threaded Fabrics, nets, or nettings, laces, galloons, wearing apparel, and articles not provided for, wholly or in part of beads or spangles made of glass or pa.ste, gelatine, metal, or 35 p c 20 pc 10 pc 602 Articles. Dingley Law Wilson Law, McKin* ley Law other material, but not com- posed in part of wool Braids, plaits, laces, and willow sheets or squares composed wholly of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, or rattan, suitable for making or ornamenting hats, bonnets, or hoods not bleached, dyed, or stained If bleached, dyed, or stained. . Hats, bonnets, and hoods, com- posed cff straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, or rattan, whether wholly or partly manufactured, but not trimmed If trimmed But the terms "grass" and "straw" shall be understood to mean these substances in their natural form and struc- ture, and not the separated fiber thereof. Brushes, brooms, and feather dusters, hair pencils, in quills or otherwise Bristles, sorted, bunched, prepared Trousers buckles, wholly or partly of iron or steel, or parts, valued at more than 15c per 100 60 pc 15 p c 10 pc 35 pc 50 pc 35 pc Free Fre( Free Free Free Free Free Free Valued at more than 15c and not more than 50c per 100 . .. Buttons and Button Forms- Button forms, lastings, mohair, cloth, silk, or other manufac- tures of cloth, woven or made in patterns, of such sizes, shape, or form, or cut in such manner as to be fit for buttons exclusively Buttons, or parts, and molds, finished or unfinished, the line, button measure, being ^4 in., viz. : Buttons known as agate metal trousers buttons, except steel 40 pc 35 pc 7^c lb 7^c lb 5c 100 35 pc & 15pc 10c & 35 p c 15 pc 10 pc 10 pc 40 pc 7^c lb lOpc 503 Articles. and nickel bar, per line, per gross Of bone and steel trousers but- ton, per line, per gross, c . . . . Pearl, or shell Horn, vegetable ivory, glass, or metal.not provided for Shoe buttons, of paper, pulp, or similar material, not pro- vided for, value not exceed- ing 3c. gross Buttons, not provided for, and collar and cuff buttons and studs Coal, bituminous, and all coals containing less than 92 per cent, fixed carbon, and shale Slack, such as will pass through ifi-inch screen Coke Cork bark, cut into squares or cubes Manufactured cork, over % in. in diameter at larger end Measuring 3^ in. and less in diameter Artificial or cork substitutes, from cork waste, not provided for Dice, draughts, chessmen, chess bails, and billiard, pool, and bagatelle balls, of ivory, bone, or other mate- rials Dolls, doll heads, toy marbles, of whatever materials com- posed, and all other toys not composed of rubber, china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen or stone ware, and not specially provided for. . . J£mery grains and emery man- ufactures, ground, pulver- ized, or refined Dingiey Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law l-12c & 25 p c 25 p c 15 pc 14c & 25 pc 25 pc lc& 2^c& 15 p c 15 p<: 25 pc 34c & 35 pc SOpc 15 p c Ic gross 25 p c 50 pc 35 pc SOpc 67c ton 40c 75c 15c 15c 30c 20 pc 15 p c 20 pc 8c lb Free 10c 15c 10c 15c 25c 10c 15c 8c 10c 15c SOpc 50 pc 50 pc 35 pc 25 pc 35 pc Iclb 8-lOc U 504 .Articles. Emery wheels «4id emery files, and manufactures ia which emery is chief value Explosive Substances — Firecrackers of all kinds, the weight to include all wrap- ping and packing materials. . Fuhninates, fulminating pow- ders, and like articles, not provided for ^ Gunpowder and all explosive substances used for mining, blasting, artillery, or sporting purposes, when valued at 20c or less per lb Valued above 20c Matches, friction or lucifer, of all descriptions, per gross of 14 4 boxes, containing not more than 100 matches per box, per gross When imported otherwise than in boxes containing not more than 100 matches each, per 1,000 ■percussion caps Cartridges fjlasting caps, per 1,000 Feathers and downs of all kinds, including bird skins or parts thereof, with the feathers on, *prude or not dressed, col- (j>red, or otherwise advanced ijr manufactured in any man- lier not provided for W^ben dressed, colored, or Otherwise advanced or man- ifactured in any manner, in- ;luding quilts of down and i;ther manufactures of down, f,nd also dressed and finished i)irds, suitable for millinery ornaments, and artificial or ornamental feathers, fruits, grains, leaves, flowers, and stems or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not provided for Dingley Law, 25 p c 8c lb 30 pc 4c lb 6c Ic 30 p c 35 p c $2.36 15 pc Wilson Law. 50 p c 8-lOc 50 pc 30 pc 20 p c 20 p c 30 p c 30 p c $2.07 35 p c McKin. ley Law 35 p c 505 Articles. Furs, dressed on the skins, but not made up into articles, and furs not on the skin, pre pared tor hatters' use, includ ing fur skins carroted Fans of all kinds, except com' mon palm leaf fans Gun wads of all descriptions. . . Hair, human, if clean or drawn, but not manufactured Hair, curled, suitable for beds or mattresses Hair cloth, or crinoline cloth Hair cloth, known as "hair seating" and hair press cloth. Hats, bonnets or hoods for noen's, women's, boys', o r children's wear, trimmed or untrimmed, including bodies, hoods, plateaux forms, or shapes for hats or bonnets, composed wholly or in chief value of fur of the rabbit, beaver, or other animals, val- ued at not more than $5 per doz Valued at more than |5 per doz and not more than $10 per doz Valued at more than $10 and not more than $20 per doz. . . Valued at more than $20 per doz Indurated fiber ware and man- ufactures of wood, or other pulp, and not provided for. . . Jewelry and Precious Stones — Articles known as jewelry, and parts, finished or unfinished, not provided for, including precious stones set, pearls set, aod cameos in frames Dingley Law. Wilson Law. McKin- ley Law 20 p c 20 p c 20 p c 50 p c 20 p c 40 p c 10 p c Various 35 p c 20 p c 20 p c 20 p c 10 p c 10c s yd 10 p c 6c 15 p c 6c 20c s yd 20c 30c $2 doz & 20 p c 40 p c 55 p c i3& 20 p c 40 p c 55 p c S5& 20 p c 40 p c 55 p c $7& 20 p c 40 p c 55 p c 35 p c 20 p c 35 p c 60 p c 35 p c 60 p c 506 Articles. Diamonds and other precious stones advanced in condition , of value from a natural state \" by cleaving, splitting, cut ting, or other process and not set Imitations of diamonds and other precious stones, com- posed of glass or paste, not ! exceeding an inch in dimen- sions, not engraved, painted, or otherwise ornamented or decorated, and not mounted or set Pearls in their natural state, not strung or set Leather and Manufactures of— Hides of cattle, raw or uncured, dry, salted or pickled Band or belting leather, sole leather, dressed upper and all other leather, calf skins, tanned or dressed, kangaroo, sheep, and goat skins (includ- ing lamb and kid skins), dressed and finished, cham- ois and other skins, and bookbinders' calfskin, all not provided for Skins for morocco, tanned, but unfinished Patent, japanned, varnished, or enameled leather, weighing not over 10 lbs per doz. hides. Weighing over 10, and not over 25 lbs per doz Weighing over 25 lbs per doz Pianoforte leather and action leather Leather shoe laces, finished or unfinished Dingley Wilson McKin. Law. Law. ley Law 10 p c 25 p c 10 p c 20 p c 10 p c 10 p c 10 pc 10 p c 10 pc 15 pc Free Free 20 p c 20 p c 20 p c 10 p c 10 p c 10 p c 30c lb & 20 p c 30 p c 20 p c 30c & 20 p c 30 p 10 p c 20c & 20 p c 30 p c 10 p c 35 p c 20 p c 35 p 50c grs 30pc 35 p prs & 20 p'c 507 Articles. Dingley Law. Wilson Law. Boots and shoes made of leather , Leather cdt in forms for manu- factured articles classed as manufactures of leather. . Gloves, wholly or in part of leather, the length being measure when stretched to full extent Women's or children's "glace" finish, schmaschen (of sheep origin), not over 14 inches in length, per doz. pairs Ovier 14 inches and not over 17 inches Over 17 inches Men's glace finish, schmaschen (sheep) Women's or children's glace finish, lamb or sheep, not over 14 inches in length Over 14 and not over 17 inches Over 17 inches Men's glace finish, lamb or sheep 25 p c Women's or children's glace finish, goat, kid, or other leather than of sheep origin, not over 14 inches in length. . Over 14 and not over 17 inches in length Over 17 inches Men's glace finished, kid, goat, or other leather than of sheep origin , . Women's or children's, ofiy and measuring not ex- ceeding 600 feet to tH© t^ound. Provided, that articles mentioned in this paragraph, if import- ed from a country which lays an import duty on like articles imported from the United States, shall be subject to a duty Oi one-half of one cent per pound. Bells, broken, and bell metal, L^oken and fit only to be manufactured; birds, stuffed, not suitable for millinery ornaments; births and hind and water fowls; bismuth; bladders and all in- teguments and intestines of animals and fish sounds, cured or salted for preservation only, and unmanufactured, not specially provided for; blood, dried not provided for; bolting cloth composed of silk, imported expressly for mill- ing purposes, and so permanently marked as not to be suitable for any other use; bones, crude, or not burned, calcined, ground, steamed, or otherwise manufactured, ai'd bone dust or animal carbon, and bone ash, tit only for fertil- izing purposes; books, engravings, photo- graphs, etchings, bound or unbound, maps and charts imported for the use of the United States or the Library of Congress; books, maps, music, engravings, photographs, etchings, bound or unbound, and charts, which shall have been printed more than twenty years at the date of importation, and all hydrographic charts, and publications issued for their subscribers or ex- changes by scientific or literary associations or academies, or publications of individuals for gratuitous private circulation, and public docu- ments issued by foreign governments; books and pamphlets printed exclusively in languages other than English; also books and music in raised print, used exclusively by the blind; books, maps, music, photographs, etchings, lithographic prints, and charts specially im- ported, not more than two copies in any one invoice, in good faith, for the use or by order of any society or institution incorporated or established solely for religious, philosophical, educational, scientific, or literary purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for the use or by order of any college, acad- emy, school or seminary of learning in the United States, or any State, or public library, and not for sale, subject to such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall pre- scribe; books, libraries, usual and reasonable furniture, and similar household effects of per- 513 sons or families from foreign countries, if actu- ally used abroad by them for not less than one year, and not intended for any other person or persons, or for sale. Brass, old brass, clippings from brass or Dutch metal, all the foregoing, fit only for man- ufacture; Brazil paste; Brazilian pebble, un- wrought or unmanufactured; breccia, in block or slabs; bristles, crude, not sorted, bunched or Srepared; broom corn; bullion, gold or silver; iurgundy pitch; cadmium; calamine; camphor, crude; castor, or castoreum; cat gut, whip gut, or worm gut, unmanufactured; cerium; chalk, crude, not ground, precipitated or otherwise manufactured; chromate of iron or chromic ore; civet, crude; common blue clay in casks, suit- able for the manufacture of crucibles. Coal, anthracite, not provided for, and coal stores of American vessels, but none shall be unloaded; coal tar, crude; pitch of coal tar and products of coal tar known as dead or creosote oil, benzoi, tolyol, naphthalin, xyol, phenol, cresol, toluidine, xylidin, cumidin, binitrotol- uol, binitrobenzol, benzidin, tolidin, dionisidin, naphtol, naphtylamin, diphenylamin, benzalde- hyde, benzyl, chloride, resorcin, nitrobenzol, and nitrotoluol; all the foregoing not medicinal and not colors or dyes. Cobalt and cobalt ore;cocoulusindicus; cochi- neal; cocoa, or cacao, crude and fibre, leaves and shells of; coffee, coins, gold, silver, and cop- per; coir and coir yarn; copper in plates, bars, ingots, or pigs, and other forms, not manufac- tured, or specially provided for; old copper, fit only for manufacture, clipping from new copper, and all composition metal of which copper is a component material of chief value not specially provided for in this act; copper, regulus of, and black or coarse copper, and copper cement; coral, marine, uncut, and unmanufactured; corK wood or cork bark, unmanufactured; cotton and cotton waste or flocks. Cryolite or kryolith; cudbear; curling stones, or quoits, and curling stone handles; curry, and curry powder; cutch; cuttlefish bone. Dandelion roots, raw. dried, or undried, but unground. . ^ ^ . Diamonds and other precious stones, rough or uncut, and not advanced in condition or value from theirnatural state by cleaving, splitting, cutting, or other -process, including miners', glaziers* and engravers' diamonds, not set, and 514 •diamond dust or i^ort; divi-divi; dragon's fclood. Drucs, such as barks, J^eans, berries, balsams, rvQds, bulbs, and bulbous roots, excrescences, ituits, flowers, dried fibers, and dried insects, grains, gums, and gum resin, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, nutgalls, roots and stems, spices, Ye«?etables, seeds aromatic, and seeds of morbid growth, weeds, and woods used ex- pressly l0r dyeing; any of the foregoing which are not edible and are in a crude state, and not advanced in Vc^lue or condition by refining or grinding or by other process, and not specially provided for. Eggs of birdft, >ish and insects, not including eggs of game birds or eggs of birds not used for food, the importation of which is prohibited, except specimens for scientific collections; nor fish roe preserved for food purposes, emery ore, ergot; fans, common .^aim leaf, plain and not ornamented, and palm loaf in its natural state, not colored, or otherwise advanced in manufac- ture; [felt, adhesive, for sheathing vessels, and fibrin in all forms. Fish, fresh, frozen or packed in ice, caught in the Great Lakes or other fresh v/aters by citi- zens of the United States, fish skins, fiint, fiints and flint stones, unground; fossils; fruits, or berries, green, ripe.»or dried, and fruits in brine, not provided for; fruit plants, tropical and semi-tropical, for the purpose of propagation or cultivation; furs, undressed; fur skins of all kinds not dressed in any manner, aot provided for; gambier. Glass enamel, white, for watch and elock dials; glass plates or disks, rough cut or unwrought, for use in the manufacture of optical instru- ments, spectacles and eyeglasses, and suitable only for such use; provided, however, tiiat such disks, exceeding eight inches in diameter may be polished sufficiently to enable ihe character of the glass to be determined. Grasses and fibres— Istle or Tampico Hbre, jute, jute butts, manila, sisal grass, sunn, and all other textile grasses or fibrous vegetable substances, not manufactured or dressed in any manner, and not specially provided for in this ^act. Goldbeaters' molds and goldbeaters* skins- Grease and oilb (excepting fish oils), such as are commonly used In soap making or in wire drawing, or for stuffing or dressing leather, and 515 i^rhich are fit only for such uses, and not spe- cially provided for in this act. Guano, manures, and all substances used only for manure; gutta percha, crude. Hair of horse, cattle, and other animals, cle&ned or uncleaned, drawn or undrawn, but manufac- tured, not specially provided for in this act; and iuman hair, raw, uncleaned, and not drawn; hide cuttings, raw, with or without hair; and all other glue stock; hide rope; hones, and whet- stones; hoofs, unmanufactured; hop roots for cultivation; horns and parts of, unmanufac- tured, including horn strips and tips. Ice, India rubber, crude, and milk of, and old scrap or refuse India rubber which has been worn out by use and fit only for remanufacture; indigo, iodine, crude; ipecac, iridium, ivory tusks in their natural state or cut vertically across the grain only with the bark left intact, and vegetable ivory in the natural state. Jalap, jet, unmanufactured; Joss stick or Joss light; junk, old. Kelp,kieserite, kyanite, or cyanite, and kainite. Lac dye, crude, seed, button, stick and shell; lac spirits; lactarene; lava, unmanufactured; leeches, lemon juice, lime juice, and sour orange juice; licorice root, unground; lifeboats and life- saving apparatus specially imported by societies Incorporated or established to encourage the saving of human life; lime, citrate of; litho- graphic stones, not engraved; litmus, prepared or not prepared; lodestones. Madder and munjeet, or Indian madder, ground or prepared, and all extracts of it; magnesite, crude or calcined, not purified; magnesium, not made up in articles; manganese, oxide and ore of; manna, manuscripts. Marrow, crude; marshmallow or althea root, leaves or fiowers, natural or unmanufactured; medals of gold, silver, or copper, and other metallic articles actually bestowed as trophies or prizes, and received and accepted as honor- ary distinctions; meerschaum, crude or unman- ufactured. ^ Minerals, crude, or not advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture, not specially provided for in this act; mineral salts obtained by evapo- ration from mineral waters, when accompanied by a duly authenticated certificate and satisfac- tory proof, showing that they are in no way arti- 516 ficially prepared, and are only the product of a designated mineral spring. Models of inventions and of other improve- ments in the arts, including patterns for ma- chinery, but no article shall be deemed a model or pattern which can be fitted for use otherwise. Moss, seaweeds, and vegetable substances, crude or unmanufactured, not otherwise spe- cially provided for in this act; musk, crude, in natural pods; myrobolans; needles, hand sewing, and darning. Newspapers and periodicals; but the term "periodicals" as herein used shall be understood to embrace only unbound or paper covered pub- lications issued within six months of the time of entry, containing current literature of the day, and issued regularly at stated periods, as weekly, monthly, or ctuarterly. Brazil nuts, cream nuts, palm nuts, and palm nut kernels; cocoanuts in the shell and broken cocoanut meat or copra, not shredded, desicca- ted, or prepared in any manner; nux vomica; oakum; oil cake. Oils: Almond, amber, crude and rectified ambergris, anise or anise seed, aniline, aspic or spike lavender, bergamot, cajeput, caraway, cassia, cinnamon, cedrat, chamomile, citronella, or lemon grass, civet, cocoanut, fennel, ichthy- ol, jasmine, or jessamine, juglandium, juniper, lavender, lemon, limes, mace, neroli, or orange fiower, enfleurage grease, nut oil, or oil of nuts not otherwise specially provided for in this act, orange oil, olive oil for manufacturing or me- chanical purposes fit only for such use and valued at not more than 60 cents per gallon, ottar of roses, palm, rosemary or anthoss, sesa- me or sesamum seed or bean, thyme, origanum red or white, valerian; and also spermaceti, whale, and other fish oils of American fisheries, and all fish and other products of such fisher- ies; petroleum, crude or refined: Provided, that if there be imported into the United States, crude petroleum, or the products of crude pe- troleum produced in any country which imposes a duty on petroleum or its products exported from the United States, there shall in such cases be levied, paid, and collected a duty upon, said crude petroleum or its products so import- ed equal to the duty imposed by such country. Orange and lemon peel, not presarved, can- died, or dried; orchid or orchil liquid; ores of 517 gold, silver, copper, or nickel, and nickel matte; sweepings of gold and silver; osmium. Palladium, paper stock, crude, of every de- scription, including all grasses, fibers, rags (other than wool), waste, including jute waste, shavings, clippings, old paper, rope ends, waste rope and waste bagging, including old gunny cloth and old gunny bags, fit only to be con- verted into paper. Paraffin; parchment and vellum; pearl, mother of, and shells, not sawed, cut, polished, or otherwise manufactured, or advanced in value from the natural state. Personal effects, not merchandise, of citizens of the United States, dying in foreign coun- tries; pewter and britannia metal, old, and fit only to be remanufactured. Philosophical and scientific apparatus, uten- sils, instruments and preparations, including bottles and boxes containing the same, special- ly imported in good faith for the use and by the order of any society or institution incorporated or established solely for religious, philosophi- cal, educational, scientific, or literary purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for the use or by the order of any college, academy, school, or seminary of learning in the United States, or any State or public library, and not for sale. Phosphates, crude; plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seed canes, aud seeds imported by the Department of Agriculture or the United States Botanic Garden. Platina, in ingots, bars, sheets, and wire; platinum, unmanufactured, and vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels, and parts thereof composed of platinum, for chemical uses; plum- bago; potash, crude or "black salts"; carbonate of potash, crude or refined; hydrate of, or caus- tic potash, not including refined in sticks or rolls; nltrato of potash or saltpeter, crude; sul- phate of potash, crude or refined, and muriate of potash. Professional books, implements, instruments, and tools of trade, occupation, or employment, in the actual possession at the time of persons emigrating to the United States; but this exemp- tion shall not be construed to include machinery or other articles imported for use in any manu- facturing establishment, or for any other person or persons, or for sale, nor shall it be construed to include theatrical scenery, properties, and 518 apparel; but such articles brought by propri- etors or managers of theatrical exhibitions ar- riving from abroad, for temporary use by them in such exhibitions, and not for any other per- son, and not for sale, and which have been used by them abroad, shall be admitted free of duty. Pulu: quinia, sulphate of, and all alkaloids or salts of cinchona bark; rags not otherwise pro- vided for. Regalia and gems, statuary and specimens or casts of sculpture, imported in good faith for use of scientific and literary societies and educa- tional organizations; and by order of any society incorporated and established solely for relig- ious, philosophical, educational, scientific, or literary purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for the use and by order of any college, academy, school, or seminary of learzi-> ing in the United States, or any State f-r puolic library, and not for sale; but the tcrm "regalia" as herein used shall be held to embrace only such insignia of rank or office or emblems as may be worn ui)on the person or borne in the hand during public exercises of the society or institution, and shall not include articles of furniture or fixtures, or of regular wearing ap- parel, nor personal property of individuals. Rennets, raw or prepared; saffron and saf- flower, and extracts of, and saffron cake; sago, crude; salacin; salep; sausages, bologna; seeds —anise, caraway, cardamon, caulifloT>^<^r, cori- ander, cotton, cummin, fennel, fenugreek, hemp, horehound, mangel wurzel, mustard, rape. St. John's bread or bean, sugar beet, sorghum or sugar cane for seed; bulbs and bulbous roots, not edible and not otherwise provided for; all* flower and grass seeds; all the foregoing not specially provided for in this act. Sheep dip, not including compounds or prep- arations that can be used for other purposes; shotgun barrels in single tubes, forged, rough bored; shrimps and other shell fish; silk, raw, or as reeled from the cocoon, but not doubled, twisted, or advanced in manufacture in any way; silk cocoons and silk waste; silkworms' eggs; skeletons and other preparations of anat- omy; skins of all kinds, raw (except sheepskins with the wool on), and hides not specially pro- vided for in this act; soda, nitrate of, or cubic nitrate. Specimens oi Baitural history, botany, and 519 mineralogy, when imported for scientific publia collections, and not for sale. Spices— Cassia, cassia vera, and cassia buds; <3innamon and chips of; cloves and clove stems; mace; nutmegs; pepper, black or white, and pimento; all the foregoing when unground; ginger root, unground and not preserved or •candied. Spunk; spurs and stilts used in the manufac- ture of earthenware, porcelain and stoneware; stamps; foreign postage or revenue stamps, can- <3eled or uncanceled; stone and sand; burrstone in blocks, rough or unmanufactured; cliff stone, unmanufactured; rotten stone, tripoli, and sand, crude or manufactured, not otherwise provided forin this act; storax, orstyrax; stron- tia, oxide of and protoxide of strontian, and ^trontianite, or mineral carbonate of strontia; sulphur, lac or precipitated, and sulphur or brimstone crude in bulk; sulphur ore as pyrites, or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, con- taining in excess of 25 per centum of sulphur, and sulphur not otherwise provided for. Sulphuric acid which at the temperature of 60 other, $6.30. Cigars, 527 per 1,000, $1.35. In the leaf, or filled tobacco, harvested in the Province of Santiago de Cuba and exported through the custom- houses of Santiago, Gibara or Manzanillo, 100 kilos, $2.20. Tobacco in the leaf for cigar wrappers shall be liable to the duty leviable on tobacco in the leaf, with a surtax of 100 per cent. General Pood Products. Following are the duties on alimentary substances (where articles- are sold by weight, net weight of 100 kilograms is to be understood except when otherwise indicated or by Q.W., gross weight) : Poultry and small game, live or dead, per kilo, 8 cents. Beef, brine or salt, $2.80. Pork, brine or salt, $2.80. Lard, $2.80. Tallow, $2. Bacon, $4. Ham, $5.50. Jerked beef, $3.96. Beef, canned, $5; beef, fresh, $4.50. Mutton, fresh, $4.50. Pork, fresh, $4. Butter, $7. Cheese, $5. Condensed milk, 10 per cent, ad valorem. Salt cod and stock fish, 100 kilos, $2. Herring, pickled, $1. Mackerel, pickled, $2. Salmon, canned, $5. Eggs, $5. Cereals— Rice, husked or not, $1. Wheat, 60c. Corn, 30c. Po- tatoes, 50c. Rye, 40c. Barley, 50c. Oats, 40c. Wheat flour, $1.50; rice flour, $2i corn flour, 50c. ; oat flour, $1.20. Beans, $1.10. Apparatus and Machines — Machinery and apparatus for making: sugar and brandy, Q. W., 100 kilos, 10 per cent, ad valorem. Agri- cultural machinery and apparatus, G. W., 10 per cent, ad valorem. Steam motors, stationary, G. W, , 20 per cent, ad valorem. Marin© engines, steam pumps, hydraulic, petroleum, gas or hot or com* pressed air motors, G. W. 20 per cent, ad valorem. Sheet iron boilers, G W, , 20 per cent, ad valorem. Tubular boilers, G. W. , 20 per cent, ad valorem Domestic Animals, Petroleum, Etc. Animals— Horses and mares above the standard height, $10; all others, $5. Mules, $5 Asses, $5. Oxen, $1. Cows, $1. Bullocks, calves and heifers, $1. Pigs, $1. Sheep, goats and animals not specially mentioned, $1. Petroleum and other mineral oils, refined, etc., 100 kilos, G. W., $4 70. Crude petroleum, to be used exclusively in the manufacture of illuminating gas in Cuba, 100 kilos, 70c. A product of petroleum known as cordage oil, 100 kilos, $2.35. Artificial or chemical fertilizers, 100 kilos, 5c. Bricks of clay^ not glazed, for building purposes, furnaces, etc., articles of fire clay, G W., 100 kilos, 30c. Roofing tiles of clay, not glazed, per square (10 by 10 feet), $1.50. Tissues of hemp, linen, ramie, jute or other vegetable fibers, not specially mentioned, plain, twilled or damasked, weighing 35 kilo« or more per 100 square meters, unbleached, half-bleached or dyed in the piece, having : Up to 5 threads, including sugar bags, 100 kilos, $2; from 6 to 8 threads, ^ilo, 5c. ; 9 threads or more, kilo, 8c. Books, bound or unbound, and other printed matter, 100 kilos» $7.25. Pianos, each, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Watches and clocks, each, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Sewing machines, G. W., 100 kilos, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Wagons and carts, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 528 Wines and Liquors. Alcohol and brandy (hecto), $5. Liquors, cognac and other com> pound spirits, in flasks (hecto), $10; in bottles or flasks, $15. Whis- kies, in casks (hecto). $5. Sparkling wines (liter), 10c. Malt liquor, in casks (hecto), $1.63 ; in bottles, $1.83. Coffee, in the bean or ground, 100 kilos, $12.15. Cocoa, 100 kilos, $20.25. Tobacco, ill cakes, so-called "breva," or in carrots, 100 kilos, $10.50; in powder or snu-ff, per pound, 12c. Leaf tobacco, stemmed or unstemmed, whether wrapper or filler, per pound, $5. Cigars, cigarettes, cheroots of all kinds, per pound. $4.50 and 25 percent, ad valorem. Paper cigars, cigarettes, $4.50 and 25 per cent, ad valorem. Cotton— Unbleached, half-bleached or dyed in the piece (kilo), 8c. Bleached, printed or manufactured, with dyed yarns (kilo), 20c. Undershirts and drawers of simple finish or rough sewing (kilo) ,70c. Undershirts and drawers of double sewing or fine finish (kilo), HOc. Stockings, socks, gloves and other small articles of simple finish or rough sewing, per kilo, 70 cents. Stockings, socks, gloves and other small articles, of double sewing or fine finish, per kilo, 90c. Reduction from Old Rates. The following table shows the average per cent, of reduction in the several classes between the old Spanish rate an d the rate originally adopted by the United States for all imports: Class I. , stones, earths, ores, etc. 64.1 Class II., metals, etc iVZ.l Class III., pharmacy and chemicals, substances of 58.1 Class IV., cotton, etc 63.7 Class v., hemp, flax, etc 62.5 Class VI., wool, etc 70.4 Class VII.. silk, etc 59.0 Class VIII., paper, etc , 76.9 Class IX., woods, etc 63.1 Class X. , animals, etc 61.8 Class XI., instruments, machinery, etc 60.6 Class XII., meat, fish, butter and greases 61.5 Class XIII., miscellaneous 61.8 General average, all classes 62.0 Acting Secretary Meiklejohn, of the War Department, issued an order December 17, by direction of the Presi- dent, designating Trinidad, Santa Cruz and Batabano as sub-ports of entry in the Island of Cuba, in addition to those indicated in the order of September 13 last. An army officer will be assigned to each of these sub- ports, who will be the collector of customs and have jurisdiction of the collection of customs. 529 Customs Ports. 1. The port of Habana has been duly designated as the chief customs port of Cuba, and the following have been declared to be subports, viz: Matanzas, Car- denas, Cienfuegos, Sagua. Caibarien, Santiago, Man- zanillo, Neuvitas, Guantanamo. Gibara, Baracoa, Trin- idad, Santa Oruz. Zaza, and Batabano, in the island of Cuba, and the officer of the Army duly assigned to each of said ports as collector, will have general Jurisdiction of the collection of customs at such ports respectively. Every collector stationed at a subport will make weekly reports to the collector at Habana of all tpansactions at his subport, with copies of all entries of merchandise duly certified, and all moneys collected at subports must be deposited with the duly designated officer, whose receipt therefor must be taken in duplicate. Any Questions arising at any subport will be referred to the collector at Habana for his decision, from which there shall be no appeal, except in such cases as h& may refer for decision to the Secretary of War. Entrance and Clearance of Vessels. 2. Every vessel shall, on arrival, be placed under cus- toms control until duly discharged. Passengers with no dutiable property in their possession may be per- mitted to land without detention. If, upon the unloading of any cargo, there shall be found goods, wares, or merchandise not duly declared on the manifest, such articles in excess shall be re- quired to pay additional duties of 25 per cent, on the regular duties. Should any packages or articles named on the manifest be missing on the arrival of the vessel, the latter shall pay a penalty of $1.00 per ton measure- ment, unless such deficiency shall be satisfactorily explained or accounted for. 530 CHRONOLOGY of the SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. Feb. 15— Maine blown up in Havana harbor; 266 killed, March 13— Senator Proctor tells of Cuban horrors. March 25— Official report says a mine destroyed the Maine. April 4— MoKinley declines Pope's Intervention. April 9— General Lee and Americans leave Havana. April 19— Congress recognizes independence of Cuba. April 21— American minister in Madrid dismissed; ulti- matum not presented. April 22— North Atlantic Squadron leaves Key West. April 23— President Issues call for 125,000 volunteers. April 24— Asiatic Squadron sails for the Philippines. April 24— Spain declares war. April 25— Congress declares war has existed since April 21. April 27— Batteries at Matanzas bombarded. April 29— Batteries at Cienfuegos bombarded. April 30— Batteries at Cabanas bombarded. May 1— Spanish fleet at Manila destroyed. May 7— Matanzas forts shelled. Hay 9— Fight off Cardenas between Winslow and three Spanish gunboats. May 11— Attack on Cienfuegos. May 12— San Juan de Porto Rico bombarded. May 12— Cardenas shelled. May 13— Flying Squadron leaves Hampton Roads. May 18— Flying Squadron reaches Key West. May 18— New Spanish cabinet under Sagasta. May 19— Cervera's Squadron in Santiago harbor. May 25— President issues second call, for 75.000 volunteers. May 25— First Manila expedition leaves. May 31— Santiago forts bombarded. June 3— Collier Merrimac sunk. June 6— Bombardment of Santiago forts. June 8— Shafter's force leaves Tampa. June"* 8— Caimanera bombarded. 531 June 10— Marines land at Guantanamo. June ll—Fight at Guantanamo; Spaniards repulsed. June 14— Army sails from Tampa. June 16— Second Manila expedition sails. June 15— Spanish defeat at Guantanamo. June 16— Fort Caimanera demolished. June 16— Bombardment of Santiago forts, June 20— Shafter's army arrives at Baiquiri. June 21— The "Charleston" captures the Ladrones. June 2 2 and 23— Shafter's army lands. June 24— Juragua captured. June 24— Fight at La Quasina; Spaniards repulsed. June 26— Cadiz fleet at Port Said. June 26— Shafter occupies Bevilla. June 28— Third Manila expedition sails. June 29— First expedition arrives at Manila. June 30— El Caney evacuated by Spaniards. July 1— Outer defenses of Santiago taken. July 2— San Juan, near Santiago, taken. July 3 -Shafter demands surrender of Santiago. July 3— Cervera's fleet destroyed. July 5— Camara's fleet at Suez. July 6— Spanish cruiser Alfonso XII. destroyed. July 7— Dewey captures Isla Grande and 1.300 prisoners. July 8— Camara's fleet ordered to return to Spain. July 10— Bombardment of Santiago resumed; Linares refuses to make an unconditional surrender. July 13— Truce. July 14— Santiago surrenders. July 16— General Shafter announces terms of Genera] Toral's surrender. July 17— American flag is raised over Santiago de Cuba* and General McKibbin made military governer. July 18— War council orders invasion of Porto Rico; Manzanillo bombarded. July 20— Spanish cabinet reported as agreed to ask for peace. ♦ 632 July 21— General Garcia withdraws his army from Shafter's support. July 22— General Miles sails for Porto Bico witn an advance guard: American lines close about Manila; General Wood is appointed governor of Santiago. July 23— Spaniards continue to surrender; Topeka cap- tures Port Nipe. July 24— Shafter reported active; Emperor Wilhelm said to have asked our intentions in the East. July 25— General Miles lands at Guanica, Porto Bico. July 26— Spain formally sues for peace through the French Ambassador. August 12-Peace protocol signed at 4:23 p. m. by Sec- retary of State Day for the United States, and French Ambassador Cambon for the Spanish government. August 13— Admiral Dewey and General Merritt assault and capture Manila. Bept. 9— U. S. Peace Commission appointed. Sept. 17— U. S. Peace Commission sailed for Paris. Sept. X8— Spain appointed Peace Commission. Oct. 1— Joint Peace Commission meet at Paris. Dec. 10— Peace Treaty was signed at Paris.