Cer*^ cr^Ctm /3 , ( 401-610-5m TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULLETIN Published bimonthly by the Texas Department of Agriculture Austin, Texas JULY-AUGUST, 1910 NUMBER 14 The Mineral Resources of Texas BY WILLIAM BATTLE PHILLIPS, Ph. D. Director of the Bureau of Economic Geology University of Texas, Austin, Texas For a copy of this Bulletin apply to the Commissioner of Agriculture Austin, Texas Entered as second-class matter May 8, 1903, at the postoffice at Austin, Texas, under Act of June 6, 1900 AUSTIN, TEXAS: VON BOECKMANN-JONES CO., STATE PRINTERS 1910 T3\ ^.K LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Honorable Ed. R. Kone, Commissioner of Agriculture. Austin, Texas Dear Sir : — I beg to transmit to yon herewith, at yonr request, a Report on the Mineral Resources of Texas, for publication by the De- partment, which, under your administration, has done so much to develop the wealth of this State. It has been a pleasure to me to be of some service in this great work. Very respectfully, Wm. B. Phillips. University, Austin, Texas, July, 1910. V INTRODUCTION In this publication it is not intended to do more than call attention lo the output and value of the minerals and mineral products of Texas. The statistics used are those of the Mineral Resources Division of the United States Geological Survey, supplemented in a few instances by estimates duly mentioned. The statistics relating to petroleum have also, in part, been taken from the files of the Oil Investor’s Journal, Houston and Hew York. Special attention is called to the Summary of Texas Minerals by Counties, prepared by Dr. F. W. Simonds, Pro- fessor of Geology in the University of Texas, for Bulletin Ho. 5 of the University Mineral Survey, December, 1902. This Bulletin has long since been out of print, the demand for it having exhausted the edition of 0000 copies several years ago. This valuable summary has been supplemented by a list of materials alphabetically arranged, so that one can easily ascertain what is to be found in Texas and where it is found. As many inquiries are made for copies of the Texas Mining Laws, governing the acquisition and usp of the Public School Fund Lands, it was decided to include them in this publication. There is no State Geological Survey in Texas, but the University, at its own expense, is endeavoring to supply this deficiency through its Bureau of Economic Geology. Information is cheerfully given and it is hoped that the citizens of the State and all others interested in the industrial progress of Texas will make even a larger use of this Bureau. Address all communications to: Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, Director, Bureau of Economic Geology, University, Austin, Texas. i Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 'w https://archive.org/details/themineralresourOOphil THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF TEXAS WILLIAM BATTLE PHILLIPS PH. D., DIRECTOR, BUREAU OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, AUSTIN It may come as a surprise to many well informed citizens of Texas to know that the total value of the mineral products of this State, since the first reliable statistics were gathered, about the year 1882, is now more ihan $160,000,000. To the close of the year 1908 the total value of such products, traceable with a fair degree of accuracy, was $151,- 676,846 and it is well within bounds to assume that the value for the year 1909 will be about $15,000,000. The grand total will be about $165,000,000. For a number of years the statistics have been secured by the United States Geological Survey, through its Division of Mineral Resources, as no agency has existed in Texas by which we may know what the State is producing in the way of minerals, ores, building stones, oil, salt, coal, lignite, clay, quicksilver, cement, etc. The Bureau of Economic Geolcgy, established last year by the University, is endeavoring to supply this deficiency to the best of its ability and has collected and published the returns for coal and lignite for the year 1909 much in advance of any previous publications of these statistics. The figures used in this discussion are those of the United States Geological Survey, with a few minor additions and estimates that do not greatly affect the final result. The mineral resources of Texas, are as follows, only those being men- tioned that are involved in the statement of values: Asphalt and Asphalt Rocks. Celestite (sulphate of strontium.) Cement. Clays and Clay Products. Coal. Copper. Gold. Granite. Gypsum. Iron Ore. Lead. Lignite. Lime. Limestone. Mineral waters. Natural gas. Petroleum. Pig iron. Quicksilver. Salt. Sand and gravel. Sandstone. Silver. Zinc. In addition to these, but not yet developed, we have graphite, marble, onyx, serpentine, sulphur, tin and turquoise, with a possibility of litho- graphic stone, wolframite, molybdenite, uranium and bismuth. The deposit of the rare and valuable minerals at Barringer Hill, Llano county, is not mentioned because there are no returns as to the value of the materials obtained there. For the same reason we have to omit mention of the pearls obtained from the Llano river, the Colorado 8 The Mineral Resources of Texas. river, etc., as also the value of such amethyst, clear quartz, etc., as may be cut for jewelry. The yearly value of the mineral products of Texas is given in the following table : Yearly Value of the Mineral Products of Texas. Year Amount 1882-1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 $ 4,935,363 1,006,534 1,255,344 1,760,473 1,992,806 2,525,259 3,295,240 2,655,437 3,116,835 2,856,537 2,956,940 3,330,798 3,417,511 4,573,631 5,316,222 6,647,926 9,390,585 12,766,865 14,353,270 13,752,346 14,751,037 19,806,458 15,212,929 $151 , 676,346 During the twenty-seven years, ending with 1908, the total value of the mineral products of Texas, so far as can now be ascertained with a fair degree of accuracy, was $151,676,346. This amount is made up of the following items, viz : Amount Per- cent of Total Petroleum $ 53,948,222 35.5 Coal and lignite 28,566,760 18.7 Clay products (brick, tile, pottery) 28,469,983 18.6 Stone (granite, limestone, sandstone) 7,435,306 4.9 Silver 6,014,341 4.0 Pig iron, partly estimated 3,000,000 2.0 Salt ■ 2,403,857 1 .5 Mineral waters 2,162,635 1 .4 Quicksilver 1,633,713 1 .1 All other products, partly estimated 18,041,529 12.3 $151,676,346 100.0 A Texas Oil Well The Mineral Resources of Texas. 9 Petroleum. Texas did not enter the ranks of oil-producing States, with re- spectable standing, until the year 1898, when the Corsicana district produced 546,070 barrels, valued at $382,249. The following . table gives the yearly production and value of Texas petroleum since the year 1889 : Yearly Production and Value of Texas Petroleum. 1889.. . 1890.. . 1891.. . 1892.. . 1893.. . 1894.. . 1895.. . 1896.. . 1897.. . 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. 1903 .. .. 1904.. . 1905 . . 1906 .. .. 1907 . . 1908.. . Total. Year Barrels Value 48 $ 340 54 227 54 227 45 225 50 210 60 420 50 350 1,450 4,000 65,975 65,975 546,070 382,249 669,013 473,443 836,039 871,996 4,393,658 1,247,351 18,083,658 3,998,097 17,955,572 7,517,479 22,241,413 8,156,220 28,136,189 7,552,262 12,567,897 6,565,578 12,322,696 10,410,865 11,206,464' 6,700,708 129,026,455 $53 , 948 , 222 The average value of the 129,026,455 barrels of petroleum produced in Texas to the close of the year 1908 was a little under 42 cents a barrel. The lowest valuation, a little over 22 cents a barrel, was reached in the year 1902, following the great production in the Beaumont and adjacent districts. The highest valuation was in the year 1900, when Corsicana oil was worth $1.04 a barrel. The high water mark of pro- duction was reached in the year 1905 with 28,136,189 barrels, but the average value during the year was about 27 cents a barrel. The pro- duction declined to 11,206,464 barrels in 1908, a loss of 16,929,725 barrels in three years, but the average value increased to very nearly 60 cents a barrel. The following table gives the production of crude petroleum in Texas by districts and barrels of 42 gallons, from the year 1896 through 1908. The returns from the Saratoga district in the years 190.2 and 1903 are combined with those from the Sour Lake district. The discrepancy between the totals in this and the former table is due to the omission, in the latter, of 361 barrels produced prior to the year 1896. 10 The Mineral Resources of Texas. The Mineral Resources of Texas. 11 In the Henrietta district in 1907 there were 27 wells completed, of which 17 were productive, 1 was a gas well and 9 were dry. In this held in 1908 there were 28 wells completed, of which 20 were pro- ductive, 2 were gas wells and 6 were dry. In 1909 46 wells were com- pleted, of which 20 were productive, 11 were gas wells and 15 were dry. In 1904 there were completed 440 wells in Texas, of which 264 were productive and 176, or 40 per cent were unproductive. At the close of 1903 it was estimated that 1200 wells had been drilled in Texas since the discovery of oil at Spindle Top, January, 1901, but only about 300 were in active operation at the close of the year. Well Record in the Gulf (Coastal) Field in 1905. Wells Completed in 1905. Wells December 31, 1905 District Total Productive Dry Producing Not Producing Batson 107 260 12 Corsicana 68 50 18 Dayton 47 'll 3 ; ; Henrietta 55 52 3 Humble 449 116 87 Saratoga 43 66 10 Sour Lake 21 83 76 Spindle Top 21 80 2 Other 15 7 8 Total 826 109 29 616 190 The recent history of the oil industry in Texas is that of local pools that yield a large production within a comparatively short time. Thus in four years : Spindle Top yielded 33,048,809 bbls. Sour Lake yielded .23,162,619 bbls. Batson yielded 19,133,538 bbls. Humble yielded 25,594,310 bbls. Humble has been a remarkable field, starting, in 1905, with 15,594,- 310 barrels. The great Lucas gusher, at Spindle Top, ran 70,000 barrels a day for ten days before it could be capped, but it has not been a producer for some years. The year 1905 was the banner year in Texas, in so far as concerns production, 28,136,189 barrels. The production in the Corsicana and Powell fields during that year was 444,402 barrels, leaving 27,691,769 barrels as the production in the Gulf or Coastal field. In the Gulf Field at the close of 1905 there were 616 producing wells, 190 dry and 670 abandoned. In 1906 there were completed 644 wells, of which 193 w'ere dry and 451 were productive. In 1907 there were completed 889 wells, of which 219 were dry and 670 were productive. 12 The Mineral Resources of Texas. Number of Completed Wells in Coastal Texas, By Districts, 1906 - 1909 . Districts Completed Dry Productive 1906 1907 1908 1909 1906 1907 1908 1909 1906 1907 1908 1909 Humble Spindle Top Batson Sour Lake Saratoga Dayton Markham 345 68 80 74 64 7 269 122 206 156 98 18 281 108 53 81 44 8 10 5 201 82 51 146 31 4 2 7 123 29 4 20 9 3 a99 21 32 c36 12 7 b80 26 10 d9 4 6 5 3 e72 36 11 f30 4 4 0 2 222 39 76 54 55 4 170 101 174 120 86 11 201 82 43 72 40 2 5 2 129 46 40 116 27 0 2 5 Goose Creek Matagorda 6 3 5 3 1 West Columbia Hoskins Mound. ... }.. 6 8 2 12 5 6 1 10 1 2 1 2 Piedras Pintas 4 7 4 3 Mission .... 5 4 2 3 Total 644 889 603 538 193 219 151 170 451 670 452 368 a, 10 gas wells, b, 7 gas wells, c, 1 gas well, d, 1 gas well, e, 8 gas wells, f, 1 gas well. Well Record in the Corsicana and Powell Oil Districts, 1898 - 1909 . Wells. Year Comp- leted. Produc- ing. Dry Gas Aban- doned. Drilling 1898 374 342 28 4 7 154 1899 268 169 a 90 9 79 154 1900 373 b 261 98 14 112 157 1901 68 c 47 16 5 27 51 1902 28 d 12 13 3 45 23 1903 100 70 23 7 51 65 1904 74 46 25 3 31 23 1905 68 48 18 2 41 25 1906 330 217 100 13 79 1907 129 71 52 6 24 1908 ... 52 37 15 21 1909 123 91 29 3 43 Total 1,987 1 1,411 507 69 560 652 a, includes 2 artesian wells, b, includes 56 wells in heavy oil district, c, includes 10 wells in heavy oil district, d, includes 2 wells in heavy oil dis- trict. A View in the Corsicana Oil Field, ^Navarro County. The Mineral Resources of Texas. 13 In 1908 there were completed 603 wells, of which 151 were dry and 45? were productive. In 1909 there were completed 538 wells, of which 170 were dry and 368 were productive. During the last four years there were completed in the Gulf Field 2,674 wells, of which 733, or 27.4 per cent, were dry and 1,941, or 72.6 per cent, were productive. Of each 100 wells drilled during this period 27.4 were dry and this is about the proportion for the United States at large. These statistics, for the most part, are based on the returns made to the Oil Investors’ Journal, Beaumont, an excellent publication. While these statistics were being compiled the Oil Investors’ Journal, Houston, issued its Annual Statistical Number and a great deal of valuable information is to be obtained from it. According to this au- thority the production of oil in Texas in 1909 was 9,256,972 barrels, valued at $7,220,438, an average of 78 cents per barrel. This makes, according to this Journal, the total production, to the close of the year 1909, 138,293,757 barrels, with a total value of $61,050,671, an average of a little over 44 cents a barrel. The average value per barrel in 1909 is 6.4 cents below the high water mark of 1907 (84.4 cents), since the discovery of oil in Spindle Top, January, 1901. Since 1905 the pro- duction of oil in Texas has fallen 18,869,217 barrels, but the value is only $331,924 less than it was in 1905. In 1905 the average value was 26.8 cents, while it was 78 cents in 1909. The total pipe line mileage in the State, according to the Oil In- vestors’ Journal, may safely be taken at between 1250 and 1300 miles. The exact figures, by districts, will be given in this Journal as soon as possible, bringing the matter down to date. I can not forbear to express my appreciation of the excellent manner in which the oil statistics are collected and arranged by the Oil In- vestors’ Journal. Practically all of the reliable information on the condition of the oil industry in this State is to be found in the files of this publication. What is to be the future of the oil industry in Texas? Since the year 1901 we have produced oil at the rate of 15,863,443 barrels a year. New districts have been opened and have come into production. Is the present rate of production to be maintained, increased or diminished? It is impossible to give a satisfactory replv to this question, for many indeterminable factors come into play. We may estimate the reserves of coal, lignite, iron, etc. with a reasonable, degree of accuracy but when it comes to oil we are completely at sea. Prior to January, 1901, when the great Lucas gusher was brought in at Spindle Top, the wildest "wild cat” that ever roamed the forests could not have foreseen {hat in four 3 -ears the production of oil in Texas would rise to 28,136,189 barrels. Are there other surprises awaiting us ? I do. not know. If any man knows let him hie hence forthwith and secure his options. The old prophets are all dead and there are few, if any, lineal descendants. We may guess, of course, but this kind of guessing costs a great deal of money. The coastal plain, which has afforded so large a quantity of oil, covers a great area. Within it there may still be tremendous supplies of oil as yet untouched. The geological conditions that maintain in 14 The Mineral Resources of Texas. productive districts are to be seen in others not yet developed, but whether the oil is there or not I am unable to say. It is practically impossible to estimate the supply of oil within a comparatively re- stricted area already producing. There are extensive areas in Texas which would afford large supplies of natural gas but it is only within the last few months that any con- siderable use has been made of this ideal fuel. Natural gas is now piped from the Henrietta-Petrolia fields in Clay , county to Fort Worth and Dallas, a distance of 110 miles, and sold at 50 cents per thousand cubic feet. The flourishing town of Wichita Falls is supplied with natural gas at 9 cents per thousand cubic feet and a proposition has been made to reduce this price to 7 cents. In connection with the natural gas field northwest of Fort Worth it might be possible to utilize the copper ores that are known to exist in the counties of Archer, Hardeman, Knox, Wichita, Wilbarger, etc., for the production of copper matte. In the oil fields of Jefferson, Liberty, Harris, Matagorda, Navarro, etc., very heavy gas pressures have been observed. On the San Antonio and Medina rivers, 12 to ?0 miles from the city of San Antonio, is another promising gas field within such easy distance of a large popu- lation as to cause some surprise at the lack of development. Near the town of Santa Anna, Coleman county, and within a very short dis- tance of a large deposit of the best glass sands in the State, is another gas field awaiting development. The gas at Santa Anna has been used locally for heating and power purposes in a small way. Taken in con- nection with the glass sands there the occurrence of natural gas at Santa Anna makes it possible to enter upon the manufacture of glass- ware under favorable conditions. The natural gas at Atlanta, Cass countv, is used for operating gas engines and locomotives. At Trickham, in the southeast part of Coleman county, there is both oil and gas.* Coal and Lignite. The production of coal and lignite in Texas from 1884 to 1909, in- clusive, is given in the following table : Production of Coal and Lignite in Texas, 1884-1909 — Short Tons. Year Produc- tion. 1884 . 1885 . 1886 . 1887 . 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 .. 125.000 100.000 100,000 75.000 90.000 128,216 184,440 172,100 245,690 *The Reeves county oil fields, north of Toyah, are now attracting considerable attention. It is likely that the area there will be extended into El Paso, Pecos and Brewster counties. The Mineral Resources of Texas. 15 Year. Produc- tion. 1893 302,206 1894 420,848 1895 480,959 1896 544,015 1897 639,341 1898 686,734 1899 883,832 1900 968,375 1901 1,107,953 1902 901,912 1903 926,759 1904 1,195,944 1905 1,200,684 1906 1,312,873 1907 1,648,069 1908 1,895,377 1909 1,859,259 18,199,584 These statistics, with the exception of the returns for 1909, are from the reports of the United States Geological Survey. The returns for 1909 were made by the producers direct to the Bureau of Economic Geology. They may be increased by as much as 35,000 tons of lignite. The separate production and value of coal and lignite from 1895 to 1909, inclusive, is given in the following table: Production and Value of Coal and Lignite, 1895-1909 — Short Tons. Year] Coal — Tons Value Lignite — Tons. Value 1895 360,616 $ 801,230 124,343 $ 111,908 1896 376,076 747,872 167,939 148,379 1897 422,727 792,838 216,614 179,485 1898 490,315 968,871 196,419 170,892 1899 687,411 1,188,177 196,421 146,718 1900 715,461 1,350,607 252,912 231,307 1901 804,798 1,655,736 303,155 251,288 1902 696,005 1,326,155 205,907 151,090 1903 659,154 1,289,110 267,605 216,273 1904 774,315 1,652,992 421,629 330,644 1905 809,151 1,684,527 391,533 284,031 1906 839,985 1,779,890 472,888 399,011 1907 940,337 2,062,918 707,732 715,893 1908 1,047,407 2,580,991 847,970 838,490 1909 1,144,108 2,714,630 715,151 592,421 Total 10,767,866 $22,596,544 5,488,218 $4,767,830 During the fifteen years ending with 1909 the production of bitumi- nous coal was 10,767,866 short tons, valued at $22,596,544, or an av- erage value, at the mines, of about $2.10 a ton. The increase of pro- duction during this period was from 360,616 tons, valued at $801,230, 16 The Mineral Resources of Texas. in 1895 to 1,144,108 tons, valued at $3,714,630 in 1909. For each ton of bituminous coal mined in 1895 there were mined 3.17 tons in 1909. In 1895 this coal was valued at $3.32 a ton at the mines and in 1909 at $2.37. During these fifteen years the production of lignite was 5,488.318 short tons, valued at $4,767,830, or an average value of’ 82.8 cents per ton at the mines. The increase in the production of lignite was from 124,343 tons in 1895, valued at $111,908, to 715,151 tons, valued at $592,221, in 1909. For each ton of lignite mined in 1895 there .were mined 5.75 tons in 1909, the relative values being 90 cents and 82.8 cents a ton at the mines. A study of the foregoing table shows that the increase in the produc- tion of lignite has been much greater than in that of bituminous coal. If the lignite rate had maintained for coal the production of coal in 1909 would have been 2,073,542 tons instead of 1,144,108 tons, a dif- ference of 929,434 tons. During the last five years the increase in coal production was 41.4 per cent and for lignite 82.7 per cent, twice as much as for coal. Last year was not a good year for lignite. The output decreased about 100,000 tons. On the other hand the production of coal was the largest on record. It is likely that as additional experience is gained in the use of lig- nite in gas-producers, with subsequent employment of gas engines, there will be a still more extensive use of this fuel. Already several Texas establishments are using lignite in a gas-producer with very satisfactory results. There are in Texas three bituminous coal fields, one in the north and two in the southwest. The northern field stretches, in a general way, from Bowie, Montague county, to south of the Colorado river, in McCulloch county. In this area the present coal-producing counties are Erath, Palo Pinto, Parker, Wise and Young. But there are ex- tensive areas that are not now productive, not only in these counties but also in others within the field, such as Stephens, Shackelford, Jack, Brown, Coleman, Comanche, Eastland, McCulloch, etc. As was remarked by the writer in an address before the West Texas Development Congress, San Angelo, December 6, 1909, we need two more railroads for the development of the northern coal field, one from Graham to Stamford and one from the present terminus of the Wichita Falls & Southern Railway, in Young county, to Brownwood by way of Cisco. The road from Graham to Stamford would penetrate one of the best undeveloped coal fields in the State along the Cleak Fork of the Brazos, around and above Crystal Falls. The road to Brownwood, bv wav of Cisco, would open the fields in Stephens, Eastland and Brown counties. It has recently been announced that steps had been taken to build a road from Brownwood to the coal fields in McCulloch county and this would open the excellent coal along the Colorado river. In the southwest part of the State, in the counties of Maverick and Webb, on the Rio Grande, there are two other bituminous coal fields. These are not as large as the northern field but produce an excellent steam and domestic coal. These fields are known respectively as the Eagle Pass and the Laredo fields. Change of Shift at a Texas Coal Mine. The Mineral Resources oe Texas. 17 In Texas we still lack a good coking coal, although some of the coals already opened would afford a fair coke if they were washed to reduce the amount of ash and sulphur. Coke made from these coals has a srood structure and a fair strength, but is apt to run high in sulphur. By giving close attention to the preparation of the coal before charging the ovens it would he possible to make a coke that would answer for all ordinary purposes. The total production of coal and lignite in Texas, since the year 1884, may be taken at 18,199,584 tons of 2000 pounds. The probable value would be close to $30,000,000. There are no very accurate estimates of the workable area of coal and lignite in this State. The latest are those of Mr. M. R. Campbell, of the United States Geological Survey. For the workable coal he gives an area of 8,200 square miles, with an additional area of 5,300 square miles which may contain workable seams. The total area is thus 13,500 square miles. For the workable lignite he gives an area of 2,000 square miles, with an additional area of 53,000 square miles which may contain workable seams. The total area for the lignite is thus 55,000 square miles. The total workable area for both coal and lignite is 10,200 square miles with an additional area of 58,300 square miles that may prove to be workable. Mr. Campbell thought that the original supply of bituminous coal in Texas was 8,000,000,000 tons and of lignite 23,000,000,000 tons, or a total fuel supply of 31,000,000,000 tons. If we allow that each ton of fuel mined represents a loss of 14 tons the 18,199,584 tons already mined would represent a fuel loss of 27,299,376 tons. On this basis, if we should mine ten million tons a year instead of nearly two million, as at present, the supply of coal and lignite would last more than 3000 years. We may multiply our present production by five and still have enough fuel for 3000 years. Somewhere about the year 5000 we may begin to feel a shortage of fuel. It does not appear that we need to concern ourselves unduly over the conservation of our supplies of mineral fuel, except to see that wasteful methods of mining and using- it are done away with. At the average value that has maintained during the last fifteen years the 8,000,000,000 tons of coal originally present in Texas would be worth more than $16,000,000,000 on cars at the mine and the 23,000,000,000 tons of lignite would be forth $18,860,000,000, a total value of more than $34,000,000,000. The coal and lignite now remain- ing in the ground are worth certainly as much as $34,000,000,000, or nearly five times the entire value of all of the farm products of Texas, together with the value of all the horses, mules, cows, sheep, goats and hogs. As a mineral producing State Texas has not even scratched the surface, for in addition to coal and lignite there are very large reserves of other material awaiting development. But I speak here more partic- ularly with reference to the coal and lignite, for it is upon supplies of cheap and efficient fuel that our prosperity is to be based. If Texas is ever to become a manufacturing and industrial community it will, be because the advantages here are greater than elsewhere and because of the liberal legislation that will induce investments and protect them. 18 The Mineral Resources of Texas. Clay Products. Next in value, below petroleum, coal and lignite, are the clay pro- ducts of the State, with a total value of $28,469,983 to the close of the year 1908. The value of the clay products from 1882 to 1893, inclusive, is esti- mated at $6,400,000. Beginning with the year 1894 the yearly value is as follows: Yearly Value of the Clay Products of Texas, 1894-1908. Year Brick and Tile. Pottery Total 1 *82-1893 $6,400,000 1894 ' 1,028,853 1895 1,030,446 1896 1 $ 857,672 $ 58,081 915,753 1897 1,134,829 62,201 1,197,030 1898 631,738 55,342 758,211 1899 1,139,067 82,052 1,221,119 1900 1,083,553 87,464 1,171,017 1901 1,632,189 91,186 1,723,375 1902 1,595,612 98,202 1,693,814 1903 1,374,914 97,666 1,475,445 1904 1,429,596 106,501 1,536,097 1905 1,618,157 100,788 1,718,945 1906 1,860,963 108,635 1,975,582 1907 2,447,561 110,000 2,557,561 1908 1,941,589 125, i46 2,066,735 Total $18,747,440 $1,183,264 $28,469,983 Note. — In the total for the year 1898! there is included “Miscellaneous,” $71,131. In the total for 1903 there is included “Raw Clay,” $2,865, and in 1906, $5,984. The value of the pottery in 1907 is estimated. We have in Texas a great variety of clays suitable for almost every purpose from the high grade kaolin of Edwards county to the common- est brick clays. Clays for all kinds of brick, with the possible exception of the best quality of fire-brick, for all kinds of tiling and sewer pipe, electric insulators, sanitary ware and paving abound in many portions of the State. The specimens of porcelain made from the Edwards county kaolin left nothing to be desired either in form, beauty of de- sign or excellence of quality. The paving brick industry has been es- tablished on a considerable scale and many of our towns and cities have been beautified and improved through this medium. Materials for the manufacture of hydraulic and Portland cement, so closely connected with the clay industry, are to be found in very large quantities in many of our counties and are now being used in several factories. There is an almost unlimited field for the development of the clay and cement industries in Texas. Many of the best qualities of clay lie in immediate association with beds of coal and lignite, so that questions of fuel need not arise. The increasing scarcity and cost of lumber draws attention, to brick and The Mineral Besources of Texas. 19 cement for structural purposes while the increase in population and wealth in the towns and cities requires more paving and better paving. A well paved citv is not a luxury, it is a necessity demanded by every condition of modern life. Stone (.Granite, Limestone and Sandstone). The total value of the stone produced in Texas, so far as can now be ascertained, is $7,435,306. So far as now appears possible to separate these three items they are as follows: Value. Granite $ 2,687,173 Limestone 2.232,978 Sandstone 1,357,619 The three combined 1,157,536 $ 7,435,306 It is likely that the total value of these three materials is much in excess of the amount just given, but accurate statistics are lacking. There is a considerable variety of granite in the counties of Brewster, Burnet, El Paso, Gillespie, Llano, Mason, and Presidio, red, light gray, dark gray, bluish gray, etc. Many handsome structures have been built of Texas granite, the Capitol at Austin, the Postoffice at Kansas City, etc., and in addition a great deal has been used on the sea-wall at Gal- veston, in monuments, etc. A new quarry of a superior gray stone now being opened in Brewster county, near Marathon. There are excellent limestones and sandstones for building purposes in many parts of the State, near Austin, Travis county ; near San An- tonio, Bexar county: near Jacksboro, Jack county; near Lueders, Jones county; at Leander and Cedar Park, Williamson county, etc., etc. A mere enumeration of the localities which could furnish excellent limestone, both for the making of lime and for structural purposes would carry us much beyond the limits of this paper. The same may be said of the sandstone, although special mention might be made of the Moulton stone, Lavaca county; the red sandstone near Barstow, Ward county : the fine grained sandstone at ChaddiclCs mill on the Colorado river, Lampasas county. There is no lack of good stone in Texas. In this connection I may be pardoned for digressing a moment to speak of the beautiful serpentines of Llano and Gillespie counties and the opal-granite of Llano county. At the St. Louis Exposition spYndid specimens of these stones, cut and polished as slabs, columns, etc., were shown and they attracted a great deal of attention. None of these stones, however, are on the market and there has been no commercial production of any of them. The same may be said as to the beautiful golden and silver-black onyx of San Saba county; the marble of Llano, Gillespie, San Saba, El Paso, Presidio, Travis, Brewster, etc. They are fine stones and will some day come into use, but they are not offered on the market now. A famous architect from New York City recently examined the col- 20 The Mineral Resources of Texas. lection of building stones at the University and expressed the greatest surprise and pleasure. He said that he had no conception of the variety of coloring, texture and beauty of these stones. But they remain as an asset for the future Not one of them is offered commercially. Hand- some building and ornamental stones are used in the great centers of population and wealth and we may have to wait a while in Texas for the development of what is here. Silver. Silver appears as an item in the statement of values to the amount of $6,014,34.1. All of this comes from the Shatter Silver Mine, Shat- ter, Presidio county. Operations have been conducted there for many years and the industry still maintains. Attention might be called here to the rich copper-silver ores of the Sierra Diablo, north of Van Horn, El Paso county. Ore from the old Hazel Mine, long since closed down, has assayed as high as 2000 ounces of silver per ton, in addition to the copper. The Sierra Diablo is a most promising district for copper-silver ores and if it were almost anywhere else would be the scene of active op- erations. Pig Iron.* The next item on our list is pig iron with a total value of $3,000,000 a part of which had to be estimated. This has been produced in the counties of Cherokee and Marion of local ores. When charcoal was used as a fuel the pig iron was in active demand among the makers of car wheels and for other purposes requir- ing a tough and fluid iron. For the production of the 150,000 tons of pig iron there were used about 375,000 tons of iron ore, all from this State. The recent purchases of large holdings of iron ore lands in east Texas by one of the greatest of the iron and steel corporations directs attention anew to the possibilities in this element of our mineral wealth. The iron ores of Llano, Mason, etc., are somewhat richer in iron than the east Texas ores, but are not so easily reduced in the furnace. Salt. The salt manufactured from the brines of Colorado City, Grand Saline, Salt City, etc., has a total value of $2,403,857. The industry is well established. There may be possibilities in the recovery of by- products from the mother liquor of the vats in the salt factories, but they are not yet fully investigated. Quicksilver. During the last eleven years there has been produced in this State $1,633,713 worth of quicksilver, all from the southern part of Brewster county, west of the Chisos Mountains. California and Texas are the only States that produce this metal in commercial quantities, although *The first shipment of East Texas iron ore to Philadelphia left Texas City June 15, 1910, via S. S. “F. J. Luckenbach.” The amount was 568 tons. It came from near Jefferson, Marion county. The Mineral Resources of Texas. 21 the deposits of cinnabar in Oregon and Arizona are of a promising character. The Brewster county district is somewhat remote from rail, the dis- tances varying from 100 to 130 miles. On this account the development has been retarded. Access to the district is by way of Marathon, Al- pine and Marfa, stations on the Southern Pacific Railway. Should the proposed line of the Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Railway be constructed through Brewster and Presidio counties, from San Angelo to Presidio del Norte, the quicksilver district would be brought to within 60 miles of rail. The Texas quicksilver ores are of much better quality than the ore in California. The Texas deposits are in limestone and a bituminous shale, the lat- ter yielding also gas and oil. The limits of this paper do not allow of an extended mention of the other mineral products of the State which enter into the statement of values. The mineral water industry has added $2,162,635 to the total and all other products $18,041,529. These other products comprise asphalt and asphalt rocks; celestite; copper; gold; gypsum; lead; lime; natural gas; sand and gravel; zinc and all other unlisted materials. The asphalt rocks, bituminous limestones and sandstones, occur chiefly in the counties of Anderson, Burnet, Cooke, Jasper, Martin, Nac- ogdoches, Montague, Uvalde, etc. Some of them form excellent material for paving purposes, but the active competition on the part of sheet asphalt pavements and bitulithic pavements has deterred capital from seeking investments in this direction. Natural rock asphalt pavements have to compete with brick pavements also, so that they have three active rivals in the public favor. There is not much production of copper, gold, lead or zinc in Texas, although the ores of these metals are known to exist under favorable conditions in more than one locality in west Texas, especially in the Quitman Mountains, the Chinati Mountains and the Sierra Diablo. The tin deposits in the Franklin Mountains, north of El Paso, are now being exploited and the reports indicate the existence of good ore in workable quantities. Of gypsum, ordinary and in the form of alabaster, there are many excellent localities in Texas, the largest and what may prove to be the best, being in the southern part of Stonewall county, a region now being opened by railroads. One of the new industries in the State is the large use of natural gas, especially in the cities of Fort Worth and Dallas and the towns that lie between these and the Clay county fields. It is an ideal fuel and, with proper burners, is also exceedingly adapted for use as an illuminant.* South of San Antonio, from 10 to 20 miles, there may be developed another natural gas field and certainly the citizens of that beautiful and enterprising city should look into this matter. Tn order to set forth the yearly production of minerals, etc., in Texas the following lists have been prepared from the reports of the United States Geological Survey, with some minor additions and esti- mates. While absolute accuracy is not claimed for them yet they are '^Natural gas is used in Atlanta, Cass county, for operating gas engines and locomotives. 22 The Mineral Resources oe Texas. the best we now have. Only those who have undertaken to collect and digest such statistics can appreciate the difficulties involved. There is no agency in Texas for the collection of such data, nor has there been in many years. Producers can not be compelled to give the desired information, so that it is largely a personal matter and has to be approached with tact and patience. I think that we make a great mistake in not having some agency in Texas for the collection of industrial statistics, corresponding, to some extent, to the Department of Industrial Affairs, in the State of Penn- sylvania. The several State Departments here are doing a great work with meager appropriations and we need to strengthen their hands, up- hold their work and sustain them in all of their laudable efforts to tell us and the world at large what Texas is doing. To do in Texas and for Texas what Texas needs is a work that any man should be proud to engage in. We do not need more State pride, for there is no man living who is big enough to measure the vastness of this Empire, but what we do need is more money to advertise Texas. We may differ in politics, in race and in religion, but if we are to enter upon this heavenly heritage we must do so with a united front, as Tex- ans, native or adopted, it makes no difference. Texas Mineral Products, 1882-1886. Clay products, estimated value $ 1,500,000 Coal (including lignite), estimated, 500,000 tons 1,000,000 Iron ore, 33,100 tons 33,100 Pig iron, 12,400 tons, estimated value 248,000 Silver, 155,039 ounces, commercial value 154,263 All other products, including building stone, cement, gyp- sum, salt, etc., estimated 2,000,000 Total value for five years $ 4,935,363 Xote. — The value of the building stone used in the construction of the State Capitol is taken at $1,000,000 and is included in the above figures. Texas Mineral Products, 1887. Clay products, estimated $ 400,000 Coal and lignite, 75,000 short tons 150,000 Iron ore, 9000 short tons 9,000 Lime, 80,000 barrels, estimated value 80,000 Pig iron, 3900 long tons 78,000 Silver, 193,798 ounces, commercial value 189,534 All other products, including building stone, cement, gyp- sum, salt, etc., estimated 100,000 Total $1,006,534 Texas Mineral Products, 1888. Clay products, estimated value $ 500,000 Coal and lignite, 90,000 short tons 184,500 Red Sandstone Quarry, near Barstow, Ward County. The Mineral Kesources of Texas. 23 Iron ore, estimated, 15,000 short tons 15,000 Lime, 129,475 barrels. 125,000 Pig iron, 5862 long tons 117,240 Silver, 232,558 ounces, commercial value 218.604 All other products, including building stone, cement, gyp- sum salt, etc 125,000 Total ....' $ 1,255,344 Texas Mineral Products, 1889. Clay products, estimated $ 600,000 Coal and lignite, 128,216 short tons 340,617 Gold, value 6,828 Granite, value 22,550 Iron ore. 13,000 short tons 13,000 Limestone, value 217,835 Mineral waters, 213,700 gallons 10,354 Petroleum, 48 barrels 340 Pig iron, 4044 long tons 80,880 Sandstone, value 14,651 Silver, 324,165 ounces, commercial value 303,418 All other products, including cement, gypsum, salt, etc ... . 150,000 Total $ 1,760,473 Texas Mineral Products, 1890. Cement, hydraulic, 40,000 barrels. $ 40,000 Clay products, estimated value 700,000 Coal and lignite, 184,440 short tons 465,900 Granite, value 22,550 Iron ore, 22,000 tons 22,000 Mineral waters, 298,200 gallons * 16,040 Petroleum, 54 barrels 227 Pig iron, 9669 long tons 193,380 Silver, 300,690 ounces, commercial value : 312,709 All other products, estimated 200,000 Total $ 1,992,806 Texas Mineral Products, 1891. Cement, hydraulic, 40,000 bales $ 40,000 Clay products, estimated 800,000 Coal and lignite, 172,100 short tons 412,360 Granite, value 75,000 Iron ore, 51,000 long tons. 51,000 Limestone, value 175,000 Mineral waters, 271,410 gallons 23,132 Petroleum, 54 barrels 227 Pig iron, 18,602 long tons 372,040 24 The Mineral Resources of Texas. Sandstone, value 6,000 Silver, 375,000 ounces, commercial value 370,500 All other products, estimated value 200,000 Total $ 2,525,259 Texas Mineral Products, 1892. Cement, hydraulic, 40,000 barrels . . $ 40,000 Clay products, estimated value 900,000 Coal and lignite, 245,690 short tons 569,333 Granite, value 50,000 Iron ore, 24,903 long tons 24,000 Limestone, value 180,000 Mineral water, 405,400 gals 24,535 Petroleum, 45 barrels 225 Pig iron, 8613 long tons 172,260 Salt, 121,250 barrels 99,500 Sandstone, value 48,000 Silver, 328,100 ounces, commercial value 287,087 All other products, estimated value 200,000 Total $ 3,295,240 Texas Mineral Products, 1893. Cement, hydraulic, 10,000 barrels $ 27,500 Clay products, estimated value 1,000,000 Coal and lignite, 302,206 short tons 688,407 Granite, value 38,991 Iron ore, 25,620 long tons 25,000 Limestone, value 28,100 Mineral waters, 359,070 gallons 21,957 Natural gas, value 500 Petroleum, 50 barrels 210 Pig iron, 6215 long tons 124,300 Salt, 126,000 barrels 110,267 Sandstone, value 77,675 Silver, 349,400 ounces, commercial value 272,530 All other products, estimated 250,000 Total $ 2,655,437 Texas Mineral Products, 1894. Asphalt, 3000 short tons $ 45,000 Cement — Hydraulic, 12,000 barrels, $18,000 1 Portland, 8000 barrels, $24,000 42,000 Clay products, value 1,028,853 Coal and lignite, 420,848 short tons \ . . . 976,458 Gold, 209 ounces 4,300 The Mineral Resources of Texas. 25 Gypsum, 6925 short tons 27,300 Iron ore, 15,361 long tons 11,521 Limestone, value 41,526 Mineral waters, 1,857,950 gallons 162,220 Petroleum, 60 barrels 420 Pig iron, 4671 long tons. 93,420 Salt, 142,857 barrels 101,000 Sandstone, value 62,350 Silver, 429,314 ounces, commercial value 270,467 All other products, estimated 250,000 Total $ 3,116,835 Texas Mineral Products, 1895. Asphalt, 1050 short tons $ 10,000 Asphalt, crude rock, 3500 short tons 17,500 Cement — Hydraulic, 10,000 barrels, $17,000; Portland, 10,- 000 barrels, $30,000 47,000 Clay, products, value 1,030,446 Coal and lignite, 484,959 short tons 725,000 Gypsum, 10,750 short tons 36,511 Iron ore, 8371 long tons. ., 6,278 Limestone, value 62,526 Mineral waters, 1,479,570 gallons 72,100 Petroleum, 50 barrels 350 Pig iron, 4682 long tons 93,640 Salt, 125,000 barrels ‘ 55,000 Sandstone, value 97,336 Silver, 450,000 ounces, commercial value 292,850 All other products, estimated 300,000 Total $ 2,856,537 Texas Mineral Products, 1896. Asphalt, crude rock, 5000 tons $ 25,000 Cement — Hydraulic, 12,000 barrels, $18,000; Portland, 8000 barrels, $24,000 •. 42,000 Clay products — Brick and tile, $857,672; pottery, $58,081. . 915,753 Coal and lignite, 544,015 short tons 896,251 Gold, 387 ounces 8,000 Gypsum, 16,022 short tons 25,000 Iron ore, 4771 long tons. 3,583 Limestone, value 77,252 Mineral waters, 4,005,912 gallons 172,138 Petroleum, 1450 barrels 4,000 Pig iron, 1221 long tons 24,420 Salt, estimated 150,000 barrels 75,000 Sandstone, value 36,000 26 The Mineral Resources of Texas. Silver, 525,400 ounces, commercial value 352,543 All other products, estimated 300,000 Total • .$ 2,956,940 Texas Mineral Products, 1897. Asphalt, 65 short tons $ 650 Cement — Hydraulic, 11,390 barrels, $17,085; Portland, 7779 barrels, $23,334 40,419 Clay products — Brick and tile, $1,134,829 ; pottery, $62,210. 1,197,039 Coal and lignite, 639,341 short tons 972,323 Gold, 358 ounces 7,400 Granite, value 3,500 Gypsum, 24,454 short tons 65,651 Iron ore, 13,588 long tons 13,588 Limestone, value 57,258 Mineral waters, 2,060,292 gallons 38,745 Petroleum, 65,975 barrels 65,975 Pig iron, 6175 long tons 123,500 Salt, estimated, 225,500 barrels 122,750 Sandstone, value 30,000 Silver, 404,700 ounces, commercial value 241,970 All other products, estimated 350,000 Total $ 3,330,798 Texas Mineral Products, 1898. Asphalt, 80 short tons $ 1,000 Cement — Hydraulic, 11,000 barrels, $16,500; Portland, 8000 barrels, $24,000 40,500 Clay products — Brick and tile, $631,738; pottery, $55,342; miscellaneous, $71,131 758,211 Coal and lignite, 686,734 short tons 1,139,763 Granite, value 4,685 Gypsum, 34,215 short tons 58,130 Iron ore, 9705 tons 3,882 Limestone, value 70,321 Mineral waters, 842,100 gallons 25,120 Petroleum, 546,070 barrels 382,249 Pig iron, 5178 long tons 103,560 Salt, 254,284 barrels 119,700 Sandstone, value . „ 77,190 Silver, 472,900 ounces, commercial value 283,200 All other products, estimated 350,000 Total $ 3,417,511 Interior View of Salt Works. The Mineral Resources of Texas. 27 Texas Mineral Products, 1899. Cement — Hydraulic, 12,000 barrels .$ 12,400 Clay products — Brick and tile, $1,139,067; pottery, $82,052. 1,221,119 Coal and lignite, 883,832 short tons 1,334,895 Gold, 334 ounces. . . 6,900 Granite, value, 84,945 Gypsum, 53,773 short tons 110,000 Iron ore, 14,729 tons : 14,729 Limestone, value, 100,025 Mineral waters, 4,729,950 gallons. . 155,047 Petroleum, 669,013 barrels 473,443 Pig iron, 5803 long tons 116,060 Quicksilver, 1000 flasks 1-2,000 Salt, 312,436 barrels 204,330 Sandstone, value 35,738 Silver, 520,000 ounces, commercial value 312,000 All other products, estimated 350,000 Total $ 4,573,631 Texas Mineral Products, 1900. Cement — Hydraulic, 17,000 barrels, $28,900 ; Portland, 26,.- 000 barrels, $52,000 $ 80,900 Clay products — Brick and tile, $1,083,553 ; pottery, $87,464. 1,171,017 Coal and lignite, 968,373 short tons 1,581,914 Gold, 53 ounces 1,100 Granite, value 76,069 Gypsum, 50,000 short tons 100,000 Iron ore, 16,881 long tons 16,881 Limestone, value 124,728 Mineral waters, 5,438,700 gallons 209,991 Natural gas, value 20,000 Petroleum, 836,039 barrels , 871,996 Pig iron, 10,150 long tons 203,000 Quicksilver, 1800 flasks 75,600 Salt, 320,000 barrels, estimated 210,000 Sandstone, value 37,038 Silver, 477,400 ounces, commercial value 295,988 All other products, estimated 400,000 Total $ 5,316,222 Texas Mineral Products, 1901. Cement, Portland (including one plant in South Dakota) . . .$ 215,327 Clay products — Brick and tile, $1,632,189; pottery, $91,186. 1,723,375 Coal and lignite, 1,107,953 short tons 1,907,024 Gold, 29 ounces 600 Granite, value 27,005 28 The Mineral Resources of Texas. Iron ore, estimated value 5,000 Limestone, value 209,658 Mineral waters, 6,651,750 gallons 180,503 Natural gas, value 18,577 Petroleum, 4,393,658 barrels 1,247,351 Pig iron, 2273 long tons 45,460 Quicksilver, 2932 flasks 132,438 Salt, estimated value 140,000 Sandstone, value 111,568 Silver, 472,400 ounces, commercial value 284,040 All other products, estimated 400,000 Total $ 6,647,926 Texas Mineral Products, 1902. Cement — Hydraulic, 17,000 barrels, $28,900; Portland, 165,- 500 barrels, $234,950 $ 263,850 Clay products — Brick and tile, $1,595,612; pottery, $98,- 202 1,693,814 Coal and lignite, 901,912 short tons 1,477,245 Granite, value 60,000 Gypsum, estimated 100,000 Iron ore, 6516 tons 6,434 Limestone, value 228,662 Mineral waters, 6,568,550 gallons 362,446 Natural gas, value 14,953 Petroleum, 18,083,658 barrels 3,998,097 Quicksilver, 5319 flasks 239,350 Salt, 347,906 barrels 143,683 Sandstone, value 165,565 Silver, 446,200 ounces, commercial value 236,486 All other products, estimated 400,000 Total $ 9,390,585 Texas Mineral Products, 1903. Asphalt, 2158 short tons $ 30,550 Clay products — Brick and tile, $1,374,914; pottery, $100,- 531 ' 1,475,445 Clay, raw, value 2,865 Coal and lignite, 926,759 short tons 1,505,383 Coal tar, 154,629 gallons 13,373 Coal gas, 131, 610, 100" cubic feet 205,949 Gas coke, 8755 short tons 50.112 Granite, value . 173,325 Iron ore, 34,050 long tons 34,050 Limestone, value 262,053 Mineral waters, 939,390 gallons 53,613 The Mineral Resources of Texas. 29 Natural gas, value 13,851 Petroleum, 17,955,572 barrels 7,517,479 Pig iron, 11,653 long tons 233,060 Quicksilver, 5029 flasks 211,218 Salt, 314,000 barrels 117,647 Sandstone, value 114,381 Silver, 454,400 ounces, commercial value 245,376 All other products, estimated 400,000 Total $12,766,865 Texas Mineral Products, 1904. Asphalt, 3 short tons $ 60 Clay products — Brick and tile, $1,429,596 ; pottery, $106,- 501 ‘ 1,536,097 Coal and lignite, 1,195,944 short tons 1,983,636 Coal tar, 185,364 gallons 13,838 Coal gas, 139,190,500 cubic feet 211,962 Gas coke, 10,114 short tons 60,895 Gold, 9 ounces 186 Granite, value 348,317 Gypsum, estimated value 100,000 Iron ore, estimated value 12,000 Lime, 35,318 short tons 141,500 Limestone, value 387,061 Mineral waters, 1,142,500 gallons 64,923 Natural gas (including Alabama), value 14,082 Petroleum, 22,241,413 barrels 8,156,220 Quicksilver, 5336 flasks 232,116 Salt, 376,695 barrels 149,246 Sand, 9958 short tons 6,783 Sandstone, value 209,313 Silver, 385,576 ounces, commercial value 213,935 Strontium sulphate (celestite), 17 short tons 500 411 other products, estimated 400,000 Total $14,353,270 Texas Mineral Products, 1905. Clay products — Brick and tile, $1,618,157 ; pottery, $100,- 788 T. $ 1,718,945 Coal and lignite, 1,200,684 short tons 1,968,558 Gold, 12 ounces 248 Granite, value 132,193 Gypsum, estimated 100,000 Lime, 31,984 short tons 142,470 Limestone, value 171,847 Mineral waters, 1,526,970 gallons 144,421 30 The Mineral Resources of Texas. Natural gas, estimated 14,000 Petroleum, 28,136,189 barrels 7,552,262 Quicksilver, 4723 flasks 172^362 Salt, 444,832 barrels 142,993 Sand and gravel, value 146,462 Sandstone, value 123,281 Silver, 417,200 ounces 234,054 All other products, including cement, iron ore, pig iron, etc. . 987,250 Total $13,752,346 Texas Mineral Products, 1906. Asphalt, 24,900 short tons $ 306,750 Clay products — Brick and tile, $1,860,963; pottery, $108,- 635 1,969,598 Clay, raw, 3167 short tons 5,984 Coal and lignite, 1,312,873 short tons 2,178,901 Coal tar, 236,341 gallons; coal gas, 166,917,672 cubic feet; gas coke, 11,984 short tons 355,560 Copper, pounds, 51,377 9,916 Gold, 77 ounces 1,592 Granite, value 168,061 Gypsum, estimated 100,000 Iron ore, 36,660 long tons 36,660 Lime, 41,183 short tons 192,527 Limestone, value 239,125 Mineral waters, 1,045,315 gallons. 122,085 Natural gas (including Alabama and Louisiana) . 150,695 Petroleum, 12,567,897 barrels 6,565,578 Quicksilver, 4761 flasks 178,829 Salt, 360,733 barrels 170,559 Sand and gravel,- 314,110 short tons 159,367 Sandstone, value 111,533 Silver, 301,772 ounces, commercial value 202,187 Zinc, 8 short tons 976 All other products 1,524,554 Total $14,751,037 Texas Mineral Products, 1907. Asphalt, 53,649 short tons $ 929,857 Clay products (brick, tile and pottery) 2,557,561 Coal and lignite, 1,648,069 short tons 2,778,811 Gold, 48 ounces. 1,000 Lead, 10 short tons 1,060 Lime, 38,101 short tons 186,372 Mineral waters, 1,146,279 gallons 152,233 Natural gas (including Alabama and Louisiana) 178,276 Quicksilver Furnace and Condensers. Terlingua, Brewster County. The Mineral Resources of Texas. 31 Petroleum, 12,322,696 barrels 10,410,865 Quicksilver, 3686 flasks 148,387 Salt, 356,086 barrels 226,540 Sand and gravel, 283,484 short tons 142,294 Silver, 305,300 ounces, commercial value 201,500 Stone (granite, limestone and sandstone) 497,962 Zinc, 16 short tons 1,888 All other products. . . 1,391,854 Total $19,806,458 Texas Mineral Products, 1908. Asphalt, 17,167 short tons $ 350,440 Clay products (brick, tile and pottery) 2,066,735 Coal and lignite, 1,895,377 short tons 3,419,481 Gold, 24 ounces 500 Lead, 42 short tons 3,528 Lime, 33,725 short tons 144,118 Mineral waters, 1,586,634 gallons 151,032 Petroleum, 11,206,464 barrels 6,700,708 Quicksilver, 2384 flasks 122,260 Salt, 442,571 barrels 255,652 Sand and gravel, 309,250 short tons 140,067 Silver, 447,000 ounces, commercial value 239,100 Stone (granite, limestone and sandstone) 659,57*4 All other products 959,734 Total $15,212,929 Note.- — -The production of iron ore in 1908 was 55,966 tons valued at $30,663. THE MINERALS OF TEXAS BY COUNTIES. The following Summary of the Minerals of Texas by counties was compiled by Ur. Frederick W. Simonds, Professor, of Geology in the University of Texas, and was published as a part of Bulletin No. 5 of the University Mineral Survey, “The Minerals and Mineral Localities of Texas,” December, 1902. A few additions have been made to it since that time, but they are comparatively unimportant. Following this excellent Summary there is another list of the materials by counties, so that it is easy to pass from the one to the other. If it is desired to know what such and such counties afford the Sum- mary may be consulted. If one wishes to know where such and such things are to be found the additional list may be consulted. It is prac- tically impossible to enumerate all of the various minerals and mineral substances to be found in these different counties, but the principal ones have been listed more with a view to show what may be obtained in com- mercial quantities than to make an accurate scientific list of everything to be found. This is particularly the case in the list of clays. Prac- 32 The Mineral Resources of Texas. tically every county in Texas contains workable beds of clays, suita- ble for ordinary brick manufacture if not for the higher grades of pottery, etc. The same is true with respect to the limestones and sand- stones for building purposes. They exist in a great many of the coun- ties of Texas and in very large quantities. A Summary of the Minerals of Texas by Counties. F. W. SIMONDS, PH. P. Anderson County . — Asphaltum; Calcite; Chalcocite; Lignite; Limonite; Petroleum; Pottery Clay; Pyrite; Rock Salt; Topaz (transported). Angelina County. — Natural Gas; Lignite. Archer County. — Chalcocite; Malachite. Armstrong County . — Gypsum; Clays. Atascosa County. — Natural Gas; Lignite; Clays; Petroleum. Austin County . — Pottery Clay. Bastrop County. — Brick Clay; Gypsum; Lignite; Melanterite; Yellow Ochre; Petroleum; Pottery Clay; Pyrite. Baylor County. — Permian Copper Ore. Bell County. — Petroleum; Pottery Clay. Bexo,r County. — Bat Guano; Brick Clay or Earth; Natural Gas; Lignite; Petroleum; Pottery Clay; Cement Rock. Blanco County. — Bat Guano ; Clays ; Building Stones. Bosque County. — Meteoric Iron; Clays. Bowie County. — Brick Clay or Earth; Lignite; Pearls; Pottery Clay. Brazoria County . — Brick Clay; Natural Gas; Gypsum; Petroleum; Pot- tery Clay; Rock Salt; Sulphur. Brazos County . — Brick Clay or Earth: Lignite. Brewster County . — Agate; Aragonite; Asphaltum; Calcite; Calomel; Cerargyrite; Cinnabar; Coal; Fluorite; Graphite; Gypsum; Jasper; Mercury; Meta-Cinnabarite; Petroleum; Pyrolusite; Terlinguaite ; Egglestonite ; Montroy dite; Kleinite, Granite and Limestone for Building Purposes; Silver-Bearing Galena. Brown County . — Coal; Epsomite; Natural Gas; Petroleum. Burleson County. — Ugnite; Petroleum; Pottery Clay; Pyrite; Sulphur. Burnet County. — Actinolite; Agate; Albite; Almandite; Amethyst; Amphibole; Ankerite; Apatite; Asphaltum; Asurite; Bat Guano; Beauxite; Biotite; Bronzite; Calcite; Cassiterite; Celestite; Chalco- pyrite; Chert; Cuprite; Enstatite; Epidote; Fassaite; Ferrocalcite ; Fibrolite; Galena; Grossularite ; Hematite; Hypersthene; Kaolite; Labradorite; Limonite; Lithomarge; Magnetite; Malachite; Mo- lybdenite; Oligoclase; Orthoclase; Pyrite; Pyrolusite; Pyroxene; Quartz; Tourmaline; Travertine; Vesuvianite. Caldwell County. — Brick Clay or Earth; Lignite; Limonite; Petroleum. Cameron County. — Pottery Clay; Salt. Camp County . — Lignite; Limonite; Pottery Clay. Cass County . — Lignite; Limonite; Pottery Clay; Natural Gas. Cherohee County. — Brick Clay or Earth; Lignite; Limonite; Red Ochre. Clay County . — Petroleum; Clays. Coleman County . — Coal; Natural Gas; Petroleum; Glass Sand. The Mineral Resources of Texas. 33 Collin County . — Pottery Clay. Colorado County . — Natural Gas; Pottery Clay. Comal County . — Bat Guano; Limestone for Building Purposes. Comanche County. — ’Flint; Coal; Clays. Cooke County. — Asphaltum; Natural Gas; Petroleum; Pottery Clay. Coryell County. — Melanterite; Petroleum. Crane County. — Salt. Dallas County . — Brick Clay or Earth; Pottery Clay; Cement Rock. Delta County . — Pottery Clay. Denton County . — Meteoric Iron ; Petroleum reported ; Pottery Clay. De Witt County . — Pottery Clay. Dimmit County. — Lignite; Clays. Duval County . — Natural Gas; Petroleum. Eastland County. — Coal; Clays. Edwards County . — Bat Guano; Kaolin; Petroleum; Sulphur. Ellis County . — Pottery Clay. El Paso County. — Amethyst ; Antimony ; Aragonite ; Argentite ; Aventu- rine; Azurite; Bornite; Brick Clay or Earth; Carnelian; Cassiterite; Chalcocite; Chalcopyrite ; Christophite ; Chrysocolla; Coal: Copper; Native; Crednerite; Cuprite; Dihydrite; Ehlite; Galena; Gold; Gros- sularite; Gypsum; Hematite; Hornblende; Lampadite; Limonite; Magnetite; Malachite; Melaconite; Nickel; Nitre; Opal; Petro- leum; Platinum (traces); Pitchblende (Uranpecherz) ; Pottery Clay; Pseudomalachite; Psilomelane; Pyrolusite; Quartz; Salt; Serpentine; Silver (Native); Siderite; Sphalerite; Stromeyerite ; Sulphur; Tetrahedrite; Titaniferous Iron Ores; Torbernite; Tur- quoise; Uranochre; Wad; Wolframite; Wulfenite; Cement Rock. Erath County. — Coal; Natural Gas; Pottery Clay; Paving Brick Clays. Falls County . — Pottery Clay. Fannin County . — Pottery Clay. Fayette County. — Clay; Natural Gas; Grahamite; Gypsum; Lignite; Meteoric Iron; Sulphur; Phosphate Rock. Fort Bend County . — Pottery Clay. Freestone County. — Lignite; Pottery Clay. Frio County. — Lignite. Gillespie County. — Aragonite ; Asbestus ; Bat Guano ; Beryl ; Calcite Chert; Chlorite; Fluorite; Galena; Gold; Hematite; Hyalite; Li- monite ; Magnetite ; Margarodite ; Pvrite ; Quartz ; Serpentine ; Talc; Thetis Ilairstone; Wollastonite. Gonzales County. — Clay; Lignite; Limonite; Petroleum. Grayson County. — Lignite; Limonite; Pottery Clay; Pyrite; Selenite. Gregg County. — Lignite; Limonite; Pottery Clay. Grimes County . — Brick Clay or Earth; Natural Gas; Lignite; Petro- leum; Pottery Clay. Guadalupe County . — - Lignite; Pottery Clay. Hale County . — Pottery Clay. Hamilton County . — Meteoric Iron. Hardeman County. — Gypsum; Malachite. Hardin County. — Asphaltum; Natural Gas; Petroleum. Harris County . — Natural Gas; Pottery Clay; Petroleum. 34 The Mineral Resources of Texas. Harrison County. — Fire Clay; Lignite; Limonite; Pottery Clay. Haskell County. — Permian Copper Ore. Hays County . — Bat Guano; Cement Rock. Henderson County. — Fire Clay; Lignite; Limonite; Pottery Clay. Hidalgo County. — Pottery Clay ; Salt. Hopkins County . — Lignite; Pottery Clay. Houston County . — Brick Clay or Earth; Lignite; Limonite; Pottery Clay; Sulphur. Hunt County. — Asplialtum reported; Pottery Clay. Jack County . — Asplialtum reported; Coal; Petroleum; Fine Limestone for Building Purposes. Jackson County. — Natural Gas; Pottery Clay. Jasper County . — Asplialtum; Lignite; Petroleum. Jeff Davis County. — Jasper; Quartz. Jefferson County . — Natural Gas; Petroleum; Pottery Clay; Sulphur. Jones County.— Fine Limestone for Building Purposes. Karnes County . — Lignite; Pottery Clay. Kaufman County . — Pottery Clay. Kent County . — Gypsum. Kimble County. — Chert. King County . — Gypsum. Knox County . — Permian Copper Ore. Lamar County . — Pottery Clay. Lampasas County. — Bat Guano; Celestite; Stfontianite ; Sandstone for Building Purposes. Lavaca County.— Natural Gas; Pottery Clay. Lee County. — Lignite; Pottery Clay. Leon County. — Lignite; Pottery Clay. IAberty County. — Natural Gas; Rock Salt; Petroleum. Limestone County. — Fire Clay; Natural Gas; Lignite; Pottery Clay. Live Oak County . — Natural Gas; Petroleum. Llano County. — Actinolite; Adularia; Albite; Allanite; Almandite; Am- ethyst; Amphibole; Andradite; Ankerite; Apatite; Aragonite; Asbestus; Azurite; Barite; Bat Guano; Beauxite; Beryl: Biotite; Bornite ; Braunite; Bronzite; Calcite ; Carnelian; Cassiterite; Chal- cocite; Chalcopvrite ; Chert; Chlorite; Chloropal ; Columbite ? ; Cy- pritne; Cyrtoolite; Dolomite; Enstatite; Epidote; Fergusonite; Fer- rocalcite; Fibrolite; Fluorite; Gadolinite; Galena; Goethite; Gold; Graphite; Gummite; Hematite; Hyalite; Hypersthene Tlmenite; Jasper; Jefferisite; Kaolinite; Kerolite; Limnite; Limonite; Mack- intoshite; Magnetite; Malachite; Margarite; Margarodite; Martite; Melanite; Metagadolinite ; Microcline; Molybdenite; Molybdite; Muscovite; Nivenite; Opal; Oligoclase; Orthoclase; Pearls; Pen- ninite ; Phlogopite ? ; Pottery Clay ; Pyrite ; Pyroxene ; Quartz ; Row- landite; Samarskite?; Serpentine; Sphalerite; Spessartite; Talc; Tengerite; Tetrahedrite ; Thorogummite ; Titaniferous Iron Ores; Titanite: Tourmaline; Travertine; Tremolite; Turgite; Turquoise; IJralite?; ITralorthite ; Vermiculite; Yesuvianite; Yiogtite?; Wad; Wocheinite; Yttrialite; Zoisite. Marion County . — Clay Iron Stone; Lignite; Limonite; Pottery Clay. The Mineral Resources of Texas. 35 Martin County . — Asphaltic Sands reported. Mason County. — Adularia; Andradite; Aragonite; Beauxite; Biotite; Calcite; Cassiterite; Chert; Epidote; Fibrolite; Fluorite; Galena?: Graphite; Grossularite ; Hematite; Ilmenite; Keilhauite; Limonite; Magnetite; Malachite; Margarite; Microcline; Muscovite; Ortho- clase; Pottery Clay; Psilomelane; Pvrite; Pyroaurite; Pvrolusite; Pyroxene; Quartz: Talc; Tephroite; Titaniferous Iron Ores; Tour- maline; Turgite; Wad. Matagorda Co unty .-*- Natural Gas; Petroleum. Maverick County. — Coal. McCulloch County. — Agate; Beauxite; Biotite; Chert; Coal: Natural Gas; Hematite; Limonite; Petroleum; Pvroaurite; Travertine: Turgite. McLennan County . — Brick Clay or Earth; Meteoric Iron; Petroleum; Pottery Clay. McMullen County . — Natural Gas; Lignite; Petroleum; Clays. Medina County. — Lignite; Petroleum; Pottery Clay. Milam County. — Lignite; Limonite; Red Ochre. Mitchell County . — Rock Salt. Montague County. — Asphaltum; Coal; Galena; Malachite; Meteoric Iron; Petroleum; Pottery Clay. Morris County. — Lignite; Limonite. Nacogdoches County . — Asphaltum reported; Natural Gas; Limonite; Petroleum; Pottery Clay. Navarro County . — Natural Gas; Petroleum; Pottery Clay. Newton County. — Lignite. Nolan County. — Gypsum. Nueces County . — Natural Gas ; Petroleum. Palo Pinto County . — Brick Clay; Coal; Natural Gas; Petroleum. Panola County. — Asphaltum; Lignite; Limonite; Magnetite Sands; Red Ochre; Yellow Ochre. Parker County. — Coal; Pottery Clay. Pecos County. — Agate; Asphaltum; Natural Gas; Petroleum; Sulphur. Presidio County. — Agate; Alum; Chalcedony; Coal; Galena; Hematite; Magnetite; Malachite; Onyx; Quartz; Sphalerite; Nitrate of Soda; Native Silver; Argentite; Zinc Ores; Lithographic Stone. Rains County. — Lignite; Pottery Clay. Red River County . — Natural Gas; Petroleum. Reeves County. — Petroleum; Sulphur. Robertson County . — Brick Clay or Earth; Lignite; Limonite; Pottery Clay; Pvrite. Runnels County. — Gypsum; Quartz. Rusk County. — Lignite; Limonite; Pottery Clay. Sabine County. — -Lignite; Limonite. San Augustine County . — Asphaltum reported; Lignite; Limonite: Pe- troleum. San Patricio County . — Moss Agate. San. Saba County . — Agate (Banded Chert) ; Aragonite; Calcite; Chal- cedony; Chert; Gibbsite; Limonite; Nitre; Pyrite; Travertine; Turgite; Onyx; Marble. 36 The Mineral Resources of Texas. Shackelford County . — Clays; Coal. Shelby County . — Bat Guano; Lignite; Limonite; Petroleum; Pottery Clay; Wad. Smith County. — Lignite; Limonite; Pottery Clay; Salt. Starr County . — Pottery Clay; Sulphur; Petroleum. Stephens County . — Asphaltic Sandstone; Coal. Stonewall County. — Chalcocite; Gypsum; Malachite; Alabaster. Tarrant County. — Petroleum; Pottery Clay. Taylor County. — Malachite ; Pottery Clay. Terrell County . — Limestone for building purposes. Titus County. — Lignite; Pottery Clay. Tom Green County . — Natural Gas; Meteoric Iron; Sulphur. Travis County. — Asphaltum; Bat Guano; Brick Clay or Earth; Calcite; Celestite; Chalcedony; Flint; Gypsum (Selenite) ; Petroleum; Pot- tery Clay; Pyrite; Strontianite ; Cement Rock; Marble; Limestone for building. Trinity County. — Lignite; Pottery Clay. Tyler County . — Pottery Clay. Upshur County. — Lignite; Limonite; Pottery Clay. Uvalde County. — Asphaltum; Bat Guano; Natural Gas; Gold; Jasper; Kaolinite; Lignite; Melanterite; Coal. Van Zandt County . — Gypsum; Lignite; Limonite; Pottery Clay; Rock Salt. Victoria County . — Pottery Clay. Walker County. — Lignite. Ward County . — Fine Red Sandstone for Building. Washington County — Natural Gas; Wood Opal; Pottery Clay; Pyrite. Webb County. — Grahamite; Gypsum; .Lignite: Pottery Clav; Pvrite; Sulphur; Coal. Wharton County . — Pottery Clay. Wichita County . — Meteoric Iron; Permian Copper Ore; Pottery Clay. Wilbarger County . — Permian Copper Ore. Williamson Comity. — Aragonite; Bat Guano ; Gold; Pottery Clay; Lime- stone for Building, Etc. Wilson County. — Lignite; Pottery Clay. Wise County. — Coal. Wood County. — Lignite: Limonite; Pottery Clay. Young County. — Coal; Clays. Zavala County. — Coal; Lignite. Trans-Pecos Region — West Texas. — Agate, Banded; Agate, Cloudy; Agate, Moss; Alabaster; Alum; Amethyst; Antimony; Aragonite; Argentite; Asphaltum; Atacamite; Aventurine; Azurite; Bornite; Brick Clay or Earth; Bromyrite; Calamine; Calcite; Calomel; Cas- siterite; Cerargyrite; Cerussite; Chalcedony; Chalcocite; Chalco- pyrite; Christophvte ; Chrysocolla; Cinnabar; Copper, Native; Crednerite; Cuprite; Cupro-Descloisite ; Cyanotrichite ; Dihydrite ; Dolomite; Ehlite; Epidote; Flint; Fluorite; Franklinite; Galena; Gas, Natural; Glauconite; Goethite; Gold; Graphite; Grossularite ; Gypsum; Hematite; Jasper; Lampadite; Limonite; Magnetite; Malachite ; Massicot ; Melaconite ; Mercury ; Metacinnabarite ; Mi- The Mineral Resources of Texas. 37 crocline; Nickel; Nitre; Nitrate of Soda; Onyx; Opal; Petroleum; Platinum, traces; Pitchblende (Uranpecherz) ; Pribramite; Pseu- domalachite; Psilomelane; Pyrite; Pyrolusite; Quartz (Agate, Ame- thyst, Flinty, Granular, Milky, Smoky) ; Salt; Sagenitic Quartz; Sardonyx: Serpentine: Siderite; Silver, Native; Sphalerite; Stro- meyerite: Sulphur; Talc; Terlinguaite ; Tctrahedrite ; Titaniferous Ores; Torbernite; r l'ourma!ine ; Turquoise; Uranium; Uranochre; Wad; Wolframite; Wulfenite; rare quicksilver minerals, such as Eglestonite, Montroydite, Terlinguaite and Kleinite. MATERIALS FOUND IN TEXAS, BY COUNTIES. Agate. — (See Quartz.) A methyst. — ( See Quartz. ) Asphalt'um. — Anderson; Brewster; Burnet; Clay; Cooke; Hardin; Hunt; Jack; Jasper; Martin; Montague; Nacogdoches; Panola; Pecos; San Augustine; Stephens; Travis; Uvalde. Bat Guano. — Bexar; Blanco; Burnet; Comal; Edwards; Gillespie; Ha} r s; Lampasas; Llano; Shelby; Travis; Uvalde; Williamson. Building Stones . — Granite; Dolomite; Limestone; Marble; Onyx; Sandstone; Ser- pentine. Granite. — Brewster ; Burnet ; El Paso ; Gillespie ; Llano ; Mason ; Pre- sidio. Dolomite. — Burnet; Llano; Mason; Pecos. Limestone. — Anderson; Bandera; Bell; Bexar; Blanco; Bosque; Brewster; Brown: Burnet; Callahan; Coleman; Collin: Comal; Comanche; Cooke; Coryell; Dallas; Duval; Edwards; Ellis; El Paso; Erath; Fannin; Fayette; Freestone; Gillespie: Goliad; Grayson; Hamilton; Hays; Hill; Hood; Jack; Jones; Kerr; La- mar ; Lampasas ; Llano ; McCulloch ; McLennan ; Marion ; Mason ; Mills; Palo Pinto; Panola; Parker; Pecos; Presidio; Red River; Runnels; San Saba; Shackelford; Shelby; Smith; Somervell; Starr; Stephens; Tarrant; Terrell; Tom Green; Travis; Uvalde; Val Yerde; Williamson; Wise; Young. Marble. — Brewster; Burnet; El Paso; Llano; Mason; Presidio; San Saba. Onyx. — Presidio; San Saba. Sandstone. — Archer; Atascosa; Blanco; Brazos; Brown; Burnet; Cass; Cherokee; Clay; Coleman; Eastland; El Paso; Fayette; Gillespie; Gregg; Grimes; Harrison; Henderson; Houston; Knox; Lampasas; Lavaca; Llano; McCulloch; Marion; Mason; Mills; Montague; Palo Pinto; Panola; Pecos; Robertson; Sa- bine; San Saba; Shelby; Smith; Taylor: Tom Green; Tyler; Ward; Washington; Webb; Wichita; Wise; Young. Serpentine. — Gillespie; Llano; Mason. Clays (Brick and Pottery). — Anderson; Atascosa; Austin; Bastrop; Bell; Bexar; Blanco; Bosque; Bowie; Brazoria; Brazos; Brewster; Brown; Burleson; Caldwell; Cameron; Camp; Cass; Cherokee; Clay ; Coleman ; Collin ; Colorado ; Comanche ; Cooke ; Dallas ; Delta; Denton; DeWitt; Dimmit; Eastland; Edwards; Ellis; El 38 The Mineral Resources of Texas. Paso; Erath; Falls; Fannin; Fayette; Fort Bend; Freestone; Gon- zales; Grayson; Gregg; Grimes; Guadalupe; Hale; Harris; Har- rison; Henderson; Hidalgo; Hopkins; Houston; Hunt; Jackson; Jefferson; Karnes; Kaufman; Lamar; Lavaca; Lee; Leon; Lime- stone; Marion; McLennan; Maverick; Medina; Montague; Nacog- doches; Navarro; Palo Pinto; Parker; Rains; Robertson; Rusk; San Saba; Shelby; Smith; Starr; Tarrant; Taylor; Titus; Travis; Trinity; Tyler; Upshur; Van Zandt; Victoria; Washington ; Webb; Wharton; Wichita; Williamson; Wilson; Wood; Young. Coal. — Archer: Brewster; Brown; Coleman; Comanche; Eastland; El Paso ; Erath : Jack ; Maverick ; McCulloch ; Montague ; Palo Pinto ; Parker; Presidio; San Saba; Stephens; Uvalde; Webb; Wise; Young; Zavala. Copper Ores. — Archer; Baylor; Brewster; Burnet; El Paso; Hardeman; Haskell; Jeff Davis; Knox; Llano; Mason; Montague; Presidio; Stonewall: Taylor; Wichita; Wilbarger. Gadolinite. — Llano. Glass Sands. — A notable deposit at Santa Anna, Coleman county. Gold. — Brewster; Burnet; El Paso; Gillespie; Llano; Mason; Presidio; Travis; Uvalde; Williamson. Granite. — (See Building Stones.) Graphite. — Brewster; Burnet; El Paso; Gillespie: Llano; Mason. Gypsum. — Bastrop: Brazoria; Brewster; El Paso; Fayette; Hardeman; Kent; King; Nolan; Runnels: Stonewall: Travis; Van Zandt; Webb. Iron Ores. — Anderson; Brewster; Burnet; Caldwell; Camp; Cass; Cherokee; El Paso; Gillespie; Gonzales; Grayson; Gregg; Har- rison; Henderson; Houston; Llano; Marion; Mason; McCulloch; Milam; Morris; Nacogdoches; Panola; Presidio; Robertson; Rusk; Sabine; San Augustine; San Saba; Shelby; Smith; Upshur; Van Zandt; Wood. Lead Ores. — Brewster ; Burnet : El Paso ; Gillespie ; Llano : Mason ; Montague; Presidio. Lignite. — Anderson; Angelina; Atascosa; Bastrop; Bexar; Bowie; Bra- zos; Brown; Burleson; Caldwell; Camp; Cass; Cherokee; Dimmit; Payette; Freestone; Frio; Gonzales; Grayson; Gregg; Grimes; Guadalupe; Harrison; Henderson; Hopkins; Houston; Jasper; Karnes; Lee: Leon; Limestone; Marion; McMullen; Medina; Mi- lam; Morris; Newton; Panola; Rains; Robertson; Rusk; Sabine; Shelby; Smith; Titus; Trinity; Upshur; Uvalde; Van Zandt; Walker: Webb; Wood; Zavala. Limestone. — (See Building Stones.) Manganese Ores. — Brewster; Burnet; El Paso; Llano; Mason. Marble. — (See Building Stones.) Mica. — El Paso; Llano; Mason. Natural Gas. — (See Petroleum.) Onyx. — (See Building Stones. ) Petroleum and Natural Gas. — Angelina; Atascosa; Bexar: Brazoria; Brown: Burleson; Caldwell; Cass; Clay ; Coleman; Colorado; Cooke; Coryell; Denton; Duval; Edwards • Erath; Fayette; Gonzales; Grimes; Hardin; Harris; Jack; Jackson; Jasper; Jefferson: La- The Mineral Resources op Texas. 39 vaca; Liberty; Limestone; Live Oak; Matagorda; McCulloch; Mc- Lennan; McMullen; Medina; Montague; Nacogdoches; Navarro; Nueces; Palo Pinto; Pecos; Red River; Reeves; San Augustine; Shelby; Starr: Tarrant; Tom Green; Travis; Uvalde; Washington. Quartz (Agate, Amethyst, Chalcedony, Flint, Jasper, Etc.) — Brewster; Burnet; El Paso; Jeff Davis; Kerr; Kinney; Llano; Mason; Mc- Culloch; Navarro; Pecos; Presidio; San Patricio; San Saba; Travis. Quid' silver Ores. — Brewster. Salt. — Anderson; Brazoria; Cameron; Crane; El Paso; Hidalgo; Lib- erty; Mitchell; Smith; Van Zandt. Sandstone. — (See Building Stones.) Serpentine. — (See Building Stones.) Silver Ores. — Brewster; Burnet; El Paso; Llano; Mason; Presidio. Soapstone. — Gillespie; Llano; Mason. Sulphur. — Brazoria; Burleson; El Paso; Fayette; Houston; Jefferson; Pecos; Reeves; Starr; Tom Green; Webb. Talc. — ( See Soapstone. ) Tin Ores. — Burnet; El Paso; Mason. Uranium Ores . — El Paso ; Llano. Zinc Ores. — El Paso; Llano; Montague; Presidio. MINING LAWS OF TEXAS, 1907. Art. 3498a. All public school, university, asylum and public lands specially included under the operation of this title, all the lands now owned bv the State situated within the reservation known as the “Pacific Reservation,” which were taken off the market and reserved from sale by an act approved January 22, 1883, containing valuable mineral de- posits, are hereby reserved from sale or other disposition, except as herein provided, and are declared free and open to exploration and purchase under regulations prescribed by law, by citizens of the United States and those who have declared their intention of becoming such ; provided, that all who have located and recorded valid claims under previous valid laws and have not abandoned same, but are engaged in developing same, shall have a prior preference right for ninety days after the passage of this title in which to relocate same under this title. Art. 3498b. It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of the General Land Office immediately upon the passage of this title to have a map made showing the location of all public school, university, asylum and public lands which are unsold at that date, and it shall be the duty of the geological and mineralogical survey to examine all such lands as soon as practicable thereafter, and to designate such tracts as are ap- parently mineral bearing as mineral lands for the purpose of this title. If mineral lands are afterwards claimed to exist at other locations than are so designated they shall also be examined and classified accordingly. Art. 3498c. It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of the General Land Office to unite a suitable number of these mineral locations into mining districts, in each of which shall be a surveyor, who must either be the surveyor of the district or county or a regular appointed deputy and an officer qualified to administer oaths. 40 The MrNERAi, Resources of Texas. Art. 3498d. A mining claim upon veins or lodes of quartz or other rocks in place bearing silver, gold, cinnabar, lead, tin, copper and other valuable metals, excluding deposits of kaolin, baryta, salt, marble, fire clay, iron ore, coal, oil, natural gas, gypsum, nitrates, mineral paints, asbestos, marls, natural cement, clay, onyx,- mica, precious stones or any other, non-metallic mineral and stone valuable for ornamental or build- ing purposes or other valuable building material may equal but shall not exceed one thousand five hundred feet along the mine or vein or lode. No such claim shall exceed twenty-one acres in total area. The end lines of each claim shall be parallel to each other, and all claims shall be in the form of a parallelogram or square, unless such form is prevented by adjoining rights or boundaries of the section in which the claim lies. The locator under this title shall be entitled to the use of all the super- ficial area between the enclosing lines of the claim, and to all minerals thereon, and between the side and end lines, extending downwards ver- tically, until the rights secured by posting are forfeited as provided; and in all conflicts priority of location shall decide. Art. 349 8e. The locators of any mining claim shall post up at the center of one of the end lines of the same a written notice, stating the name of the location and of the claim and date of posting, and describe the claim by giving the number of feet in length and width and the di- rection the claim lies in length from the notice, together with the sec- tion, if known, and the county, and shall place stone monuments at the four corners and otherwise describe the corners so that they can be read- ily found. The notice shall be placed in a conspicuous place so it can be readily seen. Art. 3498f. The locator shall, within three months after the date of posting the required notice, file with the county surveyor of the county in which the land or a part thereof is situated an application in writing for the survey of the claim, giving the name of the claim and such desig- nation of its boundaries and location as to enable the surveyor to identify the land. The application shall be accompanied by a fee of twenty dol- lars, unless its tender is waived, and also with an affidavit attached thereto that the applicant has found valuable minerals, stating the kind, on the claim, also the date of the first posting of the notice on the claim by the applicant and that the notice has not been post dated nor changed in its date. Upon receiving the application and affidavit and fee the sur- veyor shall record the application and affidavit and shall forthwith pro- ceed to survey the claim. After the field notes are recorded and a plat of the survey is made by the surveyor he shall deliver the application and affidavit together with the field notes and plat to the applicant or his agent, who shall forward same to the Commissioner of the General Land Office with one dollar as a filing fee. When the applicant forwards the papers aforesaid to the Commissioner he shall at the same time forward to the State Treasurer one-fifth of the aggregate price of the land as the first payment thereon. The applicant shall also file in the Land Office with his other papers his obligation to the State for the remaining un- paid purchase money, binding himself to pay to the State of Texas at the State treasury in Austin, Texas, one-fifth of the unpaid purchase price, together with four per cent interest annually after the date of The Mineral Kesouroes of Texas. 41 the filing of said papers in the Land Office, and until the entire pur- chase price and interest are fully paid. The papers aforesaid shall be filed in the Land Office within sixty days from the date the application was filed with the county surveyor, and not thereafter. The fee of twenty dollars shall cover all charges by the surveyor in connection with any one claim. A claim filed on under this title for gold, silver, cinnabar, lead, tin or copper, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum and uranium may be paid out in full at any time within five years from the date the papers were filed in the Land Office. All mineral lands shall be sold at such price as may be fixed by the Land Commissioner, but in no event shall the same be sold at a price less than twenty- five dollars per acre, nor until he has ascertained approximately their value; provided, that no person, firm or corporation or association of persons shall be permitted to locate or file on more than five claims of twenty-one acres within a radius of five miles. This article shall apply only to the claims filed on land containing the minerals herein named. Art. 3498g. TJpon the failure of any one of the several owners to contribute his proportion of the expenditure required in this title within the necessary time, the co-owner or co-owners who have paid the fees, or interest or principal, may at the expiration of the time in which the payment was to be made and was so made by him, give notice in writing to such defaulting co-owner, or give such notice by publication in a newspaper published in the county where the claim is, if any ; if none in such county, then in the newspaper published nearest the mining claim, for at least once a week for ninety days. If after such personal notice in writing or by publication such delinquent shall fail or refuse ■to contribute his proportion of the expenditure required, his interest in the claim shall cease beyond the amount which he may have previously expended thereon and become the property of his co-owners, who may have made the required expenditures. An affidavit by the co-owncrs of the facts accompanied with the notice given shall, when recorded in the proper county surveyor’s office, be sufficient evidence of such delinquency and forfeiture in all interest in such claim. If patent shall be applied for on such claim it shall be issued to the owners if the proper evidence of forfeiture of such interest be filed in the Land Office. This article shall apply only to the claims filed on land containing the minerals named in the preceding article. Art. 3498h. When a tunnel is run for the development of a vein or lode or for the discovery of mines, the owner of such tunnel shall have the right of possession of all veins or lodes within two thousand feet of the face of such claim on the line thereof, not previously known to ex- ist, discovered in such tunnel to the same extent as if discovered from the surface ; and locations on the line of such tunnel or veins or lodes not appearing on the surface made by other parties after the commence- ment of the tunnel and while the same is being prosecuted with rea- sonable diligence shall be invalid; but failure to prosecute the work in the tunnel for six months shall be considered as an abandonment of the right of all undiscovered veins on the line of said tunnel. Art. 3498i. Whenever the owners of any mining claim shall desire a patent, they shall, within five years after filing of the application for 42 The Mineral Resources of Texas. survey, file their application for a patent upon their claim with the Commissioner of the General Land Office, accompanied by the receipt of the State Treasurer, showing that twenty-five dollars per acre has been paid by the applicant for patent to the State Treasurer. Where- upon such patent shall issue unless protest is filed as hereinafter pro- vided for in Article 3498k. Art. 3498j. Within twelve months after the filing of the affidavit hereinafter provided for, any person or association of persons qualified as required by Article 3498a shall have the right to purchase and obtain patent by compliance with this title, or any of the lands of the State which are specified or included in Article 3498a, containing valuable deposits of kaolin, baryta, salt, marble, fire clay, iron ore, coal, oil, natural gas, gypsum, nitrates, mineral paints, asbestos, marl, natural cement, clav, onyx, mica, precious stones or any other non-metallic mineral and stones valuable for ornamental or building purposes or other valuable building material, in legal subdivisions, in quantity not exceeding one section; provided, that where any such parties shall have heretofore expended, or shall hereafter expend, five thousand dollars in developing the aforesaid mineral resources of any of said lands, such party shall have the right to buy one additional section and no more, and to include in the purchase any section or part thereof on which the work may have been done. The land so purchased may be in different sections, and all embraced in one or more obligations, not to exceed the quantity stated. The purchaser shall pay not less than fifteen dollars per acre where the land shall be situated ten miles or less of any railroad in operation, and not less than ten dollars per acre where the land is over ten miles from such railroad, one-tenth of the purchase money to* be paid in cash to the State Treasurer on or before the expiration of the twelve months aforesaid; and the purchasers shall file the Treasurer’s receipt with the Commissioner of the General Land Office, together with an obligation to pay the State of Texas the remainder in nine equal annual installments, with interest at four per cent per annum from date, subject to forfeiture as in other cases; and all said lands are reserved from sale or other disposition than under this title; and where applica- tion is made to buy any of the lands herein named except under this title, the purchaser shall swear that there are none of the minerals named in this title on said lands, so far as he knows or has reason to believe or does believe; provided further, that any party hereinbefore named, who shall prior to the passage of this .title have been the first to work on said lands for the development of said mineral resources and who has not abandoned said work, and is qualified at passage of this title to buy, shall have a prior preference right of doing so for thirty days after this title goes into effect; provided further, this article shall not authorize the sale of lands containing valuable deposits of gold, silver, lead, cinnabar, copper or other valuable metal; provided further, that any person desiring to acquire any lands under the provisions of this article shall have the right to prospect said land for a period of twelve months before making, any payment thereon, upon condition that said prospector shall file with the proper surveyor his affidavit in writ- ing, setting forth that he has gone upon the land in good faith with The Mineral Kesources of Texas. 43 the intention of purchasing the same under the provisions of this arti- cle, and in said affidavit give a reasonable description of said land. After the filing of said affidavit the said surveyor shall immediately forward same to the Commissioner of the General Land Office, who shall take said section off the market until the expiration of said twelve months after the filing of said affidavit with the surveyor. Art. 3498k. Any person desiring to contest the issuance of patent may do so by filing with the Commissioner of the General Land Office a protest setting forth the grounds of objection generally, and that pro- testant has an interest in the subject matter, which protest shall also state that the same is presented in good faith and not to injure or delay the applicants, or any of them, and the same shall be verified by affidavit. Whereupon it shall be the duty of the Commissioner to withhold patent until the controversy is ended; provided, that if the protestant shall not within thirty days after filing his protest institute suit in the court hav- ing jurisdiction thereof in the county where the claims are located, his protest shall constitute no further barrier to the issuance of patent. A certified copy of the petition or a certificate of the clerk of the court where suit is pending shall be sufficient evidence to the Commissioner of the pendency of the suit, and of the date of filing said suit. When the land in controversy lies partly in two counties suit may be brought in either. More than one claim shall not be embraced in the same patent or application. The suits here provided for shall be entitled to precedence of trial on the docket. Art. 34981. If the application and affidavit provided for in Article 3498f are not filed with the proper county surveyor within ninety days from the date of the first posting and if the application, affidavit, field notes, filing fee and obligation are not filed in the Land Office or the first payment is not paid to the State Treasurer within sixty days as required in Article 3498f the file and claim thereunder shall be void. If any part of an annual interest or any part of an annual payment of principal remains unpaid for thirty days after it becomes due on any claim, such claims shall be subject to forfeiture by the Commissioner of the General Land Office by an endorsement on the obligation “For- feited,” signed officially bv him, and thereupon all payments shall also be forfeited to the fund to which the land originally belonged. All for- feited claims may be reinstated upon written request of one or more owners filed in the Land Office and payment of all interest and prin- cipal due ; provided, no rights of another have not intervened at date of filing such request in the Land Office. One interested in a claim at the time it was forfeited shall not be eligible to relocate or refile upon the same land for himself or on behalf of any other person, and any such location or attempt to locate by such person shall be wholly void. Whenever any land theretofore covered by a forfeited .claim shall be re- located, the locator or locators and each of them shall make an affidavit that the location is made without any contract or agreement or under- standing of any kind: that none of the parties theretofore owning an interest in the forfeited claim before the relocation have or is to have any interest in the same under the new location. In all other cases where an affidavit is required by this title it may be made by one or more 44 The Mineral Resources of Texas. of the parties cognizant of the facts. This article shall apply only to claims filed on land containing the minerals named in Article 349 8f. Art. 3498m, Revised Civil Statutes of 1905, is repealed. Art. 349 8n. Whenever any application shall be made to buy or ob- tain title to any of the lands embraced in Article 3498a, except where the application is made under this title, the applicant shall make oath that there is not, to the best of his knowledge and belief, any of the minerals embraced in this title thereon, and when the Commissioner has any doubt in relation to the matter he shall forbear action until he is satisfied. Any such sale or disposition of said lands shall he understood to he, with the reservation of the minerals thereon, subject to location as herein provided. Art. 3498o. Claims usually called placers, including all forms of metallic deposits, excepting veins of quartz or rock in place, shall be subject to entry and patent under like circumstances and conditions and upon similar proceedings as are provided for vein or lode claims. All placer claims located shall conform as near as practicable with existing surveys and their subdivisions, and no such location shall include more than forty acres for each individual claimant and shall not exceed three hundred and twenty acres for any association of persons. The price which shall be paid for such placer shall not be less than ten dollars per acre, together with all costs of proceedings, as before provided. Art. 3498p. WTiere non-mineral land not contiguous to the vein or lode is used by the prospector of such vein or lode for mining or milling purposes, such non-adjacent surface ground may be included in an application for a patent for such vein or lode, and the same may be patented therewith, subject to the same preliminary requirements as to survey and notice as are applicable to veins or lodes ; but no location of such non-adjacent lands shall exceed ten acres, and payment for the same must be made at the same rate as fixed by this title for the super- ficies of the lode. The owner of a quartz mill or reduction works, not owning a mine in connection therewith, may also receive a patent for a mill site, as provided in this section. Art. 349 8q. Any owner or worker of mining claim under this title is authorized to fell and remove for building and mining purposes any timber or tree growing or being upon unoccupied lands as described in Article 3498a, said lands being mineral and subject to entry only as mineral lands, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed for the protection of timber and undergrowth upon such lands and for other purposes. Art. 349 8r. Nothing in this title shall ever be so construed as to either destroy, invalidate or impair any valid claim, right or interest existing in, to or concerning any lands whatever at the passage of this title, of any pre-emptor, purchaser, claimant, actual settler, locator, or other person whatsoever. Art. 3498s. The net proceeds of all sales of mining lands under the provisions of this title shall inure to the benefit of the State and the respective funds for which the lands mentioned in Article 3498a are now set apart under the Constitution and laws of the State, and it shall be the duty of the Comptroller, State Treasurer and Commissioner The Mineral Resources of Texas. 4 5 of the General Land Office to see to it and have said proceeds so paid rightly placed to the credit of the particular and proper fund. Art. 3498t. For the purpose of effectually carrying out the pro- visions of this title all county or district surveyors are hereby especially authorized and empowered to administer oaths, take affidavits and make certificates thereof; provided, further, that all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this title, or any part thereof, are hereby especially repealed.