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How To Run A Community Recycling Center
A Resource Guide to Low-Technology Recycling in Illinois
Jfa-32~
F-inted by Authority of the State of Illinois
Illinois Department of
Energy and Natural Resources
DOC. NO. 82/17
August 1982
HOW TO RUN A
COMMUNITY RECYCLING CENTER
A Resource Guide to
Low-Technology Recycling in Illinois
by Anna L. Engelhardt '
James R. Thompson, Governor Michael B. Witte, Director
State of Illinois Illinois Department of Energy and
Natural Resources
1) Prepared as project 60.070 under contract to Illinois Department of Energy and
Natural Resources by North Shore Ecology Center, 491 Madison, Glencoe, IL 600022
;x
/
Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois
Date Printed: August 82
Second Printing: October 82
This report has been reviewed by the Department of Energy and
Natural Resources and approved for publication. Views ex-
pressed are those of the contractor and do not necessarily
reflect the position of DENR.
One of a series of research publications published since 1975,
This series includes the following categories.
Air Quality
Water
Environmental Health
Solid and Hazardous Waste
Economic Impact Study
Noise Management
Energy
Information Services
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
Policy and Planning Division
Research Section
325 W. Adams
Springfield, Illinois 62706
(217) 735-2800
ii
Contents
Page
List of Tables v
Acknowledgments v ±
Introduction 1
The Problem 3
The Solution 7
Beginning a Recycling Project 9
What Materials Should You Collect? 13
Recyclable Materials in Your Refuse 15
Markets for the Sale of Recyclables 2 3
Locating Markets 25
Contacting the Buyer 26
Marketing Strategies 27
How to Organize Your Recycling Program 29
Organize a Committee 30
Site Selection 31
Physical Set-Up 32
Models of Operation 37
Drop-Off Centers 38
Periodic and Permanent Collections 39
Single and Multi-Item Depots 40
The Pick-Up Service 40
The Buy-Back Program 4 2
Processing, Eguipment , and Transportation 43
Equipment and Handling 44
Containers 45
Additional Equipment 48
About Trucking/Transportation 50
Legal Requirements to be Considered 51
Managing Your Human Resources 5 3
Who Volunteers and Why? 5 5
General Tools for Recruiting 56
Involving the Uninvolved 5 8
Tax Benefits for Volunteers 59
Paid Workers 60
in
Page
Publicizing Your Neighborhood Recycling Center .. 6 3
News Releases 66
On-Air Exposure: Television and Radio 69
Communicating to the Media 72
Informing the Environmentally-Conscious Public. 73
Speaking Out 74
Your Legal Status 77
Bylaws 78
Forming a Nonprofit Corporation in Illinois ... 80
Articles of Incorporation 82
What Has to be Done After Incorporation? 84
Tax Conseguences 86
Securing Tax Exemption 87
Business Management 89
Planning 9 1
Accounting 92
Breakeven Analysis 95
Recycling Focus 101
North Shore Ecology Center 101
City of Evanston Recycling Center 104
Environmental Resource Center 10 7
Palos Recycle Depot 110
McHenry County Defenders 112
Naperville Area Recycling Center 115
Recycling: Possibilities for Economic Development 119
Existing Programs 123
Resource Center 125
Community Recycling Center 131
Options Recycling Team 141
Comparison of Existing Programs 149
Recommendations 156
Final Words 160
APPENDIX I :
Funding Resources 161
APPENDIX II :
Publicity Samples of Illinois
Recycling Programs 163
APPENDIX III:
Additional Sources of Information 176
APPENDIX IV:
References 178
IV
List of Tables
(By Section!
Page
The Problem
Your Trash Profile 4
Recyclable Materials in Your Refuse
Paper Stock Terminology 20
Business Management
Fixed and Variable Costs For One Calendar Year 96
Calendar Year Total Weights by Location and
Material Type 9 7
Recycling: Possibilities for Economic Development
Materials Recycled by Resource Center, 1981 127
Sources of Revenues and Categories of Expenses
for the Resource Center, 1980-81 Fiscal Year 128
Sources of Revenues and Volume of Recyclables for
Community Recycling Center, 19 78-81 132
Analysis of Aluminum Transactions by Weight,
Community Recycling Center, May-November 135
Community Recycling Center Aluminum Prices 135
Placement of CETA Trainees by Community Recycling
Center, 1978-81 136
Categorical Expenses as Percentage of Total Expendi-
tures for Community Recycling Center, 19 78-81 138
Income and Expense Summary of Options Recycling Team.. 142
Sources of Revenues and Volume of Recyclables for
Options Recycling Team 146
Materials Recycled and Sources of Revenues by Percent
for the Resource Center, Community Recycling Center,
and Options , Inc 15 1
Categorical Expenditures by Percent for Resource
Center, Community Recycling Center, and Options,
Inc 152
Income and Expense Summaries for Community Recycling
Center, Resource Center, and Options Recycling
Team 153
1981 Program Highlights for the Resource Center,
Community Recycling Center, and Options Recycling
Team 154
Acknowledgments
Sincere thanks to the many Illinois
recyclers who contributed to the
completion of this project, and
especially to:
George Brabec
Greg Lindsey
Ronald Seifert
Hans-Dieter Drehsler
Community Renewal Society
Niles Townshio High Schools
Environmental Resource Center
Illinois Association
of Recycling Centers
VI
ttUMi Tg
*° r thbo^
How To Run A Community Recycling Center
A RESOURCE GUIDE TO LOW TECHNOLOGY RECYCLING IN ILLINOIS
:hrmoDucTWN
Ijt'4 a steamy, smelly mess. IV h a conglomeration o{, tht
way wt tivz. Ttuu>h. GaAbagt. Household iziu&z. Municipal solid
wasze. tthattvt'i ycu call it — Ame^iicans certainly pAjodu.cz plenty
oq it -- table, scsjats, pop cmi, TV dinner i-iays , ntwspaptn^ , pickle.
jaJU -- tilt LUt o{ things that uit tk/iow aitiau is almost endless.
Wh our,, gembagz, and it can be a. pain in the ntck [and tht pocket-
book) hiom tht {fLu>t "Uilt-you take out tht garbage, dzasi?" to tht
tax dtain to tlit tliAtat oj a saniXoJuy la.nd{ ) ili moving in ntxt doo-i.
Mc6t AmzAsLcanii test thein. garubage into tht &uuh can and
never, wendtn. what happens ntxt. But it will bt back. Evenly bast
bit o{ garbage will haunt us uyJLzhh we constat*, innovative ways
Cj handling it.
VarJi oi tkz solution JU> available or could bt available to
all oi us night in ouA. own communities --RECYCLING -- sending a
waXznJuxl back ion reuse into tkz process by which it was ^injst
formed. And btcaust ycu OAS. reading thii> beck, ycu ajiz alrzadu,
aware an.d concerned about youA community ' s waste disposal pAoblzm.
Tht ntxt sttp ib to do something abcut it.
This guide is directed mainly to environmental club* and
organizations , 6 couth, church groups , schools, service club* , and
-Individuals who wish to earn some extra cash whtle per{ormlng a
vital community service.
In Ike pages o{ this guide, you Mill {find an array o{ oper-
ational options {on. recycling centers, techniques {on marketing
and handling recyclable* , and suggestions {or making your project
competitive and success {ul. Recycling projects can be and have
been success {ul. Vou too can help rid a portion o{ our society
o{ its throwaway mentality l{ you are determined to Implement
di{{erent recycling options as needs and opportunities arise.
There Is no one model May o{ running a recycling project.
With, this book, we hope to give you solid ln{ormatlon about the
most common metiiods used by community -based recycting organiza-
tions In lltinols, advise you o{ possible pit {alls , and suggest
additional resources {or old In developing your program. Most o{
all, voe want to be encouraging --to let you know that there Is no
better day than today to begin your project. Recycling may have
become popular In the early 70 's, but the positive impacts o{
recycling have never been more Important.
The Problem
Think about these quick trips most of us occasionally
make to the grocery store. You might buy a newspaper, a
foil- lined can of frozen orange juice, a couple of apples,
a plastic carton of yogurt, a jar of jelly, a can cf -una,
and a chicken pot pie. You read the newspaper, drink the
juice, and eat the food. Everything that is left over
you toss in the trash can.
If we only had to dispose cf an occasional small bag
of trash, we wouldn't have much cf a waste crisis en our
hands. But think about the number of trips you actually
make to the store and the amount of trash you have to
dispose cf each week. You may want to use the trash pro-
file on the next page to see how much waste you actually
create in your home in- one week.
Once you have added up all your household refuse,
think about ail the other places you create trash — at
work or school, at the roller rink, at the movies, on
vacation, in the laundromat, etc. Multiply it by the
11.4 million people who live in Illinois, add the amount
of waste industry makes before the products ever get to
you, and you can see we are talking about aiot cf waste.
"■••"hat battens to all of this garbage"?
YOUR TRASH PROFILE 2
IS EVERYTHING YOU 7 RE THROWING AWAY REALLY GAR3AGE?
Day
News-
Paper
LBS.
Cans &
Metal
LBS.
Other
Paper
LBS.
P 1 as t i c
LBS.
Glass
LBS.
Food
Refuse*
LBS.
Other
SUN.
MON.
TUE.
WED.
THU.
FRI.
SAT.
TOTAL
* Not Oil and Meat
ADD ALL TOTALS FOR THE GRAND TOTAL
i
x 52 WEEKS
_
Grand
Total
Lbs . Per Year
(estimated)
A PUMP is a land site where refuse is disposed of
in such a way that it often harms the environment. Dumping
garbage indiscriminately can lead to fires and gas explo-
sions, rats and insect pests, blowing litter and odor.
Leachate, the concentrated liquid that forms when water
filters through waste, can be a very real and dangerous
problem. Once leachate has contaminated groundwater,
it is difficult and expensive to clean up.
Federal legislation requires that all dumps in our
nation be phased out within five years, and that means
getting rid of solid waste will be more expensive. But
if our trash doesn't go to a dump, where does it go?
SAH1TARV LAHVF1LLS are the primary method of disposal
in Illinois. At these sites, garbage is compacted and
covered frequently with soil or other approved cover mat-
erial to prevent or minimize burning and odor, pests, and
blowing litter. Designed to control leachate and thereby
avoid water pollution, sanitary landfills are certainly
positive alternatives to dumps. But there are some very
real drawbacks to putting all of our discards into land-
fills.
Burying our garbage means many valuable resources
such as paper, glass, metal, and organic matter, are
lost forever. Our landfill sites are rapidly being
filled and many will run out of room for our garbage
within the next five to ten years . As long as we are
making trash, new sites will have to be found. But
finding new sites is difficult. Only sites which meet
specific requirements will do.
Once appropriate land is found, the most difficult
part of landfill siting is getting public support for
the site. No matter how much garbage we produce our-
selves, we want it disposed of as far away from us as
possible. Given all the difficulties related to sanitary
landfills, the goal seems clear: we want to save land-
fill space for the "real" garbage (things which cannot
be reused or recycled) and rescue everything else. How
do we go about saving things from reaching the landfill?
&END A
LITTLE
PICK UP
A LOT
The Solution
V\'
metals ,
things ".
C c. rCcCr
an c can
s chccl s
If nrccerlv
J c
CO
ula o<
. across the country, citizens groups are becoming
: in handling and recovering materials from solid
For many, this activity means separating glass,
and paper. SOURCE SEPARATION means keeping the
'hich can be reused or recycled separate from cur
It is the first step in the recycling process
be practiced in homes, offices, restaurants,
and any other place where we produce garbage.
prepared, your old newspaper, glass jelly
a fish can, aluminum pie tin, and grocery sack
ccilected and taken to a depot. The depot in
Is the materials to manufacturers for reuse.
Today recycling is taking on a new importance as a
ndi]
But
means cf alleviating impending shortages and reducing
c_ic waste s -
. r e am .
One cf the earliest groups to recognize the need
fcr conservation was the Salvation Army. Founded
in 1865 by William Booth in London, England, it
has been in the business of collecting, separ-
ating, and recycling waste for over 100 years.
* During the Great Depression, President Franklin
D. Roosevelt called upon Americans to conserve
and recycle in the face of severe shortages
and high pri ces .
* Another grassroots conservation movement emerged
in the 1940' s, when during World War II, thous-
ands of tons of materials were recycled to sup-
port the Alleid cause."'
Following World War II, Americans fe
their former habits of wastefulness and c
Citizens quickly forgot their wartime pra
soon reacquired a carefree, "throwaway" s
endured into the 19 70 ' s. America was the
abundance — "There will always be more."
1970 's, Americans in great number became
problems of dwindling resources and envir
aticn. People began to ask: "Would it m
recvcle our wastes?"
11 back into
arelessness .
ctices ana
pirit that
land of
But in the
concerned abc
ut
cnmer.zai dear
aa
ake sense to
The answer was a resounding "Yes!" And as 19 80's
prices fcr manufacturing products from virgin materials
skyrocket, recycling once again has an urgency akin to
wartime necessity. The opportunities for recycling are
better now than ever -- and so are the rewards .
"This country was founded by people,
the frontiersmen and so on who were
free to do what they had to do, who
took risks, were encouraged to take
them and in many instances had to lake
them whether they were encouraged or
not. They won or lost, benefited or
died, on the basis of their own internal
capability. "
Beginning a
Recycling Project
The major components of any recycling program are
labor, land, and equipment. Labor may be comprised of
both voluntary and paid personnel. Thus labor costs
depend on the mix of volunteer and paid workers and the
amount of manual processing needed for the materials you
collect. Some community recycling centers emphasize
manual processing so as to provide training and work
for the. handicapped or unemployed. Land is often don-
ated, sold at nominal cost, or leased to the recycling
center. Equipment can also be obtained this way,
although at. nonprofit centers it is usually purchased
secondhand. "
\
Hew you choose to use the resources of labor, land
and equipment: will depend on the extend of their avail-
ability in your community and the goals you have set
for your program. But before you begin, consider the
following questions in deciding what sort of project
is best suited to the community's needs and your own.
\
WILL YOUR PROJECT BE A SERVICE FIRST AND A
MONEY MAKING PROJECT SECOND, OR VICE-VERSA?
Community-operated volunteer and charity organiza-
tions have been successfully recycling selected materials
for a number of years. A large amount of recycling is
undertaken in the private sector by landfill operators,
secondary fiber dealers, scrap metal dealers, and major
can and paper manufacturing companies. Profit for these
businesses is the bottom line, so in order to maintain
company viability, private recycling is usually limited
to profitable components such as aluminum, newspaper,
and cardboard.
Community recycling projects are usually operated
by nonprofit organizations formed by environmentally
conscientious individuals who see recycling as a means
of alleviating solid waste management problems rather
than as a means of making large profits. Revenues from
the sale of profitable recyclables are often used to r-
cover the cost of handling less-profitable materials.
If your goal is to raise funds for your organiza-
tion, you may choose to handle only one or two profit-
able items. If providing the service of recycling is
your major intent, you may be willing to collect addit-
ional materials, some of which might even cost you money
to handle. In any event, it is advisable to begin small
until you see just what the costs might be. Some recy-
cling organizations operate with grant dollars to help
k defray expenses, but if your group is not so fortunate,
^ WHAT RECYCLING IS ALREADY GOING ON IN YOUR AREA?
First, check with your local chamber of commerce or
city hall. They will often be able to refer you to
organizations operating ongoing recycling projects in
your community.
Two other resources are invaluable. Obtain a copy
of the Illinois ditizctony oi Env Ln.onmo.nta.1 Information
from the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Re-
sources, 309 W. Washington, Chicago IL 60606. This free
government publication contains up-to-date listings of
known community recycling programs currently operating
in Illinois. Also contact the Illinois AA6oc.ia.tion o \
Recycling Co.nto.ru>, P.O. Box 48761, Chicago IL 60648.
10
You may be able to share collection, transportation,
or educational projects with existing organizations.
Be prepared to plan around these projects to avoid un-
necessary competition or duplication of effort. This
is especially important in small towns and rural areas.
If, for example, the Scouts have an ongoing newspaper
collection drive, consider turning your attention to
glass, aluminum, or other recyclables ; or work with the
Scouts to recover newspaper from a neighborhood they
don ' t cover.
V don ' t
\
WHAT LIMITATIONS DO YOU HAVE THAT WILL
DICTATE WHAT SORT OF PROJECT IS BEST?
You want to begin a community recycling center.
It's a good idea — provided you know what it takes
and have what it takes. This guide will offer many
options for the mechanics of operating your project.
If you study it carefully, you will have done some
hard work and serious thinking. That's good.
But what about you? Are you the kind of person who
can get a business started and make it go? If you are
not certain, think about some of these questions as
they apply to you personally.
Are you a self-starter?
How do you feel about other people?
Can you lead others?
Can you take responsibility?
How good an organizer are you?
Can you make decisions?
. . . 7
Can you stick with it?
These reflective questions are recommended by the
U.S. Small Business Administration for those about to
begin a business. And, although you may view your recy-
cling program as a community service project, it is a
business nonetheless .
If you are honest with yourself, you will have found
there are some things you still need to know more about.
Do all you can for yourself, and don't hesitate to ask
for help from people who can tell you what you need to
know. Remember, running a business takes guts. You've
got to be able to decide what you need and then go after
it:
11
*A-
What Materials
Should You Collect?
"If you happen to catch hold of an
idea, and it begins to move with you,
there's very little you can do to kill it.
So I don't know that I would worry
about bigness or smailness. Correct-
ness of the idea is better. "
yoi
to
no
exc
When deciding whet materials to accept, you should
sider availability of manpower, markets end equipment,
e of facilities, and what projects already exist:.
inois projects commonly handle glass; tin, bimetal,
aluminum cans ; and newspaper products . Other mater-
s such as used crank case oil are sometimes added to
list of a full-line project.
Visiting different kinds of recycling programs m
.r area can help you to decide what type of projects
start and what materials to collect. The experience
many now-successful groups suggests -hat it is easiest
begin by collecting one item such as newspaper or glass,
ending to other items as you can.
13
Everytime you throw away a newspaper or a bottle you throw away a piece oi America
And now. we're staring into the face of a critical .shortage of places to bury the things we
throw away And. at the same time, a growing shortage ot energy and natural resources!
How can we stop wasting America We can turn our wastes into resources once again
bv recycling them, stretching our reserves of virgin natural resources and conserving
energy and landfill space.
Recyclable Materials
in Your Refuse
Before beginning any recycling program, you should
know what is in your garbage so that adequate predictions
may be made on what may be collected as recoverable mat-
erials- Recommended recyclable materials in this guide
have been limited to those that make up a significant
portion of the garbage you and your neighbors throw
away regularly, are easily collected and sorted, and
are marketable at this time.
A 1 umi n urn
Aluminum is by far one of the most valuable scrap
materials in refuse. Aluminum is the metal of today and
• its approximate S400 to $600 per ton scrap value (19 82)
reflects this. Aluminum smelters apparently are eager
t; reclaim the scrap, and many recycling programs have
been instigated by the aluminum companies themselves.
Most of the aluminum in your community's garbage
will be in the form of beverage cans. Some is in
broken furniture supports, foil, food trays, and other
forms. Most recycling centers collect the beverage can
portion but leave out the bulkier items. Aluminum com-
panies generally pay between 20 and 30 cents (19 82) per
sound for clean cans .
Steel
1.
Are magnetic.
1
Have flat tops
and bottoms .
^.
Have side seam
Have oarer lab:
Bimetal Cans
Aluminum Cans
1. Are not magnetic.
2. Are lightweight.
3 . Have rounded bot-
toms with shiny
surface finish .
4. Have no side seam.
5. Usually pull- top
or easy-open.
biaes magnetic;
tops n on -magnetic.
May or may net
have side seam.
Tops and zozZotzs
often flat; bottom
mav be rounded with
cu
1 1
surzace
::msn .
4. Usuallv have pull- too.
In crcer to assure that it is clean, saleable scrap,
recyclers must be educated. A major problem is proper
identification of "all aluminum" cans. Many cans are
deceiving because they have aluminum tops and bottoms
but steel barrels. All-aluminum cans are seamless, have
rounded shiny bottoms, and cannot be picked up with a
ma one t.
16
To help save space, cans should be crushed. They
should also be empty of all liquids and rinsed to avoid
flies being attracted.
If there is a significant amount of aluminum can
use in the area, the possibility of recycling aluminum
should be considered. Aluminum has a relatively stable
market value which has been on the increase. It can be
a valuable input to a program. Also remember that it
requires 9 5 percent less energy to process aluminum metal
from scrap than from raw resources.
Ferrous Metals
Ferrous metals constitute approximately 8.5 percent
of the trash we throw away. About 13 percent of this is
in the form of steel cans. Tin coated or bimetal cans
are normally the form of steel recovered by community
recycling centers. They are relatively uniform, light-
weight, easily handled, and may be easily processed for
recycling by the consumer in the home. For most recycling
projects, the cans must be rinsed free of food particles,
have labels removed, ends cut out, and usually must be
crushed (simply by stepping on the middle) to reduce
their size.
Glass
Glass has changed little in composition throughout
the years. The basic raw materials still consist of
sand, soda ash, and limestone. Glass scrap, called
OIL LET , is a valuable input in today's glass manufac-
turing process . The resale value of cullet is relatively
low, approximately $30-S40 per ton (1982), but more stable
than many other scrap markets. If markets are reasonably
nearby, glass recycling may be a worthwhile addition to
your recycling effort.
Cullet is desireable to glass manufacturers because
it melts at a lower temperature than do raw materials.
It, therefore, requires less heat and energy to process.
Consequently, air pollution is reduced and furnace wear
in the plant is retarded.
17
ALL CONTAMINANTS SUCH
AS METAL RINGS MUST 3E
REMOVED FROM GLASS BE-
FORE RECYCLING.
Recycling projects should limit their glass col-
lection to container glass only. It is most abundant
and easiest to handle. Cullet collected will most
likely be one of three major colors: flint (clear) ,
amber (brown) , or green. Flint is the most desireable
cullet and becomes worthless if other colors of glass
are mixed with it. Cullet for green or amber produc-
tion need not be so pure. Some companies may accept
a green/brown mixture, but most prefer all three
separated.
Cullet which can be sold to local glass manufacturing
companies must usually meet the following minimum specifi-
cations :
1. Be free of dirt and organic contaminants;
18
2. Be color sorted according to the individual
company's desires; and
3. Be free of metallic contaminants, especially
iron or aluminum (remove any metal caps or
rings ) .
Paper
Paper is normally the most important material handled
by a community recycling center. In fact, many recycling
programs recycle paper only. It is plentiful, easy to
separate, easy to handle, and has been successfully recy-
cled from post-consumer waste for decades. In short, it
represents a tried and true materials recovery method
with established markets. The biggest challenge in this
form of recycling is mastering or living with unstable
market conditions .
The paper available in your community's waste can
be divided into four main categories: office papers,
newsprint, corrugated, and mixed. The table on the next
page defines these plus other terms common in the business.
"Mixed" paper consists of a mixture of any or all of the
other categories plus magazines, packaging materials, and
any other miscellaneous paper waste.
Americans have been separating and saving their news-
paper long before Earth Day, 1970. Girl Scout organizations,
Boy Scout organizations, schools, and civic and social clubs
conducted paper drives. Both the concept and processes
are familiar to householders. Studies indicate that the
average consumer generates approximately 5 3 pounds of
newspaper per month. Preparation time for the consumer
is estimated at only 13 minutes per month, and the only
cost required consists of the string or bag to bind the
materials .
It is important to note that consumer-level recycling
of newsprint and other papers has been found by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency to be the best method
available to date for collection of paper. Even cities
entering into elaborate energy recovery facilities are
encouraged to recycle paper through consumer recycling
programs because the paper will be recycled in its most
valuable, uncontaminated form.
Remember that separation requirements may differ
according to the specifications of the paper purchaser.
Some will accept mixed papers, others only newsprint,
and still others office papers only. You must become
educated as to the proper separation procedures in order
to assure a marketable product.
19
PAPER STOCK TERMINOLOGY
8
TERM
DEFINITION
1. Bulk Grades
Grades used in large quantities in
paperboard and construction products
(3 classifications)
a. News
b. Corrugated
c. Mixed
2. High Grades
a. Pulp Substitutes
b. De inking
Consists of old newspapers recovered
from residential sources and news-
paper publishers
Consists of old corrugated boxes recovered
from commercial establishments and new
clippings from box converting operations
Covers a wide range of the lowest quality
paper stock and consists of unsorted
mixed papers obtained from office build-
ings, printing plants, and other commercial
sources
Papers which can substitute directly for
wood pulp and are high quality fibers
(2 classifications)
Clippings and shavings, such as envelopes
and bleached board cuttings, and other
quality fibers derived from paper con-
verting plants and data processing
centers (computer tab cards)
Usually bleached papers that have gone
through a printing operation and are
collected from printing plants and
other converters
Miscellaneous Materials
CRAMKCA.SE OIL is another name for drained motor oil.
Impurities from the engine such as dirt, solvents, and
various chemicals accumulate in the oil. Oil refineries
can separate the impurities from the oil so that it can
be reused. This prevents waste oils from being dumped
into rivers and on land. It also helps conserve the oil
supply .
20
Individuals and organizations wishing to recycle
used motor oil are encouraged to contact the manager of
the Used Oil Recovery Program, Emerging Technology Section
of the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources,
Room 300, 325 W. Adams St., Springfield IL 62706 for infor-
mation on developing an oil recovery program and a listing
of used oil haulers, reprocessors , and rerefiners. Infor-
mation can also be obtained from members of the Illinois
Association of Recycling Centers, P.O. Box 48761, Chicago
IL 60648.
PLASTI CS are made from petroleum resources . They
are composed of complex molecular structures which makes
them essentially nonbiodegradable. This same structure
also makes recycling very difficult. Technology has not
yet been widely adapted that can upgrade waste plastics
into useful products. Scrap plastics have been recycled,
but mainly from inplant sources. The plastics industry
has been working to increase recycling, but progress has
been slow.
RUBBER TIRES - When considering tires, there should
first be a clear distinction between "used" tires and
"worn out" or "scrap" tires. "Used" tires are still
valuable for producing retreads. "Scrap" tires are too
worn tc act as bases for retreads and, therefore, have
outlived their usefulness in the tire industry.
"Used" tires have been recycled for many years.
There are nearly 5000 recapping industries in the U.S.
Unfortunately, resources in Illinois are severe ly^ limited,
and the market for "scrap" tires is much bleaker.
21
9
(§[b®a@(§
C® (3®
88
.G
o
o
"The entrepreneur finds those places
that he can sneak into the marketplace
that the large fellow doesn't want
because it's too small, or he doesn't
understand anyway. And so that's
how the little guy gets big. "
Markets For The
Sale of Recyclables
The first step is to determine what materials will
oe recycled. Market conditions in the region will "un-
doubtedly be the most influencing factor in this decision.
One can recycle only that which can be sold or reused.
Recycling, first and foremost, is an economic activity
The collection system which recovers materials must be
supported by sale of the materials. Before you stimulate
recycling efforts in your community, you must identify
secure markets.
Recycled materials are sold both domestically and
on international markets
'he orices offered for recycled
materials vary greatly- each commodity ' s price fluctuates
differently. These fluctuations reflect the basic econ-
re
that supply is greater than market demand
for recycled materials in thi;
: o un t ry
Lack of markets for recycled materials can be devas-
tating to a recycling program. Many recycling centers
have been forced to close because they have not ceer.
able to sell, at an acceptable price, the materials they
have recovered. As the long-used adage from the salvage
industry indicates, Sztap -it> not 6old, it Li b ought .
? 1
So, because of their dependence on the wider economy,
waste materials markets are volatile; a gentle ripple in
the national economy may generate severe waves through
the recycling marketplace, forcing buyers to n purchase
only what they are confident they can sell.
Recycling is impeded by a number of other factors .
Organizations developing recycling programs and markets
for recycled materials should be aware of the various
federal, state, and local policies which have or may
create barriers to recycling.
Recycled materials suffer from economic disadvantages
due to depletion allowances and capital gains tax advan-
tages given virgin materials. Industries such as paper
manufacturing, which have companies producing both virgin
paper and recycled paper, are subsidized by the federal
government to invest in equipment that produces paper
from virgin materials .
In the area of transportation, recycled materials
have suffered for decades with freight rates established
by the Interstate Commerce Commission. These rates favored
the shipment of virgin materials . After almost a decade
of fighting, the National Association of Recycling Indus-
tries scored their first major victories early in 1980
on this issue. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Court
of Appeals, which directed the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission to revise their rates to a level of reasonableness,
which is equivalent to rates of all other commodities that
move by rail. This decision will enable recycled materials
to compete more favorably with virgin materials by re-
ducing their costs of shipment.
Zoning regulations have also thwarted the efforts
of recycling operations to expand. Zoning restrictions,
designed to limit the locations of scrap processors, have
a negative impact on industrial recycling activities as
well as on the community organization seeking to locate
a site for convenient consumer recycling.
The key to finding markets for recycled materials
will be public policies and other efforts which encourage
expansion and development of industries using recycled
materials in their manufacturing processes.
But what about the program you wish to begin? No
matter how well developed a collection system may be,
unless the recovered materials can be returned to pro-
ductive use, recycling will fail. The key, then, to a
successful recycling project is the identification of
sufficient existing markets, or the development of new
ones .
24
Locating Markets
Before beginning, it is wise to conduct a market
survey for your specific area. It is usually best to
determine how the area rates in market potential for
the most commonly recovered materials: glass, tin and
bimetal cans, paper, and aluminum.
To aid in these efforts, obtain a copy of the
ILL-inoX.^ Vi.n.zcton.y o& Env4.ionme.ntal In^oimat-ion from the
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources at
309 W. Washington, Chicago IL 60606. The directory con-
tains a list of industries interested in purchasing
recycled materials from community projects. Please note
that as with any published list, there will be changes,
additions and deletions. The industries listed in' the
directory have not committed themselves to buying scrap
but have expressed interest. Limited though it may be,
it is a good place to start.
Check the list for markets in cities near you. A
general rule is to stay within a 100-mile radius of the
community. The resale value of materials recovered from
solid waste does not warrant shipping small volumes for
distances greater than 100 miles .
By no means should the market survey be limited to
the list in the directory. Check the yellow pages under
"Junk Dealers," "Scrap Dealers," "Salvage Companies,"
"Paper Scrap," "Iron and Metals," "Glass Manufacturing,"
etc. for secondary dealers who may be a prime market.
Nearly every community has at least one scrap dealer
who has the resources to economically store, compact,
and transport large quantities of materials for distances
greater than 100 miles. However, as a middleman, the
secondary dealer must make a profit and usually the
prices you ViH receive for your materials will be some-
what lower.
It may not be possible to find an immediate buyer
for the particular scrap in question, but persistence
will usually "pay off." Markets may not be overwhelming
in Illinois, but they are available, and a good market
survey should bring them to light.
Additional resources which may be useful in locating
markets for the sale of recyclable materials begin on
the following page.
25
ADDITIONAL MARKET RESOURCES
ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF
RECYCLING CENTERS
P.O. Box 48761
Chicago IL 60648
INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH
Solid Waste Management Section
Division of Sanitary Engineering
1330 W. Michigan Street
Indianapolis IN 46206
WISCONSIN STATE SOLID
WASTE RECYCLING AUTHORITY
3321 W. Be It line Highway
Madison WI 53713
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
RECYCLING INDUSTRIES
330 Madison Avenue
New York, N.Y. 10017
PAPER STOCK CONSERVATION
COMMITTEE
American Paper Institute
260 Madison Avenue
New York, N.Y. 10016
PAPER STOCK INSTITUTE OF
AMERICA
330 Madison Avenue
New York, N.Y. 10017
GLASS PACKAGING INSTITUTE
2000 L. Street, N.W.
Washington D.C. 20006
THE ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION
818 Connecticut Ave., N.W.
Washington D.C. 20006
Contacting The Buyer
Contact possible markets and explain the project.
Many industries have become ecology minded in the past
few years and often are willing to support civic groups
Learn of their individual specifications for the scrap;
in other words: how must the materials be prepared for
delivery to them? Remember, one cannot sell garbage 1
Unless the materials meet specifications, it is consid-
ered to be "garbage. "
26
Next, arrange for special meetings with company rep-
resentatives to open communications. It is much easier
to turn a person down by phone than in person. In deal-
ing with buyers, learn marketing terms, price structures,
and industry processes so that there will be no confusion.
Many industries can accept greater levels of scrap input
than they do now. Many industries also tolerate larger
percentages of contaminants than they will readily admit.
The marketing goal, at this point, will be to secure
a firm commitment of "intent to buy" from a buyer prior
to inception of your project. Large mechanical resource
recovery facilities are securing formal "letters of intent
to purchase from potential markets . These are legal
documents citing a buyer's intention to buy the recovered
materials after the facility is constructed.
You may be able to secure this type of document, or
a least a formal letter, from the company explaining its
intent to buy. Don't be discouraged though if you are
not able to secure this . Many recycling projects have
relied on informal agreements and been successful. Don't
be overly optimistic about what prices or quantities the
buyer will accept at first. Remember, you may be pen-
etrating a market for the first time.
Once you have made arrangements for the purchase of
your materials, don't forget to learn details such as
what hours the purchaser can receive the materials, how
they should be delivered, and terms of payment
Marketing Strategies
As a general rule, open market and contractual sales
agreements are the two major marketing arrangements imple-
mented.
Where more than one independent buyer exists , open
market arrangements have both advantages and limitations .
Reliance on the open market requires a stable condition.
You will need to carefully gauge the depth and reliability
of a particular market situation. What has the range of
prices been in the recent past? How many potential buyers
are available? How long have they been in continuous
business?
27
Given market stability, an open sales strategy can
allow a group to achieve higher prices due to the flexi-
bility of the marketplace. In addition, it allows for
the switch of buyers in the case of deteriorating rela-
tionships or inadequate service. But open market trading
does require managerial control, and lack of stability
must be accepted. Realization of top prices during the
best of times must be balanced against recognition of
potential high losses during market weakness.
The issue is basic: should you trade off the pos-
sible high profits of the open market against the possible
catastrophe of declining demand by marketing under a
contract? Contract sales will likely mean lower prices
during a strong market.
Typical contracts include minimum tonnage require-
ments with a penalty clause for lack of specific volume,
the period of the agreement, purchase specifications,
and the pricing structure. Advantages of the contract
market structure include the guaranteed pricing system
plus the likelihood of higher quality service from the
buyer in the forms of technical advice, handling equip-
ment, and storage containers. On the otherhand, the
inflexible nature of the agreement may create severe
pressures during high market conditions.
Which ever strategy you choose, a note of caution
is needed here. Many recycling projects have failed
because their operators did not institute marketing,
sales, and income controls. While negotiating and
trading with secondary materials buyers, be sure to
keep clear written records. You should not jeopardize
your project's success with lazy business practices.
Be sure to study this guide's chapter on BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT care f ul ly .
28
c~st*r
How to Organize
Your Recycling Program
One person car. spark a recycling project, but no
one can do the job alone. You'll need help and lots of
it. If you are already part of an organization or group
you have a starting nucleus for your program. Build
around it. Working together in coalition means stronger
leadership and less duplication of effort.
Get in touch with all organizations in
civic, youth, business, service, area, etc.
of Commerce should have listings of these.
tions to contact:
your town --
Your Chamber
Some oraaniza-
Church Groups
Service Clubs
League of Women Voters
3oard of Education and
other educational groups
Conservation People
Labor Unions
Professional Organizations
Merchants Organizations
Volunteer Bureaus
Mayor 1 3 Office
PTA ' ?
United Fund/ Community
Chest
All Communications Media
Jay cees
Boy and Girl Scouts
Boys' and Girls' Clubs
Campfire Girls
Key Clubs
YMCA, YWCA Youth Groups
School Service S Science Clubs
City Youth Board
City Environment a l/3eaut i fi cat ion.
or Improvement Commissions
4-H Clubs
Future Farmers of America
Other "Futures" Groups
Community Action GrouDS . -
. . . 1 o
Civil Right Organizations
It should be added that inner-city minorities or the
poor are seldom involved with community recycling ventures
In trying to analyze why inner-city groups are often not
part of organizations working on solid waste management
issues, speculation has to substitute for fact.
It may well be that organizations representing
minorities and the city poor often feel they must con-
centrate their energies on the struggle for better
housing, jobs, and education. Leaders may see the
importance of staving off the decline of environmental
quality, but most inner-city residents are likely to
have more immediate concerns. Without a doubt, citizens
groups need to concentrate more on reaching out to in-
volve all community residents in efforts to improve
solid waste management policies and practices.
The next step to organizing your recycling project
will be to:
Organize A Committee
The committee should reflect the various segments
of the community and be composed of dependable people.
You will need perseverent individuals able and willing
to fulfill the following roles:
COORDINATOR :
Management, including contact with scrap dealers; respond
to inquiries; fundraising; leading the group
COMMUNITY RELATIONS :
Contacting community groups, local government agencies,
local businesses for help; getting donations; public
appearances; publicity; promotion; advertising, etc.
PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENTS :
Securing collection site(s); obtaining storage containers
for scrap, safety glasses, gloves, other equipment
PROCESSING :
Day-to-day handling of materials; sorting, preparing,
stacking
TRANSPORTATION :
Making arrangements to haul used materials to scrap dealers;
pick-ups for elderly or other special requests; securing
special transportation vehicles and equipment
30
RECRUITING :
Finding and training help needed to operate the site
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT :
Keeping records of costs, issue of disbursements and
receipts , shipment records ; maintaining legal status
coordinate compliance with ordinances
Site Selection
You have researched the scrap markets and formed
your committee. All is moving along smoothly. Now you
are prepared to seek out a site for locating your recycling
project. The site must be located in your community or
close to it. It must be large enough to store the mater-
ials you will be collecting. It must be easily accessible
from the street.
If the site is outdoors, it should be fenced or
otherwise protected to keep children from playing with
the materials, and you will need some form of cover to
protect your recyclables from the rain and snow.
Situating your collection point in an area where
people do not have to make a special trip and can
accomplish several necessary activities at once is
highly desireable. A good rule of thumb is to locate
your project at a distance of no more than three miles
from the people you hope will participate.
Use your local "people" resources for assistance in
locating a site. Don't forget about public works or
planning department personnel, commercial realtors, the
Chamber of Commerce, and other local citizens groups.
Think about the following as possible locations when
considering a permanent recycling depot.
Landfill Site
Empty Storefront
Church Parish House
Fire Stations
Large Service Station
Old Military Installation
Small Industrial Park
Warehouse Loading Dock
City Hall
Municipal Parking Lot
31
Be creative! Locating a site is sometimes difficult
-- especially in a city where land costs are at a premium.
But if you look carefully and with perseverence , it should
be possible to locate land on a rent-free or low-cost basis
For a temporary site, locate your depot in or at a:
Home Garage* School Parking Lot
Shopping Center Fairgrounds
Vacant Lot
* Check to make certain this would not be a violation of
a citv zoning ordinance.
Phvsical Set-Uo
The physical set-up of your site will be determined
by the type(s) of material you collect, the nature of
your project (supervised/unsupervised, open daily/once
a month) , size and nature of the equipment you will need,
and your workforce.
The drawings which follow on the next three pages
will offer ideas for site set-up. Each is scaled to
give you a perspective on how much space is commonly
used for various functions.
32
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SERVICE
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Main Building
Aluminum Shredder
and Storage Van
Might
Dtop Boxes
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Employee
Parking
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Storage
Can Flattener
and Storage
Paper
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Scale
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Models of
Operation
There is no one model way of operating a recycling
center. Many successful recycling projects in Illinois
have changed their operations as other factors influencing
their programs have altered. If your mind is not open to
such change, your project will become as extinct as the
dinosaur. Successful recycling is usually an evolutionary
process. Rarely does a project begin with all its oper-
ational needs
fulfilled,
Most groups start out small, collecting one cr two
types of materials in barrels or boxes, accomplishing
the hauling task through the efforts of a well-wishing
neighbor with a pick-up truck. As an example of the
level of simplicity which is possible, one Illinois couple
collects and stores recyclables collected from the com-
munity en their farm. They sell to a variety of nearby
markets when quantities warrant the trip in their pick-
up truck, and because theirs is not a commercial enter-
prise, proceeds from material sales are donated to local
charities. You can do it too, or you can develop your
orolect around a variety of ooerational alternatives.
37
Drop-Off Centers
Drop-off centers are stationary collection points
or depots set up to receive materials from the public
for recycling. Few centers are alike since most are
set up to make the most efficient use of local resources .
A drop-off center is very flexible in the types of mat-
erials it can handle. You will need considerable space
for collection and storage if you plan the project to
be a full-service (collecting glass, metals, paper pro-
ducts, oil, etc.) project, and much less space will be
needed for the collection of fewer materials.
The major advantage to operating a drop-off center
is the possibility for 24-hour access. Donors will be
able to bring their recyclables to the site at hours
most convenient to them. However, it should be noted
that if you allow 24-hour access to the site, you will
have to take steps to prevent crime. Vandalism may occur
after dark, and as the value of recyclables materials
increases, so does the rate of theft.
Drop-off centers can be classified into two major
types: unmanned and manned.
The unmanned drop-off center is likely to be located
at schools, churches, apartment complexes, shopping
centers, or vacant lots. This method is most commonly
used by community organizations for their fundraisinc
projects. Donors deliver their recyclables and separate
them into appropriate bins -- hopefully. Because an
attendent is not available, collection containers must
be especially sturdy, safely constructed, and well marked
with instructions for the public.
Running an unmanned drop-off center has the advan-
tage of low or no labor cost or volunteer management
problems. On the other hand, your chances of receiving
trash and other unwanted materials is increased because
no attendent is available to assist and educate the public
If your unattended project is not well protected, you may
run into problems to those similar with the 24-hour pro-
jects. And if it is located near a school or other loca-
tion where its access is open to youngsters, local police
may dub your program an "attractive nuisance."
33
The manned or attended drop-off center has definite
advantages. The center is staffed and emphasis is often
given to the educational aspects of recycling. Having
staff, whether paid or voluntary, presents the opportunity
to assist, instruct, and answer donors' questions. During
the time an attendent is available, theft and vandalism
will not be a problem, but don't forget about the off
hours .
Contact your local police chief and request that
patrols in your area keep an eye open for problems. Be
sure to give them the name and phone number of someone
to contact in case of an emergency. Of course, this is
good advice no matter what type of recycling project you
conduct.
The manned drop-off center may have higher operating
costs than the unmanned depot. If your staff is paid,
you will have the added expense of not only salaries,
but payroll taxes and insurance as well. If your staff
is voluntary, you will have the expense of volunteer
recruitment and training.
Remember, factors between projects can vary drama-
tically. Only you and your committee can weigh the pros
and cons and choose which aspects will play a more
important role in your particular situation.
Periodic Or Permanent Collections
The manned and unmanned collection methods described
above can be implemented on either a periodic or permanent
basis .
Periodic projects are operated on a "once-in-a while 11
basis or on a regular schedule, e.g., the second Saturday
of each month from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. With a periodic set-
up, a large truck often serves as a mobile "depot" hauling
all the recyclables away at closing time. The periodic
collection project makes scheduling of staff or volunteers
quite simple and has the added advantage of offering little
opportunity for a mess to develop. One drawback is that
the public must stick to your schedule, and they may not
be available when you are. Another is that you must make
arrangements for material storage or haul recyclables
directly to market.
39
A permanent recycling project can operate on either
a 24-hour or controlled access basis, but it is available
to the public more frequently than the periodic project.
This mode of operations necessitates that a permanent
site be available, sometimes a difficulty in congested
urban areas. Maintenance of the collection site is an
ever- important issue when operating a permanent recycling
program because the ongoing recycling center is constantly
in the public eye. Do yourself, your neighbors, and re-
cycling a favor by keeping your site neat, clean, and
safe.
Single and Multi-Item Depots
Recycling collection centers or depots take several
forms, ranging in size and complexity from small newspaper
collection bins in the corners of parking lots to huge
ongoing projects collecting many tons of waste per week.
Depots accepting only one item usually show a profit.
These kinds of projects include the newspaper or glass
drop-off s run by various civic groups -- Lions, Kiwanis,
Scouts, and the like. Costs are minimal in such projects
because land and storage bins are usually donated and
volunteers normally operate the program. Transportation
to market is the only major expense, and the revenues go
to the worthy causes of the sponsoring organizations.
Other kinds of depots take as many varieties as they
feel they can market. The groups operating these recycling
projects are usually nonprofit corporations engaging in
recycling because of concern with general environmental
issues and in particular with the solid waste problem.
In terms of economy, multi-item depots require a
larger work-force than single item depots. Each item
accepted requires a different form of processing and
entails a separate kind of handling.
The Pick-Up Service
Many organizations that have mastered the techniques
of operating a collection depot will expand their programs
to include a pick-up service. Pick-ups can be made on an
on-call basis, a regular residential route can be estab-
lished, and commercial businesses can be served. Pick-ups
can be made using a private auto or a large truck -- that,
of course, depends on what materials and what quantity you
expect to pick-up.
40
CM -CALL PI CK- UPS are often made on special occasions
for people who don't have enough materials to pick-up
on a regular basis. However, you will not want to invest
your time and gasoline to pick up a dozen bottles or one
stack of newspapers. Set standards and enforce them.
Make certain your requirements for amount and preparation
of materials are clearly understood. Do not hesitate
to refuse a caller if the distance is too great or the
amount too small to cover your costs.
REGULAR RESIDENTIAL ROUTES can be very productive
for collecting large amounts of materials on a regular
basis. You will want to do extensive publicity before
you begin a program of this type. Let your donors know
what materials are acceptable, how they need to be pre-
pared, where to leave them ( curbs ide, doorstep, alley,
etc.), and when your collection is scheduled. Distri-
buting a calendar schedule is a helpful and inexpensive
reminder to the households on your route.
Do remember that it can be disasterous for develop-
ing an ongoing residential route if you don't pick-up
materials when promised. If, on occasion, delays or
changes in your schedule occur, inform your doners
immediately . One additional piece of advice -- begin
with small routes expanding only as your resources allow.
And be considerate of your staff or volunteers; picking
up bundles of recyclabies and loading them into £ truck
is strenuous work. Would you be able to do it for more
than a couple of hours at a time? If not, don't expect
that your workers will be able to do so either.
A COMMERCIAL PICK-UP PROGRAM can be a big plus to
your project because large volumes of recyclabies can be
picked up on only one trip. Office waste paper, glass,
and corrugated cardboard are common business recyclabies.
Waste disposal costs for businesses are high and
herein lies the greatest motivation for commercial estab-
lishments to participate in your program. Volume require-
ments are usually easy for businesses to meet, but here
you also need to be specific about your preparation require-
ments. Ycu will want the materials to be as "clean" as
possible, but try to be flexible because to business people
time is money. If you pick up glass from a tavern, for
example, you may receive many liquor bottles with metal
rings attached. If your donor feels it takes too much
time for removal of the rings, you may be able to do so
once you bring the materials to your storage site. How-
ever, in this case, you will have ~o insist that rhe
bottles are unbroken for safety in handlinc.
41
In the case of corrugated cardboard, another high
volume waste item for businesses, you will want the
boxes broken down and bundled in some way. One Chicago-
land recycling project refurbishes old, used balers and
rents them out to businesses at very low rates. The
organization, in turn, pays the business a small amount
for their baled cardboard. They are able to do so, and
thereby encourage the participation of more businesses,
because the organization's handling costs are lowered
and greater volume can be collected on one trip when the
cardboard is baled.
The Buy-Back Program
Many recycling program operators nationwide have
found that they can greatly increase the volumes of mat-
erials they receive by paying the public small amounts
for their goods. Operating a buy-back program is only
recommended if your project is well established in all
respects. More equipment is needed for storage; a scale
becomes an absolute necessity. Your staff must be well
trained and able to handle cash, and your bookkeeping
system must be on a highly professional level.
Before you consider implementing a buy-back program,
consult a lawyer about the possible effect of this action
on your organization's tax-exempt status. IRS law states
that your group's income is only tax free if it is obtained
through activities in agreement with your organization's
legal tax-exempt purpose. The opinion of a legal expert
is very important here because there is no definitive IRS
ruling regarding the acceptability of nonprofit-operated
buy-back programs .
Remember also, once you have established a buy-back
program, you may be in direct competition with local scrap
dealers. The prices you pay the public must be competitive;
you must cover your operating costs. And yet, you do not
want to alienate possible market sources for your group.
You can read more about buy-back programs in our section
on RECYCLING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT which begins in this
guide on page 119.
42
Processing,
Equipment,
and Transportation
eparing the recyclable
O f j^*- 1 a
ria.
rollect to
is essential. If rhe load of materials you ship to
market is re jeered, you will most likely have to dump
it at the landfill. Not only will such a rejection be
a setback to your organization's morale, your group's
pocketbook will be negatively impacted as well- You
will lose the value of the scrap, experience increased
transportation costs in hauling to the dump, and in
many cases, you will pay a dumping fee as well. You
will need to plan and prepare carefully to avoid these
setbacks .
Earlier in this guide (pages 15-21), we discussed
the recyclable materials most often collected by com-
munity recycling centers. Note the common specifications
described in this section and plan your project accordingly
You will want to educate your patrons to the extent
that most of the materials are processed by them, at
home, before the items are brought to your collection
area. Bur even under the best of circumstances, some
orocessmc must be done at the deoot.
?each your donors to prepare their materials at home
before bringing them to the recycling center.
The following discussion of equipment, tools, and
transportation will offer you suggestions on ways of
making the task of handling your recyclables mere man-
ageable. Also remember that experience is the best
teacher, so find out from other local projects which
equipment and systems have worked for them and put
their experience to work for vou.
tguiDment and Handimq
Whatever type of recycling project you choose to
operate, you will need equipment to handle the materials
and containers in which to store and transport them.
Try to get as many donations as possible. Depending or.
the type of project, you will need some cr all of the
following: recycling information handouts, signs; first
aid kit; brooms, dustpan, scoop shovel and trash can for
non-recyciables ; and heavy protective gloves. Other
equipment needs depend on what materials you collect.
44
GLASS_: Wooden drum covers with holes to accomodate
long-handled sledges if you plan to break glass manually;
safety glasses or goggles; church key, pliers, or a
similar tool to remove metal rings from bottle necks.
CANS •• Sledges or road tamper to crush cans; can
opener to remove ends of cans; magnet to test metal
types. Remember, aluminum is not magnetic.
NEWSPAPER : Twine and scissors to tie bundles.
Once your newspaper volume has built up, a banding
tool and bundler for handling cardboard and bundling
loose paper become invaluable additions to your operation.
Recyclers tell us that the banding tool can be put to a
variety of repair and miscellaneous uses. Both machines
can often be rented at low rates from a paper broker who
might even provide them free of charge for your use.
Moving heavy containers in and out of a truck presents
special difficulties and requires the use of rollers, lift
trucks, chain blocks, hand trucks, lift gates, and/or
winch booms. If you are going to transport your own mat-
erials, you will need a pick-up or larger truck. If your
volume is very low, you might get away with cardboard
boxes in a station wagon.
Containers
Recyclers utilize a wide variety of containers for
collecting, storing and shipping their materials. These
include metal and fiber drums, wood pallet boxes and
crates, cardboard boxes, 5-gallon paint cans for crushed
glass, plastic bags and burlap sacks for tin cans, steel
bins, drop boxes, dump trucks, and truck trailers.
Factors to consider in your choice of containers
include :
1) Availability;
2) Buyer's requirements and compatability with unloading
system at markets;
3) Whether storage is indoors or out;
4) Availability of handling equipment;
5) Whether ground surface is soft or hard, even or bumpy; and
6) Type of transportation vehicle.
45
An empty 55-gallon metal drum weighs anywhere from
15 to 90 pounds, averaging about 50 pounds. Fiber barrels
offer an obvious advantage when the empty barrels must
be moved often. Fiber barrels weigh from 5 to 20 pounds,
usually about 15 pounds for the 40-gallon size. 55-gallon
steel drums or fiber barrels can be obtained free or for
a small charge from many companies that discard them.
Try fuel oil companies, construction firms, paint companies,
bakeries, and chemical companies.
Leave your supply of empty barrels upside down until
you want to use them so that people won't put things in
every barrel. Fiber barrels and boxes should be kept
out of the rain. It is also handy to have holes in your
steel barrels so that rainwater can run out and you may
want to paint the insides of metal barrels with a rust
preventative paint to keep metallic rust particles from
contaminating any glass you may store in them.
Sometimes handling of materials is simplified by
using the trailer from a semi-truck as the container at
the collection site. Dump trucks and drop boxes are also
used. This works well for newspaper drives and could also
be used for collection of a high volume of glass or cans.
A waste paper company may loan one of these for collecting
paper, leaving it in a parking lot until full, then hauling
it away. Often such projects are unattended and signs
should be erecred which instruct the public on how to
load the materials for proper weight distribution.
The following chart will give you an idea of the
capacities and site requirements of such containers .
SEMI-TRAILER
Maximum Location
Capacity Requirements
20 Tons 2x6 planks must be placed
under front dolly wheels to
prevent damage to pavement
DROP-BOX (Large) 8-12 Tons
Hard surface lot with 40-50
feet of straight running space
for positioning
DROP-BOX (Small) 8-10 Tons
Hard surface lot with 40-50
feet of straight running space
for positioning
46
A note of caution about using semi-trailers or
drop-boxes -- you will certainly want to load as much
paper into these containers as possible to maximize
your profit, but overloading can cause a safety hazard
and damage the surface on which the container stands.
To prevent trailer overload, papers should be stacked
to a maximum height of seven feet. To prevent front end
overload, begin by stacking one row of papers to within
one foot of the top and along each side of the trailer.
You can then go back and fill in from the sides.
Additional Equipment
In 19 80, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency-
published a guide entitled, Sotin.cz Szpa.A.atZon CoZtzc.tJ.on
and Pxoc.ZiAJ.ng Equ.j.pmzn£ (Pub. No. SW-842, Office of Soli:
Waste) . This guide will be invaluable for organizations
ready to develop more sophisticated systems. The publi-
cation summarizes advantages and disadvantages of various
pieces of equipment, lists manufacturers' specifications,
and suppliers of equipment useful to the recycling center
operator.
We recommend this publication highly ■
ested in exploring the possible use of the
types of equipment.
;o tnose mter-
fol lowing
GLASS CRUSHERS -
Over-the-barrel and hammer-mill
crushers offer advantages to
groups that ship glass in low
ime containers or trucks
BALERS
tor use in compacting
paper products or metals for
easier handling and volume
reduction
43
CAN FLATTEVERS AMP MAGNETIC
ScPAfvATCRS are invaluable if
you handle large volumes of
metals
FORK LIFT TRUCKS are needed
if heavy bins or barrels
must be picked up for
loading or unloading
icLF-X'MPT.VG KgggHgS are used
by many recyclers for collec-
tion and storage of materials
REFUSE CC^T AIMERS JR VZOP-cCXES
are convenient for collecting
large volume materials such
as glass and newspaper.
jo
About Trucking and Transportation
* Try to balance trucking costs and estimated income
from recyclables.
* If it is determined that recycling will save the city
collection and disposal costs , the city maintenance
department may be willing to transport materials
and conduct special pick-ups.
* Write or call markets in nearby major cities to
see if they have trucks passing through the area
regularly which might pick-up the materials.
* Check out insurance coverage on offers of privately-
owned vehicles.
* A trucking firm may donate space on a "dead run"
(when the truck carries no cargo) and charge for
mileage or the trucker's salary only.
* Businesses that use carting trucks or rental
companies might lend the recycling center a
truck .
* Contact Army Reserve units, the National Guard,
private individuals to locate a donated truck or
station wagon.
* Some companies might supply a truck and driver to
haul materials during the weekend when they will
not be using the trucks.
NOTE: Dump trucks are ideal, but pick-up trucks will
suffice. The type of truck you will need will depend on
the volume collected, the condition of the material col-
lected, and the distance materials must be transported.
If there is no loading dock at the collection site, a
truck with a hydraulic lift on the tailgate is helpful,
especially if drums or crushed glass must be moved.
Make certain that trucks are well covered to prevent
waste spillage and^that they are not loaded beyond road-
way weight limits.
Before taking materials to a buyer, it is always a
good idea to check to be certain he is accepting what
you have to sell on a particular day. Also check by
telephone on the buyer's current open-hours; these some-
times change without notice. Finally, check your buyer's
current price before you deliver; you may be able to store
some items until you can obtain a higher price for them.
At least one worker should go along with the truck driver
to assist with unloading.
50
The procedure at most scrap brokers ' establishments
is to drive onto a scale and tell the scale operator
what type of material you have. He will then tell you
where to unload. Unload; then return to the scale for
reweighing. Some brokers will pay you in cash and others
will forward a check to your organization at a future
date. 3e sure to get a copy of the weight tickets —
both full and empty -- so that no confusion will develop
over the amount of payment due and to facilitate your
financial and volume recordkeeping.
Legal Requirements to be Considered
Check with local officials to see:
if a license and/or zoning variance is needed to
run the depot.
* if the center is in compliance with fire, safety,
health, sign, and nuisance abatement ordinances.
* if the center picks up materials, is it infringing
on a garbage collection franchise? If so, try
to reach an agreement with the local collector.
* if trucking permits to haul recyclables are needed.
* if the center is a home operation, what special
requirments are made of it be city or county?
* if the center is municipally-sponsored, can it get
state tax credits or float a bond issue when
acquiring equipment and facilities?
General Legal Information
Some local governments have restrictions on home
storage of paper, the parking of trucks, the outside
storage of barrels (if the depot is set up in a private
home) .
If the center is storing newspaper inside a city's
limits, it may be required to have a metal rather than
a wooden building (or at least metal containers for
paper) .
51
All regulations should be checked to determine
whether or not the operation is a legal one. If the
regulations appear to be unfair, discuss the problem
with officials. Chances are the laws were not designed
to cover recycling operations and they may be able to
be interpreted differently for such programs.
A major legal problem encountered by many recyclers
stems from the practice of classifying a recycling pro-
ject as a junk or salvage yard. This often prevents
recycling centers from being set up in a residential
or commercial neighborhood. The following argument
may be helpful to get out of this.
A recycling center is unlike a junk yard in many
ways. It is a public service and not a retail or whole-
sale business. The processing is minimal compared to
what is done by a junk yard due to the limited type of
materials taken in. Materials move through much faster
than in most junk yards. It is a community service^and
must be convenient to the public in order to exist.
52
Managing Your
Human Resources
Throughout pages 29-31 of this manual, we discussed
hew to organize a committee to cake charge of operating
your recycling project. This committee is the nucleus
of your program, and the functions performed by these
people are crucial to the success of an ongoing project.
Once again, you will need people -- paid or voluntary
-- to fulfill the following roles: coordinator, community
relations, ohysical arrangements, processin<
t r an s do r f at i on
recruiting, and business management. You will need re
plan your project: around the labor resources available
1 n yo ur co mmun i ty .
In some small scale projects such as unstaffed depots ,
the functions listed above may be managed by one or
two people. Full-line recycling centers and repeating
projects require more help and usually become the projects
of groups. Very few recycling projects begin with suf-
ficient financial resources tc pay workers from the cut-
set:. Most begin with volunteers help, and as the projects
expand, some keep their volunteer labor or initiate a
oavroll .
53
In either case, the goal becomes clear. You must
manage your human resources wisely by striving to get
the right person into the right job at the right time.
To achieve this goal, attaining broad community support
should be the aim of all projects that want a long life.
One excellent local example of an organization
utilizing broad community support is the McHenry County
Defenders of Crystal Lake, Illinois.
Because of the amount of labor needed to implement
the project effectively, the Defenders enlist the aid
of a large variety of community groups. In Crystal Lake,
Boy Scout Troop 127 regularly handles glass collections.
For their efforts, the Scouts receive all revenues from
the sale of this material. Tin and aluminum cans and
used motor oil are handled by members of the Defenders ,
and proceeds from the sale of these materials supports
their ongoing projects. Proceeds for paper collections
are shared by the Defenders and other community groups
which provide labor. In the City of McHenry, also
served by the Defenders project, all materials are pro-
cessed by Defender members with the help of local organ-
izations . The groups then split revenues .
The McHenry County Defenders believe that community
involvement is the key to their program's success. Each
group that participates encourages new people to recycle
their bottles, cans, newspapers, and used oil. You can
read more about the McHenry County Defenders in this
guides section called, "RECYCLING FOCUS."
Another northern Illinois program has found an
alternative solution to its labor needs. The North Shore
Ecology Center (NSEC) , based in Highland Park, Illinois,
operates ten recycling locations in nine communties and
the program still continues to grow. NSEC has opted for
using paid staff because of the size and diversity of
their project. In an NSEC-owned truck, a crew of one
to three paid employees make daily rounds of each of the
ten recycling depots to take care of any needed materials
processing and site maintenance.
More information about the North Shore Ecology Center
can also be found in the "RECYCLING FOCUS" section. Here
you will also find profiles of other Illinois recycling
groups with information on who is doing what.
54
Who Volunteers and Why ?
The spirit of volunteering -- of one person helping
another -- goes back to the beginning of human history.
Perhaps it has been the. humanizing element, parent helping
child, child assisting parent, neighbor aiding neighbor.
Whether it has meant taking turns guarding the entrance
to the cave, throwing down your cloak for the gueen to
pass, joining with friends to raise a barn roof, or
coming together to run a community recycling center —
volunteers speak loud and clear on their own behalf.
This age-old willingness to help others has matured.
The spirit of wanting to take an active part in building
a stronger, saner society, of wishing to restore, rehab-
ilitate, improve, create, and re-create has come of age.
At the same time, as more and more individuals have the
time and concern to volunteer their abilities in a
meaningful way, the more impact the new volunteerism has
upon the nation.
Between 1965 and 1974, the number of volunteers in
this country almost doubled. The ACTION/Census Bureau
study Amzsi-icavii, Motu.ntz.1ii 19 7 4 provides a profile of
who volunteers and why. Although the largest group of
volunteers falls into the 25 to 54 age bracket, teenagers
and retired people also volunteer in significant numbers.
According to statistics, one out of every five American
men volunteer, and increasing numbers of nonwhites are
volunteering. The ACTION survey revealed that more
employed people are active volunteers than unemployed
people. There is also a positive correlation between
volunteering and income level and length of formal educa-
tion. This ever greater diversity of people willing and
able to work without pay represents a rich staffing
resource for all types of communtiy projects .
Volunteering can serve to enhance the self-image of
the one who volunteers. Social scientists have found
that low self-esteem is at the root of many social
and educational problems as well as individual antisocial
and self-destructive behavior at all socio-economic levels
Thus, volunteering can be an essential human developmental
experience when it meets this universal need for self-
esteem.
55
Volunteering offers diverse opportunities for self-
discovery and learning. For students, volunteering
provides the field experience necessary to apply and
test classroom theories. For women whose careers have
been interupted, volunteering provides an opportunity
for re-evaluation. For workers in dull, routine jobs,
volunteering can provide some of the intangible rewards
they are missing in their paid work. For retired people
looking for new ways to use accumulated wisdom, volun-
teering may offer the richest reward of all -- a new
role .
As might be expected, the diversity of expectation
and experience which characterizes volunteers is reflected
in their approach to service. Some volunteers prefer
to work independently in self-help or issue-oriented
ad hoc groups. Often they work intensely on specific
problems for a short period of time. Other volunteers,
particularly those with solid professional role models,
rely on strong staff support, expecting appropriate
learning opportunities in established organizations.
General Tools for Recruiting
The common denominator in all aspects of a success-
ful volunteer program is the successful recruitment of
volunteers . Prospective volunteers come knocking at
organization doors only occasionally. More commonly,
the recruiter, you, must go out into the community to
find the volunteer.
There are two basic things a recruiter must know:
what the project's needs are and what the community has
to offer in human resources. Then the recruiter can
begin to plan the methods to be used to reach the pot-
ential volunteer and match the volunteer to the job.
Knowing Your Community
And Its Human Resources
The community surrounding your organization offers
many types of resources, and it is a good idea to take
inventory periodically. Here are a few basic questions
to help you assess your resources. Add to this list
those resources that may be unique to your situation.
56
* What kind of corporate community is available
to you? Are business and industry seeking ways
to meet pressures of social responsibility?
Do you have volunteer opportunities to interest
individual employees after work or on weekends?
Are there other ways — like artwork, printing,
leftover or overstocked supplies, sponsorship
of a particular project or event?
* Are many local community residents blue collar
workers who may work on shifts and have time
available when you badly need help?
* Is there a Chamber of Commerce or other similar
council of local merchants where you can get
helpful information about the business, industry,
and civic side of your community?
* Is there a community college or other higher
educational facility nearby? What about the
local high school? Don't overlook these resources
for finding leaders for training volunteers or
staff, for available meeting rooms, as well as
students as potential volunteers.
* Look for people where you are most apt to find
them — in laundromats , bowling alleys , super-
markets , and pool rooms. They may let you use
a corner of the bulletin board for a spot
announcement .
* High rise apartments are also likely places to
find people who are potential volunteers. Laundry
rooms or lobby areas may yield bulletin board
space also.
* Are there other organizations in your community
that also recruit for volunteers? Could you
combine efforts?
* Your community includes your recycling center
donor. Many become great volunteers because
who better knows the benefit of your service?
* Don't be shy about asking people to give their
time and talents to your organization. It's a
compliment to them, and don't prejudge their
answer. Too many times we say "he won't do it,
she's too busy" and then find they certainly
would have if they had just been asked.
57
Involving the Uninvolved in Volunteering
There are ways you can get the uninvolved person
to become or continue to be a volunteer in your organ-
ization.
* Show the real need you have for his or her services.
Be honest. Do not glamorize or minimize the assign-
ment .
* Create an atmosphere of acceptance. Let the person
know you are happy to have them as part of your team.
* Even the best volunteer may miss a day or two.
Accept this as part of the scheme of things, but
make it clear that you missed them.
* Differentiate between work and social time, but
remember that socializing is very important.
Volunteering should be fun.
* Involve the volunteer in planning for the work to
be done. The person who shuns clubs and community
groups may welcome the opportunity to be the one
in charge of a special part of the project.
* Don't try to push a group or individual into accept-
ing as assignment. They might say yes out of des-
peration and then leave the scene as soon as possible
* Broaden the knowledge of local people about your
project. Let people know that your organization
is working to solve problems affecting them.
* Create a consciousness of need for help. Convince
local residents in your community of the reality
of the need for help.
* Show benefits that can be derived from the effort
of those helping. What does a volunteer gain as
a result pf volunteering for your project?
* Promise a good character and business reference when
a volunteer does a good job for you. And advertise
the fact that this reference has value to a future
employee.
* Don't take volunteers for granted. Express your
appreciation frequently. An occasional party,
picnics, free food and drink, recycling T-shirts,
ecology patches, token gifts, or s imilar, gestures
will help keep up the esprit des corps.
53
A Word of Caution
You should not take the dependability of volunteers
for granted. The best of intentions have been known to
yield to the temptation of a sunny day. Some experienced
recyclers recommend using volunteers only for well-defined
tasks of short duration. As you get to know your volun-
teers, you will learn which ones can be counted on.
Tax Benefits for Volunteers
Because your volunteers give a great deal of time,
talent, and energy to your project, be sure they are
aware of the number of tax benefits available to them
under the general charitable contribution deduction of
the Internal Revenue Code. Volunteers may deduct
unreimbursed expenditures made incident to giving
services to a qualifying nonprofit 501(c) (3) organiza-
tion.
The following are representative types of expendi -
tures that may be deducted :
* Automobile mileage (at actual expense or 7c per
mile standard rate)
* Bus and cab transportation expense
* Parking and tolls
* Special uniforms
* Telephone bills
* Entertainment and meals for others
* Costs of meals and lodging if away overnight
* Travel expenses above per dien allowance
* Tickets for charity benefits (above actual value)
The following may not be deducted :
* Value of volunteer time
* Dependent care expenses
* Your own meals and entertainment (unless away overnight)
A complete description of federal tax deductions for
volunteers can be obtained from the local IRS Taxpayer
Assistance Service. Ask for Publication 4526, "Income
Tax V e. duct-ion ^o-t Contn.i.bixt-LonA ."
59
Paid Worker:
Recycling programs often require a whole spectrum
of business duties that may demand more time and effort,
possibly more skill than a volunteer can contribute.
If you plan to use paid staff, an attractive, com-
petitive wage is necessary to retain interested and
qualified personnel. While many recycling programs
started with people who were willing to work for sub-
sistence wages, this is becoming less and less common
as recycling operations become more advanced and develop
into an industry in its own right. If you are hiring
people to operate glass crushers, balers or other pot-
entially dangerous machinery, you will find the need to
pay appealing wages especially true.
In addition to recruiting and hiring, some of the
following personnel-related responsibilities will be
of concern to your organization as well.
1. To classify jobs and prepare wage and salary scales
2. To counsel employees
3. To deal with disciplinary problems
4. To develop safety standards and practices
5. To manage benefit programs, such as group insurance,
health, and retirement plans
6. To provide for periodic reviews of the performance
of each individual employee, and for recognition of
his or her strengths and needs for further development
7. To assist individuals in their efforts to develop and
qualify for more advanced work
. . 26
8. To plan and supervise training programs
60
Some Final Words on Staffing
The size and nature of your program will help
determine your labor needs. But remember that qualified
and valuable help, volunteer or hired, does not come
automatically. You must be willing and prepared to
train and instruct your labor force in materials handling,
public assistance, education, and safety procedures.
Remember also that human resource management is
concerned with the effective use of the skills of people.
The all-important word here is PEOPLE. Whether your
people are volunteers or paid workers, most psychologists
agree that there are certain desires (and needs) for
every person at every age and station of life. Remember
these desires and needs to build a foundation of mutual
understanding and design your program around these
worker desires.
1. Desire for recognition, causing a person to seek
experience in which there is social approval,
commendation, and prestige; and to avoid exper-
iences that result in ridicule, scorn, and
disapproval .
2. Desire for affection, causing a person to seek
experience involving appreciation, understanding,
intimacy, and support; and to avoid situations
where there is a lack of love and appreciation.
3. Desire for power, causing the person to seek
experiences that hold promise of achievement ,
self-determination, and mastery; and to avoid
situations involving frustration and a sense
of failure.
4. Desire for new experience, causing a person to seek
experiences that provide novelty, adventure, thrill,
excitement, and change; and to avoid situtations of
dullness, monotony, and boredom.
5. Desire for security, causing a person to seek
experiences that give assurance of protection,
being wanted, and confidence; and to avoid
situations involving danger, insecurity, and
fear.
61
ecvc
i
a
Publicizing
Your Neighborhood
Recycling Center
Searing up a recycling program is one thing- getcir.g
the lecai residents into the habit: of using it is another.
Even if one only contributors at first are those few hands -
■F'i 1
t->>.
ail or people wno were active in organizing tne program,
and even if they advertise the center only by word of mouth
you ran expect a few hundred pounds of recyclables the
first time, and approximately a 1% increase each time you
collect thereafter. But such a relatively small volume
would make for an inefficient and disappointing venture,
especially if you plan to keep the center open several
hours per day and several days per week. It will take far
-ore than a few hundred pounds on each collection day to
have a "successful' 1 operation, one that has a meaningful
waste and resource depletion Droblems.
Begin publicizing your recycling center at leas- six
weeks before you cut the ribbon to its entrance . Contact
the local newspapers and radio and television stations.
Advertise your program m village, church, school, and
Make
1 1 <3 p n
r snore, church, an<
civic ciuo newsletters.
school bulletin boards. Have bumper stickers and oc'scers
printed up, etc. Radio and television scat ions will usuall;
oe 'ria-zcy to air your brief message as a public service
announcement and they may even be willing to air it once
or twice a week for a period of several weeks. Inform the
Mayor, 3ity Council, and Chamber of Commerce abcuc your
recycling prcjecc. They will be interested in the extent
oj
to which your efforts are reducing their solid waste
disposal problem, and they can offer assistance~in publi-
cizing your operation and assuring its success.
Many recycling program coordinators find it useful
and profitable in the early going to prepare a BROCHURE
for distribution throughout the community. Brochures and
flyers explaining all aspects of your program can be printed
up relatively inexpensively, or a local printer may be wil-
ling to donate his services.
An easily recognizable and reproducible LOGO should be
designed as a permanent program symbol. This logo should
appear on all of your publicity announcements, publications,
signs, posters, and collection equipment.
WALL POSTERS can be used to "blitz" your neighborhood
or community to announce the opening of your project. They
are also a highly visual and inexpensive way to remind the
community of what materials you accept and where your
recycling center is located. They should be visually at-
tractive with as little written copy as possible. The who,
what, when, where, and why format along with the program
logo or symbol is most effective.
CAL ENVARS announcing where your center is, when you
are open, and how to properly prepare materials are helpful
and inexpensive reminders for the household. Once sheet
of paper will suffice for a calendar which will alert the
household recycler to your recycling days for an entire
year.
Contact the WE LCOME WAGON or COMMUNITY HOSTESS organ-
izations or your local real estate agencies to see if they
will include information about your recycling center in the
information packets which they provide for new residents
and homeowners .
List your recycling center in the VELLO'J} PAGES under
"Recycling . "
PUBLIC UTILITIES are often willing to include notices
from public service groups in their billings. BANKS and
SAVINGS ANV LOANS may include similar information in mailings
to their customers. Contact each in your community regarding
their mailing policies.
If you live in an area with a large population of
MINORITY GROUPS , you should publish your posters and other
information in their respective languages.
64
Specifically in Illinois, don't forget to REGISTER
your recycling project with the Illinois Department of
Energy and Natural Resources (309 W. Washington, Chicago
IL 60606) and the Illinois Association of Recycling Centers
(P.O. Box 48761, Chicago IL 60648). Each has systems
available to refer people to you. Believe it or not,
many environmentally-aware individuals are looking for
a recycling depot to utilize or to volunteer services.
Your project may be just what they are looking for.
A TIMETABLE of collection days and hours should appear
at the entrance to your recycling center. A sign telling
donors exactly what items are currently being accepted
and what items are not accepted should also be prominently
displayed. It is a good idea to make the sign in such a
way that items which are sometimes taken, other times not,
can be easily switched from one category to the other on
the sign. And, finally, a sign outlining preparation of
materials for recycling should be prominently displayed
inside the center for the benefit of both workers and
the public.
Certain recycling centers have found it beneficial
to focus public attention on their facility by coupling
its opening -- or continuous operation -- with some sort
of school or civic event. This might involve a litter
cleanup campaign in the neighborhood, a shopping center
rally, a recycling contest (complete with prizes), or a
school contest. One of the best ideas is to hold an
event such as a concert, dance, sports event, or picnic,
or to show an environmentally-related film with the price
of admission being so many pounds of recyclables.
Whatever form your publicity takes, it should include
the following information:
1. The name of your recycling center/organization
2. Who is sponsoring it
3. The names of cooperating public and private organizations
4. Why the program is important
5. Where the recycling center is located
6. Materials being collected
7. How materials are to be prepared
8. Days and hours of collection
9. Your logo
10. A phone number for people desiring further
information to call
65
News Releases
Recognizing possible news is one of the most important
parts of a publicity program. Newspapers and reporters
look to you to provide them with accurate information
and tips on possible stories about your program.
When releasing news about your organization's activ-
ities, remember your purpose: to give information of
interest to the reader. The information should answer
the basic five "W's" -- Who, 'JJhat, Wkzn., Whe^e, and Wky?
Add to this the "Hon)?" which is very necessary when instruc-
tions are vital.
In general, the following guidelines may be helpful
in developing news releases and feature stories:
MEET PUBLICATION VEAVL1MES . Become familiar with
your community paper's production schedule. When does it
go to press? Generally a news release announcing an event
to take place on a certain date should be on the editor's
desk three weeks before the intended publication date.
The item may be published sooner, but this is at the
editor's discretion. Photos and feature stories following
an event usually have a flexible release date, i.e., for
release anytime. But they should be sent out promptly
after the activity takes place.
IS YOUR MATERIAL USABLE ? Newspapers are partly a
community service and therefore are interested in news
dealing with people and groups within their circulation
area. However, an editor is under no obligation to use
anything sent on an unsolicited basis.
Some reasons for rejecting releases may include
incomplete information, lack of identification, no news
value, fuzzy photographs or a poorly-written release.
Lack of space or a missed deadline may also reject a
release. But by observing deadlines, writing clearly
with complete information given, typing neatly, you
increase your chances of getting your release into print.
TYPING/ FORMAT . Type all information on one side of
size 2% x 11 paper. Do not use carbon paper or onion
skin paper. Clear Xerox copies are acceptable. Double
space and start the release or article at least three
inches from the top of the paper page. Use your letter-
head including your logo. Allow one-inch margins at the
sides and bottom of the page. Use standard upper and
lower case type -- do not use all capital letters, and
do not underline words for emphasis.
66
IVESiTlFV A CCMTXCT FOR MORE 1SI FORMAT I CM , At the right
of the release date, include the name of your organization
and your name and telephone number for daytime contact.
WRIT IMG . Don't attempt to spice a feature or news
release with adjectives; keep it simple, concise and
straightforward. Use the "inverted pyramid" format by
putting the most important information at the beginning.
An editor usually cuts from the bottom when an article
needs to be shortened. Remember the five W's: who,
what, when, where, and why. Keep your writing and editing
tight -- never run a news release to two pages when one will
do.
SAMPLE NEWS RELEASE
North Shore Ecology Center
^83 Euclid, rliqnland Park. iL 60033
jflK
312 432
6201
Xf
??s:
3 S2XEAS2
:q:t.vtt
?0K
2«ediws ?";L::.v?:c:.'
gecros
3RA2EC
.-are
a '.'i, l?S2
Ecolosv '.
,„,„ -.,„:„ =,-
Vcount
3
■: Hiss :-:-- r«s
rv
The "ortr. Shore r cc
legy S?'.cer, a sta
te
:: Illinois -.0
r.-c refit
organisation operating t
en recycling ce,ta
rs
throughout the
Sorth
Shore area, recycled =. r
eoord 1;6.53 tens
glass or 513,1
SO
pounds luring "..-.e cent.-.
of "ec—iary. Trio
r t
this reeorc-
breaking
fissure, t.-.eir iirr.es- aonthly collection i
;r
l?el was in Dc
tooer
when they collected 122.
15 tons :f lia, ; lC
pounds of glass
for
recycli.-uy.
The Ecology -enter,
which teerates in
cooceraticr. vich
tost
North Shore communities
including la--ce -crest
, Kignlar.d ?arx,
51ghwood f 'iorCherooK, Te
erfieic. 'ortcn
Srove , Miles anc Lincoln
wood, accepts oil
:o -
ties, tans and
-evspaper for recycling
« a worthwhile al
tei
■native to thro
wing
them into area Landfills
The Ecology lerv
:et
: cerates ten
drop— off locations vhicn
are cce.n Ci -.ours
e a
en day, year '
round .
?or sore infomat.er. tn
location :r nateri
precaration, :
ail 1
participating sunicipali
ty 3: the '.'orth Sh
4 32-o201
:r =
Ecology lirte
r it
♦
* • •
♦
1
Trvcrea owe*
. ... . ,_ .,
O /
Pictures
As the old saying goes: "A picture is worth a
thousand works," and indeed every story is better when
it has a picture along with it. In order to have good
pictures though, you do not necessarily have to be an
ace photographer or use a fancy complicated camera.
Almost any instamatic camera will give you a good photo,
and with a little practice, anybody could use one. Many
newspapers also will use photos that come from Polaroid
cameras. Here are some tips for getting good pictures
that will be usable.
* Newspapers use glossy prints which should be at least
5 by 7 inches. Do not send mats or metal for picture
reproduction without first asking the editor.
* Newspapers use black and white photographs only.
* Do not crowd too many people in one picture, and do
not spread them out. Unless the newspaper has
specifically said that it can use a three or four
column picture, take only two or three people in a
picture and let them be close together. Shoulders
should be touching or overlapped. This way, the
picture can be used in two columns if necessary.
* In setting up the picture, keep an eye out for
details. See that skirts are down, hair is in
place, and that heads are not against backgrounds
that would give a strange effect.
* Do not tape or staple anything to a photo.
* Do not write on the back of the photo with any-
thing that will show through — like the indentation
of a ball point pen or magic marker that might bleed
through to the faces on the front.
63
On -Air Ixoosure
Television and Radio
What is a public service announcement? A public
service announcement or PSA is like a television or
radio commercial. However, instead of selling a pro-
duct, its message is designed to promote and publicize
an activity, event, or service of a qualified, nonprofit
organization. 3y broadcasting PSA's, television and
radio stations serve the entire community because, in
effect, they are broadcasting important messages and
information addressing community-wide concerns and are
making viewers aware of resources available to them.
SAMPLE PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT
Morth Shore Ecology Center
■>33 Euclid. Highland Park.lL 40035
312 432*201
^
Public Service Announcement
?or Immediate Broadcast
-cntact Person :
George 9rabec
4 70-0: 4 2
SAVING ;NE?GV5 A CAS
Recycling is good for /our community a.-.d America.
Svery ton of aluminum reused e-.mmates the need for
48 oarre.s or .mpcrted oil. ?a ,
What* , and Who* o£ Bylaw*, which includes the following
questions you should ask yourselves when you write your
bylaws .
1. What is the full, official name of the organization?
2. What is the purpose of the organization?
3. Who can become members of the organization?
4. What dues, if any, must be paid?
5. When will meetings be held, and how often?
6. How many members must be present for business
to be done?
7. What officers will be necessary, how shall they
be chose, and how long shall they serve?
8. What are the duties of the officers?
9. When will elections be held?
10. How shall committees be chosen?
11. How can the bylaws be changed?
Hew to Get Samole Bvlaws
Ask similar nonprofit organizations for a copy of
their bylaws. If you are part of or want to be part of
a national association, the national office may be able
to provide sample bylaws.
Making It Final
As you discuss what you want, write the points down.
Try to keep them as short and simple as possible. Now ask
a lawyer to review what you have done to make sure that the
language meets the current federal, state, and local laws.
Include a way to amend the bylaws as necessary. Good by-
laws will stand the test of time, but also may be improved
by amendments .
79
After everything is down on paper, send copies to
everyone in your organization. After final changes, , n
your group can vote to approve or ratify the bylaws . J
Should Your Group Become A
Tax-Exempt, Nonprofit Organization ?
As your group defines the purpose of the organization
and sets its goals, you soon will have to consider creating
a legal framework for the group -- that is, you may want
to incorporate. If you are only a small group of indiv-
iduals, each of whom pays his or her own expenses, and you
have no desire to grow, you probably do not need to incor-
porate. However, once you plan an ambitious program that
will require handling large amounts of money and involve
large numbers of people, you will benefit from doing the
work necessary to convert your group into a tax-exempt,
nonprofit corporation.
Forming a Nonprofit Corporation in Illinois
Forming a nonprofit corporation can be a complicated
procedure. Here we hope to: 1) assist you with filing
the Articles of Incorporation; 2) point out decisions you
must make and government agencies you must contact; and
3) make you aware of your legal duties after incorporation
Some of the terminology used and requirements listed
may be new to you. You may want to seek the advice of a
lawyer to explain these things and to outline your legal
obligations at various stages of the organizing process.
30
Tke.se pageA age o^eAzd as a basic guide
only and are not meant to bub statute. for
prc^e^^ionat le.gal advice. We have at-
tempted to be thorough and accurate but
cannot be re& possible for change in
state, on. fodcral law* and tkoJji appli-
cation to youx organization' 6 individual
circumstance* and needs .
Begin by obtaining the following documents from
the agencies listed.
* "No£-FoA-Pno&& Corporation Gui.de."
* "Ge.ne.ial Uo£-?ok-Vko&A Corporation Act, 19 SI"
* form MP- 29, "AsuUcZte, o£ Incorporation"
Request these documents from:
ILLINOIS SECRETARY OF STATE
Corporation Department
Centennial Building
Third Floor
Springfield, IL 62757
(217) 782-7880
or ILLINOIS SECRETARY OF STATE
Corporation Department
188 West Randolph
Room 1625
Chicago, IL 60601
(312) 793-3380
"LlLinots Charitable Organization Lacs"
Request this document from :
ILLINOIS ATTORNEY GENERAL
Division of Charitable Trust
and Solicitations
500 S. Second Street
Springfield, IL 62706
(217) 782-1090
or
ILLINOIS ATTORNEY GENERAL
Division of Charitable Trust
and Solicitations
188 W. Randolph, Room 1826
Chicago, IL 60601
(312) 793-2595
IRS Publication 557, "Tax-Exempt Status for
Your Organization"
IRS Form "702 3, "Application for Recognition
c$ Exemption Under Section 501(c)(3)"
31
* IRS Tonm SS-4, " AppJUccutlo n ^on. Employ qa
IdzYvtl^acution NambeA"
Request these documents and forms from :
U.S. INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
Forms
P.O. Box 24672
Kansas City, MO 64131
Illinois Incorporation :
What are the Articles of Incorporation?
This is the legal document through which a corporation
is formed. This document is sometimes referred to as the
CHARTER. Regardless of your future tax-exempt status, you
will need to complete and submit two identical copies of
the Articles of Incorporation, form NP-29. All the guestions
must be answered.
What Goes Into Articles of Incorporation ?
1. Corporate Name:
You may choose any name you want as long as it is not the same
as, or deceptively similar to, the name of an existing Illinois
corporation, a foreign corporation authorized to conduct affairs
in Illinois, or a name the exclusive right to which is currently
reserved. You can check to see if the name you wish to use is
currently available by writing or phoning the Secretary of
State in Springfield.
2. Registered Agent and Office:
The purpose of requiring each corporation to maintain a registered
agent and office in Illinois is to provide a public record of
the name of a person upon whom service of process against the
corporation may be made, and of the place where such person may
be found. This person is also the one to whom official cor-
respondence from the Secretary of State is sent.
3. Duration:
The duration is the period of time you plan to be incorporated.
You can state a specific number of years, or you can make it
perpetual, allowing the corporation to remain in existence
until you choose to dissolve it.
82
Purpose :
The purpose is a statement of the type of function or character
for which the corporation is formed. Illinois requires this
statement to be a narrow or specific purpose and will not
accept a purpose that is too broad, general, or vague.
Directors :
You must have at least three directors. They do not have to
be Illinois residents or corporation members, but you may
require these restrictions or impose any other qualifications
you choose. Restrictions and qualifications may be set forth
on the Articles of Incorporation under the "Other Provisions"
section, or you may leave restrictions and qualifications
to be set forth in the corporate bylaws.
Incorporators :
You must have at least three incorporators , each of whom must
be a natural citizen of the United States and at least twenty-
one years old. Only the incorporators must sign the Articles
of Incorporation on the last page.
Other Provisions:
In this section you may list any other provisions regarding the
internal affairs of the corporation which you wish to have
included as part of the Articles of Incorporation. These
may include: tax-exempt status, restrictions and qualifications
and other regulations.
What is the Cost and How Do You File ?
To become a nonprofit corporation in Illinois, deliver
two identical copies of the Articles of Incorporation and
$50 in the form of a certified check, cashiers check, or
money order, to the Secretary of State.
Articles of Incorporation, whether received in Chicago
or Springfield, have their final approval only in Springfield.
All Articles brought in to the Chicago office are tentatively
approved there but must be forwarded to Springfield for
final action. When approved, the Secretary of State will
stamp the date of filing on both copies of the Articles of
Incorporation and return one copy along with a Certificate
of Incorporation.
83
What Has To Be Done After Incorooration?
Recording :
After you receive the Certificate and Articles of Incorporation
from the Secretary of State, you must file them with the Office
of the Recorder of Deeds of the county in which the registered
office of the corporation is located. This recording must be
within fifteen days after the Secretary of State has mailed
these items, or as soon as possible thereafter.
Federal Employer Identification Number:
Whether your corporation will be tax-exempt or not, you should
apply for your Federal Employer Identification Number (F.E.I.N.).
Almost all corporations will need to have this number at some
time. Obtain Form SS-4 from the IRS to apply for this number.
Federal Income Tax:
Should you decide to apply for federal income tax exemption,
you should do so after you have been incorporated and you
have received the Certificate and Articles of Incorporation
from the Secretary of State.
If you do not apply for or do not receive a federal tax exemption,
you must file federal income tax returns and pay the proper tax.
Consult the Internal Revenue Service for the time to file and
the forms to use.
Illinois Income Tax:
If your corporation receives a federal tax exemption, it is
exempt from Illinois income tax. No reports need to be filed
and no tax is due.
If you do not apply for or do not receive a federal tax exemption,
you must file Illinois income tax returns and pay the proper tax.
Consult the Illinois Department of Revenue, Income Tax Division
for the time to file and the forms to use.
In SpAtng&tzld, tkz Vzpaxtmznt o^ Zzvznu.ii £& locatzd at P.O.
Box 3545, Spnlngilzld 1L 62708, pkonz: [to It a '*ee) $00-641-2150.
Thz Chicago o^lcz Lb locatzd at 160 M. LaSallz, Chicago IL 60601,
phonz: 312-793-3036.
Illinois Sales Tax:
Some nonprofit corporations may qualify for an exemption from
paying sales tax on goods bought for the use of the organization
if they are formed exclusively for charitable, religious, or
educational purposes. To find out if you qualify, send a letter
of request to the Illinois Department of Revenue, Sales Tax
Divis ion.
34
SpsUngfaeZd: 1500 S. Hiutk SViioX, Spitng faild II 6270S, pkoni
[tell fan) 800-641-2150. Chicago: 160 M. LaSalli Stliit, Urn. 715,
Chicago IL 60601, phom: 312-793-3196.
Enclose photocopies of your Articles of Incorporation, bylaws,
IRS exemption letter or any other document which may help in
determining your status. The Department will notify you if
you qualify.
If you qualify for sales tax exemption, you will be issued a letter
ruling to that effect. You may not use your nonprofit registra-
tion number of F. E.I.N, to claim exemption from Illinois sales tax.
Illinois Attorney General Registration:
Certain charitable organizations must register with the Attorney
General, Division of Charitable Trust and Solicitations under
either or both the Illinois Charitable Trust Act or the Illinois
Solicitation Act. Information and forms should be obtained
from the Office of the Attorney General (Address on page 81).
Annual Reports to the Secretary of State:
ALL nonprofit corporations must file an annual report of officers
and directors with the Secretary of State, the due date depending
upon when the corporation was formed. The annual report will be
due before the first day of the corporation's anniversary month
each year. The anniversary month means the month in which the
corporation was formed. Failure to file an annual report may
result in involuntary dissolution of the corporation.
Annual Reports to Other Government Agencies:
The Internal Revenue Service, the Illinois Department of Revenue,
and the Illinois Attorney General may require various annual
returns. Whether you must file a return and which return you
will use depends in part on your status as a tax-exempt or
non- tax-exempt corporation. To be sure of your obligation,
consult the proper agency.
Other Reports to the Secretary of State:
Any change in the corporate name, duration, or purpose will
require that the Articles of Incorporation be amended, using
the proper form. Also, should the corporation need to report
a merger, dissolution, or reinstatement, it should use the
proper form. All forms for these reports are available from
the Secretary ,of State and should be filed when the particular
event occurs .
Tax Consequences for Nonprofit Corporations
Should your organization incorporate as a nonprofit
corporation and file with the Internal Revenue Service
as a tax-exempt organization? Depending on your circum-
stances, it may be desirable to do so. To see what this
is so, let us begin by examining briefly the two basic
differences between "for profit" and "nonprofit" organi-
zations and the tax consequences for each.
For profit organizations promote the return of tangible
benefits to their owners, generally in the form of
profits on investments.
Nonprofit organizations are "owned" by members who
receive no financial return. Nonprofit organizations
enjoy both special priveleges and restrictions on
their operations which are designed to provide a
socially desirable service without regard to profits
or financial gain.
The Tax Reform Act of 19 69 created two general cate-
gories of exempt organizations, (1) the private foundation,
and (2) other than a private foundation, with different
rules and benefits for each.
Private foundations are subject to a number of restric-
tions on their activities and are subject to certain taxes,
including a tax on the failure to distribute their income
at a specified level. Normally, individual donors can
deduct contributions of no more than 20 percent of their
adjusted gross income to a private foundation.
Publically supported organizations, on the other hand
("other than private foundations"), receive broad public
support and are subject to a minimum of federal regulation.
These organizations have no specific rules on the amount
of surplus they can accumulate so long as it "does not
become excessive." In addition to the major tax benefits
enjoyed by these organizations, individual donors to them
can normally deduct contributions up to 50 percent of their
adjusted gross income.
Tax Benefits
The considerable tax benefits for even small organiza-
tions that qualify with the IRS as exempt organizations may
be a major consideration.
36
State regulations vary, but Illinois imposes a 4
percent tax rate for corporations. The federal tax system
applies a 22 percent normal tax rate on corporations, plus
a 26 percent surtax rate on excess income over $25,000.
Thus a nonexempt Illinois organization with a net income
of $77,500 pays 336,800 in taxes -- an Illinois tax of
$3,100 and a federal tax of $30,700 (22% x $77,500 plus
26% x $52,500) .
In addition, exempt organizations under Section
501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code are not now required
to pay social security taxes (unless their employees and
employer elect to be covered) , they may not be obligated
to contribute to unemployment taxes, and they usually
seek additional exemptions from state sales taxes and
local real estate taxes .
Securing Tax Exemption
Since tax exemption is a privilege, not a right, it
must be earned. The IRS is hardly renowned for its largesse,
especially when it may cost the Treasury a oenny or two.
Surprisingly, however, the provisions of the Internal Revenue
Code giving exemptions for charitable contributions and org-
anizations are liberally construed.
The journey to the promised land begins with IRS form
102 3: "Application for Recognition of Exemption Under Section
501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code.
The application, accompanied by a conformed copy (one
that agrees with the original and all amendments) of the
organization's certificate of incorporation, constitution
or bylaws, a classified statement of receipts and expendi-
tures, and a balance sheet for the current year and three
immediate prior years must be filed in duplicate with the
district director for the key district in which the organ-
ization' s principal office or place of business is located.
Approved applications will be made available for public
inspection and copying.
If the application is accepted, a determination or
ruling letter will be issued to the organizaiton . An
adverse determination letter may be appealed within thirty
days to the regional director of appeals.
37
"The entrepreneur himself doesn't
come as a fullblown system. It takes a
certain kind of person to get the idea
and to transform it somehow or other
into an implementation or a form or
product, ft takes another person to
manage and grow it. "
Business Management
Running a successful recycling center calls fcr i
deal of ability. It is a talent, often like juggling crane
The techniques can be learned, and the skills necessary fcr
success can be acquired. This section deals with effective
man a cement tool
for controlling
.ne ODerari:
vour croied
Wh at Is M anacement?
In general, management responsibilities fall into
rrcucs of processes :
rour
* Planning
* Organizing the physical aspects or resources
of a b us i ne s s
* Organizing the "human resources" of the business
* Supervising the use of these physical and human
res ources
Z'r.ese processes are common to management in all bu;
although naturally the specifics vary with the type of ':
The key co successful management lies more in knowing h<
apply z'r.ese processes generally than it does in knowing
fically everything that is going en at any particular t:
messes
us iness
iW to
39
Of course, as a recycling entrepreneur, you should be
familiar with every job in your project, but knowing how the
program operates does not mean you should involve yourself in
the details of every job, except to those which you can bring
your own expert skills and knowledge. Delegating the other
jobs and concentrating on the proper management of the entire
operation is the profitable course.
Even before your recycling project is underway, you are
faced with an endless number of things to do, choices to
make, and plans to execute. Managing a recycling center is
a continuing task that is never fully accomplished, a process
of constant change and continual updating. In an active
organization, nothing remains the same for very long; it is
management's job to meet changing conditions as well as to
initiate change within the organization.
Above all, you should keep in mind that management is
more than administration, although it includes administration.
Management entails leadership, and the manager of any community
project must display a great deal of this trait. Peers, em-
ployees and volunteers, donors, market representatives, and
the community you serve must all feel confidence in the manage-
ment's leadership of your program if it is to succeed.
SO MANAGEMENT CALLS FOR :
* Decision making and problem-solving skills;
* Skills in communication and human interaction; and
Imagination, toughness, and sensitivity to the needs of others.
MANAGING ENTAILS :
* Understanding and maintaining financial records;
Monitoring of inventory and staffing levels;
* Shopping wisely for materials, tools, and equipment; and
Administering other ooerations of the organization.
90
Planning
The first management job is planning, a combination of
realistic calculations and crystal ball gazing. It is an
exercise in arithmetic and imagination, in separating the
possible from the impossible.
Planning consists of first: setting a target or an ob-
jective for yourself, your organization, and its operations.
Then you must determine the best (or at least a cost-effective'
way of achieving your plan, using a step-by-step procedure.
Your plan should include what people, money, space, equipment
and materials are needed, when they are needed and for how
long, to reach your objective.
Wise planners rake a somewhat conservative view of what
is realistic when estimating what can be accomplished with
any given level of staff and other resources. It is a dis-
asterous
L O
a.^
Recycle
Paper!
DON'T DESTROY IT NEEDLESSLY
KlMSlfiM
1'IORTH SHORE ECOLOGY CENTER, INC,
THE NORTH
SYMBO
SHORE ECOLOGY CENTER RECYCLING
PEOPLE TO RECYCLING DEPOTS
SUBURBS ,
DIRECTS
IN CHICAGO S NORTHERN
101
c
w a eiLaa
NORTH SHORE ECOLOGY CENTER
la 1971, the North Shore Ecology Center (MSEC) was incorporated
as a citizens effort to maximize the recycling of natural resources
found in our solid waste trash pile. Recycling, the planned reuse of
items normally discarded as waste, is a process offering alternatives
to present landfill disposal practices in Chicago's suburbs. The North
Shore Ecology Center recognized solid waste management as a severe
problem long before local municipalities ever thought their landfills
might run out of space.
The operation of ten recycling drop-off sites comprises NSEC's
major service to the cornmunicies of the North Shore. The depots are
available for public use in the towns of Deerfield, Glencoe, Highland
Park, Lake Forest, Nor thb rook, Skokie, Winnetka, and Oak Park (the first
MSEC location not on Chicago's north shore). In excess of 5000 tons
of materials (bottles, cans, and newspaper) are collected yearly at the
recycling depots which are open 24 hours daily, 7 days each week.
Additional services of the North Shore Ecology Center include:
Environmental Information and Referral Service
By calling 432-6201, citizens in the Chicago metropolitan area can
obtain in format ion for teaching, school or club projects, business reports,
speeches, homemaking, or just because they're interesced. The Referral
Service helps direct people to the group, agency, or individual who can
best assist them with solutions to their environmental questions or
prob Lems .
Environmental Awareness Programs
A slide presentation on recycling is available to organizations,
schools, and civic srouos .
Energy Conservation Demonstrations
The North Shore Ecology Center offers demonstrations of a
variety of low-energy projects applying conservation technologies.
Among the demonstrations offered is an electric-powered, adult
tricycle with a basket for short range, in-town errands. Also
available is a demonstration of the organization's pedal-powered
generator, an exercycle that produces electricity to operate a
small TV, radio, or tape recorder. And the NSEC also maintains a
low-energy house with solar heat featuring small size, insulation
active and passive solar heat, hot water pre-heating, and water
conservation.
For more information, write NSEC, 491 Madison,
Glencoe IL 60022.
103
3jM!S 5@La
©
CITY OF EVAMSTON RECYCLING CENTER
EVANS.TON, ILLINOIS
THIS VIEW OF THE CITY OF EVANSTON RECYCLING
CENTER HIGHLIGHTS THE NEWLY 3UILT, COVERED
STORAGE FACILITY AND SPACIOUS GROUNDS FOR
RECYCLING CONVENIENCE,
10 4
Kj^!§ 3 6*
11111
!i6liS
CITY CF EVANSTON RECYCLING CENTER
Evanston, Illinois
In April of 1981, the Evanston Recycling Center celebrated its
Grand Opening at its new location, 2222 Oakcon Street in Evans ton.
Illinois. The City had previously operated a recycling drop-off canter
in their city yards. Although there is fairly strong support of recyc-
ling in the Evans ton community, the city yard site had its share of
problems, including vandalism and dangerous driving conditions (e.g.,
scattered broken glass and debris). Tne fact chat the land was slated
f:r sale in the near future helped promote plans for relocating the
The idea of developing a comprehensive municipal recycling center
which would incorporate zht-. Forestry Department's handling of wood
waste (as well a the recycling of cans, glass, and paper) began taking
final shape in 1980. With the support of the community and the help
of the City and revenue-sharing dollars, the EPA's Technical Assistance
Panel, and several dedicated individuals, zhe Evans ton Recycling Center
moved to its new and larger, fenced-in location and expanded its service.
The Forestry Department assumed responsibility for the new recycling
program and utilized the Environmental Internship Program to acquire a
manager for the summer to organize the program, publicize it, develop a
public education format, and to investigate markets. The Environmental
Intern Program is a nonprofit organization which matches students in the
environmental field with sponsors (either private, public, or nonprofit
organizations) involved with environmentally-related projects.
The Evans ton Recycling Center currently accepts newspaper, bimetal
cans, clear glass, mixed brown and green glass, and recently began
separating out aluminum. The Center collects a monthly average of 25
tons of paper, 12 tons of glass, 1.5 tons of bimetal, and between April
and September of 1931, one ton of donated aluminum was recycled. Load
lugger bins are provided by a local scrap yard and hauling company for
the organization's use.
_ . z
Since the move in 1981, the number of participants and also the
level of revenues have been increasing. At one time, the Forestry
Department paid over $6 per cubic yard to dump their bulky and mas-
sive quantities of cut trees in the landfill. These trees are now
brought to the recycling center and used in various ways, saving dumping
fees, landfill space, and a valuable resource.
Almost all Illinois communities must deal with Dutch Elm diseased
trees, and contrary to popular myth, these trees can be reutilized either
as wood chips for landscaping purposes, or as furniture, veneer, or as
raw material for pulp and paper manufacture, to name just a few. Evanston' s
diseased trees are sold to be processed into lumber. The Oaks, Maples,
and other hardwoods are split and sold as firewood at the Center. The
limbs of the cut trees are chipped and provided free to the public, as
are the stump grindings which can be used as mulch.
The wood chips, compost, and mulch serve as further incentive for
those recyclers who need tangible benefits for their efforts. But more
important, this wood processing operation strongly supports the recycling
and waste trimming concepts that recycling centers promote.
The Evanston Recycling Center has established permanent recycling
boxes in the lunchrooms and vending areas of the City Hall and Forestry
Department building as one means to increase the visibility of the Center
and also to encourage city employees to recycle their beverage cans .
The Center plans to establish such boxes in all city buildings (e.g.,
police and fire departments, libraries, etc.). A similar program is
also being considered with local businesses and plants.
Although recycling is definitely not new in Evanston, with the
increased support and resources being offered by the City, the opportun-
ity exists for maximizing its potential as a recycling and educational
tool.
For further information, write the Recycling Manager, Forestry Depart-
ment, City of Evanston, 2100 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60204.
106
wlllf S
li=l !S
THE NILES TOWNSHIP HIGH SCHOOLS
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE CENTER
SKOKIE, ILLINOIS
■■■■• ■■-■■• -*VA
,/•-'""" "
107
SM=§ FiS 1
J W \mmJ >mJ ^-J
THE fll-LES TOWNSHIP HIGH SCHOOLS
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE CENTER
Skokie, Illinois
The Niles Township High Schools Environmental Resource Cencer is a
project: of High School District 219 encompassing the four nothern Illin-
ois villages of Skokie, Morton Grove, Niles, and Lincolnwood . George
Srabec, a graduate of Niles West High School, has managed the recycling
center since its inception and is assisted by students from all three
high schools in the district.
In May 1971, the reclamation program was initiated with eight waste
barrels. Today, with school and community support, the program has been
greatly expanded to include specialized equipment for storing and trans-
porting materials, as well as a complete environmental resource library
and community speakers bureau.
This organization is unique within the school system. No other stu-
dent activity has such a regular income, nor so many responsibilities.
Whereas many high school projects revolve only around the school campus,
the activities of the recycling center benefit and involve the student
body and the entire surrounding community.
The recycling center facilities and services are available to all,
whether they are student workers or contributors of materials. The
school district, citizens, government, and industry alike have contributed
to the success of the reclamation center. When the recycling center
appealed to Industry and government for aid, support was granted.
As the project is currently recycling bottles, cans, and newspaper
at a level of over 1,000 tons per year, all participants hope that this
type of cooperation and participation continues because the reclamation
center is providing a unique learning experience for students and com-
munity residents.
:: 2
The recycling center operates not only as a symbol of environmental
concern, but also as a living laboratory teaching many skills. But even
more important, the recycling center serves as an illustration of what
people can do, as individuals, to eliminate our solid waste problem.
And in addition, the program can help modify our throw-away habits and
foster a new era of respect and understanding of our environment as well
as demonstrate the need for a new environmental ethic that works hand-
in-hand with progress and economic development.
For more information, write the Environmental Resource Center,
7929 Austin, Skokie, Illinois 60077.
109
kS® f ©iLlaili rOfilll!
PALOS RECYCLE DEPOT
PALOS HEIGHTS, ILLINOIS
sssswswsaws?***
VOLUNTEERS OF THE MORAINE VALLEY COMMUNITY
COLLEGE ECOLOGY CLUB VOLUNTEER THEIR SER-
VICES AT THE °ALOS RECYCLE DEPOT,
110
SMS FfEf*
M©U5
PALPS RECYCLE DEPOT
Palos Heights, Illinois
After one year of planning, the Palos Recycle Depot opened for
business on Saturday, November S, 19 80. The location is part of the
local Buick dealership and affords easy entry and exit, with ample
room for the unloading and work area.
The Depot consists of two semi- trailers , one fixed in position
without wheels and the other roadworthy. The latter is used for the
newspaper, magazines, and cardboard. The fixed unit houses a 250-gailon
oil tank and crushed glass. Flattened tin and aluminum cans are stored
in heavy duty cardboard barrels. The materials are taken by maxi-van
to market — the exception being oil which is pumped into a tank truck.
Twelve local nonprofit organizations, representing a large variety
of community concerns and causes, provide the manpower for the Palos
Recycle Depot. Each works one Saturday in a quarter and receives 1/2
of the profit. After 40 weeks of operation, each organization which
provided labor received 5 72, $129, and 3153 for their efforts.
After 40 weeks of operation, collection statistics were impressive,
including 3.404 lbs. of aluminum cans; 1,016 lbs. of miscellaneous alum-
inum; 37,369 lbs. of glass bottles and jars; 5,180 lbs. of tin cans;
500 gallons of used motor oil; and over 73 tons of newsprint, magazines,
and cardboard.
Program participants feel that greater support of the project will
develop as they plan a promotional campaign which will include the devel-
opment of a logo and distribution of flyers to the community. Palos
Recycle Depot is managed by a seven-person governing board which includes
a chairman, vice-chairman, secretary, and treasurer.
For additional information write Varren Jacobek , Chairman, Palos
Recycle Depot, 3011 '^est 12^th Street, Palos Park, Illinois 60464.
Ill
nnn f P 1
IF i|« iL^ iLJ ^3
^J ^^ ^mtf >■• -■■•
MC HENRY COUNTY DEFENDERS
CRYSTAL LAKE, ILLINOIS
GLASS, CANS, ALUMINUM, AND USED MOTOR
OIL ARRIVE AT A MC HENRY RECYCLING
DRIVE,
112
SMflf i[ ^ !
MC HENRY COUNTY DEFENDERS
Crystal Lake, Illinois
An enthusiastic group of environmental activists initiated a glass
recycling program in Crystal Lake, Illinois in February of 19 71. The
McHenry County Defenders, as they came to be known, have grown and pros-
pered. Paper and tin collections were added within a year, followed
shortly thereafter by the addition of aluminum. The 250-member organ-
ization now also collects used motor oil and has expanded its resource
recovery programs to serve the City of McHenry, and most recently, the
community of Woodstock.
The Defenders sponsor recycling drives on the third Saturday of
each month. Because of the amount of labor required, the Defenders
enlist the aid of a large variety of community groups. In Crystal Lake,
3oy Scout Troop 127 regularly handles glass collections. For their
efforts, the Scouts receive all revenues from the sale of this material.
Tin and aluminum cans and used motor oil are handled by the Defenders ,
and proceeds from the sale of these materials supports their organization.
Proceeds for paper collections are shared by the Defenders and other
community groups. The Defenders arrange for trucks, provide for insurance
and publicize the drives, but labor is provided by an interested community
organization. In the City of McHenry, all materials are processed by
Defender members with the help of more local groups. The groups then
split revenues. The Defenders believe that community involvement is the
key to their program's success. Each group that participates encourages
new people to recycle their bottles, cans, newspaper, and used motor oil.
Containers for the storage of glass, tin, aluminum, and used oil are
provided by a local disposal company which markets the materials as well.
The charge to the Defenders for the company's labor is equivalent to one
half of the orofits made from the glass.
113
Serai-trailers for collection of newspaper are usually provided by
the company that purchases the Defenders' newspaper. For the past few
years, paper has been sold to insulation manufacturers in the area.
But the Defenders recently purchased their own semi-trailer to use
in the collection of mixed paper (magazines, junk mail, etc.). A local
truck driver is hired to deliver mixed paper to market.
The volume of materials recycled varies between Crystal Lake and
McHenry (figures are not yet available for Woodstock). Drives in Crystal
Lake serve a population of approximately 30,000; McHenry 12,000. Last
year about 206 tons of paper and 480 gallons of used oil were recycled
in Crystal Lake. 315 tons of paper and 410 gallons of oil were recycled
in McHenry. The quantity of paper collected at the drives has decreased
over the last year. Keeping track of the volume of glass and metal has
been difficult because it is saved for several months and mixed with
materials from other sources before it is sold.
Providing new and improved services to the community is another factor
in the success of this program. Last January in Crystal Lake, the Defenders
began an aluminum buy-back program in cooperation with Chicago Can Company.
People have the option of selling their aluminum cans or donating them
to the Defenders, who in turn sell them to Chicago Can. Hopefully this
buy-back program will increase the amount of other recyclables dropped
off at the drives .
In addition to the recycling programs in Crystal Lake, McHenry, and
Woodstock, the Defenders have a non-roadworthy semi-trailer stationed at
the Chicago & Northwestern train station in Crystal Lake. Each night,
C & NW workers clean the train cars and put the newspapers they collect
at this auxilliary depot.
For more information, write McHenry County Defenders, P.O. Box 603,
Crystal Lake, Illinois 60014.
114
Si^!Ei a@Udl8
^yfelSs
NAPERVILLE AREA RECYCLING CENTER
NAPERVILLE/ ILLINOIS
THE NEW LOCATION FOR THE NAPERVILLE AREA
RECYCLING CENTER FEATURES A SOLAR-HEATED
SHELTER, THE RECYCLING CENTER IS LOCATED
JUST OFF OGDEN, ONE MILE WEST OF MILL ST,
THE INTERIOR CONTAINS THE CAN CRUSHER,
WORK TABLES/ AND STORAGE FOR ALUMINUM,
115
ifilMfS i B 1
iff) g wLJ) 3
NAPERVILLE AREA RECYCLING CENTER
NaDerville, Illinois
The Naperville Area Recycling Center, locally known at NARC , is the
rebirth under new auspices of the former Naperville Reclamation Center,
which succumbed to a combination of causes, primarily financial, in late
1979. MARC celebrated its second anniversary at the end of March, 1982,
ana business is boomins;.
The Naperville area is a strong recycling area, donating many tons
annually of materials. NARC is one of only four full-service recycling
centers in DuPage County (others being located in Glen Ellyn, Elmhurst,
and Villa Park.); it also serves residents of Kane and Will Counties.
Centers in these counties are in Bolingbrock, Aurora, and St. Charles.
NARC attempts to recycle as much as possible, and in additio
usual newspaper, glass, beverage cans, and motor oil, the Center
cardboard, high grade papers, tin cans, old appliances, and all o
metal scrap. A scrap yard in Aurora provides a container and reg
oickuD for the cans and other scran. NARC recentlv nurchased a t
section, roofed roll-off container for glas:
Paner companies or
trailers and hauling. NARC owns a small can crusher that reduces
by SO'o and saves workers the tedious and back-breaking hand-tampi
in the past. Funds for this crusher were donaced by the board of
defunct Reclamation Center.
n to the
takes
ther
ular
hrea-
ovide
volume
ng used
the
Manpower is a key concern of nearly all recycling centers and NARC
handles the problem in the following manner. (NARC wishes co extend its
thanks to the recyclers of Hazel Crest for their example.)
Various community organizations field teams of workers who share the
task of manning the Center on a rotating basis. Saturday teams work an
3-week rotation; Wednesday teams alternate every 4 weeks. Unaffiliated
volunteers supplement teams and occasionally shoulder the entire burden
when an organization team is not available. Children over the age of 10
may work with an adult who knows them and will supervise trhem. Teen
groups often assist adult groups.
At each Annual Meeting, some funds from various sales income are
distributed among the volunteer organizations on a pro-rata basis, dep-
ending on how many times they have worked. Income is also spent on
equipment, advertising, and lease payments to the City of Naperville.
NARC is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization operating on city land.
Recently the recycling center moved from its old location to make way for
a Sesquicentennial Park. The City provided the capital for improvements
of a new site. The opportunity to move to a new location was full of
excitement with many decisions to be made. When asked what they wanted
most in a new center location, workers agreed, "To be warm in winter!"
Thus a solar heated shelter was proposed and built.
The solar shelter is a 20' x 30' building with earth on all but the
south side, utilizing a "solar attic" concept. The designing architect,
Kenneth P. Woods of Naperville, will be glad to discuss his design with
interested parties. Cost of construction is expected to be just over
$20,000. The interior will hold the can crusher, work tables, plumbing,
and storage for aluminum.
For additional information, write NARC, P.O. Box 894, Naperville,
Illinois 60540.
THE RESOURCE CENTER
Chicago, Illinois
COMMUNITY RECYCLING CENTER
Champaign, Illinois
OPTIONS RECYCLING TEAM
Chicago, Illinois
Profiles of these organizations can be
found in the next section, "Recycling:
Possibilities for Ecolomic Development
117
Garbage r
O v ci
m tne
O 9
nly for
e rich?
Recycling:
Possibilities for Economic Development
3Y
GREG LINDSEY
:hapter, Recycling
Possibilities was made possible by a grant
from the Community Renewal Society, 111 N.
Wabash, Chicago IL. Questions regarding
the work of the Society in recycling may
be directed to Mr. Tom Carlson. The Dept.
of Energy and Natural Resources and the
Morth Shore Ecology Center appreciare the
support of the Society in this endeavor.
119
Recycling:
Possibilities for Economic Development
"Thz*z oudgzt cuts arz killing uvs
and boitlz^s all ovzr."
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133
It is revealing to note that the growth in revenues clearly has
out-paced the growth in volume. This is primarily because the major
growth has been in aluminum, the most valuable recyclable. Sales of
aluminum accounted for almost 55% of total revenues from the sale of
materials. Volume and revenues from the sale of used oil, the value
of which recently increased, also increased significantly. An improved
market for bimetal cans also contributed to increased revenues in 1981.
Inflation accounted for very little of the increase in revenues, prices
for many materials, especially newsprint and other paper products, de-
creased in 1981. The relative value of each material can be estimated
by comparing the percentage of volume accounted for be each recyclable
to the percentage of revenues accounted for by each recyclable. As
noted earlier, this does not address the net value of each commodity.
Except for aluminum, data on the amount of handling that is necessary
to prepare each material for shipping are not available, and comparisons
of the advantages of handling one recyclable rather than another cannot
be made.
As its aluminum buy-back program has grown, the CRC has placed
emphasis on managing it more effeciently. The costs of the program
have been analyzed, and it is clear that revenues exceed expenditures.
Aluminum is bought from the public three days a week between 9:00 a.m.
and 4:00 p.m. Only one person is assigned to the buy-back operation,
and he or she usually has time to help with other tasks. Aluminum is
weighed on an electrical digital scale and fed through a magnetic
separator-blower from x-zhich it is blown into a 40-foot semi-trailer.
On a busy day, 2,500 pounds of cans may be purchased and the worker
will have time for little else. CRC estimates it costs approx. 5c
per pound for handling and hauling:
* Labor costs, based on a worker at $4.00 per hour,
are between 2c and 3c per pound.
* Hauling costs are between 1.5c and 2c per pound (the
market used by CRC is in Chicago, 135 miles away;
16,000 pounds of flattened cans fit into the trailer).
This does not include equipment costs. The Center is fortunate in that
its flattener/b lower is provided as part of its contract with its
market.
The Center tries to maintain at least a 7c to 8c margin of
revenues over expenditures. This means that the amount paid to the
public is, at most, seven or eight cents less than the price CRC
receives from its market. This ensures that the Center will make
two or three cents per pound profit. For example, CRC recently was
receiving 29c per pound for aluminum cans. The amount the Center
was paying for these cans then ranged from 16c to 22c per pound,
depending on the total weight of the cans purchased on the trans-
action. Therefore, the minimum margin was 7c.
134
CRC's analysis of aluminum transactions by weight for a four
month period is presented in Table 4. During this period, more than
80% of the transactions brought in less than 50% of the total weight.
Because each transaction involved fixed costs (i.e., time for inter-
action with the seller, preparation of a receipt, and payment by cash
or check), it made sense for CRC to discourage smaller transactions.
The pricing policy that was adopted discourages transactions of less
than 100 pounds. Similar analyses for other recyclables would enable
the Center to make its entire operation more efficient.
****** * * **** * ***3
rk'k
Table 4. Analysis of aluminum transactions by weight,
Community Recycling Center, May-November
Trans actions
Weight ( lbs . )
Pounds of
Average
Percent
Average
Percent
Aluminum
Total
Per Month
of Total
Total
Per Month
of Total
0-50
1,435
359
82.4
28,290
7,072
48.4
51-100
20 8
52
11.9
14,381
3,595
24.6
101-200
86
22
4.9
11,423
2,856
19.5
201-500
12
3
0.7
3,345
836
5.7
501-1000
-
-
-
-
-
-
1001-2000
1
.2
0.05
1,041
260
1.8
Total
1,742
100.0 58,480
100.0
*****;
.'~l, J~.L. _i.
******
3ecause of its analysis of its handling costs, the Center insti-
tuted a pricing policy that pays greater amounts to individuals who
recycle larger volumes (Table 5). This, of course, makes sense because
of the economics of scale that are realized when large volumes are handled,
Table 5. Community Recycling Center aluminum prices
Weight
(pounds )
Purchasing Price
( cents)
1 to 99
100 to 499
500 to 999
1000 or more
16
17
19
22
•irx-k'k-k'k-k-k-k-k-ifk-k-k-k-k-k'k-k'k
135
Despite the recent growth in revenues from sales of materials,
the Center still is heavily reliant on subsidies. Last year, 1981,
is the only year that the Center's earned revenues (52% of total
revenues, including subsidies) exceeded subsidies (Table 3). Most
of the subsidies have been CETA grants, although local revenue
sharing funds also have been awarded. CETA funds have been awarded
for job training activities. Revenue sharing monies have also been
given for capital improvements and equipment. The CRC also has been
the recipient of small grants from ACTION (to initiate the curbs ide
collection program) and the National Center for Appropriate Technology
(to construct a glass processing system and to initiate curbside col-
lection in a low-income area).
The award of CETA grants to the Center reflects its concern for
training. These grants have been based on the Center's ability to
provide meaningful work experience and training opportunities for un-
employed and underemployed individuals and to assist them in finding
private sector jobs following their employment with CRC. Support of
CRC's recycling program as a worthwhile community endeavor has been of
secondary important to CETA officials. Grants from CETA to the Center
have totalled more than $245,543. The Center has trained more than
110 workers, almost two-thirds of whom subsequently found private
sector employment, returned to school, or were considered positive
placements for other reasons (Table 6). Just over one-third of the
trainees were considered non-positive terminations. A 65% success
rate is good, especially considering the difficulties inherent in
working with the chronically unemployed. This is especially true for
the Center, which has been regarded favorably by local CETA officials
for its willingness to work with trainees who have severe problems or
who have had problems at other worksites.
Table 6. Placement of CETA trainees by
Community Recycling Center, 19 78-81
Total number of
trainees
Private sector posi-
tive placements
Other positive
placements
Total positive
placements
Non-positive
placements
1981
19 78-
79
19 79-80
1980-81
to date
Total
3
39
67
4
113
1
12
24
2
39
1
12
21
-
34
2
24
45
2
73
1
15
22
2
40
136
Although the CETA subsidies have been ostensibly for job training,
they have been a key to the Center's growth. Besides providing labor
for the Center's programs ( which are extremely labor intensive), the
grants also have helped provide salaries for the Center's directors
and administrative staff. Prior to receipt of the initial grant, none
of the founders of the Center were paid. The CETA grants have provided
small administrative salaries, between $100 and $300 per month depending
on the grant and the number of workers being trained, that have enabled
the Center's staff to eke out a subsistence living. Unfortunately,
the situation still persists. All of the CETA participants who work
for minimum wage for at least 20 hours Der week earn more than the
Center Director and Assistant Director. This situation cannot be
expected to continue indefinitely.
As the Center's revenues and subsidies have increased, so have
its expenditures. Table 7 presents expenditures by category for
19 78 through 1981. Salary and wage-related items under CETA con-
tracts have accounted for the largest percentage of expenditures,
although the percent of expenditures attributable to CETA activities
has declined each year. The percentages of expenditures by category
differ noticeably between the years 1978 and 1979 and 1980'and 1981.
This is because of the introduction of the aluminum buy-back program.
Prior to initiation of the program, the Center made no payments for
recyclables and was unable to pay any salaries from its earned revenues.
After the program began, payment for recyclables became a major expense
item. The Center also was able to pay staff for the first time. Besides
CETA expenses, other salary-related expenses and payment for recyclables,
other major expense items include hauling, gas and oil, vehicle main-
tenance, insurance, rent, and utilities.
Financially, the program has broken even. The Center also has
accumulated significant assets, including several trucks and trailers,
a baler, glass processing equipment, can flatteners , and a fork lift.
Unfortunately, the Center's financial statements do not accurately
reflect the amount of work that it actually takes to make the Center
run. Literally thousands of hours of volunteer labor are expended
at the Center annually.
* The Director and Assistant Director are woefully under-
paid; at $250 per month for 60 hours per week, the
Directors either work for about $1.00 per hour year-
round or for two months at a reasonable salary and for
10 months free.
* Volunteers from the community work at the Center on a
regular basis; 4 hours of labor earns membership in the
Center and 20 hours earn a T-shirt.
* Community groups such as Boy Scouts or 4-H occasionally
work on curside collection routes.
137
Table 7. Categorical expenses as percentage of total
expenditures for Community Recycling Center,
1973-1981.
1978
19 79
19 80
19 81
Insurance
740
2.0
1,048
1.9
3,180
2.0
8,672
4.3
Telephone
54
0.1
445
0.8
1,425
0.9
1,959
1.0
Payment for
re eye lab les
13
-
25
-
24,740
15.5
43,341
.21.4
Publicity and
-f°11l
promotion
106
0.3
1,377
2.4
2,49 7
1.6
2,876
1.4
Supplies
739
2.0
1,50 7
2.7
3,646
2.3
7,082
3.5
Building and
equipment
maintenance
124
0.3
1,043
1.9
2,172
1.4
1,677
0.8
Vehicle
maintenance
325
0.9
2,876
5. 1
7,372
"4.7
3,366
1.7
Hauling
910
2.4
10 7
0.2
-
-
9,017
4.5
Gas and oil
73
0.2
1,0 84
1.9
6,861
4.3
7,258
3.6
Rent
490
1.3
2,583 a
4.6
3,724
2.3
7,293
3.6
Administration
129
0.3
1,136
2.0
3,177
2.0
4,558
2.3
Landfill
9
-
386
0.7
7 30
0.5
1,014
0.5
Mis cellaneous
184
0.5
411
0.7
3,676
2.3
2,293
1.1
CETA — job
training 33
,995
89.7
35,614
63. 3
83,238
52.5
83,989
41.5
Safety,
' b
Grants
-
-
776
1.4
1,363
0.9
846
0.4
excluding
CETA
-
-
5,850
10.4
8,0 30
5.1
6,230
3.1
Petty cash
-
-
-
-
960
0.6
1,050
0.5
Salary
-
-
-
-
1,860
1.2
8,574
4.2
Curb side
_
6100PS
-
-
-
-
5 70
0.4
1,075
0.5
Interest
—
—
~
~
188
—
_
Total 37,891
100
56,268
100
158,508
100
202,350
100
W
3^00, °0P
Includes truck payment
Includes revenue sharing from local governments, ACTION funds,
and National Center for Appropriate Technology grant.
133
* Volunteers from Students for Environmental Concerns
and service fraternities at the University of Illinois
regularly work at the Center.
* U. of I. professors have assigned CRC projects as class
projects. Previous projects have involved civil engin-
eering and advertising classes; current projects involve
accounting and marketing classes.
* Persons on probation and other offenders perform
service work at the Center.
* Two U. of I. graduate students in mechanical and indus-
trial engineering have completed theses on projects
related to the Center's operation.
* Countless other volunteers assist with educational and
public relations programs, provide financial support,
or donate time on various committees.
All these items must be taken into account to ascertain the
amount of work it actually requires to run the Center.
Even with subsidies, the Center only has managed to scrape by.
Now, with harsh CETA cutbacks, the outlook is more bleak. Steve
Apotheker. Director of the Center, recently remarked that, financially
speaking, the Center is "treading the fine line that runs next to the
abyss." The Center's Board of Directors is now reviewing and implemen-
ting cost-saving measures. Despite the rocky times, Center staff are
confident the program will continue. The potential for major long-
term funding from the City is greater than ever before, and if this
becomes a reality, a major expansion of program operations can be
expected .
Are the Community Recycling Center's contributions to economic
development significant? Again, as with the Resource Center, the
answer is yes. Over the past four years more than 110 low-income
people have had job opportunities at CRC and nearly two-thirds of
their experiences have been positive. Significant amounts of money
are recirculated through the community each year via the aluminum
buy-back program. Troubled youth are provided opportunities for
service work. Community groups have opportunities to earn funds for
their projects. Plans are being made for curbs ide service in low-
income 3reas. These accomplishments are significant for a program
with such an inauspicious beginning.
For additional information, write the Community Recycling Center,
720 Market Street, Champaign IL 61820.
139
MU< l
Options Recycling Team
Options, Inc. is one of 22 experimental companies that were
started in 1975 to develop subsidized work programs as alternatives
to the welfare system. The goals of Options are to launch enterprises
that both create jobs for the poor and unskilled and earn revenues by
providing goods and services to industry, government, and the com-
munity. Initial plans called for Options to become self-sufficient
within five years while moving large numbers of chronically unemployed
(ex-offenders, ex-addicts, drop-outs, and long-term welfare recipients)
into the ranks of the gainfully employed. Despite lavish funding at
its outset by government and foundations, Options has had only moderate
success, and it has not reached its goal of financial independence.
The Options Recycling Team opened in April, 1981 as Option's
newest venture. Considering Option's goals, recycling seemed an ideal
activity. Jobs would be created and revenues would be generated. The
benefits related to the conservation of energy and natural resources
would be a bonus. It seemed an ideal business for an organization
interested in community development to pursue.
The recycling program was developed as a labor intensive enter-
prise. The program manager, strongly influenced by Gandhi and E.F.
Schumacher, sought to establish a work environment that emphasized
production by the masses rather than mass production, with jobs for
people rather than machines . Recycling was promoted as "good work"
activities from which the workers could derive a true sense of
dignity, self-worth, and accomplishment. Special effort was made to
challenge and channel the talents and energies of the individual
workers in directions that would result in both personal and project
growth .
The Options Recycling Team, initially aided by good luck and
generous assistance from Ken Dunn of the Resource Center, grew rapidly.
From in-'nouse recovery of wastes from other Options enterprises and
mixed metals processing, the Recycling Team opened a buy-back program
in July. Volume increased from 10 to more than 30 tons per month
(Table 8). A high grade paper recovery program was added in September.
Volume averaged 32 tons per month between July and November. Aluminum,
bimetal cans, and high grade paper comprised the bulk of the materials
processed. Monthly earnings from the sale of materials increased to
nearly S6,700 per month.
Then problems began. Cutbacks in the CETA program hit Options
hard, placing additional pressure on the Recycling Team to become
financially self-sufficient. With the onset of winter, problems
with the building that housed Options became apparent, and working
conditions deteriorated.
141
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143
The area used by the Recycling Team was without heat , was poorly
lit (the area received no natural lighting), and after pipes froze
and burst, was without toilet facilities. Because of these conditions,
business hours were reduced and the buy-back program was closed
intermittently. Worker productivity dropped. The volume of material
brought to the Recycling Team also dropped, and revenues decreased.
In early February of 1982, there was a major fire on the third and
fourth floors at Options . The fire knocked out all electrical power
and the freight elevators became inoperable. Shipping and receiving
of materials became virtually impossible, and the Recycling Team
shut down its operations . Its doors never reopened and the Recycling
Team was disbanded that same month.
What went wrong? While there are a number of explanations , key
factors in the decision to discontinue recycling appear to be related
to financial and institutional considerations . Despite considerable
progress, the Recycling Team did not become financially independent
in its first eight months. Although a firm timetable for achieving
financial independence never was established, cut backs in Federal
CETA funds made self-sufficiency more important and hastened the
Recycling Team's demise.
A review of its income and expense summary reveals that income
from the sale of materials averaged just 31% of total expenditures
(Table 9) and never accounted for more than 40% of expenditures during
any month. CETA subsidies accounted for 31% of total expenditures.
Revenues from the sales of materials dropped 41% between November and
December, which was the worst month for Options in terms of self-
sufficiency. Between September and December, Options contributed
44% of the total revenues needed to cover expenses for the Recycling
Team. Apparently, because costs to Options for maintaining the
Recycling Team were too high and the outlook for improvement appeared
bleak, Options administrators made the decision to terminate the
program.
The decision to terminate the recycling program may have been
hastened because of the institutional parameters that govern Options.
Options goals are to train unskilled, low-income people and to
generate enough revenues to stay in business without subsidies.
Recycling is tenable in the Options organization only as long as it
meets these goals. There is no institutional commitment to recycling
as s uch .
Despite the fact that it closed, it can be argued that the
Recycling Team made a significant contribution to economic development
in the neighborhood. At its largest, the Recycling Team included
eighteen people. Gretchen Brewer, Team Manager, reported a "phenora-
inal improvement" in the work attitudes and habits of most Team members
144
Several people previously unable to hold steady jobs, were success-
ful in staying on the job and improving their performance to the
point where they were responsible and could be counted on to complete
assigned tasks. Most of the workers learned enough skills to operate
or manage a buy-back program themselves. The Team members' under-
standing of the problems of waste and garbage management also increased.
The Recycling Team also helped neighborhood residents earn
needed cash. A large amount of waste materials were diverted from
the landfill. And perhaps most important, the program set the stage
for other recycling programs to be implemented in the area. Adults
and children still come to Options seeking to sell their recyclables.
This indicates that if a market were available, residents would respond,
Former Team members now are exploring alternative ways to begin a new
program. Building from the experience gained while with Options , it
would not be surprising if they succeed.
145
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143
Comparison of Existing Programs
Volume statistics and sources of revenues, categorical
expenditures, and income and expense summaries for the
Resource Center, the Community Recycling Center, and the
Options Recycling Team are presented in Tables 10, 11, and
12, respectively. Highlights of each program are presented
in Table 13.
These data indicate that the Resource Center is the
most cost-efficient operation. Spending just $104,000 to
recycle 3,400 tons of material, the average cost per ton
of material recycled by the Resource Center was $41.
Comparable figures for the Community Recycling Center and
Options Recycling Team were $173 per ton and $574 per ton,
respectively. The main reason for these differences are
the amount of handling and hauling done by each operation.
This method of comparison is extremely crude because:
* It does not adjust for expenses incurred by CRC or
Options Recycling Team because of job training goals
or for other purposes not considered recycling, per
se (i.e., education, research).
* It does not adjust for differences in the types of
wastes handled.
* It does not adjust for locational differences.
* It does not reflect contributions or benefits from
volunteers .
Nevertheless, it is a revealing comparison that has
a number of implications for new programs. Additional
study, such as the analysis of the efficiency with which
each item is handled (similar to CRC ' s analysis of its
aluminum program) would be necessary to refine the compar-
ison further.
The preceding comparison also gives an indication of
the actual potential for recycling to contribute to economic
development in a low-income neighborhood. The Resource
Center, for example, employs eight people and annually
circulates approximately $100,000 through the neighborhoods
of Hyde Park and Woodlawn. The Resource Center primarily
serves the 67,251 People who reside in Hyde Park -Woodlawn.
Although these numbers are not large, they are significant.
149
The numbers are especially significant in the eyes
of those who are employed by the Center or those who rely
on sales of recyclables for needed cash. The potential
for additional programs is great, and with hard work and
dedication, new programs could be developed. The popula-
tion of Chicago is approximately 3 million. If one center
were developed for each 6 7,000 people, there would be
45 Resource Centers in the City, employing 360 people.
About $4,500,000 would be added to Chicago's economy.
This is significant. And without action by concerned
individuals, it is an opportunity that is literally go-
ing to waste.
150
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Recommendations
Based on the preceding analysis of recycling operations,
several general recommendations for new programs are made.
These should be viewed as general guidelines only; nothing
substitutes for actual experience. If, when trying to
initiate a new program, you find that something works, by
all means do it. Don't worry about written guidelines.
Remember that recycling is hard work, but also remember too
that it does work.
1. Visit and work at other recycling programs.
The best way to learn about recycling is to visit
centers and to work at them. Talking with practition-
ers is the best way to obtain current information.
Manuals such as this become dated and present only
general guidelines that may change with time. Most
people that run recycling programs are extremely
willing to help and share their experience. Remember,
however, that recycling managers probably are over-
worked and burdened by problems with their own pro-
grams. An offer to volunteer will be looked at fav-
orably. Take a trip to a market with someone; time
spent in the cab of a truck is a good way to make
double use of your time.
2. Begin a buy-back program.
In low-income areas, buy-back programs are most
effective because they give local residents a direct,
economic incentive to recycle. Buy-back programs
reduce collection costs because recyclers bring
materials to the center. Because the recyclables
are being purchased, they can be rejected if they
have net been prepared properly. Recyclables can
be placed directly into the containers in which they
will be shipped, thus reducing handling and proces-
sing time.
3. Concentrate initially on aluminum recycling.
As demonstrated, aluminum currently is the most
valuable recyclable and offers the greatest potential
for cost effective operation. Although competition
for cans is extremely fierce, nonprofit, community-
based programs can compete. It is important to
establish prices competitive with those of operations
156
already in existence. Aluminum recyclers will travel
significant distances for better prices and are not
particularly concerned about whether they sell to a
neighborhood group or to a private business. A margin
of 5? between the price paid for the aluminum and the
price for which the aluminum is sold appears to be a
minimum breakeven point for labor-intensive programs.
Revenues from aluminum sales help pay for the recycling
of other less valuable recyclables.
4. Initially, for all materials, try to arrange with
markets to provide containers or vehicles for stor-
age and hauling.
See Markets and Equipment sections of this manual.
Complete negotiations with markets prior to opening
operation. Know what price markets will pay and set
purchase prices accordingly. Resource Center and Options
Recycling Team prices are examples for buy-back pricing.
If markets provide containers, they will offer a lower
price. This is acceptable because it minimizes start-
up costs for capital items. Typical vehicles for haul-
ing are:
* Aluminum - enclosed semi-trailer
* Newsprint - enclosed semi-trailer
* Glass - 20 cubic yard roll-off container
* Steel and bimetal cans - 20 cubic yard
roll -off container
* Cardboard - enclosed semi-trailer
Bimetal processors are beginning to sponsor buy-
back programs similar to aluminum collections sponsored
by can companies. It will be most difficult to locate
containers for glass and steel cans because glass man-
ufacturers and steel processors usually do not spot
containers. In Chicago, coordinate with the Resource
Center. Hauling arrangements may be possible with some
type of barter arrangement.
5. Budget about half of projected expenses for salary,
wages, and related items.
The preceding review of operating costs for the three
programs indicates that salary-related costs ranged from
48% to 10% of total expenses. Salary-related costs were
highest for the Options Recycling Team, the newest pro-
gram and the one that relied least on volunteer labor.
These figures are useful for initial budgeting. As a
general guideline, expect total expenses to double sal-
aries and wages.
157
For example, if a new program initially will be managed
by one person who wants to earn $600 per month, total
expenses ranging from $860 to $1200 should be budgeted.
In other words, to earn $600 per month by recycling, a
person must sell at least $1200 worth of recyclables.
Remember that because this generalization is drawn
from programs that rely heavily on volunteer labor and
extraordinary efforts by staff, salary-related expenses
may comprise a greater percentage of total expenses.
6. Minimize handling.
Wherever possible, reduce intermediate processing and
handling. If possible, set up operation so that once mat-
erial is purchased, it is place directly into hauling
vehicle/container. Collection is inherently less effi-
cient for small, labor-intensive programs because it
involves the extra step of loading and unloading the
collection vehicles and because it eliminates the qual-
ity control possible with a buy-back program.
7. Know the product.
The product that you will sell is scrap: old, used
cans, bottles, and pacer. Learn what factors influence
prices for these materials and why prices change. Learn
to estimate scrap volumes and values.
* Aluminum currently sells for slightly over 30c per pound
(19 82). Thirty cents per pound equals $600 per ton.
Therefore, to earn $1200 (see recommendation #4), 2 tons
of aluminum cans are needed. Two tons of loose cans would
fill a 40 foot semi-trailer approximately half-full,
assuming that there were both crushed and uncrushed cans.
A semi-trailer will held between 7,000 and 10,000 pounds
of cans when full depending on the mix of crushed and
uncrushed cans. A trailer will hold 16,000 pounds of
crushed cans .
* Newsprint currently sells for anywhere from $10 to $40
per ton (1982) depending on its quality and the market.
A 40 foot semi-trailer holds between 18 and 22 tons
of loose newsprint depending on how high it is stacked.
* Glass new sells for between $35 and $50 per ton (1982),
depending on volume and market. Some markets offer
premiums for glass recycled via buy-back programs.
About 10 tons of slightly crushed glass will fit in
a 20 cubic yard roll-off container (the glass is broken
only as it enters the container; no effort is made to
crush the bottles manually).
158
8. Know about waste management in the service area.
Before beginning, study the waste management system
in your area. Know how much waste is generated and where
it is going. Identify other recycling programs. Knowing
how much waste is in the area will enable you to gauge
the effectiveness of the program; i.e., determine what
percentage is being recycled.
In Chicago, the Bureau of Engineering of the Depart-
ment of Public Works has estimated waste generation by
Ward and the average or typical waste stream composition
in the City. The Bureau also has "investigated the
feasibility" of source separation. These data and the
findings are presented in the report: Chicago Re^ouAce
Recovery Study, Vka.60, I, prepared in June 19 81 by Envir-
odyne Engineers, Inc. Review of this document will pro-
vide a good summary of the waste management system in
Chicago.
Be aware that the study has limitations. For example
the waste stream analysis is an average for the entire
City. The fact is that waste generation differs through-
out the City. Both the amounts of waste and the types
of waste differ depending on the income level and the
ethnic make-up of the area. Although no detailed waste
stream studies are available for Chicago, recent studies
of five neighborhoods in Milwaukee (Rathju and Thompson,
T'az \\.ilwa.ulz££ Ga.xba.gz Pxoj'zat, 1981) reveal that:
* Sample households in the two low-income and in one
middle-income area discarded more refuse overall
than households in the other two areas (moderately-
low-income and middle-income).
* Sample households in the two low-income areas dis-
carded more packaging by weight than sample house-
holds in the other areas .
* The discarding of aluminum seems to increase as
income decreases.
159
Final Words
Now, begin. Despite relatively poor market con-
ditions caused by the recessionary economy, there is
a considerable amount of activity, especially in the
Chicago metropolitan area. The Resource Center, in
cooperation with the former program manager of the
Options Recycling Team, is planning small recycling
cooperatives that would begin buy-back programs in
vacant lots or buildings throughout Chicago. Sierra
Club members are trying to find a permanent location
for a center. The Department of Energy and Natural
Resources and the North Shore Ecology Center have
cooperatively published this manual. The Illinois
Association of Recycling Centers is growing stronger
and is able to lend some assistance to new programs.
Markets for bimetal cans are expanding. All in all,
it is a good time to begin. Good luck.
160
Appendix I: Funding Resources
You have a vision of how your community can be a better place in
which to live, and you plan to operate a recycling center to make it
happen. You have an organization to implement your plans, and it has
members willing to do the work. //hat else do you need?
MONEY! As an active member of an ambitious organization, you know
it takes money to run your program. Once your project is initiated and
running, you will have revenues from the sale of the recyclables you
collect to work with, but until you can call your project a success,
where will you find the dollars you need?
Fundraising is an art in itself, but you do not have to be an expert
to get what you need to start up a recycling project. The first step is
to know what you need and how much. Then go to those who have it and ask
Don't be shy! Afterali , you're not asking for yourself; you are asking
for the support of a project co improve your community for all its resi-
dents and business people.
So, by all means, oegin your fundraising efforts right in your own
:ommunity . Those chamber of commerce members, business leaders, civic
organizations, public officials, and activists you contacted early in
your planning stages all have resources they might make available to you
for a good cause.
Ask them for dollars and sense . . . yes, sense! They might not
give you the dollars you ask for, but may be very happy to donate the
item or service you needed the money for in the first place — or they
might have other suggestions for ways of raising the money you need.
Mak e sense n ow ?
There are numerous other ways to raise money for your project.
Through membership drives, raffles, ad books, bake sales, bingo games,
door-to-door solicitations, and a variety of other local fundraising
events, many local groups have been able to raise all or most of their
operating budgets.
In determining just what fundraising projects night be most profit-
able for your group, the following book is highly recommended. J kz GA.ai-5-
3.CCt!> -U/ldtO-Ci-C/ig Sock by Joan Flanagan for the Youth Project (Chicago:
The Swallow Press, Inc., 1977, 34.75). If you cannot find this book in
your local library or bookstore, order it from "The Youth Project"
1000 Wisconsin Ave.. N.W., Washinaton D.C. 20007.
Other Fundraising Resources
THE DONORS FORUM
208 S. LaSalle Street
Chicago IL 60604
(312) 726-4877
If you seek funds from foundations or corporations, information
about your organization should be in the Donors ' Forum organizational
file. This file is kept in the Donors' Forum Library and is used
by foundations and corporations in their grantmaking to find infor-
mation about area organizations. The Donors' Forum library also
contains extensive materials about private and public funding
sources .
The Donors' Forum also publishes Can Vo II, A T ' acknlzcUt AAA-CbtanCZ
GmLd.2. by Paul A. Lehman and Patricia Wyzbinski, 19 80. Offers detailed
information about providers of technical assistance (TA) in the
Chicago metropolitan area, as well as thoughtful essays about the
TA field and helpful hints for consumers on locating and making the
most of TA.
Government Programs
There may be several grant programs available through city, stace,
and federal offices of solid waste management and environmental quality
Begin with your local municipality and also write the following agen-
cies for information on specific grant opportunities in your area.
ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield, IL 62706
ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF
ENERGY & NATURAL RESOURCES
325 W. Adams
Springfield. IL 62706
ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE & COMMUNITY AFFAIRS
222 S. College
Springfield, IL 62706
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY, REGION V OFFICE
230 S. Dearborn
Chicago, IL 60604
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
& HUMAN SERVICES
300 S. Wacker Drive
Chicago, IL 60606
162
Appendix
Publicity Samples of Illinois Recycling Programs
162
It conserves your tax dollars
saves space in our limited landfills
conserves natural resources
MMM
re s our
deplet
nation
use of
not on
every
bottle
oday America is faced with critical shortages of energy and
ces . The resources once thought to be unlimited are now bei
ed ; worse yet, some are irreplaceable.
ecycling represents our best solution towards solving many o
's energy problems, but the success of this depends on you!
our resources and recycling of most cf our waste products w
ly conserve energy, they will preserve our limited resources
he Miles West High School Recycling Center asks that each an
citizen participate in the Village's recycling program. Glas
na'
s and ;ers, cans, and newspapers are accepted at the recycle
center located at 732 3 Austin , benind the Miles West High School
football stadium. The recycling center is open Wednesday thru Sat
ciavs from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
c
N
9CMWTCN /
te
Si
2
*/
3/
t
OA* -Q*t \
//
] ■**
' \ M
J- -
_,
'. — * — .- EnvironmeriLaJ Resource Center
HOURS
WED. thru FRI.
8a.m.- 5p.m.
SAT. Ba.m.- 5p.m
(Closed Sunday thru tuesday
470-0242
•cvci "9 ;e word ■ ra EE n 'e'.^'srce '0 the te^s 3f-
'ered 5' pu! /our recycieacies 10 jse — place your aa
xcav
Classified 351-5288
RECYCLE
156
*
'CNJAPERVILLE AREA RECYCLING CENTEJU
TvTnnis. T3VJ PCiA 2RiUiiNj ^CUS RECtd LALiLEi TO THE, N.A.R,.C
Without your help vje cant continue. TTe, i^ore >Oo'
CRnNo FOR REOidLiNGa THE GETTER FOR US, FOI\Y0O. *n.D
hi£_P U.S l Ut
rOR. THE E.MViftONflEAlT . WjulQ >Ol' i_l»iETO Hi£_P U5i ',' Ui.
CN A r.-T
. Pi N ~f J U
iflfvTieii c?*(_l Awns a;c -"] c ^ 1 iii Saul_N ^c-'^ii.
Hew io Recycle
NEWSPAPER. COMPUTER
PAPER AND CARDS
"£? v$' ' ; I
ALUMINUM CANS, FOIL
QAKING TINS,
POP-TCP CANS
K\H^£ "•V.&'by . MO CRuSU
GLAS5
UB/\|S| 1
,-x. jc#:ij
<=3
CS.EAR
! L. w
3R50.M
WaSU, ScKT 2sN C2L2R.
TtM CANS
£3 A
SI
£d ^
ViP.<^U . HE
mtwe '_a&E'_5
CUT OUT EJ
its, FLATTEN
MCTCfl GIL
CiuLECT IN RlsH Cb??E5
C-V«TPilNER.- £j3. 'JCE.'.cUljcnic
H\SC. METALS
iATTERIES
ALTER hJ ft TOR "i
uEN Ef,c, ;
;n m i
FLYSA rXNATEii BY Am Edit an /A.
.67
Hazel Crest
(Cave Memorial)
Recycle Center
Where The recycle center is located at the ncrth end of
California St., next to Oak Hili Park.
When The Recycle Center is open every Saturday 'rem
10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.
What The Recycle Center will accept:
Paper, glass, aluminum, tin, and used motet oils
(Preparation details on other side)
Who The Recycle Center ; s managed and staf f ed by
volunteers from organizations and groups frcm
Hazel Crest.
Why The Recycle Center was established to conserve
natural resources, maintain ecology, and enrich
our village. All profits realized from the operation
of tne center will be distributed to the
organizations or groups of indivuduals which
staff the Center. Qualifying organizations or
groups must suPmit a Letter of Intent to use the
money received to support ecology, village
beautification. village services, or youth
activities.
We need your help now
to make the Center a success'
153
RECYCLING
RESOURCE RECLAMATION
Tou're probably doing it right now, without even realizing it. Passing clothing on
from one child to the next ia a kind of recycling. Another is refinishing an old
piece of furniture rather than buying a new one. Recycling ia reusing paper, cloth,
plastic, and metal containers whenever poesible instead of throwing them away.
Re Henry County Defenders are prcooting this practice of "resource reclamation" and
everyone can help. The hcaenaker is the most important person in the family's efforta
towarda recycling. Once parents aet the example, children become eager helpers.
2very family, school, and business can participate in recycling.
Newspapers, corrugated board, glass containers, "tin" cans,
all-aluminum cans, and oil, are collected in Cary, Crystal Lake,
Harvard, ¥ .c Henry, and Woodstock, on a regular basis. Local news-
papers and VIYS radio carry information about these drives. 3e
sure to check the date, time, and place each month. Also make
certain your recyclable materials are properly prepared before
bringing then to the collection 3ite. (See Defenders' "Recycling
?act Sheet" for instructions on what to save and how to prepare
it.) This makes the work of the volunteers much easier.
The bomeaaksr can practice recycling in lany other ways. Take grocery bags back to
the store for refilling. Plastic bags from bread, etc., can be reused for food
storage. Carefully washed, they males an excellent stuffing for water and mildew-
proof pillows. Try sponges, washable dishcloths, and rags instead of paper towels.
Hew about cloth inatead of disposable diapers? Saves money, tool
Children will enjoy art projects using cans, bottles, popsicle sticks, old greeting
carda, "junk" mail, and other materials we often discard. How about composting yard
and kitchen wastes? (See Defenders' "Hew to Make a Compost Pile".) A dedicated few
are recycling bacon drippings and other animal fata by making their own 3oap. (Aak
for a copy of our heme-aade toilet soap recipe.) These are everyday reclamations
that snowball into real contributions towards saving our valuable and diminishing
natural resources.
The Defenders' Recycling Committee is currently active
in the monthly recycling drives in Crystal Lake and Kc
Henry, and has provided technical knowledge for groups
in several other communities to start their own recycl-
ing programs.
The committee has also studied the feasibility of setting -ip a recycling plant in the
county, and is encouraging efforts by private operators to get into this field on a
large scale. ?or the future, recycling is the only logical way to deal with our solid
waste problem.
If your group, club, 3chcol, or organization is interested in learning aore about re-
source reclamation, members of the Recycling Committee will present an informative pro-
gram on thi3 subject anywhere in Mc Henry County. Contact Cherry Anderson, 37-3— 5579,
for further details on this free service.
MC HENR ■ COU.T
i u t x i
jcuiiiifvu 'it rhv pmfi'tfttm •' >»<■ >nui nut >uifurui
Bo> 505, 3rystal Lake, Illinois 60014
159
McHENRY
COUNTY
DEFENDERS
We were bora in the spring of 1970 and since then have grown from a small
nucleus of half-a-dozen dedicated persona to an ere r- increasing membership of
oyer 200. Our members live in many different areas of "he county. Same are
3tudent3. Some are senior citizens. We vary in occupation, economic situation
and political persuasion, We are non-political and not-for-profit.
VHy? J5L2 WE ■ r DSTEM)I^G'?
The one thing ve all hare in common is a growing concern about the future of
the natural environment of ou^ county. As population pressures increase, we see
growing abuse of our air, our soil, of plant and «nH g*»~ life and of our precious
water supplies. Ve believe that the future is too important to leave tc chance.
We are working hard to ensure that this land which we enjoy rill continue to
3erre the needs of our children and their children.
SOW SO VE Vjggg TO ACCCXPU3E CJJR GOALS?
We inform ourselves:
3y participating in study groups on recycling, pesticides, gravel
pits, soning, planning for land 'use, and conservation.
3y attending informative nestings and seminars.
Through attendance as observers at meetings of the County Board,
zoning boards, city councils.
»'e inform c the
1. With our bi-monthly newsletter.
2. 3y encoura.jing citizen participaticn in our community recycling
drives, such as the one in Crystal Lake, now starting its 7th year.
3. 3y holding public neetings several times a year. Recent neetinga
have dealt frith flooding problems in the county, nucie-.r hazards,
solid waste disposal, energy conservation and solar energy, the
county zoning ordinance, and organic gardening.
i. 3y presenting such najor events as the La^d Oss £eaina_", Pox .liver
Symposium, the Conference on Growth, the Snergy ?air, and Solar jCW.
5. 3y maintaining an active Speakers 3ureau.
6. 2v wording with schools and otner organizations giving suggestions
and help on their environmental projects.
7. 3y sponsoring an enthusiastic Junior Defenders group.
;. With our Cresn Banks planting program for erosion control.
9. With newspaper releases, radio announcements, free fact 3heeta, and
displays on nany environmental topics.
We inform our noli: officials;
1. 37 keeping m close touch with then via conferences, calls and letters.
2. 3y testifying at public hearings.
;. 3v encouraging their attendance at our educational neetings.
«e are dedicated, ambitious, enthusiastic, knowledgeable ... and overworked!
WILL KU JOIH 75?
Phones: i---"6'' ?.0. 3oz 6C7
338-1865 Crystal Lake, Illinois 60014
76^5512 710,5 "7
no
Bach year 550 » 000 tons of paper
(equivalent to 5,?;0,CCO trees) are
consumed in the Chicago area for the
production of newsprint. Newsprint
is easily recycled. Unfortunately,
most newspaper is manufactured from
virgin material because not enough
paper is recycled. Last year, we
recycled about one-third of the
amount we consumed, or 3S,0CO tons.
«e could do better f and you can help!
four recycling efforts prevent the
unnecessary destruction of trees,
consume less energy, and cause fax
less pollution than ices the manu-
facturing of materials from virgin
resources.
Recycling saves tax dollars. The
more materials we recycle (and paper
accounts for XJ% of our wastes), the
so tne ianciili
Cur
less we send
landfills are filling up fast, and
the farther our garbage is hauled, the
more it will cost us, the taxpayers!
[cycling. . .it ' s good for our economy.
;'3 better for our environment!
f/ x_ \ Environmental Resource Center
i 1 ^'; 7929 Austin Avenue, Skokie,
a«vclinq s«vw tre«. Thu n 100 perceni.reeveteo oic*'
171
g um oos
IKV3P1PS3
for more information
470-0242
I
Environmental Resource Center
I"
€oiS6F¥B Ensri
■
i
GLASS CA
HEWSPAPa
A
C?
'*
C
o
Solid Waste Reclamation Program
7929 Austin Avenue, Skokie, iL. 60076
INFORMATION
P A !, OH p. f C Y '_' LE DEPOT
; h .\ .v c )psn i :ji ;
-GRAND OPEN INC
NOVEMBER 3 , 19 30
crows 3UICF. s octh side
7 150 Ves: 1 i 9 1 h Street
?i!ai He ights , Illinois
9:00 AM to J : JO PM
e,n:er .'rjn .^jrieir .4 ■/ e .
Exit into ,?te 3 J
4 ,* 3 - 39 10
339-23 3*
A .'/ K Y 1 3 y
J o i - J 7 5 9
4 4 3-1-120
Jerry Cosenti.no
C rown 3 u i c k
A S A Towing
? a 1 os Sank. £ Trust
Ki ri t Patel
Ore i f Barrel
Jack Sacks
A me r i can Manpower
P a 1 os Heights dome n ' s
J o h n Kettmen
Gerhard H a i g i s
Illinois Bell Tel. Co .
Mid-Central Food Sales
Mr. ' s Furniture
Payan-Stitt Corp.
3ergman Paint S Wallpaper
Pal os Car Care
Semi -trailer
Loca t i on
Wench S man powe r
Cash donation
Printing i na tsrial
Fiber barrels
Tractor i Driver
Semi -trailer
L ub Refreshments
Platform s stairs
Can crusher
Tamps
Trash bags
Merchandise
3a 1 1 oon s
Ail proceeds will go to the community organizations
operating the depot:
Cove rn j. na 3oa rd Palos Recycle Depot
Gerhard Ha i g i s ,
Ed Axgerg, Ed Beauiieu, Jim Novak, Barbara Pa s q u i ne 1 1 i .
Dennis Hilgenberg, Warren Jacobek
j-f f j cers ■• Warren Jacobe'-: Chairman, James Novak Vice
'ha ; r man , Ed 3ea u 1 i eu Sec .-eta r j , 3a r c-ar a Pasquinelli
Treasurer.
PA LOS RECYCLE DEPOT will be opei
9 : A M until 4 : J J P M
' a t u r day from
174
COMMUNITY RECYCLING CENTER
720 NORTH MARKET STREET
CHAMPAIGN. ILLINOIS 61820
217-351-4495
-'■" . :ry C' >r ne' dji:<" arcitoa' d
Die separate 'ecvc'aole items
- ----- O iff - .•! one o' the
hrouyioui — nmunnv ~he
jbie* irom ocil Dusmes«.rv
- >u«ina com-
■ - in .oiume< j' .%aste a buv-
■ . -jm Tionev 'or
• i'jc These materials are ail
I then , oki ro naustnes r -. j t
Hi new :)'nr. j ■
WITH YOUR HELP
4 SUPPORT
tdutition:
- ■'•■ oeakers to inte r e*fed groups
iy jid -oiui waste proolems Stair
: ihr • - ,n cooperation
. ■ 'miv ;ru«:ents develop mdi-
• • • l(>Mi;nen mu nitv
• iih inoiTiti aiU ii*«d(ivjn-
ivi-nili iirrn li '- to iieveiop
i.iint» .; . --_.,- -■';■< Irivinu
■
WHY RECYCLE?
Alter '•. . ,ear> oi curoside collection, oniv 15 ■ or
the people otterea the service participate M east
30'.. janiooation must be achieved :o continue 'he
operation oevond '981
•Voproximaieiv 40". oiyour garbage"is recvclable
Recvciine:
• Reduces ene'Sv consumotion
• Save? 'andhli -o^c?
• Conserves scarce natural resources
• Reduces disposal rosts
• Decreases pollution
• Creates oos
CSC statt nc'udes economical^ iisadvantaged
oeoole •'anaic-jooed Deoce jrooouts jr.d o'tena-
ers Seocimv otters 'hese croups meanirgtui rom-
•nunnv aoi* while Drovidins them .vuh cood -\or<
haous and on ikil - Community jroup< ~jr> e;rn
nooev bv -e'pme ,v,th curbside collection. Recycling
is a solution mat oepenas joon neoroie nsieao or
machine? and monev but t does take .our ~eic
P'ease do vout part 'or .ourseif ano 'he communitv
bv recycling.
HOW YOU C VN HELP
RECYCLE: This is the most imoor'ant *av 'o hp'o our
ettorts. It .ou aireadv participate, encourage .our
mends and neighoors 'o nettm Also .--ipos me list ot
•ems 'o maKe ~ure vou recvcle evervtmni; oresentiv
oossiole
DONATE: Mtnougn the Center nia - ^ 'o become -f'-
sustaining inrouv;h me saie oi recyclables and zona-
"ons it wiil be levera: -e^r-, oetore mis s oosvoie
Donations are used 'o onset operating etoenses and
purchase capital equioment mat .viii ne'O increase
Our efficiency Pecoie Ano nonate 5.0 or volunteer - 1
"ours oi /vorn become memcers of the Center
Members receive a month!', ^e.vsietter ano can .o'e
n innuai elections 'or me Governing Council
ojfic working lo^ctncr
VOLUNTEER: >aturdavs ano sun. .'.a nornings ire
iood times o ne'o j* >llei l ■ >ri and pi
naterials. Committees on publicitv education teen-
nical development lundraising. and ob training ire
m need ot memoe's Committee* io one ranee
olannmg ,no ne'p develop special protects Croups
can earn monev nv providing lho'ui^ to help with
Saturday curbside ollections
REACT: Use vour political and peoniirtiii power t ml
r.--i /cling ettorts Let governmental i
i -ppn — ii niv es ki .-.v .ou -uot). i '
3 U v reevi ed iroducts vhere possible mil >uoport
me u?e ol '•" vi nateruis i
ur newslo'ter to keep id-ii -date >nwhji shappen-
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PAGE 32,17
X, AaOpJarrT* Acc*»*Jo*\ Ho.
(. Trtla *nd SvMltla
How to Run A Community Recycling Center
- Resource Guide to Low-Technology Recycling in Illinois
7. Aj/inont)
Unna L. cnqelnardt
S. Raport Data
Auaust 1932
•L F^»rformin£ Orjifli:t(lOrt fc*Crt. No.
1. P»*"torm#af Orjamzatlo* N*rr*# *n<3 ACdrvss
North Shore Ecology Center
491 Madison
S .encoe ,
50C22
10. r»roia