Standardization Bulletin 
 
 of the 
 
 American Mini 
 
 
 ' 
 
 mm 
 
 imp. 
 
0 
 
Proceedings and Papers 
 
 of the 
 
 Standardization Committees 
 
 of the 
 
 American Mining Congress 
 
 DENVER, COLORADO 
 
 November 15-20, 1920 
 
 Published by 
 
 AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 Washington D. C., 1921 
 
Made by 
 
 FLEET-McGINLEY 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
N&I3 f; 
 !<\Z6 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction 1 
 
 Personnel of Standardization Committees 2 
 
 Opening Session of Conference, Joint Meeting 11 
 
 National Standardization Conference 21 
 
 Coal Mining Section, proceedings 30 
 
 Metal Mining Section, proceedings 00 
 
 Papers read at Standardization Conference 71 
 
 Index . : 219 
 
 563494 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The following pages carry a report of the chairmen of the 
 Standardization Division to the 23rd Annual Convention of the 
 American Mining Congress held at Denver, Colo., November 
 15 to 20, 1920. 
 
 At this meeting, comprehensive recommendations were 
 made through the general chairmen: Col. Warren R. Roberts, 
 president, Roberts & Scheafer Company, Chicago, Illinois, 
 chairman of the coal mining branch, and Charles A. Mitke, 
 consulting engineer, Bisbee, Arizona, chairman of the metal 
 branch. 
 
 The purpose of the publication of this bulletin is that the 
 widest publicity may be given to the activities of this division. 
 The bulletin will be mailed to a large number of mining op- 
 erators, consulting engineers, manufacturers, and others in- 
 terested in the mining industry. 
 
 In the two years in which the work of this division has 
 been carried on, unusual interest has been manifest among op- 
 erators, engineers and manufacturers, and we are anxious to 
 receive from them suggestions as to how the committee can 
 improve its work; suggestions for enlarging the scope of the 
 work of both the coal and metal branches. Criticisms of the 
 recommendations already made are solicited and will be given 
 careful consideration. These communications should be ad- 
 dressed to Standardization Division, The American Mining 
 Congress, 841 Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. These com- 
 munications will be sent to the chairman of the sub-commit- 
 tees whose work is under discussion, and in this way we will be 
 able to eliminate matters that do not meet with the approval 
 of the industry and we hope to receive helpful suggestions 
 which will advance the work of this division in the most in- 
 telligent and helpful manner. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS, 
 
 J. F. Callbreath, Secretary. 
 
 4 
 
STANDARDIZATION MINING EQUIPMENT 
 
 Metal and Coal Branches 
 
 COAL BRANCH 
 
 General Committee 
 
 Colonel Warren R. Roberts, Chairman, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 E. D. Knight, Cabin Creek Cons. Coal Co., Kayford, W. Va. 
 
 C. E. Watts. Efficiency Engineer, B e rw in d- White Coal Mining Company, 
 Windber, Pa. 
 
 A. B. Kiser, Electrical Engineer, Pittsburgh Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 W. J. Montgomery, Manager, Ventilating Dept., Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., 
 Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 K. A. Pauly, Power & Mining Engineering Dept., General Electric Co., 
 Schenectady, N. Y. 
 
 C. A. Cabell, V. P., Carbon Fuel Company, Kanawha National Bank Bldg., 
 
 Charleston,, W. Va. 
 
 Dr. Henry Mace Payne, Andrade-Eyre, Inc., 300 Madison Avenue, New 
 York City. 
 
 Underground Transportation 
 
 C. E. Watts, Chairman 
 
 Charles M. Means, Consulting Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Graham Bright, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., E. Pitts- 
 burgh, Pa. 
 
 Joseph Bryan, General Electric Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 F. C. Coseo, Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 D. F. Lepley, General Manager, Connellsville Manufacturing & Supply 
 Co., Connellsville, Pa. 
 
 C. W. Larson, Engineer, Mining Dept., General Electric Co., Erie, Pa. 
 
 E. A. Watters, General Supt., Hicks’ Coal Companies, Leechburg, Pa. 
 J. Milliken, President. Industrial Car Mfgrs. Inst., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 A. H. Ehle, General Sales Manager, Baldwin Locomotive Works, Phila- 
 delphia, Pa. 
 
 H. K. Porter, Mine Car Department, Hyatt Roller Bearing Co., New York 
 City. 
 
 Frank S. Barks. President, Lincoln Steel & Forge Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Fred Norman, Chief Engineer. Allegheny River Mining Co., Kittanning, Pa. 
 T. A. Parker, care Hannibal Car Wheel & Foundry Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Mining and Loading Equipment 
 C. A. Cabell, Chairman 
 
 D. J. Carroll, Chicago, Wilmington & Franklin Coal Co., Benton, 111. 
 
 E. N. Zern, Mining Engineer and Editor “Mining Catalog,” Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Carl Scholz. General Manager, Raleigh-Wyoming Coal Co., Charleston, 
 
 W. Va. 
 
 N. D. Levin, Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 J. M. Clark, Clark & Krebs, Charleston, W. Va. 
 
 M. Mitchell, Sullivan Machinery Co.. St. Louis. Mo. 
 
 William Whaley, Myers-Whaley Co., Knoxville. Tenn. 
 
 Wm. O. Duntley, Duntley-Dayton Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 E. S. McKinley, 625 Denham Bldg., Denver, Colo. 
 
 Wm. E. Hamilton. 310 Schultz Bldg., Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 Walter Stevens, Valier Coal Co., Valier, 111. 
 
 S. W. Farnham. Mining Engineer, Goodman Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 E. K. Bowers, Morgan-Gardner Electric Co., 68 E. Adams St., Chicago, 111. 
 
 5 
 
STANDARD! ZATION COMMITTEES 
 
 Drainage 
 
 E. D. Knight. Chairman 
 
 M. C. Benedict, Consulting Engineer, Johnstown, Pa. 
 
 Walter D. Stockley, Fairmont, W. Va. 
 
 E. F. Austin, Manager, Mine Pump Dept., Dravo-Doyle Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Cecil W. Smith, Mining Engr., Nokomis Coal Co., Old Colony Building, 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 F. W. Smith. Mine Drainage Engr., Weinman Pump & Supply Co., Pitts- 
 
 burgh, Pa. 
 
 F. J. Emeny. Chief Engr., The Deming Company, Salem, Ohio. 
 
 Professor John W. Hallock, Head of Dept, of Industrial Engineering, 
 
 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 R. Y. Wert, Mine Drainage Supt., Durham Coal & Iron Co., Soddy, Tenn. 
 J. H. Edwards. Electrical Engr., Enkhorn Piney Coal Mining Co., Hunt- 
 ington, W. Va. 
 
 L. D. Tracy. Mining Engineer U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Ventilation 
 
 W. J. Montgomery, Chairman 
 
 J. M. Doughty, Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 
 Howard N. Eavenson, Mining Engr., Union Arcade Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa, 
 Martin J. Lide, Birmingham, Ala. 
 
 G. E. Lyman, Gen’l Supt., Madison Coal Corporation, Glen Carbon, 111. 
 
 E. N. Zern, Mining Engineer and Editor “Mining Catalog,” Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Outside Coal Handling Equipment 
 
 Henry Mace Payne, Chairman 
 G. F. Osler, G. S. Carnegie Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 W. A. Bishop, G. S. Pocahontas Cons. Collieries, Pocahontas, Va. 
 
 F. W. Whiteside, Chief Engineer, Victor American Fuel Co., Denver, Colo- 
 Jas. Needham, General Manager, St. Paul Coal Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 F. G. Morris, G. S. Coal Mines, Republic Iron & Steel Co., Sayreton, Ala. 
 
 A. J. Sayres, C. E. Link Belt Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 W. J. Patterson, President, Heyl. & Patterson Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 M. A. Kendall, Chief Engineer, Stephens-Adamson Mfg. Co., Aurora, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Warren R. Roberts, Wrigley Building, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Rudolph H. Kudlich, Asst, to Chief Mechanical Engr., U. S. Bureau of 
 Mines, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Underground Power Transmission 
 
 A. B. Kiser, Chairman 
 
 Harry M. Warren, Electrical Engineer, D., L. & W. R: R.. Scranton, Pa. 
 W. A. Chandler, care of Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. 
 
 R. L. Kingsland, General Superintendent, P. & M. Dept., Cons. Coal Co., 
 Fair mount, W. Va. 
 
 Carl Lee, Electrical Engineer, Peabody Coal Co., McCormick Building, 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 L. C. Ilsley, 4800 Forbes St., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Bureau of Mines). 
 
 Power Equipment 
 
 K. A. Pauley, Chairman 
 
 D. C. McKeeham, Box 913, Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyo. 
 
 G. S. Thompson, Colorado Fuel & Iron Co., Pueblo, Colo. 
 
 H. F. Randolph, Cons. Engr., 330 Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 M. D. Kirk, Pittsburgh Terminal R. R. Coal Co., Wabash Bldg., Pitts- 
 burgh, Pa. 
 
 R. W. E. Moore, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., E. Pitts- 
 burgh, Pa. 
 
STANDARDIZATION COMMITTEES 
 
 7 
 
 R. L. Kingsland, Consolidated Coal Co., Fairmont, W. Va. 
 
 W. C. Shunk, Stonega Coal & Coke Co., Big Stone Gap, Va. 
 
 J. T. Jennings, Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co., Pottsville, Pa. 
 W. C. Adams, with Allen & Garcia, Chicago, 111. 
 
 O. P. Hood, Chief Mechanical Engineer, Bureau of Mines, Washington, 
 D. C. 
 
 Graham Bright, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Pitts- 
 burgh, Pa. 
 
 A. J. Nicht, Allis-Chalmers Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 Stephen H. Green, Pacific Coast Coal Co., Seattle, Wash. 
 
 Charles Legrand, Phelps Dodge Corp., Douglas, Ariz. 
 
 Martin J. Lide, Cons. Engr., Birmingham, Ala. 
 
 C. D. Woodward, Chief Electrical Engineer Anaconda Copper Mining Co., 
 Butte, Mont. 
 
 Advisory Committee on Safetv Codes 
 
 S. W. Farnham, Goodman Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. — Representing 
 
 Mining & Loading Equipment. 
 
 T. A. Parker, Hannibal Car Wheel & Foundry Co., St. Louis, Mo. — Repre- 
 
 senting Underground Transportation. 
 
 Martin J. Lide, Consulting Engineer, Birmingham, Ala. — Representing 
 Power Equipment. 
 
 A. B. Kiser, Pittsburgh Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. — Representing Under- 
 ground Power Transmission. 
 
 G. F. Osler, Carnegie Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. — Representing Outside Coal 
 Handling Equipment. 
 
 METAL BRANCH 
 
 General Committee 
 
 Charles A. Mitke, Bisbee, Ariz., Chairman 
 
 N. B. Braly, General Manager, North Butte Mining Co., 14 W. Granite St., 
 
 Butte, Montana. 
 
 William B. Daly, Asst. General Manager, Anaconda Copper Company, 
 Butte, Mont. 
 
 William Conibear, Inspector, Dept, of Safety, Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., 
 Ishpeming, Mich. 
 
 H. C. Goodrich. 1408 Deseret Bank Bldg,, Salt Lake City, Utah. 
 
 Norman Carmichael, General Manager, Arizona Copper Co., Clifton, Ariz. 
 Lucien Eaton, Superintendent, Ishpeming District, Cleveland-Cliffs Iron 
 Company, Ishpeming, Mich. 
 
 T. O. McGrath, Shattuck Arizona Mining Co., Bisbee, Arizona. 
 
 Drilling Machines and Drill Steel 
 
 N. B. Braly, Chairman 
 
 Arthur B. Foote, North Star Mines, Grass Valley, Calif. 
 
 Arthur Notman, Superintendent, Mine Dept., Copper Queen Br., Phelps 
 Dodge Corpn., Bisbee, Ariz. 
 
 O. J. Egleston, Manager, U. S. Smelting, Refining & Mining Co., Kennett, 
 
 Calif. 
 
 Arthur Crane, Explosive Expert, Hercules Powder Co., San Francisco, 
 California. 
 
 G. S. Elayer, General Foreman, Arizona Commercial Mining Co., Globe, 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 J. A. Fulton, Idaho-Maryland Mines Co., Grass Valley, Calif. 
 
 L. C. Bayles, Chief Engineer, Ingersoll-Rand Co., Phillipsburg, N. J. 
 
 H. Seamon, Efficiency Engineer, United Verde Copper Co.. Jerome, Ariz. 
 Ocha Potter, Superintendent, Superior Division, Calumet and Hecla 
 
 Mining Co., Houghton, Mich. 
 
 R. T. Murrill, Inspiration Cons. Copper Co., Inspiration, Ariz. 
 
8 
 
 STANDA RDIZATION COM M ITTEES 
 
 George H. Gilman, 125 Prescott Street, East Boston, Mass. 
 
 Charles Lees, Superintendent, Iron Cap Copper Co., Copper Hill, Ariz. 
 
 Charles A. Smith, Mine Superintendent, Ray Cons. Copper Co., Ray, Ariz. 
 
 Roy Marks, Stope Engineer, Box 1676, United Verde Exten. Mining Co., 
 Jerome, Ariz. 
 
 Earl Hastings, Foreman, Clay Mine, Arizona Copper Co., Ltd., Morenci, 
 Arizona. 
 
 Frank Ayer, Mine Superintendent, Moctezuma Copper Co., Pilares De 
 Nacozari, Sonora, Mexico. 
 
 W. G. Scott, Superintendent, Coronado Mines, Arizona Copper Co., Ltd., 
 Metcalf, Ariz. 
 
 Thos. C. Baker, Asst. General Manager, The Mexican Corporation, Edificio, 
 La Mutua, Mexico City, Mexico. 
 
 Charles Officer, Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 A. S. Uhler, Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York City. 
 
 George D. Shaw, Efficiency Engineer, Denver Rock Drill Manufacturing 
 Co., Denver, Colo. 
 
 H. T. Walsh. V. P., Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 R. A. Scott. S. M., Denver Rock Drill Mfg. Co., Denver, Colo. 
 
 Bruce Yates, Homestake Mining Co., Lead, S. D. 
 
 Inner Committee 
 Drilling Machines and Drill Steel 
 
 Frank Ayer, Superintendent, Moctezuma Copper Co., Nacozari, Sonora, 
 Mexico. 
 
 H. Seamon, Drill Efficiency Engineer, United Verde Copper Co., Jerome. 
 Arizona. 
 
 Charles A. Smith, Superintendent, Ray Cons. Copper Co., Ray, Ariz. 
 
 Arthur Notman, Superintendent, Copper Queen Br. Phelps Dodge Corp., 
 Bisbee, Ariz. 
 
 George Gilman, 125 Prescott St., East Boston, Mass. 
 
 H. T. Walsh, Vice-President Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 George A. Shaw, Efficiency Engineer, Denver Rock Drill Manufacturing 
 Co., Denver, Colo. 
 
 L. C. Bayles, Chief Engineer, Ingersoll-Rand Co., Phillipsburg, N. J. 
 
 Underground Transportation 
 
 William B. Daly, Chairman 
 
 George H. Booth. Mechanical Engineer, Inspiration Cons. Copper Co., 
 Inspiration, Ariz. 
 
 Andover Syverson, Chief Engineer, United Verde Exten. Mining Co., 
 Jerome, Ariz. 
 
 E. M. Morris, Asst. Supt. of Mines, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., of Butte, 
 Montana. 
 
 R. R. Boyd, Asst. Superintendent, Mine Dept. Copper Queen Branch, 
 Phelps Dodge Corp., Bisbee, Ariz. 
 
 T. K. Scott. Chief Engineer, Box 100, Miami Copper Co., Miami, Ariz. 
 
 H. T. Hamilton, Manager, Moctezuma Copper Co., Nacozari, Son., Mexico. 
 
 R. E. Howe, Asst. General Manager, Cananea Cons. Copper Co., Cananea, 
 Sonora, Mexico. 
 
 D. S. Calland, Managing Director, Compania de Real del Monte de 
 Pachuca, Pachuca, Hildago, Mexico. 
 
 Fire Fighting Equipment 
 
 William Conibear, Chairman 
 
 J. T. Young, Safety Inspector, Arizona Copper Company, Morenci, Ariz. 
 
 Orr Woodburn, Safety First Director, Globe-Miami District, Globe, Ariz. 
 
STANDARDIZATION COMMITTEES 
 
 9 
 
 A. A. Krogdahl, Safety Engineer, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Virginia, Minn. 
 Guy J. Johnson, Safety Engineer, Homestake Mining Company, Lead, 
 South Dakota. 
 
 H. J. Rahilly, Superintendent, Mine Fire & Hydraulic Filling Dept., 
 Anaconda Copper Mining Company, Butte, Mont. 
 
 Steam Shovel Equipment 
 
 H. C. Goodrich, Chairman 
 
 Robert E. Tally, General Superintendent, United Verde Copper Company, 
 Clarkdale, Ariz. 
 
 G. W. Barnhart, Manager, San Francisco Branch, Marion Steam Shovel 
 
 Co., San Francisco, Calif. 
 
 C. B. Lakenan, General Manager, Nevada Cons. Copper Co., McGill, Nev. 
 
 H. G. S. Anderson, Mining & Metallurgical Engineer, Hurley, N. Mex. 
 
 Mine Ventilation 
 
 Charles A. Mitke, Chairman (Temporary) 
 
 A. C. Stoddard, Chief Engineer, Inspiration Cons. Copper Co., Box 15, 
 Inspiration, Ariz. 
 
 D. Harrington, care Bureau of Mines, Golden, Colo. 
 
 Norman G. Hardy, Chief Mechanical Engineer, Smelter Dept., Arizona 
 Copper Co., Clifton, Ariz. 
 
 W. A. Rowe, Chief Engineer, American Blower Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 E. B. Williams, Manager, Mine Fan Dept., B. F. Sturtevant Company, 
 
 Hyde Park, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Robert N. Bell, Boise, Idaho. 
 
 F. L. Stone, care General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. 
 
 C. E. Legrand, Consulting Engineer, Phelps Dodge Corp., Douglas, Ariz. 
 
 O. K. Dyer, Buffalo Forge Company, Buffalo* N. Y. 
 
 Don M. Rait. Asst. Superintendent of Mines, Calumet and Arizona Min- 
 ing Co., Warren, Ariz. 
 
 A. S. Richardson, Chief of Ventilating Department, Anaconda Copper 
 Mining Co., Drawer 1375, Butte, Mont. 
 
 Mechanical Loading Underground 
 
 Lucien Eaton, Chairman 
 
 H. E. Billington, Manager of Sales, The Thew Shovel Co., Lorain, Ohio. 
 J. H. Hensley, Mine Superintendent, Miami Copper Company, Miami, 
 Arizona. 
 
 Albin F. Victor, Manager of Sales, Lake Superior Loader Co., Duluth. 
 Minn. 
 
 H. DeWitt Smith, Superintendent of Mines, United Verde Copper Co., 
 Jerome, Ariz. 
 
 William Whaley, General Manager, Myers- Whaley Co., Knoxville. Tenn. 
 R. W. Macfarlane, Mining Dept., Longfellow Div., Arizona Copper Co., 
 Morenci, Ariz. 
 
 Mine Timber 
 
 Norman Carmichael, Chairman 
 
 W. G. McBride, General Manager, Old Dominion Co., Globe, Ariz. 
 
 Ira B. Joralemon, Asst. General Manager, Calumet & Arizona Mining Co., 
 Warren, Ariz. 
 
 Felix McDonald, Mines Superintendent, Inspiration Cons. Copper Co., 
 Inspiration, Ariz. 
 
 John Kiddie, Division Superintendent, Arizona Copper Company, Morenci, 
 Arizona. 
 
30 
 
 STANDARDIZATION COMMITTEES 
 
 W. S. Boyd, Manager Ray Cons. Copper Co., Ray, Ariz. 
 
 T. Evans, General Supt., Cananea Cons. Copper Co., Cananea, Sonora, 
 Mexico. 
 
 G. W. Nicholson, General Supt., United Verde Exten. Mining Co., Jerome, 
 Ariz. 
 
 Mine Accounting 
 
 T. O. McGrath, Chairman 
 
 L. S. Cates, General Mgr., Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. 
 
 J. C. Dick, Salt Lake City, Utah. 
 
 H. H. Miller, General Auditor, Hercules Mining Co., Wallace, Idaho. 
 
 II. L. Norton. Phelps-Dodge Corporation. Douglas, Arizona. 
 
 Harry Vivian, Chief Engineer Calumet and Hecla Mining Co., Calumet, 
 Michigan. 
 
k 
 
 JOINT MEETING OF COAL AND METAL SECTIONS STAND- 
 ARDIZATION COMMITTEE 
 
 The American Mining Congress 
 
 MONDAY, NOVEMBER 15, 1920, 11 A. M. 
 
 Carl Scholz, Acting Chairman of the Coal Section; Chas. A. Mitke, 
 Chairman of the Metal Section, presided. 
 
 The following were in attendance, including those who registered after 
 the session started: 
 
 Barnhardt, G. W., Marion Steam Shovel Mfg. Co., San Francisco, 
 California. 
 
 Bayles, L. C., Ingersoll-Rand Co., Phillipsburg, N. J. 
 
 Boom, B. P., Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co. 
 
 Brewster, T. T., vice-president Mt. Olive & Stanton Coal Company, 
 St. Louis, Missouri. 
 
 Bright, G., Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co., Denver, Colorado. 
 Broden, Charles E., Hazard Mfg. Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 
 
 Burgess, George K., with U. S. Bureau of Standards and also Ameri- 
 can Engineering Standardization Committee. 
 
 Carroll, Frank, Ingersoll-Rand Co., Los Angeles, California. 
 Cottrell, J. G., Director U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. 
 Curry, J. E., Arizona Chapter of American Mining Congress. 
 Doubleday, F. E., Doubleday Coal Co., Fort Scott, Kansas. 
 
 Ebe, J. A., consulting mining engineer, LaSalle, 111.; and manager of 
 Mining Department of Illinois Zinc Co., Peru, Illinois. 
 
 Golden, James, Mining Inspector, Fourth District, W. Va. 
 Grensfelder, N. S., Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. 
 
 Hall, R. D., Goal Age, New York City. 
 
 Jowett, J. H., Ingersoll-Rand Company, New York. 
 
 Kasemen, G. A., president Albuquerque & Cerrillos Coal Co., Albu- 
 querque, New Mexico. 
 
 Kiddie, John, superintendent Mining Department, Arizona Copper 
 Co., Clifton, Arizona. 
 
 Kipp, Ernest B., local representative Hazard Mfg.- Co., Wilkes-Barre, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Kiser, A. V., superintendent Electric Equipment Coal Co., Pittsburgh, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lampinen, E. O., Kavehills Coal Co., South Dakota. 
 
 11 
 
12 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Larson, C. W., engineer Mining Dept., General Electric Co., Erie, Pa. 
 Longyear, Robert D., E. Y. Longyear Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 Lunt, H. F., State Commissioner of Mines, Denver, Colo. 
 
 Marks, J. B., Colorado Fuel & Iron Co., Denver, Colo. 
 
 Milliken, James, president Industrial Car Manufacturers Institute, 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Mitke, Charles M., consulting engineer, Bisbee, Arizona. 
 
 Morrison, A. Cressy, National Acetylene Assn., New York City. 
 Mott, Chester, district manager, Sullivan Machinery Co., Denver, 
 Colorado. 
 
 McKeehan, D. C., Union Pacific Coal Co!, Rock Springs, Wyo. 
 McKinley, C. S., Denver, Colorado. 
 
 Needham, John, Mining Department of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 
 
 Paul R. R., 63 E. Adams St., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Norman, Fred., The Alleghany River Mining Co., Kittanning, Pa. 
 Notman, Arthur, superintendent, Mining Department, Phelps Dodge 
 Corporation, Bisbee, Arizona. 
 
 Officer, C. H., Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 Parker, Richard A., representing the Mining and Metallurgical 
 Society of America, Denver, Colorado. 
 
 Rait, E. M., Arizona Mining Co., Clifton, Arizona. 
 
 Richards, J. W., assessor, Denver, Colorado. 
 
 Richards, P. J., coal analyst, Denver, Colorado. 
 
 Risdon, W. W., State Mine Inspector, Gallup, New Mexico. 
 
 Robinson, Harry W., attorney-at-law, Denver, Colorado. 
 
 Robinson, — , General Electric Co., Denver, Colorado. 
 
 Rowe, W. A., American Blower Co., Detroit, Michigan. 
 
 Scholz, Carl, Jr., Raleigh-Wyoming Coal Company, Charleston, West 
 Virginia. 
 
 Scott, R. A., Denver Rock Drill Mfg. Co., Denver, Colorado. 
 
 Smith, C. D., Goodman Mfg. Co., Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 Smith, Roy F., Empire Zinc Co., Denver, Colorado. 
 
 Thompson, G. S., Fuel Department, Colorado Fuel & Iron Co., Pueblo, 
 Colorado. 
 
 Uhler, A. S., Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York. 
 
 Victor, A. F., Lake Superior Motor Co., Duluth, Minnesota. 
 
 Walsh, H. G., Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 Watts, C. E., Berwind Coal Co., Windber, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wilson, H. M., general manager The Associated Companies, Hart- 
 ford, Connecticut. 
 
 CHAIRMAN MITKE: Mr. Scholz and I have decided that instead of 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 13 
 
 taking up technical matters this morning, we will confine our discussion 
 to subjects of general interest to the Coal and Metal Sections. 
 
 The method of procedure adopted by the Metal Section of the Stand- 
 ardization Committee, is as follows: 
 
 First, a general committee, consisting of a chairman and six members 
 was appointed, each of the seven being in turn, chairmen of the Sub- 
 committees. Seven Sub-Committees, were then appointed, the personnel 
 representing practically every mining State in the Union. 
 
 Meetings not Suitable; Work by Correspondence 
 
 Owing to the fact that our Committee members live so far apart, fre- 
 quent meetings were out of the question, and all the work must therefore 
 be carried on by correspondence. In order to provide a working bas^ 
 questionnaires have been prepared by the various chairmen and sent not 
 only to Committee members, but to operators in district not represented 
 by them. Upon receipt of these questionnaires, properly filled out, the 
 information thus obtained is tabulated and then sent out to the Com- 
 mittee members for their study, comments, and suggestions. By this- 
 means it is hoped that valuable deductions may finally be evolved, which 
 will prove of material benefit to the mining industry. This is the plan of 
 the Metal Section. Mr. Scholz, who, in Colonel Roberts’ absence in 
 Illinois, is acting chairman of the Coal Section, will give us an outline 
 of the manner in which that Section is functioning. 
 
 MR. SCHOLZ: Colonel Roberts has been in charge of this matter and 
 will make a report later on, showing how effective his work has been. 
 Unfortunately, I have not had time to give the subject the full consider- 
 ation it deserves. I am sure, however, that the Committee is going to do 
 a lot of good. 
 
 The Committee of which I am chairman — on Mining and Loading Ma- 
 chinery — is an important one. We feel that with the high cost of labor, 
 mechanical mining and loading is more in demand than ever. Our idea 
 has been to standardize certain general equipment on which we could 
 agree. We found that there were more differences among the manufac- 
 turers than we felt should exist. Of course, we realized that every manu- 
 facturer has certain professional secrets which he keeps himself, which 
 we should approach with more or less consideration and care; but I do 
 feel that we ought to get closer together than we have, in order to sim-. 
 plify the question of repairs and maintenance and other matters, although 
 equipment matters are such that we may not be able to do much with 
 them at this time. Of course, we do not care to standardize such things 
 as miners’ houses, because it requires a diversity; but as far as equip- 
 ment is concerned, when we sample the parts in the interest of the 
 manufacturers, it will enable us to test vnachinery that otherwise would 
 be barred, because every company operating far from a manufacturer 
 knows what a tremendous amount of money it requires to secure a stock 
 of repair parts. The detailed reports I understand will be read at some 
 later meeting. The present object is to get acquainted and see what we 
 could agree upon as to a plan of action. 
 
14 
 
 EPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 MR. MITKE: Has anyone any suggestions about the general plan of 
 investigation that we should adopt, or anything whatever to offer? 
 
 MR. G. BRIGHT: I should like to bring up something in connection 
 with the Committees on Coal Mining and Metal Mining. In many in- 
 stances the work is entirely different. Some of the Committees on the 
 latter have subjects to consider which do not concern coal at all, and I 
 
 Merging of Committees on Parallel Subjects 
 
 understand there are other Committees that are almost parallel. I think 
 that it would be somewhat advantageous for those Committees — for in- 
 stance, Underground Transportation — to work together; otherwise, if 
 they work entirely separate, it looks as if they may come in with recom- 
 mendations that are rather far apart, and it would be rather difficult for 
 the American Mining Congress to issue these recommendations to the 
 public when they do not agree at all; while if these Committees worked 
 together, they could no doubt come to some definite, agreement on which 
 the same standards could be reached. Conditions are different in coal 
 and metal mining; on the other hand, there are some conditions on which 
 the same standards could be reached. 
 
 MR. MITKE: Your idea is that transportation is transportation the 
 world over? 
 
 MR. SCHOLZ: So is drainage. 
 
 MR. BRIGHT: Of course, ventilation and some problems like that are 
 similar. 
 
 MR. A. V. KISER: Underground equipment and underground trans- 
 mission are parallel, and we should not bring in a recommendation which 
 we think is not concurred in by the Metal Mining Committee. 
 
 MR. MITKE: The Sub-Committee on Coal Transportation and the 
 Sub-Committee on Metal Transportation might get together, and compare 
 and correlate their reports. 
 
 MR. KISER: Yes, after their Committees agree on the reports. 
 
 MR. BRIGHT: When it comes to the final meeting, at the end of next 
 year [1921], we are hoping that we will have something that is really 
 worth-while, but in the meantime they can exchange their reports, long 
 before that, and have them pretty well discussed. 
 
 MR. MITKE: That is a good suggestion. In fact, I understand some 
 of the reports of the Committees of the Coal Mining division are ready 
 for publication and distribution now. 
 
 MR. SCHOLZ: I wish to hand in the report of the Coal Mining branch 
 of this Committee to be read, if the time affords. 
 
 MR. MITKE: I believe it wiuld be better to defer that until the meet- 
 ing of the Coal Section tomorrow morning. 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 15 
 
 Mr. Notman has some suggestions about the progress in carrying out 
 the investigation which might be helpful in facilitating matters more or 
 less, especially in arranging details. 
 
 MR. ARTHUR NOTMAN: I have given the matter quite a little 
 thought, but I do not know whether my ideas will agree with the other 
 members of our Sub-Committee or not. I am on the Sub-Committee on 
 drilling machines and steel, and I received with interest the question- 
 naire from our chairman, Mr. Braly, who, unfortunately is not here, but 
 I was unable to complete it before leaving Bisbee. We have been engaged 
 in an investigation on the subject during the past six months, and I have 
 a report which I hope to be able to present to Mr. Braly in person, but 
 with Mr. Mitke’s permission I will present it at the meeting of the Metal 
 Section tomorrow afternoon. It occurred to me, that in order to expedite 
 matters, it might be advisable to have an inner circle, covering this Sub- 
 committee — which I understand has a membership of about forty — and 
 discuss the question in detail, and have them, with Mr. Braly, go over 
 the questionnaires, and any detailed reports that may be presented here, 
 and summarize — as our Chairman has suggested — all that information. 
 
 Question of Procedure 
 
 Then there could be at least one meeting of that smaller group, prior to 
 the next annual convention of the Mining Congress, early enough so that 
 their resolution or report to their chairman could be referred back to all 
 the members of the Sub-Committee on drilling machines and steel for 
 their criticism and suggestions, in advance of the Mining Congress meet- 
 ing. As Mr. Mitke has pointed out, it is extremely difficult for the mining 
 industry, particularly because we are so scattered, to get any representa- 
 tive number together and discuss a question like standardization, which 
 is almost entirely a matter of detail, and in order to accomplish some- 
 thing, we must have a few men who can get together. 
 
 I have three copies of my report which I would like to give to repre- 
 sentatives of drill manufacturers in advance of the meeting tomorrow, 
 so that they might have an opportunity to digest it and discuss it at that 
 time. 
 
 MR. MITKE: I shall now read a report sent by Colonel Roberts, con- 
 cerning the meeting of the General Correlating Committee of the Ameri- 
 can Engineering Standards Committee, held in New York recently: 
 
 The report states that, in accordance with a call sent out by Mr. P. G. 
 Agnew, secretary, a conference -was held in New York on November 11, 
 1920, with representatives present from each of the five national organi- 
 zations and societies to whom the call was sent, namely, the (1) American 
 Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers; (2) American Mining 
 Congress; (3) Mining and Metallurgical Society of America; (4) National 
 Safety Council; and (5) U. S. Bureau of Mines. 
 
 These had previously named the following as their representatives on 
 this general correlating committee: 
 
1G 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 (1) Howard N. Evanson and Graham Bright; (2) Charles A. Mitke and 
 Col. Warren R. Roberts; (3) B. B. Gottsberger and E. S. Berry; (4) J. S. 
 Williams and F. P. Sinn; and (5) O. P. Hood. The following were present 
 in person or by alternatives: (1) P. E. Barbour; (2) Colonel Roberts; 
 (3) B. B. Gottsberger; (4) F. B. Sinn; and (5) O. P. Hood. 
 
 The Minutes of the first conference of this general correlating com- 
 mittee, as hurriedly prepared by the secretary of the American Engineer- 
 ing Standards Committee, are hereto attached. These minutes represent 
 »uDstantially the work accomplished and the agreements reached at this 
 first conference. They are signed by Colonel Roberts. 
 
 Report of Correlating Committee 
 
 “The minutes of this conference should state that Mr. A. A. Stevenson, 
 chairman of the American Engineering Standards Committee, and Mr. 
 P. G. Agnew, secretary of this Committee, were unanimously selected as 
 temporary chairman and temporary secretary for this first conference of 
 this General Correlating Committee, it being the sense of the representa- 
 tives present that the permanent chairman and secretary should not be 
 selected until the next conference of the committee, when it was hoped a 
 fuller representation of the societies would be present. 
 
 It should be noted that the representatives present for some of the 
 societies did not feel disposed at this first conference to bind their socie- 
 ties to any definite program, and wished to refer the matters back to 
 their society for formal approval. However, it was their personal judg- 
 ment that their program of correlation, as tentatively agreed upon at this 
 conference, would be approved by their societies. 
 
 Colonel Roberts, representing the American Mining Congress, advised 
 that it was very important that some such general program for correlating 
 the standardization work, which was being carried on by the various 
 organizations and societies named above, or which they might wish to 
 enter upon, should be agreed to at this conference, for the reason that 
 the American Mining Congress would expect its representative at this 
 conference to report at the first National Standardization Conference, to 
 be held in Denver, November 15 to 19, inclusive, whether any such pro- 
 gram had been agreed upon, and if so, the substance of such program. It 
 was for this reason that the temporary chairman of the meeting urged 
 upon the representatives of the various societies that they reach, at least, 
 some tentative agreement, which was done as outlined in the minutes of 
 the meeting above referred to. 
 
 Your representative at this conference advised the representatives of 
 th other societies present, that the general correlating program, as ten- 
 tatively agreed upon, met with his personal approval, and that he would 
 so report at the first National Standardization Conference of the American 
 Mining Congress and recommend the acceptance of such program by our 
 Congress. 
 
 All Organizations to Outline Their Activities 
 
 As indicated in the first paragraph on the last page of the minutes of 
 this conference, the representative of each organization present agreed to 
 prepare a brief outline of the activities of this organization on standard- 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 17 
 
 ization work as applied to the mining industry. Such presentation of the 
 work of our Mining Congress on standardization can better be prepared 
 at a date after our National Convention. 
 
 The conference adjourned subject to call of the chairman or secretary 
 of the American Engineering Standard Committee. It was, however, ten- 
 tatively agreed to by the representatives present that the next conference 
 should be held in New York City about the middle of December (1920), 
 at some date to be mutually agreed upon by the representatives of the 
 various organizations. At this next conference it was expected to com- 
 plete the organization of this general correlating committee by selecting 
 a permanent chairman and secretary; and it is also hoped that at this 
 next conference the representatives of the various organizations will have 
 secured the approval of their respective societies to the tentative pro- 
 gram as outlined above in this report, which will enable this committee 
 then to prepare a definite program for correlating the standardization 
 work of all these organizations and societies.” 
 
 MR. GEORGE K. BURGESS: Speaking as a member of the American 
 Engineering Standards Committee, I might say that I was sorry not to 
 be able to be at that meeting of November 11, but in general I think 
 that the long view ahead, as mentioned in Col. Roberts’ report, was of great 
 importance. The program as outlined by your chairman earlier in the 
 meeting is all right — there is no question about standardization being 
 good — but the function of the American Engineering Standards Committee 
 is not to make standards; the function of that committee is to supervise 
 the methods, the fundamental idea being that all interests concerned in 
 any given standardization project or industry, will be representative. 
 
 Interlocking of Organizations 
 
 That, however, does not prevent — on the contrary it leads to the encour- 
 agement of active work on any particular unit representing either a large 
 portion or any portion of the industry in question. In the mining industry 
 there are several bodies interested directly — some of them indirectly, — 
 in standardization methods. Therefore, before a standard is promulgated 
 as an American standard, — that is, representing decisions which are sub- 
 scribed to by the whole country — some process as indicated in Col. 
 Roberts’ report of the November 11 meeting, is inevitable, namely, that 
 we must not only get together in this organization, but you are to join 
 with other similar organizations working on the same problem. Therefore, 
 the proper way to organize this standardization work is to go ahead with 
 your own committees, at the same time tying up with other organizations. 
 I think if that policy is adopted, it will lead to greater, more definite, and 
 efficient progress than by any other procedure. 
 
 MR. N. S. GRENSFELDER: Has it been decided definitely about that 
 meeting in New York mentioned in Col. Roberts’ report? 
 
 MR. MITKE: It is to be some time in December, 1920. 
 
18 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 MR. A. C. MORRISON: Is iLcre any objection to reading the tentative 
 agreement, or is that to be postponed until some other meeting? Mr. 
 Roberts refers constantly to a tentative agreement which had been 
 reached, and he recommends its adoption, but the agreement is not before 
 the meeting. 
 
 MR. MITKE: I have not read it yet as it has just been received, but 
 will now do so. It is signed by the secretary, P. G. Agnew. 
 
 “The meeting was called to order by Mr. A. A. Stevenson, Chairman of 
 the American Engineering Standards Committee, at 2:30 p. m. 
 
 Those present were Percy E. Barbour, representing the American Insti- 
 tute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers; Warren R. Roberts, the 
 Mining and Metallurgical Society of America; F. P. Sinn, the National 
 Safety Council; O. P. Hood, the U. S. Bureau of Mines; A. A. Stevenson, 
 chairman, American Engineering Standards Committee, and P. G. Agnew, 
 secretary, American Engineering Standards Committee. 
 
 It was announced that the following gentlemen who have been desig- 
 nated as members of the Committee, representing their respective organ- 
 izations, were unable to meet with the conference. They included Messrs. 
 Evanson, Bright, Mitke, Berry, and Holbrook, and others. 
 
 In view of the absence of several members of the Committee, it was 
 decided not to proceed with the election of a permanent chairman, and 
 upon motion by Col. Roberts it was voted that Mr. Stevenson be requested 
 to act as temporary chairman. Mr. Stevenson consented to serve. The 
 Secretary of the American Engineering Standards Committee was re- 
 quested to serve as secretary of the meeting. 
 
 The Mining Congress and Standardization 
 
 Methods of co-operation. Col. Roberts briefly outlined the work of the 
 American Mining Congress. The Congress was to hold its annual Con- 
 vention in Denver the following week, and one of the principal features 
 of the Convention would be a general conference on standardization in 
 the mining industry. It was very desirable that some agreement be 
 reached as to the general method of co-operation, and to be followed in 
 correlating the standardization work of the various organizations, in order 
 that the work might be finally approved by the American Engineering 
 Standards Committee. The Standardization Conference in Denver should 
 be apprised of the methods to be followed. 
 
 Mr. Hood briefly outlined some of the standardization activities of the 
 Bureau of Mines, and pointed out, by use of illustrations, the importance 
 of clearly defining the relation of each of the co-operating organizations 
 to the American Engineering Standards Committee. 
 
 In the frank and rather full discussion which followed, it was recognized 
 that the main function of the present Committee would be to work out 
 the methods of correlating the standardization activities of the various 
 organizations concerned, in order that specific parts of the work should 
 receive final approval of the American Engineering Standards Committee 
 after clearing through the mechanism of co-operation to be agreed upon. 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 ID 
 
 It would be first of all necessary to work out a general policy and plan 
 to be followed in the work. The Committee would then have to apply 
 this plan to specific projects, acting as technical advisor to the American 
 
 General Plan 
 
 Engineering Standards Committee in the mining field. It was recognized 
 that in the application of the general plan there would be involved such 
 work as: 
 
 (1) Delimiting specific projects which might be most advantageously 
 handled as units. 
 
 (2) Recommending the order in which the various projects should be 
 taken up in view of the needs of the industry. 
 
 (3) Make recommendations as to what bodies should act as sponsors 
 for specific projects, and as to what bodies should be represented upon 
 sectional committees. 
 
 It was agreed that the members should recommend to their respective 
 organizations the following as a general plan for co-ordinating the present 
 standardization activities of the different bodies and placing the work 
 under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards 
 Committee. 
 
 (a) If an organization has a standardization project practically com- 
 pleted or well under way, the organization should be recommended as 
 sponsor (either as sole sponsor or as joint sponsor, with another organ- 
 ization, according to circumstances). 
 
 (b) If the organization has a committee organized and working on the 
 subject, the make-up and representative character of the committee in 
 sponsor (either as sole sponsor or as joint sponsor, with another organ- 
 adequately representative, it could become the sectional committee. 
 
 If found not to be completely representative, the committee in question, 
 or a portion of it, could serve as the nucleus of a more broadly represen- 
 tative sectional committee. 
 
 It was felt that this sectional plan would fit in with the procedure 
 established by the American Engineering Standards Committee, and would 
 not interfere with the progress of the work now in hand. 
 
 Relation to Safety Code Program: The relation of the work to that of 
 the National Safety Code Committee was briefly discussed. It was voted 
 that the Secretary be instructed to write to the National Safety Code 
 Committee, informing them of the organization of the General Correlating 
 Committee, and apprising them of the desire of the General Committee 
 to co-operate with the National Safety Code Committee. 
 
 The Safety Code Program 
 
 It was further voted that the Secretary be instructed to prepare a brief 
 outline of the history of the Safety Code Program, and of the work of the 
 National Safety Code Committee, and circulate it to the members of the 
 General Committee. 
 
20 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 information on standardization activities of the organizations. It was 
 agreed that each member present should prepare a brief outline of the 
 activities of the Organization which he represents, which bears on mining 
 standardization, and forward it to the Secretary who would circulate the 
 information to the members. 
 
 Circulation of minutes. It was voted that copies of the minutes should 
 be sent to the Secretaries of the five organizations, in order that each 
 organization might have in its central office a file for the information of 
 its members. 
 
 The meeting adjourned at five o’clock p. m., subject to the call of the 
 chair. 
 
 Mr. Mitke: In this connection I would like to say that in arranging 
 the general program of the Metal Section, we have endeavored to make 
 the adoption of standards just as difficult as possible, in order to prevent 
 any one man’s ideas being forced upon the mining industry, unless it has 
 first withstood the criticism of the majority. This measure has been 
 adopted as a safeguard, and for the protection of both the manufacturers 
 and the mining industry at large. 
 
 The meeting then adjourned until the following day. 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 21 
 
 NATIONAL STANDARDIZATION CONFERENCE 
 
 The American Mining Congress 
 WEDNESDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 17, 1920 
 
 Chas. A. Mitke, chairman of the Metal Section of the Standardization 
 Committee, presided. 
 
 CHAIRMAN MITKE: The First National Standardization Conference 
 will please come to order. 
 
 In the absence of Mr. Scholz, who is unfortunately unable to attend, I 
 will open the meeting by reading a paper on ‘The Relation of Standard- 
 ization to Mine Management.* 
 
 [Mr. Mitke’s paper appears on page 772 of the Proceedings.] 
 
 MR. MITKE: We are very fortunate in having with us Mr. P. G. 
 Agnew, a man who is interested in the working out of national standards. 
 
 [Mr. Agnew’s paper appears on page 211 of the Proceedings.] 
 
 Address by Colonel Roberts 
 
 Next follows the address ‘Standardization and Efficiency’ prepared by 
 Col. Warren R. Roberts: 
 
 When the founders of the American Mining Congress, in keeping with 
 custom, selected a motto, they chose one that would indicate to the public 
 the purpose for which this Congress was organized, and also the ideals 
 toward which it would strive. No other words could better have expressed 
 these objects than “Safety, Efficiency, and Conservation.” 
 
 SAFETY has been one of the watchwords of our Congress from the 
 beginning. Not only have the officials of our Congress improved every 
 opportunity to promote safety as applied to the mining industry, but they 
 have been among the first to conceive ways in which improved and safer 
 methods and practices could be brought before the mining industry. 
 
 In confirmation of the above statement, we remember that when the 
 U. S. Bureau of Mines was in process of formation by its Director, he 
 had no more ardent supporter and efficient adviser than *our honored 
 secretary, Mr. James F. Callbreath, who has since, together with his 
 other officials, always extended a helping hand to the Bureau. Those of 
 us who are familiar with the work of this Bureau, know that it has been 
 the greatest agency in the land for the promotion of safety in the mining 
 industry. 
 
 Our Congress has also co-operated at all times with all other agencies 
 promoting safety as applied to mining, and at the present time working 
 
22 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 together with the National Safety Council and similar organizations so 
 far as their efforts are directed toward the mining industry. 
 
 EFFICIENCY, the much abused and often misapplied expression, has 
 never been misunderstood by the officials of our Congress. If we would 
 gain the confidence of others, and thereby secure influence with them, 
 we must first be able to show that we have applied intelligently to our 
 own affairs the advice we offer them. The conduct of our work through 
 our own efficient organization has always been an example of efficiency 
 to the mining industry. In the years that I have been connected with this 
 organization, many times I have heard prominent men in the mining indus- 
 try make the above statement. Due to this fact our Congress has had 
 much influence with the mining industry in promoting efficiency added 
 to safety. 
 
 CONSERVATION is a most popular expression with those who seek to 
 gain public influence. We talk flippantly of the conservation of our 
 national resources, while we continue to waste them. It is an acknowl- 
 edged fact that the American people is the most extravagant and wasteful 
 nation on earth. Such extravagance is not applied only to their personal 
 resources, but to those of their cities, their states, and their nation. We 
 were so greatly blessed with the great natural resources of our broad 
 acres of fertile land, with our limitless forests and our unbounded mineral 
 possessions, that we have for generations gone on exploiting these 
 resources in the way that were bringing us the most immediate results 
 with very little thought of conserving those wonderful possessions. 
 
 But as our lands were gradually occupied, and as our forests dis- 
 appeared, and the richer of our mineral resources were exhausted, we 
 began to take account of our wastefulness. The wiser and more patriotic 
 of our citizens began to plead for conservation of these great resources 
 and then I say, this word became very popular with many persons who 
 are always ready and waiting to ride into public favor on the crest of 
 some friendly wave. Such use of any national movement like conserva- 
 tion naturally creates much prejudice with our people, and this must be 
 overcome by the industrious and wise efforts of those who are seeking 
 to promote reaj conservation. Our Mining Congress has been diligent in 
 its efforts to conserve the energies, the capital and the resources of 
 the mining industry, thereby living up to its motto of “Safety, Efficiency, 
 and Conservation.” 
 
 Standardization an Economy 
 
 When this excellent motto was adopted by the founders of our Con- 
 gress, they were not familiar with another great force in national econ- 
 omy. This other important factor was not then generally recognized, 
 even by the engineering profession, which is always among the first to 
 point the way in all matters pertaining to safety, efficiency, and conserva- 
 tion. There were those, however, in this profession who did have the 
 vision to recognize that standardization of methods as applied to produc- 
 tion, whether it be applied to mining, manufacturing, or otherwise, was 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 23 
 
 the real basis upon which should be built up the three structures of 
 safety, efficiency, and conservation. Those of us who are familiar with 
 this movement, which has now reached national proportions, even inter- 
 national scope, can verify the above statements. However, while the 
 foundations for this new movement have been intelligently laid, no mate- 
 rial progress had been made up to the time when our Nation was rudely 
 awakened from the complaisant tenor of its ways of peace, and found it 
 necessary immediately to reorganize our entire national life to enable us 
 to meet this great crisis which was endangering our very existence. It 
 took even such a crisis as this to awaken the American people to a 
 realization of our resources and of our capacity as a Nation, but we did 
 find ourselves, so to speak, and we were a surprise to all the nations of 
 the earth as well as to ourselves. 
 
 We were proud then, and we are now, to recount the inventions, the 
 creations, and the accomplishments of our people when as a united force 
 they went about this great task. 
 
 But the bulwark of our strength at that time was the almost unlimited 
 capacity of our engineers, scientists, and professional men generally, to 
 meet this great emergency by inventing new things and new methods, 
 and applying other things in more scientific and practical ways and other- 
 wise helping them to organize our resources on the most productive and 
 economical basis. 
 
 Concentration During War Years 
 
 When the call came for more ships, and when these could not be built 
 fast enough to meet the ever-increasing demand for our shipments to 
 Europe, a way must be found to make the vessels we had carry greater 
 cargoes. Then again, our scientists and engineers were called upon to 
 meet this new demand. We must find a way they told us, to concentrate 
 and condense our cargoes. This demand was met by putting into prac- 
 tice the theories of those who had advocated standardization of packing, 
 boxing and baling of all products for transportation, either by land or 
 sea. We cannot go into detail at this time as to how this was accomp- 
 lished, but can only state that a surprising increase in shipments was 
 readily made by applying methods of standardization as above outlined. 
 
 Another call was for increased production from our factories for every 
 article needed to carry on the war. Again, standardization of methods 
 and of equipment very greatly facilitated, not only production but again 
 transportation of the articles thus produced. We could go on multiplying 
 examples to illustrate how standardization made for efficiency in every 
 department of production and transportation during the period of the 
 war, but this brief statement will suffice to indicate to you that any 
 agency which was the basis of the greatest economics that we wrought 
 during this period, must have value which should be app'ied to the same 
 industries and to others in times of peace. 
 
 We have not forgotten the lessons we learned during the strenuous 
 time of the war when necessity drove us to acomplishment.. We have, 
 therefore, been diligent in trying to apply to our industries as now re- 
 
24 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 organized, the benefits to be derived from standardization in methods of 
 production and of manufacture. 
 
 The American Mining Congress immediately after the war undertook 
 to organize a division to promote standardization of mining methods, min- 
 ing equipment, etc., for this industry. 
 
 Result of Conferences on Standardization 
 
 This work soon gained such prominence that other national organiza- 
 tions interested in the mining industry, and more particularly in this 
 movement of standardization, suggested that a conference be held with 
 the object of co-ordinating the work of these various national societies 
 and organizations. These conferences have all borne fruit, and this work 
 of co-ordination has already been accomplished through an organization 
 set up especially for this purpose, namely, the American Engineering 
 Standards Committee. 
 
 The way has, therefore, been opened, the trails blazed and it only re- 
 mains for those who are promoting this important work to carry it for- 
 ward to consummation, thereby bringing to the mining industry through 
 standardization, Safety, Efficiency, and Conservation. 
 
 May we not hope also, that progressive men in other industries, seeing 
 the economies we shall work through standardization, for the mining 
 industry, will be encouraged to ‘Go thou and do likewise.’ ” 
 
 MR. MITKE: Mr. T. T. Brewster will speak to us on ‘Standard Mine 
 Accounting.’ 
 
 [Mr. Brewster’s paper will be found on page 818 of the Proceedings.] 
 
 MR. MITKE: Mr. Brewster has given us an interesting talk, and 
 those of you who are interested in this subject can obtain copies of the 
 report; also copies of the paper Mr. Agnew brought for distribution. 
 
 We have with us Mr. James Milliken, president of the Industrial Car 
 Manufacturing Institute of Pittsburgh. 
 
 In presenting the attached report Mr. Milliken made the following 
 explanatory remarks: 
 
 Gentlemen, this report is not nearly as formidable as it looks. The 
 time for adjournment is about here, and I am not going to detain you 
 very long. I did write a short address and I will turn it over to the 
 Secretary and you can read it in the Proceedings. 
 
 I want to compliment you . on what has been done this year in the 
 matter of standards. It represents a good piece of work, and I would 
 like to emphasize first a few remarks that I made yesterday to the Coal 
 Mining Section, because I think it applies to all standardization work. 
 
 Standards in Railroads 
 
 First is your method of procedure — the correlation of your committees. 
 It is one thing to prepare standards, and another to get your members to 
 adopt them entirely. You can make all the standards you want, and 
 unless your members will actually agree to use them, you might as well 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 not have any standards. My experience has covered a good many years 
 in railroad service, and you probably all know that the railroads, in their 
 car construction, have done a great deal in the way of making standards. 
 Although they started in 1872, the full standard car is not yet being built. 
 However, the parts of cars that wear out are standardized and are inter- 
 changeable, so that if a Pennsylvania car in the East wears out a wheel, 
 or something of that kind, either here or in San Francisco, the repair 
 man there puts on a piece from his own stock. In that way, the cost of 
 repairs has been materially reduced. 
 
 I would like to suggest that instead of making standards as you start 
 out, you make recommended practice. I think you will find it will be 
 accepted by your members much more readily than if you tried to force 
 a standard onto them. I think the best way to accomplish that is to 
 submit all suggestions to members individually in the way of a recom- 
 mendation; then you will ascertain completely whether your recom- 
 mended practices will be suitable, and after such practices have been in 
 use for a few months, or a year or two, they can readily be advanced to 
 standards. 
 
 The Committee that I am connected with, known as the Industrial 
 Manufacturers Institute, is trying to standardize industrial equipment. 
 Outside of a standard coach for railroads, there are really no standards. 
 We have been in operation about 1 y 2 years, and have adopted a large 
 number of recommended practices, the items that you are particularly 
 interested in being mine-cars. We have adopted recommended practices, 
 covering all kinds of materials used, such as bolts and nuts, castings for 
 malleable iron, gray iron and steel, general pipe-unions, welded pipe, 
 rivets, screw-threads, structural steel, and so forth. 
 
 Variety in Mine-Cars 
 
 It is really remarkable how few standards there are in the building of 
 mine-cars. This Commission that I am connected with can do a good 
 many things, but we canont do it all. It is up to you gentlemen to estab- 
 lish standards, and then the car manufacturers will be only too glad to 
 build what you want. But they do not want to have to build a different 
 type of car for every mine, and there certainly is not any occasion 
 for that. 
 
 At the present time we are trying to standardize treads and flanges of 
 wheels. Your present flanges and treads of wheels shows a wide range, 
 resulting in a tremendous amount of waste material. There is certainly 
 one correct tread and flange for an 18-in. wheel, and there is one correct 
 weight for your different capacity cars. If you adopt one standard flange 
 and one weight for capacity, if you will get the best engineering talent, 
 if you will get the best designed wheel, you will not be carrying around 
 excess weight, neither will you have a wheel that is too light for the 
 service. 
 
 The same thing applies to practically all the details of cars. I am not 
 going to mention them all, but I would like to mention Turner bearings. 
 You have five or six different capacities, from one to five tons — a few half 
 
26 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 tons. The majority of them have roller bearings that are rather expen- 
 sive to make. There are some 18 or 20 different sized Turners for those 
 four or five capacity cars. Some of them are li% 6 in., and another is 2 
 in., and another is 2y 16 in. 
 
 It costs money to have three size of roller bearings made, where one 
 size can be made in three times the quantity, and for that reason you will 
 get them for considerably less price. There are really many advantages 
 in standardization, and I want to assure you that the Industrial Car 
 Manufacturers Institute is only too willing to co-operate with you, with 
 your operators, mine superintendents, and with your engineers, and 
 wherever we can be of service, we will only be too glad to do it. 
 
 The meeting then adjourned until the following morning. 
 
 THURSDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 18, 1920 
 
 Carl Scholz, Acting-Chairman of the Coal Section, and Chas. A. Mitke, 
 Chairman of the Metal Section, presided. 
 
 CHAIRMAN MITKE: This is a continuation of yesterday’s meeting, 
 and is the final meeting of the Standardization Conference. The first 
 speaker is Mr. G. K. Burgess, a representative of the U. S. Bureau of 
 Standards, a man whom you have heard before, and who will give us an 
 intelligent view of the work of the Bureau. 
 
 [Mr. Burgess’ paper appears on page 794 of the Proceedings.] 
 
 MR. SCHOLZ: I have been requested by Mr. Mitke to read the follow- 
 ing resolution, which will be passed without discussion to the Resolu- 
 tions Committee: 
 
 “Whereas, it is desirable that standardization in the mining in- 
 dustry be carried out on a national scale, in so far as it is possible 
 to do so; and 
 
 “Whereas, it is the desire of the American Mining Congress to 
 co-operate in the fullest measure with other bodies working to the 
 same end; be it 
 
 “ Resolved , That steps be taken, under such arrangements as may 
 be mutually agreed upon by the bodies interested, through the Gen- 
 eral Correlating Committee for Mining Standardization, upon which 
 the Congress is represented, to assure that the working standardiza- 
 tion committees may be recognized as sectional committees of the 
 American Engineering Standards Committee, in order that the stand- 
 ards prepared may receive final approval as American Engineering 
 Standards.” 
 
 Reports of All Committees to be Correlated 
 
 I might add that arrangements have already been made by the Ameri- 
 can Mining Congress to have a permanent secretary stationed at Wash- 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 27 
 
 ington, who will correlate the reports of the various committees. As act- 
 ing-chairman of the Coal Section, I would like to say, for the benefit of 
 the Metal Section, that the Coal Section meetings created a great deal of 
 outside interest, so much so that one meeting extended over 3y 2 hours, 
 and it was hardly completed then. A number of the Committees that had 
 submitted reports were so impressed with the work which had been done, 
 and with the work to be done, that they asked that their reports be re- 
 turned so as to be revised and put into new form. Perhaps a number of 
 our Committees were not quite aware of the final matters to be accom- 
 plished and we discovered that in many cases practices were referred to 
 rather than equipment; and it may be necessary to augment that Com- 
 mittee by a committee on practices, rather than on equipment as we now 
 have. We are much gratified with the interest that has been developed, 
 and we hope that we will be able to do a great deal of good for the pro- 
 fession as well as for the manufacturers interested. 
 
 MR. MITKE: Right in line with what Mr. Scholz has said, I have an 
 announcement to make: 
 
 As you are aware, the standardization of mining equipment is closely 
 allied with the standardization of operations, and it is most difficult to 
 standardize on one branch without standardizing the other. It has, 
 therefore, been decided by the American Mining Congress, to enlarge the 
 scope of all the working committees of both the Coal and Metal Sections 
 to cover operations as well as equipment. 
 
 Mr. T. O. McGrath, auditor for the Shattuck-Arizona Copper Co. of 
 Bisbee, will now address us on the subject of ‘Standardization of Metal 
 Mining Accounting.’ 
 
 MR. McGRATH: I would like to say that this is nothing more than a 
 preliminary presentation; it is not a detailed application to any one par- 
 ticular instance, it is a general discussion preparatory to taking up the 
 matter in detail. 
 
 A Regulation Favorable to Mines Not Taken Advantage of 
 
 When I was at the Tax Conference here the other day, I talked to one 
 of the men connected with the Tax Department, and I was much sur- 
 prised to learn that one of the most important provisions in the last regu- 
 lations had not been complied with or had not been taken advantage of, 
 except by only one or two mining companies in the United States, so I 
 thought I would mention this to you, because the last regulations make 
 provision whereby these companies which had a large value as of March, 
 1912, saved themselves thousands of dollars, and in the case of larger 
 companies, hundreds of thousands of dollars. The article is 844 of the 
 Internal Revenue Department. I was told that there were only two or 
 three companies that had taken advantage of it. That is not only inter- 
 esting of this year, but it is particularly so in the fact that the Depart- 
 ment has not finally settled any of the tax returns since 1917; in other 
 words, your tax reports for 1917, 1918, and 1919 are still in abeyance. 
 As I say, for some of the larger companies it amounts to hundreds of 
 
REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 28 
 
 thousands of dollars. If you wish later on to have me explain this article, 
 I will be glad to do it. 
 
 [Mr. McGrath’s paper will be found on page 806 of the Proceedings.] 
 
 MR. HANSON SMITH: In relation to Article 844— 
 
 MR. McGRATH: It would only take a minute to explain it: Article 
 844 allows you to depreciate and deplete the amount of your capital 
 charges, not only in the amount of your investment in capital assets, 
 but up to the amount of your value as of March 1, 1913; they allow your 
 asset charges or capital charges, right up to the value of that date, which 
 is appreciation. You take that up on your records. Then when you 
 deplete those asset charges, you not only deplete the investment charge, 
 but you deplete the appreciation value that they allowed to you, and 
 set it up here as depreciation and depletion. Now, when you do that, 
 Article 844 tells you that if you will divide your depletion charge — if 
 your value was greater than the investment, and also your depreciation 
 charge, if you wrote it up — if you divide it into depletion of investment 
 and depletion of appreciation, you can use the amount of realized appre- 
 ciation, for invested capital in making your return. And you can do 
 that since March 1, 1913, or practically seven years. And in the case of 
 some mines where they had a very large appreciation as of that date, 
 that additional invested capital will amount to millions of dollars, which 
 you will be allowed to use in figuring up your excess profits tax, and in 
 some cases that will amount to hundreds of thousands of dollars. 
 
 MR. MITKE: Mr. Lawrence K. Diffenderfer, treasurer of the Vanadium 
 Corporation of America, has sent an interesting paper on general methods 
 of mine accounting, which I will ask Mr. McGrath to present in Mr. 
 Diffenderfer’s absence. 
 
 MR. McGRATH: This is an individual presentation of the applica- 
 tion of mining principles to a mine, and probably will be very interesting 
 to anyone who would like to see the system applied in an individual 
 case. It brings up two good points: one is being very well versed in 
 the operations; another, equipment records. 
 
 Two Papers Presented 
 
 [An abstract of Mr. Diffenderfer’s paper appears on page 803 of the 
 Proceedings. There were 13 typical forms of reports (including cash, 
 timekeeper, payroll, storekeeper, supplies, purchasing, depreciation, and 
 costs), but it was found impracticable to reproduce them. 1 
 
 [Mr. Joseph F. Merrill, Director of the School of Mines and Engineer- 
 ing, University of Utah, representing the World Metric Standardization 
 Council, presented a paper on the use of the metric system in place of 
 the present method of weights and measures. The organizing members 
 of this Council are the Foreign Trade Club of San Francisco, American 
 Metric Association, London and Manchester Decimal Association, Ameri- 
 can Chemical Society, and American Wholesale Grocers’ Association. 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 29 
 
 There are on file in Washington 100,000 petitions, urging gradual adop- 
 tion of the metric system in America. Of 58,226 petitions received under 
 one questionnaire, there were only 426 opponents to the suggestion. The 
 advocates included many prominent men, in science, education, and com- 
 merce. Mr. Merrill stated that its advantages were simplicity, economy, 
 and universality. The remainder of the paper consisted of quotatiops 
 from public men who were in sympathy with the movement.] 
 
30 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 COAL MINING SECTION, STANDARDIZATION COMMITTEE 
 
 American Mining Congress 
 NOVEMBER 16, 1920 
 
 Mr. Carl Scholz, Jr., presided. 
 
 CHAIRMAN SCHOLZ: Gentlemen: According to the program, 
 
 Colonel Warren R. Roberts, who is chairman of the Coal Section, was to 
 preside and present his report, but unfortunately he could not attend, so 
 has asked me to present his report and act in his stead. The report is 
 as follows: 
 
 Report of Colonel Roberts 
 
 The Coal Mining Branch of your Standardization Division of the 
 American Mining Congress presents the following report as representing 
 the progress made during the year since our last annual Convention. 
 
 This report is rendered by the General Committee directing Standard- 
 ization for the Coal Mining Branch, and on behalf of the seven Sub-Com- 
 mittees having in hand the work of improving the practice and standard- 
 izing the methods and equipment for the coal-mining industry. 
 
 The first report of this General Committee presented at our last annual 
 Convention indicates that this work was, at that time, only fairly 
 begun; that is to say, the General Committee and the various Sub-Com- 
 mittees had been organized and had held a series of conferences just 
 prior to the annual Convention, at which time they had developed and 
 agreed upon a general program of standardization to be applied to coal- 
 mining practice, equipment, etc. The Conference also developed ar- 
 rangements whereby the work to be performed by the several Sub- 
 committees would be co-ordinated through the General Committee. 
 
 A comparison of the report rendered by your General Committee a 
 year ago, and one herewith presented, suggests to your Chairman im- 
 pressive facts, which he should call to your attention before entering 
 into the more detailed subjects contained in our report. 
 
 We are impressed first, with the wisdom shown by your Committee 
 in those first conferences, when the whole broad subject of standardiza- 
 tion was discussed and conclusions reached covering the general scope 
 which this work should assume, as well as the limitations that should 
 best be applied to give the final results which would commend them to 
 the industry, and thereby secure their adoption in general practice. 
 
 Good Work Accomplished 
 
 The several reports presented by the Sub-Committees which are 
 attached to and form a part of this brief report of your General Commit- 
 tee, deserve special mention. Even a careful study of the reports of 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 31 
 
 these Sub-Committees would not indicate to you the vast amount of 
 earnest discussion and careful consideration which has been required of 
 the members of the Sub-Committees to reach the conclusions contained in 
 their condensed reports. Your General Committee, therefore, wishes 
 to commend to you the excellent work that has been done by all of these 
 Committees with the exception of two, and for whom extenuating cir- 
 cumstances seem to offer ample excuse. 
 
 Our members generally, not being familiar with the work of our 
 Standardization Division, it may be well to outline briefly the organiza- 
 tion which is carrying on this important work on behalf of the mining 
 industry. This Division is composed of two branches representing Metal 
 Mining, and Coal Mining. The work of each of these branches is directed 
 by a General Committee, composed of the Chairman of each of the Sub- 
 committees having direct charge of the Standardization of practice and 
 equipment in their respective classifications of the work. The purpose 
 of the General Committees is to review and co-ordinate the work of the 
 several sub-committees. 
 
 The Chairmen of the two General Committees assist in organizing and 
 directing the work for their respective branches and finally co-ordinate 
 the work of the two Branches. 
 
 Standardization Attracts Attention 
 
 This work of Standardization, as carried on by the Mining Congress 
 during the past two years, has attracted much attention from other 
 national organizations and societies interested in the mining industry. 
 Certain of these national organizations are interested in this work of 
 Standardization, and in the campaign of safety as applied to the indus- 
 try. This community of interest resulted in the calling of a conference 
 of representatives of these various national organizations and societies, 
 which formulated a program for co-ordinating the work in which they 
 were mutually interested. After a thorough discussion of the subject 
 by representatives in conference from all of these organizations, it was 
 decided that the co-ordination of this work of Standardization could best 
 be carried on through another national organization set up especially for 
 this purpose, namely, the American Engineering Standards Committee. 
 
 A separate report will be presented to the Standardization Confer- 
 ence on this subject, and we will therefore only state that your Stand- 
 ardization Division is in hearty sympathy with this movement for co- 
 ordinating and giving a national character to this work of Standardiza- 
 tion for the mining industry. 
 
 Invitation has been extended by the Chairmen of your two General 
 Committees to all the national organizations and societies interested in 
 Standardization of mining methods and equipment, to attend the first 
 National Standardization Conference, and to participate in the discussion 
 and work generally of the conference. We are pleased to advise that 
 representatives have been sent to our conference by all of these organiza- 
 tions and societies. 
 
 This work of Standardization has now been put on a truly national 
 
REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 basis, and the American Mining Congress may have a just pride in the 
 part it has had in helping accomplish these results, which indicate a 
 final consummation of this important constructive work for the mining 
 industry. 
 
 A Comprehensive Program 
 
 We must bear in mind that while a great deal has been accomplished 
 as set forth above, that we must not slacken our efforts, in fact our 
 energies must be multiplied to meet the growing requirements of the 
 comprehensive program we have undertaken. We believe that the final 
 benefits will fully justify all the labor and patience required by those 
 having the vision to see the final results to be accomplished. In pre- 
 senting the reports of our Sub-Committees — all of which are attached 
 hereto — we recommend a careful review of these reports by our General 
 Committee at its first session of the Standardization Conference. Such 
 review of these reports will indicate the necessity for the co-ordination 
 of their recommendations. To illustrate: referring to the reports of the 
 Sub-Committees on Mining and Loading Equipment, and the Committee 
 on Underground Transportation, we note that the track gages adopted 
 by these two Sub-Committees do not agree. The General Committee, 
 therefore, in conference with the representatives of the Sub-Committees 
 should harmonize such features of their reports. This is only one illus- 
 tration of several that could be mentioned indicating the necessity for 
 the very careful review of these reports by the General Committee. 
 
 The General Committee should also, in reviewing these reports, con- 
 sider carefully each and every one of their recommendations to the 
 end, that we should not suggest standards for adoption by the industry 
 which shall meet with general opposition. We must always bear in mind 
 that standards require general adoption by the industry to make them of 
 value. 
 
 We recommend further that the General Committee refer to the Gen- 
 eral Conference on Standardization all subjects on which they believe 
 that a general discussion by the conference would be beneficial. 
 
 It will be found on reviewing these reports, that many important ques- 
 tions justify a very broad and full discussion before final recommenda* 
 tions should be made by our General Committee to the Conference for 
 adoption. 
 
 Procedure 
 
 After the adoption of these reports as revised by the General Com- 
 mittee, or by the General Committee in conjunction with the Standardiza- 
 tion Conference as suggested just above, we then recommend that these 
 final, approved reports be submitted to the Standardization Conference 
 for approval and adoption. 
 
 MR. SCHOLZ: I will call on Mr. Thomas T. Brewster, chairman of 
 the Committee on Cost Accounting, National Coal Association. 
 
 MR. BREWSTER: I have not prepared a set address, but have brought 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 33 
 
 with me 150 copies of the report of the National Coal Association, which 
 was presented to that body at its annual meeting a year ago. That 
 report has found favor with the Treasury Department, also with public 
 accountants; and a number of the coal operators throughout the country 
 have adopted this form of accounting. What I propose doing later is to 
 make some remarks introducing that report, referring to its salient 
 features, and then distribute the copies mentioned. 
 
 [An abstract of Mr. Brewster’s paper appears on page 81S of the Pro- 
 ceedings.] 
 
 MR. SCHOLZ: The Committee would like to have a -written report 
 from all the Chairmen. It need not necessarily be long, but they should 
 give some of their thoughts for discussion. Standardization work is not 
 simple; in fact, it is a difficult problem, because we meet opposition from 
 
 Committees Include all Technical Men 
 
 the most unexpected quarters. In selecting my committee I included 
 three coal operators, three mining engineers, and the remainder is made 
 up of representatives of the manufacturers. For instance; Mr. A. V. 
 Kiser is chairman of the Committee of Underground Power and Trans- 
 mission, and that Committee has made a voluminous report, perhaps the 
 best report of any of them. They are evidently composed of workers 
 and men who know things, because they have surprised me with a num- 
 ber of facts which I did not know existed. I will be glad to have Mr. 
 Kiser give us a resume of the salient points of his report. 
 
 MR. KISER: I might say that we experienced serious difficulty in 
 getting men to work on these Committees. We found that many of 
 them whom we wanted gave as an excuse that they were too busy, and 
 we concluded in the event that we required assistance in the future, 
 that we would get someone who was in an official position with the 
 American Mining Congress, to write the president or vice-president of 
 • these companies, and put the case before them, and tell how urgent it 
 was that their engineers get in on this work. 
 
 [The joint report of the Sub-Committees on Standardization of Under- 
 ground Power Transmission and of Power Equipment appears cn page 
 688 of the Proceedings.] 
 
 MR. SCHOLZ: Are there any other remarks in connection with the 
 report of the Committee on Underground Power and Transmission? If 
 so, now is the time to present them. 
 
 Report By Mr. Scholz 
 
 The report of the Committee on Mining and Loading is short, and was 
 written by myself. It is as follows: 
 
 The Sub-Committee on Mining and Loading Equipment submits the fol- 
 lowing report on its activity during the past year: 
 
 1. The increasing cost of coal production, coupled with the difficulties 
 in obtaining efficient and sufficient labor for hand mining, makes the 
 
34 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 adoption of mechanical means for mining and loading coal more im- 
 portant than heretofore, and it is recommended that manufacturers and 
 mine operators, with their engineers, co-operate more freely in the use 
 of equipment now available, with the view of developing methods by the 
 use of which better returns be obtained from such machinery as it now 
 on the market. 
 
 2. We recommend that in the construction of machines, the size and 
 speed of motors, gears, drive-chains, and other parts be standardized as 
 far as possible, so as to simplify the repairs and renewals of machines. 
 
 3. We recommend that the award of the Bituminous Coal Commission, 
 with reference to the use of labor-saving devices, be given the widest 
 possible publicity, thereby encouraging the installation and use of labor- 
 saving devices, particularly in those districts where such machinery 
 has heretofore been opposed by the United Mine Workers organization. 
 
 4. We recommend that the Standardization Committee of the Ameri- 
 can Mining Congress request mining schools and similar institutions to 
 co-operate with this Committee, and through them, with the manufac- 
 turers of mining equipment, and coal operators in the development of 
 mining methods to enable the greatest possible extraction of coal. 
 
 Following is a brief of the discussion on the Report of the Sub- 
 Committee on Standardization of Mining and Loading Equipment 
 by the Chairman of the General Committee: 
 
 Machines for Rapid Development 
 
 Mr. James Needham, general superintendent for the St. Paul Coal Co. 
 and Republic Coal Co., said that the entry driving and loading machine is 
 perhaps the only solution for the rapid development of a coal mine, but he 
 believes that these machines require perfecting before they can be con- 
 ered entirely satisfactory. He stated that the long-wall mines in northern 
 Illinois are perhaps in as great need of mechanical loading appliances as 
 any other mining field, but it has been found difficult to develop a satis- 
 factory machine for long-wall mining, especially with the present exces- 
 sive cost of operation. He hopes that a satisfactory machine for these 
 mines may be developed, as present conditions are very discouraging. 
 
 Mr. W. D. Brennan, who was connected with the Hannah property of 
 the Union Pacific Railway, explained to the Conference how loading 
 machines were used in a coal seam 35 ft. in thickness and on a 17° pitch, 
 where the rooms were driven along the strike. He stated that they had 
 many difficulties in adopting these machines to this service, but stated 
 that after a number of years of experimenting they now had machines in 
 continuous operation which were giving them a production of from 800 
 to 1000 tons a day, with only 12 men actually used in the operation of 
 these shovels. Additional men, of course, were required for handling 
 of cars to and from the shovel, etc. 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Mr. Scholz urged that for loading machines we should adhere to 220 
 volts for alternating and 250 volts for direct current. Experience had 
 taught him that these voltages were preferable and most economical. 
 
 Mr. Kiser stated that the large operators of western Pennsylvania 
 took exception to this recommendation by Mr. Scholz and considerable 
 discussion on the matter followed. One of the recommendations of this 
 Committee being that the size of motors, gears, drive-chains, and other 
 parts be standardized so as to simplify the repairs and renewals of dif- 
 ferent makes of machines, a considerable discussion followed as to the 
 possibility or desirability of carrying out this recommendation. 
 
 Mr. Ebe added that if it had not been for mechanical appliances it 
 would have been impossible for his company to mine 400 or 500 tons of 
 coal daily. 
 
 In reply to a query by Mr. Kaseman of New Mexico, whether it was the 
 tendency of inventors to devote their attention to such devices as the 
 steam-shovel for large veins, or for low veins, Mr. Scholz said that he 
 believed most of the machines were for relatively thick seams — from 4 to 
 8 ft. Some shoveling or conveying machines will operate in coal as low 
 
 as 5% ft. 
 
 It seemed to be the consensus of opinion, however, that progress could 
 be made along these lines and that small differences between the manu- 
 facturers on certain details could be avoided and in time that with the 
 co-operation of the manufacturers very considerable improvement would 
 be made which would work for economy in the maintenance of such 
 machines. 
 
 With intelligent and conservative requests by the operators through 
 their Standardization Committees, it is fully b'elieved that the manufac- 
 turers will end such co-operation and that we shall finally progress much 
 further along these lines than at present would seem possible, espe- 
 cially to those who have not given a great deal of thought to the matter. 
 
 CHAIRMAN SCHOLZ: The next matter on the program is the report . 
 of the Commitee on Standardization of Outside Coal-Handling Equip- 
 ment, of which Col. Roberts is chairman, and will be presented by Mr. 
 Needham: 
 
 Report on Outside Coal-Handling Equipment 
 
 The Chairman of this Sub-Committee has had such time as he could 
 spare from his regular duties almost entirely occupied with the work 
 required as Chairman of the General Committee of the Coal Mining 
 Branch, consequently the work of this Sub-Committee has not received 
 proper attention. We therefore suggest that the General Committee 
 select a new Chairman for this Sub-Committee. The present Chairman 
 will very gladly serve as a member of this Sub-Committee, but hopes 
 that the General Committee will select from this Sub-Committee, as at 
 present constituted, someone else to act as Chairman. 
 
36 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 It was the sense of this Sub-Committee, as indicated in its report 
 to the General Committee at our last annual Convention, that each Sub- 
 committee should first concern itself with the more general and im- 
 portant matters relating to the designing and installation of equipment 
 included under their sub-division of Standardization and Mining Equip- 
 ment To this end it was recommended that each Sub-Committee should 
 make a careful study of present practice, as related to the work of their 
 Sub-Committee, and include in their first work the improvement and 
 standardization of the general practice and methods relating to their 
 sub-division work, and that this work should then be followed by a 
 study of equipment included in their sub division of work, and endeavor 
 to improve and standardize such equipment. 
 
 Following this general and comprehensive program, this Sub-Com- 
 mittee has taken under consideration, and begs to report suggestions 
 and recommendations for the consideration of the General Committee 
 as follows: 
 
 The study of present practice as related to the designing and building 
 of coal tipples, head-frames, etc., indicates that one of the first and most 
 important duties of this Sub-Committee is to try and improve and 
 standardize the present practice which relates to the safety and economy 
 in the operation of this unit of a mining plant. 
 
 Railroad Clearances 
 
 A study of present practice indicates that there is no uniformity in 
 the clearance either horizontally or vertically for railroad tracks passing 
 beneath tipples. This lack of uniformity and good practice in the various 
 coalfields, has compelled certain railroads to promulgate regulations 
 governing such clearances* In some instances, these regulations seem to 
 be adequate and reasonable, and in other instances, they seem to be un- 
 duly conservative and impose on coal companies providing new facilities, 
 expense that even good practice and safety would not require. Your 
 Committee, therefore, after careful consideration of this matter makes 
 the following recommendations regarding clearances for railroad cars: 
 
 A standard practice should be adopted, which would provide for a 
 lateral clearance between the widest cars passing under such tipple, and 
 the nearest tipple support, or any support built in connection with the 
 tipple structure, of at least 18 inches. 
 
 That no support should be placed between railroad tracks passing 
 under a tipple structure except between the two outside tracks, namely, 
 the usual dump track and the one adjacent, except where the requirements 
 make it absolutely necessary to insert supports between other tracks. 
 
 That the clearance between cars on tracks where no supports are 
 inserted should not be less than 2 ft. 
 
 Referring to the vertical clearance above railroad cars passing under 
 tipple structure, it has been difficult for your Committee to reach a satis- 
 factory conclusion on account of the varying heights of railroad equip- 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 37 
 
 ment, and especially due to the fact that certain railroads have regula- 
 tions regarding the passing of engines under tipple structures. How- 
 ever, your Committee recommends that this matter be taken up for dis- 
 cussion at our coming Standardization Conference, with the object of 
 trying to secure suggestions from our members which your Committee 
 will then take under further consideration. 
 
 We believe that this question of railroad clearances under tipple struc- 
 tures is of sufficient importance to warrant its most careful considera- 
 tion with the ultimate object of trying to secure more uniform and safer 
 practice. 
 
 To secure these results it may be necessary, after definite conclusions 
 have been reached — which are satisfactory to the more progressive ele- 
 ment in the industry — to enforce safe requirements regarding clearances 
 by State legislation in respective districts where this may be required. 
 
 Clearances for Over-Wind 
 
 A study of present practice indicates that there is not sufficient im- 
 portance given to providing adequate distance between the point of 
 dump in tipples, and the first obstruction in the tipple above the point 
 of dump. 
 
 When slow-speed hoists were in general use, so much importance did 
 not attach to the question of proper clearance for over-wind. However, 
 even in the past, properly designed tipples always provided a few feet of 
 clearance above the highest point reached by the cage when dumping, 
 and the nearest obstruction in the tipple or head-frame above. 
 
 With the present extensive use of high-speed electric hoists, this mat- 
 ter of clearance for over-wind becomes an important one, and a safe 
 clearance should always be provided, taking into account the speed of 
 the cage when entering the dumping horns, and also considering all 
 devices to be installed both in the tipple or on the hoist to prevent over- 
 winding. 
 
 Your Committee has not reached definite conclusions in this matter, 
 and therefore wishes to refer it to the Conference for further discussion 
 and suggestions. 
 
 It also seems reasonable that automatic stops should be provided to 
 prevent or control over-wind in high-speed electric hoists. 
 
 Your Committee would be pleased to have this question discussed and 
 to receive your suggestions. 
 
 Fire Protection 
 
 There is a great lack of uniformity and safe practice as regards the 
 building of structures over or near mine openings. Certain States have 
 laws requiring that only fireproof structures may be built over or within 
 a certain specified distance of any mine opening. In other States, where 
 such legal requirements do not make it necessary, unsafe practice largely 
 prevails. 
 
IEPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 38 
 
 Your Committee therefore recommends that good and safe practice, as 
 provided for by the mining laws of certain States, regarding fireproof 
 structures over or near mine openings, should be adopted, and an effort 
 made to have such practice adopted in other States. 
 
 Even in the States where laws have been passed for such protection, 
 the laws are not always sufficiently definite and controversy arises be- 
 tween the State Mining Board and operators who wish to economize. 
 
 We believe that a careful study should be made of the requirements in 
 States having such protective laws, with the object of recommending to 
 the State Mining Boards what we would consider good and safe practice. 
 AVe fully believe that these Boards would welcome such suggestions and 
 recommendations from our Congress. 
 
 We further believe that a careful study of the ultimate economy secured 
 by providing fireproof structures over and adjacent to mine openings 
 would fully warrant the expenditure necessary to secure such protection. 
 Frequent fires at coal mines, at the most inopportune time, when produc- 
 tion is required, indicate that a reasonable expenditure to prevent such 
 fires, is an evident economy in the life and operation of a mine. 
 
 It would seem that only persistent education carried on through such 
 agencies as our Congress, and other organizations of like purpose, is 
 necessary to secure these beneficial results. 
 
 Standardization of Merchandizing Machinery 
 
 It would seem to your Committee, after careful consideration of the 
 matter, that considerable standardization could be accomplished in cer- 
 tain standard equipment and machinery as now provided by manufac- 
 turers of such machinery. 
 
 In making this suggestion it is not contemplated that requests should 
 be made on manufacturers to produce uniform machinery for certain 
 purposes, but only to provide such machinery with as nearly as possible 
 standard and uniform connecting parts. 
 
 We believe that the manufacturers will co-operate with us in our 
 endeavor to standardize such parts, and thereby obviate the great diver- 
 sity of such connections as now appear on machinery made for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 Your Committee therefore recommends that this matter be fully dis- 
 cussed, and that special inquiries should be made from the manufac- 
 turers’ representatives present at our Standardization Conference, to 
 obtain their views, and if possible, their co-operation in securing the 
 beneficial results from the operators’ viewpoint from such standardiza- 
 tion. 
 
 Cages, Skips, and Dumps 
 
 We believe that a careful study of the cages and skips used for hoist- 
 ing men, coal, and materials, will indicate that there is opportunity for 
 a vast improvement in the safety devices applied to such equipment. * 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 :«) 
 
 It would not seem feasible to endeavor to secure the adoption of any 
 standards for such devices, so far as their uniformity is concerned, but 
 it would appear practical and highly beneficial to make a study of all 
 such devices with the object of adopting and recommending those which 
 would comply with good, safe practice for the various equipment to which 
 they would apply, and to endeavor to secure the adoption of better and 
 safer devices on such equipment as now marketed and which is not 
 provided with safe appliances. Your Committee therefore recommends 
 a more careful and extended study of this subject. 
 
 We believe that there is so much room for general improvement in 
 present day practice, especially among the lines that we have mentioned 
 above, that little opposition would be encountered from the industry in 
 securing the adoption of our recommendations if we will keep them 
 within conservative lines. 
 
 We also believe that having secured the adoption of certain improved 
 practices and standards by the industry, that it will naturally follow 
 that further improvement and standardization can be recommended, and 
 will also be adopted. This process of education and improvement go hand 
 in hand, and is a line along which all progress is made in any industry. 
 
 Following is a brief of the discussion of the Report of the Sub- 
 Committee on Outside Coal-Handling Equipment by the Chairman 
 of the General Committee: 
 
 Discussion of Sub-Committee’s Report 
 
 Mr. Wilson stated that he was greatly impressed with the valuable 
 contributions in this report, especially those relating to safety, and sug- 
 gested that the discusion be taken up in the order of the recommenda- 
 tions made by the Sub-Committee. 
 
 Mr. Scholz, acting-chairman of the Conference, stated that the first 
 recommendation of the Sub-Committee referred to clearances for railroad 
 cars under tipple structures, and that the Committee made definite recom- 
 mendations regarding horizontal clearances, but had found it difficult to 
 decide on the vertical clearance due to the varying height of railroad cars. 
 
 In this connection Mr. Scholz stated that the Virginian Railway was 
 using 120-ton coal cars, which he believed were 10 ft. 6 in. high, while the 
 Western roads used not only smaller cars, but cars of much less height 
 for the reason that they were of the gondola type. 
 
 Mr. Needham did not believe it practical to recommend a standard ver- 
 tical clearance, on account of the great diversity in the height of railroad 
 cars. 
 
 Mr. Wilson spoke at considerable length regarding the necessity for 
 providing proper vertical clearance above loading platforms, and advised 
 *bat certain Workmen’s Compensation Acts require insurance men to de- 
 
40 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 termine certain standards of safety in this connection, and he asked 
 the co-operation of the American Mining Congress and others in this 
 direction. 
 
 Highest Railroad Cars Determine Clearance of Tipples 
 
 Mr. Kiser suggested that his understanding of vertical clearance would 
 be the difference between the fixed tipple structure and the highest rail- 
 road cars that would visit a particular mine. 
 
 The Chairman of your Committee, in reviewing this discussion, agrees 
 with the latter conclusion, and believes it possible to recommend and 
 adopt a minimum vertical clearance which it would be assumed should be 
 the clearance, as Mr. Kiser suggests, above the highest railroad cars de- 
 livered to any particular mine. 
 
 Regarding the horizontal clearance, Mr. Wilson stated that he thought 
 the recommendations of the Committee, namely, a minimum of 18 in. 
 between any support under the tipple structure, and the widest railroad 
 cars passing under such structure was insufficient, and it should be at 
 least 20 inches. There seemed to be no adverse opinion to this suggestion 
 and the Sub-Committee will therefore accept this recommendation. 
 
 Mr. Scholz stated that the next question for discussion in this Sub- 
 committee’s report was ‘clearance for over-wind.’ He stated that this 
 was an important matter, due to the adoption of high-speed hoists, es- 
 pecially at large mines, where the cages or skips were likewise of a heavy 
 type, and for this reason a much larger clearance was required for safety 
 than at mines where slow-speed hoists and lighter equipment were used. 
 
 Mr. Bright advised that he had visited mines where there was practi- 
 cally no clearance for over-wind allowed, or at best only a foot or two, 
 which he considered a dangerous condition. He therefore considered it 
 important that some reasonable safe clearance for over-wind should be 
 agreed upon. 
 
 Mr. Larson was of the opinion that even with adequate clearance for 
 over-wind safety would not be attained without the use of proper safety 
 devices for slowing down, and for preventing over-wind. 
 
 Mr. Kiser suggested that such devices for slowing down and preventing 
 over-wind were difficult to apply where the tonnage required at a mine 
 was greatly taxing the hoisting equipment. 
 
 Summing up this discussion, your Committee believes that a reasonable 
 minimum clearance for over-wind of at least 10 or 12 ft. is advisable, and 
 will be an additional feature of safety notwithstanding any other safety 
 devices that may be applied. 
 
 Mr. Scholz stated that the next subject recommended by the Committee 
 for consideration was fire protection: 
 
 Fire-Resistant a Better Term Than Fireproof 
 
 Mr. Wilson believed that real fireproofing is a very much over-worked 
 phrase, and is very badly applied in general. He hat a great deal of 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 41 
 
 experience in this connection while in conferences with the National Fire 
 Protection Association, and he advised that practically nothing in the way 
 of building construction is fireproof, and therefore suggests that we would 
 better use the term ‘fire-resistant’ and ‘slow-burning’ for another grade 
 of construction. He believed that this important subject needed furthe 
 consideration, and that it would be well to appoint a Sub-Committee from 
 this Committee to make a careful study of this whole subject of fire 
 protection for mine shafts, slopes, and mine bottoms. 
 
 There was considerable discussion of this subject, and it seemed to be 
 the consensus of opinion that several .types of construction being used to 
 fulfill the requirements of mine laws for fireproof construction did not 
 always answer this requirement, especially after such construction had 
 been installed for some time, and might be damaged by accident or 
 otherwise. 
 
 Your Committee therefore would sum up this discussion with the con- 
 clusion that no construction is fireproof if it is made up of combustible 
 material, even though such material may be covered with a layer of fire- 
 proofing, or fire-resisting material. 
 
 Your Committee also agrees with the suggestion that this is a subject 
 of sufficient importance to deserve the further consideration of a special 
 committee, which would make a thorough study of the subject and report 
 back to this Committee. 
 
 Mr. Scholz stated that the next subject presented by the Committee for 
 consideration was standardizing machinery. 
 
 The discussion of this topic seemed to be wide of the mark, and your 
 Committee can only hope that on publication of the work, more careful 
 consideration will be given to the recommendation by the Committee re- 
 garding standardization of certain parts of more or less standardized 
 equipment and machinery. 
 
 Mr. Scholz stated that the last subject submitted by the Committee for 
 consideration was cages, skips and dumps, a subject on which he could 
 spend a whole day and then have much left to say. No further discussion 
 was offered on the recommendations of the Committee that certain mini- 
 mum requirements for safety should be recommended and adopted for 
 cages, skips, and dumps. 
 
 MR. SCHOLZ: If there is no further discussion, we will pass to the 
 next paper, which is the report of the Sub-Committee on Underground 
 Transportation, of which Mr. Watts is chairman. 
 
42 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Following is the Report of the Sub-Committee on Standardiza- 
 tion of Underground Transportation: 
 
 The adoption of standards is a matter of education and leads to safe 
 and economical production and operation for both manufacturer and con- 
 sumer of such apparatus and equipment as falls within the influence of 
 its prescribed subjects. While we understand that this Committee was 
 authorized to recommend standards covering transportation problems of 
 underground mine operation, yet we believe in view of the experience of 
 other organizations and associations similarly engaged in attempts to 
 standardize certain matters in connection with their work, that better 
 results will be obtained if at present we were to suggest a number of 
 practices that would be known as ‘Recommended Practices’ rather than 
 iron bound or fixed standards. We feel that when a standard of anything 
 is adopted, it should be one that all of the members of any association 
 could and would subscribe to. 
 
 The Sub-Committee undertakes to submit for the General Committee’s 
 consideration Recommended Practices on the following: (1) track gage; 
 (2) minimum track curvature; (3) wheel-base — coal mine-cars; and (4) 
 maximum outside length of car-body; and, in addition to these, to outline 
 the work in connection with details of car construction, which it has in 
 view for early attention. 
 
 Track Gage (Recommended practice, 42 inches) 
 
 It is well recognized by the Committee that at the present time track 
 gages vary by almost inches from 24 to 48 in. with standard-gage track 
 occasionally in use. They recognize also that 36, 42, 44, and 4S-in. gage 
 tracks predominate, and we have ascertained that in installations re- 
 cently made and contemplated, about 80% of the track to be installed is 
 of 42-in. gage. The Committee realizes the actual necessity of making one 
 gage of track as a Recommended Practice if we are ever to accomplish 
 anything in the way of standards. We realize that mine developments 
 are becoming larger, heavier cars are being used, larger locomotives are 
 required, higher speeds are necessary, all of which tends to economy, and 
 after material deliberation we have decided to make the definite recom- 
 mendation for a 42-in. gage track, because on this gage can be con- 
 structed a standard car which is capable of containing any tonnage from 
 1 to 5 tons of coal. 
 
 Minimum Track Curvature 
 
 Recommended Practice — for rooms, not main haulage. 28 ft. radius 
 based on No. 2 track-frog, having an angle of 28° 04'. Having recom- 
 mended a definite track gage the Committee feels the necessity of recom- 
 mending a minimum curvature of track. After giving this subject much 
 consideration, and consulting with the manufacturers of track, we find 
 that most consistent minimum curvature that could be established would 
 be that of a 28-ft. radius, which is based on the use of a No. 2 track-frog 
 having an angle of 28° 04'. The Committee realizes that this is seem- 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 4 ;j 
 
 ingly a large step in track construction. It has considered that there 
 will probably be a little increase in cost in the initial laying of track 
 with this curvature. We have, however, considered its relation to the 
 42-in. gage of track, and to the capacity of cars that must be hauled 
 around the curves. There is, as all engineers realize, a direct relation 
 between track-gage curvature and wheel-base of cars which will permit 
 economy in operation of equipment, economy in track repairs, and a 
 distinct lessening in car derailments, which are in themselves economies. 
 
 Wheel-Base of Coal Mine-Cars (Recommended Practice, Minimum 42 
 inches) 
 
 The Committee makes this direct recommendation, because there is a 
 distinct relation, that must be adhered to, between track gage, curvature, 
 and wheel-base. A wheel-base equal to track gage is (1) theoretically 
 correct and practically permissible; (2) it eliminates derailment; (3) 
 increases speed; (4) lengthens the life of cars in service; (5) future 
 operations tends to higher speed and larger capacity cars; and (6) while 
 this is a radical departure from present practice since the early establish- 
 ment of 26-in. wheel-base, it is realized that these short wheel-bases are 
 fast passing from mines. New features, such as mechanically-handled 
 cars at the face of rooms, the necessity of reducing the cost of operation, 
 all tending towards the use of the larger car, which in turn necessitates 
 the longer wheel-base. 
 
 Overall Length of Car-Body (Recommended Practice) 
 
 The maximum outside length of coal mine-car body measured over 
 sills — not bumpers — shall be 126 in. In an endeavor to establish a fixed 
 relation between the wheel-base and the length of the car-body, due con- 
 sideration has been given to the results observed in deteriorating effects 
 of mine-cars in service. It is generally considered that one of the prin- 
 cipal channels of deterioration of coal mine-cars comes through the bend- 
 ing of the car-body bottom over the axles when the centers of axles are 
 too close together. This results in the early destruction of the car, and 
 therefore means a heavy repair expense because of this short wheel-base. 
 Therefore it was unanimously agreed that the over-hang of a car-body 
 should not exceed one-third of its total length. This in turn means that 
 the maximum car-body length will be three times the wheel-base, and 
 since the wheel-base has been fixed at 42 in., it is better to state this 
 length of car-body in fixed terms of inches rather than relating it in any 
 way to the wheel-base. 
 
 Couplers and Height of Coupler Center 
 
 The Committee discussed the advisability of recommending practices 
 for couplers and the height of coupler centers. The discussion developed 
 that the Federal Government had already thoroughly cared for the subject 
 of safety appliances for railways through the Interstate Commerce Com- 
 mission, and that it was possible in the future that the Government might 
 establish more or less safety appliance standards for mine equipment, so 
 it might be well if the Ai" nrican Mining Congress could anticipate anv 
 
REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 44 
 
 action that the Government might take regarding safety rules in mine-car 
 equipment. It was therefore recommended by this Sub-Committee that 
 an automatic coupler should be considered, also that the height of center 
 of couplers, based on 16-in. wheels, shall be 10 in. above rails. A varia- 
 tion 1 in. above and 1 in. below will be allowed to accommodate 18 and 
 14 in. wheels, respectively. This provides for placing the drawbar under 
 the car-floor instead of above, as is the present general practice. 
 
 These subjects will be considered, and final recommendations made by 
 this Sub-Committee at an early date. There are many items involved 
 when considering the height of coupler center before a standard truck 
 can be decided upon, such as wheel diameters, thickness and height of 
 flanges, size of axles, size of boxes, etc. These points should be considered 
 and established in conjunction with the question of type of coupler and 
 height of coupler center. 
 
 Industrial Car Manufacturers’ Institute (Recommended Practice) 
 
 This organization, which is an association of industrial car builders, 
 having already established certain Recommended Practices bearing on 
 the practical as well as theoretical construction of coal mine-cars, has 
 given our Sub-Con^mittee a memorandum of its Recommended Practices 
 that have so far been adopted. It is our understanding that these prac- 
 tices will be enlarged upon from time to time, and will include recom- 
 mendations covering practices for treads and flanges of wheels, weights 
 of wheels for carrying capacity of cars, diameter for axles, and journal 
 bearings, types of couplers, and so forth. 
 
 As the time Of this Sub-Committee has been occupied by the disposal of 
 the above definite recommendations, the practices of the Industrial Car 
 Manufacturers’ Institute have not been discussed in detail at any of our 
 meetings, but they will be carefully considered by the Members of the 
 Sub-Committee, with the idea of discussing them at the next meeting. 
 For the information of members of the American Mining Congress, a copy 
 of the Industrial Car Manufacturers’ Institute’s ‘Recommended Practices’ 
 for mine-car construction is attached to this report. 
 
 DATA ON COAL-MINE CARS 
 
 Bolts 
 
 In construction, bolts of and %-in. diameter only are to be used, and 
 lengths shall not vary in. multiples of less than % inch. 
 
 Capacity 
 
 Weights of coal to be used in computing size of car-bodies: 
 
 Cubic Feet per Pounds per 
 
 Coals^ ton of 2.000 lb. cubic foot. 
 
 Gas 42 47.6 
 
 Low volatile 35 57.1 
 
 Anthracite 35 57.1 
 
 Car-Bodies (Widths) 
 
 The outside width of car-body bottoms (measured inside of belt shall 
 be 6 in. less than track gage. 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 45 
 
 Factor of Safety 
 
 For running gear and under-frame a factor of safety of not less than 
 four to be used. 
 
 Irons (Square and Round) 
 
 Square and round iron will be limited to sizes varying not less than 
 y s in. thickness or diameter. 
 
 Irons (Car-Body) 
 
 All kinds of flat irons, including binders, belt braces, and braces, ver- 
 tical braces, box braces, drawbars, etc., shall be made in sizes varying not 
 less than ^ in. width, nor y 8 in. thickness. 
 
 Lumber Sizes 
 
 Where specifications and prints do not definitely state the requirement, 
 it should be considered that sizes given are for sawed material. 
 
 If finished material is called for, it is recommended that material fur- 
 nished shall be of the nearest standard finished size to that called for. 
 
 Rating 
 
 To determine size of bodies, to be water-level full with top of sides.’ 
 
 Questionnaire for Coal Mine-Cars 
 
 (This form approved by the Industrial Car Manufacturers’ Institute.) 
 
 Questionnaire No 
 
 Capacity 
 
 Bushels 
 Gage of Track 
 
 Date 
 
 Wheel-Base 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 Size of Axles. 
 
 Wheels 
 
 Length 
 
 Height 
 
 Brake 
 
 Brake Lever 
 Handle 
 
 Bumpers 
 
 Diameter Style Size of journal 
 
 Inside of car 
 
 Center line coupling link 
 
 Over bumpers 
 
 Car side above rail 
 
 Rear end above bottom 
 
 Is brake wanted? Style 
 
 Single or double 
 
 On which side standing at rear of car? 
 
 Does it pull to right or left? 
 
 Show rough outline on sketch on back of sheet. 
 
 Style 
 
 Diameter of holes — Top 
 
 Door-Latch 
 
 Style 
 
 Bottom 
 
 On which side standing at rear? 
 
40 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Drawbar 
 
 Type 
 
 Size of coupling holes 
 
 End Gate, If Required 
 
 Hitching, if required: 
 
 Lift or swing type 
 
 ! (Describe) 
 
 Make sketch 
 
 Track Curvature 
 
 In order that cars will operate most satisfactory in ore and coal mines, 
 
 the following information for elevating the outside rail of track on curve. 
 
 which is considered general good practice, is 
 
 given to members to be used 
 
 when they are called 
 
 upon 
 
 to suggest types 
 
 of track construction. This 
 
 information is taken 
 
 from 
 
 the ‘Coal Miners’ 
 
 Pocket Book.’ 
 
 Degree of 
 
 
 Radius of 
 
 Elevation of outer 
 
 curve. 
 
 
 curve, feet. 
 
 rail, inches. 
 
 1 
 
 
 5,729.6 
 
 % 
 
 2 
 
 
 2,864.9 
 
 -4 
 
 3 
 
 
 1,910.1 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 1,432.7 
 
 Vl6 
 
 5 
 
 
 1,146.3 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 955.4 
 
 13 /l6 
 
 7 
 
 
 819.0 
 
 33 /l6 
 
 8 
 
 
 716.8 
 
 % 
 
 9 
 
 
 637.3 
 
 1 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 573.7 
 
 1 V 8 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 478.3 
 
 Ww 
 
 15.0 
 
 
 383.1 
 
 1% 
 
 18.0 
 
 
 319.6 
 
 
 20.0 
 
 
 287.9 
 
 2% 6 
 
 60.0 
 
 
 100.0 
 
 414 
 
 112.9 
 
 
 60.0 
 
 41/2 
 
 . 180.0 
 
 
 50.0 
 
 414 
 
 It is not generally advisable to elevate the rail more than 4*4 in., as it 
 is not good practice to attempt to run trips around sharp curves at a high 
 speed. The rule for standard-gage roads (4 ft. 8 y 2 in.) on surface and for 
 speeds of 25 to 35 miles per hour, is to elevate the outer rail 14 in. for 
 each degree of curvature. An approximate rule often given for narrower 
 gages is to make the elevation proportional to the gage based on the 
 amount given for standard gage. Thus, for a 36-in. gage, the elevation 
 would be about two-thirds of the elevation for a 56%-in. gage for the same 
 speed and curve. 
 
 The elevations of the outer rail given in the table correspond to the 
 middle ordinates of the respective curves for a chord of 20 ft. Hence, a 
 common rule to determine the amount of the elevation of the outer rail, 
 for a speed of 15 miles per hour for a 3-ft. gage, is to measure the middle 
 ordinate of a string 20 ft. long, stretched as a chord on the gage-line of the 
 outer rail. For higher or lower speeds, make the length of the string 
 proportional to the speed; thus, for a speed of 12 miles per hour use a 
 16-ft. string; for 9 miles per hour a 12-ft. string, etc. Also the elevation 
 should be proportional to the gage; thus, for a 30-in. gage, use five-sixth > 
 of the above elevation, etc. 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 47 
 
 The general rule is to begin to elevate the rail a short distance before 
 the curve begins, this distance depending on the amount required. It is, 
 however, not always practicable to do this in mine work. 
 
 Track Gage 
 
 For new track construction and for use of equipment wherever possible, 
 the 36, 42, 48 and 56%in. (4 ft. 8% in. railroad standard). 
 
 Wheel-Base (Length of) 
 
 Wheel-base variations to be between 24 in. minimum and 40 in. maxi- 
 mum, and the variations be not less than 2 in. or multiples of 2 inches. 
 
 The following whpel-base computation should be followed: The radius 
 of curves over which cars must travel, given in feet, when multiplied by 
 two, gives most desirable wheel-base in inches. 
 
 Wheel Diameters 
 
 Wheels of the following diameters only to be used: 14, 16 and 18 
 inches. 
 
 Wheel Mounting 
 
 In mounting wheels on axles, the wheel gage, which should be measured 
 from throat of flange to throat of flange on opposite wheel, should be 
 y 2 in. less than track gage. 
 
 Following is the address delivered to Joint Sections of Metal and 
 Coal Mining Standardization Sections of the American Mining 
 Congress, by James Milliken president of the Industrial Car Manu- 
 facturers’ Institute. 
 
 At the request of Colonel Warren R. Roberts, chairman of the Standard- 
 ization Committee, Coal Mining Section, of the Ajnerican Mining Con- 
 gress, I prepared a paper to be read before this Congress. Since attending 
 several of the Standardization Committees’ conferences I have been im- 
 pressed with the necessity of our doing a number of things in a consecu- 
 tive order, so that the standardization of mining equipment may become 
 an established fact. If you will bear with me for a few moments I want 
 to emphasize a number of necessities of the case. 
 
 Standardization Means Economies and Efficiency 
 
 You appreciate the real value of standardization. It means economies 
 and efficiency. In order that standards may be actually realized, it is 
 first necessary that we convince the mine operators that the proposed 
 standards are correct, and that real economies will result. In order to do 
 that, in the first place your several Committees must make the same 
 recommendations. Unless this is done, no real standards can be set. This 
 is, I believe, the first real Standardization Congress that has been held, 
 
48 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 or in which real reports have been presented, and it will be noted that 
 some of the Sub-Committees’ reports are not in line with each other. I 
 want, therefore, to suggest the necessity of having all individual Com- 
 mittee’s or Sub-Committees’ reports considered by a General Committee 
 before being presented to the Congress, in order that single definite 
 recommendations can be made. 
 
 It is not difficult to make recommendations for standard practices, but 
 it is going to be hard to convince all of the members of this organization 
 that the standards recommended are correct, and will result in economies. 
 It is one thing to make standard practices, and another to get members 
 to agree to follow them, and unless this is done there is no value in estab- 
 lishing standard practices. It has been the experience of a large number 
 of associations that the best way to educate men to thfe use of standards is 
 to introduce theme as recommended practices. This has two advantages: 
 The practice is not compulsory until it is proved correct. When once the 
 correctness of a principal is established and understood, there will be no 
 difficulty in getting members to subscribe to it. It is, therefore, earnestly 
 recommended that all of the suggested standards be adopted first as Rec- 
 ommended Practices, and in order that you may know that members are 
 willing to agree to follow them, it is further recommended that each 
 Practice be submitted to each member in the form of a letter ballot. If 
 your Recommended Practices are correct, your ballots will all be voted for, 
 and when your members vote for them then will they be willing to agree 
 to them. 
 
 Mine-Cars Easily Standardized 
 
 I am pleased to talk about the practicability of standardizing mine-car 
 equipment for two reasons: (1) because of my association with the 
 Industrial Car Manufacturers’ Institute; and (2) because I personally 
 believe thoroughly in the economies of standardization. 
 
 The Industrial Car Manufacturers’ Institute is really a get-together as- 
 sociation of a number of the manufacturers of industrial cars; to procure 
 economical results; promote a spirit of co-operation among its members; 
 provide means for interchange of views effecting industrial car building 
 interests; to provide means for discussion of live topics; to preserve 
 equitable conditions not only in the workshop, but in selling practices; 
 and to standardize designs and specifications and bring about a uni- 
 formity in method of inspection, purchase, etc. 
 
 Much of the work that has been accomplished by this Institute is the 
 adoption of Recommended Practices in industrial car construction, which 
 will eventually lead to real standardization in construction. About the 
 details of that I will tell you more a little later. Whenever large work 
 is undertaken, or a multiplicity of interests are combined, standardization 
 follows, which inevitably results in many economies. The Master Car 
 Builders’ Association was formed about 1872, and a great amount of work 
 has been accomplished by it in the way of standardizing freight-car equip- 
 ment for interchange throughout the United States. At the present time, 
 practically all of the parts of freight-cars requiring extensive renewal or 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 JO 
 
 repairs are standard throughout the country for the several types and 
 capacities of cars. The result of this is that if a Pennsylvania Railroad 
 car needs a new pair of wheels, or a new coupler, or a new journal bear- 
 ing, when the car is in Denver or San Francisco, the repair-men at that 
 point make the necessary renewal of the same sizes and kinds of mate- 
 rials that are being used by the owning road. It can be readily realized 
 what it would mean to keep freight-cars running over all this country if 
 every railroad had to keep repair parts for every other company’s cars 
 which come into that particular territory. I talk particularly of cars, be- 
 cause they seem to be more apropos of the coal mine-car problem. 
 
 Standard Sizes of Steel Products 
 
 The question of standardization, however, applies to practically all 
 modern business methods. It applies to steel production, and to the 
 manufacture of almost any article that is generally used throughout the 
 country. Where would we be if pipe sizes, fittings, and treads, were not 
 standardized? We must all acknowledge it would be very inconvenient 
 if electric-light bulbs were not standardized throughout the country. 
 Large department stores have their standards; many order-houses have 
 theirs; and in fact in almost any walk of life standards of one kind or 
 another have been adopted and are in daily use. 
 
 While the question of details for freight-cars has been generally stand- 
 ardized, for the construction of industrial car equipment, particularly 
 when gages other than that of the standard-gage railroads are considered, 
 there are really no standards at the present time. 
 
 The Industrial Car Manufacturers’ Institute is composed of members 
 who build industrial cars. This membership is sub-divided into groups 
 and one of these groups represents the builders of coal mine-cars. One of 
 their particular desires is to standardize, just as far as possible, mine-car 
 construction, for their own economies and in order to produce coal mine- 
 cars that will give the best of service. At the present time there are many 
 hundreds /of coal mines in operation which could use cars of exactly 
 similar design, where the operating conditions are practically the same. 
 If a standard car can be adopted to give a maximum service, it will cer- 
 tainly of great advantage to the mine-car operator, because he gets the 
 best car that can be designed, and because these cars and their parts can 
 be made in larger quantities the cost is going to be materially reduced. 
 At the present time there are scarcely any two car-builders or any two 
 engineers who manufacture or design the same type of a mine-car wheel. 
 There is certainly one tread, one flange, and one-weight wheel for a given 
 capacity car that will give the maximum service. At the present time 
 there are hardly any two alike. Some designs are good; some designs 
 are bad; some wheels are too light for the service, and others are so 
 heavy that unnecessary weight is being dragged around. This same 
 feature applies to sizes of axles and journals, sizes and shapes of belts or 
 binders, sizes and heights of couplers, etc., the manufacturer has to make 
 innumerable patterns for castings, innumerable forms for making car 
 irons of many shapes and sizes. In order to supplv demands they have to 
 
50 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 carry in stock quantities of these many different types and sizes. When 
 these parts are all standardized, and by that I do not necessarily mean 
 simply one standard for all kinds of service and for all operating condi- 
 tions, but I do mean that there are standards that can be produced that 
 will meet your operating conditions and that will give you many and 
 lasting economies. 
 
 Recommended Practices Adopted 
 
 Up to the present time the Industrial Car Manufacturers’ Institute has 
 adopted Recommended Practices covering specifications for materials that 
 will be used in mine-car construction; a factor of safety for these mate- 
 lials; they all compute the capacity of cars in the way; they all use 
 the same weights for gas coals, low volatile coals, and anthracite coals, 
 in computing the capacity of their cars; they have decided upon the 
 proper size bolts and rivets, car irons, etc., which should be used in cars 
 of varying capacities; they now use a standard specification or, called by 
 a better term, a questionnaire for the purchaser of mine-car equipment; 
 they are prepared to make recommendations covering the best practice 
 for gage or track, curvature of track, wheel-base of cars, wheel diameters, 
 and so forth. 
 
 You have a Committee on the Standardization of Underground Trans- 
 portation which has made a report to this Convention. The members of 
 the Committee had a number of meetings, and have devoted much time 
 and thought to the question of standardization. They have made a few 
 definite recommendations covering new installations. Some of you may 
 have been startled by these recommendations, which are far-reaching. 
 When, however, you consider the real inwardness of the report and the 
 step that it is going to be, I trust that you will all give the several ques- 
 tions your mature consideration. When you do this I feel sure that the 
 recommendations of this Committee will be unanimously adopted. 
 
 For the Industrial Car Manufacturers’ Institute I can say that we will 
 be glad to work along with your Committees, your operators, your mine 
 superintendents, and your engineers, in the endeavor to establish stand- 
 ards in mine-car construction, which will give to the operators the most 
 efficient and the most economical coal mine-cars that can be produced. 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 51 
 
 Following is the brief of discussion on the Report of the Sub- 
 Committee on Underground Transportation by the Chairman of 
 the General Committee: 
 
 This Sub-Committee was fortunate in having its Chairman present, 
 who read the report and offered the following brief explanation regarding 
 the work of the Committee: 
 
 Composition of Committees 
 
 Mr. Watts explained that his Committee was composed of men repre- 
 senting the operating branch of the industry, consulting mining engineers, 
 and manufacturers, and that therefore his Committee was quite repre- 
 sentative of the industry. He further advised that the Committee had 
 many interesting meetings, and he had discussed at great length all the 
 subjects covered in the report, and therefore the recommendations rep- 
 resented a great deal of earnest thought on this subject. 
 
 Mr. Ebe inquired whether the Committee in making the recommenda- 
 tions on track gages had taken into consideration the methods of mining 
 by long-wall system in the northern fields, and Mr. Watts replied that 
 their recommendations were applicable for that system of mining. 
 
 Mr. Milliken first called attention to the fact that different track gages 
 were recommended in another Sub-Committee’s Report than those in the 
 report under discussion, and in this connection pointed out the necessity 
 for co-ordinating these reports. He made the additional suggestion that 
 instead of at first adopting standards, it might be well to submit to the 
 industry ‘Recommended Practices,’ and in this manner lead up later to 
 standards. He also stated that he did not agree with some criticism that 
 had been offered by others regarding the lack of co-operation on the part 
 of manufacturers to improving and standardizing mining equipment, and 
 he stated that the car manufacturers, and particularly those of coal mine- 
 cars, are looking forward earnestly to an adoption of recommended prac- 
 tices which will eventually become standards. He stated further that the 
 Industrial Car Manufacturers’ Institute is divided into groups and one of 
 these groups is devoted to the construction of mine-cars. This group has 
 done a great deal of good work in the way of adopting recommended 
 practices for a good many details. Mr. Milliken advised that if this 
 Standardization Conference would adopt standards, or recommend good 
 practices, the car manufacturers would be glad to follow them. 
 
 Work of National Safety Council 
 
 Mr. Hall, representing the National Safety Council, advised that the 
 Council was interested in the safety of machinery as well as practices 
 around mines, and that the Council had done a great deal of good work 
 in trying to promote improved and safe practice. He stated that the 
 Council felt it had not had proper recognition by not being given appoint- 
 ments on the Standardization Committees. He thought this was doubtless 
 an oversight, or based on the presumption that the men in the National 
 Safety Council were too busy to attend committee meetings. 
 
52 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 He also advised that the Council had arranged with the U. S. Bureau of 
 Mines to secure the services of Mr. C. E. Juraden, who would be detailed 
 to the Mining Division of the Council’s work, and are ready to co-operate 
 with our Standardization Committees. 
 
 Mr. Kiser closed the discussion by calling Mr. Hall’s attention to the 
 fact that the American Mining Congress has a special committee on 
 Safety Codes, which Committee is composed of one member from each 
 of the Sub-Committes on Standardization, and that this Committee was 
 appointed with the intention that it should act in a joint capacity be- 
 tween the various Sub-Committees on Standardization and the National 
 Safety Council, or any other organization interested, in this work of 
 Standardization. 
 
 Replying further to Mr. Hall's suggestion that the National Safety 
 Council was anxious to co-operate in this work, and to have representa- 
 tives on our Standardization Committees, we have to advise that the 
 Chairman of your General Committee has had conferences with Mr. Wil- 
 liams, chief engineer of the National Safety Council, on this subpect, and 
 advised him that we were anxious to have its co-operation. However, it 
 seems that the pressure of other matters has prevented them from giving 
 us much assistance so far. It is our earnest desire, however, to have such 
 co-operation, and another effort will be made to secure it. 
 
 Recommendations Require Consideration 
 
 We wish particularly to call attention to the fact that this Sub-Com- 
 mittee gave first attention to improved and standard practices, and that 
 many of their meetings were devoted to these broader subjects and that in 
 their report they make a few recommendations which should have the 
 earnest consideration of the industry. 
 
 The adoption of the practices recommended by this Committee in open- 
 ing up of new mines, or the resuscitation of old mines would be of very 
 great benefit not only to the industry but to manufacturers also. 
 
 MR. SCHOLZ: We will now have the paper on Ventilation by Mr. W. 
 ,T. Montgomery. [He was not present, but Mr. Rowe of the American 
 Blower Co., who disagreed w T ith most of it, gave a resume. The report 
 has since been revised somewhat.] 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Following is the Report of the Sub-Committee on Standardiza- 
 tion of Mine Ventilation, signed by Mr. Montgomery: 
 
 As Chairman of the Sub-Committee on Standardization of Mine Ven- 
 tilation equipment, I am pleased to submit the following recommenda- 
 tions, with a view of establishing this important factor of the great 
 mining industry on a higher plane where it rightly belongs. 
 
 The suggestions as set forth in this report have not been approved by 
 the various members of the Sub-Committee, but they were taken from 
 letters reecived from the members and other data compiled by your chair- 
 man. The general opinion was expressed that there is not much room to 
 standardize fans when they must be built to meet every condition found 
 in the mining field. However, we believe there is a large field before us 
 in the way of presenting mine ventilation data with a view of impressing 
 those in charge of this important work with the great necessity of pro- 
 viding large air-ways and keeping them free from obstructions throughout 
 the life of the mine. This report will deal with recommendations as to 
 fan installation, boosters, air-ways, and velocities. 
 
 The following is recommended for fan installations: 
 
 1. That for all gaseous mines there should be an auxiliary fan installed 
 with drive complete. 
 
 2. That for all non-gaseous mines at least an auxiliary drive should be 
 provided. 
 
 3. That the driving power for the auxiliary equipment should be from 
 a different source than that for the main drive, especially so if electric 
 drives are employed. 
 
 4. That all fans be made fireproof. No combustible material should be 
 used for the installation. 
 
 5. That there be a maximum outlet velocity into the open atmosphere, 
 varying with the water-gauge against which the fan is operating. 
 
 6. That there be a maximum inlet velocity to the fan varying with the 
 water-gauge against which the fan is working. 
 
 7. That all fans for gaseous, and large non-gaseous mines be so con- 
 structed that they can be readily reversed. 
 
 8. That fans should not be reversed under any circumstances, unless 
 conditions inside the mine are thoroughly known. 
 
 10. That in case of moderate to large capacity mines it is advantageous 
 to the operator to install a permanent fan at the beginning of operation, 
 and that where the fan is not too far placed from the boiler-house, a 
 steam-engine drive is better adapted ; this because it is more economical 
 than an electric drive and because the speed of the fan is more . easily 
 regulated. Where electricity is the power employed at a mine with a 
 large fan, we recommend a slip-ring motor in preference to a squirrel- 
 cage type. 
 
54 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 11. That if a temporary fan is installed, it should be so placed that 
 the installation of the permanent fan will not interfere with the opera- 
 tion of the temporary one. 
 
 12. That all fan installations be equipped with a regular U-tube water- 
 gauge. 
 
 Booster-Fans 
 
 1. That they are recommended for use in mines where a section is so 
 remote as to become insufficiently ventilated and where a permanent fan 
 on the outside is in use, but we do not approve of the use of a booster 
 fan as the only source of ventilation, that is a permanent fan should be 
 on the outside. 
 
 2. That the brattice and booster fan installation be made absolutely 
 fireproof. 
 
 3. That a by-pass door be made in the brattice of ample size to permit 
 sufficient volume to pass without going through the booster. 
 
 4. That the by-pass door should always swing in the direction of the 
 air current. 
 
 5. That the moter driving the booster-fan be provided with an auto- 
 matic starter. 
 
 Air-Ways 
 
 With respect to the air-ways, we believe that no mine should be per- 
 mitted to get into such a condition as to require a water-gage of over 3 
 inches to ventilate it properly, and as a means to this end we recommend 
 the following: 
 
 1. That all air-ways be driven straight, and where changes in direc- 
 tion are necessary, they be made by long radius curves. 
 
 2. That an easement be provided at the bottom of the fan air-shaft to 
 enable a change of direction with a minimum of shock. 
 
 3. That all air-ways be kept clean and free from accumulations of 
 falls, mine-cars, old timbers, etc. 
 
 4. That where overcasts are used, the air-ways over the bridge be of 
 the same cross-section as found in the entries and that an easement be 
 provided on each side of the bridge. 
 
 5. That in the interest of both safety and economy the air be divided 
 into several splits rather than forced to travel in one continuous current. 
 
 6. That all brattices and stoppings be made air-tight. 
 
 7. That the air shall not pass through old workings to new workings. 
 
 8. That wherever possible in a mine, air be brought in or discharged 
 from openings at points remote from the fan. 
 
 9. That where labor and roof conditions permit, the multiple-entry 
 system be used. 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 i 
 
 DO 
 
 10. That a change in the laws governing crosscuts be enacted per- 
 mitting parallel entries to be driven 200 ft. or more before a crosscut is 
 made; the ventilation of these entries to be accomplished by means of 
 small auxiliary fans and the air current carried to the face through 
 tubing. 
 
 This method will ensure a copious supply at the face at all times, 
 reduce the cost of miking numerous cuts and building stoppings, prevent 
 a vast amount of air leakage and short circuiting, and in turn greatly 
 reduce the volume of air the permanent fan must handle with a corre- 
 sponding decrease in power consumption. 
 
 11. That where stoppings are built, they should be constructed of 
 masonry. Piling of gob material against masonry stoppings should be 
 avoided. Stoppings should be inspected frequently. 
 
 12. That the splits should be made close to the intake, and the several 
 branches united again close as possible to the outlet. 
 
 13. That there should be a free and unobstructed inlet and outlet for 
 the air. Haulways and hoisting shafts offer too much obstruction. 
 
 Air Velocities 
 
 In respect to the velocity of air currents, the following is recommended: 
 
 1. That the velocity in the main entries shall not exceed 1000 ft. per 
 minute. 
 
 2. That the velocity at face of workings shall not exceed 300 ft. per 
 minute. 
 
 3. That the velocity in the air-shaft or drift shall not exceed 2000 ft. 
 per minte. 
 
 General Conclusions 
 
 It is the opinion of your Chairman that a system of educational work 
 should be started relative to the operation and duties performed by mine- 
 fans. There appears to be a woeful lack of data and knowledge of the 
 subject. Hundreds of mine-fans are condemned by their users as well as 
 by many mine inspectors simply because the mine will not pass the air 
 at a reasonable pressure. The fan may have a normal capacity of 200,000 
 cu. ft. at 3-in. gage, but the mine capacity is only 100,000 cu. ft. at 3-in. 
 gage, hence only 100,000 cu. ft. is obtained at this pressure. The mine 
 acts as a regulator on the fan, therefore, no matter how large a duty is 
 specified for the fan, only 100,000 cu. ft. is obtained at 3-in. gage. 
 
 It is a fact that you find many large mines with not over 3 or 4 years’ 
 development offering 2-in. pressure for 100,000 cu. ft. The main object of 
 the operator is to get out a big tonnage and the air-ways are often neg- 
 lected. He will pay a high penalty in the future in the way of power 
 bills and trouble to get sufficient air to the face of the workings. It is the 
 duty of the mine inspector, and those in charge of this important work, 
 to keep a watchful eye on the mine resistance, and demand that large 
 air-ways be provided and maintained at all times. The whole trouble is 
 
REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 5(3 
 
 due to the fact that many operators think it is cheaper to purchase a new 
 fan than maintain good air-ways. They do not realize that the new fan, 
 which they contemplate purchasing, cannot produce any more air at the 
 given pressure than the old one. The mine resistance is a charactertistic 
 of the mine and has absolutely nothing to do with the fan. The table 
 below emphasizes clearly the importance of maintaining large air-ways 
 at all times: 
 
 Perimeter 
 
 Power varies as 
 
 Cube of area 
 
 Size of air-ways. 
 
 Perimeter. 
 
 Relative Powers Making 
 Area. Air-way 10 by 10 = 10 h. p. 
 
 10 by 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 
 100 
 
 10.0 
 
 8 by 
 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 64 
 
 30.5 
 
 7 by 
 
 7 
 
 28 
 
 49 
 
 59.5 
 
 6 by 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 128.5 
 
 5 by 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 320.0 
 
 It will be noted from 
 
 the table that 
 
 if it 
 
 requires 10 h. p. for an 
 
 way of 100 sq. ft., it will require about 6 times this amount for an air-way 
 one-half this size. . 
 
 Following is a Brief of the Discussion of the Report of Sub- 
 Committee on Standardization of Mine Ventilation by the Chair- 
 man of the General Committee: 
 
 The Chairman of this Sub-Committee not being present, the report 
 of the Committee was presented by Mr. Rowe, one of the members of the 
 Committee. 
 
 From a reading of the transcript of the proceedings of this session of 
 the Standardization Conference, it would appear that Mr. Rowe did not 
 read the report and then discuss it, but proceeded to take exceptions to 
 the conclusions and recommendations contained in the report. We think 
 that was an unfortunate way to present the paper, as it did not give the 
 members of the Conference an opportunity to obtain a correct under- 
 standing of the report of the Committee, or even to understand properly 
 the criticisms of the report made by Mr. Rowe. 
 
 Mr. Rowe states that he understood this Committee was to deal with 
 ventilating apparatus, rather than the question of mine ventilation, 
 whereas most of this report dealt with mine ventilation, air-ways, etc. 
 It is only proper to state in this connection that the report of this Com- 
 mittee is in accordance with the general instructions issued to the Com- 
 mittee, and is also in accordance with the policy adopted by the General 
 Committee on Standardization of mining practice and equipment at its 
 first conference in St. Louis. While all Sub-Committees have not always 
 adhered faithfully to this recommendation of the General Committee, it 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 57 
 
 lias been the general policy, and still is the policy, to try to improve min- 
 ing practice in the larger and broader sense of the term. When this 
 practice is improved and made more uniform, that is Standardization in 
 its best sense; then will follow standardization of equipment and machin- 
 ery as far as it is practical to standardize such equipment. The report 
 of this Sub-Committee is not only in accordance with the policy of the 
 General Committee, but contains valuable and constructive suggestions, 
 and deserved better attention than it happened to receive on account of 
 the way in which it was presented. This misfortune seems to have 
 prevented any discussion following by members of the conference. 
 
 We will close the review of this report by suggesting that the Com- 
 mittee should be organized, as the Chairman admits that he has never 
 been able to secure a meeting of his Committee, and has had to prepare 
 his report from information he gained by correspondence with the 
 members. 
 
 Report of Sub-Committee on the Standardization of Mine Drain- 
 age, signed by George R. Wood: 
 
 In regard to Standardization of Drainage Apparatus for coal mining, 
 I have written my Committee members as to their views, and regret to 
 report an almost total lack of constructive suggestions as to possibility 
 of any appreciable measure of uniformity in design, construction or 
 aplication of such apparatus. This appears to follow from a belief that 
 requirements are specialized to a degree, similar to ventilating appaartus. 
 I have been able to talk personally only with Mr. Knight, of Kayford, 
 W. Va., and the recommendations following may be taken therefore as 
 our joint position in the premises: 
 
 Safety 
 
 All gears to be enclosed or completely guarded. 
 
 No projecting keys or set-screws to be used on revolving parts. Self- 
 oiling bearings recommended wherever possible. 
 
 Enclosed motors preferred. 
 
 Motors up to 7 y 2 h. p., a. c. or d. c., should be self-starting, with en- 
 closed switch. 
 
 For larger motors, enclosed rheostats or compensators are preferred. 
 
 Voltage not exceeding 250 d. c., or 220 a. c., recommended for under- 
 ground work, except for large motors (over 150 h. p.) where 440 a. c. is 
 recommended, in which case, as with 500-volt d. c. system conduit wiring 
 is urged. 
 
 All gears to be enclosed or completely guarded. 
 
58 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Design 
 
 In plunger or piston pumps, the only stock pumps manufactured ap- 
 pear to be small gathering pumps, usually 30 to 60 g. p. m. capacity, 
 against varying heads not exceeding 100 ft. Each manufacturer, not 
 unreasonably, objects to any modification of his design. We believe, 
 however, that we should recommend that these pumps should be built as 
 standard for 100 ft. head instead of 30, 60, etc. Motor horsepower should 
 be double the theoretical horsepower of pump capacity. Pinions should 
 be of fiber, leather, or paper to reduce vibration injurious to motor wind- 
 ings. We do not favor present tendency to large valve areas in these 
 pumps to reduce friction, since the power consumption is usually negli- 
 gible, and would prefer less area with higher velocity and higher valve- 
 Tift to ensure passage of solid particles through the pumps instead of 
 stopping under the valves. This idea, however, is at variance with that 
 of most designers, and needs discussion by those interested. 
 
 Construction 
 
 This detail does not seem to require our consideration, for the reason 
 that there are numerous builders of satisfactory, efficient, and rugged 
 pumping machinery of all required types, and we believe the (tempo- 
 rarily) obsolete law of supply and demand will again function to elim- 
 inate the unfit. 
 
 We would recommend merging this Committee with that on Ventila- 
 tion, as a simplification of the General Committee work, and because of 
 the limited field, as we view it, for standardization in pumping or 
 drainage. 
 
 Review of Report by Sub-Committee on Standardization of Mine 
 Drainage by the Chairman of the General Committee 
 
 I am constrained to make the following comments on the Report of 
 our Sub-Committee on Mine Drainage for the reason that I disagree 
 with the introductory paragraph in the report of this Sub-Committee. 
 The members of this Committee seerii to have an entirely wrong concep- 
 tion as to their duties. I draw this conclusion from their statement: 
 
 “And regret to report an almost total lack cf constructive sugges- 
 tions as to possibility of any appreciable measure of uniformity in 
 design, construction, or application of such apparatus.” 
 
 This statement indicates that this Committee was endeavoring to 
 simply standardize mine pumps instead of trying to improve the practice 
 regarding mine drainage. Anyone who is familiar with the drainage of 
 the great majority of coal mines in this country will appreciate that there 
 is ample opportunity for such improvement. It seems to us that this 
 Committee could find a large field of usefulness by preparing a construc- 
 tive program for the drainage of coal mines. This program should 
 include instructions for the drainage of the mine along modern and 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 50 
 
 economical lines, and should include all the general specifications required 
 for the proper carrying out of such instructions. These specifications 
 should cover in general the drainage equipment required, together with 
 the proper method of installation, operation, etc. 
 
 The efforts which were already put forth by this Committee, as indi- 
 cated by their report should follow such a program as suggested above, 
 and not precede it, as the suggestions contained in their report relate 
 only to details and not to the large constructive features of the improve- 
 ment in standardization of mining methods and equipment. It would 
 therefore seem to the Chairman of your General Committee that if this 
 Sub-Committee does not approve of the method of approaching this work, 
 as outlined above, that in order to harmonize the work of this Sub- 
 committee with that of the other sub-committees in the Coal Mining 
 Branch, thai this Sub committee should be reorganized with this object 
 in view. 
 
 Adjournment. 
 
REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 00 
 
 METAL MINING SECTION, STANDARDIZATION COMMITTEE 
 
 American Mining Congress 
 
 PRELIMINARY COMMITTEE MEETINGS, NOVEMBER 14, 1920 
 
 Mr. Chas. A. Mitke presided. 
 
 The meeting was opened by the Chairman presenting a brief outline of 
 the possibilities of standardization in metal mining. 
 
 Inasmuch as the majority of those present were interested chiefly in 
 the work of the Sub-Committee on the standardization of drilling ma- 
 chines and drill-steel, the discussion that followed was confined prin- 
 cipally to this subject. 
 
 The question was raised by the Chairman as to whether, if the work 
 of the Committee was directed towards investigating the limits of weights 
 of the various types of machines that have proved most satisfactory 
 to the majority of users, the results would prove of material benefit both 
 to the manufacturers and operators. It was pointed out that at the 
 present time there are a great many machines of each type on the 
 market — such as Leyners, stopers, and jackhamers — with but slight varia- 
 tions in weights, the difference in some cases not being more than a few 
 pounds, or in special cases not more than a few ounces. 
 
 In this connection some interesting statements were made. Mr. 
 Leonard, president of the Denver Rock Drill Mfg. Co., mentioned that 
 members of the mining profession probably do not realize the enormous 
 amount of money a company must spend to perfect a new machine. 
 
 Cost of Placing New Drill on Market 
 
 Mr. Bayles, chief designer of the Ingersoll-Rand Co., remarked that 
 it cost the manufacturers $100,000 to perfect a new drill and place is on 
 the market. 
 
 From the discussion which followed, it appeared that if the number 
 of different types of machines could be reduced to a minimum, it would 
 be of material benefit to the manufacturers as well as to operators. 
 
 One of the difficulties mentioned was the great variety of air pressures 
 available in the different mines; also that certain companies demand that 
 machines be built to conform to their own particular specifications. This 
 procedure naturally results in a great variety of machines. 
 
 A discussion then fololwed on the possibilities of the operators getting 
 together and standardizing their conditions; that is, classifying the 
 various kinds of ground met with in metal mines, agreeing on uniform 
 air pressure, systematic lubrication of machines, etc. 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 61 
 
 It was repeatedly pointed out that if hose connections, various minor 
 parts, such as bolts, threads, etc., and possibly, chucks, were standard- 
 ized, this would be of great convenience to the operator. Not only could 
 these minor parts be interchanged on the various makes of machines, but 
 if the chuck of the jackhamer were made to correspond with that of the 
 stoper, steel would then become interchangeable. 
 
 Meeting of Sub-Committee on Drilling* Machines and Drill-Steel 
 
 NOVEMBER 16, 1920 
 
 The general chairman, Chas. A. Mitke, presided. 
 
 MR. MITKE: We are fortunate in having with us Mr. Norman Braly, 
 manager for the North Butte Mining Co., who has done a great deal of 
 work in standardization, and as the Committee on Drilling Machines and 
 Drill-Steel, of which he is chairman, is just getting under way, we would 
 like to have him tell us something about the work that has been sug- 
 gested and what the Committee proposes to do. 
 
 Mr. BRALY: I suppose few of us realize that there is no machinery 
 manufactured in this country which penetrates foreign markets as far as 
 rock-drills. I say this because the work of standardization in rock- 
 drills will necessarily be slow, and it would be a mistake to rush into this 
 matter. That is the danger of standardizing this type of machinery. 
 
 Three Well-Known Types of Drills 
 
 During the last 20 years there have been three large drill-manufac- 
 turing companies in this country. Each one has carried its own standard 
 weight; each one has a record of which it is proud; and I understand 
 that it will be hard to get them to adopt all the standards. However, 
 there are a few things that it would seem to me they could do to benefit 
 the mine operator here in this country. It is understood that when a 
 mine operator purchases a machine, he generally strips it of all trim- 
 mings, after which he puts on standards of his own, and send it under- 
 ground, otherwise, if he gets it underground it will not fit. We have 
 asked the Sullivan Machinery, Ingersoll-Rand, and Denver Rock Drill 
 companies if it would not be possible for them to get together and create 
 standard hose couplings and standard nuts on the machines, so that when 
 they are sent underground they will go into place. As it is now, there 
 is a great deal of lost time from men going underground and having no 
 standard wrench to fit the machines, and they have to hunt all over the 
 mine for a new part or something of that kind; and we believe that there 
 are a few simple things that can be taken up at first and standardized, 
 which will help us greatly. 
 
 Each of these drill manufacturers have consented to appoint a man to 
 a committee upon which there will be three or four members of the Sub- 
 
REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 02 
 
 Committee of the American Mining Congress on drilling machines and 
 drill-steel. This inner committee, consisting of probably eight members, 
 will see if some standards cannot be worked out; also the other members 
 of the drilling Committee — of which there are a large number — will also 
 give us their co-operation. I believe this is the simplest way to go 
 about it. 
 
 Mine Operators Can Not Design Drills 
 
 I do not believe that the mine operators themselves are capable of 
 designing these machines, or even specifying exactly what can be done 
 with them. I think we will have to leave that to the manufacturer. I 
 really believe that if we leave this matter to the manufacturers they will 
 work out this standardization, and in that way help the operators. 
 
 MR. MITKE: Mr. Arthur Notman, who is one of the members of the 
 Drilling Committee, has prepared a paper which he will now read to us, 
 after which a general discussion will follow. 
 
 MR. NOTMAN: Perhaps a word of explanation as to how we made this 
 investigation might not be out of order: Just prior to the outbreak of the 
 war, we had been engaged in an attempt to standardize on one size of 
 steel — of one section — for use in drifting machines, plungers, and stopers; 
 but during the war we had to abandon our experiments. As soon as 
 conditions allowed, we started again. In the meantime we had made a 
 great deal of progress, as we feel, in the matter of standardizing on 
 methods of driving headings. In the matter of standard rounds, timber- 
 ing, and so on, most of you who have seen Mr. Mitke’s papers on those 
 subjects have some idea of what was done in that respect at Bisbee. 
 
 Having partly decided upon methods, we felt the next step was to take 
 up the matter of equipment, and for the past year we have had our engi- 
 neering office engaged in this work, and this paper has been prepared 
 under my direction by Mr. L. M. Cummings, one of the engineers in our 
 office, who has actually been operating machines himself and has first- 
 hand knowledge of the information included in the paper. 
 
 We have compiled a good many tables concerning sizes of bolts, nuts, 
 pipe-threads, and so forth, which it would be hardly worth-while attempt- 
 ing to read, but I believe arrangements can be made whereby the mem- 
 bers of the Committee and others who are interested, may read the paper 
 in printed form later on. 
 
 [Mr. Notman’s paper will be found on page 729 of the Proceedings.] 
 
 MR. MITKE: We are certainly indebted to Mr. Notman for working 
 out such a complete paper, and it has opened a real field of discussion and 
 thought. I feel quite sure that all of you who are interested in drill- 
 ing will learn of a number of interesting things which will be worked 
 out under Mr. Notman’s direction within the next year or two. 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 63 
 
 Limits In Steel and Drill-Bit 
 
 There is something that I would like to ask, and that is just when 
 may we expect to reach the limit in decreasing the size of the steel and 
 the size of the drill-bit — that is, the limit at which speed will stop in- 
 creasing, as it should, theoretically? I should like to call on Mr. Not- 
 man; I have heard so many different opinions, claiming that so far we 
 have not as yet reached the limit, but as a matter of fact are a long way 
 from it. I think that Mr. Notman’s figures and his opinion will throw 
 a lot of light on the subject. 
 
 MR. NOTMAN: The opinion that I started off witty was that while 
 reducing the size of the steel we should hope to obtain something like 
 a theoretical increase in drilling speed, due to the smaller area of the 
 round cut; but we discovered that the relative power of the machine and 
 the size of the steel interlocked so that we did not get a theoretical 
 increase in drilling speed, when you reduced the size of the steel for 
 which the machine was probably designed, and I am not prepared to 
 offer any information on that subject. The limiting factor, if any, so 
 far as the operator is concerned, is the question of minimum size hole 
 in which you can get sufficient powder to do the work. Of course, it is 
 desirable to concentrate the powder at the bottom of the bore-hole as far 
 as you can, and the inherent desire in the. miner for a big hole, in order 
 to get further down there, is pretty hard to overcome. They offer that 
 as an objection to the use of 1-in. steel in drifting; but, on the other hand, 
 they have never complained at all to the use of %-in. steel in raising or 
 stoping conditions, where the importance is not as great as it is in drift- 
 ing. I think perhaps some of the drill-men could tell us about the pro- 
 portionate condition of the drill and the size of steel. I would like to 
 add that as a matter o^ fact, we have been using %-in. hexagon steel with 
 a small bit, for the stopers, and the work done by one of these modern 
 high-speed stopers is just exactly as severe as it is in the case of a 
 drifting machine. The foot-pound pressure is less, but the actual work 
 done on the steel is a little more, I think, in the case of the newer stop- 
 ers than drifting machines. They have been making exhaustive experi- 
 ments on this point. 
 
 MR. BAYLES: We have found that it depends largely on the air 
 pressure and hardness of rock with some of the present day drills. Steel 
 becomes bent, and you cannot afford to have bent steel; drilling falls off 
 often 30% by a slight bending of the steel. In fact, if some of the bent 
 steel is examined you would not notice that it is bent; but if you tested 
 it, it will fall short 20%. Line it up, and you find that it is bent. Take 
 the same steel and straighten it out an the anvil and sharpen it, and 
 you get 20% more drilling. I have never been able to understand why 
 that should make steel drilling fall off so much; but it does, invariably. 
 
 MR. MITKE: Mr. Walsh, is it possible for you to give us just a brief 
 summary of some of Mr. G. H. Gilman’s ideas, or would you have to 
 give practically the whole paper? 
 
REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 (»4 
 
 [Mr. Walsh then read Mr. Gilman’s paper, which views the question 
 from the standpoint of a manufacturer, appears on page 721 of the 
 Proceedings.] 
 
 MR. JOHN KIDDIE: I might state that we made some tentative ex- 
 periments in which we found that the amoupt of power necessary to drill 
 the holes depended on the area of the hole, that is to say, the area of the 
 bit. Mt. Notman seems to be of the opinion that you could reduce the 
 size of the hole so as to get powder enough in there (perhaps, if necessary, 
 using stronger powder), that is to say, you could get powder into a 
 smaller hole to break the ground, provided you can drill it with the size 
 steel, that is, by .hand bit. It is not possible to improve the grade of the 
 steel so that you could use a smaller steel and not have the successive 
 break. 
 
 MR. WALSH: The point that Mr. Notman made was that they get 
 better results in some cases with the bigger steel and bigger hole. 
 
 MR. KIDDIE: Yes, my notion was that perhaps the big drifting ma- 
 chines were too powerful for the size of the hole. 
 
 MR. WALSH: I would imagine with the lugger machine and the 
 smaller gage and the smaller steel you could get more penetration, and 
 it would affect your rotation so that you could cut down your drilling 
 speed. Where you use the larger steel it would fit in to better advantage. 
 Putting same energy into the same machine and using a lighter blow, 
 with not so much penetration but a faster rotation, and you might get 
 different results. As you said, you might use the wider machine with the 
 smaller steel and get the same results. 
 
 MR. NOTMAN: We found that with the 18 Leyner, cutting down from 
 the 1 % in. to the 1 in., we got practically the theoretical increase in drill- 
 ing speeds, but when we went to the heavier machines — the 248 Leyner, 
 or the D. X. 61 — you do not get that increase. 
 
 MR. BAYLES : There are two things that occurred to me which I wished 
 to ask Mr. Notman: He speaks of including in the supplies a box-wrench 
 to pull out the steel: Did he mean by that that the maker should carry 
 8 or 10 different types of chuck-wrenches, each with a different size box- 
 wrench in it? 
 
 MR. NOTMAN: That is exactly what I meant. I did not intend to 
 put the burden of the supplying of those wrenches upon the manufac- 
 turers. We make our own wrenches, and probably will continue to do so. 
 
 Use of the Box- Wrench 
 
 In saying that we wanted to use this box-wrench for pulling out steel, it 
 often happens that a drill cannot be withdrawn readily when run down, 
 and if a man had a box-wrench which would fit behind the steel, a slight 
 turn of it would free that steel and he could withdraw it. The practice is 
 to take a monkey-wrench and stick that behind it, and twist and pull at 
 
I 
 
 THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 65 
 
 the same time. It is not for extracting steel that is stuck in the ground 
 but simply steel that cannot be slipped out of the machine readily to 
 withdraw it. I think such a wrench could be made to fit any one of these 
 sections, either a big chuck-wrench or a smaller one. What we want is 
 two double-ended wrenches to fit all the parts which are ordinarily used. 
 
 MR. WALSH : Mr. Notman’s paper represents a lot of work, but there 
 seems to be several things that perhaps do not agree. You talk about 
 making side-rods and standardizing them at ^ in. That may mean 
 changing all drop forgings, and a changing of dies, which are extremely 
 expensive; perhaps it means changing the G-bolts. While I am not 
 attempting to throw cold water on the idea, these things are to be con- 
 sidered from the manufacturers’ standpoint on machines already in the 
 field. It might throw a big burden on the manufacturer. 
 
 MR. NOTMAN : I think that is an important point. It would not 
 throw the burden on the manufacturer alone from the fact that all the 
 users are equipped with drills which have been turned out and not one 
 of us can afford to scrap anything useful. It is something that we cannot 
 hope to effect over night, but if it were a basis for future designing, I 
 think we have accomplished a great deal. 
 
 MR. BAYLES : Mr. Notman suggests in one part of his paper that the 
 nuts on the standard rods should be square, while in another he recom- 
 mends a i-in. bult with a standard rod and hexagon nut. Is that correct? 
 
 MR. NOTMAN : I do not know that there is any particular choice in 
 the matter ; I believe that either one would be satisfactory. 
 
 MR. BAYLES : Being one so easy to get at, I think that a hexagon nut 
 would be better on account of not having the sharp corners of the square 
 nut. I think the hexagon nut is used today. 
 
 In Mr. Gilman’s paper it is said that the minimum weight of a jack- 
 harner is 25 to 30 lb. on the ground. I do not think it is practical to 
 manufacture a serviceable jackhamer much under 30 lb. There have been 
 jackhamers on the market around 201 b.. for many years, but they do not 
 appear to be successful, even if one foreign jackhamer that I have seen 
 only weighs 10% lb. That I think is rather light. 
 
 MR. MITKE: Yes. 
 
 MR. BAYLES : TheTe was one of 19 lb. on the market for a while 
 before the war — I do not know how it is since — and it was very good, but 
 of course it would not compete with the bigger tools ; but for its purpose 
 it is very satisfactory. We have one of 20 lb. which has a big demand. 
 
 MR. NOTMAN : I think it is important not to lean backwards in 
 attempts to standardize on designs. I think that is absolutely agreed. 
 Any question of standardization that does involve details of design should 
 be given careful consideration. I think that also applies to the question 
 of weight of the machine. You can never tell until you have tried it 
 
REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 6<J 
 
 whether you can get by with a machine weighing a third less than the 
 machine you are using. 
 
 MR. BAYLES: No; the natural law of supply and demand governs 
 weight of machines, without our doing it here. 
 
 MR. MITKE: What weights of small machines are in greatest demand? 
 
 A MEMBER: There are more 40 or 45-lb. tools sold, though a 50 or 60- 
 lb. tool will do more work. 
 
 A MEMBER: I think Mr. Notman’s conclusions regarding the weight 
 of the drill and stand-up answer that question very well. 
 
 MR. BAYLES: It would be foolish for us to determine the weight of 
 the tools for certain work now, because we know that five years ago we 
 had an idea that certain work required a 200-lb. tool, which today is 
 performed by a 50 or 40-lb. tool, and two years from now somebody may 
 be doing it with one of 10 pounds. 
 
 MR. MITKE: The changes are certainly remarkable. Take one mine 
 where they considered that the 18 Leyner was the only machine to drill 
 the ground, and today they just use the jackhamer and drill it the same 
 as they did then. That change was made in an entire mine within a year 
 or a year and a quarter, so we cannot help being conservative when we 
 consider the future. Nevertheless, it is interesting to forecast as near as 
 possible what might be the demand, and what the general trend will be. 
 
 A MEMBER: I think that the trend is more for light machines. The 
 very fact that they are reverting to lighter steel means that they must 
 place their holes in the proper position and get the powder distributed 
 properly; rather than drill a few large holes, they should drill more small 
 ones and get them properly placed. Such is the secret of the light drill, 
 and that is why it is becoming more popular. I think it will be carried 
 even further; the tendency is for a lighter machine. 
 
 A MEMBER: Though for shaft sinking, for instance, we will have to 
 use a heavier machine. 
 
 MR. BAYLES: But still much lighter. 
 
 A MEMBER: I am wondering if the mining companies, in trying to 
 get the results we aim at, and in placing so much burden upon the rock- 
 drill itself, whether they are looking into the drilled steel and also their 
 explosives. I think both should be studied. We can get more powerful 
 explosives, and we can drill smaller holes — that will be increased efficiency 
 all around — and also get a bit that will last longer. 
 
 MR. MITKE: I think that it is only a question of time now. 
 
 A MEMBER: Many times they make a comparison in different mines, 
 but in some they do not take into account the condition of the drilling 
 bits. . They report so many feet drilled in a given time. Possibly the 
 difference is entirely due to other than the machine itself. The Copper 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 67 
 
 Queen is the only mine that looks at a drilling bit to determine how dull 
 it is. 
 
 MR. NOTMAN: In justice to the drill manufacturers,! would like to 
 go on record as being of the opinion that the design of the machine, and 
 the work that the machines are doing, have improved much more than 
 the steel that is used in the machine, and the general routine of opera- 
 tions through which the machine is put. There is no doubt about that. 
 Our activities should be directed not towards changing the designs of the 
 machines, or attempting to dictate what the designs of the machines 
 should be, but to see that the fittings which are used in the routine 
 operation of drilling are so designed that the manipulator can use them 
 to the best advantage. 
 
 Sub-Committee on Standardization of Mine Timbers 
 
 Mr. Chas. A. Mitke presided. 
 
 CHAIRMAN MITKE: Mr. Norman Carmichael, general manager for 
 the Arizona Copper Co., and chairman of this Committee, has found it 
 impossible to attend, but has sent his deputy, Mr. John Kiddie, superin- 
 tendent of mines for that company in his stead. 
 
 [Mr. Kiddie explained that while considerable work had already been 
 accomplished, such as the compiling of data from 17 large companies, the 
 Committee did not feel that it was yet in a position to make a complete 
 report; and it was the desire of Mr. Carmichael that more time should be 
 allowed the Committee in order to investigate the subject more thoroughly 
 and be in a position to submit a report at the end of the coming year 
 (1921).] 
 
 Sub-Committee on Metal Mine Ventilation 
 
 Mr. Chas. A. Mitke presided. 
 
 The following members were present: A Stoddard, D, Rait, Robert 
 Bell, and W. A. Rowe. 
 
 A preliminary questionnaire, to be sent to operators in order to obtain 
 sufficient information to constitute a working basis, was presented to 
 members by the Chairman, and the various points embodied in this ques- 
 tionnaire taken up and discussed. 
 
 It was agreed that the principal avenues to be followed by this Com- 
 mittee would be the investigating of conditions in underground working 
 places, with the idea of establishing a standard mine atmosphere. It was 
 also hoped that the Committee — which is composed of both operators and 
 manufacturers — might work out a set of recommendations for different 
 kinds of standard ventilating equipment, which would thoroughly ven- 
 tilate the so-called dead-ends in drifts, raises, and stopes. 
 
68 
 
 REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Sub-Committee on Mechanical Loading Underground 
 
 Mr. Lucien Eaton is chairman. 
 
 In the absence of Mr. Eaton no meetings were held, but the Chairman 
 reported that a questionnaire is being prepared which will be sent to all 
 Committee members, operators, and manufacturers of underground power 
 shovels, in order to compile sufficient information to constitute a working 
 basis. 
 
 Sub-Committee on Steam-Shovel Equipment and Operations 
 
 Mr. H. C. Goodrich is chairman. 
 
 In the absence of Mr. Goodrich, no meetings were held, but the Chair- 
 man reports that a questionnaire is being prepared, which will be sent to 
 all operators and manufacturers of steam-shovel equipment. 
 
 Sub-Committee on Underground Transportation 
 
 Mr. Wm. B. Daly is chairman. 
 
 In the absence of Mr. Daly, no meetings were held, but it is understood 
 that a questionnaire has been prepared which will be sent to all Com- 
 mittee members and operators in districts not represented by Committee 
 members. 
 
 Sub-Committee on Fire-Fighting Equipment 
 
 The General Chairman, Mr. Chas. A. Mitke, presided. 
 
 CHAIRMAN MITKE: Mr. Connibear, chairman of this Committee, has 
 found it impossible to attend the meeting, but on behalf of his Committee, 
 has forwarded a preliminary report, which I will ask Mr. Guy Johnson, a 
 member of this Committee, to read for our benefit. 
 
 MR. JOHNSON: (Reading the report): 
 
 A canvas is being made to ascertain the amount and variety of fire-fight- 
 ing equipment that metal-mine operators are using. To obtain this infor- 
 mation, copies of a questionnaire on Fire-Fighting Equipment were distri- 
 buted'. The length of time since the organization of this Committee was 
 perfected has not been sufficient to reach operators in remote parts of the 
 country. 
 
 The number of questionnaires that have been received by the Committee 
 from the operators of copper and iron mines in the Lake Superior district 
 is sufficient to present an adequate report of this district ; but with this 
 exception, but few reports have been received. Data is not available at 
 present from the other important districts, due to the delay in transmission 
 of the same. 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 GO 
 
 Mine Rescue Apparatus 
 
 The value of rescue apparatus in fighting mine fires, and especially when 
 lives are in danger, is universally acknowledged. The activities of the U. S. 
 Bereau of Mines have extended into all mining districts, and have demons- 
 trated that oxygen rescue apparatus must be accepted as an essential part 
 of a mine fire equipment- 
 
 At the present time, apparatus used in this country consists of four 
 types ; the Fluess, the Gibbs, the Paul, and the Draeger. The Draeger, 
 however, is slowly but surely being replaced by the other types. 
 
 An attempt to standardize on a particular apparatus will not meet with 
 the approbation of mine operators. Attention should be directed to the 
 advisability of using an apparatus that meets with the general require- 
 ments as recommended by the Bureau of Mines in Technical Paper 82, 
 pages 23 and 24. 
 
 Mine operators of the Lake Superior district have approximately 150 
 machines. A report of the conditions of these machines for the past two 
 years, recently issued by the Bureau, indicates that action for improve- 
 ment is recommended. This applies not only to the apparatus, but more 
 particularly to the training of employes in the use of them. 
 
 Mechanical Resuscitation Devices 
 
 This apparatus is not now accepted with the high degree of favor as 
 it was a few years ago. More attention is being given to manual methods. 
 Not only is the effectiveness of mechanical devices questioned, but the 
 probability of delay in obtaining a machine immediately when needed 
 reduces the chances of resuscitating an unconscious person. 
 
 Fire Extinguishers 
 
 These are being installed underground — both the carbon tetrachloride 
 and the soda-acid types. Objections have been raised to their use. Increas- 
 ed use of electricity as a motive power for haulage, hoisting, and plumbing 
 has resulted in the adoption of the tetrachloride type for extinguishing 
 electrical fires in incipient stages. Additional information is imperative 
 before any conclusions can be deduced. 
 
 Fire-hose 
 
 Very few mines, compared to the total number operated in the metal 
 districts, have adequate underground fire-hose equipment. In the question- 
 naires that have been returned, only one mining company has adopted this 
 method in a comprehensive way. 
 
 Portable Blowers 
 
 There are mining companies that resort to the portable blowers as an 
 effective method of fighting underground fires, but the Committee has not 
 yet received information from those companies which are known to have 
 made the most advanced strides in this direction. Many mines have blow- 
 
70 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 ers installed to improve ventilation, and they report that they are avail- 
 able for fire emergencies- Adjustments are necessary, and the delay that 
 will follow thereby is not known at the present time. 
 
 Bulkhead Material 
 
 Many companies report maintaining posts, planks, and sand for bulkhead 
 purposes. Due to the large volume of humidity, which is common in the 
 atmosphere of many mines, cement is not stored underground. Other 
 operators report that substantial bulkheads have been provided' in order 
 to ensure the safety of mines in case an unexpected volume of water is 
 encountered, and that they can be utilized to advantage in limiting a 
 fire-zone. 
 
 Fire Protection at Collar of Shafts 
 
 The use of iron doors and spraying systems at collar of shafts have been 
 adopted by a few operators ; others report that steel head-frames and 
 concrete shafts eliminate fire hazards, and that these agencies are not 
 necessary. Most operators, however, have not recorded themselves relative 
 to their value. 
 
 Stench System of Alarm 
 
 This system of alarming underground employees when a fire occurs has 
 been adopted by several large operators, and its affectiveness is reported 
 to be very satisfactory. 
 
 Conclusion 
 
 Additional information is absolutely necessary before the Committee can 
 record its recommendations. This will require more time than was at 
 our disposal this year. An effort will be made to enlarge the membership 
 of the Committee so that further delay in obtaining desired information 
 may be overcome. 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 71 
 
 STANDARDIZATION 
 
 ORIGINAL PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE TWENTY-THIRD 
 ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN MIN- 
 ING CONGRESS, DENVER, COL., NOVEMBER 
 15-20, 1920— STANDARDIZATION 
 SECTION 
 
 JOINT REPORT OF SUB-COMMITTEES ON STANDARDIZA- 
 TION OF UNDERGROUND POWER TRANSMISSION AND 
 STANDARDIZATION OF POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 Submitted by K. A. PAULY and A. B. KISER, Chairmen of the Sub-Com- 
 mittees on Power Equipment and Underground Transmission 
 
 On account of the intimate relationship between power 
 transmission and power equipment, workable standards in 
 these two fields can be developed only through closest co-oper- 
 ation between those interested in these two phases of the 
 general problem of standardization of mining equipment. 
 Appreciation of this fact from the first, lead the Chairmen of 
 Sub-Committees No. 3 (Underground Power Transmission) 
 and No. 7 (Power Equipment) to hold their meetings jointly. 
 Not only did this procedure permit of the closest co-operation 
 between the two Committees, but gave each the benefit of the 
 experience of the members of both. 
 
 We wish here to express our appreciation of the keen inter- 
 est shown by the members of our Sub-Committees and the 
 valuable assistance which they afforded us by their construct- 
 ive suggestions concerning many of the perplexing problems. 
 We are also indebted to the United States Bureau of Mines 
 for providing us with a meeting-place and a secretary during 
 our meetings. 
 
 Two joint meetings were held at Pittsburgh on May 20 
 and 21, and October 19 and 20. 
 
 Those present at the first meeting were: Messrs. R. L. 
 Kingsland, R. Kudlich and L. D. Usley, representing 0. P. 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Hood, Graham Bright, R. W. Moore, A. L. Nicht, F. L. Stone, 
 A. B. Kiser, Chairman of Sub-Committee No. 3, and K. A. 
 Pauly, Chairman of Sub-Committee No. 7. 
 
 Those present at the second meeting were: Messrs. R. L. 
 Kingsland, R. Kudlich and L. D. Ilsley, representing 0. P. 
 Hood, Graham Bright, A. J. Nicht, A. B. Kiser and K. A. 
 Pauly. 
 
 In considering the problem of standardization, we have 
 divided it into two parts — the standardization of equipment, 
 and the standardization of practice in the installation and 
 operation of equipment. 
 
 As the Electric Power Club has for its object the standard- 
 ization of the capacities, voltages, speeds and essential me- 
 chanical features of electric motors, generators, transformers, 
 etc. ; and as its standards are accepted throughout the coun- 
 try, it was suggested that we adopt them as our standards of 
 equipment. It was also suggested that the standardization 
 rules of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers be 
 adopted as our standards of technical matters. 
 
 With the standardization of equipment disposed of, we 
 devoted our time and attention to the standardization of prac- 
 tice. This field has been thoroughly covered by the Bureau 
 of Mines in its Technical Paper No. 138, entitled ‘Suggested 
 Rules for Installing and Using Electrical Equipment in Bitu- 
 minous Coal Mines,’ and these were taken as the basis of our 
 work. Each rule was thoroughly discussed and revised where 
 it seemed advisable to do so, for the purpose of clarifying it, 
 or making it conform to present-day practice. 
 
 The rules as modified at our first meeting were sent to each 
 member of both Sub-Committees, with the request that they 
 act as chairmen of local committees and obtain suggestions 
 as to further modifications from the engineers in their respec- 
 tive districts. This brought many valuable suggestions from 
 the districts that were not represented at the Pittsburgh meet- 
 ing. 
 
 The suggestions obtained in this way were circularized and 
 thoroughly discussed at our second meeting, and a final draft 
 of the suggested rules made. 
 
 It has been impossible, with the time at our disposal, to 
 devote as much attention to some matters as we would like to 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 73 
 
 have given them before submitting our report, but it is felt 
 that the best results can be accomplished by submitting the 
 rules in their present form. 
 
 The rules as they appear in Technical Paper No. 138, and 
 as modified by our Committees, cover coal-mining conditions, 
 but they are applicable to metal mining hy omitting those 
 paragraphs that apply to the existence of gas or coal dust in 
 explosive mixtures. 
 
 We therefore submit the following as the joint recommen- 
 dations of the Sub-Committee on Underground Power Trans- 
 mission and on Power Equipment: 
 
 That the standards of the Electric Power Club be adopted 
 to our standards of electrical equipment : 
 
 That the standardization rules of the American Institute of 
 Electrical Engineers be adopted as our technical standards; 
 and 
 
 That the following rules be adopted as our standards of 
 practice in the installation and operation of transmission and 
 power equipment : 
 
 Basis of the Rules 
 
 Five basic measures for safeguarding the use of electricity 
 in mines are as follows: 
 
 1. Remove the contributory causes of accidents or 
 danger. 
 
 2. Remove from the vicinity of electric apparatus all 
 elements susceptible to the influence of electricity. 
 
 3. Keep the electric current where it belongs, if possible. 
 If not, limit the area of its activity by protective 
 devices. 
 
 4. Use a large factor of safety in the selection, installa- 
 tion and inspection ,of equipment. 
 
 5. Have full control of the movements of electrically 
 driven machines. 
 
 Each rule that is given in this report is proposed as neces- 
 sary or helpful to the accomplishment of one or more of these 
 measures. 
 
74 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Definitions of Terms Used 
 
 The meanings of some of the terms and expressions as used 
 in this report are defined below in order to avoid confusion: 
 
 Alive 
 
 See definition of “live.” 
 
 Approved 
 
 This term means accepted as suitable by a competent com- 
 mittee, board or organization designated by those adopting 
 the rules. 
 
 Authorized Person 
 
 A person appointed or permitted by the official designated 
 by the State mining laws as the one in charge of the opera- 
 tion of the mine to carry out certain duties incident to the 
 generation, transformation and distribution or use of electric 
 energy in the mine, such person being one who is competent 
 within the purpose of the rule in which the term is used. 
 
 Electric System 
 
 This includes all electric apparatus pertaining to the oper- 
 ation of the mine, and under the control of the mine officials, 
 which is connected electrically to a common source of voltage 
 or which is installed so that it can be thus connected. 
 
 Grounded Circuit 
 
 A circuit that is permanently grounded at one or more 
 points. 
 
 Grounding 
 
 As applied to any object used in connection with a perma- 
 nently grounded electric system, this term means connecting 
 such object to the earth in such a way that a path of low 
 resistance is provided between the object and the perma- 
 nently grounded point of the system. A connection to a thor- 
 oughly bonded rail is an example of a good ground connection. 
 
 Grounding, as applied to any object used in connection with 
 an electric system that is not provided with a permanent 
 ground, means making connection to the general mass of 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 75 
 
 earth in such a manner as will ensure at all times an immedi- 
 ate discharge of electrical energy without danger. 
 
 Ground Return 
 
 That part of a circuit which is the earth, or metallic con- 
 ductors intimately associated with the earth, and which is 
 practically at earth potential at all points, is a ground return. 
 Live 
 
 The word “live” means electrically connected to a source 
 of voltage difference, or electrically charged so as to have a 
 voltage different from that of the earth. 
 
 Permissible Equipment 
 
 This refers to any equipment that is listed with the United 
 States Bureau of Mines as permissible for use in such places 
 as containing gas or coal dust in explosive mixtures. 
 
 Portable Electric Lamps 
 
 Electric lamps that may be carried about while lighted are 
 portable. This general term includes lamps operated by 
 batteries and lamps connected to a source of power by a 
 flexible conductor, whose length limits the range over which 
 the lamp may be used. 
 
 Self-contained Portable Electric Lamps 
 
 Electric lamps that are operated by an electric battery, 
 which is designed to be carried about by the user of the lamp, 
 are self-contained. 
 
 Portable Motors 
 
 Motors that are intended for service here and there as occa- 
 sion requires, and that are so constructed or mounted as to 
 facilitate moving them from place to place, are termed port- 
 able. 
 
 Stationary Motors 
 
 All motors not included in the class of portable motors shall 
 be considered as stationary motors. 
 
 Potential 
 
 The words “potential” and “voltage” are synonymous, and 
 mean electric pressure. 
 
76 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Difference of Potential 
 
 This expression means the difference in electric pressure 
 existing between any two points in an electric system, or 
 between any point of such a system and the earth, as deter- 
 mined by a voltmeter. 
 
 Potential of a Circuit 
 
 The potential or voltage of a circuit, machine, or any piece 
 of electric apparatus, means the voltage normally existing 
 between the conductors of such circuit or the terminals of 
 such machine or appartus. In alternating current systems 
 the voltage of the system shall be that indicated by a volt- 
 meter. 
 
 (a) Any voltage less than 301 volts shall be deemed a 
 low voltage. 
 
 (b) Any voltage greater than 301 volts, but less than 
 651 volts, shall be deemed medium voltage. 
 
 (c) Any voltage in excess of 651 volts shall be deemed 
 a high voltage. 
 
 Protected 
 
 This word when applied to the current-carrying parts of 
 an electric system, means that accidental contact with such 
 parts is prevented by approved guards. 
 
 Shock-proof 
 
 As applied to the current-carrying parts of an electric sys- 
 tem, excepting trolley wires, this term is taken to mean that' 
 contact with such parts is prevented by the use of grounded 
 metallic coverings or sheaths. 
 
 Generating Station 
 
 A station in which electric geenrators are operated by prime 
 movers. 
 
 Sub-station 
 
 A station in which the current is changed in character or 
 voltage. 
 
 Underground Station 
 
 A place underground in which there are transformers- 
 switchboards or electric machines other than portable motors, 
 or any one of them. 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 77 
 
 Switchboard 
 
 The essential mounting common to several pieces of switch- 
 gear or controlling appliances. 
 
 Voltage 
 
 See definition of “potential.” 
 
 DIVISION 1.— GENERAL RULES 
 Man in Charge of Electrical Equipment 
 
 1. At each mine where electricity is used underground, 
 there shall be in charge of the electrical equipment a man 
 fitted for his position by ability, training and experience. 
 The character of the equipment will determine the qualifica- 
 tions of the mine electrician, and he shall be thoroughly 
 familiar with the operation and maintenance of the equipment 
 under his charge. 
 
 Persons Working on Electrical Equipment 
 
 2. No person shall be allowed to work on or with electrical 
 equipment of any kind unless he has been previously instructed 
 by an authorized person in the performance of his duties. 
 
 Construction and Rating of Apparatus and Relation of Capacity 
 to Duty 
 
 3. All electrical equipment shall be rated in accordance 
 with the current-standardization rules of the American Insti- 
 tute of Electrical Engineers. 
 
 4. The rating of each piece of electrical equipment shall 
 be stamped on it, or inscribed on a metal plate suitably 
 mounted and maintained upon the equipment. The inscrip- 
 tion on the plate shall indicate whether the rating is for con- 
 tinuous or intermittent service, and shall be in accordance 
 with the name-plate requirements of the American Institute 
 of Electrical Engineers. 
 
 5. All equipment shall be operated within its rated capac- 
 ity as defined by the standardization rules of the American 
 Institute of Electrical Engineers. 
 
 Permissible Voltages 
 
 6. High voltages may be used for transmission purposes 
 underground, provided that such circuits are carried within 
 
78 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 metallic sheaths or coverings, with the sheath or covering 
 permanently grounded. This voltage may be applied only to 
 transformers or to motors in which the high-voltage windings 
 are a part of the stationary element. Medium or low voltage 
 may be applied to all electrical equipment. 
 
 Mechanical Construction of Installation 
 
 7. Care shall be taken to ensure good mechanical construc- 
 tion and neat workmanship in connection with all wiring and 
 the installation of equipment. 
 
 Prevention of Accidental Contact 
 
 8. Space shall be provided for free movement where regu- 
 lar passing is required or permitted around all unprotected 
 parts of the electric system, and places where persons must 
 pass close to or adjust permanently installed electrical machin- 
 ery shall be sufficiently lighted. 
 
 9. The standing room around all electrical equipment shall 
 be kept as dry as practicable. At any place where it is neces- 
 sary to manipulate or adjust medium or high-voltage live 
 equipment — including switches, motor starters, and other 
 controlling appliances, excepting locomotives and machines 
 that are moved so frequently that they are provided with 
 trailing cables — there shall be provided and available an in- 
 sulated platform or mat, which may be of a form and char- 
 acter most in keeping with the circumstances of its use, and 
 which shall be not less effective than a dry board 3 feet by 15 
 inches by % inch. 
 
 10. All metallic frames, casings and coverings, except 
 those of mining machines and drills, that may become alive, 
 shall be permanently grounded.* All metallic pipe-lines, 1000 
 feet or over in the interior of the mine, and all pipe-lines lead- 
 ing outside shall be bonded to the return at ends and at 
 intervals not exceeding 500 feet. All metallic pipes in shafts 
 shall be bonded to the return at top and bottom of shafts. 
 
 11. Where danger exists of accidental contact with wires 
 carrying electric current, the wiring shall be protected. In 
 haulage roads used as traveling ways the wires need not be 
 
 *It is assumed that the ordinary conditions of operation of locomotives 
 fulfill the requirement of this rule. 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 79 
 
 protected, if a traveling way of approved dimensions is pro- 
 vided on the side of the entry opposite from the wires. Where 
 wires are run in an entry, in which no one but authorized per- 
 sons are allowed to travel, or where no hazard from contact 
 exists, the wires need not be protected. 
 
 12. Weather-proof varnished cloth, rubber, or similar in- 
 sulation, unless inclosed in a metallic sheath, when used 
 underground will not be considered as a protection against 
 shock. 
 
 13. In unfrequented places where the roof is likely to fall, 
 all electrical conductors shall be especially protected from 
 injury by falling roof. 
 
 Carrying Capacity of Conductors 
 
 14. The carrying capacity of insulated conductors of dis- 
 tributing circuits shall be determined by reference to the table 
 of carrying capacities laid down in the National Electric 
 Code. 
 
 The carrying capacity of bare conductors shall be deter- 
 mined by reference to Table 1, following: 
 
 CURRENT-CARRYING CAPACITY OF BARE COPPER CONDUCTORS 
 
 USED IN MINES 
 
 Size of 
 
 con- 
 
 Current 
 
 Size of 
 
 Current 
 
 Size of 
 
 Current 
 
 ductor 
 
 capacity 
 
 conductor 
 
 capacity 
 
 conductor 
 
 capacity 
 
 B. & S. 
 
 gauge 
 
 Amperes 
 
 Circular mils 
 
 Amperes 
 
 Circular mils 
 
 Amperes 
 
 10 
 
 80 
 
 250,000 
 
 690 
 
 750,000 
 
 1,520 
 
 8 
 
 105 
 
 300,000 
 
 790 
 
 800,000 
 
 1,590 
 
 6 
 
 145 
 
 350,000 
 
 880 
 
 850,000 
 
 1,660 
 
 4 
 
 210 
 
 400,000 
 
 965 
 
 900,000 
 
 1,730 
 
 2 
 
 280 
 
 450,000 
 
 1,050 
 
 950,000 
 
 1,800 
 
 1 
 
 320 
 
 500,000 
 
 1,140 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,870 
 
 0 
 
 375 
 
 550,000 
 
 1,215 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 435 
 
 600,000 
 
 1,285 
 
 
 
 000 
 
 525 
 
 650,000 
 
 1,370 
 
 
 
 0000 
 
 615 
 
 700,000 
 
 1,450 
 
 
 
 Use of Permissible Equipment 
 
 15. The decision as to where and when permissible equip- 
 ment is required will be made from time to time as necessary 
 by the properly constituted State authority. The term equip- 
 ment as here used includes everything in the electric circuit. 
 
 See also rules 14, 112, 124, 132, 136, 138, 140, 141, 144 and 
 
80 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Inspection and Maintenance 
 
 16. At each mine where electricity is used underground, 
 a systematic inspection of all wiring and equipment shall be 
 made at regular intervals, at least once every month. A 
 report of each inspection shall be made by the mine electrician 
 or inspector, and a copy of this report shall be furnished to 
 the man legally in charge of the operation of the mine and 
 kept on file at the mine. The report shall definitely state 
 the condition of each underground station, of the conductors 
 and controlling appliances of each main and branch, power 
 and lighting circuit, and of the motors and controlling appli- 
 ances of each locomotive, mining machine, pump, hoist, or 
 other piece of electrical apparatus connected to the electrical 
 system of the mine. 
 
 Notices and Warnings 
 
 17. Caution notices shall be posted at points where such 
 warnings will be most effective in reducing the likelihood of 
 contact, and prohibitory notices shall be posted wherever elec- 
 trical apparatus that should not be manipulated by unauthor- 
 ized persons is installed. 
 
 Instruction for Resuscitation 
 
 18. There shall be posted prominently in every surface 
 and underground station and at the entrance to the mine, 
 instructions for the restoration of persons suffering from 
 electric shock. 
 
 All employees who work with or on electrical apparatus 
 must know how to carry out these instructions without delay. 
 
 Plan of Electrical System 
 
 19. A plan shall be kept at the mine showing the position 
 of all permanently installed electrical machinery and appara- 
 tus in connection with the mine electrical system, including 
 cables, conductors, lights, motors, switches, trolley lines and 
 transformers. The plan shall be of sufficient size to show 
 clearly the location of such apparatus, and the scale shall be 
 not less than 200 feet per inch. There shall be stated on the 
 plan the capacity in horse-power or kilowatts of each motor 
 and transformer, and the nature of its duty. Such plan shall 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 81 
 
 be corrected as often as may be necessary to keep it up to date, 
 at intervals not exceeding six months. 
 
 Fire Protection 
 
 20. Buckets filled with clean, dry sand shall be kept in 
 all underground stations for immediate use in extinguishing 
 fires. The minimum amount of sand thus stored in any one 
 station shall not be less than 2 cubic feet. No sand will be 
 required if two or more approved fire extinguishers are kept 
 in each station. 
 
 DIVISION 2.— SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND STATIONS, 
 GENERATING STATIONS AND SURFACE SUB-STATIONS 
 
 General Rules of Safety 
 
 See Rules 8 to 11, inclusive. 
 
 Generators 
 
 21. Generators shall be installed upon adequate founda- * 
 tions in a dry place, free from explosive vapors or flammable 
 material. 
 
 22. Machines generating a voltage shall have their out- 
 going leads and connections entirely within the generator 
 frame or bed-plate, or protected by an approved guard. 
 Switchboards and Controlling Appliances 
 
 See Rules 36 to 42, inclusive. 
 
 ELECTRICALLY-DRIVEN VENTILATING FAN: HOUSING, 
 POWER SUPPLY, AND ATTENDANT 
 
 Fireproof Buildings 
 
 23. All electrically-driven mine-ventilating fans, together 
 with the housing of the motor, shall be built of fireproof mate- 
 rials. Underground electric fans shall not be used where the 
 air current contains gas or coal dust in explosive mixtures, 
 and when used the surroundings shall be fireproofed within a 
 radius of 15 feet from the motor, unless this has a permissible 
 casing. 
 
 Power Supply 
 
 24. If the line supplying the power is exposed to the influ- 
 ence of lightning, lightning arresters shall be placed near the 
 point where the wires enter the fan-house. 
 
82 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 25. The fan attendant shall report immediately any stop- 
 page of the fan to the man legally in charge of the operation 
 of the mine, and means for direct communication between the 
 fan-house and generating station or sub-station supplying the 
 power shall be provided. 
 
 Attendant 
 
 26. The responsibility for the operation of electrically- 
 driven mine-ventilating fans shall devolve upon an authorized 
 person. 
 
 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT ON TIPPLES AND OTHER 
 SURFACE STRUCTURES 
 
 27. All electrical equipment on tipples and other surface 
 structures shall be installed in accordance with the rules of 
 the National Board of Fire Underwriters. 
 
 28. Starters of motors on tipples shall be provided with a 
 no-voltage release, and if practicable, shall be located within 
 sight of the motors that they control or the machines that 
 they operate. A switch or other means for disconnecting the 
 motor from the power supply shall be installed near the 
 machinery. 
 
 UNDERGROUND STATIONS 
 General Rules of Safety 
 
 See also Rules 8 to 11, inclusive; also Rule 20. 
 
 29. All underground stations shall be fireproof and well 
 ventilated with fresh air, and shall be wired in accordance 
 with the requirements of the National Board of Fire Under- 
 writers. 
 
 30. Ventilation may be accomplished through openings 
 in the walls, but with the exception of underground stations 
 in which only switches are installed, the openings shall 
 be provided with non-combustible doors which will either 
 close automatically in case of fire, or can be closed easily from 
 outside the room by the attendant. 
 
 Transformer-Stations 
 
 See also “Underground Transformers” and Rules 30, 36 to 
 42, inclusive; 84 and 85. 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 83 
 
 31. Transformer-stations shall be so arranged that if a 
 transformer explodes the oil will not flow outside the room. 
 
 32. Wires shall be carried on non-combustible supporting 
 framework, and the use of wood shall be entirely eliminated. 
 The supporting framework shall be grounded. 
 
 33. All transformers in excess of 50-kilowatt capacity 
 shall be equipped with suitable ammeters in either the pri- 
 mary or secondary circuits, or have provision for connecting 
 portable instruments into such circuits. 
 
 Pump-Stations 
 
 See also Rules 50 to 72, inclusive. 
 
 34. Pump-motors operating at voltages exceeding the lim- 
 its of low voltage shall be wired inside the pump-station, with 
 approved wires carried in conduit sealed to exclude moisture, 
 or sheathed with lead and so placed or protected as to avoid 
 mechanical injury. The metallic covering shall be perma- 
 nently grounded. 
 
 Battery Charging- Station 
 See also Rules 29 and 30. 
 
 35. For ventilating battery charging-stations, means shall 
 be provided for obtaining the air from the intake ways and 
 discharging same to the returning air-way. 
 
 Hoist Stations 
 
 See “General Rules of Safety for Underground Stations,” 
 Rule 34, and Rules 50 to 72. 
 
 DIVISION 3.— MACHINES AND APPARATUS 
 General Rules of Safety 
 See Rules 3 to 6. 
 
 Switchboards 
 
 See also Rules 60 to 72 and 75 to 85. 
 
 36. Switchboards shall consist of a substantial frame- 
 work of iron pipe, or structural steel, on which shall be 
 mounted a panel or panels of non-combustible, non-absorbent, 
 insulating material which is mechanically strong, and has 
 insulating qualities suitable for the voltage at which it is 
 
84 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 used. All switchboard mountings, instrument transformers 
 and motor casings shall be grounded. 
 
 37. The panels of insulating material may be omitted if 
 each piece of equipment carried on the switchboard is pro- 
 vided with an individual base of insulating material of the 
 character specified for the panels and of adequate dimensions, 
 or has its current-carrying parts mounted on approved insu- 
 lation self-contained in the equipment, which shall be especially 
 designed for mounting on iron pipe or structural-steel frame- 
 work. 
 
 38. Switchboards shall be so placed that there should be a 
 straight passageway of not less than 3 ft. in front and in back 
 of the switchboard. These 3-ft. passageways shall be clear 
 of all apparatus mounted on the board and shall be kept free 
 of all obstructions. The space back of the switchboards shall 
 be provided with 3-ft. exits at both ends, but shall not be 
 entered by an unauthorized person, and shall not be used for 
 the storage of material or clothing. 
 
 39. The space behind switchboards where the voltage ex- 
 ceeds low voltage shall be kept closed by locked doors, which 
 can be opened from within without the use of a key, but from 
 without with the key only. 
 
 40. Where the voltage of the power supply exceeds the 
 limits of medium voltage, the live high-voltage metal-work 
 on the front of the switchboard within 7 ft. of the floor shall 
 be protected. In case of existing installations that do not 
 meet the requirements with this respect to passage space in 
 back of the switchboard, no person shall be permitted back 
 of the board while any apparatus or circuits connected there- 
 with are alive. 
 
 41. Conductors shall not cross the passageways back of 
 switchboards except below the floor or at a height of 6 V 2 ft. 
 above the floor. 
 
 42. There shall be provided for each generator an indi- 
 cating ammeter or wattmeter of suitable capacity, and for all 
 generators a voltmeter, that, by closing a switch or manipu- 
 lating a plug connection, can be connected to any generator. 
 
THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 85 
 
 ELECTRIC VENTILATING FAN EQUIPMENT 
 Housing and Power Supply 
 
 See Rules 23 to 25. 
 
 Capacity of Motors 
 
 43. Motors that operate ventilating fans shall be of suf- 
 ficient capacity to drive the fan at the maximum speed of the 
 motor under normal conditions of service without overloading. 
 
 Control of Motors 
 
 44. Non-automatic motor-controlling appliances, which 
 are used with motors that are not self-starting, shall be so 
 arranged that the motor will be disconnected automatically 
 from the supply circuit in case the power supply fails. 
 
 ELECTRIC HOISTING EQUIPMENT 
 
 Shaft Hoists 
 
 45. All electrically-operated shaft hoists shall be pro- 
 vided with a device approved for the prevention of over- 
 winding. Where the hoist is used for handling men, addi- 
 tional provision shall be made to prevent overwinding at the 
 man landing. Where a separate overwind protection for men 
 is used a visual signal shall be provided to indicate at all man 
 landings that the overwind device is set for hoisting men. It 
 shall not be possible to operate the signal lights without set- 
 ting the man landing overwind. 
 
 46. Shaft hoists shall have a brake which will keep the 
 hoisting drum under the control of the operator. The brake 
 shall be provided with an automatic trip or release, which 
 will apply the brake in case the power supply fails, in case 
 of overwinding or overspeeding, and this brake shall have 
 sufficient capacity to hold the maximum unbalanced load. 
 
 47. Hoists for handling men shall be so arranged that, 
 when hoisting and lowering men and the legal rate of speed 
 is exceeded, the hoist will automatically be brought to a stop. 
 If hoists are designed to operate in balance, the driving motor 
 shall be of sufficient size to hoist full loads of men in a maxi- 
 mum unbalanced condition in case of emergency. 
 
 48. All electric safety devices shall be tested at the begin- 
 
86 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 ning of each shift and a record of such tests shall be made 
 and signed by an authorized person and kept on file at the 
 mine. 
 
 Slope Hoists 
 
 49. All electrically-operated slope, tail-rope, or endless- 
 rope hoists in mines shall be fitted with adequate controlling 
 devices of approved design. 
 
 UNDERGROUND MOTORS OTHER THAN LOCOMOTIVES 
 
 See Rules 3 to 7 and “General Rules for Safety for Under- 
 ground Stations,” and Rule 34. 
 
 General Construction 
 
 50. Motors for use in damp places shall have approved 
 moisture-resisting insulation. 
 
 51. The outgoing leads and connections of all motors shall 
 be protected from accidental contact by insulation or grounded 
 coverings. Motors that operate at voltages exceeding low 
 voltage shall have their outgoing leads and connections 
 entirely within the motor-frame or bed-plates, or protected by 
 an approved guard. 
 
 Permissible Motors 
 
 52. See Permissible Equipment, paragraph 15. 
 
 Portable Motors 
 
 53. The motors and controlling appliances of portable 
 pumps, hoists, and similar portable apparatus shall be securely 
 mounted and with frame grounded to a common base with the 
 machine that is to be operated. All wiring between the motor 
 and the controlling appliances shall be done in accordance 
 with paragraph 7. 
 
 54. Mining-machine motors, and other motors that use 
 a trailing cable, shall be provided where the cable enters the 
 frame of the machine with an approved means for preventing 
 abrasion of the insulating covering of the cable. An ap- 
 proved insulating clamp placed within the frame, or protected 
 by an approved metallic covering, shall be provided for tak- 
 ing all mechanical strains upon the cable terminals. (See 
 also Rule 55.) 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 87 
 
 Trailing Cables 
 
 55. Trailing cables for portable machines shall be especi- 
 ally flexible, heavily insulated, and protected with extra stout 
 braiding, hose pipes, or other effective coverings. (See also 
 Rule 74.) 
 
 56. Each trailing cable in use shall be examined daily by 
 the machine operator for abrasion and other defects; and he 
 shall also be required to observe carefully the trailing cable 
 while in use, and shall at once repair any defect or report it to 
 the person in charge of electrical equipment. 
 
 57. In the event of the trailing cable in service breaking 
 down or becoming damaged in any way, or any person receiv- 
 ing a shock from it, it shall be at once put out of service. The 
 faulty cable shall not again be used until it has been repaired 
 and tested by an authorized person. 
 
 58. The trailing cable shall be divided at the motor, but 
 only for such length as is necessary for making connection to 
 the motor; and the cable, with its outer covering complete, 
 shall be clamped securely to the motor-frame in such a man- 
 ner as to protect the cable from injury, and to prevent any 
 mechanical strain being borne by the signal ends that make 
 electric connection to the motor. 
 
 Permissible Portable Motors 
 
 59. See Permissible Equipment, paragraph 15. 
 
 Control 
 
 60. Every stationary motor and every portable motor used 
 underground, except mining machines and drills, shall be 
 protected, together with its starting device. 
 
 Direct-Current Motors 
 
 61. On two-wire ungrounded circuits, each wire shall be 
 protected by an automatic circuit-breaker, or by a fuse and 
 switch. On two-wire grounded circuits, the ungrounded wire 
 shall be protected by a switch, and either a fuse or an auto- 
 matic circuit-breaker. When the circuit-breaker trips free 
 from the closing handle, the switch may be omitted. On three- 
 wire circuits each outside wire shall be protected by a fuse 
 or automatic circuit-breaker, but no fuse or automatic circuit- 
 
88 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 breaker shall be used in the neutral wire. A triple-pole switch,, 
 to isolate the fuses or circuit-breakers from live source, shall 
 be used. In case circuit-breakers are used, they shall be so 
 arranged that the opening of the circuit-breaker in one wire 
 will cause the other circuit-breakers to trip. 
 
 Alternating-Current Motors 
 
 62. On three-phase delta or Y (star) connected circuits, 
 each wire shall be provided with a fuse or automatic circuit- 
 breaker. When circuit-breakers are used, two overload trip- 
 coils shall be used for underground neutral systems, and three 
 overload trip-coils for grounded neutral systems. In either 
 case the automatic circuit-breakers shall be so arranged that 
 the opening of one will open the others. Switches for iso- 
 lating the fuses or circuit-breakers from live source shall be 
 provided. When air-brake circuit-breakers, which trip free 
 from the handle are used, the switch may be omitted. 
 
 63. The above devices shall be installed in a convenient 
 position in sight of the motor or in sight of the equipment 
 that the motor operates. The controlling appliances of sta- 
 tionary motors, except the controllers of hoist and similar 
 equipment, shall be mounted upon a switchboard. Resistances 
 may be mounted upon a separate metallic framework. 
 
 64. Underground motors that operate care or coal-handling 
 equipment shall be provided at a point near such equipment 
 with a switch, or other means for disconnecting the motor 
 from the power supply. 
 
 65. Underground motors used to drive booster or auxili- 
 ary fans shall be so designed or equipped that they will start 
 automatically, when their circuits are connected to the power 
 supply. 
 
 66. All non-automatic, current-limiting starting devices, 
 except those used with mining machines, drills, locomotives, 
 and hoists, shall be provided with a no-voltage release. 
 
 67. Electrically-operated mining machines and drills may 
 be protected by a single fuse, and need not be equipped with 
 a line-switch if an approved current-rupturing device is in- 
 stalled at that end of the trailing cable which is nearest to 
 the power supply. If a hook is used for this purpose it shall 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 89 
 
 be provided with an insulated handle of approved construc- 
 tion. If cable reels are used, they shall be provided with an 
 approved means for opening the circuit under full motor load. 
 (See Rule 15.) 
 
 68. All insulating material used in connection with start- 
 ing resistances shall be non-combustible. This includes the 
 insulation of wire used for the internal wiring of resistances. 
 
 69. All switches shall be so installed that they can not close 
 by gravity. 
 
 70. Every underground stationary motor of 100 brake 
 horse-power or over shall be provided with a suitable meter 
 to indicate the amount of load on the machine. 
 
 71. All wiring between motors and their controlling ap- 
 pliances shall be insulated. 
 
 72. Overload release devices on starting rheostats and 
 compensators will not be considered as taking the place of 
 circuit-breakers, if such devices are inoperative during the 
 -starting of the motor. If automatic starting devices are used 
 they shall be inclosed in a fireproof inclosure, or mounted 
 upon a metallic framework clear of all combustible material. 
 
 LOCOMOTIVES 
 
 73. Gathering locomotives may be operated with a single- 
 conductor trailing cable if the track provides a good metallic 
 return: otherwise double-conductor trailing cable must be 
 used. 
 
 74. The trailing cable of gathering locomotives shall be 
 provided with an approved insulated hook or other device for 
 making connection to the trolley wire; and if a double-con- 
 ductor cable is used a similar hook or device shall be provided 
 for making connection to the track rail. 
 
 UNDERGROUND TRANSFORMERS 
 
 See ‘‘Underground Stations.” “Transformer Stations” and 
 Rules 84 and 85. 
 
90 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 DIVISION 4.— CIRCUITS AND CONDUCTORS 
 PROTECTION AND CONTROL 
 
 Protection of all Circuits 
 
 75. All circuits leading from generating stations and sub- 
 stations, except transformer sub-stations, shall be provided 
 at their source with current-interrupting devices of such capa- 
 cities, and so installed and adjusted that the circuit will be 
 opened if the current in the circuit exceeds the carrying capa- 
 city of the conductors leaving the station. All circuits lead- 
 ing underground exceeding 50 kilowatts capacity shall be pro- 
 vided with a suitable ammeter or means for inserting a port- 
 able ammeter. 
 
 76. Two-wire ungrounded direct-current circuits shall be 
 protected by an automatic circuit-breaker or by a fuse and 
 switch in each wire. Two-wire grounded direct-current cir- 
 cuits shall be protected by a switch, and either an automatic 
 circuit-breaker or a fuse in the ungrounded wire. When the 
 circuit-breaker trips free from the closing handle the switch 
 may be omitted. Three-wire ungrounded direct-current cir- 
 cuits shall be protected by a fuse or automatic circuit-breaker 
 in each outside conductor, but no fuse or circuit-breaker in 
 the neutral conductor, and in addition a triple-pole switch to 
 isolate the fuse or circuit-breaker from live sources. Where 
 one of the outside wires is grounded, this should be treated as 
 neutral and protection provided only in the other two wires. 
 
 77. Three-phase delta or Y (star) connected alternating- 
 current circuits shall be protected by a fuse or an automatic 
 circuit-breaker in each wire. When automatic circuit-break- 
 ers are used, two overload trip-coils shall be provided for 
 ungrounded neutral systems, and three overload trip-coils for 
 grounded neutral systems. In either case the automatic cir- 
 cuit-breakers shall be so arranged that the opening of one will 
 open the others. Switches for isolating the fuses or circuit- 
 breakers from live sources shall be provided. 
 
 Protection of Circuits Leading Underground 
 
 78. Each outgoing circuit that leads underground, and 
 extends over the surface of the ground 500 ft. or more from 
 the generating station or sub-station, shall be equipped with 
 lightning arresters of approved type, with proper ground con- 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 91 
 
 nection at the generating station or sub-station, and also at 
 the point where the circuit enters the mine. 
 
 79. Lightning arresters shall be connected on the second- 
 ary side of all transformers that feed underground circuits, 
 unless there is provided other suitable means for discharging 
 abnormal voltages. Lightning arresters on the primary side 
 will be considered suitable if the secondary circuit above 
 ground is less than 50 ft. long. 
 
 80. Each power circuit leading underground shall be pro- 
 vided with a disconnecting switch in each conductor capable 
 of opening the circuit under load. This switch shall be placed 
 where the circuit enters the mine or within 100 ft. of this 
 point. 
 
 81. Each individual circuit leading underground, whether 
 alternating or direct current, shall be provided with automatic 
 overload protection at or before the point where it enters 
 the mine working. If two circuit-breakers are used, they 
 must be so interlocked that both will open in the event of one 
 opening. 
 
 Protection of Underground Circuits 
 
 82. All branch circuits of a network shall be provided 
 with current-rupturing devices of such capacity, and so in- 
 stalled, that the current in any part of the branch circuit can- 
 not exceed the carrying capacity of that part as defined by 
 Rule 14, if the length of the complete branch circuit exceeds 
 two miles. 
 
 83. Minimum size of conductors used to supply power to 
 eoal-cutting equipment shall be No. 4 B. & S. Minimum size 
 of conductors for supplying pumps shall be No. 8 B. & S. All 
 conductors supplying pumps and motors shall come within 
 the limits given under paragraph 14. 
 
 Protection of Underground Transformer Circuits 
 
 84. All transformers shall be equipped with automatic 
 current-interrupting devices in at least the primary side of 
 the transformer; and also in the secondary side of the trans- 
 former, if the current-interrupting devices in the primary 
 are not readily accessible from the transformer. 
 
92 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 85. When the voltage of circuits entering or leaving under- 
 ground transformers exceeds the limits of medium voltage, 
 current-interrupting devices shall consist of an oil circuit- 
 breaker in each conductor, and each switch shall be provided 
 with an automatic overload-trip. 
 
 86 . When the voltage of circuits entering or leaving trans- 
 formers does not exceed the limits of medium voltage, their 
 protective devices may consist of an oil circuit-breaker as 
 described above, or of a knife-switch and automatic circuit- 
 breaker in each conductor, except that approved fuses may be 
 substituted for circuit-breakers. 
 
 INSTALLING OF SURFACE CIRCUITS 
 Surface Transmission-Lines 
 
 87. Power wires shall not be placed on the same cross- 
 arms with telegraph, telephone, or signal wires. When placed 
 on the same pole with such wires and below them, the distance 
 between the two inside pins of each cross-arm carrying power 
 wires shall not be less than 26 inches. 
 
 88 . Transmission-lines operating at voltages in excess of 
 5000 volts shall not be placed on the same poles with tele- 
 phone circuits which are or can be connected underground, 
 unless the telephone lines are provided with approved protec- 
 tive devices capable of preventing the higher voltage from 
 entering the underground telephone circuits. 
 
 Surface Trolley-Lines 
 
 89. All surface trolley-lines shall be kept at least 6 V 2 ft. 
 above the top of the rail, and shall be protected at all regularly 
 provided crossings by a guard, which will prevent men from 
 coming in contact with the wire either directly or by bringing 
 tools in contact with the wire. 
 
 90. That part of the trolley circuit used for surface opera- 
 tions shall be so arranged that it can be entirely disconnected 
 from the power supply without cutting off the current inside 
 of the mine, or interfering with the operation of other appara- 
 tus not a part of the trolley system. 
 
 91. Trolley-wires shall not be smaller than No. 8 B. & S. 
 gauge copper wire or No. 4 B. & S. gauge silicon-bronze wire, 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 93 
 
 and shall withstand easily the strain put upon them when in 
 use: 
 
 92. Trolley wires shall have double insulation from the 
 ground unless an approved single insulator is used. In 
 wooden-pole construction the pole will be considered as one 
 insulation. 
 
 METHODS OF CARRYING CIRCUITS UNDERGROUND 
 Suspension in Shafts 
 
 93. All power conductors installed in shafts shall be cov- 
 ered with approved insulating material throughout or pro- 
 tected in an approved manner, and shall be firmly fastened 
 to or suspended from properly supported insulators, unless 
 the conductors are sheathed with lead or inclosed in conduit. 
 Conductors used as returns in shafts for ground-return sys- 
 tems shall be supported on insulators, but need not be covered 
 with insulation. 
 
 94. Shaft cables which are so constructed that the whole or 
 any part of the cable is not self-sustaining, shall be supported 
 in an approved manner at such intervals as may be necessary 
 to prevent the occurrence of undue strains in sheath, insula- 
 tion, or conductors. 
 
 95. Shaft cables shall be so placed or protected that they 
 are not liable to injury from falling material. 
 
 Suspension in Bore-Holes 
 
 96. All power conductors, except grounded returns in- 
 stalled in bore-holes, shall be covered with insulation and sup- 
 ported in an approved manner, which shall prevent the occur- 
 rence of undue strains in sheath, insulation or conductors. 
 
 97. Telephone or signal wires shall not be installed in the 
 same bore-hole with power wires, unless either the signal or 
 the power conductors in the bore-hole are encased in metallic 
 coverings that are permanently grounded. 
 
 Entrance of Conductors Through Drifts or Slopes 
 
 98. Low and medium-voltage power conductors in drifts 
 or slopes may be installed bare, but shall be carried on suit- 
 able insulators securely fastened to the sides or roof of the 
 
94 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 entry. If the drift or slope is used for traveling, the con- 
 ductors shall be protected as required in Rule 105. 
 
 • 
 
 INSTALLATION OF UNDERGROUND POWER CIRCUITS 
 AND CONDUCTORS 
 
 99. All joints in wires shall be made electrically and me- 
 chanically efficient either by the use of an approved mechan- 
 ical connector or by soldering. 
 
 100. Underground conductors will not be considered as 
 shock-proof unless they are encased in metallic covering that 
 is thoroughly grounded. 
 
 101. Low and medium-voltage conductors shall be car- 
 ried at least 6 in. from the trolley-line and on the nearest rib 
 side of it, and shall be supported on insulators of an approved 
 type. When the height of the entry does not exceed 5 ft., 
 the insulators shall be placed not more than 20 ft. apart and 
 as much closer as is necessary to support the wires properly. 
 
 102. If the height of the entry is more than 5 ft., the 
 insulators shall be placed not more than 30 ft. apart, and as 
 much closer as may be necessary to support the line properly. 
 
 103. High-voltage conductors shall be carried in metallic 
 coverings, and shall be installed in an approved manner with 
 special reference to the conditions under which they are in- 
 stalled. 
 
 104. The negative or return wire of grounded systems shall 
 be treated in exactly the same menner as the positive or live 
 wire, and afforded the same support and insulation. 
 
 105. All conductors in traveling ways, except haulage- 
 roads used for traveling (see Rule 11) and medium-voltage 
 conductors in room entries, shall be protected throughout 
 that part of the entry that is used for traveling, unless the 
 conductors are at least 6!/^ ft. above the rail, in which case 
 protection will be necessary only at those points where men 
 are required to ^work beneath the conductors or pass under 
 them. The insulators may be supported directly from the 
 roof or side or may be attached to timbers not less than 3 by 4- 
 inch size, or may be secured to steel mine timbers. The in- 
 sulators shall be placed so that the height of the conductors 
 above the bottom will be comparatively uniform. 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 95 
 
 106. All conductors shall be strung with the least prac- 
 ticable sag between the supporting insulators, and shall be 
 maintained in this condition and kept from contact with rock, 
 coal, timber, or other non-insulating material. 
 
 107. All main conductors shall be sectionalized by ap- 
 proved switches at points not more than 2500 ft. apart. 
 
 Branch Conductors 
 
 108. Branch conductors shall be supported and main- 
 tained in the same manner as main conductors, and given the 
 same protection. 
 
 109. At the point where branch circuits leave the main 
 circuits there shall be placed a switch for cutting off all cur- 
 rent from the branch circuits. 
 
 110. Where wires pass through partitions or wooden or 
 other brattices, they shall be protected with approved in- 
 sulating tubes held in place with tape or thoroughly cemented 
 in place so that they can not move. 
 
 111. Entries or passageways in which wires are installed 
 must be kept sufficiently free from rock, slate, or other mate- 
 rial to permit ready access to the wires at all times. 
 
 Room Wiring* 
 
 112. Rooms in which gas or coal dust exist in explosive 
 mixtures shall not be wired. Where room wiring is permis- 
 sible it shall be treated as branch circuits, and equipped at 
 the room entrance with switches or some other device that 
 will entirely disconnect the wiring when not in use. 
 
 Trolley-Wires 
 
 113. Trolley-wires shall be of hard-drawn copper not 
 smaller in size than 1/0 B. & S. gauge, and shall be securely 
 supported on approved hangers, which may be attached di- 
 rectly to the roof or securely fastened to timber or equivalent. 
 
 114. The height of trolley-wires above the top of the rail 
 shall be made as uniform as practicable. 
 
 115. Trolley-wires shall be so placed as to give the maxi- 
 mum clearance practicable, and kept in as straight a line as 
 possible. 
 
 *The U. S. Bureau of Mines recommends that rooms be not wired. 
 
96 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 116. On straight runs, the hangers shall be placed not 
 more than 20 ft. apart where the height of the roof above the 
 track is 5 ft. or less, and not more than 30 ft. apart where 
 the roof is more than 5 ft. above the track. On curves, the 
 hangers shall be placed so close together that the trolley-wire 
 at any one hanger may be entirely disconnected without ex- 
 posing the locomotive runner to danger of contact. 
 
 117. Underground trolley-lines shall be sectionalized every 
 2500 ft. by placing in the line a switch by which the line can 
 be entirely disconnected from the power supply. All branch 
 trolley-lines shall be provided with a frog at the point where 
 they leave the main, and also with a switch installed at or 
 near the frog, by which the branch can be disconnected from 
 the main. 
 
 118. Trolley- wires that are less than 6 V 2 ft. above the top 
 of the rail shall be protected at all points where men are regu- 
 larly required to work or pass under them, and at all points 
 where men may come in contact with the wires. 
 
 Bonding 
 
 119. The tracks of all main haulage systems that use a 
 rail return shall be bonded at every rail joint, and cross bond- 
 ing shall be placed at intervals not exceeding 200 ft. Special 
 provision shall be made for bonding around all switches, 
 frogs, or openings in the track so as to insure a continuous 
 return. 
 
 Lighting Circuits in Places Where Gas or Coal Dust Do Not Occur 
 in Dangerous Mixtures 
 
 See also Rules 133 to 135 ; 137 to 139. 
 
 120. Lighting wires shall be attached to power wires by 
 soldering or by fastening under a set-screw in a lug attached 
 to the trolley-hanger, or by such other devices as will prevent 
 the wires from becoming loose. 
 
 121. All wiring shall be supported on non-combustible, 
 non-absorbent insulators, which shall separate the wires by 
 at least 1 in. from the surfaces wired over. Wires of opposite 
 polarity shall be kept at least 21/2 in. apart for low voltage, 
 and 5 in. apart for medium voltage. 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 97 
 
 122. No wires smaller than No. 14 B. & S. gauge shall be 
 used for lighting circuits in non-gaseous places. 
 
 123. When the ground is used as a return for lighting cir- 
 cuits, the return wire shall be attached to the track by bond- 
 ing to the rail or by attachment to regular bonding in an ap- 
 proved manner. This ground connection shall be made of not 
 less than No. 8 B. & S. gauge copper wire, which shall be 
 buried below the surface and carried to the side of the entry, 
 and thence on porcelain insulators to the roof or a point at 
 least 5 ft. above the track. 
 
 Lighting Circuits in Places Where Gas or Coal Dust Occurs in 
 Dangerous Mixtures" 
 
 See also Rules 136 and 140. 
 
 124. The potential of lighting circuits shall not exceed 
 the limits of low voltage. 
 
 125. Only permissible equipment shall be used for light- 
 ing circuits. 
 
 126. The circuits shall be run from the outside, with all 
 switches and protective devices on the surface, or by using 
 permissible switches, fuses, or circuit-breakers situated 
 underground, or by ventilating with fresh air the place where 
 the switches and fuses are installed. 
 
 127. If the circuits are run from the outside with the con- 
 trolling devices installed on the surface, the conductors lead- 
 ing underground shall be not smaller than No. 8 B. & S. 
 gauge, and each circuit shall be provided above ground with 
 a suitable ammeter. 
 
 128. Each circuit shall have a double-pole switch and fuses 
 or circuit-breakers in the case of two-wire systems, and a 
 three-pole switch and fuses or circuit-breakers in the case of 
 three-wire systems. 
 
 129. The fuses or circuit-breakers shall be designed or 
 arranged to operate when the allowable load is exceeded by 
 25%. 
 
 *Bureau of Mines recommends that in mines in which fire-damp is 
 given off in dangerous quantities, the use of lighting circuits be confined 
 to those entries and places that are ventilated by intake air-currents which 
 have not passed by or through abandoned or active workings, except that 
 a lighting circuit may be used in a shaft or slope bottom ventilated by a 
 return air-current in which the percentage of methane does not exceed 1%. 
 
98 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 130. No wire smaller than No. 12 B. & S. gauge shall be 
 used in lighting circuits except for the leads of weather- 
 proof sockets, and these shall not be less than No. 14 B. & S. 
 gauge. 
 
 131. In case distribution is made from a point under- 
 ground, the distribution switches and fuses shall be mounted 
 on a non-combustible panel, placed in a metal cabinet and 
 fitted with a hinged door. This cabinet shall be used whether 
 permissible switches are required or not. The cabinet shall 
 be fitted with a door properly hinged, so that it will close 
 tightly and shall be provided with a fastening which will hold 
 the door securely in a closed position. 
 
 132. Flexible lamp-cord connections are prohibited except 
 for portable lamps, as covered by Rule 141. 
 
 DIVISION 5.— MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT 
 FIXED ELECTRIC LAMPS 
 
 For wiring and control requirements of fixed electric lamps, 
 see Rules 120 to 132, inclusive. 
 
 133. Electric lamps used to illuminate haulage-roads, side 
 tracks, and similar passageways where gas or coal dust do 
 not exist in explosive mixtures, may be connected to power 
 and trolley-lines. 
 
 134. Lamps may be connected in multiple or in series, and 
 no fuse or switch will be required for one lamp or series of 
 lamps. A switch may be used if it is desired to switch the 
 lamps on or off, and a fuse must be used if it is necessary 
 to protect any considerable length of wire. 
 
 135. All sockets shall be of the keyless weather-proof type, 
 and have no exposed metallic parts. Lead wires shall be 
 rubber-covered, and of a size not smaller than No. 14 B. & S. 
 gauge. The lead wires shall be made a part of the socket 
 and permanently connected thereto. These wires shall be at- 
 tached directly to the line wires by soldering or by mechanical 
 connectors. Sockets shall not be supported by the lines wires, 
 but by an additional insulator or insulators, or some other 
 device that will be entirely independent of the line wires. 
 
 136. In mines that contain gas or coal dust in explosive 
 mixtures, and in which electricity is used only for lighting 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 99 
 
 or where the lighting circuits are separate from the power cir- 
 cuits, the voltage of such circuits shall not exceed the limits 
 of low voltage, and all lamps shall be connected in multiple. 
 
 137. Not more than 24 lamps shall be attached to any one 
 circuit, and the power taken by any one circuit shall not exceed 
 1300 watts. 
 
 138. Permissible mine incandescent lamps shall be used 
 where gas or coal dust occurs in explosive mixtures. 
 
 139. Incandescent lamps shall be so installed that they 
 cannot come in contact with combustible material. 
 
 140. Electric lamps shall be replaced by an authorized per- 
 son only, and in places where gas or coal dust exist in explo- 
 sive mixtures, only after an examination for gas has been 
 made with a safety-lamp. 
 
 Portable Electric Lamps 
 
 141. Portable incandescent lamps, other than permissible 
 battery-lamps, shall be protected by a heavy wire cage, which 
 completely encloses both lamp and socket, and shall be pro- 
 vided with a handle to which both cage and socket are firmly 
 attached, and through which the cord supplying the current is 
 carried. The socket shall be keyless, and the lamp circuit shall 
 be protected by a fuse. 
 
 142. When a portable lamp is one of several connected in 
 series between a source of voltage and the earth, the portable 
 lamp shall be the one in the series electrically nearest to the 
 earth connection. 
 
 143. The use of portable lamps with leads of ordinary 
 flexible cord is prohibited. Only lamp cords approved for this 
 purpose shall be used. 
 
 Self-Contained Portable Electric Lamps* 
 
 144. Permissible self-contained portable electric lamps 
 shall be used in places where gas or coal dust occurs in ex- 
 plosive mixtures. 
 
 ‘The use of self-contained portable electric lamps of suitable design and 
 construction is recommended for all coal mines, provided that in places 
 where gas or coal dust occur in dangerous mixtures, or in places where 
 blackdamp is given off in large quantities, frequent inspections with safety- 
 lamps are made. 
 
100 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Electric Shot-Firing Equipment 
 
 145. Electricity from any grounded circuit shall not be 
 used for firing shots.f 
 
 146. Special precautions shall be taken to prevent shot- 
 firing conductors from becoming grounded, or from getting in 
 contact with other electric circuits. 
 
 147. Only authorized persons shall be allowed to fire shots 
 with electricity in a mine. 
 
 148. The electric detonators or igniters and leads thereto 
 shall be suitable for the conditions under which the blasting is 
 carried on and shall be approved by the United States Bureau 
 of Mines. 
 
 149. Portable shot-firing machines shall be of efficient de- 
 sign and shall be substantially constructed. All such machines 
 shall be enclosed in strong, tight casings. 
 
 150. Primary or secondary batteries used for shot-firing 
 shall be enclosed in a well-constructed casing provided with a 
 special form of contact-plug for making the connection be- 
 tween the batteries and shot-firing leads. The design of the 
 plug shall be such that considerable pressure will be required 
 to make the contact, which will be immediately broken unless 
 the plug is forcibly held in position. 
 
 151. There shall be no exposed contacts on the outside of 
 the battery casings. 
 
 152. All portable shot-firing machines shall be equipped 
 with a detachable handle, connecting plug, key, or similar 
 approved device without which the shot-firing circuit cannot 
 be closed, and which shall under no circumstances pass from 
 the custody of the person authorized to fire the shots. 
 
 153. No shot-firing device shall be connected to the shot- 
 firing leads until all other steps preparatory to the firing of the 
 shot have been completed, and all persons have moved to a 
 position of safety. 
 
 Disconnection of Leads 
 
 154. Immediately after the firing of a shot, the firing lead? 
 
 fit is recommended that all shots be fired electrically, and for inside 
 firing, shots be fired separately — and one at a time, on account of the 
 danger ' »f causing blown-out shots and resultant explosions. If fired in 
 groups he firing should be done only from the surface. 
 
UNDERGROUND POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 101 
 
 shall be disconnected from the supply of electricity, and no 
 person shall aproach a shot which electricity has failed to ex- 
 plode until the firing leads have been so disconnected, and an 
 interval of 10 minutes has elapsed since the last attempt to fire 
 the shot. 
 
 Shot-Firing From Surface 
 
 155. In coal mines employing the system of firing shots 
 electrically from above ground when everyone is out of the 
 mine, a complete metallic circuit shall be employed, and both 
 wires shall be covered with insulation and supported upon 
 glass or porcelain insulators. 
 
 156. There shall be a switch at the mouth of each working 
 place, so that the circuit can be kept open while miners are at 
 work, and closed only when the shots have been prepared, and 
 the miner or miners are leaving the place. 
 
 157. There shall be a locked switch in the circuit at the 
 entrance to each heading or side entry, which shall be locked 
 open and be thrown-in only by an authorized person, when all 
 the men are out of the respective heading or branch entry. 
 
 158. There shall be in the circuit at the foot of the shaft or 
 slope, two plugs with flexible leads not less than 5 ft. long, to 
 break further the main circuit of the shot-firing system until 
 all the men in the mine have gone out, when the plugs will be 
 put in by the one man authorized to do so. Provision shall be 
 made for locking the plugs out of circuit. 
 
 159. There shall be placed in the power-house a locked 
 switch to be used for connecting the shot-firing circuit to the 
 generator or power-line. This switch shall be thrown-in only 
 by the man who is authorized to do the shot-firing, and not 
 until the men have been checked out of the mine. 
 
 160. There shall be placed in the shot-firer's cabin a locked 
 firing-switch, which shall be thrown only by the authorized 
 shot-firer after all the men are out of the mine, and after all 
 other switches have been thrown-in. In firing shots, this 
 switch shall be thrown but once. 
 
 161. To insure that all men are out of the mine, an approved 
 system of checking shall be employed. 
 
102 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 162. All shot-firing lines shall be carefully insulated and 
 the two wires that form the circuit shall be placed on the side 
 of the entry or passageway opposite from that on which the 
 trolley-wire is placed, and so far as possible other roads than 
 the trolley road shall be used for carrying the wires into the 
 working places. 
 
 Electric Signaling Equipment 
 
 163. The parts of electric signaling systems used in connec- 
 tion with mines shall be designed, constructed, and installed in 
 an approved manner. No voltage in excess of 25 volts shall be 
 applied to signal circuits in places where gas or coal dust occur 
 in explosive mixtures. 
 
 164. Only permissible equipment shall be used in places 
 where gas or coal dust occurs in explosive mixtures. 
 
 165. Suitable precautions shall be taken to prevent electric 
 signal or telephone wires from becoming grounded or from 
 coming in contact with electric conductors, whether insulated 
 or not. Signal circuits and telephone wires shall not be in- 
 stalled on the same side of an entry as power conductors. 
 
 BRIEF OF DISCUSSION ON JOINT REPORT OF SUB-COM- 
 MITTEES ON STANDARDIZATION OF UNDERGROUND 
 POWER TRANSMISSION AND STANDARDIZATION 
 OF POWER EQUIPMENT 
 
 ta I 
 
 Bj' WARREN R. ROBERTS, Chairman of General Committee 
 
 The Chairman of these two Committees decided that the 
 subject matter each of them had under consideration was so 
 interwoven that it was best to consolidate their efforts, and 
 their work was therefore carried on in joint sessions, and they 
 rendered a joint report. 
 
 The Committees were most fortunate in having Mr. Kiser, 
 chairman of one of the Sub-Committees, present at the Stand- 
 ardization Conference to present their joint report. He stated 
 that the report was entirely too long, and contained too much 
 technical data, he thought, to make it of interest to the Con- 
 ference, and therefore discussed the most salient features of 
 the joint report. 
 
 Mr. Kiser first expressed, on behalf of the Chairman of both 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF HAMMER-DRILLS 
 
 103 
 
 these Committees their sincere appreciation of the keen in- 
 terest shown in the work by the members of these Committees. 
 He also placed in the record an expression of the Committees’ 
 indebtedness to the U. S. Bureau of Mines for providing not 
 only a meeting place, but a secretary during their joint meet- 
 ings. Mr. Kiser explained that the work of their Committees, 
 and therefore their report, was separated into two general 
 divisions : first, the standardization of practice in the installa- 
 tion and operation of equipment, and the standardization of 
 equipment. 
 
 As the Electric Power Club has for its object the standard- 
 ization of capacities, voltages, speeds, and essential mechanical 
 features of electric motors, generators, transformers, etc., and 
 as its standards are the accepted standards throughout the 
 country, it was suggested that the Committee adopt them as 
 their standards for such equipment. It was also suggested 
 that the standardization rules of the A. I. E. E. be adopted as 
 our standards of technical matters. In giving attention to the 
 standardization of practice, the Committee considered that this 
 work was very thoroughly covered by the U. S. Bureau of 
 Mines Technical Paper No. 138 r entitled 'Suggested Rules for 
 Installing and Using Electrical Equipment in Bituminous Coal 
 Mines.’ The data contained in this Bulletin was therefore 
 taken as the basis for the work of the Committee. Each rule 
 was thoroughly discussed and revised when it seemed advis- 
 able to do so for the purpose of clarifying it, or making it con- 
 form to present day practice. 
 
 Lastly, the Committee advises that the rules as they appear 
 in the report of this Committee are prepared especially to 
 cover coal-mining conditions, but they are applicable to metal 
 mines, by omitting certain paragraphs which concern the ex- 
 istence of gas or coal dust in explosive mixtures. 
 
 This brief digest of the verbal presentation of this most 
 valuable report is intended simply to give an insight into the 
 methods of procedure by this Joint Committee, and to indicate 
 the careful and thorough manner in which they have done 
 their work. A study of this joint report, however, is necessary 
 to appreciate the amount of good work performed on behalf 
 of the industry by this Joint Committee. 
 
104 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 DIGEST OF PAPER ON 
 
 SUGGESTIONS FOR THE STANDARDIZATION OF HAMMER 
 DRILLS AND ACCESSORIES 
 
 Prepared by GEORGE H. GILMAN, East Boston, Mass. Member of the 
 Sub-Committee on Drilling-Machines and Drilling 
 
 Presented at the Meeting of the Sub-Committee on Drilling-Machines 
 
 I do not recommend an attempt being made to restrict the 
 quantity of sizes and types of standard machines to a point 
 that will tend to lower the overall efficiency of the drilling 
 operation, regardless of the fact that from the manufacturer’s 
 viewpoint the fewer the number and types of machines the 
 greater will be the volume of each type built, with a consequent 
 reduction in manufacturing costs. However, with a variety of 
 types and sizes of machines to choose from, the individual 
 mine operator will be able to select the minimum number to 
 meet to the best advantage the requirements of the work, and 
 after the selection is made, it will then be necessary for the 
 manufacturer’s engineer to regulate the mechanism of the drill 
 in order that it may be adapted to the conditions of ground 
 and air pressure to the best advantage. With this in view, I 
 recommend the standardization of the following machines : 
 
 Details, Capacity and Use of Machines 
 
 (1) A hand-held hammer-drill to weigh 25 to 30 lb., having 
 automatic bit rotation, double-grip handle, drill-steel 
 retainer, automatic lubricator, means for cleaning the 
 drill-hole with air only, and a chuck adapted for %-in. 
 quarter-octagon hollow drill-steel, having %-in. quar- 
 ter-octagon collared shank % in. long. 
 
 Capacity — holes to a maximum depth of 4 ft. with a 
 bottom diameter of 1 % inches. 
 
 Use — scaling walls and hitch cutting from ladder or 
 staging, light pop-holing, etc. 
 
 (2) A hand-held hammer-drill to weigh 30 to 40 lb., having 
 automatic bit rotation, double-grip handle, drill-steel 
 retainer, automatic lubrication, water attachment, and 
 chuck adapted for %-in. quarter-octagon hollow drill- 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF HAMMER-DRILLS 
 
 105 
 
 steel having a %-in. quarter-octagon collared shank 
 314 in. long. 
 
 Capacity — holes to a maximum depth of 8 in. with a 
 bottom diameter of 1 % inches. 
 
 Use — pop-holing in boulders, blast-holes in shrinkage 
 stopes, quarry work, etc. 
 
 A hand-held hammer-drill to weigh 30 to 40 lb., having 
 automatic bit rotation, double-grip handle, drill-steel 
 retainer, automatic lubrication, and chuck adapted for 
 collared solid auger drill-steel of cruciform section 
 1%-in. diameter (spiral to be 3*4 turns per foot), 
 having a %-in. quarter-octagon collared shank 3 14 in. 
 long. 
 
 Capacity — holes to a maximum depth of 9 ft., with a 
 bottom diameter of 1% inches. 
 
 Use — blast-hole drilling in hematite iron ore, hard 
 pan, gravel, and earth formations. 
 
 A hand-held hammer-drill to weigh 55 to 60 lb., having 
 automatic bit rotation, double-grip handle, drill-steel 
 retainer, automatic lubrication, water attachment, and 
 chuck adapted for %-in. quarter-octagon hollow drill- 
 steel having a quarter-octagon collared shank 3 % in. 
 long. 
 
 Capacity — holes to maximum depth of 12 ft. with a 
 bottom diameter of 1 % inches. 
 
 Use — blast-hole drilling in shafts, open-pit mining and 
 deep-hole drilling in quarries. 
 
 A mounted hammer-drill to weigh 115 to 125 lb., 
 having a shell and feed-screw equipped with a sliding 
 trunnion and adapted for a normal drill-steel change 
 of 24 in. The hammer engine to have automatic drill- 
 bit rotation, drill-steel retainer, automatic lubrication, 
 water attachment, and chuck adapted for %-in. quar- 
 ter-octagon hollow drill-steel having a quarter-octagon 
 collared shank 3% in. long. 
 
 Capacity — holes to be a maximum depth of 12 ft. with 
 a bottom diameter of 1% inches. 
 
 Use — breast stoping, light drifting, and tripod drilling. 
 A mounted hammer-drill to weigh 160 to 180 lb., 
 having a shell and feed-screw adapted for a normal 
 
106 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 steel change of 24 in. The hammer engine to have 
 automatic drill-bit rotation, automatic lubrication, 
 water attachment, and chuck with bayonet lock 
 adapted for 1%-in. round, lugged hollow drill-steel 
 having a round shank 3 13-16 in. long. 
 
 P Capacity — holes to a maximum depth of 20 ft., with a 
 
 bottom diameter of 1% inches. 
 iU Use — heavy drifting and tripod work. 
 
 (7) A pneumatic feed hammer-drill to weigh 80 to 90 lb., 
 having a pneumatic-feed extension to the hammer en- 
 gine adapted for a normal steel change of 18 in. The 
 hammer engine to have automatic drill-bit rotation, 
 automatic lubrication, water attachment, and chuck 
 adapted for %-in. quarter-octagon hollow drill-steel, 
 equipped with a quarter-octagon collared shank 3*4 in. 
 long. 
 
 Capacity — holes to a maximum depth of 12 ft. with a 
 bottom diameter of 1 % inches. 
 
 Use — overhead drilling in stopes and raises. 
 
 (8) A pneumatic feed hammer-drill to weigh 60 to 65 lb., 
 having a pneumatic-feed extension to the hammer en- 
 gine adapted for a normal steel change of 18 in. and 
 adapted to be oscillated by hand. The hammer engine 
 to have automatic lubrication, water attachment, and 
 chuck adapted for %-in quarter-octagon hollow drill- 
 steel, equipped with a quarter-octagon collared shank 
 3% in. long. 
 
 Capacity — holes to a maximum depth of 8 ft. with a 
 bottom diameter of 1 % inches. 
 
 Use — overhead drilling in stopes and raises where the 
 conditions of the work do not demand that the drill be 
 equipped for automatic rotation of the drill-steel. 
 
 Size of Drill-Steel 
 
 In making recommendations for machine standardization 
 the standardization of drill-steel should be embodied, for to my 
 knowledge there is no good reason why for 98% of the under- 
 ground conditions encountered in metal mining there should 
 be more than three sizes and shapes employed. 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF HAMMER-DRILLS 
 
 107 
 
 (a) %-in. quarter-octagon hollow drill-steel equipped with 
 a %- in. collared quarter-octagon shank 3% in. long. 
 
 Applicable to machines 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8 . 
 
 (b) l^-in. solid cruciform twisted drill-steel equipped 
 with a %-in. collared quarter-octagon shank 3% in. 
 long. 
 
 Applicable to machine 3. 
 
 (c) 1 14 -in. round, hollow drill-steel equipped with a 1 %-in. 
 round, lugged shank 3 13-16 in. long. 
 
 Applicable to machine 6 . 
 
 The %-in. hollow quarter-octagon section is recommended 
 under (a) because of its angular shape, which, when rotated 
 in the drill-hole, facilitates the ejection of the sludge and pre- 
 vents mud collars from forming. In cross-sectional area it 
 exceeds that of the hexagon, round, and cruciform shapes of 
 corresponding diameter, thus providing greater strength in 
 comparison, and when the shanks are made in this section, 
 greater bearing surface to resist wear both in the shank and 
 chuck bushing. The shape of the quarter-octagon steel also 
 facilitates the forging of a four-winged bit as the wings may 
 be drawn from the four flattened corners of the bar, and in 
 addition it provides an ideal gripping surface for the dies of 
 the drill-sharpening machine. 
 
 Heretofore it has been an accepted theory that in the case 
 of pneumatic-feed drills, a collarless drill-shank is desirable, 
 for by its use the work of putting the collar on the steel is 
 obviated. This assumed advantage is, however, subject to 
 question when it is considered that the employment of shank- 
 less drill-steel necessitates the use of an anvil-block or striking- 
 pin interposed between the hammer-piston and the drill-steel, 
 which depending upon its weight and the character of the blow 
 delivered by the pneumatic hammer, results in a loss of from 
 20 to 30% of the effectiveness of the blow in transmission 
 through the part. That it precludes the possibility of standard- 
 izing on two sizes or types of drill-steel for the average hard- 
 rock metal mine and, furthermore, that it precludes the em- 
 ployment of a drill-steel retained as an integral part of the 
 machine for extracting the drill-steel from the drill-hole. The 
 desirability of a collar or lugs at the base of the shank of drill- 
 
108 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 steel that is adapted for drifting, sinking, pop-holing, drilling, 
 etc., needs no comment; therefore, as a suggestion in view of 
 simplifying the steel equipment of the mine and its standard- 
 ization that the same %-im quarter-octagon, collared drill-steel 
 recommended for other machines employed for sinking, light 
 drifting, breast stoping, and pop-hole drilling be employed for 
 all pneumatic feed stoping-drills. 
 
 After the type and size of drill-steel bar and its shank is 
 settled upon, careful consideration should be given to the 
 change length and also to the gauge of the bit for the different 
 steels that comprise a set to drill to a stated depth, it is rec- 
 ommended that a normal change length of 12 in. be adopted 
 for the %-im collared quarter-octagon steel as applied to 
 machines 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8, an 18-in. change length for the 
 l^-in. cruciform, twisted solid steel as applied to machine 3, 
 and a 24-in. change length for the 1 14 -in. round, hollow lugged 
 steel as applied to machine 6. 
 
 Importance of the Drill-Bit 
 
 Very often one of the biggest ‘leaks’ in a mine is to be found 
 in the cutting end of the drill-bit and as this is the ‘business’ 
 end of metal mining it is the logical starting point in the cam- 
 paign to raise efficiency. The start should, therefore, be made, 
 first, by selecting drill-steel of the required shape and quality 
 for the work; secondly, by forging the bit end of the drill-steel 
 to the required shape; and thirdly, by subjecting it to proper 
 heat-treatment. 
 
 Heretofore, many mine operators have adopted the practice 
 of hiring a blacksmith or drill-sharpener, bestowing upon him 
 the responsibility of keeping the mine supplied with drill-steel 
 and have trusted to the ‘four-leaf clover’ that they carry 
 around in their notebooks, for results. Under such conditions 
 they usually get them, but they are not as a rule of a kind that 
 justify the signification of the ‘four-leaf clover.’ 
 
 The material from which the drill-steel is made should be 
 selected to meet the existing conditions of the work, after 
 which the selection should be rigidly adhered to, and a stand- 
 ard method of procedure adopted for working it. Metallurgy 
 has made such rapid strides that it is now a comparatively 
 simple matter to secure the chemical composition and physical 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF HAMMER-DRILLS 
 
 109 
 
 characteristics of any particular kind of steel which, after 
 being determined, should be used as the basis of a standard set 
 of specifications. There is nothing more disconcerting to the 
 drill-steel smith than to be forced to work steel of varying 
 chemical composition that invariably is found about at the 
 mine where material is purchased from several sources, with 
 no more rigid specifications than the mere statement that hol- 
 low or solid drill-steel is what is wanted. 
 
 Sharpening Drills at Correct Heat 
 
 After the material is standardized for the work, smiths 
 should be taught to forge the material at a safe working heat. 
 All blacksmiths know that the hotter steel is heated prepara- 
 tory to forging the earlier will be the work of hammering it 
 into shape ; while but few realize the disastrous effect of over- 
 heating, which is detected only when the finished drill-bit is 
 subjected to service perhaps in an inaccessible working place 
 a mile or two underground and away from the shop. Then it 
 is usually the steel that is condemned instead of the real cause 
 of trouble being determined and checked. 
 
 The next important lesson that the blacksmith should be 
 taught is the fact that in the operation of tempering or heat- 
 treating, all straight carbon drill-steel should be quenched 
 when heated to the critical point regardless of the method 
 employed for drawing the temper. It is called the critical 
 point, because it is the point in the temperature of the piece 
 being heated at which a change takes place in the structure of 
 the steel due to the carbon being dissolved. It is the point be- 
 low which steel will not harden when quenched, and by coin- 
 cidence it is the point at which the steel loses its magnetism. 
 
 When high, straight carbon-steel is heated to the critical 
 point, and cooled rapidly by quenching in ice-cold water, maxi- 
 mum hardness and density is obtained ; and it must be remem- 
 bered that density of structure is equally as important a 
 factor as hardness in rendering the tool both shock and wear- 
 resisting. The required degree of toughness is secured by 
 varying the rate of cooling, when the piece is quenched at the 
 critical temperature, and as applied to the cutting point of the 
 tool, this must be varied to suit the requirements of the work. 
 
 For the shank or striking-end of the tool, density and tough- 
 ness are more to be desired than hardness, so for general work 
 
110 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 the desired result may be secured by heating to the critical 
 temperature the entire shank-end for a short distance below 
 the collar or shoulder, dipping the tip-end in cyanide of potas- 
 sium and then quenching in oil, allowing it to remain there 
 until cool. 
 
 Effect of Over-Heating Steel 
 
 Let us consider the resultant effect of operating on a drill- 
 steel that has been injured in the smith's shop. Regardless of 
 whether it has been over-heated preparatory to forging, over- 
 heated preparatory to quenching, or quenched at too low a 
 heat, the general result is the same. The cutting end of the 
 tool is rapidly dulled in service, due to the absence of wear- 
 resisting qualities. It loses its ability to penetrate the rock 
 when struck, so that the shock must of necessity be absorbed 
 in the steel itself, or transmitted back to the actuating engine. 
 The effect of continued hammering with a dulled cutting tool 
 upon the rock is exactly the same as that of operating against 
 an impenetrable substance such as a hardened anvil. Minute 
 fatigue-checks are established throughout the length of the 
 drill, and as the strength of a chain is determined by its weak- 
 est link, the ability of a piece of steel to withstand vibratory 
 shock is determined by its weakest point. It is at this point 
 that one at least of the fatigue-checks will have been estab- 
 lished. Initially, it may be so small as to be hardly detectable 
 by the naked eye, but with continued operation it gradually 
 grows larger by assuming a semi-circular or arc-shaped ap- 
 pearance, extending into the body of the material. As this 
 check enlarges it is caused to open and shut as the vibratory 
 stresses to which the cutting tool is subjected affect it. Even- 
 tually,* the steel or cutting tool is broken apart with the balance 
 of the section, disclosing a good, clear fracture of the metal in 
 its original condition. 
 
 Unfortunately the effect of the abuse to which the drill-steel 
 or cutting tool is subjected, does not as a rule end with the 
 initial fracture of the bar. When a drill-steel breaks apart in 
 service, the shorter end only is as a rule discarded and the 
 longer is set aside to be either re-shanked or re-sharpened at 
 the convenience of the drill-steel smith. A defective piece of 
 steel is thus again put in commission, and often is broken again 
 in service before it is subjected to undue shock. 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 111 
 
 The effect of operating on a dulled drill-bit is not confined to 
 the cutting tool, for it must be remembered that the cushioning 
 effect due to the penetration of the chisel in the material 
 worked upon, alone makes possible the successful operation of 
 every part comprised in the make-up of the rock-drilling 
 engine. 
 
 Standardization of Hose and Hose Fittings 
 
 It is recommended that the inside diameter, outside diameter, 
 length, and type of hose employed for supplying the rock-drill 
 with air and water under pressure should be standardized, and 
 the following suggestions are advanced with this in view. 
 
 For the air supply of machines 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8, 
 %-in. plain pneumatic hose, without wire winding. 
 
 For the air supply of machine 6, a 1-in. plain pneumatic 
 air hose without wire winding. 
 
 The length of all air-supply hose to be 50 feet. 
 
 For the water supply of all machines 1 / 2 -in. half round 
 wire-wound hose. 
 
 The length of water hose to be 25 feet. 
 
 My suggestions relative to the standardization of hose fit- 
 tings for hammer rock-drill service were embodied in an 
 article that was published in the Engineering and Mining 
 Journal of June 5, 1920. 
 
 Standardization of Mining Columns for Hammer Rock-Drills 
 
 Of the hammer rock-drills recommended, two only require 
 mountings, namely, 5 and 6. In order to keep the saddle 
 of the mining columns limited to two sizes, and incidentally 
 provide the required strength of column for the varying condi- 
 tions of use, the following is recommended : 
 
 For machine 5, a 2%-in. single-screw column with 
 2 1 / 2 -im arm when single drill is employed, and 3-in. double- 
 screw column with 2%-in. arms when two drills are used 
 on the same column. 
 
 For machine 6, single-screw column with 3V^-in. arm 
 when single drill is employed, and 4-in. double-screw 
 column with 3V2-im arms when two drills are used on the 
 same column. 
 
112 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ON THE STANDARDIZA- 
 TION OF DRILLING-MACHINES AND DRILL-STEEL 
 
 Prepared Under the Direction of ARTHUR NOTMAN, Superintendent, 
 Mine Department, Copper Queen Branch, Phelps Dodge Corpo- 
 ration, Bisbee, Ariz. (Member of the Sub-Committee on 
 Drilling-Machines and Drill-Steel).* 
 
 Standardization of Rock-Drill Fittings 
 
 interchangeable between many of the machines of the manu- 
 facturer, but also to have the rock-drill companies adopt the 
 same specifications in making these minor parts. At the 
 present time this condition is far from realization. 
 
 For example: in the case of water and air spuds, the only 
 course for a large mining company to pursue today is to accept 
 the product of one manufacturer as the standard. This means 
 scrapping the spuds on many of the newly-purchased ma- 
 chines. Though such a standard has been adopted at the Cop- 
 per Queen Branch of the Phelps Dodge Corporation, it re- 
 quires three sizes of water spuds to fit out the three types of 
 Ingersoll-Rand machines in use. They must be machined 
 down or bushed up to fit other makes. A change in this condi- 
 tion would greatly benefit mining companies, and it would 
 work no hardship upon rock-drill manufacturers. 
 
 The following discussion is based upon the principle that 
 differences in the sizes of bolts, nuts, and spuds should be 
 reduced to a minimum. It is important that as few wrenches 
 as possible be needed to operate the machine. The more 
 wrenches required, the greater will be the chance of losing 
 them underground, as well as loss of time on the part of the 
 miner in operating the machine. It must be realized that in 
 drifting, only about 30% of what is charged as drilling time 
 is actually spent with the bit hitting the face. Through 
 standardization, the operating efficiency should be slightly 
 
 *This report, according to Mr. Mitke, must in no way be considered 
 as the report of the Sub-Committee on drilling machines and drill-steel, 
 but are merely the individual views of two members of the Committee, 
 and as such contain much valuable data. Mr. Braly, Chairman of the 
 Committee, reported that while considerable work had already been accom- 
 plished, the Committee, as a whole, was not yet ready to submit a report. 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 113 
 
 increased. An additional advantage would be the reduction in 
 the number of repair parts to be carried. 
 
 The chuck-wrench is the chief tool used in operating drift- 
 ing machines. As many nuts should fit this wrench as is prac- 
 tical. The monkey-wrench should be eliminated, because it 
 is expensive and unsatisfactory. It must be admitted that 
 it is a very handy tool, but underground conditions cause rust 
 to ruin the threads long before actual hard usage would neces- 
 sitate scrapping. Stillson wrenches are too valuable for other 
 purposes to remain long on the job, unless owned by the oper- 
 ator, and are also subject to damage from corrosive water. 
 
 While many of the following suggestions may seem radical, 
 they are offered in the hope that they will help to bring about 
 a much-needed standardization. 
 
 Suggested Improvements in Machine-Drills 
 
 (1) Larger oil reservoirs, if practical, would reduce trou- 
 bles due to lack of lubrication by lessening the responsibility 
 of the operator in this regard. At present, the tendency of 
 rock-drill manufacturers seems to be to make the lubricators 
 too small. 
 
 (2) Some of the latest type rock-drills call for both grease 
 and oil. Requiring two kinds of lubricant is a disadvantage, 
 as it adds one more duty to the miner. In the past, the drill- 
 runner has not proved himself able to handle even one oil-can, 
 to say nothing of two. 
 
 (3) With the introduction of wet machines, the tendency 
 has been to develop drifting rounds with an increased num- 
 ber of upper holes. In the Copper Queen mines, practically 
 all of the drifting is done with the standard V-cut round, using 
 either 16 or 13 holes. About 85% of the drifts require 16 
 holes to break the ground. The 16 and 13-hole rounds have 
 9 and 7 holes, respectively, drilled from under the arm. This 
 means that plugs in the lubricators should be so placed as to 
 allow filling when the machine is in either the over or the 
 under-arm position. It is acknowledged that doubling the 
 number of plugs doubles the chances of their working loose 
 and getting lost. To place the extra oil-plugs properly will 
 require a slight extension of the lubricator castings. 
 
114 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 (I wish to make no apology for any attempt to show drill 
 manufacturers how to change their design, or to do any of 
 these things, because I do not pretend to know. This is merely 
 offered as a suggestion and without any right of opinion in 
 the matter.) 
 
 Lubrication 
 
 The under oil-plugs should be on the opposite side of the 
 rock-drill from the hose connections. In any event, some 
 means should be devised for lubricating the machine in this 
 position. 
 
 Under present conditions, what little oil a drifter gets when 
 it is under the arms, comes through the hose, as few men will 
 take the time or trouble to lossen the clamps and ‘dump over’ 
 their machine to permit filling the lubricators. Even to oil 
 through the hose means two trips to the air head, which gener- 
 ally results in the machines running dry most of the time. 
 The under-arm position comes in the last half of the shift, 
 when time is inclined to be short, and lubrication is forgotten 
 as long as the piston moves. It is unnecessary to more than 
 mention the fact that sufficient lubrication is very necessary 
 with the modern high-speed machines. 
 
 To comply with the safety regulations, the stoper handles 
 should point down; the end of the handle can be enlarged to 
 form a rest for the driller’s hand. If the handle must extend 
 upward, it should be bent to extend over the arm. In this 
 case, the handle length must be somewhat greater than the 
 average width of a man’s hand. 
 
 The position of the stoper handle leads up to the location 
 of the oil-plugs. At present, the usual place for the plugs is 
 at the end of either the arm or handle. All oil-plugs should 
 be placed in such a position as to allow filling of the lubrica- 
 tors when the stoper is in the running position. This would 
 ensure more frequent oiling. The necessity of having to lay 
 the stoper on its side, or turn it upside down, to fill the oil-cups, 
 does not work toward sufficient machine lubrication. 
 
 With some of the new mechanically rotated stopers, the for- 
 ward oiling or greasing point is in no sense an oil reservoir. 
 The opening is really nothing but a hole into the machine, and 
 it is valueless as regards lubrication. 
 
STANDARDIZATION OP DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 113 
 
 Position of Fittings 
 
 (4) Some of the self-rotating stopers exhaust at right 
 angles to the machines. Not confining the exhaust to a breech- 
 ing reduces the back pressure and the tendency to freeze. 
 
 The direct exhaust certainly is a mechanical advantage, 
 but on the other hand, it is a handicap to the drill-runner, who 
 must keep his light from being blown out. From the miner's 
 point of view, the exhaust along the feed cylinder is the most 
 satisfactory. However, side exhaust on a self-rotator is not 
 as objectionable as it should be on a ‘wiggletail.’ 
 
 (5) It is possible that it might be more satisfactory to dis- 
 regard the oil reservoirs on the plugger-drills and go back to 
 the lubricating throttle-valves. This will depend on the capac- 
 ity of the machine oil-cups and the cost of the valves. 
 
 (6) On the drifters, the air and water connections should 
 be on the same side of the back head, and yet not interfere 
 with removing the side-rod. Probably it is better to have 
 the connections on the right (exhaust) side of the machine. 
 
 If one connection is made through the rear of the back 
 head, the hose gets in the way of the crank-handle when chang- 
 ing steel. If the hose connections are on opposite sides, they 
 interfere with moving close to the column to drill the center- 
 line holes. 
 
 The question of which side both the spuds should be on is 
 somewhat a matter of choice, depending upon the shape of the 
 back of the drift, and whether the operator is right or left- 
 handed. This is the case since the side next to the column, 
 when the machine is over the arm, is the far side when the 
 machine is under the arm. When possible, it is better to col- 
 lar the top center-line holes on center and swing the lower 
 ones to bring their bottoms on line. 
 
 Design of Chuck-Wrenches 
 
 (7) It is essential to have a chuck-wrench that fits all of 
 the frequently used nuts and fittings about the drill which are 
 used in rotative operations. Those parts are the nuts on the 
 arm, collar, clamp, and swing bolts. It is also important that 
 the small end of the chuck- wrench should fit the water con- 
 nection nut, oil-plugs, and the back-head cap. This wrench 
 
11G PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 should be double-ended and of proper design. The weight of 
 the wrench should be between 5*/2 and 7 lbs., and it should be 
 strong enough to withstand being used as a hammer. Pound- 
 ing of the machine should not be tolerated, but the compromise 
 of occasionally hitting the drill-steel seems to be a necessary 
 evil. A chuck-wrench with jaw openings of 1 w /w and l 5 /i6 in. 
 has proved satisfactory in the Copper Queen mines. 
 
 If the chuck-wrench had attached to it a short chain with 
 a thin ring over the swing or arm-bolts, it would help increase 
 efficiency when drilling over the arm. The chain must be 
 attached to the wrench by a sliding link ; the ring to hang on 
 the bolts should be 2 inches in diameter. 
 
 (8) To move the smaller nuts about the drifters, at least 
 one other two-ended wrench will be required. These two 
 will be all that are needed, if the ^-in. valve-chest and side- 
 rod bolts can be eliminated from a few types of machines. 
 It may be that the miner will have but little need of the smaller 
 wrench, except occasionally to tighten the side-rods of certain 
 types of drills. If it were possible to handle the side-rods with 
 the chuck-wrench it would be a big advantage. Perhaps this 
 can be done by locking the side-rod nut instead of the bolt, and 
 enlarging the bolt-head to fit the small end of the wrench. 
 With some machines, the bolt-head is in too tight a place to 
 permit turning with chuck-wrench. Even then nothing 
 would prevent the use of the enlarged bolt-head, though the 
 small wrench would have to be used on the nuts. 
 
 It may be possible to combine the box-wrench with either of 
 the two double wrenches, by placing it between the jaws to be 
 used in withdrawing the steel from the hole. 
 
 Bolts and Threads 
 
 In the suggestions that follow, all bolts referred to should 
 have U. S. Standard bolt threads. For various bolt dimen- 
 sions, the table given below lists the thread per inch and the 
 width in inches, across the flats of hexagon and square nuts, 
 according to U. S. Standards. 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 117 
 
 
 
 Width across 
 flats of hexagon 
 
 Width across flats 
 
 Diameter of 
 
 Threads 
 
 and square nuts. 
 
 of hexagon nuts, 
 inches— finished 
 
 bolt— inches 
 
 per inch 
 
 inchesr—rough 
 
 iy 8 
 
 7 
 
 l 13 /l6 
 
 1% 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Vs 
 
 9 
 
 l 7 /l6 
 
 1% 
 
 % 
 
 10 
 
 1% 
 
 l S /l6 
 
 % 
 
 11 
 
 lVl6 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 13 
 
 Vs 
 
 13 /l6 
 
 7 /l6 
 
 14 
 
 2 %2 
 
 23 /32 
 
 % 
 
 16 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 5 /l6 
 
 18 
 
 1 %2 
 
 1 %2 
 
 % 
 
 20 
 
 V 2 
 
 Vl6 
 
 
 BRIGGS 
 
 PIPE-THREADS 
 
 
 Pipe diameter— Threads 
 
 Pipe diameter— Threads 
 
 inches per inch 
 
 % 18 
 
 1/2 and % 14 
 
 1 to 2 11 y 2 
 
 The taper of threads is % inch per foot 
 
 As to the shape of nuts used, the square ones are more dur- 
 able and, when practical, should be adopted as standard. If 
 necessary, the square nut can always be replaced by the hexa- 
 gon, except in a few cases, such as on the arms, clamp, swing, 
 and a few other bolts. 
 
 Water-Hose Connection 
 
 The same size water-spud should fit all machines. A stand- 
 ard pipe-thread should be on the machine side of the spud. 
 The connection with the water-hose should be made with par- 
 allel threads on account of excessive wear due to frequent 
 breaking of connection. The head on the water-spuds might 
 be round to prevent unnecessary tinkering with it by the 
 machine-man. 
 
 The nut to fit the water-spud should be of hexagon shape 
 and 114 in. across flats. It is very important that this nut 
 should fit the small end of the chuck-wrench. 
 
 In practice, the water-spuds seem to wear out long before 
 the nuts. The nut should be made of the softer material as it 
 should be the first to need replacing. The spud, while easier 
 to change, is the more expensive. 
 
 Table No. 1 gives some data on the water-spuds and nuts 
 that are now on hand. 
 
118 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
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STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 119 
 
 Each of the six spuds listed above are different in detail. 
 As stated before, it takes three sizes of I.-R. water-spuds to rig 
 out the various types of I.-R. machines alone in use in the Cop- 
 per Queen mines. Only the Sullivan water-spud nut fits the 
 chuck-wrench. For convenience, the I.-R. has been adopted as 
 standard, but must be machined down or bushed up to fit other 
 makes. 
 
 Water-Needle Connection 
 
 It is often a hard job to remove the back-head cap with a 
 monkey-wrench. The cap should be haxagon shaped and l 1 /^ 
 in. across flats. This size cap can be handled by the small end 
 of the chuck-wrench. The same size back-head cap and plug 
 should be on the drifters, pluggers, and even the stopers, when 
 the needle is held in place by the cap and plug method. The 
 plugger handle standards should be wide enough to permit the 
 use of the chuck-wrench on the back-head cap. 
 
 The head of the back-head plug should be so shaped as to fit 
 the %-in. bolt end of the small nut-wrench. 
 
 The combined back-head plug and cap is an improvement 
 over the two separate fittings. The threads on the back-head 
 cap and plug need not necessarily be standard ones. 
 
120 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
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 148 Leyner Same as 18 Leyner 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 121 
 
 Of the above listed back-head caps those on the Waugh 
 Turbro, DX 61, 550 D, and the Jackhamer, will fit the small 
 end of the chuck- wrench. The B. H. plugs on the 550 D and 
 the Jackhamer could be handled with the %-in. bolt-wrench. 
 The 148 and 18 Leyner back-head plugs are the same and those 
 on the 550 D and Jackhamer are alike. 
 
 No doubt these important parts can be standardized. Sim- 
 ilarly, of the nine water-needle connections examined, those on 
 the 18 and 148 Leyners are the same and those on the 550 D 
 and Jackhamer drill. 
 
 Oil-Plugs 
 
 One of the features of an ideal oil-plug is that it will not 
 shake loose with the vibration of the machine. The diameter 
 of the plugs should probably be about % in. Standard bolt- 
 threads will hardly do for the plugs. Whether the threads 
 should be tapered or parallel, is perhaps a matter not fully de- 
 termined. The coarse threads seem to have gained more favor 
 here than the fine ones. If the oil-plugs that have the eight 
 parallel threads per inch had a split-lock washer hold between 
 the threads and head they might prove efficient. The leather 
 gaskets cause the plugs to hold, but as they fit tightly when 
 new and are difficult to put in place, it is impossible to get the 
 drill-runners to use them. A lubricator plug that would re- 
 quire only hand tightening would be a big improvement. 
 
 One size of oil-plug can be made to do for the drifters, 
 stopers and pluggers. 
 
 The lubricator plugs should be handled by the small end of 
 the chuck-wrench. 
 
 A hexagon-shaped head 1 % in* across flats would fit the 
 chuck-wrench, and yet take no more room than the plugs now 
 used on the I.-R. drifters. The present form of head with the 
 hole affords a means of strapping the plug to the drill. If the 
 hole is necessary, both the hexagon and present type of head 
 can be combined. 
 
122 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 
 Plug 
 
 diameter- 
 
 TABLE No. 3 
 
 OIL-PLUG DATA 
 
 Width 
 of head- 
 
 Machine 
 
 inches 
 
 Threads per inch 
 
 inches 
 
 DX 61 
 
 % 
 
 18 — Taper 
 
 
 Turbro 
 
 % 
 
 12 — Parallel 
 
 
 18 Leyner 
 
 Vs 
 
 12 — Parallel 
 
 Vs 
 
 550 D 
 
 Vs 
 
 12 — Parallel 
 
 % and y 2 
 
 148 Leyner 
 
 Vs 
 
 12 — Parallel 
 
 
 CC II 
 
 1 
 
 14 — Parallel 
 
 
 71 
 
 % 
 
 18 — Taper (Special Bushing) 
 
 
 DP 33 
 
 % 
 
 18 — Taper 
 
 
 NRW 93 
 
 % 
 
 18 — Taper 
 
 
 BCRW 430 
 
 % 
 
 12 — Parallel 
 
 
 Clipper 
 
 % 
 
 18 — Taper 
 
 
 The above figures show that there are listed three sizes of 
 Ingersoll-Rand plugs. The Sullivan and Waugh reservoir 
 plugs are interchangeable. 
 
 Hose Clamp-Bolts 
 
 The sizes of the bolts and nuts now furnished with the hose 
 clamps are: 
 
 Hose- 
 
 DIXON 
 
 Bolt- 
 
 HOSE CLAMPS 
 
 Nut across 
 
 inches 
 
 inches 
 
 Nut 
 
 fiats— inches 
 
 1 
 
 7 /ie by 2 
 
 Square 
 
 2% 2 finished 
 
 % 
 
 % by iy 3 
 
 Square 
 
 % finished 
 
 y 2 
 
 5/ 16 by 1% 
 
 Square 
 
 i% 2 finished 
 
 Hose — 
 
 SULLIVAN HOSE CLAMPS 
 
 Bolt— 
 
 Nat across 
 
 inches 
 
 inches 
 
 Nut 
 
 flats— inches (hex.) 
 
 1 
 
 % by 2% 
 
 Hexagon 
 
 y/ie rough 
 
 % 
 
 % by 1% 
 
 Square 
 
 iy 6 rough 
 
 y 2 
 
 % by 13,4 
 
 Square 
 
 rough 
 
 With the Sullivan clamps, two lengths of bolts are needed for 
 the three sizes of hose. The Dixon make calls for three dif- 
 ferent bolts varying in both diameter and length. 
 
 The hose-clamps should be so made that one size of bolt will 
 do for the three hoses. When the clamp is in place on the hose, 
 the end of the bolts should not project more than %-inch be- 
 yond the top of the nut. A bolt that is a little long for the 
 smaller clamps could be easily cut off after being put in place 
 on the hose. 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 123 
 
 It is recommended that the clamps for 1, %, and 
 hoses be designed to use % by 2-in. bolts with square nuts. If 
 this is done, the hose-clamps, crank, and throttle-bolts will be 
 the same. 
 
 Drill-Column 
 
 The 3%-in. drill-column seems to be large enough for any 
 one-man drill. For the drifters, the double-jack column is 
 preferred. The 3-in. mounting would do for the mounted 
 plugger-machines. 
 
 The details of the connection between the column-pipe and 
 cross-bar should be standardized. 
 
 The 3%-in. double- jack column is the only one in use in the 
 Copper Queen mines. 
 
 3 1/2 -Inch Column 
 
 The jack-screws and nuts should be of some accepted de- 
 sign and size. The details of the jack-screws used in the Cop- 
 per Queen mines are square threads, with 3 threads per inch, 
 and the diameter of jack-screw of 1% inches. 
 
 The holes in the screw-heads should be not less than 1 inch 
 in diameter. 
 
 The cross-bar must be long enough to allow the arm and 
 safety-collar to pass between the jack-screws and column-pipe. 
 
 The bolts that clamp the pipe to the cross-bar should be the 
 same size as the safety collar-bolts, that is, % by 5 in., with 
 the regular square-shaped nut. 
 
 S^-Inch Arm 
 
 The arm-bolts should be 1 Vs by 6 % in., with square nuts. 
 The bolts now used on the arm have the regular square head. 
 
 35/2 -Inch Clamp 
 
 The 5-in. cone should be taken as standard. The bolts now 
 used with the I-R clamps are: 
 
 Clamp 1% by 6% in. Square head Extra long sq. nut 
 
 Clamp iy s by 6 in. Bevel head Extra long sq. nut 
 
 Swing % by 4 in. Bevel head Sq. nut 1^4 in. across 
 
 flats 
 
 % hexagon nut 
 
 Jaw-bolt 
 
 % by 3% in. 
 
124 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 For the sake of standardization, if the bevel head-bolt is 
 sufficiently strong, the arm and clamp-bolts can all be of the 
 bevel-head type — 1 Yg by 6% in. The extra long nut is nec- 
 essary for strength to provide a wide seat for the large end 
 of the chuck-wrench. 
 
 The swing-bolt nut now in use is a special nut 1 % in. across 
 the flats, and therefore takes the small end of the chuck- 
 wrench. If the width across the flats of this nut were in- 
 creased to fit the large end of the wrench, it would no longer 
 require both ends of the wrench to handle the swing and clamp. 
 The thickness of this nut should be between 1 and 114 inches. 
 
 31/2-Inch Safety Collar 
 
 The safety collar bolts should be % by 5 in., and inter- 
 changeable with the column cross-bar bolts. The nuts should 
 probably be the standard square ones. A larger nut to fit the 
 big end of the chuck-wrench would mean another special, and 
 would necessitate a shoulder on the collar casting; otherwise 
 it would be an improvement. 
 
 Drifter Cradle 
 
 Some standard shape regarding depth, width, length, and 
 distance between standard rod centers, guide-slide dimensions, 
 etc., should be adopted. It is possible that there should be two 
 standard shells — the narrower and lighter one being used with 
 the smaller machines. 
 
 The adjustable guide-slide, with ‘shims’ to take care of 
 wear, offers advantages. Instead of having the caps bolted on, 
 would it not be better to replace the bolts with rivets ? 
 
 The ends of the shell need to be reversible as regards the 
 position of the crank. 
 
 Table No. 4 gives some information regarding a few of the 
 shell castings now in use. 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 1 
 
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126 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 The above data shows that the shell castings of the Waugh 
 Plugger and Clipper, the 18 and 248 Leyners, and the 550 D 
 and 148 Leyners are the same. In the nine shell castings ex- 
 amined, there are six different ones. 
 
 Standard Rods 
 
 There probably should be two standard lengths of cradle 
 standard rods. The length of rod will vary with the length of 
 steel change. The diameter of the standard rods should be 
 % in.; square hexagon nuts should be on the cross-head end. 
 
 If the side and cradle standard rods can be made, to some 
 extent, interchangeable, the standard rods should be threaded 
 on one end; if not interchangeable, the standard rods should 
 be threaded on both ends. 
 
 If the standard rods are to be made interchangeable, they 
 should be of the same material and given the same treatment 
 in manufacturing as the side-rods. The advantage of having 
 these two parts the same is that it makes one less rod to order 
 and carry in stock. 
 
 Table No. 5 gives some data pertaining to the standard rods 
 on several makes of cradles. 
 
 The above figures show no reason why the standard rods 
 cannot be easily standardized. With the exception of the 
 DX 61 cradle, the maximum difference in length of the stand- 
 ards is 5 in. The DX 61 rod extends along the entire length 
 of the shell casting. 
 
 Feed-Screws 
 
 The details of the feed-screw such as the diameter, pitch, 
 depth, and type of threads, diameter of the shafting at the 
 forward and cross-head support, and diameter and pitch of 
 the threads at the crank connection, should all be standard- 
 ized. There must be about three standard lengths to corre- 
 spond with the lengths of shell standard rods. 
 
 In regard to the kind of threads, both the V and square type 
 have their advantages. Either form could be accepted as 
 standard. The square threads check more easily and there- 
 fore develop less vibration on the crank-handle. However, the 
 square threads finally wear to the V shape and are more easily 
 stripped. 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 127 
 
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128 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 The double-threaded screw, with two threads per inch, seems 
 to be in general use. Table No. 6 shows the diameter of the 
 feed-screw threads in the nine cradles examined to vary be- 
 tween 1 and 1%2 inches. 
 
 The above figures show that in examining the nine feed- 
 screws listed, there are two types of threads, three different 
 diameters of screws, three depths of threads, six lengths, five 
 different sizes of shafting at the forward support, and two 
 different pitches of threads at the crank connection. In all 
 nine sizes, the diameters of the shaft at the cross-head bearing 
 and crank connection are 1 inch. With the exception of the 
 Ingersoll-Rand plugger cradle screw, all the others are nearly 
 the same in detail. There are six different feed-screws out of 
 a total of nine. 
 
 All the figures given in Table No. 6 may not be exactly cor- 
 rect, as some of the parts measured were not new, and wear 
 may have developed. 
 
 It is recommended, as mentioned before, that there be three 
 standard lengths of feed-screws and that the type, pitch, and 
 depth of threads be also standardized. The diameter of the 
 front support shafting should be fixed between % and % in. 
 The specifications should call for the feed-screw shaft to be 1 
 inch diameter at the cross-head and at the crank connection. 
 The threads to the crank should be the standard U. S. bolt 
 threads, which are eight per inch. 
 
 Forward Feed-Screw Support 
 
 Either the horizontal or vertical type can be accepted as 
 the standard form of support. It should be made according 
 to the assumed standard specifications regarding size of bolts, 
 shape of nuts, total length, and height of bearing above the 
 shell bottom. Table No. 4 gives some information of these 
 details. Of the nine cradles examined, there are six supports 
 that differ slightly in construction. 
 
 Regardless of which type of support is taken as the standard 
 form, the bearing for the feed-screw shaft should be open at 
 both ends. The bolts needed to hold the support to the shell 
 casting should be % in. diameter, with square nuts. 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 12T9 
 
 If this fitting is necessary, it might be an improvement if it 
 were riveted instead of bolted to the shell. At the Copper 
 Queen mines, this part of the cradle does not last very long, 
 as it is taken off by the drill-runner during the first shift. 
 
 Cross-Head 
 
 The cross-head should be made according to some accepted 
 standard regarding thickness, diameter of bearing for feed- 
 screw shaft, and distance between holes for standard rods. 
 
 Crank, Crank and Throttle-Handle Bolts 
 
 The actual shape of the crank and handle makes but little 
 difference. 
 
 The threads to fit the 1-inch feed-screw shafting should be 
 the standard of eight per inch. The feed-screw connection 
 should be open at both ends. 
 
 Table No. 7 gives some data on the types and sizes of crank 
 and throttle bolts now in use. 
 
 This table shows that each drill manufacturer uses a dif- 
 ferent size of crank-bolt; out of eight throttle-handle bolts, 
 three are alike. 
 
 From the above table, it looks as if the throttle handle and 
 crank-bolt could be standardized and made interchangeable. 
 While the heavier crank-bolts with the special threaded heads 
 may have their advantages, yet the %-in. bolt on the Waugh 
 Turbro crank seems to answer all purposes. It is suggested 
 that the standard throttle and crank-bolt should be % by 2 in., 
 with square-shaped nuts. 
 
 Plugger-Cradle 
 
 If the plugger machine is the regular form of shell plus a 
 mounting slide, the cradle itself should coincide with one of 
 the standard drifter cradles. The diameter of the bolts that 
 help to form the forward and rear mounting slide clamps, 
 should be % inch. 
 
 If the plugger-cradle is of the slide-extension type, the feed- 
 screw should be the shortest adopted length of the standard 
 feed-screw. The forward and rear clamp-bolts should be the 
 same size (%-in. diam.), as the corresponding bolts on the 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
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 71 Waugh stoper Ke by 2 Hexagon 1 round 
 
 16 “V” Waugh % by 2 Hexagon 1 round 
 
 CC 11 I-R Stoper (cotter key y 16 by 2) % square 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 131 
 
 other type of plugger machine cradle. The slide-bolt should 
 be the standard %-in. bolt with a square nut. 
 
 It would make one less part to order, if the %-in. slide and 
 safety collar-bolts were of the same length. At present the 
 slide-bolt is 2% in. the longer. 
 
 Table No. 8 shows some figures pertaining to the plugger- 
 cradles. 
 
 The above figures show that three out of four sets of mount- 
 ing clamps require different sizes of bolts. The Jackhamer 
 system of mounting is probably the best, only the eye-bolt 
 should be replaced by one with a regular head. It is possible 
 that by slightly widening the crank end of the Jackhamer 
 shell casting, the need of a cut head-bolt for the cross-head can 
 be avoided. The size of the cross-head and mounting slide 
 forward clamp-bolts can probably be the same (% by about 
 2 % to 3 in.) , though this is a matter of small importance. The 
 size of the rear clamp-bolt can probably be standardized at 
 % by 5 to 6 inches. 
 
 The nuts for the %-in. cross-head bolts should be the regu- 
 lar square ones. The %-in. mounting slide clamp-bolts must 
 have special square nuts 1% in. across flats, as are provided 
 with the I.-R. cradle. The special nut fits the small end of the 
 chuck-wrench. 
 
 The details of the feed nut on the plugger-cradles should be 
 the same as on the larger drifters. 
 
 Summary 
 
 An observation of Table No. 9, which is a combination of 
 Tables No. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, shows that of the nine cradles 
 listed, six are unlike. The cradles listed include the types 
 that are required to mount practically all classes of rock-drills. 
 By close standardization, the number of different cradles could 
 be decreased to three, and probably two. The length of steel 
 change, except with the I.-R. plugger-cradle, can be varied 
 by using either of the two lengths of standard feed-screws. 
 
 It would be impossible to attempt to standardize the shape 
 of the clamp-straps that hold the pluggers to the mounting 
 slide. 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
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STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 133 
 
 MACHINES 
 
 Machine Side-Rods 
 
 Table No. 10 gives some data regarding the side-rods on 
 various machines. 
 
 This table shows that practically all the drifter and stoper 
 side-rods are %-in. bolts. The plugger machines have the 
 lV£-in. side-rods. 
 
 It is thought that perhaps the bolts on the class of rock- 
 drills considered in this paper can be limited in diameter to 
 % and %-inch. Is it practical to put % or %-in. side-rods on 
 the plugger drills? 
 
 From the figures in Table No. 10 it appears as if it would be 
 possible to do some work in standardizing the side-rod bolts. 
 In the list are included machines with rifle-bar, front-head, 
 and turbine rotation. The smaller plugger side-rods are prac- 
 tically the same in all respects. There is little difference given 
 between the lengths of the rods on the various drifters and 
 stopers that have through side-rods. 
 
 A part standardization of the side-rod bolts would not affect 
 the design of the drill to any extent. It would be possible, in 
 many cases, to vary slightly the length of the spring as well as 
 the position of the retaining lugs on the front-head forging. 
 As mentioned before, the most commonly used length of side 
 and standard rods could be more interchangeable. The nuts 
 on the side-rods must be haxagon shaped. 
 
 Exhaust 
 
 The threads on the valve exhaust-port should be the %-in. 
 standard pipe-thread. 
 
 Valve-Chest 
 
 In Table No. 11 is given some data pertaining to the valve- 
 chest bolts. (See page 138.) 
 
FORWARD CLAMP-BOLT REAR CLAMP-BOLT 
 
 134 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
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STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 135 
 
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STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 137 
 
 If the !/ 2 -in bolts are to be eliminated, the valve and motor- 
 chest bolts will have to be % and % in- No standardization 
 of these parts other than of the bolt diameter can be attempted. 
 The special shaped bolt-heads should be avoided. 
 
 In the case of the 18 Leyner the valve-chest stud-bolts often 
 turn when the nuts are moved. It would perhaps be an im- 
 provement if the valve-chest casting were slightly increased 
 in width, and the V 2 -in. bolts replaced by %-in. size. 
 
 Feed-Nut and Parts 
 
 The feed-nut washer and lock-nut should be of the design 
 and size that was accepted as standard. 
 
 The following table lists some of the feed-nut details : 
 
 TABLE NO. 12 
 
 Total length. Hexagon lock-nut across 
 
 Machine inches flats — inches 
 
 Waugh plugger 4 
 
 Waugh clipper 4 1^ 
 
 Jackhamer 2 
 
 DX 61 4^ 1% 
 
 Waugh turbro 4 
 
 18 Leyner 4^ 2 
 
 550 D 4^ 2 
 
 148 Leyner 4>£ 2 
 
 It would be a slight advantage if the lock-nut were about 
 1% in. across flats. It would then fit the large end of the 
 chuck-wrench. 
 
 On the I.-R. 550 D it is important that the needle-valve 
 bushing and lock-nut can be handled by either the % or %-in. 
 wrench. The details of the bushing and nut are : 
 
 Size, inches Threads per inch Heads across 
 
 Part flats — inches 
 
 Valve bushing lz /u by 1 14 % 
 
 Lock-nut 14 IK 
 
 As they are now made, the head on the valve bushing is too 
 large for the %-in. bolt-wrench, and the lock-nut head is lie-in. 
 too large for the %-in. wrench. 
 
 Plugger Handle-Bolts 
 
 On page 139 are a few figures regarding the plugger handle- 
 
 bolts. 
 
138 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
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STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 139 
 
 TABLE NO. 13 
 
 Machine Bolt, inches Nut 
 
 DP 33 A by 13 A Hexagon 
 
 NRW 93 A by 13 A Square 
 
 BCRW 430 A by 12 A Square 
 
 Clipper A by 15 Square 
 
 The diameter of the handle-bolt can probably be increased 
 to %-in. It looks as if a bolt % by about lt/4-in. could be 
 taken as the standard. The nut should be square. 
 
 Air Connections 
 
 It is a matter of choice between the bent nipple and pipe 
 fitting connection. The bent nipple is neater, and it probably 
 offers less resistance to the air than does the same size connec- 
 tion made up of pipe fittings. The sharper the curvature of 
 the nipple, the less room will be taken up by the fitting. 
 
 The size of the air connections will depend on the air con- 
 sumption of the machine. The two standard sizes should per- 
 haps be and %-inch. 
 
 The air-swivel connection nut, or bushing, can probably be 
 made one standard size to serve both, the 14 and %-in. fittings. 
 The head of the swivel-nut should fit either the large or small 
 end of the chuck-wrench. The shape of the head should be 
 haxagon, with l ls /w or 1,4-in. across flats. 
 
 There does not seem to be any reason why the threads on 
 the swivel-nut cannot be made to correspond with standard 
 pipe-threads. There is some doubt about the advisability of 
 standard pipe-threads when the cylinder is a casting. Stand- 
 ard pipe-threads for the air connections are now used on many 
 of the plugger and stoper-drills. 
 
 Parallel threads will have to be used on the hose nut end of 
 the air-spud. No bushing should be needed to fasten the spud 
 to the nipple or pipe fittings that lead to the drill. The hex- 
 agon head on the air-spud should be 1%-in. across flats to fit 
 the large end of the chuck-wrench. 
 
 The air-connection nut should be either of the lugged or 
 hexagon type, and be of such size as to permit turning by the 
 chuck-wrench if necessary. 
 
 The inside diameter of the hose should approach the size of 
 the hose as nearly as possible. 
 
140 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Table No. 14 lists more information on the details of the 
 air-swivel nut and air-hose spud. 
 
 This table shows that the swivel-nuts are interchangeable 
 between the DT 42 and DT 44, also between the Waugh Tur- 
 bro and 71 Drills. The Clipper, CC 11, NRW 93, and DP 33 
 require only the standard %-in. pipe nipple to connect the air 
 to the machine. None of the swivel-nut heads make an exact 
 fit with the chuck-wrench. 
 
 The six air-hose spuds listed are all different. None of the 
 spud-heads are the exact size to fit the large end of the chuck- 
 wrench. That the I.-R. spud has not taper threads to the nut 
 is the only difference between it and Briggs standard l^-in. 
 pipe fitting. Parallel threads are necessary on account of ex- 
 cessive wear from frequent use. 
 
 Air-Filter 
 
 The form of air-filter is a matter of choice. In some of the 
 T-shaped types it is too easy a matter to remove the screen. 
 The T filter with a plug promotes oiling through the hose. 
 
 The I.-R. air-filter No. 27631 could be improved by adding 
 a small lug to the casting to prevent the screen from dropping 
 out of place. There are other types of filters which do not 
 require a screen of special shape. 
 
 There are a few miscellaneous bolts, nuts, bushings, etc., 
 that, for the sake of uniformity, should be made to fit one of 
 the wrenches on hand. 
 
 The stoper-handle nut, to fit the chuck-wrench, needs to be 
 1%-in. across flats. The handle nut on the CC 11, 16 V, DT 42, 
 DT 44, and Waugh 71 is the proper size. 
 
 Some of the stopers require chuck retaining bolts. The 
 chuck-bolt details on a few of the machines are as follows : 
 
 Size of 
 
 Machine bolt, inches Nut Remarks 
 
 Waugh 71 y by 5}i Hexagon Nuts on both 
 
 16V y by 4 Hexagon ends. 
 
 CC 11 y by by Hexagon 
 
 It appears as if the same size of bolt, with a square nut, can 
 be used for the safety collar and chuck. 
 
Swivel -Nut^or Bushing 
 
 STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 141 
 
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142 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 The cradle clamp-bolts on the Waugh Turbro drill are: 
 
 Rear clamp-bolt, % by 6% in., hexagon nut on both ends. 
 
 Front clamp-bolt, % by 514 in., head on one end. 
 
 On the 148 and 248 Leyners the valve-head bolt-nut is hex- 
 agon in shape and l^e in. across flats. It fits the large end of 
 the chuck-wrench. 
 
 Throttle- Valve Handle 
 
 No attempt has been made to standardize the details of the 
 throttle-handle. At present, few of the handles are inter- 
 changeable. Table No. 7 calls attention to the varying shape 
 of valve-stems. 
 
 Water-Valve 
 
 The standard make of %-in. brass needle-valve costs mate- 
 rially less than the rock-drill manufacturers’ valve. The 
 standard brass valve gives just as satisfactory service as the 
 more expensive product. The threads on the steel valve rust 
 quickly. The valve-stem cap should be 1% in. across flats, as 
 it is on most of the valves in use in the Copper Queen mines. 
 
 If it were not for pipe-scale getting in the valve-seat, it 
 would be an improvement to have the hose-stems fixed to the 
 valve. This would prevent the miner from disconnecting the 
 water-hose at the valve. The hose-stem made out of %-in. 
 pipe-nippel is more satisfactory than the more expensive stem 
 with the shoulders. The shoulders too readily permit the use 
 of a wrench to break the water connection at the valve instead 
 of at the spud. The “goose-neck” and valve should at all times 
 stay on the hose, and not on the rock-drill. 
 
 The most satisfactory form of water-valve handle would be 
 the one-ended lever shape ; that is, similar to the shape of the 
 throttle-valve handle. The cross-bar and wheel forms of 
 handle are too easily caught when dragging the hose. 
 
 Conclusions 
 
 To standardize drilling machines it is essential that the 
 manufacturers adopt the same specifications in making the 
 fittings used on rock-drills. As nearly as possible the spuds, 
 air-swivel nut, back-head cap, back-head plug, oil-plugs, etc., 
 should be interchangeable between the drifters, stopers, and 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF DR II JANG MACHINES AND STEEL 148 
 
 plugger-drills. Special threads, bolts, and nuts should be 
 avoided except where they are absolutely necessary. As few 
 sizes of bolts, nuts, and bushings should be used as is practical. 
 Not more than two sizes of guide-shells should be standard- 
 ized. There should be three lengths of feed-screw, and two 
 lengths of standard rods. 
 
 It is important that all bolt-nuts, bushings, and spud-heads 
 subject to severe usage should fit the chuck-wrench. The most 
 important fittings to be handled by the large end of the chuck- 
 wrench are the square nuts on the arm, clamp, and swing-bolts. 
 It is also necessary that the large end of the wrench fit the 
 head of the air-swivel nut, air-spud, and valve-head nut. 
 
 Among the parts for the small end of the chuck-wrench to 
 take care of, are the water-connection nut, back-head cap, 
 safety-collar nuts, oil-plugs, water-valve cap, and perhaps the 
 side-rod bolt-head, the slide and clamp-nuts on the plugger- 
 cradle. 
 
 To handle the smaller nuts about the machine one other two- 
 ended wrench will be required. If bolts are necessary to 
 
 the drill construction, this smaller French can be made three- 
 ended. In designing this wrench it must be remembered that 
 one end, probably the %-in bolt end, will have to be so placed 
 as to allow its handling the back-head plug. 
 
 To eliminate the monkey-wrench, a box-wrench will be 
 needed to take care of the drill-steel. This wrench can prob- 
 ably be placed between the jaws of one of the regular wrenches. 
 
 In this discussion it has been suggested that to reduce the 
 number of size of bolts, nuts, etc., the parts listed below might 
 be made as follows: 
 
 Size of bolt, % by 5 in., square nut; 
 
 Column cross-bar bolts; 
 
 Safety-collar bolts; 
 
 Stoper chuck retaining-bolts ; 
 
 Size of bolt, 1% by 6% in., possibly bevel head, special nuts; 
 
 Arm-bolts ; 
 
 Special square nut for the %-in. swing-bolt to be the same distance 
 across flats as arm and clamp-bolts ; 
 
 Size of bolt, % by 2 in., square nut; 
 
 Throttle handle bolt; 
 
 Crank-bolt; 
 
 1 in., % in., and % in. clamp-bolts; 
 
 Size of bolt, % by 1 in., hexagon nut; 
 
 Cradle standard rods; and 
 
 Machine side-rods. 
 
144 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 On the Ingersoll-Rand cradle, it may be possible to use the 
 same size of bolts for the mounting slide-clamps, cross-head, 
 and feed-screw support. 
 
 Having the use of two wrenches, one a chuck-wrench with 
 l 15 /ie and 1%6-in. jaw openings, the other a lighter weight 
 double ended % and %-in. bolt-wrench, the sizes of bolts 
 nuts, etc., in Tables 15 and 16 have been suggested. 
 
 Drill-Steel 
 
 All the drill-steel used in the Copper Queen mines pass 
 through a centrally located surface shop, which is within a 
 few feet of one of the principal shafts. With the exception of 
 the drill-steel used in that division of the mine, it all has to be 
 transferred daily each way by auto-truck between the mines 
 and the sharpening shop. The drill-steel is handled between 
 the shaft-collar and the underground tool-racks by the mine 
 tool nippers. 
 
 There are now in use in the Copper Queen mines four dif- 
 ferent kinds of drill-steel. Among the disadvantages of not 
 having one standard form of drill-steel are : 
 
 (1) To permit proper distribution with the various kinds 
 of steel in use, it is necessary that careful sorting and counting 
 be done by both the mine and shop nippers. 
 
 (2) The use of several kinds of steel places more labor and 
 responsibility upon the underground tool nippers. 
 
 (3) With several kinds of steel in the rack, it is necessary 
 that the drill-runner should be more careful in his selection of 
 the steel for the shift’s work. If there were but one kind of 
 steel in use in the mine, the drill-man would have a larger sup- 
 ply from which to choose. 
 
 (4) With various kinds of steel to be sharpened, the shop 
 loses more time in frequently having to change dies, dollies, 
 blocks, and formers. The additional supply of tools required 
 means more expense. In the shop it is not only necessary to 
 sort out the various lengths, but the different sizes of steel as 
 well. When different sizes of drill-steel are in use, the lengths 
 of starters, size of bits, and length of change are likely to be 
 different for the various steels, 
 
TABLE NO. 15 
 
 STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 145 
 
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TABLE NO. 15— (Continued) 
 
 146 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 
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 STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 147 
 
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TABLE NO. 16— (Continued) 
 
 148 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
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STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 149 
 
 (5) As the number of any one class of rock-drills in use in 
 the mine will vary from time to time, there will often be an 
 excess or shortage of one or more kinds of drill-steel. 
 
 Steel Used in the Copper Queen Mines 
 
 The four kinds of steel now in use in the Copper Queen 
 mines are as follows : 
 
 (a) For use in drifting machines : 
 
 li/4-in. round hollow steel with the regular Leyner 
 shanks. 
 
 (b) For use in wet stopers : 
 
 %-im hexagon hollow steel with a plain shank. 
 
 (c) For use in dry stoping: 
 
 1-in. cruciform solid steel with a plain shank. 
 
 (d) For use in plugger machines: 
 
 %-in. hexagon hollow steel with the regular Jack- 
 hamer collar-shank. 
 
 Table No. 17, page 767 lists the length of change, length of 
 starter-drill, diameter of starter-bit, weight of the steel bar 
 per foot, and the width of the wings of the bit for the various 
 kinds of drill-steel now in use in the Copper Queen mines. 
 
 The above figures show the frequency with which the fittings 
 on the mechanical sharpener must be changed. At present, 
 about 1250 pieces of steel pass through the sharpening shop 
 per 24 hours. Of this total, 500 are 1*4 -in. Leyner steel. 
 
 Throughout the Copper Queen mines the ground is very 
 changeable; there is much ground that is either “ravelly” or 
 very soft. Either of these conditions would prohibit the use of 
 plain shanked steel in the drifter and plugger machines. In 
 general, lug-shanked steel would be an improvement over the 
 present form of stoper steel. 
 
 During the last few months [to Nov., 1920], tests were made 
 in one division of the mines with the idea of replacing the 
 four kinds of drill-steel now in use by 1-inch round hollow 
 steel with lugged shanks. To give the necessary strength, the 
 lug on the 1-in. steel is 1 in. long, while the lug on the 1%-in. 
 shank is only % in. long. If the 1-inch round steel were 
 adopted, the Leyner man would have to handle only steel that 
 
150 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Q) H 
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 00 
 
 Oi 
 
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 00 CO 
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 w N CO 
 
 s J3 00 W w 
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 *0Q •» 
 
 T3 c3 
 C .O 
 
 £ 
 
 jo 
 
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 JS 
 
 T3 
 
 c 
 
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 £ T3 
 
 o a 
 
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 c 
 
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 bo 
 
 rt 
 
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 ffl 
 
 s 
 
 Fh 
 
 o 
 
 ’C 
 
 o 
 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 151 
 
 weighs about 2% lb. per foot, while the 1%-in. steel now in 
 use weighs nearly 4 lb. per foot. On the other hand, the 
 stoper and plugger-steel weights would be slightly increased; 
 but the difference would be of no consequence, as a 7%-ft (5th 
 size) 1-in. drill-steel is not difficult to handle. 
 
 
 
 TABLE 
 
 NO. 18 
 
 
 
 
 1 In. Round Hollow 
 
 
 
 1M In. Round Hollow 
 
 
 
 Weight, 
 
 
 
 Weight, 
 
 Drill 
 
 Length 
 
 pounds 
 
 Drill 
 
 Length 
 
 Pounds 
 
 
 ft.-in. 
 
 
 
 ft.-in. 
 
 
 Starter... 
 
 2-6 
 
 6.2 
 
 Starter 
 
 3-0 
 
 11.9 
 
 2nd 
 
 3-9 
 
 9.3 
 
 2nd 
 
 4-6 
 
 17.9 
 
 3rd 
 
 5-0 
 
 12.4 
 
 3rd 
 
 6-0 
 
 23.9 
 
 4th 
 
 6-3 
 
 15.5 
 
 4th 
 
 7-6 
 
 29.8 
 
 5th 
 
 7-6 
 
 18.6 
 
 
 
 
 Total... 
 
 
 62.0 
 
 Total 
 
 
 83.5 
 
 Drill 
 
 % In. Hexagon Hollow 
 
 Weight, 
 Length Pounds 
 
 Drill 
 
 1 In. Crucifrom Solid 
 
 Weight, 
 Length Pounds 
 
 
 ft.-in. 
 
 
 
 ft.-in. 
 
 
 Starter... 
 
 2-6 
 
 5.2 
 
 Starter 
 
 3-0 
 
 6.7 
 
 2nd 
 
 3-9 
 
 7.8 
 
 2nd 
 
 4-3 
 
 9.5 
 
 3rd 
 
 5—0 
 
 10.4 
 
 3rd 
 
 5-6 
 
 12.3 
 
 4 th 
 
 6-3 
 
 13.1 
 
 4th 
 
 6-9 
 
 15.1 
 
 5th 
 
 7-6 
 
 15.6 
 
 
 
 
 Total.. 
 
 
 52.1 
 
 Total.... 
 
 
 43.6 
 
 Table No. 18 shows that with the adoption of 1-inch round 
 steel there would probably not be a saving in the weight of 
 steel required to supply the mines. The 1-inch round steel 
 would be more easily bent than the steel, but would be 
 
 - harder to bend than the 7 /s-in. hexagon steel. 
 
 That the round steel with the lugged shank, rather than the 
 plain shank hexagon steel, has been tried is due to the char- 
 acter of the ground in the Copper Queen mines, and that the 
 round section is naturally the stronger one. The plain shank- 
 steel offers the advantage that there is no shank to form, other 
 than grinding and tempering one end of the bar. If it were 
 not for the form of steel retainer required, perhaps the col- 
 lared shank would give better results than the Leyner shank, 
 as the ring is the first stage of the forging when making the 
 lug. The collared shank-steel could be made to be used with 
 both anvil-block and tappetless machines. 
 
 So far, 1-inch round steel has proved satisfactory with all 
 but the “wiggletails/ 
 
152 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Shank breakage at either end of the lug is the difficulty en- 
 countered with the stopers. The breakage with some of the 
 hand-rotated machines has gone as high as 20%, but with the 
 mechanically-rotated stopers has not exceeded 3%. Though 
 % hexagon and 1-in. cruciform steel have been used success- 
 fully in the stoper-drills for years, this drill-steel has had only 
 plain shanks. The weakness in the 1-inch round steel seems 
 to develop when upsetting the bar to form the lugs of the 
 Leyner shank. 
 
 Careful Heat Treatment 
 
 It is thought that this difficulty can be overcome by more 
 careful heat treatment in the shop ; not that the 1-inch steel is 
 being treated more carelessly than the 114-in. Leyner steel, 
 but that the lighter steel should be given more special atten- 
 tion to make it stand the strain. The shank breakage in the 
 regular run of drill-steel does not go above 0.7%. 
 
 The actual practice in the Copper Queen shop is to temper 
 only the striking end of the shank. Some of the entire shanks 
 of the experimental steel have been tempered in fish oil, and 
 these have given better results. The breakage increases with 
 the continued use of the drill-steel. 
 
 In much of the 1-inch drill-steel the hole through the bar is 
 distorted in regard to both shape and position. Not in all 
 cases is the distortion due to forging in the sharpening shop, 
 as an examination of many bars has shown this condition not 
 limited to the shank. Any alteration from the round hole 
 means an unnecessary weakness. The position and shape of 
 the hole in hollow drill-steel is an important matter worthy of 
 careful consideration. 
 
 Another weakness in the use of lug-shanked steel for stopers 
 is that the Leyner form of chuck does not offer as much sup- 
 port to the drill-steel as does the plain shank-chuck. 
 
 Throughout these tests, an air pressure of about 85 lb. per 
 sq. in. was delivered to the stopers. If the air pressure had 
 been reduced 5 or 10 lb., the shank breakage would not have 
 been as high. 
 
 Drilling Speed 
 
 When using the 1-inch steel in the large drifting machines 
 there did not appear to be any material increase in drilling 
 
 i 
 
STANDARDIZATION OF DRILLING MACHINES AND STEEL 153 
 
 speed above the results obtained with the l^-in. steel. The 
 bit on the 1-inch round steel is 1 14 -in. less in diameter than 
 the corresponding bit in the 1%-in. steel. In some cases, the 
 114-in. steel out-drills the smaller steel. From these results, 
 it looks as if the large drifting machines were too powerful for 
 the 1-inch experimental steel. Undoubtedly the same inches 
 cut per minute could be obtained with a smaller rock-drill and 
 1-inch steel. If it is reduced, and though the first cost would 
 be higher, the upkeep expense would be reduced. Most manu- 
 facturers make their rock-drills to run most efficiently at 70 
 lb. of air. 
 
 An outline of the progress followed in making the Leyner 
 shank is as follows: 
 
 (1) Heat to about 1800° F. 
 
 (2) Countersink hole in head of drill and forge. 
 
 (3) Re-heat to 1800° F. and upset for ring. 
 
 (4) Re-heat to 1800° F. 
 
 (5) Punch, drive in pin, and form lug complete. 
 
 (6) Let cool in air on shop floor. 
 
 (7) Heat shank for V/ 2 inches from striking end to 1400 to 1500° F., 
 and draw last y 2 inch to blue color. 
 
 To form the collared shank: 
 
 (1) Grind striking end of shank. 
 
 (2) Heat to 1800° F., put on collar by upsetting. 
 
 (3) Re-heat to 1800° F., countersink, put in pin and forge shank to 
 proper size. 
 
 (4) Let cool on shop floor. 
 
 (5) Heat shank for V/ 2 inches from striking end to 1400 to 1500° F., 
 and draw end of shank to blue color. 
 
 General Conclusions 
 
 From the foregoing it is evident that great economy in both 
 the manufacture and use of drilling machines can be obtained 
 by careful study of the fittings used in the routine operation of 
 air-drills and the adoption of standard specifications for same. 
 
 The suggestions made are not offered in any spirit of criti- 
 cism, but in the belief that joint study of the question by both 
 drill manufacturers and operators cannot fail to result in 
 mutual benefits. 
 
 With this in mind, I offer the further suggestion that a joint 
 committee be appointed to consider the question and submit 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 154 
 
 recommendations to both parties for the adoption of standard 
 specifications. 
 
 Furthermore, I do not consider it wise to attempt to stand- 
 ardize the types of drilling machines themselves to be used in 
 mining operations; to do so would seriously handicap the 
 efforts of the designers to improve them. Their past record 
 in the development of drilling machines is sufficient evidence 
 of the value of unrestricted competition in design. 
 
 I am in favor of the lightest type of machine in the various 
 classes of work that will stand up with a reasonable cost of 
 maintenance. 
 
 In the matter of drill-steel, I believe that material econo- 
 mies will result from the adoption by individual operators of 
 one section of steel and one form of shank for all types of 
 machines used by them, with due regard for the particular 
 conditions encountered in their work. 
 
STANDARDIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 
 
 155 
 
 RELATION OF STANDARDIZATION TO MINE MANAGEMENT 
 
 By CHAS. A. MITKE, Chairman of General Committee Standardization, 
 Metal Mines Section, American Mining Congress 
 
 It has been well said that “great economies in any business 
 of production result from careful and thoughtful attention to 
 details, and mining is no exception to this rule. On the con- 
 trary, successful mining is one of the greatest embodiments 
 of the principle. Just as the difference between the careful 
 manager and the careless one is apt to be the difference be- 
 tween profit and loss, so the difference between standardization 
 and non-standardization is very frequently the difference be- 
 tween good and bad management.” 
 
 Labor Is 50% of Costs In Mining 
 
 Estimates show that in metal mining over 50% of the total 
 cost of production is chargeable to labor ; therefore, the proper 
 directing and systematizing of the activities of labor, to elimi- 
 nate the waste of human efforts, is an important factor in the 
 standardization of mining operations. 
 
 *~In mines where only a few men a?e employed, and a small 
 tonnage produced, the entire supervision can be accurately 
 directed by one general foreman, and the question of standard- 
 ization does not enter largely into the daily work. However, 
 where great tonnages must be produced at a low cost, and 
 where the entire supervision of all details by one man is utterly 
 out of the question, but of necessity rests in the hands of a 
 large organization, then the standardization of all operations 
 not only becomes very desirable but absolutely essential. 
 
 The need for a scientific investigation of mining practices 
 or mining methods, with a view to alleviating present condi- 
 tions — as regards high production costs — which have been 
 brought about largely through high cost of supplies, increased 
 advances in wages, and loss of efficiency due to the employ- 
 ment of unskilled or raw labor, has made itself felt throughout 
 the entire mining industry, not only in the United States, but 
 also in Europe. 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 15(j 
 
 Wage Increase and Grade of Ore Decrease 
 
 In one large center in this country, wages, which in 1914 ran 
 from $3.75 to $4.25, now range from $4.65 to $5.40 per 8-hour 
 shift. Taxes, supplies, freight rates, etc., are also considerably 
 higher than they were several years ago, with no immediate 
 prospect of reduction. Moreover, inevitably, the grade of the 
 ore in many properties will decrease as time passes. This 
 necessitates the mining of much larger tonnages in order to 
 maintain the ultimate output at the same level. 
 
 Therefore, the only remaining alternative for the mine 
 management is to make the workers so efficient as to warrant 
 the continuance of operations under existing conditions. This 
 
 can only be accomplished in the following manner : 
 
 (1) Americanization, which merely begins with the 
 teaching of the English language. 
 
 (2) Education of employes (from heads of departments 
 right through the entire organization down to 
 miners and shovelers) in the most efficient method 
 of performing the daily task. 
 
 (3 By establishing a standard program for all opera- 
 tions, in order that human efforts* may be utilized to 
 the greatest advantage. 
 
 (4) By furnishing the men with standard equipment, in 
 order to facilitate routine work and make their 
 efforts more productive. And 
 
 (5) In order to encourage the miner to put forth his 
 best efforts in attaining maximum production, an 
 incentive, over and above day’s pay, should be 
 offered by the management. 
 
 Another most important factor in developing a scientific 
 organization is the “setting of standards for work done.” A 
 very vital question is, what constitutes a day’s work? What 
 was assumed to be a day’s work five years ago cannot be 
 adopted as standard today. The wage system, whether con- 
 tract or bonus, must be based on actual knowledge and justice. 
 Nothing is more discouraging to a workman, or productive of 
 more ill-feeling and discontent, than to have the standard 
 bonus or contract rate cut because he has performed his work 
 
STANDARDIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 
 
 157 
 
 exceptionally well and made a greater footage than the rating 
 engineer ever anticipated could be made under the schedule. 
 Cutting the bonus after it is once established is responsible 
 for the great feeling of distrust which many men show towards 
 working under any system other than day’s pay. 
 
 Time and Skill Needed In Standardizing At Mines 
 
 In order to achieve a universal success, time and thought 
 must be devoted to an intensive study of the details of mining. 
 Each operation must be divided into its component parts, and 
 standardization applied to each unit. Experimentation is also 
 a necessary part of the program, and should be encouraged 
 and fostered by the management. The workers must be 
 trained to perform their tasks efficiently and intelligently. 
 Labor-saving devices and equipment should be substituted for 
 hand labor wherever possible. Unskilled labor should be sup- 
 planted as far as possible by mechanical means. This should 
 not be interpreted as meaning a loss of employment to many 
 who are now engaged in this class of work. There is plenty of 
 work for all, and the performance of work by machinery, re- 
 quiring little or no intelligence, will release thousands of men 
 who can be trained for better paying jobs. 
 
 Until recently, the systematization of metal-mining opera- 
 tions was considered impracticable, particularly those opera- 
 tions carried on underground, from which natural circum- 
 stances have, to a large extent, excluded the light of publicity. 
 The reserves of many of the larger mines have also been so 
 rich and extensive that economy has not played as important 
 a part, perhaps, as it should. The ever-present possibility of 
 “sweetening the ore,” or, in other words, bringing the daily 
 output up to expectations by the addition of higher grade — 
 kept in reserve for such purpose — has often tided over situa- 
 tions which, otherwise, might possibly have disclosed unsys- 
 tematized methods and careless supervision on the part of 
 underground bosses, to whom quantity plus quality at the 
 moment meant everything, regardless of the disastrous effect 
 their methods might have upon the future life of the mine. 
 
 What Happens Underground 
 
 Moreover, underground operations are to a large extent 
 shrouded in obscurity, and the intimate details are known only 
 
158 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 to a few, whose business it is to make daily visits to the work- 
 ing places. The larger number of the employes are frequently 
 ignorant men, whose main interest in their work is to get out 
 the number of cars required by the boss, and to whom ore and 
 waste are of very little interest, except as they add to the 
 required tonnage. 
 
 The needs of the manufacturing industry, and the keen com- 
 uetition encountered, have developed a host of experts, and 
 production engineers, who have delved into the intricacies of 
 the different branches and brought to light innumerable 
 operations which lend themselves well to the adoption of stand- 
 ard methods. 
 
 Unfortunately, in the mining industry, no sweeping changes 
 can be effected, which, in the course of a short period of time, 
 might be expected to revolutionize the industry at large, and 
 produce the same gratifying results as have been obtained in 
 industrial plants. This fact, in itself, has acted as a deterrent 
 in the systematization of mining operations, and while, in 
 individual cases, alert, wide-awake operators have made con- 
 siderable progress along these lines, the industry as a whole 
 does not reflect the same systematization of operations that 
 may be found in manufacturing plants. 
 
 Mining Practice Less Studied Than Metallurgy 
 
 It is generally conceded that mining is a profession that 
 should require a highly specialized training, but as a rule suf- 
 ficient emphasis is not placed upon the practical application of 
 such technical knowledge. Too much dependency is placed 
 upon practical experience alone, and too little on scientific prin- 
 ciples. Far be it from the writer to discredit practical knowl- 
 edge. The mining industry in the past owes much to its 
 practical men, but what it now requires is practical knowledge 
 superimposed on a scientific basis, or, in other words, the at- 
 tention of men who have added years of practical experience 
 to their specialized or scientific training. 
 
 The metallurgical branch of the profession has been the 
 subject of much thought and study, and considerable research 
 is continually being carried on in this branch of the profession. 
 Contributions have also been made to the mining branch, but 
 in the main thes^ have consisted rather of descriptions of prac- 
 
STANDARDIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 
 
 159 
 
 tices already in use in certain localities, than in the nature of 
 original research work. 
 
 An X-ray analysis of mining operations as a whole, fre- 
 quently discloses out-of-date methods which would not for an 
 instant be tolerated in surface plants. What large factory 
 owner, for instance, would permit one of his operators to spend 
 two-thirds of his day away from his machine, hunting parts, 
 supplies, lubricating oils, etc.? There, the output is based on 
 machine production for each man, and the amount he can turn 
 out is calculated to a nicety, and it is the imperative duty of 
 the shop foreman to see that everything required is present 
 and the machine in good order before the man starts to work. 
 
 Comparison of Work of Miners and Factory Workers 
 
 It is, however, a common occurrence underground for a first- 
 class machine-drill operator to spend a large portion of his 
 time walking through drifts and tunnels in search of sharp 
 steel, or the right kind of steel to fit his machine, repair parts, 
 oil-cans, or returning defective machines to the tool-house and 
 carrying new ones to take their place. 
 
 In the factory, fatigue studies have been made, covering 
 every action from the steps taken in performing certain duties, 
 to the movements made by each hand of the individual worker 
 in handling manufactured parts. In mining, however, it has 
 come to be an unwritten law that so long as the machine-man 
 drills a round of holes — special allowance being made for un- 
 usually hard ground — he has performed his daily task, regard- 
 less of the fact that — like Taylor’s handler of pig-iron — 
 providing his operations are studied and systematized, he 
 might be made to double his performance with comparatively 
 little additional effort to himself. This has been demonstrated 
 in a number of instances ; yet, as a whole, it still continues to 
 be the general practice to consider one round of holes a day’s 
 work. The responsibility for this lies largely with the mine 
 management. Formerly, in a great many instances, atmos- 
 pheric conditions of working places were such that men could 
 not work consistently during an 8-hour shift; and in many 
 cases it grew to be the practice for men to work a certain 
 period and then seek a better atmosphere in the mine, where 
 they cooled off and rested for an equal period of time. Also, 
 
160 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 in years past, the ventilation of mines was so bad that no 
 blasting could be allowed during the shift, and consequently 
 after the miner drilled his round of holes he would merely 
 while away the remainder of the shift until quitting time, and 
 fire the shots when leaving the mine. With the improvement 
 that has already been made in metal-mine ventilation, it has 
 been proved in exceptionally well-ventilated mines that shots 
 can be fired at any time during the shift without inconven- 
 iencing the men. As a matter of fact, in one large mine, which 
 is well ventilated, there is a shot fired every minute during the 
 shift, with little or no resulting delay to the underground 
 force. Now that every effort is being made to attain under- 
 ground working atmospheres as nearly as possible approxi 7 
 mating those on surface, this custom of considering one round 
 of holes a shift’s work — regardless of its depth — which is 
 really nothing more than habit, must be overcome if mining 
 operations are to be placed on an equal footing with those on 
 surface. 
 
 Other Departments at Mines Capable of Improvement 
 
 This is but one example of the lack of systematization in 
 mining operations. Much benefit could also be obtained from 
 careful study of explosives, their use and handling ; the correct 
 placing of machine-drill holes ; handling of timber, both under- 
 ground and on surface, where much unnecessary labor is in- 
 volved in handling and re-handling each piece as it comes from 
 the cars, the writer having observed as many as 12 men em- 
 ployed at the same time in handling one stick of timber. 
 
 The distribution and care of underground supplies is an- 
 other subject which would react most favorably to research. 
 
 The standardization of equipment and supplies is closely 
 linked with the systematization of operations, and of necessity 
 the one must be studied along with the other. 
 
 Too Many Different Drills 
 
 The industry at the present time is burdened with a multi- 
 plicity of machine-drills of varying types, sizes and weights, 
 the difference in weight in some instances not being more than 
 1 to 2 lb. The production of these machines follows each 
 other with such rapidity that in an effort to stock up with 
 the best equipment available on the market many machines in 
 
STANDARDIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 
 
 161 
 
 good condition must be scrapped, and as parts are not inter- 
 changeable, a considerable investment in such supplies must 
 continually be charged off to profit and loss. The develop- 
 ment of these machines is, of course, carried on by the manu- 
 facturer to meet the needs of the industry ; but, unfortunately, 
 these needs are often the individual ideas of various opera- 
 tors rather than the combined views of the majority. What 
 may appeal to one does not appeal to the other, and conse- 
 quently the necessity for purchasing and trying out this vari- 
 ety of types becomes an ever-increasing burden on the opera- 
 tor. 
 
 During the past seven years the necessity for a drifting 
 machine, permitting the use of water and air through ma- 
 chine and steel, became so evident to practically every pur- 
 chaser of rock-drills that, as a result, the manufacturers 
 evolved the water-Leyner. The self-rotating water-stoper, 
 which is now nearing perfection, is also the result of the com- 
 bined needs of the mining industry. Many other improve- 
 ments in drilling machines are possible,, providing some re- 
 search work is devoted to the subject of finding out just what 
 specifications would meet the needs of the majority for the 
 different types of machines, such as jackhamers, drifters, and 
 stopers. 
 
 The chucks on all machines must become standard, so as to 
 permit the inter-change of different makes of steel. The lack 
 in efficiency and the loss of time incurred at present through 
 miners supplying themselves with steel which does not fit the 
 machine they are using at the time, is such that this change has 
 become an absolute necessity. 
 
 Sizes of Drill-Steel 
 
 The size and types of steel should also receive attention. 
 There are individual cases, where companies have standard- 
 ized on the 14 hollow octagon for all stoping and raising, and 
 find this type of steel satisfactory for all their needs. Other 
 companies are achieving excellent results with the 1 -inch hol- 
 low round. Research would bring to light many facts that 
 might tend to prove that one of the other of these two was the 
 more satisfactory. The same is true of hose fittings, and 
 various parts and supplies for machines. 
 
102 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Underground power shovels to supplant manual labor in 
 shoveling should receive attention, in order to avoid the crea- 
 tion of the multiplicity of slightly varying types, similar to 
 that at present existing among rock-drills. It is inevitable 
 that mechanical equipment must supersede hand labor under- 
 ground to a large extent, if we are to overcome the scarcity 
 of labor, both skilled and unskilled, and increase the tonnage 
 per man shift, at the same time maintaining the normal grade 
 of the ore, which is the principal means of combating the 
 present high cost of production. Shoveling is one of the most 
 important items in underground operations. 
 
 Underground Transportation and Ventilation 
 
 Care and attention might profitably be devoted to under- 
 ground transportation, the grade of tracks, weight of rail, 
 etc. Also, the possibility of standardizing on a few sizes and 
 types of mine cars, rather than on the unusually large number 
 now on the market, and the various methods of haulage, com- 
 pressed air, electric, and steam. 
 
 The ventilation of metal mines is a subject of the utmost 
 importance. Without good air no man can live, much less 
 work, and upon the condition of the working place depends 
 very largely the efficiency of the worker. Much of the trouble 
 resulting from bad air in metal mines at the present day comes 
 from the deficiency of ventilation in dead ends in drifts and 
 stopes. The ventilation of such working places can greatly 
 be improved by resorting to systematized methods in regard 
 to the use of certain types of small blowers and ventilating 
 pipe, care and attention being devoted to the manner in which 
 these are located and operated. The prevention of dust in 
 mines necessitating frequent blasting during the shift is an- 
 other means of raising the efficiency of the miners. In the 
 past, bad air, rock dust, and heated atmospheres were looked 
 upon as necessary evils which could not be overcome, and the 
 man who could not put up with a certain amount of such dis- 
 comfort was rather contemptuously referred to as one who 
 “could not stand the gaff.” Today, such conditions are un- 
 necessary, and the adoption and use of standard equipment 
 and standard methods will provide the men with a working 
 atmosphere in which they can put forth their best efforts with- 
 out discomfort to themselves. The systematic testing of mine 
 
STANDARDIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 
 
 163 
 
 air and the adoption of a standard atmosphere is one of the 
 pressing needs of the industry. 
 
 Fires in Mines 
 
 Fire-fighting equipment and systematized rules for combat- 
 ing outbreaks in the mine are also of the utmost importance, 
 as the profit and loss accounts of many companies show large 
 sums charged off to disasters of this kind, which might pos- 
 sibly have been averted through the keeping in stock of a 
 standard line of fire-fighting apparatus. 
 
 There are many other subjects in the mining industry to 
 which standardization can be applied, such for instance as 
 cost accounting. Frequent discrepancies in the manner of 
 keeping costs are encountered, even in properties owned by the 
 same company. For instance, one mine will charge off the 
 work of preparing an orebody for stoping to development work 
 or to a separate fund which has been laid aside for such pur- 
 pose. Their production costs may then appear quite low, for 
 the reason that this large sum which should necessarily be 
 added to the stoping cost, as it all goes against the ultimate 
 profits, is omitted, while other companies include develop- 
 ment costs, but exclude overhead and supervision, and so 
 forth. 
 
 Ore Reserves and Taxation 
 
 The estimation of ore reserves is another matter for re- 
 search; equitable taxation, and many other items, all come 
 under the head of subjects to which standardization might be 
 applied. 
 
 An objection frequently raised against standardization is 
 that it retards progress, and that having once decided on a 
 standard, there is no possibility of change and old standards 
 must be adhered to even though newer methods have been 
 developed which have outclassed the old. In this connection 
 it may be well to quote from an authority* on this subject, 
 who well describes the functions of a standard, in the following 
 words : 
 
 “A standard is simply a carefully thought-out method of per- 
 forming a function, or carefully drawn specifications covering 
 an implement, or some article of stores, or of products. The 
 
 Morris L. Cooke. Bull. No. 5, Carnegie Foundation Series. 
 
164 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 idea of perfection is not involved in Standardization. The 
 standard method of doing anything is simply the best method 
 that can be devised at the time the standard is drawn. * * * 
 Improvements in standards are wanted and adopted whenever 
 and wherever they are found. There is absolutely nothing in 
 standardization to preclude innovation. But to protect stand- 
 ards from changes which are not in the direction of improve- 
 ments, certain safeguards are erected. These safeguards 
 protect standards from change for the sake of change. All 
 that is demanded * * * is that a proposed change in a 
 
 standard must be scrutinized as carefully as the standard was 
 scrutinized prior to its adoption. Standards adopted and pro- 
 tected in this way produce the best that is known at any one 
 time. Standardization practiced in this way is a constant 
 invitation to experimentation and improvement.” 
 
 Standardization of Great Importance to Mines 
 
 The standardization of mine equipment and mine opera- 
 tions in the various branches are of vital interest to the mine 
 manager who is responsible for the ultimate cost of the prod- 
 uct. In order to work out these problems, to accumulate the 
 correct data upon which to base conclusions, and finally to 
 introduce standard methods, it is absolutely necessary that the 
 mine manager effect this change through the medium of his 
 organization, composed of heads of departments, foremen, 
 bosses, and engineers. Their intelligent co-operation is there- 
 fore an essential part of the program. These are the men 
 who represent the company, or mine management, and inter- 
 pret the policies and desires of the company to the great mass 
 of employes. They are also intimately acquainted and asso- 
 ciated with the multiplicity of operations which, combined, 
 form the activities of the mine. If their interest and enthusi- 
 asm is directed towards a study and systematization of the 
 details which form the various groups of operations, then 
 through the standardization of many small tasks, which by 
 themselves may not appear important, under the careful super- 
 vision of the mine management, larger economies will result, 
 which, in turn, will ultimately have the desired,effect of reduc- 
 ing production costs. 
 
STANDARDIZATION BY BUREAU OF MINES 
 
 1(J5 
 
 STANDARDIZATION WORK OF THE UNITED STATES 
 BUREAU OF MINES 
 
 By F. G. COTTRELL 
 
 In attempting to standardize mine equipment, the current 
 best practice can be crystallized into the form of a code or set 
 of rules and regulations; but in any such attempt there are 
 always items about which there is a lack of proper information ; 
 so that there is doubt whether such items should be crystal- 
 lized into a code or passed over with as little attention as 
 possible. There are frequently matters that yield to labora- 
 tory investigation, facilities for which are rarely available to 
 the mine operator. These rather difficult points are rarely 
 comprehensive enough to form the basis for a code covering 
 any considerable portion of a field, and yet they may themselves 
 form a standard of good practice. This can be illustrated by 
 the Bureau of Mines’ permissible explosives or the miners’ 
 cap-lamps, or possibly the Bureau’s rules for installing and 
 using electrical equipment in bituminous coal mines. 
 
 Besides the results of laboratory work and special investiga- 
 tion, there is also that type of work which is the result of con- 
 ferences of men of prominent standing in their profession and 
 who are regarded as authorities in their own field, and who 
 write their opinion of current best practice in the form of rules 
 and regulations. This type of work is illustrated by the ‘Rules 
 and Regulations for Metal Mines,’ compiled by mining engi- 
 neers of standing, and ‘Proposed Regulations for the Drilling 
 of Gas and Oil Wells through Coal Beds.’ 
 
 Approval System As Basis for Standards 
 
 While not directed toward the production of standards for 
 mining equipment, still the Bureau’s approval system furnishes 
 material that may well form the basis of standards for certain 
 equipment. It is frequently the case that in the commercial 
 development of a really good idea, the early productions are 
 foredoomed to failure because of lack of information and a 
 proper ideal in designing the apparatus. In safety matters 
 this is of particular interest to the Bureau of Mines. In. the 
 development of electric machinery for use in gaseous mines. 
 
1(>G PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 questions arise as to the proper protection of the device so that 
 sparks may not ignite gas, if perchance the apparatus is in a 
 gaseous atmosphere. Some kinds of sparks readily ignite gas, 
 while others will not. Certain kinds of protective devices will 
 prevent ignition from etxending into the surrounding space. 
 If the apparatus is designed in a manner ignoring these facts, 
 the business can develop only through dangerous and disas- 
 trous experience and loss of life. After an investigation, the 
 Bureau draws a minimum specification for such devices, and 
 allows those companies which meet this minimum specification 
 to mark their devices as approved by the Bureau of Mines. 
 This minimum specification allows ample room for individual 
 initiative and development beyond the line of necessary safety. 
 This work forms the basis of standardization for such devices 
 in order that they shall be safe in gaseous mines. 
 
 With these illustrations of the purpose of the Bureau, a 
 catalogue of its publications along these lines is sufficient to 
 indicate the field already entered by the Department. For this 
 purpose of special investigation, the Bureau has a large lab- 
 oratory at Pittsburgh and the facilities afforded by eleven 
 other stations in various parts of the country. 
 
 The Bureau attempts to crack the hard nuts in the several 
 fields of safe equipment as rapidly as its funds allow, and it is 
 hoped that the future will afford increased facilities for work 
 of this kind. 
 
 Publications Available 
 
 A list of the Bureau’s publications on this subject follows: 
 
 Schedule 1. — ‘Conditions and Requirements Under which 
 Explosives are Tested.’ 
 
 Schedule 2A. — ‘Procedure for Establishing a List of Per- 
 missible Explosion-Proof Electric Motors for Mines.’ 
 
 Schedule 6A. — ‘Procedure for Establishing a List of Per- 
 missible Portable Electric Mine Lamps.’ 
 
 Schedule 7. — ‘Procedure for Establishing a List of Per- 
 missible Miners’ Safety Lamps.’ 
 
 Schedule 12. — ‘Procedure for Establishing a List of Per- 
 missible Single-Shot Blasting Units.’ 
 
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION 107 
 
 Schedule 13. — ‘Procedure for Establishing a List of Per- 
 missible Self-Contained Mine-Rescue Breathing Apparatus/ 
 
 Schedule 14. — ‘Procedure for Establishing a List of Per- 
 missible Gas Masks/ 
 
 Schedule 15. — ‘Procedure for Establishing a List of Per- 
 missible Storage-Battery Locomotives for Use in Gaseous 
 Mines/ 
 
 Schedule 16. — ‘Procedure for Establishing a List of Per- 
 missible Multiple-Shot Blasting Machines/ 
 
 Technical Paper 22. — ‘Electrical Symbols for Mine Maps/ 
 
 Technical Paper 53. — ‘Proposed Regulations for the Drill- 
 ing of Gas and Oil Wells with Comments thereon/ 
 
 Technical Paper 79; — ‘Electric Lights for Use about Oil 
 and Gas Wells/ 
 
 Technical Paper 138. — ‘Suggested Safety Rules for Install- 
 ing and Using Electrical Equipment in Bituminous Coal Mines/ 
 
 Technical Paper 214. — ‘Motor Gasoline Properties, Labora- 
 tory Methods of Testing, and Practical Specifications/ 
 
 Bulletin 49. — ‘Smoke Abatement and City Smoke Ordi- 
 nances/ 
 
 Bulletin 75. — ‘Rules and Regulations for Metal Mines/ 
 
 Bulletin 116. — ‘Methods of Sampling Delivered Coal/ 
 
 ‘Advanced First-Aid Instructions for Miners/ 
 
 ‘Rescue and Recovery Operations in Mines after Fires and 
 Explosions/ 
 
 The last two are pocket-books issued in 1917 and 1916, re- 
 spectively. 
 
1G8 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION 
 
 By P. G. AGNEW, Secretary American Engineering Standards Committee 
 
 During or since the war, national engineering standardizing 
 bodies have been organized in Austria, Belgium, Canada, 
 France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, and 
 the United States, and one is in process of formation in Japan. 
 All of these are similar in form of organization and method of 
 operation to the British Engineering Standards Association, 
 which, organized in 1902, has been a most significant factor in 
 the development of British industry. 
 
 Our own society — the American Engineering Standards 
 Committee — was started in October, 1918, and has been ac- 
 tively at work for about a year. At first it consisted of repre- 
 sentatives of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 
 American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 
 American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of 
 Mechanical Engineers, and American Society for Testing 
 Materials. Upon invitation, three Government departments — 
 War, Navy, and Commerce — joined in the movement, and ap- 
 pointed representatives; and later, provision was made for 
 representation upon the main Committee of other bodies of 
 national scope interested in standardization. At the time the 
 Committee was organized there were more than 100 American 
 societies actively engaged in standardization work; but there 
 were no systematic, unified methods of co-operation, and there 
 had been a widespread recognition of the need of some central 
 agency for the purpose. 
 
 The functions of the Committee are: to unify methods of 
 arriving at engineering standards; to secure co-operation be- 
 tween various interested organizations, in order to prevent 
 duplication of work and promulgation of conflicting standards ; 
 to act as an authoritative channel of co-operation in interna- 
 tional engineering standardization ; to promote in foreign 
 countries the knowledge of recognized American standards; 
 to collect and classify data on standards ; and to act as a bureau 
 of information regarding standardization. 
 
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION 1(39 
 
 Scope of the Work 
 
 The scope of the work which is being carried out under the 
 auspices and rules of procedure of the Committee is very 
 broad. The following types of work are found among the 
 standardization projects which are now under way: 
 
 1. Definitions of technical terms used in engineering 
 work, specifications, and contracts. 
 
 2. Specifications for materials. 
 
 3. Methods of tests, especially acceptance tests for mate- 
 rials and apparatus. 
 
 4. Dimensional standardization to secure interchange- 
 ability of supplies — for example, screws, nuts, and 
 bolts. 
 
 5 Dimensional standardization to secure the inter-work- 
 ing of parts, and of inter-related apparatus, made or 
 assembled by different manufacturers, such as shafts, 
 pulleys, etc. 
 
 6. Safety codes, to secure uniformity in requirements for 
 safety in apparatus and equipment, and in industrial 
 processes. 
 
 7. The limitation of the number of types, sizes and grades 
 of manufactured products — an exceedingly important 
 and far-reaching subject. 
 
 Specific Examples 
 
 It may be well to mention two or three specific projects : 
 
 The British Engineering Standards Association suggested 
 Anglo-American agreement on a standard series of cross- 
 sectional shapes for structural steel. A committee was or- 
 ganized on which are representatives of organizations inter- 
 ested in the question. Among them are the Association of 
 American Steel Manufacturers, American Society of Civil 
 Engineers, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 
 American Bureau of Shipping, U. S. Navy, and the Railway 
 Car Manufacturers’ Association. Considerable progress has 
 been made, and a representative of the committee was abroad 
 during the early summer to confer with the British. 
 
170 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Another example arises also from an international proposal, 
 this time from Belgium, that there be international standard- 
 ization for the non-ferrous metals. They outlined in detail 
 what they thought should be done on the question of zinc — the 
 methods of sampling zinc ore, methods of analysis, allowances 
 for moisture content, etc. A committee is being organized for 
 the work on zinc, under the leadership — technically called 
 sponsorship — of the American Zinc Institute and the Ameri- 
 can Society for Testing Materials. On this committee all the 
 societies that are concerned in the subject will be represented. 
 
 Passenger and freight elevators for buildings are built to a 
 large extent to special order. On account of lack of recognized 
 standards, adequate provision is not made in the architect’s 
 plans, and steel work is often up before fundamental decisions 
 on elevators are made, and more or less confused and wasteful 
 conditions result. At the joint request of the Elevator Manu- 
 facturers’ Association and the American Institute of Archi- 
 tects, a conference was called. There were 14 interested or- 
 ganizations that were represented. The action taken was 
 enthusiastic and unanimous that a standardization of ele- 
 vators, based on fundamental considerations, should be under- 
 taken. Arrangements are being made for a thoroughly rep- 
 resentative sectional committee to carry out the detailed 
 technical work. 
 
 Another illustration, which is typically American, is the 
 matter of safety codes. There have been in the past at least 
 100 organizations formulating safety-codes. Nearly all of the 
 48 States have bodies that have the authority to promulgate 
 safety-codes. At a conference in Washington in January, 
 1920, where more than 100 organizations were represented, it 
 was unanimously voted that a comprehensive program of 
 safety-codes should be undertaken, and that it should be 
 handled under the auspices and rules of procedure of the 
 American Engineering Standards Committee, in order that 
 there be proper co-ordination, elimination of overlap, etc. 
 Active work is now in progress on about 30 such codes. State 
 commissions, which are the bodies responsible for the legal 
 adoption and enforcement of safety-codes, associations of in- 
 surance companies, national engineering societies, manufac- 
 turers’ and industrial associations, labor and civic organiza- 
 
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION 171 
 
 tions, and technical bureaus of the Federal Government are all 
 heartily co-operating in the work. The committees respon- 
 sible for the formulation of each of the codes are made up of 
 representatives of such of these bodies as are interested in the 
 particular code in question. 
 
 Economic and Industrial Significance 
 
 If standardization is carried out on a sound engineering 
 basis : 
 
 1. It enables buyer and seller to speak the same language r 
 and makes it possible to compel competitive sellers to 
 do likewise. 
 
 2. In thus putting tenders on an easily comparable basis, 
 it promotes fairness in competition, both in domestic 
 and in foreign trade. 
 
 3 It lowers unit-costs to the public, by making mass 
 production possible, as has been so strikingly shown 
 in the unification of incandescent lamps and auto- 
 mobiles. 
 
 4. By simplifying the carrying of stocks it makes deliv- 
 eries quicker and prices lower. 
 
 5. It decreases litigation and other factors tending to 
 disorganize industry, the burden of which ultimately 
 falls upon the public. 
 
 6. It eliminates indecision both in production and utiliza- 
 tion — a prolific cause of inefficiency and waste. 
 
 7. By focusing on essentials, it decreases selling expense, 
 one of the serious problems of our economic system. 
 
 8. By concentrating on fewer lines, it enables more 
 thought and energy to be put into designs, so that they 
 will be more efficient and economical. 
 
 9. It stimulates research, to which it is closely allied. 
 
 10. It is one of the principal means of getting the results 
 of research and development into actual use in the 
 industries. 
 
 11. It helps to eliminate practices that are merely the 
 result of accidental or tradition, which impede de- 
 velopment. 
 
172 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 12. By concentration on essentials, and the consequent 
 suppression of confusing elements intended merely for 
 sales effect, it helps to base competition squarely upon 
 efficiency in production and distribution and upon in- 
 trinsic merit of product. 
 
 A stock argument often used against standardization is the 
 claim that it results in crystallization and the throttling of 
 development. Quite the contrary is true if the work is carried 
 out on a sound basis. Crystallization, when it occurs, results 
 from mental attitude, and not from sound engineering stand- 
 ardization. As just stated, standardization in itself is a pow- 
 erful incentive to research, and is one of the chief means of 
 getting the results of research actually utilized. In attempting 
 to arrive at standards agreement is frequently prevented by a 
 lack of facts, and this leads to the getting of those facts. 
 
 Benefits of Research 
 
 Dr. W. R. Whitney, the director of one of our great indus- 
 trial research laboratories, has said that the benefits of re- 
 search and development work to the public are far greater 
 than to the manufacturer; that while a series of investiga- 
 tions may benefit the manufacturer to the extent of millions, 
 the ultimate benefit to the public will be in hundreds of mil- 
 lions. A striking example that Dr. Whitney had in mind was 
 the incandescent electric lamp. It is doubtful if there is 
 another article in any of our industries that represents more 
 research work either in quantity or in quality. The benefits 
 that have accrued to the manufacturer and to the -public could 
 not have been realised had the research work not been supple- 
 mented by thorough-going standardization. 
 
 Organization and Methods 
 
 The American Engineering Standards Committee itself, 
 usually referred to as the Main Committee, is composed at 
 present of 47 members, representing 17 member-bodies, which 
 are as follows : 
 
 American Electric Railway Association. 
 
 American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 
 
 American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engi- 
 
 neers. 
 
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION 173 
 
 American Society of Civil Engineers. 
 
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 
 
 American Society for Testing Materials. 
 
 Electrical Manufacturers’ Council — 
 
 Associated Manufacturers of Electrical Supplies, 
 Electric Power Club, 
 
 Electrical Manufacturers’ Club. 
 
 Fire Protection Group — 
 
 Asociated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies, 
 National Board of Fire Underwriters, 
 
 National Fire Protection Association, 
 
 Underwriters’ Laboratories. 
 
 Gas Group — 
 
 American Gas Association, 
 
 Compressed Gas Manufacturers’ Association, 
 International Acetylene Association. 
 
 National Electric Light Association. 
 
 National Safety Council. 
 
 Society of Automotive Engineers. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture. 
 
 U. S. Department of Commerce. 
 
 U. S. Department of the Interior. 
 
 U. S. Navy Department. 
 
 U. S. War Department. 
 
 The Committee does not duplicate the work of other organi- 
 zations. On the contrary, in acting as a clearing-house for 
 standardization, it eliminates duplication, as very substantial 
 results have already shown. 
 
 The Main Committee is solely an administrative and policy- 
 forming body, and does not pass upon the technical details of 
 standards. The formulation of a standard is in the hands of 
 a working committee, technically called a “sectional com- 
 mittee,” made up of representatives designated by the various 
 bodies interested. The Main Committee must approve the per- 
 sonnel of each sectional committee, as being authoritative and 
 adequately representative of the various interests concerned. 
 Producers, consumers, and general interests, are to be repre- 
 sented on every sectional committee dealing with standards of 
 a commercial character. 
 
174 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Sponsor Bodies 
 
 In one important particular the method of work of the 
 American Engineering Standards Committee differs from that 
 of the other national bodies. This is the use of what are 
 termed “sponsor” bodies. When the Committee was formed 
 there were already a large number of organizations doing 
 standardization work, some of whom had accomplished, and 
 were engaged in, very important work. This led to a policy of 
 decentralization. Each sectional committee is organized by, 
 and under the leadership of, one or more of the principal bodies 
 interested and known as sponsor. 
 
 Special provision is made for the approval of important 
 standards in existence prior to 1920, without going through 
 the full formal machinery of a sectional committee. 
 
 It is to be noted that each industry, or branch of industry, 
 is wholly autonomous in its standardization work, the Main 
 Committee not dealing with the technical matters in any way, 
 but merely assuring that each body or group concerned in a 
 standard shall have the opportunity to participate in its for- 
 mulation, and providing systematic means of co-operation in 
 the work. 
 
 The Committee has decided that “if it is the desire of any 
 industry to have a general committee, representative of the 
 industry as a whole, as a means of developing and correlating 
 the standardization work of the industry, the arrangement 
 will be eminently satisfactory to the American Engineering 
 Standards Committee.” Such a general correlating committee 
 for mining standardization has been formed, the nucleus being 
 two representatives from each of five leading mining bodies — 
 the American Mining Congress, the American Institute of 
 Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, the U. S. Bureau of 
 Mines, the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, and 
 the National Safety Council. 
 
 If requested to do so by a responsible organization, the Main 
 Committee calls a conference of the interested bodies to decide 
 whether it is desirable that a given piece of standardization 
 work shall be undertaken, and if so, what its scope shall be. 
 In this, and in its work generally, the Committee is not an 
 initiating body. Consideration will show that this policy is 
 
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION 175 
 
 very conducive, if not necessary, to cordial co-operative work. 
 For example, if the Committee were to call such a conference 
 on its own initiative, its action in doing so might be misunder- 
 stood and resented as an attempt to dominate, while by not 
 taking the initiative it becomes perfectly clear that the pur- 
 pose is to serve. 
 
 Machinery for International Standardization 
 
 The American Engineering Standards Committee is in 
 touch with all the other national standardizing bodies, and is 
 actively co-operating with several of them. 
 
 There are at present three international standardizing 
 bodies — the International Electrotechnical Commission, the 
 International Commission on Illumination, and the Interna- 
 tional Aircraft Standards Commission. Each of these com- 
 missions is composed of national committees in the different 
 countries. The International Aircraft Standards Commission 
 has a quasi-governmental status. 
 
 In the other fields there is as yet no machinery for general 
 international standardization. Each national body deals di- 
 rectly and independently with any of the other national bodies 
 with which it wishes to co-operate on any specific project. 
 Plans are now being made in Europe for a conference in the 
 spring of 1921 to further international standardization, and to 
 take first steps toward systematizing methods of co-operation 
 between the different national bodies. 
 
 European Activity 
 
 Early in 1920 I had the opportunity of visiting the national 
 standardizing bodies of Belgium, France, Great Britain, and 
 Holland. It is surprising to see the amount and the intensity 
 of standardization work being undertaken in Europe. One con- 
 tinually heard the term “mass production,” and the statement 
 that the extensive introduction of it into industry through 
 standardization is an economic necessity for Europe today. 
 Dimensional standardization is being carried much further 
 than has been attempted in America, and standardization on a 
 national scale is being woven into industrial fabric much more 
 intimately than it is here. 
 
 These conditions prevail to an extraordinary extent in Ger- 
 many, where the economic pressure is so great. It is being 
 
176 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 carried further than would generally be thought desirable in 
 America. Considerable work is being done in the standard- 
 ization of design, and in some cases uniform design of com- 
 plete apparatus is proposed for the entire German industry. 
 It is urged that a great increase in efficiency and economy in 
 production and utilization will result from pooling experience 
 and skilled in design, and that it will be of great value in 
 foreign trade, for example, in maintaining service stations. 
 
 The standardization movement is one of co-operation 
 throughout each branch of industry, and between the different 
 branches of industry whose interests touch or overlap, and 
 will inevitably lead to a large measure of international stand- 
 ardization. 
 
 For years there has been a growing feeling among leaders 
 in industry, which was heightened by the experiences of the 
 war, that our industries function too much as independent 
 units, and not enough as articulated parts of a national whole. 
 It is not too much to say that standardization offers a major 
 opportunity toward the integration of our industries on a 
 national scale, so that they may function in a truly national 
 way. 
 
STANDARDIZATION BY BUREAU OF STANDARDS 
 
 177 
 
 STANDARDIZATION AT THE UNITED STATES BUREAU 
 OF STANDARDS 
 
 By G. K. BURGESS 
 
 The Bureau of Standards welcomes the opportunity of par- 
 ticipating in these first annual conferences of the American 
 Mining Congress on standardization, and the director, Dr. 
 S. W. Stratton, regrets he was not able to be present in person 
 to take part in the discussions and present a statement of the 
 work that the Bureau is doing in the field of standardization. 
 
 This Bureau was founded in 1901. At the present time it 
 has a personnel of about 850, and is located in a 200-acre 
 tract just outside of the city of Washington, D. C. In 10 
 permanent and several temporary structures the plant repre- 
 sents a capital expenditure of $4,000,000. The budget for 
 1920 is $1,200,000. 
 
 How the Bureau Works 
 
 The scientific and technical work of the Bureau is grouped 
 in nine administrative divisions, which are arranged accord- 
 ing to the subject-matter coming under the jurisdiction of the 
 Bureau. These divisions are: Weights and Measures, Elec- 
 tricity, Heat, Optics, Chemistry, Engineering, Physics, Struc- 
 tural and Miscellaneous Materials, Metallurgy, and Ceramics. 
 These lines of work were not all developed at once, but the 
 Bureau has had a systematic and healthy growth directed 
 largely by the same men who were associated with Dr. Strat- 
 ton at the time of the Bureau’s foundation. This has made 
 for continuity of policy, and a rational, systematic, develop- 
 ment along lines laid down in advance and carried out as 
 opportunity offered. 
 
 At the time of the establishment of the Bureau, it was nec- 
 essary, in the hearings before the Congressional Committee, 
 to call in witnesses from many fields of work to demonstrate 
 the advisability or even the desirability of the establishment 
 of a Bureau concerned with standards. At that time there 
 was no National, State, or Municipal body concerning itself 
 with and responsible for standards of measurement on any 
 comprehensive scale. In the field of materials there was the 
 
178 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 American Society for Testing Materials, founded in 1898, 
 which, from the start, had been concerning itself with the pro- 
 motion of knowledge of the materials of engineering and the 
 standardization of specifications and the methods of testing. 
 The membership of this Society at the time of the foundation 
 of the Bureau of Standards was lesss than 200, whereas now, 
 as an evidence of the growth of the standards idea in the field 
 of engineering materials, membership of the American Society 
 for Testing Materials is some 2900 persons. About the time 
 of the establishment of the Bureau, the large engineering soci- 
 eties began to interest themselves with the various aspects of 
 the standardization field. This interest in standards cul- 
 minated in the formation of the American Engineering Stand- 
 ards Committee in October, 1918, which after a year largely 
 devoted to questions concerned with scope, organization, and 
 methods of functioning is now well launched on a firm basis 
 with a very rapidly expanding program. A list of the technical 
 organizations of the country drawn up last year showed there 
 were over 260 of such that are actively interested in one way 
 or another in the subject of standards. 
 
 Co-operation Between Government Departments 
 
 In the Government Departments, during these 20 years, 
 closer relations and interchange of experience in the formula- 
 tion of specifications and standards has been developing, al- 
 though some of the Departments have been and still are 
 handicapped by an inadequately equipped personnel for han- 
 dling such questions with entire satisfaction to themselves. 
 The question may be asked, “What attitude does the Bureau 
 of Standards take toward other organizations, Governmental, 
 and especially non-Govermental, in the field of standardiza- 
 tion ?” This may perhaps best be answered by considering the 
 relations in the past between the Bureau of Standards and 
 such bodies. Let us take first the Government Departments : 
 In the hearings preceding the establishment of the Bureau, 
 representatives of the various Departments were asked to 
 testify as to what help such a Bureau would be to their Depart- 
 ment. In the light of future developments this testimony 
 today makes very interesting reading. Representatives of 
 one of the largest Departments requiring a great deal of high- 
 class technical work testified that such a Bureau would render 
 
STANDARDIZATION BY BUREAU OF STANDARDS 
 
 179 
 
 no service to their Department. It is a matter of record, 
 however, that this particular Department has called for the 
 services of the Bureau more than has any other, and largely for 
 the very reason that it has so many highly technical questions 
 involving specifications, standards, and properties of mate- 
 rials and performance of equipment, that in the very nature of 
 things it was inevitable that the existence of such an organiza- 
 tion as the Bureau of Standards equipped for experimental 
 work on fundamental constants, properties of material, and 
 methods of measurement, would have to be used by such a 
 department. 
 
 The Bureau has acted in an advisory or consulting capacity 
 to . many of the Government Departments on questions in- 
 volving specifications and standards, and has carried out many 
 investigations at the instigation of these Departments on mat- 
 ters primarily of interest to them. 
 
 Other Standardization Societies Desirable 
 
 We may state it as an axiom, that the Bureau of Standards 
 encourages the formation and growth of any other organiza- 
 tion, whether it be public or private, which has among its ob- 
 jects the progress or improvement in the standardization field 
 and in the dissemination of knowledge concerning standards. 
 The standardization field is one of practically unlimited extent, 
 and each one of the numerous organizations in the country 
 that are concerned with the subject has some particular phase 
 of it that it wishes to cultivate. In so far as its facilities 
 admit, the Bureau of Standards is ready at all times to work 
 in harmony with, and when desired in co-operation with, all 
 movements looking toward the improvement of standards and 
 the methods of standardization. There are few, if any, 
 aspects of the development of standards and specifications, at 
 least concerning matters relating in whole or part to various 
 branches of engineering, in which the Bureau of Standards can 
 not be of some use. To refer again, as an example, to the 
 work of the American Society for Testing Materials, it has 
 been mutually advantageous to the Society and to the Bureau 
 to work in close harmony in the preparation of specifications 
 for engineering materials. A great deal of the experimental 
 work outlined by the several committees of this Society has 
 been carried out in the Bureau laboratories, and members of 
 
180 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 the Bureau are represented on many of the Society’s com- 
 mittees. We believe, and in this I can speak both for the 
 Bureau of Standards and the American Society for Testing 
 Materials, that this close co-operation and co-ordination of 
 effort has worked to the very great benefit of the engineering 
 public. 
 
 Again, the Bureau of Standards welcomed the founding of 
 the American Engineering Standards Committee, on which 
 Committee the Bureau has three representatives. It will be 
 remembered that in the preparation of standards which are 
 to be reported to the Standards Committee there is a “sec- 
 tional committee” appointed to formulate a given standard, 
 and there is one or more especially interested organizations 
 named “sponsor” to push actively the constructive work on 
 the standard. The Bureau of Standards has been designated 
 as sponsor in the preparation of a considerable number of 
 standards, including, for example, several in connection with 
 the preparation of industrial safety-codes as follows: Elec- 
 trical Safety Code, Gas Safety Code, Head and Eye Protection, 
 Lightning Protection, Logging and Saw-Mill Machinery, 
 among a list of 37 codes which are in various stages of com- 
 pletion. 
 
 A Wide Field in Standardization 
 
 The Bureau of Standards recognizes that the field of stand- 
 ardization is an extensive one ; and the functions of the Bureau 
 may be briefly stated as the development, construction, cus- 
 tody, and maintenance of reference and working standard and 
 their inter-comparison, improvement, and application, in 
 science, engineering, industry and commerce. For convenience, 
 the Bureau groups standards into five classes : (1) “Standards 
 of Measurement,” which includes reference and working stand- 
 ards for measurements of all kinds for expressing the quan- 
 titative aspects of space, time, matter, energy, motion, and 
 their inter-relations as illustrated by length, area, volume, 
 mass, density, pressure, thermal, electrical, and other physical 
 measurements, which have for their purpose to aid accuracy in 
 industry, assist commerce in size* standards, promote justice 
 in daily trade, and facilitate precision in science and tech- 
 nologic research. (2) “Standard Constants.” or what we 
 may call natural constant or the measured numerical data rep- 
 
STANDARDIZATION P»Y BUREAU OF STANDARDS 
 
 181 
 
 resented by fixed physical constants, such as mechanical 
 equivalent of heat, melting and boiling points, heats of com- 
 bustion, electro-chemical, and atomic weights, and the like, 
 which we have as an exact basis for study, experiment, com- 
 putation, and design, furnish an efficient control for industrial 
 processes in securing reproducible and uniformly high qual- 
 ity and output, to secure uniformity of practice in instruments 
 and tables and aid laboratory research by reducing errors and 
 uncertainty caused by the use of data of doubtful accuracy. 
 (3) “Standards of Quality,” which are illustrated by specifi- 
 cations for materials used in engineering, which fix in measur- 
 able terms a property or group of properties for determining 
 the quality in question, securing high utility in the products 
 of industry by stabilizing the standard of quality, furnishing 
 a scientific basis for fair dealing, avoiding disputes or provid- 
 ing means to settle questions, promoting truthful branding 
 and advertising as well as precision and the avoidance of 
 waste. (4) “Standards of Performance,” or specifications of 
 operative efficiency or action for machines and devices. (5) 
 “Standards of Practice,” such as codes and regulations impar- 
 tially analyzed and formulated after study and experiment into 
 standards of practice for technical regulation of construction, 
 installation, operation, and based upon standards of measure- 
 ment, quality and performance; such, for example, are the 
 safety codes above mentioned. 
 
 Specific Examples of the Bureau’s Work 
 
 To give a complete account of the standardization work of 
 the Bureau would surely take us far afield, but it may not be 
 without interest to give a summary of certain of the standard- 
 ization activities as illustrative of the methods of procedure, 
 and emphasis will be placed on those cases showing our meth- 
 ods of co-operation with other bodies. In the field of funda- 
 mental standards of measurement and the determination of 
 standard constants the Bureau considers itself the final author- 
 ity for the country, but in the development of standards of 
 quality, and more particularly in the establishment of stand- 
 ards of practice, the Bureau considers it does its most effective 
 work in co-operation with the interested bodies. 
 
182 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Screw-Threads 
 
 Let us first consider briefly the work of the National Screw 
 Thread Commission established by Congress on July 18, 1918, 
 made up of representatives of the Government, the Society of 
 Mechanical Engineers and the Society of Automotive Engi- 
 neers and. of which the Director of the Bureau of Standards 
 is chairman. The task of this Commission is the establishment 
 of screw-thread standardization from the standpoint of inter- 
 changeable manufacture, and includes the setting up of a 
 series or system of threads with definite specifications as to 
 form and dimensions expressed in measurable terms. The 
 Commission has decided that the thread form should be that 
 known as the “U. S. form” — there should be two series of 
 threads, a coarse and a fine, and there should be four classes 
 of fit provided for, loose, medium or standard, close, and 
 wrench fit. There have been established a set of pitches and 
 tolerances for each class, and the Commission still has to for- 
 mulate a considerable number of rules regarding threads, 
 tubes, taps, bar stock, and dimensions of bolt heads and nuts. 
 The experimental work for the Commission has been carried 
 out largely at the Bureau of Standards. 
 
 Research in Electrolysis 
 
 As an example of the co-operative method adopted by the 
 Bureau in questions involving engineering practice on a con- 
 siderable scale in various communities, there may be men- 
 tioned that of electrolysis survey and prevention. This is a 
 problem that has been studied more particularly in its relation 
 to conditions in cities and in some cases to inter-urban trans- 
 mission, but nevertheless may have its applications in certain 
 cases to the mining industry. The method of carrying out 
 these investigations is, however, typical of the way the Bureau 
 would take up problems falling in its field which might be 
 desired by the mining industry. Briefly, our methods in elec- 
 trolysis investigations have been the following : Field surveys 
 are carried out on the actual conditions in the districts to be 
 studied. This often requires, for example, modified forms of 
 apparatus for measuring current flow in pipes and leakage 
 flow from pipes. In fact, the electrolysis problem has required 
 the development of a whole series of modified apparatus for 
 
STANDARDIZATION BY BUREAU OF STANDARDS 
 
 183 
 
 the purpose. There arise special problems such, for example, 
 as the actual facts concerning the phenomena of corrosion of 
 lead, and as what may be expected under the conditions of 
 alternating current and of direct current. This requires lab- 
 oratory as well as field research. From its surveys and experi- 
 mental studies, the Bureau has been able in many cases to 
 recommend modifications that have eliminated or greatly re- 
 duced the very harmful effects of electrolysis in cities. A not 
 unimportant function of the Bureau has been its position of 
 an impartial technical advisor as between the diverse interests. 
 
 There is also in existence an American Committee on Elec- 
 trolysis, which represents all of the great national associations 
 of utilities companies, and is co-operating with the Bureau in 
 conducting extensive research in the field of electrolysis miti- 
 gation. The research program was formulated by the Bureau 
 and approved by the Committee, and this research work will 
 be carried out jointly. Some of the work under way is the 
 effect of pipe drainage on underground systems, especial atten- 
 tion being given to the possibility of joint electrolysis on high 
 resistance joints and interchange of current between drained 
 systems. It will be seen from this brief statement that several 
 aspects of this electrolysis branch of research by the Bureau 
 may have direct application in the mining industry. 
 
 Standardizing Coal-Mine Scales 
 
 Another item that may be of particular interest to the 
 American Mining Congress is the Bureau’s work on investiga- 
 tion of mine-scales. In August, 1917, it was brought to the 
 attention of the Bureau that a serious condition of affairs ex- 
 isted in the coal-fields of Allegany county, Maryland, as a 
 result of disputes continually occurring between the miners 
 and operators in regard to the condition of the scales and 
 methods used in weighing the coal mined by the workers, upon 
 which their wages depended. The miners distrusted the 
 weighings obtained from the scales in use, and believed that 
 they were not receiving the full amount of pay to which they 
 were entitled. No method of remedying the situation had 
 been found, and it had become so acute that a general strike 
 was impending, and would certainly have occurred had not 
 the Bureau promptly intervened and obtained a postponement 
 of this action while an investigation was conducted. This 
 
184 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 matter was considered to be of the greatest importance on 
 account of the special necessity for continued production of 
 coal at this time, when it is so vitally needed. 
 
 No attempt was made to test all the scales in the region, 
 those being selected for test at mines where the friction be- 
 tween operators and employees was most pronounced. As a 
 corollary to the test of scales, an investigation was conducted 
 into the matter of average tare weights and other matters 
 closely related to the accuracy of the weights obtained. 
 
 It was demonstrated that the grievances of the miners were 
 in many cases well-founded. The scales had in many instances 
 been improperly installed ; no proper attention to their main- 
 tenance had been given throughout long periods of sendee; 
 and, in at least one instance fraud in weighing was very 
 strongly indicated. The result of all these conditions was that 
 very serious errors of use were common — not a single scale 
 examined being within the tolerance allowable in such work; 
 moreover, important errors were in every case in favor of the 
 operator. 
 
 This work is being continued with additional portable equip- 
 ment, and the investigation extended into new mining regions 
 including the bituminous fields of Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, 
 West Virginia, and Georgia. In general, it may be said that 
 the tests made were found to have a very desirable effect on 
 the regular production of coal. In those cases where the scales 
 were found accurate, distrust and suspicions in the minds of 
 the workers were allayed, and operations continued with better 
 feelings on both sides ; in other cases where scales were found 
 to be inaccurate, corrected measures were applied, and both 
 parties to controversies were satisfied. 
 
 Sulphur and Phosphorous in Steel 
 
 Still another type of co-operative work to which reference 
 may be made is the metallurgical investigation under the 
 auspices of a Joint Committee representing all interested 
 parties including Government, manufacturers, specification 
 making bodies, and large users of steel, to determine from a 
 series of experiments carried out on a large scale both in the 
 plants and in the laboratory of the effect of sulphur and phos- 
 phorous on steel, for the purpose of arriving at fair limits of 
 these deleterious elements in the specifications for steel. 
 
MINE ACCOUNTING 
 
 185 
 
 From the above illustrations I trust to have made it evident 
 that the Bureau of Standards in its standardization work takes 
 the position that it can be most effective in co-operating with 
 those organizations both public and private who are interested 
 in developing standards in any particular field. It is undoubt- 
 edly the case that the mining industry will find it to its advan- 
 tage to call on the Bureau not only for experimental work in 
 determining fundamental questions of fact regarding measure- 
 ment and the quality of material entering into mining equip- 
 ment and accessories, but also I trust that you will find it 
 beneficial to take advantage of the experience that the Bureau 
 of Standards has had in the past in developing standards in 
 other lines, and I am instructed to say by the Director that the 
 Bureau of Standards is at your disposal for this purpose. 
 
 Permit me to expresss my admiration for the spirit shown 
 in these Standardization Conferences, and my astonishment at 
 the surprising amount of progress already made in the stand- 
 ardization field as related to the mining industry. It is hardly 
 necessary for me to emphasize again as so many speakers have 
 done, the economic and far-reaching benefits of standardization 
 which has abundantly been proved to be worth many times 
 the cost in not only money, but in time and thought and energy 
 spent upon it. On behalf of the Bureau of Standards, there- 
 fore, I extend to this Standardization Conference our most 
 hearty congratulations and best wishes for continued pros- 
 perity in the standardization field. 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 180 
 
 MINE ACCOUNTING* 
 
 By LAWRENCE K. DIFFENDERFER, Treasurer, Vanadium Corporation 
 of America, New York 
 
 Each mining company seems to use a different system of 
 accounting. Because of this, and because mines are frequently 
 in undesirable regions, companies experience great difficulty 
 in securing competent mine accountants. Recognizing the 
 necessity of a uniform system of accounting, this paper is sub- 
 mitted, being the result of 12 years of actual experience as a 
 mine accountant. It is not intended to cover the technical part 
 of mine accounting, but the practical side; and is for operat- 
 ing heads. 
 
 Too much care cannot be exercised in the selection of the 
 mine accountant. He is an invaluable asset. He must be 
 more than a bookkeeper, and should understand all operations 
 about a mine. 
 
 Mine accounting should be divided into three general divi- 
 sions, namely: (1) “Operating Expense” ; (2) “Capital Ac- 
 count”; and (3) “Deferred Charges.” 
 
 Operating Expense 
 
 This account should cover all expenditures incidental to 
 producing the product, including items of repairs and mainte- 
 nance, as well as reserves for depreciation, depletion, obso- 
 lescence and development. 
 
 Capital Account 
 
 This account should include all expenditures incidental to 
 the creating of a permanent or fixed asset ; and proper reserve 
 for depreciation, obsolescence and depletion should be set up 
 and charged to operating expenses concurrently. 
 
 Deferred Charges 
 
 Unless the general balance-sheet reflects the true financial 
 condition of a company, it is worthless. The true current 
 position of a company is the most important for all financial 
 purposes. The cost sheet is also worthless unless true cost is 
 shown, and the greatest care should be exercised to keep the 
 costs absolutely correct and uniform. 
 
 *An abstract. 
 
MINE ACCOUNTING 
 
 1ST 
 
 Wherever the shrinkage or overhead stoping system is in 
 use, generally one-third of the ore broken in any given period 
 is hoisted, and the remaining two-thirds held in the stopes 
 until the level is stoped out. 
 
 In one instance, where 500,000 tons of ore had been left in 
 stopes, which at a breaking cost of 44 cents per ton, represents 
 current assets amounting to $220,000, this was not reflected 
 in the current position of the company on the general balance 
 sheet. It therefore follows that wherever more ore is broken 
 in any given period than is hoisted, credit should be given for 
 the same to operating expense and charged to the proper asset 
 account in the current position of the company ; and whenever 
 more ore is hoisted than is broken, operating expense should 
 be charged for the same and this same account credited. 
 
 It is sometimes stated that this asset is questionable on 
 account of the hazardous operation, but it should be conceded 
 that the main shaft should be of a permanent nature, other- 
 wise all operations in the mine are jeopardized, and should 
 the walls cave and the ore which is broken in stopes be lost, it 
 is a direct charge to income and should not be taken through 
 the current costs. 
 
 If prospecting for ore proves its existence, then the expense 
 of exploration should be considered as a deferred charge ; if it 
 does not prove ore, then the cost should be charged direct to 
 income or profit and loss. 
 
 Development is a deferred charge and should be so consid- 
 ered. The main-shaft station, grizzly, and loading pockets are 
 capital expenditures, and should be capitalized and depreci- 
 ated. This can be done on the basis of number of tons hoisted, 
 or on a percentage basis. 
 
 Drifts and crosscuts are usually considered as development ; 
 and raises and chute holes to a point of coning out are included 
 under this head. Ore is usually recovered in development. It 
 is reasonable to assume that the cost of tramming, hoisting, 
 and milling ore received from development is the same as ore 
 which comes from stopes, as the ore from the former and that 
 from the latter cannot be kept separate, and therefore becomes 
 mixed. So instead of keeping these costs separate — which 
 costs are always an estimate based upon percentages — it is 
 better to credit development ore at the breaking cost of the 
 ore in the stopes. 
 
188 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Depletion 
 
 Generous reserves for depletion should be set up and credited 
 to reserve for depletion, and charged to operating expense, 
 and so shown on the cost sheet. The simplest and best method 
 is to take the number of tons of ore that is in reserve, as cal- 
 culated by a disinterested engineer, and divide the same into 
 the cost of the property, exclusive of the amount expended for 
 development, or for buildings and machinery. It is wise to 
 be conservative in this matter, and not let the reserve be stated 
 higher than that can be justified. 
 
 Retirements 
 
 Whenever a unit of equipment or building becomes obso- 
 lete or useless, and is retired, the proper account should be 
 credited with same at cost. If the unit is sold, then the pur- 
 chaser’s account — accounts receivable — should be charged at 
 the sales price. Reserve for depreciation should be charged 
 for the depreciation set up on said unit of equipment, and 
 operating expense either debited or credited for the loss or 
 profit on the same. Sometimes it is advisable to create an 
 account on the cost sheet, entitled ‘retirements,’ in order to 
 keep this expense separate. 
 
 Depreciation and Obsolesence 
 
 Generous reserve should be set up for depreciation and obso- 
 lescence, based upon past experience. The Revenue Law allows 
 the setting up of depreciation reserves based upon the theory 
 that if the unit of equipment or building has been repaired, 
 then it has not depreciated by that amount which was ex- 
 pended for repairs and maintenance in said period. There- 
 fore, the depreciation rate should take this fact into considera- 
 tion at the time of creating said rate, and the repairs and 
 maintenance should be deducted in setting up the reserve. 
 
 There are only six sub-divisions of accounting necessary at 
 a plant; these are: (1) ‘Working Fund’; (2) ‘Payroll’; (3) 
 ‘Stores (materials and supplies) ’ ; (4) ‘Shipping (product and 
 miscellaneous)’; (5) ‘Production Records’; and (6) ‘Depreci- 
 ation Ledger.’ 
 
 [Mr. Diffenderfer’s paper, of which the above is an abstract, included 
 13 forms of reports applying to these sub-divisions, but as it is imprac- 
 ticable to reproduce them, they are omitted.] 
 
STANDARDIZING METAL-MINING ACCOUNTING 
 
 1S9 
 
 STANDARDIZATION OF METAL-MINING ACCOUNTING 
 
 By T. O. McGRATH, Bisbee, Ariz. 
 
 Even though a mining property be equipped, with the best 
 mechanical appliances, has an organization of high ability, 
 and has employes embued with the spirit of co-operation, the 
 business cannot be intelligently managed without a knowledge 
 of the results of operation and the condition of the business 
 for each operating period, for each department, and for the 
 business as a whole. Such information is obtained by proper 
 accounting. 
 
 Accounting for metal mines consists of three main groups, 
 namely, (1) General Accounting; (2) Cost Accounting and 
 Statistics; and (3) Economic Accounting. 
 
 General accounting determines the condition of the business, 
 and the profit and loss for each operating period. Cost ac- 
 counting determines the profit and loss, and the variation in 
 the cost of each department for each period of operation. 
 Economic acounting determines which of several methods of 
 operation is most profitable under different market prices of 
 metal. 
 
 General accounting and cost accounting for metal mining 
 have been fairly well developed during the past 10 years, but 
 mostly along individual lines. So far, little has been done in 
 economic accounting, although great savings could be made 
 by it, especially during periods when there are wide fluctua- 
 tions in metal prices. 
 
 This discussion will be limited to the fundamental prin- 
 ciples of general accounting, and to recommendations for a 
 standard system of accounting for metal mines. 
 
 General Accounting 
 
 I am well aware of the fact that no standard system of ac- 
 counts can be devised that would be applicable to each sepa- 
 rate department, due to different mining and metallurgical 
 methods. However, there are certain basic principles that 
 can be followed, upon which the accounting and cost structure 
 can be built to obtain uniformity in the accounting and cost 
 data for each operating unit having similar problems. 
 
190 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
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 Chart A/* I 
 
STANDARDIZING METAL-MINING ACCOUNTING 
 
 101 
 
 Chart I shows the fundamentals of the business of mining 
 in the natural order that must be accounted for in any com- 
 plete and correct system of mine accounts. The business be- 
 gins with the capital investment. Production operations start 
 with the disbursements of working capital, which are made in 
 order that production may be obtained. This is followed by 
 sales of the production in order that receipts may be created 
 by delivery of the sold product to transportation agents, which 
 in turn is liquidated by cash payments from customers, and 
 this cash is used with which to meet new disbursements, and 
 so forth. The business of operation continues to rotate through 
 these five stages as long as there is production. At the end of 
 each period, results of operations are shown in profit and loss, 
 dividends and surplus, and the condition of the business is 
 shown by a balance-sheet. 
 
 These accounting and business principles are uniform for 
 all metal mines and the general accounting for metal mines 
 could be standardized with the exception of the expense ac- 
 counts, which would vary to conform with the different meth- 
 ods of mining and treatment. 
 
 Accrued or Cash Basis 
 
 In working out a system of accounts, the first matter that 
 must be decided is whether the accounting shall be kept upon 
 an accrued or cash basis. At the present time, most of the 
 large corporations keep their accounts upon an accrued basis, 
 which is necessary to obtain a complete and correct system of 
 costs. Therefore we may safely state that the accrued basis 
 of accounting has been accepted as standard in metal mining. 
 
 t 
 
 Standard Statements of Profits and Loss, and of Balance-Sheet 
 
 There are two accounting statements that are of vital in- 
 terest to the officers, stockholders, and directors of each com- 
 pany; also to other units, and to the investing public. These 
 are the income, or profit and loss statement, for the month and 
 year, and the balance-sheet or statement of the condition of 
 the business at the end of such periods. 
 
 There is no reason, except lack of interest, for not having 
 these two statements uniform for all units. Some companies 
 publish clear and complete statements of profit, and of the 
 condition of their business properly grouped and arranged; 
 
192 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 while the reports of others are so drawn and arranged that it 
 is practically impossible, even for the officers, to obtain a satis- 
 factory analysis therefrom. While there has been a great 
 improvement in the form and nature of these two statements 
 since the enactment of the income and excess-profit tax laws, 
 there is no reason why these should not be further improved 
 and made uniform for the whole industry. This could easily 
 be accomplished by agreeing upon uniform grouping of the 
 profit and loss statement, and balance-sheet. 
 
 If this were obtained, the results and conditions of each 
 operating company could easily be compared with that of 
 other units, and would be of great value to all concerned. In 
 the past, the result of improper and incomplete statements of 
 earnings has furnished the labor agitator with good argument 
 with which to convince workmen that the organization by 
 which they were employed could well afford to make unreason- 
 able concessions, as well as leading the taxing commissions to 
 believe that such mines should pay excessive taxes. Also one 
 of the reasons for the lack of interest in copper has been at- 
 tributed to the lack of proper presentation to the general 
 public of the facts of the industry and its possibilities. To 
 give the consuming and general public clear and concise facts 
 would without doubt be of general benefit to the industry. 
 
 Cost Accounting 
 
 I do not believe that it is necessary to emphasize the need 
 of proper costing; that is self-evident. 
 
 At the present time, metal mining includes mines, mills, 
 smelters, and refineries, principally large units, employing 
 hundreds, and in some cases, thousands of men. The saving 
 or loss of a few cents per man per day in the use of powder, 
 tools, and other supplies, and in ‘dead’ time of labor, or effort 
 improperly expended, results income cases in the difference 
 between profit and loss, especially during times of low prices 
 for metals. 
 
 Cost accounting in itself cannot obtain- efficiency, but once 
 efficient standards have been obtained in the different depart- 
 ments of the organization, proper accounting and costing will 
 then show the variations from these standards and the source 
 of the variation, enabling the manager, department heads, and 
 
STANDARDIZING METAL-MINING ACCOUNTING 
 
 193 
 
194 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 others to correct immediately any deficiency or waste before 
 that unit has become unprofitable. 
 
 I do not believe that it is necessary to emphasize the need 
 of uniformity in compiling the accounts and costs by each com- 
 pany in metal mining. If each one compiled these in a uniform 
 and correct manner, results in the various mines and plants 
 having like methods and problems could be compared, and 
 proper standards of achievement could be easier and more 
 quickly determined. Such uniformity would tend to broaden 
 the view and interest, and increase the co-operation among 
 the different units of the industry, as well as to minimize per- 
 sonality and prejudice, not only among the superintendents of 
 labor, but among the workmen themselves, who become preju- 
 diced by the lack of uniformity in different mines or even in 
 different divisions of the same mine. 
 
 Analyzing the Disbursements 
 
 Costing is concerned with analyzing disbursements and pro- 
 duction. In order that the former may be correct and uniform, 
 disbursements should be segregated into the different groups 
 of expense, prepaid expense, and assets. The expense should 
 then be segregated to each department, sub-department, and 
 departmental unit. Production should also be segregated to 
 each department and unit, so as to allow of the determining of 
 the cost per unit of production or of operation. 
 
 In Chart II, entitled ‘Operating Disbursement Accounts,’ 
 are all the disbursements segregated into expense and assets 
 that are involved in the operation of a mine producing smelt- 
 ing ores. This chart does not show the administrative dis- 
 bursements for expense and investments, as these are not 
 generally under the direction of the manager. 
 
 This chart shows a complete record of all disbursements 
 whether current or actual, accrued, and deferred. It is best 
 to make up such a chart of disbursement accounts in order to 
 insure that all disbursements are being recorded each month 
 in proper manner. Also, such a chart fixes the matter more 
 clearly in the mind, and acts as a guide and reference for those 
 who perform the work of compiling and segregating dis- 
 bursements. 
 
STANDARDIZING METAL-MINING ACCOUNTING 
 
 195 
 
 Principal Costs 
 
 The present practice is to keep four kinds of costs, such as : 
 
 (1) Production; (2) Departmental Production; (3) Unit 
 Operating; (4) Unit Construction and Equipment Costs. 
 
 Of course there are the estimated costs that are made up by 
 the engineering department in connection with proposed new 
 construction and equipment, against which the actual costs are 
 checked. The production cost is obtained by dividing the total 
 production into the items of expense appearing in the profit 
 and loss account. In determining the departmental produc- 
 tion cost, each department such as ore extraction, or mining, 
 milling, smelting, etc., should be divided into sub-departments 
 to conform to the actual organization and work in each of the 
 departments. Then the expense of the department should be 
 segregated to each of these sub-departments, and the expense 
 for each of the sub-departments further segregated into at 
 least six elements, namely, (1) Labor; (2) Supplies; (3) 
 Power; (4) Repairs; (5) Replacements; and (6) Indirect 
 expense. 
 
 By adding the amount of the expense of each element for 
 each sub-department, the total expense for the department and 
 for each element is obtained, and the dividing of the produc- 
 tion of the department into the amount of expense gives the 
 cost for each element for each sub-department, and for the 
 department as a whole. By segregating the expense into these 
 six elements, it is possible to trace the variations in costs from 
 month to month, and informs the department head where and ' 
 what to investigate. This method of determining the depart- 
 mental production costs is already in general practice by sev- 
 eral groups of mines. The differences are in the naming of the 
 accounts for the different sub-departments, and in the dividing 
 of the sub-departments ; but these are matters that could be 
 easily remedied. 
 
 The same method should be followed in determining unit 
 operating costs except that the elements of labor, supplies, re- 
 pairs, replacements, and indirect expense should be detailed 
 into as many items as it is found necessary to enable the trac- 
 ing of all fluctuations. 
 
 The unit operating cost is the cost kept on each operating 
 
196 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 unit or sub-department, as for instance the cost of steam, air, 
 electricity, cost of sinking, stations, drifting, raising, stoping, 
 etc., and are figured upon the operating unit instead of upon 
 the production unit for the department. It would be of great 
 advantage to have such costs obtained uniformly by all mining 
 units. 
 
 Methods of Determining Costs 
 
 There are two principal methods of determining depart- 
 mental and unit costs: First, the Departmental Unit Method; 
 and second, the Departmental Pro-rated Method. 
 
 The former is the dividing of each department into sub- 
 departments, and these into units regardless of whether or not 
 they are productive or overhead departments, and the segre- 
 gating of the expense into the proper elements and the dis- 
 tributing of the expense to each sub-department and unit which 
 is kept intact. 
 
 The second method segregates the departments and expense 
 in a like manner, but further divides the sub-departments into 
 productive and overhead and pro-rates the expense of the over- 
 head departments to the productive departments. 
 
 This latter method is the one used by manufacturing con- 
 cerns making more than one article for sale, when it is neces- 
 sary to get the exact production cost for each article in order 
 to determine the proper selling price. However, in mining, 
 where there is only one principal product, with sometimes a 
 . by-product which is treated as a credit, the pro-rated method is 
 not necessary, and only increases the amount of bookkeeping 
 and segregating, and makes the costs more complicated and 
 difficult to comprehend and analyze. The Departmental Unit 
 Method should be the one adopted as standard. 
 
 Uniformity of Cost Determinations 
 
 While it is not probable that all unit and departmental pro- 
 duction costs of metal mining will be standardized, neverthe- 
 less the industry could be divided into the several groups that 
 mine and treat ores in a similar manner, and the cost for 
 each of these groups could be standardized and determined 
 uniformly. 
 
 At the present time there are possibilities of large savings in 
 
STANDARDIZING METAL-MINING ACCOUNTING 
 
 197 
 
 fuel and power at most properties. It is only occasionally that 
 the power costs are accurately determined. There are usually 
 large wastes in the use of supplies and in the purchasing of 
 improper supplies, which could be limited by correct cost 
 methods properly presented. 
 
 The determining of boiler horse-power, the amount of com- 
 pressed air, and of all power and other unit costs should be 
 and could be made uniform. In some cases the drifting cost in 
 one mine will be based upon the actual expense at the face of 
 the drift, while in another mine in the same district this cost 
 will include the pro-rated cost of overhead. This destroys the 
 possibility of comparison and applies to all costs when com- 
 piled by different methods. 
 
 Uniformity in Compiling Efficiency Factors 
 
 Not only should the cost data of expense and production be 
 compiled in a uniform manner, but the production factors 
 necessary to determine efficiency should be uniformly kept. 
 For instance, the shifts of men employed in a certain depart- 
 ment or in a certain unit should be compiled in like manner 
 each month, and for each unit of the industry, so that if there 
 is any variation in the output the compilation will show the 
 facts. The feet advanced per man-shift in drifts and raises, 
 and tons obtained per man-shift in stopes, etc., as well as the 
 methods of determining mill and smelter recoveries and losses, 
 should be compiled by all companies in the same manner. This 
 would enable one mine, mill, or smelter to determine quickly 
 whether or not the efficiency of the men in its plant was equal 
 to that of the employes in another plant, working with the 
 same equipment and under the same conditions, and would 
 enable the department heads and supervisors to ascertain 
 whether or not better results obtained elsewhere are due to 
 better methods, equipment, or efficiency. 
 
 During times of rapid advances in wages that are based on a 
 sliding scale, as well as rapid advances in prices of supplies, 
 the cost for one period may show a decline over a previous 
 period, in spite of increase in wages and supplies, due to an 
 increase of efficiency in the workmen. Also, during declining 
 prices and wages the cost may show an advance in spite of the 
 decline due to a loss in efficiency. Therefore, in order to know 
 
198 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 positively the reason for increase or decrease in the cost for 
 each period, the necessary production factors should be com- 
 piled, as well as the cost in dollars. This data should be and 
 could be ascertained in a uniform manner by all units of the 
 metal industry. 
 
 Necessity of Departmental Co-operation 
 
 Most of the metal produced comes from mines of large or- 
 ganizations. It is the tendency for each department of such 
 companies to isolate itself from the others and to become preju- 
 diced and indifferent as to the work of the other departments, 
 and the business as a whole. When such a condition exists, it 
 is difficult to obtain correct accounting and cost data, and to 
 present in proper form the accounting and cost results for each 
 department, and of the business generally. 
 
 Close association between the heads of different departments 
 leads each to a broader knowledge of the business, and to value 
 the viewpoint and to profit from the knowledge and experience 
 of the others, as well as tending to eliminate friction and 
 misunderstanding, and to develop breadth, consideration, tact, 
 judgment, and the ability to co-operate and manage, to the 
 benefit of the whole organization, as well as for each depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Of course, it is the duty of the manager to co-ordinate the 
 work of each of the departments, and to correct the extremes 
 resulting from isolation. However, this is difficult to accom- 
 plish when there is not a close working contact between the 
 departments, or when the manager has obtained his prelim- 
 inary knowledge of the business as the head of an isolated 
 department. The better the organization and working con- 
 tact, the greater the benefit that can be obtained from account- 
 ing and costing. 
 
 In the mining business, as in other lines of industry, the 
 matter of first importance in connection with an expenditure 
 is whether it is profitable. This point is lost sight of more 
 often than is usually realized, due principally to departmental 
 isolation. 
 
 In some large organizations, thousands of dollars are ex- 
 pended each month in compiling accounting and cost data that 
 
STANDARDIZING METAL-MINING ACCOUNTING 
 
 199 
 
 are never used except for a record, due to the fact that they are 
 ready at such a late date, or in such a manner, as to be value- 
 less to the heads of operating departments. This waste could 
 be turned into a profit by correct presentation of costs and a 
 closer working agreement between the different departments. 
 
 Uniform Determination of Sales Price 
 
 There is no uniformity at present in the recording of sales 
 prices received for metals. For instance, in copper and lead 
 mining, some small producers will show the price received for 
 metal at the net figure received from the custom smelter ; while 
 some of the large producers will give as the price received the 
 net price f. o. b. New York; and again others give the New 
 York price less commissions; while others will show as the 
 sales price the actual delivery price. This makes it practically 
 impossible to compile accurate statistics of prices received for 
 metals, and in some cases where the deductions of smelters or 
 sales agents are ignored, the costs are incomplete and show at 
 less than actual. This could be easily remedied by adopting 
 the gross settlement price as standard. 
 
 Summary 
 
 A brief of the principal points of this discussion shows that 
 there should be an earnest endeavor to obtain in metal mining 
 the following: 
 
 (1) A condensed standard form of profit and loss state- 
 ment in correct order giving the actual results of 
 operations. 
 
 (2) A standard form of balance-sheet arranged in 
 proper groups and in order showing the true condi- 
 tion of the business at the end of each period. 
 
 (3) A standard system of expense accounts based upon 
 the unit or control system, for each group of the 
 industry. 
 
 (4) Uniformity in the determination and compiling of 
 production and operating factors, and of recoveries 
 and losses for use in obtaining costs and efficiency. 
 
 (5) A uniform method of recording sale prices received 
 for metals. 
 
200 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 In working to obtain standardization as above set forth, we 
 should begin at the top and work down as far as practicable 
 to carry out standardization of procedure without interfering 
 with individual requirements, and then confine efforts to ob- 
 taining uniformity in determining production and operating 
 factors used for costing or measuring efficiency. 
 
 I have tried to set forth the principal advantages that would 
 accrue from such standardization. The reward of such an 
 achievement is certainly great enough to justify our best 
 efforts. 
 
STANDARD ACCOUNTING AND COST ANALYSIS 
 
 201 
 
 A STANDARD SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING AND ANALYSIS OF 
 COST OF PRODUCTION 
 
 Presented by T. T. BREWSTER, of the National Coal Association 
 
 The object of the National Coal Association Committee’s* 
 work is to propose a standard system of accounting under 
 which all coal operators, so far as the particular circumstances 
 of each case will permit, will classify their operating expenses 
 for labor and material in the same way, to the end that true, 
 detailed, and comparable statements of cost of production may 
 be readily obtained; also that all operators shall make the 
 same distinctions between capital and operating expenditures, 
 so that the vital matters of depreciation and depletion and 
 obsolescence may be treated with uniform consistency in ac- 
 cordance with law. 
 
 Preliminary Considerations 
 
 Before discussing the details of an accounting system, it is 
 useful to emphasize the fundamental truth that every coal 
 mine consists of : owned or leased coal deposits, plant, equip- 
 ment, and development. 
 
 They all depreciate together as the coal is exhausted, for 
 when the coal is gone, or the right to the coal has elapsed, the 
 plant and equipment have little or no value and the develop- 
 ment is lost. 
 
 Capital investment in a coal mine is not a permanent asset ; 
 it is only an outlay preliminary to the extraction of the coal ; 
 it is merely an advanced or deferred charge upon future in- 
 come, which capital, if recovered, must be recovered with the 
 current expenses of operation out of the proceeds of coal sold. 
 
 In coal mining, the exact unit for the measurement of work 
 done is the ton of coal mined. It is also the exact unit for 
 measuring depletion of mineral, wear and tear from use of 
 equipment, and exhaustion of development. Development is a 
 mere easement, the value of which disappears when the coal 
 is gone. 
 
 *The Committee consisted of C. E. Backus, T. T. Brewster, W. M. 
 Henderson, J. C. Osgood, and Erskine Ramsey, with W. B. Reed as secretary. 
 
202 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 A coal mine being, as emphasized, made up of several ele- 
 ments, all depreciating as the coal is mined, such depreciation 
 is composite, accruing at a rate concurrent with the rate of 
 extraction. The necessary rate per ton being determined, the 
 aggregate depreciation for any accounting period should, of 
 course, as far as practical, be distributed among the various 
 elements in proportion to their respective costs or value. 
 
 The doctrine that measures depreciation of coal mining 
 plant and equipment in terms of time — excepting of course, 
 some leasehold propositions — is fallacious, as tested by the 
 further assertion that a completely equipped mine could be 
 maintained indefinitely without depletion or wear and tear if 
 no coal were mined, by minor repairs. Therefore, we insist, 
 as a general rule — excepting some leaseholds — that the correct 
 measure of the depletion and depreciation experienced in min- 
 ing coal is the ton of coal mined. 
 
 After a coal mine has been developed and equipped to its 
 planned output capacity, charges to its Capital Account should 
 cease, and thereafter there will be few if any permissible 
 charges to that account. 
 
 At the end of each month, Operating Account should be 
 charged, and Depreciation and Depletion credited with an 
 amount equivalent to the depreciation rate multiplied by the 
 number of tons mined during the month. At the end of the 
 year, Depreciation should be charged with the year’s accumu- 
 lation, and the respective elements of the mine written off in 
 proper proportions. If, • however, the operator prefers to 
 allow total Depreciation to stand as a credit on the ledger, it 
 should be exhibited in the Balance Sheet as a deduction from 
 the cost of property. Irrespective of which way if is handled 
 on the general ledger, the proper reducing entries should be 
 made against each element of the property in the plant ledger. 
 
 In the case of mines operated under lease, if the leasehold 
 rights run longer than the probable period required to exhaust 
 the estimated available coal, the same factor of Depreciation 
 applies ; but if the life of the lease is shorter than the probable 
 period required to get all the coal, the monthly charge to Oper- 
 ating Account and corresponding credit to Depreciation should 
 be such proportion of the cost of the mine as one month is of 
 the remaining term of the lease. 
 
STANDARD ACCOUNTING AND COST ANALYSIS 208 
 
 Funds representing Depreciation accumulations, if not peri- 
 odically applied to the retirement of outstanding securities or 
 obligations, should be kept liquid for that purpose or invested 
 in assets distinct from the depreciating property. 
 
 Before any profit or net income can be realized, current ex- 
 penses for labor and for material consumed, current repairs, 
 replacements, and depreciation must be made good out of 
 gross income. Hence, sound consideration of the nature of 
 investment in coal mining or any other wasting industry 
 dictates that all outlay must be clossified and dealt with as 
 follows : 
 
 (a) The initial cost of the mine in its entirety, chargeable 
 to Capital Account — which must be redeemed by periodically 
 setting aside, from current gross income, sufficient amounts to 
 replace such investment within the life of the mine. It is 
 obvious that the fund thus derived must be held inviolate for 
 ultimate capital redemption, and if not applied immediately 
 to the retirement of outstanding securities, invested in assets 
 separate from the depreciating property or kept liquid in the 
 business. 
 
 (b) The cost of additions and betterments, so large that 
 such costs should be capitalized, must likewise be redeemed by 
 setting aside from gross income adequate provision for reim- 
 bursing such cost during the life of the mine. 
 
 (c) To ordinary Operating Expense should be charged the 
 cost of repairs and replacements of plant and equipment, and 
 also cost of additional equipment necessary because of the 
 extension of workings to maintain the normal output. 
 
 Distinction Between Capital and Operating Expenditures 
 
 The drawing of distinctions between capital and operating 
 expenditures, in the accounting involved in permanent enter- 
 prises, is a favorite field for discussion among accountants, 
 but in the case of coal mining or other wasting enterprises, 
 experience teaches that the field for discussion, if indeed there 
 be any, is extremely limited. 
 
 After a coal mine has been developed and equipped to its 
 contemplated or possible capacity, it is a constant consumer of 
 material and supplies and equipment, which, though nominally 
 of a durable nature, are subject to destructive wear and tear, 
 
204 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 by reason of the uses to which they are put, and all these ap- 
 pliances must be kept in repair to do their work or the output 
 can not be maintained. 
 
 Mules and pit cars are constantly worn out, and have to be 
 replaced, and as the working faces advance with the exhaus- 
 tion of the coal, the length of haul, and consequent time of 
 circulation of pit cars between the working face and dump 
 increases, more motors, mules, and pit cars have to be supplied 
 to maintain the output, and the more of these in the mine, the 
 greater expense for replacements and repairs. 
 
 Also, with the advance of workings, more rails have to be 
 laid and more copper wire or other conductors put up to carry 
 power to the working forces to maintain the output. They 
 remain in place until the mine is exhausted, and w T hen they are 
 recovered have but little net scrap value. In fact, any net 
 salvage is relatively very small. 
 
 The fact that these expenses are continually recurrent and 
 practically a fixed factor in the cost of production per ton from 
 year to year, prove that they constitute an operating rather 
 than a capitalizable expense. 
 
 Obsolesence 
 
 In addition to the provisions for depreciation and depletion 
 to replace the capital sum invested in depreciable property and 
 charges for ordinary working expenses, Operating Account 
 should be charged with the residual value of property (after 
 deducting depreciation, which has been or should have been 
 charged, and insurance) that may be destroyed by catas- 
 trophe; also Operating Account should be charged with the 
 residual value over accrued depreciation and salvage of any 
 property discarded or that has become useless or obsolete be- 
 fore the end of the natural period of its usefulness. 
 
 Necessity of Detailed Analysis 
 
 If the only object of an operator’s periodical statements 
 were to exhibit the financial results of the period covered, or 
 to contribute to general statistics, a short form with a few 
 sub-totals and their extensions would be all required ; but the 
 successful solution of the problems facing the industry de- 
 mands intensive management and economy, and as intensive 
 
STANDARD ACCOUNTING AND COST ANALYSIS 
 
 205 
 
 management means careful and intelligent attention to detail, 
 analytical acounting is necessary. 
 
 The operating executive should have a report from each 
 mine, which, read in the light of his knowledge of the prop- 
 erty, will be a comprehensive narrative of what has been done, 
 and reflect the physical conditions met with during the period 
 covered by the report, and exhibit a clear statement of the cost 
 of labor and material expended, classified in accordance with 
 the natural sub-divisions of the work that has to be done in 
 and about a mine, so that the economy and efficiency with 
 which each thing has been done can be studied critically. 
 
 In the majority of cases, the natural sub-divisions of the 
 work in and around a coal mine are as follows : 
 
 1 . 
 
 Mine office. 
 
 10. 
 
 Haulage and hoisting. 
 
 2. 
 
 Superi ntendence. 
 
 11. 
 
 Dumping and tallying. 
 
 3. 
 
 Engineering. 
 
 Mining. 
 
 12. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 4. 
 
 13. 
 
 Railroad car loading 
 and yard expense. 
 
 5. 
 
 Timbering. 
 
 14. 
 
 Power. 
 
 6. 
 
 Deadwork. * 
 
 15. 
 
 Repairs to buildings 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 9. 
 
 Tracklaying. 
 
 Drainage. 
 
 Ventilation. 
 
 16. 
 
 and permanent struc- 
 tures. 
 
 Sundries. 
 
 To these sub-divisions should be distributed the items below : 
 
 Mine Office Expense — Clerk, bookkeepers, janitors* books of 
 account, stationery, office funiture and supplies, telephone, 
 light, heat, etc. 
 
 Superintendence — Wages of superintendents, bosses, mine 
 examiners, watchmen, and all other direction and caring for 
 the property in a supervisory capacity. Safety lamps, mine 
 telephone, etc. 
 
 Engineering — Mining engineer, helper, engineering instru- 
 ments and supplies, maps, blueprints, etc. 
 
 Mining — (a) Hand mining. Miners, helpers, shot-firers, 
 etc. (b) Machine mining. In machine mines this item should 
 be sub-divided into undercutting and pit-car loading. Under- 
 cutting should be charged with 
 
206 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 (a) Generation and transmission of power, that is, the 
 proportionate share of cost of power generated and 
 its transmission to machines (see note on power 
 below) . 
 
 (b) Maintenance of machines, that is, repair parts, ma- 
 chine picks, cable for electric machine, and air-hose 
 for air machines. Shop and repair-men employed 
 on machines and labor of blacksmiths sharpening or 
 making bits and such part of the time of head elec- 
 trician spent in maintenance of machines. 
 
 (c) Operating machines: To this sub-division should 
 be charged the wages of machine runners and help- 
 ers, bit carriers, oil, grease and waste, oil-cans, hand 
 picks, pick handles, jacks, machine-shovels, etc. If 
 machines are not equipped with self-propelling 
 trucks and the machines are moved about their sec- 
 tions by mule haulage, such haulage should be 
 charged to operating machines. 
 
 Pit-car loading needs no comment. 
 
 Timbering — Though timbering is imposed by physical con- 
 ditions and is closely incident to work at the face, it is a sig- 
 nificant item, and should stand by itself. To this sub-divi- 
 sion should be distributed wages of timbermen and helpers, 
 the cost of props, cap-pieces, cross-bars and other timber used 
 in advancing work, such cost including freight and the cost 
 of unloading and handling at the mine, with the expense of 
 preparing and delivering to the working face. 
 
 Deadwork — As every mine presents physical conditions 
 peculiar to itself, no two mines being alike, and as the phys- 
 ical conditions fluctuate as the work progresses, in order to 
 work out comparable statements and records, deadwork 
 should be classified in accordance with its nature, such as 
 yardage, premium for narrow work, shooting rock, lifting 
 bottom, taking down top, stowing and dumping gob, clean- 
 ing up falls and re-timbering after them, handling squeezes, 
 mine fires, or any other work imposed by adverse physical 
 conditions. 
 
 Tracklaying — While track is immediately connected with 
 and necessary for the transportation of coal to the shaft bot- 
 
STANDARD ACCOUNTING AND COST ANALYSIS 
 
 207 
 
 tom, and hence a necessary item incident to haulage, it has 
 long been regarded as a significant item in the cost sheet, and 
 should stand by itself. 
 
 To this account should be charged rails, ties, spikes, and 
 fastenings, and the labor of grading roads and tracklaying in 
 advancing work. Repairs to track should be charged to Haul- 
 age and Hoisting, under maintenance of way. 
 
 Purchases of track material should be charged to track 
 material account, and as the material is taken into the mine it 
 should be credited and charged Tracklaying. 
 
 Drainage — To this sub-division should be charged the cost 
 of labor employed in connection with the ordinary removal 
 of water from the workings of the mine, with the expense of 
 repairs and maintenance of pumps, pipe-lines, drains; also 
 the proper proportion of power used. In some regions and 
 in deep mines the tonnage of water handled and consequent 
 consumption of power is very heavy. 
 
 In the event of a flood or extraordinary inflow of water, 
 the expense of recovering the mine or flooded workings should 
 be shown as a special and separate charge to Operating Ac- 
 count. 
 
 Ventilation — To ventilation should be charged proper pro- 
 portion of Power expense to represent power used in driving 
 fans. If cross-cuts are driven narrow because of physical 
 conditions, the yardage should be charged under Deadwork. 
 
 Labor and material used in closing cross-cuts, constructing 
 overcasts, mine doors, curtains and brattice, should be charged 
 to Ventilation; also expense of cleaning and repairing air- 
 courses. Repairs and lubrication of fan and fan engine, pres- 
 sure gauges, etc., should be charged to Ventilation. 
 
 While trappers are rendered necessary in connection with 
 ventilating doors, their work is incident to haulage of coal, 
 and their wages should be charged to Hauling and Hoisting 
 under conducting transportation. 
 
 Haulage and Hoisting should be separated into 
 
 1. Generation and Transmission of Power; that is, the pro- 
 portion of expense of generating power and the construction 
 and keeping up of transmission-lines and haulage circuits. 
 
208 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 2. Care and Maintenance of Equipment — (a) Hoisting and 
 haulage engine repair parts, lubricants, packing and waste, and 
 wages of hoisting engine-man and mechanics employed in care 
 and repair. Hoisting and haulage ropes, cage repairs, and 
 replacement; safety devices, guides, and sheaves. 
 
 (b) Care and maintenance of motors. When motor haul- 
 age is used, repair parts, and labor of care and repair. 
 
 (c) Care and maintenance of pit cars. Labor and material 
 used in keeping pit cars in repair. New cars replacing 
 wrecked or worn-out cars, also additional cars necessary to 
 maintain output by reason of increasing length of haul after 
 mine has reached its contemplated output capacity. 
 
 (d) Care and maintenance of livestock; such as harness 
 and stable supplies. Grain and hay, and wages of stable-men 
 and veterinary, clipping and shoeing, etc. New mules replac- 
 ing killed or worn-out animals should be charged to mainte- 
 nance of livestock. 
 
 3. Conducting transportation. Drivers, boss drivers, mo- 
 tormen, trip riders, couplers, cagers and pushers, oilers (oil 
 and grease) trappers and switch-throwers, jackmen, and that 
 part of hoisting engine-man’s wages not charged to mainte- 
 nance and repairs. 
 
 4. Maintenance of way; that is, repairs to roads, cleaning 
 roads, relaying track, new ties, rollers for rope haulage, etc. 
 
 Dumping and Tallying — Top cagers, pushers and dumpers, 
 weigh boss, check puller and track weighman. 
 
 Preparation — The proportion of power used in operating 
 screens, crushers, elevators, conveyors, picking-tables, spiral- 
 izers, loading booms, etc., and the cost of the labor of attend- 
 ants thereon, such as inspectors, dock bosses, sulphur and slate- 
 pickers, and the labor of disposing of waste, all material and 
 labor involved in the maintenance of repairs and replacements 
 of such apparatus as is used in the preparation of coal. 
 
 If a washer is operated, such investment and its operation 
 should stand by itself. The washer should be charged with 
 the expense of operation, repairs, maintenance, insurance, 
 and its proper depreciation, with the value of the raw coal 
 passed through it, either at cost of production, or, preferably, 
 
STANDARD ACCOUNTING AND COST ANALYSIS 
 
 209 
 
 at the market value obtainable for raw coal, and credited with 
 the out-turn of washed product. 
 
 If the result is a credit balance, it should be taken into 
 operating income as net income from washer; if it results in 
 a debit balance, it should be deducted from operating income 
 as loss on washer operations. 
 
 Railroad Car Loading and Yard Expense — To this sub-divi- 
 sion should be charged wages, of yard boss, car cleaners, trim- 
 mers, car riders, car haulers, brakemen, and all material and 
 supplies used by them. 
 
 The expense of maintaining and operating mine tracks, if 
 a switch engine is employed, or if switching is done by the 
 railroad for which a special charge is made, distinct from the 
 freight rate, the expense thereof should be charged to this 
 sub-division. 
 
 Power — The generation and transmission of power is about 
 the only expense about a coal mine that is not in total directly 
 chargeable to some one sub-division of operating work. To 
 it should be charged the wages of firemen, fuel-men, ash- 
 haulers, water-men, pump-men, generator and compressor 
 attendants, and such part of hoisting engine-man’s and elec- 
 trician’s time, or other labor and material, as may be em- 
 ployed in the care, repair and maintenance of boilers, pumps, 
 engines, generators, air-compressors or other power-gener- 
 ating machinery; wire and pipe used in transmission-lines, 
 cost of water supply and all coal consumed, preferably at its 
 market-value. The cost of coal to the operator for his own 
 consumption is what he could get for it in the market. If an 
 unmerchantable product is used under the boilers, it should 
 be charged at its cost of production. If cost of fuel is not 
 included in cost of power, the accounts do not exhibit true 
 cost. The true cost should be before the operate to induce 
 him to estimate the possibilities of effecting savings by im- 
 proving his plant or boiler room practice; also to estimate 
 the possibility of effecting economy by purchasing power of 
 outside service companies, or through establishing central 
 power plants. The tonnage consumed per annum under new 
 boilers by large producers is very large, and the cost thereof 
 should be clearly shown. 
 
-10 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 If outside power is purchased, it should be charged to 
 Power. 
 
 Distribution of Power Costs 
 
 The expense of power should then be distributed to the 
 different sub-divisions of Operating Expense, in accordance 
 with the proportion of power employed in each section of the 
 work. 
 
 Mining, under the sub-division Undercutting, should be 
 charged with the proportion of power applied to machine 
 operation. 
 
 Haulage and Hoisting should be charged under Generation 
 and Transmission of Power, with its proportion of power- 
 house expense, as represents the power used by hoisting 
 engines and haulage engines and motors. 
 
 Under the sub-division Preparation should be charged the 
 power used for shaker-screens, picking tables, etc. 
 
 Ventilation should be charged with the share of expense of 
 power-house, in accordance with the power used for driving 
 fans. 
 
 Drainage, with the proper proportion of power used in 
 pumping water from the mine. 
 
 The above suggestion that the expense of power should be 
 distributed to the various sub-divisions of the work may ap- 
 pear difficult to the accountant, and in small operations such 
 distribution may be a needless refinement; and in such cases 
 power may well be shown as an undistributed item of oper- 
 ating expense. 
 
 However, in large operations, the cost of power is a large 
 item, and the making up of a heat and steam balance will not 
 be difficult to the well-informed engineer or electrician. 
 
 The measurement of fuel and water and steapi generation 1 
 compared with the useful work being done, will prove fruit 
 ful in results. Such time and effort is well spent, as it lead® 
 to the detection of steam line leakages, engine cylinders and 
 valves in bad condition, insufficient power circuits, bad track 
 bonding, etc. The coal operator who wastes coal by overlook- 
 ing preventable losses is like the merchant who consumes his 
 own stock. 
 
STANDARD ACCOUNTING AND COST ANALYSIS 
 
 211 
 
 In his lucid and valuable book entitled ‘Preventing Losses 
 in Factory Power Plants/ David Moffat Myers well says: 
 
 “Just as the expert accountant is able to analyze the expen- 
 diture of one hundred dollars in a business enterprise and to 
 show where some of them are wasted or mis-spent, and finally 
 to strike a true balance between income and expenditure, 
 just as truly and with as great a degree of accuracy a trained 
 engineer may analyze and balance the expenditure of energy 
 from the original one hundred per cent income or input, to the 
 final machine horsepower hours of useful work, and in so 
 doing he may point out where certain portions of this energy 
 are mis-spent or wasted, and how they may be saved and con- 
 verted into useful work. 
 
 “There does not exist a power problem that is not capable 
 of solution by the intelligent application of these principles of 
 analysis.” 
 
 Repairs to Buildings and Structures — To this item should 
 be charged labor and material used in repairs of permanent 
 buildings and structures of the surface mining plant. 
 
 Sundries — Small and unimportant items of expense not 
 easily distributable to the above sub-divisions of Expense. 
 
 Necessity of Contingent Reserve 
 
 In the case of permanent enterprises, the funds derived 
 from charges to operating cost to cover depreciation and 
 depletion are to replace plant and equipment becoming worn 
 out or obsolete; but in coal mining or other wasting enter- 
 prises, the purpose of such fund is to replace and redeem the 
 capital invested in the wasting assets, and such duty of re- 
 demption fully taxes the allowable charge for depletion and 
 depreciation. 
 
 As a general rule, the buildings and major items of plant 
 and equipment placed at a coal mine are calculated to last, and, 
 with proper care and repair, do last the life of the mine, and 
 therefore obsolescence of coal mine plant and equipment re- 
 sults more often from accident than by installation of new 
 appliances. Depletion and depreciation are items of prime 
 cost which can be measured with reasonable exactness and 
 properly provided for by charges to current expense of opera- 
 tion; but coal mining is a hazardous business, and in some 
 regions extra hazardous, and obsolescence being a contin- 
 
212 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 gency, common prudence dictates, in order to avoid possible 
 financial embarrassment, that there should be periodically re- 
 served and built up from net income sufficient provision to 
 meet any probable contingency. Such reserve is not an item 
 of current cost, and therefore not deductible in determining 
 taxable income, but the cost upon the realization of the con- 
 tingency is a proper charge to current expense, and should 
 then be so charged, and not be charged to contingent reserve. 
 
 The increase in current expense, by reason of such happen- 
 ing, will reduce current net income, and therefore a corre- 
 sponding amount, or as much thereof as may be possible 
 should be transferred from contingent reserve to Profit and 
 Loss. 
 
 The general conditions existing, and the experience of any 
 mine or mining region, will dictate to the operator the neces- 
 sary provision for contingencies. 
 
 Though maintenance expense is practically a constant fac- 
 tor of current expense in coal mining, prudence also suggests 
 in accordance with the peculiarities of each case the segrega- 
 tion from income of a maintenance reserve. 
 
 Balance-Sheet 
 
 This should show the exact details of the financial condition 
 of the business and be, at the same time, an historical narra- 
 tive of the enterprise. The value of the balance-sheet will be 
 in exact measure of the time spent on its production and con- 
 sideration. The more put into a balance-sheet, the more can 
 be got out of it. 
 
 [A suggestion as to a pro forma balance-sheet was sub- 
 mitted by Mr. Brewster, but this has been omitted.] 
 
 Bookkeeping 
 
 In the foregoing, the principles of accounting have been 
 touched upon, and it is unnecessary to write a treatise on 
 bookkeeping, but it may be useful to refer to the main books 
 required and to comment upon the action of the various oper- 
 ating accounts. The principal books of account are: Gen- 
 eral Ledger, Cash Book, Journal, Voucher Register, Sales 
 Register, Coal Customers’ Ledger. 
 
STANDARD ACCOUNTING AND COST ANALYSIS 
 
 213 
 
 The Ledger, Cash Book, and Journal need no comment. 
 
 Voucher Register — To avoid a multiplicity of ledger ac- 
 counts, with miscellaneous creditors from whom material and 
 supplies are purchased, the adoption of the voucher system is 
 recommended. The Voucher Register appropriately ruled, 
 both horizontally and perpendicularly to allow the entry of 
 number, name of payee, what for, date paid, and the distribu- 
 tion under the different headings of the amount thereof to the 
 account or accounts to which the items covered by the voucher 
 are chargeable. At the end of each month the total footing 
 should be credited to vouchers payable, and the footings of 
 the various distribution columns charged to the respective 
 accounts. Some accountants post to the General Ledger direct 
 from the Voucher Register, but we recommend a journal 
 entry and posting from the Journal. 
 
 Every cash disbursement should be represented by a 
 voucher, and charged on the Cash Book to vouchers payable, 
 with entry of the number of the voucher and name of the 
 payee. 
 
 Payments should be checked from the Cash Book into the 
 when-paid column of the Voucher Register; thus the con- 
 trolling account in the General Ledger covering miscellaneous 
 creditors will be vouchers payable, and the General Ledger 
 balance of this account will agree with the total of an abstract 
 of unpaid vouchers drawn from the Voucher Register. 
 
 Sales Register — In cases where coal is consigned through 
 from the mine, a convenient form of Sales Register page is a 
 manifest of billing with columns on the right-hand side, for 
 the entry at general office of price and extension of amount, 
 these pages to be carried in a loose-leaf binder until the end of 
 the year, when they should be permanently bound. 
 
 The amount of each invoice should be posted from the sales 
 sheet to the debit of the customer’s account in the Coal Cus- 
 tomers’ Ledger. At the end of the month the total should be 
 taken up in a journal entry, charging coal customers and 
 crediting the coal sales account of the mine from which the 
 coal is shipped. 
 
 As payments are received from coal customers, they should 
 be credited to coal customers in the Cash Book. Names with 
 
214 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 the amounts paid by each customer entered in “short.” From 
 the Cash Book should be posted the “shorts” to the individual 
 accounts in the Coal Customers' Ledger; thus the controlling 
 account in the General Ledger representing amounts due from 
 coal customers will be coal customers, and the total balance of 
 individual accounts in the Coal Customers’ Ledger will sup- 
 port the balance in the General Ledger. 
 
 Revenue Accounts 
 
 Coal Sales — A coal-sales account with each mine to be cred- 
 ited with the invoice value of coal sales, as per Sales Register. 
 To this account should be charged any freights prepaid and 
 included in the invoice price, and any allowances and adjust- 
 ments, and this account closed out monthly to the credit of 
 Operating Account of the mine from which the coal is shipped. 
 
 Rent of Divellings — These are credited with rents received ; 
 charged with the care, painting and repairs, taxes, insurance 
 and depreciation ; and are closed out monthly to the credit of 
 Operating Account for the mine to which the houses belong. 
 
 Farming Operations are credited with the value of crops, 
 timber cut, rents, if rented, etc. ; and charged with labor and 
 supplies, repairs to machinery and buildings, small imple- 
 ments, fertilizer, etc., taxes, insurances and depreciation. If 
 the farm property is identified with a particular mine, close 
 out to the credit of the Operating Account of said mine; or 
 if not identified with a particular mine, close out to income 
 account. 
 
 Washer Operating Account is credited with the proceeds of 
 raw coal sent to the washer, labor and supplies, repairs to 
 buildings and machinery, small tools, water-supply expense, 
 taxes, insurance, and depreciation. If identified with a par- 
 ticular mine, close out each month to debit or credit of Oper- 
 ating Account of said mine. If a central washer plant, close 
 out to Income Account. 
 
 Coke-Plant Operations are credited with proceeds of coke 
 sold; and charged with value of raw coal sent to coke plant, 
 labor in and about plant, repairs, material and supplies, small 
 tools, taxes, insurance on, and depreciation of buildings. If 
 identified with a particular mine, close out to Operating Ac- 
 
STANDARD ACCOUNTING AND COST ANALYSIS 
 
 ..215 
 
 count of said mine. If a central plant, close out to Income 
 Account. 
 
 Mercantile Operations — If the store is identified with a 
 particular mine, results of the store business should be closed 
 out to the Income Account of such mine. If not identified 
 with a particular mine, the results of the store business should 
 be carried to Income Account. 
 
 Expense Accounts 
 
 General Expense is charged with the salaries and expenses 
 of officers; directors’ fees, legal expense, general office rent, 
 books, stationery, telephone and telegraph; all other expenses 
 of administration and maintaining corporate existence. 
 
 Close out by charging to the Operating Account of each 
 mine with such mine’s just proportion. This is generally pro- 
 rated in accordance with the tonnage furnished by each mine. 
 
 Selling Expense — All expenses connected with the promo- 
 tion and making of coal sales; advertising; salesmen’s sal- 
 aries as are dedicated to the selling department; books; sta- 
 tionery; printing; postage; telephone and telegraph; office 
 rent ; billing and collecting of coal customers’ accounts. 
 
 Close out by charging to the Operating Account of each mine 
 its proper proportion, usually based on tonnage derived from 
 each mine. 
 
 Material and Supplies. — Vouchers covering purchases of 
 material and supplies immediately used may be distributed 
 direct to the debit of operating expense, but appropriate Mate- 
 rial and Supplies Accounts should be kept of such materials 
 as are carried in stock. For example, in many localities the 
 purchase of props, cross-bars, and caps depends upon the 
 season of the year, and not in accordance with current con- 
 sumption, and in such cases a Mine Timber Account should be 
 opened, to which should be charged the cost of timber, includ- 
 ing freight and the cost of unloading and handling at the 
 mine. As the timber is taken below it should be credited to 
 Timber Account and charged to Operating Expense, with the 
 expense of preparing and delivering to the working face under 
 the sub-division Timbering. 
 
216 PROCEEDINGS OF AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 The purchase of rails, fastenings, spikes, and ties for track- 
 laying is always in anticipation of future requirements, and 
 a Track Material Account should be opened, to which the cost 
 of all such material should be charged, and as such material is 
 taken below it should be credited to Track Material Account 
 and charged to Operating Expense under the sub-division 
 
 Track Laying. 
 
 The same may be suggested as to mining machine repair 
 parts, but in operations where five or more mining machines 
 are used, it will be found that there is little variation in the 
 expense per ton for machine supplies from month to month, 
 and so far as the general accounts are concerned, unless large 
 stocks are carried, it will be proper to charge such supplies 
 direct to Operating Expense, and adjust at the end of the year 
 by comparison of the inventory at the beginning and end of 
 the year. 
 
 Mine Operating Expense — An account with each mine to 
 which will be charged all expenses for labor and material used 
 in and about the mine, classified in accordance with the differ- 
 ent accounts of work done, as recommended. 
 
 Close out by charging to Operating Account of the same 
 mine. 
 
 Operating Account — An account with each mine to which 
 will be credited the net realization of coal at the mine; other 
 income belonging to such property. 
 
 Charge proportion of general expense ; proportion of selling- 
 expense; transfer of operating expense; royalties; deprecia- 
 tion and depletion; general insurance, liability or compensa- 
 tion insurance ; taxes, excluding income and war taxes. 
 
 Close out by transferring to Income Account. 
 
 Income Account — To be credited or charged with balance of 
 Operating Account of each mine, results of coke plant ; results 
 of washer operation; interest received or accrued; all other 
 income received or accrued. 
 
 Charge with contingent reserve ; maintenance reserve ; or 
 other reserves ; income and excess profits tax ; interest paid or 
 accrued. 
 
STANDARD ACCOUNTING AND COST ANALYSIS 
 
 217 
 
 Close out to Profit and Loss at end of the year. 
 
 Profit and Loss is credited or charged at end of year with 
 transfer of balance of Income Account, and charged with divi- 
 dends paid. The balance of this account to rest as profits 
 applicable to dividends, and chargeable with the transfer of 
 such amount as it is desired to transfer to permanent surplus. 
 
 Conclusion 
 
 In submitting the foregoing suggestions as to a standard 
 system of accounting and analysis of cost of production, we 
 fully appreciate that many operators have highly developed 
 systems with which they are fully justified in being well satis- 
 fied, but we are sure that the advantages of uniformity of 
 practice will appeal to them. 
 
 The many whose accounting methods leave much to be 
 desired will derive the most benefit from adopting a proper 
 system. They will know better how they stand, what they 
 must have to cover their requirements, and proper accounting 
 will help them to exercise the tenacity and perseverance requi- 
 site for the salvation of their capital and to win a proper 
 return thereon. 
 
 An accounting system will not run itself, nor in itself reduce 
 costs, nor increase efficiency; this is up to the operator him- 
 self ; he must study and compare, vitalize the figures, and act 
 on the facts they illuminate. 
 
t 
 
210 
 
 INDEX 
 
 ADDRESSES 
 
 American Mining Congress and Standardization IS 
 
 Mine. Accounting — L. R. Diffenderfer 186 
 
 Mine Drainage — G. R. Wood 57 
 
 National and International Standardization — P. G. Agnew 166 
 
 Relation of Standardization to Mine Management — C. A. Mitke 155 
 
 Standardization and Efficiency — Warren R. Roberts 21 
 
 Standardization Committee. Joint Meeting 11 
 
 Standardization of Cars — James Milliken 47 
 
 Standardization of Drilling Machines and Drill-Steel — Arthur Notman 112 
 
 Standardization of Metal-Mining Accounting — T. O. McGrath 189 
 
 ✓ 
 
 Standardization of Underground Power Transmission and Equipment 
 
 — A. B. Kiser and K. A. Pauly 71 
 
 Standardization of U. S. Bureau of Standards — G. K. Burgess 177 
 
 -Standardization Work of U. S. Bureau of Mines — F. G. Cottrell 165 
 
 Standard System of Accounting and Analysis of Cost of Production 
 
 — T. T. Brewster 201 
 
 Suggestions for Standardization of Hammer-Drills and Accessories 
 
 — G. H. Gilman 104 
 
 Ventilation — W. J. Montgomery 53 
 
 Agnew, P. G. — National and International Standardization 168 
 
 Tentative Agreement between Standardization Committees 18 
 
220 
 
 SPEAKERS 
 
 Bayles, L. C. — Drilling Machines 2(50' 
 
 Braly, Norman, — Drilling Machines <51 
 
 Brewster, T. T. — Standard System of Accounting and Analysis of Cost 
 
 of Production 201 
 
 Burgess, G. K. — Standardization of U. S. Bureau of Standards 177 
 
 Cottrell, F. G. — Standardization Work of U. S. Bureau of Mines .... 165 
 
 Diffenderfer, L. R. — Mine Accounting 186 
 
 Gilman, G. II. — Suggestions for Standardization of Hammer-Drills 
 
 and Accessories 104 
 
 Kiser, A.B., and Pauly, K.A. — Joint Report of Sub-Committees on Stand- 
 ardization of Underground Power Transmission and Equipment. . 71 
 
 McGrath, T. O. — Standardization of Metal-Mining Accounting ...... 189 
 
 Milliken, James, — Standardization of Cars 47 
 
 Mitke, C. A. — Chairman of Joint Standardization Committee 11 
 
 Relation of Standardization to Mine Management 155 
 
 Notman, Arthur. — Preliminary Investigations in the Standardization 
 
 of Drilling Machines and Drill-Steel 112 
 
 Pauly, Iv. A., and Kiser, A. B. — Joint Report of Sub-Committees on 
 Standardization of Underground Power Transmission and Equip- 
 ment 71 
 
 Roberts, Warren. R. — Brief of Discussion of Joint Report of Sub-Com- 
 mittees on Standardization of Underground Power Transmission 
 
 and Equipment 102 
 
 Report of Coal Mining Branch 30 
 
 Report of General Correlation Committee 15 
 
 Standardization and Efficiency 21 
 
 Scholz, Carl — Chairman of Joint Standardization Meeting 11 
 
 Wood, G. R. — Mine Drainage 57 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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