"" ■ ^ Southern Yellow Pine Car Material Specifications Recommended Practice of the MASTER CAR BUILDERS’ ASSOCIATION, AND AMERICAN RAILWAY MASTER MECHANICS’ ASSOCIATION Adopted and Reprinted by the Southern Pine Association NEW ORLEANS, LA. JANUARY 1, 1917 iibrart Of-IHE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS * UNNt" ' °% \U\^ 0lb a\GN <£//. / S O P C Classification, Grading and Dressing Rules for Southern Yellow Pine Car Material. 1. Classification, Grading and Dressing Rules for Southern Yellow Pine Car Lumber, adopted as rec¬ ommended practice by the Master Car Builders and American Railway Master Mechanics’ Associations, Atlantic City, June 15-22, 1910; adopted at Chicago, Ill., by the Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Association, July 19 and 20, 1910; and adopted and ordered reprinted by the Grading Committee of the Southern Pine Asso¬ ciation, November 23, 1915. 2. SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE LUMBER to cover Long Leaf and Short Leaf Yellow Pine grown in the Southern States shall be-graded 1 and classified according to the following rules and specifications as to quality, and dressed stock shall conform to the subjoined table of standard sizes, except where otherwise expressly stipu¬ lated between buyer and seller. 3. Recognized defects in Southern Yellow Pine are knots, knot holes, splits (either from seasoning, ring hearts or rough handling), shake, wane, red heart, pith, rot, rotten streaks, dote, worm holes, pitch streaks, pitch pockets, torn grain, loosened grain, seasoning or kiln checks, sap stains and imperfect manufacture. KNOTS. 4. Knots shall be classified as pin, standard and large, as to size; and round and spike, as to form; and as sound, loose, encased, pith and unsound, as to quality. — 1 — 5. A pin knot is sound and not over 34 inch in diameter. (See page 11.) 6. A standard knot is sound and not over 134 inches in diameter. (See Page 12.) 7. A large knot is one any size over 134 inches in di¬ ameter. (See Page 13.) - 8. A round knot is oval or circular in form. 9. A spike knot is one sawn in a lengthwise direction. (See Page 14.) The mean or average diameter of knots shall be con¬ sidered in applying and construing these rules. 10. A sound knot is one solid across its face, is as hard as the wood it is in, and is so fixed by growth or position that it will retain its place in the piece. 11. A loose knot is one not held firmly in place by growth or position. (See Page 15.) 12. A pith knot is a sound knot with a pith hole not more than 34 inch in diameter. (See Page 16.) 13. An encased knot is one surrounded wholly or in part by bark or pitch. Where the encasement is less than 34 of an inch in width on both sides, not exceeding one-half the circumference of the knot, it shall be con¬ sidered a sound knot. (See Sections 10 and 17.) (See Page 17.) 14. An unsound knot is one not as hard as the wood it is in. (See Page 18.) PITCH. 15. Pitch pockets are openings between the grain of the wood containing more or less pitch or bark, and shall be classified as small, standard and large pitch pockets. 16. A small pitch pocket is one not over J4 of an inch wide. — 2 — A standard pitch pocket is one not over % of an inch wide or 3 inches in length. A large pitch pocket is one over % of an inch wide or over 3 inches in length. 17. A pitch pocket showing open on both sides of the piece */g of an inch or more in width shall be considered the same as a knot hole. 18. A pitch streak is a well-defined accumulation of pitch at one point in the piece, and when not suffi¬ cient to develop a well-defined streak, or where fiber between grains is not saturated with pitch, it shall not be considered a defect. (See Page 18.) * 19. A small pitch streak shall be equivalent to not over one-twelfth the width and one-sixth the length of the piece it is in. A standard pitch streak shall be equivalent to not over one-sixth the width and one-third of the length of the piece it is in. WANE. 20. Wane is bark, or the lack of wood, from any cause, on the edge. SAP. 21. Bright Sap shall not be considered a defect in any of the grades provided for and described in these rules, except where stipulated. SHAKE. 22. Shakes are splits or checks in timbers which usually cause a separation of the wood between annual rings. — 3 — Through Shake: A shake which extends between two faces of a timber. Ring Shakes: An opening between the annual rings. MISCELLANEOUS. 23. Defects in rough stock caused by improper man¬ ufacture and drying will reduce grade, unless they can be removed by dressing such stock to standard sizes. 24. All stock except car sills and framing shall be in¬ spected on the face side to determine the grade. In stock surfaced one side, the dressed surface shall be con¬ sidered the face side. In stock rough or dressed two sides, the best side shall be considered the face, but the reverse side of all such stock shall not be more than one grade lower. 25. Pieces of siding, lining or roofing with 3/16 of an inch or more of tongue will be admitted in any grade, pro¬ vided it does not run more than one-third the length of the piece. 26. In all grades lower than “B and Better”, wane on the reverse side, not exceeding one-third the width and one-sixth the length of any piece, is admissible, provided the wane does not extend into the tongue, or over one-half the thickness below the groove. 27. Chipped grain consists in a part of the surface being chipped or broken out in small particles below the line of the cut, and as usually found shall not be classed as torn grain and shall not be considered a defect. 28. Torn grain consists in a part of the wood being torn out in dressing. It occurs around knots and curly places, and is of four distinct characters—slight, medium, heavy and deep. — 4 — Slightly torn grain shall not exceed 1/32 of an inch in depth; medium, 1/16 of an inch; heavy, of an inch; any torn grain heavier than J/g of an inch shall be termed deep. 29. Loosened grain consists in a point of one grain being torn loose from the next grain. It occurs on the heart side of the piece and is a serious defect, expecially in Flooring. 30. Rot, Dote and Red Heart: Any form of decay which may be evident either as a dark-red discoloration not found in the sound wood, or the presence of white or red rotten spots, shall be considered as a defect. Firm red heart shall not be considered a defect in any of the grades of Common Lumber. 31. The grade of all regular stock shall be determined by the number, character and position of defects visible in any piece. The enumerated defects herein described admissible in any grade are intended to be descriptive of the coarsest pieces such grades may contain, but the average quality of the grade shall be midway between the highest and lowest pieces allowed in the grade. 32. Lumber and timber sawed for specific purposes must be inspected with a view to its adaptability for the use intended. 33. All dressed stock shall be measured strip count, viz.: Full size of rough material necessarily used in its manufacture. 34. “Equivalent” means equal, and in construing and applying these rules the defects, whether specified or not, are understood to be equivalent in damaging effect to those mentioned applying to stock under con¬ sideration. 35. Lumber must be accepted on grade in the form in which it is shipped. Any subsequent change in manu¬ facture or mill work will prohibit an inspection for the adjustment of claims, except with the consent of all parties interested. • 36. The foregoing general observations shall apply to and govern the application of the following rules: 37. B AND BETTER CAR SIDING, LINING AND ROOFING will admit any two of the following, or their equivalent of combined defects: sap stain not to exceed five per cent; firm red heart not to exceed fifteen per cent of the face; three pin knots, one standard knot, three small pitch pockets, one standard pitch pocket, one standard pitch streak, slight torn grain, or small kiln or season checks. Where no other defects are con¬ tained, six small pin worm holes will be admitted. 38. SELECT CAR SIDING will admit of one standard pitch streak, one standard pitch pocket, or their equiv¬ alent; and, in addition, will admit of not exceeding five pin knots and two standard knots, or their equivalent; ten per cent sap stain; firm red heart, slight shake, heavy torn grain, defects in manufacture or seasoning checks. Pieces otherwise good enough for “B”, but containing a limited number of pin worm holes shall be graded “Select”. This grade is intended to be accumulated from running “B and Better” stock, and will consist of all the droppings which do not contain defects in excess of those mentioned in this paragraph. 39. No. 1 COMMON CAR SIDING will admit of the following defects or their equivalent: Sound knots, not over one-half of cross-section of the piece at any point throughout its width; three pith knots or their equiva¬ lent; wane inch deep on edge not exceeding 13 ^ inches wide and one half the length of the piece; torn grain, — 6 — pitch pockets, pitch, sap stain, seasoning checks, slight shakes, firm red heart and a limited number of small worm holes well scattered. This grade is intended to be worked from Fencing stock, either kiln or air dried. 40. SELECT CAR LINING AND ROOFING will admit of one standard pitch streak; one standard pitch pocket, or their equivalent; and, in addition, sound knots not over one-half the width of the piece in the rough; ten per cent sap stain; firm red heart, slight shakes, heavy torn grain; defects in manufacture, or seasoning checks. Pieces otherwise good enough for “B”, but containing a limited number of pin worm holes shall be graded “Select.” This grade is intended to be accumulated from running “B and Better” stock, and will consist of all the droppings which do not contain defects in excess of those mentioned in this paragraph. 41. No. 1 COMMON CAR LINING AND ROOF¬ ING will admit of the following defects or their equiv¬ alent: Sound knots not over one-half the cross-section of the piece at any point throughout its length; three pith knots or their equivalents, torn grain, pitch pockets, sap stains, seasoning checks, firm red heart, and a limited number of pin or small worm holes well scattered. This grade is intended to be worked from Fencing stock, either kiln or air dried. 42. STANDARD PATTERNS. (Insert B/P refer¬ ence, showing net sizes after working.) 43. ALL-HEART CAR DECKING OR FLOORING will admit sound knots not over one-third of the cross- section of the piece at any point throughout its length, provided they are not in groups; pitch pockets; firm red heart, shake and seasoning checks which do not go through the piece, loose or heavy torn grain, or other machine defects, which will lay without waste or will not cause a — 7 — leakage in cars when loaded with grain. Must be strictly all heart on both sides and both edges. 44. HEART FACE CAR DECKING OR FLOOR¬ ING will admit of sound knots not over one-third the cross section of the piece at any point throughout its length, provided they are not in groups; pitch pockets, firm red heart, shake and seasoning checks which do not go through the piece, loosened or heavy torn grain, or other machine defects, which will lay without waste, or will not cause a leakage in cars when loaded with grain. Will admit of any amount of sap provided all of the face side of the piece is strictly ALL HEART. 45. No. 1 COMMON CAR DECKING OR FLOOR¬ ING will admit of sound knots not over one-half the cross-section of the piece at any point throughout its length, provided they are not in groups; pitch pockets, sap stain, firm red heart, shake and seasoning checks which do not go through the piece, a limited number of pin worm holes, loosened or heavy torn grain, or other machine defects, which will lay without waste, or will not cause a leakage in cars when loaded with grain. CAR SILLS AND FRAMING 46. No. 1 COMMON HEART CAR SILLS AND FRAMING will admit of sound knots, provided they are not in groups, the mean or average diameter of which shall not exceed 2 inches, pitch, pitch pockets, slight shake, seasoning checks, or other defects which will not impair its strength more than the defects aforementioned. Must be sawed from sound timber, free from dote or rotten red heart, and true to measurements, or at least the measurements at no point on the sill shall be less than the size required. — 8 — Measurement of the girth at any point throughout the length of the piece must show at least seventy-five per cent heart wood. Cubical contents shall not be used as basis for obtaining percentage of he art wood under this rule. 47. No. 1 COMMON CAR SILLS AND FRAMING will admit of sound knots, provided they are not in groups, the mean or average diameter of which shall not exceed 2 inches, pitch, pitch pockets, slight shake, seasoning checks, sap, sap stain, or other defects which will not impair its strength more than the defects aforementioned. Must be sawed true to measurements and from sound timber free from dote or rotten red heart; must be square cornered, except that one-inch of wane on one corner or Yz inch of wane on two corners is admissible. 48. SIZES up to 6 inches in width shall measure full when green, and not more than % inch scant when dry or part dry. Sizes 6 to 12 inches in width shall measure full when green and not more than Y inch scant when dry or part dry. Sizes 12 to 16 inches in width shall measure full when green and not more than % inch scant when dry or part dry. Unless otherwise specified, one fourth inch shall be allowed for each side which is to be dressed. In pieces 3 by 6 inches and under when ordered in lengths exceeding 30 feet, sound knots shall not exceed one-quarter the width of the face through which they project, and the grains shall not cross suffi¬ ciently to impair the strength. — 9 — 49. STANDARD LENGTHS: CAR SIDING—8, 9, 10 and 12 feet or multiples. CAR LINING—8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 feet or multiples. CAR ROOFING—5 feet or multiples. CAR DECKING OR FLOORING—9 and 10 feet or multiples. All orders shall be shipped in standard lengths unless otherwise specified, but no lengths of either car siding, lining or roofing shall be shipped, except in the lengths specified or multiples thereof. When stock is not desired in multiple lengths, order should so specify. — 10 — PIN KNOT. 11 STANDARD KNOT. 12 LARGE KNOT. — 13 — SPIKE KNOT. 14 LOOSE KNOT, PITH KNOT. — 16 — LIBRARY 0fr the MlVEfc.TY C7 ; - k • L»*0 This book will be re-issued occasionally to take care of all changes, cancellations and additions. In order that you may be certain of always having the LATEST SPEC I FI CA- NOTICE jz o a o a u 3 O >> •2 u £ 0 &«» G Q — tfj>l fjjp [ -Hi- “ 7 ” '•icy —L_. r- HS>OOt/*$—* _ iy . •£ c 'C 1 "t I c< o £ I 1 \fU n m Nl^ TtT pi TT r t- & iv-mj N I ^ $ VO rT uj tl 1 il .Fp- ws>nw./4 ii u i 1 I Y~H9nod.z —-j 1 tHonod./^ b ">i* CD b ^ 1 * 00 oo ' s h oo ; 00 N V* * K i 'VO. ''I Vi¬ vo N* VO vo ^ 1 * y> *o b h* ^N* * 4 ?