!\*i& SSL mat BfflMlliBJm HHHL, ■■n B I MIffl Bl BB9HraraH HHH SIR is HUHBH UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBAIMA-CHAMPAIGN CP&LA NOTICE: Return or renew all Library Materialsl The Minimum Fee for each Lost Book is $50.00. The person charging this material is responsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for discipli- nary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN MAR23 K» ?fcb 28 M4 OCT 3 I ($4 0EC14 FEB 28 w L161— O-1096 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/howtoruncommunit8217enge How To Run A Community Recycling Center A Resource Guide to Low-Technology Recycling in Illinois Jfa-32~ F-inted by Authority of the State of Illinois Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources DOC. NO. 82/17 August 1982 HOW TO RUN A COMMUNITY RECYCLING CENTER A Resource Guide to Low-Technology Recycling in Illinois by Anna L. Engelhardt ' James R. Thompson, Governor Michael B. Witte, Director State of Illinois Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources 1) Prepared as project 60.070 under contract to Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources by North Shore Ecology Center, 491 Madison, Glencoe, IL 600022 ;x / Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois Date Printed: August 82 Second Printing: October 82 This report has been reviewed by the Department of Energy and Natural Resources and approved for publication. Views ex- pressed are those of the contractor and do not necessarily reflect the position of DENR. One of a series of research publications published since 1975, This series includes the following categories. Air Quality Water Environmental Health Solid and Hazardous Waste Economic Impact Study Noise Management Energy Information Services Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources Policy and Planning Division Research Section 325 W. Adams Springfield, Illinois 62706 (217) 735-2800 ii Contents Page List of Tables v Acknowledgments v ± Introduction 1 The Problem 3 The Solution 7 Beginning a Recycling Project 9 What Materials Should You Collect? 13 Recyclable Materials in Your Refuse 15 Markets for the Sale of Recyclables 2 3 Locating Markets 25 Contacting the Buyer 26 Marketing Strategies 27 How to Organize Your Recycling Program 29 Organize a Committee 30 Site Selection 31 Physical Set-Up 32 Models of Operation 37 Drop-Off Centers 38 Periodic and Permanent Collections 39 Single and Multi-Item Depots 40 The Pick-Up Service 40 The Buy-Back Program 4 2 Processing, Eguipment , and Transportation 43 Equipment and Handling 44 Containers 45 Additional Equipment 48 About Trucking/Transportation 50 Legal Requirements to be Considered 51 Managing Your Human Resources 5 3 Who Volunteers and Why? 5 5 General Tools for Recruiting 56 Involving the Uninvolved 5 8 Tax Benefits for Volunteers 59 Paid Workers 60 in Page Publicizing Your Neighborhood Recycling Center .. 6 3 News Releases 66 On-Air Exposure: Television and Radio 69 Communicating to the Media 72 Informing the Environmentally-Conscious Public. 73 Speaking Out 74 Your Legal Status 77 Bylaws 78 Forming a Nonprofit Corporation in Illinois ... 80 Articles of Incorporation 82 What Has to be Done After Incorporation? 84 Tax Conseguences 86 Securing Tax Exemption 87 Business Management 89 Planning 9 1 Accounting 92 Breakeven Analysis 95 Recycling Focus 101 North Shore Ecology Center 101 City of Evanston Recycling Center 104 Environmental Resource Center 10 7 Palos Recycle Depot 110 McHenry County Defenders 112 Naperville Area Recycling Center 115 Recycling: Possibilities for Economic Development 119 Existing Programs 123 Resource Center 125 Community Recycling Center 131 Options Recycling Team 141 Comparison of Existing Programs 149 Recommendations 156 Final Words 160 APPENDIX I : Funding Resources 161 APPENDIX II : Publicity Samples of Illinois Recycling Programs 163 APPENDIX III: Additional Sources of Information 176 APPENDIX IV: References 178 IV List of Tables (By Section! Page The Problem Your Trash Profile 4 Recyclable Materials in Your Refuse Paper Stock Terminology 20 Business Management Fixed and Variable Costs For One Calendar Year 96 Calendar Year Total Weights by Location and Material Type 9 7 Recycling: Possibilities for Economic Development Materials Recycled by Resource Center, 1981 127 Sources of Revenues and Categories of Expenses for the Resource Center, 1980-81 Fiscal Year 128 Sources of Revenues and Volume of Recyclables for Community Recycling Center, 19 78-81 132 Analysis of Aluminum Transactions by Weight, Community Recycling Center, May-November 135 Community Recycling Center Aluminum Prices 135 Placement of CETA Trainees by Community Recycling Center, 1978-81 136 Categorical Expenses as Percentage of Total Expendi- tures for Community Recycling Center, 19 78-81 138 Income and Expense Summary of Options Recycling Team.. 142 Sources of Revenues and Volume of Recyclables for Options Recycling Team 146 Materials Recycled and Sources of Revenues by Percent for the Resource Center, Community Recycling Center, and Options , Inc 15 1 Categorical Expenditures by Percent for Resource Center, Community Recycling Center, and Options, Inc 152 Income and Expense Summaries for Community Recycling Center, Resource Center, and Options Recycling Team 153 1981 Program Highlights for the Resource Center, Community Recycling Center, and Options Recycling Team 154 Acknowledgments Sincere thanks to the many Illinois recyclers who contributed to the completion of this project, and especially to: George Brabec Greg Lindsey Ronald Seifert Hans-Dieter Drehsler Community Renewal Society Niles Townshio High Schools Environmental Resource Center Illinois Association of Recycling Centers VI ttUMi Tg *° r thbo^ How To Run A Community Recycling Center A RESOURCE GUIDE TO LOW TECHNOLOGY RECYCLING IN ILLINOIS :hrmoDucTWN Ijt'4 a steamy, smelly mess. IV h a conglomeration o{, tht way wt tivz. Ttuu>h. GaAbagt. Household iziu&z. Municipal solid wasze. tthattvt'i ycu call it — Ame^iicans certainly pAjodu.cz plenty oq it -- table, scsjats, pop cmi, TV dinner i-iays , ntwspaptn^ , pickle. jaJU -- tilt LUt o{ things that uit tk/iow aitiau is almost endless. Wh our,, gembagz, and it can be a. pain in the ntck [and tht pocket- book) hiom tht {fLu>t "Uilt-you take out tht garbage, dzasi?" to tht tax dtain to tlit tliAtat oj a saniXoJuy la.nd{ ) ili moving in ntxt doo-i. Mc6t AmzAsLcanii test thein. garubage into tht &uuh can and never, wendtn. what happens ntxt. But it will bt back. Evenly bast bit o{ garbage will haunt us uyJLzhh we constat*, innovative ways Cj handling it. VarJi oi tkz solution JU> available or could bt available to all oi us night in ouA. own communities --RECYCLING -- sending a waXznJuxl back ion reuse into tkz process by which it was ^injst formed. And btcaust ycu OAS. reading thii> beck, ycu ajiz alrzadu, aware an.d concerned about youA community ' s waste disposal pAoblzm. Tht ntxt sttp ib to do something abcut it. This guide is directed mainly to environmental club* and organizations , 6 couth, church groups , schools, service club* , and -Individuals who wish to earn some extra cash whtle per{ormlng a vital community service. In Ike pages o{ this guide, you Mill {find an array o{ oper- ational options {on. recycling centers, techniques {on marketing and handling recyclable* , and suggestions {or making your project competitive and success {ul. Recycling projects can be and have been success {ul. Vou too can help rid a portion o{ our society o{ its throwaway mentality l{ you are determined to Implement di{{erent recycling options as needs and opportunities arise. There Is no one model May o{ running a recycling project. With, this book, we hope to give you solid ln{ormatlon about the most common metiiods used by community -based recycting organiza- tions In lltinols, advise you o{ possible pit {alls , and suggest additional resources {or old In developing your program. Most o{ all, voe want to be encouraging --to let you know that there Is no better day than today to begin your project. Recycling may have become popular In the early 70 's, but the positive impacts o{ recycling have never been more Important. The Problem Think about these quick trips most of us occasionally make to the grocery store. You might buy a newspaper, a foil- lined can of frozen orange juice, a couple of apples, a plastic carton of yogurt, a jar of jelly, a can cf -una, and a chicken pot pie. You read the newspaper, drink the juice, and eat the food. Everything that is left over you toss in the trash can. If we only had to dispose cf an occasional small bag of trash, we wouldn't have much cf a waste crisis en our hands. But think about the number of trips you actually make to the store and the amount of trash you have to dispose cf each week. You may want to use the trash pro- file on the next page to see how much waste you actually create in your home in- one week. Once you have added up all your household refuse, think about ail the other places you create trash — at work or school, at the roller rink, at the movies, on vacation, in the laundromat, etc. Multiply it by the 11.4 million people who live in Illinois, add the amount of waste industry makes before the products ever get to you, and you can see we are talking about aiot cf waste. "■••"hat battens to all of this garbage"? YOUR TRASH PROFILE 2 IS EVERYTHING YOU 7 RE THROWING AWAY REALLY GAR3AGE? Day News- Paper LBS. Cans & Metal LBS. Other Paper LBS. P 1 as t i c LBS. Glass LBS. Food Refuse* LBS. Other SUN. MON. TUE. WED. THU. FRI. SAT. TOTAL * Not Oil and Meat ADD ALL TOTALS FOR THE GRAND TOTAL i x 52 WEEKS _ Grand Total Lbs . Per Year (estimated) A PUMP is a land site where refuse is disposed of in such a way that it often harms the environment. Dumping garbage indiscriminately can lead to fires and gas explo- sions, rats and insect pests, blowing litter and odor. Leachate, the concentrated liquid that forms when water filters through waste, can be a very real and dangerous problem. Once leachate has contaminated groundwater, it is difficult and expensive to clean up. Federal legislation requires that all dumps in our nation be phased out within five years, and that means getting rid of solid waste will be more expensive. But if our trash doesn't go to a dump, where does it go? SAH1TARV LAHVF1LLS are the primary method of disposal in Illinois. At these sites, garbage is compacted and covered frequently with soil or other approved cover mat- erial to prevent or minimize burning and odor, pests, and blowing litter. Designed to control leachate and thereby avoid water pollution, sanitary landfills are certainly positive alternatives to dumps. But there are some very real drawbacks to putting all of our discards into land- fills. Burying our garbage means many valuable resources such as paper, glass, metal, and organic matter, are lost forever. Our landfill sites are rapidly being filled and many will run out of room for our garbage within the next five to ten years . As long as we are making trash, new sites will have to be found. But finding new sites is difficult. Only sites which meet specific requirements will do. Once appropriate land is found, the most difficult part of landfill siting is getting public support for the site. No matter how much garbage we produce our- selves, we want it disposed of as far away from us as possible. Given all the difficulties related to sanitary landfills, the goal seems clear: we want to save land- fill space for the "real" garbage (things which cannot be reused or recycled) and rescue everything else. How do we go about saving things from reaching the landfill? &END A LITTLE PICK UP A LOT The Solution V\' metals , things ". C c. rCcCr an c can s chccl s If nrccerlv J c CO ula o< . across the country, citizens groups are becoming : in handling and recovering materials from solid For many, this activity means separating glass, and paper. SOURCE SEPARATION means keeping the 'hich can be reused or recycled separate from cur It is the first step in the recycling process be practiced in homes, offices, restaurants, and any other place where we produce garbage. prepared, your old newspaper, glass jelly a fish can, aluminum pie tin, and grocery sack ccilected and taken to a depot. The depot in Is the materials to manufacturers for reuse. Today recycling is taking on a new importance as a ndi] But means cf alleviating impending shortages and reducing c_ic waste s - . r e am . One cf the earliest groups to recognize the need fcr conservation was the Salvation Army. Founded in 1865 by William Booth in London, England, it has been in the business of collecting, separ- ating, and recycling waste for over 100 years. * During the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt called upon Americans to conserve and recycle in the face of severe shortages and high pri ces . * Another grassroots conservation movement emerged in the 1940' s, when during World War II, thous- ands of tons of materials were recycled to sup- port the Alleid cause."' Following World War II, Americans fe their former habits of wastefulness and c Citizens quickly forgot their wartime pra soon reacquired a carefree, "throwaway" s endured into the 19 70 ' s. America was the abundance — "There will always be more." 1970 's, Americans in great number became problems of dwindling resources and envir aticn. People began to ask: "Would it m recvcle our wastes?" 11 back into arelessness . ctices ana pirit that land of But in the concerned abc ut cnmer.zai dear aa ake sense to The answer was a resounding "Yes!" And as 19 80's prices fcr manufacturing products from virgin materials skyrocket, recycling once again has an urgency akin to wartime necessity. The opportunities for recycling are better now than ever -- and so are the rewards . "This country was founded by people, the frontiersmen and so on who were free to do what they had to do, who took risks, were encouraged to take them and in many instances had to lake them whether they were encouraged or not. They won or lost, benefited or died, on the basis of their own internal capability. " Beginning a Recycling Project The major components of any recycling program are labor, land, and equipment. Labor may be comprised of both voluntary and paid personnel. Thus labor costs depend on the mix of volunteer and paid workers and the amount of manual processing needed for the materials you collect. Some community recycling centers emphasize manual processing so as to provide training and work for the. handicapped or unemployed. Land is often don- ated, sold at nominal cost, or leased to the recycling center. Equipment can also be obtained this way, although at. nonprofit centers it is usually purchased secondhand. " \ Hew you choose to use the resources of labor, land and equipment: will depend on the extend of their avail- ability in your community and the goals you have set for your program. But before you begin, consider the following questions in deciding what sort of project is best suited to the community's needs and your own. \ WILL YOUR PROJECT BE A SERVICE FIRST AND A MONEY MAKING PROJECT SECOND, OR VICE-VERSA? Community-operated volunteer and charity organiza- tions have been successfully recycling selected materials for a number of years. A large amount of recycling is undertaken in the private sector by landfill operators, secondary fiber dealers, scrap metal dealers, and major can and paper manufacturing companies. Profit for these businesses is the bottom line, so in order to maintain company viability, private recycling is usually limited to profitable components such as aluminum, newspaper, and cardboard. Community recycling projects are usually operated by nonprofit organizations formed by environmentally conscientious individuals who see recycling as a means of alleviating solid waste management problems rather than as a means of making large profits. Revenues from the sale of profitable recyclables are often used to r- cover the cost of handling less-profitable materials. If your goal is to raise funds for your organiza- tion, you may choose to handle only one or two profit- able items. If providing the service of recycling is your major intent, you may be willing to collect addit- ional materials, some of which might even cost you money to handle. In any event, it is advisable to begin small until you see just what the costs might be. Some recy- cling organizations operate with grant dollars to help k defray expenses, but if your group is not so fortunate, ^ WHAT RECYCLING IS ALREADY GOING ON IN YOUR AREA? First, check with your local chamber of commerce or city hall. They will often be able to refer you to organizations operating ongoing recycling projects in your community. Two other resources are invaluable. Obtain a copy of the Illinois ditizctony oi Env Ln.onmo.nta.1 Information from the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Re- sources, 309 W. Washington, Chicago IL 60606. This free government publication contains up-to-date listings of known community recycling programs currently operating in Illinois. Also contact the Illinois AA6oc.ia.tion o \ Recycling Co.nto.ru>, P.O. Box 48761, Chicago IL 60648. 10 You may be able to share collection, transportation, or educational projects with existing organizations. Be prepared to plan around these projects to avoid un- necessary competition or duplication of effort. This is especially important in small towns and rural areas. If, for example, the Scouts have an ongoing newspaper collection drive, consider turning your attention to glass, aluminum, or other recyclables ; or work with the Scouts to recover newspaper from a neighborhood they don ' t cover. V don ' t \ WHAT LIMITATIONS DO YOU HAVE THAT WILL DICTATE WHAT SORT OF PROJECT IS BEST? You want to begin a community recycling center. It's a good idea — provided you know what it takes and have what it takes. This guide will offer many options for the mechanics of operating your project. If you study it carefully, you will have done some hard work and serious thinking. That's good. But what about you? Are you the kind of person who can get a business started and make it go? If you are not certain, think about some of these questions as they apply to you personally. Are you a self-starter? How do you feel about other people? Can you lead others? Can you take responsibility? How good an organizer are you? Can you make decisions? . . . 7 Can you stick with it? These reflective questions are recommended by the U.S. Small Business Administration for those about to begin a business. And, although you may view your recy- cling program as a community service project, it is a business nonetheless . If you are honest with yourself, you will have found there are some things you still need to know more about. Do all you can for yourself, and don't hesitate to ask for help from people who can tell you what you need to know. Remember, running a business takes guts. You've got to be able to decide what you need and then go after it: 11 *A- What Materials Should You Collect? "If you happen to catch hold of an idea, and it begins to move with you, there's very little you can do to kill it. So I don't know that I would worry about bigness or smailness. Correct- ness of the idea is better. " yoi to no exc When deciding whet materials to accept, you should sider availability of manpower, markets end equipment, e of facilities, and what projects already exist:. inois projects commonly handle glass; tin, bimetal, aluminum cans ; and newspaper products . Other mater- s such as used crank case oil are sometimes added to list of a full-line project. Visiting different kinds of recycling programs m .r area can help you to decide what type of projects start and what materials to collect. The experience many now-successful groups suggests -hat it is easiest begin by collecting one item such as newspaper or glass, ending to other items as you can. 13 Everytime you throw away a newspaper or a bottle you throw away a piece oi America And now. we're staring into the face of a critical .shortage of places to bury the things we throw away And. at the same time, a growing shortage ot energy and natural resources! How can we stop wasting America We can turn our wastes into resources once again bv recycling them, stretching our reserves of virgin natural resources and conserving energy and landfill space. Recyclable Materials in Your Refuse Before beginning any recycling program, you should know what is in your garbage so that adequate predictions may be made on what may be collected as recoverable mat- erials- Recommended recyclable materials in this guide have been limited to those that make up a significant portion of the garbage you and your neighbors throw away regularly, are easily collected and sorted, and are marketable at this time. A 1 umi n urn Aluminum is by far one of the most valuable scrap materials in refuse. Aluminum is the metal of today and • its approximate S400 to $600 per ton scrap value (19 82) reflects this. Aluminum smelters apparently are eager t; reclaim the scrap, and many recycling programs have been instigated by the aluminum companies themselves. Most of the aluminum in your community's garbage will be in the form of beverage cans. Some is in broken furniture supports, foil, food trays, and other forms. Most recycling centers collect the beverage can portion but leave out the bulkier items. Aluminum com- panies generally pay between 20 and 30 cents (19 82) per sound for clean cans . Steel 1. Are magnetic. 1 Have flat tops and bottoms . ^. Have side seam Have oarer lab: Bimetal Cans Aluminum Cans 1. Are not magnetic. 2. Are lightweight. 3 . Have rounded bot- toms with shiny surface finish . 4. Have no side seam. 5. Usually pull- top or easy-open. biaes magnetic; tops n on -magnetic. May or may net have side seam. Tops and zozZotzs often flat; bottom mav be rounded with cu 1 1 surzace ::msn . 4. Usuallv have pull- too. In crcer to assure that it is clean, saleable scrap, recyclers must be educated. A major problem is proper identification of "all aluminum" cans. Many cans are deceiving because they have aluminum tops and bottoms but steel barrels. All-aluminum cans are seamless, have rounded shiny bottoms, and cannot be picked up with a ma one t. 16 To help save space, cans should be crushed. They should also be empty of all liquids and rinsed to avoid flies being attracted. If there is a significant amount of aluminum can use in the area, the possibility of recycling aluminum should be considered. Aluminum has a relatively stable market value which has been on the increase. It can be a valuable input to a program. Also remember that it requires 9 5 percent less energy to process aluminum metal from scrap than from raw resources. Ferrous Metals Ferrous metals constitute approximately 8.5 percent of the trash we throw away. About 13 percent of this is in the form of steel cans. Tin coated or bimetal cans are normally the form of steel recovered by community recycling centers. They are relatively uniform, light- weight, easily handled, and may be easily processed for recycling by the consumer in the home. For most recycling projects, the cans must be rinsed free of food particles, have labels removed, ends cut out, and usually must be crushed (simply by stepping on the middle) to reduce their size. Glass Glass has changed little in composition throughout the years. The basic raw materials still consist of sand, soda ash, and limestone. Glass scrap, called OIL LET , is a valuable input in today's glass manufac- turing process . The resale value of cullet is relatively low, approximately $30-S40 per ton (1982), but more stable than many other scrap markets. If markets are reasonably nearby, glass recycling may be a worthwhile addition to your recycling effort. Cullet is desireable to glass manufacturers because it melts at a lower temperature than do raw materials. It, therefore, requires less heat and energy to process. Consequently, air pollution is reduced and furnace wear in the plant is retarded. 17 ALL CONTAMINANTS SUCH AS METAL RINGS MUST 3E REMOVED FROM GLASS BE- FORE RECYCLING. Recycling projects should limit their glass col- lection to container glass only. It is most abundant and easiest to handle. Cullet collected will most likely be one of three major colors: flint (clear) , amber (brown) , or green. Flint is the most desireable cullet and becomes worthless if other colors of glass are mixed with it. Cullet for green or amber produc- tion need not be so pure. Some companies may accept a green/brown mixture, but most prefer all three separated. Cullet which can be sold to local glass manufacturing companies must usually meet the following minimum specifi- cations : 1. Be free of dirt and organic contaminants; 18 2. Be color sorted according to the individual company's desires; and 3. Be free of metallic contaminants, especially iron or aluminum (remove any metal caps or rings ) . Paper Paper is normally the most important material handled by a community recycling center. In fact, many recycling programs recycle paper only. It is plentiful, easy to separate, easy to handle, and has been successfully recy- cled from post-consumer waste for decades. In short, it represents a tried and true materials recovery method with established markets. The biggest challenge in this form of recycling is mastering or living with unstable market conditions . The paper available in your community's waste can be divided into four main categories: office papers, newsprint, corrugated, and mixed. The table on the next page defines these plus other terms common in the business. "Mixed" paper consists of a mixture of any or all of the other categories plus magazines, packaging materials, and any other miscellaneous paper waste. Americans have been separating and saving their news- paper long before Earth Day, 1970. Girl Scout organizations, Boy Scout organizations, schools, and civic and social clubs conducted paper drives. Both the concept and processes are familiar to householders. Studies indicate that the average consumer generates approximately 5 3 pounds of newspaper per month. Preparation time for the consumer is estimated at only 13 minutes per month, and the only cost required consists of the string or bag to bind the materials . It is important to note that consumer-level recycling of newsprint and other papers has been found by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to be the best method available to date for collection of paper. Even cities entering into elaborate energy recovery facilities are encouraged to recycle paper through consumer recycling programs because the paper will be recycled in its most valuable, uncontaminated form. Remember that separation requirements may differ according to the specifications of the paper purchaser. Some will accept mixed papers, others only newsprint, and still others office papers only. You must become educated as to the proper separation procedures in order to assure a marketable product. 19 PAPER STOCK TERMINOLOGY 8 TERM DEFINITION 1. Bulk Grades Grades used in large quantities in paperboard and construction products (3 classifications) a. News b. Corrugated c. Mixed 2. High Grades a. Pulp Substitutes b. De inking Consists of old newspapers recovered from residential sources and news- paper publishers Consists of old corrugated boxes recovered from commercial establishments and new clippings from box converting operations Covers a wide range of the lowest quality paper stock and consists of unsorted mixed papers obtained from office build- ings, printing plants, and other commercial sources Papers which can substitute directly for wood pulp and are high quality fibers (2 classifications) Clippings and shavings, such as envelopes and bleached board cuttings, and other quality fibers derived from paper con- verting plants and data processing centers (computer tab cards) Usually bleached papers that have gone through a printing operation and are collected from printing plants and other converters Miscellaneous Materials CRAMKCA.SE OIL is another name for drained motor oil. Impurities from the engine such as dirt, solvents, and various chemicals accumulate in the oil. Oil refineries can separate the impurities from the oil so that it can be reused. This prevents waste oils from being dumped into rivers and on land. It also helps conserve the oil supply . 20 Individuals and organizations wishing to recycle used motor oil are encouraged to contact the manager of the Used Oil Recovery Program, Emerging Technology Section of the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Room 300, 325 W. Adams St., Springfield IL 62706 for infor- mation on developing an oil recovery program and a listing of used oil haulers, reprocessors , and rerefiners. Infor- mation can also be obtained from members of the Illinois Association of Recycling Centers, P.O. Box 48761, Chicago IL 60648. PLASTI CS are made from petroleum resources . They are composed of complex molecular structures which makes them essentially nonbiodegradable. This same structure also makes recycling very difficult. Technology has not yet been widely adapted that can upgrade waste plastics into useful products. Scrap plastics have been recycled, but mainly from inplant sources. The plastics industry has been working to increase recycling, but progress has been slow. RUBBER TIRES - When considering tires, there should first be a clear distinction between "used" tires and "worn out" or "scrap" tires. "Used" tires are still valuable for producing retreads. "Scrap" tires are too worn tc act as bases for retreads and, therefore, have outlived their usefulness in the tire industry. "Used" tires have been recycled for many years. There are nearly 5000 recapping industries in the U.S. Unfortunately, resources in Illinois are severe ly^ limited, and the market for "scrap" tires is much bleaker. 21 9 (§[b®a@(§ C® (3® 88 .G o o "The entrepreneur finds those places that he can sneak into the marketplace that the large fellow doesn't want because it's too small, or he doesn't understand anyway. And so that's how the little guy gets big. " Markets For The Sale of Recyclables The first step is to determine what materials will oe recycled. Market conditions in the region will "un- doubtedly be the most influencing factor in this decision. One can recycle only that which can be sold or reused. Recycling, first and foremost, is an economic activity The collection system which recovers materials must be supported by sale of the materials. Before you stimulate recycling efforts in your community, you must identify secure markets. Recycled materials are sold both domestically and on international markets 'he orices offered for recycled materials vary greatly- each commodity ' s price fluctuates differently. These fluctuations reflect the basic econ- re that supply is greater than market demand for recycled materials in thi; : o un t ry Lack of markets for recycled materials can be devas- tating to a recycling program. Many recycling centers have been forced to close because they have not ceer. able to sell, at an acceptable price, the materials they have recovered. As the long-used adage from the salvage industry indicates, Sztap -it> not 6old, it Li b ought . ? 1 So, because of their dependence on the wider economy, waste materials markets are volatile; a gentle ripple in the national economy may generate severe waves through the recycling marketplace, forcing buyers to n purchase only what they are confident they can sell. Recycling is impeded by a number of other factors . Organizations developing recycling programs and markets for recycled materials should be aware of the various federal, state, and local policies which have or may create barriers to recycling. Recycled materials suffer from economic disadvantages due to depletion allowances and capital gains tax advan- tages given virgin materials. Industries such as paper manufacturing, which have companies producing both virgin paper and recycled paper, are subsidized by the federal government to invest in equipment that produces paper from virgin materials . In the area of transportation, recycled materials have suffered for decades with freight rates established by the Interstate Commerce Commission. These rates favored the shipment of virgin materials . After almost a decade of fighting, the National Association of Recycling Indus- tries scored their first major victories early in 1980 on this issue. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Court of Appeals, which directed the Interstate Commerce Com- mission to revise their rates to a level of reasonableness, which is equivalent to rates of all other commodities that move by rail. This decision will enable recycled materials to compete more favorably with virgin materials by re- ducing their costs of shipment. Zoning regulations have also thwarted the efforts of recycling operations to expand. Zoning restrictions, designed to limit the locations of scrap processors, have a negative impact on industrial recycling activities as well as on the community organization seeking to locate a site for convenient consumer recycling. The key to finding markets for recycled materials will be public policies and other efforts which encourage expansion and development of industries using recycled materials in their manufacturing processes. But what about the program you wish to begin? No matter how well developed a collection system may be, unless the recovered materials can be returned to pro- ductive use, recycling will fail. The key, then, to a successful recycling project is the identification of sufficient existing markets, or the development of new ones . 24 Locating Markets Before beginning, it is wise to conduct a market survey for your specific area. It is usually best to determine how the area rates in market potential for the most commonly recovered materials: glass, tin and bimetal cans, paper, and aluminum. To aid in these efforts, obtain a copy of the ILL-inoX.^ Vi.n.zcton.y o& Env4.ionme.ntal In^oimat-ion from the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources at 309 W. Washington, Chicago IL 60606. The directory con- tains a list of industries interested in purchasing recycled materials from community projects. Please note that as with any published list, there will be changes, additions and deletions. The industries listed in' the directory have not committed themselves to buying scrap but have expressed interest. Limited though it may be, it is a good place to start. Check the list for markets in cities near you. A general rule is to stay within a 100-mile radius of the community. The resale value of materials recovered from solid waste does not warrant shipping small volumes for distances greater than 100 miles . By no means should the market survey be limited to the list in the directory. Check the yellow pages under "Junk Dealers," "Scrap Dealers," "Salvage Companies," "Paper Scrap," "Iron and Metals," "Glass Manufacturing," etc. for secondary dealers who may be a prime market. Nearly every community has at least one scrap dealer who has the resources to economically store, compact, and transport large quantities of materials for distances greater than 100 miles. However, as a middleman, the secondary dealer must make a profit and usually the prices you ViH receive for your materials will be some- what lower. It may not be possible to find an immediate buyer for the particular scrap in question, but persistence will usually "pay off." Markets may not be overwhelming in Illinois, but they are available, and a good market survey should bring them to light. Additional resources which may be useful in locating markets for the sale of recyclable materials begin on the following page. 25 ADDITIONAL MARKET RESOURCES ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF RECYCLING CENTERS P.O. Box 48761 Chicago IL 60648 INDIANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH Solid Waste Management Section Division of Sanitary Engineering 1330 W. Michigan Street Indianapolis IN 46206 WISCONSIN STATE SOLID WASTE RECYCLING AUTHORITY 3321 W. Be It line Highway Madison WI 53713 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RECYCLING INDUSTRIES 330 Madison Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017 PAPER STOCK CONSERVATION COMMITTEE American Paper Institute 260 Madison Avenue New York, N.Y. 10016 PAPER STOCK INSTITUTE OF AMERICA 330 Madison Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017 GLASS PACKAGING INSTITUTE 2000 L. Street, N.W. Washington D.C. 20006 THE ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION 818 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington D.C. 20006 Contacting The Buyer Contact possible markets and explain the project. Many industries have become ecology minded in the past few years and often are willing to support civic groups Learn of their individual specifications for the scrap; in other words: how must the materials be prepared for delivery to them? Remember, one cannot sell garbage 1 Unless the materials meet specifications, it is consid- ered to be "garbage. " 26 Next, arrange for special meetings with company rep- resentatives to open communications. It is much easier to turn a person down by phone than in person. In deal- ing with buyers, learn marketing terms, price structures, and industry processes so that there will be no confusion. Many industries can accept greater levels of scrap input than they do now. Many industries also tolerate larger percentages of contaminants than they will readily admit. The marketing goal, at this point, will be to secure a firm commitment of "intent to buy" from a buyer prior to inception of your project. Large mechanical resource recovery facilities are securing formal "letters of intent to purchase from potential markets . These are legal documents citing a buyer's intention to buy the recovered materials after the facility is constructed. You may be able to secure this type of document, or a least a formal letter, from the company explaining its intent to buy. Don't be discouraged though if you are not able to secure this . Many recycling projects have relied on informal agreements and been successful. Don't be overly optimistic about what prices or quantities the buyer will accept at first. Remember, you may be pen- etrating a market for the first time. Once you have made arrangements for the purchase of your materials, don't forget to learn details such as what hours the purchaser can receive the materials, how they should be delivered, and terms of payment Marketing Strategies As a general rule, open market and contractual sales agreements are the two major marketing arrangements imple- mented. Where more than one independent buyer exists , open market arrangements have both advantages and limitations . Reliance on the open market requires a stable condition. You will need to carefully gauge the depth and reliability of a particular market situation. What has the range of prices been in the recent past? How many potential buyers are available? How long have they been in continuous business? 27 Given market stability, an open sales strategy can allow a group to achieve higher prices due to the flexi- bility of the marketplace. In addition, it allows for the switch of buyers in the case of deteriorating rela- tionships or inadequate service. But open market trading does require managerial control, and lack of stability must be accepted. Realization of top prices during the best of times must be balanced against recognition of potential high losses during market weakness. The issue is basic: should you trade off the pos- sible high profits of the open market against the possible catastrophe of declining demand by marketing under a contract? Contract sales will likely mean lower prices during a strong market. Typical contracts include minimum tonnage require- ments with a penalty clause for lack of specific volume, the period of the agreement, purchase specifications, and the pricing structure. Advantages of the contract market structure include the guaranteed pricing system plus the likelihood of higher quality service from the buyer in the forms of technical advice, handling equip- ment, and storage containers. On the otherhand, the inflexible nature of the agreement may create severe pressures during high market conditions. Which ever strategy you choose, a note of caution is needed here. Many recycling projects have failed because their operators did not institute marketing, sales, and income controls. While negotiating and trading with secondary materials buyers, be sure to keep clear written records. You should not jeopardize your project's success with lazy business practices. Be sure to study this guide's chapter on BUSINESS MANAGEMENT care f ul ly . 28 c~st*r How to Organize Your Recycling Program One person car. spark a recycling project, but no one can do the job alone. You'll need help and lots of it. If you are already part of an organization or group you have a starting nucleus for your program. Build around it. Working together in coalition means stronger leadership and less duplication of effort. Get in touch with all organizations in civic, youth, business, service, area, etc. of Commerce should have listings of these. tions to contact: your town -- Your Chamber Some oraaniza- Church Groups Service Clubs League of Women Voters 3oard of Education and other educational groups Conservation People Labor Unions Professional Organizations Merchants Organizations Volunteer Bureaus Mayor 1 3 Office PTA ' ? United Fund/ Community Chest All Communications Media Jay cees Boy and Girl Scouts Boys' and Girls' Clubs Campfire Girls Key Clubs YMCA, YWCA Youth Groups School Service S Science Clubs City Youth Board City Environment a l/3eaut i fi cat ion. or Improvement Commissions 4-H Clubs Future Farmers of America Other "Futures" Groups Community Action GrouDS . - . . . 1 o Civil Right Organizations It should be added that inner-city minorities or the poor are seldom involved with community recycling ventures In trying to analyze why inner-city groups are often not part of organizations working on solid waste management issues, speculation has to substitute for fact. It may well be that organizations representing minorities and the city poor often feel they must con- centrate their energies on the struggle for better housing, jobs, and education. Leaders may see the importance of staving off the decline of environmental quality, but most inner-city residents are likely to have more immediate concerns. Without a doubt, citizens groups need to concentrate more on reaching out to in- volve all community residents in efforts to improve solid waste management policies and practices. The next step to organizing your recycling project will be to: Organize A Committee The committee should reflect the various segments of the community and be composed of dependable people. You will need perseverent individuals able and willing to fulfill the following roles: COORDINATOR : Management, including contact with scrap dealers; respond to inquiries; fundraising; leading the group COMMUNITY RELATIONS : Contacting community groups, local government agencies, local businesses for help; getting donations; public appearances; publicity; promotion; advertising, etc. PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENTS : Securing collection site(s); obtaining storage containers for scrap, safety glasses, gloves, other equipment PROCESSING : Day-to-day handling of materials; sorting, preparing, stacking TRANSPORTATION : Making arrangements to haul used materials to scrap dealers; pick-ups for elderly or other special requests; securing special transportation vehicles and equipment 30 RECRUITING : Finding and training help needed to operate the site BUSINESS MANAGEMENT : Keeping records of costs, issue of disbursements and receipts , shipment records ; maintaining legal status coordinate compliance with ordinances Site Selection You have researched the scrap markets and formed your committee. All is moving along smoothly. Now you are prepared to seek out a site for locating your recycling project. The site must be located in your community or close to it. It must be large enough to store the mater- ials you will be collecting. It must be easily accessible from the street. If the site is outdoors, it should be fenced or otherwise protected to keep children from playing with the materials, and you will need some form of cover to protect your recyclables from the rain and snow. Situating your collection point in an area where people do not have to make a special trip and can accomplish several necessary activities at once is highly desireable. A good rule of thumb is to locate your project at a distance of no more than three miles from the people you hope will participate. Use your local "people" resources for assistance in locating a site. Don't forget about public works or planning department personnel, commercial realtors, the Chamber of Commerce, and other local citizens groups. Think about the following as possible locations when considering a permanent recycling depot. Landfill Site Empty Storefront Church Parish House Fire Stations Large Service Station Old Military Installation Small Industrial Park Warehouse Loading Dock City Hall Municipal Parking Lot 31 Be creative! Locating a site is sometimes difficult -- especially in a city where land costs are at a premium. But if you look carefully and with perseverence , it should be possible to locate land on a rent-free or low-cost basis For a temporary site, locate your depot in or at a: Home Garage* School Parking Lot Shopping Center Fairgrounds Vacant Lot * Check to make certain this would not be a violation of a citv zoning ordinance. Phvsical Set-Uo The physical set-up of your site will be determined by the type(s) of material you collect, the nature of your project (supervised/unsupervised, open daily/once a month) , size and nature of the equipment you will need, and your workforce. The drawings which follow on the next three pages will offer ideas for site set-up. Each is scaled to give you a perspective on how much space is commonly used for various functions. 32 w V 4) t> to Efc a * -o >*> ra m w Q a o i*_ V «* * to •0 9 « c V 3 TJ X g 3 * 3D s < O 03 o -o V O I V -a <« TJ IB \ u V V w T3 JC\ -o to V v. -c> V7 u. £ -a 33 SERVICE ROAD Main Building Aluminum Shredder and Storage Van Might Dtop Boxes . — 1 Employee Parking Covered Baie Storage Can Flattener and Storage Paper Shredder Yard Storage Scale 50 cology Action Recycling Center t; 0,#5W u 1 /../.../ Models of Operation There is no one model way of operating a recycling center. Many successful recycling projects in Illinois have changed their operations as other factors influencing their programs have altered. If your mind is not open to such change, your project will become as extinct as the dinosaur. Successful recycling is usually an evolutionary process. Rarely does a project begin with all its oper- ational needs fulfilled, Most groups start out small, collecting one cr two types of materials in barrels or boxes, accomplishing the hauling task through the efforts of a well-wishing neighbor with a pick-up truck. As an example of the level of simplicity which is possible, one Illinois couple collects and stores recyclables collected from the com- munity en their farm. They sell to a variety of nearby markets when quantities warrant the trip in their pick- up truck, and because theirs is not a commercial enter- prise, proceeds from material sales are donated to local charities. You can do it too, or you can develop your orolect around a variety of ooerational alternatives. 37 Drop-Off Centers Drop-off centers are stationary collection points or depots set up to receive materials from the public for recycling. Few centers are alike since most are set up to make the most efficient use of local resources . A drop-off center is very flexible in the types of mat- erials it can handle. You will need considerable space for collection and storage if you plan the project to be a full-service (collecting glass, metals, paper pro- ducts, oil, etc.) project, and much less space will be needed for the collection of fewer materials. The major advantage to operating a drop-off center is the possibility for 24-hour access. Donors will be able to bring their recyclables to the site at hours most convenient to them. However, it should be noted that if you allow 24-hour access to the site, you will have to take steps to prevent crime. Vandalism may occur after dark, and as the value of recyclables materials increases, so does the rate of theft. Drop-off centers can be classified into two major types: unmanned and manned. The unmanned drop-off center is likely to be located at schools, churches, apartment complexes, shopping centers, or vacant lots. This method is most commonly used by community organizations for their fundraisinc projects. Donors deliver their recyclables and separate them into appropriate bins -- hopefully. Because an attendent is not available, collection containers must be especially sturdy, safely constructed, and well marked with instructions for the public. Running an unmanned drop-off center has the advan- tage of low or no labor cost or volunteer management problems. On the other hand, your chances of receiving trash and other unwanted materials is increased because no attendent is available to assist and educate the public If your unattended project is not well protected, you may run into problems to those similar with the 24-hour pro- jects. And if it is located near a school or other loca- tion where its access is open to youngsters, local police may dub your program an "attractive nuisance." 33 The manned or attended drop-off center has definite advantages. The center is staffed and emphasis is often given to the educational aspects of recycling. Having staff, whether paid or voluntary, presents the opportunity to assist, instruct, and answer donors' questions. During the time an attendent is available, theft and vandalism will not be a problem, but don't forget about the off hours . Contact your local police chief and request that patrols in your area keep an eye open for problems. Be sure to give them the name and phone number of someone to contact in case of an emergency. Of course, this is good advice no matter what type of recycling project you conduct. The manned drop-off center may have higher operating costs than the unmanned depot. If your staff is paid, you will have the added expense of not only salaries, but payroll taxes and insurance as well. If your staff is voluntary, you will have the expense of volunteer recruitment and training. Remember, factors between projects can vary drama- tically. Only you and your committee can weigh the pros and cons and choose which aspects will play a more important role in your particular situation. Periodic Or Permanent Collections The manned and unmanned collection methods described above can be implemented on either a periodic or permanent basis . Periodic projects are operated on a "once-in-a while 11 basis or on a regular schedule, e.g., the second Saturday of each month from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. With a periodic set- up, a large truck often serves as a mobile "depot" hauling all the recyclables away at closing time. The periodic collection project makes scheduling of staff or volunteers quite simple and has the added advantage of offering little opportunity for a mess to develop. One drawback is that the public must stick to your schedule, and they may not be available when you are. Another is that you must make arrangements for material storage or haul recyclables directly to market. 39 A permanent recycling project can operate on either a 24-hour or controlled access basis, but it is available to the public more frequently than the periodic project. This mode of operations necessitates that a permanent site be available, sometimes a difficulty in congested urban areas. Maintenance of the collection site is an ever- important issue when operating a permanent recycling program because the ongoing recycling center is constantly in the public eye. Do yourself, your neighbors, and re- cycling a favor by keeping your site neat, clean, and safe. Single and Multi-Item Depots Recycling collection centers or depots take several forms, ranging in size and complexity from small newspaper collection bins in the corners of parking lots to huge ongoing projects collecting many tons of waste per week. Depots accepting only one item usually show a profit. These kinds of projects include the newspaper or glass drop-off s run by various civic groups -- Lions, Kiwanis, Scouts, and the like. Costs are minimal in such projects because land and storage bins are usually donated and volunteers normally operate the program. Transportation to market is the only major expense, and the revenues go to the worthy causes of the sponsoring organizations. Other kinds of depots take as many varieties as they feel they can market. The groups operating these recycling projects are usually nonprofit corporations engaging in recycling because of concern with general environmental issues and in particular with the solid waste problem. In terms of economy, multi-item depots require a larger work-force than single item depots. Each item accepted requires a different form of processing and entails a separate kind of handling. The Pick-Up Service Many organizations that have mastered the techniques of operating a collection depot will expand their programs to include a pick-up service. Pick-ups can be made on an on-call basis, a regular residential route can be estab- lished, and commercial businesses can be served. Pick-ups can be made using a private auto or a large truck -- that, of course, depends on what materials and what quantity you expect to pick-up. 40 CM -CALL PI CK- UPS are often made on special occasions for people who don't have enough materials to pick-up on a regular basis. However, you will not want to invest your time and gasoline to pick up a dozen bottles or one stack of newspapers. Set standards and enforce them. Make certain your requirements for amount and preparation of materials are clearly understood. Do not hesitate to refuse a caller if the distance is too great or the amount too small to cover your costs. REGULAR RESIDENTIAL ROUTES can be very productive for collecting large amounts of materials on a regular basis. You will want to do extensive publicity before you begin a program of this type. Let your donors know what materials are acceptable, how they need to be pre- pared, where to leave them ( curbs ide, doorstep, alley, etc.), and when your collection is scheduled. Distri- buting a calendar schedule is a helpful and inexpensive reminder to the households on your route. Do remember that it can be disasterous for develop- ing an ongoing residential route if you don't pick-up materials when promised. If, on occasion, delays or changes in your schedule occur, inform your doners immediately . One additional piece of advice -- begin with small routes expanding only as your resources allow. And be considerate of your staff or volunteers; picking up bundles of recyclabies and loading them into £ truck is strenuous work. Would you be able to do it for more than a couple of hours at a time? If not, don't expect that your workers will be able to do so either. A COMMERCIAL PICK-UP PROGRAM can be a big plus to your project because large volumes of recyclabies can be picked up on only one trip. Office waste paper, glass, and corrugated cardboard are common business recyclabies. Waste disposal costs for businesses are high and herein lies the greatest motivation for commercial estab- lishments to participate in your program. Volume require- ments are usually easy for businesses to meet, but here you also need to be specific about your preparation require- ments. Ycu will want the materials to be as "clean" as possible, but try to be flexible because to business people time is money. If you pick up glass from a tavern, for example, you may receive many liquor bottles with metal rings attached. If your donor feels it takes too much time for removal of the rings, you may be able to do so once you bring the materials to your storage site. How- ever, in this case, you will have ~o insist that rhe bottles are unbroken for safety in handlinc. 41 In the case of corrugated cardboard, another high volume waste item for businesses, you will want the boxes broken down and bundled in some way. One Chicago- land recycling project refurbishes old, used balers and rents them out to businesses at very low rates. The organization, in turn, pays the business a small amount for their baled cardboard. They are able to do so, and thereby encourage the participation of more businesses, because the organization's handling costs are lowered and greater volume can be collected on one trip when the cardboard is baled. The Buy-Back Program Many recycling program operators nationwide have found that they can greatly increase the volumes of mat- erials they receive by paying the public small amounts for their goods. Operating a buy-back program is only recommended if your project is well established in all respects. More equipment is needed for storage; a scale becomes an absolute necessity. Your staff must be well trained and able to handle cash, and your bookkeeping system must be on a highly professional level. Before you consider implementing a buy-back program, consult a lawyer about the possible effect of this action on your organization's tax-exempt status. IRS law states that your group's income is only tax free if it is obtained through activities in agreement with your organization's legal tax-exempt purpose. The opinion of a legal expert is very important here because there is no definitive IRS ruling regarding the acceptability of nonprofit-operated buy-back programs . Remember also, once you have established a buy-back program, you may be in direct competition with local scrap dealers. The prices you pay the public must be competitive; you must cover your operating costs. And yet, you do not want to alienate possible market sources for your group. You can read more about buy-back programs in our section on RECYCLING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT which begins in this guide on page 119. 42 Processing, Equipment, and Transportation eparing the recyclable O f j^*- 1 a ria. rollect to is essential. If rhe load of materials you ship to market is re jeered, you will most likely have to dump it at the landfill. Not only will such a rejection be a setback to your organization's morale, your group's pocketbook will be negatively impacted as well- You will lose the value of the scrap, experience increased transportation costs in hauling to the dump, and in many cases, you will pay a dumping fee as well. You will need to plan and prepare carefully to avoid these setbacks . Earlier in this guide (pages 15-21), we discussed the recyclable materials most often collected by com- munity recycling centers. Note the common specifications described in this section and plan your project accordingly You will want to educate your patrons to the extent that most of the materials are processed by them, at home, before the items are brought to your collection area. Bur even under the best of circumstances, some orocessmc must be done at the deoot. ?each your donors to prepare their materials at home before bringing them to the recycling center. The following discussion of equipment, tools, and transportation will offer you suggestions on ways of making the task of handling your recyclables mere man- ageable. Also remember that experience is the best teacher, so find out from other local projects which equipment and systems have worked for them and put their experience to work for vou. tguiDment and Handimq Whatever type of recycling project you choose to operate, you will need equipment to handle the materials and containers in which to store and transport them. Try to get as many donations as possible. Depending or. the type of project, you will need some cr all of the following: recycling information handouts, signs; first aid kit; brooms, dustpan, scoop shovel and trash can for non-recyciables ; and heavy protective gloves. Other equipment needs depend on what materials you collect. 44 GLASS_: Wooden drum covers with holes to accomodate long-handled sledges if you plan to break glass manually; safety glasses or goggles; church key, pliers, or a similar tool to remove metal rings from bottle necks. CANS •• Sledges or road tamper to crush cans; can opener to remove ends of cans; magnet to test metal types. Remember, aluminum is not magnetic. NEWSPAPER : Twine and scissors to tie bundles. Once your newspaper volume has built up, a banding tool and bundler for handling cardboard and bundling loose paper become invaluable additions to your operation. Recyclers tell us that the banding tool can be put to a variety of repair and miscellaneous uses. Both machines can often be rented at low rates from a paper broker who might even provide them free of charge for your use. Moving heavy containers in and out of a truck presents special difficulties and requires the use of rollers, lift trucks, chain blocks, hand trucks, lift gates, and/or winch booms. If you are going to transport your own mat- erials, you will need a pick-up or larger truck. If your volume is very low, you might get away with cardboard boxes in a station wagon. Containers Recyclers utilize a wide variety of containers for collecting, storing and shipping their materials. These include metal and fiber drums, wood pallet boxes and crates, cardboard boxes, 5-gallon paint cans for crushed glass, plastic bags and burlap sacks for tin cans, steel bins, drop boxes, dump trucks, and truck trailers. Factors to consider in your choice of containers include : 1) Availability; 2) Buyer's requirements and compatability with unloading system at markets; 3) Whether storage is indoors or out; 4) Availability of handling equipment; 5) Whether ground surface is soft or hard, even or bumpy; and 6) Type of transportation vehicle. 45 An empty 55-gallon metal drum weighs anywhere from 15 to 90 pounds, averaging about 50 pounds. Fiber barrels offer an obvious advantage when the empty barrels must be moved often. Fiber barrels weigh from 5 to 20 pounds, usually about 15 pounds for the 40-gallon size. 55-gallon steel drums or fiber barrels can be obtained free or for a small charge from many companies that discard them. Try fuel oil companies, construction firms, paint companies, bakeries, and chemical companies. Leave your supply of empty barrels upside down until you want to use them so that people won't put things in every barrel. Fiber barrels and boxes should be kept out of the rain. It is also handy to have holes in your steel barrels so that rainwater can run out and you may want to paint the insides of metal barrels with a rust preventative paint to keep metallic rust particles from contaminating any glass you may store in them. Sometimes handling of materials is simplified by using the trailer from a semi-truck as the container at the collection site. Dump trucks and drop boxes are also used. This works well for newspaper drives and could also be used for collection of a high volume of glass or cans. A waste paper company may loan one of these for collecting paper, leaving it in a parking lot until full, then hauling it away. Often such projects are unattended and signs should be erecred which instruct the public on how to load the materials for proper weight distribution. The following chart will give you an idea of the capacities and site requirements of such containers . SEMI-TRAILER Maximum Location Capacity Requirements 20 Tons 2x6 planks must be placed under front dolly wheels to prevent damage to pavement DROP-BOX (Large) 8-12 Tons Hard surface lot with 40-50 feet of straight running space for positioning DROP-BOX (Small) 8-10 Tons Hard surface lot with 40-50 feet of straight running space for positioning 46 A note of caution about using semi-trailers or drop-boxes -- you will certainly want to load as much paper into these containers as possible to maximize your profit, but overloading can cause a safety hazard and damage the surface on which the container stands. To prevent trailer overload, papers should be stacked to a maximum height of seven feet. To prevent front end overload, begin by stacking one row of papers to within one foot of the top and along each side of the trailer. You can then go back and fill in from the sides. Additional Equipment In 19 80, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency- published a guide entitled, Sotin.cz Szpa.A.atZon CoZtzc.tJ.on and Pxoc.ZiAJ.ng Equ.j.pmzn£ (Pub. No. SW-842, Office of Soli: Waste) . This guide will be invaluable for organizations ready to develop more sophisticated systems. The publi- cation summarizes advantages and disadvantages of various pieces of equipment, lists manufacturers' specifications, and suppliers of equipment useful to the recycling center operator. We recommend this publication highly ■ ested in exploring the possible use of the types of equipment. ;o tnose mter- fol lowing GLASS CRUSHERS - Over-the-barrel and hammer-mill crushers offer advantages to groups that ship glass in low ime containers or trucks BALERS tor use in compacting paper products or metals for easier handling and volume reduction 43 CAN FLATTEVERS AMP MAGNETIC ScPAfvATCRS are invaluable if you handle large volumes of metals FORK LIFT TRUCKS are needed if heavy bins or barrels must be picked up for loading or unloading icLF-X'MPT.VG KgggHgS are used by many recyclers for collec- tion and storage of materials REFUSE CC^T AIMERS JR VZOP-cCXES are convenient for collecting large volume materials such as glass and newspaper. jo About Trucking and Transportation * Try to balance trucking costs and estimated income from recyclables. * If it is determined that recycling will save the city collection and disposal costs , the city maintenance department may be willing to transport materials and conduct special pick-ups. * Write or call markets in nearby major cities to see if they have trucks passing through the area regularly which might pick-up the materials. * Check out insurance coverage on offers of privately- owned vehicles. * A trucking firm may donate space on a "dead run" (when the truck carries no cargo) and charge for mileage or the trucker's salary only. * Businesses that use carting trucks or rental companies might lend the recycling center a truck . * Contact Army Reserve units, the National Guard, private individuals to locate a donated truck or station wagon. * Some companies might supply a truck and driver to haul materials during the weekend when they will not be using the trucks. NOTE: Dump trucks are ideal, but pick-up trucks will suffice. The type of truck you will need will depend on the volume collected, the condition of the material col- lected, and the distance materials must be transported. If there is no loading dock at the collection site, a truck with a hydraulic lift on the tailgate is helpful, especially if drums or crushed glass must be moved. Make certain that trucks are well covered to prevent waste spillage and^that they are not loaded beyond road- way weight limits. Before taking materials to a buyer, it is always a good idea to check to be certain he is accepting what you have to sell on a particular day. Also check by telephone on the buyer's current open-hours; these some- times change without notice. Finally, check your buyer's current price before you deliver; you may be able to store some items until you can obtain a higher price for them. At least one worker should go along with the truck driver to assist with unloading. 50 The procedure at most scrap brokers ' establishments is to drive onto a scale and tell the scale operator what type of material you have. He will then tell you where to unload. Unload; then return to the scale for reweighing. Some brokers will pay you in cash and others will forward a check to your organization at a future date. 3e sure to get a copy of the weight tickets — both full and empty -- so that no confusion will develop over the amount of payment due and to facilitate your financial and volume recordkeeping. Legal Requirements to be Considered Check with local officials to see: if a license and/or zoning variance is needed to run the depot. * if the center is in compliance with fire, safety, health, sign, and nuisance abatement ordinances. * if the center picks up materials, is it infringing on a garbage collection franchise? If so, try to reach an agreement with the local collector. * if trucking permits to haul recyclables are needed. * if the center is a home operation, what special requirments are made of it be city or county? * if the center is municipally-sponsored, can it get state tax credits or float a bond issue when acquiring equipment and facilities? General Legal Information Some local governments have restrictions on home storage of paper, the parking of trucks, the outside storage of barrels (if the depot is set up in a private home) . If the center is storing newspaper inside a city's limits, it may be required to have a metal rather than a wooden building (or at least metal containers for paper) . 51 All regulations should be checked to determine whether or not the operation is a legal one. If the regulations appear to be unfair, discuss the problem with officials. Chances are the laws were not designed to cover recycling operations and they may be able to be interpreted differently for such programs. A major legal problem encountered by many recyclers stems from the practice of classifying a recycling pro- ject as a junk or salvage yard. This often prevents recycling centers from being set up in a residential or commercial neighborhood. The following argument may be helpful to get out of this. A recycling center is unlike a junk yard in many ways. It is a public service and not a retail or whole- sale business. The processing is minimal compared to what is done by a junk yard due to the limited type of materials taken in. Materials move through much faster than in most junk yards. It is a community service^and must be convenient to the public in order to exist. 52 Managing Your Human Resources Throughout pages 29-31 of this manual, we discussed hew to organize a committee to cake charge of operating your recycling project. This committee is the nucleus of your program, and the functions performed by these people are crucial to the success of an ongoing project. Once again, you will need people -- paid or voluntary -- to fulfill the following roles: coordinator, community relations, ohysical arrangements, processin< t r an s do r f at i on recruiting, and business management. You will need re plan your project: around the labor resources available 1 n yo ur co mmun i ty . In some small scale projects such as unstaffed depots , the functions listed above may be managed by one or two people. Full-line recycling centers and repeating projects require more help and usually become the projects of groups. Very few recycling projects begin with suf- ficient financial resources tc pay workers from the cut- set:. Most begin with volunteers help, and as the projects expand, some keep their volunteer labor or initiate a oavroll . 53 In either case, the goal becomes clear. You must manage your human resources wisely by striving to get the right person into the right job at the right time. To achieve this goal, attaining broad community support should be the aim of all projects that want a long life. One excellent local example of an organization utilizing broad community support is the McHenry County Defenders of Crystal Lake, Illinois. Because of the amount of labor needed to implement the project effectively, the Defenders enlist the aid of a large variety of community groups. In Crystal Lake, Boy Scout Troop 127 regularly handles glass collections. For their efforts, the Scouts receive all revenues from the sale of this material. Tin and aluminum cans and used motor oil are handled by members of the Defenders , and proceeds from the sale of these materials supports their ongoing projects. Proceeds for paper collections are shared by the Defenders and other community groups which provide labor. In the City of McHenry, also served by the Defenders project, all materials are pro- cessed by Defender members with the help of local organ- izations . The groups then split revenues . The McHenry County Defenders believe that community involvement is the key to their program's success. Each group that participates encourages new people to recycle their bottles, cans, newspapers, and used oil. You can read more about the McHenry County Defenders in this guides section called, "RECYCLING FOCUS." Another northern Illinois program has found an alternative solution to its labor needs. The North Shore Ecology Center (NSEC) , based in Highland Park, Illinois, operates ten recycling locations in nine communties and the program still continues to grow. NSEC has opted for using paid staff because of the size and diversity of their project. In an NSEC-owned truck, a crew of one to three paid employees make daily rounds of each of the ten recycling depots to take care of any needed materials processing and site maintenance. More information about the North Shore Ecology Center can also be found in the "RECYCLING FOCUS" section. Here you will also find profiles of other Illinois recycling groups with information on who is doing what. 54 Who Volunteers and Why ? The spirit of volunteering -- of one person helping another -- goes back to the beginning of human history. Perhaps it has been the. humanizing element, parent helping child, child assisting parent, neighbor aiding neighbor. Whether it has meant taking turns guarding the entrance to the cave, throwing down your cloak for the gueen to pass, joining with friends to raise a barn roof, or coming together to run a community recycling center — volunteers speak loud and clear on their own behalf. This age-old willingness to help others has matured. The spirit of wanting to take an active part in building a stronger, saner society, of wishing to restore, rehab- ilitate, improve, create, and re-create has come of age. At the same time, as more and more individuals have the time and concern to volunteer their abilities in a meaningful way, the more impact the new volunteerism has upon the nation. Between 1965 and 1974, the number of volunteers in this country almost doubled. The ACTION/Census Bureau study Amzsi-icavii, Motu.ntz.1ii 19 7 4 provides a profile of who volunteers and why. Although the largest group of volunteers falls into the 25 to 54 age bracket, teenagers and retired people also volunteer in significant numbers. According to statistics, one out of every five American men volunteer, and increasing numbers of nonwhites are volunteering. The ACTION survey revealed that more employed people are active volunteers than unemployed people. There is also a positive correlation between volunteering and income level and length of formal educa- tion. This ever greater diversity of people willing and able to work without pay represents a rich staffing resource for all types of communtiy projects . Volunteering can serve to enhance the self-image of the one who volunteers. Social scientists have found that low self-esteem is at the root of many social and educational problems as well as individual antisocial and self-destructive behavior at all socio-economic levels Thus, volunteering can be an essential human developmental experience when it meets this universal need for self- esteem. 55 Volunteering offers diverse opportunities for self- discovery and learning. For students, volunteering provides the field experience necessary to apply and test classroom theories. For women whose careers have been interupted, volunteering provides an opportunity for re-evaluation. For workers in dull, routine jobs, volunteering can provide some of the intangible rewards they are missing in their paid work. For retired people looking for new ways to use accumulated wisdom, volun- teering may offer the richest reward of all -- a new role . As might be expected, the diversity of expectation and experience which characterizes volunteers is reflected in their approach to service. Some volunteers prefer to work independently in self-help or issue-oriented ad hoc groups. Often they work intensely on specific problems for a short period of time. Other volunteers, particularly those with solid professional role models, rely on strong staff support, expecting appropriate learning opportunities in established organizations. General Tools for Recruiting The common denominator in all aspects of a success- ful volunteer program is the successful recruitment of volunteers . Prospective volunteers come knocking at organization doors only occasionally. More commonly, the recruiter, you, must go out into the community to find the volunteer. There are two basic things a recruiter must know: what the project's needs are and what the community has to offer in human resources. Then the recruiter can begin to plan the methods to be used to reach the pot- ential volunteer and match the volunteer to the job. Knowing Your Community And Its Human Resources The community surrounding your organization offers many types of resources, and it is a good idea to take inventory periodically. Here are a few basic questions to help you assess your resources. Add to this list those resources that may be unique to your situation. 56 * What kind of corporate community is available to you? Are business and industry seeking ways to meet pressures of social responsibility? Do you have volunteer opportunities to interest individual employees after work or on weekends? Are there other ways — like artwork, printing, leftover or overstocked supplies, sponsorship of a particular project or event? * Are many local community residents blue collar workers who may work on shifts and have time available when you badly need help? * Is there a Chamber of Commerce or other similar council of local merchants where you can get helpful information about the business, industry, and civic side of your community? * Is there a community college or other higher educational facility nearby? What about the local high school? Don't overlook these resources for finding leaders for training volunteers or staff, for available meeting rooms, as well as students as potential volunteers. * Look for people where you are most apt to find them — in laundromats , bowling alleys , super- markets , and pool rooms. They may let you use a corner of the bulletin board for a spot announcement . * High rise apartments are also likely places to find people who are potential volunteers. Laundry rooms or lobby areas may yield bulletin board space also. * Are there other organizations in your community that also recruit for volunteers? Could you combine efforts? * Your community includes your recycling center donor. Many become great volunteers because who better knows the benefit of your service? * Don't be shy about asking people to give their time and talents to your organization. It's a compliment to them, and don't prejudge their answer. Too many times we say "he won't do it, she's too busy" and then find they certainly would have if they had just been asked. 57 Involving the Uninvolved in Volunteering There are ways you can get the uninvolved person to become or continue to be a volunteer in your organ- ization. * Show the real need you have for his or her services. Be honest. Do not glamorize or minimize the assign- ment . * Create an atmosphere of acceptance. Let the person know you are happy to have them as part of your team. * Even the best volunteer may miss a day or two. Accept this as part of the scheme of things, but make it clear that you missed them. * Differentiate between work and social time, but remember that socializing is very important. Volunteering should be fun. * Involve the volunteer in planning for the work to be done. The person who shuns clubs and community groups may welcome the opportunity to be the one in charge of a special part of the project. * Don't try to push a group or individual into accept- ing as assignment. They might say yes out of des- peration and then leave the scene as soon as possible * Broaden the knowledge of local people about your project. Let people know that your organization is working to solve problems affecting them. * Create a consciousness of need for help. Convince local residents in your community of the reality of the need for help. * Show benefits that can be derived from the effort of those helping. What does a volunteer gain as a result pf volunteering for your project? * Promise a good character and business reference when a volunteer does a good job for you. And advertise the fact that this reference has value to a future employee. * Don't take volunteers for granted. Express your appreciation frequently. An occasional party, picnics, free food and drink, recycling T-shirts, ecology patches, token gifts, or s imilar, gestures will help keep up the esprit des corps. 53 A Word of Caution You should not take the dependability of volunteers for granted. The best of intentions have been known to yield to the temptation of a sunny day. Some experienced recyclers recommend using volunteers only for well-defined tasks of short duration. As you get to know your volun- teers, you will learn which ones can be counted on. Tax Benefits for Volunteers Because your volunteers give a great deal of time, talent, and energy to your project, be sure they are aware of the number of tax benefits available to them under the general charitable contribution deduction of the Internal Revenue Code. Volunteers may deduct unreimbursed expenditures made incident to giving services to a qualifying nonprofit 501(c) (3) organiza- tion. The following are representative types of expendi - tures that may be deducted : * Automobile mileage (at actual expense or 7c per mile standard rate) * Bus and cab transportation expense * Parking and tolls * Special uniforms * Telephone bills * Entertainment and meals for others * Costs of meals and lodging if away overnight * Travel expenses above per dien allowance * Tickets for charity benefits (above actual value) The following may not be deducted : * Value of volunteer time * Dependent care expenses * Your own meals and entertainment (unless away overnight) A complete description of federal tax deductions for volunteers can be obtained from the local IRS Taxpayer Assistance Service. Ask for Publication 4526, "Income Tax V e. duct-ion ^o-t Contn.i.bixt-LonA ." 59 Paid Worker: Recycling programs often require a whole spectrum of business duties that may demand more time and effort, possibly more skill than a volunteer can contribute. If you plan to use paid staff, an attractive, com- petitive wage is necessary to retain interested and qualified personnel. While many recycling programs started with people who were willing to work for sub- sistence wages, this is becoming less and less common as recycling operations become more advanced and develop into an industry in its own right. If you are hiring people to operate glass crushers, balers or other pot- entially dangerous machinery, you will find the need to pay appealing wages especially true. In addition to recruiting and hiring, some of the following personnel-related responsibilities will be of concern to your organization as well. 1. To classify jobs and prepare wage and salary scales 2. To counsel employees 3. To deal with disciplinary problems 4. To develop safety standards and practices 5. To manage benefit programs, such as group insurance, health, and retirement plans 6. To provide for periodic reviews of the performance of each individual employee, and for recognition of his or her strengths and needs for further development 7. To assist individuals in their efforts to develop and qualify for more advanced work . . 26 8. To plan and supervise training programs 60 Some Final Words on Staffing The size and nature of your program will help determine your labor needs. But remember that qualified and valuable help, volunteer or hired, does not come automatically. You must be willing and prepared to train and instruct your labor force in materials handling, public assistance, education, and safety procedures. Remember also that human resource management is concerned with the effective use of the skills of people. The all-important word here is PEOPLE. Whether your people are volunteers or paid workers, most psychologists agree that there are certain desires (and needs) for every person at every age and station of life. Remember these desires and needs to build a foundation of mutual understanding and design your program around these worker desires. 1. Desire for recognition, causing a person to seek experience in which there is social approval, commendation, and prestige; and to avoid exper- iences that result in ridicule, scorn, and disapproval . 2. Desire for affection, causing a person to seek experience involving appreciation, understanding, intimacy, and support; and to avoid situations where there is a lack of love and appreciation. 3. Desire for power, causing the person to seek experiences that hold promise of achievement , self-determination, and mastery; and to avoid situations involving frustration and a sense of failure. 4. Desire for new experience, causing a person to seek experiences that provide novelty, adventure, thrill, excitement, and change; and to avoid situtations of dullness, monotony, and boredom. 5. Desire for security, causing a person to seek experiences that give assurance of protection, being wanted, and confidence; and to avoid situations involving danger, insecurity, and fear. 61 ecvc i a Publicizing Your Neighborhood Recycling Center Searing up a recycling program is one thing- getcir.g the lecai residents into the habit: of using it is another. Even if one only contributors at first are those few hands - ■F'i 1 t->>. ail or people wno were active in organizing tne program, and even if they advertise the center only by word of mouth you ran expect a few hundred pounds of recyclables the first time, and approximately a 1% increase each time you collect thereafter. But such a relatively small volume would make for an inefficient and disappointing venture, especially if you plan to keep the center open several hours per day and several days per week. It will take far -ore than a few hundred pounds on each collection day to have a "successful' 1 operation, one that has a meaningful waste and resource depletion Droblems. Begin publicizing your recycling center at leas- six weeks before you cut the ribbon to its entrance . Contact the local newspapers and radio and television stations. Advertise your program m village, church, school, and Make 1 1 <3 p n r snore, church, an< civic ciuo newsletters. school bulletin boards. Have bumper stickers and oc'scers printed up, etc. Radio and television scat ions will usuall; oe 'ria-zcy to air your brief message as a public service announcement and they may even be willing to air it once or twice a week for a period of several weeks. Inform the Mayor, 3ity Council, and Chamber of Commerce abcuc your recycling prcjecc. They will be interested in the extent oj to which your efforts are reducing their solid waste disposal problem, and they can offer assistance~in publi- cizing your operation and assuring its success. Many recycling program coordinators find it useful and profitable in the early going to prepare a BROCHURE for distribution throughout the community. Brochures and flyers explaining all aspects of your program can be printed up relatively inexpensively, or a local printer may be wil- ling to donate his services. An easily recognizable and reproducible LOGO should be designed as a permanent program symbol. This logo should appear on all of your publicity announcements, publications, signs, posters, and collection equipment. WALL POSTERS can be used to "blitz" your neighborhood or community to announce the opening of your project. They are also a highly visual and inexpensive way to remind the community of what materials you accept and where your recycling center is located. They should be visually at- tractive with as little written copy as possible. The who, what, when, where, and why format along with the program logo or symbol is most effective. CAL ENVARS announcing where your center is, when you are open, and how to properly prepare materials are helpful and inexpensive reminders for the household. Once sheet of paper will suffice for a calendar which will alert the household recycler to your recycling days for an entire year. Contact the WE LCOME WAGON or COMMUNITY HOSTESS organ- izations or your local real estate agencies to see if they will include information about your recycling center in the information packets which they provide for new residents and homeowners . List your recycling center in the VELLO'J} PAGES under "Recycling . " PUBLIC UTILITIES are often willing to include notices from public service groups in their billings. BANKS and SAVINGS ANV LOANS may include similar information in mailings to their customers. Contact each in your community regarding their mailing policies. If you live in an area with a large population of MINORITY GROUPS , you should publish your posters and other information in their respective languages. 64 Specifically in Illinois, don't forget to REGISTER your recycling project with the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources (309 W. Washington, Chicago IL 60606) and the Illinois Association of Recycling Centers (P.O. Box 48761, Chicago IL 60648). Each has systems available to refer people to you. Believe it or not, many environmentally-aware individuals are looking for a recycling depot to utilize or to volunteer services. Your project may be just what they are looking for. A TIMETABLE of collection days and hours should appear at the entrance to your recycling center. A sign telling donors exactly what items are currently being accepted and what items are not accepted should also be prominently displayed. It is a good idea to make the sign in such a way that items which are sometimes taken, other times not, can be easily switched from one category to the other on the sign. And, finally, a sign outlining preparation of materials for recycling should be prominently displayed inside the center for the benefit of both workers and the public. Certain recycling centers have found it beneficial to focus public attention on their facility by coupling its opening -- or continuous operation -- with some sort of school or civic event. This might involve a litter cleanup campaign in the neighborhood, a shopping center rally, a recycling contest (complete with prizes), or a school contest. One of the best ideas is to hold an event such as a concert, dance, sports event, or picnic, or to show an environmentally-related film with the price of admission being so many pounds of recyclables. Whatever form your publicity takes, it should include the following information: 1. The name of your recycling center/organization 2. Who is sponsoring it 3. The names of cooperating public and private organizations 4. Why the program is important 5. Where the recycling center is located 6. Materials being collected 7. How materials are to be prepared 8. Days and hours of collection 9. Your logo 10. A phone number for people desiring further information to call 65 News Releases Recognizing possible news is one of the most important parts of a publicity program. Newspapers and reporters look to you to provide them with accurate information and tips on possible stories about your program. When releasing news about your organization's activ- ities, remember your purpose: to give information of interest to the reader. The information should answer the basic five "W's" -- Who, 'JJhat, Wkzn., Whe^e, and Wky? Add to this the "Hon)?" which is very necessary when instruc- tions are vital. In general, the following guidelines may be helpful in developing news releases and feature stories: MEET PUBLICATION VEAVL1MES . Become familiar with your community paper's production schedule. When does it go to press? Generally a news release announcing an event to take place on a certain date should be on the editor's desk three weeks before the intended publication date. The item may be published sooner, but this is at the editor's discretion. Photos and feature stories following an event usually have a flexible release date, i.e., for release anytime. But they should be sent out promptly after the activity takes place. IS YOUR MATERIAL USABLE ? Newspapers are partly a community service and therefore are interested in news dealing with people and groups within their circulation area. However, an editor is under no obligation to use anything sent on an unsolicited basis. Some reasons for rejecting releases may include incomplete information, lack of identification, no news value, fuzzy photographs or a poorly-written release. Lack of space or a missed deadline may also reject a release. But by observing deadlines, writing clearly with complete information given, typing neatly, you increase your chances of getting your release into print. TYPING/ FORMAT . Type all information on one side of size 2% x 11 paper. Do not use carbon paper or onion skin paper. Clear Xerox copies are acceptable. Double space and start the release or article at least three inches from the top of the paper page. Use your letter- head including your logo. Allow one-inch margins at the sides and bottom of the page. Use standard upper and lower case type -- do not use all capital letters, and do not underline words for emphasis. 66 IVESiTlFV A CCMTXCT FOR MORE 1SI FORMAT I CM , At the right of the release date, include the name of your organization and your name and telephone number for daytime contact. WRIT IMG . Don't attempt to spice a feature or news release with adjectives; keep it simple, concise and straightforward. Use the "inverted pyramid" format by putting the most important information at the beginning. An editor usually cuts from the bottom when an article needs to be shortened. Remember the five W's: who, what, when, where, and why. Keep your writing and editing tight -- never run a news release to two pages when one will do. SAMPLE NEWS RELEASE North Shore Ecology Center ^83 Euclid, rliqnland Park. iL 60033 jflK 312 432 6201 Xf ??s: 3 S2XEAS2 :q:t.vtt ?0K 2«ediws ?";L::.v?:c:.' gecros 3RA2EC .-are a '.'i, l?S2 Ecolosv '. ,„,„ -.,„:„ =,- Vcount 3 ■: Hiss :-:-- r«s rv The "ortr. Shore r cc legy S?'.cer, a sta te :: Illinois -.0 r.-c refit organisation operating t en recycling ce,ta rs throughout the Sorth Shore area, recycled =. r eoord 1;6.53 tens glass or 513,1 SO pounds luring "..-.e cent.-. of "ec—iary. Trio r t this reeorc- breaking fissure, t.-.eir iirr.es- aonthly collection i ;r l?el was in Dc tooer when they collected 122. 15 tons :f lia, ; lC pounds of glass for recycli.-uy. The Ecology -enter, which teerates in cooceraticr. vich tost North Shore communities including la--ce -crest , Kignlar.d ?arx, 51ghwood f 'iorCherooK, Te erfieic. 'ortcn Srove , Miles anc Lincoln wood, accepts oil :o - ties, tans and -evspaper for recycling « a worthwhile al tei ■native to thro wing them into area Landfills The Ecology lerv :et : cerates ten drop— off locations vhicn are cce.n Ci -.ours e a en day, year ' round . ?or sore infomat.er. tn location :r nateri precaration, : ail 1 participating sunicipali ty 3: the '.'orth Sh 4 32-o201 :r = Ecology lirte r it ♦ * • • ♦ 1 Trvcrea owe* . ... . ,_ ., O / Pictures As the old saying goes: "A picture is worth a thousand works," and indeed every story is better when it has a picture along with it. In order to have good pictures though, you do not necessarily have to be an ace photographer or use a fancy complicated camera. Almost any instamatic camera will give you a good photo, and with a little practice, anybody could use one. Many newspapers also will use photos that come from Polaroid cameras. Here are some tips for getting good pictures that will be usable. * Newspapers use glossy prints which should be at least 5 by 7 inches. Do not send mats or metal for picture reproduction without first asking the editor. * Newspapers use black and white photographs only. * Do not crowd too many people in one picture, and do not spread them out. Unless the newspaper has specifically said that it can use a three or four column picture, take only two or three people in a picture and let them be close together. Shoulders should be touching or overlapped. This way, the picture can be used in two columns if necessary. * In setting up the picture, keep an eye out for details. See that skirts are down, hair is in place, and that heads are not against backgrounds that would give a strange effect. * Do not tape or staple anything to a photo. * Do not write on the back of the photo with any- thing that will show through — like the indentation of a ball point pen or magic marker that might bleed through to the faces on the front. 63 On -Air Ixoosure Television and Radio What is a public service announcement? A public service announcement or PSA is like a television or radio commercial. However, instead of selling a pro- duct, its message is designed to promote and publicize an activity, event, or service of a qualified, nonprofit organization. 3y broadcasting PSA's, television and radio stations serve the entire community because, in effect, they are broadcasting important messages and information addressing community-wide concerns and are making viewers aware of resources available to them. SAMPLE PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT Morth Shore Ecology Center ■>33 Euclid. Highland Park.lL 40035 312 432*201 ^ Public Service Announcement ?or Immediate Broadcast -cntact Person : George 9rabec 4 70-0: 4 2 SAVING ;NE?GV5 A CAS Recycling is good for /our community a.-.d America. Svery ton of aluminum reused e-.mmates the need for 48 oarre.s or .mpcrted oil. ?a , What* , and Who* o£ Bylaw*, which includes the following questions you should ask yourselves when you write your bylaws . 1. What is the full, official name of the organization? 2. What is the purpose of the organization? 3. Who can become members of the organization? 4. What dues, if any, must be paid? 5. When will meetings be held, and how often? 6. How many members must be present for business to be done? 7. What officers will be necessary, how shall they be chose, and how long shall they serve? 8. What are the duties of the officers? 9. When will elections be held? 10. How shall committees be chosen? 11. How can the bylaws be changed? Hew to Get Samole Bvlaws Ask similar nonprofit organizations for a copy of their bylaws. If you are part of or want to be part of a national association, the national office may be able to provide sample bylaws. Making It Final As you discuss what you want, write the points down. Try to keep them as short and simple as possible. Now ask a lawyer to review what you have done to make sure that the language meets the current federal, state, and local laws. Include a way to amend the bylaws as necessary. Good by- laws will stand the test of time, but also may be improved by amendments . 79 After everything is down on paper, send copies to everyone in your organization. After final changes, , n your group can vote to approve or ratify the bylaws . J Should Your Group Become A Tax-Exempt, Nonprofit Organization ? As your group defines the purpose of the organization and sets its goals, you soon will have to consider creating a legal framework for the group -- that is, you may want to incorporate. If you are only a small group of indiv- iduals, each of whom pays his or her own expenses, and you have no desire to grow, you probably do not need to incor- porate. However, once you plan an ambitious program that will require handling large amounts of money and involve large numbers of people, you will benefit from doing the work necessary to convert your group into a tax-exempt, nonprofit corporation. Forming a Nonprofit Corporation in Illinois Forming a nonprofit corporation can be a complicated procedure. Here we hope to: 1) assist you with filing the Articles of Incorporation; 2) point out decisions you must make and government agencies you must contact; and 3) make you aware of your legal duties after incorporation Some of the terminology used and requirements listed may be new to you. You may want to seek the advice of a lawyer to explain these things and to outline your legal obligations at various stages of the organizing process. 30 Tke.se pageA age o^eAzd as a basic guide only and are not meant to bub statute. for prc^e^^ionat le.gal advice. We have at- tempted to be thorough and accurate but cannot be re& possible for change in state, on. fodcral law* and tkoJji appli- cation to youx organization' 6 individual circumstance* and needs . Begin by obtaining the following documents from the agencies listed. * "No£-FoA-Pno&& Corporation Gui.de." * "Ge.ne.ial Uo£-?ok-Vko&A Corporation Act, 19 SI" * form MP- 29, "AsuUcZte, o£ Incorporation" Request these documents from: ILLINOIS SECRETARY OF STATE Corporation Department Centennial Building Third Floor Springfield, IL 62757 (217) 782-7880 or ILLINOIS SECRETARY OF STATE Corporation Department 188 West Randolph Room 1625 Chicago, IL 60601 (312) 793-3380 "LlLinots Charitable Organization Lacs" Request this document from : ILLINOIS ATTORNEY GENERAL Division of Charitable Trust and Solicitations 500 S. Second Street Springfield, IL 62706 (217) 782-1090 or ILLINOIS ATTORNEY GENERAL Division of Charitable Trust and Solicitations 188 W. Randolph, Room 1826 Chicago, IL 60601 (312) 793-2595 IRS Publication 557, "Tax-Exempt Status for Your Organization" IRS Form "702 3, "Application for Recognition c$ Exemption Under Section 501(c)(3)" 31 * IRS Tonm SS-4, " AppJUccutlo n ^on. Employ qa IdzYvtl^acution NambeA" Request these documents and forms from : U.S. INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE Forms P.O. Box 24672 Kansas City, MO 64131 Illinois Incorporation : What are the Articles of Incorporation? This is the legal document through which a corporation is formed. This document is sometimes referred to as the CHARTER. Regardless of your future tax-exempt status, you will need to complete and submit two identical copies of the Articles of Incorporation, form NP-29. All the guestions must be answered. What Goes Into Articles of Incorporation ? 1. Corporate Name: You may choose any name you want as long as it is not the same as, or deceptively similar to, the name of an existing Illinois corporation, a foreign corporation authorized to conduct affairs in Illinois, or a name the exclusive right to which is currently reserved. You can check to see if the name you wish to use is currently available by writing or phoning the Secretary of State in Springfield. 2. Registered Agent and Office: The purpose of requiring each corporation to maintain a registered agent and office in Illinois is to provide a public record of the name of a person upon whom service of process against the corporation may be made, and of the place where such person may be found. This person is also the one to whom official cor- respondence from the Secretary of State is sent. 3. Duration: The duration is the period of time you plan to be incorporated. You can state a specific number of years, or you can make it perpetual, allowing the corporation to remain in existence until you choose to dissolve it. 82 Purpose : The purpose is a statement of the type of function or character for which the corporation is formed. Illinois requires this statement to be a narrow or specific purpose and will not accept a purpose that is too broad, general, or vague. Directors : You must have at least three directors. They do not have to be Illinois residents or corporation members, but you may require these restrictions or impose any other qualifications you choose. Restrictions and qualifications may be set forth on the Articles of Incorporation under the "Other Provisions" section, or you may leave restrictions and qualifications to be set forth in the corporate bylaws. Incorporators : You must have at least three incorporators , each of whom must be a natural citizen of the United States and at least twenty- one years old. Only the incorporators must sign the Articles of Incorporation on the last page. Other Provisions: In this section you may list any other provisions regarding the internal affairs of the corporation which you wish to have included as part of the Articles of Incorporation. These may include: tax-exempt status, restrictions and qualifications and other regulations. What is the Cost and How Do You File ? To become a nonprofit corporation in Illinois, deliver two identical copies of the Articles of Incorporation and $50 in the form of a certified check, cashiers check, or money order, to the Secretary of State. Articles of Incorporation, whether received in Chicago or Springfield, have their final approval only in Springfield. All Articles brought in to the Chicago office are tentatively approved there but must be forwarded to Springfield for final action. When approved, the Secretary of State will stamp the date of filing on both copies of the Articles of Incorporation and return one copy along with a Certificate of Incorporation. 83 What Has To Be Done After Incorooration? Recording : After you receive the Certificate and Articles of Incorporation from the Secretary of State, you must file them with the Office of the Recorder of Deeds of the county in which the registered office of the corporation is located. This recording must be within fifteen days after the Secretary of State has mailed these items, or as soon as possible thereafter. Federal Employer Identification Number: Whether your corporation will be tax-exempt or not, you should apply for your Federal Employer Identification Number (F.E.I.N.). Almost all corporations will need to have this number at some time. Obtain Form SS-4 from the IRS to apply for this number. Federal Income Tax: Should you decide to apply for federal income tax exemption, you should do so after you have been incorporated and you have received the Certificate and Articles of Incorporation from the Secretary of State. If you do not apply for or do not receive a federal tax exemption, you must file federal income tax returns and pay the proper tax. Consult the Internal Revenue Service for the time to file and the forms to use. Illinois Income Tax: If your corporation receives a federal tax exemption, it is exempt from Illinois income tax. No reports need to be filed and no tax is due. If you do not apply for or do not receive a federal tax exemption, you must file Illinois income tax returns and pay the proper tax. Consult the Illinois Department of Revenue, Income Tax Division for the time to file and the forms to use. In SpAtng&tzld, tkz Vzpaxtmznt o^ Zzvznu.ii £& locatzd at P.O. Box 3545, Spnlngilzld 1L 62708, pkonz: [to It a '*ee) $00-641-2150. Thz Chicago o^lcz Lb locatzd at 160 M. LaSallz, Chicago IL 60601, phonz: 312-793-3036. Illinois Sales Tax: Some nonprofit corporations may qualify for an exemption from paying sales tax on goods bought for the use of the organization if they are formed exclusively for charitable, religious, or educational purposes. To find out if you qualify, send a letter of request to the Illinois Department of Revenue, Sales Tax Divis ion. 34 SpsUngfaeZd: 1500 S. Hiutk SViioX, Spitng faild II 6270S, pkoni [tell fan) 800-641-2150. Chicago: 160 M. LaSalli Stliit, Urn. 715, Chicago IL 60601, phom: 312-793-3196. Enclose photocopies of your Articles of Incorporation, bylaws, IRS exemption letter or any other document which may help in determining your status. The Department will notify you if you qualify. If you qualify for sales tax exemption, you will be issued a letter ruling to that effect. You may not use your nonprofit registra- tion number of F. E.I.N, to claim exemption from Illinois sales tax. Illinois Attorney General Registration: Certain charitable organizations must register with the Attorney General, Division of Charitable Trust and Solicitations under either or both the Illinois Charitable Trust Act or the Illinois Solicitation Act. Information and forms should be obtained from the Office of the Attorney General (Address on page 81). Annual Reports to the Secretary of State: ALL nonprofit corporations must file an annual report of officers and directors with the Secretary of State, the due date depending upon when the corporation was formed. The annual report will be due before the first day of the corporation's anniversary month each year. The anniversary month means the month in which the corporation was formed. Failure to file an annual report may result in involuntary dissolution of the corporation. Annual Reports to Other Government Agencies: The Internal Revenue Service, the Illinois Department of Revenue, and the Illinois Attorney General may require various annual returns. Whether you must file a return and which return you will use depends in part on your status as a tax-exempt or non- tax-exempt corporation. To be sure of your obligation, consult the proper agency. Other Reports to the Secretary of State: Any change in the corporate name, duration, or purpose will require that the Articles of Incorporation be amended, using the proper form. Also, should the corporation need to report a merger, dissolution, or reinstatement, it should use the proper form. All forms for these reports are available from the Secretary ,of State and should be filed when the particular event occurs . Tax Consequences for Nonprofit Corporations Should your organization incorporate as a nonprofit corporation and file with the Internal Revenue Service as a tax-exempt organization? Depending on your circum- stances, it may be desirable to do so. To see what this is so, let us begin by examining briefly the two basic differences between "for profit" and "nonprofit" organi- zations and the tax consequences for each. For profit organizations promote the return of tangible benefits to their owners, generally in the form of profits on investments. Nonprofit organizations are "owned" by members who receive no financial return. Nonprofit organizations enjoy both special priveleges and restrictions on their operations which are designed to provide a socially desirable service without regard to profits or financial gain. The Tax Reform Act of 19 69 created two general cate- gories of exempt organizations, (1) the private foundation, and (2) other than a private foundation, with different rules and benefits for each. Private foundations are subject to a number of restric- tions on their activities and are subject to certain taxes, including a tax on the failure to distribute their income at a specified level. Normally, individual donors can deduct contributions of no more than 20 percent of their adjusted gross income to a private foundation. Publically supported organizations, on the other hand ("other than private foundations"), receive broad public support and are subject to a minimum of federal regulation. These organizations have no specific rules on the amount of surplus they can accumulate so long as it "does not become excessive." In addition to the major tax benefits enjoyed by these organizations, individual donors to them can normally deduct contributions up to 50 percent of their adjusted gross income. Tax Benefits The considerable tax benefits for even small organiza- tions that qualify with the IRS as exempt organizations may be a major consideration. 36 State regulations vary, but Illinois imposes a 4 percent tax rate for corporations. The federal tax system applies a 22 percent normal tax rate on corporations, plus a 26 percent surtax rate on excess income over $25,000. Thus a nonexempt Illinois organization with a net income of $77,500 pays 336,800 in taxes -- an Illinois tax of $3,100 and a federal tax of $30,700 (22% x $77,500 plus 26% x $52,500) . In addition, exempt organizations under Section 501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code are not now required to pay social security taxes (unless their employees and employer elect to be covered) , they may not be obligated to contribute to unemployment taxes, and they usually seek additional exemptions from state sales taxes and local real estate taxes . Securing Tax Exemption Since tax exemption is a privilege, not a right, it must be earned. The IRS is hardly renowned for its largesse, especially when it may cost the Treasury a oenny or two. Surprisingly, however, the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code giving exemptions for charitable contributions and org- anizations are liberally construed. The journey to the promised land begins with IRS form 102 3: "Application for Recognition of Exemption Under Section 501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The application, accompanied by a conformed copy (one that agrees with the original and all amendments) of the organization's certificate of incorporation, constitution or bylaws, a classified statement of receipts and expendi- tures, and a balance sheet for the current year and three immediate prior years must be filed in duplicate with the district director for the key district in which the organ- ization' s principal office or place of business is located. Approved applications will be made available for public inspection and copying. If the application is accepted, a determination or ruling letter will be issued to the organizaiton . An adverse determination letter may be appealed within thirty days to the regional director of appeals. 37 "The entrepreneur himself doesn't come as a fullblown system. It takes a certain kind of person to get the idea and to transform it somehow or other into an implementation or a form or product, ft takes another person to manage and grow it. " Business Management Running a successful recycling center calls fcr i deal of ability. It is a talent, often like juggling crane The techniques can be learned, and the skills necessary fcr success can be acquired. This section deals with effective man a cement tool for controlling .ne ODerari: vour croied Wh at Is M anacement? In general, management responsibilities fall into rrcucs of processes : rour * Planning * Organizing the physical aspects or resources of a b us i ne s s * Organizing the "human resources" of the business * Supervising the use of these physical and human res ources Z'r.ese processes are common to management in all bu; although naturally the specifics vary with the type of ': The key co successful management lies more in knowing h< apply z'r.ese processes generally than it does in knowing fically everything that is going en at any particular t: messes us iness iW to 39 Of course, as a recycling entrepreneur, you should be familiar with every job in your project, but knowing how the program operates does not mean you should involve yourself in the details of every job, except to those which you can bring your own expert skills and knowledge. Delegating the other jobs and concentrating on the proper management of the entire operation is the profitable course. Even before your recycling project is underway, you are faced with an endless number of things to do, choices to make, and plans to execute. Managing a recycling center is a continuing task that is never fully accomplished, a process of constant change and continual updating. In an active organization, nothing remains the same for very long; it is management's job to meet changing conditions as well as to initiate change within the organization. Above all, you should keep in mind that management is more than administration, although it includes administration. Management entails leadership, and the manager of any community project must display a great deal of this trait. Peers, em- ployees and volunteers, donors, market representatives, and the community you serve must all feel confidence in the manage- ment's leadership of your program if it is to succeed. SO MANAGEMENT CALLS FOR : * Decision making and problem-solving skills; * Skills in communication and human interaction; and Imagination, toughness, and sensitivity to the needs of others. MANAGING ENTAILS : * Understanding and maintaining financial records; Monitoring of inventory and staffing levels; * Shopping wisely for materials, tools, and equipment; and Administering other ooerations of the organization. 90 Planning The first management job is planning, a combination of realistic calculations and crystal ball gazing. It is an exercise in arithmetic and imagination, in separating the possible from the impossible. Planning consists of first: setting a target or an ob- jective for yourself, your organization, and its operations. Then you must determine the best (or at least a cost-effective' way of achieving your plan, using a step-by-step procedure. Your plan should include what people, money, space, equipment and materials are needed, when they are needed and for how long, to reach your objective. Wise planners rake a somewhat conservative view of what is realistic when estimating what can be accomplished with any given level of staff and other resources. It is a dis- asterous L O a.^ Recycle Paper! DON'T DESTROY IT NEEDLESSLY KlMSlfiM 1'IORTH SHORE ECOLOGY CENTER, INC, THE NORTH SYMBO SHORE ECOLOGY CENTER RECYCLING PEOPLE TO RECYCLING DEPOTS SUBURBS , DIRECTS IN CHICAGO S NORTHERN 101 c w a eiLaa NORTH SHORE ECOLOGY CENTER la 1971, the North Shore Ecology Center (MSEC) was incorporated as a citizens effort to maximize the recycling of natural resources found in our solid waste trash pile. Recycling, the planned reuse of items normally discarded as waste, is a process offering alternatives to present landfill disposal practices in Chicago's suburbs. The North Shore Ecology Center recognized solid waste management as a severe problem long before local municipalities ever thought their landfills might run out of space. The operation of ten recycling drop-off sites comprises NSEC's major service to the cornmunicies of the North Shore. The depots are available for public use in the towns of Deerfield, Glencoe, Highland Park, Lake Forest, Nor thb rook, Skokie, Winnetka, and Oak Park (the first MSEC location not on Chicago's north shore). In excess of 5000 tons of materials (bottles, cans, and newspaper) are collected yearly at the recycling depots which are open 24 hours daily, 7 days each week. Additional services of the North Shore Ecology Center include: Environmental Information and Referral Service By calling 432-6201, citizens in the Chicago metropolitan area can obtain in format ion for teaching, school or club projects, business reports, speeches, homemaking, or just because they're interesced. The Referral Service helps direct people to the group, agency, or individual who can best assist them with solutions to their environmental questions or prob Lems . Environmental Awareness Programs A slide presentation on recycling is available to organizations, schools, and civic srouos . Energy Conservation Demonstrations The North Shore Ecology Center offers demonstrations of a variety of low-energy projects applying conservation technologies. Among the demonstrations offered is an electric-powered, adult tricycle with a basket for short range, in-town errands. Also available is a demonstration of the organization's pedal-powered generator, an exercycle that produces electricity to operate a small TV, radio, or tape recorder. And the NSEC also maintains a low-energy house with solar heat featuring small size, insulation active and passive solar heat, hot water pre-heating, and water conservation. For more information, write NSEC, 491 Madison, Glencoe IL 60022. 103 3jM!S 5@La © CITY OF EVAMSTON RECYCLING CENTER EVANS.TON, ILLINOIS THIS VIEW OF THE CITY OF EVANSTON RECYCLING CENTER HIGHLIGHTS THE NEWLY 3UILT, COVERED STORAGE FACILITY AND SPACIOUS GROUNDS FOR RECYCLING CONVENIENCE, 10 4 Kj^!§ 3 6* 11111 !i6liS CITY CF EVANSTON RECYCLING CENTER Evanston, Illinois In April of 1981, the Evanston Recycling Center celebrated its Grand Opening at its new location, 2222 Oakcon Street in Evans ton. Illinois. The City had previously operated a recycling drop-off canter in their city yards. Although there is fairly strong support of recyc- ling in the Evans ton community, the city yard site had its share of problems, including vandalism and dangerous driving conditions (e.g., scattered broken glass and debris). Tne fact chat the land was slated f:r sale in the near future helped promote plans for relocating the The idea of developing a comprehensive municipal recycling center which would incorporate zht-. Forestry Department's handling of wood waste (as well a the recycling of cans, glass, and paper) began taking final shape in 1980. With the support of the community and the help of the City and revenue-sharing dollars, the EPA's Technical Assistance Panel, and several dedicated individuals, zhe Evans ton Recycling Center moved to its new and larger, fenced-in location and expanded its service. The Forestry Department assumed responsibility for the new recycling program and utilized the Environmental Internship Program to acquire a manager for the summer to organize the program, publicize it, develop a public education format, and to investigate markets. The Environmental Intern Program is a nonprofit organization which matches students in the environmental field with sponsors (either private, public, or nonprofit organizations) involved with environmentally-related projects. The Evans ton Recycling Center currently accepts newspaper, bimetal cans, clear glass, mixed brown and green glass, and recently began separating out aluminum. The Center collects a monthly average of 25 tons of paper, 12 tons of glass, 1.5 tons of bimetal, and between April and September of 1931, one ton of donated aluminum was recycled. Load lugger bins are provided by a local scrap yard and hauling company for the organization's use. _ . z Since the move in 1981, the number of participants and also the level of revenues have been increasing. At one time, the Forestry Department paid over $6 per cubic yard to dump their bulky and mas- sive quantities of cut trees in the landfill. These trees are now brought to the recycling center and used in various ways, saving dumping fees, landfill space, and a valuable resource. Almost all Illinois communities must deal with Dutch Elm diseased trees, and contrary to popular myth, these trees can be reutilized either as wood chips for landscaping purposes, or as furniture, veneer, or as raw material for pulp and paper manufacture, to name just a few. Evanston' s diseased trees are sold to be processed into lumber. The Oaks, Maples, and other hardwoods are split and sold as firewood at the Center. The limbs of the cut trees are chipped and provided free to the public, as are the stump grindings which can be used as mulch. The wood chips, compost, and mulch serve as further incentive for those recyclers who need tangible benefits for their efforts. But more important, this wood processing operation strongly supports the recycling and waste trimming concepts that recycling centers promote. The Evanston Recycling Center has established permanent recycling boxes in the lunchrooms and vending areas of the City Hall and Forestry Department building as one means to increase the visibility of the Center and also to encourage city employees to recycle their beverage cans . The Center plans to establish such boxes in all city buildings (e.g., police and fire departments, libraries, etc.). A similar program is also being considered with local businesses and plants. Although recycling is definitely not new in Evanston, with the increased support and resources being offered by the City, the opportun- ity exists for maximizing its potential as a recycling and educational tool. For further information, write the Recycling Manager, Forestry Depart- ment, City of Evanston, 2100 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60204. 106 wlllf S li=l !S THE NILES TOWNSHIP HIGH SCHOOLS ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE CENTER SKOKIE, ILLINOIS ■■■■• ■■-■■• -*VA ,/•-'""" " 107 SM=§ FiS 1 J W \mmJ >mJ ^-J THE fll-LES TOWNSHIP HIGH SCHOOLS ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE CENTER Skokie, Illinois The Niles Township High Schools Environmental Resource Cencer is a project: of High School District 219 encompassing the four nothern Illin- ois villages of Skokie, Morton Grove, Niles, and Lincolnwood . George Srabec, a graduate of Niles West High School, has managed the recycling center since its inception and is assisted by students from all three high schools in the district. In May 1971, the reclamation program was initiated with eight waste barrels. Today, with school and community support, the program has been greatly expanded to include specialized equipment for storing and trans- porting materials, as well as a complete environmental resource library and community speakers bureau. This organization is unique within the school system. No other stu- dent activity has such a regular income, nor so many responsibilities. Whereas many high school projects revolve only around the school campus, the activities of the recycling center benefit and involve the student body and the entire surrounding community. The recycling center facilities and services are available to all, whether they are student workers or contributors of materials. The school district, citizens, government, and industry alike have contributed to the success of the reclamation center. When the recycling center appealed to Industry and government for aid, support was granted. As the project is currently recycling bottles, cans, and newspaper at a level of over 1,000 tons per year, all participants hope that this type of cooperation and participation continues because the reclamation center is providing a unique learning experience for students and com- munity residents. :: 2 The recycling center operates not only as a symbol of environmental concern, but also as a living laboratory teaching many skills. But even more important, the recycling center serves as an illustration of what people can do, as individuals, to eliminate our solid waste problem. And in addition, the program can help modify our throw-away habits and foster a new era of respect and understanding of our environment as well as demonstrate the need for a new environmental ethic that works hand- in-hand with progress and economic development. For more information, write the Environmental Resource Center, 7929 Austin, Skokie, Illinois 60077. 109 kS® f ©iLlaili rOfilll! PALOS RECYCLE DEPOT PALOS HEIGHTS, ILLINOIS sssswswsaws?*** VOLUNTEERS OF THE MORAINE VALLEY COMMUNITY COLLEGE ECOLOGY CLUB VOLUNTEER THEIR SER- VICES AT THE °ALOS RECYCLE DEPOT, 110 SMS FfEf* M©U5 PALPS RECYCLE DEPOT Palos Heights, Illinois After one year of planning, the Palos Recycle Depot opened for business on Saturday, November S, 19 80. The location is part of the local Buick dealership and affords easy entry and exit, with ample room for the unloading and work area. The Depot consists of two semi- trailers , one fixed in position without wheels and the other roadworthy. The latter is used for the newspaper, magazines, and cardboard. The fixed unit houses a 250-gailon oil tank and crushed glass. Flattened tin and aluminum cans are stored in heavy duty cardboard barrels. The materials are taken by maxi-van to market — the exception being oil which is pumped into a tank truck. Twelve local nonprofit organizations, representing a large variety of community concerns and causes, provide the manpower for the Palos Recycle Depot. Each works one Saturday in a quarter and receives 1/2 of the profit. After 40 weeks of operation, each organization which provided labor received 5 72, $129, and 3153 for their efforts. After 40 weeks of operation, collection statistics were impressive, including 3.404 lbs. of aluminum cans; 1,016 lbs. of miscellaneous alum- inum; 37,369 lbs. of glass bottles and jars; 5,180 lbs. of tin cans; 500 gallons of used motor oil; and over 73 tons of newsprint, magazines, and cardboard. Program participants feel that greater support of the project will develop as they plan a promotional campaign which will include the devel- opment of a logo and distribution of flyers to the community. Palos Recycle Depot is managed by a seven-person governing board which includes a chairman, vice-chairman, secretary, and treasurer. For additional information write Varren Jacobek , Chairman, Palos Recycle Depot, 3011 '^est 12^th Street, Palos Park, Illinois 60464. Ill nnn f P 1 IF i|« iL^ iLJ ^3 ^J ^^ ^mtf >■• -■■• MC HENRY COUNTY DEFENDERS CRYSTAL LAKE, ILLINOIS GLASS, CANS, ALUMINUM, AND USED MOTOR OIL ARRIVE AT A MC HENRY RECYCLING DRIVE, 112 SMflf i[ ^ ! MC HENRY COUNTY DEFENDERS Crystal Lake, Illinois An enthusiastic group of environmental activists initiated a glass recycling program in Crystal Lake, Illinois in February of 19 71. The McHenry County Defenders, as they came to be known, have grown and pros- pered. Paper and tin collections were added within a year, followed shortly thereafter by the addition of aluminum. The 250-member organ- ization now also collects used motor oil and has expanded its resource recovery programs to serve the City of McHenry, and most recently, the community of Woodstock. The Defenders sponsor recycling drives on the third Saturday of each month. Because of the amount of labor required, the Defenders enlist the aid of a large variety of community groups. In Crystal Lake, 3oy Scout Troop 127 regularly handles glass collections. For their efforts, the Scouts receive all revenues from the sale of this material. Tin and aluminum cans and used motor oil are handled by the Defenders , and proceeds from the sale of these materials supports their organization. Proceeds for paper collections are shared by the Defenders and other community groups. The Defenders arrange for trucks, provide for insurance and publicize the drives, but labor is provided by an interested community organization. In the City of McHenry, all materials are processed by Defender members with the help of more local groups. The groups then split revenues. The Defenders believe that community involvement is the key to their program's success. Each group that participates encourages new people to recycle their bottles, cans, newspaper, and used motor oil. Containers for the storage of glass, tin, aluminum, and used oil are provided by a local disposal company which markets the materials as well. The charge to the Defenders for the company's labor is equivalent to one half of the orofits made from the glass. 113 Serai-trailers for collection of newspaper are usually provided by the company that purchases the Defenders' newspaper. For the past few years, paper has been sold to insulation manufacturers in the area. But the Defenders recently purchased their own semi-trailer to use in the collection of mixed paper (magazines, junk mail, etc.). A local truck driver is hired to deliver mixed paper to market. The volume of materials recycled varies between Crystal Lake and McHenry (figures are not yet available for Woodstock). Drives in Crystal Lake serve a population of approximately 30,000; McHenry 12,000. Last year about 206 tons of paper and 480 gallons of used oil were recycled in Crystal Lake. 315 tons of paper and 410 gallons of oil were recycled in McHenry. The quantity of paper collected at the drives has decreased over the last year. Keeping track of the volume of glass and metal has been difficult because it is saved for several months and mixed with materials from other sources before it is sold. Providing new and improved services to the community is another factor in the success of this program. Last January in Crystal Lake, the Defenders began an aluminum buy-back program in cooperation with Chicago Can Company. People have the option of selling their aluminum cans or donating them to the Defenders, who in turn sell them to Chicago Can. Hopefully this buy-back program will increase the amount of other recyclables dropped off at the drives . In addition to the recycling programs in Crystal Lake, McHenry, and Woodstock, the Defenders have a non-roadworthy semi-trailer stationed at the Chicago & Northwestern train station in Crystal Lake. Each night, C & NW workers clean the train cars and put the newspapers they collect at this auxilliary depot. For more information, write McHenry County Defenders, P.O. Box 603, Crystal Lake, Illinois 60014. 114 Si^!Ei a@Udl8 ^yfelSs NAPERVILLE AREA RECYCLING CENTER NAPERVILLE/ ILLINOIS THE NEW LOCATION FOR THE NAPERVILLE AREA RECYCLING CENTER FEATURES A SOLAR-HEATED SHELTER, THE RECYCLING CENTER IS LOCATED JUST OFF OGDEN, ONE MILE WEST OF MILL ST, THE INTERIOR CONTAINS THE CAN CRUSHER, WORK TABLES/ AND STORAGE FOR ALUMINUM, 115 ifilMfS i B 1 iff) g wLJ) 3 NAPERVILLE AREA RECYCLING CENTER NaDerville, Illinois The Naperville Area Recycling Center, locally known at NARC , is the rebirth under new auspices of the former Naperville Reclamation Center, which succumbed to a combination of causes, primarily financial, in late 1979. MARC celebrated its second anniversary at the end of March, 1982, ana business is boomins;. The Naperville area is a strong recycling area, donating many tons annually of materials. NARC is one of only four full-service recycling centers in DuPage County (others being located in Glen Ellyn, Elmhurst, and Villa Park.); it also serves residents of Kane and Will Counties. Centers in these counties are in Bolingbrock, Aurora, and St. Charles. NARC attempts to recycle as much as possible, and in additio usual newspaper, glass, beverage cans, and motor oil, the Center cardboard, high grade papers, tin cans, old appliances, and all o metal scrap. A scrap yard in Aurora provides a container and reg oickuD for the cans and other scran. NARC recentlv nurchased a t section, roofed roll-off container for glas: Paner companies or trailers and hauling. NARC owns a small can crusher that reduces by SO'o and saves workers the tedious and back-breaking hand-tampi in the past. Funds for this crusher were donaced by the board of defunct Reclamation Center. n to the takes ther ular hrea- ovide volume ng used the Manpower is a key concern of nearly all recycling centers and NARC handles the problem in the following manner. (NARC wishes co extend its thanks to the recyclers of Hazel Crest for their example.) Various community organizations field teams of workers who share the task of manning the Center on a rotating basis. Saturday teams work an 3-week rotation; Wednesday teams alternate every 4 weeks. Unaffiliated volunteers supplement teams and occasionally shoulder the entire burden when an organization team is not available. Children over the age of 10 may work with an adult who knows them and will supervise trhem. Teen groups often assist adult groups. At each Annual Meeting, some funds from various sales income are distributed among the volunteer organizations on a pro-rata basis, dep- ending on how many times they have worked. Income is also spent on equipment, advertising, and lease payments to the City of Naperville. NARC is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization operating on city land. Recently the recycling center moved from its old location to make way for a Sesquicentennial Park. The City provided the capital for improvements of a new site. The opportunity to move to a new location was full of excitement with many decisions to be made. When asked what they wanted most in a new center location, workers agreed, "To be warm in winter!" Thus a solar heated shelter was proposed and built. The solar shelter is a 20' x 30' building with earth on all but the south side, utilizing a "solar attic" concept. The designing architect, Kenneth P. Woods of Naperville, will be glad to discuss his design with interested parties. Cost of construction is expected to be just over $20,000. The interior will hold the can crusher, work tables, plumbing, and storage for aluminum. For additional information, write NARC, P.O. Box 894, Naperville, Illinois 60540. THE RESOURCE CENTER Chicago, Illinois COMMUNITY RECYCLING CENTER Champaign, Illinois OPTIONS RECYCLING TEAM Chicago, Illinois Profiles of these organizations can be found in the next section, "Recycling: Possibilities for Ecolomic Development 117 Garbage r O v ci m tne O 9 nly for e rich? Recycling: Possibilities for Economic Development 3Y GREG LINDSEY :hapter, Recycling Possibilities was made possible by a grant from the Community Renewal Society, 111 N. Wabash, Chicago IL. Questions regarding the work of the Society in recycling may be directed to Mr. Tom Carlson. The Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources and the Morth Shore Ecology Center appreciare the support of the Society in this endeavor. 119 Recycling: Possibilities for Economic Development "Thz*z oudgzt cuts arz killing uvs and boitlz^s all ovzr." "I kzatd wz could sell tho*z cam ovzi on 39th Street." "Uhz-tz? How much?" "Oh -- penny a can. \t Option*." "What' 4 Option*?" "If s this program that tAain* people ion. job*. Tkey u,sed to tan a bunch o 3 CETA program*. Onz ojs thzit programs is recycling. Pzoplz bring in bottle* and cans and paper and tkzy kite pzoplz with tkz menzy tkzy gzt 2-tcm selling thz *tu^," "Hzyl Wayoz we cculd .start onz o& tho*z prog-ram*." "Sounds good! Tkz-tz' s tot* oft wa*tz. 1 3 we cleaned thi* pla.cz up, it wuJLd took atot better. 'jJz could ^h M-4 03 O JJ o 5-5 H oo m in o oj on m m oj cxi co ^OvOcN I CO vO I ^ in N N H H CO <}• H [\| UO o- o r— I UO ^D i— I m r^ CO ! I I I I O o 00 o> c o CO cn CN r-» oo in 00 i— i <4-l 03 o 0-1 5^3 c_. i—i O "0 in cn I I co cr* I 05 CJ QJ -^~N ^-^ 3 O ON J i—l CN C n oo 0) N « ** as CO — i pel I I I I 1 — 1 — i — I 'n\ C7\ o 3 <4~l CJ 4-1 O C* ^C 1 ! 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XJ 3 cj c C *-• V >^ 1-4 4J •pH U-I c o i an = '. c o CJ i-i 3 u O C/3 u-< CO 03 — 1 .a 33 H O tJ Q p-^ U-i 3 o J-l c S»5 H i— 1 ■ — i to o j_i o 5-.; H M N in H iO \0 O CM vO CN ■— i CN in CN O O cn vo r^. m rH O C*1 CN CN vO CN cn m in in 00>OM>J\OCOo on ci v£5 m in \o cn r^ o cn cn — ^ r-- | i cn o I cn in o i— • r*» o in vc cn o> O o> o o cn in CO o o o I— I in CO 3 "3 i—4 !T> 3 XI CO SO CJ o c ■H •p^ 03 o H cn ■ H 4J V O a 'Z 03 c "3 cj 03 C X > CO '•J a u c ** • w cn i-l J_! r— 1 03 CO CX u • -H CO o p- Q. — . JJ 03 4_l Es CO 33 0) 03 >1 Pi p3 " T3 s • i-i 1—4 ~~ 5J cn p— 1 — > t £"^ CO ■ rl 03 ~ "5 ■-> cn U-i -3 cn CO 03 0) B 03 "3 -3 ■ -. — 3 3 — 3 i—i i—i 3 r— 1 CJ CJ r- 1 O C r; o > H — X CO -O 'J 133 It is revealing to note that the growth in revenues clearly has out-paced the growth in volume. This is primarily because the major growth has been in aluminum, the most valuable recyclable. Sales of aluminum accounted for almost 55% of total revenues from the sale of materials. Volume and revenues from the sale of used oil, the value of which recently increased, also increased significantly. An improved market for bimetal cans also contributed to increased revenues in 1981. Inflation accounted for very little of the increase in revenues, prices for many materials, especially newsprint and other paper products, de- creased in 1981. The relative value of each material can be estimated by comparing the percentage of volume accounted for be each recyclable to the percentage of revenues accounted for by each recyclable. As noted earlier, this does not address the net value of each commodity. Except for aluminum, data on the amount of handling that is necessary to prepare each material for shipping are not available, and comparisons of the advantages of handling one recyclable rather than another cannot be made. As its aluminum buy-back program has grown, the CRC has placed emphasis on managing it more effeciently. The costs of the program have been analyzed, and it is clear that revenues exceed expenditures. Aluminum is bought from the public three days a week between 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. Only one person is assigned to the buy-back operation, and he or she usually has time to help with other tasks. Aluminum is weighed on an electrical digital scale and fed through a magnetic separator-blower from x-zhich it is blown into a 40-foot semi-trailer. On a busy day, 2,500 pounds of cans may be purchased and the worker will have time for little else. CRC estimates it costs approx. 5c per pound for handling and hauling: * Labor costs, based on a worker at $4.00 per hour, are between 2c and 3c per pound. * Hauling costs are between 1.5c and 2c per pound (the market used by CRC is in Chicago, 135 miles away; 16,000 pounds of flattened cans fit into the trailer). This does not include equipment costs. The Center is fortunate in that its flattener/b lower is provided as part of its contract with its market. The Center tries to maintain at least a 7c to 8c margin of revenues over expenditures. This means that the amount paid to the public is, at most, seven or eight cents less than the price CRC receives from its market. This ensures that the Center will make two or three cents per pound profit. For example, CRC recently was receiving 29c per pound for aluminum cans. The amount the Center was paying for these cans then ranged from 16c to 22c per pound, depending on the total weight of the cans purchased on the trans- action. Therefore, the minimum margin was 7c. 134 CRC's analysis of aluminum transactions by weight for a four month period is presented in Table 4. During this period, more than 80% of the transactions brought in less than 50% of the total weight. Because each transaction involved fixed costs (i.e., time for inter- action with the seller, preparation of a receipt, and payment by cash or check), it made sense for CRC to discourage smaller transactions. The pricing policy that was adopted discourages transactions of less than 100 pounds. Similar analyses for other recyclables would enable the Center to make its entire operation more efficient. ****** * * **** * ***3 rk'k Table 4. Analysis of aluminum transactions by weight, Community Recycling Center, May-November Trans actions Weight ( lbs . ) Pounds of Average Percent Average Percent Aluminum Total Per Month of Total Total Per Month of Total 0-50 1,435 359 82.4 28,290 7,072 48.4 51-100 20 8 52 11.9 14,381 3,595 24.6 101-200 86 22 4.9 11,423 2,856 19.5 201-500 12 3 0.7 3,345 836 5.7 501-1000 - - - - - - 1001-2000 1 .2 0.05 1,041 260 1.8 Total 1,742 100.0 58,480 100.0 *****; .'~l, J~.L. _i. ****** 3ecause of its analysis of its handling costs, the Center insti- tuted a pricing policy that pays greater amounts to individuals who recycle larger volumes (Table 5). This, of course, makes sense because of the economics of scale that are realized when large volumes are handled, Table 5. Community Recycling Center aluminum prices Weight (pounds ) Purchasing Price ( cents) 1 to 99 100 to 499 500 to 999 1000 or more 16 17 19 22 •irx-k'k-k'k-k-k-k-k-ifk-k-k-k-k-k'k-k'k 135 Despite the recent growth in revenues from sales of materials, the Center still is heavily reliant on subsidies. Last year, 1981, is the only year that the Center's earned revenues (52% of total revenues, including subsidies) exceeded subsidies (Table 3). Most of the subsidies have been CETA grants, although local revenue sharing funds also have been awarded. CETA funds have been awarded for job training activities. Revenue sharing monies have also been given for capital improvements and equipment. The CRC also has been the recipient of small grants from ACTION (to initiate the curbs ide collection program) and the National Center for Appropriate Technology (to construct a glass processing system and to initiate curbside col- lection in a low-income area). The award of CETA grants to the Center reflects its concern for training. These grants have been based on the Center's ability to provide meaningful work experience and training opportunities for un- employed and underemployed individuals and to assist them in finding private sector jobs following their employment with CRC. Support of CRC's recycling program as a worthwhile community endeavor has been of secondary important to CETA officials. Grants from CETA to the Center have totalled more than $245,543. The Center has trained more than 110 workers, almost two-thirds of whom subsequently found private sector employment, returned to school, or were considered positive placements for other reasons (Table 6). Just over one-third of the trainees were considered non-positive terminations. A 65% success rate is good, especially considering the difficulties inherent in working with the chronically unemployed. This is especially true for the Center, which has been regarded favorably by local CETA officials for its willingness to work with trainees who have severe problems or who have had problems at other worksites. Table 6. Placement of CETA trainees by Community Recycling Center, 19 78-81 Total number of trainees Private sector posi- tive placements Other positive placements Total positive placements Non-positive placements 1981 19 78- 79 19 79-80 1980-81 to date Total 3 39 67 4 113 1 12 24 2 39 1 12 21 - 34 2 24 45 2 73 1 15 22 2 40 136 Although the CETA subsidies have been ostensibly for job training, they have been a key to the Center's growth. Besides providing labor for the Center's programs ( which are extremely labor intensive), the grants also have helped provide salaries for the Center's directors and administrative staff. Prior to receipt of the initial grant, none of the founders of the Center were paid. The CETA grants have provided small administrative salaries, between $100 and $300 per month depending on the grant and the number of workers being trained, that have enabled the Center's staff to eke out a subsistence living. Unfortunately, the situation still persists. All of the CETA participants who work for minimum wage for at least 20 hours Der week earn more than the Center Director and Assistant Director. This situation cannot be expected to continue indefinitely. As the Center's revenues and subsidies have increased, so have its expenditures. Table 7 presents expenditures by category for 19 78 through 1981. Salary and wage-related items under CETA con- tracts have accounted for the largest percentage of expenditures, although the percent of expenditures attributable to CETA activities has declined each year. The percentages of expenditures by category differ noticeably between the years 1978 and 1979 and 1980'and 1981. This is because of the introduction of the aluminum buy-back program. Prior to initiation of the program, the Center made no payments for recyclables and was unable to pay any salaries from its earned revenues. After the program began, payment for recyclables became a major expense item. The Center also was able to pay staff for the first time. Besides CETA expenses, other salary-related expenses and payment for recyclables, other major expense items include hauling, gas and oil, vehicle main- tenance, insurance, rent, and utilities. Financially, the program has broken even. The Center also has accumulated significant assets, including several trucks and trailers, a baler, glass processing equipment, can flatteners , and a fork lift. Unfortunately, the Center's financial statements do not accurately reflect the amount of work that it actually takes to make the Center run. Literally thousands of hours of volunteer labor are expended at the Center annually. * The Director and Assistant Director are woefully under- paid; at $250 per month for 60 hours per week, the Directors either work for about $1.00 per hour year- round or for two months at a reasonable salary and for 10 months free. * Volunteers from the community work at the Center on a regular basis; 4 hours of labor earns membership in the Center and 20 hours earn a T-shirt. * Community groups such as Boy Scouts or 4-H occasionally work on curside collection routes. 137 Table 7. Categorical expenses as percentage of total expenditures for Community Recycling Center, 1973-1981. 1978 19 79 19 80 19 81 Insurance 740 2.0 1,048 1.9 3,180 2.0 8,672 4.3 Telephone 54 0.1 445 0.8 1,425 0.9 1,959 1.0 Payment for re eye lab les 13 - 25 - 24,740 15.5 43,341 .21.4 Publicity and -f°11l promotion 106 0.3 1,377 2.4 2,49 7 1.6 2,876 1.4 Supplies 739 2.0 1,50 7 2.7 3,646 2.3 7,082 3.5 Building and equipment maintenance 124 0.3 1,043 1.9 2,172 1.4 1,677 0.8 Vehicle maintenance 325 0.9 2,876 5. 1 7,372 "4.7 3,366 1.7 Hauling 910 2.4 10 7 0.2 - - 9,017 4.5 Gas and oil 73 0.2 1,0 84 1.9 6,861 4.3 7,258 3.6 Rent 490 1.3 2,583 a 4.6 3,724 2.3 7,293 3.6 Administration 129 0.3 1,136 2.0 3,177 2.0 4,558 2.3 Landfill 9 - 386 0.7 7 30 0.5 1,014 0.5 Mis cellaneous 184 0.5 411 0.7 3,676 2.3 2,293 1.1 CETA — job training 33 ,995 89.7 35,614 63. 3 83,238 52.5 83,989 41.5 Safety, ' b Grants - - 776 1.4 1,363 0.9 846 0.4 excluding CETA - - 5,850 10.4 8,0 30 5.1 6,230 3.1 Petty cash - - - - 960 0.6 1,050 0.5 Salary - - - - 1,860 1.2 8,574 4.2 Curb side _ 6100PS - - - - 5 70 0.4 1,075 0.5 Interest — — ~ ~ 188 — _ Total 37,891 100 56,268 100 158,508 100 202,350 100 W 3^00, °0P Includes truck payment Includes revenue sharing from local governments, ACTION funds, and National Center for Appropriate Technology grant. 133 * Volunteers from Students for Environmental Concerns and service fraternities at the University of Illinois regularly work at the Center. * U. of I. professors have assigned CRC projects as class projects. Previous projects have involved civil engin- eering and advertising classes; current projects involve accounting and marketing classes. * Persons on probation and other offenders perform service work at the Center. * Two U. of I. graduate students in mechanical and indus- trial engineering have completed theses on projects related to the Center's operation. * Countless other volunteers assist with educational and public relations programs, provide financial support, or donate time on various committees. All these items must be taken into account to ascertain the amount of work it actually requires to run the Center. Even with subsidies, the Center only has managed to scrape by. Now, with harsh CETA cutbacks, the outlook is more bleak. Steve Apotheker. Director of the Center, recently remarked that, financially speaking, the Center is "treading the fine line that runs next to the abyss." The Center's Board of Directors is now reviewing and implemen- ting cost-saving measures. Despite the rocky times, Center staff are confident the program will continue. The potential for major long- term funding from the City is greater than ever before, and if this becomes a reality, a major expansion of program operations can be expected . Are the Community Recycling Center's contributions to economic development significant? Again, as with the Resource Center, the answer is yes. Over the past four years more than 110 low-income people have had job opportunities at CRC and nearly two-thirds of their experiences have been positive. Significant amounts of money are recirculated through the community each year via the aluminum buy-back program. Troubled youth are provided opportunities for service work. Community groups have opportunities to earn funds for their projects. Plans are being made for curbs ide service in low- income 3reas. These accomplishments are significant for a program with such an inauspicious beginning. For additional information, write the Community Recycling Center, 720 Market Street, Champaign IL 61820. 139 MU< l Options Recycling Team Options, Inc. is one of 22 experimental companies that were started in 1975 to develop subsidized work programs as alternatives to the welfare system. The goals of Options are to launch enterprises that both create jobs for the poor and unskilled and earn revenues by providing goods and services to industry, government, and the com- munity. Initial plans called for Options to become self-sufficient within five years while moving large numbers of chronically unemployed (ex-offenders, ex-addicts, drop-outs, and long-term welfare recipients) into the ranks of the gainfully employed. Despite lavish funding at its outset by government and foundations, Options has had only moderate success, and it has not reached its goal of financial independence. The Options Recycling Team opened in April, 1981 as Option's newest venture. Considering Option's goals, recycling seemed an ideal activity. Jobs would be created and revenues would be generated. The benefits related to the conservation of energy and natural resources would be a bonus. It seemed an ideal business for an organization interested in community development to pursue. The recycling program was developed as a labor intensive enter- prise. The program manager, strongly influenced by Gandhi and E.F. Schumacher, sought to establish a work environment that emphasized production by the masses rather than mass production, with jobs for people rather than machines . Recycling was promoted as "good work" activities from which the workers could derive a true sense of dignity, self-worth, and accomplishment. Special effort was made to challenge and channel the talents and energies of the individual workers in directions that would result in both personal and project growth . The Options Recycling Team, initially aided by good luck and generous assistance from Ken Dunn of the Resource Center, grew rapidly. From in-'nouse recovery of wastes from other Options enterprises and mixed metals processing, the Recycling Team opened a buy-back program in July. Volume increased from 10 to more than 30 tons per month (Table 8). A high grade paper recovery program was added in September. Volume averaged 32 tons per month between July and November. Aluminum, bimetal cans, and high grade paper comprised the bulk of the materials processed. Monthly earnings from the sale of materials increased to nearly S6,700 per month. Then problems began. Cutbacks in the CETA program hit Options hard, placing additional pressure on the Recycling Team to become financially self-sufficient. With the onset of winter, problems with the building that housed Options became apparent, and working conditions deteriorated. 141 3 00) vfl I^ M vO " " " « > CJ CJ CO ^ rj i — Q X •r-l cj> 4-1 I— 1 a o *» u CM 0) O -i 0^ o> M CJ w CU = Q 3 o CO 4J cu r-l CO •M g M 0) - a < x ^--^ tu o> in oo cm O oo m 00 r-» CM 5-? s^? 5^? CN O CN vO 00 in o cno> ok m a, < >—i CN i-H cn i i i oo cn cn CN r-~ o 00 i r- oo I oo vO I o> &~s 5^9 5-3 cn o> oo CO CO CN oo CN CTs CN S-9 5^? 3*3 r- O en CN in CN U C3 C U 00 01 CO H oo cu CU 00 c 00 cd • r-l CO 4-1 T3 4-1 4-1 £-, 3 (3 a 0) CO i— < -J 0) a 5n 0) CJ B cu CJ u -a M C a co 00 M GJ •m CO • -4 >!-i 0) 03 0) G- CO 3 3 CO 4-1 a XI *» cr CO r^ CO ~ CO "0 3 cu ~ CU CO CO 00 >> -a c J CJ CO T5 r- CO c « i_i 5-1 CO CO CO co TD • M 5 CU CO 3 cu CU 5*. CU -a CU r; CO 14-4 CO c 0) p l >> PL CO T3 CO d CO C8 — cu cd •M 4-1 ^ T3 d •H d 3 d 3 CO •M t— i i— 1 — i •H CJ CO 00 CO 01 CO CU CM cu CO 0) C/l £ CO "O i— i a CO CJ 03 CU C CO a ■3 a ex 0) 2 CD •r-l 0) 0, 4-1 •H 23 ~~ • i-l X A CO X 3 o < • 1-1 CO CO a 3 cy i—l 1 U 4J — i tu CU CO CU d CU £ CJ H 4-1 1—1 c J3 CO CO — X) >. CU Fj 3 i—i s 01 CJ3 W c CO cu 2 • 1-1 ■H 3 3 > 3 CO CO o CM <=C U-l •M U-l > — CJ> o 4-1 a CO 2 pq Cn PQ o 06 = 4-1 y o H o 4-1 o CD Q X O £ W a. * H u H H C_5 o 142 iT\ ,0 ^ 30 ITI O MO r-- m m o oo 1— 1 — i m en CO =- on on <- — < I s * i-H i— I £0 C ■— i o> oo r~- ~-i so r-i i— i oo on o i*^ on r- so so NO CN Csl X X 3 oo ON SO NO , a* 1- CJ § — ~ = 0) 3 O 2 31 U C ■ H U H 4J a -i s C - CJ O. CJ CM ON vO r> p»« r» T^ s o r^ on on CO on in oo co .— . in CO ~-< os) m o ^ c> ~ ■, -\ «• -< *» n r-) . X) 0) CO •H 4J J*l — 3 en • ■-4 f— i i—4 i— i •^ CJ CO M 4J en C CO T3 i — l a. CO CJ id cu — r O cj • i-4 CD a j_i •rH :a "* ■ H o < • -H en en CJ 3 ■J — 1 1 - AJ t— 4 CJ C— 1 jj —4 £ X CO CO B J3 >> CD c 3 — i c W g OJ cj 3 • -J • H 3 > u CO CO -H u o 4J G. X w CO £ ca PL, r2 o os — 4-i O H CJ 60 60 cl CO j_i J-l cn g CJ CJ o CJ CJ ^ 60 S-4 01 CO CJ o- G eo CJ en CO CJ OJ i-i en en en en OJ CJ >i CJ T3 CJ a en T3 en C CO C >H d 3 pj en CJ en OJ U-l -J CO a. xi Cl Q x 3 X CO X 9J CJ CO CJ C CJ B o O U-l < U-l •H <4-4 CJ o H o j_i — i a. 143 The area used by the Recycling Team was without heat , was poorly lit (the area received no natural lighting), and after pipes froze and burst, was without toilet facilities. Because of these conditions, business hours were reduced and the buy-back program was closed intermittently. Worker productivity dropped. The volume of material brought to the Recycling Team also dropped, and revenues decreased. In early February of 1982, there was a major fire on the third and fourth floors at Options . The fire knocked out all electrical power and the freight elevators became inoperable. Shipping and receiving of materials became virtually impossible, and the Recycling Team shut down its operations . Its doors never reopened and the Recycling Team was disbanded that same month. What went wrong? While there are a number of explanations , key factors in the decision to discontinue recycling appear to be related to financial and institutional considerations . Despite considerable progress, the Recycling Team did not become financially independent in its first eight months. Although a firm timetable for achieving financial independence never was established, cut backs in Federal CETA funds made self-sufficiency more important and hastened the Recycling Team's demise. A review of its income and expense summary reveals that income from the sale of materials averaged just 31% of total expenditures (Table 9) and never accounted for more than 40% of expenditures during any month. CETA subsidies accounted for 31% of total expenditures. Revenues from the sales of materials dropped 41% between November and December, which was the worst month for Options in terms of self- sufficiency. Between September and December, Options contributed 44% of the total revenues needed to cover expenses for the Recycling Team. Apparently, because costs to Options for maintaining the Recycling Team were too high and the outlook for improvement appeared bleak, Options administrators made the decision to terminate the program. The decision to terminate the recycling program may have been hastened because of the institutional parameters that govern Options. Options goals are to train unskilled, low-income people and to generate enough revenues to stay in business without subsidies. Recycling is tenable in the Options organization only as long as it meets these goals. There is no institutional commitment to recycling as s uch . Despite the fact that it closed, it can be argued that the Recycling Team made a significant contribution to economic development in the neighborhood. At its largest, the Recycling Team included eighteen people. Gretchen Brewer, Team Manager, reported a "phenora- inal improvement" in the work attitudes and habits of most Team members 144 Several people previously unable to hold steady jobs, were success- ful in staying on the job and improving their performance to the point where they were responsible and could be counted on to complete assigned tasks. Most of the workers learned enough skills to operate or manage a buy-back program themselves. The Team members' under- standing of the problems of waste and garbage management also increased. The Recycling Team also helped neighborhood residents earn needed cash. A large amount of waste materials were diverted from the landfill. And perhaps most important, the program set the stage for other recycling programs to be implemented in the area. Adults and children still come to Options seeking to sell their recyclables. This indicates that if a market were available, residents would respond, Former Team members now are exploring alternative ways to begin a new program. Building from the experience gained while with Options , it would not be surprising if they succeed. 145 5 CO r- co r~ co vc i— i o I^ vO I o o o co o co -J - i— i t— c o o in (S| ^ x oo oo i co o o m co co I o c c i— i s 4-1 aj o o c £ 3 4-1 —4 W o u > -H CJ O r-. r-~ O --3" °0 CTv CM I CI i—l CM O "— I CI oo o in co o o o en co\D o O O m m _Q 0>-D in sf CO N f) r-l « - I I CM CO o> o o o in ci CM vO r-» m •— • sD r-4 .... | ..... | | cm cm co CI CJ >£> vO o I I "- 1 5 -J ~ Cu < 00 CO O a 3 o 3 o c^ CO co 1—4 I u m CO CO 1 (-I 1) — CJ 4-1 W I CO en 3 c CI C 73 a CO CD 1—1 ex 0) 1-1 CO 4J CJ CO ^ E 4-1 ? CM u^ I O CM f""- "— ' O o o cooomooNcoxo °0 -croo^cor-xcor-- cm N in !*1 H (^ CM tii ro m tii > o ON i — 1 — O CO CO CM CM —i O m. — in cm o i—i in on '■-. x ^o o no O o J^ a bi =a o H O o o r- X vO CM — • CO O ON <—> i— I r- o'-'-xr-^ini — r- CM On O CO t— i CM IT -~ >J^ CO O On o X r- r» ■ - I - - - I "I CM X X i— — i CO D - 01 4-1 X CO u S-. *• — ~ a] 9) r-H Q 0- T3 a CO 0) — l a v U C3 4-1 c C3 — 1 H 4-1 rU SU 0) CO 4J CO n — H ^ CO c s — i O — c C3 -^ 00 CO O i-H H S-i •H 4-1 CO 3 oa a, u o- 0) 147 lti r— i i — , Ul o 3 cu J Li r-~cooo-ctmmr-.CM 5^S "- — /— n g T3 3 4-1 01 —4 a) 3 Q Si C > >H ■ H U-i 4J ■o s_^ c CO o w ^^ CQ CO CJ g CU £ CJ 3 r-H CJ c w 11 ■» Q > £ "j co Li CO ON 00 CN O ! 00 O O I &-? G\ -l ON Ji O C? fl M I O — ' C"! CTs CM | ^j in m CM 3 1-1 CO — o H O CM CM v£5 kO r~- CN o o ?-? vO in O CO CM X CM M3 00 x i—l i — 1 1 — 1 J3 r> r-~ m r-» rH ** *\ #* •» A ft " 1 « • i— i in r-H x co m in in, CO sO en i — i r*. . 3 CJ C CU X 06 1] — 1 .o to Eh X a >* a o CO X O o> P-M o o a -3 J-> CJ co -». 50 ■n 3 CO U u o x CJ CU I Li co CU Cm a CO CU a. cj co 'H 3 IIH 'J —I CO V >-' CU J_l X CO --. 3 cu c cj cj rz c x g ON co X co o H j3 CU X> CO CO CU 3 C CU > CU on 143 Comparison of Existing Programs Volume statistics and sources of revenues, categorical expenditures, and income and expense summaries for the Resource Center, the Community Recycling Center, and the Options Recycling Team are presented in Tables 10, 11, and 12, respectively. Highlights of each program are presented in Table 13. These data indicate that the Resource Center is the most cost-efficient operation. Spending just $104,000 to recycle 3,400 tons of material, the average cost per ton of material recycled by the Resource Center was $41. Comparable figures for the Community Recycling Center and Options Recycling Team were $173 per ton and $574 per ton, respectively. The main reason for these differences are the amount of handling and hauling done by each operation. This method of comparison is extremely crude because: * It does not adjust for expenses incurred by CRC or Options Recycling Team because of job training goals or for other purposes not considered recycling, per se (i.e., education, research). * It does not adjust for differences in the types of wastes handled. * It does not adjust for locational differences. * It does not reflect contributions or benefits from volunteers . Nevertheless, it is a revealing comparison that has a number of implications for new programs. Additional study, such as the analysis of the efficiency with which each item is handled (similar to CRC ' s analysis of its aluminum program) would be necessary to refine the compar- ison further. The preceding comparison also gives an indication of the actual potential for recycling to contribute to economic development in a low-income neighborhood. The Resource Center, for example, employs eight people and annually circulates approximately $100,000 through the neighborhoods of Hyde Park and Woodlawn. The Resource Center primarily serves the 67,251 People who reside in Hyde Park -Woodlawn. Although these numbers are not large, they are significant. 149 The numbers are especially significant in the eyes of those who are employed by the Center or those who rely on sales of recyclables for needed cash. The potential for additional programs is great, and with hard work and dedication, new programs could be developed. The popula- tion of Chicago is approximately 3 million. If one center were developed for each 6 7,000 people, there would be 45 Resource Centers in the City, employing 360 people. About $4,500,000 would be added to Chicago's economy. This is significant. 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These should be viewed as general guidelines only; nothing substitutes for actual experience. If, when trying to initiate a new program, you find that something works, by all means do it. Don't worry about written guidelines. Remember that recycling is hard work, but also remember too that it does work. 1. Visit and work at other recycling programs. The best way to learn about recycling is to visit centers and to work at them. Talking with practition- ers is the best way to obtain current information. Manuals such as this become dated and present only general guidelines that may change with time. Most people that run recycling programs are extremely willing to help and share their experience. Remember, however, that recycling managers probably are over- worked and burdened by problems with their own pro- grams. An offer to volunteer will be looked at fav- orably. Take a trip to a market with someone; time spent in the cab of a truck is a good way to make double use of your time. 2. Begin a buy-back program. In low-income areas, buy-back programs are most effective because they give local residents a direct, economic incentive to recycle. Buy-back programs reduce collection costs because recyclers bring materials to the center. Because the recyclables are being purchased, they can be rejected if they have net been prepared properly. Recyclables can be placed directly into the containers in which they will be shipped, thus reducing handling and proces- sing time. 3. Concentrate initially on aluminum recycling. As demonstrated, aluminum currently is the most valuable recyclable and offers the greatest potential for cost effective operation. Although competition for cans is extremely fierce, nonprofit, community- based programs can compete. It is important to establish prices competitive with those of operations 156 already in existence. Aluminum recyclers will travel significant distances for better prices and are not particularly concerned about whether they sell to a neighborhood group or to a private business. A margin of 5? between the price paid for the aluminum and the price for which the aluminum is sold appears to be a minimum breakeven point for labor-intensive programs. Revenues from aluminum sales help pay for the recycling of other less valuable recyclables. 4. Initially, for all materials, try to arrange with markets to provide containers or vehicles for stor- age and hauling. See Markets and Equipment sections of this manual. Complete negotiations with markets prior to opening operation. Know what price markets will pay and set purchase prices accordingly. Resource Center and Options Recycling Team prices are examples for buy-back pricing. If markets provide containers, they will offer a lower price. This is acceptable because it minimizes start- up costs for capital items. Typical vehicles for haul- ing are: * Aluminum - enclosed semi-trailer * Newsprint - enclosed semi-trailer * Glass - 20 cubic yard roll-off container * Steel and bimetal cans - 20 cubic yard roll -off container * Cardboard - enclosed semi-trailer Bimetal processors are beginning to sponsor buy- back programs similar to aluminum collections sponsored by can companies. It will be most difficult to locate containers for glass and steel cans because glass man- ufacturers and steel processors usually do not spot containers. In Chicago, coordinate with the Resource Center. Hauling arrangements may be possible with some type of barter arrangement. 5. Budget about half of projected expenses for salary, wages, and related items. The preceding review of operating costs for the three programs indicates that salary-related costs ranged from 48% to 10% of total expenses. Salary-related costs were highest for the Options Recycling Team, the newest pro- gram and the one that relied least on volunteer labor. These figures are useful for initial budgeting. As a general guideline, expect total expenses to double sal- aries and wages. 157 For example, if a new program initially will be managed by one person who wants to earn $600 per month, total expenses ranging from $860 to $1200 should be budgeted. In other words, to earn $600 per month by recycling, a person must sell at least $1200 worth of recyclables. Remember that because this generalization is drawn from programs that rely heavily on volunteer labor and extraordinary efforts by staff, salary-related expenses may comprise a greater percentage of total expenses. 6. Minimize handling. Wherever possible, reduce intermediate processing and handling. If possible, set up operation so that once mat- erial is purchased, it is place directly into hauling vehicle/container. Collection is inherently less effi- cient for small, labor-intensive programs because it involves the extra step of loading and unloading the collection vehicles and because it eliminates the qual- ity control possible with a buy-back program. 7. Know the product. The product that you will sell is scrap: old, used cans, bottles, and pacer. Learn what factors influence prices for these materials and why prices change. Learn to estimate scrap volumes and values. * Aluminum currently sells for slightly over 30c per pound (19 82). Thirty cents per pound equals $600 per ton. Therefore, to earn $1200 (see recommendation #4), 2 tons of aluminum cans are needed. Two tons of loose cans would fill a 40 foot semi-trailer approximately half-full, assuming that there were both crushed and uncrushed cans. A semi-trailer will held between 7,000 and 10,000 pounds of cans when full depending on the mix of crushed and uncrushed cans. A trailer will hold 16,000 pounds of crushed cans . * Newsprint currently sells for anywhere from $10 to $40 per ton (1982) depending on its quality and the market. A 40 foot semi-trailer holds between 18 and 22 tons of loose newsprint depending on how high it is stacked. * Glass new sells for between $35 and $50 per ton (1982), depending on volume and market. Some markets offer premiums for glass recycled via buy-back programs. About 10 tons of slightly crushed glass will fit in a 20 cubic yard roll-off container (the glass is broken only as it enters the container; no effort is made to crush the bottles manually). 158 8. Know about waste management in the service area. Before beginning, study the waste management system in your area. Know how much waste is generated and where it is going. Identify other recycling programs. Knowing how much waste is in the area will enable you to gauge the effectiveness of the program; i.e., determine what percentage is being recycled. In Chicago, the Bureau of Engineering of the Depart- ment of Public Works has estimated waste generation by Ward and the average or typical waste stream composition in the City. The Bureau also has "investigated the feasibility" of source separation. These data and the findings are presented in the report: Chicago Re^ouAce Recovery Study, Vka.60, I, prepared in June 19 81 by Envir- odyne Engineers, Inc. Review of this document will pro- vide a good summary of the waste management system in Chicago. Be aware that the study has limitations. For example the waste stream analysis is an average for the entire City. The fact is that waste generation differs through- out the City. Both the amounts of waste and the types of waste differ depending on the income level and the ethnic make-up of the area. Although no detailed waste stream studies are available for Chicago, recent studies of five neighborhoods in Milwaukee (Rathju and Thompson, T'az \\.ilwa.ulz££ Ga.xba.gz Pxoj'zat, 1981) reveal that: * Sample households in the two low-income and in one middle-income area discarded more refuse overall than households in the other two areas (moderately- low-income and middle-income). * Sample households in the two low-income areas dis- carded more packaging by weight than sample house- holds in the other areas . * The discarding of aluminum seems to increase as income decreases. 159 Final Words Now, begin. Despite relatively poor market con- ditions caused by the recessionary economy, there is a considerable amount of activity, especially in the Chicago metropolitan area. The Resource Center, in cooperation with the former program manager of the Options Recycling Team, is planning small recycling cooperatives that would begin buy-back programs in vacant lots or buildings throughout Chicago. Sierra Club members are trying to find a permanent location for a center. The Department of Energy and Natural Resources and the North Shore Ecology Center have cooperatively published this manual. The Illinois Association of Recycling Centers is growing stronger and is able to lend some assistance to new programs. Markets for bimetal cans are expanding. All in all, it is a good time to begin. Good luck. 160 Appendix I: Funding Resources You have a vision of how your community can be a better place in which to live, and you plan to operate a recycling center to make it happen. You have an organization to implement your plans, and it has members willing to do the work. //hat else do you need? MONEY! As an active member of an ambitious organization, you know it takes money to run your program. Once your project is initiated and running, you will have revenues from the sale of the recyclables you collect to work with, but until you can call your project a success, where will you find the dollars you need? Fundraising is an art in itself, but you do not have to be an expert to get what you need to start up a recycling project. The first step is to know what you need and how much. Then go to those who have it and ask Don't be shy! Afterali , you're not asking for yourself; you are asking for the support of a project co improve your community for all its resi- dents and business people. So, by all means, oegin your fundraising efforts right in your own :ommunity . Those chamber of commerce members, business leaders, civic organizations, public officials, and activists you contacted early in your planning stages all have resources they might make available to you for a good cause. Ask them for dollars and sense . . . yes, sense! They might not give you the dollars you ask for, but may be very happy to donate the item or service you needed the money for in the first place — or they might have other suggestions for ways of raising the money you need. Mak e sense n ow ? There are numerous other ways to raise money for your project. Through membership drives, raffles, ad books, bake sales, bingo games, door-to-door solicitations, and a variety of other local fundraising events, many local groups have been able to raise all or most of their operating budgets. In determining just what fundraising projects night be most profit- able for your group, the following book is highly recommended. J kz GA.ai-5- 3.CCt!> -U/ldtO-Ci-C/ig Sock by Joan Flanagan for the Youth Project (Chicago: The Swallow Press, Inc., 1977, 34.75). If you cannot find this book in your local library or bookstore, order it from "The Youth Project" 1000 Wisconsin Ave.. N.W., Washinaton D.C. 20007. Other Fundraising Resources THE DONORS FORUM 208 S. LaSalle Street Chicago IL 60604 (312) 726-4877 If you seek funds from foundations or corporations, information about your organization should be in the Donors ' Forum organizational file. This file is kept in the Donors' Forum Library and is used by foundations and corporations in their grantmaking to find infor- mation about area organizations. The Donors' Forum library also contains extensive materials about private and public funding sources . The Donors' Forum also publishes Can Vo II, A T ' acknlzcUt AAA-CbtanCZ GmLd.2. by Paul A. Lehman and Patricia Wyzbinski, 19 80. Offers detailed information about providers of technical assistance (TA) in the Chicago metropolitan area, as well as thoughtful essays about the TA field and helpful hints for consumers on locating and making the most of TA. Government Programs There may be several grant programs available through city, stace, and federal offices of solid waste management and environmental quality Begin with your local municipality and also write the following agen- cies for information on specific grant opportunities in your area. ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 2200 Churchill Road Springfield, IL 62706 ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY & NATURAL RESOURCES 325 W. Adams Springfield. IL 62706 ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE & COMMUNITY AFFAIRS 222 S. College Springfield, IL 62706 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION V OFFICE 230 S. Dearborn Chicago, IL 60604 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES 300 S. Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60606 162 Appendix Publicity Samples of Illinois Recycling Programs 162 It conserves your tax dollars saves space in our limited landfills conserves natural resources MMM re s our deplet nation use of not on every bottle oday America is faced with critical shortages of energy and ces . The resources once thought to be unlimited are now bei ed ; worse yet, some are irreplaceable. ecycling represents our best solution towards solving many o 's energy problems, but the success of this depends on you! our resources and recycling of most cf our waste products w ly conserve energy, they will preserve our limited resources he Miles West High School Recycling Center asks that each an citizen participate in the Village's recycling program. Glas na' s and ;ers, cans, and newspapers are accepted at the recycle center located at 732 3 Austin , benind the Miles West High School football stadium. The recycling center is open Wednesday thru Sat ciavs from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. c N 9CMWTCN / te Si 2 */ 3/ t OA* -Q*t \ // ] ■** ' \ M J- - _, '. — * — .- EnvironmeriLaJ Resource Center HOURS WED. thru FRI. 8a.m.- 5p.m. SAT. Ba.m.- 5p.m (Closed Sunday thru tuesday 470-0242 •cvci "9 ;e word ■ ra EE n 'e'.^'srce '0 the te^s 3f- 'ered 5' pu! /our recycieacies 10 jse — place your aa xcav Classified 351-5288 RECYCLE 156 * 'CNJAPERVILLE AREA RECYCLING CENTEJU TvTnnis. T3VJ PCiA 2RiUiiNj ^CUS RECtd LALiLEi TO THE, N.A.R,.C Without your help vje cant continue. TTe, i^ore >Oo' CRnNo FOR REOidLiNGa THE GETTER FOR US, FOI\Y0O. *n.D hi£_P U.S l Ut rOR. THE E.MViftONflEAlT . WjulQ >Ol' i_l»iETO Hi£_P U5i ',' Ui. CN A r.-T . Pi N ~f J U iflfvTieii c?*(_l Awns a;c -"] c ^ 1 iii Saul_N ^c-'^ii. Hew io Recycle NEWSPAPER. COMPUTER PAPER AND CARDS "£? v$' ' ; I ALUMINUM CANS, FOIL QAKING TINS, POP-TCP CANS K\H^£ "•V.&'by . MO CRuSU GLAS5 UB/\|S| 1 ,-x. jc#:ij <=3 CS.EAR ! L. w 3R50.M WaSU, ScKT 2sN C2L2R. TtM CANS £3 A SI £d ^ ViP.<^U . HE mtwe '_a&E'_5 CUT OUT EJ its, FLATTEN MCTCfl GIL CiuLECT IN RlsH Cb??E5 C-V«TPilNER.- £j3. 'JCE.'.cUljcnic H\SC. METALS iATTERIES ALTER hJ ft TOR "i uEN Ef,c, ; ;n m i FLYSA rXNATEii BY Am Edit an /A. .67 Hazel Crest (Cave Memorial) Recycle Center Where The recycle center is located at the ncrth end of California St., next to Oak Hili Park. When The Recycle Center is open every Saturday 'rem 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. What The Recycle Center will accept: Paper, glass, aluminum, tin, and used motet oils (Preparation details on other side) Who The Recycle Center ; s managed and staf f ed by volunteers from organizations and groups frcm Hazel Crest. Why The Recycle Center was established to conserve natural resources, maintain ecology, and enrich our village. All profits realized from the operation of tne center will be distributed to the organizations or groups of indivuduals which staff the Center. Qualifying organizations or groups must suPmit a Letter of Intent to use the money received to support ecology, village beautification. village services, or youth activities. We need your help now to make the Center a success' 153 RECYCLING RESOURCE RECLAMATION Tou're probably doing it right now, without even realizing it. Passing clothing on from one child to the next ia a kind of recycling. Another is refinishing an old piece of furniture rather than buying a new one. Recycling ia reusing paper, cloth, plastic, and metal containers whenever poesible instead of throwing them away. Re Henry County Defenders are prcooting this practice of "resource reclamation" and everyone can help. The hcaenaker is the most important person in the family's efforta towarda recycling. Once parents aet the example, children become eager helpers. 2very family, school, and business can participate in recycling. Newspapers, corrugated board, glass containers, "tin" cans, all-aluminum cans, and oil, are collected in Cary, Crystal Lake, Harvard, ¥ .c Henry, and Woodstock, on a regular basis. Local news- papers and VIYS radio carry information about these drives. 3e sure to check the date, time, and place each month. Also make certain your recyclable materials are properly prepared before bringing then to the collection 3ite. (See Defenders' "Recycling ?act Sheet" for instructions on what to save and how to prepare it.) This makes the work of the volunteers much easier. The bomeaaksr can practice recycling in lany other ways. Take grocery bags back to the store for refilling. Plastic bags from bread, etc., can be reused for food storage. Carefully washed, they males an excellent stuffing for water and mildew- proof pillows. Try sponges, washable dishcloths, and rags instead of paper towels. Hew about cloth inatead of disposable diapers? Saves money, tool Children will enjoy art projects using cans, bottles, popsicle sticks, old greeting carda, "junk" mail, and other materials we often discard. How about composting yard and kitchen wastes? (See Defenders' "Hew to Make a Compost Pile".) A dedicated few are recycling bacon drippings and other animal fata by making their own 3oap. (Aak for a copy of our heme-aade toilet soap recipe.) These are everyday reclamations that snowball into real contributions towards saving our valuable and diminishing natural resources. The Defenders' Recycling Committee is currently active in the monthly recycling drives in Crystal Lake and Kc Henry, and has provided technical knowledge for groups in several other communities to start their own recycl- ing programs. The committee has also studied the feasibility of setting -ip a recycling plant in the county, and is encouraging efforts by private operators to get into this field on a large scale. ?or the future, recycling is the only logical way to deal with our solid waste problem. If your group, club, 3chcol, or organization is interested in learning aore about re- source reclamation, members of the Recycling Committee will present an informative pro- gram on thi3 subject anywhere in Mc Henry County. Contact Cherry Anderson, 37-3— 5579, for further details on this free service. MC HENR ■ COU.T i u t x i jcuiiiifvu 'it rhv pmfi'tfttm •' >»<■ >nui nut >uifurui Bo> 505, 3rystal Lake, Illinois 60014 159 McHENRY COUNTY DEFENDERS We were bora in the spring of 1970 and since then have grown from a small nucleus of half-a-dozen dedicated persona to an ere r- increasing membership of oyer 200. Our members live in many different areas of "he county. Same are 3tudent3. Some are senior citizens. We vary in occupation, economic situation and political persuasion, We are non-political and not-for-profit. VHy? J5L2 WE ■ r DSTEM)I^G'? The one thing ve all hare in common is a growing concern about the future of the natural environment of ou^ county. As population pressures increase, we see growing abuse of our air, our soil, of plant and «nH g*»~ life and of our precious water supplies. Ve believe that the future is too important to leave tc chance. We are working hard to ensure that this land which we enjoy rill continue to 3erre the needs of our children and their children. SOW SO VE Vjggg TO ACCCXPU3E CJJR GOALS? We inform ourselves: 3y participating in study groups on recycling, pesticides, gravel pits, soning, planning for land 'use, and conservation. 3y attending informative nestings and seminars. Through attendance as observers at meetings of the County Board, zoning boards, city councils. »'e inform c the 1. With our bi-monthly newsletter. 2. 3y encoura.jing citizen participaticn in our community recycling drives, such as the one in Crystal Lake, now starting its 7th year. 3. 3y holding public neetings several times a year. Recent neetinga have dealt frith flooding problems in the county, nucie-.r hazards, solid waste disposal, energy conservation and solar energy, the county zoning ordinance, and organic gardening. i. 3y presenting such najor events as the La^d Oss £eaina_", Pox .liver Symposium, the Conference on Growth, the Snergy ?air, and Solar jCW. 5. 3y maintaining an active Speakers 3ureau. 6. 2v wording with schools and otner organizations giving suggestions and help on their environmental projects. 7. 3y sponsoring an enthusiastic Junior Defenders group. ;. With our Cresn Banks planting program for erosion control. 9. With newspaper releases, radio announcements, free fact 3heeta, and displays on nany environmental topics. We inform our noli: officials; 1. 37 keeping m close touch with then via conferences, calls and letters. 2. 3y testifying at public hearings. ;. 3v encouraging their attendance at our educational neetings. «e are dedicated, ambitious, enthusiastic, knowledgeable ... and overworked! WILL KU JOIH 75? Phones: i---"6'' ?.0. 3oz 6C7 338-1865 Crystal Lake, Illinois 60014 76^5512 710,5 "7 no Bach year 550 » 000 tons of paper (equivalent to 5,?;0,CCO trees) are consumed in the Chicago area for the production of newsprint. Newsprint is easily recycled. Unfortunately, most newspaper is manufactured from virgin material because not enough paper is recycled. Last year, we recycled about one-third of the amount we consumed, or 3S,0CO tons. «e could do better f and you can help! four recycling efforts prevent the unnecessary destruction of trees, consume less energy, and cause fax less pollution than ices the manu- facturing of materials from virgin resources. Recycling saves tax dollars. The more materials we recycle (and paper accounts for XJ% of our wastes), the so tne ianciili Cur less we send landfills are filling up fast, and the farther our garbage is hauled, the more it will cost us, the taxpayers! [cycling. . .it ' s good for our economy. ;'3 better for our environment! f/ x_ \ Environmental Resource Center i 1 ^'; 7929 Austin Avenue, Skokie, a«vclinq s«vw tre«. Thu n 100 perceni.reeveteo oic*' 171 g um oos IKV3P1PS3 for more information 470-0242 I Environmental Resource Center I" €oiS6F¥B Ensri ■ i GLASS CA HEWSPAPa A C? '* C o Solid Waste Reclamation Program 7929 Austin Avenue, Skokie, iL. 60076 INFORMATION P A !, OH p. f C Y '_' LE DEPOT ; h .\ .v c )psn i :ji ; -GRAND OPEN INC NOVEMBER 3 , 19 30 crows 3UICF. s octh side 7 150 Ves: 1 i 9 1 h Street ?i!ai He ights , Illinois 9:00 AM to J : JO PM e,n:er .'rjn .^jrieir .4 ■/ e . Exit into ,?te 3 J 4 ,* 3 - 39 10 339-23 3* A .'/ K Y 1 3 y J o i - J 7 5 9 4 4 3-1-120 Jerry Cosenti.no C rown 3 u i c k A S A Towing ? a 1 os Sank. £ Trust Ki ri t Patel Ore i f Barrel Jack Sacks A me r i can Manpower P a 1 os Heights dome n ' s J o h n Kettmen Gerhard H a i g i s Illinois Bell Tel. Co . Mid-Central Food Sales Mr. ' s Furniture Payan-Stitt Corp. 3ergman Paint S Wallpaper Pal os Car Care Semi -trailer Loca t i on Wench S man powe r Cash donation Printing i na tsrial Fiber barrels Tractor i Driver Semi -trailer L ub Refreshments Platform s stairs Can crusher Tamps Trash bags Merchandise 3a 1 1 oon s Ail proceeds will go to the community organizations operating the depot: Cove rn j. na 3oa rd Palos Recycle Depot Gerhard Ha i g i s , Ed Axgerg, Ed Beauiieu, Jim Novak, Barbara Pa s q u i ne 1 1 i . Dennis Hilgenberg, Warren Jacobek j-f f j cers ■• Warren Jacobe'-: Chairman, James Novak Vice 'ha ; r man , Ed 3ea u 1 i eu Sec .-eta r j , 3a r c-ar a Pasquinelli Treasurer. PA LOS RECYCLE DEPOT will be opei 9 : A M until 4 : J J P M ' a t u r day from 174 COMMUNITY RECYCLING CENTER 720 NORTH MARKET STREET CHAMPAIGN. ILLINOIS 61820 217-351-4495 -'■" . :ry C' >r ne' dji:<" arcitoa' d Die separate 'ecvc'aole items - ----- O iff - .•! one o' the hrouyioui — nmunnv ~he jbie* irom ocil Dusmes«.rv - >u«ina com- ■ - in .oiume< j' .%aste a buv- ■ . -jm Tionev 'or • i'jc These materials are ail I then , oki ro naustnes r -. j t Hi new :)'nr. j ■ WITH YOUR HELP 4 SUPPORT tdutition: - ■'•■ oeakers to inte r e*fed groups iy jid -oiui waste proolems Stair : ihr • - ,n cooperation . ■ 'miv ;ru«:ents develop mdi- • • • l(>Mi;nen mu nitv • iih inoiTiti aiU ii*«d(ivjn- ivi-nili iirrn li '- to iieveiop i.iint» .; . --_.,- -■';■< Irivinu ■ WHY RECYCLE? Alter '•. . ,ear> oi curoside collection, oniv 15 ■ or the people otterea the service participate M east 30'.. janiooation must be achieved :o continue 'he operation oevond '981 •Voproximaieiv 40". oiyour garbage"is recvclable Recvciine: • Reduces ene'Sv consumotion • Save? 'andhli -o^c? • Conserves scarce natural resources • Reduces disposal rosts • Decreases pollution • Creates oos CSC statt nc'udes economical^ iisadvantaged oeoole •'anaic-jooed Deoce jrooouts jr.d o'tena- ers Seocimv otters 'hese croups meanirgtui rom- •nunnv aoi* while Drovidins them .vuh cood -\or< haous and on ikil - Community jroup< ~jr> e;rn nooev bv -e'pme ,v,th curbside collection. Recycling is a solution mat oepenas joon neoroie nsieao or machine? and monev but t does take .our ~eic P'ease do vout part 'or .ourseif ano 'he communitv bv recycling. HOW YOU C VN HELP RECYCLE: This is the most imoor'ant *av 'o hp'o our ettorts. It .ou aireadv participate, encourage .our mends and neighoors 'o nettm Also .--ipos me list ot •ems 'o maKe ~ure vou recvcle evervtmni; oresentiv oossiole DONATE: Mtnougn the Center nia - ^ 'o become -f'- sustaining inrouv;h me saie oi recyclables and zona- "ons it wiil be levera: -e^r-, oetore mis s oosvoie Donations are used 'o onset operating etoenses and purchase capital equioment mat .viii ne'O increase Our efficiency Pecoie Ano nonate 5.0 or volunteer - 1 "ours oi /vorn become memcers of the Center Members receive a month!', ^e.vsietter ano can .o'e n innuai elections 'or me Governing Council ojfic working lo^ctncr VOLUNTEER: >aturdavs ano sun. .'.a nornings ire iood times o ne'o j* >llei l ■ >ri and pi naterials. 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S3 C G O CO o ^- r- 5-1 CO CO n 23 CO CO C- < J 23 < 23 <-^ tr. 23 X ~ Ml Cfl 5 -i o S-i N 1-3 1— I *• 2C3 - ■" c CO '^> « • -t o C • -I fc, O 4-1 • iH ^ c c — a m c •-i • — Q i — 03 23 ^ — i 23 CD 1 CO ^ Q — 1) S3 ~ — — =2 U ~ » ~ CD CD > 3 2) > J-l 5 ~ 23 CD ^^ i*: — •— ' — ' - 3 j^j i— \ «-l 1 — 1 s CL, rt no. PAGE 32,17 X, AaOpJarrT* Acc*»*Jo*\ Ho. (. Trtla *nd SvMltla How to Run A Community Recycling Center - Resource Guide to Low-Technology Recycling in Illinois 7. Aj/inont) Unna L. cnqelnardt S. Raport Data Auaust 1932 •L F^»rformin£ Orjifli:t(lOrt fc*Crt. No. 1. P»*"torm#af Orjamzatlo* N*rr*# *n<3 ACdrvss North Shore Ecology Center 491 Madison S .encoe , 50C22 10. r»roia