OF THE U N I VLRS ITY Of ILLINOIS PRESENTED E>Y THE ESTATE OF AND MRS. S. M. WYLIE ' 00 . 4 FROM STEREOGRAPH CO P YR IGHT BY UNDE RWOOD !£ UNOE RWD OD N-V. THE OLD SPANISH FORT Near the entrance to the Panama Canal T5I0H HSIMA^g QJO HHT IbtibD BrnEfiB*! odl oi ^DriBiJns arl} ibsTi Official €&(tton THE NEW COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TB? loljn Clarft IHiDpattj, Hi. Author of Ridpath’s History of the World Volume xv INCLUDING the traditions and speculations of the pre-Columbian * voyagers; the discovery and settlement of the New Continent; its development under colonial government and the establishment and progress of the Republic. A PPOSITELY illustrated with original drawings, maps, portraits and notable documents, selected for their contemporaneity from the Royal Archives at Genoa, Madrid, Paris and London, by special permission of their governments, from the Department of State and the Library of Congress at Washington, and from private collections of rare Americana. The R. H. Whitten Company, NEW YORK CINCINNATI LOS ANGELES THE JONES BROTHERS PUBLISHING CO., CINCINNATI, O. Entered according to Act of Congress in the 3’-ear A. D. 1907, by The Jones Brothers Publishing Company, in the office of the librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 3 *73 | 3 0 + V, 15 CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter CXYIII. Roosevelt’s Administration. 5S2] Chapter CXIY. National Problems and Associa¬ tion Movements. 5885 Chapter CXY. The United States of Today—A Fifty Years’ Retrospect. ..... 5933 Vol. xv.—d. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. VOLUME XV. The Old Spanish Fort. Frontispiece. page Theodore Roosevelt.5821 Jamestown Exposition, Norfolk, Va.5822 Copper, Silver and Woodworking Shops, Art and Craft Village, Auditorium and Hall of Congresses. Ruins of the Baltimore Fire.5826 M. Witte .5834 Baron Komura .'.5834 The United States Supreme Court.5850 View of the Stock Yards, Chicago.5856 Effects of the Earthquake in San Francisco.5876 Carroll D. Wright.5894 Rev. Francis E. Clark.5922 Bishop John R. Vincent. 59 22 Elizabeth Cady Stanton. 5928 Susan B. Anthony . .'.5928 Belva A. Lockwood. 5928 Frances Willard.5928 Scenes in the Oil Region of Pennsylvania. 5947 Ship Canal at Duluth . 5950 Washington and Lee University. 5958 Princeton University (Blair Hall).5958 vol. xv—d ( Copyright, Pach Bros., N. Y.. 1904. THEODORE ROOSEVELT CHAPTER CXYIII. eooseyelt’s administration At the beginning of his second administration, President Roosevelt sent to the Senate the follow¬ ing list of names selected by him for his Cabinet: For Secretary of State, John Hay of the District of Columbia ; Secretary of the Treasury, Leslie M. Shaw of Iowa; Secretary of War, William H. Taft of Ohio; Secretary of the Navy, Paul Morton of Illinois; Secretary of the Interior, Ethan Allen Hitchcock of Missouri; Postmaster-General, Rob¬ ert J. Wynne of Pennsylvania; Attorney-General, William H. Moody of Massachusetts; Secretary of the Department of Agriculture, James Wilson of Iowa; Secretary of Commerce and Labor, Victor H. Metcalfe of California. Later changes occurred through resignation or death, Secretary Hay being succeeded by Elihu Rcrot of New York; Secretary Morton by Charles A. Bonaparte of Maryland; Secretary Wynne by George B. Cortelyou, and Secretary Knox by William H. Moody of Massa¬ chusetts. The closing session of the fifty-eighth Congress was not prolific in legislation. The most important acts passed were those relating to public improve¬ ments in the Philippines and modifications of the acts relating to the tariff and extradition laws of 6821 1905 Cabinet changes 5822 rooseyelt’s administration 1905 The James¬ town ter-cen- tennial the islands. On March 3, an act was passed pro¬ viding for the holding, in the year 1907, on and near the waters of Hampton Roads in the State of Virginia, an international marine and military celebration, beginning May 13 and ending not later than November 1,1907. An appropriation of $200,000 was made to be expended by the Secretary of the Treasury for the purposes of said celebra¬ tion. In addition, the bill called for an appropri¬ ation of $50,000 for a permanent monument upon the place of the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, and in commemoration thereof. The President was authorized to make proclamation of the celebration, setting forth the event to be commemorated, inviting foreign nations to participate by sending their naval vessels and such representation of their military organizations as might be practical, and to have such portions of the United States Army and Navy assembled there during the celebration as might be compatible with the public service. The President was further authorized to constitute a commission to consist of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of War, and the Secretary of the Navy, to be known as the Ter-centennial Commission. A bill was passed amending the copyright law, and also one regulating the regis¬ tration of trade-marks used in commerce with foreign nations, among the several States, or with the Indian tribes. As a feature of modern advertising, the trade¬ mark has become an extremely valuable asset. In . —^ . . . THE LAW OF TRADE-MARKS 5823 some instances its value is held as high as half a million dollars. A bill passed at the last session was considered incomplete, as one of its sections providing criminal remedy against willful in¬ fringers was stricken out. The criminal remedy is a part of the trade-mark law of every country in the world except the United States. The purpose of the bill was to treat the man who steals a trade¬ mark, thus defrauding its rightful owner and per¬ petrating a fraud on the purchasing public, as a thief. Under the former act it was possible to get out an injunction against him and collect dam¬ ages if the offender was financially responsible, and further to force him to deliver up all his printed labels and circulars for destruction, but so far as he was personally concerned it was im¬ possible to go further. He could commit his infringement over again outside of the jurisdiction of the court. The annual registration of trade¬ marks has averaged about 20,000, the fee paid being ten dollars. By a ruling of the Patent Office, the use of the trade-mark upon more than one kind of goods requires a separate registration, as, for instance, in the single matter of cutlery ten dif¬ ferent applications have to be filed in order to cover goods ordinarily included under that designation. This multiplies the fees not only of the Patent Office in this country, but in registrations abroad which are based on the American practice. It is now absolutely necessary for any trade-mark owner selling his goods abroad to register his de¬ vice in the country in which he does business. 1906 Why changes were nec¬ essary 5824 ROOSEVELT’S ADMINISTRATION 1905 Return of the battle- flags Treaty with San Domingo Without that he lias no recourse against an in¬ fringer. This foreign registration, while not expensive in any particular country, amounts to a considerable sum when the trade-mark has to be widely registered. A joint resolution, approved February 28, authorized the Secretary of War to deliver to the proper authorities of the respective States in which regiments which bore those colors were organized, certain Union and Confederate battle-flags, now in the custody of the War Department, for such final disposition as the State authorities might deter¬ mine. During the same session, the President negoti¬ ated a treaty with the Republic of San Domingo which was bitterly opposed by the Democrats in the Senate. The section which seemed to offer most objection was that which provided that the government of the United States should grant the Dominican Republic such assistance, at the latter’s request, as the United States might deem proper to restore credit, preserve order in connection with efficiency of the civil administration, and advance the material progress and welfare of the Domin¬ ican Republic. The opposition prevented its being passed upon at that session. It was brought up again, however, at the next session, and February 28, was favorably reported from the the Foreign Relations Committee after material amendments had been adopted. One of these made the treaty apply to claims already agreed upon or to be estab¬ lished in the future. Another directed that any A NEW POLICY 5825 commissions in connection with claims should be appointed by the President. The management of the custom-houses and the custodies of the moneys were put entirely beyond the jurisdiction of the power of the courts of Santo Domingo. A section was added giving the United States authority to take such steps as it might deem proper to preserve order, and it declared that the United States should not in any event be held liable to the government or the people of San Domingo for any mistake or omission of any of its agents or officials in ex¬ ecuting the power and authority conferred by the treaty. The United States Government was also absolved of any liability in favor of any Domin¬ ican creditor, and the decision of this government was made absolute with reference to the payment of awards. In 1904, serious charges were made by a dis¬ charged employe against high officials in the Post- office Department, who w % ere accused of having entered into conspiracies with outside parties to defraud the government. These accusations were strenuously denied, but so much was developed of a suspicious character that an investigation was ordered. All possible means were employed by the accused to obstruct or stop the investigation. Many Congressmen interested themselves in favor of the culprits, and a tremendous pressure was brought to bear upon the President. It was of no avail, however; the fiat went out from the White House to “hew to the line,” and to let no man escape on whose garments the smell of smoke 1905 To pre¬ serve order and protect the Do¬ minican Republic Post- office scandal 1905 Offenders indicted The Balti¬ more fire 5826 ROOSEVELT’S ADMINISTRATION should be found. The probe went deep, and the charges were fully proved. Forty-three indict¬ ments were secured, and in 1905 the matter was brought before the courts. The principal offenders were the superintendent of the free rural delivery service, and the Commissioner of Salaries and Al¬ lowances, positions of the highest responsibility and trust. Both were convicted and sent to the penitentiary. Others who were implicated in the conspiracies were government contractors and fur¬ nishers of supplies. Several of these were found guilty and sentenced to longer or shorter terms of imprisonment. On the 8th day of February, 1904, a confla¬ gration broke out in Baltimore, which in a few hours devastated the business portion of the city, sweeping clean 140 acres of buildings, among them eighty-seven business blocks and over 1300 struc¬ tures of various kinds. The heart of the city was destroyed. Every important office building, every bank, every newspaper office but one, every trust company, the principal hotels, a multitude of small manufacturing establishments, with the most im¬ portant docks and wharves, representing values of $80,000,000, all went up in smoke. Notwithstand¬ ing this enormous loss, it was in reality Baltimore’s gain—the advance payment for a more beautiful and more important city. Before a brick was lifted from the ruins, a committee of forty-five was appointed to consider plans for the rearrange¬ ment and widening of streets and the laying out of new ones. These plans made a remarkable change RUINS OF THE BALTIMORE FIRE. CHICAGO TEAMSTERS’ STRIKE 5827 in the topography of the city. To effect widening^ and extensions, more than 700 lots, before occupied by business buildings, were wiped from the map. In two years’ time the city was nearly rebuilt; its old, narrow docks were replaced by broad piers with a water frontage of more than two miles; lofty steel buildings as nearly fire-proof as human skill could make them, took the place of the old stone and brick structures, the whole burned dis¬ trict presenting an appearance of dignity and adequacy lacking before the fire. In 1904, prior to the conflagration, the assessed value of the dis¬ trict was $12,908,300; in 1906, before it was fully rebuilt, its taxable value was $19,000,000. In March, 1905, there was a strike of the team¬ sters in Chicago, which, in bitterness and acts of violence, rivaled that of the same body three years before, when the strikers held up funeral proces¬ sions and interfered with the burial of the dead. It had its origin in the strike of the garment- workers employed by Montgomery Ward & Co., in the preceding December, in which the garment- workers were defeated. The teamsters employed by the company struck in sympathy, and the National Teamsters’ Union backed them. A gen¬ eral strike of the teamsters in the city followed. The express companies were drawn into it. When the men threatened to go out they were warned that if they broke their contracts they would not be reemployed. In the third week in May, the strike was admitted to be a failure, and would have been called off if the express companies had not. 1905 The new Balti¬ more Begins as a sym¬ pathetic strike 5828 ROOSEVELT’S ADMINISTRATION 1905 Spreads to lumber dealers Corrup - tion of the leaders refused to take back the men who had broken faith with them. While things were in this condition, on the 1st day of June, 1100 lumber drivers went out, tying up the lumber business and bringing all building operations to a halt. They were rough and riotous and trouble was feared, but, fortu¬ nately, compromises were made and the men returned to work. It was now found that some of the members of the Team Owners’ Association were secretly buying favors of the strikers, and that other firms were having their goods delivered. Many union men, tired of their enforced idleness, for which they declared thev could see no sufficient reason, threatened to return to work, and accused Cornelius P. Shea, president of the Teamsters’ Union, of having fomented and prolonged the strike for his own personal benefit. Investigation proved the charges to be true, and an attempt was made to depose him. The strike was broken, and most of the men returned to their old places. In the spring of 1906, a general strike in the anthracite coal regions was planned and the men in some mines went out. Its hopelessness was apparent from the start, and after the loss of a month’s w T ages the men were glad to go back at the old rates. In the summer of 1905, a board of consulting engineers was sent to the Isthmus of Panama to consider which type of canal should be constructed there. The board consisted of eight American engineers, selected for their acknowledged stand- • ing, among them William Barclay Parsons, chief THE ISTHMIAN CANAL 5829 engineer of tlie New York Subway; William Burr, consulting engineer of the Board of Water Supply for New York City; Frederick P. Stearns, the chief engineer of the Boston Metropolitan Sewer and Water Boards; Joseph Ripley, general super¬ intendent of St. Mary’s Falls Canal, and Isham Randolph, chief engineer of the Sanitary District of Chicago. The five foreign experts included one each from England, Germany, and The Nether¬ lands, and two from France. In the report of the board, which was laid before the Canal Commission, the majority of the consulting engineers, including the five for¬ eign engineers, were in favor of a sea-level canal, and one member of the Canal Commission, Admiral Endicott, took the same position. Five of the American members of the board of consulting- engineers and five members of the Isthmian Canal Commission favored the lock canal, as did also Chief Engineer Stevens. The Secretary of War recommended a lock canal pursuant to the recommendation of the minority of the board of consulting engineers and of the majority of the Canal Commission. It could not be denied that on its face the sea-level route appeared to be the more attractive of the two plans, other factors being any¬ thing like equal. A canal which did not involve the lifting of vessels to high levels by locks would be greatly preferable to one so constructed. That much the commissioners agreed to, but they claimed that other things were not equal, even outside of the increased cost and the great duration of time 1905 Commis- sion of engi¬ neers Finding of the board Lock or sea-level canal 5830 roosevelt’s administration 1905 The system of locks Their size and number m that would be needed to dig to the lower level. According to the plan recommended by the com¬ missioners, there would be a channel 500 feet wide at sea-level from Limon Bay on the Atlantic or from the Caribbean Sea to Gatun, where a dam would be located. Vessels would be lifted over this dam by a double flight of three locks into an arti¬ ficial lake which provided unrestricted navigation for a large part of its length. Passing through the Culebra cut, the width at the bottom would be reduced to 200 feet, which would be fifty feet wider than the width of the bottom provided for in the sea-level proposition. On the Pacific side of the cut would be a lock with the lift of thirty feet, which would lower vessels from the level at which they cross the Culebra cut into another artificial lake created by a dam which closes the valley of the Rio Grande River. Then would come another double flight of two locks, which would bring the vessel back to sea-level of the Pacific. All the locks are proposed to be in duplicate, and would provide for a usable length of 900 feet, a width of ninety-five feet, and a depth of forty feet. By having the locks in duplicate, an accident to one would not block the whole canal. The 900 feet of length would take any vessel in existence, as would the ninety-five feet in width. Under this plan there would be a considerable proportion of the canal through lakes with a depth so great that a fair rate of speed could be maintained even by large vessels from deep water on the Atlantic to deep water on the Pacific. The lock canal would REASONS FOR A LOCK CANAL 5831 be little short of fifty miles. Of this distance, nineteen and one-lialf miles would be in a channel over 1000 feet wide, twenty-three miles over 800 feet wide, and only about seven and one-half miles less than 300 feet wide. The course of the lock canal would be straighter than that of a sea-level route, and there would be no current in the former to hamper navigation. Considering the diffevonce in time required to pass through the sea-level or lock canal, the com¬ missioners admitted that with small ships the sea- level route would make the better showing, but for large ships the lock canal would render, in the com¬ missioners’ opinion, more rapid service. Febru¬ ary 19, the President sent a special message to the House and to the Senate endorsing the report in favor of a lock canal on the ground that a lock canal at a level of eighty feet or thereabouts would not cost much more than half as much to build and could be built in about half the time, while there would be very much less risk connected with build- ing it, and for large ships the transit would be quicker; taking into acount the amount saved in building, the actual cost of maintenance would be less. Secretary Hay, whose health had been suffering from the continuous strain of his official duties, went abroad in April, accompanied by his family, • % for rest and recuperation. Gaining strength, he returned early in July, going immediately to his summer home on the shores of Lake Sunapee, New Hampshire. A few days later he suffered a relapse, 1905 Time¬ saving and easier to con¬ struct 5832 Roosevelt’s administration 1905 July 6 Death of Secre¬ tary Hay His splendid record and died July 6. Messages of condolence were received from nearly every European government. At the meeting of the American Society in London, July 8, Lord Landsdowne, the British Minister of Foreign Affairs, spoke of him as “a man who stood for all that is noblest and best in our public life; all that is most sincere and attractive in our social life.” ' \ Secretary Hay contributed more than any con¬ temporary statesman to the assurance of practical efficiency to The Hague Tribunal by referring to it the dispute with Mexico concerning church lands in California, and by prevailing upon the creditors of Venezuela to submit their demands to the same tribunal. In pursuance of the same principle, he sought and secured an amicable adjustment of the Alaska boundary question by a commission, on which each of the parties was equally represented. He brought about the Hay-Pauncefote treaty, which replaced the irritating and troublesome Clayton-Bulwer treaty, and cleared the diplomatic sky of an ever-threatening cloud. Had he not been frustrated by the Senate, this government would have been pledged to settle by arbitration all con¬ troversies not involving the vital interests of the nation, or its honor, between this country and the European powers. But the work by which he will be longest remembered is that by which he rescued, by timely suggestion and interference, the ancient empire of China, when it was on the verge of being broken up and distributed among the nations of Europe. He declared it to be beneath the dignity ROOSEVELT AS A PEACEMAKER 5833 of the United (States to take part in the looting* of the Chinese treasury, and declined to countenance the preposterous exactions for a money indemnity for the Boxer outrages put forward by Russia, Germany, France, and other powers. Nor did he stop there. With the overwhelming opinion of his country behind him—an opinion which to-day car¬ ries weight abroad—he issued a circular letter to the powers protesting, in due diplomatic form, against the partition of China, and proposed a joint agreement to that effect. To this all the powers concerned assented, with the exception of Russia. After the death of Secretary Hay, the President appointed as his successor Elihu Root of New York, a former member of the Cabinet. In the spring of 1905, war broke out between Russia and Japan, which raged with such fury and was attended with such appalling loss of life that it was felt bv all the civilized nations of the world that an attempt should be made at intervention. No one of the European powers showed an incli¬ nation to take the initiative, and the delicate task of appealing to the belligerents fell to the United States. President Roosevelt addressed a note to each of the contending governments, suggesting an armistice and the appointment of a joint commis¬ sion for the purpose, if possible, of bringing about conditions of peace. The suggestion met with favor, and the United States was selected for the holding of what was popularly known as the Peace Conference. It was at first intended that Washing¬ ton should be the meeting-place, but there were 1905 Part in Chinese affairs Roose¬ velt's note 5834 ROOSEVELT’s ADMINISTRATION 1905 Heads of the com¬ missions The Ports¬ mouth confer¬ ence obvious objections, and after much discussion the city of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, was fixed upon as the seat of deliberations. The chief of the Russian delegates was Count Witte, a distinguished diplomat and statesman, while Japan was repre¬ sented by Baron Komura, a graduate of Harvard, and former Japanese minister at St. Petersburg. Each was accompanied by a special staff of ad¬ visers, secretaries, and reporters. The conference opened in August. The sessions were conducted with the utmost courtes}^, but each side held steadfastly to its own position during the first meetings. Then small compromises began to be made. They did not count, however. A dead¬ lock came at last. A day was set for the final meeting. Each side seemed determined not to yield, and the most sanguine had come to the con¬ clusion the conference would be a failure. Pres¬ ident Roosevelt, who was at his summer home at Oyster Ba}^ within easy reach, had kept watch of the progress of affairs with eager interest. He now entered upon the scene for the second time. In interviews with representatives of both sides he urged further compromises and suggested their character. His plea was successful. The deadlock was broken, and on the 5th day of September the articles of peace were signed. The first session of the fifty-ninth Congress met December 5, 1905. Immediately after its organization the President’s message, which had been looked for with unusual interest, was read. It touched upon several topics regarding which \ , ' • . i THE REGULATION OF CORPORATIONS 6835 there was a strong division of opinion in Congress, and over which much discussion was anticipated. On all these the President expressed himself freely and at length. In referring to the great corporate organizations of the country, it was his opinion that, in order to insure a healthy social and indus¬ trial life, every big corporation should be held responsible by, and be accountable to, some sover¬ eign strong enough to control its conduct. Any effort to prevent all combination would be not only useless, but in the end vicious, because of the con¬ tempt for law which the failure to enforce law would inevitably produce. The corporation had come to stay, just as the trade union had come to stay. Each could do and had done great good. Each should be favored so long as it did good. But each should be sharply checked where it acted against law and justice. Regarding the regulation of interstate commerce he said that experience had shown conclusively that it was useless to try to get any adequate regulation and supervision of the great corporations by State action, and that such regulation and supervision could only be effectively exercised by a sovereign whose jurisdiction was co¬ extensive with the field of work of the corporations; that is, by the national government. To reform these abuses, he regarded rate regulation as the first step, and asked Congress to give power to fix maximum and minimum figures to a competent administrative body. Nearly a third part of the message was devoted to the subject, a plan being suggested^ for carrying out the reforms aimed at. 1905 Presi¬ dent’s message outlines party action Inter¬ state com¬ merce 5886 ROOSEVELT’S ADMINISTRATION 1905 The three parties inter¬ ested Federal super¬ vision needed Shorter hours were suggested for railroad em¬ ployees in train service and the passage of an employer’s liability law was asked for. In dealing with questions relating to labor and capital, he expressed himself clearly and emphatically. He referred to the fact that in any great labor disturb¬ ance not only are employer and employee inter¬ ested, but also a third party—the general public. Their rights demanded consideration, and should be protected. The demand of the labor unions that the courts should be deprived of the power to issue injunctions in labor disputes was declared unwise. Even if some judges had misused this power, that fact did not justify a denial of the power any more than an improper exercise of the power to call a strike by a labor leader would justify the denial of the right to strike. The remedy was to regulate the procedure. Drastic but practical legislation was called for to prevent the flagrant corruption which had been shown to exist in the great insurance companies, whose business had extended beyond the juris¬ diction of their parent States. State supervision had proved inadecpiate, and little effective check was imposed upon any able and unscrupulous man who desired to exploit the company in his own interest at the expense of the policy-holders and of the public. As the insurance business had out¬ grown in magnitude the possibility of adequate State supervision, the President asked that Con¬ gress should carefully consider whether further legislation could be had, not only for the great TARIFF AND PURE POLITICS 5837 companies, but also to fraternal and benevolent organizations which contract for life insurance. Touching tariff revision, the President ex¬ pressed himself as believing that the time was not yet ripe for any change, but that if it should be otherwise decided, a maximum and minimum tariff should be adopted. Economy was urged in the matter of appropriations and by the abolition of unnecessary offices, and also in curtailing the im¬ mense amount of unimportant government print¬ ing. Congressional action was asked for in the way of providing a more elastic currency. More radical land laws were demanded, and legislation was suggested for the checking of undesirable immigration, as well as the appointment of a com¬ mission for international conference on the subject. Special emphasis was laid upon the matter of campaign contributions and the use of money for the furtherance of legislation. In relation to this, the President said: “ There is no enemy of free government more dangerous and none so insidious as the corruption of the electorate. No one defends or excuses corruption, and it would seem to fol¬ low that none would oppose vigorous measures to eradicate it. I recommend the enactment of a law directed against bribery and corruption in Federal elections. The details of such a law may be safely left to the wise discretion of the Congress, but it should go as far as under the Constitution it is possible to go, and should include severe penalties against him who gives or receives a bribe intended to influence his act or opinion as an elector; and provisions for the publication not only of the expenditures for nominations and elections of all candidates, but also of all contributions received and expenditures made by political committees. 1905 The tariff Elastic cur¬ rency Ques¬ tionable politics 5888 ROOSEVELT \s ADMINISTRATION 1905 Cam¬ paign contri¬ butions By per¬ sons and corpo¬ rations The Hagne Confer¬ ence “In political campaigns in a country as large and pop¬ ulous as ours it is inevitable that there should be much expense of an entirely legitimate kind. This, of course, means that many contributions, and some of them of large size, must be made, and, as a matter of fact, in any big political contest such contributions are always made to both sides. It is entirely proper both to give and receive them, unless there is an improper motive connected with either gift or reception. If they are extorted by any kind of pressure or promise, express or implied, direct or indirect, in the way of favor or immunity, then the giving or receiving becomes not only improper but criminal. All contributions by corporations to any political committee or for any political purpose should be forbidden by law; directors should not be permitted to use stockholders’ money for such purposes. Not only should both the national and the several State legislatures forbid any officer of a corporation from using the money of the corpo¬ ration in or about any election, but they should also forbid such use of money in connection with any legislation save by the employment of counsel in public manner for distinctly legal services.” That part of the message relative to the coming conference of nations at The Hagne was of special importance, as outlining the stand of the President and his party on matters relative to the national policy in times of both war and peace. “ There are,” said the President, “persons who advocate peace at any price; there are others who, following a false analogy, think that because it is no longer necessary in civilized countries for individuals to protect their rights with a strong hand, it is there¬ fore unnecessary for nations to be ready to defend their rights. These persons w T ould do irreparable harm to any nation that adopted their principles, and even as it is they seriously hamper the cause THE WORK OF CONGRESS 5889 whicli they advocate by tending to render it absurd in the eyes of sensible and patriotic men. There can be no worse foe of mankind in general, and of his own country in particular, than the demagogue of war, the man who in mere follv or to serve his own selfish ends continually rails at and abuses other nations, who seeks to excite his countrymen against foreigners on insufficient pretexts, who excites and inflames a perverse and aggressive national vanity, and who may on occasions wan¬ tonly bring on conflict between his nation and some other nation. But there are demagogues of peace just as there are demagogues of war, and in any such movement as this for The Hague conference it is essential not to be misled by one set of ex¬ tremists any more than by the other. When¬ ever it is possible for a nation or an individual to work for real peace, assuredly it is failure of duty not so to strive; but if war is necessary and right¬ eous, then either the man or the nation shrinking from it forfeits all title to self-respect. As the world is now, only that nation is equipped for peace that knows how to fight, and that will not shrink from fighting if ever the conditions become such that war is demanded in the name of the highest morality.” In regard to the Monroe Doctrine, the Presi¬ dent declared that the country has asserted a right and must assume the responsibility. The doctrine had developed to meet changing conditions, but in no manner had been or ever would be used as a cloak for territorial aggression. The present state 1905-6 Dem¬ agogues of peace and war The Monroe doctrine 5840 ROOSEVELT’S ADMINISTRATION 1906 General matters The consular service was in the interest of peace as well as in the interest of justice; it was of benefit to the United States, to foreign people, and most of all to the people of the country concerned. Other matters dealt with were Chinese immi¬ gration, the Philippine tariff, food adulteration, the needs of the Indians, and the Panama Canal. With regard to these, and other affairs of lesser importance, explanations were made and sugges¬ tions offered as to appropriate legislation. One of the first and most important bills intro¬ duced in the Senate during this session was that looking to the reorganization of the consular serv¬ ice abroad. The present consular and diplomatic service was organized before America had assumed the position in the world which she now holds. "While we as a nation have grown and are now reaching out and touching the entire world, our diplomatic and consular service remains prac¬ tically where it was a generation ago. European nations in the selection of men to all positions abroad and in the provision made for their head¬ quarters in foreign countries have advanced far beyond. They have spent large sums in the pro¬ curing of sites and the erection of buildings to house their embassies, legations, and consulates, regarding this as good business as well as sound diplomacy. The consular service is supposed to devote itself in the main to assisting trade. The consul is sup¬ posed to be alert in regard to openings for the investment of American capital and for the sale of REFORM OF THE CONSULAR SERVICE 5841 American goods. Facts bearing upon these points are reported by the consul and published in this country. He is in many respects the representative of American commerce. There is not a manufac¬ turer in this country who would send an agent into a foreign country to represent him and to open avenues of trade, and not provide for him suitable surroundings. He would not allow his represent¬ ative to have an office on some side street, up a flight of stairs, in a dark, poorly ventilated room, and expect that from that standpoint he would be able to do much in the way of promoting business. This, however, is precisely what the United States government is doing with the consuls and consular agents in most countries, and expects that with all this handicap these men will foster American trade, Another point in which the United States is weak in its representation abroad is, that, apart from the principals in the offices of its legations and consulates, nearly all of the secretaries, inter¬ preters, and employees are not Americans. The greater part of the business of the consulate is carried on, in the absence of the principals, by these subordinates. If these officials are not Amer¬ icans, have never been in America, and have no interest in the country except the salary from the American consulate, enthusiastic service cannot be expected. Whatever they do will be done perfunc¬ torily, and their influence will often be given in favor of the country to which they belong, rather than to the country from which they draw their meagre stipend. 1906 Duties of consuls Weak¬ ness of our system Employ¬ ment of foreign¬ ers rooseyelt’s administration 1906 . The case of Con¬ stan¬ tinople In our diplomatic and consular service at Con¬ stantinople, there is the .minister, a first secretary, and the consul-general, who are Americans. Be¬ yond that there is no American connected with the offices. When the consul-general is absent, the entire business of the consulate is carried on by a young Englishman. The consuls in the interior of Turke}^ render their reports to the consul- general, and, in cases of emergency, which not infrequently occur, ask for instruction. In the absence of the consul, the one to give the instruc¬ tion is this young Englishman. In the legation, while ministers come and go, the dragoman or first interpreter remains per¬ manently. He is the one who gives the minister his instructions as to the method of procedure, and, in fact, cannot fail, under our system of frequently changing ministers, to shape largely the policy of the legation. In Constantinople the first inter¬ preter is a Greek who has never been in the United States, and so far as is evident, has no interest in America apart from the interest purchased by his salary. In times of emergency like those through which Turkey has passed in the last few years, the interpreter is the man who approaches the highest officers of the Sultan, and lays before them the de¬ mands of the United States as transmitted through the legation. Whether or not these demands are complied with in an Oriental country like Turkey, where personal influence plays a great part, de¬ pends in no small measure on the manner in which they are presented. % INADEQUATE REPRESENTATION ABROAD 5843 Add to this the fact that our legation and con¬ sulate have no headquarters except such as a meagre allowance permits them to rent, and as the allowance is so small that they must be very economical in this respect, it is not surprising that American interests in Turkey are not better pro¬ tected. It is the custom of European nations to have not only the officials, secretaries, interpreters, and under-secretaries who represent the country abroad, natives of the country which they repre¬ sent, but in cases not a few, the typewriters and stenographers are exported from home, so that the interests of the country will be thoroughly safe¬ guarded in every way. These countries think this is good business and good diplomacy, and they set an example which should long ago have been fol¬ lowed by this country. The time has come when Congress should make an appropriation for our service abroad which will be sufficient to allow American interests to be looked after by Amer¬ icans, and to see that our ambassadors, ministers, and consuls are provided with headquarters ade¬ quate to the demands put upon the offices, and to enable them to perform their duties with the highest dispatch and efficiency. As to the more important positions, the min¬ isters and ambassadors, it is a lamentable fact that ♦ under our present system no man, how r ever great may be his learning, experience, or ability, can hope to represent this government abroad unless he be a man of great wealth. The United States alone among the great powers condemns its envoys 1906 Our system com¬ pared with that of other nations 1906 Self-sup¬ porting ambass¬ adors 5844 ROOSEVELT^ ADMINISTRATION" to live as becomes the dignity of a leading na¬ tion at their own expense. Salaries of $10,000, $12,000, and $17,500 seem to the average citizen ample for the labor expected, and so they would be if they really represented pay for service, clear of all deductions. As a matter of fact, from the salary the United States pays, the diplomat must defray all his household expenses, and the cost of returning the social courtesies he receives. In many of the foreign capitals these expenditures, even if a diplomatist is not in the slightest degree extravagant, exceed the annual salary and cut deep into any private means he may have. In London the rent for the ambassador’s residence can leave little of the $17,500 salary, and there is no higher compensation paid in our diplomatic service. If the ambassador were a free agent, he might econ¬ omize by living elsewhere than in the official part of the city, but he has to select his residence with reference to the society of the capital in which he is stationed, and to the opinion of his fellow- citizens. An American ambassador who should re¬ side in an unfashionable quarter of London would be socially a ruined man, for the attitude of London society towards an ambassador goes far towards determining the usefulness of our representative at the Court of St. James. The diplomatic service of the United States is rapidly becoming pluto¬ cratic. There are in it men of wealth who are also men of ability; but there are very few of its members who have acquired at once a familiar¬ ity with the machinery of our own government, i THE LODGE BILL 5845 international law, and diplomacy. , Publicists ; ^ whom the government would be glad to have as diplomats as a rule are not wealthy enough to serve it virtually at their own expense. The consulate bill, which was introduced by Senator Lodge of Massachusetts, provided that no person not an American citizen shall be appointed hereafter to any consulate-general or consulate Actsfor clerical position. It proposed to make the service reform American from top to bottom. It provided also that all fees collected in the service shall be turned into the Treasury of the United States. The sole and only compensation of the consuls-general and the consuls was to be the salaries fixed by law; this provision, however, not applying to consular agents, who are to receive half the fees collected up to a maximum of $1000 in any year. Party politics has in the past been the great stumbling-block in the way of every effort to re¬ organize the service and put it on a plane creditable to the government. Since the spoils system came in it has been regarded as the property of Senators. Acuities President McKinley followed this system, and the in the way persons recommended by Senators were accepted whenever he could do so. President Roosevelt’s ideas were in direct opposition to this policy, and Mr. Lodge’s bill represented his views upon the subject. The bill was passed later in the session, shorn, however, of its most important provisions. On the 20th of December, Mr. Longworth of Ohio introduced a supplementary bill in the House providing for the purchase at a cost of not over 5846 ROOSEVELT’s ADMINISTRATION 1906 The Long- worth bill Party promises and railroad rates five million dollars of buildings for the United States commissions at all of the foreign capitals where the government maintains ambassadors or ministers, the purpose of the bill being “to remove the necessary qualification of great wealth for the holding of high diplomatic offices under the United States. If a suitable and dignified residence be given to each of our diplomatic envoys, then, at least so far as external appearances are concerned, the rich man and the poor man will appear alike/ ’ This bill, with some modification, was reported favorably from the committee, but failed to pass both Houses. When, in the summer of 1904, the two great political parties held their national conventions, in the platforms of principles adopted, nothing was said that could be construed as an endorsement of the idea that railroad rates were to be made or determined by a board of commissioners repre¬ senting the national government. The People’s party did adopt, at its national convention held at Springfield, Illinois, on July 4 of that year, a plat¬ form plank which called upon the government to take control, of the railroads, through ownership, for the purpose of preventing unjust rate discrim¬ inations. But the Democrats and Republicans did not find sufficient popular interest in this subject to make it a topic for platform assertion. At that time, however, and for some time pre¬ vious, the Interstate Commerce Commission, in¬ stead of endeavoring vigorously to enforce the laws which were on the statute-books of the United REGULATION OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE 6847 States, was employing a considerable part of its time in sending letters and petitions throughout the country to those who were thought to be influential, for the purpose of soliciting support in an effort to enlarge the scope of power which the commission possessed, so that it might have vested in it the right to fix rates at its discretion. In his message at the opening of the fifty-ninth Congress, the President expressed his belief that, if the Interstate Commerce Commission was accorded the right to make maximum rates, that was all that could be properly entrusted to its jurisdiction. At the meeting of the National Board of Trade at Washington in January, 1906, a plan was endorsed providing that the Interstate Commerce Commis¬ sion should be “an active, investigating, and inquir¬ ing body to which all those who believe they have knowledge, or think they have knowledge, of unfair railroad rates shall make their appeal for relief. The Interstate Commerce Commission will then present the case as to whether the rates complained of are unreasonable, to the proper tribunal. If the court shall decide that the rates in question are unreasonable, then the Interstate Commission shall have the authority to make a rate of its own as a substitute for the unfair rate; this to take effect immediately upon its promulgation by the commission, the interested railroad company, however, having a right of appeal to the court from this last rate.’’ The burden of proof would then be thrown upon the transportation corporation to show that 1906 Func¬ tions of the Inter¬ state Com¬ merce Commis¬ sion 1887 - 1906 Develop¬ ment of roads and abuses in rates State commis¬ sions 6848 ROOSEVELT’S ADMINISTRATION the rate complained of was unreasonable. This plan represented a compromise between the various plans suggested by those holding opposite sides on the railroad rate question. In order to understand fully conditions in the campaign for fair railroad rates, it is necessary to know the growth of the interstate legislation. Before 1887 the national government exercised no direct control over railway charges or management. A radical change in our policy took place that year. The industrial development of the central West and upper Mississippi Valley was so rapid in the two decades following the war, and the production of grain and food products so far in excess of local consumption, that the people in those sections be¬ came urgent in their demands for cheaper trans¬ portation facilities to the markets of the Eastern seaboard and Europe. This demand, however, met with little encouragement from the carriers. Con¬ sequently a most unfortunate period of radical State “Granger” railroad legislation followed. Railroad building was arrested and industry in those sections damaged. Then came commissions in many of the States to exercise control over rail¬ road charges and services. Shortly after the estab¬ lishment of the first State railroad commission, the agitation was started for the Federal control of interstate railway rates, which was aided greatly by a Supreme Court decision in 1886 that a State commission could give no relief upon interstate rates. This movement, after a year of patient in¬ vestigation by various Congressional committees, 5849 THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE LAW resulted in the law which with slight changes is the one now in force. The provisions of that law can be grouped into three heads: 1. A prohibition of secret rebates, or prefer¬ ential rates. 2. A prohibition of unreasonable rates per se. 3. A prohibition of relatively unreasonable rates; that is, rates between localities. In 1902, however, there came a change. When, in 1897, the United States Supreme Court in the maximum rate case had denied to the Interstate Commerce Commission the power of deciding what was a reasonable rate and compelling the carriers to reduce their charges to that figure, the movement to clothe the Commission with this power by act of Congress began. The railroad interests took alarm. The desired legislation was side-tracked, and in its place, in 1903, the railroads themselves secured through Senator Elkins, the passage of a bill which looked to the cessation of rebates and special favors. In the previous year all the large systems had been permanently enjoined by the United States courts from paying rebates. The chief change in the interstate law as amended was the substitution of fines for imprisonment as the punishment of reba¬ ting, and it now includes both the giver and receiver of the rebate. The two principal railroad abuses charged were the private car mileage and refrigeration scheme and the allowance to what are known as industrial railroads. 1897 Princi¬ ples of the law The deaision of 1897 5850 ROOSEVELT ’S ADMINISTRATION 1906 Con¬ ditions m detail Profits private car lines The so-called private cars are of three kinds: refrigerator, stock, and tank cars. The practice of using such equipment arose from the need of transporting such commodities as dressed meats, fruits, stock, and oil for long distances, with the least possible delay and the greatest possible care in handling. Testimony given before the Inter¬ state Commission investigation held in 1905 showed that the total number of privately owned cars in the United States was about 50,000. The largest and predominating line was that operated by the Armour Car Line Company, which, according to its own witnesses, operated about 8000 cars in the fruit-carrying business, and including all their equipment, 12,000 cars. The average cost of a refrigerator car was given as $1000. According to the eighteenth annual report of the Interstate Commerce Commission, an average return for each car was $25 a month, at which rate the car would pay for itself and maintenance in three years; the net profit, taking into consideration the icing, the mileage, and everything else, was not less than $10 or $12 a day. This would mean a net profit upon the entire equipment of about $120,000 a day. The necessity of a reform was evident when it was seen that there had been a general advance of the freight rate upon refrigerator products of about 25 per cent., and that the roads discriminated in the icing charges between individuals and localities, espe¬ cially when the owner of the car was the owner of the commodity in the car, and was a dealer in the commodity transported. These excessive rentals Copyrighted, 1905, by Clinedinst, Washington, CONTROL OF INDUSTRIES 6851 and outrageous icing charges amounted to enor¬ mous rebates against shippers who did not operate their own cars. An important and far-reaching decision, touch¬ ing one of the abuses complained of, was delivered by the Supreme Court, February 19, when, by an undivided bench, it laid down the new principle that railroads cannot deal in the commodities which they haul over their lines. This decision fell prin¬ cipally on the railroads which directly or indirectly owned coal mines and sold their products, but if the claim of the Interstate Commerce Commission is sustained that private car lines are common car¬ riers, the principle laid down may also include them, so that owners of refrigerator cars would be prohibited from using their own cars for the trans¬ portation of their products. The decision removed what was one of the greatest evils in the matter of railroad rates. It also enlarged the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission. The court pointed out that there was no prohibition in the Interstate Commerce Law of railway ownership in commodities, but, notwithstanding its absence, it was plain, according to the court, that to hold other¬ wise would be contrary to the spirit of the act. The scheme of “industrial railroads” had its origin in great part in the concentration of industry at certain points. In the beginning very few indus¬ tries were able to provide their own sidetracks and switches, to say nothing of long railroads to the points of their raw material supply. As conditions changed, many great manufacturing corporations 1906 Decision against “indus¬ trial road”s 5852 Roosevelt’s administRxItion 1906 An in¬ cident in indus¬ trial growth Become separate organ¬ izations brought in their raw materials and sent out their finished products over their own rails. These spurs or little roads varied in length from several hundred feet to twenty miles, and were so constructed as to connect the plant with one or many large railroad systems. Sometimes a large industrial plant had in addition to the tracks a freight locomotive, or probably several, but very often only the bare tracks. In the days gone by these industries were only too glad to get such connections, and when a flat charge for the switching of the car from the plant to the main line was allowed them, which was in most cases merely intended to compensate the industry for its investment, they were more than satisfied. But as the unit of business grew larger, the greater became the power of the industry to exact a higher and higher switching charge. It was a matter of only a few years when they approached the car¬ rier with the proposition, and secured its adoption in many cases, that the flat switching charge be abolished and in its place they be given an agreed proportion of the “through rate” to the point where the car was to go. These roads, which for¬ merly were never considered anything but “ switch¬ ing spurs,” were now organized as regular rail¬ roads, with all the graduation of officialdom and railroad paraphernalia, and with their stock en¬ tirely held by the parent industrial organization. This was the general history of the system by which terminal or switching charges rose all the way from one dollar to three dollars and fifty cents THE HEPBURN BILL 5853 a car to as high as twelve, eighteen, and even twenty-five dollars a car. The only remedy for these abuses, apparently, was the power of control and regulation over the rates. If a railroad could afford to pa} r to those favored shippers extortionate allowances for elevation, private cars, terminal switching, etc., it was clear that either the rate of itself was too high, or the shippers or roads were getting more than their fair proportion. After acrimonious debate in the House for several weeks over the various bills and amend¬ ments offered, what was known as the Hepburn bill was passed March 8 by a vote of 346 to 7, the minority being all Republicans. It authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to determine a just, and reasonable, and fairly remunerative rate, whenever, upon complaint, it was of the opinion that any rate or practices affecting rates were un¬ just, or unreasonable, or justly discriminatory, or unduly preferential, and that such a rate should be the maximum rate. It also provided that the commission might go into court for the enforce¬ ment of any order, and if this order was regularly made and duly served, the court must enforce it. A penalty of $5000 was provided for each offense, every distinct violation to be a separate offense, and in case of a continuing violation, each day to be deemed a separate offense. The bill was sent to the Senate, where for two months it was bitterly con¬ tested. A strong opposition to the President’s views developed, and for a long time any decisive action was despaired of. Both sides recognized the 1906 Debates in Congress Oppo¬ sition develops 5854 Roosevelt’s administration 1906 The Senate yields Pro¬ visions of the act necessity of a bill, but differed regarding certain of its provisions. Worn out with wrangling, the Senate, May 18, passed a bill by an almost unan¬ imous vote, 71 in favor and only 3 against. It represented a series of compromises; concessions having been made by both sides, and as sent back to the House probably did not reflect the exact views of a single member of the body. Its passage was a distinct victory for the President. As returned to the House, it differed radically from the bill that passed that body. In its original form it dealt almost wholly with rate-making. As amended, it conferred upon the Interstate Com¬ merce Commission, as recommended by the Pres¬ ident, the power “summarily and effectively” to prescribe a maximum rate for railroad charges whenever complaint was made that a rate fixed by the railroad was unjust or unwarranted, without the intervention of the courts, and to have those rates go into effect within thirty days, subject to future review by the court, in cases where an un¬ specified court should hold that it had jurisdiction. This power the President held to be the essence of the bill, and told Congress that unless it were granted there was little use in touching the subject at all. It made pipe lines, private car lines, ex¬ press companies, and palace car companies common carriers; it forbade railroads and other carriers from owning or having any interest in the articles they transport, as coal; it restored the penalty of imprisonment for persons found guilty of giving rebates, and increased the fines; it provided that a MISCELLANEOUS BILLS 6855 person soliciting or compelling a rebate might be fined three times the amount of the same; it re¬ quired railroads to keep uniform sets of books, accessible at all times to the Commission, and for¬ bade giving of interstate passes, with certain specified exceptions. Next to the rate bill the most important legis¬ lation of the session was the passage of the de¬ natured or free alcohol bill. Up to that time the tax upon alcohol w^as almost prohibitive, it having been imposed in the interests of the manufacturers of wood alcohol, an inferior and dangerous article. Its removal paved the way for the establishment of new industries which before had been impossible, and made a large reduction in the cost of a multi¬ tude of articles, as well as in that of light, heat, and power. In March, the pension appropriation bill, carry¬ ing $139,000,000 for pensions and $1,245,000 for pension administration, was passed without amend¬ ment. The feature of the bill, aside from - the appropriation made, was a provision making statute law of the famous order of the President, declaring age conclusive evidence of disability. A bill was also passed providing a penalty of $5000 and ten years’ imprisonment for the premature revelation of government information, which might have a bearing on the market price of commodities. The same penalty was provided against govern¬ ment employees who speculate in commodities regarding which the government furnishes statis¬ tics. A supplementary bill went through without 1906 Free alcohol for mechan¬ ical process Pension bill 5856 Roosevelt’s administration 1906 The packing¬ house investi¬ gation Inspec¬ tion provided opposition, forbidding officials and employees of the government to divulge information on crop statistics prematurely, and making it criminal for persons to speculate in products; the penalty for violation of its provisions was fixed at $5000 and imprisonment for ten years. In June, the reports of government inspectors of the meat-packing industries were made public and created intense excitement throughout the country. They laid bare almost incredible con¬ ditions in the packing establishments in Chicago, and led to the indictment of the heads of the four largest concerns in the city. Immediately follow¬ ing the exposures a bill was reported from the Committee on Agriculture providing for the rigid inspection of all animals killed for food before and after slaughter, and requiring the use of a govern¬ ment label and a certificate of purity. It prohibited the use of preservatives or chemicals in the prep¬ aration of all kinds of meat foods which could be considered deleterious to health, and required com¬ plete sanitation and cleanliness in all buildings, whether slaughter-houses or canning establish¬ ments. Common carriers were made subject to heavy penalties for transporting any goods not bearing the government label and accompanied by the required certificates. False labeling b y the packers was made a criminal offense. Violation of any of the provisions of the bill was made punish¬ able by fines and imprisonment. Farmers and small butchers were exempted from the operation of the regulations. THE CHICAGO STOCK YARDS THE PHILIPPINE TARIFF 5857 One of the perplexing problems attaching to the possession of the Philippines was the settlement of matters pertaining to the tariff. Commerce between the islands and the United States in 1905 aggregated about $20,000,000, against about $15,- 000,000 in 1904, $10,000,000 in 1900, $4,111,188 in 1898, and a little over $4,000,000 in 1897, the year prior to American occupation, nearly four times as great as in the last year of Spanish control, and approximately four times as great as the average during the several years prior to Amer¬ ican occupation. Prior to the year 1899, ex¬ ports from the United States to the Philippine Islands had never exceeded in any year a quarter of a million dollars. They aggregated nearly $6,000,000 in 1905, or twenty times as much as in any year prior to American occupation. Imports from the islands, which ranged between four and six million dollars per annum prior to 1899, were, in 1902, $10,000,000; in 1903, $12,000,000, and in 1905 about $14,000,000, or about three times as much as the average prior to American occupation. This increase in trade with the islands is distrib¬ uted through a large number of manufactured articles, especially in the case of exports, which have grown from $69,459 in 1897, the year before American occupation, to about $6,000,000 in the year 1905. On some of the Philippine products the tariff is almost prohibitive, especially that on sugar. Consumers in the United States are compelled, to satisfy our demands for sugar, to buy immense 1906 Rapid growth of Philip¬ pine trade 1906 Duties on sugar and sugar im¬ ported Philip¬ pine tariff opposed 5858 ROOSEVELT ? S ADMINISTRATION quantities of that article from foreign countries. In the ten months ending October, 1905, we im¬ ported $92,000,000 worth of sugar from other lands. We received from Cuba alone sugar of a custom¬ house valuation of $67,730,202. In addition to all that we took from foreign countries, we received in the period mentioned more than $50,000,000 worth of sugar from the “non-contiguous Terri¬ tories’ ’ of the United States, the contributions being, from Hawaii, $35,816,442; from Porto Rico, $13,317,992, and from the Philippines, $2,216,249. The sugar of Hawaii and Porto Rico comes in free of duty, whereas that from the Philippines pays at present 75 per cent, of the Dingley rates. A bill was introduced by Chairman Payne, of the Ways and Means Committee, looking to a reclassification of duties on Philippine products, which was strongly opposed by the members representing the sugar-beet-growing States. A minority report was filed by the Democratic members of the committee* declaring for absolute free trade between the Phil¬ ippines and the United States, including Hawaii and Porto Rico. The report said: The members of the minority of the Committee on Ways and Means believe that the anomalous and preposterous status of the Philippine Islands by which they are treated as Ameri¬ can territory for certain purposes, and as a foreign or semi- foreign territory for certain other purposes, cannot be long maintained and should be immediately terminated. At pres¬ ent, according to the whim of Congress or the Executive, they are considered as American or foreign, or both American and foreign, or as neither American nor foreign. In justice to both the Filipinos and ourselves, they should be considered as altogether American or altogether foreign.” MODIFIED TARIFF PROPOSED 5859 On the 16th of January, the bill came up in the House and was passed by a vote of 258 to 71. Various amendments were offered, which were in turn rejected. Although the bill originated on the Republican side of the House, it was supported by the Democrats, and its passage was due to their votes. The provisions of the bill were as follows: A tariff duty of 25 per cent, of the Dingley rates to be levied upon sugar, tobacco, and rice from the Philippine Islands; that all other goods the growth or product of the Philippine Islands should be ad¬ mitted into the United States free of duty; that after April 11, 1909, there should be absolute free trade each way between the United States and the Philippines; that Philippine goods coming to the United States should be exempt from *the export tax of the islands; that merchandise from either country should be subject to the internal revenue tax of the country in which such merchandise should be withdrawn for consumption. The bill was sent to the Senate, where it was filled in committee. A bill was introduced in the House in behalf of the Merchant Marine Commission, recommending the outlay of several million dollars in subsidies to American vessels. The arguments urged in favor of the bill were: First, that a force would be created of ten thousand naval volunteers, American officers and men of the merchant marine trained to the naval service and holding the same relation to the regular navy that was held toward the regular army by the present militia; second, that through 1906 Reduc¬ tion of rates proposed Senate does not agree A naval militia 1906 To be created by sub¬ sidies Advan¬ tages claimed by its sponsors 5860 ROOSEVELT’s ADMINISTRATION its passage a new fleet of steel mail steamships would be created, forming a naval reserve of fast transports, ammunition, and supply-ships, dispatch vessels, etc., all essential to the efficiency of our fighting fleet in war; third, it would increase four¬ fold the actual shipping of the United States and would give, exclusive of lake and coastwise vessels, , a merchant marine much larger than the entire merchant fleet of France or Norway, twice that of Italy, and twice that of Japan. Such a new mer¬ chant tonnage, the supporters of the bill argued, would enable the United States to carry under its own flag not 10 per cent., as now, of its own imports and exports, but 30 or 40 per cent., earning for the country, instead of twenty million dollars as now, eighty million dollars a year in freight and pas¬ senger receipts. The bill recommended, further, the creation of ten regular new or strengthened American steam¬ ship lines to South America, Central America, Africa, and Asia, supplemented by a large and active fleet of tramp or cargo vessels which would inevitably open new markets for many thousands of additional bales of American cotton and thou¬ sands of tons of grain, flour, provisions, and man¬ ufactured goods, a total amount of increased trade, and increased employment for the whole American people, impossible to state in specific figures. With the bill was a report made by Admiral Dewey, as president of the General Board, in which he en¬ dorsed the bill and showed in detail the advantages which w T ould accrue to the navy by its passage. CONTROL OF FOOD PRODUCTS 5861 For many years there were various attempts at the passage of Federal laws to control the com¬ merce between States in adulterated, imitated, or misbranded foods and drugs, but without success. State laws existed, but they clashed with each other and were a source of continual trouble and liti¬ gation. The manufacturer found himself con¬ stantly between two fires. His products would be sometimes allowed in one State and prohibited in another. If by mistake the forbidden article en¬ tered the latter State, he would be subject to heavy penalties. Dissension was constantly arising be¬ cause the laws of one State say that preservatives in food are poison, while the laws of another require preservatives. Just previous to the meet¬ ing of Congress, the Interstate Commission pre- sented a memorial to the President stating the conditions and asking him to recommend a Federal law, fair to all interests and with full protection to the consumer, to supplement the State laws re¬ quiring all food and drug products intended for interstate commerce to be truthfuly labeled, and to be labeled to show whenever any adulteration has been added or practiced in the preparation. Such a bill the President recommended in his message. After a vast amount of discussion, the bill was passed by the Senate, February 21, by a vote of 63 to 4, the minority being all Southern Democrats. It provided that the labels on “ mixtures, com¬ pounds, combinations, or blends should show the amount of alcohol or opium, if any, contained in 1906 Practice of adul¬ teration To be pre¬ vented 5862 Roosevelt’s administration 1906 Con¬ ditions in Porto Rico them.” It made it a misdemeanor to manufacture or sell adulterated or misbranded foods, drugs, medicines, or liquors in any of the States, in the District of Columbia, the Territories, and the in¬ sular possessions of the United States, and pro¬ hibited the shipment of such goods from one State to another or to a foreign country. It also pro¬ hibited the receipt of such goods. Punishment by fine of $500, *or by imprisonment for one year, or both, was prescribed in the case of corporations. Officials in charge were made responsible. The bill defined foods, drugs, liquors, medicines, and pro¬ prietary preparations, and also defined a standard for them. The Island of Porto Rico, which came into our possession as a result of the war, was a terra incog¬ nita to the people of the United States. Its con¬ ditions, agriculturally, socially, and industrially, showed unmistakably the effects of Spanish rule. The people differed in many ways from the people of Cuba. They were loyal to the last to the crown of Spain, and were obedient under circumstances which provoked revolt after revolt in, other Span¬ ish colonies. They had a great respect for law, and hardly an instance in history shows any organ¬ ized resistance to the ruling power. As a whole, the inhabitants are a moral, law-abiding class; mild in disposition, easy to govern, and possess the pos¬ sibilities of developing a high type of citizenship. As a rule, they are industrious; their idleness is usually an enforced idleness. In the matter of schools the system under Spanish rule was PROGRESS OF PORTO RICO 5863 imperfect. Little attention was paid to the educa¬ tion of girls, and there were no regulations for enforced attendance. Out of a school population of nearly 126,000, only 28,000 were in regular at¬ tendance in 1898, and of the population of the island of 583,000, ninety per cent, were unable to read. There were no railroads in the island, and very few roads of other kinds which were not dan¬ gerous to travel. Telegraph and postal systems are now in existence, both imder government direction. The crops are mainly sugar, coffee, and tobacco. Cattle-raising is carried on to some extent, but most of the food supply is imported. Those who depend upon daily wages for support constitute the great majority of the people. The daily wages of the common field laborer range from thirty-five to fifty cents. The change from Spanish to American rule was welcomed by all classes. Although obedient under Spanish rule, there was a general complaint that the government discriminated in favor of the Spaniards, who, in the distribution of the offices, were preferred to the natives, and who, aided by the powerful influence of the authorities, pros¬ pered in business as merchants, manufacturers, or farmers. It was declared, also, that the internal improvement of the island v 7 as neglected by the Spanish officials; that agriculture bore more than its share of taxation; that the assessments were inequitable and unequal; that education was not fostered; and that, in general, the welfare of the people was not the first concern of their rulers. 1906 Schools for both sexes Roads and tele¬ graphs The official system 5864 ROOSEVELT’S ADMINISTRATION 1905-6 Wishes and hopes of the Porto Ricans The military administration of Porto Rico ceased on May 1, 1900, when Charles H. Allen of Massachusetts was installed as governor, and the civil government was instituted. During the year 1905, reports gained currency of a had condition of affairs in the island. It was asserted that an anti-American feeling was ram¬ pant everywhere, and that disturbances had oc¬ curred on account of that feeling. In November, the Federal grand jury of Porto Rico, composed of prominent natives and Americans, adopted an address which was forwarded to President Roose¬ velt, accompanied by an invitation to visit the island and investigate matters in person. In clos¬ ing the address, the signers declared: “The people of Porto Rico are not disloyal to the United States, nor is there any such feeling of hostility towards the government of the United States, or towards American insti¬ tutions, as might be readily be understood from many expres¬ sions used by prejudiced or partial newspapers and magazines, correspondents and writers. On the contrary, our experience, investigation, and knowledge of the existing situation in Porto Rico, warrant us in the assertion that there is no more loyal, liberty-loving, or law-abiding people living beneath the folds of the American flag than the citizens of Porto Rico, and there is no doubt that the greatest hope and ambition of the Porto Rican people to-day is to be more closely allied with and to be given a greater measure of participation in the administra¬ tion of the governmental affairs in their island, through those forms, methods, and policies which are the foundation and controlling feature of the government of the great American commonwealth. Our observation and experience also teach us that what the people of Porto Rico most desire is a closer association and affiliation with the American people and the American government, and not a separation or an abandon¬ ment of that bond which guarantees to them a safe, stable, DISSATISFACTION IN PORTO RICO 5865 and enduring government; and an eventual full participation, not only in the benefit to be derived from such government, but in the administration thereof.'’ Notwithstanding, it was later made evident that a considerable amount of dissatisfaction ex¬ isted because of the form of government. On Jan¬ uary 15,1906, a protest was made before the House Committee on Insular Affairs by Mayor R. H. Todd of San Juan, representing the League of Municipalities of the island. He declared une¬ quivocally that the people of Porto Rico enjoyed a greater degree of representative popular govern¬ ment under the Spanish regime than under the rule of the United States. His purpose in ap¬ pearing before the committee was to ask for an elective council. The members of the coun¬ cil are appointed, not elected; under the law, five at least must be natives of the island. No more than five, he stated, had ever been appointed, the six remaining being from the States, who not only controlled the council, but absolutely excluded the native members from participation in the affairs of the government. The natives, he complained, were regarded as mere figure-heads, and had noth¬ ing whatever to do with the affairs of the offices to which they were appointed. He urged that a bill be passed giving the Porto Ricans a greater degree of self-government. Later in the session the House Committee on Insular Affairs authorized a favorable report on the bill extending United States citizenship to the 1906 Appeals for changes Council con¬ trolled by United States 5866 rooseyelt’s administration 1906 Relief for Porto Rico An am¬ bassador from Japan Death of General Wheeler inhabitants of Porto Rico. The new status was extended to all inhabitants of the island who were Spanish subjects on April 11, 1899, and who had continued to reside therein, except those who elected to preserve their allegiance to the crown of Spain prior to April 4,1900, according to the terms of the treaty of peace. The bill provided that Porto Ricans, together with Americans on the island, “were to be known as the people of Porto Rico who shall be deemed and held to be citizens of the United States.” The committee also author¬ ized a favorable report on a bill exempting from taxation all Porto Rican bonds issued to pay for public improvements in the island. On the same day, the Senate Committee on; Territories ordered a favorable report on the bill providing for a delegate in Congress from Alaska. In January, 1906, the government of Japan appointed Viscount Aoki as ambassador to the United States, the first representative of an Ori¬ ental country who ever held that rank at Wash¬ ington. His recognition by that title was a formal acknowledgment by the United States government of the fact that Japan was now a world power. In the same month, the body of General Joseph Wheeler, the veteran of two wars, a former repre¬ sentative in Congress and a retired officer of the United States Army, was laid at rest in the National Cemetery at Arlington. Homage was paid by the Blue and by the Gray. Veterans of the two conflicts in which General Wheeler dis¬ tinguished himself as a gallant soldier and a daring LIFE INSURANCE SCANDALS 5867 cavalry leader, personal friends, representatives of the two branches of Congress, and citizens, joined with the nation’s military in paying tribute to the dead general. The funeral services were held at St. Thomas’s Episcopal Church in Fifth Ave¬ nue, New York City, which was thronged. The body was wrapped in the flags under which he had served with almost equal distinction—the Stars and Bars and the Stars and Stripes. The altar was almost hidden with floral offerings, among them a wreath sent by President Roosevelt. The brief services were conducted by Rev. Ernest Stires, rector of the church, assisted by Rev. Dr. Morgan Dix. In the winter of 1904, a quarrel broke out among the officials of the New York Equitable Insurance Company, which grew to such propor¬ tions that the State Insurance Commissioner, forced by the press and public opinion and by the incriminating report of the directors, at last instituted an investigation. Charges had been made of graft, peculation, conspiracy to defraud stockholders, and wanton waste of the company’s assets. It did not take long to discover that these charges were based on fact. The first few days of the investigation revealed an almost incredible condition of crookedness and corruption. It was found that most of the directors were dummies, who voted as they were directed to by the two or three leading officials, and whose names were used as decoys to attract policy-holders. The revela¬ tions made led to the theory that like conditions 1904-6 Revela¬ tions in life in¬ surance manage¬ ment 5868 rooseyelt’s administration 1904-6 Every kind of cor¬ ruption shown might prevail in other large companies, and the New York Life and Mutual Life were brought under the searchlight. The result was as was ex¬ pected. The same conditions, and even worse, were shown to exist in both. In all three there had been the same shameful extravagance and criminality in the management of the companies’ funds. Prodigal expenditures had been made for political purposes, for subsidizing the press, and the bribery of legislators. Leading officials voted themselves enormous salaries, the presidents of each of the three companies receiving $100,000 a year. The families of each were drawn in to share the plunder. One of them had four near relatives under large salaries whose duties were merely nominal. A fund of half a million was set apart by one company for purposes the officials refused to reveal, but which indirect evidence showed was for influencing legislation. It was shown during the investigation that to prevent interference with their methods—which was occasionally threatened by irate stockholders—these companies regularly maintained in their employ, under pay, members of the Insurance Committee from both branches of the Assembly, and to secure and hold the power in the Legislature they kept on their pay-rolls prom¬ inent members of both political parties. At one time several policy-holders who felt they were being defrauded, instituted suits. The companies at once secured an amendment to the insurance laws which prohibited any policy-holder from bringing suit for an accounting without consent THE PEOPLE AROUSED 5869 of the attorney-general, who, being in power through the desire and sufferance of the com¬ panies, never consented. The officials of the State whose duty it was to prevent theft and protect the policy-holders, were themselves the appointees of the system. The testimonv taken showed that in these three companies, assets which should have gone upon the ledger to the credit of the policy-holders, were diverted to purposes of which no record appeared in their published statements or official reports; that the custom was general for the higher officials to speculate with the trust funds in their keeping; and that the annual reports of the companies were false, and the certificate of their correctness by the Superintendent of Insurance was a falsehood. The effect of these exposures was to arouse a feeling of anger and indignation throughout the whole country, for, though the source of the cor¬ ruption was located in the city of New York, there was not a city or town of any size in the United States that was not affected by it. The crimes com¬ mitted were not against the citizens of a single State; they were crimes that affected the people of the whole nation. Some of the guilty officials fled the country; the president of one company, crushed by the exposure, died while the investi¬ gation was in progress; another sought refuge in a sanitarium with a report of softening of the brain; a member -of Congress from New York, who had been paid an annual salary of $10,000 for his supposed influence over the legislation in his 1905-6 Assets dis- ippated Vast numbers of people affected 5870 Roosevelt’s administration 1906 Changes insti¬ tuted War¬ ships on the Lakes State, hurried, after the exposure, to return to the Equitable Company’s funds $293,900 borrowed from it years before, and which never would have been paid but for the publicity given the matter. All the companies are in the present year—1906— undergoing reorganization, and suits have been instituted with the hope of recovering at least a portion of the money illegally and fraudulently obtained. For years there had been occasional reference in Congress to the international agreement restrict¬ ing the number of war vessels on the Lakes. On December 17, Representative Smith of Michigan offered a resolution asking that the Secretary of the Navy investigate the treaties between Great Britain and the United States that prevent the United States from having more than one warship on the Great Lakes at one time. The treaty or arrangement covering the mat¬ ter is known as the Bagot-Rush agreement, arrived at in April, 1817. Mr. Richard Rush, acting Sec¬ retary of State for the United States, made a proposition to Mr. Charles Bagot, then British envoy and minister plenipotentiary at Washing¬ ton, that the naval force to be maintained on the American Lakes by his Majesty and the govern¬ ment of the United States should be confined to the following vessels for each of the contracting governments: On Lake Ontario, to one vessel not exceeding 100 tons’ burthen and armed with one eighteen- pound cannon. THE STATEHOOD BILL 5871 On the Upper Lakes, to two vessels not exceed¬ ing like burthen each and armed with like force. t On the waters of Lake Champlain, to one ves¬ sel not exceeding like force. The British minister, on behalf of the Prince Regent, acceded to this proposition from the United States government on April 28, 1817. It was also agreed that all other armed vessels on these lakes should be forthwith dismantled, and that no other vessels of war should be there built or armed; and, further, that six-months’ notice should be given by either party wishing to annul the stipulation. This treaty has been kept on both sides in good faith. There has been no reason in the martial exigencies of the two nations for any breach of that pacific understanding, and the resolution was probably more the outcome of a desire on the part of shipbuilders along the lakeshore to extend their business than any real fear of international com¬ plications. The Hamilton Statehood bill, providing for two States out of the Territories of Oklahoma and Indian Territory, Arizona and New Mexico, was adopted as the party bill at a caucus of the Repub¬ lican members of the House, December 14. Con¬ siderable opposition was manifested in this ar¬ rangement, but all were held in line. This decision was the result of a conference between Speaker Cannon and Senator Beveridge, chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories. Few more serious problems have been presented to Congress than that involved in the prolonged 1906 New States to be formed 1906 Unusual plan Many valid objec¬ tions 5872 ROOSEVELT’s ADMINISTRATION Statehood controversy. Here were four commu- aJ nities which it was proposed to merge into two States, when the smaller of each combination ob¬ jected violently to being put at the mercy of the larger, and in order to avoid letting the population of these offended communities pass on accepting the State Constitution, as other Territories had done when coming into the Union, the plan was to make Arizona and New Mexico vote as a unit, by which it was assumed that the more populous New Mexico would override Arizona. In the former Territory the Mexican and Spanish-American pop¬ ulation is eight times all other races combined, and it was almost a unit against the proposition. The people of Arizona,, who are almost wholly of Amer¬ ican stock, -on the other hand, were opposed to it on the ground that they did not like being over¬ shadowed and outnumbered by Mexicans of an unprogressive type. They asserted that Mexican rule would produce such stagnation that the Amer¬ ican element would gradually pull out, or at least cease to grow, because the State would be unat¬ tractive to possessors of American ideals, and that the Mexican element would thus dominate a much wider area than it should. There was no animosity between the people of the two States, but the oppo¬ sition was grounded on the inherent differences in population, in legislation, in industries, in contour, in ideals, and from an historical and ethnologic standpoint, not to mention that the consolidation of two commonwealths like New Mexico and Ari¬ zona into one was unprecedented in American OPPOSITION TO STATEHOOD BILL 5878 history. Both declared that the new State would be an unnatural and an unwilling alliance. It would be the coercion of two populations, unlike in character, in ambition, and largely in occu¬ pation. The union would be abhorrent to both. The advocates of joint Statehood on their part took the stand that the two States entering sep¬ arately would give eight more Senators from the Southwest. Everybody would recognize a certain validity to these arguments, and yet the answer to them of most Eastern men was this: “Do you want eight more Senators from the Southwest ? That would be the number which the first Dem¬ ocratic administration to come into power would give the country.” The Rocky Mountain region is already over-represented in the Senate, accord¬ ing to population. When the bitter fight for the repeal of the Sherman silver purchasing act was on, and results hung as by a thread, the bare majority of Senators necessary for repeal repre¬ sented a good two-thirds of the country’s popu¬ lation and much larger proportion of its wealth and resources. In other contests, sectionally, the same thing comes out. While there are small States in the East, notably in New England, as a whole the small States of this coast are mixed in with larger ones of identical business interests, so that no real misrepresentation occurs. But west of the Mis¬ souri lies a group of States seemingly destined to have a small population always, which have an influence in shaping national legislation altogether 1906 Political effect of union Dangers in the plan Of W- LlB ’ 5874 . ROOSEVELT’S ADMINISTRATION 1906 False repre¬ sentation out of proportion to their importance. Wyoming has but 100,000 population, and yet its two Sen¬ ators count just as heavily in the combination which makes a tariff bill as the two Senators from Mas¬ sachusetts standing for three million people. If the Senate were not so predominant in national affairs, the disparity of the States in population would be adjusted as the Constitution intended, but with an all-powerful Senate, the size of the average State of any section becomes important. Another question, and that a moral one, was involved, which the legislators seemed to have lost sight of. In 1894, the Dawes Commission was created to induce the Indians living in the Indian Territory to give up their tribal system and become citizens with a view to future Statehood. “The limit creation,” as the act of Congress said, “of a State of the Union which shall embrace the lands within said Indian Territory.” At no time was it ever suggested to the Indians before the negoti¬ ation was practically accomplished that the Indian Territory would be submerged in another more populous, in a different class of settlement, and wholly controlling in its influence. The induce¬ ment held out to the Indians of the Territory, the Territory they had occupied in the first place under pledge that it should be theirs exclusively and forever, in order to induce them to contemplate becoming citizens and adopting a new form of government, was that they should be a State by themselves. Oklahoma had already been set off and been made a Territory by itself, the remainder DESTRUCTION OF SAN FRANCISCO 6875 of the original Indian Territory to remain dis¬ tinctly an Indian possession. This understanding had been repeatedly recognized by Congress. After nearly five months of consideration and discussion, a compromise Statehood bill was agreed to by Republican leaders of both Houses on June 11, which cleared the way for the admission of Oklahoma and Indian Territory as a single State, and gave opportunity for the decision at the polls by New Mexico and Arizona as to whether they would desire to come in as another State. Early on the morning of Wednesday, April 18, the city of San Francisco was visited by a violent earthquake, which in a few seconds wrecked most of the principal buildings, made huge rents in the streets, and destroyed the connections of the water system. Fires broke out in a hundred different places, and spread with marvelous rapidity. Within an hour the whole business section was in flames. Only in places where the water-pipes were intact could any attempt be made to stay the conflagration. With a brisk wind blowing, the fire spread to the residential portion of the city. The magnificent residences on Nob Hill, the homes of the Pacific coast millionaires, burned like paper; treasures untold in paintings, sculpture, tapestries, costly decorations, rugs, and furniture, unique and impossible to replace, we're licked up in a moment. Churches, theatres, hotels, big depart¬ ment stores, railway stations, huge office buildings —all went, one after another. Every bank in the city was swept out of existence, although in most 1906 April 18 A compro¬ mise reached Earth¬ quake ruins San Fran¬ cisco 5876 ROOSEVELT’S ADMINISTRATION 1906 Relief and pro¬ tection for the sufferers of them the contents were protected by the vaults. Miles of buildings were blown up by dynamite or destroyed by artillery fire in the vain endeavor to stay the flames. Chinatown, in an hour’s time, was reduced to a heap of ashes. Thousands of the panic-stricken inhabitants fled by the ferries across the bay to Oakland, where the hospitals, churches, theatres, and scores of private residences, were filled with the sick and injured; others sought refuge in the parks, cemeteries, in the sand hills, and on the military reservation. More than 300,000 people were rendered homeless, and slept that night under the open sky or in rude improvised tents of sheets and blankets, and more than half that num¬ ber were without water or food for twenty-four hours. General Funston, who was in command of the regular army post at the Presidio, at once ordered his soldiers on duty to keep order and protect property. A committee of safety, formed of fifty prominent citizens, with Mayor Schmitz at the head, took immediate measures for the relief of the people by establishing many stations for the dis¬ tribution of food and supplies. By its order, all remaining stores and warehouses containing pro¬ visions were entered and their contents confiscated, receipts being given to the owners. For days the hills and beaches about San Francisco looked like an immense tented city. For miles through the Park and along the beaches from Ingleside to the sea-wall at North Beach, the homeless were en¬ camped in makeshift tents of all descriptions. . LOOKING FRANCI.SCO RELIEF OF THE STRICKEN CITY 5877 Some had managed to drag trunks and boxes to places of safety, with mattresses and bed clothing, but nothing in the way of furniture could be saved. More than three thousand pianos went up in flames. The loss of life was comparatively small when the magnitude of the disaster is considered. Gen¬ eral Funston gave orders to shoot thieves and plunderers on sight. As a consequence, a score or more who were caught robbing the dead and in¬ jured were killed the first day and their bodies left to be consumed by the flames. The bodies of those who were killed by accident or nervous shock, were taken to the Presidio to be buried. Of the great public buildings, only one—the United States Mint—escaped destruction. Thirty- nine million dollars were stored in its vaults in silver coin and bullion, not a dollar of which was lost. When the Senate at Washington convened on the morning following the reception of the news, its first business was the appropriation of $500,000 for the relief of the sufferers. The resolution was hurried to the House, which promptly amended it by making the amount $1,000,000. When it was sent to the President, it was returned with a special message asking that the amount be increased to $1,500,000, which was done without a dissenting voice. Never was the President more strenuous than in his pushing measures for the relief of the stricken city. More than half of the sum appro¬ priated was spent by his direction in the purchase of supplies before noon of the following day. A 1906 Military in control Relief bill in Congress 6878 ROOSEVELT’s ADMINISTRATION 1906 The entire country unites to aid the city bill was at once introduced in the House for the remission of duties on relief supplies and on build¬ ing material to be used for reconstruction pur¬ poses. A million army rations, each representing three good meals for one person, with every avail¬ able army tent, thousands in number, were hurried to the spot on special trains ordered by the govern¬ ment, given the right of way, from Portland, Ore¬ gon, St. Louis, Chicago, Seattle, and other large distributing points. With these went carloads of blankets, bedding, and miscellaneous supplies. Added to these were trains of supplies sent by private parties from scores of cities far and near. All the great railroad and steamship lines an¬ nounced their readiness to carry, free of charge, all merchandise and supplies for the relief of the sufferers. On the day following the disaster, the people of Portland, Oregon, raised $250,000, and sent a special train of twenty-nine cars filled with supplies, accompanied by ten physicians and twenty nurses. From every point came help and offers of help. New York raised half a million in a single morning; Boston subscribed the same amount, which in three weeks grew to nearly $900,000; Richmond, Va., raised $40,000 in ten minutes; Pittsburg subscribed $250,000; Los An¬ geles, $300,000; princely donations were made by Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, Denver, Kansas City, and all the great cities of the East, West, and South. In forty-eight hours the relief fund reached the enormous total of $13,147,190,—that sum not including the collections taken up in the HELP FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES 5879 churches of all creeds throughout the country. Aside from these donations for the general good, there were special contributions for societies, church organizations, hospitals, and libraries. The Young Men’s Christian Association, whose magnif¬ icent new building cost a quarter of a million, received donations nearly sufficient to cover its losses. Nor was this grand outburst of sympathy con¬ fined to the United States alone. From far-off Australia came the following morning a cable mes¬ sage with the proffered gift of $25,000; Japan sent $80,000 to the Red Cross Committee; China, through her minister, promptly tendered her aid. Canada was one of the first to extend the hand of practical sympathy. England was prompt in action, and nearly every European nation came at once to the front with expressions of sympathy and proffers of aid. The ashes of the conflagration were hardly cold before plans were made for a new San Francisco, greater, safer, and more magnificent than before. On May 23, the banks reopened their doors for business, locating in temporary structures, on their former sites. In anticipation of heavy drafts, they had in their vaults $45,000,000 more than they had on the morning of the disaster. On the opening day there were more deposits than withdrawals. Although the devastation on land was so far- reaching and complete, it stopped at the water’s edge. All the shipping of San Francisco, including the auxiliary fleets of towboats, all transfer barges, 1906 Australia Japan and China aid Plana for a new city 6880 ROOSEVELT ’s ADMINISTRATION 1906 Shipping and docks spared Stanford Univer¬ sity’s serious losses dredges, fireboats, transports, ocean steamships, bay and river steamboats, ferry-boats, coastwise steamships,—everything in the way of floating property that was in the bay on that terrible morn¬ ing, together with all the wharves, bunkers, ele¬ vators, approaches to wharves, and all that apper¬ tained and contributed to the. movement of sea or inland commerce or the transaction of business by sea or land,—escaped damage to that extent that there could be no interruption to the vast traffic that centered there. In the plan for rebuilding the city, provision was made for a sea-wall 6000 feet long, with projecting wharves 800 feet in length, almost doubling the commercial facilities of the past. But the city of San Francisco was not the only sufferer. All along the earthquake belt running parallel with the coast for hundreds of miles, there was a succession of shocks more or less severe. The Leland Stanford University, lying at the foothills of the Sierra Moreno, in the beautiful Santa Clara valley, the finest and costliest group of educational buildings in America, was in three minutes’ time converted into a mass of shapeless ruins. The buildings were unique, constructed, with one or two exceptions, in the old mission style, and form¬ ing an inner and outer quadrangle, the former known as the Memorial Court, with a paved area of 246 by 528 feet. This great square contained statues of Senator Stanford, Mrs. Stanford, and Leland Stanford, Jr., in whose memory the uni¬ versity was built and endowed. Its entrance was DESTRUCTION ELSEWHERE IN CALIFORNIA 5881 through a magnificent stone arch, the largest but one in the world. The buildings of both quad¬ rangles were connected by a series of corridors, arches, and cloisters. Opposite the arch stood the memorial church, considered the most beautiful in the New World, built in the Gothic style, with a spire 190 feet high. Only a part of the broken walls was left standing. The great library, on which nearly a million dollars had been expended, and which was yet unfinished, was totally wrecked, as was also the gymnasium, which had cost even more. The museum, which, when finished, would have been the largest in the world, was only par¬ tially destroyed. Of the two large dormitories, that for the boys was completely destroyed, while that for the girls suffered very little injury. The damage to the university was estimated at ten millions of dollars. Repairs began the day fol¬ lowing the shock. As the institution has an endow r - ment of thirty millions of dollars, the work of restoration was not hindered, as in many other instances, from a lack of funds. At San Jose, the entire business quarter was wrecked; 110 persons were killed and seventy in¬ jured. The loss of life was largely among the patients at Agnew’s Insane Asylum, the walls of which collapsed. Nearly every brick and stone structure in the city was demolished or damaged, the losses amounting to OA^er $5,000,000. Santa Clara, a suburb of San Jose, suffered to the extent of half a million. At Santa Rosa the public and business buildings AA T ere AA T recked or damaged, but 1906 Build¬ ings wrecked Other losses 6882 ROOSEVELT’S ADMINISTRATION 1906 Storm on the great lakes First session of Congress ends the residence portion escaped with little injury. Forty persons were killed by falling walls in the business section. The shock was felt at Sacra¬ mento. Chimneys were shaken down and some few buildings sustained slight damages, but there was no loss of life. At one place three miles of railroad track sank out of sight, carrying the wires with it. The loss by earthquake and fire at San Fran¬ cisco and other places in the earthquake belt amounted to nearly $300,000,000. Three weeks later than the San Francisco dis¬ aster (June 9), a terrific cyclone swept the shores of the three Great Lakes, Erie, Huron, and On¬ tario, causing great loss of life and property. The greatest force of the tempest was in the vicinity of Detroit, on the Canadian side. The first session of the Fifty-ninth Congress came to an end at ten o’clock p. m., June 30, having accomplished more important legislation in the seven months of its existence than any other ses¬ sion since the close of the war. During the closing week a number of measures that had been held in abeyance were brought up and disposed of, in most instances, satisfactorily to their advocates. Both branches at the last hour compromised on bills whose passage had come to be regarded as impos¬ sible. Nearly 21,000 bills were introduced in the House during the session, while 6000 were offered in the Senate. Of these over 4000 were enacted, 300 being of a public nature, the others mostly pension grants. The appropriation aggregated $900,000,000. A NOTABLE CONGRESS 5883 On the evening of the last day the President’s plan for the lock-type of the Panama Canal was indorsed by both Houses, and the sum of $42,000,- 000 was appropriated for carrying on the work. Other late legislation was the reorganization of the consular service, the passage of the Railway rate bill, the Pure Food bill and the Meat Inspection bill. Great care was given to a bill for the preser¬ vation of the scenic beauty of Niagara Falls. A measure of importance to railroad and other em¬ ployees engaged in hazardous employments, known as the Employees’ Liability bill, became a law. A Naturalization bill was passed under which no alien can be admitted to citizenship unless able to speak the English language. The law also forbids the naturalization of any person who is an anarchist, or counsels lawlessness or who believes in polygamy. A bureau was established for the registration of aliens entering the United States. One of the latest acts of the session was the appropriation of $1,325,- 000 for the celebration of the Jamestown Ter-cen- tennial Exhibition. The close of the session was marked by an enthusiastic outburst of satisfaction i over the work done and the liarmonv which had prevailed at the end. In summing up the results of the session Presi¬ dent Roosevelt expressed himself as follows: t 11 1 certainly have no disposition to blink what there is of evil in onr social, industrial, or political life of to-day, but it seems to me that the men of genuine patriotism, who genuinely wish well to their country, have the right to feel a profound satisfaction in the entire course of this 1906 Work of the last days The Presi¬ dent’s opinion 5884 ROOSEVELT’S ADMINISTRATION 1906 Congress. I would not be afraid to compare its record with that of any previous Congress in our history, not alone for the wisdom, but for the disinterested highmindedness which has controlled its action. It is noteworthy that not a single measure which the closest scrutiny could warrant us in call¬ ing of doubtful propriety has been enacted, and, on the other hand, no influence of any kind has availed to prevent the enactment of the laws most vitally necessary to the nation at this time.” CHAPTER CXIY. NATIONAL PROBLEMS AND ASSOCIATION MOVEMENTS The United States at this period of its existence is confronted by certain problems, social and polit¬ ical, of a more or less serious character. The one most difficult of solution, and which has already cost the nation much blood and treasure, is the so- called race question. Its discussion is out of place here, but it may be said that those who have given it the most thought, and have had the best oppor¬ tunity for studying its perplexing phases, agree that it is one which can never be satisfactorily set¬ tled by legislation. Left alone, it will inevitably settle itself, though it may take generations. Of all the problems that have come up for dis¬ cussion and settlement since the establishment of the government, next to the race question, that which is known as the labor problem is the most persistent, the most complicated, and most per¬ plexing. It has innumerable aspects, and the wide differences of opinion among those who have given their attention to its solution seem to make it almost impossible of harmonious settlement. It has been discussed in Congress and State Legisla¬ tures, by the pulpit and press, and in a multitude of volumes written, for the most part, by those who have only a theoretical knowledge of the subject. 5885 Race problem Labor move¬ ments 5886 NATIONAL PROBLEMS 1825-60 Early- labor organ¬ izations The official literature on labor in this country has swelled to gigantic proportions. Hundreds of re¬ ports have been published by the government, by boards of trade, by trades unions and political economists. Labor congresses have been held, and political parties, State and national, have been formed. The first traces of a movement towards organ¬ ization on the part of workingmen appear between 1825 and 1830. In New York, at the election of 1829, a workingman’s ticket was placed in nomi¬ nation and a delegate to the State Assembly was elected. This success led to like movements in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. In 1832, the New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics, and Workingmen was organized at Boston. It had little resemblance to the modern union, as neither the question of wages nor shorter hours was dis¬ cussed. In the following year the Gene'ral Trade Union of the Citv of New York was established, %J 7 which succeeded in having its president elected to Congress. In 1845, the New England Working¬ men’s Association and the New England Protective Union were established, both based on the theory of cooperation. In the few years before the Civil War, many independent trades unions were estab¬ lished, but they lacked coherence and their leaders were often men of narrow judgment, whose rash acts imperiled at times the causes for which they were contending. In 1866, some of the broader- minded leaders succeeded in forming a National Labor Union. It started with a large membership, KNIGHTS OF LABOR 6887 but, unfortunately, fell into the hands of politicians who made it the basis of what was called a Labor Reform party, which was killed at the election of 1870. In that same year a national organization under the title of the Knights of Labor was formed in Philadelphia. At first it was a secret society. Admittance to the order was granted to all persons over sixteen years of age, with the exception of liquor dealers, gamblers, bankers, and lawyers. In 1886, it claimed a membership of over 700,000. In that year it became involved in the Missouri Pacific strike, which resulted in an enormous decrease of numbers. Later it became divided by internal dis¬ sensions and weakened by unsuccessful strikes, so that in 1900 the practical membership did not, probably, exceed 50,000. The fundamental weak¬ ness of the Knights of Labor was that the organ¬ ization set no standard of admission, and included not only the professional classes, but many em¬ ployers. Farmers, manufacturers, doctors, and merchants were admitted, and representation was based purely upon location and not upon trades or industries. The theory was that an injury to one was the concern of all, and it was argued, therefore, that all men engaged in protective labor, irrespec¬ tive of the nature of their work, should be admitted into a single unified organization. As may easily be seen, it was impossible to organize all these various occupations into a single compact body. Another reason for the rapid disintegration of the Knights of Labor was the formation of the American Federation of Labor, whose aims were 187080 A secret society- Char- acter of the member¬ ship 5888 NATIONAL PROBLEMS 1880- 1905 American Federa¬ tion of Labor Not in politics the same, but whose methods were entirely dif¬ ferent. It was the result of a combination of the Knights of Industry and the Amalgamated Labor Union, which latter organization was composed of members who had seceded from the Knights of Labor. The organization was completed in Novem¬ ber, 1881, with an estimated membership of 250,000. For a year or two this membership rapidly in¬ creased and then suddenly began to fall oft, and in 1886 combined with a number of independent trade unions for the purpose of reorganization under its present name, and from that time has grown in strength and power. In 1902, its member¬ ship was 957,500. In 1905, the membership, as estimated from the reports of the various branch organizations, was in excess of two millions. The order includes 112 national unions and thousands of local organizations. The federation is debarred by its constitution from directly affiliating itself with political parties, one section declaring that “ party politics, whether they be Democratic, Re¬ publican, Socialistic, Populistic, Prohibition, or any other, shall have no place in the conventions of the American Federation of Labor.” Persistent attempts have been made by Socialist members to secure control of the body and commit it to the Socialist platform, but so far these efforts have been in vain. The trade unions and the Federation of Labor itself are in favor of certain of the re¬ forms contained in the platform of the Socialistic party, but refuse to permit the federation to be committed to any political party. Only in rare AMERICAN LABOR UNION 5889 cases are local unions vested with power to order a strike without the advice and consent of the national organization. The national officers are not empowered to call a local strike, but have the privilege of vetoing the application for a strike, thus often preventing hasty action. In practically all unions the national officers are more conserva¬ tive and more desirous of maintaining peace than the local officials or members, who, not feeling the same degree of responsibility, frequently overesti¬ mate the importance of a petty quarrel and rush into strikes which may involve the whole organi¬ zation. A new phase in the development of labor organi¬ zations is represented by the American Labor Union, a Socialistic labor body, organized at Denver, Colorado, in 1902. It had existed for four years previous as the Western Labor Union. It declares itself opposed to the old trade union methods and in favor of political action and inter¬ national socialism. It has a present membership of about 200,000. The largest labor union in the world is the United Mine Workers of America, which has 260,- 000 members upon its rolls. There are no restric¬ tions as to nationality or race. The membership is open even to boys of twelve or fourteen. This organization has local unions, with large member¬ ships, in every coal-producing State in the country, and has a special defense fund to be drawn upon in the case of strikes, but has no insurance or benefit feature. 1902 General provis¬ ions Mine workers 5890 NATIONAL PROBLEMS 1900-06 Many varieties of organi¬ zations Many people, says John Mitchell, in his work on “Organized Labor,” speak of trade unionism as though all organizations of wage-workers were identical in government, purpose, and action. On the contrary, he goes on to say, there are almost as many kinds and varieties of unions as there are kinds and varieties of industries. Trade unions differ from one another with differences in the trades or industries which they represent. There is no more similarity between a union of glass- blowers and one of waiters, or a union of type¬ setters and one of street laborers, than there is between the occupations engaged in by these men. Some organizations are formed merely on local, some on national or international lines; some organizations have but a weak federal government, others a strongly centralized; some organizations are composed of men of the highest skill and train¬ ing, others of workmen whose training has been acquired in a few days. There are unions com¬ posed chiefly of native workmen, others almost en¬ tirely of newly landed immigrants; many unions consist chiefly, or exclusively, of men, others over¬ whelmingly of women; some unions do not admit negroes, and make other discriminations, while the great bulk of organizations open their doors to men of every race, creed, and nationality. Some unions are exclusive and aristocratic, others are all-inclu¬ sive and extremely democratic. There are orders with benefit features, paying members or their families in case of death, sickness, accident, or loss of employment, and there are others which have * JUSTIFICATION OF TRADES UNIONS 5891 no benefit features whatever. There are unions which insist upon strict apprentice rules, and others which admit any man capable of earning the standard wage. There are some unions which limit the number of their members and the amount of work which they may do; the great majority, however, place no such restriction. Mr. Mitchell claims that trade unionism has justified its existence by good works and high pur¬ poses. ‘ ‘ It has, ’ ’ he asserts, ‘ ‘ elevated the standard of living of the American workman and conferred upon him higher wages and more leisure. It has increased efficiency, diminished accidents, averted disease, kept the children at school, raised the moral tone of the factories, and improved the relations between employer and employed. In so doing it has stood upon the broad ground of justice and humanity; it has defended the weak against the strong, the exploited against the exploiter; it has stood for efficiency rather than cheapness, for the producer rather than the production, for the man rather than the dollar; it has voiced the claims of the unborn as of the living, and has stayed the hand of that ruthless, near-sighted, profit-seeking which would destroy future generations as men wantonly cut down forests; it has spoken for the negro slave on the plantation and the white slave in the factory; it has aided and educated the newly arrived immigrant, protected the toil of women and children, and fought the battle of the poor in attic and sweat-shop; it has conferred benefits, made sac¬ rifices, and, unfortunately, errors. Labor leaders 1900-06 Some advan¬ tages due to the unions 5892 NATIONAL PROBLEMS have erred, but the underlying impulse has been good, and the unions have sought the welfare of their class and of society.” •/ So vital lias this question become, and so little are its legal aspects understood by those who are most interested, that a glance at the part govern¬ ment is taking in its settlement and a present status of the law may not be out of place. The United States statutes provide for a Commissioner of Labor at the seat of government, who is specially Bela ’ charged to “ ascertain at as early a date as pos- tions ~ * 7 1 of the sible, and whenever industrial changes shall make govern- p. essen tial, the cost of producing articles at the organized time dutiable iu the United States, in .leading labor countries where such articles are produced, by fully specified units of production and under the classification showing the different elements of cost or approximate cost of such articles of produc¬ tion, including the wages paid in such industries per day, week, month, or year, or by the piece, and hours employed per day, and the profits of the man¬ ufacturers and producers of such articles, and the comparative cost of living and the kind of living; what articles are controlled by trusts or other com¬ binations ; the capital business operations or labor, and what effect said trusts or other combinations of capital business operations or labor have on pro¬ duction and prices. “The Commissioner of Labor is also specially charged to investigate the causes of, and facts relating to, all controversies and disputes between employers and employees, as they may occur, and \ THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR 5893 which may tend to interfere with the welfare of the people of the different States, and report thereon to Congress. The Commissioner of Labor shall also obtain such information on various sub¬ jects committed to him' as he may deem desirable from different foreign nations, and what, if any, convict-made goods are imported into this country, and, if so, from where” (Chap. 389, Acts of Con¬ gress, 1887-88). “The Commissioner of Labor is also authorized to prepare and publish a bulletin containing reports on the condition of labor in this and other countries, condensations of State and foreign labor reports, facts as to conditions of em¬ ployment, an annual abstract of the main features of the official statistics of the cities of the United States having over 30,000 population, and such other facts as may be deemed of value to the indus- trial interests of the country. There shall be printed one edition of not exceeding 15,000 copies of each issue of said bulletin for distribution. ’ ’ The common law on the subject of boycotting, as laid down by the courts, is as follows: ‘ ‘ Every one has the right to work or to refuse to work for whom and on what terms he pleases, or to refuse to deal with whom he pleases; and a number of persons, if they have no unlawful object in view, have the right to agree that they will not work under a fixed price, or without certain condi¬ tions. The right of employees to refuse to work, either singly or in combination, except upon terms and conditions satisfactory to themselves, is balanced by the right of the em¬ ployers to refuse to engage the services of any one for any reason they deem proper. The master may fix the wages, and othar conditions not unlawful, upon which he will Duties of the . Commis¬ sioner The law of boycotts 5894 NATIONAL PROBLEMS Rights of both parties Provision for arbitra¬ tion employ workmen, and has the right to refuse to employ them upon any other terms. In short, both employers and em¬ ployees are entitled to exercise the fullest liberty in entering into contracts or service, and neither party can hold the other responsible for refusing to enter into such contracts. It has been held, however, that employers in separate, independent establishments have no right to combine for the purpose of preventing workmen who have incurred the hostility of one of them from securing employment upon any terms and by the method commonly known as black-listing, debarring such workmen from exercising their vocation, such a combination being regarded as a criminal conspiracy. On the other hand, a combination of employees having for its purpose the accom¬ plishment of an illegal object is unlawful; for instance, a conspiracy to extort money from an employer by inducing his workmen to leave him and deterring others from entering his service is illegal; and an association which undertakes to coerce workmen to become members thereof or to dictate to employers as to the methods or terms upon which their busi¬ ness shall be conducted by means of force, threats, or intimi¬ dation, interfering with their traffic or lawful employment of other persons is, as to such purposes, an illegal combina¬ tion. Unlawful interference by employees or former em¬ ployees, or persons acting in sympathy with persons inter¬ fering with them, with the business of a railroad company in the hands of a receiver renders the persons interfering liable to punishment for contempt of court.” In regard to the settlement of railroad troubles, a law passed by Congress provides that when a con¬ troversy arises between a common carrier engaged in interstate or foreign commerce and its em¬ ployees which interrupts or threatens to interrupt its business, the chairman of the Interstate Com¬ merce Commission and the Commissioner of Labor shall, upon the request of either party, try to settle the controversy by mediation and conciliation, and if their efforts are unsuccessful, they shall resort CARROLL D. WRIGHT - ■ . • . . . . RULES FOR ARBITRATION 5895 to arbitration by a board of three persons, one to be named by the employing carrier or railway cor- poration, one to be named by the employees, and a third to be chosen by these two, and in case of their disagreement, by the chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Commissioner of Labor; that a majority of these arbitrators may make a valid and binding award; that the submis¬ sion of the controversy shall be in writing and signed by both parties and must be filed with the award; that the decision of the court before which it is brought shall be final; that employees, dis¬ satisfied with the reward, must not quit the nn- ployer before the expiration of three months from and after the making of the award without giving thirty days’ notice in writing of their intention, and that an employer so dissatisfied must not, on account of said dissatisfaction, dismiss an employee before such expiration of said three months with¬ out giving the same notice; that during the pend¬ ency of such arbitration it shall not be lawful for the employer party to such arbitration to discharge employees except for inefficiency, violation of law or neglect of duty, nor for the employees to unite in aid to abet strikes against said employer; and that for the period of three months after the award it shall not be lawful for an employer to discharge employees except for causes authorized without giving thirty days’ notice in writing of his inten¬ tions so to do, nor for any employees during like period to quit the service of an employer without just cause without giving a like notice. Two States Choice of arbitra¬ tors Rules to govern both parties 5890 NATIONAL PROBLEMS Local laws Abuse of injunc¬ tions Special cases of the Union, Illinois and Wisconsin, have laws explicitly prohibiting boycotting. In seventeen other States there are laws which may be fairlv construed as prohibiting boycotting; the same States also have legislation prohibiting black¬ listing. Many sweeping injunctions have been issued by courts of equity against labor unions during the last six years. Trade unionists have been enjoined not only against committing acts of violence, against intimidation and against picketing, but against peaceful persuasion. Some of these in¬ junctions, notably those issued in strikes at Derby and Waterbury, Connecticut, have plainly inter¬ fered with the right of free speech. In January, 1S06, an order was issued by Judge Sears of Omaha, against the striking employees of eleven printing concerns, directing them to refrain “from sending any circulars or written matter or com¬ munication of any character to patrons of plain¬ tiffs, or other persons who might engage in business transactions with plaintiffs, for the purpose of pre¬ venting or dissuading such persons from con¬ tinuing or entering into business relations with plaintiffs.” This order restricts the right of free use of the mails in a way never before attempted. There is certainly something fundamentally wrong with the ordinary machinery of the law when such far- reaching restraint of personal freedom on the part of a court of equity seems needful. Such use of injunctions was never contemplated in the original / LAW AND CORPORATE GREED 5897 purpose of equity procedure. It has come about through the irresponsible position of trade unions, the influence of corporations and vested interests over the courts and the consequent inrpossibility of dealing with either effectively through the regular processes of law. Some means should be devised to make the law adequate to the needs of industrial situations by making trade unions definitely re¬ sponsible at law, thus obviating the need of resort to labor injunctions of an arbitrary and irritating character. The present tendency among the industrial classes toward public ownership or governmental control of agencies of production, distribution, and exchange in this country, is to be accounted for mainly by the arrogance, defiance of law and authority, and greed for gain and power that have developed in corporate management and in capital combinations striving after monopoly. It is the comparative failure of government, local, State, and national, each in its own jurisdiction, to exercise a proper regulation and keep private con¬ trol and direction of matters which affect the gen¬ eral weal under wholesome legal restraint that has begotten the notion that government and legisla¬ tion should pass beyond their proper sphere and place control and direction in official hands, estab¬ lishing a powerful bureaucracy wholly inconsistent with the theory and with the perpetuity of free institutions. It is the unwillingness to submit to • a proper regulation and judicious restraints, and the display of arrogance and defiance on the part Tend¬ encies corpora^ tions 6898 NATIONAL PROBLEMS The American “trust** Methods and effects of powerful corporations, that have produced the tendency to go too far in laying the hand of gov¬ ernment upon the business of transportation. A still more offensive spirit has been developed in the effort by corporate organization on a large scale and by combinations of capital under cen¬ tralized control to establish industrial and com¬ mercial monopolies, which have come to be known as ‘ < trusts. ’ 7 The methods of the American ‘ ‘ trust ’ ’ have not been confined to any one organization or combination, but have vitiated many corporate enterprises. The spirit of disregard for rights and defiance of law has spread far and awakened a popular resentment which is invoking retributive justice and demanding a rigid public control. Back of these abuses has been the spirit of per¬ sonal greed and eagerness to use the great oppor¬ tunities of a growing and prosperous country for a swift accumulation of wealth and power by those intrusted with the direction of enterprises of pro¬ duction and distribution. This has blinded men to the claims of the commonwealth and of the mass of producers, and led them to forget respect for law and obedience to the dictates of honor. In their effort to reach their ends by the use of corporate franchises and privileges, and to escape that regu¬ lation of law that is necessary for the protection of the general welfare, they have resorted to cor¬ rupt methods and demoralizing influences which have tainted legislation and administration and poi¬ soned the sources of political action. The tendency* to socialism, to municipal ownership of “ public DANGERS OF CENTRALIZATION 6899 utilities,’’ to a government control that shall dictate charges for transportation and the terms on which business shall be done, and to the central¬ ization of power in a national bureaucracy, has been incited and fostered by corporate abuses and monopolistic schemes, and the arrogant and defiant spirit which is so often exhibited by the magnates who have created them and been created by them. There is danger in its growth, and it may betoken a conflict which will be alike menacing to corporate wealth and power and to the system of free govern¬ ment and equal rights. The efficacious remedy is to be found only in the amendment of the methods and practices that have begotten the danger. Another serious problem with which the Amer¬ ican people have to deal, and one peculiarly difficult of solution, is the so-called Chinese question. It is now more than fifty years since the first Chinese laborers entered the United States by way of Cal¬ ifornia. On January 1,1850, having been attracted by the gold, there were in California, of Chinese, 789 men and two women. In January, 1851, there were 4018 men and seven women. In May, 1852, 11,780 men and seven women. At this time the State tried to stay the current of immigration by imposing a tax as a license to mine. In 1868, when the Burlingame treaty was ratified, there had ar¬ rived in California about 80,000 Chinese. How many have arrived since no person knows, for they come in so many and such devious ways that a cor¬ rect accounting is beyond human ken. In 1867, the Chinese immigration at San Francisco exceeded Central¬ ization the fear of the ‘Tathers" The Chinese question 5900 NATION AT. PROBLEMS 1870 - 1906 Chinese laborers + and the Six Com¬ panies White labor crowded out the entire increase of the white population of the State of California for the same year from births, interstate migration, and European immigration combined. The tales of their prosperity soon reached China, and the Six Companies were formed for the purpose of providing means and transportation- hut few have sufficient to come on their own ac¬ count-binding their victims in exchange therefor by contracts which virtually enslaved them for a term of years. They became the absolute chattels of the tongs, or companies, and were held, and to this day are held, just as ever, in strict compliance with the terms entered into, not by any moral obli¬ gation, but by fear of death. Each tong employs a number of men known as highbinders, or hatchet- men, who are paid to enforce compliance, even if it must be by death of the culprit. Beginning with the most menial vocations, the Chinese immigrants gradually invaded one in¬ dustry after another, until they not merely took the places of girls as domestics and cooks, the laundry from the poorer of white women, but the places of the men and boys. Whatever business or trade thev enter is doomed for the white laborer, */ 7 4 as competition is simply impossible. Not that the Chinese would not rather work for high wages than low, but, in order to gain control, he will work so cheaply as to bar all efforts of his competitor. The Chinese laborer will work cheaper for a Chi¬ nese employer. The Chinese merchant or manu- facturer will undersell his white confrere, and, if CHINESE EXCLUSION 5901 uninterrupted, will finally gain possession of tlie entire field. Such is the history of the race wher¬ ever it has come in contact with other peoples. None can withstand their silent and irresistible flow, and their millions already populate and com¬ mand the labor and the trade of the islands and nations of the Pacific. In reviewing without prejudice the history of the treatment of the Chinese by the United States authorities, the fact can not be evaded that the solemn and constitutional guarantees in the treaties with China have been disregarded. In spite of these, Congress has passed laws and the Immi¬ gration Bureau has established regulations by which the Chinese have been deprived of their stipulated rights for the protection of their liberty and property, the right of trial by jury in case of complaint, and the assistance of counsel. When the American commissioners visited China in 1880 to secure the treaty between the two countries, they expressly stated that it was only the coolie class of laborers that the United States government desired to exclude, and the treaty signed declared that the restriction of Chinese immigration “ should only apply to Chinese laborers, other classes not being included in the limitation. ’ ’ When the treaty came before Congress an act was passed providing that only five classes of immi¬ grants should be admitted—merchants, teachers, students, travelers, and officials. Under the con¬ struction based upon this act by the Immigration Bureau, most of the upper classes of the Chinese ✓ 1880 - 1906 Treaty- rights vs. natural condi¬ tions 5902 NATIONAL PROBLEMS 1881 - 1906 Condi¬ tions of admis¬ sion Com¬ plaints of the Chinese govern¬ ment were forbidden entry or residence in the United States. The treaty provided that to entitle any member of this exempt class to admission into the country, they must produce a certificate from their government vised by the diplomatic or consular representative of the United States in the port whence they depart. It would be supposed that, a certificate stating that its holder was a merchant, student, or whatever else he might be, would be all that was required. Instead, the requirement is accompanied by the most humiliating conditions. Not only the name and title is necessary, but a full description of the person, with all his physical peculiarities, his former and present occupation, place of residence, nature, character, and value of business, is demanded. In addition, the applicant on reaching the shores of the United States is sub¬ jected to a searching examination. Naturally all this led to complaint on the part of the Chinese government. The Chinese minister at Washington sent a communication to Congress in which he said: ‘ ‘ Last year several merchants came to San Francisco with a good supply of money and credit to make purchases. They were provided with the legal certificates vised by the Ameri¬ can consul, but it appeared that in their certificates some parts of their former career were not filled up in Chinese. The objection was raised by the customs authorities that the cer¬ tificates were defective. It was contended on their behalf that the law was complied with, as every detail was mentioned in the certificate, although some of it was only in Chinese, and it was offered to supply the omission in the English from the Chinese text, but the authorities would not allow it. The case was appealed to the Treasury Department, and the de¬ cision of the San Francisco authorities was confirmed. It RIGID RULES FOR IMMIGRANTS 5903 was of no avail that these merchants had come ten thousand miles, that their certificates were quite sufficient as far as the Chinese text was concerned, and that the American consul who vised the document was at fault in not seeing that all the parts were filled up in the English text. It was suggested that the merchants be released under bonds, and that their certificates be sent back to China for correction. There was no suspicion of fraud, yet the suggestion was not heeded, and these merchants were compelled to return to China.” The Bureau seems to have taken all possible means to neutralize the provisions of the treaty. If a student applies for admission, he must show in addition to his certificate that he intends to pursue some of the higher branches of study or seeks to be fitted for some particular profession or occupation for which facilities of study are not offered in his own country; that provision has been made for his support and maintenance in this country, and that upon the completion of his studies he shall return to China; in addition he must make a declaration that during his attendance at any college or uni¬ versity he will not engage in manual labor, although a large number of students in American colleges support themselves in that manner. The Immigration Bureau requires Chinese mer¬ chants, travelers, and even officials who wish to pass through the United States going to or coming from Europe, on arrival at a port of the United States to show a prepaid through ticket across the continent, and requires of him besides that he give a bond of $500 that he will make a continuous tran¬ sit and actual departure from the United States within twenty days; that he must furnish three 1881 - 1906 Classes admitted 1905 Hard¬ ships made the subject of com¬ plaints 5904 NATIONAL PROBLEMS photographs of himself and submit to a carefully prepared description of his person, and when he reaches the port of his departure he must submit to another examination of his person and be com¬ pared with his photograph. Until all these pro¬ visions have been fulfilled, his bond is not sur¬ rendered. These examinations are conducted by the Immigation official alone, the person seeking admission not being permitted to communicate with his friends or consult an attorney. These examinations, instead of being immediate and occupying only a few hours, sometimes are delayed for weeks, the applicant in the meantime being confined in a wooden shed without the ordi¬ nary comforts or decent conveniences of life. These facts have been repeatedly brought before Congress and before the Department of State by the Chinese Legation at Washington, but in no instance has any attempt been made at reform. It is little wonder, therefore, that the resentment of the Chinese is at last manifesting itself in the boy¬ cotting of American goods. The holding up and humiliation of a party of wealthy Chinese travelers by the Bureau in the spring of 1905, and its un¬ called-for raid upon the Chinese quarter in the city of Boston, aroused public opinion to the extent that a public meeting was held in Faneuil Hall to denounce the action of the Bureau officials and the police. The meeting declared that the lawless acts of the officials were dangerous to liberty and in defiance of constitutional rights, and demanded \ action on the part of the national government. ♦ CHANGES URGED 5005 In June, President Roosevelt issued an order calling for a change in the laws. In his speech made during liis Southern tour in October, he said: “We can not expect China to do us justice unless we do China justice. The chief cause in bringing about the boy¬ cott of our goods in China was undoubtedly our attitude towards the Chinese who come to this country. . . . Our laws and treaties should be so framed as to guarantee to all Chinamen, save of the excepted coolie class, the same right of entry to this country, and the same treatment while here, as is guaranteed to citizens of any other nation. By executive action I am as rapidly as possible putting a stop to the abuses which have grown up during many years in the administration of this [exclusion] law. I can do a great deal, and will do a great deal even without the action of Con¬ gress; but I can not do all that should be done unless some action is taken. It is needed in our own interest, and espe¬ cially in the interest of the Pacific Slope and of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. ... The action I ask is de¬ manded by considerations that are higher than mere interest. America should take the lead in establishing international relations on the same basis of honest and upright dealing which we regard as essential between man and man.” In his annual message to Congress, December 5, he urged the same view. A recent writer suggests that if Congress turns a different ear to these suggestions, that the Chinese government could bring matters to a crisis by applying to American citizens in China the same laws and regulations that are now applied in the United States to Chi¬ nese subjects. By these regulations all American bankers, capitalists, railroad contractors, builders, engineers, mining experts and operatives, manufac¬ turers and machinists, missionaries and physicians 1905 The Presi¬ dent’s opinion Retalia¬ tion possible 5906 NATIONAL PROBLEMS 1905 Reasons against general immi¬ gration would be barred out of China, because such classes i of Chinese are now, by the laws of Congress, ex¬ cluded from the United States. Consequently, no American merchant, student, or traveler could enter China without being submitted to conditions of the most humiliating description. General MacArthur, like General Otis, vigor¬ ously opposed unrestricted Chinese immigration into the Philippines. In an official report he said: “Such a people, largely endowed as they are with inexhaustible fortitude and determination, if ad¬ mitted to the archipelago in any considerable num¬ bers during the formative period which is now in process of evolution, would soon have direct or indirect control of pretty nearly every productive interest to the absolute exclusion alike of Filipinos and Americans. While the Chinaman works in¬ dustriously enough, he consumes very little either of his own production or of ours. He imports from China much that he eats and much that he wears. He underbids all white labor. Now and while this territory is still practically unoccupied, and within the lifetime of the present generation, the tj^pe of human species that is to occupy this side of the American continent is to be determined for all time. In the life-and-death struggles now going on for the possession of the western shores of the American continent, the Chinese have advan¬ tages that must secure to them if not a complete victory, at least a drawn battle, in a division of occupancy with us. To begin with, they have a hive of 450,000,000 to draw from, with only one CONDITIONS OF ADMISSION CHANGED 5907 ocean to cross, and behind them an impulsive force of hunger unknown to any European people. ’ ’ Early in February, Secretary Metcalfe, of the Department of Commerce and Labor, approved the report and suggestions of a special commission appointed by the Bureau of Immigration, provid¬ ing for a radical revision of the existing regulations under which Chinese may enter and reside in the United States. The commissioner’s report touched, by way of either excision or amendment, twenty-four of the existing regulations, all of the changes being made in the direction of liberal¬ ization. Besides certain alterations that promise to avoid delay in landing Chinese who apply for admission, other alterations were made where pos¬ sible, with a view to avoiding any action that would seem offensive. One of these was the discontin¬ uance of the Bertillon method of identification. Another was a requirement that the admin¬ istrative officers should advise Chinese persons, either laborers or of the exempted class, before their departure from the United States, of the conditions upon which they would be admitted upon their return. Upon this point the officers were directed to use special care, so that no Chinese person shall be allowed to depart from this country under a mistaken impression that he will certainly be readmitted. Provisions were also made for notification of Chinese persons who have been denied admission at the ports of entry of their right to appeal from such denial to the Secretary, such notice being 1906 A special commis¬ sion ap¬ pointed Changes for the better 5908 NATIONAL PROBLEMS 1906 The unsolved problem of the Indian required under the new regulations to be in the Chinese tongue, and the further precaution being taken to notify the Chinese consul, if there be such an officer at the port of entry, of the adverse action of the officers at such port in the case of any Chi¬ nese person, so that said consular officer may have the opportunity, should he deem such a course necessary, to employ counsel or otherwise interest himself in behalf of his countrymen. Touching the Indian problem, Commissioner Leupp, in detailing the outlines of an Indian policy, notices that the commonest mistake made by his white well-wishers in dealing with the Indian is the assumption that he is simply a white man with a red skin. The next commonest is the assumption that because he is a non-Caucasian he to to be classed indiscriminately with other non-Cauca¬ sians, like the negro, for instance. The truth is, he explains, that the Indian has as distinct an individ¬ uality as any type of man who ever lived, and will never be judged aright till we learn to measure him by his own standards. The point is emphasized that the Indian must be improved instead of any attempt to transform him. His racial peculiarities must be accepted, and our duty lies along the line of perfecting the conditions in which he lives, selecting the Indian police with care, providing reform schools, sanitariums, and other institutions for his protection and preservation, similar to those we adopt for ourselves. The position assumed by the government at the beginning was that we had no duty towards the THE FUTURE OF THE INDIAN 5909 Indian in the way of bringing him under the influences of civilization; that his lands could be seized, his rights invaded, except the right to re¬ main a barbarian in the heart of a civilized country; that was the only recognized right of the Indian. Gradually that policy has been changed. The right of barbarians to live a bar¬ baric life in the heart of a civilized nation has been disputed, and the problem which has come to con¬ front the people is this: How shall a great nation of seventy millions of people, dwelling under laws which govern civilization, civilize three hundred thousand men and women different in race, lan¬ guage, customs, and belief'? For the past twenty years that problem has been exhaustively discussed. Many abuses have been reformed and decisive steps have been taken towards its solution, but much remains to be done, and more than one gen¬ eration of progress will be needed to secure the results aimed at. The first step towards civilization is the estab¬ lishment of a just government so that fundamental rights shall be adequately protected. Under the reservation system the Indian was deprived of those rights. He was systematically denied access to the courts; he could neither go to them for re¬ dress nor be brought before them for punishment That condition no longer exists. The tribal relation is no longer recognized by the law. It has been decreed that public land shall no longer be reserved for tribal use; the reservations are being gradual^ broken up, and the Indian given the title to land 1800 - 1900 New phases of the question Rela¬ tions changed 5910 ASSOCIATION MOVEMENTS 1906 Educa¬ tion and care of the Indian which Congress has no power to disturb. Grad¬ ually the way is being opened to him to buy and sell in the open market. Marriage laws have been established, and a registration of the family and of the children has been undertaken. The second step in the work of the civilization of the Indian is adequate provision for his education. Congress has put itself on record as opposed to the appropriation of public funds to denominational schools among the Indians. At the same time it has established public schools for Indian children at various points, and while prob¬ ably many are still left unprovided for, the general policy of public school education has been definitely adopted. But civilization carries with it evils as well as benefits, and the remedy for these is the broadest kind of development. The Indian, after he has emerged from the reservation and risen a step higher, cannot be put back into his former con¬ ditions. Once started, he must be developed into a full-grown man. To protect him in his rights to person, property, family, and reputation, and to educate him in industrial or agricultural directions, will not suffice unless he is trained to control the passions which belong to his race and which in his natural state he has never been taught to keep in subjection. This last is one of the most difficult features of the Indian problem. About the beginning of the last decade of the century just closed, there was a remarkable de¬ velopment of national feeling in the formation of the so-called patriotic organizations. There had THE CINCINNATI 5911 been, some years previous, local societies estab¬ lished, which had lapsed with the death or falling off of the original members. Among these was the Societ}^ of the Cincinnati, which was organized May 13, 1783, by the American and foreign officers that served in the Revolutionary Army. The first general meeting was held in Philadelphia, May 7, 1784, at which delegates from the twelve original States were present and where an amended consti¬ tution was adopted. It was declared that member¬ ship should be restricted to the eldest male pos¬ terity of the officers of the American Army of the Revolution, and, in failure thereof, the collateral branches which should be judged worthy of be¬ coming its supporters and members, and in fail¬ ure of direct male descent, to male descendants through intervening female descendants. There are State societies of this order in Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Maryland, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut. The entire membership is now only about 500. The Society of the War of 1812 was founded in New York City, January 3, 1826, by officers of the war. In 1848, it absorbed the Foreign Corps of Artillery, founded by Revolutionary veterans in 1790. In 1890, there were only a few survivors of this society, who adopted a new constitution and by-laws and were incorporated under its old name. It admits to membership any descendants of de¬ fenders of the country in the war of 1812 who served honorably in the armies or navies of the United States in that war, and to hereditary 1783 - 1826 Society of the Cincin¬ nati Society of the War of 1812 6912 NATIONAL PROBLEM*? 1847 The Aztec Club membership the descendants of commissioned offi¬ cers and commanding officers of private armed vessels of the United States and the descendants of original members of the society. The present membership is less than a hundred. The Aztec Club of 1847 was founded in that year in the City of Mexico by officers of the United States Army, and has for its object to keep alive the traditions that cluster about the names of the officers of the army, navy, and marine corps who took part in the Mexican War of 1846-48. It was incorporated in the District of Columbia, December 29, 1892. It admitted to membership the officers who inaugurated the club in the City of Mexico, or those who were eligible as officers, each original member having the right to nominate as his succes¬ sor his son or a blood relative, who should be con¬ sidered as an associate member and entitled to all the privileges of the club except that of voting, and upon the death of the original member should be entitled to full membership. The membership is very small. The General Society of the War of 1812 was originally organized by the surviving veterans of the war of that year in a general convention in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, January 9, 1854, at which time it was known as the Pennsylvania Association of the Defenders of the Country in the War of 1812. It was incorporated under its present title, November 19, 1892. Its membership includes only four States, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. It admits any SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS 5913 male person above twenty-one who is a lineal descendant of one who served during the war of 1812 in any capacity. Another military society is that of the Colonial Wars, the object of which is to perpetuate the memory of events in the early colonies and of the men who, by their acts and counsel, assisted in the establishment, defense, and preservation of the American colonies and who were in truth the founders of the nation. It was instituted in New York City, August 18, 1892, and incorporated two months later. It admits to membership any male person above the age of twenty-one of good moral character and reputation, who is descended from an ancestor who fought in battle under colonial authority or who served as a governor, deputy- governor, lieutenant-governor, or member of the King’s Council, or as officer, soldier, or sailor in the service of the colonies or under the banner of Great Britain in North America from the settle¬ ment of Jamestown, Virginia, to the Battle of Lex¬ ington. State societies of the order exist in all the thirteen original colonies. The annual meetings are called general courts, and are held on the anni¬ versary of some great event in the Colonial Wars. Among the more recently founded and active organizations, the two most prominent are the Sons of the American Revolution and Sons* of the Revo¬ lution, a needless division of two bodies organized on similar lines and with the same general pur¬ poses. The first named was formed as the Sons of the Revolutionary Sires at a meeting held in San 1892 Objects of the organi¬ zation 5914 ASSOCIATION MOVEMENTS 1875 Sons of the American Revolu¬ tion Francisco, October 22,1875. In 1889, when interest in patriotic matters revived, societies were or¬ ganized in other States. Delegates from these met in New York City, April 30, and organized the National Society. It admits to membership any person of the age of twenty-one or over who is the lineal descendant of an ancestor who was at all times unfailing in his loyalty to and rendered actual service in the cause of American independ¬ ence in any capacity; or is a descendant of a signer of the Declaration of Independence, or a member of any Continental, Provincial, or Colonial Con¬ gress or legislature; or a civil officer, either of one of the colonies or States or of the national govern¬ ment, or a recognized patriot who performed actual asistance in the overt acts against the authority of Great Britain. Its objects are to perpetuate the memory of the men who, by their services or sacrifices during the War of the American Revo¬ lution, gained the independence of the American people; to unite and promote fellowship among their descendants; to inspire them and the com¬ munity at large with a more profound reverence for the principles of the government founded by our forefathers; to encourage historical research in relation to the Revolution; to acquire and pre¬ serve the reports of the individual services of the patriots of the war as well as documents, relics, and landmarks; to mark the scenes of the Revo¬ lution by proper memorials; to foster true patriot¬ ism, and maintain and extend the institutions of American freedom. SONS OF THE REVOLUTION 5915 The Sons of the Revolution came into existence at a meeting on Washington’s birthday in 1876, its avowed aim being to keep before the public m mind the memory of the services of their ancestors and of the times in which they lived. Its qualifi¬ cations for membership are the same as those of the American Revolution. It has done good work in marking historical sites with bronze tablets and the erection of monuments and statues. In 1894, the Massachusetts Society appropri¬ ated funds from its treasury to pay for the placing of suitable framed copies of Gilbert Stuart’s por¬ trait of George Washington in every school in Boston. These were presented on Washington’s birthday, the address being made by the Reverend Edward E. Hale. The Common Council of Phila¬ delphia donated the cannon along Water Street and Delaware Avenue to the Pennsylvania Society, to be placed around such monuments as might be erected by the society to mark the sites of battles of the Revolution around that city. The Union Veteran Legion was organized at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, March, 1884, a national organization being perfected a year later. To be¬ come a member, the applicant must have been an officer, soldier, sailor, or marine in the Union Army, Navy, or Marine Corps, who volunteered prior to July 1, 1863, for a term of three years and was honorably discharged. The Sons of Veterans is an organization composed of the lineal descend¬ ants over eighteen years of age of honorably dis¬ charged soldiers, sailors, or marines who served in 1876 Purpose Work accom¬ plished Union Veteran Legion 5916 ASSOCIATION MOVEMENTS 1866 The Loyal Legion The ‘ ‘Grand Army” the late Civil War. It has a present membership of over 100,000. The Regular Army and Navy Union was organized in Cincinnati, Ohio, in March, 1888. The national organization, called the Na¬ tional Corps, was perfected in August, 1890. It admits to its rank ex-members of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps of the United States who have been honorably discharged from the service, no matter if they served before, during, or since the war. There are at present ninety-three garrisons located in the different States and Territories, Besides these, there are many local and State organizations based on the same general principles. In the military organization known as the Order of the Loyal Legion, membership is restric¬ ted to officers wTlo were actually engaged in the suppression of the rebellion, and their eldest male descendants. There are also special societies of the members of various armies, as the Society of the Army of the Potomac, of the Army of the Cumberland, of the Army of the James, of the Army of West Virginia, of the Army of the Ten¬ nessee. Most important of the military organizations, and the widest spread of all, is the Grand Army of the Republic, which admits all the veterans of the Civil War. The first post of this order was or¬ ganized at Decatur, Illinois, April 6, 1866, and the first annual encampment was held November 20 of the same year at Indianapolis, Indiana. June 30, 1900, there were reported 6778 posts with a mem¬ bership of 276,662. NAVAL ORDERS 5917 There are two important naval organizations, namely, the Naval Order of the United States, analogous to the Cincinnati and the Loyal Legion, limited to commissioned officers and their descend¬ ants and such enlisted men as were decorated with the United States medal of honor, and the National Association of Navy Veterans, composed of those who served during the Civil War. The Military and Naval Order of the United States, formed to keep in mind and perpetuate the names of brave and loyal men and to maintain a national honor, union, and independence, was incorporated Jan¬ uary 15, 1895. Any person above the age of twenty-one, a citizen of the United States, and of good moral character, is eligible to membership in this order, who is a direct male, lineal descendant of any veteran of the War of the Revolution, the War with Tripoli, the War of 1812, and the Mexi¬ can War. On the 13th of April, 1891, was organized the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America, the membership of which includes only women legitimately descended in their own persons from some ancestor of worthy life who came to reside in an American Colony prior to 1776, and who was efficient in the service of the country either in the founding of a town or a commonwealth that has survived and developed into importance; who held an important position in the Colonial government, or who, as a statesman or officer, contributed to the achievement of American independence. Its ob¬ ject is “to collect and preserve manuscripts and 1895 Two naval organ¬ izations National Society of Colonial Dames 5918 ASSOCIATION MOVEMENTS 1892 Colonial Dames May¬ flower Descend¬ ants traditions; to commemorate the success of the American Revolution; to diffuse healthful and intelligent information in whatever concerns the past; to form social intercourse and fellowship amongst the members of the society, and to teach the young that it is a sacred obligation to do justice and honor to their ancestors, whose ability, valor, sufferings, and achievements are beyond praise.” The Society of the Colonial Dames of America and its restrictions as to membership are the same. In neither society can a person be a candidate for admission unless invited and proposed by one mem¬ ber and seconded by another member of the society to whom the candidate must be well known and by whom she shall be recommended. The national society of this order was organized in Wilmington, Delaware, May 19, 1892, by delegates from Penn¬ sylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, and Delaware. The membership in both these orders is quite large, and both have done good work in accordance with the lines laid down in the constitutions of their orders. The Society of the Mayflower Descendants, composed exclusively of the descendants of those who came over in the Mayflower, includes both men and women. It was instituted December 22, 1894. The Daughters of the Cincinnati, which was incor¬ porated in New York, December 28, 1894, admits to membership women who are direct lineal descendants of officers of the American Army or Navy who took part in the revolutionary struggle with Great Britain and who are entitled to belong DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION 5010 to the Society of the Cincinnati, or who would have been entitled to such membership had they been living at the close of the war. As may be imagined, this society is exclusive in character and of very limited membership. On October 11, 1890, the Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution was organ¬ ized in Washington and incorporated the follow¬ ing year. It admits to membership any woman who is of the age of eighteen years who is a descend¬ ant from a man or woman who, with unfailing loyalty, rendered material aid to the cause of inde¬ pendence; from a recognized patriot and soldier, or sailor, or a civil officer, in one of the civil col¬ onies or States, or one of the united colonies, pro¬ vided that the applicant be acceptable to the society. The object of the society is the same as that of the Sons of the American Revolution. An annual meeting is held by the society during the week in which February 22 falls. The order con¬ tains some 15,000 members, and has organized branches in nearly every State and Territory. The Society of the Daughters of the Revolution, incorporated as a national society September 1, 1891, varies little from that of the Daughters of the American Revolution. It has a very large member¬ ship, and the State organizations annually celebrate important revolutionary events that have occurred in each particular State. In February, 1898, a society called the Amer¬ ican Flag Association was formed, its special object being'to secure national and State legislation for 1890 Who may become members Objects 5920 ASSOCIATION MOVEMENTS 1898 Flag Asso¬ ciation Spanish war veterans Con¬ federate Veterans the protection of the flag from degrading and des¬ ecrating uses, and to secure a general celebration of June 14 as Flag Day, because on that day in 1777 Congress enacted that “the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white, in a blue field, representing a new constellation. ” Since the close of the Spanish-American War, four organizations have been formed with the gen¬ eral object to cherish the memories and associations of the war waged against Spain; to unite and pro¬ mote the ties of fellowship and sympathy formed by those who participated in the said war, and to acquire and preserve the records of their individual service; to advance the best interests of the soldiers and sailors of the United States; to enforce unqual¬ ified allegiance to the general government; to pro¬ tect the rights and liberties of American citizen¬ ship, and to maintain the national honor and union. In the Southern States there are several soci¬ eties formed to commemorate the bravery and devotion of Confederate officers in the Civil War. The principal of these is the Order or Society of the United Confederate Veterans, which, in form and spirit, is similar to the Grand Army of the Republic. It was organized in New Orleans June 10, 1889, its avowed purpose being strictly social, literary, historical, and benevolent. Its constitu¬ tion says that it “will endeavor to unite in a general federation all associations of Confederate veterans, soldiers, and sailors now in existence or hereafter to be formed; to gather authentic details for an 7 0 • SOCIETY OF CONFEDERATE VETERANS 5921 impartial history of the war between the States; to preserve relics or mementoes of the same; to cherish the ties of friendship that should exist among men who have shared common dangers, com¬ mon sufferings and privations; to care for the dis¬ abled; to extend a helping hand to the needy; to protect the widows and orphans, and to make and preserve a recorcf of the services of every member, and, as far as possible, of those of our comrades who have preceded us in eternity.” The first general commander was Major-Gen¬ eral John B. Gordon of Georgia. The headquarters of the society are at Atlanta, Georgia. The vet¬ erans have their posts, their monthly and annual meetings, and their Memorial Day, commemorative of those who died for the Confederate cause. The ladies of the South have an incorporated society called the United Daughters of the Confederacy, composed of the near relatives and lineal descend¬ ants of Confederate soldiers. Aside from the patriotic societies enumerated, there are many others, religious, educational, and reformatory, founded within the past thirty years, which have exerted marked influence in these direc¬ tions and have gained a widespread and numerous membership. The year 1881 witnessed the founding of the Christian Endeavor Society. One stormy Febru¬ ary evening in that year a dozen young people met at the parsonage of Williston Church in Portland, Maine, and at the suggestion of the pastor, Dr. Francis E. Clark, a little local organization was 1889 Purposes of the order John B. Gordon the first com¬ mander Religious societies 5922 ASSOCIATION MOVEMENTS 1881 Christian Endeavor Society Members and work formed to which the above name was given. From this little gathering sprang a world-embracing movement, with branches from Scandinavia to South Africa, and from New England to old Eng¬ land, and thence eastward around the world to San Francisco and back again to New England. Because it was a work by and for young people, on a simple, definite platform and capable of adjusting itself to every tongue and climate, it has taken on, as it has leaped across oceans and continents, im¬ mensely interesting and picturesque phases. The missionaries of all denominations have welcomed the movement, and its progress in foreign lands has been about as rapid as in this country. It has welded together converts of all denominations; it has visited the sick in hospitals and the criminal in prison; started reading-rooms in lumber camps; met the incoming immigrant with a hearty hand¬ shake; helped to purify cities from their plague- spots; increased the resources for Christian work, and sought in a hundred ways to make the world better. On the 1st of January, 1906, there were 67,000 societies in existence, with more than 3,000,000 members. The Epworth League, whose aims are similar, is a young people’s organization of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and numbers nearly 9000 societies with nearly half a million members. In the line of moral reform the National Women’s Christian Temperance Union has accom¬ plished a vast amount of good. It is the largest society ever formed, composed exclusively of REV. FRANCIS E. CLARK. BISHOP JOHN R. VINCENT WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION 5923 women. It originated in the great temperance crusade of 1873-4, and branches have been organ¬ ized in every State and Territory of the Union as well as Great Britain, Canada, Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand, India, South Africa, and Japan. In 1890, owing to a difference of opinion regarding the attitude of the society towards political parties, the organization divided, the withdrawing party taking the name of the Non-partisan Women’s Christian Temperance Union. The new constitu¬ tion differed from the old one onlv in containing a provision that the right of individual members to take part in political and denominational work should not be abridged. The fifth article of its constitution reads: “Neither the officers of this association nor the annual meeting shall directly or indirectly pledge the influence or cooperation of the association, in whole or in part, to any other association, or to any political party, or to any religious sect.” In the summer of 1874 was founded the Chau¬ tauqua Society, the largest and most successful educational organization ever established in this country. It was organized by Lewis Miller of Akron, Ohio, and the Rev. Dr. John R. Vincent, afterward bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1873, Mr. Miller selected as a place for a summer school a beautiful location on the west side of Chautauqua Lake in New York, where the village of Chautauqua now stands. The grounds were prepared and buildings erected, and in August, 1874, the first assembly came together. 1873 Division over politics The Chau¬ tauqua move¬ ment 5924 ASSOCIATION MOVEMENTS 1874 Chau¬ tauqua work and methods At first the exercises consisted of lectures, mostly on religious and moral subjects, but year by year changes were made and plans expanded and the simple summer assembly developed into an edu¬ cational institution in which studies of all kinds were pursued from the simplest to those consti¬ tuting a collegiate course. Text-books were pub¬ lished and instruction given through correspond¬ ence to those who were unable to attend. Some of the best educators in the country became interested, and ^professors from the leading colleges in the country devoted their vacation season to teaching during the brief summer sessions. From fifty to sixty thousand persons have visited these assem¬ blies and taken part in the proceedings in a single year. More than sixty societies based on the orig¬ inal Chautauqua idea have been established in various parts of the country, each independent in itself, and all more or less successful. The various schools of correspondence now so common through¬ out the country all originated from the Chautauqua idea. Perhaps the most remarkable growth has been that of the Young Men’s Christian Association. Although established in this country as early as 1851, it was not until after the Civil War that its rapid extension began. In October, 1851, a retired Boston sea captain, named J. Y. Sullivan, read a letter written by an American student on a visit to England, descriptive of the Young Men’s Chris¬ tian Association, which had been recently organized in London. YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 5925 On the 15tli of December, 1851, lie called a meet¬ ing at which thirty-two young men, representing twenty different congregations, were present. The organization of such a society was decided upon, but at a subsequent meeting a difficulty arose be¬ tween those who represented the evangelical and non-evangelical church parties. On one side were the Unitarians and Universalists; on the other, the Episcopalians, Baptists, Congregationalists, and Methodists. A constitution had been prepared at the first meeting which would include both parties, but at the second meeting, a week later 7 the consti¬ tution was rejected and a committee of four young men was appointed to canvass the leading clergy¬ men of the city. As a result, on December 29 a meeting was held at the Old South Church at which an organization was formed on the evangelical basis. In five months’ time the association had 1200 members. New York followed a few months later, and in three years the Y. M. C. A. idea had taken firm root in twenty-four American cities. In 1866 there were ninety associations in the United States; in 1900 there were 1476. Some 475 build¬ ings are now owned by the association in North America. The grand total of Y. M. C. A. real estate in the United States is estimated at over $26,000,000. The Grange movement, a farmers’ organization, originated in the middle West just after the war. It was originally intended to minister to the social and educational needs of the farming class, its founders never intending that it should take the / 1851 Develop^ ment of the Asso¬ ciation and its work 6926 ASSOCIATION MOVEMENTS 1875 The Granger move¬ ment In New England place of a business agency or be converted into a political party. In 1875 it had a paid membership of 750,000. Various causes, among them rival organizations, caused a decline, and in 1890 the membership had fallen to about 100,000. Later a reaction set in and in 1900 the membership had increased to 250,000. The order is strongest in New England, where it has over 100,000 members. Its decline in the middle West, the place of its origin, was largely due to the part it took in the so-called political Grangers’ Movement, when it attempted to secure legislation against the rail¬ roads and middlemen. The New England organ¬ ization did not share in this movement, but held to its original aims and it gradually took its place as a recognized social institution. Its work is maintained through frequent meetings, socials, and entertainments. The educational work of the order is encouraged through the presentation of literary programmes at each meeting of the county and sub¬ ordinate granges. Public questions are constantly discussed at the meetings, and not a little legis¬ lation, both State and national, has been secured through the assistance and often by the initiation of the Grange. The order also renders financial assistance to the farmer, largely through cooper¬ ative purchases and fire insurances. The State Grange makes contracts for goods at reduced rates with wholesale houses, and contracts are made for almost everything the farmer needs. Grange fire insurance exists in several States, and in New York alone about one hundred million dollars’ worth of farmers’ national congress 5927 risks is carried by Grange companies at an average annual rate of about a dollar a thousand. The Grange had a good deal to do with securing the Interstate Commerce Commission. Out of it grew the Farmers’ National Congress, the first meeting of which was held in 1880. At these meetings mat¬ ters of interest to the agriculturists of the country are discussed and papers read on subjects con¬ nected with national progress. Concerning the great national questions, there is little division of opinion among the members, the majority favoring reciprocity, the rural free mail delivery system, the establishment of forest preserves, the settlement of labor troubles by conference or arbitration, the improvement of highways, and the appropriation by Congress for experiments in agriculture in the several States. For forty years before the Civil War there had been a movement on the part of a few social re¬ formers for the removal of all disqualification on account of sex. It found many adherents among the thinking class of people, but met with bitter and sometimes brutal opposition on the part of the ignorant or conservative multitude. There was but one way to secure these rights, its apostles declared, and that was through the act of suffrage; and to secure this privilege the undaunted early leaders in the movement devoted themselves. In 1848, a Women’s Eights Convention was held at Seneca Falls, New York, under the leadership of Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. At this meeting a declaration of sentiments was presented, modeled 1880 Farmers’ societies Woman’s suffrage 5928 ASSOCIATION MOVEMENTS 1849 First demands for equal rights First conven¬ tion upon the Declaration of Independence. It set forth a list of the social wrongs suffered by women under the existing laws. Resolutions were passed assert¬ ing the invalidity of such laws as prevented a woman’s occupying such a station in society as her conscience dictated and her abilities permitted, and in general declared the equality of the sexes. The only resolution not unanimously adopted was that which called upon women to secure for themselves the elective franchise. Other meetings of a like character followed which were either ridiculed or denounced by the press. Their proceedings were of:en interfered with in the same manner as were the early antislavery meetings. In 1849, a petition for suffrage was reported favorably to the Michigan Legislature. The first National Women’s Rights Convention took place at Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1850. Among those who took active part in its proceedings were Wendell Phillips, William Lloyd Garrison, S. S. Foster, and W. IT. Channing. Ralph Waldo Emer¬ son was a warm sympathizer in the cause and was one of the signers of the call. Eight States were represented. The convention unanimously passed a resolution declaring that 4 ‘failure to demand suf¬ frage is an omission of duty,” and another demand¬ ing equality before the law without distinction of sex or color. In the early part of 1869, a convention was held at Washington by the friends of woman’s suffrage. The Fifteenth Amendment was then pending be¬ fore Congress. The more radical representatives FRANCIS WILLARD BELVA A. LOCKWOOD PROGRESS OF WOMAN’S SUFFRAGE ' 5929 of the cause were in favor of so amending the amendment as to include woman’s suffrage, but it was finally decided that that should be relegated to a future time. The feeling on the subject was intense, and as a result of the decision the Equal Rights Association was split into two societies, the National Woman’s Suffrage Society, with Eliz¬ abeth Cady Stanton for president, and the Amer¬ ican Woman’s Suffrage Society, with Henry Ward Beecher and Lucy Stone for president and vice- president. In the mean time, several of the States had granted the privilege of school suffrage. North Carolina passed a hill giving property rights to married women, and in Wyoming and Utah entire enfranchisement was accorded to women. By this time general interest had been awakened in all the States, and respectful attention was now accorded to the representatives of the movement. The suf¬ frage meetings and conventions were allowed to conduct their proceedings without interruption, and many prominent politicians and statesmen became open supporters of the cause. In 1870, Elizabeth Cady Stanton was invited to speak on the suffrage question before a Congressional com¬ mittee. The first election in AVyoming under the woman’s suffrage law occurred in this year, and passed off quietly. An attempt, however, was made in 1871 to repeal the Woman’s Suffrage Act, and succeeded by a Democratic majority; the bill, however, was vetoed by the governor. Strangely 1869 States take action 5930 ASSOCIATION MOVEMENTS 1870-80 Profes¬ sion of law opened Attempts to vote The cause gains enough, the strongest opposition to the woman’s suffrage movement came from women, and pro¬ tests were issued against it in several States. The State Legislature of Iowa passed a bill in 1871 permitting women to practice law. This example was soon followed by other States. In this year demands were made in several States by women to exercise the right of suffrage as a means of testing the law and public opinion. In nearly every case they were refused registration or their votes were not counted. The most resolute attempt in this direction was in Missouri, where a Mrs. Minor tried to register in order to bring before the courts the question of a woman’s rights as a citizen of the United States to vote for United States officers. Her right to register was refused, and she brought suit against the registration office and carried it through all the courts to the Supreme Court, all of them rendering adverse decisions. In 1872, Susan B. Anthony was arrested in the State of New York for voting. She was tried, convicted, and fined a hundred dollars. Year by year, however, public sentiment grew in favor of the movement. In 1879, a bill allowing women to plead before the Supreme Court was passed after five-years’ struggle of Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood and her friends, and was signed by President Hayes. A committee on the rights of women was appointed in the House. In that same year Frances Willard laid before the Illinois Legis¬ lature a petition containing the names of 180,000 women of that State, asking leave to vote on the woman’s suffrage in the STATES 5931 % question of license. It was refused. Some of the smaller States granted it, the result being large majorities against license. In Louisiana the new constitution made women eligible to school offices, and rendered the rights of married women more secure than in any other State. In the next year (1880), the women suffragists of New York State organized themselves into a political party which was led by Dr. Clements S. Lozier. The idea was not to nominate a suffrage ticket, but to hold the balance of power between the two great parties. In Wisconsin the proposition for a woman’s suffrage amendment to the Consti¬ tution passed both Houses, but was lost in the next Legislature. The same thing occurred in Indiana. Constitutional amendments looking to woman’s suffrage were discussed in the Legislatures of Col¬ orado, Michigan, Nebraska, Kansas, and Washing¬ ton Territory. In 1882, a constitutional amend¬ ment passed the Oregon Legislature almost unan¬ imously, but was defeated at the polls. In that same year the Legislature of Pennsylvania passed a resolution recommending Congress to submit a Sixteenth Amendment in favor of woman’s suf¬ frage to the people. In 1884, New York granted the privilege of voting at school elections. In 1885, Rhode Island, Nebraska, Dakota, Oregon, Texas, Kansas, Arkansas, and Mississippi passed bills in favor of the property rights of women. The bill in favor of woman’s suffrage in Dakota was vetoed by the governor. In 1888, an international con¬ gress of women was held at Washington, at which 1880 Local laws and the suffrage party 5932 ASSOCIATION MOVEMENTS # 1894 Oppo¬ sition among the women A hostile organ¬ ization in New York National oppo¬ sition fifty-two different associations and eight dif- 1/ V-/ ferent countries were represented. A hearing was granted by both Houses of Congress to the dele¬ gates of this congress, at which the cause of suffrage was ably argued. In 1894, bills were introduced in the Legislatures of New York and Kansas securing unrestricted suffrage for women. In the latter State it w r as submitted to popular vote and w r as rejected. In New York long peti¬ tions v 7 ere presented to the convention for the revision of the constitution, several in opposition to women’s suffrage signed by women alone. The decision of the convention was adverse to the suffragists. Later a State organization wfith headquarters in New York City was formed with branches in the different judicial districts. This association has ever since steadily opposed the petitions of the suffragists, and has defeated every appeal pre¬ sented by them to the State Legislature. As early as 1874, a number of prominent women in Massa¬ chusetts worked quietly in opposition to the grant¬ ing of suffrage to the women of that State, but after the movement in New 7 York, they followed with an organization which by degrees spread over the whole State. In 1902 they had twenty-seven branch associations. In the same year a national organization w 7 as established. Pour States have now 7 been organized to oppose the extension of suf¬ frage to women except in school elections. CHAPTER CXV. THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY —A FIFTY YEARS’ RETROSPECT Standing on the threshold of a new century and casting a retrospective glance over the preceding fifty years, one cannot help being struck by the amazing changes that have occurred in that time in the national life and the progress made in every department of thought and activity. Great indus¬ tries have been developed along lines undreamed of half a century ago. Discoveries in science and their application in innumerable forms have over¬ turned old methods and created new ones. Won¬ derful progress has been made in the arts; inven¬ tions have revolutionized not only industrial, hut even social, phases of life. In 1860, bicycles and automobiles were unknown. Thirty years ago there were no electric railways, no electric lights, no telephones, phonographs, or graphophones. The photographic camera was found only in the gallerv of the artist. The words “kodak” and “snapshot” were yet to be invented. In 1905, the United States alone made 300,000 cameras, and the photographic business reached the commercial total of $20,000,000. Fifty years ago only the more im¬ portant cities could boast a s}^stem of water-works, and not one house in twenty held a bathroom. In 1860, there was not an apartment house like 5933 An age of inven¬ tion and machin¬ ery 6934 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY Rapidity and mag¬ nitude of change those under the present system in the United States, the nearest approach being the so-called family hotel. There was not a department store in the country, and women clerks in stores had not yet made their appearance on the scene. There were no women stenographers, typewriters, or bookkeepers. A typewriting machine had been invented, but it was clumsy and imperfect and was not in general use. Now more than twenty dif¬ ferent styles are in favor in various parts of the country. In all the cities and towns of the United States there were only about forty public or free libraries, where to-day there are nearly ten thousand. To-day there are scores of flourishing cities where fifty years ago were only thick forests or waving grass. Insignificant villages have devel¬ oped into populous towns. Great barren stretches of country, now crossed and recrossed by railways, have been covered with thriving settlements. The banks of solitary rivers have been lined with mills and factories. Thousands of industries have sprung up, some of them for the manufacture of articles of use whose very names were unknown a generation ago. Cities which even thirty years ago were thought to have reached their growth have doubled, trebled, and quadrupled in size. • No more wonderful example of urban development has ever been known that that of Chicago, which only seventy years ago was a village of a few log houses. It is only when it is understood that the present industrial prosperity of Chicago is but a product CHICAGO—THE AMERICAN TYPE 5935 of only thirty-four years that it can be realized how unique a position she occupies in the world. The real Chicago dates from the great fire of 1871. Out of the devastation and gloom that then smote its progress, with undaunted and indefatigable energy has grown the metropolis of to-day—the most per¬ fect expression of what American life means, the typical American city. It is to its geographical location that Chicago must charge a large part of its progress from a city of about 150,000 to one of 2,000,000 in forty years. It lies in the heart of the region which sup¬ plies the raw materials for the world. Stretching to the south, the west, and the northwest, are the grainfields and farms from which come the food supplies, but for which the nations of the world, would be brought almost to starvation. South and north lie inexhaustible deposits of iron, coal, copper, lead, and zinc, the manufacture of which minerals is even now a great part of the city’s industrial life. It is said that as Chicago was the first place in the country where steel rails were rolled, so it is to-day the largest producer of steel rails in the world. It is the market of the entire western empire. Chicago is to-day the largest grain centre in the world, the quantity of grain and grain products received and shipped in 1904 being over* 5,000,000 bushels in excess of similar receipts and shipments at Minneapolis, Duluth, Milwaukee, and St. Louis combined. It amounted to the enormous tonnage of 372,513,000 bushels. Live-stock and packing 1871-96 Chicago’s geo¬ graph¬ ical ad¬ vantage 5936 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY The packing¬ houses Other in¬ dustries interests of the city, however, go beyond that of grain. Although Chicago leads the world in her markets for grain, lumber, and dry goods, yet the value of the live stock handled here exceeds by several million dollars annually the combined trade of them all. This trade amounts to about $300,000,000 annually, and in its handling and manufacture 300,000 people are employed, while upon the output of its packing-houses it is said two hundred million people depend for their “ daily meat.” Into Chicago every day come one thousand cars of live stock, with a value of over $1,000,000. This is without doubt the nation’s greatest single commercial interest, and nowhere in the world probably can be found concentrated so large an aggregation of labor and capital. In the manufacture of iron and steel products, Chicago stands second in the world, being sur¬ passed by Pittsburg, while in its distribution of these products the city stands first in the world. In lumber, which stands next in importance, the trade exceeds annually $150,000,000, agricultural implements about $58,000,000, and boots and shoes $25,000,000. All in all, the total wholesale trade of Chicago reaches nearly $1,800,000,000 a year, while the value of manufactured products equals nearly $1,500,000,000. To properly care for this great employment of capital there must be financial institutions commensurate in strength. "Whereas ten years ago the annual bank deposits in Chicago amounted to only about $200,000,000, on the 31st of last December they amounted to $593,000,000, an ADVANCE IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 59of increase of 200 per cent. Among the fifty or more banks and trust companies in Chicago, the com¬ bined total deposits and resources exceed $1,200,- 000,000, and in point of bank clearings it is now the second city in the country. Chicago is the greatest transportation centre in the world. Radiating from it are twenty-four large systems with an aggregate mileage of nearly 70,000 and with connections of over 120,000 miles;, and within the city limits are more miles of railroad than in any other city in the world, the terminal railway belt lines having an aggregate mileage of 800. And to this railway mileage must be added the superb water transportation. Leaving out of account the dynamic energy and civic patriotism of its people, the great industrial supremacy of Chicago is due to two facts—the geographical position in its proximity to a constantly increas¬ ing supply of the raw material, and, secondly, to its superb and unexcelled facilities of transpor¬ tation. In the departments of engineering and tech¬ nology as well as of physical science the last decade has seen important changes. Many problems of engineering seemingly impossible or far in the future have been successfully solved, and many others are far advanced toward solution. Methods old as the hills, principles that have been accepted since Archimedes, have for the first time been put into practical use on vast enterprises where pre¬ viously their use lias been limited or employed on a small scale. Feeders to Chicago’s prosper¬ ity Scientific advances 5938 THE UNITED STATES OE TO-DAY The placer dredge Ship¬ building Utiliza¬ tion of water¬ power The placer dredge now used in gold mining, similar in all respects to the dredges used for removing mud from harbors, scoops up gold- bearing gravel which is passed through riffles and amalgamators, whereby the gold is separated and the barren gravel carried off by a mechanical con¬ veyor. It is estimated that the gold output of $1,000,000 daily will be doubled in ten years by this contrivance. Vast areas of gravel too unprofitable to be worked by hand labor have now become available. Shipbuilding has been placed on a more sound scientific basis by the use of testing-tanks in which paraffine models of various sorts are drawn along by electrical means, and their speed measured by automatic recording devices, whereby many ques¬ tions relating to the “powering” may be deter¬ mined before actual construction begins. In some of these tanks, waves of a definite and determinate character are produced, the behavior of vessels under actual conditions thereby ascertained and estimates made of the corresponding power re¬ quired for such work. The hydraulic power acquired from utilizing Niagara Falls is in excess of all immediate require¬ ments, yet plans are perfected for deriving power from the rapids whereby a head of eighty feet is attainable, and it is demonstrated that a million horse-power may be obtained from the Niagara River without harming in the least the great cat¬ aract or imperiling the scenic effect of the water¬ fall. A NEW POWER—ELECTRICITY 5989 Certain tilings that have hardly ceased to echo in our ears as discoveries are now established features of daily life; yet the commercial use has so changed the manufacture as to leave little of their original material. Much of this change is due to the rapidly increasing knowledge of hitherto unknown metals or the discovery of methods for their extraction at low cost. The carbon filament of the incandescent lamp, as well as the later platinum filament, are likely to be obsolete before long. Even the carbonized cel¬ lulose filaments of so recent date will give place to those made from the once extremely rare metals such as vanadium, osmium, and tantalum, the early difficulty in the use of which was occasioned by impurities. The gain in the life of the lamp thus made is from 30 to 50 per cent., and the new methods devised to obtain the metal in pure state render the cost of small consequence compared with the advantage gained. New methods have been devised for the appli¬ cation of electricity to smelting iron and steel. The expense is greater than the usual non-electrical method, yet the necessity for the production of grades of high purity is imperative and the method by electricity finds application. Wireless or space telegraphy seems to be a i4 story that is told,” and the advance of science has been to determine its limitations, if, indeed, any can be discovered. The system, yet in its infancy, is great in its possibilities. In the half-dozen years since its discovery, it has been wonderfully New methods New applica¬ tions and inven¬ tions Wireless teleg¬ raphy 5940 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY *fhe tele¬ phone patents improved. Experiments are now being carried on with it by the United States government in the Weather Bureau, and stations have been established at various points along the coast. Pro¬ fessor John Trowbridge believes that the earth plays the controlling part in wireless telegraphy, and that the message flows over the earth or the surface of the water instead of through the air. On the 14th day of February, 1876, two appli¬ cations were received at the United States Patent Office, asking for a patent on an instrument which was described as an invention for “ transmitting vocal sounds telegraphically.” One was made by Alexander Graham Bell of Salem, Massachusetts, and the other by Elisha Gray of Chicago, Illinois. Both covered the same ground and involved the same points. As it was found that BelFs appli¬ cation was received a few hours before that of Gray, the patent issued to him, and what was known as the Bell Telephone Company was at once organized and incorporated in the State of Massa¬ chusetts, and the manufacturing of instruments Avas begun. Gray felt that he had not received proper treatment at the hands of the Commis¬ sioner, and, unwilling to relinquish what he con¬ sidered his just rights to the Bell Company, secured capital and began to manufacture and put his instruments on the market. Edison, in the mean time, had set to work and made important improve¬ ments upon the methods of operating. The West¬ ern Union Telegraph Company, seeing the vast possibilities of the system, secured control of THE TELEPHONE WAR 5941 Gray’s device with Edison’s improvements, and began the business of operating telephone ex¬ changes in direct competition with the Bell Com¬ pany. Some time later the Western Union interests were purchased by the Bell Company, which at once instituted suits against all persons or concerns manufacturing or using telephones save those operating under its own license. These suits were contested, and finally arrangements were made for a test case before the Supreme Court of the United States. Of the seven judges upon the bench, four favored the Bell Company; three dissented. On the trial a third party not before heard of made a priority claim. Daniel Drawbaugh, an ingenious mechanic in Eberlys Mill in Pennsylvania, had in¬ vented and used an apparatus for conveying sounds over a wire. The invention was crude, and Draw¬ baugh was not sufficiently skilled to explain in a scientific way the principles involved in his inven¬ tion. He was too poor to apply for a patent, and, indeed, never fully recognized the value of the invention. At the trial more than two hundred witnesses testified that Drawbaugh’s telephone was an accomplished invention prior to Bell’s. More than a hundred of these witnesses had talked through it and others had seen the apparatus, which was produced in court, and identified it as the instrument with which they had seen the experi¬ ment made. It was shown in court from the testi¬ mony of Bell himself that he never transmitted an intelligible word through an electrical instrument, Draw¬ baugh’s claims ignored 5942 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY Supreme Court decides in Bell's favor nor produced any such instrument as would trans¬ mit an intelligible word, until after his patent had been issued; whilst, for years before, Drawbaugh had talked through his so that words and sentences had again and again been distinctly heard. It was also shown in the trial that Professor Amos E. Dolbear, of Tuft’s College, Somerville, Massachu¬ setts, had made a like invention, the principles of which had been laid before Bell prior to his appli¬ cation for a patent. Notwithstanding, by the majority of one, the decree favored the claims of Bell, and, by virtue of it, every competitor was driven from the field and the corporation held absolute and unrestricted monopoly. Every opportunity for competition was . effectually shut off; any invention or improvement of the telephone could be put to no use unless the inventor yielded to the terms of the Bell Company and disposed of it to them. On March 7, 1893, Bell’s patent expired. On that very day new tel¬ ephone companies sprang up everywhere. Com¬ panies for the manufacture of telephones and switch-boards were organized in half a dozen of the Western States. Before this time telephones were leased only, and sometimes at exorbitant rates. Now a patron could purchase his own telephone and build his own line. Whole farming districts were connected by small private companies, and the occupants of isolated farms could talk with their neighbors and hold communication with the adjacent villages, and, at the present time, the telephone is a necessity to the farmer. INDEPENDENT COMPANIES 6943 The Bell Company now undertook to perpetuate its lease of power by aid of the famous Berliner Transmitter case. This was an infringement suit for the use of a special transmitter which had been purchased by the Bell Company as long before as 1877. The company, by means of continued and repeated amendments, had delayed the issuance of letters patent until a short time before the expiration of the original Bell patent. The suc¬ cess of tnis suit would be to prolong the monopoly of the telephone for another long period. The new companies at once combined to resist the suit; a meeting of the representatives of all the inde¬ pendent telephone companies and manufacturers was held at Detroit, June 22, 1897, and the Inde¬ pendent Telephone Association of the United States was formed. A fund was raised to fight the Berliner case through the courts, and the result was a success. In ten years the independent companies have placed more telephones than the Bell Company had in twenty-seven years, during the first seventeen of which the latter had absolute control of the field. The total toll-line connections in the United States to-day amount to more than $200,000,000 yearly. In 1900, an improvement was made in long-distance telephony, by which conversation can be carried on distinctly over a distance of over 3,000 miles. One of the most remarkable inventions per¬ fected in the present year is what is called the telegraphone, a device based upon the principle of Attempts at further control Rapid spread of the tele¬ phone 5944 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY The telegra- phone Varied uses and value of the in¬ vention the localization of magnetism. The first crude instrument was exhibited ten years ago, but it was then only in the experimental stage and found few who believed either in its principle or its avail¬ ability. But the inventor, Vladimir Poulsen, un¬ dauntedly kept at work, confident of his ability to succeed, and the instrument has at last advanced from the theoretical stage to the point of prac¬ ticability. In one form of the machine a steel plate is used. In its manner of operation it resembles the ordi¬ nary gramophone. The disk is rotated in the same way. The records are not reproduced with the loudness of the gramophone; still, they are distinct and free from the scratching and hissing occasioned by the stylus as it passes over the wax surface. The record is easily erased by passing a bar magnet over the disk. In place of a pair of magnets, the two coils which characterize the earlier machines, a straight magnet is now employed. This magnet is a pointed needle which. can be lifted out and renewed, the coil being imbedded in an insulating composition and held in a small ebonite cylinder. By this device not only may speech over the tele¬ phone be recorded and later reproduced at will, but it also may be used to relay telephone mes¬ sages, thus permitting conversation to be sent in the sender’s voice clear across the continent. It may be used for recording dictation, its capacity for this work being unlimited. An entire book could be talked into the receiver and talked back in whole or part as desired. It receives and records SOLAR ENGINE MORE THAN AN EXPERIMENT 5945 wireless messages as well as the dot and dash sig¬ nals of the ordinary Morse instrument. When being used to record telephone messages, the conversation at both ends of the wire is pre¬ served. If the person called up is not at hand when his bell rings, the telegraphone is automatically switched in and the message is recorded and can be reproduced by the absentee on his return. When the plate form of machine is used for the dictation of short letters, the plates can be taken off and mailed if desired, and the recipient can put the disk on his own instrument and have his corre¬ spondent’s message “talked” to him. The advan¬ tage of messages recorded by either form of the telegraphone over those sent in- other ways is the absolute accuracy secured. A late American invention is the solar motor, which has been successfully tested in Arizona. It consists of a circular mirror which so concentrates the heat of the sun that power is generated for maehinerv, and as sunshine is its only fuel, and its operation is automatic, there is practically no ex¬ pense attending its operation beyond the initial cost of its installment. It is claimed that this motor can be put to practical use not only for irri¬ gation purposes and farm work, but for operating manufacturing concerns as well. A report by experts estimates that in Arizona, New Mexico, and the far Southern States the amount of sunshine during the year is sufficient to keep a solar motor plant in operation twelve hours a day in summer and six hours a day in winter. Accuracy of the in¬ strument Condi¬ tions neces¬ sary for success¬ ful use 5946 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY Miracles of mod¬ ern sur¬ gery The oil industry In no department of science has there been greater progress than in that of surgery, partic¬ ularly as regards diseases of the abdominal organs. Besides these operations, the nervous system has been brought within the reach of surgical art. The vertebrae have been trephined, and fragments of bone pressing upon the spinal cord removed. Intractible neuralgia has been cured by division, or the removal of the affected nerve-trunks, and ends of cut nerves have been reunited sometimes with the help of portions of nerve taken from animals. Deformities are now corrected by divi¬ sion of tendons and the excision of pieces of bone, and the healing of large wounds is assisted by the grafting of healthy skin on the raw surface, while gaps in bones and tendons are filled up with por¬ tions of similar structure obtained from animals. Perhaps the most important discovery of the last half century was that of the petroleum oil fields in Pennsylvania. In 1862, the first flowing well was struck, near Titusville. Intense excitement followed this discovery, and capitalists, specu¬ lators, and adventurers flocked in crowds to what was then locally known as the oil regions. So- called cities sprang up as if by magic, some of them increasing in a month’s time from a hundred inhabitants to ten or fifteen thousand, most of them cities of a dav, built of slender materials and deserted when the supply of oil began to fail. The heart of the producing region was along the Oil and French Creeks and the Alleghany Piver. Over a dozen counties covered the hidden treasure. SCENES IN THE OIL REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA OIL WELLS AND PIPE LINES 5947 There are to-day nearly forty thousand producing wells in the State. At first the transportation of oil was in barrels which were hauled on trucks or carried on barges to Oil City. At that place the barrels were transferred to larger boats and shipped to Pittsburg, the great distributing center. In 1866, the Alleghany Valley Railroad was opened and cars built especially for transporting oil. Later the pipe line system displaced the car and boat. This method was first used at Pithole for a distance of four miles over an ascent of 500 feet. The owners and drivers of oil wagons threatened vengeance upon the projectors of the new system, and it had to be guarded day and night by an armed patrol. To-day the oil region is a network of pipes, while half a dozen other States are competing in the production with Pennsylvania. A great trunk line supplies the needs of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Cleveland, Buffalo, Pittsburg, and Chi¬ cago. The total length of pipe line transporting Pennsvlvania crude oil is about 25,000 miles. The trunk line to Philadelphia starts at Colgrove, Keene County, its six-inch pipe extending over 235 miles. There is hardly a manufacture to-day in which petroleum in some form, direct or in¬ direct, is not used. The number and variety of its products is almost limitless. In the year 1905 the total production was over five billions of gallons. While the public has been kept tolerably well informed through official reports and the news¬ papers as to railway progress in the United States, very little has been said as to the development of Pipes displace other methods of trans¬ portation Early interest in canals Now revived 5948 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY the waterways of the country. In 1775, just a hundred and thirty years ago, George Washington, w T ho believed in the possibility of an inland water¬ way connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Ohio River and the Great Lakes, made a survey for a canal along the banks of the Potomac and across the Alleghanies. The State of Virginia subscribed the money which was estimated would be necessary to build it. The plan was never carried out owing to the war, but in 1784 Washington secured the charter for and became the first president of the Potomac Canal Company. Twenty-five years later, President Madison urged the building of a ship canal from the Mississippi to Lake Michigan. This was regarded as a naval and not a commercial necessity. Later, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal was extended to Pittsburg, and plans were drawn for still further extension to Ashtabula on Lake Erie. That v r as seventy years ago; the estimated cost at that day w T as considered enormous, and Congress refused to carry out the plan. Within the past twenty years, the great cities have been awaking to the importance of new water¬ ways for their commercial developments. At the present time there is a score of memorials before Congress appealing for as many ship-canal con- nections. Philadelphia sets forth the necessity of a twenty-seven-foot channel across the State of New Jersey, connecting that city with New York Harbor; Baltimore asks for a canal of the same capacity across the State of Delaware; Pittsburg is making a magnificent effort to raise the money SHIR CANALS PROPOSED 5949 to build the ship canal from the Alleghany River to Lake Erie; Cincinnati asks for a deep-water channel to Toledo, and surveys have already been made; Chicago is insistent for the completion of a twenty-two-foot channel to connect the Chicago River with the Mississippi; "Wisconsin has sur¬ veyed a canal which will connect Lake Michigan with the same river, while a ship canal of large capacity has been laid out between Minneapolis and Duluth. In 1900, the State of New York sent represent¬ atives to Europe for the purpose of studying the canal systems of the Old World. At the present dav the United States has but 18,566 miles of nav- igable rivers and canals. With an expenditure equal in amount to that of appropriations for pen¬ sions by a single Congress, an inland coast water¬ way could be made navigable for large steamers all the distance from Providence, Rhode Island, to Galveston, Texas. A natural waterway for almost the entire distance already exists; but compar¬ atively little work would be necessary to perfect the route. Federal government engineers have estimated that the sum of $200,000,000 would com¬ plete a fifteen-foot channel between New York City and Duluth, via the enlarged Erie Canal; would build the proposed ship canals from Pittsburg to Ashtabula, Cincinnati to Toledo, Chicago to the Mississippi, and the Duluth-Minneapolis Canal from the head of Lake Superior to the navigable channel of the Mississippi, with possibly enough left over to continue the inland waterway to the Great Lakes and Mis¬ sissippi An in¬ land water¬ way along the coast 6950 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY From the Great Lakes to the Atlantic navigable head of the Red River of the North, opening up a steamboat traffic with vast sections of the Northwest, and connecting Lake Winnipeg with the Hudson Bay and the Gulf of Mexico with the Atlantic Ocean. The Government of the Dominion has appro¬ priated an additional $3,000,000 to build the Mon¬ treal, Ottawa, and Georgian Bay Canal, which, when completed, will bring Chicago five hundred miles nearer to Montreal, and give the ships of that city a direct air line route to Liverpool, one thou¬ sand miles shorter than by the way of New York. The completion of this project threatens American commercial interests, and the danger can only be averted by a waterway of our own. Six years ago the government at Washington appointed a com¬ mission to ascertain the most feasible route for an American ship canal from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic. Three different routes were reported, the one presenting the most advantages being the Niagara Falls Canal and Oswego route. The sec¬ ond favored was the enlargement of the Erie Canal, the estimated cost of which would be $125,000,000 or more. The Erie Canal, though hampered by certain State laws, has made New York the richest State in the Union. All its greatest cities have sprung up along the line, and 90 per cent, of the taxes in the State are paid by the regions through which it and its branch canals penetrate. The building of the Soo Canal, connecting Lakes Superior and Huron, quadrupled the traffic of the Great Lakes within ten years, and built half SHIP CANAL, DULUTH CANALS FOSTER RAILWAYS 6951 a dozen railroads in every direction to gather traffic made lucrative by the improved waterway. Pitts¬ burg has just begun the construction of a waterway sixteen feet in depth, from a junction of the Alle¬ ghany and Monongahela Rivers to Lake Erie at Ashtabula, the line suggested more than eighty years ago. Chicago has already constructed, pri¬ marily for sanitary and drainage purposes, forty miles of the greatest ship canal in the world; its channel is twenty-two feet deep, with correspond¬ ing width, and $33,000,000 has already been spent in its construction. The completion of a canal between Minneapolis and Duluth would bring lake traffic within a hun¬ dred miles of the Red River of the North, and a canal crossing the Red River would connect the upper Mississippi and the Missouri. The effect of canal routes has been to lower the tariff on rail¬ roads. It is estimated that the Erie Canal has saved to shippers within the past thirty years more than $200,000,000 on grain freight from the West. All along these Western canal routes new and flourishing towns have sprung up, new grain countries have been developed. Our wealthiest railroad systems lie between the Atlantic and the Great Lakes. They parallel every navigable stream from Maine to Illinois. Waterways tend to build up towns and cities, the railways profiting thereby. Along every ship canal great manufacturing plants would of necessity spring up, certain freights would go back and forth by the water route, but as the tributary In the North¬ west Won¬ derful growth in the South 5952 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY country is developed, the railroads would reap by far the richer benefits. Of freight shipped from the Lakes via a ship canal, a very small percentage, it is proved by experience, would ever reach the coast; all along the route it would be distributed to interior towns, reached only by the freight train; so that the development of a deep-water canal system could not but prove beneficial to the im¬ mense railroad interests of America. While the railroad interests in the Mississippi Valley are actively opposing the improvement of the river for purposes of navigation above New Orleans, they are losing no time in their efforts to perfect their connections between the great West¬ ern granaries and the port at the river’s mouth. From St. Louis to the Gulf a frantic rivalry is on between the various lines, a rivalry for the easiest grades, the best crossings, the best port facilities, and the quickest construction. From St. Louis to the Gulf, during the past year, thousands of men have been at work hewing out forests, cutting ties, clearing and grading right of way, blasting out ballast, building huge slips and warehouses, laying tracks, erecting depots, and running trains over regions that but a short time ago were hopeless morass or gloomy woodland. All this means that all these roads are striving to reach New Orleans by the natural grade of the Western rivers, and so to bring Western freight to the seaboard and to export more cheaply than any Eastern line; it means that new channels of import and export are to be opened. How well they are succeeding, the THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS 5953 marvelous growth of the grain export trade of New Orleans clearly shows. In addition to the already existing lines, more than eight hundred miles of railway are to-day being projected and surveyed in Louisiana with New Orleans as its port—most of it on equally favorable gradients. One after another new lines are being worked out, all radiating from New Or¬ leans like spokes from a hub, or like gossamer lines from the centre of a web. Their connections with the sea—the magnificent public docks of the city water-front, the Stuyvesant docks, rebuilt within the past year, and the enormous construction now under way at Chalmette (the largest contract now under way in the world)—the deep channel levee at Southwest Pass, and the many allied projects, are making New Orleans and the lower Mississippi Valley lively beyond conception. There is little doubt in the minds of those who have followed the trend of affairs, that a new port is about to come into existence far below New Orleans, at the very mouth of the river. A railway is being pushed with all haste from key to key along the southern tip of Florida, on concrete and pile trestles over the water between the islets, toward Key West, where will be an ample harbor more than two hundred miles nearer Panama than is New Orleans. When the South American west coast trade is more thoroughly opened, buyers from 'there will seek naturally the nearest American port, and through Key West they will trend toward New York, from which city will go their purchases. By New Orleans as a centre Florida ports Im¬ prove¬ ment of the mouths of the river 5954 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY running to Southwest Pass, however, the Frisco Railroad will cut off more than one hundred miles of this advantage. By running to Key West and then north by fast train, a buyer from Panama could reach New York as quickly as New Orleans. By the Southwest Pass plan he would reach New Orleans several hours sooner. This is an advantage in which the whole Mississippi Valley is interested. Of course, whatever port is developed in that region will probably be confined chiefly to the bare facilities for trans-shipping, for the land is lower and more marshy than that about New Orleans, and is subject to devastation by hurricanes. All this development depends in large measure on the opening to navigation of Southwest Pass, the chief outlet of the Mississippi. The jetties to bring about that result are now about 58 per cent, done, far enough along so that the stream has already begun the scouring of its channel between them. When Major James B. Eads designed these jetties, and urged the Federal government to undertake to build them, though he had won an enviable reputation as an engineer by his caisson bridge work and by other enterprises, he could not convince Congress of the sanity of his plan for making the Mississippi scour its own mouth. It was declared that the higher he raised the banks, the higher the river would raise its bed. The best he could do was to obtain an agreement that he should finance the work, and build the jetties him¬ self and maintain them for twenty years. The government would pay so much a year for the NEW CHANNEL OF THE MISSISSIPPI 5955 maintenance, and if for twenty years he kept a channel of contract width and thirty feet depth, at the end of that time the government would take the jetties off his hands and pay the contract price. Thirty feet depth, however, is not enough for modern commerce, and the new jetties at South¬ west Pass are to develop a channel one thousand feet wide and thirty-five feet deep. Down Southwest Pass alone there come each year enough silt and sand to form a block of earth a mile square and 150 feet deep. Inch by inch as it is poured over the edge of the bar into the Gulf, it extends the bar, and eventually the land. The strip of marsh along the protected northwesterly side of Southwest Pass extends a mile or more farther seaward than that on the exposed, south¬ easterly side. The west strip is narrow. That on the east is wider—clear to the tip. This extra width has been taken advantage of in the jetty plan. There is being constructed from the south¬ easterly tip of this land, the tip farthest from the river, a jetty 23,000 feet long, extending in such a direction westerly that at its end it will be 3000 feet in a line across the stream from the extremity of the west jetty, which is carried 7000 feet in a straight line out from the end of the westerly strip. The two thus form something of a funnel, grad¬ ually narrowing and concentrating the waters of the river until at the outlet they flow swiftly and scour deep. Nor has the march of progress been confined solely to the natural sciences, or along the lines of South¬ west Pass 5956 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY industrial and commercial development. It has pushed its way along every branch of science, and nature itself has been improved upon. All sorts of fruits and plants, even of the coarsest and most common varieties, have been, by careful breeding, grafting, and fertilization, metamorphosed into superior forms, or new species evolved. Thirty years ago, Luther Burbank, a scientific Massachu¬ setts farmer, emigrated to California, to find a climate and soil suitable for rapid growth where repeated generations could be attained. He did this in order to improve stocks and to obtain new varieties which would be useful to man. In his Advance in work he has utilized all the methods of the scientific cultural gardener— the improvement of environment, and the consequent better nutrition, grafting, and hybridization. Through these methods he has pro¬ duced seedless apples, white blackberries of deli¬ cious flavor, and several new fruits, amongst them the plumcot, a mixture of the plum and apricot; the “paradox,” a crossing of the blackberry and raspberry, and a blending of the tomato and jiotato which he calls the pomato. In the production of one of these, the “paradox,’’ 40,000 hybrids were produced and grown until the fruit matured. Then from the whole lot the best single variety was chosen, while the other plants with their crop of ripened berries were torn up and made into a bon¬ fire. Nothing was left of the 40,000 save one parent plant. Mr. Burbank’s one idea has been to produce better fruits and plants, and no form, however interesting from a scientific point of view, has been GROWTH OF HIGHER EDUCATION 5957 recognized save for possibilities in that direction. His experiments in the culture of flowers have had as remarkable results, some of the commonest forms of blossoming plants having been, by cross¬ ing, transformed to varieties of exquisite beauty. A significant feature in the development of the country during the decade from 1895 to 1905 has been the enormous growth of the higher educa¬ tional institutions. In no like period have the colleges and universities of all parts of the country shown such figures, gained so heavily in attend¬ ance and efficiency, or demonstrated so clearly by the shifting popularity of studies, the striking changes which are taking place in the intellectual and industrial world of America. The latest sta¬ tistics (1905) show that there are in the United States over 560,000 high schools and academies, 177,000 private academies, 36,300 State universities and colleges, and over 79,000 private universities and colleges, 10,500 public professional schools, 51,000 private professional schools, 43,400 State normal schools, 20,000 training-schools for teach¬ ers, and over 203,000 city evening schools. These figures do not include the many thousand institu¬ tions below the grade of the high school, and 321,000 special schools, professional and technical. The professional schools alone comprise 150 theological seminaries and 144 medical colleges. Those who maintain that the higher education of the people as represented in the institutions of this country is the strongest bulwark against the dangers of socialism and corruption, will find in Univer¬ sities, colleges, and pro¬ fessional schools Attend* ance in* creases greatly 5958 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY these figures assurance of the growing strength of those forces which insure permanent political safety and progress. It is a fact worthy of con¬ sideration that the great universities of the country are growing faster than the population. A study of the statistics of thirty of the most important universities of the country, including the historical institutions of the East, the great State universities of the West, and a number of the dominant uni¬ versities of the South, develop some noteworthy facts. From 1890 to 1900 the number of inhab¬ itants in the United States increased less than 22 per cent. The attendance at 630 institutions in¬ creased 65 per cent., or almost three times as much. This indicates that a recognition of the desirability of a college training has an effect on classes of the population who never realized it before. It is very likely true that the unexampled prosperity of the country has materially stimulated attendance. Although in 1905 Harvard still holds first place, its gain since 1895 has been only 28 per cent. In the same time Yale has gained 32 per cent.; Cornell, 91 per cent.; University of New York, 134 per cent.; Pennsylvania, 18 per cent.; Princeton, 24 per cent,, and Columbia, 108 per cent. Of the Eastern universities, Columbia, Cornell, and New York have shown a remarkable growth, but no institution, East or West, has shown an increase anywhere comparable with that of the University of Illinois, which, in ten years, has made a gain of 461 per cent, in attendance. Next in point of gain is the University of Colorado, which increased in THE WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY. PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. (Blair Hall.) WOMEN AND THE UNIVERSITIES 5959 ten years 221 per cent. Figures from these insti¬ tutions show a decided increase in the number of students who devote themselves to practical pro¬ fessions. At Harvard there has been a gain in the engineering course of 97 per cent., and the same trend in studies is apparent in the reports of every one of the thirty universities. In those institutions where coeducation is rec¬ ognized, twenty in number, statistics show that where there were 4820 women students in 1895, there were 9976 in 1905, the percentage of gain in their attendance being 40 per cent, higher than that of the entire body of students. A more rapid Percent increase of women than men in colleges has been age of well-nigh universal. The University of Cali- fornia, which enrolled less than 27 per cent, of com- women in 1895, in 1905 enrolled 40 per cent. Stan- ford University has already been obliged to re- males strict the number of women students to prevent the institution being perverted from the intentions of the founders. Of the students in the University of Nebraska, more than 44 per cent, are women. At Radcliffe the number of students has risen 60 per cent, in the last ten years, or double the gain of the college proper. The institutions in the South devoted to the education of the negro make a remarkable showing. A large proportion of the colored population show a strong desire for the acquirement of knowledge, and a willingness to undergo unusual privations for school privileges. The best known and far the most important of these institutions is Tuskegee Tns- kegee and similar schools 6960 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY Institute, founded twenty-five years ago by Booker T. Washington, a former slave and the child of slaves. In 1880, Mr. Washington secured the use of a dilapidated building which had been used as a church, and opened a school with thirty pupils. To-day the Institute has eighty-three buildings and two thousand acres of land, with personal property amounting to $832,000. The number of students at the close of 1905 was 1504, who were pursuing thirty-seven different indus¬ tries. It has an endowment fund of $1,276,000, and an income, exclusive of special contributions, of about $213,000, nearly one-half of it coming from industrial products made in the school itself. It has graduated six thousand negro students, not one of whom, it is claimed, has ever been convicted of a crime, and less than 10 per cent, of whom have proved failures at their chosen vocations. It is a significant fact that this institution has from its beginning been wholly under negro control. Its teachers have been negroes, its administrative board has been composed of negroes; its president and moving spirit is a negro. There are many smaller institutions, patterned on Tuskegee, scat¬ tered through the South, most of them of recent date. Hampton Institute has done and is doing an important work in elevating the standard of education and intelligence among the colored race of the South. Industrially and commercially the year 1905 was never before equaled in the matter of general and healthy prosperity. It was a period of almost INDUSTRIAL PROSPERITY 5961 boundless activity in trade, industry, and specu¬ lation; of rich rewards to agriculture, though not of uniformly record yields; of abundance of em¬ ployment for labor and of very few serious strikes; of building and constructive activity in all lines; of enormously enlarged bank clearings totals, and of strikingly small failure damage, considering the immense business done and the unprecedented number engaged therein. It was, on the whole, a year of heavily increased public purchasing power, as was shown by the fact that commodity prices were maintained at continuous and uniformly high levels. Industry wns unprecedentedly active, while labor, conservatively managed, was busily em¬ ployed. Pig-iron production broke all records, with a total of 23,000,000 tons, a 39 per cent, gain over 1904. Iron-ore shipments aggregated 34,000;000 tons, a gain of 56 per cent, on 1904 and of 25 per cent, over the 1902 record. Cotton and woolen goods manufacturing was active, despite very high prices of raw T material. Eastern shoe shipments, even though prices of hides and leather w r ere very high, aggregated 4,975,000 cases, a gain of seven per cent, on 1904, three per cent, under the 1903 record. Anthracite coal shipments exceeded the 1904 record by eight per cent., and bituminous coal, though dull midway in the year, because of oil and gas competition, probably saw the largest output ever recorded, as did furnace coke. Copper production broke all records, and exports were close to the highest. 1905 The record of the year 5962 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY Higher national ideas In every department of the government, prog¬ ress was made toward better things. Abuses which had grown up in the various branches during many administrations, and had come to be regarded as a legitimate part of them, were corrected or abol¬ ished. A brief review of the work accomplished by the various departments and commissions of the government during the year will not be out of place as showing the standing and conditions of the country at its present state of development. The work of the State Department was marked by frankness in dealing with the other countries, and while there were the usual number of irritating questions to be settled, nothing occurred to strain the friendship of the United States with any country on the globe. Secretary Root reported that he had agreed with the British government upon its interpretation of the treaty of 1818, in its bearing upon American fishermen who ship men from Newfoundland upon their vessels, directly or indirectly, within or without the three-mile limit. The Newfoundland authorities had com¬ plained, through the British Foreign Office, that American vessels were shipping sailors in New¬ foundland, which is prohibited by the treaty. The Americans were evading the law by taking men beyond the three-mile limit and then having them sign papers. Secretary Root took this matter under advisement, and later informed the British government that he considered that the complaint was well founded, and that the Americans were practising evasion, and that their course was a AREA OF THE UNITED STATES 5963 violation of the treaty both in letter and in spirit. This view coincided with that of the Privy Council. The War Department in the same time made progress in the study of imaginary campaigns against imaginary enemies. Plans of campaigns against numerous imaginary foreign foes were per¬ fected by the general staff and laid away in the archives of the department with the hope that they may never become useful. The year also brought new ordnance equipment for the army, and better methods for handling supplies. The Navy Depart¬ ment launched several new battleships and con¬ tracted for three new ones. In 1905, the land area of the States and Terri¬ tories was 2,939,000 square miles, exclusive of the Indian Territory, which has 31,000 square miles; Alaska, which has 531,000 square miles; Hawaii, which has an area of 6640 square miles. Of the insular possessions, Porto Rico has an area of 3600 square miles; the Philippine and Sulu Islands, an area of 114,000 square miles; the Island of Guam, an area of 200 square miles; and Futueila and Manna, in the Samoan group, with smaller islands, have an area of seventy-nine square miles, bring¬ ing the total area under the American flag up to 3,625,519 square miles. The States and Territories, according to the census of 1900, have a population of 75,602,515, exclusive of 392,000 in the Indian Territory, 63,592 in Alaska, 154,000 in Hawaii, and 91,219 soldiers and travelers abroad, increasing the total to 76,303,387, which the population of the insular possessions not incorporated in the United 1905 Work ol the War Depart¬ ment The pos¬ sessions of the United States 5984 THE UNITED STATES OE TO-DAY Astound¬ ing increase in wealth States increases further to 85,271,730. The number of cities in the United States containing 25,000 or •more inhabitants in 1900 was 159. Of the total population resident in the States and Territories, 39,590,242 were males, and 37,244,145 females. The native-born population was 65,843,202; the foreign- born population, 10,460,085. The African race numbered 8,840,789. There were 119,000 Chinese, 86,000 Japanese, and 266,760 Indians. According to the report of the Department of Commerce and Labor, the United States is now more than twice as rich as any other nation on the globe. Half a century ago the wealth of the United States was estimated at a little more than $7,000,000,000. At the present time it is placed at $110,000,000,000. During this half century the population of the country multiplied by less than 3J per cent., while the wealth multiplied by a little more than 13 per cent. During this period every person’s share in the total wealth was multiplied by four. The census of fifty years ago showed that the United States, in point of wealth, stood below half a dozen nations of the Old World. To-day all those nations have been entirely outdistanced. Although the United States comprises only a small per cent, of the world’s population, it pro¬ duced, according to the last census, 22 per cent, of the world’s wheat, 30 per cent, of its gold, 32 per cent, of its coal, 33 per cent, of its silver, 34 per cent, of its cattle, 50 per cent, of its petroleum, 54 per cent, of its copper, 75 per cent, of its cotton, and 84 per cent, of its corn. RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES 5965 Though the United States has only a twentieth of the world’s inhabitants, it has a fifth of the world’s stock of money and a fourth of its gold coin and bullion. The United States has two-thirds— $14,000,000,000—of the world’s banking power— capital, surplus, deposits, and circulation. Her preeminence in these directions has been obtained in the last twenty years. Between 1890 and 1904 the banking strength of the world grew 105 per cent., and that of New York City 190 per cent. The farmers and planters of the country re¬ ceived last year more than $6,000,000,000 for their products. This equals the entire wealth of the country in 1845. The product of the country’s mines for 1904 amounted to $1,500,000,000. The United States has a third of all the money deposited in the savings-banks of the world. At the beginning of 1905 there were in the United States 212,000 miles of railroads, as compared with 300,000 miles for the entire world outside. The railroads earned $2,000,000,000 in 1904, and have in their employ 1,300,000 persons. One of the most powerful causes for the extra¬ ordinary national growth and increase in popu¬ lation in the United States has been the immense area of the public lands. It was the policy of the government at first to sell these lands in order to increase the public revenue, but later it was deter¬ mined to use them for the purpose of developing the wealth and increasing the population of the country. As long ago as 1841, Congress established what is called the preemption system, and began Banks and banking Com¬ parative figures Public lands The work¬ ings of the Home¬ stead bill 5966 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY to sell sections of the public lands for agricultural purposes at $1.25 an acre, this sale being condi¬ tional upon the purchaser’s occupation and culti¬ vation of the land. There was a feeling, however, among would-be settlers, that the public lands belonged to the people and that they had the same rights to occupation as had the earlier pioneers. The matter was brought before Congress, which, in 1862, passed the Homestead bill. This bill gives settlers the opportunity to secure farms of 160 acres free of payment, except a small fee for legal expenses, on condition of actual settlement. The practical working of this act has been to largely increase the westward movement from the Atlantic and Middle States toward the Pacific. A large part of the fertile land of the Western States and Territories has already been taken up by bona- fide settlers. There is an immense region, however, which cannot be occupied until it is improved by irrigation. This arid and semi-arid section of the country includes nearly the whole of the States of Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and Hew Mexico, with portions of Washington, Oregon, California, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas,—an area altogether of nearly one million square miles. The land is fertile under the influence of irrigation, and where this system has been put in operation the crops have not been inferior in quality and quantity to those of any part of the West. Irrigation depends largely upon the volume of water in rivers, and the movement in the direction of afforesting the > LAND MONOPOLY AND FRAUD 5967 land is most important because forests hold water in the ground and let it drain off gradually. In the report of the Secretary of the Interior, the matter of the administration of the public land laws was for the first time in many years treated without reserve for public considerations. The statement of the Secretary concerning his year’s work in investigating and prosecuting the cases of fraud and conspiracy was astounding. The in¬ quiries conducted in nineteen States resulted in 562 indictments. Thirty cases had been tried, each of which resulted in a conviction. And this is but the record of a single year. Up to this time the greater stress in the investigations had always been laid upon the relatively unimportant matter of the unlawful fence, whereby areas of public land were, for the time being, appropriated to private use; but now the inquiry has taken a wider and a grimmer turn. Much of the labor of the last year has been spent in unearthing in detail the criminal methods by which the conspirators have been acquiring title to the enclosed lands. This is by far the graver matter, inasmuch as it defrauds the government of all right of control. Says Sec¬ retary Babcock: ‘ ‘ One of the most conspicuous facts that have been devel¬ oped by the so-called land fraud investigations is that the timber and stone act, the desert land act and the commutation clause of the homestead law are the convenient handmaidens of crime; that they have afforded the most effective means for the conspirators with whom we have to deal to fraud¬ ulently transfer the title of the public domain from the gov¬ ernment to themselves, and unless they arte repealed or Conspir¬ acy to control public lands Acts which en¬ courage fraud 5968 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY materially modified or amended, substantially as heretofore recommended in my annual reports and by the Public Lands Commission, they will continue to constitute the most dan¬ gerous menace to the integrity of the public domain. At¬ tention is also called to the fact that among those indicted for various offenses against the public land laws are the names of persons who were employees of the government, some in high places. ” Remedy in people’s hands The Kinkaid act Following close upon the heels of these dis¬ closures of fraud and official corruption will come the question of effective remedies and preventives, if such be possible. Obviously the means of cor¬ recting these abuses cannot be wholly legislative. No law is any stronger than the disposition to have it enforced. The end to be attained for the present is in brief only this: The prevention of acquisition of the public lands in great bodies by a few persons, until such time as actual settlement and actual experi¬ mental development shall bring these lands to their fullest possible use for the benefit of the greatest possible number of people. Until years of failure and years of success together have yielded accurate knowledge, any judgment must be at fault. In 1904, Congress passed the so-called Kinkaid bill, apparently a harmless and experimental piece of legislation, which provided for the creation of the so-called “grazing homestead” of 640 acres in western Nebraska—a fourfold increase in the acreage that might be entered by the homesteader. This act has covered more extensive frauds than were ever perpetrated in any other State under any other law in the same space of time. It became LANDS BELONG TO THE WHOLE NATION 5969 operative in the summer of 1904; since then it has resulted in the fraudulent entry of no less than 2,000,000 acres of land by hired entrymen acting for the big cattlemen. No graver blunder was ever made in land legis¬ lation. The idea was advanced under cover of the plausible name of a legislative “experiment.” Unfortunately, it appealed to the President and won his support, and in his message to Congress he refers to “the proposed extension of it to other States. * ’ There are strong evidences that the same influences are at work elsewhere, and that bills are already in preparation asking for extension of like legislation to other States and the Territories. The ultimate use and value of the remaining public lands is far too chaotic to permit of definite legislative action at this time looking to the final disposition of this domain. Such action must wait upon a better understanding of climatic conditions and upon the results of scientific investigations now under way, which will certainly evolve radically new methods of farming for the higher plains. Any right view would argue that what is left of the public domain ought to be preserved, so far as possible, against further depredations, under what¬ ever name they may be urged, until such time as a scheme of disposition can be contrived which will consist with a right industrial development. These public lands are the people’s most inval¬ uable asset. To countenance a continuance of the practices of the past, under any conditions or upon any pretext, would be calamitous. The integrity Evils lurking in the bill Lands should be occupied tempo¬ rarily THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY All interests should he pro¬ tected Irri¬ gation projects of the remaining portion of the public domain should be kept from waste, whether threatened through design or through ignorance. Meanwhile, these lands are adapted to temporary use, and, based upon such occupation and use, an important industry has developed. This must continue in some form. Any real menace to the live-stock in¬ terests of the West would not only seriously affect those who were engaged in breeding and grazing, but the whole nation as well. Immediate and radical changes in methods, however objectionable, would be ill-advised. The cattle owners should be allowed to continue for a time in the use of un¬ entered government lands as suggested by the President in his message, subject to government control and regulation of the open range. The great irrigation projects that have been undertaken by the government seem in many respects to involve as much engineering skill and executive ability as the construction of the Panama Canal, and will, perhaps, produce greater results. They are a series of problems that have to be worked out with reference to a general plan, and, moreover, must be advanced in the face of con¬ siderable friction .between States and sections as to locality. According to the report of the Secre¬ tary of the Interior, a large amount of work has been accomplished. Since the start was made, 77 miles of main canal have been constructed, and in addition there have been finished 54 miles of distributing canals, 186 miles of ditches and 147 bridges. AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION 5971 The general scheme is now broader than it was originally, and reaches farther down into Texas. Works having for their object the reclamation of 100,000 acres have been put in operation in Nevada. The contemplated benefits will be extended to thirteen States, as many as there were in the orig¬ inal Union and much larger ones. Already there are convincing evidences that home-seeking settlers are ready to take up these reclaimed lands on government terms as soon as they are ready for them. The approval of the Secretary of the Interior has been given to the plans that will, when carried out, add to the pro¬ ductive domain 1,303,600 acres of the highest fer¬ tility. The cost of the work will be large, running up to thirty millions or more, but that does not count, as eventually it will all be returned to the government. In the report of the Secretary of Agriculture an array of figures and statements representing the products and profits of the farmers of the country shows that the wealth production on the farms of the United States in 1905 reached the highest amount ever attained in this or any other country, $6,415,000,000. According to the statistics given, four crops make new high records as to value— corn, hay, wheat, and rice—although in amount of production the corn crop is the only one that ex¬ ceeds previous yields. In every crop the general level of production is as high, and that of prices still higher. Besides the enormous yield of wealth, the Secretarv estimated that the farms of the «/ Lands re¬ claimed The United States the world’s granary 5972 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY Values of farm products Income from poultry country have increased in value during the past five years to a present aggregate of $6,133,000,000. Every sunset during the past five years, he re¬ marks, has registered an increase of $3,400,000 in the value of the farms of this country. The corn production in 1905 was 2,708,000,000 bushels, with a value of $1,216,000,000. Hay comes next in order of value, which is set down as $605,000,000. Cotton comes third, with a valuation of $575,000,000; wheat, $525,000,000; oats, $282,000,000; potatoes, $138,000,000; tobacco, $52,000,000; sugar-cane and sugar beets, $50,000,000; rice, $13,892,000; and dairy products, $655,000,000 an increase of $54,- 000,000 over 1904. Nor can once humble elements of income be longer neglected. “The farmer’s hen,” the Secretary says, “is becoming a worthy companion of the cow. The annual production of eggs is now a score of billions. Poultry products have climbed to a place of more than a half billion dollars in value, so the farmer’s hen competes with wheat for precedence. ’ ’ During the last sixteen years the domestic exports of farm products have amounted to twelve billion dollars, or one billion dolars more than enough to buy all the railroads of the country at their commercial valuation. The report concludes: “Should there be no relapse from his position as a wealth pro¬ ducer, three years hence the farmer will find that the farming element—about 35 per cent, of the population—has produced an amout of wealth within ten years equal to one-half of the entire national produce in three centuries.” WORK OF THE DEPARTMENTS 5973 The scientists in the department marched steadily on during the year. They produced a new pineapple and a new citron fruit; they made additional discoveries in nitrogen fixation, devel¬ oped new plans for fighting contamination in water, made new and valuable discoveries in cot¬ ton breeding, brought out new ideas on the treat¬ ment of plant diseases, made progress in nutrition investigation, conducted important investigations with reference to food standards, and did a great many other notable things. Two notable events in the Department of Jus¬ tice were the prosecutions against the Beef Trust and against railroads and shippers for rebating. The most important work of the Department of Commerce and Labor during the year was the investigation of the Standard Oil Company by the Bureau of Corporations. The Bureau of Manufac¬ tures, another branch of the Department of Com¬ merce and Labor, was organized during the year. Special agents have been sent to China, Japan, Canada, Mexico, and South America, and are now engaged in laying facts before those American manufacturers who are desirous of seeking trade in foreign lands. The report of the Commissioner of Patents shows that the inventive minds of the land were never so numerous, and never so busy, as during the year. In round numbers, thirty thousand pat¬ ents were issued. So many were never before turned out in a single year. No one of these inven¬ tions yet stands out conspicuously, but hundreds Agri¬ culture Justice Com¬ merce and labor Patent Office The Pension Bureau 5974 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY of them were of large importance to the industrial world, particularly those relative to the utilization of electrical power. The annual report of Commissioner of Pensions Warner showed that the pension bill for 1905 reached the maximum in its history, the number of names contained being 1,004,196. The roll passed the million mark in September of the year 1904, and gradually increased for the next four months. The decline began with the first of Feb¬ ruary, and by the following May the total had dropped below the million mark. At the end of the year the number of pensioners had declined to 998,441, a net decrease for the year of 3679. The report showed the following additional facts: During the year the Bureau issued 185,242 pension certificates, of which number over 50,000 were originals. The annual value of the pension roll on June 30, 1905, was $136,745,295. By the term “annual value” is meant the amount of money required to pay the pensioners then on the roll for one year. During the year, 45,883 pensioners were dropped from the roll by reason of death, and of this number 30,324 were survivors of the Civil War. On June 30, 1905, the roll contained the names of 684,608 survivors of the Civil War, a decrease of over 6000 from the previous year. The total amount disbursed for pensions for the fiscal year was $141,142,861, of which $4,197,166 was for navy pensions; $3,409,998 was paid to pensioners of the Spanish War; $133,022,170 to survivors of the Civil War, their widows and dependents. THE POST-OFFICE 5975 The annual report of the Postmaster-General presents in detail the postal revenue and expendi¬ tures for the year, with such suggestions and recommendations as seem to be warranted. In it lie refers to the contrast between the service a cen¬ tury or more ago and that of the present time. In 1790, there were seventy-five post-offices in the United States. On January 1, 1905, the number was 78,131. In the former year the receipts were $37,935, with expenditures of $32,140. In 1905, the receipts were $152,826,850, with expenditures of $167,399,169. The total force connected with the postal service in 1790 was less than 500; to-day it numbers more than 280,000. The railway mail service at the present time consists of 12,474 officers and employees. On January 30, 1905, there were 3,064 railroad routes, the total annual amount of travel over which was 362,645,731 miles. The delivery of mail by carriers in the rural districts of the United States was begun October 1, 1896, the first route being established in West Virginia. In 1898, the number of routes in operation was 148; in 1905, that number had increased to 32,055. In carrying out a much-needed reform in the department, fourth-class postmasters were put under the merit system, and notice served that in the future Presidential postmasters are also to be taken out of party politics. The Administration declared its intention to go just as far as the law¬ making bodies would permit in giving permanency to postmasters during good behavior, Presidential as well as fourth-class. This plan was bitterly % Report of Post¬ master- General 5976 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY Usual ob¬ jections to civil service Treasury report opposed by some Senators, who argued that the post-offices had been for a century part of the polit¬ ical system; that they had belonged to Congressmen as distinctly as their mileage, and that no one man in the White House, through chosen lieutenants without political acquaintance, should upset what is also unwritten law. It is also urged that in the small towns the salary of the postmaster is so much of a prize that it ought to be “passed around among the faithful,” instead of kept in one man’s hands too long. The report of the Secretary of the Treasury was of the most flattering character, and showed a healthy condition of the national finances. The money issued and legalized by the United States government in paper and coin is to-day of ten dif¬ ferent kinds, as follows: Gold coins, standard silver dollars, subsidiary silver, gold certificates, silver certificates, Treasury notes issued under the act of July 14, 1890; United States notes (also called greenbacks and legal tenders), national bank notes, and nickel and bronze coins. These forms of money are all available for circulation. Gold coin is legal tender at its nominal face value for all debts, public and private, when not below the standard weight and limit of tolerance prescribed by law; and when below such standard of tolerance it is legal tender in proportion to its weight. Standard silver dollars are legal tender at their nominal or face value in payment of all debts, pub¬ lic and private, without regard to the amount, except where otherwise stipulated in the contract. MONEY OF THE UNITED STATES 5977 Subsidiary silver is legal tender for amounts not exceeding $10 in any one payment. Treasury notes of the act of July 14, 1890, are legal tender for all debts, public and private, except where otherwise expressly stipulated in the contract. United States notes are legal tender for all debts, public and private, except duties on imports and interest on the public debt. Gold certificates are receivable for all public dues, while national bank notes are receivable for all public dues except duties on imports, and may be paid out by the government for all salaries and other debts and demands owing by the United States to individuals, corporations, and associations within the United States, except interest on the public debt and in redemption of the national currency. All national banks are required by law to receive the notes of other national banks at par. The minor coins of nickel and copper are legal tender to the extent of twenty-five cents. The coinage of legal tender gold was authorized by the first coinage act, passed by Congress on April 2, 1792. The gold unit of value is the dollar, which contains 25.8 grains of standard gold 900 fine. The amount of fine gold in the dollar is 23.22 grains, and the remainder of the weight is an alloy of copper. The total coinage of gold by the mints? of the United States from 1792 to June 30, 1902, was $2,328,134,400.50, of which it is estimated that $1,068,311,784 is still in existence as coin in the United States, while the remainder has been ex¬ ported or consumed in the arts. Kinds of money Coinage of gold 5978 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY Silver coinage Restric¬ tion of immi¬ gration The silver unit is the dollar, which contains 4124 grains of standard silver 900 fine. The amount of fine silver in the dollar is 371J grains, and there are 41 : { grains of copper alloy. The standard silver dollar was first authorized by the act of April 2, 1792. The coinage of the standard silver dollar was discontinued by the act of February 28, 1878. In 1893, the United States ceased to purchase silver for coinage into dollars. The total amount of silver coined from 1792 to 1878 was $8,031,238; the ratio between gold and silver under the act of 1792 was 15 to 1, but by the act of 1837 it was changed to 15.988 to 1 (commonly called 16 to 1). One of the most important reports is that of the Immigration Bureau, which forms a distinct branch of the Treasury Department. Up to 1875 there was no restriction of immigration. The lame, halt, blind, and diseased came over in shiploads from the various countries of Europe, and were blended with the population of our great cities, in¬ creasing pauperism, beggary, and crime. In 1875, a law was enacted which forbade the landing of criminals and the importation of women for im¬ moral purposes. This was limited in its appli¬ cation, and had but little effect in restraining the flood of foreign arrivals. One of the pernicious effects of this alien deluge was the reduction of wages of American workmen, who were being driven out of employment by cheap labor. In 1882, a bill was enacted imposing the duty of fifty cents on each immigrant not a citizen of the United States, this being afterwards increased to one dob WORK OF THE BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION 5979 lar. The money thus collected was turned into what was called the immigration fund, which was used in caring for such helpless foreigners as through accident or failing health became a burden upon public charity. In 1887, a law was passed forbidding the importation of foreign labor, im¬ posing a fine of $1,000 upon every employer who should continue to import workmen and a penalty of $500 upon any steamship company that should connive at such violation of law. The act also pro¬ vided that the immigrants who should be attracted to this country by a definite promise of work from any individual or corporation should be taken back at the expense of the steamship company to the place of embarkation. In 1891, what was called the Owen Law was enacted and approved, going into immediate operation. The provisions of this bill excluded from admission to the United States all idiots, insane persons, paupers, or persons likely to become a public charge, diseased persons, crim¬ inals, and those who had been convicted of political crimes in their own countries. In 1893, the Marine Hospital Service joined hands with the Immigration Bureau, and sent med¬ ical inspectors to the principal ports to examine physically all immigrants bound for the United States. In that same year the Honorable Herman Stump, member of Congress from Maryland and chairman of the Committee on Immigration, brought about the passage of a bill which provided for a thorough examination of immigrants abroad previous to embarkation. The penalty imposed Laws against importa¬ tion of foreign labor 5980 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY Effect of the regula¬ tions in Europe Immi¬ grant stations upon steamship owners for bringing undesirable immigrants was so heavy that the companies ex¬ erted themselves zealously to aid in the enforce¬ ment of the regulations of the law. As soon as this legislation became known in Europe, the Ger¬ man government promulgated an order directing the police on the frontiers of the empire to chal¬ lenge all immigrants on their way to the seaboard, subject them to examination, and refuse to allow those to proceed who were likely to be rejected by the American authorities. This order was a purely selfish one, and was issued to protect German charitable institutions from being crowded with paupers from the interior countries of Europe who were obliged to cross the empire to reach the sea¬ board. In 1896, the Italian Prime Minister issued a proclamation forbidding the issue of passports to applicants included in the classes prohibited by law from entering the United States. This country maintains thirty-eight immigrant stations, two of which—Halifax and Quebec—are within British dominions. The five principal stations are in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and San Francisco, at each of which there is stationed a commissioner. The law does not recognize an immigrant as landed until he has passed a satisfactory inspection at a station. The immigrant who is permitted to land remains under the supervision of the Bureau for a year from the date of his arrival. If in that time it is found that he has entered the country in violation of the reg¬ ulations, he can be arrested and returned to his CLASSES OF IMMIGRANTS 5981 » home, the transportation company being compelled to defray the expense of the maintenance as well as the cost of his deportation. If from accident or disease he becomes unable to earn his livelihood within that year, he is taken to the hospitals until it is clearly proved that he will be a probable permanent burden upon charity, when he is de¬ ported, the expense being borne by the immigration fund. If his illness is shown to be hereditary, the cost of his maintenance and return home is paid by the transportation company. Inspectors are specially assigned to investigate all complaints of the Alien Contract Labor law and report for pros¬ ecution. Immigrants of all nations come under the jurisdiction of the Immigration Bureau, with the exception of those from China, who are dealt with by the Chinese Bureau. Up to 1860 more than half the influx to this country was from England and Ireland. To those unfamiliar with the subject, the amount of immi¬ gration from foreign countries seems almost in¬ credible. From 1821 to 1892 inclusive, 16,611,000 persons of foreign birth entered the United States and became a part of its permanent population. The aggregate arrivals by nationalities from 1893 to 1899 inclusive, the seven years since measures were taken to regulate immigration, are as follows: From Italy, 417,367; from Austria-Hungary, 319,- 362; from Russia and Finland, 284,868; from Germany, 281,103; from Ireland, 257,212; from Norway and Sweden, 190,591; from England, 156,816; from France, 20,976; Scotland, 34,169; Method of control Numbers by nations Immi¬ gration a serious problem 5982 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY Denmark, 28,492; Switzerland, 17,778; Poland, 37,- 478; all other countries, 166,303, making a total of 2,212,445. The first Jajoanese immigrant entered the country in 1861. Four years later, seven more arrived. In 1870, the total immigration of Jap¬ anese was 218. In 1900, they aggregated 2844, of which forty-one were females. During the year 1905, 1,027,716 immigrants from the various nations of the world were added to the population of the United States. Even allowing for the departure of 328,810 passengers in the steerage, these figures mean an infusion of a considerable proportion of people of a ques¬ tionably desirable class. Putting altogether on one side the sentimental side of the question, and the feeling that nothing should interfere with the role of the United States as the haven of the oppressed that the United States has always shared with England among the nations, the problem itself is to what immigrants should be excluded and what admitted. The trade unionists on the one hand contend that the enormous numbers that come from southern Europe keep down the rate of wages; on the other hand, it is declared that such effect would be merely temporary. Andrew Carnegie once de¬ clared, as the result of his long experience, that if he owned America and was running it as a com¬ mercial enterprise, he would give a premium to every immigrant who would save enough money to cross the Atlantic at his own expense. The figures given by Commissioner-General Sargent show that out of the number arriving in DISTRIBUTION OF IMMIGRATION 5983 1905, six States of the Union received 76 per cent, of the whole. These were New York, Pennsyl¬ vania, Massachusetts, Illinois, New Jersey, and Ohio. To the great open country of the West only 431,571 immigrants found their way. Five years ago North Dakota was the most alien State in America. She has now been driven from that position by Massachusetts. In four of the cities of Massachusetts and one of Rhode Island there are larger proportions of aliens than in New York itself. In Massachusetts only about 25 per cent., and in the whole of southern New England only 35 per cent., of the population are native-born, and the spirit of the Pilgrim Fathers is more apparent on the Pacific slope than in the land of Puritan settlers. The crowded tenement districts become still more crowded as the newcomers arrive, and the herded masses become the despair of the reformer and a menace to the commonwealth. Very few found their way South or to the great Southwest. With the perfect climate, great and varied natural resources, vast area, and cheap land, it has been a puzzle why the tide of immigra¬ tion has never turned that way. This is partly because, perhaps, of the prevalence of negro labor with which Northern or foreign workmen do not care to compete, and yet there are fortunes there in land labor equal to those found in the West. There is room enough and to spare. It has been declared by a writer on economic subjects that if every man, woman, and child in Italy should drop down in Texas to-morrow, that State would still In New England The South 5984 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY Com¬ parative density of popu¬ lation Two sides to the question need the entire population of France to give it as many people to the square mile as Italy now has; or that if the population of England, Wales, Ire¬ land, and Scotland could move in a body into Lou¬ isiana, Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Oklahoma, the population of Holland and Belgium would be needed to give those States a density of population equal to that of the United Kingdom; that Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky could find room for all the people of the German Empire without being any more crowded than Ger¬ many is now. Finally, he declares, without coming on the eastern side of the Mississippi River, the South has room for about 130,000,000 people from Europe, and would then be not much more than half as thickly settled as Massachusetts is now. The discussion of the immigration system in Congress, in special conventions, and in the press, although it has not solved the problem, has cleared the way and defined the issues. The United States came into existence from immigration. From im¬ migration they gathered strength, and now from immigration they are doubtless receiving some injury amid much good. To stop it is probably impossible, and would certainly bring endless trouble. To regulate it is a task fraught with enormous difficulties. The report of the Census Bureau states that in 1900 the United States, exclusive of Alaska and other outlying possessions, had 6,180,069 illiterates, or about one in ten. This means 106.6 illiterates per 1000 population over the specified age limit, EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS 5985 which is a marked improvement over 1890, when the proportion of illiteracy was 133.4 per 1000. The negro is chiefly responsible for these high figures. If he be excluded, the proportion of illit¬ erates in the native white population is found to be 46.4 per 1000. For the negroes the proportion is 444.7 per 1000, and for foreign whites the pro¬ portion is 1^8.5 per 1000. There is more illiteracy among women than among men. Comparison with 1890 shows that among men the proportion of illiterates has been reduced from 123 to 101 per 1000, and among women from 144 to 112 per 1000. Illiteracy among children is shown to be more prevalent in the country than in the cities. This difference is shown to be far more striking in the South than in the North. A somewhat surprising fact brought out in the report is that in the country as a whole there is a lower degree of illiteracy among children of foreign-born parents than among those of native parents, the proportion in the one case being 8.8 per 1000 and in the other 44.1. This is due to the concentration in cities of the children of foreign extraction, where the educational facilities are best. While the South is making satisfactory prog¬ ress in decreasing its percentage of illiteracy, it is still far behind the other sections of the country in the general prevalence of common school edu¬ cation. It will be many years before it will over¬ take other sections in this respect, even if it should ever overtake them. It is not difficult to account for the backwardness of the South in this respect. Distri¬ bution of illiter¬ ates Public schools in the South 5986 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY The negro population vastly increases the South’s proportion of illiteracy, but it is admitted that, leaving the negro out of the question, a larger pro¬ portion of whites are illiterate in the South than at the North. The population over forty at the South generally had no opportunities of education at the expense of the State. The Southern States were too poor to make as large appropriations for education as Northern States easily made. The Southern States are not so thickly settled as the Northern States east of the Mississippi River. This condition is passing, but another that goes with it is not passing. Since the South will not permit coeducation of the races, it is necessary for her to keep up two schools, where one would be sufficient in the North. The Northern States east of the Mississippi have about twice the density of population of the Southern States east of that river, and since the South must maintain a school for each race, this gives the country within a radius of one mile of a Northern school, a pop¬ ulation available for attendance equal to that to be found in a radius of two miles in the South. Until our population becomes much more dense, a larger number in the South than at the North must remain out of reach of the schools. The white peo¬ ple of the South have to contribute largely to the support of the schools for the negroes, but wherever there are public schools the more prosperous have to contribute to the education of the less pros¬ perous. Each year finds the Southern States more able to bear their burdens than they were before. 's. THE WEATHER BUREAU AND COMMERCE 5987 The report of the Weather Bureau is a resume of not only what has been accomplished by that department along the lines of scientific discovery, but a statement of the experimental work now in progress. In 1904, the Bureau entered upon a field of work which, when fully developed, will become of vital importance and benefit to the maritime interests of the country. This is the systematic collection of meteorological observations from ves¬ sels at sea by means of wireless telegraphy, and the simultaneous issuance of weather forecasts and storm warnings to these vessels, based upon the observations thus collected. The Bureau has for some years been engaged in the work of gathering meteorological and physical statistics of the seas, with a view of revising and improving the already existing pilot charts of the various oceans. Twenty-five hundred observers are at present en¬ gaged in this work, with the result that the Bureau has accumulated a vast fund of information per¬ taining to the sea of the utmost assistance to the navigator in determining his route and in shaping his course safely from port to port. The service rendered by these observers is entirely voluntary, shipowners and masters feeling that the informa¬ tion from time to time furnished them by the Bureau is ample return for this exertion. A special code has been prepared in the Bureau by means of which exact information as to date and hour, the latitude and longitude of the vessel, the atmospheric pressure and temperature, the force and direction of wind, and the character of the sky, How informa* tion is obtained 6988 THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY are all compressed into four words. The task of deciphering this meteorological dispatch is per¬ formed without charge by the wireless operators aboard the vessel. Upon its receipt at any of the coast wireless telegraph stations it is at once for¬ warded to Washington, having preference as gov¬ ernment business. Should occasion demand it, special storm warnings based upon the dispatches d * _ thus received are prepared and dispatched by wire- tributed less telegraphy to all vessels known to be in the vicinity affected. Another feature of value is that the system may enable the Bureau to inform trans- • atlantic liners and other vessels as to the limit of fog and ice on the Grand Banks, so by slightly altering their course they may steer clear of these dangers. The vessels of the American lines were the first to lend their assistance in the wireless weather service, having been selected for this duty by the Bureau because the officers were charged with the duty of taking meteorological obser¬ vations. These reports, based upon actual facts and figures, arranged and prepared by experts in their several departments, give the reader an idea of the scope and capabilities of the United States as an agricultural, manufacturing, commercial, and in¬ dustrial nation. They show the enormous progress that has been made in a brief period in every direc¬ tion of national development, and a state of pros¬ perity altogether unparalleled in history. These conditions have not been reached without a vast expenditure of energy and effort, and, it THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY 5989 must be admitted, not without mistakes. The in¬ born activity of the people, their impatience of conservative methods, the desire for the quick attainment of ends, and the innumerable oppor¬ tunities for the acquirement of wealth and influ¬ ence, have led to errors of action; but the under¬ lying conscience of the people has in almost every instance, where the public weal has been affected, forced swift rectification. There have been blun¬ ders the effects of which it will take generations to outgrow, but they have been the inevitable results of circumstances and conditions new to an untried nation. To-day the United States government stands, as it has ever stood since its foundation, independent and untrammeled by foreign alliance or under¬ standing, and at peace with the whole world. No threatening cloud dims its horizon. Its doors are open to all the countries of the world, and out of the thousands of comers to its shores mingled with those native to its soil, is being slowly wrought out the great American nation that is .to be. Its past has been a marvel to writers of history. From a handful of weak and inharmonious colonies, in a little more than a century and a quarter it has developed into a mighty power whose influence is felt and acknowledged in every part of the civilized world. Shut off by the sea from the nations of Europe, it is yet looked to as an arbiter in their disputes. At home its strength and promise of prosperity and permanency increase with the years. May its future be as glorious as its past. Sound con¬ science of the people At home and abroad GENERAL INDEX. A. “A. B. plot” against Crawford, 4160. Abayoa touched by Ponce de Leon, 389. Abbot, George, archbishop, superseded by Laud, 863. Abbott, U. S. representative, on the elec¬ toral commission, 5547. Abbott, C. C, finds palaeolithic implements, 141, 142. Abbott’s Run, R. I., William Blackstone on, 1022. Abenakis, tribe of Algonquins, in Maine, 157; kidnapped by Weymouth, 622; relations with the English, 729; Tarra- tines, a branch tribe, 887; between Lake Champlain and St. Lawrence, 1361; hos¬ tile to English, 1362, 1363; war with English colonies, 1363-1378; support French fur trade in 17th century, 1943; in Bienville’s expedition, 2010; at Lake George, 2098; excite revenge on Eng¬ lish, 2156; join Burgoyne’s expedition, 2 57i- Abercrombie, Gen. James, evil influence of, note, 2142; in command of English army in America, incapable and con¬ trary, text and note, 2163, 2164; fails in expedition against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 2178, 2187, 2189, 2192; like Braddock, sneers at unscientific defenses, 2195; excused by court officers, 2199, 2200; flees to England, 2200; orders Stanwix to reinforce Bradstreet, 2210; dies, 2213. compared with Amherst, 2220. Aberdeen, George Gordon, Earl of, on Oregon controversy, 4408. Abolition society of Pennsylvania, petition to congress of, 3377, 3378. Abolitionists, American Quakers first, 1246; fear plot to add Texas to Union, 4277; agitate immediate and unconditional freedom, 4288; mails closed to Aboli¬ tion matter, 4291; opposition in the North, 4291, 4292; suppression of Abo¬ litionism demanded by South, 4292, 4293; growth of, 4313-4315; scored by Webster, 4465; oppose Lincoln, 4601; Beauregard proposes garroting those captured in civil war, 5063; civil war provoked by, 5178. Aboriginal races of America, illustration of cliff-dwelling, frontispiece; general subject, 119-147; favorable conditions for, 120; connection with present Ind¬ ians, 122; temple-builders of Central and South America, 122; Mongoloid descent of, 123; importance of race- types, 123, 124; unimportance of vary¬ ing size, 124; memorial mounds, 124; pictures of relics, facing 124, 128, 134, 138, 142, 144, 146; military mounds, 125, 126, 135, 136, 138; symbolic mounds, 126, 137, 139; kitchen-middens and shell-heaps, 127-130, 139, 141, 151; Es¬ kimo branch, 129, 142; implements, 139- 145, 147; age of relics disputed, 140-145; lake-beds and cliff-dwellings, 144, 145; pottery, 145, 147; mound skulls, 146; occupations, 146; stone-workers, 147; natives as seen by Columbus, 152, 305; map showing language stocks, facing 154; types of American Indians, illus., facing 158, 160, 162; cannibals, 323, 324; Central, American natives, 338, 339; noted by Cortereal in Labrador, 380; on Mississippi delta, 394; on James river, 398; on Galveston Island, 463; at Hochelaga, 513. Abraham, Heights of, Quebec, Wolfe’s great achievement at, 2236, 2242, 2247, 2255-2268. Acadia, name first appears, 523; first boun¬ daries, 523; French driven from, 558; restored to France, 833; taken by English, 1356, 1362; becomes Nova Sco¬ tia, 1356; given to England by treaty of Utrecht, 1381; not connected with other French settlements, 1933; becomes tem¬ porarily English under Kirke, 1939; given back to France in 1632, 1940, 1941; hope of French supremacy perished with D’Aunay, 1956; how divided after D’Aunay’s death, 1957; captured by Eng¬ lish again and again, 1958; expulsion of French from, 2108-2131; character and 1 2 GENERAL INDEX. habit of people of, 2108; devotion to Ro¬ man Catholic church, 2108, 2109; first settled, 2110; in plan for Braddock’s campaign, 2120, 2121; desolated, 2129; partly avenged by Abenakis, 2156. See also Nova Scotia. Acadians, encouraged by French govern¬ ment to go to Cape Breton, 1383; un¬ able to harmonize with English ideas, 2109, 2111; a menace to British in¬ terests, 2109, 2110; relieved from taxes for forty years by English government, 2110; called “neutrals,” 2111; urged by France to remove to Canada, 2111; ex¬ empted on two occasions from military service for England, 2111, 2112; take mistaken view of treaty of Utrecht, 2111, 2112; hostile to British colonists of Nova Scotia, 2113-2115; send injudicious memorial to Col. Cornwallis, 2115, 2116; dispute passage of Messagouche, 2119; decided to rebel, 2122; not al¬ lowed to remove to French soil, 2123; decided to take the oath, but are re¬ fused, 2124; now expelled, 2125-2131; insufficient excuses for cruel order, 2129- 2131; many struggle back to Acadia, 2129; not well treated in Canada, 2129; expulsion a mistake in every way, 2130. Acamapichtli, first war-chief of Aztecs, 448. Accomac, Va., Gov. Berkeley flees to, 1617. Accomac peninsula chosen for new site for Virginia colony, 695. Ackland, Maj., position at Saratoga, 2648; wounding of, 2649. Acla, Central America, founded by Boja- dos, 386. Acomenticus borough incorporated by Gor¬ ges, 950. Acquia creek, Confederate works at, 4854; attack on, 4855; McClellan’s army at, 5027. Acre taken by Moslems, 53, 64. Act of toleration for deserters in England extended to Maryland, 1705. Actahachi, Indian chief, 472; captured by De Soto, 473; slaughtered with his people, 473. Active, British ship, 2882, 3897. Adair, Maj., Indian attack on, 3523. Adair, Gen. John, arrested, 3833; released, 3837; demands investigation, 3837; later life, 3845. Adam of Bremen writes ecclesiastical his¬ tory, 234. Adams, Confederate general, at Rogers- ville, 5110; at Murfreesboro, 5152; killed at Franklin, 5267. Adams, Charles Francis, on Free-soil party ticket, 4329; plea for repeal of fugi¬ tive slave law, 4482-4488; U. S. min¬ ister to Great Britain, 4923; on the Trent affair, 4929; ability, 4929, 4934; portrait, facing 4934; Lincoln’s instruc¬ tions to, 4939; protests against British selling ships to the Confederacy, 4941, 4942; claims war damages from Eng¬ land, 5503; succeeded by Reverdy John¬ son, 5503; on Geneva tribunal of arbi¬ tration, 5507; candidate for president, 5518, 5519. Adams, J. H., South Carolina commis¬ sioner, 4631. Adams, John, grand-nephew of Dr. Boyl- ston, note, 1358; his description of meeting-place of continental congress, cited, 1712; congratulated by Oglethorpe, 1917; cited as to writs, 2362; acted as counsel for soldiers after “Boston Mas¬ sacre,” 2396; takes letters of Hutchinson, 2401; in first continental congress, 2409; member of continental congress, 2448; eulogizes Washington, 2452; motion of independence made by, 2497; portrait, facing 2500; Sullivan denounced by, 2517; on committee to consult with Howe, 2517; Washington criticised by, 2625; chairman of board of war, 2692; pa¬ triotism of, 2692; disastrous army pol¬ icy of, 2692, 2693; prejudice against position of Washington of, 2693; sent to England, 2850; on naval committee, 2861; on commercial treaty, 3229; Eng¬ lish answer to, 3230; on the federal convention, 3300; elected vice-president, 332 5 , 3326; life sketch of, 3325; Hamil¬ ton opposes, 3326; Hancock officially entertains, 3328; takes seat in senate, 3329; reelected vice-president, 34491 U. S. recalls, 3537; on Fisher Ames’ speech, note, 3575; candidate to succeed Wash¬ ington, 3584, 3585; sketch of, 3585; Hamilton hated by, 3587; character, 3587; inauguration of, 3589, 3590; por¬ traits of, facing 3590; inaugural ad¬ dress, 3592; ability, 3592; Jefferson con¬ gratulates, 3592; facsimile of letter of Jefferson to, facing 3592; foreign rela¬ tions under, 3593, 3594; extra session called by, 3595; first message to congress of, 3617; message to congress regarding France’s treatment of U. S. commission¬ ers, 3624, 3625; cabinet at variance with, 3636; returns to Quincy, 3637; aversion to army, 3639; letters to McHenry on GENERAL INDEX. 3 army, 3639; Matthew Lyon’s attack on, 3642; Barlow’s attack on, 3643; nom¬ inates Vans Murray, 3658; new French commissioners appointed by, 3659; inde¬ pendence of, 3661; John Marshall and, 3668; on Randolph letter, 3672; letter to Tench Coxe, 3677; disloyalty dis¬ covered by, in cabinet, 3679; McHenry and, 3679; Pickering and, 3679; descrip¬ tion of Pickering by, 3679; Wolcott and McHenry on, 3681; federalist criticism pf, 3681; speech to sixth congress, 3685; defeated for the presidency, 3687; the midnight appointments of, 3688, 3707, 3708; defects and qualities of, 3689; returns to Braintree, 3689; cost of the navy under his administration, 3929; his estimate of George Cabot, 4092; advocates American isolation from Eu¬ ropean politics, 4155; death, 4176; es¬ tablishes precedent in granting pardons, 5416. Adams, Mrs. John, Washington City de¬ scribed by, 3684. Adams, John Quincy, U. S. minister to The Hague, 3501; on Louisiana pur¬ chase, 3751, 3761; in eighth congress, 3769; on embargo act, 3870; minister to Russia, 3955; on peace commission, 4012, 4045, 4088; secretary of state, 4101; resigns ministry to Great Britain, 4102; loyalty to Monroe, 4102, 4103; his comment on Clay’s schemes, 4103; defends Jackson’s course in Florida, 4111; on the Missouri controversy, 4126; his strength as a presidential candidate, 4137; answers Russia’s claim to Ameri¬ can territory, 4148, 4149; his position in regard to the Monroe doctrine, 4149- 4153, 4155; in presidential campaign of 1824, 4156, 4160-4163; elected president, 4164; praises Monroe’s administration, 4166; opposition to his election, 4167; his alleged bargain with Clay, 4167, 4168; his personality, 4168; portrait, facing 4168; plans for cabinet, 4168, 4169; in¬ augural address, 4168, 4169; opposes Monroe on internal improvements, 4169; opposition in congress to, 4171, 4 I 7 2 1 special message on American congress at Panama, 4172; questioned by Van Buren, 4174; closes ports to British trade/4176, 4177; facsimile of his letter on patronage, facing 4182; campaign broadside against, illus., facing 4186; moderate protectionist, 4187; compared with Jackson, 4188, 4189; in presidential campaign of 1828. 4190, 4^93, 4*941 rela¬ tions to his successor, 4194, 4195; indus¬ trial progress during administration, 4195-4199; prepares tariff bill of 1832, 4244; offers resolutions to force pay¬ ment of French spoliation claims, 4272, 4273; presents anti-slavery petitions in congress, 4296, 4297; moves investiga¬ tion of relations of government with Texas, 4319; in contest at organization of 26th congress, 4323; estimate of Van Buren, 4329; opinion of Tyler, 4339; on slavery, 4353; defends right of peti¬ tion, 4353, 4355, 4365; in Creole case, 4354; presents petition praying removal from committee on foreign affairs, 4355; death, 4422; his life and services, 4422, 4423 . Adams, John Quincy 2d, nominated for vice-president, 5520. Adams, Samuel, portraits of, facing 2366; drew up first resolution against stamp tax, 2367; rises to political prominence, 2387; forces defiance of England, 2404; in first continental congress, 2409; or¬ dered under arrest, 2417; attempt to cap¬ ture, 2421, 2422; protected by “minute men,” 2423; urges Canadians to rebel, 2442; member of continental congress, 2448; declared a rebel, 2456; comments on condition of American troops, 2479; portrait of, facing 2500; Washington criticised by, 2625; Washington opposed by, 2695; position on a stronger govern¬ ment, 3259; presides at feast, 3457. Adams, Fort, 3526. Adams, U. S. warship, 3967, 3989, 3996. Addison, Judge, impeachment of, 3786, 3787. Addison, Joseph, friend of Bishop Berkeley, 1486*; quotation from his Cato, 1851. Adelantado, title of B. Columbus, 326; of Ponce de Leon, 388; of Narvaez, 460; of De Soto, 465; of Menendez, 488. Adet, intrigues of, 3581, 3582; American people appealed to by, 3582. Adhesive stamp act, 5748. Admiral, Ponce de Leon desires title of, 387; John Cabot styled “The Great Ad¬ miral,” 425, 429. Admiral of “Mosquitoland,” 332. “Admiral of New England,” title assumed by John Smith, 737; Francis West, 794. “Admiral of the Kingdom,” Da Gama so styled, 406. “Admiral of the Ocean,” title given to Co¬ lumbus, 281, 293; refused to him, 291; granted, 320; title to pass to his heir, 293; perpetuated by his will, 341. Admiralty, court of, in Rhode Island, 1154. Adolph of Nassau destroys printing-presses at Mainz, 60. '4 GENERAL INDEX. Adriaensen, Johan, tries to kill Kieft, 1137. Adventure, Capt. Kidd’s frigate, 1555. Adventurers, in company with Puritans, text and note, 761-763, 766; send second party to Plymouth, 778; bad character of, 779, 780; patent made out to their representative, 780, note, 798; .escape from Pierce’s scheme, 797, note, 798-800; send recruits for Plymouth colony, 802; some Puritans among, 803; oppose Puri¬ tans, 804; dependent on council for New England, 805; in regard to Lyford, 810; unfortunate, 813; factions among, 814; terms of sale to Pilgrims, 815-819; pro¬ mote fisheries, 861, 862; their work con¬ tinued by others, 863. Aegean Sea, ideas of ancients concerning, 93- Aetna, Mount, described by Columbus, 299. Advertiser, party organ, 3454. Africa, explorations of, coasted by Phoeni¬ cians, 98; invaded by barbarians, 202; northmen in, 205; Arabs on shores of, 244; coasted by Columbus, 270; ex¬ tent of, unknown to Europeans, 274, 280; Portuguese explorations on coast of, 282, 402, 415; words belonging to, 1, text and note, 357; Cabral tries to coast, 377, and thereby finds Brazil, 378; southern cape rounded by Da Gama, 406; followed Portuguese to, 541; Dutch boundary in, by charter, 553; Australia company empowered to trade in, 576; coast raided for slaves by Hawkins, 590; Drake sailed around, 595. Agamenticus river, Gorges had grant on shores of, 848; settlement of Gorges on, 950- . . Agassiz, Louis, theory of origin of abo¬ rigines, 130. Agawam, in Massachusetts colony, 879; un¬ lawful settlers at, 882; annexed to Mas¬ sachusetts Bay colony, 982. Agmegue, name of Mohawks, 1516. Agriculture not cultivated by red Indians, 122, 181; work of the squaws, 180; in West Indies, 306, 323; among Aztecs, 446; in Virginia colony, an object of London company’s settlement, 631; pro¬ moted by Gov. Dale, 670; managers tried to diversify there, 684; silk and wine culture tried, 684; hemp success¬ fully planted, 684; early history of, 3134, 3135; in 1800, 3698. Agriculture, department of, Fillmore rec¬ ommends establishment of agricultural bureau, 4496; congress establishes, 4947, 5622; report for 1905, 5971-5973- Agricultural college act, 5641, 5642. Aguado, Juan, on commission of inquiry, 327, 328, 345. < Aguinaldo, Filipino leader, negotiations with Dewey, 5720; headquarters at Cavite, 5723; proclamation of, 5739, 5740; sends envoy to United States, 5740, 5741; Otis moves against, 5741, 5742; Lawton moves against, 5741-5743; Funston captures, 5744; taken to Ma¬ nila, 5744; signs peace manifesto, 5744. Ailly, Pierre d’, wrote “Image pf the World,” 279. Aix, parliament of, 9. 4 Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, restored Louis- bourg to France, 1409; ends war of Spanish succession, 1491; ended King George’s war, 1587; as to French claim to New France, note, 2011. ,Akerman, Amos T., attorney-general, 5522. Alabama, Indians in, 160, 161; De Soto marches through, 468, 472, 474; Choc¬ taws in, 1861; partly included in west Florida in 1763, 2336; authorized to form a state constitution, 4115; suggests call¬ ing conventions if Wilmot proviso should pass, 4477, 4478; appropriates the Georgia platform, 4480; delegates with¬ draw from Charleston convention, 4593; reply to Gist’s letter on secession, 4607; secedes, 4649; votes for secession, 4658; Mitchell’s raid into, 5109, 5110, 5117; forms part of the department of the Cumberland, 5128; carpets in state- house cut up for army blankets, 5220; Grant’s plan to isolate and conquer, 5253; Confederate forces in, ready to •disband, 5317; reconstruction in, 5346, 5350 , 5352, 5383; Gen. Pope commands in, 5388; measures to relieve distress in, 5396; congress declares constitution rat¬ ified in, 5399; character of officials at beginning of reconstruction, 5424-5428; carpet-baggers in, 5425, 5426; negro rule in, 5426, 5427; adopts new constitution, 5429; Democratic reforms in, 5429, 5430; colored leagues in, 5464, 5465. Alabama, Confederate ship, 4867, 4901, 4937, 4938, 5509; Ulus, of, facing 4906; fight with the Kearsarge, 4907-4909. Alabama river, Maury’s movements on, 5284. Alabama union league, facsimile of pages from constitution of, facing 5464. Alabamas, Indian tribe, in uprising of 1813, 4039- Alamo, San Antonio, Tex., views of, fac¬ ing 4280; defeat of Texans at, 4280, 4281. Alaska, Indians in, 163, 165; Eskimos in, 165, 166; on route of Atlantic to Pacific, GENERAL INDEX. 5 548; purchased by United States, 5489; boundary between Canada and, 5677; natural resources of, 5685; congress on civil government for, 5761; Hay secures adjustment of boundary dispute, 5832; representation in U. S. congress, 5866; area and population in 1903, 5963. Albany,' site of, passed by Hudson, 546; Ft. Nassau built near, 550; founded, 553; limit of Van Rensselaer’s patroon- ship, 567; Connecticut troops at, 1442; important trading-post, 1504; Jacob Leisler trader and magistrate at, 1533; fort at, held by Mayor Cortlandt against Leisler, 1536; dangerous overland march to, 1536; faction at, finds refuge in Mas¬ sachusetts and Connecticut, 1537; re¬ fused to acknowledge Leisler, 1539; called on Massachusetts and Connecti¬ cut for aid, 1539; starting-point of army against Canada, 1542; Winthrop’s army assembled at, 1544; R. Livingston town clerk, 1554; Rip Van Dam a native of, 1568; Gov. Geo. Clinton at, 1587; Shirley’s headquarters, 2090; rendezvous for Johnson’s force in 1755, 2092, 2093; included in Dieskau’s plan of operations, 2094; Gen. Webb leads relief force from and back to, 2135, 2137; Winslow’s pro¬ vincial army at, 2138, 2140; Abercrombie flees to, after Ticonderoga, 2199; Aber¬ crombie’s army idle at, 2210; Schuy¬ ler leaves, 2485; expeditions to, 2584, 2600; Clinton threatens, 2656; Washing¬ ton sends Hamilton to, 2672; Lafayette at, 2702; Sullivan sends Gansevoort to, 2842; Lincoln at, 4666. Albany, Fort, Va., 4772. Albany congress discussed Connecticut’s rights, 1270; composed of colonial gov¬ ernors, 1491; rejects union of colonies, 2355; western colonies provided for, 3145, 3146. Albany county in patroonship of Van Rens¬ selaer, 567. Albany Evening Journal, 4639. Albany regency in the presidential cam¬ paign of 1824, 4161. Albemarle, Confederate ship, 4900; de¬ stroyed, 5173 - 5176 . Albemarle Sound, efforts to colonize country near, 1715, 1717, 1718, 1721; named, 1723; settlement distrusts Locke’s constitution, 1750, 1751; Virginia shipped tobacco to, 2832. Albert Magnus discovers gunpowder, 79. Albuquerque, Magellan with, in India, 406. Alden, Col. Ichabod, commands at Cherry valley, 2761. Alden, John, held to represent Plymouth in Kennebec affair, 833. Alert, British ship, 2871, 3992. Alexander VI., pope, issues bulls dividing new world, 321, 322, 502. Alexander, Confederate general, at Gettys¬ burg, 5073, 5091. Alexander, or Moonanam, son of Massa- soit, text and note, 1284, 1285. Alexander, Capt. Charles, schooner Wasp commanded by, 2866. Alexander, James, N. Y. lawyer, helped to start Weekly Journal, 1569, 1570; in Zenger’s trial, 1570, 1571; volunteered to act against negroes in “Negro Plot,” 1577- Alexander, Gen. William (called Lord Stir¬ ling), commanded Maryland brigade, 2513; his heroism, 2514; exchanged, 2519; at Princeton, N. J., 2529, 2543; appointed major-general, 2564; with Washington, 2609; engagement with Howe, 2610; at Brandywine, 2615, 2617, 2618; warns Washington, 2697; at battle of Monmouth, 2739; presides at Lee’s court-martial, 2742; at Saratoga, 3073. Alexander, Sir William (Earl of Stirling), received land grant from Gorges, 749, 750, 858; headed Canada company, 845; member of council for New England, 855; secured a grant of Long Island, 1125; territory granted to, 1935; grants land to Charles La Tour, 1938. “Alexander of the New World,” Cortes so called, 459. Alexandria, Egypt, sphericity of earth taught in, 95; Eaton’s exploit at, 3773. Alexandria, La., Banks retreats to, 5258. Alexandria, Va., enlisting-place of Wash¬ ington’s company in 1754, 2039; on Washington’s route to Ohio campaign, 2041; Braddock at, 2057, 2065; confer¬ ence of colonial governors at, 2057; starting-point of Braddock, 2059; glass factory at, 3122; commercial conven¬ tion at, 3249; Washington entertained by, 3329; surrendered to the British, 4076; Confederates hold, 4739; Lee and Pope near, 5024; McClellan’s head¬ quarters near, 5029. Alexandrian age, geography revolutionized in, 99. Alfonso V., of Portugal, inquires about route to India, 274. Alfred, U. S. flagship, 2864; Paul Jones commands, 2867; achievements of, 2867, 2868; sails for France, 2873; work and capture of, 2873. 6 GENERAL INDEX. Alger, Russell A., candidate for president, 5623; secretary of war, 5695. Algernoune, Fort (Point Comfort), built by Ratcliffe, 660; Gates arrived at, 662; menaced by Spaniards, 671. Algiers, pirates of, capture Gov. Sothel, 1761; ransom for Americans demanded by, 3445, 3446; the senate and, 3446; treaty with, 3563, 3564; relations with, 3710, 3711; Bainbridge sent to, 3711; attempts to break treaty with United States, 4093. Algonquins, Indian tribe formerly called Ojibways, early tribes, 151, 156; in New England, 157; portrait of an Ojib- way, facing 158; on Hudson river, 159; in New Jersey and Delaware, 160; in Virginia, 160, 635; mode of fighting, 225; in Canada, 530; De Vignau winters among, 534; need assistance of whites, 1128, 1129; attacked by Iroquois, 1131, 1969; massacred by Kieft, 1133-1135; have revenge on Dutch, 1136; some tribes adopted by Senecas, 1518; affected by Kieft’s butchery, 1522; with Daulac at Long Saut, 1979, 1981; their friend¬ ship necessary to French trade, 1986; leagued against Iroquois, 1995; Miamis a branch of, 2012; descend from Lenape Indians, 2019; very warlike, 2281, 2282; ruled by Pontiac, 2281; domain, 2282; yield to Sioux, 2282; Pontiac’s plot re¬ vealed to Gladwin, 2292, 2293; Burgoyne joined by, 2571. Alhambra, Columbus meets Isabella at, 335= Alibamu, Indian tribe, 161. Alien laws, congress enacts, 3625-3634; pe¬ tition against the, 3645; Jefferson on the, 3645, 3646; Kentucky resolutions on, 3646, 3647; Virginia protests, 3647, 3648; opposition to, 3650; South Carolina on, 3652; committee reports in favor of, 36 62. Aliens, measures of Confederate congress against, 5216, 5217. Allamance creek, Cornwallis at, 3031. Allatoona, Ga., base of supplies for Sher¬ man, 5263; attacked by Confederates, 5266. . Alleghanies, mounds near, 131; explored by order of Gov. Spotswood, 1657; English settle west of, in 1755, 2009; crossed by Gist, 2016; U. S. boundary at, 2790. Alleghany, meaning of word, 2002. Alleghany river, La Salle on, 1991; Ft. Duquesne, 2006; Bienville’s expedition on, 2010; Washington recommended fort on, 2032; Col. Brodhead’s expedition along the, 2842. Allegiance to the United States, oath of, to be taken by southerners after the civil war, 5344 - 5346 . Allen, fighting parson of Berkshire regi¬ ment, note, 2604. Allen, Andrew, 3468. Allen, Ethan, in Wyoming, Pa., 1273; re¬ solves to capture Ticonderoga, 2443; chosen commander of expedition, 2443; captures Ticonderoga, 2446; claims com¬ mand at Ticonderoga, 2447; capture of, 2475 - Allen, Herman, minister to Chili, 4142. Allen, John, in American defeat at French- town, 4017; death of, 4018. Allen family of Philadelphia submits to Howe’s proclamation, 2529. Allen’s farm, Va., engagement at, 4983. Allentown, Clinton’s movements at, 2732. Allerton, Isaac, assistant to Gov. Bradford, 778; agent in London for the Pilgrims, 816; bargain between merchants and Pilgrims made by, 816-819, and note, 818; his character, note, 819, 825; brought over a Puritan minister, 819; secured new patent for Plymouth, 825- 827; charged with extravagance, 831. Allerton, S. C., riot in, 5448. Alliacus, Petrus, writes “Image of the World,” 278-280. Alliance, U. S. frigate in cruise of Paul Jones, 2883; Lafayette brought to Amer¬ ica by, 2884; Pierre Landais commander of, 2884; crew of, 2884; the, Capt. John Barry commands, 2897; Col. John Lau¬ rens conveyed by, 2897; work of, 2898; last naval fight of revolutionary war by, 2900; building of, 3118. Allison, William B., candidate for pres¬ ident, 5623, 5687. Allison, Confederate flag-of-truce steamer, 5305 - Allotment act, providing for the natural¬ ization of Indians, 5617, 5619, 5620. Allouez, Father, French missionary, visits Lake Superior, 1959; speaks at great French and Indian meeting at Sainte Marie, 1990. Allyn, secretary of state of Connecticut, I 44 I - Almanac, first publication in America, 913; Poor Richard’s, facsimile of two pages, facing 1264. Almeida accompanied to India by Magel¬ lan, 406. Almonte, Don Juan Nepomuceno, leaves Washington, 4372. GENERAL INDEX. 7 Almy, Christopher, declines governorship of Rhode Island, 1475. Almy and Brown, Slater enters the service of, 3125. Alston, leader in congress, 3901. Alston, Joseph, son-in-law of Burr, 3826. Alston, Theodosia, daughter of Aaron Burr, 3839; death, 3845. Altamaha river, charter boundary of Georgia, 1841; of Montgomery’-^ Azilia, 1843; Scotch settle on, 1864; Ogle¬ thorpe makes a settlement on, 1882; New Hanover on, 2142. Altgeld, John P., governor of Illinois, por¬ trait, facing 5670; demands withdrawal of troops from Chicago, 5671. Althaam, Father, in Lord Baltimore’s ex¬ pedition, note, 1069. Alvarado, Pedro de, massacred Aztecs in Tenochtitlan, 455; reproved by. Cortes, 456 . * Amazon river discovered by V. Pinzon, 374 - Amboyna, massacre of, 1170. Ambrister, British soldier, ordered execu¬ ted by Jackson, 4109, 4110; English sympathy for, 4111. Amelia Court-House, Va., Confederate base of supplies, 5289. Amelia Island, pirates at, 4106, 4107. Amelia Sound, Spaniards entered in 1742, 1905. America, pre-Columbian, first inhabitants of, 119-148; eastern emigrations to, 130, 131; the red Indians, 149-198; Norse¬ men in, 201-242; traditional voyages to, 243-262; western voyages of the Arabs, 243, 244; story of Madoc, 245-247; the Zeno voyages, 248-256; the Chinese story of Fusang, 257-260; the story of Skolnus, 260; Cousin’s voyage, 260; see also Aboriginal races of America; Col¬ onies of America; Discovery and explo¬ ration ; South America. America, U. S. ship, Paul Jones assigned to, 2896; France presented with the, 2896; building of, 3119, 3 I2 o. American character, 3190, 3191, 3 r 43 > 3144 - American congress at Panama, 4172-4175. American federation of labor, organization and character, 5888, 5889. American flag association, 5919, 59 2 0. American forestry association, 5816. American-French alliance, England fears, 3539. American Gibraltar, Louisbourg so named, 1384, 1385, 1393 . American knights, order of, 5201. American labor union, 5889. American Museum, Mathew Carey’s mag¬ azine, 3453. American philosophical society founded, note, 1569. American railway union, in Pullman strike, 5668-5671. “American System,” 4157, 4158, 4202. American Turtle, first submarine boat, 3119. American woman’s suffrage society, 5929. Ames, Fisher, statement of, regarding sal¬ aries, 3342; on tariff, 3345, 3350; portrait of, facing 3350; on slavery, 3352; on state debts, 3368, 3371, 3377; national bank favored by, 3400; on American commerce, 3493; on English policy, 3497, 3498; on the Democratic clubs, 3549; on fourth congress, 3564; advises Adams to send mission to France, 3594; re¬ tirement, 3596; on Louisiana purchase amendment, 3761. Ames, Oakes, head of Union Pacific rail¬ way company, 5491. Ames, Oliver, head of Union Pacific rail¬ way company, 5491. Amherst, Gen. Jeffrey, Richard Gridley served under, note, 1402; portrait, facing 2162; takes Loudon’s place, 2163; com¬ mands land force in 1758, 2166; gives Wolfe position of honor, 2176, 2177; generous to Wolfe, 2186; much liked by colonies, 2215; his part in campaign of 1759, 2215; prepares to invest Ticon- deroga, 2219; skillfully causes evacuation of Ticonderoga, 2220; builds vessel at Crown Point, 2221; sends Putnam down the Sorel, 2221; in winter quarters at Crown Point, 2221; humane and wise, 2222, 2223; sends Gage to Ft. Niagara, 2229; loses the chance of taking Quebec, 2247, 2248, 2253; supposed to threaten Montreal, 2253; does not cooperate with Wolfe, 2253; goes to Montreal in 1760, 2275; received surrender of Canada, 2276; neglects warning of Pontiac’s plot, 2289; informed of Bouquet’s danger, 2323; retakes Newfoundland in 1762, 2332; opinion of revolutionary war, 2714. Amichel, territory on Gulf of Mexico, 395; De Garay tries to colonize, 396; dropped from charts, 396. Amidas, Philip, captain of Raleigh’s expe¬ dition, 605; kidnaps Indians, 607; Lane’s lieutenant, 608. Amiens, treaty of, 3732, 3791. Amite river, part of boundary between French and English territory in 1763, 2334 . 8, GENERAL INDEX. Ammunition, scarcity of, at Bunker Hill, 2467, 2468; obtained through slave trade, 2468; efforts made to secure, 2475. Amnesty, bill for general amnesty fails to pass in 45th congress, 5557, 5558; general amnesty granted by 55th congress, 5749. Amnesty proclamation issued to Southern Confederacy in 1865, terms, 5318; oath required, 5344; Johnson issues, 5415. Ampudia, Mexican general, placed in com¬ mand of Mexican forces, 4377; at Mon¬ terey, 4385; Buena Vista, 4389. Amsterdam, market for Canadian furs, 541; Hudson in, 544; merchants of, secure rights to trade in America, 549; mer¬ chants of, patrons of Dutch West India company, 553; company’s governing council, 554; can not control patroons, 570; religious connection with America, Brownist refugees flee to, 615, 616, 753, 754, 756, 757- Amsterdam Fort built by Peter Minuit, 560; Eelkens threatens, 572, 573; De Vries at, 574; English colonists taken to, 585. Anabaptists, Puritans accused of being, 870; at Flushing, L. I., 1168; suffered during witchcraft delusion, 1340; use of name forbidden in Maryland, 1683. Anahuac plateau reached by Cortes, 451. Anarchiad, 3453. Anarchists in Chicago, 5601-5603; Roose¬ velt on, 5791, 5792. Anastasia Island, 1899. Anaximander teaches that the earth is round, 94. Andalusia, New, province on Gulf of Da¬ rien, 376; Pedrarias, governor of, 385. Andastes, Indian tribe, destroyed by the Six Nations, 159; noted by John Smith, 649, 767; struggle with Iroquois, 1973. Anderson, commissioner to American con¬ gress at Panama, dies, 4174. “Anderson, John,” pseudonym of John Andre, 2977. Anderson, Joseph, appointed judge, 3389. Anderson, R. C., minister to Colombia, 4142. Anderson, Richard H., at Bald Hill, 5023; at Pleasant Valley, 5037; on Maryland Heights, 5040; at Shiloh, 5103. Anderson, Gen. Robert, commander of Charleston harbor, 4614; portrait, facing 4614; war department’s instructions to, 4625, 4626; at Ft. Sumter, 4627, 4628, 4676, 4677; cheered by New York stock exchange, 4683; commander'of depart¬ ment of the Cumberland, 4804; succeed¬ ed by W. T. Sherman, 4806; at battle near Hanover Court-House, 4964, 4965. Anderson, Fort (Thicketty Fort), N. C., capture of, 2634; attacked by Forrest, 5255; attacked by Porter, 5282. Andre, Maj. John, Meschianza planned by, 2727, 2728; sketch of, 2728; portrait of, facing 2976; corresponds with Arnold, 2977; meeting with Arnold, 2980, 2981; reaches Tarrytown, 2983; capture of, 2983; trial of, 2986; Washington orders execution of, 2986; efforts to save, 2987; death and burial of, 2987; also note, 2987, 2988. Andrea Doria, American war vessel, 2866. Andrew, John A., governor of Massachu¬ setts, 4686; portrait, facing 4686. Andrews, Richar-d, one of guarantors of Plymouth debt, note, 818. Andros, Sir Edmund, governor-general of New England, succeeds Dudley, 1310; his career in Boston, 1310-1321; govern¬ or of Virginia, 1321; governor of New York, 1431, 1507-1512; on York’s claim to Connecticut, 1432, 1433; portrait of, illus., facing 1438; arrives to take char¬ ter, 1439; failed to take charter, 1440; takes command of Connecticut, 1440, 1441; deposed, 1441; visits Rhode Island, 1470; takes over Rhode Island, 1473; more tactful than James II., 1473; confirms Rhode Island to territorial claims, 1474; sketch of, 1507; rebuffed on Connecticut, 1507, 1508; sent as gov¬ ernor of New York, New Jersey, and New England, 1525; put in place of Dongan, 1529; rule ended by insurrection in Boston, 1532; belongs to departing type, 1635; loyal to sovereign, 1701; serves well as governor of Maryland, 1702; silk culture encouraged by, 3123. Androscoggin river, 793. Angine, Madame, 3462. Anglicanism might be imposed on New England, 890. Anglo-Saxons land in Iceland, 203; com¬ pared to the Vikings, 241; Cabot opens way for, in North America, 438; qual¬ ifications for successful colonists, 2002, 2003. Ann, Cape, settlement on, the germ of Mas¬ sachusetts Bay colony, 791, 792, 862; bought by Cushman and Winslow, 794. Ann, Fort, near the camp of Putnam and Rogers in 1758, 2201; Americans retreat to, 2573 ; American obstructions at, 2576; British evacuate, 2636. Ann, The , colonial ship, brings recruits to Plymouth, 802; takes Winslow to Eng¬ land, 803; brings John Oldham, 806. Annahotaha, Huron chief at Long Saut, 1979. GENERAL INDEX. 9 Annals, Elder Skalholt, mentioned Mark- land, 238. Annapolis, Md., how named and founded, 1090; Gov. Spotswood died at, 1659; mint established at, during restora¬ tion, 1672; becomes capital, 1707; clear¬ ances made from, until 1780, 1712; ova¬ tion to Washington at, 3224; meeting of commercial convention at, 3250, 3251; facsimile of minutes of convention at, facing 3250; members present at, facing 3250; congress and convention at, 3256; threatened in war of 1812, 4039; Burnside’s headquarters at, 4875. Annapolis, Nova Scotia (former name, Port Royal), settled by French, 525- 527; destroyed by Argali, 676; sur¬ renders to. English, 1356, 1543; found¬ ed, 1935; receives Scotch colony, 1939; Charles La Tour at, 1940; French rein¬ stated in, 1941; D’Aunay at, 1943, 1949, 1950 , 1955 - Anne, queen of England, Annapolis named for, 1090; confirms appointment of Gov. Joseph Dudley, 1351; succeeded by George I., 1358; against press-gang in colonies, 1411, 1413; her reign danger¬ ous to colonies, 1447, 1448, 1482; cousin to Lord Cornbury, 1447, 1558; did not favor Nicholson’s plan for consolidating American colonies, 1530; confirms com¬ mission of Lord Cornbury, 1559; well served by Earl of Orkney, 1653; ap¬ pealed to by Carolina disasters, 1800, 1801, 1808. Anne, British ship, brings Oglethorpe to America, 1849. “Annie’s Hoeck,” house of Annie Hutchin¬ son, 1136, 1137. Annus Mirabilis (1666) in London, 1279; saved Massachusetts, 1279, 1280. Anson, Admiral, defeats French, 1409, 1490. Anspach-Bayreuth, England hires subjects of, 2472. Anthony, Susan B., arrested for voting, 5930 . Anthony’s Nose, 2654. Anthracite coal strike of 1902, account of, 5809-5815. Antiamque, winter quarters of De Soto, 475 I Ortiz died at, 476. Anticosti Island reached by Cartier, 511. Antietam, battle of, effect in England, 4938, 5036, 5042-5051; map of battle, facing 5042; view of Dunker church at, facing 5042; followed by the emancipation proclamation, 5058, 5059. Antietam creek, description of, 5042, 5043. Anti-Federalist party, beginning of the, 3300 . Anti-George, French privateer, 3465. Antigua discovered, 323; Balboa at, 383; trading-post, 385; government trans¬ ferred to Panama, 386; declared in re¬ bellion, 1092; Sir George Thomas in, 1266. Antilia, fabulous islands, 275. Antilles restored to France, 3732; United States desires naval base in, 5476. Anti-Masons, William Morgan affair, 4211, 4212: rise of, 4212: carry Vermont in 1832, 4250. Antinomians dreaded by Gov. Winthrop, 1034; Gov. Bull one of, 1475. Antioch, crusaders before, 44. Antiquitates Americans, by Rafn, note, 209. Antosee, sacred town of the Indians, 4038. Antwerp, Van Laet historian in, 566. Aoki, Viscount, the first ambassador from Japan to United States, 5866. Apaches, Indian tribe, portraits, facing 162; atrocities of, 164; depend upon U. S. government for support, 5618. Apalachee, Indian town, 461, 469. Apalachee Bay entered by Narvaez, 460. Apalachi, Indian tribe, in south, 161; roused against English and Spaniards, 1797; exterminated, 1798, 1799. Apalachicola river, boundary between east and west Florida in 1763, 2336. Apia, Samoa, German warships in, 5637; hurricane in, 5639; views of, facing 5640. Apostle to the‘Indians (John Eliot), 892. Appalachian Mountains, 1623; near bound¬ ary of Georgia, 1841; by French con¬ sidered the limit of English possessions, 2002, 2005. Appomattox, Indian tribe, the “Queen” of, orders massacre of colonists, 666; dis¬ possessed by Dale, 669, 672; reclaims its land, 694; Grant and Lee at, 1519; Ber¬ keley’s expedition at, 1624. Appomattox river ascended by Newport and Virginia settled, 633; Henricus founded by Dale above the mouth of, 671; tribe driven from, 672; view of, at City Point, facing 5242; Confederate movements near, 5285, 5288-5290. Appomattox Station, Confederates at, 5291. Aquidneck Island, Gorton at, 919, 1042; British occupy, 2531. Aquia creek, Dunmore at, 2489. Arabia conquered by Islam, 46. Arabic spoken by mariner of Columbus, 306. _ Arabs impress crusaders, 45, 51-54; their 10 GENERAL INDEX. learning, 46-48; mental activity in dark ages, 49; fine weapons, 51; use compass, 65; also gunpowder, 76; introduced to west, 78; westward voyages, 244. Aragon, Ferdinand of, marries Isabella, 18; unifies Spain and conquers Granada, 19; Santangel treasurer of, 291; to have no share in new world, 293; Pope Alex¬ ander VI. born in, 321; Ponce de Leon native of, 387. Arahatec, Indian werowance, 636. Aranbega, note, 524. Aranda, America deserted by, 2556. Arapahoes, Indian tribe, in Colorado, 163; depend on U. S. government for sup¬ port, 5618. Arawaks, natives of West Indies, 152, 153, 323 , 332 , 338 . Arbella, The, John Winthrop’s ship, 877. Arbitration in first Providence constitution, 1024; between Indians and whites, orig¬ inal with Penn, 1198; treaty of Wash¬ ington provides for tribunal of, 5506, 5507; congress on national board of, 5614; British house of commons’ me¬ morial on, 5675; treaty between England and United States on, 5675-5677. Arbuthnot, Admiral, Clinton reinforced by, 2905; Charleston harbor occupied by, 2909; Newport attacked by fleet of, 2970; battle with French fleet, 3068. Arbuthnot, Scotch trader, ordered exe¬ cuted by Jackson, 4109, 4110; English sympathy for, 4111. Archangel reached by Chancellor, 589. Archdale, John, governor of South Car¬ olina, account of province in West’s time, 1767; governor of the Carolinas, 1791-1794; returned to. England, 1794; appoints Blake as his successor, 1794; secures franchise for Huguenots, 1794; on Gov. Johnson, 1806; pleaded for rights of North Carolina colonists, 1807. Archer, Capt. Gabriel, Jamestown colonist, wounded by Indians, 631; urges location up the river, 633, 634; ringleader in faction, text and note, 641; elected by council, 643; plans a democracy, 646, 655; returns to England, 647; arrives again in Virginia, 658; dies, 662. Archer’s creek, site of Ribault’s fort, 480. Archer’s Hopes, peninsula on James river, 634. Arctic seas, voyage of Columbus in, 276, 277; Hudson explores, 548; Drake in¬ tends to sail through, 592. Ardesoif, Capt., in South Carolina, 2936; James’ altercation with, 2936. Area of United States and its possessions in 1905, 5963. Argale’s Gift entitled to representation in house of burgesses, 680. Argali, Sir Samuel, Virginia colonist, tries to exchange interpreters with Indians, note, 534; rapacious governor, 537; tries to expel Dutch from Hudson, 557; captures Pocahontas, note, 645; sends to ascertain good sea-route, 657; reaches Jamestown opportunely, 657; carries dismal news to England, 658; in council under Delaware, 665; prominent in Vir¬ ginia, 673; ordered to drive off French, 673, 676, 725, 1935, 1936; joins faction of Robert Rich, 677, suspended by com¬ pany, 678, 679; promotes future college, 685; his case reviewed by company, 702; vote against company, 705; su¬ perior to Harvey, 713; in council for New England, 789, 797; in French war, 843; dies, note, 843. Argenson, governor of Canada, 1984. Argus, U. S. brig, 3989; captured by the Pelican, 4023. Argyle, Duke of, followers of, settle in Carolinas, 1745. Argyle, Fort, Scotch fort on Ogeechee river, 1864. Ariel, French vessel, Paul Jones sails in, 2896. Ariel, U. S. schooner, 4028. Arikarees, division of Sioux Indians, 163. Arista, Mariano, in command of Mata- moras, 4377; at Palo Alto, 4379; at Resaca de la Palma, 4380; court-mar¬ tialed, 4381; retreats to Linares, 4381. Aristotle teaches that the earth is spherical, 94; estimates size of earth, 96. Arizona, Indians in, 164; territorial gov¬ ernment in, favored by Buchanan, 4573; plan to unite with New Mexico, 5871- 5875 . Ark, The, one of Lord Baltimore’s ships, 1069. Arkansas, Indian tribe, 162. Arkansas, state of, pronunciation, note, 162; Indians in, 162; La Salle’s survivors rescued near, 1997; organized as a ter¬ ritory, 4114; secedes, 4685; Curtis’ army in, 5 I 33 i Confederates driven from, 5139; popular discontent in, 5216; Con¬ federate source of supplies, 5253; Steele in, 5256, 5257 ; Price in, 5257; recon¬ struction in, 5334, 5383, 5388; first se¬ ceding state to return to Union, 5400; ratifies fourteenth amendment to con¬ stitution, 5413. / GENERAL INDEX. 11 Arkansas, Confederate ship, 4898, 4900. Arkansas post, McClernand captures, 5144. Arkansas river reached by La Salle’s sur¬ vivors, 1997; Pike explores, 3759. Arkwright, Sir Richard, 3125. Arlington, Earl of, 1459; receives grant of Virginia, 1610. Arlington, Va., Gen. Wheeler buried at, 5866. Arlington, Fort, Va., 4772. Arlington Heights, Va., threatened by Con¬ federates, 4739; federals fortify, 4740. Armada, Spanish, 286; planned by Philip II., 500; Hawkins took part in destroy¬ ing, 591 ; also Drake, 596; destroyed, 613. Armand, Charles, independent force organ¬ ized by, 2707; at Camden, 2948, 2951, 2954, 2955; criticism of Gates, text and note, 2950, 2953; at the Graney Quarter creek, 2957; dismissal of troops of, 3011. Armand’s “Legion,” Kalb joined by, 2940. Armed neutrality established by chief Euro¬ pean powers, 3064, 3066; its effect on England, 3085; government instructions to Jay on, 3512. Armenians, congressional resolutions re¬ lating to, 5682. Arminianism debated in Leyden, 756. Armistead, Lewis A., led a division in Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg, 5091, 5092. Armisted, Gen. Walker Keith, engaged in Seminole war, 4312. Armour car-line company, 5850. Armstrong, Gov., of Nova Scotia, repri¬ manded for humoring the Acadians as to oath of allegiance, 2112. Armstrong, James, electoral vote for vice- president of, 3326. Armstrong, Gen. John, in expedition on Ft. Duquesne, 2174; on Schuylkill river, 2622; at Germantown, 2631, 2632; in second battle of Saratoga, note, 2650; at Camden, 2948, 2951, 2954; judge of the Northwest Territory, 3197; port¬ rait of, facing 3212; Newburg address drafted by, 3212; expedition of, 3383, 3384; minister to France, 3768, 3805, 3864; on the policy of France toward U. S., 3866; on the embargo act, 3881, 3882; interview with Louis Bonaparte, 3920; Napoleon to, 3920, 3934, 3935; leaves France, 3935; notified Pinkney of the recall of the Berlin and Milan decree, 3937; secretary of war, 4024; divides the country into military districts, 4025; plans vigorous prosecution of war, 4049; difficulties, with his generals, 4052; his plan of campaign, 4053; orders Izard to protect Lake Champlain, 4065; ham¬ pered by Winder in the defense of Washington, 4076. Armstrong’s Pennsylvania militia, Pyles’ Ford guarded by, 2614. Army, U. S., Abenaki soldiers fight in, 1362; condition of, 2467, 2470, 2519, 2527, 2537, 2680, 2681, 2961; standing army dreaded by colonists, 2535, 2968; new system for, 2536; Washington’s enlarged powers over, 2537; size, 2537, 2707, 2961; suffering in, 2678, 2680, 2681, 2965; effect of continental paper on, 2691; history of, 2692; Adams’ army policy, 2692; light infantry tactics, 2706; effect of Von Steuben’s training, 2706, 2707; med¬ ical department of, 2708; Montressor’s comment on cupidity of officers in, note, 2745; desertion and mutiny in, 2902, 2966, 3056; unpaid claims of, 3208, 3218; Washington’s farewell address to, 3223; attempts to reduce, 3439; increase pro¬ posed in, 3494; congress discusses in¬ crease of pay, 3498; increased, 3624, 3662; organization of the army in 1798, 3635; Washington accepts command of, 3635, 3636; new officers for, in 1798, 3637; enlistment stopped, 36y2\ Adams recommends strengthening of the, 3685; congress reduces the, 3717; Madison’s recommendations for, 3901, 3921; Ran¬ dolph attacks, 3901, 3929; Macon on, 3929; R. M. Johnson on, 3929, 3930; increased, 3967; strength of, in 1812, 3978 , 3979 , 3983, 3984, 3996 ; demoraliza¬ tion of, in war of 1812, 4001; reorganiza¬ tion of, in 1812, 4005, 4006; increased (1814), 4047, 4048; intrigues and feuds in 1813, 4052; organization of the army of the Potomac, 4739 , 4747 , 4748 , 4772 - 4774, 4784, 4964, 5003, 5004; congres¬ sional appropriations for, in 1861, 4763- 4770; army of the Potomac, 5009, 5026, 5043, 5056, 5071, 5076, 5086, 5231, 5285, 5286; army of the Virginia, 5009, 5011, 5026, 5028, 5029; condition in 1863, 5067; army of the Tennessee, 5106, 5107, 5122, 5254, 5263, 5273; army of the Ohio, 5107, 5116, 5126, 5252; strength in 1864, 5231; telegram of secretary of war after Lee’s surrender, 5297; number of troops mustered out, 5325; losses during civil war, 5325 ;volunteer troops mustered out, 5325, 5328; reduction of, after civil war, 5326; military power of Johnson transferred to secretary of war, 5371, 5386; Democrats block bill for appro- 12 GENERAL INDEX. priation, 5559, 5560; for military move¬ ments of, see names of wars, as, Civil war. Arnold, Benedict (1640), associated with Gorton, in Rhode Island, 920; tells story of Gorton’s riot, note, 1025. Arnold, Benedict, sketch of, 2432; defies Gen. Wooster’s injunction, 2432; forces the town committee by threats, 2433; arrives at Cambridge, 2433; commis¬ sioned to capture Ticonderoga, 2444; ar¬ rives at Stockbridge, 2444; disputes with Connecticut volunteers, 2444; claims command of Ticonderoga, 2447; capture of St. John by, 2447, 2448; returns to Ti¬ conderoga, 2448; misguided patriotism of, 2469, 2565, 2645; Quebec threatened by, 2476; suffering of troop of, 2476; map of march of, facing 2476; with¬ drawal of, 2477; Plains of Abraham climbed by, 2477; meets Montgomery, 2477; Quebec assaulted by, 2478; wound¬ ing of, 2478; Morgan succeeds, 2478; race for control of Lake Champlain by, 2522; portrait of, facing 2522; fleet built by, 2523; energy of, 2523; at Val- cour Island, 2524; Carleton joins battle with, 2524; Carleton defeats, 2525; self- sacrificing heroism of, 2525, 2567; escape of, 2525; Gates’ attitude toward, 2562; congress’ treatment of, 2564, 2565, 2567; brilliant achievement of, 2564; Washing¬ ton’s treatment of, 2564; disappointment of, 2564; resignation withdrawn by, 2565; Tryon’s retreat cut off by, 2566; at Ridgefield, 2566; facsimile of major- general, commission of, illus., facing 2566; Try on routed by, 2567; country applauds exploits of, 2567; appointed major-general, 2567; refuses command at Peekskill, 2567; appointed commander at Philadelphia, 2567, 2730, 2972; resig¬ nation of, 2567; Washington esteemed by, 2568; fine spirit of, 2568; New England will not accept, note, 2578; re¬ inforces Schuyler, 2579; marches to Ft. Dayton, 2595; Schuyler rejoined by, 2598; position under Gates, 2635 ; country surveyed by, 2637; position at Saratoga, 2639; action at Saratoga, 2640, 2641; Gates’ action angers, 2644; Gates’ spite toward, 2644, 2645; Lincoln and, 26451 Gates humiliates, 2645, 2646; enters second battle of Saratoga, text and note, 2650; battle of Saratoga directed by, 2651, 2653; Gates’ report, 2654; unappre¬ ciated services of, 2667; credit given for Saratoga battle, 2694; Howe dispute over cartel of, 2709; effect of treason of, 2901; treason of, 2972-2988; char¬ acter, 2972; marries Miss Shippen, 2974; Joseph Reed enemy of, 2975, 2976; cor¬ responds with Clinton, 2977; delay in court-martial of, 2977, 2978; meeting with Andre, 2980, 2981; Beverley Robin¬ son’s headquarters of, illus., facing 2980; British reward to, 2981; Wash¬ ington discovers plot, 2985; escape of, 2984, 2985; after life of, note, 2988; ravages in Virginia by, 3030; Washing¬ ton’s plan to capture, 3068; Phillips succeeded by, 3069; Lafayette refuses to recognize, 3069; New London de¬ stroyed by, 3080, 3081. Arnold, William, associated with Gorton in Rhode Island, 920; buys land of Seconoco, 1042, 1043; president of Rhode Island refuses to persecute Quakers and witches, 1053, 1054. Aroostook, federal ironclad, ascends the James, 4920. Arran, Lord, Wm. Penn volunteers under, 1189. Arroyo Hondo, N. M., 3832. Arsenal, U. S., at Lawrenceville, Pa., 2038. Arthur, Chester A., Hayes suspends, 5555; nominated for vice-president, 5565; president, 5571, 5572; cabinet, 5572; por¬ trait, facing 5572; on civil service re¬ form, 5572, 5573; tariff issue leading question under, 5574; vetoes Chinese bill, 5583; vetoes Fitz John Porter bill, 5584 , 5585 . Artillery, accuracy of American, 2508. Articles of confederation, see Confedera¬ tion, articles of. Arundel, Thomas of Wardour, helped to fit out Weymouth’s expedition, 621; patentee of Plymouth council, 744. Arundel and Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of, father of Lord Maltravers, 850; member of New England council, 855; his portion of land, 856; grant given to Maltravers, 858. Aryan race lands on western shores, 3, 201; signification of word, 197; first-born of, in America, 225. Asboth, Gen Alexander, in Fremont’s cam¬ paign, 4723; commands division under Curtis, 4731; at battle of Pea Ridge, 4735 , 4736 .. Asbury, Francis, Wesley appoints, 3112. Ashburton, Lord (Alexander Baring), on Percival’s orders in council, 3864, 3865; on Maine boundary, 4349. Ashburton, Lord (John Dunning), chan¬ cellor of Duchy of Lancaster, 3089. Ashburton treaty, see Treaties, U. S. GENERAL INDEX. 13 Ashby, Capt., capture and hanging of, 2994. Ashe, John, represents dissenters, 1807; Lincoln reinforced by, 2817, 2818; Camp¬ bell’s retreat followed by, 2819; Pre- vost destroys forces under, 2820. Ashland, Clay’s home in Kentucky, illus., facing 4159. Ashland, Va., Warren’s forces at, 4965. Ashley, Lord, 1722; portrait -of, facing 1728; resigns appointment as governor of Carolinas, 1791. Ashley, James M., in house of representa¬ tives, 5334, 5340. Ashley river, first,attempt to found Charles¬ ton on, 1735; named for Earl of Shaftes¬ bury, 1737; Scotch Presbyterians at, 1745; Clinton crosses the, 2909. Ashmun, George, proposes resolution in house attacking the administration’s at¬ titude toward Mexican war, 4419; mem¬ ber of Democratic convention at Chi¬ cago in i860, 4597. Asia, breadth of, according to Toscanelli and Columbus, 279, 281; Cuba thought to be, 310, 312; name of, 371; Columbus hopes to reach, 324, 326, 328, 329, 337; Peter Martyr’s map, note, 358; Cartier seeks route to, 509; Dutch also, 541; Australia company empowered to trade in, 576; sea route to, considered at English court, 587. Asia Minor, 105, 109. Aspinwall, of New York, advises Mc¬ Clellan," 5060. Aspinwall, William, secretary of Provi¬ dence colony, 1032; signer of Pocasset compact, 1035. Assanpink creek, plan to seize bridge at, 2 539l battle at, 2545; triumphal march over, 3329, 3330. Assenisipia, proposed state of, 3162. Assiniboins, division of Sioux Indians, 162. Assistants in government of Plymouth col¬ ony, 836, 837; in that of. Massachu¬ setts Bay, 867, 873; hold much power at one time, 882, 883; Watertown protests against life tenure of, 891, 892; some of their power assigned to general court, 898; prescribe oath of allegiance, 898; hold office for life, 926; struggle over death penalty for Quakers, 934; vote on releasing Newtown, 964; in govern¬ ment of New Haven colony, 993; in Rhode Island, 1035, 1037, 1038. Assyrian empire like Aztec in beginning, 446. Astor, John Jacob, takes up government loan of 1813, 4013; settles Astoria, 4404. Astoria, settlement of, in 1811, 4404. Atchison, David R., president pro tern, of senate, 4514, 4521. Atchison, Kan., founded, 4550. Athapascan, Indian tribes, 163. Athens, latitude of, compared with other cities, note, 280. Atherton, Charles G., denies right of con¬ gress to interfere with slavery, 4319, 4320. Atherton, Humphrey, buys land in Rhode Island, 1056. Atherton company owns land, 1056; claims land on west side of Narragansett Bay, 1454; prefers Connecticut to Rhode Island, 1454; purchase of, declared void, 1460; put down by Andros, 1474. Atkinson, Edward, leader of the Liberal Republicans, 5517. Atlanta, Ga., Stephens calls convention at, 4659; effect of its capture, 5211; the Atlanta campaign, 5253-5270; Sherman’s march, 5259-5264; strategic value of, 5261; converted into a military garri¬ son, 5264, 5265; Confederate fort and Potter’s house, facing 5266; Confederate line, illus., facing 5266; public buildings burned by Sherman, 5271; the march to the sea from, 5271-5284; headquarters of society of the united Confederate • veterans, 5921. Atlanta, Confederate ram, 4859, 4860, 4901. Atlantic cable, laying of, 5485, 5486. Atlantic Monthly, 4691. Atlantic ocean explored by Phoenicians and Greeks, 98; storms of, 106, 408; kitchen- middens on, 139; crossed by Skolnus, 260; by Cousin, 260; Columbus on, 270; Vespucci on, 352; Cartier’s speedy pas¬ sage of, 508; British attempts to settle on coast of, 519; made a boundary of Acadia, 523; passage of, becomes famil¬ iar, 526; European states on, represented by colonies, 575; Massachusetts Bay grant extends from, 865. Atlantis, 115, 235. Attakapas, on Mississippi delta, 162. Attila, Napoleon compared to, 3966. Attiwendaronk destroyed by Six Nations, 159- Atwood’s Key (Samana), 305. Auckland, Lord, see Eden, William. Augur, Gen. Christopher, wounded at Cedar Mountain, 5013. Augusta, Ga., head of navigation, 1878; British plan against, 2809; Campbell captures, 2816; Browne commander at, 2816; Campbell retreats to Savannah from, 2819; British reoccupies, 2820; Cornwallis sends force to, 2914; Brown 14 GENERAL INDEX. commander at, 2921; men hung at, 2993; Clarke’s expedition against, 2994; strength of British in, 3038; Lee in¬ vests, 3049, 3050; arsenal at, seized, 4649; threatened by Sherman on his march to the sea, 5272, 5273; Con¬ federate council at, 5310. Augusta, Me., Plymouth colony post at, 820; visited by Polk and his cabinet, 4417. Augusta, British ship, 2671. Augustin, governor-general of Manila,- re¬ fuses use of telegraph to Dewey, 5723. Aurora, U. S. brig, 3808. Aurora, newspaper, Bache editor of, 3454; attacks Adams’ administration, 3597; Duane editor of, 3609; Talleyrand’s let¬ ter published by, 3624; charged with treason, 3630; on the sedition bill, 3631. Austerfield, Eng., birthplace of William Bradford, 754. Austin, Mrs. Ann, Quaker companion of Mary Fisher, 927. Austin, Moses, obtains concession in Texas, 4274. Austin, Stephen, starts colony in Texas, 4274; imprisoned for treason, 4278. Austin, Tex., view of city, in 1840, facing 4372. * Austral Sea, 576. Australia, parcel post convention with United States, 5753; sends aid to San Francisco, 5879. Australia company established by Gustavus Adolphus, 576. Australian ballot system adopted by the states, 5640. Austria conquered by Napoleon, 3917, 3918; controversy with, over Kossuth, 4492- 4494; attitude in Koszta case, 4523; reciprocity treaty with United States, 5 6 45• Austrian succession, war of, 1385, 1893- i8 95- Avalon, name of Baltimore’s grant in New¬ foundland, 1061. Avavares, Spaniards captives of, 463. Averell, Wiliam W., follows Stuart, 5053;- raids in Virginia, 5247. Averysboro, N. C., Hardee fortifies, 5313. Avignon, pope at, 30. Axacan, Spanish mission in Maryland, 499. Ayala, Pedro de, letter by, concerning Cabot, 436, 437- Ayavalla, Appalachian village destroyed by Moore’s expedition in 1701, 1798. Ayscue, Sir George, commands expedition to America, 1093. Azilia, Margraviate of, 1843, 1844. Azores, parallel of, 298; Columbus at, 315; established as a limit, 320, 322; Cor- tereal governor in, 381; discovered by Prince Henry, 402; Sir Humphrey Gil¬ bert dies near, 603; Lord Delaware touches, 678; in John Smith’s adven¬ tures, 738; Lord Baltimore’s expedition at, 1069. Aztec club, 5912. Aztecs compared to Mandans, 240; civil¬ ization of, note, 256, 338, 445-448; con¬ quered by Spaniards, 448-451; their con¬ federacy, 448, 456, 456; religion, 448; strange dishes, 453; make retribution on Spaniards, 456, 457; overthrown by Cor¬ tes, 459. B. Babcock, J. W., on land fraud investigation, 5967 , 5968. Babcock, Gen. Orville E., aide-de-camp to Grant, 5292; his account of Lee’s sur¬ render quoted, 5293, 5294; secures treaty with Santo Domingo, 5494. Bab-el-Mandab, boundary of Arab learn¬ ing, 46. Babeque discovered by Columbus, 312. Babylon, Philadelphia laid out like, 1214. Babylonian map of earth, 88; concept of earth’s shape, 93. Baccalaos, pretended destination of Rober- val, 515. Bacchus Island (now Island of Orleans), 5il. Bache, A. D., president of advisory board of navy department, 4872. Bache, B. F., edited the Aurora, 3454; publishes Jay’s treaty, 3555; his paper abuses Washington, 3597; assaulted, 3598; charged with treason, 3630. “Backwater Men,” Ferguson awaits the, text and note, 3001. Bacon, Sir Francis, 1615. Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr., commands provincial force in Indian uprising, 1614; sketch of, 1615; denounced by Gov. Berkeley, 1615; denounced as traitor, 1617; called convention, 1617; dies, text and note, 1618; analysis of character, 1618-1620; extract from proclamation, 1619, 1620; owned part of site of Richmond, 1666. Bacon, Roger, inventor of gunpowder, 79, 279; on earth’s size, 280. Bacon, Sir Thomas, 1615. GENERAL INDEX. 15 Bacon Quarter Branch, estate of Nathaniel Bacon, 1614. “Bacon’s Laws” banned by royalists in Vir¬ ginia, 1625. Bacon’s rebellion, Va., 1615-1622; stopped Berkeley’s second exploration, 1625. Badajoz, congress of, Sebastian Cabot at, 441. Badger, George E., secretary of navy under Harrison, 4333; resigns from Tyler’s cabinet, 4346. Baez, Buenaventura, president of San Do¬ mingo, desires annexation to United States, 5494. Baffin, William, tries to find northwest passage, 597. Baffin’s Bay, fish in, 432. Bagdad, sphericity of earth taught at, 95. Bagiev, Ensign Worth, death of, 5727. Bagot, Charles, on naval forces on great lakes, 5870. Bagot-Rush agreement, 5870, 5871. Bahama Islands, San Salvador, 307; com¬ pared with Cuba, 310; described in Spain, 319; de Leon at, 389; left by de Leon, 390; private colony on, 1822; Hopkins sails for, 2864; capture of governor of, 2864. Bahia-Honda, Cuba, U. S. naval station at, 5806. Bailey, Capt. Theodorus, at New Orleans, 4888-4891, 4893. Baily, Dixon, leader of settlers against the hostile Creeks, 4036. Bainbridge, William, commodore of U. S. navy, 3624; mission to Algiers, 3711; portrait, facing 3770; operations against Tripoli, 3771; sent to the Mediterranean, 4 ° 93 - Baird, Absalom, at Missionary Ridge, 5156; at Chickamauga, 5163; his telegram on situation in New Orleans, 5373 , 5403. Baird, Frank W., leader of the Liberal Republicans, 5517 - Baker, E. C., candidate for judge in South Carolina, 5437. Baker, Edward D., declares dissolution of the union impossible, 4449; senator from California, 4769; death, 4769, 4779; at Ball’s Bluff, 4779. Baker, Remember, resolves to capture Ti- conderoga, 2443; at the Winooski, 2447; ordered to Ticonderoga, 2447; assists in capture of Crown Point, 2447. Baker’s tavern, illustration of, facing 3358. Bakewell, Thomas, drew view of New York as it was in 1746, 1594. Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, ill-treated, 368; early life, 382; portrait, facing 382; discovers Pacific, 383; character, 384; persecuted, 385, 386; dies, 386; bent on exploration, 400. Balcarras, Earl of, at the battle of Sara¬ toga, 2646, 2648, 2650, 2652. Bald Hill, attack on, 5023. Baldwin, Abraham, delegate to the Phila¬ delphia convention, 3270; sketch of, 3270. Baldwin, Lieut. J., commander of Wasp, 2866; enters the senate, 3668. Baldwyn, Miss., Confederate forces at, 5108; Price at, 5132. Balfour, Fort, Harden captures, 3039. Balfour, Nisbit, commands at Charleston, 2996; reinforces Nelson’s Ferry, 3008. Ballot introduced in Massachusetts, 897; introduced in America, 1202; given up by Penn, 1202. Ball’s Bluff, Va., battle of, 4779. Balston, William, 1037. Baltic company, Theophilus Eaton member of, 867, 985. Baltic sea, boundary of Arab learning, 46; amphibious character of dwellers on, 115; barbarians on, 202; Swedes the head of sea-power on, 576; English endangered on by death of Gustavus Adolphus, 896; Paul Jones routs the English fleet, 2887. Baltimore, Md., first settlers, 1075; found¬ ing of, 1709, 1710; first lines of stage¬ coaches and sailing-vessels from, 1711; population, 1774, 1712; incorporated, 1712; continental congress sits in, 1712; congress moves to, 2530; early social life, 3126; Fountain Inn, 3136; Light Street Methodist church, 3136; French revolution successes celebrated in, 3456; 1812 war riots in, 3976-3978, 4686-4688; threatened by British in war of 1812, 4039, 4076, 4077; filibustering expedi¬ tions fitted out in, 4105; great bank failure in, 4119; convention nominates Van Buren for president, 4302; Demo¬ cratic convention, 4426; Democratic convention in 1852, 4503-4505; Whig convention in 1852, 4505-4507; adjourned meeting of Democratic convention held at, 4594; Constitutional Union party holds convention at, 4595; held by Con¬ federates, 4688, 4689; Republican con¬ vention at, in 1864, 5195; Gen. Early attacks Wallace at, 5248; Democratic convention at, in 1872, 5520; railroad strike at, 5552; ruins after great fire, illus., facing 5826; great fire, 5826; the new city, 5827; immigrant station, 5980. Baltimore and Ohio railroad system begun, 16 GENERAL INDEX. t 4196, 4197; Porterfield attempts to de¬ stroy, 4742; Rosecrans protects, 4797 ? Confederates plan to destroy, 5032, 5033; guarded by federal troops, 5052; em¬ ployes strike, 5552. Baltimore family, see Calverts. Bancroft, George, secretary of navy under Polk, 4369; minister to England, 4370; his estimate of Polk, 4437, 4438: Bancroft, Richard, bishop of London and archbishop of Canterbury, 754; sup¬ ported James I., 983. Bangor, Me., Champlain visits site of, 524; Indians attacked near, 1370. Bank, first in United States, facing 3402. Bank, U. S., Hamilton’s plan of, 3206; establishment and operation of, 3207, 3208; Hamilton’s report on, 3397, 3398; Hamilton defends, 3398, 3399; objec¬ tions to, 3398, 3399; Monroe, Madi¬ son, Giles and Jackson oppose the, 3399, 3400; Lawrence, Sherman, Ames, and Gerry support, 3400-3402; Washington on, 3402, 3403; Jefferson agreement on, 3402; federal argument on, 3403; organ¬ ization of first, 3403, 3404; success of first, 3404; stockholders and directors of first, 3404; renewal of charter urged, 393 1 5 3932, 3943, 3944 5 congress dis¬ cusses renewal of charter of, 3942; opposition to, 3944-3947; Crawford and Clay arguments on, 3945, 3946; bill to re¬ new charter defeated, 3946; proposed to meet national difficulties, 4048; second bank charter issued, 4095; mismanage¬ ment, and reorganization of, 4116-4119; its growing prosperity, 4140; opposition to, by Jackson’s administration, 4220, 4223; charge of political activity in southern branches unfounded, 4221; criticism of Portsmouth branch not sup¬ ported by Jackson, 4221-4223; new char¬ ter refused Portsmouth branch by Jack- son, 4222, 4223; re-charter opposed by South Carolina legislature, 4223; at¬ tacked by Jackson in message, 4225; upheld by congress, 4226; controversy over, in congress, 4245-4248; facsimile of bond, facing 4246; bill for re-charter vetoed by Jackson, 4248, 4249; unpopular institution, 4249; enters fight against Jackson, 4249; investigation urged by Jackson, 4256; active opposition of Jackson, 4263-4267; hostility to Jackson, 4265-4267; directors reply to Jackson’s paper, 4266; “Removing the deposits,” a political cartoon, illus., facing 4266; attacked by Jackson in message to con¬ gress, 4268; leads in bank struggle against Jackson taken by Clay, 4268, 4269; influence of bank on financial conditions, 4270, 4271; new offenses charged in Jackson’s message (1834), 4271; Ewing’s report, 4342; bill to re¬ charter vetoed by Tyler, 4343; second bill to re-charter vetoed, 4345. Bank and trust company, Columbia, S. C., monopoly of state funds by, 5440. Bank of England, result of war with France, 1347; contributed towards set¬ tlement of Georgia, 1847; protected by Wm. Paterson, 1881. Bank of New York, 3398. Bank of North America, 3398. Bankhead, Fort, Mo., 4829. Bankrupt law, congress enacts, 3672, 3673; bankruptcy act of 1800 repealed, 3771; bankruptcy act of 1898, 5751, 5752. Banks, Gen. Nathaniel P., drives Jackson out of Winchester, 4797; at battle of Kernstown, 4797; defeated at Winches¬ ter, 4798; under Pope in army of Vir¬ ginia, 5007; strength of his corps, 5008; at Culpeper, 5012; at Cedar Mountain, 5013; Pope on Banks’ corps, quoted, 5014; in command at Washington, 5031; at Port Hudson, 5149; in Farragut’s plan against Mobile, 5170; at Frederick, 5184; plan for his capture of Mobile, 5254; defeat at Sabine Cross-Roads, 5258; in Louisiana, 5335. Banks, national, banking act of 1863, 4947; advocated by secretary of the treasury, 5190, 5191. Banks, state, number in 1791-1810, 3944; retirement of notes advocated, 5190. Banks and banking, statistics of progress in, 5965 - Banks’ Ford, Gen. Hooker at, 5079. Baptists, their first church in America, 922, 1922; relieved from taxation, 1447; in Rhode Island in 1739, 1488; in Georgia, before revolution, 1921; history and condition at close of the revolution, 3116. Barataria Bay, La., piratical settlement at, 4078. Barbadoes, Quakers came from, 927, 936; vines removed to, 952; Samuel Parris in, 1330; slaves taken from, to Rhode Island, 1483; Coningsmark dies in, 1499; planters from, settled in North Caro¬ lina, 1719-1721; Sayle’s expedition stops at, 1734; Yeamans retires to, 1740; slaves brought from, to South Carolina, 1742; complains of navigation acts in 1676, 2 353 5 Admiral Rodney at, 3065. Barbary states, piratical seizures of the, GENERAL INDEX. 17 3445, 3446; war with United States, 4 ° 93 * Barbe Marbois, see Marbois, Francois de Barbe. Barber, Dr. Luke, tries to arbitrate in Mary¬ land county, 1105; deputy for Gov. Fen- dall, 1114. Barbosa, brother-in-law of Magellan, 410; killed, 417. Barbour, James, secretary of war, 4169; minister to Great Britain, 4192; super¬ seded as minister to Great Britain, 4220. Barbour, John, speaks of marine compass, 64; of cannon, 80. Barbour, Philip P., elected speaker of the house, 4137. Barcelona, printing-press at, 61; Columbus at, 317, 318. Barclay, appointed to treat with Algiers, 3446 . Barclay, Capt. R. H., British commander in battle of Lake Erie, 4028, 4029. Barebones parliament, Maryland appeals to, 1079; appealed to by Lord Baltimore, io 97 . Barentsen, lieutenant-commissioner, pla¬ cates Mohawks, 559. Barfield, Capt., marines fight with, 2937. Bargrave denounced popular government, 698; objects to government by Mercan¬ tile Co., 709. Baring, Alexander, see Ashburton, Lord. Barlow, Arthur, one of Raleigh’s captains, 605, 607. Barlow, Francis C., at Spottsylvania, 5236. Barlow, Joel, graduate of Yale, 3129; por¬ trait of, facing 3452; promoted Ohio settlements, 3520; attacks President Adams, 3642; minister to France, 3987; death, 4013. Barnaldez, Andros, gives birth-date of Co¬ lumbus, 266. Barnburners managed by Van Buren and others, 4329; secede from Democratic party in 1847, 43 2 9 > influence in New York politics, 4426; oppose extension of slavery, 4430. Barney, Capt. Joshua, portrait, facing 2898; the Hyder Ally commanded by, 2899; fight with the General Monk, 2899, 2900; in charge of gunboats on Chesapeake, 4071 ; his brave fight at Bladensburg, 4073, 4074 . Barnstable settled by Plymouth men, 829. Barnwell, Col. John, expedition against the Tuscaroras in North Carolina, 1814. Barnwell, R. W., South Carolina commis¬ sioner, 4631. Barossa, .British ship, in war of 1812, 4040. Barr, Robert and Alexander, cotton machin¬ ery made by, 3125. Barrancas, Fort, Fla., seized by Jackson, 4110; returned to Spain, 4111; Confed¬ erate states seized, 4649. Barras, Paul Dean de, arrival, 3069; por¬ trait, facing 3612; corruption of, 3612. Barre, Col. Isaac, with Wolfe at Louis- bourg and Quebec, 2235, 2236, 2267; defends colonies in parliament, 2236, 2370, 3086. Barren Hill, Lafayette occupies, 2728. Barron, James, commodore in U. S. navy, commands Chesapeake, 3854-3856, 3872, 3898; court-martialed, 3857. Barron, Samuel, commodore of U. S. navy, reinforces Preble at Morocco, 3772. Barry, Capt. John, his work in the revolu¬ tionary navy, 2866, 2880, 2897, 2898. Barry, Maj. William F., at Bull Run, 4757. Barry, William T., appointed postmaster- general, 4216. Bartholdi, Frederic Auguste, sculptor of statue of liberty in New York harbor, 5 6 i 5 - Bartlett, Josiah, portrait, facing 2500. Basle, council of, 31. Bass, Bishop, 3108. Basset, Richard, member of the Phila¬ delphia convention, 3269; on senate ju¬ diciary committee, 3338. Bastidos, Roderigo, makes expedition, 382. Bastrop, Baron, Burr obtains lands of, 3826, 3828, 3829. Batangas, Philippine Islands, hostilities in, 5746 . Bates, Edward, unsuccessful candidate for Republican nomination in i860, 4596; appointed attorney-general, 4669. Bath, Earl of, William Bourchier, 744. Batiscan river, Quebec, French fleet in, 1759, 2254. Baton Rouge, La., limit of Sioux, 162; captured by Spaniards, 2337; Galvez captures, 2853; taken by revolutionists, 3940; Louisiana seizes arsenal at, 4649; federals occupy, 4895; Confederates at¬ tack, 4897, 4898; flood in, 5664. Batt, Capt. Henry, commands Berkeley’s expedition to Alleghanies, 1623. Batten Kill, Burgoyne at the, 2608, 2637. Battery Park, N. Y., first site of city, 556; stone church on, 1124; peace meeting at, between Indians and Dutch, 1142; Leis- ler occupies, 1547. Battle monument, Baltimore, 1711. “Battle of the Kegs, The,” poem by Francis Hopkinson, 2879, 3119. 18 GENERAL INDEX. Baum, Lieut.-Col. Frederick, at battle of Bennington, 2599, 2600, 2602, 2604, 2605. Baxter, general U. S. army, wounded in battle of the wilderness, 5234. Baxter, George, arbitrator for Dutch in treaty of Hartford, 1013; interpreter for English colonies on Long Island, 1156, II59- Baxter, Thomas, Rhode Island privateers¬ man, 1155. Bay Psalm Book, facsimile, 912; when made, 913. Bay Verte, Nova Scotia, fortified by French, 2118; taken by English, 2120. Bayard, Anna, pleads for Quakers, 1171. Bayard, James A., campaigning for Pinck¬ ney, 3680; Hamilton to, 3688; defends judiciary, 3719, 3720; appointed peace commissioner in war of 1812, 4012, 4045. Bayard, Thomas F., on electoral commis¬ sion in 1877, 5547; secretary of state, 559 °- 5638; ambassador to Great Britain, 5677, 5678. Bayard, William, estates confiscated, 3139. Baylor’s cavalry massacred by Grey, 2760. Bayonets, lack of, during revolutionary war, 2679; Von Steuben teaches use of, 2706; capture of Stony Point effected by, 2706. Bayonne, Martin Pinzon at, 317. Bayonne decree, issued by Napoleon, 3881. Bayou City, Confederate steamer, 4865, 4866. Bayou Pierre, La., Spanish move to, 3831; Burr intercepted at, 3835. Beacon Hill, Boston, note, 879; picture, 880; signal of news of revolution, 1319. Beal, John Y., seizes vessels on the lakes, 5205; arrested and executed, 5206. Bear Bluff, on Edisto river, 1776. Bear Island, limit of Van Rensselaer’s patroonship, 567. Bear Paw Mountains, 5541. Beattie’s Mill, battle at, 3039. Beatty, Gen. John, at Chickamauga, 5163. Beauchamp, John, one of guarantors of Plymouth debt, note, 818. Beaufort, S. C., Ribault’s settlement near, 480; Oglethorpe at, 1849; prevost at, 2818, 2825, 2827; British garrison, 2921; federals occupy, 4877; Monitor ordered to, 4922. Beaufort county, S. C., strike of negroes in, 5446. Beaufort, Confederate gunboat, accom¬ panied the Merrimac, 4915. Beaujeu, Capt. Hyacinthe Marie Louis de, infused French and Indians with cour¬ age to meet Braddock, 2068, 2069, 2081; portrait of, 2068; killed, 2073. Beaumarchais, Pierre A. C. de, Vergennes instructs, 2553; Deane treats with, 2553; Baron von Steuben assisted by, 2705; Washington’s army supplied by, 2762. Beauport (Quebec), French at, 22 37; storming of, not feasible, 2248; Mont¬ calm at, 2260. Beauregard, Gen. P. G. T., brigadier-gen¬ eral, 4661; at Charleston, 4661, 4674, 4675, 4858, 4859; at Manassas Junction, 4744, 4748; plan rejected by Davis, 4744 , 4745 J . at Bull Run, 4750, 4755 , 4762; portrait, facing 4760; telegram on garroting Union prisoners, 5063; his rank and plans, 5095, 5096; Halleck plans to attack, 5097; at Shiloh, 5103- 5105; at Corinth, 5106, 5107, 5133, 5134; turns his command over to Bragg, 5139; near Richmond, 5242, 5246; calls on southern militia, 5274; has a conference with Davis, 5308; disregarded by Sher¬ man, 5310; superseded by Johnston, 5312. Beauregard, Confederate ram, in naval duel, 4840; in battle of Memphis, 4841; fate of, 4902. Beauregard, Fort, S. C., defends Port Royal harbor, 4873. Beau-Sejour, French fort, 2118; taken by English, 2119; rescued, 2120. Beautiful River (Ohio river), text and note, 2011. Beaver, British ship, 1546. Beaver Dam creek, Va., Union base, 4962; battle of, 4977, 4978, 5004. Beckham, Robert F., in command of bat¬ tery at Bull Run, 4758. Beckwith, Maj-Gen. Sir Sydney, attacks Craney Island (1813), 4041; pillages Hampton, 4042. Bedford, Duke of, 1765; Spitalfields riot against, 2360. Bedford, Fort, repels Indian attacks, 2315, 2320. Bedford, Gunning, member of the Phila¬ delphia convention, 3269. Bedford, Pa., English fort, 2007; Washing¬ ton at, 2167, 2168; Howe at, 2512. Bee, Gen. Bernard E., at Bull Run, 4753, 4754; names Jackson “Stonewall,” 4754. Bee, New London newspaper, 3675. Beecher, Henry Ward, death, 5621; presi¬ dent of American women’s suffrage so¬ ciety, 5929. Beef trust, prosecutions against, 5973. Beer, tariff on, 3346. Beers, Capt., runs into Indian ambush, 1292. GENERAL INDEX. 19 Behaim, Martin, astrolabe of, 281. Belcher, chief justice of England, decides that Acadians were rebels, 2122. Belcher, Jonathan, sketch of, 1378; gov¬ ernor of Massachusetts, 1379; of New Jersey, 1380; of New Hampshire, 1380. Belgse, ancestors of Walloons, 555. Belgium, Walloons from, 555. Belknap, William W., secretary of war, 5522 . • Bell, Alexander Graham, experiments with the telephone, 5530; Dolbear disputes with, 5531; organizes Bell telephone company, 5940. Bell, Capt. H. H., proclamation at Gal¬ veston, 4867; at New Orleans, 4885, 4888-4891. Bell, James, nominated for president by Constitutional Union party, 4595; elec¬ toral and popular vote, 4602, 4603. Bell, John, secretary of war under Harri¬ son, 4333, 4334; resigns from Tyler’s cabinet, 4346; introduces resolutions in • senate in 1850, 4473; member of the ‘‘grand committee,” 4474. Bell telephone company organized, 5940; purchase Western Union interests, 5941; drives competitors from the field, 5942; attempts further control after expiration of patent, 5943. Bellamy, in X. Y. Z. plot, 3613. Belle Isle, Strait of, discovered by Cartier, 508; sailed through, 510; Mary of Guil¬ ford reaches, 588. Bellingham, Richard, governor of Massa¬ chusetts Bay colony, 867; eminent law¬ yer, 872; very harsh, 926, 927; forbids Quakers to land, 928. Bellomont, Earl of (Sir Richard Coote), royal governor of Massachusetts, New York, and New Hampshire, arrives in New York, 1349, 1350; dies, 1351; his attempts to quell piracy, 1478-1480, 1553, 1554, 1556; portrait, facing 1552; his burial-place and character, 1558. Bellona, British ship, signals the Leopard, 3855; British ship threatens Norfolk, 3856, 3857. Belmont, Mo., battle of, 4721-4723. Belt, Thomas, prehistoric skull found by, T 4 S- Belvidera, English frigate, Rogers’ engage¬ ment with, 3989. Bemis Heights, fortifications at, 2637, 2638, 2646, 2647; battle of (also called battle of Saratoga), note, 2638. Benjamin, Judah P., portrait, facing 4660; Confederate attorney-general, 4660. Bennett, Richard, Cromwell’s commissioner to Virginia, 722; governor, 722; com¬ missioner to Maryland, 1092, 1094-1096; overturns Baltimore’s government, 1099, 1100; governor of Virginia, 1112. Bennett, Lake, shipbuilding on, illus., fac¬ ing 5682. Bennington, battle of, criticisms on, note, 2580; Schuyler’s supplies at, 2598; plans of raid on, 2599; account of, 2603-2607. Bentinck, William, first earl of Portland, on committee of plantations in 1660, 1417- Bentinck, Wm. H. C., third earl of Port¬ land, premier of England in 1783, 3098. Bentley, Charles E., candidate for presi¬ dent, 5686. Benton, Thomas Hart, quoted in the Loui¬ siana purchase, 3761; predicts that Van Buren will become vice-president, 4241; opposes Clay’s public lands bill, 4245; becomes leader of opposition to bank, 4246, 4247; opposes annexation of Texas by force, 4365; declines commission as lieutenant-general, 4387; attitude on Or¬ egon boundary question, 4406, 4407; opin¬ ion of Calhoun’s resolutions against Wilmot proviso, 4415; his position re¬ garding slavery in territories, 4424, 4425; member of the 31st congress, 4452; his view of the Missouri compromise line quoted, 4453, 4454; altercation with Foote in senate, 4473; opposes compro¬ mise of 1850, 4474; fails of reelection as senator, 4498; failure due to connec¬ tion with compromise of 1850, 4512. Benton, Union steamer, 4833, 4846. Bentonville, N. C., Sherman near, 5313. Berardi, Florentine firm, fitted out Colum¬ bian fleet, 345; Vespucci settled affairs of, 346; note, 351. Berbers rescue Arab sailors, 244. Berdan, Col., at Gaines’ Mill, 4979. Bering Strait traced by Sir John Franklin, 548 . Berkeley, Lord, patentee in Carolina col¬ ony, 1722. Berkeley, George, in Rhode Island, i486; intends to found college in Bermuda, 1486, 1487; portrait of, i486; helps found Redwood library, 1487; writings of, 1487. Berkeley, George Cranfield, commands the British Atlantic squadron, 3854; orders Chesapeake searched for deserters, 3855; recall demanded by United States, 3858; England enthusiastic over, 3861, 3908. Berkeley, John, operates first iron foun¬ dries in United States, 684^ Berkeley, Sir William, governor of Vir- 20 GENERAL INDEX. ginia, civil war with Bacon, 714, 1616- 1621; character, 717; stands by Charles I., 719; harries Puritans, 720, 721; re¬ signs, 722; government after restora¬ tion, 723; degenerates, 724; reinforces Gov. Calvert, 1083; made royal governor of Virginia, 1601; sent to England with address to Charles II., 1603; portrait of, 1606; his government, 1606, 1607, 1610; disbanded force against Indians, 1612; convenes new assembly, 1616; causes reaction against royalists, 1621; censured and recalled by Charles II., 1622; dies, 1622; disapproves of the printing-press, 1622, 1652; writings of, 1623; Dictionary of National Biography on, note, 1623; exploration of Alle- ghanies by, 1623-1625; supported by Col. Beverley, 1630; patentee in Carolina col¬ ony, 1722; empowered to set govern¬ ment of Carolinas in motion, 1723, 1724; hostile towards North Carolina, 1758, 1759; complains of navigation acts as destructive to commerce, 2353; Gen. Prescott, actions compared to, 2754; on silk culture, 3123. Berkshire county, Mass., riots in, 3239. Berlin, McKinley memorial services in, 5791 - Berlin decree, issued by Napoleon, 3848, 3849, 38SB 3863, 3864, 3869, 3876, 3882, 3920, 3934, 3936 - 3938 , 3947 , 3949 , 3955 , 3987 . “Berliner Transmitter” case, 5943. Bermuda City, Va. (later Charles City), built by Dale, 672; almost destroyed by great massacre, 694. Bermuda Hundred, Va., Butler at, 5246. Bermudas, the, Menendez in, 488; fleet of “Third Supply” wrecked on, 658; ships built on, 662; wild swine on, 665; Sir George Somers dies in, 665; in¬ cluded in grant to Virginia, 667, 743; negroes sold in, 682; Capt. Nathaniel Butler governor of, 699; failed to keep charters, 1474; Bishop Berkeley hoped to found college in, i486. Bernard, Francis, governor of Massachu¬ setts, portrait, facing 2360; upholds writs of assistance, 2361; refuses to call gen¬ eral assembly, 2386; quarters troops in Boston, 2390; recalled to England, 2392. Bernard, Montague, British envoy in joint high commission of 1871, 5506. Berrien, John M., appointed attorney-gen¬ eral, 4216, 4217; resigns, 4238, 4239; obtains Tyler’s opinion on bank bill, 4345; member of the “grand committee” in 1850, 4474- Berry, commander of Union brigade, 4968. Bertie county, N. C., description of, 1716. Best, Ellis, in council of Popham colony, 729 - Bethel, Confederate forces at, 5099. Bethlehem, Pa., defended by Moravians against Indians, 2084. Beveridge, A. J., advocates Hamilton state¬ hood bill, 5871. Beverley, Carter, letter on Clay-Adams bar¬ gain, 4189. Beverley, Col. Robert, of Virginia, hunts down leaders of Bacon’s rebellion, 1620; imprisoned, 1630. Biard, Father, tells story of Popham col¬ ony, note, 731. Bible, the, disbelief in, punished by law in North Carolina, 1806. Biblia Pauperum first complete printed vol¬ ume, 56. Biddeford founded by Richard Vines, 739, 791, 847. Biddle, Capt. James, portrait, facing 4088; in command of the Hornet, 4089. Biddle, Capt. Nicholas, his work in the U. S. navy, 2866, 2877; his fate, 2877, 2878. Biddle, Nicholas, financier, becomes presi¬ dent of the national bank, 4141; portrait, facing 4220; president of Portsmouth branch of bank of the United States, 4221-4223; tries to gain Jackson’s con¬ sent to re-charter of bank, 4245, 4246; uses copies of Jackson’s veto of re¬ charter of bank as campaign literature, . 4249 - Bidwell, John, Prohibition nominee for president, 5648. Bienville, Celeron de, tries to establish French colony at mouth of Mississippi, 1998; sent to take possession of Ohio country for France, 2010, 2015, 2017, 2022, 2023. Big Bethel, Va., battle of, 4746, 4747. Big Black river, battle near, 5406, 5407. Big Bottom, Indian outrages at, 3410. Bigelow, John, plans the centennial ex¬ position, 5526. Billerica, Essex, English home of Christo¬ pher Martin, 764. Billings, Liberty, candidate for governor of Florida, 5460. Billingsport, N. J., redoubt at, 2626; with¬ drawal of garrison from, 2668. Billington, John, behaves ill at Plymouth, 834 - Biloxi, Miss., Indian attacks on, 162; French fort built at, by d’Iberville, 1998. Bimetallism, Cleveland appointed a com¬ mission to establish, 5682, 5683; split GENERAL INDEX. 21 in Republican party over, 5687; in Democratic platform of 1896, 5689; na¬ tional silver party on, 5692. Bimini Island sought by de Leon, 387, 390, . 392 . Bingham, on house committee for the im¬ peachment of President Johnson, 5406. Bingham, Capt., commander of the Little . Belt, 3953. Birds, Island of, seen by Cartier, 508, 510. Birney, James G., candidate of Liberty party, 4364; at Fair Oaks, 4970. Biscay, Bay of, Martin Pinzon in, 317"; exploits -of United States brig Reprisal in, 2870, 2871; Paul Jones cruises in the, 2896. Bishop, Abraham, speech of, 3709. Bishop, Bridget, executed for witchcraft, . I 33 S- Bishop, Edward, and wife accused of witch- . craft, 1334, 1335. Bishop, Samuel, appointed collector of New Haven, 3708, 3709. Bishop of London accused Lord Baltimore of upholding immorality, 1686; and de¬ sires to enforce Church of England in America, 1687. Bishopric, Anglican, forced on colonies, 1761-1766, 2363; why disapproved, 2364. Bismarck, Prince von, meets U. S. envoys on Samoan difficulties, 5639. Bissell, Col. J. W., at New Madrid, 4830; canal of, at Island No. 10, 4834, 4835. Bissell, Wilson S., postmaster-general, 5648. Bissels in Dutch land syndicate, 569. Bitter Root Mountains, 3757. Bitter Root river, Mont., 3758. Bjarne finds America, 206, 207, 209, 210. “Blackbeard,” the pirate, 1822. Black, Jeremiah S., attorney-general, 4564, 4613; succeeded by Stanton, 4631; coun¬ sel for Johnson in impeachment proceed¬ ings, 5407. Black Friday, Sept. 24, 1869, known as, on account of financial panic, 5511, 5512. Black Hawk war, 4250-4254. Black Hills, Dak., gold discovered in, 5515. Black Prince, English merchant ship, 2864. Black river, Wis., Wyandots on, 2298; Wemyss outrages on, 2995. Black Rock, N. Y., British vessels in the harbor of, 3997; projected attack on, 4000, 4001; burned by the British, 4056; Drummond defeated at, 4064; Freneau at, 5483- Blackstocks, battle of, 3010. Blackstone, William, settled at Shawmut (Boston), 796, 890; annoyed by Merry- Mount, note, 823; dealings with Massa¬ chusetts Bay colony, 880; good influence in Rhode Island, 1022, 1023; estate ravaged by Indians, 1287; died, 1287, 1288. Black Swamp, Moultrie at, 2820. Blackwall, Eng., Virginia colonists sailed from, 631. Black Warrior, U. S. merchantman, ar¬ rested in Havana, 4549. Black Warrior river reached by de Soto, 474 - Blackwell, Capt. John, deputy governor for Wm. Penn, 1228, 1229. Blackwell's Island, N. Y., bought by Van- twiller, 1120, 2518. Bladensburg, battle of, 4072, 4074. Blaine, James G., justification of Mexican war, 4401, 4402; opinion concerning Wilmot proviso quoted, 4410, 4411; trib¬ ute to John Quincy Adams, 4422, 4423; candidate for president, 5543, 5544, 5589, 5646; amendment to bill removing po¬ litical disability, 5557; portrait, facing 5566; secretary of state, 5567, 5570, 5624; retires from office, 5572. Blair, Mrs., congress allows pension, 5614. Blair, Francis P., Jr., keeps Missouri from seceding, 4685, 4703, 4704, 4712; quarrel with Fremont, 4727; disliked by Chase, 5195, 5196; with Sherman, 5317; can¬ didate for vice-president, 5414. Blair, Francis P., Sr., establishes Globe as Jackson’s organ, 4234; editor of Globe, 4370; interview with R. E. Lee, 4700, note, 4701; passes through the Union lines, 5225; a personal friend of Davis, 5225, 5226. Blair, James, founder of William and Mary college, note, 1633, 1634; invited White- field to preach, 1662; work of, 3127. Blair, John, member of Philadelphia con¬ vention, 3264; sketch of, 3264; justice of the supreme court, 3339. Blair, Montgomery, postmaster-general, 4669, 4727; opposes McClellan’s ap¬ pointment, 5030; objects to emancipa¬ tion proclamation, 5059; disliked by Chase, 5195; at National Union conven¬ tion, 5376. Blake, Joseph, governor of Carolinas, ad¬ ministrates affairs wisely, 1794-1796. Blake, Robert, English admiral in war with Holland, 1016; portrait, 1144. Blake, U. S. ship, 5658. Blakely, Fort, taken by federal forces in siege of Mobile, 5283. Blanca, Florida, Spanish foreign minister’s advice on French-American league, 2845 \ comments, 3067; fears insurrection. 22 GENERAL INDEX. 3090; proposition to England regarding U. S. boundary, 3850. Blanco, Gen. Ramon, Spanish officer, por¬ trait, facing 5706; calls loyal Cubans to arms, 5717. Bland coinage bill, 5563. Bland, Richard, in first continental con¬ gress, 2409. Bland, Richard B., author of the Bland bill, 5563- . ' Bland, Theodorick, proposals regarding U. S. lands, 3157, 3159. Blaney, Capt., conveys Jay’s treaty to the United States, 3544. Blasphemy laws in Virginia, 1642; com¬ pared with “Blue Laws,” 1642. Blenker, Gen. Louis, under command of Fremont, note, 4726; brigade command¬ er, 4748; at Centreville, 4760; retreat at Bull Run, 4762. Blennerhassett, Harman, illus. of mansion, facing 3820; Burr visits, 3820; replies in Ohio Gazette, 3829; at Lexington, 3829, 3830; flight of, 3834; Burr joins, 3834; indicted for treason, 3841; facsimile of letter to wife, facing 3844; facsimile of circular, facing.3844; later life, 3845. Blennerhassett Island, Ohio river, Burr at, 3820, 3827. Blessing of the Bay, ship, sailed from Mas¬ sachusetts to New Amsterdam, 955. Bliss, Cornelius N., secretary of the in¬ terior, 5695; candidate for vice-presi¬ dent, 5770. Block, Adriaen, explores North American waters, 549; explored Hell Gate and Long Island Sound, 550; said to have named Rhode Island, 550; goes to Hol¬ land to report, 551; Dutch claim to Connecticut rested on, 953. Block Island perhaps visited by Verrazano, 505; named by Adriaen Block, 550; Oldham murdered near, 970, 971; cap¬ tured by French fleet, 1476; Paul Jones’ achievements near, 2868. Blockade, Cuban, by United States, 5715, 5716, 5727, 5736. Blockade, Union, Lincoln’s proclamation on, 4848-4850; on Atlantic coast, 4850- 4858, 4879; running of, 4850, 4852, 4868- 4870; at Mobile, 4861-4865. Blommaert, Samuel, associated with Godyn in patroonship on Delaware Bay, 565; with Von Rensselaer and others, 566; land held by, 569; manor destroyed, 571; Swedish consul-general at Amster¬ dam, 578; interested in founding New Sweden, 578, 579. Bloodhounds brought by Spaniards, 466. Bloody assizes of James II. alarm colonies, 1531 . Bloody Brook, Mass., Indian ambush at, 1292; massacre at, 1353. “Bloody Run,” near Detroit, named from Pontiac’s atrocities, 2296, 2305, 2306; Dalzell caught in Indian ambush at, 2303, 2305. Bloomfield, Gen. Joseph, brigadier in war of 1812, 3980; in command at Philadel¬ phia, 4060. Bloomingdale, 2518. Blount, governor of Tennessee, called upon to furnish troops, 4033. Blount, James H., commissioner to Hawaii, 5654-5656. Blount, William, delegate to the Philadel¬ phia convention, 3270; appointed gov¬ ernor of southwest territory, 3389, 3530, 353 1 1 Spanish-American filibustering expeditions prevented by, 3477; sketch of, 3531; enters the senate, 3534; leader of plot to invade Louisiana, 3605, 3606; attempts to impeach, 3607-3609; expelled from senate, 3608; death of, 3608. Blue Island, Ill., strike at, 5670. Blue Jacket, Shawnee Indian chieftain, 3413. “Blue Laws” compared with laws in Vir¬ ginia, 1642. , Blue lodges, secret pro-slavery orders in Kansas, 4550. Blue Mountains, Franklin’s military service among, 2083; Montcalm’s men surprised near, 2190. Blue Ridge, Va., Spotswood crosses the, 3145; in civil war, 5036, 5053. Bluestone river, Gist on, 2026. Board of admiralty in New York sell Spanish negroes as slaves, 1575; of Car- olinas, condemns derelicts found by Blackbeard, 1824. Board of commissioners for Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, Maine, and Rhode Island, 1308. Board of trade and plantations, Great Brit¬ ain (entitled board of trade prior to 1695), objects to sending Quakers to America, 1192; sends out Edward Ran¬ dolph to investigate conditions in New England, 1436; disapproves Burnet’s effort to suppress Canadian-French trade, 1566; refuses land grant on Ohio, 2765; privy council reverses decision of, 2765. Board of war and ordnance denounces charges against Arnold, 2565; plans at Ticonderoga, 2569, 2570; account of or¬ ganization, 2692; reorganized, 2696; Gates president of, 2699; Canadian ex- GENERAL INDEX. 23 pedition planned by, 2702; ignores Washington, 2702; Gates and Mifflin retire from, 2704. Bobadilla, Beatriz de, pleads for Columbus, 292. Bobadilla, Francisco de, supersedes Colum¬ bus, 333; violence of, 334; puts Colum¬ bus in irons, 334, 335; repudiated, 336; sent home, 337; drowned, 338. Boccaccio born in Florence, 344. Bodleian library owns chair made from the Pelican, 596. ‘‘Body* of Liberties,” Ward’s constitution of Massachusetts Bay colony, 911. Bogardus, Dominie, offended Kieft, 1124; protested against Pavonia massacre, 1134 - Boggs, C. S., commands the Vanina in Far- ragut’s fleet, 4889. Bohemia, Moravians in, 1865. Bojador, Cape, bounded by Prince Henry, 402. Bo j ados, Gonzalo de, explored Pacific coast, 386. Bolingbroke, Lord, warned of colonial in¬ dependence by Gov. Hunter, 1563, 1564. Bolivar, Simon, desired union of North and South America, 4172; hero to people of United States, 4172, 4173; portrait, facing 4172. Bolivar, Miss., Ord at, 5134; McPherson at, 5141-. Bolivar Heights, federal troops at, 5037, 5038 . Bollman, Eric, arrested for treason, 3833; granted writ of habeas corpus, 3836; at Burr trial, 3838, 3841. Bologna, university of, sphericity of earth taught at, 95. Bombay Hook, limit of first purchase for New Sweden, 579. Bompard, Citizen, commander of the Em- buscade, 3472. Bonaparte, Marquis of, Napoleon so called by a history of France, note, 1623. Bonaparte, Charles A., succeeds Morton as secretary of the navy, 5821. Bonaparte, Joseph, negotiates treaty with United States, 3730; on Spanish throne, 3939 - Bonaparte, Louis, king of Holland, refuses to close ports of Holland, 3920. Bonavista, Cape, landfall of Cartier, 508. Bonham, Milledge L., at Bull Run, 4760. Bonhomme Richard, U. S. ship, J. Paul Jones commands, 2883; description of, 2883, 2884; cruise of, 2883, 2887; fight with Serapis, 2888-2894. Bonne Citoyenne, British sloop-of-war, 4020, 4021. Bonython, Richard, founder of Saco, 950. Book, first in America, 913; first books published in Philadelphia, 1221. Book of common prayer used by part of Massachusetts Bay colony, 870. “Book of Memorable Providences,” by Cot¬ ton Mather, described witch trials, 1332. “Book of Prophecies,” by Columbus, 270. Boone, Daniel, sketch of, 2766, 2767; por¬ trait of, facing 2766; Rebecca Bryan, wife of, 2766; views of cottage, facing 2766; in Kentucky, 2767; massacre of party, 2768; made captain of border militia, 2771; founds Boonesboro, 2776; delegate to Kentucky convention, 2777; lieutenant-colonel under Todd, 2794; removal to Boonesboro, 2794; relieves Bryan’s Station, 2800; fight with Ind¬ ians at Licking Ford, 2800-2803; ac¬ companies Clark’s expedition, 2804; a typical pioneer, 3190, 3191. Boone, Joseph, carried the appeal of North Carolina dissenters to house of lords, 1807. Boone, Squire, death of, 2794. Boone family, pioneers, <2016. Boonesborough, Ky., founded, 2776; first leg¬ islative assembly at, 2776; convention for independence held at, 2777; becomes Kentucky’s capital, 2778; Boone’s re¬ moval to, 2794. Boonsboro, Md., Hill’s division at, 5036; see at 5042. Boonville, Mo., battle of, 4711, 4712. Booth, John Wilkes, assassinates Lincoln, 5300; escape and death, 5301, 5302. Bordeaux, parliament of, 9; embargo at, 3577 , 3578 . Bordentown, N. J., Donop at, 2530. Border settlements, Indian wars in, 2768- 2771. Border states defy Lincoln’s proclamation, 4684. Border warfare, 2791, 2793-2795, 2838, 2840. Borgia, Roderigo, see Alexander VI., pope. Borgne, Lake, naval battle on, 4080. Borie, A. B., secretary of the navy under Grant, 5419. Borie, Adolph E., secretary of the navy, 5521, 5522 . Borneo, remnant of Magellan’s fleet sails to, 417. Boscassi, Angelo, curator of Columbian documents, note, 292. Boscawen, Admiral, attacks French fleet, 24 GENERAL INDEX. 2059, 2060; at Halifax, 2166; at Louis- bourg, 2184; thanked by house of com¬ mons, 2186. Bosomworth, Rev. Thomas, married Mary Musgrove, 1924; defies law against slaveholding, 1924, 1925; makes absurd claim in wife’s name, 1925, 1926, 1930, 1932. Bossi describes battle of Columbus, 270. Boston, Mass., Leif Ericsson on site of, 213, 229; Verrazano lands near, 506; harbor missed by Champlain, 525; first English settlers in, 777, 797; “Familists” in, 847; contributes to Massachusetts Bay colony, 868; largest settlement in Massachusetts Bay colony, 879, 880; picture of Trimountain, 880; Louisbourg square, 880; preferred to Cambridge, 881; named, 882; Miantonomo enter¬ tained at, 886, 1007; Watertown people meet Winthrop at, 892; John Cotton rector of St. Botolph’s, 893; recognized at capital, 893; prepared to fight English in 1634, 896; affairs of colonial govern¬ ment, 896-899; takes part in represen¬ tative government, 897, 898; Roger Will¬ iams, 899-903; Anne Hutchinson, 905- 907; Hutchinsonians secure arms, 909; “Body of Liberties” prepared, 910; growth of city, 912; Harvard college founded, 912; printing and shipbuilding, 913; Cambridge platform prepared, 918; ministers decline to answer Baptist preacher, 922; efforts to put down Quakers, 927-944; Mary Dyre hanged on Boston Common, 939, 940; first Dor¬ chester company to Connecticut returns, 961; Pequots send embassy to, 969; Pe- quot expedition returns, 972; Narragan- setts send embassy to, 973; friction with Connecticut, 1003; conference on Mian¬ tonomo and the Narrangansetts, 1009; early capitalists, 1283; King Philip’s war, 1286; puts down abrogation of colonial charter, 1303; Old South meet¬ ing-house, 1314, 1338; puts down Stuart, governor, after English revolution, 1319- 1321; reverts to old government, 1321; held first place in the new world in 1690, 1324; population in 1324, 1350; treaty of Ryswick proclaimed in, 1349; customs of, avoided by Rhode Island smugglers, 1350; expedition against Aca¬ dia, 1356; smallpox in, 1357; liberty tree in, note, 1390; fortifications at, note, 1402; threatened by French armada, T404; press-gang riot, 1411-1414; Sir Edmund Andros arrived, 1439; trade centre, 1483; larger than New York, 1504; seat of government by Andros, 1529; sends fleet against Quebec, 1544; Capt. Kidd, 1556; visited by Gov. Burnet, 1567; compared with New York in colonial times, 1597; attack on d’Aunay, 1949, 1950; receives Tour’s propositions of sharing Acadia, 1952- 1954; receives Friar Marie as envoy, I 955 1 Gage in, at outbreak of revolution, 2056; quarrels over billeting soldiers, 2161, 2162, 2390; subscribes generously for Canada expedition (1757),* 2165; New England Courant published in, 2347; first stage-coach route, 2348; a centre of trade before revolution, 2349; sends Otis to general assembly, 2362; protests against stamp act, 2367; riots over stamp act, 2374; convention (1768), 2390; state house occupied by British soldiers, 2390; comes in collision with British garrison, 2392, 2396; facsimile of newspaper account of massacre, fac¬ ing 2394; the “tea-party,” 2403-2405; port bill, 2406; receives Gen. Gage with respect (1774), 2407; under military con¬ trol of Gage, 2410, 2415; plan of siege, map facing 2425; British returns to, 2430; militia forms a cordon around, 2432; patriots refuse to clear vessels, 2436; Washington’s plans, 2480; Han¬ cock assented to burning, 2480; Wash¬ ington before, 2481; British evacuate, 2483; Washington enters, 2483; Bur- goyne’s army at, 2666; American sailors’ fracas with French seamen, 2759; part taken by the navy at the siege, 2859, 2862; British riding-school in Old South church, 2917; description of, at close of the revolution, 3142, 3143; convention regarding union of states, 3202, 3238; general court during 1786 and 1787, 3239; rejoicing over the adoption of the constitution, 3318, 3319; Washington’s reception, 3358; celebrates French revo¬ lution successes, 3457; effect of Jay’s treaty, 3556; illustration of upper end, facing 3696; on violation of American commerce, 3809; attitude toward Ches- apeake-Leopard affair, 3857; opposes the enforcement act, 3887; declaration on the Baltimore riots, 3978; abolition riot, 4292; abolition meeting at Fanueil Hall, 4315; visited by Polk and his cab¬ inet, 4417* rescue of Shadrach, a negro slave, and attempted rescue of Sims, 4490, 4492; reception of Webster in 1852, 4510, 4511; attempted rescue of Burns, GENERAL INDEX. 25 fugitive slave, 4544, 4545; draft riots in, during 1863, 5183; conflagration of 1872 in, 5513, 5514; prosperity follows fire in, 5514; aided San Francisco, 5878; raid on Chinese quarters, 5904; Young Men’s Christian Association founded in, 5924, 5925; immigrant station, 5980. Boston, British ship, fights with the Em - buscade, 3472. Boston Centinel, newspaper, 4091, 4101. Boston Columbian Centinel, 3896, 3900. Boston, U. S. man-of-war, 5631. Boston, U. S. ship, work of, 2878, 2881; loss of, 2896; built at Newburyport, 3 11 8. Botetourt, governor of Virginia, opposes as¬ sembly, 2391. Botts, John M., leads attack on Giddings resolutions, 4355. Boudinot, Elias, commissary-general of prisoners, 2709. Bougainville, de, aide-de-camp of Mont¬ calm, 2136, 2243, 2254, 2261, 2262. Boundaries, U. S., Spanish schemes con¬ cerning, 2847-2850; John Jay and Gou- verneur Morris on, 2848; those proposed at close of revolution, map showing, facing 3094; claims of congress, 3150, 3151; states cede western lands to fed¬ eral government, 3153-3157; as settled by treaty with Spain in 1792, 3535, 3563; northeastern boundary in 1798, 3641; map showing the expansion of the United States, facing 3750; dispute over Louisiana, 3752, 3753, 3764, 3766, 3943; between the United States and Canada (1815), 4089, 4112, 5510; map of, under Ashburton treaty, facing 4350; treaty on Alaska and Canada, 5677. Bounties offered to recruits, 2536, 2537, 2544; to German deserters from British army, 2550; congress grants, 2691, 3152; land grants for, 3158. Bouquet, Col. Henry, en route to Duquesne, 2168; sends Grant to defeat, 2169, 2171; ancestry and career, 2320; expedition to Ft. Pitt, 2320-2325; stamps out Ind¬ ian war, 2326. Bourbons, false account of, during Napo¬ leonic period, note, 1623. Boutwell, George S., on house committee for the impeachment of President John¬ son, 5406, 5407; secretary of the treas¬ ury under Grant, 5419; secretary of the treasury, 5511, 5512, 5521, 5522; on silver coinage, 5562. Bowditch, Nathaniel, 3118. Bowen, C. W., 5627. Bowen, Francis, on coinage of silver, 5562. Bowie, James, death of, 4281. Bowles, William, 3393. Bowling Green, Ky., Buckner occupies, 4806; capital of southern Kentucky, 4809; importance as military centre, 4812, 4813; Buell’s army at, 5124, 5125; Union success at, 5139. Bowman, Capt., Cahokia captured by, 2781. Bowyer, Fort, Mobile Bay, map showing plan of attack on, facing 4078; attacked by the British (1814), 4079; surrendered to British, 4087. < Boxer movement in China, 5773-5783. Boycott, law of, 5893, 5894; prohibited in Illinois and Wisconsin, 5896; China boy¬ cotts American goods, 5904. Boyd, North Carolina Tories commanded by, 2816; routed by Pickens, 2817; death, 2817. Boyd, Gen., at Ft. ^Harrison, Ind., 3961; defeated by British at Chrysler’s farm, 4054 .. Boyd, Lieut, falls into ambush, 2841. Boyd, Linn, speaker of the house, 4409; presides over house in 33d congress, 4524 . Boyle, John, one of the managers in the Chase impeachment trial, note, 3788. Boyle, Robert, endows William and Mary college, note, 1633, 1634, 3127. Boylston, Dr. Zabdiel, introduces inocula¬ tion in Boston, 1357; fellow of Royal society, 1358; related to Adams family, note, 1358. Bracken, English clergyman, 3108. Brackenridge, Judge H. H., leader in whis¬ key rebellion, 3509, 3510, 3512, 3677. Bradbury, James W., influence in Demo¬ cratic convention in 1852, 4504. Braddock, Gen. Edward, not aided by Quakers, 1240; defeated near Frazier’s house, 2038; saved by Virginia com¬ panies, 2039; sketch of, 2055, 2081; his regiments and officers, 2056; con¬ ferred with colonial governors, 2057; map of march, facing 2058; warned as to Indians by Franklin and Washington, 2063, 2064; plan of battlefield, 2072; defeat of, 2072-2080; funeral rites of, 2080. Braddock’s field, meeting at, 3510, 3511. Bradford, David, leader in whiskey riots, 35 ° 9 - Bradford, William, governor of Plymouth, makes treaty with natives, 538; claims New Amsterdam, 558; one of Pilgrim company, 762; governor of colony, 778; 26 GENERAL INDEX. inaugurates Thanksgiving, 778; replies to Weston’s abuse, 779; incident of conscience on Christmas day, 780; re¬ monstrates against pillaging Indians, 785 ; pacifies Gorges, 789; quoted, 789, 795, 821; note on Pilgrims’ landfall, 798, 800; second wife of, 802; assistants assigned to, 803; detects plot by Lyford, 807, 809, 810; one of eight to assume colony’s debts, note, 818; trustworthy account of Merry-Mount, 822; favors removal to Connecticut, 829, 955; sells his rights to the colony, 835; offices held, 836; picture of monument and signature, 838; dies, 839. Bradford, William, jurist, appointed attor¬ ney-general, 3501. Bradford, William (Quaker printer), sets up first printing-press in Philadelphia, 1220; facsimile of pamphlet by, facing 1220; builds paper-mill, 1221; arrested for libel, 1221, 1237; established first printing-press in New York, 1221, 1552; account of his controversy with Van Dam and Zenger, 1569, 1572; issues newspaper in mourning for stamp act, 2378. Bradford, Yorkshire, Eng., public rejoicings at, over Lincoln’s emancipation procla¬ mation, 5064. Bradley, Joseph P., on the electoral com¬ mission, 5547. Bradstreet, Col. John, in seven years’ war, 2140, 2141; distinguished at Louisbourg, 2140; protects communication through Iroquois country, 2140, 2141; brilliant work in 1758. 2194, 2199; his expedi¬ tion against Ft. Frontenac, 2210-2213; attempts to stamp out Pontiac war, 2326. Bradstreet, Simon, member of Massachu¬ setts Bay colony, 874; arbitrator for English, in treaty of Hartford, 1013; Massachusetts’ representative in London, 1277; governor opposes Randolph, 1303; made president of the council in Boston, 1321; ordered to release Andros, 1532; joins in “Ipswich letter,” 1948. Brady, Thomas J., indictment against, 5586. Bragg, Gen. Braxton, at Corinth, 5095, 5096; at Shiloh, 5100, 5102; confers with Beauregard on evacuation of Corinth, 5107; plans to delay Buell, 5115; suc¬ ceeds Beauregard, 5116, 5139; in Ken¬ tucky, 5117, 5125; at Murfreesboro, 5126, 5 T 5 I- 5 I 54 ; on Missionary Ridge, 5155- 5157; portrait, facing 5160; at Chatta¬ nooga, 5160-5162, 5164; at battle of Chickamauga, 5163, 5164; succeeded by Johnston, 5259. Brahmanical temple in Calicut, 404. Brainerd, David, preached to Indians, 1224, 1225. Braintree, Mass., Adams retires to, 3689. Bramble, British schooner, bears offer of peace negotiations, 4044. Branch, John, appointed secretary of the navy, 4216, 4217; resigns, 4238, 4239. Branch, Gen. Lawrence O’B., Confederate general, 4964; killed at Antietam, 5048. Brandenburg, Ky., Morgan at, 5119. Brandywine creek, Washington near, 2613; Howe’s movements at, 2614; Washing¬ ton’s manoeuvres at, 2614, 2616; flanking tactics at, 2615; Knyphausen’s move¬ ments at, 2615; battle of, 2615-2621; plan of the battle, facing 2616. Branford, Conn., part of New Haven col¬ ony, 958; how settled, 993; will not sub¬ mit to union wth Connecticut, 1428; inhabitants removed to Newark, 1428; meeting-place of ministers for founding Yale college, 1444. Brant, Joseph, Indian chief (Thayendan- egea), ravages border settlements, 1516; sketch of, note, 2586; portrait, facing 2586; Herkheimer intercepted by, 2588, 2589; Mohawks desert, 2635; headquar¬ ters at Ft. Niagara, 2749; at massacre of Cherry valley, 2760-2762; raids, 2839; destroys Minisink, 2839; captures Free¬ land’s Fort, 2839; ravages Mohawk val¬ ley, 2843; English censured by, 3529. Brant, Molly, sister of the Mohawk sachem, 1592 . Brattle, Thomas, opposed witchcraft delu¬ sion, 1337. Bravo-Murillo, Juan Gonzalez, surrenders Chapultepec, 4399. Brawnde, Edward, goes to Cape Cod for pearls, 739. Braxton, Carter, portrait, facing 2500; leads states rights party, 3231. Brazil assigned to Portugal, 322; Baron de Varnhagen, of, note, 346; Vespucci claims to have explored, 364; name at first denoted America, 371; discovered by Cabral, 378; its destiny, 404; British mariners search for, 436; Sebastian Cabot’s fictitious voyage thither, 438; his real one, 441; suggested as field for Swedish colonization, 577; reciproc¬ ity treaty with the United States, 5645. Brazos Santiagos, Tex., last conflict of the civil war at, 5323. GENERAL INDEX. 27 Brearly, David, member of the Philadelphia convention, 3268. Brebeuf, Father, influenced development of Canada, 1934; studied Indian dialects in Canada, 1981; established mission among Hurons, 1963; at Ihonatiria, 1963, 1964; tortured to death by Iroquois, 1971. Breck, Capt., captures the Ella and Emma, 4869. Breckenridge, John, on Kentucky resolu¬ tions, 3646; attacks the law of the ju¬ diciary, 3717, 3718; attorney-general, 3803; death, 3803. Breckenridge, John Cabell, secures presi¬ dent’s approval of repeal of Missouri compromise, 4533; Democratic nominee for vice-president, 4560; nominated for president by seceding Democrats, 4594; electoral and popular vote, 4602, 4603; on states rights and slavery, 4768; at Shiloh, 5102; portrait, facing 5104; con¬ fers with Beauregard on the evacuation of Corinth, 5107; in command at Mur¬ freesboro, 5125; besieges Nashville, 5125, 5126; defeated Sigel, 5247; offers to disband the Confederate army, 5317. Breda, peace of, formally cedes New York to English, 1498; broken by Charles II., 1500; returns Acadia to France, 1 957 - Breed’s Hill, fortifications at, 2457. Breitenfeld won by Gustavus Adolphus, 891. Bremen, Adam of, writes “Ecclesiastical History,” 234. Bremen, U. S. steamship, in the Hoboken fire, 5782, 5783- Brent, Giles, deputy for Gov. Calvert, 1079; flees to Virginia, 1081. Brenton, William, deputy-governor of New¬ port and Portsmouth, 1037, 1038; snubbed by Massachusetts Bay, 1039; mentioned in Rhode Island charter, 1456; tries to enforce laws of trade, 1477, 1478. Brereton, Sir William, purchases Robert Gorges’ patent, note, 796; buys land of John Gorges, 865. Breshwood, John G., treason of, 4652, 4653. Brest, France, Ribault’s expedition de¬ tained in, 480; French fleet sails from (1775), 2059; American naval captures sent to, 2875; French fleet blockaded at, 2971. Breton, Cape, 432; similar to Sebastian Cabot’s map, 432; Sir Humphrey Gilbert coasts, 602. Bretons, Catholic, spared by Menendez, 494; visit Newfoundland before Verra- zano, 506; came to Acadia, 2110. Brewster, Benjamin H., attorney-general, 5572 . Brewster, William, founds Scrooby congre¬ gation, 753, 760; career in England, 753, 762; takes care of the sick, 773; one of the guarantors of Plymouth debt, note, 818; corresponds with Robinson about administering sacraments, note, 820; father-in-law of Allerton, 831; pic¬ ture of chair and signature, 838; death and character, 839. Breymann, Lieut.-Col. H. C., reinforces Baum, 2602; defeated, 2606; losses, 2607; position at Saratoga, 2639, 2646; mor¬ tally wounded, 2653. Bridgewater, Mass., settled by Plymouth men, 834- “Briefe and True Report,” by Hariot, on Virginia, 608. Brier creek, Prevost crosses, 2819. Bright, Rev. Francis, comes with Massa¬ chusetts Bay colony, 869. Bright, Jesse D., member of the “grand committee” (1850), 4474. Bright, John, letter to Sumner on Trent affair, 4933. Brinton’s Ford, Sullivan at, 2615. Brissot, Jean Pierre, surnamed de War- ville, cited on glass industry in Virginia, 3122; cited on probable permanence of the Union, 3187. Bristoe Station, Va., Gen. Pope at, 5016, 5017; Gen. Porter at, 5019. Bristol, British flagship, destroyed, 2508. Bristol, Eng., mentioned by Columbus, 277; John Cabot a merchant of, 422; not birthplace of Sebastian Cabot, note, 422; John Cabot sails from, 424-426, 431, 435; maritime enterprise of citizens, 428, 436; excited by Cabot’s arrival, . 434; charged with payment to Cabot, 434; merchants disappointed in explora¬ tion, 437; Pring sails from, 619; returns to, 620; sent out large colony to Penn¬ sylvania, 1198; kidnapping flourishes in, 1648, 1649; Jeffreys’ sham trial in, 1649. Bristol, Me., 950. Bristol, Pa., Pennsburg manor near, 1240. Bristol, R. I., Wampanoags at, 1285; Philip flees from, 1286; English naval raids on, 2860; effect of paper-money law, 3244 . Bristow, Benjamin H., secretary of war, 5522; candidate for president, 5543, 5544. Britain (ancient) invaded by barbarians, 28 GENERAL INDEX. 202, 203, 257; in Zeno story, 249; for England from 1500 to date, see Great Britain. British admiralty court condemns Amer¬ ican shipping, 3951. British Columbia, see Canada. Brittany, Verrazano’s expedition sailed from, 503; Cartier a native of, 507; Marquis de la Roche leads French col¬ ony from, 519. Broad river, at Port Royal, S. C., 1738; Ferguson at the, 2934; Americans at the, 2934, 2991; operations around, 2938; Morgan’s movements, 3016, 3019. Broadhead, Daniel, opens first store in Louisville, Ky., 3167. Brock, Gen. Isaac, governor of upper Can¬ ada, 3983, 3984; attacks Detroit, 3985- 3987; at Queenstown Heights, 399 7, 3998; illus. of monument of, facing 3998. Brodhead, Col., expedition along the Alle¬ ghany, 2842. Broglie, Victor Frangois due de, 2554. Broke, Philip, commander of the Shannon, 4021, 4022. Broken Arrow, council of Creek chiefs at, 4179 - Brook, Lord (Robert Greville), one of grantees in Warwick patent, 849, 946; bought lands on Cocheco, 946. Brooke, Gen. John R., expedition to Porto Rico, 5734; on Porto Rico military com¬ mission, 5736; governor-general of Cuba, 5738 . Brookes, John A., nominated for the vice¬ presidency, 5623. Brookfield, Mass., exposed to Indian attack, 1287; besieged by Indians, 1288, 1289. Brookline, U. S. warship, sent to blockade Galveston, 4867. Brooklyn, U. S. man-of-war, 4636, 4648, 4854, 4904; at New Orleans, 4884, 4885, 4890, 4891; at Vicksburg, 4895; in battle of Mobile Bay, 5171; in battle of San¬ tiago, 5732, 5733. Brooklyn bridge, completion and opening of, 5588. Brooklyn Heights, Dorchester Heights com¬ pared to, 2512; Green fortifies, 2512; bombardment of, 2513. Brooks, U. S. army at Allen’s farm, 4983. Brooks, Gen. John, at Saratoga, 2653; ap¬ pointed adjutant-general, 3637. Brooks, Preston S., assaulted Sumner, 4554. Broom, Jacob, member of the Philadelphia convention, 3269. Broome, Capt., at New Orleans, 4894. “Brother Jonathan,” origin of, note, 2435. Brouage, birthplace of Champlain, 520. Brown, Lieut.-Col., disperses Confederates under Price, 4731. Brown, Confederate general, wounded at Franklin, 5267. Brown, Aaron V., postmaster-general, 4564. Brown, Alexander, assigns Indian enmity to Spaniards, note, 659; thinks James determined against popular government, note, 697; estimate of London company records, 709, note, 743. Brown, Gratz, candidate for president, 5519; nominated for vice-president, 5519. Brown, Gen. Jacob, at Ogdensburg, 3996; defends Sackett’s harbor against the British, 4051, 4060; major-general, 4057, 4135; advances across the Niagara, 4061; wins battle at Lundy’s Lane, 4062, 4064; portrait, facing 4096; killed, 4381. Brown, James, superseded as minister to France, 4220. Brown, Col. John, represents committee of correspondence in Canada, 2442; raises recruits, 2443; Mt. Defiance captured by, 2638. Brown, John, “of Ossawatomie,” leader of Pottawatomie massacre, 4557; attacked Harper’s Ferry, 4582, 4584; sketch of, 4583, 4585; defeated and captured, 4584, 4585; hung, 4585, 4586. Brown, Joseph E., portrait, facing 4608. Brown, Nicholas, Brown university named for, 3132. Brown, Owen, escapes after capture of Har¬ per’s Ferry, 4585. Brown university, early history of, 3131, 3 J 3 2 - Browne, John, non-separatist, councillor of Massachusetts Bay colony, 870; com¬ plains of colony, 894. Browne, John, Quaker preacher in Flush¬ ing, L. I., driven out by Stuyvesant and restored by directors, 1171, 1172. Browne, Robert, head of Brownists, 752. Browne, Samuel, non-separatist, councillor of Massachusetts Bay colony, 870;. com¬ plains of colony, 894. Browne, Col. Thomas, commands Florida rangers, 2812; Augusta commanded by, 2816, 2817, 2921, 2993, 2994; wounded, 2994; captured, 3050. Browning, Orville H., secretary of the in¬ terior, 5371; at National Union con¬ vention, 5376. Brownists try to settle in America, 615, 616; originate in Norwich, Eng., 752, 754 - Brownlow, William J.. governor of Ten¬ nessee, 5339, 5340. GENERAL INDEX. 29 Brovvnlow, W. S., senator from Tennessee, 55ii. Brunswick, Duke of, supplies troops to England, 2473. Brunswick, Me., Mrs. Stowe writes “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” at, 4514. Brunswick, N. J., Washington at, 2528; magazine at, guarded by Highlanders, 2530; military movements around, 2548, 2549; Cornwallis defeats Lincoln near, 2566; Howe concentrates troops at, 2609. Brush, of Virginia, member of congress, on position of Missouri in 1820, 4131. Bryan family, pioneers, 2016, 2766. Bryan, loyalist regiment of, 2933, 2934. Bryan, Rebecca, wife of Daniel Boone, 2766. Bryan, Ruth, marries Gov. Wanton, note, 1488. Bryan, William, father-in-law of Boone, 2766; delegate to Kentucky convention, 2 777 - Bryan, William J., Democratic candidate for president, 5689, 5690, 5770; sketch of, note, 5689; portrait, facing 5692; endorsed by Populists, 5692; endorsed by National Silver party, 5693; popular vote for in 1896, 5694; in Spanish- American war, 5727; popular vote for, in 1900, 5772. Bryan’s Station, Ky., founding of, 2766, 2792, 3154; Simon Girty besieges, 2798- 2800; Logan at, 2803. Bryant, William Cullen, presides over meeting of free-trade Republicans, 5519. Buchanan, of firm of Smith & Buchanan, great failure of, 4119. Buchanan, Franklin, Confederate admiral, commands the Merrimac, 4914. Buchanan, James, part in Jackson-Clay controversy, 4189; minister to Russia, 4220; opinion of Polk, 4369; secretary of state under Polk, 4369; reopens nego¬ tiations with Great Britain concerning Oregon boundary, 4405, 4406; unsuccess¬ ful candidate for Democratic nomina¬ tion in 1848, 4427; unsuccessful candi¬ date for nomination, 4503, 4504; min¬ ister to England under Pierce, 4520; helps draw up Ostend manifesto, 4549 * 4550; Democratic nominee for president, 4560; elected, 4561; portrait, facing 4562; inaugurated, 4563, 4564; cabinet, 4564; first annual message in 1857, 4573, 45741 special message on Kansas, 45741 mes¬ sage in 1858, 4581; angered by investiga¬ tion into proposed admission of Kansas, 4587; temporizes with secession in mes¬ sage to congress, 4603, 4604; urged to strengthen southern forts, 4612, 4613; message to congress, 4614, 4615; in¬ structions to Anderson, 4626; criticism of, 4626, 4629, 4630, 4648, 4698, 4699; trouble with Floyd, 4628, 4629; letter to South Carolina commissioners, 4630- 4632; supports Lincoln, 4681. Buchanan’s Station, Indians attack, 3532, 3533 - Buck Mountain, Abercrombie’s army en¬ camped on, 2189. Bucke, Rev. Richard, preaches to Lord Delaware, 664; marries Rolfe and Poca¬ hontas, 675; first chaplain of Virginia house of burgesses, 681. Buckeystown, Md., Franklin at, 5034. Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, op¬ posed to Middlesex, 707; patentee in Plymouth council, 744; disliked, 747; be¬ friends Penn, 1224. Buckner, Col. J. F., raises Union troop in Tennessee, 4805; defeated by S. B. Buck¬ ner, 4806. Buckner, Gen. Simon B., invades Kentucky, 4804, 4806, 4807; commands at Ft. Don- elson, 4817, 4823; surrenders to Grant, 4824; in Kentucky, 5119; portrait, facing 5160; reinforces Bragg before Chick- amauga, 5162; nominated for vice-pres¬ ident, 5694. Buck-ong-a-helas, Delaware Indian chief, 3413. Budd, Francis, Quaker, fined for libel, 1237. Buddhists in Chinese legend of Fusang, 257 - 259 . “Budd’s Long Row,” early houses in Phila¬ delphia, 1215. Buell, Gen. Don Carlos, carries instructions to Anderson, 4625, 4626; appointed to the department of the Ohio, 4807; sketch of,'note, 4807; appointed major- general, 4826; joins Grant before Shiloh, 5096-5098; in battle of Shiloh, 5104, 5105; before Corinth, 5107; orders Pope to return to Corinth, 5108; organizes a force to send against Morgan, 5115; in command of the department of the Ohio, 5116; in Tennessee, 5117; at battle of Murfreesboro, 5122, 5123; pursues Bragg, 5124; at Bowling Green, 5125; succeeded by Rosecrans, 5126; reasons for his removal, 5127; portrait, facing 5128; in army of the West, 5133; or¬ dered to resume his former command, 5139 - . Buena Vista, Mex., battle of, 4389; view of battle, facing 4390; effect of news of victory, 4415. 30 GENERAL INDEX. Buenos Ayres revolts against Spain (April, iSio), 3939- Buffalo Ford, Kalb camps at, 2939. Buffalo, N. Y., Smith’s troops at, 3995; burned by the British in 1813, 4056; view of, in 1827, facing 4198; Free-soil convention at, in 1848, 4430; celebration on completion of the Pacific railroad, 5494; Pan-American exposition at, 5785, 5786; McKinley assassinated at, 5786, 5787; views of Pan-American exposition, facing 5786; McKinley funeral at, 5788. Buford, Lieut.-Col. Abraham, Tarleton at¬ tacks and butchers forces under, 2915, 2916; Gates joined by, 3011. Buford, Gen. John, portrait, facing 5086; takes possession of Seminary Ridge, 5087. Buil, Bernardo, undertook exploration, 321; mutiny, 326; starts with Cabot, 436. Bulkeley, Gershom, author of “Will and Doom,” 1447. Bull, Henry, governor of Rhode Island, r 475 - Bull, Capt. William, resisted Andros, 1507, 1508; imports laborers, 1853; puts down negro rising in South Carolina, 1893. Bull of Alexander VI., facsimile, 320; gives lands to Spain and Portugal, 321; de¬ lays exploration by nations other than Spain, 502. Bull Run, Va., plan of the first battle, fac-, ing 4750; battle of, 4750-4766, 4770, 4935; second battle of, 4938, 5020-5024; Porter court-martialed for conduct at, 5026; gun lost at first battle of, recovered at Antietam, 5052; effect on Lincoln of second battle, 5058. Bullit, Capt., protects British regulars at Grant’s Hill, 2171. Bullock county, Ala., negro riots in, 5465. Bunker Hill, Louisbourg drums beaten at, 1402; Richard Gridley lays out works, 1403; battle like Ticonderoga, 2195, 2196; picture of the battle, frontispiece; fac¬ simile of newspaper account of battle, 2424; British occupy, 2430; number of troops at, 2453, 2454; location, 2456; fortifications, 2457, 2458; battle, 2460- 2462; results of battle, 2463, 2464; Brit¬ ish occupy, 2466; lack of lead and pow¬ der at, 2467, 2468. Bunker Hill monument, ceremonies at com¬ pletion, 4358. Burbank, Luther, experiments with fruits and flowers, 5956, 5957. Burden, Mrs. Anne, Quaker enthusiast ini Boston, 930, 931. Burdett, George, placed in command at Northam colony, 947, 950. Bureau courts in South during reconstruc¬ tion, 5358, 5359- Burgess, Col. Elisha, governor of Massa¬ chusetts Bay colony, 1358. “Burgesses,” representatives so termed in Maryland, 1076. Burgesses, House of, Va., established, 537, 580; hated by James I., 697; disregarded king’s order, 706, 707; petitioned Charles' I., 711; restored to authority, 712; pro¬ tested against tobacco monopoly, 714; refuses to support posts against French, 1633; refuses supplies to Gov. Spots- wood, 1655; disputes with Gov. Din- widdie, 1668; passes act against Caro¬ lina tobacco, 1758; votes supplies for Ohio expedition, 2040; approves Wash¬ ington’s report of Great Meadows cam¬ paign, 2052. Burghley, Lord, father of Earl of Salisbury, 627; kinsman of founder of Brownists, 752 . Burgoyne, John, Indians under, 169; or¬ dered to America, 2419; complaints of, 2454; New York plan, 2557; ambition, note, 2559; resources, 2560; portrait, facing 2560; advance from Ticonderoga towards Hudson, 2567; estimated force of, at Ticonderoga, 2568; campaign of, 2569; number of troops, 2570; invests Ticonderoga, 2571, 2572; Americans check advance to Ft. George, 2573; de¬ pletion of army, 2576; embarrassments of, 2576, 2577, 2579, 2582, 2583; demand for Indian outrages by commanders under, 2580; Jennie McCrea affair, 2581, 2582, note, 2582; outrages of Indians, 2582; condition of army, 2583, 2584; result of auxiliary campaign under, 2598; expedition on Bennington by, 2598, 2599; Baum reinforced by, 2602; anxious situation of, 2607, 2634-2636; suffering and perilous state of army under, 2636, 2643, 2644, 2647, 2660, 2661; Hudson river crossed by, 2637; numbers of army under, 2637; at Saratoga, 2638; map showing position at Saratoga, facing 2638; first battle of Saratoga, 2638-2644; faces despair, 2647; second battle of Saratoga, 2648-2653; barrack encamp¬ ment of, facing 2654; comment on the battles, note, 2657, 2658; retreats to Ticonderoga and Canada, 2658, 2659; baffled at Ft. Edward, 2659; ambush of, 2660; Americans surround, 2660; des¬ perate plan, 2661; terms of surrender asked for by, 2661, 2662; surrender, 2662; GENERAL INDEX. 31 hesitancy of, 2663; results of, 2664, 2667, 2669; Schuyler’s kindness to, 2665; American cause championed by, 2665; congress breaks faith with, 2665, 2666; fate of army under, 2666. Burial Hill, Plymouth, 770; picture, 772. Burke, Aedanus, facsimile of pamphlet by, facing 3220; hostility against order of Cincinnati, 3221; on location of the cap¬ ital, 3357; on state debts, 3369. Burke, Edmund, portrait, facing 2380; champion of colonies, 2381; cited, 2382, 2 396; proposes conciliation of colonies in 1774, -; employment of savages denounced by, 2715; American policy of, 2717; in parliament, 3086; on treaty of peace, 3098. Burksville, Lee at, 5287. Burlingame, Anson, secures a treaty with China, 5582. Burlington, N. J., Quaker society meets at, 1224; Donop at, 2530; American fleet escapes to, 2673. Burnet, Bishop, Gilbert, father of Gov. Bur¬ net, 1564. Burnet, William, governor of Massachu¬ setts, 1361; succeeded by Belcher, 1378, 1379; character, 1564; portrait, facing 1566; tries to suppress French trade, 1566; writings, 1567. Burnett, Peter H., first governor of . Cali¬ fornia, 4447. Burns, Anthony, a fugitive slave, recap¬ tured, 4544, 4545. Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E., brigade com¬ mander, 4747; at Bull Run, 4753, 4755; plan to seize Roanoke Island, 4874; headquarters, 4875; portrait, facing 4876; declines to supplement McClellan, 5007; at Fredericksburg, 5015; declines to pur¬ sue Lee, 5030; commands first and ninth corps, 5032; at Crampton’s Gap, 5040; battle of South Mountain, 5041; at An- tietam, 5047, 5054; succeeds McClellan, 5069; plans against Richmond, 5069, 5071; at Fredericksburg, 5072, 5074, 5075; interviews Lincoln, 5075, 5076; superseded by Hooker, 5076; at Knox¬ ville, 5157, 5158; arrests Vallandigham for expressing sympathy with the en¬ emy, 5186, 5187; proscribes disloyal books and newspapers, 5187; his order rescinded, 5188; under Grant before the wilderness, 5232, 5233; at Spottsylvania, 5236; blows up Confederate entrench¬ ments at Petersburg, 5243-5245; resigns, 5245 . Burnside bridge, at Antietam, 5042-5044, 5047 - Burr, Aaron, sketch of, text and note, 3423, 3424; becomes senator, 3423; elec¬ toral vote for vice-president, 3449; po¬ litical schemes of, 3449, 3450, 3665; in New York politics, 3677; publishes Ham¬ ilton’s letter, 3682; electoral vote for president, 3687; Hamilton opposes, 3688; Federalist candidate for governor of New York, 3783, 3784; portrait, facing 3784; duel with Hamilton, 3784-3786; negotiations with Great Britain, 3818, 38i9>. 3824; starts for the West, 3820, 3821; negotiations with Wilkinson, 3823, 3826, 3831; negotiations with Blenner- hassett, 3825, 3827, 3830; buys Bastrop lands, 3826; denies plan to divide Union, 3828, 3829; before Kentucky grand jury, 3830; expedition under way, 3834, 3835; captured and sent to Richmond, 3836, 3837; trial, 3838-3843; jury acquits, 3843; later life, 3845. Burr, Aaron, Sr., sketch of, text and note, 3423 - Burr, William, on Panama canal commis¬ sion of engineers, 5829. Burras, Ann, first English bride in Ameri¬ ca, 649, 650. Burrel, colonel U. S. army, takes posses¬ sion of Galveston, 4865. Burrington, George, governor of North Carolina, 1834, 1835. Burroughs, Rev. George, accused of witch¬ craft, 1336; executed, 1337. Burton, Col., Wolfe’s last order to, 2267. Burton, Mary, testimony in “Negro Plot,” 1577, 1578; testifies against John Ury, 1580. Burwell, Lewis, president of Virginia coun¬ cil, 1667. Bushnell, David, first submarine boat in¬ vented by, 2878, 3119. Bushy Run, Pa., Bouquet’s desperate en¬ counter with Indians near, 2321, 2325. Bute, Fort, Galvez captures, 2853. Bute, Lord, hanged in effigy in Boston, note, 1390, 2374; throws away chance of possessing Louisiana, 2329; peace overtures to France, 2332; accused of bribery, 2336; unpopular, 2357, 2358, 2360; resigns, 2358; retires, 2365; in English politics, 2719. Butler, Gen., at Ft. Hamilton, 3414; death of, 3416. Butler, Andrew Pickens, senator from South Carolina, 4554. Butler, Gen. Benjamin F., leader of Barn¬ burners, 4329; supports Union cause, 4681; commands eighth Massachusetts, 4689; saves the ship Constitution , 4690; opens communications with Washington, 4690, 4691; assumes command of the 32 GENERAL INDEX. department of eastern Virginia, 4745; slaves as contraband, 4745, 4746; at Fortress Monroe, 4746; commands vol¬ unteers, 4870; plan of, to capture Hatter- as Inlet, 4871; at New Orleans, 4884, 4894; portrait, facing 4892; suggested for president, 5197; Grant’s plans for his command, 5231, 5242; on the James river, 5246; at Bermuda Hundred, 5246; removed by Grant for conduct at Ft. Fisher, 5281; one of the congressional managers of the impeachment of John¬ son, 5407, 5411; proposes amendment to bill restoring Georgia to statehood, 5422; nominated for president, 5590. Butler, Col. John, St. Leger joined by, 2586; ruse of, at Oriskany, 2591; proc¬ lamation signed by, 2594; at Ft. Niagara, 2749; invades Wyoming, 2750; unable to restrain Indian allies, 2751; his re¬ port to Germain, 2752. Butler, Maj.-Gen. M. C., on Cuban military commission, 5736. Butler, Capt. Nathaniel, removed from gov¬ ernorship of Bermuda, 699; writes “Un¬ masking of Virginia,” 700. Butler, Pierce, delegate to Philadelphia convention, sketch of, 3271. Butler, Walter, St. Ledger joined by, 2586; secret mission, 2594; capture and escape, note, 2594; Wyoming invaded by, 2749, 2750; at massacre of Cherry valley, 2760-2762; Lieut. Boyd captured by, 2841; his cruelty, 2841. Butler, William Orlando, in command in Mexico after Scott’s recall, 4400; nom¬ inated for vice-president by Democrats, 4427. Butler, Col. Zebulon, comes to Wyoming, Pa., 1271; Wyoming valley defenders in command of, 2749; escapes, 2751. Butterfield, Daniel, at Gaines’ Mill, 4980. Butterick, Maj. John, recaptures North bridge, 2426. Butts Hill, British detachment at, 2755; Sullivan retreats to, 2758; battle at, 2 758 . Buzzard’s Bay, Norsemen in, 221; Indians near, make treaty with English, 776; Plymouth colony establishes post on, 820. Bylot tries to find northwest passage, 597. Byrd, Col., expedition from Detroit, 2792, 2793; outrages of Indians under, 2792, 2793 - Byrd, William, buys records of London company, note, 709; founds Richmond, 1666; Petersburg also, 1666; portrait, facing 1666; commands in attack on Ft. Duquesne, 2167. Byron, Admiral, totally defeats French fleet in 1760, 2328; on track of D’Estaing, 2759; called by sailors “Foul Weather Jack,” 2759; ships scattered by storm, 2759 - Byzantium, Greek fire introduced at, 76. c. Cabell, Gen. W. L., captured at Little Osage river, 5257. Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez, treasurer of Narvaez’s expedition, 461-465. Cabinets of Presidents—Of Washington, 3336 - 3338 , 3561; of John Adams, 3951, 3592; of Jefferson, 3712, 3713, 3802, 3803; of Madison, 3896, 3897, 4012, 4024; of Monroe, 4101, 4102, 4141; of John Quin¬ cy Adams, 4168, 4169; of Jackson, 4216, 4217, 4237-4239, 4264, 4265; of Van Buren, 4303; of W. H. Harrison, 4333; of Tyler, 4346, 4347; of Polk, 4369; of Taylor, 4439, 4440; of Fillmore, 44771 of Pierce, 4518; of Buchanan, 4564; of Lincoln, 4624, 4669, 4670, 5077; of John¬ son, 5404-5406, 5413; of Grant, 5418, 5419, 5521, 5522; of Hayes, 5551; of Garfield, 5567; of Arthur, 5572; of Cleveland, 5590, 5648; of Benj. Harrison, 5624; of McKinley, 5695, 5772; of Roosevelt, 5821. Cabot, George, enters the senate, 3423, 3594; on the separation of New England from the Union in 1804, 378 i, 3782; elected president of Hartford conven¬ tion, 4092. Cabot, John, a leading explorer, 100; seeks East Indies, 154, 260, 261; his discover¬ ies of great value to English, 342, 405, 420, 423, 429 , 430, 432 , 433 , 438 , 525 , 549 , 557 , note, 358; carries English flag, 379, 433 1 contemporary and townsman of Columbus, 420, 421; nativity and birth, 421; a citizen of Bristol, 422; his passion for discovery, 422; unfairly treated by early historians, 422; Portuguese jealous of, 423; contemporary evidence of his voyages, 423-438; entries of payments from Henry VII., 423, 425, 428, 434; Henry VII. commissions him to take possession for England, 423, 425, 426, 429, 435, 436; letter about, by Puebla, 424; by Pasqualigo, 424, 425; of Soncino, 425-429; map of first voyage, facing 430; equipment for his voyage, 430, 431, 435; thinks he has found Tartary, 431; takes GENERAL INDEX. 33 possession at Prima Vista, 432, 433; honors in England, 434, 435; misrepre¬ sented by Sebastian, 435, 437, 438; Ayala’s letter, 436; map of second voy¬ age, facing 436; imperfect knowledge of second voyage, 437. Cabot, Lewis, son of John, 422. Cabot, Sancho, son of John, 422. Cabot, Sebastian, great charlatan, 421, 442; born in Venice, 422 and note; included in Henry VII.’s commission, 429 and note, 430; apocryphal accounts by, 433, 435 , 437 , 438, 44o; pilot-major in Spain, 439; double dealing with Venice, Spain, and England, 439-442; his one certain voyage, 441. Cabot, U. S. ship, 2866. Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, seeks East Indies, 154; expedition from Portugal, 366, 377; discovers Brazil, 378, 405; misfortunes in India, 405. Cabusto, Indian town in Alabama, 474. Caddos, Indian tribe, 162. Cadiz, Spain, Columbus at, 328, 335, 337; Vespucci at, 345, 363; sailed from, 376; Menendez sailed from, 489; Essex’s ex¬ pedition against, note, 843; effect of its surrender in 1823 on South America, 4150, 4151- Cadwalader, Gen. John, reinforces Wash¬ ington, 2534; at Bristol, 2534; part in Trenton plan, 2539, 2540, 2542, 2543; his duel with Conway, 2704; in move¬ ment against Clinton, 2731, 2732. Caesar, negro, accused of conspiracy against New York, 1577. Cahokia, Ill., earthwork at, 135; Clark at, 2780, 2781; Sinclair expedition assails, 2791. Cairo, Ill., Confederate plan to capture, 4803; Union base in civil war, 5139; McClernand at, 5143. Cairo, U. S. gunboat, 4846. Calaveras skull, a noted prehistoric relic, 146. Caldwell, U. S. army officer, at Allen’s farm, 4983. Caledonia, British ship, Elliot captures, 3996 , 3997 - Caledonia, U. S. brig, 4028, 4029. Calendar confused on Magellan’s voyage, 415 . 419 - Calendar stone, Aztec, illus., 452. Calhoun, John C., his states’ rights thesis, 3649; on slavery, 3698; in 12th congress, 3963; on special committee of foreign relations, 3964; on war of 1812, 3966, 3967, 4007; on financial measures of 1812, 4008, 4009; portrait, facing 4008; offers bill repealing embargo and pro¬ hibiting specie exports in 1814, 4047; supports second bank charter, 4095; ap¬ pointed secretary of war, 4102; loyalty to Monroe, 4102, 4103; his connection with Jackson in the Florida invasion, 4108, 4109, 4111; his opinion of the Missouri controversy, 4126; his strength as a presidential candidate, 4137; his position in regard to the Monroe doc- trihe, 4150, 4152, 4153; in presidential campaign of 1824, 4159, 4160, 4165; elected vice-president, 4162, 4164; op¬ poses Adams, 4175; nominated for vice- president, 4189; prepares South Caro¬ lina exposition, 4192; opposes tariff, 4200; rivalry with Van Buren, 4232; breach with Jackson over Florida mat¬ ter, 4233, 4234; opposes Van Buren’s ap¬ pointment as minister to Great Britain, 4241; resigns vice-presidency to accept Haynes’ seat in senate, 4257; opposes force bill, 4257, 4238; aids Clay in prep¬ aration of tariff‘bill, 4258; quarrels with Clay, 4260; supports Clay in resolutions censuring Jackson, 4269; proposes to distribute net proceeds from sale of public lands, 4297, 4298; opposes Van Buren for president, 4301; supports inde¬ pendent treasury bill, 4308; contest with Clay, 4308; attitude toward Vermont anti-slavery resolutions, 4316, 4317; sec¬ retary of state under Tyler, 4360; re¬ fuses mission to England, 4370; part in the sale of the Globe, 4370; rejects Great Britain’s proposals concerning Oregon boundary, 4405; replies to Wil- mot proviso, 4413-4415; advises organ¬ ization of South on slavery issue, 4417; his position regarding slavery in terri¬ tories, 4423, 4424; unsuccessful candidate for Democratic nomination in 1848, 4427; debate with Webster over exten¬ sion of the constitution to territories, 4432, 4433; influence over pro-slavery sentiment in South, 4443-4445; speech in senate, March, 1848, 4458-4462; view of the constitution, 4469. Caliban, name suggested by Caribbees, 323. Calibee creek, Indians defeated at, 4057. Calicut reached by da Gama, 333, 404-406. California, Indians in, 163, 164; map of lower part, facing 458; coast of, traced by Drake, 592, 593, 596; attempt to hold, 4359; emigration to, 4382; Mon¬ terey and San Francisco taken, 4382; organization - of territory brings up slavery question, 4432, 4433; erroneous 34 GENERAL INDEX. ideas concerning, in 1846, 4444; discov¬ ery of gold, 4446, 4447; state government organized, 4447; Clay’s proposal to ad¬ mit California without reference to sla¬ very, 4452; presents official copy of her constitution to congress, 4457, 445&; Soule proposes to establish southern limits at 36° 30', 4472, 4473; act provid¬ ing for admission, passed, 4480; Fill¬ more recommends establishment of gov¬ ernment mint in, 4496; Fremont in, note, 4715; midwinter exposition, 5697; Chinese immigration, 5899, 5900. California, Gulf of, Mississippi river thought to empty into, 1959. Caligula perhaps had gunpowder, 75. Callava, Spanish governor of Florida, 4136. Callaway, Richard, delegate to convention on Kentucky independence, 2777, 2778. Callender, James T., publishes Hamilton- Reynolds affair, 3602; prosecution of, 3676, 3677. Callinicus, of Heliopolis, perhaps used Greek fire, 76. Calliope, British warship, at Apia, 5639. Callowhill, Hannah, second wife of Wm. Penn, 1243, 1244; portrait, facing 1244. Calvert, Benedict Leonard (fourth Lord Baltimore), dies in 1714, 1701. Calvert, Sir Cecil (second Lord Balti¬ more), dispossesses patroons on Dela¬ ware Bay, 572; enters the judgment against Virginia charter, 708; favored by Charles I., 714; works for and with Harvey, 715; his charter a model for Gorges, 850; gained it from Charles I., 1059, 1063; question between him and Virginia colony, 1067; portrait of, 1068; sends brother as deputy, 1069; pleased with company sent, 1069; Palmer’s Is¬ land belongs to, 1074; prepared code of laws, 1075; power overthrown by Ingle, 1081; conciliates Protestants, 1086; probably defeats act of toleration, 1086; strives to retain control of Maryland, 1086-1089, 1091, 1092, 1095-1098, 1102, mo, mi, 1113, 1114, 1117, 1118; signs agreement with Virginia, 1115; disputes claim with Penn, 1204; arms on bound- stones, 1205; picture of, facing 1206; will not yield to Penn, 1209; received Chesapeake company, 1210; dispute boundary adjusted with Penn, 1266; an absentee governor, 1653; makes Philip Calvert governor of Maryland, 1669; appointed his son Charles governor of Maryland, 1674; dies, 1679, 1680; fine statesmanship, 1679, 1680; father of Maryland, 1680; first to enforce tolera¬ tion by law, 1680. Calvert, Charles (third Lord Baltimore), last of family in America, 1118; char¬ acter, 1118; disputes Penn’s southern boundary, 1194; becomes governor of Maryland, 1674; career of, 1674-1701; beloved and appreciated, 1675; received testimonial on departure for England, 1685; visit from Penn for territorial settlement, 1691; divides power in Mary¬ land equally received between Protest¬ ants and Catholics, 1692; deposed, 1693. Calvert, Charles II. (fifth Lord Balti¬ more), succeeds B. L. Calvert in his proprietary rights, 1701. Calvert, Frederick (sixth Lord Baltimore), portrait of, 1700; manor house of, 1707; sixth lord, rules Maryland, from Eng¬ land, 2345. Calvert, Sir George (first Lord Baltimore), 1059; sketch of, 1060; buys tract in Newfoundland, 1061; seeks grant in Virginia, 1061; rebuffed there, 1062; portrait of, 1062; gains grant north of Potomac, 1063; dies, 1063. Calvert, Gov. Leonard, portrait, facing 1068; deputy for Lord Baltimore, 1069; notifies Claiborne to leave Kent Island, 1072; captures island, 1073; consults his brother in England, 1079; flees to Virginia, 1081; receives sympathy of Brent, 1081; assistance for Berkeley, 1083, 1084; recognizes Maryland as Protestant province, 1084; dies, 1084. Calvert, Philip, secretary for his brother, Lord Baltimore, 1114; withdrawn from assembly, 1116, 1117; governor of Mary¬ land, 1117, 1669; character, 1118; shows such clemency to Fendall, 1669, 1670. Calvert family, their record, 1118; lose proprietary rights in Maryland, 1701, 1702. Calvinism in Holland, 765, 1167. Camara, Spanish admiral, ordered to leave for Manila, 5733. Camargo, Mex., concentration of American forces at, 4409. Cambon, French ambassador, negotiates Spanish-American treaty, 5736. Cambrai, Cardinal bishop of, 278, 279. Cambrian, British frigate, blockades New York in 1804, 3795, 3796; Jefferson closes ports to, 3814. Cambridge, Mass., site of Leif Ericsson’s settlement, 233; laid out, 881; first printing-press at, 913; first American publication, 913; informed of English revolution, 1319; continental artillery GENERAL INDEX. 35 at, commanded by Richard Gridley, note, 1402; gathering of militia at, 2433, 2434; Washington’s headquarters at, 2466; Baum at, 2602; Washington’s reception at, 3358 . Cambridge platform, how prepared, 918. Cambridge university, Eng., graduates of, in early colonies, 616, 753, 754, 869, 874, 876, 893, 905, 966. Camden, Lord Charles Pratt, portrait, fac¬ ing 2358; decides against general war¬ rants in Wilkes case, 2359; champion of American colonies, 2381; cited, 2381, 2382; lord chancellor in 1766, 2383; in Rockingham’s cabinet, 3089; member of the Ohio colony company, 3147. Camden, on site of Ft. Nassau, 582; Gates’ corps destroyed at, 2901; Clinton’s march to, 2914; Lord Rawdon at, 2921, 2932, 2933; operations around, 2938, 2941-2944; battle of, 2952-2957; losses at, text and note, 2957; Cornwallis hangs men at, 2993; Greene menaces, 3016, 3037 , 3042 . Camden, Ark., Steele in, 5257. Cameron, Simon, unsuccessful candidate for Republican nomination in i860, 4596, 4598; appointed secretary of war, 4669; contest over his appointment, 4670; in¬ vestigates charges against Fremont, 4728; suggests arming the negroes in civil war, 5062; on political situation in Pennsylvania in 1864, 5197. Camoens, Luiz de, author of “Os Lusiadas,” 401, 402, note, 403; portrait, facing 402. Camp Dick Robinson, federal enlisting sta¬ tion in Kentucky, 4801, 4805; Thomas relieves Nelson of his command at, 4807. Campaign contributions, Roosevelt on, 5837, 5 8 3 §. Campaign pamphlet of 1829, facsimile, fac¬ ing 4190. Campan, Madame, 3462. Campbell, Col., captured by Marion, 3027; opposes Wayne, 3528. Campbell, Lieut.-Col. Archibald, expedition of, 2814; character of, 2814; Howe routed by, 2815; Augusta, Ga., taken by, 2816; facsimile of proclamation by, fac¬ ing 2816; retreat from Augusta, Ga., of, 2819; arrives at Savannah, 2819; capture of, 2881. Campbell, Arthur, 3173. Campbell, David, appointed judge, 3389. Campbell, Maj. Donald, treacherously treated by Pontiac, 2297. Campbell, George W., manages impeach¬ ment trial of Chase, note, 3788; on the embargo, 3886; appointed secretary of the treasury, 4046; appointed minister to Russia, 4102. Campbell, James, postmaster-general under Pierce, 4519. Campbell, John A., on Dred Scott case, 4566; member of Llampton Roads con¬ ference, 5226; Confederate assistant sec¬ retary of war, 5229. Campbell, William, Virginia patriot, 2926; organizes to repel Ferguson, 2998; posi¬ tion at King’s Mountain of, 3004; at Guilford, 3034; at Hobkirk’s Hill, 3043, 3044 . Campbell, Lord William, governor of South Carolina, 2440; mortally wound¬ ed, 2508. Campeachy Bay, disposition of, in French- Spanish negotiations, 284.6. Canaan, N. H., votes school admitting colored boys a nuisance, 4292. Canada, Indians in, 163, 165, 166; Ves¬ pucci’s alleged course to, 352; Cham¬ plain left basis for history of, 521; Canada company plans to conquer, 845; devastated in 17th century by Five Na¬ tions, 1129; part of territory left in dis¬ pute by peace of Ryswick, 1349; Abena- kis in, 1362, 1363; Canadians in French armies against English, 1404, 2132, 2134, 2135 , 2137, 2148, 2241, 2273; Gov. Shir¬ ley wishes to take from France, 1405; not connected with other French settle¬ ments, 1933; developed by Jesuit mis¬ sionaries, 1934; given back to France in 1632, 1940, 1941; De Courcelle gov¬ ernor of, in 1665, 1985; population in 17th century, 1988; in late 17th century, 1989; change in government of, 1999; the French in, 2005, 2006, 2028; might have been taken by Braddock, 2059; the prize of seven years’ war, 2092; France invites Acadians, 21 n; forts in communication with Acadia, 2118; might have been taken by Winslow, 2138, 2140; threefold plan of English attack on, 2177, 2178, 2214, 2215; success¬ ful English campaign against, 2214, 2276; famine-stricken in 1759, 2222; gained for English by Wolfe, 2260, 2270, 2276; remains loyal to England during revo¬ lution, 2270; penetrated by Rogers’ rangers, 2278; surrendered to England, 2285, 2328; suggestion of return to France in 1763, 2333, 2334; stamp act not accepted in, 2376; Canadian uprising against English hoped for by Americans, 2441, 2442, 2475; Arnold moves on, 2447, 2448; American army in, 2448; 36 GENERAL INDEX. 2475; Americans evacuate, 2479; Sir John Johnson iiees to, 2486; army of, invades New York, 2521; troops of, with Burgoyne, 2570; Burgoyne’s ex¬ pedition joined by Indians of, 2578; failure of expedition to, 2702, 2703; Gouverneur Morris on, 2848; defences in 1812, 3979; Hull’s invasion, 3981, 3982, 3984-3986, 3994, 3995; activity of Brock, in repelling invasion, 3983, 3984, 3987; Van Rensselaer invades, 3997- 3999; Smyth’s campaign in, 4000; in¬ surrection in, 4309-4311; refuge of fu¬ gitive slaves, 4487, 4489; Vallandigham in, 5187, 5202; Confederate agents in, 5198, 5203-5208; attitude of its parlia¬ ment to United States in civil war, 5207; U. S. amnesty proclamation ex¬ cludes raiders from, 5345; Fenian attack upon, 5482, 5483; second Fenian inva¬ sion of, 5499-5502; toll over waterways proposed, 5644; Anglo-American treaty of 1895 on boundary between Canada and Alaska, 5677; Montreal, Ottawa, and Georgian bay canal, 5950. Canada company, English association to conquer Canada, 845; gives rise to La¬ conia company, 845. Canajoharie, Clinton collects forces at, 2840; Brant destroys, 2843. Canals, proposed construction in United States of, 3930; Erie, opening and effect of, 4196, 4197; early interest in, 5948; requests sent to congress for ship canals, 5948-5952; Soo canal, 5950, 5951; ad¬ vantages, 5951, 5952. Canandaigua, Lake, Sullivan expedition at, 2841. Canandaigua, U. S. warship, in Charleston blockade, 4858. Canarsees Indians on Long Island, 1138. Canary Islands on Toscanelli’s chart, 275; on Columbus’ map, 279, 280; touched by Columbus, 298-300, 323; in Ves¬ pucci’s story, 351; on old trans-Atlantic routes, 618, 631; yellow fever in, 657. Canastogas, Indian tribe, destroyed by Six Nations, 159. Canaveral, Cape, reached by Menendez, 489; site of forts by French and Span¬ ish, 495. Canby, Gen. E. R. S., forces under, at Mo¬ bile, 5070; at siege of Ft. Gaines, 5170; supersedes Banks, 5258; at New Or¬ leans, 5269; plans to attack Mobile, 5282; Taylor surrenders to, 5323; suc¬ ceeds Sickles, 5396; reduces taxes in South Carolina, 5397; murdered by Ind¬ ians, 5514. Cancer, Father Luis, murdered by Indians, 486. Candler, Maj., 2999. Cannibals, Caribs found to be, 323, 324, 332; among Aztecs, 446, 453; Verrazano perhaps a prey to, 507; in Virginia, 661. Canning, George, British secretary for for¬ eign affairs, 3850; on the Chesapeake affair, 3860-3862; portrait, facing 3862; his policy, 3903 - 3905 , 39 ii, 4143 , 4144 ; disavowed Erskine’s agreement, 3904- 3906, 3909, 3910; sends F. J. Jackson to the United States, 3906, 3907, 3909; Madison distrusted, 3911; succeeded by Wellesley, 3935; his position in regard to British recognition of the South American republics, 4143-4147; his claim to the authorship of the Monroe doctrine, 4147, 4155; American opinions of, 4149, 4150; on British trade priv¬ ileges, 4176. Cannon, Frank J., senator from Utah, at Republican convention in 1896, 5687. Cannon, Joseph, advocates Hamilton state¬ hood bill, 5871. Cannon in Florence, 79; in England, 80; in Italy, France, and Spain, 80; effect on chivalry, 82; help Jamestown set¬ tlers, 636, 637; brought to Plymouth, 789; Braddock’s superior to any before seen in America, 2056, 2065, 2067, 2068, 2074-2076, 2079. Cano, Sebastian, succeeds Magellan and Espinosa, 417; brings home remnant of expedition, 419; death of, 420. Canonchet, Indian chief, death of, a blow to Philip, 1467. Canonicus, Indian chief, sent challenge to Pilgrims, 781, 886, 1007. Canseau, Strait of (Canso), French ren¬ dezvous, 528. Canso, English settled at, 1386; captured by Duquesnel, 1386; Warren joined New England forces at, 1391; rendezvous of Louisbourg expedition, 1394, 1395. Canso, Cape, Paul Jones’ achievements at, 2867, 2868. Canterbury, Archbishops of, Richard Ban¬ croft, 754; William Laud, 853, 895; Til- lotson friend of Penn, 1224; attempts to establish religion in South Carolina ‘ 1795 - Canterbury, Conn., Prudence Crandall opens school to negro girls, 4291, 4292. Cantino, map, 358; note, 359; note, 375. Canton, O., McKinley attracts thousands of people to, 5694. Canute, king of England, 235. GENERAL INDEX. 37 Caonabo, chief in Cuba, 324, 327, 331, 372. Capahowasick recommended by Powhatan for settlement, 644. Cape Breton Island, Louisbourg on, 1381, 1383, 1385; French-Indian intrigue, 1383; Duquesnel governor of, 1385; militia at Louisbourg mutinous, 1388; Gov. Shir¬ ley wishes to keep, 1405; returned to France after King George’s war. 1410; lost by France, 2185; given up by England in 1748, 2333; by France in 1763, 2334. Cape Fear, vicious savages on, 1794; a centre of piratical operations, 1823; British plan to take, 2809. Cape Fear river, N. C., early settlers on, 1717, 1719-1722, 1724; Sherman expects to meet Lee at, 5310. Cape Finisterre, scene of French fleet’s de¬ feat, 1409. Cape Girardeau, Mo., Confederates pro¬ posed capture of, 4803. Cape Henlopen, limit of Penn’s tract, 1204. Cape May, Howe’s fleet sighted off of, 2611. Cape Rouge, Quebec, Wolfe lands at, 2253; rendezvous of boats for Wolfe’s at¬ tempt, 2256, 2257. Cape Sable, U. S., the La Tours at, 1940- ! 942 . Cape Verde Islands discovered, 244; Portu¬ guese expedition to, -282; the limit of western ocean, 320, 322; Columbus passed in third expedition, 329; reached by remnant of Magellan’s fleet, 418; Cervera’s fleet at, 5725. Capital and labor, Roosevelt on, 5836. Capital of the United States, congress de¬ bates on location of, 3355, 3357, 3374, 3376; see also Washington, D. C. Captain’s Hill, Plymouth, view from, fac¬ ing 828. Carabi, Vespucci’s error about, 355, 357, note, 363. Caracas, Venezuela, Miranda at, 3818; re¬ volts in 1810, 3939. Caramanli, Hamet, Eaton espouses cause of,'3772, 3773; facsimile of Eaton’s let¬ ter to, facing 3774. Caravels of Columbus, 106, 296, 297; of 14th and 15th centuries, 114; illus., fac¬ ing 296, 298. Cardenas, Cuba, bombardment of, 5727. Carder, Richard, of Portsmouth, R. I., 1037- Cardross, Lord, brings little colony to Port Royal, S. C., 1743; later career in English politics, 1746. Carew, Master Gome, in council of Popham colony, 729. Carey, James, part in plot to invade Loui¬ siana, 3605, 3606. Carey, Mathew, edited the American Mu¬ seum, 3453. Caribs or Caribbees, in South America, 152; cannibals, 313, 323; sketch of, fac¬ ing 324; sent to Spain as slaves, 332, 333 , 338, 39L 397; not easily subdued, m 39i. Carignan, soldiers of, come to Canada, 1986, 1988. Carillon, Fort, French name for Ft. Ticon- deroga, 2191; situation and fortifica¬ tions, 2191; provincial rangers ordered to reconnoitre, 2200; Abercrombie de¬ feated at, 2213. Carleton, Sir Guy, Indians under, 169; un¬ der Wolfe at Quebec, 2235; governor of Canada, 2235, 2475; in the revolutionary war, 2235; wounded on Heights of Abraham, 2267; expedition to invade New York, 2475, 2478, 2521-2523; por¬ trait, facing 2522; battle with Arnold on Lake Champlain, 2523-2525; takes Crown Point, 2525; withdraws to Can¬ ada, 2525; ambition, note, 2559; Bur- goyne leaves troops with, 2570; Bur- goyne’s orders refused by, 2576; succeeds Clinton, 3083; British warned by, 3411; speech of, 3493; speech to the Indians, 3525 . Carlisle, Frederick Howard, Earl of, mem¬ ber of council for New England, 855; land granted to, 856; facsimile memo¬ randum of what England would have left after making concessions to Amer¬ ica, facing 2742; facsimile of Lafayette’s challenge to, facing 2746. Carlisle, John G., secretary of the treas¬ ury, 5648. Carlisle, Pa., English fort at, 2007; Bouquet sends scouts from, 2320; manufacture of arms established at, 2526. Carmarthen, Lord, Sir John Temple’s letter to, 3234. Carmichael, William, U. S. minister to Spain, 3447. . Carnegie, Andrew, on immigration, 5982. Carolina, U. S. schooner, assists in defense of New Orleans, 4081, 4082; its de¬ struction, 4083. Carolina company incorporated in London, 1720, 1722; offers great inducements to emigrants, 1722, 1723. Carolinas, the population of, in 1750, 1261, 1262; contributed to expedition against I 38 GENERAL INDEX. Canada, 1405; invite Dutch New York¬ ers to settle, 1500; Iroquois hostility in, 1523; produce few early historians, 1713; settled by Huguenots, 1713; how named, 1714; general description of surface, 1714; patent in, granted to Sir Robert Heath, 1716; government of early col¬ onies, 1717; described in glowing terms by promoters of colonies, 1721; charter of Charles II., 1722; inducements to settle in, 1722-1724, 1726; under Locke’s “grand model,” 1732; always divided into two parts, 1750; King James and the charters, 1779; united by proprie¬ taries, 1785; dissenters persecuted in, 1799, 1801; improvement in, 1817; pro¬ prietaries annex Tuscarora and Yemas- see lands, 1821; haunt of pirates, 1822; become royal provinces in 1719, 1830; become officially separated, 1836; take no part in seven years’ war, 1839; on good terms with early Georgians, 1863; abandon Oglethorpe in expedition against St. Augustine, 1900; vote sup¬ plies for Ohio expedition, 2040; recruits for Loudon’s army, 2147; begin to de¬ spise British government, 2160; staples of, before revolution, 2349; spread of colonial population in, 2764; English scheme regarding, 2904; Tories of, 2904, 2905; guerrilla warfare in, 2904; see also North Carolina and South Caro¬ lina ; Grant plans to invade in 1864 and 1865, 5270; Sherman plans to isolate Confederate forces in, 5272. Caroline, queen of England, received Geor¬ gia chiefs, 1868, 1870. Caroline, Fort, built, 483, 486; Menendez attacks, 491-493; name changed, 493. “Caroline Affair,” 4310, 4311; dispute with Great Britain, 4349; settlement of, 4350. Caroline almanac for 1840, facsimile of title-page, facing 4310. Caron, missionary with Champlain, 535. Carondelet, Baron, intrigues of, 3534, 35351 negotiates with Wilkinson, 3536, 3603. Carondelet (now South St. Louis, Mo.), good location, 2782. Carondelet, U. S. gunboat, in attack on Ft. Henry, 4814; bombards Ft. Donel- son, 4818; at Island No. 10, 4833, 4836; attacks batteries at Watson’s Landing, 4837; naval duel on the Mississippi, 4839, 4840; built by James B. Eads, 4846. Carpenter, William, associated with Gorton in Rhode Island, 920. “Carpet-bag” government, origin of, 5423; in Alabama, 5424-5426; origin of name, note, 5425; Blaine on, quoted, note, 5425, 5426; Gov. Chamberlain on, 5457, 5458. Carr, Dabney, of Virginia, proposes stand¬ ing committees of correspondence, 2400. Carr, Gen. E. A., commands division under Curtis, 4731; at Pea Ridge, 4735. Carr, Sir Robert, commissioner to New Amsterdam, 1174; to Massachusetts, 1278, 1279; royal commissioner to New England, 1425, 1426, 1459. Carrickfergus, Wm. Penn at, 1189. Carrickfergus Roads, Jones at, 2875, 2876. Carrington, Col. Edward, quartermaster- general under Greene, 3015, 3165. Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, organizes Maryland convention, 2498; portrait, facing 2500; conducted inaugural cere¬ monies of B. & O. railroad, 4197. Carroll, Daniel, member of the Philadel¬ phia convention, 3269. Carroll, John, archbishop, portrait, facing 3114; pope appoints, 3115, 3116. Cartagena, Central America, Columbus at, 269; Drake at, 610; Connecticut sol¬ diers join expedition against, 1452; Virginians in expedition against, 1659; history of, 1663; fortifications at, 1902, 1903- Carter, Confederate general, wounded at Franklin, 5267. Carter, Landon, secretary of Jonesboro con¬ vention, 3170. Carter, Lieut. S. P., enlisted Tennessee troops, 4805. Carteret, Lord, commissions Robert John¬ son governor of Carolinas, 1821 ; refuses to sell his lands to crown, 1835. Carteret, Sir George, receives grant of New Jersey, 1173; with English expedition against New Amsterdam, 1174; widow of, complains of encroachments by An¬ dros, 1508; patentee in Carolina county, Va., 1722. Carteret, James, created landgrave in South Carolina, 1739. Carteret, settlement of Albemarle, 1722; first called Cape Romain, 1725. Carthage, one of Mediterranean states, 105; leaves few records, 154. Carthagena, Juan de, mutinies against Ma¬ gellan, 408-410. Cartier, Jacques, great French explorer, note, 504; portrait, facing 506; pro¬ poses expedition to Indies, 507; first landfall, 508; takes possession of Labra¬ dor for France, 508; in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 509, 510; sets up arms of France at Point Gaspe, 509; gives GENERAL INDEX. 39 France her claim to North America, 510; second expedition, 510-515; dis¬ covers St. Lawrence river, 511; winters near site of Quebec, 512-517; ascends St. Lawrence to Iiochelaga and Mont Real, 513, 516; kidnaps Indians, 515, 516; explores coast of Newfoundland, 515; associated with Roberval, 515, 518; made captain-general and chief pilot, 515; third expedition, 516, 517; fourth voyage, 518; last notice of, 518; sees Dutch ships, 541. Cartter, David Kellogg, secures nomina¬ tion for Lincoln, 4599; chief justice of the District of Columbia, 5405. Cartwright, Gov., 1752. Cartwright, Sir George, commissioner with English expedition against New Amster¬ dam, 1174; commissioner to Massachu¬ setts, 1278, 1279; royal commissioner to New England, 1425-1459; instructions to, 1426. Carvalho, unworthy successor of Magellan, 417 - Carver, John, governor of Plymouth col¬ ony? 757; tolerant principles, 758; in¬ spiring influence of, 759; prepares for Pilgrims’ emigration, 763, 764; chosen first governor of Plymouth colony, 768; reelected, 777; dies, 778; character, 778. Cary, Thomas, in North Carolina, 1808- 1810. Casas, Bartholome de las, concerning Pin- zons, 293; on smoking, 311; on Colum¬ bus expedition, note, 338; concerning Vespucci, 349? 356, 3571 note, 361, 363. Casco, treaty of, 1302. Casco Bay, Gosnold lands on, 618. Casco, peninsula, claimed as boundary by Massachusetts, 947, 951, 952. “Cases of Conscience,” by Increase Mather, facsimile, 1342. Casey, Gen. Silas, under McClellan, 4774; his ability, 4774; in peninsular cam¬ paign, 4963; near Seven Pines, 4967; at Fair Oaks, 4967-4970. Caslin, Col., in western campaign in 1861, 4720. Cass, Lewis, under Hull in war of 1812, 3984; appointed secretary of war, 4239; minister to France, 4303; loses nomina¬ tion, 4363; member of 29th congress, 4374; nominated for president by Demo¬ crats, 4427; defeated, 4431; member of 31st congress, 4452; member of the “grand committee” in 1850, 4474; un¬ successful candidate for Democratic nomination in 1852, 4503, 4504; favors seizure of Cuba, 4514; on popular sov¬ ereignty, 4527, 4539; portrait, facing 4528; secretary of state, 4564; leaves Buchanan’s cabinet, 4647; Richmond Examiner on, note, 4682. Casson, Dollier de, cited as to Frenchmen, 1979- Casson, George, companion of John Smith, 642, 644. Castile at war with Portugal, 276; Colum¬ bus in, 287, 288, 291; its proportion of aid for Columbus, 293; flag of, hoisted by Columbus, 296, 304; yields to Portu¬ gal about boundary line, 322; Balboa takes possession for, 383. Castilla, Spanish ship, destruction of, 5722. Castle Island, May builds fort on, 550; given up for Albany, 553. Castle William, Andros in, 1321; sur¬ rendered to Bostonians, 1321; British troops removed to, 2396; instructions for its garrisoning, 2397. Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, por¬ trait, facing 3902; decides the question of war in 1812, 3972; on Jackson’s treat¬ ment of Arbuthnot and Ambrister, 4111; suicide of, 4143. Castleton, St. Clair reaches, 2573. Caswell, Col. Richard, Kalb reinforced by, 2940; at Pedee, 2942, 2943; at battle of Camden, 2944, 2945, 2954, 2955; re¬ treat, 2958. Caswell, Fort, guards Wilmington, N. C., 4856. Cat Island, 305. Catawba, S. C., 2921. Catawba river, operations around the, 293L 2934, 2938, 2941, 2998, 3016, 3026. Catawbas, Indian tribe, have confederacy in Virginia, 160. Cathay early visited, 154; glories of, 274, 310; destination of Columbus, 298, 307, 324; West Indies mistaken for, 305, 325. Catherine of Russia, on hiring foreign troops, 2472, 2473; confers ribbon of St. Anne on Paul Jones, 2895; on right of search, 3064. Catherwood, Mary Hartwell, wrote “Ro¬ mance of Dollard,” note, 1978. Cathmaid, George, tried to colonize in Car- olinas, 1718. Catholic church, Roman, existed prior to modern governments, 27; place in 15th century, 28; relations with governments, 28, 29, 33-35; the crusades, 29, 30; at¬ titude towards free thought, 30, 33, 36; schism of the west, 30; great councils, 31; reformation, 31; priests not scien¬ tific, 32, 40; gains by fall of Constan¬ tinople, 32; ambitious, 35-37; position 40 GENERAL INDEX. toward printing, 63; Magellan enthu¬ siastic for, 416; in France, 473, 500; begins to be ashamed of Spanish cruelty, 487; sanctions Cartier’s expedition, 510; in the thirty years’ war, 538, 1082; favored by the Stuarts, 1060; control of educational tax in Canada, 2276. Catholics, Roman, in America: dominion in West Indies, 41; attitude of Menen- dez to Protestants, 492; as refugee col¬ onists, 599, 600, 621, 622, 845; benefited by English quarrels, 691; settle Florida, 1059; also St. Lawrence valley, 1059; championed by Calverts, 1059; favored by Stuarts, 1060; Lord Baltimore takes party of, to Virginia, 1602; in Maryland, 1065, 1118, 1673, 1695, 1696, 1699, 1704, 1706, 1713; excluded from privileges in Rhode Island, 1087; in Virginia, 1088; favored by James II., 1222; feared by Pennsylvania Quakers, 1261; Abenaki Indians become converts, 1361, 1364, 1365, 1377; Dutch and Puritans opposed to Catholic heir of English throne, 1500; Dongan as governor of New York, I 5 i 3 > 1527; protected by French king, 15 37, 1538; few in English colonies before revolution, 1596; in the Caro- linas_, 1745, 1795, 1796, 1837; Moravian immigrants, 1865; in Georgia, 1921; French colonies in Canada, 1934, 1952, 1953, 1983-1985, 2029, 2108, 2110, 2213, 2121, 2335; conditions and history of, at close of the revolution, 3115, 3116; number of, 3115. Catlin, George, theory about Mandans, 246. Catron, John, on Dred Scott case, 4566. Caucus system broken up, 4190. Caute, Fort, Spanish fleet protected by, 5721; surrender of, 5723. Cavaliers in Virginia, 717, 721; in battle of Severn, 1109; in Carolinas, 1739, 1745, 1756, 1765-1767, 1769. Cavendish, Lord John, in the London com¬ pany, 700, 702, 704; in parliament, 3086; as chancellor of the exchequer, 3089. Cavendish, Thomas, English navigator, 608. Cavite, Philippine Islands, hospitals estab¬ lished at, 5723; Aguinaldo’s headquar¬ ters at, 5723; hostilities of lawless bands, 5746 , 5747 - Caxton begins to print in English, 61. Cay (Key), meaning of, note, 305. Cayos, de las Doce Leguas, 325. Cayuga, Lake, 1517, 2841. Cayuga , U. S. ship, runs the batteries at New Orleans, 4888, 4890. Cayugas, Indian tribe, one of the Six Na¬ tions, 159; in Five Nations, 1515; ac¬ count of, 1517; relations to English, 2137 , 2585. Cebu, one of Philippine Islands, 416, 417. Cecil, William, Earl of Exeter, 617. Cecil Furnace on the Susquehanna attacked by British in war of 1812, 4039. Cedar creek, Va., battle at, 5251. Cedar Mountain, Va., battle of, 5012, 5014. Cedar Run, Va., Gen. Banks at, 5012. Cedar Springs, S. C., 2935. Celts in Britain, 202. Cemetery Ridge, important position at bat¬ tle of Gettysburg, 5087, 5088. Cempoala devastated by Cortes, 450, 453. Census in Rhode Island in 1708, 1483; of city of New York in 1678, 1503; new census act of congress, 3360; of United States in 1790, 3422; of 1870, 5498, 5499; of 1880, 5442; of 1900, 5984, 5986. Centennial, Philadelphia, account of, 5526, 5530. Centinel, Boston newspaper, on Hartford convention, 4091; orginates phrase “Era of good feeling,” 4101. Central America, temple builders of, 122; mounds in, 126; discovered by Colum¬ bus, 338; explored, 382; under Pedra- rias Davila, 385; De Soto in, 464; ex¬ pedition to, in war of Austrian succes¬ sion, 1663; parcel post convention with, 5752 . Central Pacific railroad, builders of the, 5491 . Central railroad, Ga., destroyed by Sher¬ man, 5273. Centralization in France, 6, 10; in Austria and Germany, 10; in England, 13; in Italy, 15; in Spain, 17, 20; how it af¬ fected Columbus, 17; in the United States, Jefferson opposes, 3691, 3692. Centreville, Va., McDowell’s headquarters during battle of Bull Run, 4750-4752, 4755 , 476o, 4762; McClellan at, 4787; battle of, 5017, 5018; Union forces at, 5019, 5024. Cerf, U. S. cutter, 2883. Cerro Gordo, battle of, 4392. “Certainty of the World of Spirits,” by Baxter, read by New England people, 1328. “Certificates of Origin” required of neu¬ tral vessels in French ports, 3809. Cervera, Admiral, in Santiago harbor, 5725; destruction of fleet under, 5731, 5733; scene of his naval defeat off Santiago, Cuba, illus., facing 5736. Cevallos, Spanish minister in Louisiana during Burr’s conspiracy, 3745, 3822, 3834 - GENERAL INDEX. 41 Chaboneau, Indian interpreter in Lewis and Clark expedition, 3758, 3759. Chabot, Philippe de, admiral of France, negotiates with Verrazano, 506; with Cartier, 507, 510. Chadd’s Ford, Washington at, 2614, 2616; Wayne and Maxwell at, 2619, 2620. Chadwick, F. E., portrait, facing 5732. Chaffee, Gen. Adna R., in China, 5774. Chaffinch, Tom, active in gaining rights for Atherton company, 1454. Chain bridge, on the Potomac, fortifications at, note, 4773. .Chaleo, Lake, near City of Mexico, 447, 451. Chaldea, astronomy studied in, 91. Chaleurs, Bay of, entered and named by Cartier, 509. Challons, Capt. Henry, sent out by Plym¬ outh company, 727. Chalmers, Gen. J. R., at battle of Shiloh, 5103. Cham, Grand, 424. Chamberlain, Judge, defines American rev¬ olution, note, 2339, 2340. Chamberlain, Daniel H., portrait, facing 5434; governor of South Carolina, elec¬ tion and inauguration of, 5435; message of, 5435 , 5436; in the Whipper affair, 5437 , 5438; forces negro militia to dis¬ band, 5439; distributes state funds, 5440; courts sustain, 5441; negro Republicans denounce, 5442; threatened with im¬ peachment, 5442; conspirators over¬ thrown by, 5442, 5443; Democrats fear, 5444; struggle for leadership in the Republican party, 5444, 5445; negro strike in Colleton county, 5445, 5446; on the Hamburg massacre, 5446, 5447; . Democrats claim defeat of, 5448; Grant sustains, 5448, 5449; legislature declares his election, 5450; his correspondence with Hampton, 5450, 5451; congress in¬ vestigates his election, 5451; President Hayes intervenes, 5451, 5454 ; resigns, 5454; statement on evils in the South, 5457; on “carpet-bag” government, 5457, 5458 . Chamberlain, Joseph, on fishery commission, 5605, 5606. Chambers, Gen. Benjamin A., nominee for vice-president, 5566. Chambersburg, Pa., McClellan protects, 5034; Stuart raids, 5053; Lee raids, 5085; burned by Confederates under Early, 5248. Chambly, Fort, capture of, 2475. Champagny, Count de, portrait, facing 3916; dealings with United States in 1810, 3934, 3937 , 3948. Champernown, Francis, 950. Champion Hills, Miss., engagement at, 5146. Champlain, Samuel de, dealings with Ind¬ ians, 168; on ,.the St. Lawrence, 500; birth, 520; education, 520; portrait, fac¬ ing 520; his courage, patience, wisdom, and humanity, 520, 528-530, 532, note, 534, 535 , 538, 54o; sent to prepare way for De Chastes, 520, 521; brilliant talents, 521; explores and charts St. Lawrence and Saguenay, 522; his narrative the basis of French colonies in America, 523; in De Mont’s expedition, 524; maps New Eng¬ land coast, 524, 525, 527; founds Quebec (Ft. St. Louis), 524, 529; founds Annap¬ olis, Nova Scotia, 525; a true explorer, 526, 528, 532, 537; great value of his sketches and maps, 528, 530, 531, 535; excites further colonization, 528, 529; lieutenant-governor of New France, 529, 532, 533, 538, 539; loses by sickness, 530; establishes friendship with Indians, 531, 537 , 54o; in battle with Iroquois, 531, 533; discovers Lake Champlain, 531, 532; claims country for France, 532; adds Ottawa valley to New France, 534; the “Father of New France,” 535, 540; loses astrolabe, note, 535; finds Lake On¬ tario, 536, 537; intermediary between fur-traders and colonists, 537; involved in English-French hostilities, 538, 539; dies, 539, 540, 1935; strengthens French claims, 621; aroused hatred towards French, 1129; Iroquois permanently es¬ tranged, 1522; colonial plans, 1933, 1934; governor of “Hundred Associates,” 1935; speaks of the La Tours, note, 1938; desires to explore western Canada, 1958, 1959; approves of site of Montreal, 1968. Champlain, Lake, discovered by Champlain, 531, 532; northern shore a boundary for London and Plymouth companies, 627; regarded as one of great lakes, note, 845; crossed on ice by Frontenac’s men, 1540; on route of expedition against Canada in 1690, 1544; French force on, in 1755, 2902; English force on, in 1755, 2092-2094; to Canada, map, 2444; Arnold and Carleton’s fight to control, 2522; route from Canada, 2559; part taken by the navy on, 2859; pro¬ posed canal to, 3930; Dearborn com¬ mands forces on, 3995; Izard at, 4065, 4068; naval force allowed on, 5871. Chancellorsville, battle of, 5079-5084. Chancellorsville house, Grant at, 5235. Chancellor established fur trade between 42 GENERAL INDEX. Russia and England, 442; wanderings lead to the foundation of the Muscovy company, 589. Chanco, friendly Indian, warned whites, 693 , 694. Chandler, Zachariah, on war committee, 4783; in Grant’s cabinet, 55 22 - Channing, W. E., favors woman’s suffrage, 5928. Chantilly, Va., battle of, 5 ° 2 5 - Chapman, John G., presides over Whig convention in 1852, 4505. Chapultepec, Mex., fall of, 4399; view of battle, facing 4938. Charitas, ship, takes over third Swedish colony, 584. Charity, ship, 783, 803, 807. Charlemagne sends embassy to Harun al- Rashid, 48. Charles V., emperor of the holy Roman empire, his great inheritance, 12; letter to De Leon, 392; patron of Magellan, 407; welcomes Del Cano, 419, 420; re¬ calls Sebastian Cabot, 442; Cortes an envoy of, 449; makes Cortes governor of Mexico, 459; commissions Narvaez, 460; De Soto, 465; makes Philip II. king of Naples and Sicily, 486; captures Francis I., 506. Charles I., king of England, contests Dutch title to New Netherland, 560; licenses free trade, 561; desires tobacco monop¬ oly, 714; favors Baltimore colony, 714, 1059; reinstates Harvey, 715; removes him, 716; supported by Virginia, 717; beheaded, 721, 984; against New Eng¬ land, 854; portrait, facing 854; appoints Gorges governor-general of New Eng¬ land, 856; fails to sign new charter, 857; in conflict with parliament, 863; will not pardon John Venn, 867; incon¬ sistent towards Puritan emigration, 868; opposed by eastern England, 876; fam¬ ily, Roman Catholics, 890, 1060; his charter to Massachusetts Bay, 916; to Roger Williams, 1028; wishes Lord Bal¬ timore to stay in England, 1061, 1062; grants charter to him, 1063; headquar¬ ters at Oxford, 1079; makes Claiborne treasurer of Virginia,'1080; a prisoner, 1083. Charles II., king of England, causes chair to be made from the Pelican, 505; upheld in Virginia, 721; his restoration, 721, 723, 724, 945, 1275; orders Quakers to be tried in England, 943; confirms grant to Gorges, 949; gives Connecticut charter, 957, 959, 996; Christopher Dav¬ enport chaplain to, note, 985; Connecti¬ cut gains by his accession, 1018; Narra- gansett colonies confirmed in union by, 1041; accession proclaimed in Rhode Island, 1056; favored Lord Baltimore, 1117; proclaimed in Maryland, in 7; friendly to William Penn, 1191-1194; conversation with William Penn, 1206; persecuted dissenters, 1221, 1222; Penn’s charter from, 1238; demands rendition of regicides, 1277; amused by his ani¬ mosity to Massachusetts, 1277, 1303; pine-tree story, 1304, 1305; influenced by his brother James, 1305; orders Maine patent canceled, 1307; dies, 1308; dealings with Connecticut, 1415, 1417, 1420, 1424; dealings with Rhode Island, 1453, 1462; provoked war with Holland, 1497; declared war against Dutch and Swedes, 1500; gave to his brother new patent, 1506; favors Andros, 1508; suc¬ ceeded by brother, James II., 1525; pen¬ sioned by French king, 1527; makes Sir William Berkeley, governor of Virginia, 1601; portrait of, facing 1602; effect of his dissolute court on Virginia, 1609; censures Berkeley, 1621, 1622; justly suspected of being a Catholic, 1686; professes anxiety about morals of Maryland, 1688; ministers refuse justice to Lord Baltimore, 1693; cited on cus¬ toms duty, 1693; death of, 1693; charter of, cancels patent to Sir Robert Heath for Carolinas, 1716; knights Henry Mor¬ gan the pirate, 1773; writs of assistance date from, 2360. Charles VIII., king of France, 12; con¬ nection with Columbus family, 26, 287, 292; portrait, facing 284; issues no com¬ mission for exploration, 502. Charles IX., king of France, Ft. Caroline named for, 483; Carolinas named for, 1714. Charles III., of Spain, declares war against Great Britain, 2851; comments on war, 3067. Charles, Edward, the young pretender, fol¬ lowers go to Georgia, 1921. Charles, Cape, named for Prince Charles, 633; Dale’s Gift near, 672. Charles City, Va., first called Bermuda City, 672; East India school in, 686; almost destroyed by great massacre, 694. Charles, Fort, built, 481; abandoned, 481, 482; built on Hampton river by Lord Delaware, 665. Charles estuary, British expedition rowed across, 2423. GENERAL INDEX. 43 Charles river, Mass., Leif Ericsson on, 213, 223, 233; sachems on, allied with Eng¬ lish, 776; bounds Robert Gorges’ patent, 796; basis of boundary in Massachusetts charter, 830, 865; Massachusetts colo¬ nists explore, 879; fortified, 881; on Winthrop’s map, 896. Charles river, N. C., name of Cape Fear river, 1720. Charlesbourg Royal, Cartier’s fort, 517. Charleston, S. C., compared with New York in colonial times, 1597; several attempts to found, 1735; how named, 1735; slave insurrection at, 1742; receives Hugue¬ not families, 1746, 1747; in 17th century, 1766, 1767; resents first collector of customs, 1779; rice first planted in, 1790; has all the places of worship in the province, 1795; defended against French squadron in 1706, 1802, 1804; in dread of pirates, 1823; in gala attire for the inauguration of Moore, 1829; final strug¬ gle in, between Gov. Johnson and Gov. Moore, 1831; Moravians arrive at, 1867; supports non-importation agreement, 2398; seizes tea in 1773, 2403, 2404; harbor of, 2505; defenses of, 2506; Brit¬ ish plan to capture, 2809; character of its population, 2811; Tories hung at, 2817; Prevost marches toward, 2821, 2822; demoralized condition of troops at, 2822; Prevost’s terms of surrender, 2823, 2824; Prevost returns from, 2824; Lincoln returns to, 2831; U. S. frigate Randolph forced into, by storm, 2873; ships lost at fall of, 2896; surrender of, 2901; importance of, 2905; Clinton’s ex¬ pedition against, 2905; view of, in 1780, facing 2906; fear of smallpox at, 2907; blame for the fall of, 2908; Lincoln summoned to surrender, 2910; Clinton’s investment of, 2910, 2912; surrender of, 2913, 2914, 2939; British garrison, 2921, 3038; operations around, 2938; northern relief party around, 2938; Washington’s opinion regarding, 2939; rescue army for, 2939; confiscation, proscription and imprisonment of citizens of, 2993; Bal¬ four commands at, 2996; Greene to threaten, 3016; Rawdon retreats to, 3047; Greene and Rawdon’s movements around, 3054, 3055; early social history of, 3135, 3136; rejoicing over adoption of the constitution in, 3319; Genet’s reception at, 3465; effect of Jay’s treaty in, 3556; Democratic party holds con¬ vention at, 4592, 4594; effect of Lincoln’s election in, 4610, 4611; the question of strengthening the forts at, 4613, 4615, 4625, 4647; war preparations in, 4615; secession convention meets in, 4617, 4621; Star of the West expedition to, 4649; Beauregard at, 4661, 4674; Con¬ federate liag raised at, 4661; condi¬ tions following the fall of Ft. Sumter, 4677, 4678; blockade at, 4853-4859; naval attack upon, 5165-5169; Beauregard leaves, 5246; Sherman’s possible destina¬ tion in his march to the sea, 5272; Har¬ dee retreats to, 5278, 5310; Hardee fires and evacuates, 5311, 5312; Union troops enter, 5312; Sherman at, 5321; state con¬ vention at, 5349; the earthquake at, 5608, 5609; interstate West Indian ex¬ position at, 5807, 5808. Charleston and Memphis railroad, impor¬ tant means of communication to Con¬ federates, severed by Mitchell, 5109, 5110, 5139; Iuka on, 5129. Charleston harbor, description of, 2505; defences of, 2506. Charleston Mercury , newspaper, facsim¬ ile of the secession issue, facing 4620. Charlestown, Mass., Thomas Walford at, 797, note, 880, 888; church formed, 878, 879; Gibbons at, 892; prepares to fight England in 1634, 896; Reverend John Harvard in, 912; receives signal of English revolution, 1319; home of Maj. Robert Sedgwick, 1957; Paul Re¬ vere in, 2422; inhabitants desert, 2455; set on fire, 2461. Charlotte, N. C., Gates at, 2942, 2945, 2958, 3009; Davies fights with Cornwallis at, 2996. Charlotte camp, near Civileville, Dunmore camped at, 2775. Charlotte, Fort, attack on, 3152; surrenders to Wilkinson, 4034. Charlottesville, Va., Burgoyne encampment at, illus., facing 2564; Burgoyne’s army at, 2666; Tarleton tries to capture legis¬ lature at, 3070; Gen. Pope to attack, 5007; Sheridan at, 5285. Charlottiana, proposed name for north¬ western territory, 3146. Charter oak, Connecticut charter hidden in, picture of, 1440. Chartres, Fort, on Mississippi river, com¬ mandant of, counseled the Indians to make peace, 2307, 2327; photographic reproduction of magazine at, 2780. Chase, Samuel P., predicts fall of slavery, 4468; senator from Ohio, 4499; appeal to people for Missouri compromise, 4534; answers Douglas on Missouri 44 GENERAL INDEX. compromise, 4538; unsuccessful can¬ didate for Republican nomination in i860, 4596; appointed secretary of treas¬ ury, 4669; accused of unsoundness on tariff, 4669, 4670; charges against Fre¬ mont reported to, 4725, 4728, 4729; on expenses of the war in 1861, 4783; por¬ trait, facing 4944; condition of treasury under, 4944; opposes McClellan’s rein¬ statement, 5029, 5030; improves condi¬ tion of U. S. treasury, 5067; resigns from treasury department and is re¬ called, 5077; again tenders his resigna¬ tion, 5195; Blair’s charges against, 5196; his letter to Sherman on Lincoln’s re- election, 5212; administers oath of office to President Johnson, 5302; advises Johnson on negro suffrage, 5349; pre¬ sides over circuit court at Raleigh, 5395; protests against martial law in the southern states in 1867, 5396; head of court of impeachment in 1868, 5407, 5411; candidate for president, 5519; death of, 5539. Chase, Samuel, in first continental congress, 2409; organizes mass-meetings, 2498; portrait, facing 2500 and 3674; on com¬ mittee of land grants, 3160; member of commercial convention, 3249; U. S. con¬ stitution opposed by, 3310; sketch of, 3675; presides at Cooper trial 3676; at Duane and Callender trials, 3676; assails Republican principles, 3777; Randolph prosecutes, 3778; impeached and acquit¬ ted, 3786, 3790. Chastellux, Marquis de, French officer under Rochambeau, 2970; at Wethers¬ field, 3070; cited on English church service, 3142. Chastes, Aymar de, patron of Champlain’s first expedition, 520; surpassed by him, 521; dies, 522, 523. Chateaugay Four Corners, Hampton en¬ camped at, 4055. Chatfield, Col. John L., 5169; killed in assault upon Ft. Wagner, 5169. Chatham, Earl of, see Pitt, William. Chattanooga, Tenn., Johnston near, 5095; Halleck determines to capture, 5109; Mitchell attacks, 5110; Morgan at, 5112; Buell to capture, 5117; Bragg at, 5118, 5124,. 5125, 5151, 5160; army of the Mississippi ordered to, 5119; Grant or¬ dered to, 5150; battle of, 5 I 55 - 5 I 57 ; strategic value of, 5161; Bragg plans to retake, 5162; invests the city after Chickamauga, 5164; Sherman’s march from, 5260; military camp at, 5727. Chattanooga and Nashville railroad, fed¬ eral plans to intercept traffic on, 5109. Chatterton Hill, McDougall holds, 2521. Chaudiere, Arnold’s march to, 2476, 2477. Chauncey, Isaac, commands on lakes in war of 1812, 3996, 4026, 4062, 4069; sup¬ ports Dearborn in attack on Niagara, 4049, 4050. Chautauqua, Lake, La Salle on, 1991. Chautauqua society, 5923, 5924. Chauvin, de, revives idea of colonization, 520. Cheat river valley, campaign in, 4742. Cheatham, Gen. B. F., at Belmont, 4722; at Shiloh, 5103. Chebucto Bay, Nova Scotia, French fleet arrives at, 1406, 1407; Halifax planted on, 2113. Cheesman, Edmund, hanged in Bacon’s re¬ bellion, 1621. Chelsea, Mass., formerly called Winnisim- met, 879. Chemung, Sullivan on the, 2840; Ganse- voort razes fort on, 2842. Cheraw, S. C., McArthur at, 2921; Hardee at, 5311; Sherman captures valuable stores at, 5312. Cherbourg, France, American naval prizes sent to, 2874; Kearsarge and Alabama fight at, 4907. Cherokee Ford, American camp at, 2934, 3003. Cherokees, Indian tribe, branch of Iroquois, 157, 160; picture, facing 161; have pho¬ netic alphabet, 187 1 ; befriended Soto, 472; have silver mines, 496; join North Carolinas against Tuscaroras, 1814; make treaty with Gov. Nicholson, 1833; chiefs partly educated in England in the 18th century, 1838; kill Englishmen, 1858; relations with English and Ogle¬ thorpe, 1859-1861, 1890, 1891; aroused against English by Spaniards, 1888; in Bienville’s expedition, 2010; treaty with South Carolina, 2108; treaty with Eng¬ land, 2328; land ceded by, 2509; mas¬ sacre of part of Boone’s party by, 2768; part in Dunmore’s war, 2768, 2769; Transylvania company purchases land of, 2779; assemble at Chickamauga, 2789; at Chickamauga, 2789, 2790; Pre- vost assisted by, 2821; outrages at Au¬ gusta, 2994; Henderson’s treaty with, 3148; state of Franklin friendly to, 3174 , 3385 ;, in New York, 3386, 3532, 3534; promise aid to the settlers against the Red Sticks, 4037; progress in civil¬ ization, 4177; determined to hold their land, 4178; land seized by Georgia, 4235; GENERAL INDEX. 45 refuse offer of lands west of the i Missis¬ sippi river, 4235, 4236; in the civil war, 4732 , 4733 - Cherry valley, Tory outrages at, 2749; mas¬ sacre of, 2760, 2762; government protec¬ tion for, 2838, 2839. Chersonesus, proposed state of, 3162. Cherub, British ship, captures the Essex, 4024. Cherubusco, Mex., battle of, 4396. Chesapeake, U. S. ship, English sailors en¬ list in the, 3854; British frigate Leopard attacks and searches, 3855, 3856; con¬ troversy over the incident, 3854, 3875, 3898, 3938; Jackson’s instructions re¬ garding the affair, 3908, 3913; Clay on, 3946; England atones for the attack, 3951; built for war of 1812, 3967; ar¬ mament of, 3988, 3989; captured by the Shannon, 4021, 4022. Chesapeake Bay, Algonquins on, 156; in Vespucci’s course, 353; Ayllon on, 398; Verrazano fails to see, note, 504; en¬ tered by Hudson, 545; by Cornelis May, 553; seen by Virginian colonists, 631; Baltimore arrives at, 1062; boundary of his grant, 1063; Howe’s fleet sails up, 2612; Matthews’ raid along, 2832; Leslie at, 2971; Arnold’s raid along, 3030; De Grasse at, 3073; British fleet ravages shores of, in 1813, 4039. Chesapeake Bay colony, Menendez attempts to found, 497, 499; Lane’s expedition to, 609; city of Raleigh incorporated, 611; Gilbert’s expedition to, 620; Clai¬ borne in, 1066-1085, 1092-1112; Lord Baltimore’s colony, 1210. Chester, American forces reorganized at, 2620; Howe’s raid on, 2622; Howe at, 2622, 2626; British at, 2631; fair at, 2873; Washington at, 3079. Chestnut Hill, 2627-2629. Chetimaches, Indian tribe, on Mississippi delta, 162. Chevalier, his opinion of Lowell, Mass., 4202. Cheves, Langdon, on financial measures of 1812, 4008-4010; declines treasury port¬ folio, 4045; elected president of the national bank, 4118; resigns, 4141. Chew, Benjamin, 2627. Chew house, at Germantown, 2628, 2629; fighting at, 2630; illustration of, facing 2630. Cheyenne, Indian tribe in Colorado, 163; government supports, 5618. Chica, gold sought in, by Soto, 472. Chicaca (Chickasaw), Indian town, 474, 475 - Chicago, portage at, used by La Salle, 1991, 1996; negro residents meet to de¬ vise measures for protection against fu¬ gitive slave law, 4488; common council denounces fugitive slave law, 4488, 4489; Douglas speaks in defense of fu¬ gitive slave law, 4489; Republican con¬ vention of i860, 4596-4600; citizens con¬ demn Gen. Burnside for suppressing Times, 5188; mass-meeting of “Sons of Liberty” held in, 5203; Democratic na¬ tional convention meets at, in 1864, 5204; Confederate agents in, 5204, 5205 > cele¬ bration in, 5204, 5205; Republican na¬ tional convention at, in 1868, 5413; cele¬ bration in, on completion of the Pacific railroad, 5494; great fire of 1871, 5512, 5513; railroad strike of 1877, 5553; Re¬ publican convention of 1880 held in, 5564; strikes of 1886 in, 5600, 5601; views of Haymarket square, facing 5602; Re¬ publican national convention at, 5622; Columbian exposition, 5660, 5661; views of world’s fair buildings, facing 5662; tidal wave in Lake Michigan near, 5664; railroad strike in 1894, 5670-5674; na¬ tional Democratic convention of 1896 at, 5688; teamsters’ strike in 1905, 5827; progress during past twenty-five years, 5934-5937; canal, 5951. Chicago Times suppressed by Burnside’s order in 1863, 5187, 5188. Chickahominy creek, Va., battle of Cold Harbor near, 5240. Chickahominy river, John Smith on, 621, 652; in peninsular campaign, 4966, 4975, 4979, 498i. Chickamauga, Cherokees assemble at, 2789; map of battle, facing 5162; battle of, 5162-5164. Chickamaugas, Indian tribe, on the war¬ path, 3532, 3533. _ Chickasaw Bluff, point where Soto reaches the Mississippi, 475; fort built at, 3536; Burr’s expedition at, 3835. Chickasaws, Indian tribe, in south, 161; aroused by Spaniards against English, 1888; make new treaty with Oglethorpe, 1890, 1891; offended because blamed for barbarity, 1900; desert Oglethorpe, 1900; claim southern lands, 3385, 4034, 4035; in the civil war, 4732, 4733. Chickatawbut, Indian chief, 886, 887. Chickeley, Henry, in command of Virginia force against Indians, 1612; governor of Virginia, 1626, 1627. Chicora, Confederate ram, attacks on block¬ ading fleet at Charleston, 4858. Chihuahua, Mex., Pike taken to, 3760. 46 GENERAL INDEX. «. Children, employment of, 4201; illiteracy among, 5985. Chili promotes American congress at Pan¬ ama, 4172; revolution tn, 5639; Amer¬ ican minister takes sides with president, 5639; United States marshal seizes war¬ ship, 5640; mob attacks American sailors, disavowal and damages paid by, 5640. Chillicothe, O., Harmar’s expedition at, 3383, 3384, .3694; organization of the state of Ohio at, 3721. China, block printing in, 55; compass in, 63; gunpowder in, 74, 78; has kindred stock with North American Indians, 123; varying size of natives, 123; con¬ servative, 181; story of Fusang, 257; navigators, 259; discrepancy in calendar, 415; coasted by Drake, 505; treaty of commerce with, in 1844, 4366; estab¬ lishes embassy at Washington, D. C., 5560; treaty with, in 1868, 5582, 5583; supplemented treaties with, in 1882, 5583; passage of the exclusion act, 5584; treaty of 1893 with, 5652, 5653; Boxer uprising in 1899-1900, 5773-5782; boy¬ cotts American goods, 5806; Hay de¬ clines to loot the Chinese treasury, 5832, 5833; sends aid to San Francisco, 5879; protest against conditions for admission to United States of Chinese, 5902-5904; boycotts American goods, 5904; possi¬ ble retaliation against United States, 5905 , 5906 . Chinese in the United States, emigration of, 5583; bill to restrict, 5584; the ex¬ clusion act, 5584, 5644, 5651, 5653, 5795; crowd out white labor, 5900, 5901; con¬ ditions of admission, 5901-5904; change in laws relating to, 5907, 5908; in 1905, 5964; Roosevelt on the Chinese ques¬ tion, 5905. Ching, Prince, appointed envoy to the United States, 5782. Chippewa, battle of the, 4062. Chippeway, British ship, 4028, 4029. Chisholm, Alexander, suit of, against Geor¬ gia, 3501, 3502. Chisholm, John, part in plot to invade Louisiana, 3605, 3606. Chittenden, governor of Vermont, orders state militia home, 4044. Chivalry produced by mediaeval warfare, 81; effect of gunpowder on, 82, 83. Choate, Rufus, active in 1840 campaign, 4326 . Choctaws, Indian tribe, in southern United States, 161; Appalachians mingle with, 1799; join North Carolinas, 1814; in Oglethorpe’s time, 1861; claim southern lands, 3385; Tecumthe visits, 4034; promise aid to the settlers against the “Red Sticks,” 4037; in the civil war, 4732 , 4733 - Cholula, Aztec pueblo, 447, 451. Choptank river, boundary of Claiborne’s purchase, 1097. Chowan river, John Pory on, 1715, 1716. Christiaensen, Hendrick, of Cleve, builds first house on Manhattan Island, 549; builds Ft. Nassau, 550; goes to rescue Block, 551; builds up fur trade, 552; killed by an Indian, 552; said to have yielded New Amsterdam to Argali, 676. Christian Endeavor society, 5921, 5922. “Christian Quakers,” adherents of George Keith, 1235. Christiana creek, Washington on, 2614. Christianity in Iceland, 206; at court of Spain, 284; compared with Mohamme¬ danism in Spain, 291, 292; in West Indies, 308; natives educated in, 332; urged on king of Cebu by Magellan, 416, 417; forced on Indians by Spain, 460; Pluguenots desire to spread, 479; adopted by Pocahontas, 674; spread by her among Indian women, note, 675, 685; good effect on Indians, 693; in Maryland in early 18th century, 1704; French missionaries in Canada, 1959. Christie, Ensign, commandant at Presqu’- isle, 2312, 2314. Christie, Lieut.-Col., at battle of Queens¬ town Heights, 3998, 3999. Christina, child queen of Sweden, 577; first settlement in New Sweden named for, 580. Christina, Fort, Swedish settlement, 580, 582; Swedish stronghold on Delaware river, 1126, 1127. Christison, Wenlock, Quaker before court, 940 , 941. Christobal Colon, Spanish warship, de¬ struction of, 5732, 5733- Chronicle, Maj., 2999. Chrysler’s farm, on St. Lawrence river, battle at, in 1813, 4054. Chubb, British ship, 4067. Church, Benjamin, in King Philip’s war, I2 95 , 1300; goes to rescue of Kenne¬ bec valley, 1356; against Narragansetts, 1466; turns traitor, 2469, 2708; sails for West Indies, 2469; as director-general of hospitals, 2708. Church of England in America persecutes Brownists, 615; in Virginia, 629, 634; enjoined by law, 681, 718, 752; promotes education, 686; Laud’s policy, 717; re¬ lations with Puritans, 717, 721, 751, 794, GENERAL INDEX. 47 804, 811, 844, 854, 861; difficulties with separatists, 870, 901; anxious to gain colonies, 890; severe towards Quakers, 925; Keith converted, 1237; established in Massachusetts, 1278; forced on New England by Andros, 1314, 1315 ; witch¬ craft, 1343; Clarendon desires to strengthen, 1421; excluded by Massachu¬ setts and New Haven, 1421; formally acknowledged in Connecticut, 1446; in early New York, 1505, 1551; in Vir¬ ginia, 1640, 1643; drunkenness of rec¬ tors, 1643, 1644; in Maryland, 1673, 1674, 1683, 1704, 1705; fugitives people Virginia, 1713; in the Carolinas, 1729, 1801, 1802, 1805, 1806, 1808, 1837; in Georgia, 1874, 1921; condition at the end of the revolution, 3107. Churchill, Gen. T. J., surrenders Ft. Hinde- man, 5144. Chwang, Prince, degradation of, 5782. Cibao, gold region in Cuba, 324. Cicero, Marcus Tullius, believes in spher¬ icity of earth, 95. Cienfuegos, Cuba, bombardment of, 5727. Cilley, Jonathan, death of, 4320. Cincinnati, O., not far from Gist’s route, 2021; Dunmore purchases land opposite, 2765; northwest territorial legislature meets at, 3641; public land office at, 3674; one of the chief Ohio towns, 3694; Burr at, 3820, 3827; alarm due to Morgan’s raid, 5112; Confederate plans against, in 1862, 5117, 5121; Mor¬ gan’s movements near, 5120; Heth’s ad¬ vance creates panic in, 5122; failure of Bragg’s plans concerning, 5125; Val- landigham imprisoned at, 5186; call for nominating convention at, 5196; Thomp¬ son’s plan to fire city, 5208; center of population near, 5498; national conven¬ tion of Liberal Republicans at, 5517; Republican national convention at, 5544; railroad strike at, in 1877-8, 5553; Dem¬ ocratic convention of 1880 held in, 5565; regular army and navy union organized . at > 5916. * Cincinnati Gazette, editor’s view on Lin¬ coln’s renomination, 5197. Cincinnati, society of the, illus. of badge for, facing 3218; history of, 3219-3222; facsimile of pages of Burke’s pamphlet against, facing 3220. Cincinnati, society of the, 5911. Cincinnati, U. S. gunboat, attacks Ft. Henry, 4814; in attack on Island No. to, 4833; in naval duel on the Missis¬ sippi, 4839, 4840; built by James B. Eads, 4846. Cintra, Columbus at, 316. Cipango, Japan, 154, 275; distance to, 279, 280; Columbus sailed for, 298, 307, 310; thought he had reached, 302, 324, 326, 358sought by Cabot, 427, 434. Circassian, ship, capture of, 4845. Circuit court, U. S. congress establishes, 3339; powers, 3340; first sessions, 3341, . 3342. Circular letter sent to colonies by Massa¬ chusetts general assembly in 1768, 2388, _ 2389. Circumnavigation of globe not understood in 15th century, 102; proves sphericity of earth, 265; desire of Columbus, 329; by Magellan, 375, 401; possibility of sailing around Africa learned by mes¬ sage, 402; Francis I. aroused by, 502; Drake’s voyage, 592-596; map of Drake’s course, facing 594. City of Savannah, ship, wrecking of, 5665. City Point, Va., Grant’s supplies stored at, 5242; Grant returns to, after Lee’s sur¬ render, 5296; Lincoln visits Grant at, 5298; Lincoln visits hospitals at, 5298. Civil rights bill, introduction into senate, 5365; vetoed by president, 5366; re¬ passed by congress, 5366. Civil service, reform in, 5486, 5554, 5555; history of, 5486-5488; Washington on, 5486, 5487; Adams on, 5487; Jefferson on, 5487; Jackson on, 5487; Carl Schurz enforces rules of, 5554; Hayes for en¬ forcement of rules of, 5554; Garfield on, 5567; office-seeking, 5568, 5569; Greeley on spoils system, 5569; Washington, D. C., a mecca for office-seekers, 5569; contest of Conkling and Blaine over spoils, 5570, 5571; competitive system provided for, 5572, 5573; number of office-holders under, 5573; Cleveland on, 5591* 5596, 5597J objections to civil service examinations in post-office de- . partment, 5975 , 5976 .. Civil war in England divides colonial sen¬ timent, 717, 837; Warwick parliament’s admiral in, 844; eastern England for Cromwell, 876; checks plan of Gorges, 951; affects Maryland especially, 1079; in England contemporary with struggle between D’Aunay, the La Tours, and Massachusetts, 1950. Civil war in South Carolina, during the revolution, 2921, 2922, 2927, 2928. Civil war, U. S., military strength of Ind¬ ians after, 170; Indians served in, 1519; secession of southern states, 4607-4622, 4645, 4649-4653, 4657-4660, 4685, 4691, 4692; Confederacy organized, 4653, 48 GENERAL INDEX. 4660-4664; surrender of Ft. Sumter, 4674-4678; Lincoln’s war proclamation, 4679, 4680; North rallies, 4680-4700; Missouri divided on secession, 4703- 4712, 4714; battle of Wilson’s creek, 4713; Fremont in Missouri, 4715-4729; battle of Pea Ridge, 4735-4738; Wash¬ ington defended, 4739-4741; McClellan’s campaign, 4741, 4798; battle of Big Bethel, 4746, 4747; battle of Bull Run, 4752-4764, 4770; congress appoints com¬ mittee to inquire into conduct of the war, 4783; its findings, 4783, 4784; at¬ tack on Yorktown, 4793-4796; battle of Kernstown, 4797; campaign in Kentucky and Tennessee, 4799-4842; battle of Mill Springs, 4810-4812; Grant captures Ft. Henry, 4814, 4815; capture of Ft. Donelson, 4815-4825; New Madrid and Island No. 10, 4829-4838; naval duel on the Mississippi, 4839, 4840; battle of Memphis, 4841, 4842; Union navy and blockade of southern ports, 4843, 4898; Lincoln’s blockade proclamation, 4848; Galveston opened and reblockaded, 4865, 4867; expedition against Port Royal, 4872-4874; capture of Roanoke Island, 4875, 4876; Ft. Marion taken, 4878; Ft. Pulaski captured, 4879-4881; capture of New Orleans, 4881-4894; operations against Vicksburg, 4895, 4896; Confed¬ erate navy, 4899-4922; Kearsarge and Alabama, 4908, 4909; Monitor and Mer- rimac, 4910-4921; Trent affair, 4928- 4932; Lincoln’s emancipation proclama¬ tion, 4953-4958; battles of Fair Oaks, seven days and the retreat, 4966-4984; battle of Malvern Hill, 4984-5004; cam¬ paign in Virginia and Maryland, 5005- 5056; battle of Cedar Mountain, 5012- 5014; battle of Centreville, 5018; battle of Groveton, 5020; battle of Chantilly, 5025; Harper’s Ferry captured, 5038, 5039; battle of Crampton’s Gap, 5040; battle of Antietam, 5043-5051; reception of the emancipation proclamation, 5057- 5068; battle of Fredericksburg, 5071- 5076; Confederate victory at Chancel- lorsville, 5083; battle of Gettysburg, 5087-5093; battle of Corinth, 5095, 5106- 5108, 5134-5138; Pittsburg Landing (Shi¬ loh), 5096-5098; Morgan’s raid, 5111- 5121; Vicksburg, 5141-5150; battle at Murfreesboro, 5151-5154; battle of Mis¬ sionary Ridge, 5155-5157; battle of Chickamauga, 5163, 5164; capture of Charleston, 5165; naval battle at Mo¬ bile, 5169-5173; destruction of the Albe¬ marle, 5175, 5176; peace conference be¬ tween Blair and Davis, 5225; southern demands for peace, 5228. Civilization in Iceland, 204; in North Amer¬ ica, note, 252, 256; in Mexico, 256, 445- 460; in Central America, 339; brought to America by Europeans, 401; the rights of, vs. that of Indians, 2028; evolu¬ tion of western, 3191. Claiborne, William, comes to Virginia with Wyatt, 692, 710, 1066; secretary of state, 711, 723; anti-Maryland leader, 714; supports parliament, 722; tries to check¬ mate the Calverts, 1071-1074, 1076; treasurer of Virginia, 1080; reoccupies Kent Island, 1080, 1095-1097; returns to England, 1084, 1085; his part in sub¬ jugating Maryland, 1092-1100; dismisses Roman Catholic officers, 1099; deposed from office of secretary of state in Vir¬ ginia, 1603. Claiborne, Wm. C. C., governor of Missis¬ sippi territory, 3725; reports Mississippi river closed, 3736; takes possession of Louisiana, 3752; Burr entertained by, 3821; facsimile of his letter to Wilkin¬ son, facing 3832; ordered to occupy west Florida, 3941; portrait, facing 3942; in Indian campaign of 1813, 4039; guarded Jackson’s flank at New Or¬ leans, 4084. “Claiborne and Ingle’s Rebellion,” 1081, 1083-1085. Clapp, Thomas, president of Yale college, 1451 - Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first earl of, on committee of plantations, 1417; plans the subjugation of New England, 1421; warns Maverick, 1458; things New Eng¬ land too republican, 1459; receives gift of land in Rhode Island, 1462; grand¬ father of Lord Cornbury, 1558; one of patentees of Carolina colony, 1722; sold his share in North Carolina to Sothel, 1761. Clarendon, Edward Hyde, third earl of, see Cornbury, Lord. Clarendon, Earl of, in Gladstone’s cabinet in 1869, 5503; negotiates treaty with Johnson, 5504. Clark, Charles E., portrait, facing 5732. Clark, Christopher, manages impeachment trial of Chase, 3788. Clark, Daniel, meets Burr, 3821; writes to Wilkinson about rumor of Burr’s plan, 3822. Clark, Daniel, Jr., commands troops at New Orleans, 3751. Clark, Francis E., founder of Christian Endeavor society, 5921, 5922. Clark, George Rogers, 2712; portrait, fac- GENERAL INDEX. 49 ing 2778; expedition of, 2779; sketch of, 2779, 2780; plan to conquer Illinois country, 2780; captures Kaskaskia, 2781; captures Cahokia, 2781; Father Gibault secures Wabash towns for, 2782; Ham¬ ilton campaign against, 2783-2786; hard¬ ships of men under, 2784, 2785; fac¬ simile of terms of surrender to Hamilton by, facing 2784; made brigadier-general, 2786; his views on the capture of De¬ troit, 2787, 2793; at Kaskaskia, 2789; results of his expedition, 2790; leaves Kaskaskia, 2791; revenge on Indians of Ohio and Kentucky settlements, 2793; annihilated Arnold’s forces at Hood, 2793, 2794; expedition against Indians at Licking Ford, 2803, 2804; last days of, note, 2804; Illinois governed by, 3154; expedition to relieve Vincennes, 3189; plans to invade Louisiana, 3475, 2376. Clark, William, portrait, facing 3756; ex¬ pedition, 3757, 3758. Clark, Fort, guarded entrance to Hatteras Inlet, 4871. Clark at battle of Musgrove’s Mill, 2991; expedition against Augusta, 2994; at battle of Long Cane, 3010; attacks Dun¬ lap, 3039 , 3049 - Clarke, Maj., operations of, with St. Clair, 34 l 7 ‘ Clarke, Abraham, portrait, facing 2500. Clarke, Elijah, South Carolina patriot, 2926; British routed by, 2931; at Cher¬ okee Ford, 2934, 2938; expedition to west Florida of, 3476. Clarke, Sir Francis, death of, 2649, 2650. Clarke, George, governor of New York, 1573 , 1574 , 1581, 1583. Clarke, Rev. John, in Brownist colony, 616; pastor of first Baptist church in Rhode Island, 922; in trouble with magistrates, 922, 923; leader of Hutchinsonians, 1031; tries to get patent for Newport, 1037; sent to England, 1049; on Williams- Harris controversy, 1053; tries to secure confirmation of patent, 1056; represents Rhode Island in London, 1453, 1459; protests against Winthrop’s charter, 1454-1464. Clarke, Mary, Quaker, flogged in Boston, 93 r. Clarke, Walter, governor of Rhode Island, declines reelection, 1475; objects to the oath, 1477; succeeded by Cranston, 1478. Clark’s Island, Mass., Pilgrims explored, 769, 770; Mayflower anchored near, 771. Claus, Col., commands St. Leger’s Indians, 2594 - Clay, Gen. Green, defeated at Ft. Meigs, 4020. Clay, C. C., Confederate agent in Canada, 5206. Clay, Cassius M., unsuccessful candidate for Republican nomination for vice- president in i860, 4600. Clay, Henry, supports abolition of slavery, 3667; counsel for Burr, 3830; succeeds Thurston as senator, 3927; urges war against Great Britain in 1810, 3927; ar¬ guments on renewal of charter of U. S. bank, 3945, 3946; elected speaker of house of representatives, 3963, 4103, 4121, 4156; sketch of, 3963, 3964; on war of 1812, 4006, 4007; on financial measures of 1812, 4009; on peace commission (1813), 4045-4088; supports second bank charter, 4095; desires to be secretary of state, 4101; refuses portfolio of war department, 4102; lays his plans for the presidency, 4103; criticises the president, 4104; champions the South American republics, 4105; on neutrality bill, 4105, 4106; attacks Jackson’s conduct of Sem¬ inole war, 4112, 4113; opposes the ad¬ mission of Maine, 4123; his opinion of the Missouri controversy, 4126; desires to recognize South American republics, 4127; resigned speakership, 4130; his strength as a presidential candidate, 4137; on internal improvements, 4138; advocates close relations with other American republics, 4155; successfully advocates his “American system,” 4156- 4158; portrait, facing 4157, 4238; in presidential campaign of 1824, 4160, 4162, 4164, 4165; declares himself for Adams, 4163; charges against, 4163; appointed secretary of state, 4164; his alleged bar¬ gain with Adams, 4167, 4168; appointed secretary of state, 4168, 4169; desired union of North and South America, 4172; his duel with Randolph, 4175; protective tariff policy, 4187; facsimile of a letter of, facing 4218; nominated for president, 4239; opposes Van Buren’s appointment as minister to Great Brit¬ ain, 4241; favors reduction of tariff duties, 4243; public lands bill passes senate, 4244, 4245; in alliance with Cal¬ houn introduces compromise tariff bill, 4258; quarrels with Calhoun, 4260; in¬ troduces resolution asking Jackson to transmit copy of “paper read to the cabinet,” 4268; introduces resolution cen¬ suring Jackson, 4269; opposes sub¬ treasury, 4306, 4307; contends with Web¬ ster for leadership of Whig party, 4308; opposes subtreasury plan, 4308; contest with Calhoun, 4308; attitude toward 50 GENERAL INDEX. Vermont anti-slavery resolutions, 4316, 4317; opposes drastic action on slavery question, 4317, 4320; candidate for Whig nomination in 1839, 4324; takes active part in 1840 campaign, 4326; real leader of Whig party, 4327; asked by Harri¬ son to be secretary of state, 4333; quar¬ rel with Tyler, 4340; introduces act to repeal subtreasury act, 4341; plan for national bank, 4342; retires from senate, 4352; nominated for president, 4353; Raleigh letter on Texas, 4361; nom¬ inated at Whig convention in Baltimore, 4362; his defeat, 4365; Lexington speech, 4416; unsuccessful candidate for Whig nomination in 1848, 4428, 4429; supports Taylor in 1848 campaign, 4431; uses influence for emancipation in Kentucky, 4435; introduces a second compromise in senate, 4452-4454; speech in senate, March, 1848, 4454-4457; discussion in senate over his compromise bill, 4454; member of the “grand committee” in 1850, 4474; suggests Webster for secre¬ tary of state, 4477; efforts to make com¬ promise of 1850 popular in South, 4486; issues manifesto urging adherence to compromise of 1850, 4497; unable to take his place in 32d congress because of illness, 4500; view of the Hungarian revolution quoted, 4502, 4503; death, 4507, 4508; views on Missouri com¬ promise and compromise of 1850, 4525. Claypoole, James, author of first books published in Philadelphia, 1221. Claypoole, Sir John, married Cromwell’s daughter, 1221. Clayton, Augustine Smith, moves investi¬ gation of bank, 4246, 4247. Clayton, John M., unsuccessful candidate for Whig nomination in 1848, 4429; cor¬ respondence with Hulseman, 4493; posi¬ tion on repeal of Missouri compromise, 4539 - Clayton-Bulwer treaty on construction of trans-isthmian canal, 5760. Clear river, N. Y., camping-place of Put¬ nam and Rogers, 2201. Cleburne, Gen. P. R., in battle of Chatta¬ nooga, 5152; killed at Franklin, 5267. Cleeves, George, administrator of New Somersetshire, 948, 949; makes himself deputy president of Lygonia, 952. Clermont, British at, 2944; Gates at, 2946, 2958. . Clermont, steamboat, first journey of, 3695, 3738 . Cleveland, Benjamin, South Carolina patri¬ ot, 2926; organizes to repel Ferguson, 2998; at King’s Mountain, 3004, 3005. Cleveland, Grover, civil service under, 5573, 5591; presidential election, inauguration and cabinet, 5590; marriage, 5592; resi¬ dence at Georgetown, 5592; first message of, 5594, .5595; rejects the dependent pension bill, 5609, 5610; opposed to pa¬ ternalism, 5610; on revenue, 5611; at the celebration of the adoption of the constitution, 5616; western and southern tour of, 5616; renomination of, 5622; vote given, 5624; withdraws Hawaiian treaty from senate, 5636; nominated for president, 5647; elected to succeed Harri¬ son, 5647, 5648; inauguration of, 5648; cabinet of, 5648; portrait, facing 5648; second inaugural address of, 5649; proc¬ lamation of, calling a special session to act on the monetary panic, 5650; special message, 5650, 5651; on Hawaiian af¬ fairs, 5654-5656; action on railroad strike at Chicago, 5671; appoints commission on bimetalism, 5682; on the Cuban ques¬ tion, 5703. Cleveland, Rose, at White Houke, 5592. Cleveland, O., convention of radical Re¬ publicans at, in 1864, 5194; convention of administration party at, in 1866, 5377; President Johnson’s visit, 5378; Gar¬ field buried at, 5571. Clifford, Nathan, attorney-general under Polk, 4370; carries treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to Mexican government, 4421; minister to Mexico, 4421; on the elec¬ toral commission, 5547. Clifton, U. S. ship, in the battle of Gal¬ veston, 4866. Clinch river settlements, Boone’s party re¬ treats to, 2768. Cling, captain of Charitas, 584. Clingman, in Hamilton-Reynolds affair, 360 r. Clinton, DeWitt, refuses to support George Clinton, 3884; on Erie canal commission, 3931; presidential candidate in 1812, 4003; in presidential election of 1820, 4128; as a presidential candidate, 4138; in presidential campaign of 1824, 4161; refused appointment as minister to Eng¬ land, 4169; death, 4190; portrait, facing 4196. Clinton, George, governor of New York, 1582; family of, 1582; opposed by De Lancey, 1583-1587, 1593; in King George’s war, 1587, 1589, 1592; appealed to William Johnson for help against French, 1592; impeached for embezzling GENERAL INDEX. 51 public funds, 1594; Franklin on, 1595; in expedition against Frontenac, 2211; member of continental congress, 2448; attacks British at Hackensack, 2549; Fts. Montgomery and Clinton command¬ ed by, 2655, 2656; nominated for vice- president, 3798, 3883; New York urges him for president, 3883; DeWitt Clinton refuses to support, 3884; opposes the enforcement of the embargo, 3888; op¬ poses renewal of U. S. bank charter, 3947; opens Erie canal, 4196. Clinton, Sir Henry, ordered to America, 2418; at Bunker Hill, 2461; sails for Fear river, 2490; Sir Peter Parker co¬ operates with, 2490; sails for Charleston, 2504; Long Island movements of, 2507, 2508; seized Newport, R. I., 2531; New Jersey invaded by, 2612; Washington plans to repel, 2612; effect of raid under, 2613; Burgoyne receives dispatch from, 2643; Hudson forced by, 2654; captures Fts. Clinton and Montgomery, 2654-2656; in Vaughan-Wallace raid dismantles Fts. Mercer and Mifflin, 2669; evacuates Phil¬ adelphia, 2711; Howe replaced by, 2725; Germaine’s secret orders to, 2726; takes command at Philadelphia, 2727; Wash¬ ington threatens his march, 2732-2735; escapes from Washington at battle of Monmouth, 2740, 2741; troops desert, 2742; on peace commission, 2743; writes to Germaine about abandoning New York, 2753; arrives at Newport, 2758; sends troops to West Indies, 2760; raids of, 2760; Washington’s army surrounds, 2762; beginning of Savannah-Charleston campaign, 2813, 2814; inactivity of, 2831; sends Matthews to Virginia, 2832; move¬ ments on Stony Point, 2833; movement on Hudson river forts, 2833; sends Col¬ lier to raid Connecticut coast, 2834; instructions to Cornwallis, note, 2903; Hudson forts and Rhode Island evacu¬ ated by, 2905; expedition against Charleston, 2905, 2912; punishment of T a r 1 e t o n’s dragoons, note, 2911; Charleston, 2905, 2912; punishment of to Camden, 2914; portrait, facing 2918; plans to return to New York, 2919; revokes terms of neutrality, 2920; Corn¬ wallis enforces proclamation of, 2921; blame for civil war in South Carolina given to, 2922; arrives in New York, 2967, 2969; burns Springfield, 2967; at¬ tacks French at Newport, 2970; plans Leslie’s Virginia campaign, 2971; Arnold treats with, 2977; efforts to save Andre, 2986, 2987; sends Arnold into Virginia, 3030; crosses to Staten Island, 3057; Cornwallis remonstrates with, 3071; Germaine praises, 3072; Washington misleads, 3073; Carleton succeeds, 3083; makes effort to save Cornwallis, 3083. Clinton, James, in Bradstreet’s expedition against Frontenac, 2211; expedition against Iroquois, 2839, 2840. Clinton, Fort, Clinton captures, 2654-2656; plan of attack on, illus., facing 2654. Clive wins India with British recruits, note, 2177. Cloth-making, early history of, 3123, 3124. Cloyce, Sarah, accused of witchcraft, 1333. Clyfton, Richard, Separatist preacher, 753, 756 . Clymer, George, portrait, facing 2500; mobbed at Philadelphia, 2856; action re¬ garding the constitution, 3303. Coahuila sets up state government, 4275; refuses to emancipate slaves, 4277; land speculation in, 4279, 4280. Coal marketed in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, 4197. Coal miners threaten strike in 1906, 5828. “Coalition,” Fox and North, 3097. Cobb, Howell, member of 28th congress, 4360; speaker of the house in 1849, 4448; secretary of the treasury, 4564; resignation of, 4647; Dix succeeds, 4944. Cobbett, William, portrait, facing 3550; work of, 3551; Yrujo lampooned by, 3608; sued for libel, 3609; attack on, 3632; on the Virginia resolutions, 3652. Cobble Hill, American troops at, 2481. Coga, Indian town on Coosa river, 472. Cocheco, Mass., settlement, 821; opposed to Merry-Mount, 823. Cocheco river, Dover on, 791, 946. Cochin China sought by Columbus, 329, 338; Gama in, 401, 406. Cochran, Gen. John, nominated for vice- president, 5195; leader of the Liberal Republicans, 5518. Cochrane, Sir Alexander (British admiral), sails for Chesapeake Bay, 4070; bom¬ bards Ft. McHenry, 4077. Cockburn, Alexander, on Geneva tribunal of arbitration, 5507, 5509. Cockburn, Sir George, threatens Washing¬ ton, D. C., in war of 1812, 4039; enters Washington, 4075. Cocke, Gen. P. St. George, in campaign against the Indians, 4038. Cocke, William, first delegate to congress, from Franklin, 3173. Cockerell, Gen. F. M., wounded at Franklin, 5267. 52 GENERAL INDEX. Cockspur Island, Savannah river, Ft. Pulas¬ ki on, 4899. Cod, Cape, shell-heaps on, 129; probable landfall of Thorvald, 220; Champlain at, 525; Block and Christiaensen at, 551; Gosnold tries to settle on, 619; Indians kidnapped from, 735; Dermer captured on, 741; Pilgrims on, 766, 820, 953. Coddington, John, one of the fathers of Rhode Island, 920. Coddington, William, leader of Hutchin- sonians, 1031; chosen chief executive in Providence, 1032; supplanted by Wm. Hutchinson, 1034; portrait of, 1034; his plan for colony, 1036; snubbed by Mas¬ sachusetts Bay, 1039; denied admission to New England union, 1048; governor of Rhode Island, 1048; his commission nullifies charter, 1048, 1049; usurps .gov¬ ernment of Newport, 1453; mentioned in Rhode Island charter, 1456. Codland, pretended destination of Roberval, 5 r 5 - Coehorn, Baron Menno Von, invents the “coehorn,” note, 2227. Coelho, Gonzalo, expedition of, 366; Solis with, 375; referred to in the “Lusiad,” 403 - Coenties Slip, N. Y., Kieft builds tavern on, 1123. Coffee, Gen. John, in battle of Horse Shoe Bend, 4058; attacks the British flank at New Orleans, 4081, 4082. Coffin, Maj., movements of, at Eutaw Springs, 3075. Cofitachiqui, Indian queen, captured by De Soto, 471. Coggeshall, John, in Newport, R. I., 1037. Cohassett “runlet,” a boundary of Plymouth colony, 826. Coins and coinage, see Currency, U. S. Coke, Thomas, statement on British peace manifesto by, 2747; Wesley ordains, 3 TI 3- Colbert organizes company of West Indies, 1985 - Cold Harbor, Va., Cooke’s cavalry at, in peninsular campaign, 4377; dash of Sheridan upon, 5240; battle of, 5241. Colden, Cadwallader, portrait, facing 1584; governor of New York, 1585; in New York in 1768, 2393; leads loyalist ele¬ ment in New York, 2436. Coldstream guards, famous English regi¬ ment, 2055. Cole, Josiah, Quaker, active against Mary¬ land government, 116; sheltered by Ind¬ ians, 1683. Cole, Robert, associated with Gorton in Rhode Island, 920. Coles, of Roxbury, 892. Coles, Edward, against slavery in Illinois, 4206. Colfax, Schuyler, nominated as vice-pres¬ ident, 5413; elected, 5414. Coligny, Gaspard de, plans Huguenot colony in America, 479; threatened in France, 482; displaced Ribault, 486; Spain hos¬ tile to, 488, 490. Coligua, De Soto at, 476. Colleges and universities, William and Mary, proposed, 686; founded, 1633; as¬ sisted by Gov. Spotswood, 1656; estab¬ lished in the American colonies previous to the revolution, 2347, 3126-3134; in¬ crease in attendance, 5957-5959; institu¬ tions for the negro, 5959, 5960. Colleton, James, governor of South Caro¬ lina, 1777, 1778, 1780-1784. Colleton, Sir John, patentee in Carolina colony, 1722. Collier, Sir George, Clinton sends, to raid Connecticut coast, 2834; address to the people of Connecticut by, 2834, 2835; recalled to New York, 2835; reinforces English naval force at Penobscot, 2882. Collins, Capt. Napoleon, commanded the Wachnsett, 4909. Collot, Gen., designs of, 3581, 3582. Colombia promotes American congress at Panama, 4172; negotiations with, re¬ garding Panama canal, 5797, 5798. Colonial dames of America, society of the, 5918. Colonial wars society, 5913. Colonies in antiquities, 104, 320, 326; in contact with Indians, 153, 156, 158-160, 327; of Protestants and Catholics, 1059, 1060. Colonies in America, Dutch: Land in Amer¬ ica, 151, 153, 156; effect of fur trade, 533; bring first cargo of slaves to Amer¬ ica, 537; East India company, 538, 542, 544; West India company, 541; in Newfoundland waters, 541; struggle with Spain ends favorably, 541, 542; in Hudson’s crews, 544; noted captains in America, 549; prepare to fortify claim by trading stations, 549; race with Eng¬ land for supremacy, 551; not magnan¬ imous to Indians, 552; makes maps of re¬ gions explored, £52; merchants help to open new world, 553; coexistent with French in early New York, 555; hold claim to New England with difficulty, 555; temporize with English, 557, 558, GENERAL INDEX. 53 676; attacked by Mohawks, 559; possible influence of, on existence of United States, note, 563; in Delaware, 566; rights in America respected by Swedes, 578; befriend Swedish vessels, 579, 581; Swedes preferred by Indians, 582; Brownist colony in Newfoundland, 616; possibility of their occupying New Eng¬ land, 748; gain from fisheries, 749; in relations with Puritan colonies, 755, 757; encroachments complained of by Brad¬ ford, 825; wish to occupy Connecticut valley, 829; help to cause New England confederation, 837; objectionable to Gorges, 851; warned from Connecticut river, 894; in Connecticut, 956; looked on with apprehension by English, 963; threaten the Pequots, 969; control col¬ ony at Greenwich, 993; in collision with Connecticut colony, 1012-1015; on the verge of colonial war, 1016, 1017; Dutch war with England complicates colonial affairs, 1050; New York under Van Twiller, 1119, 1121; under Kieft, 1121- 1142; early buildings in New York, 1123, 1124; Connecticut claims, 1124-1150, 1165-1167; drive out Marylanders, 1125; treat Indians unwisely, 1132-1137; mas¬ sacre of Pavonia, 1135-1142; victory at Stamford, 1139; give up Long Island, 1148; do not incite savages against Eng¬ lish, 1149, 1159; yield New Netherland to England, 1175-1182; Penn in naval war with, 1189; in Delaware colony, ,’1204, 1205, 1235; dispute with Connecticut over Long Island towns, 1430, 1431; re¬ lations with Massachusetts, 1436; retake New York, 1465, 1501, 1502; become British subjects in New Amsterdam, 1494, 1496, 1497, 1513; in southern col¬ onies, 1500, 1503, 1677, 1678, 1743; 1744, 1756; in New York surrender to Evert- son, 1501; build up New York commerce, 1503; customs in early New York, 1597, 1598, 2345; see also Dutch West India company. Colonies in America, English: Settle Vir¬ ginia, 490, 542, 544, 596; English claims to the Atlantic coast, 551, 2349, 2350; conquest of New Amsterdam, 551, 1175- 1182; colonial enterprises of the 16th century, 587-622; Sir Humphrey Gilbert an early promoter, 597; Raleigh’s pat¬ ent, 604; first permanent settlers in Vir¬ ginia, note, 611, 630; interest in, in England, 618; Weymouth’s expedition, 621, 622; the London company and the Virginia colony, 625-672; the Plymouth company, council, and colony, 725- 860; Massachusetts Bay, 861-952; par¬ adox in origin and outcome of, 869-873; first publication and first book in, 913; their relations with the home govern¬ ment, 916, 917, 944, 945; colonists prom¬ ise enlargement of empire, 1192; ballot introduced in, 1202; freedom in, ow¬ ing to Quakers, 1246; Great Britain plans to unite its colonies, 1247, 1250; com¬ merce injured by parliament, 1260; pop¬ ulation in 1750, 1261, 1262; the Louis- bourg campaign, 1385, 1397, 1398, 1400, 1402, 1403; threatened by French fleet, 1404, 1406; underlying cause of revolu¬ tion in, 1417; government plans to sub¬ due New England, 1435; New York in 1665-1700, 1497, 1501, 1502, 1513, 1598; exports of New York in 1678, 1504; fear subjection to Rome, 1531, 1533; Vir¬ ginia’s relations with the home govern¬ ment, 1638, 1639; the English reduce importation of felons to America, 1684; first settlement in South Carolina, 1735; undesirable class in South Carolina under “Grand Model,” 1738, 1740, 1747; colonists refuse political rights to Hu¬ guenots in South Carolina, 1786, 1787; slave-holding promoted, 1837; exports of Georgia before revolution, 1920; pop¬ ulation in 1755, 2007, 2009; in 1760, 2344; colonial troops undervalued by Braddock, 2060, 2064, 2078; respond to Pitt’s call for troops, 2165; loyalty to England, 2218, 2219; supremacy in America assured by capture of Quebec, 2250; growing strength of colonies, 2333, 2 339; causes of the revolution, 2339-2412; trade in, in 1759, 2340; peculi¬ arities of the different colonies, 2344, 2349; development of distinct national character in, 2344, 2346; education in, 2346-2348; industries in, 2349, 2351, nav¬ igation acts, 2351-2354, 2357, 2360; sugar act, 2354; Townshend’s policy toward, 2356, 2357, 2385; stamp act, 2357, 2366- 2382; writs of assistance, 2361, 2362; non-importation movement, 2387, 2397; Massachusetts’ circular letter, 2388, 2389; friction between colonial parties, 2391-2396; “Boston massacre,” 2395; let¬ ters of instruction, 2396, 2397; Gaspee affair, 2398-2400; committee of corre¬ spondence, 2400; the “Boston tea-party,” 2403-2405; Gage to overawe Boston, 2407-2409, 2415; first continental con¬ gress, 2409-2411; British contempt for colonists, 2415, 2416, 2419; Massachusetts organizes for war, 2417, 2420; Paul Re- vere’s ride, 2423; Lexington, 2424-2430; 54 GENERAL INDEX. Concord, 2425-2528; colonies rise, 2431- 2440; colonists hope to be joined by Canadians, 2441, 2442; Ticonderoga cap¬ tured, 2442-2446; continental congress, 2448, 2465, 2494; George Washington chosen commander-in-chief, 2450-2452; Bunker Hill, 2457-2464; Washington’s army, 2466-2468, 2470; petition of the colonies to George III., facsimile, facing 2470, 2471; proclamation of the king in answer to petition, facsimile, facing 2472; Great Britain hires German mer¬ cenaries to fight against colonists, 2472, 2473; Arnold’s march against Quebec, 2476; Washington forces the British to evacuate Boston, 2480-2484; Dunmore’s ravages in the southern colonies, 2486- 2489; Paine’s pamphlets, 2493, 2494; col¬ onies hesitate to declare independence, 2494-2499; the declaration of independ¬ ence, 2499, 2500; first flag, 2592; British Florida in 1778, 2787-2789. Colonies in America, French : Earliest deal¬ ings with Indians, 159, 162, 168, 169; Coligny’s colonial scheme, 479; Ribault’s colony, 479-482; Laudonniere’s colony, 482-492; French and Spanish clash, 488- 495; explorations under Verrazano, 502- 507; under Cartier, 507-518; in Labrador, 508; at Point Gaspe, 509, 510; claim to northeast America, 510, 621; Rober- val’s colony, 515-518; La Roche’s colony, 519; Chauvin’s colony, 520; Chastes’ colony, 520, 522; Champlain’s expeditions, 520-540; De Mont’s com¬ pany, 523, 524, 527; map of New France, facing 526; Conde’s company, 533; French a factor in early New York, 555; feudal system, 561; possible results of alliance with Indians, note, 563; claim to California later than Great Britain’s, 595; Argali ordered to expel French from coast of North America, 673, 676, 725; in collision with John Smith, 738; threaten the English colonies, 748, 749; New France recovered by treaty of St. Germains, 833, 845; claim territory in New England after treaty of Ryswick, 1349; French in Nova Scotia, 1357, 1381, 2009; Louisbourg founded, 1383, 1384; in King George’s war, 1385-1410; French fleet attacks Rhode Island in 18th century, 1476; checked in New York by Andros, 1511; policy towards northern Indian tribes, 1522; designs on Indian converts, 1526, 1527; government of Louis XV. outwitted James II. in American affairs, 1528, 1529; Nicholson’s attitude toward the French, 1529, 1530; Protestants in New York to be sent back to France if captured by Louis XV., 1538; claimed most of North Amer¬ ica in 1689, 1538; hope to establish em¬ pire in Mississippi valley, 1623; acquire vast region around Mississippi river, 1657; capture Cartagena, Central Amer¬ ica, 1663; fail in attack on Charleston, S. C., in 1706, 1802, 1804; settlements in America not connected, 1933; heroism of French at Long Saut, 1980-1983; debt to La Salle, 1990; developed by explo¬ rations of Joliet and Marquette, 1993; expedition to claim mouth of Missis¬ sippi, 1996; not fond of emigration, 2002; weakness as colonists, 2002; ex¬ plore country west of Appalachians, 2003; establish forts and settlements, 2004, 2007; boundaries in 1755, 2006; population in 1755, 2007; military advan¬ tages over England in 1755, 2008, 2009; try to forestall English in Ohio, 2010, 2028; in French and Indian war, 2028- 2338; campaign around Ft. Duquesne, 2028-2081; campaign around Crown Point and Lake George, 2091-2106; the Acadian deportation, 2108-2131; Mont¬ calm at Oswego, 2131-2137; Montcalm’s attacks on Ft. William Henry, 2144- 2159; famine-stricken in 1758, 2179, 2180; outnumbered at each point by English in 1759, 2216; defeated in naval battle by Putnam, 2221; Ft. Niagara under the French, 2224-2226; great forti¬ fications at Quebec, 2231, 2237; Wolfe and the St. Lawrence campaign, 2250- 2272; nearly recapture Quebec, 2272, 2275; keep Louisiana and Mississippi valley in 1760, 2276; Pontiac’s war, 2285-2328; treaty of Paris in 1763 closes war, 2334-2336; result of war to France. 233.8. Colonies in America, Spanish: Character of early Spanish colonists, 326, 327; their settlements transient, 398; intertwined with exploration, 399; the founding of Spanish North America: conquest of Mexico, 445-459; Narvaez’s expedition, 459-463; Soto’s expedition, 464-478; ef¬ forts to colonize Florida, 487; Menen- dez’s expedition, 489-500; St. Augustine founded, 490; Spanish colonies precede those of France and England, 501; at¬ tacked by Dutch, 541, 542; feudal policy, 561; commerce and settlements devas¬ tated by Hawkins, 590, 591, 596; Spanish Jesuits in west, 595; pillaged by Drake, 596; Florida effectively colonized by Spanish, 598; in Virginia, 662, 695; GENERAL INDEX. 55 effect of Spanish match for Charles II. on colonies, 691, 707, 751, 790; threaten New England, 748; in Guinea, 758; founded Cartagena, Central America, 1663, 1665; urge insurrection in South Carolina, 1742; driven off from St. He¬ lena Island, 1742, 1743; destroy settle¬ ments in South Carolina, 1746, 1776; burn Gov. Moreton’s brother, 1777; make peace with Gov. Archdale, 1793; relieved St. Augustine in 1701, 1797; fight against Yemassees, 1818; in Flor¬ ida, 1832, 1837, 1839; claim region be¬ tween Savannah river and Albemarle river, 1844, 1845, 1884, 1885 ; not liked by southern Indians, 1864; confer with Oglethorpe, 1884; threaten war in 1737, 1885; arouse slave insurrection in South Carolina, 1891, 1892; in war of Austrian succession, 1895; bribe Oglethorpe’s sol¬ diers, 1895, 1896; repel Oglethorpe’s at¬ tack on St. Augustine, 1899, 1900; ready to yield to Admiral Vernon at Havana, 1902, 1903; fortify Cartagena, 1902; plan revenge on English in Georgia, 1903, 1904; invaded Georgia in 1742, 1904- 1915; defeated at Frederica in 1742, 1908-1913; deceived by Oglethorpe’s de¬ coy letter at Frederica, 1914, 1915; flee to St. Augustine, 1915; permanently driven from Georgia, 1915; protested against settlement of New Hanover, 2142; Florida, 2787-2789, 2808, 2853; Mississippi river posts, 2791; Spanish claims in America, 2847-2850, 3094, 3180- 3182; Mississippi schemes, 3186, 3387, 3388, 3443; Nootka Sound, 3441-3443; Genet and Spanish America, 3474-3477; western intrigues against the United States, 3534-3536, 3562, 3602-3604; Span- ish-American treaty in 1795, 3561-3563; Burr’s scheme to invade Spanish Amer¬ ica, 3604-3608, 3639, 3640. Colonies in America,, Swedish: Attempt to colonize the Delaware river country, 575-586; their struggle with the Dutch, 1126, 1127; dealings with Penn, 1204, 1205, 1209, 1214; oppose slavery, 1235; rise against Lovelace in Delaware, 1499; fail to convert Delaware Indians, 2019. Colorado, Indians in, 164; enabling act for, 5190; admitted to the Union, 5538; pop¬ ulation of, 5538; yield of gold, 5538. Colorado, U. S. frigate, 4843. Colton, Walter, description of effect of news of discovery of gold in California, 4446 , 4447 - Columbia, S. C., Sherman’s plans concern¬ ing, 5310; Sherman enters, 5311; burn¬ ing of, 5311; relief afforded citizens of, 5311; struggle in, over governorship of Chamberlain and Hampton, 5448-5450. Columbia, Tenn., Forrest’s headquarters in 1863, 5160. Columbia, U. S. frigate, 4696. Columbia river, Lewis and Clark at the, 3758; discovered by Capt. Gray, 4403. Columbia university (formerly King’s col¬ lege), founded before the revolution, 2347; early history of, 3130, 3131. Columbian Centinel, Boston newspaper, criticism of Madison’s message, 3896; on repeal of the embargo, 3900. Columbian era, Europe in the 15th century, 3-26; the religious motive, 27-42; condi¬ tion of priesthood, 32, 33; greed of gold, 37, 41; increase of knowledge, 43, 51, 52; influence of crusaders, 44; in¬ ventions, 57, 58, 61, 63; mariner’s com¬ pass, 69; gunpowder, 73, 81, 83; demands of commerce, 84. Columbian exposition, Chicago, Columbian caravels at, note, 296, 297; account of, 5659-5663. Columbian Magazine, American magazine, 3453; facsimile of title-page, facing 3454. ‘‘Columbian March,” composed by J. K. Paine, 5660. Columbian Observer, Philadelphia news¬ paper, attacks Clay, 4163. Columbine, British ship, 3859. Columbus, Bartholomew, brother of Christ¬ opher, with Bartholomew Diaz, 286; seeks aid in England, 286; in France, 287; governor of Hayti, 326; ships seized, 327; deserted by Roldan, 331; controls mutiny, 334, 340; imprisoned by Bobadilla, 334; comrade of Christopher Columbus, 337. Columbus, Christopher, product of his time, 4, 378; unsupported in Italy, 16, 17; “gave a new world,” etc., 19; con¬ temporary monarchs, 23; recalled from France, 26; relations to church, 35, 40; religious motive, 39, 40, 291, 294, 308; caravels, 106, 296, 297, illus. of, facing 296; seeks the Indies, 154, 295, 305, 310, 3il, 324-326, 329, 330, 336-339; true place in history, 261, 262; date of birth, 265, 266; birthplace, 266, 267; parents, 266- 268; forms of name, 268; occupations, 268-270, 278, 283, 284; adventure off Sardinia, 269; early voyages, 269, 271, 276-278; education, 270; his brother Bar¬ tholomew, 271; in Lisbon, 271-283, 286; origin of desire to reach India, 272; solicits Genoa and Venice, 273, 284; writes to Toscanelli, 275; arctic voy- 56 GENERAL INDEX. ages, 276, 277; tropical voyages, 278; books read by, 278-280; changes made by on Toscanelli’s chart, 279, 280; negoti¬ ates with Portugal, 280-283; appeals to Spain, 283-286; guest of Medina-Celi, 287; favored by Quintanilla, 288; de¬ parts for France, 289, 292; at La Rabida, 289, 290; before the Spanish council, 290-292; facsimile of first commission, facing 292; first expedition, 292-319; jewel story, 293, 294; portraits, facing 294, 322, 328; sets forth from Palos, 297; course, 297, 298; hindered by mu¬ tinies, 298, 299, 301, 312; falsifies log, 300; sees land, 301; lands in new world, 303, 304; thinks himself in East Indies, 302, 305; dealings with natives,- 306, 314, 318; explores islands, 307-314; disappointed in gold, 308-314; discovers Cuba, 310; finds tobacco, 311; corn and potatoes, 312; builds fort, 314; returns to Spain, 314; escapes from Portugal, 316; anchors at Palos, 317; received by Ferdinand and Isabella, 318; facsimile of Columbus’ “triumph,” facing 318; royal rewards, 319; joined by brother Diego, 320; second expedition, 320-328; by brother Bartholomew, 326; third ex¬ pedition, 328-340, 452; discovers South America, 329, 370, 405; superseded by Bobadilla, 333; ill treatment accorded to, by Spain, 333, 334, 340; discovered Cen¬ tral America, 338; dies, 341; will, 341; estimate of work, 341, 342; priority, 343; compared with Vespucci, 344, 351, 352; commercial concession revoked, 345; and restored, 347; son sues to recover, 349; wrongly quoted by Vespucci, 357; Ojeda insubordinate to, 363; accurate navigator, 367; visited by Vespucci, 368; gives Ojeda letter to Diego Columbus, 368; facsimile, facing 368; contemporary navigators, 371-400; Ojeda, 372; suc¬ cessors, 381, 386; De Leon with, 387; plants one wital settlement, 399; contem¬ porary of Cabot, 420, 421, 424; inter¬ national celebration in New York har¬ bor in his honor, 5657, 5658. Columbus, Diego, brother of Christopher, joins Christopher, 320; governor of col¬ ony, 324; imprisoned, 334; in conflict with Ojeda, 376. Columbus, Diego, son of Christopher, goes with father to Cordova, 289; becomes a royal page, 294; sues for royalties, 349; letter from father, 368. Columbus, Domenico, father of Christopher, 266, 268. Columbus, Ferdinand, son of Christopher, 277, 286; writes life of father, 277, 360; sails with father, 337, note, 338; as to Vespucci, 360. Columbus, Ga., captured by Wilson, 5284. Columbus, Ky., Polk seizes, 4719; Grant moves on, 4720, 4721; fortified, 4802- 4804; Mississippi river controlled by works at, 4813; federal plans to secure possession of, 4813; Polk evacuates, 4827. Columbus, O., Lincoln at, 4666; Morgan imprisoned at, 5120; escape from peni¬ tentiary, 5120; railroad strike at, in 1877-8, 5553 - Columbus, U. S. warship, 2866, 4696. Colville, Lord, breaks siege of Quebec, 22 75 - Comanches, Indian tribe, in western United States, 163; invited to attend a confer¬ ence at St. Louis, 3759. Come-outers, sect in Rhode Island, 1035. Commerce, the object of Columbus’ voy¬ ages, 85; promotes discovery, 115; of Norsemen, 207, 220, 228, 239, 240; causes • urgency for new routes, 271-273; with West Indies, 345; trading-posts in Central America, 385, 386; Portugal’s endeavor to extend, 403-406; Moors oppose European merchants, 404; Brit¬ ish merchants seek Indies, 435; Spanish company, 441; fur trade between Eng¬ land and Russia, 442; leads to Dutch settlement of New York, 553-557, 560; vitally affected by Muscovy company, 589; between England and America in 1602, 618; prominent in English col¬ onizing plans, 625; begins early in New England, 912, 913; of New York in 1678, 1504, 1511, 1512, 1596; of northern Indian tribes at first secured by French, 1522; then by English, 1524; in Virgin¬ ia, 1636; in Maryland, 1670, 1690, 1691; first line of sailing vessels between Baltimore and Philadelphia, 1711; be¬ tween Spain and American colonies, 1894; of Georgia before the revolution, 1920; between England and colonies after seven years’ war, 2340; injured by stamp act, 2375, 2379; interstate, 3226; condition of, at close of the rev¬ olution, 3226, 3229; retaliation of states on English commerce, 3231; convention at Alexandria, 3249, 3250; discussion in the Philadelphia convention on, 3291; England controls American, 3445; Jef¬ ferson’s report on, 3488-3490; debate in congress on, 3490, 3491; as affected by rule of 1756, 3791; increase of American trade, 3792, 3796, 3797; England’s posi- GENERAL INDEX. 57 tion regarding American trade, 3808- 3810; non-importation act, 3813; Ran¬ dolph opposes retaliation, 3813; Mason bill No. 1, 3925-3927; Napoleon con¬ fiscates American ships, 3932, 3933; British condemn American shipping, 3951; relation of consular service to, 5840, 5841; Philippine Islands trade, 5857 - 5859 - Commerce and labor, department of, or¬ ganized, 5803, 5804; report of wealth for 1905, 5964; investigation of Standard Oil Co., 5973; bureau of manufacturers organized, 5973. Commercial museum of Philadelphia, 5750. Commissioner of labor, duties, 5892, 5893. Commissioners for foreign plantations, 952. Committee on ways and means (U. S. congress), creation of, 3566; first mem¬ bers of, 3566. Committee of correspondence, for defeat¬ ing plans of British ministry, 2368; New York sends delegates to stamp act con¬ gress, 2376, 2377; standing committees proposed to colonies by Dabney Carr, 2400; adopted by six colonies, 2400; prepare way for self-government in col¬ onies, 2408. Committee of safety appointed, 2418; guards Concord stores, 2421; circular letter drafted by, 2431; attack on Ticonderoga authorized by, 2444; receives news of capture of Northern Fort, 2448; organ¬ izes an army to invade Canada, 2448. “Common Sense,” pamphlet by Thomas Paine, 2493. “Commonwealers,” armies of, 5674, 5675. Communism, under Virginia company, 629, 655, 670; in Plymouth colony, 802, 803, 817. Company of New France established by Richelieu, 1934; represented at Cape Sable by Charles de la Tour, 1942. Company of the Isles of America estab¬ lished by Richelieu, 1934. “Company of the West” formed to colonize Louisiana, 1999. Compass, mariner’s, picture of mediaeval instruments of navigation, facing 62; origin of, 63; primitive form, 64; as- scribed to Flavio of Amalfi and Marco Polo, 65; to Arabs, 65; improved in 14th century, 66; importance of, 67-69, 73, 378; superior to astrolabe and sex¬ tant, 67, 68; that of Columbus veets, 3 °o. Compensation act, regulating pay of mem¬ bers of congress, 4098. Compromise of 1850, compromise measures introduced by Clay, 4452; Clay’s com¬ promise measures discussed, 4453-4473; omnibus bill, 4474; opposition to, 4474, 4475; bills pass separately, 4480; recep¬ tion of, 4485, 4486; adherence to, urged in manifesto, 4497; popularity with peo¬ ple shown by state elections, 4498, 4499; endorsed in Democratic platform of 1852, 4504, 4505; endorsed in Whig plat¬ form of 1852, 4505-4507; blights careers of men most prominently connected with it, 4512, 4525; supersedes Missouri com¬ promise, 4530; .third Nebraska bill, 4533. Compromise tariff, repeal urged by Tyler, 4351 . Conanicut Island, D’Estaing lands troops at, 2755. Conant, Roger, at Cape Ann, 812; at Nan- tasket, 862, 863, 892; gives way to Endi- cott, 865. Concepcion, one of Magellan’s ships, 417. Concord, Mass., munitions of war collected at,' 2418; attempt of Gage to capture stores, 2426; British retreat from, 2428, 2429; results of battle, 2430; provincial congress assembles at, 2434. Concord, N. H., Hannah Dustin taken to, by Indians, 1348. Concord, Gosnold’s ship, 618; cargo con¬ fiscated, 619. Conde, Prince of, 533, 2552. Conestoga, Indian village, 1267. Conestoga, U. S. gunboat, in attack on Ft. Henry, 4814; at Nashville, 4826; origi¬ nally a river steamer, 4846. Conestogas, Indian tribe, 1247. Conesus, Sullivan’s expedition at, 2841. Conewawah (Elmira), 2749. Confederate army, reception in Maryland, 5028; reverses in 1862, 5117; final sur¬ render, 5323; losses during war, 5325. Confederate congress, action on emancipa¬ tion proclamation, 5063; attitude toward people, 5216; organization of provisional congress, 5217; efforts to reinforce army, 5219; law authorizing negro soldiers for rebel service, 5224, 5225; peace negotia¬ tions, 5226-5229. Confederate states of North America, se¬ cession and organization, 4607; in South Carolina, 4609-4622; motion in U. S. congress to recognize, 4635, 4636; or¬ ganizes government, 4653, 4654; first congress, 4660, 4661; commissioners ap¬ pointed to negotiate with United States, 4660, 4661; flag of, 4661; constitution, 4661-4663; condition and resources, 4663, 4664; Seward declines to receive com¬ missioners, 4672, 4673; declares war, 58 GENERAL INDEX. j 4673; the question of Ft. Sumter, 4675; effect of Lincoln’s war proclamation in the, 4681, 4682; North Carolina and Tennessee join the, 4684; Virginia joins the, 4692; loses Missouri by the battle of Boonville, 4712; navy, 4899-4922; de¬ stroys U. S. merchant marine, 4901; Davis issues letters of marque, 4901; Great Britain’s attitude toward, 4935- 4939; injury to cause of, caused by Morgan’s raid, 5120; resources, 5218; diminution of resources by opening of Mississippi river, 5253; repudiation of war debt, 5349 - 535 . 2 . Confederacy, U. S. frigate, loss of, 2898. Confederation, necessity for colonies, 3199; Thomas Paine on, 3199; Patrick Henry on, 3199; popular views of, 3200; in war and peace, 3200; Washington on, cited, 3222; English and French view on efforts to secure, 3255. Confederation, articles of, weakness of, 2677, 3059, 3060, 3200-3202; objects of, 3058, 3059; position of the states under, 3059; signed by states, 3060; working of, 3060-3062; amendments, 3152, 31531 failure, 3199-3252; revenue difficulties under, 3201. Condance, British flagship, 4067, 4068. Confiscation act, 1862, congress passes, 4947, 4948. Congaree river, 3038; Stuart advances to¬ ward the, 3073. Conger, Edwin Hurd, minister to China, in Boxer outbreak, 5773-5783. Congregational church, beginning of, in America, 752; detested by council of New England and James I., 805; in Rhode Island, 1488; in Connecticut, 3363; condition of, at end of revolution, 3107. Congress, U. S. 1st. 2683-2692, 2702, 2703, 2709, 2710, 2730, 2731, 2744, 2823, 2861-2864, 2880, 3214-3218, 3232, 3256-3258, 3301, 3302, 3326-3328, 3335 - 3357 , 3360, 3361, 3374 - 3379 , 3395 - 3405 - 2d. 3422-3425, 3428-3437. 3d. 3484, 3487-3491, 3494 - 3502 . 4th. 3564, 3567 , 3568, 3588, 3595. 5th. 3616-3618, 3620-3622. 6th. 3667, 3668, 3670-3674, 3750, 3751 7th. 3714-3722. 8th. 3760, 3761, 3769 - 3771 . 9th. 3803-3806. 10th. 3870, 3875, 3877-3879, 3885-3887. nth. 3901, 3902, 3944-3946, 3948. 12th. 3963 - 3967 , 397 B 4005, 4006, 4009- 4013. 13th. 4043, 4044, 4046, 4049, 4093- 14th. 4094-4098. 15th. 4097, 4103, 4105, 4106, 4112, 4115, 4116, 4118-4121. 16th. 4121-4129. 17th. 4137, 4138. 18th. 4156-4158, 4165, 4166. 19th. Measures, 4171; second session, 4 ! 7 6 - 20th. First session, 4184; measures, 4192, 4193. 21st. 4223-4226, 4228-4231, 4235. 22d. 424O, 424I, 4243-4249, 4256-4259. 23d. 4267-4273, 4296. 24th. 4284, 4296-4299. 25th. 4305-4308, 4315 - 4317 , 4319 - 4321 . 26th. 4322, 4323, 4327, 4328. 27th, 4335 , 4340, 4342, 4344 , 4345 , 4350, 4353 - 4356 . 28th. 4359, 4363, 4365. 29th. 4374, 4378, 4406-4415. 30th. 4418-4425, 4431-4434. 31st. 4448-4475, 4480, 4483, 4484, 4496- 4498. 32d. 4499, 4500, 4502, 4513, 4514. 33d. 4524-4543. 34th. 4555, 4561. 35th. 4572, ' 4574 , 4582. 36th. 4587, 4590, 4591, 4603, 4635, 4636, 4640-4647, 4698, 4699, 4765 - 4770 , 4910. 37th. 4783, 4784, 4943-4953, 5061, 5065- 5068, 5177, 5178. 38th. 5189-5194, 5213, 5331 - 5340 , 5357 - 39th. 5361 - 5371 , 5382-5387, 5389 - 5393 , 5400 . 40th. 5402, 5403, 5408, 5415, 5416. 41st. 5417, 5419-5422, 5486-5490, 5504. 42d. 5497 , 5498 , 5505 , 5558 , 5559 - 43d. 5510, 5511, 5524 - 5526 . 44th. 5561. 45 th. 5536, 5537, 5559. 47th. 5583, 5584. 49th. 5592 - 5598 . 50th. 5606-5613. 51st. 5641-5644, 5646. 52d. 5644, 5645. 53d. 5650-5654, 5675-5682. 55th. 5710-5716, 5718, 5747-5752. 56th. 5755, 5756, 5761-5764. 57th. 5794-5799, 5803-5806. 58th. 5821-5825. 59th. 5834, 5840, 5845, 5846, 5853-5856, 5858-5862, 5877, 5878, 5882-5884. Congress, U. S. frigate, carried thirty- eight guns, 3988; Confederate steamers attack, 4916; Merrimac’s fight with, 4916. Congressional library, Washington, D. C., completion and opening of the, 5784; description of, 5784, 5785. GENERAL INDEX. 59 Congressmen, rate of pay, 4098, 4106; ‘‘back pay grab,” 5510, 5511. “Congress’s Own,” regiment named, 2536. Coningmark, leader in Delaware rising, dies in Barbadoes, 1499. Conkling, Roscoe B., candidate for pres¬ ident, 5543 5 portrait, facing 5566; re¬ signs from senate, 5570; contest with Blaine over spoils of office, 5570, 5571; death, 5621. Connasauga river, found by De Soto, 472. Connecticut, Indians in, 158, 159; Norse¬ men near, 217; coast explored by Dutch and English, 550; Warwick patent, 677, 849, 946; Winslow and Bradford wish to remove to, 829; grants of Carlisle and Hamilton, 855, 856; three founders of, 893, 899; contributes to found Harvard college, 912; rapidly settled, 912; Pequot war in, 914; suggests New England confederacy, 914, 915; desired by Dutch and English, 953; Indian alliances, 954; William Holmes establishes first English permanent post in, 956; three centres of colonization in, 957; founded inde¬ pendently, 958; refuge for Puritans, 958; earliest settlers in, 959; attracts people of Newton, 963; Indians offer to give up, 969; Oldham murdered, 970; first general court of, 972; principles bf government, 982; career of prosperity, 983, 994; Dutch occupation, 995, 1120, 1124, 1127; absorbs Saybrook, 996; gains favorable charter, 997; an ideal common¬ wealth, 998, 1002, 1018; friction with Massachusetts Bay, 1003; codifies laws, 1003-1007; affected by restoration, 1018; disposed to annex Narragansett colonies, 1027; wins in Pennamite wars, 1249; struggle over Wyoming territory, 1249, 1268, 1273; population of, in 1750, 1261; Wyoming and, 1268, 1269; charter ex¬ tended to Pacific, 1269, 1270; legal and equitable rights, 1270; tries to colonize on Susquehanna and Delaware, 1270; caused Vermont to be created, 1270; did not relinquish her territory in Pennsyl¬ vania, 1270; settlers at Forty Fort, 1271; ownership of Wyoming, 1272; received Western reserve, 1273; Andros governor of, 1318; forces at Louisbourg, 1394, 1395; expedition against Canada, 1405; petition Charles II., 1415,, 1416; shows apparent zeal in capturing regicides, 1419; charter of, 1420, 1422; general court hastens to annex New Haven towns, 1421, 1427, 1428; south and west bound¬ aries decided, 1428; united with New Haven colony, 1429; aids Nicholls against French, 1429; eulogizes the dead at Nar¬ ragansett Fort, 1434; described by Ed¬ ward Randolph, 1436; sends address to Charles II., 1436; to James II., 1438; threatened with forcible union with New York, 1438, 1439; sends address to Will¬ iam and Mary, 1441; aided Leisler, 1442; prosperity at beginning of 18th cen¬ tury, 1443, 1444; desired a college, 14441 population in 1714, 1444; raised forces for Queen Anne’s war, 1447; “Great Awakening” spreads to, 1450; opposes plan of Albany congress, 1452; char¬ acter of, 1452; early opinion of, in Rhode Island, 1457; claims the Nar¬ ragansett company, 1464; population compared with Rhode Island, 1470; ob¬ jects to Phips’ command of her militia, 1477; quarrels over Westerly, 1480; set¬ tles boundary dispute with Rhode Is¬ land, 1481; in danger of having royal governor, 1482; dispute with New York, 1495, 1511, 1526, 1550; resists Andros at Saybrook, 1507, 1508; commercial rela¬ tions, 1596; in 1755, 2009; in 1760, 2344; in 1790, 3422; troops at Ticon- deroga, 2196; protests against stamp act, 2368; “Sons of Liberty” organize in, 2375; responds favorably to Massa¬ chusetts in 1768, 2389; assembly takes action on revolutionary war, 2435; troops in revolution, 2453, 2467, 2754, 2966; vote on independence, 2497; spread of population in, 2765; Collier raids coasts of, 2834; action on “new tenor” money, 2964; Knyphausen drives Americans from, 2967; condition at close of the revolution, 3104; action upon slavery, 3106; religion in, 3111; ship-building in, 3119; paper-making in, 3121; position on land claims, 3153; lands ceded to the Union by, 3155, 3156; soldiers pay convention of, 3217, 3218; in the Philadelphia convention, 3284; United States constitution ratified by, 3305; first election for congress in, 3326; on state rights, 3651; local politics in 1806, 3817; represented in the Hart¬ ford convention, 4091, 4092; requests representatives in congress to secure recognition of independence of Texas, 4284; favors colonization of negroes, 4287. Connecticut, U. S. steamer, 4845. Connecticut Courant, indictment for libel against, 3817. Connecticut river, western boundary of devastation by King Philip’s war, 1302; 60 GENERAL INDEX. assigned as boundary of New York, 1427, 1432; Stark’s troops guard, 2601. Connolly, John, Dunmore’s land-jobbing agent, 2766, 2769. Connyngham, Capt. Gustavus, commands U. S. cutter Surprise, 2872, 2873. Conoys, Indian tribe, in Maryland, 160. Conquest of Mexico, 445-510. Conquistador, name of Cortes, 458. Conrad, Charles M., secretary of war, /( 477 - Conscience Whigs, anti-slavery tendencies, 4430 . Conscription act, effect of, 5005; enforce¬ ment of, 5123; commutation clause re¬ pealed, 5190. Conspiracy committee, action of, 2520; Jay heads, 2520. Constance, council and martyrdom of Huss at, 31. Constantinople, U. S. diplomatic service at, 5842. Constellation, U. S. frigate, 3624, 3967, 3988, 4040. Constitution, Fort, Lee erects, 2511; aban¬ donment of, 2656. Constitution, British, writs of assistance op¬ posed to principles of, 2361; colonial rights established by, 2368. Constitution, U. S., work of the Philadel¬ phia convention, 3253-3320; Madison’s work on, 3261-3263; Virginia plan, 3275, 3278, 3279; New Jersey plan, 3280, 3281; Hamilton’s plan, 3282, 3283; state ratifi¬ cations, 3302-3320; illus. of a parade in honor of its adoption, facing 3320; question of amendments, 3323, 3354> 3355 5 Jefferson’s proposed amendment to, 3746-3749; Louisiana purchase amend¬ ment to, 3761; amendment on method of choosing a president, 3770, 3771; Marshall on the, 3776; the twefth amendment, 3797, 3798; Calhoun de¬ clares that the “constitution follows the flag,” 4423-4425; Calhoun and Webster debate over extension of, to territories, 4432, 4433; four views held by southern statesmen in 1850, 4469, 4470; thirteenth amendment, adoption of, 5213, 5362; text of, 5214; ratified by southern states, 5352; necessitates further legislation, 5367; original form and provisions, 5367;. opposition to, 5369, 5381, 5413; adoption demanded, 5377, 5400; power of president under, 5386, 5390, 5404, 5405; fifteenth amendment, text, 5416; bill for enforcement of, 5420; Geor¬ gia ratifies, 5422; celebration on the anniversary of its adoption, 5616, 5617; fourteenth amendment, 5748, 5749. Constitution, U. S. frigate, added to the navy in 1798, 3624; in operations against Tripoli, 3771; in battle with the Java, 3943> 3944 4020, 4021; carried 44 guns, illus. of, in battle with Guerriere, fac¬ ing 3988; battle with Guerriere, 3989- 3992; captured the Cyane and Sevant, 4089; Confederates try to capture the, 4689, 4690. Constitution of Carolinas, “grand model,” 1727-1734. Constitution of Connecticut, evolution of, 996-1002; Fiske’s opinion of, 996; facsimile of signatures, facing 998; Hooker’s sermon on principles of gov¬ ernment, 999; Jefferson on, 1002. Constitutional Union party, convention at Baltimore, 4595. Consular service, U. S., need of reorgani¬ zation, 5840-5845; congressional action on, 5883. Continental army, see Army, U. S. Continental congress, in Baltimore, 1712, 2530; meets first in Philadelphia, 2409; its objects and measures, 2410, 2411; delegates appointed to, 2435-2440; meet¬ ing of, 2448; its membership, 2448; parties within, 2449; hesitating action of, 2449, 2450, 2454; deliberates in choosing a commander-in-chief, 2450-2453; ap¬ points generals, 2452; increase of army by, 2470; sends petition to king and receives his answer, 2471, 2474; takes decisive action, 2494; instructs colonies to establish governments, 2496; debate on independence by, 2496, 2497, 2499; independence carried by, 2499; por- traits of signers of declaration of inde¬ pendence, facing 2500; publishes Howe’s circular, 2510; appoints committee to consult with Howe, 2517; leaves Phila¬ delphia, 2530, 2621; Washington receives dictatorial power, 2530, 2537, 2621; regi¬ ment of cavalry raised by, 2531; Ger¬ mans given bounty, 2550; Silas Deane sent to France, 2553; treaties sought by, 2555 i Schuyler’s resignation refused, 2561, 2562; Gates sent to command Ti- conderoga, 2563; reasons for their treat¬ ment of Arnold, 2565; facsimile of Arnold’s commission as major-general, 2566; treatment of Arnold, 2567; at fall of Ticonderoga, 2575; Schuyler and St. Clair recalled by, 2578; Gates appointed, 2578; admission of Vermont refused, 2599; New Hampshire assembly cen¬ sured, 2601; adjourns to Lancaster and York, 262i;ibad faith toward Burgoyne, 2665, 2666; Gates awarded medal, 2667; GENERAL INDEX. 61 Washington hampered, 2672; weakness of, 2677; bad condition of army due to congress, 2681, 2682; financial system, 2682. Continental paper money, see Currency, U. S. “Continental system,” 4045. Contraband, under international law, 3063; France on, 3063, 3064; Frederick the Great on, 3063; Catherine of Russia on, 3064; England enforces rules of, 3539; Jay’s treaty, 3545; treaty of 1792 regard¬ ing, 3563; Boitler’s decision on slaves as, 4745, 4746; laws relating to traffic, 4850, 4851; in Trent affair, 4930, 4931. Contrecoeur, Capt., at Ft. Duquesne, 2041, 2042, 2047, 2059, 2067, 2068, 2081, 2082. Contreras, battle of, 4396. Convention of Saratoga, see note, 2638, 2662. Convicts sent to early colonies, note, 728. Conway, Gen. Thomas, wounded, 2618; at Germantown, 2628, 2630, 2632; char¬ acter, 2696; his cabal against Washing¬ ton, 2696-2704; his duel with Cadwal- lader, 2704; apologizes to Washington, 2704; in British parliament, 3086; in Rockingham’s cabinet, 3089. Conway cabal, parties of, 2696; action of, 2701, 2702; end of, 2703. Coode, John, leads revolt in Maryland, 1698; holds power for three years, 1699, 1700; character, 1703. Cook, Lieut.-Col., unjustly accuses Ogle¬ thorpe, 1916. Cook, Capt. James, in naval battle at Louis- bourg, in 1758, 2184; subsequent career, 2184-2195; in Wolfe’s Quebec expedi¬ tion, 2236-2254. Cooke, U. S. army officer at Cold Harbor in peninsular campaign, 4977. Cooke, Rev. Elisha, popular leader in Mas¬ sachusetts, 1322, 1346-1350. Cooke, Jay, failure of, 5523, 5524. Cooper, Col. Douglas H., attempts to im¬ press the Cherokees in the Confederate army, note, 4732, 4733. Cooper, James, member of the “grand com¬ mittee,” in 1850, 4474. Cooper, Thomas, prosecution of, 3675. Cooper river, second settlement of Charles¬ ton on, 1735; named for Shaftesbury, 1737; Lincoln at, 2910, 2911; Watson advances to, 3041. Coosa river, Soto at, 472; Luna’s colony at, 487. Coosawattie, Tenn., Soto at site of, 472. Copeland, John, Quaker preacher, 932-936. Copenhagen, bombardment of, 3867; Mc¬ Kinley memorial services in, 5790. Copland, Rev. Patrick, interested in educa¬ tion in Virginia, 686. Copley, John S., owes much to Smibert, 1487. Copp’s Hill, Boston, note, 879; story of Anne Pollard’s landing, 880. Copper mines, false reports of, 522-526; of Lake Superior, 1991. Copyright law amended, 5822. Coquimbacoa, Ojeda’s province, 376. Corbett, Sergt., shoots Booth, 5302. Corbin, Francis, 3313. Corbitant, Indian chief, hostile to Pilgrims, 776. Corcoran, Col. Michael, Davis threatens to hang, 4902. Cordero, Spanish governor connected with Burr plot, 3831. Cordillo, Francisco, discovered St. John’s river, 397. Cordova, Francisco Hernandez de, expedi¬ tion to Florida, 391, 393, 394; in Yuca¬ tan and Nicaragua, 464. Cordova, Arabs of, use compass, 65; spher¬ icity of earth taught at, 95; Columbus at, 284, 286-289. Corey, Giles, executed for witchcraft, 1334. Corey, Martha, accused of witchcraft by Parris children, 1332-1334. Corinth, Miss., Van Dorn retreats to, 4737; Johnston joins Polk at, 4827; opera¬ tions around, 5095; evacuated by Beau¬ regard, 5107, 5108; battle of, 5133-5136. Corn taken from Virginia to England, 611; taken from Indians, 653; cultivation in Virginia, 670-684; large quantity ob¬ tained from Indians, 673; whiskey made from, 685; found buried by Pilgrims, 769; taxes paid in, 818; in Maryland, 1071-1077; important product in north¬ ern colonies, 2349. Corn Island, Clark at, 2781, 2794. Cornbury, Edward Hyde, Lord, governor of New York, 1447; character and career, 1558-1563, 1834; portraits, facing 1558; embezzles New York funds, 1559, 1561; confiscates dissenting church prop¬ erty, 1560, 1561; imprisoned, 1561; re¬ turns to England, 1561. Cornell, Alonzo B., Hayes suspends, 5555- Cornplanter, Seneca sachem, 1519, 3523. Cornstalk, Shawnee chief, defeated by Lew¬ is, 2171; gerleralship of, 2772. Cornwallis, Lord, in South Carolina, 1840; at battle of Long Island, 2512-2514; invades New Jersey, 2527, 2528; Howe 62 GENERAL INDEX. reinforces, 2529; about to return to Eng¬ land, 2544; march to Trenton by, 2545; repulsed at Assanpink creek, 2545; Washington outgenerals, 2546, 2548, 2549; Lincoln surprised by, 2566; battle of Brandywine, 2616-2620; at German¬ town, 2632; at battle of Monmouth, 2735; British southern campaign to be under, 2809; Clinton’s instructions to, note, 2903; South Carolina and Georgia campaign of, 2914, 2921, 2922, 2926; map of route, facing 2914; approves mas¬ sacre of Buford’s force, 2916; portraits of, facing 2918; map of route in Vir¬ ginia and the Car^inas, facing 2938; at Camden, 2950, 2951, 2989; battle of Camden, 2954-2957; defeated at King’s Mountain, 2988, 3006; his situation and policy in the South, 2992, 2993, 2996; Ferguson’s movements towards, 3000, 3001, 3007; defeated at the Cowpens, 3019-3025; effect of, 3025; pursues Mor¬ gan and Greene, 3026, 3028, 3029; the battle of Guilford,- 3032-3035; reaches Wilmington, 3037; Clinton orders to. Yorktown, 3070; fight at Green Springs farm, 3071; camps at Yorktown, 3072; Washington’s rapid march on, 3078, 3079; Lafayette blocks, 3080; Yorktown surrendered by, 3082. Cornwallis, Col. Edward, commands at Halifax, N. S., 2057, 2113-2116. Cornwallis, Thomas, councillor in Lord Baltimore’s expedition, 1069. Cornwallis, British ship, 4089. Cornwallis, Fort, at Augusta, Ga., 3050. Corporation, bureau of, 5804. Corpus Christi, Tex., Taylor at, 4373; fed¬ eral post at, 4864; Farragut takes pos¬ session of, 4898. Corregidor, Fort, Manila, surrender of, 5723 . Corrientes, Cape, doubled by Ponce de Leon, 389. Corse, Gen. J. M., wounded at Allatoona, 5266. Cortelyou, George B., succeeds Wynne as postmaster-general, 5821. Cortereal, Gaspar, expeditions to America, 379 - 38 i. Cortereal, Miguel, 379, 381. Cortereal, Vasqueanes, 379, 381. Cortes, Hernando, in contact with Pineda, 394; way prepared for, by Velasquez, 395; seeks to colonize, 400; mistaken for a god by Aztecs, 448; place and date of birth, 448; in Hayti and Cuba, 449; sent to Mexico, 449; unfaithful to Velasquez, 449, 458; politic and vigorous in Mexico, 449-459; founds Vera Cruz, 449; takes Cempoala, 450; crushes Cho- lula, 451; vengeance of Aztecs, 451, 454; captures Montezuma, 453; overwhelms Narvaez, 455; nearly ruined by Alvara¬ do, 455, 456; survives La Noche Triste, 457; adds Mexico to Spanish crown, 459, 503; governor of new province, 459; dies, 459; great fame, 469. Cortlandt, mayor of New York, 1535, 1536. Corwin, Thomas, takes active part in 1840 campaign, 4326; secretary of the treas¬ ury, 4477; loss of popularity in Ohio due to connection with compromise of 1850, 4512; U. S. minister to Mexico, 4923 - Cosa, Juan de la, explorer, 296; accom¬ panies Columbus, 321; map of, facing 356; probabilities of Cabot’s voyage ac¬ cording to Cosa’s map, 358; Vespucci preferred to, 369; with Ojeda, 372; killed, 376. Cosby, Col. William, royal governor of New York, 1568, 1569. Cosmographise, Introductio, by Waldsee- muller, 370. Cottineau, Capt., Pallas commanded by, 2888, 2894. Cotton, Rev. John, rector of St. Botolph’s, 893; portrait, facing 894; election ser¬ mon, 897; differs from Roger Williams, 902; teaches and defends Anne Hutchin¬ son, 905, 906; draws up biblical code, 910; "Father and Glory of Boston,” 965; leader of political party, 997; his opinion of a democracy, 998. Cotton cultivated in Georgia, 1920; a staple in Carolinas and Georgia before revolu¬ tion, 2349; early history of its manu¬ facture, 3124, 3125; production of, in 1800, 3695; price of, in 1861-1865, 4868. Cotton gin, effect of its invention, 3695. Cotton mill, the first, illus., facing 3358. Cotton states, Gist’s letter to governors of, 4607; their response, 4607, 4608; or¬ ganize for secession, 4608, 4609. Cotton states and international exposition at Atlanta, Ga., 5697. Couch, Gen. Darius N., at Seven Pines, 4967, 4968; at Malvern Hill, 4988, 4990; in Maryland campaign, 5031, 5032. Couche’s Fort, whiskey rioters at, 3508. Counterfeiting of continental paper, 2690. Countess of Scarborough, British ship, 2887, 2888, 2894. Counties of England reflected in spirit and name in New England, 876. Courcelle, de, governor of Canada, 1985; successful against Iroquois, 1986, 1987; GENERAL INDEX. 63 permits La Salle to visit Senecas, 1990; recalled to France, 1992. Courcol, Michel J. C., Canadian judge, dis¬ charges St. Albans raiders from cus¬ tody, 5207; suspended from office by Canadian parliament, 5207. Court of chancery, British, decided against Massachusetts charter, 1307, 1308. Court of exchequer, British, grants writs of assistance, 2361. Court of king’s bench, British, decides against Virginia charter, 708. Courts of Indian offenses, establishment of, 5621. Courts, U. S., establishment of, in 1789, 3338-334 2 1 n ew circuit courts created, 3685; Federalists control judiciary in 1803, 3774- Covenanters, Scotch, settle Carolinas, 1745. Covington, Ky., Heth’s advance creates panic in, 5122; fortification of, 5122. Covode, John, on war committee, 4783; motion for impeachment of President Johnson, 5405. Cowan, Edgar, at National Union conven¬ tion, 5376. “Cowboys” and “Skinners,” names adopted by revolutionary guerrillas, note, 2583, 2928, 2982, 2983. Coweta, Ga., Indian chief of, 1859; Indian council at, 1888. Cowpens, British defeated at, 1840, 2057; location, 2999; troops at, 3003; plan of the battle, map, facing 3018; battle of, 3019-3025. Cox, Gen. J. D., at battle of South Moun¬ tain, 5041; commands under Burnside at Antietam, 5047; on conditions at Knoxville during siege, 5158; selected as secretary of interior, 5419; in Grant’s cabinet, 5521. Cox, Samuel S., offers resolution in house concerning arrest of citizens, 5065. Cox, Zachariah, 3387. Coxe, Tench, 3124, 3372, 3677. Coxendale, Va., massacre at, 694. “Coxey’s Army,” 5674, 5675. Crab Orchard, Ky., Morgan at, 5113. Cradock, Matthew, summoned before coun¬ cil of New England, note, 860; con¬ nected with Endicott, note, 864; gov¬ ernor of Massachusetts Bay association, 867, 868; shrewd manager, 873; con¬ nection with Ratcliffe, 888; answers charges against colony, 894; does not yield charter, 895; advises against union of Massachusetts and New Somerset¬ shire, 949. Craig, Sir James, facsimile of credentials given John Ilenry by, facing 3968; in affair of John Henry letters, 3969. Craik, Dr. James, physician of Washington, 2077 5 appointed assistant general of hospitals, 2708. Crampton’s Gap, Va., location, 5036; battle of, 5039, 5040. Cranbury, Washington’s main army near, 2734- Cranch, William, administers oath to Tyler, 4336. Crandall persecuted for his religion, 923. Crandall, Prudence, her school for negro girls at Canterbury, Conn., 4291, 4292. Craney Island, Va., suited for colonization, 609; attacked by British in war,of 1812, 4041; Merrimac run ashore at, 4919. Cranfield, governor of New Hampshire, 1470, 1471. Cranston, Samuel, governor of Rhode Is¬ land, 1478, 1484, i486. Craven, Capt., commands Mississippi river fleet, 4895. Craven, Earl of, patentee in Carolina com¬ pany, 1722; palantine of Albemarle district, 1739. Craven, Adm. T. R., in battle of Mobile Bay, 5171. Craven, Thomas T., commander, succeeds Ward, 4855. Crawford, George Washington, connection with the Galphin scandal, 4441, 4442. Crawford, Martin, Jr., Confederate com¬ missioner to the United States, 4661, 4672, 4673. Crawford, Gen. S. W., wounded at Antie¬ tam, 5047. Crawford, Col. William, Indian expedition of, 2806. Crawford, William H., leader in congress, 3867, 3901; portrait, facing 3944; on renewal of charter of U. S. bank, 3945; appointed minister to France, 4013; as presidential candidate, 4098; on effect of Monroe’s tour, 4101; reappointed sec¬ retary of the treasury, 4102; his opposi¬ tion to the administration, 4102; attacks Jackson’s conduct of Seminole war, 4112, 4113; his strength as a presidential candidate, 4137; stricken with paralysis, 4159; in presidential campaign of 1824, 4159-4164; involved in A. B. plot, 4160; declines treasury portfolio and retires, 4165; his position in the Adams admin¬ istration, 4169. Crazy Horse, Indian chief, escapes into Canada, 5516. Crecy, cannon used at battle of, 80. Credit mobilier scandal, 5522, 5523. 64 GENERAL INDEX. Creeks, Indian tribe, in southern states, 161; phonetic alphabets, 187; against Tus- caroras, 1814; treaty with Nicholson, 1832; look down on Yamacraws, 1855; dealings with Oglethorpe, 1855-1859; early history, 1856; government and society, 1856, 1857; offered to avenge death of Englishmen, 1858; represented in England by Tomo-Chichi, 1869; Mo¬ ravian mission schools among, 1876; aroused against English by Spaniards, 1888; defeat French invasion, 1890; new treaty with Oglethorpe, 1890, 1891; Mary Musgrove, 1924; in Georgia under Bos- omworth, 1926-1932; claim southern lands, 3385; treaties of, 3390, 3392, 3393; negotiations for lands of, 3390, 3391; war with, 3532-3534; outbreak in 1813, 4034-4036; promise aid to the settlers, 4037; as allies in 1813, 4038; defeated at Horse Shoe Bend, 4058; escape to Flor¬ ida, 4059; compelled to cede land to United States, 4059; sign treaty, 4077; difficulty over land cessions, 4177-4180; leave Georgia, 4180; in the civil war, note, 4732, 4733. Creole case, dispute with Great Britain, 4349; settlement of, 4350; Webster’s attitude in, 4354. Cresap, Michael, noted Indian trader, fight with Indians, 2769; Logan’s charges against, 2770; Logan’s revenge, note, 2776. Cresson, Hilborne T., discovers palaeolithic relics, 143. Creswell, J. A. J., postmaster-general, 5419; in Grant’s cabinet, 5521. Crete, one of the Mediterranean states, J° 5 - Crevecceur, Fort, built by La Salle and Tonty, 1894; destroyed by mutineers, 1995 . Crew house, McClellan’s headquarters, 4989. Crillon, Count Edward, in connection with the John Henry affair, 3969, 3970. Crittenden, George B., Confederate gen¬ eral, in Tennessee under Zollicoffer, 4809; at battle of Mill Springs, 4811. Crittenden, John J., attorney-general under Harrison, 4333; office-seekers, 4334; resigns from Tyler’s cabinet, 4346; attorney-general, 4477; portrait, facing 4638; his compromise proposition, 4639- 4644 . Crittenden, Gen. Thomas L., commands di¬ vision in battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5105; at Murfreesboro, 5113; commands division of army of the Ohio, 5116; at Perryville, 5123, 5124. Crocker, acting-master, commands expedi¬ tion against Sabine City, 4864; raids Sabine river, 4865. Crockett, David, in campaign against the Indians, 4037; death of, 4281. Croes, Bishop, 3108. Croghan, George, aids Gist at Muskingum, 2017, 2018; slighted by Braddock, 2060, 2065; member of the Ohio colony com¬ pany, 3147; in command of Ft. Stephen¬ son, 4025; defeats Proctor, 4026; por¬ trait, facing 4026. Cromwell, Oliver, takes control of Virgin¬ ia, 722; supported by eastern counties, 876; does not require surrender of Mas¬ sachusetts charter, 917; appealed to by Rhode Island, 932; proposed to remove Massachusetts colony to Jamaica, 944, 945; absorbed in struggle at home, 952; orders recruits from Massachusetts, 1016; suppressed theocracy in England, 1035; effect of his death on Rhode Island, 1055; does not settle dispute between Lord Baltimore and Virginia, 1097; becomes protector, 1098; pro¬ claimed protector in Maryland, 1098, 1100; requests religious tolerance, 1100; protects Lord Baltimore, mo, mi, * hi 7; listens to Bennett, 1112; referred Maryland matter to council, 1113; death leads to restoration, 1275; enforced sub¬ mission from Virginia, 1638. Cromwell, Richard, resigned, 723; not equal to his father, 945; accession of, 1055; proclaimed in Maryland, 1117. Crook, Gen. George, at Antietam, 5047, 5048; at Hancock, 5053, 5054; in Shenandoah campaign, 5247; in battle of Fisher’s Hill, 5250; in battle of Cedar creek, 5251; sent against the Sioux Indians, 5515. Cross, Bay of the (Apalachee Bay), 460. Cross creek (Fayetteville), N. C., 2904, 2921, 3036. Cross Keys, Va., Jackson defeats Shields and Fremont at, 4798. Crossness, Thorwald’s burial-place, 218. Crosswicks, Maxwell and Morgan at, 2732. Croton river, Andre at, 2982. Crowden, John, speaker of Pennsylvania general assembly, 1238. Crown, William, receives a grant in Acadia from Cromwell, 1957, 1958. Crown Point, N. Y., Richard Gridley in expedition against, note, 1402; aimed at by Gov. Shirley, 1405; unsuccess- fulfy attacked by Sir Wm. Johnson, 1592; in plan of Braddock’s campaign, 2058; threatened by English in 1755, 1 GENERAL INDEX. 65 2090; Dieskau defends, 2091, 2092, 2094, 2095, 2131; Johnson loses chance of capturing, 2104; sketch of, facing 2106; strengthened by French in 1756, 2107; threatened by Loudon, 2148; airtied at by Abercrombie, 2178, 2200; Montcalm evacuates in 1759, 2200; capture of, assigned to Amherst, 2215; Amherst in, 2221; held by Haviland, 2276; capture of, 2447; troops at, 2522; magazines es¬ tablished by Burgoyne at, 2571. Crowninshield, B. W., reappointed secretary of the navy, 4102. Crows, Indian tribe, division of the Sioux, 163. Cruger, Rawdon reinforced by, 2946; at Ninety-six, 2994, 3047, 3052; Augusta reinforced by, 2994; Ferguson appeals to, 3000; at battle of Long Cane, 3010; Ninety-six defended by, 3052; at Eutaw Springs, 3076. Crum’s Mill, Miss., Gen. Van Dorn at, 5137. Crusades stimulate civilization, 44, 45; give opportunity for seeing other countries, 44-46; picture of battle in, facing 44; duration of, 45; advantages of contact with Arabs, 46, 47, 51, 52; end, 53; idea of printing brought to Europe by, 55; Norsemen in, 232. Crystal Palace, New York, 4521. Cub Run, Va., blockade and panic at, dur¬ ing battle of Bull Run, 4760, 4761; bridge destroyed, 5018. Cuba in time of Columbus, 153, 307; na¬ tive name, 310; explored by him, 312, 324, 325; native customs, 313, 319; in¬ habitants, 323, 338; how found to be an island, 358; Ojeda wrecked on, 376; Diego Miruelo in, 391; visited by Diego Velasquez, 395; Cortes in, 449; Nar¬ vaez wrecked on, 460; Soto governor of, 465, 466; renews supplies for Soto, 46.8, 469; given back to Spain in 1763, 2335, 2336; revolts in 1811, 3939; Lopez’ expedition to, 4494-4496; pro¬ posals for tripartite convention to discourage annexation of, by any nation, refused by United States, 4512, 4513; seizure of, favored by Cass and Doug¬ las, 4514; Pierce on acquisition of, 4518; United States desires to obtain, 4549; congress requests Spain to grant self- government, 5681, 5682; Cleveland’s message on, 5703; insurrection begun in 1895, 5703, 5704; destruction of the Maine, 5704; McKinley on affairs in, 5705> 5706; result of Weyler’s decree of reconcentration in, 5706; frightful mor¬ tality, 5707; McKinley’s reasons for in¬ tervention, 5707; note to McKinley from continental powers, regarding, 5708, 5709; congress decides to intervene, 5709; McKinley’s message to congress on, 5710; congress recognizes the independ¬ ence of, 5713, 5714; demands of congress on Spain regarding, 5713; McKinley proclaims blockade of, 5715; Blanco calls the loyalists to arms, 5717; U. S. army invades, 5725; Hobson sinks the Merrimac, 5725, 5726; blockade runners, 5727; number of Spanish soldiers in, 5727; forces sent to, 5727, 5728; views of American battlefields, facing 5728, 5736; campaign around Santiago, 5728- 5733 i destruction of Cervera’s fleet, 573 I_ 5733 ; treaty of peace with Spain, 5735 ) 5736; commission superintends evacuation of, 5735, 5736; Gen. Brooke appointed governor-general of, 5738; Gen. Leonard Wood succeeds Brooke, 5738, 5739; police work, 5738; schools, 5738; mail service, 5738; public improvements, 5739 ; finances, 5739; McKinley’s mes¬ sage on affairs in, 5755; Roosevelt on, 5793 ) 5794; congress on reciprocity with, 5803; commercial treaty negotiated with, 5805, 5806; United States imports sugar from, 5858. Cuba bill reported by Slidell, 4581. Cubagua discovered by Columbus, 330. Cubanacan, 310. Cuenca, Ojeda in, 321. Cuff, negro of Col. Philipse, in “Negro Plot” in New York, 1576. Cuitlahuatzin, brother of Montezuma, 454, 456, 459 - Cullom, Senator Shelby M., on Hawaiian commission, 5763. Cullom, William, position on repeal of Mis¬ souri compromise, 4540. Culpeper, Lord, receives grant of Virginia, 1610; governor of Virginia, 1626; encroaches on liberties of Virginia, 1627; proposes foolish schemes for rais¬ ing prices of tobacco, 1629, 1630; por¬ trait, facing 1630; disapproves of the printing-press, 1652. Culpeper, John, leader in North Carolina, 1756, 1759 ) 1760, 1805. Cumberland, Duke of, suggested as sover¬ eign of united American colonies, 2106; signs convention of Closter-Seven, 2355, 2662. Cumberland, Fort, Pa., 2317. Cumberland, Md., meeting-place of Wash¬ ington and Gist, 2031. 66 GENERAL INDEX. Cumberland, R. I., William Blackstone’s home on site of, 1022. Cumberland, U. S. frigate, at Gosport navy- yard, 4696; at Vera Cruz, 4843; in Hat- teras Inlet expedition, 4872; destroyed by the Merrimac, 4915, 4916. Cumberland Gap, massacre of Boone’s party in, 2768; Morgan at, 5110; Bragg moves to, 5124. Cumberland Island, Ga., visited by Ogle¬ thorpe, 1883; Spanish fleet at, in 1742, 1905, 1906. Cumberland Mountains on route of Wash¬ ington and Gist, 2031, 2032. Cumberland river, pigmy skeletons near, 123; Zollicoffer and Thomas at, 4809; Grant proposes to take Ft. Donelson on, 4813; Morgan escapes over, 5111, 5113. Cumberland road, see National road. Cumberland Sound, Spaniards at, in 1742, T 9 ° 5 - Cuming, Sir Alexander, takes Cherokee chief to England, 1859, i860. Cumming, Alfred, governor of Utah, 4575. Cumming’s Point, view of, facing 4676. Cunningham, Maj. John, at the Cowpens, 3021 . Cunningham, Gen. Robert, fight at Little river, 3017. Curacoa, Ojeda at, 363; Peter Stuyvesant governor of, 1143; centre of slave trade, 1164. Currency, U. S., tobacco as legal tender in colonial times, 716, 717; among early settlers and Indians, 918, 919; pine-tree coinage, 1304; illus., facing 1304; paper money in colonial Connecticut, 1452; in Rhode Island, 1483, 1484, 1490; objected to by home government, 1489; almost valueless, 1490; mint established at An¬ napolis, 1672; in South Carolina in early 18th century, 1797; depreciation of cur¬ rency in Carolinas in 18th century, 1839; facsimile of continental paper money, 2654; revolutionary war issue of paper money, 2682-2691, 2723, 2808, 2853-2857, 2962-2966, 2990, 3057, 3058; United States acts on paper money, 3244-3246; specimens of first U. S. coins, illus., fac¬ ing 3432; description of first coins, 3432, 3433; large issue of paper currency (1857), 4572; act providing national cur¬ rency passed by congress, 5192; con¬ gress on legal tender in 1874, 5524, 5525, 5529; paper money made legal tender, 5560; silver the standard of value, 5561; gold becomes sole standard of value, 5561; Bland bill, 5563, 5564; Harrison on, 5625, 5626; silver certificates ordered issued by congress, 5643, 5644; congress pro¬ hibits coinage of certain pieces, 5644; Sherman act on, 5646, 5649, 5651; con¬ gress restores the coinage of silver, 5680; Cleveland’s commission on bimetalism, 5682, 5683; congress act on standard of value, 5755, 5756; Roosevelt on elastic currency, 5837; kinds legalized by United States, 5976; as legal tender, 5977; coin¬ age of gold, 5977; coinage of silver, 59 / 8 . Curtin, Andrew G., portrait, facing 4686; candidate for president, 5519. Curtis, commissioner for Maryland, 1092, 1094. Curtis, Benjamin R., on Dred Scott case, 4566-4568; on slavery in the territories, 4569; counsel for Johnson in impeach¬ ment, 5407. Curtis, Gen. Samuel R., criticises Fremont, 4728; supersedes Sigel, 4731; marches from Rolla to Springfield, 4732; at bat¬ tle of Pea Ridge, 4734-4737; in command in Kansas, 5257; moves against Gen. Price, 5257. Cusack, Adam, hanging of, 2995. Cushenoc, Me., 832. Cushing, subordinate officer to Wilkinson in Burr plot, 3831, 3832. Cushing, Caleb, mission to China, 4366; attorney-general under Pierce, 4519; supports the Union cause, 4681; counsel in the Geneva tribunal of arbitration, 5507. Cushing, Thomas, speaker of general as¬ sembly in Massachusetts, 2387; in first continental congress, 2409. Cushing, W. B., plans for destruction of the Albemarle, 5174, 5175; destroys Al¬ bemarle, 5175; escape, 5175, 5176. Cushing, William, justice of the supreme court, 3339. Cushman, Richard, Puritan leader, goes to Holland, 757; tries to get patent for colony, 758, 760; peacemaker, 763, 764; on the Speedwell, 766; goes to New England, 778; in England, 779; agent in purchase of Cape Ann region, 795; death, 816. Custer, Gen. George A., delegate at con¬ vention of administration party, 5377; portrait, facing 5514; view of his monu¬ ment, facing 5514; massacre of, 5515. Custom-house, first in Baltimore, 1712. Customs officers, salaries of, 5559. Cutina, Indian chief in Florida, 484. Cutler, Ephraim, opposes the organization of the state of Ohio, 3721. Cutler, Manasseh, efforts to secure ordi- GENERAL INDEX. 67 nance of 1787, 3193-3198; his connection with the Ohio company, 3520. Cutler, Timothy, rector of Yale college, 1451 . Cutts, John, at battle of Severn, 1108. Cuttyhunk, Mass., Gosnold’s settlement at, 619, 627. Cuyahoga river, rangers’ camp at, visited by Pontiac, 2280. Cuyler, Lieut., commands relief fleet for Detroit and escapes to fort, 2300. Cuyler, U. S. vessel, 4845. Cuzco, riches of, 465. Cyane, British ship, 4089. Cyclones in year 1893, 5663, 5664. Cynthiana, Ky., Morgan at, 5121. Cypress Hills, 2512-2515. Czolgosz, McKinley assassinated by, 5787. D. Dacres, Capt., commands British ship Guerriere, 3952, 3990, 3991. Dade, Francis Lanhorne, killed by Indians, 4312. Dahlgren, John A., succeeds Dupont in com¬ mand of the Charleston fleet, 4854, 5165. Daily Union succeeds the Globe, 4371. Daiquiri, Cuba, landing of U. S. troops at, 5728 . Dakotas, Indian tribe, division of the Sioux, 162; Soto among, 476. Dale, Richard, first lieutenant of Bon- homme Richard, 2885, 2898; sent to Triooli, 3711; portrait of, facing 3770. Dale, Sir Thomas, deputy-governor in Vir¬ ginia, 668-670; establishes Henricus, 671; makes Dutch Gap canal, 671, and note, 671; drives out the Appomattox tribe, 672, 694; names New Bermudas, 672; uses Pocahontas as a peacemaker, 674, 675; Pocahontas’ son named for, 675; successful administration, 676; retires to England, 676. Dale’s Gift, Va., named for Sir Thomas Dale, 672. Dallas, Lieut. A. J., in command of a divi¬ sion on the President, 3953. Dallas, Alexander James, on committee to receive Genet, 3467; appointed district attorney, 3708; nominated for secretary of treasury, 4045; portrait, facing 4094; his plan for relieving the national treas¬ ury, 4094, 4095 - Dallas, George M., presents petition of bank for re-charter, 4246; nominated vice- president, 4363; unsuccessful candidate for Democratic nomination (1848), 4427. Dallas, Ga., retreat of Gen. Johnston to, 5260. Dalton, Ga., Bragg’s movements through, 5162; Confederates in winter quarters at, 5253; march of Sherman upon, 5260. Dalzell, Capt. James, one of Rogers’ ran¬ gers, plans surprise of Pontiac, 2302, 2303; defeated and killed, 2303-2305. Dam, Jan Jansen, abettor of Pavonia mas¬ sacre, 1132. Dam, Rip Van, acting governor of New York, sketch of, 1568; in controversy with Cosby, 1568; portrait, facing 1568; with Clarke, 1573. Dan, Cape, 206. Dana, member of congress from Connecti¬ cut, 3867. Dana, Francis, declines appointment to France, 3595. Danbury, Conn., Tryon destroys, 2566; Washington’s army extends to, 2762. Dane, Nathan, portrait of, facing 3192; facsimile of Dane’s anti-slavery addition to ordinance of 1787, facing 3194; author of slavery clause in ordinance of 1787, 3195, 3196. Danforth, Thomas, opposed witchcraft de¬ lusion, 1337. Daniel, Book of, Gov. Burnet’s book on, 1567. Daniel, Father, Jesuit missionar}' killed by Iroquois at St. Joseph, 1970. » Daniel, Peter V., opinion on Dred Scott case, 4566. Daniel, Senator, at centennial celebration of Washington’s inauguration, 5628. Dante’s opinion of ocean, 330, 355; birth¬ place, 344. Dantzic opened to American vessels, 2715. Danvers, Mass., Salem witchcraft began in, , T 33?- D’Any file, French commander, death, 1407. Danville, Ky., statehood convention at, 3178, 3179 . Danville, Va., operations against, 5285; Davis in, 5289; Lee retreats to, 5303; Confederate capital, 5307; flight of Davis from, 5308; Lee attempts to reach, 5315. Dare, Ananias, father of first English child born in America, 612. Dare, Virginia, first English child born in America, 613; lost, 615. Darien, Ga., Scotch settled in, 1864; fort built at, 1881. Darien, Isthmus of, passed by Columbus, 3391 Ojeda’s settlement on, 376, 377; Balboa on, 382, 383; Soto and Pedrarias on, 385, 464. Darling, Fort, Va., Union fleet arrives at, 68 GENERAL INDEX. 4920; outer defenses captured by Gen. Butler, 5246. Dartmouth, Earl of, cited on disfranchise¬ ment of negroes, 1650. Dartmouth, Lord, colonial secretary, 2416, 2479; plans Vandalia colony, 3148. Dartmouth, Eng., Hudson put into, 547; Mayflower and Speedwell put back to, 765. Dartmouth, Mass., devastated in King Phil¬ ip’s war, 1287. Dartmouth college established in colonial times, 2347; early history of, 3132. Daston, Sarah, acquitted of witchcraft, 1341. D’Aubery, Capt., defeats Grant in 1758, 2170; tries to relieve Ft. Niagara, 2228; defeated, 2228, 2229. Daughters of the American revolution, so¬ ciety of the, 5919. Daughters of the Cincinnati, 5918, 5919. Daughters of the revolution, society of the, 5919 . Daulac, Adam, sieur des Ormeaux, heroic defender of Canada, 1978; account of his exploit, 1978-1983. Daulon, Adam, 1978-1983. D’Aunay, father of Charles, attends to his son’s claims, 1945; is persuaded to sign away son’s property, 1956. D’Aunay, Charles de Menou, seigneur Charnisay, 1941; at Port Royal, 1942, 1943; captures Penobscot factory, 1943, 1944; trouble with La Tour, 1947-1955; death of, 1956. Dauphin Island, Ala., entrance to port at Mobile, 5169; Union troops landed on, 5UO. Danphine (Delfina), Verrazano’s ship, 503, 505 . Davenport, Christopher, text and note, 985. Davenport, Rev. John, founder of New Haven, 984, 986-992; portrait, facing 984; sketch of, 985; comes to Boston, 986; explains failure to apprehend regi¬ cides, 1418; opposes merging of New Haven with Connecticut colony, 1422; draws up able defense of New Haven, I 4 2 5 . Davidson, John, interpreter for Washing¬ ton on Ohio journey, 2031. Davidson, William L., retreats before Corn¬ wallis, 2996, 5028; at Providence, 3009; joins Morgan, 3016. Davidson county, as Tennessee, 3169. Davie, William Richardson, portrait, facing 2924; sketch of, 2925; in campaign in Carolinas during revolution, 2933, 2038, note, 2959, 2960, 2996, 3009; appointed to commissary department, 3014; member of the Philadelphia convention, 3270; appointed brigadier-general, 3637; ap¬ pointed French commissioner, 3659. Davies, Thomas A., brigade commander in army of the Potomac, 4748; at Cen- treville, 4760. Daviess, Joseph H., accuses Burr of con¬ spiracy, 3828-3830; at battle of Tippe¬ canoe, 3961. Davila, Pedrarias, 385, 386. Davis, English clergyman, 3108. Davis, Charles C., attorney-general, 5551. Davis, Capt. Charles H., commands Union fleet on the Mississippi, 4839s 4840; on battle of Memphis, 4841, 4842; ap¬ proves plans of new war vessels, 4910. Davis, Cushman K., member of Paris peace commission, 5757. Davis, David, candidate for president, 5518, 55 ! 9 . Davis, Garrett, letter to president on Fre¬ mont’s proclamation, 4718. Davis, Gen. George B., governor of Panama canal strip, 5801. Davis, George R., address at the Columbian exposition in 1893, 5660. Davis, Henry Winter, offers resolution about Mexico, 5068; reconstruction bill of, 5331; portrait, facing 5332; issues protest against Lincoln, 5333; loses re¬ nomination to congress, 5334. Davis, Col. J. C., commands division under Curtis, 4731; at battle of Pea Ridge, 4735 , 4736 . Davis, J. C. Bancroft, agent of the United States before the Geneva tribunal, 5507. Davis, James, tries to find northwest pas¬ sage, 597; in council of Popham colony, 729; goes to Jamestown, 733. Davis, Jefferson, member of senate, 4418, 4452; opposes Clay’s compromise res¬ olutions (1850), 4453; view of the con¬ stitution, 4469; declines leadership of the Lopez expedition to Cuba, 4494; de¬ feated for governor of Mississippi, 4498; defeat due to feeling over compromise of 1850, 4512; secretary of war under Pierce, 4519; secures president’s ap¬ proval of repeal of Missouri compromise, 4533 ; attacks Freeport interpretation of popular sovereignty, 4587; interview with Buchanan, 4628; on secession, 4645, 4646, 4653; elected president of the Confed¬ eracy, 4654; sketch of, 4654, 4655; in¬ augural message, 4655, 4656; portrait, facing 4656; cabinet, 4660; instructions on Ft. Sumter, 4675; message to Gov. Letcher regarding Baltimore, 4689; sends artillery to Missouri, 4704, 4705; GENERAL INDEX. 69 rejects Beauregard’s plans at Manassas, 4744, 4745; at Bull Run, 4762; plans to fortify Columbus, Ky., 4802; opinion of Sidney Johnston, 4828; issues letters of marque, 4901; letter to Lincoln threat¬ ening retaliation, 4902; orders Col. Cor¬ coran in irons, 4902; issues proclama¬ tion in retaliation upon Gen. Pope, mes¬ sage to Confederate congress, Son, 5012; concerning emancipation procla¬ mation, 5063; proclaims martial law in Richmond, 5066; gives Pemberton com¬ mand of Mississippi, 5138; appoints Bragg to succeed Beauregard, 5139; de¬ mands independence as only basis of peace, 5200; sends Thompson as com¬ missioner to Canada, 5203; proposal to arm negroes, 5223, 5224; interview with F. P. Blair, Sr., 5225; letter to Blair regarding peace negotiations, 5226; ap¬ points peace commissioners, 5226; speech after return of commissioners, 5227; re¬ fuses to abandon idea of independence, 5229; report of Judge Campbell to, 5229; opposes peace negotiations, 5229; Lord Lyons’ remonstrance to, 5230; answer to Lord Lyons, 5231; orders Hood to invade Tennessee, 5266; warned to evacuate Richmond, 5289; receives news of Lee’s retreat, 5303; leaves Richmond, 5307; reaches Danville, 5307; proclamation of, 5307, 5308; goes to Greensboro, 5308; interview with Johnston and Beauregard, 5308; retreats farther south, 5308; capture, 5309; im¬ prisoned in Fortress Monroe, 5310; set at liberty, 5310; congress on removing political disability of, 5557; body re¬ moved to Richmond for burial, 5665, 5666. Davis, Mrs. Jefferson, captured with her husband, 5309. Davis, John, upholds constitutionality of the embargo, 3881. Davis, Nicholas, banished from Massachu¬ setts Bay colony, 936. Davis, Robert, in council of Popham col¬ ony, 728, 729; went to Jamestown, 733. Davis’ Mill, Miss., engagements at, 5136. Davis Strait, in Icelandic explorations, 206. Davison, William, Puritan, 753. Dawes, William, ride to Lexington, 2423. Dawes bill on Indian reservations, 5619. Dawson City, Klondike, view of, facing 5682; growth since 1900, 5684. Day, Luke, in Shay’s rebellion, 3240. Day, William R., member of Paris peace commission, 5737. Daye, Stephen, first printer in America, 913. Dayton, Jonathan, member of the Philadel¬ phia convention, 3268; sketch of, 3268, 3269; in house of representatives, 3423, 3564; on sequestering British debts, 3494 / appointed brigadier-general, 3637; enters the senate, 3668; in Burr conspiracy, 3820, 3830; indicted for treason, 3841. Dayton, William L., nominated for vice- president, 4558. Dayton, Fort, Arnold reaches, 2595. Dayton, O., Hull’s forces assemble at, 3981. Deane, Silas, in Ticonderoga expedition, 2443; his missions to France, 2494, 2553- 2555, 2713; with D’Estaing’s fleet, 2752; on naval committee, 2861; proposed sale of lands for war funds, 3149, 3150. Deane, U. S. ship, 2881, 2900. Dearborn, Gen. Henry, at Saratoga, 2639, 2640, 2644, 2654; appointed secretary of war, 3712; sketch of, 3980; plan for the invasion of Canada, 3981, 3983, 3987; on Lake Champlain, 3995; portrait, facing 4000; his failure to invade Canada, 4001, 4002; plans to take York and Niag¬ ara, 4049; ill and depressed by his fail¬ ures, 4051; retired by the president, 4052; in command at Boston, 4060; nominated for vice-president by Native Americans, 4425. Dearborn, Fort (Chicago), illus. of, facing 3978; strength of, in 1812, 3979; surren¬ dered and burnt, 3986. “Death Angle” in battle of Spottsylvania, 5238 - Death penalty in England and New Eng¬ land, 1005. Deborre, Maj.-Gen., at Brandywine, 2617, 2618; congress recalls, note, 2618; re¬ turns to France, note, 2618. Debs, Eugene V., president of American railway union, 5671; in Pullman .strike of 1894, 5671-5673; arrested and impris¬ oned, 5673, 5674; nominee of Social Democrats for president, 5765. Debt, national, of England, increased by wars in 18th century, 2341. Debt, national, U. S., Hamilton’s report on the, 3361, 3364; Hamilton’s plan on liquidation of the, 3365, 3500; in 1861, 4943, 4944; amount of, in 1864, 5192; congress on refunding the, 5542, 5543. Debt laws in England in 17th century, 1749 - Debts contracted in England not paid in Carolinas, 1748, 1749. 70 GENERAL INDEX. Debts, state, in 1778, 2723. “Decades of the New World," by Richard Eden, note, 422. Decatur, Stephen, portrait, facing 3770; destroys the Philadelphia , 377 b 377 2 » defends Norfolk, 3857; hemmed in by British blockade (1813), 4042; defeated in naval battle off Sandy Hook, 4089; punishes the Barbary states for depre¬ dations on American commerce, 4093. Decatur, Stephen, Sr., captures French pri¬ vateer, 3622. Decatur, Ala., Turchin’s brigade at, 5109; Col. Palmer’s cavalry at, 5269. Decatur, Ill., first post of Grand Army organized at, 5916. Declaration of independence, connection with Hooker’s sermon, 999; voted on, 2499; Jefferson drafts, 2499, 2500; re¬ ception of, 2500, 2501; South Carolina’s attitude toward, 2823. - Declaration of indulgence granted by James II., 1222. Declaration of rights in New York legis¬ lature in 1683, 1514; by first continental congress, 2410. Dedham, Mass., punishes Quakers, 932. Deep river, Kalb at, 2939; Cornwallis at, 3031, 3036. Deerfield, Mass., outlying settlement, 1287; attacked by Indians, 1292; occupied by Indians, 1296; scene of conflicts, 1297, 1298; second massacre at, 1353. Deerhound, British yacht, saves crew of the Alabama, 4909. Defense, U. S. cruiser, 2867. “Defense of American Charters,” by Jere¬ miah Dummer, 1485. Defiance, Fort, 3526, 3529. De Fleury, heroism of, 2618, 2619. Defoe, Daniel, commemorated annus mi- rabilis, 1279. De Golyers, U. S. army officer at New Madrid, 4830. De Gray, Earl, British envoy, on high joint commission of 1871, 5506. DeKalh, U. S. ironclad gunboat, 4846. Delacroix, French minister, refuses to re¬ ceive Pinckney, 3583. DeLancey, James, governor of New York, leader of liberals in New York in 1743- 53, 1583; friend of the people rather than governor, 1583-1585; received com¬ mission from Gov. Clinton, 1593; at Alexandria conference in 1755, 2057. DeLancey, James, cousin of governor, loy¬ alist in revolutionary war, 3139. DeLancey, Oliver, 2994. DeLancey, Stephen, connected by marriage with William Johnson, 1590. Delano, Columbus, secretary of the interior, 5522 . Delaplace, Capt., commander at Ticonder- oga, 2444; surrenders to Allen, 2446. Delaware, Thomas West, Lord, chosen lord- governor of Virginia, 656, 657; arrives in Virginia, 663, 664; portrait, facing 664; improves conditions of Jamestown, 665; dies, 667, 668; plans for reinforcing colony, 678; title of, derived from Seig¬ neur de la Tour and La Vuarre, note, 1936. Delaware (state), Norsemen near, 217; pa- troonships of Godyn and Blommaert in, 565, 578; included in grant to second Vir¬ ginia company, 656; included in Balti¬ more’s first patent, 1063 ; first state to rati¬ fy constitution, 1205; part of Pennsylva¬ nia, 1205 ; annexed to Pennsylvania, 1209; David Brainerd preached to Indians in, 1225; secured separate executive offices, 1232; secured right of independence from Penn, 1248; finally separates from Penn¬ sylvania, 1251; first iron furnace built in, 1264; sends delegate to stamp act congress, 2377; appoints delegates to continental congress, 2438; favors inde¬ pendence, 2497; state government at close of revolution, 3104, 3105; forbids slavery, 3106; signs articles of confed¬ eration, 3153-3158; ratifies United States constitution, 3302, 3303; population in 1790, 3422; action on Kentucky resolu¬ tions, 3651, 3652; electoral vote given to McClellan, 5212. Delaware , U. S. ship, 4696. Delaware Bay missed by Verrazano, note, 504, 505 ;'Walvis arrives in, 566; Swedish colony arrives in, 579; New Haven col¬ ony driven from, 584, 585, 992, 1012, 1014; prosperous Swedish settlements on, 1126; British fleet ravages shores of, in 1813, 4039. Delaware company formed in Connecticut for colonization, 1270. Delaware river, palaeolithic remains in val¬ ley of, 140; Dutch on, 542, 552, 556, 562, 565, 1059; called the “South River,” 545; Swedes on, 579, 580, 1126, 1127; New Haven colonies on, 1012-1014; Vir¬ ginia and Maryland colonies driven from, 1121, 1125; land on, transferred to Penn, 1204; Mason and Dixon survey began on, 1206; Pennsbury manor on, 1244; land on, taken by Walking pur¬ chase, 1259; Connecticut settlements on, GENERAL INDEX. 71 1272; Swedish rising on, 1499; com¬ merce with Indians on, diverted by French, 15 22; fortified in war with France, 1594; Washington crosses, 2529, 2538, 2540, 2542, 2543, 2732; Howe on, 2529, 2668-2673; part taken by the navy on, 2859-2863. Delawares, Indian tribe, picture of type, facing 160; pledged amity with Penn, 1211; history and names of, 2019-2021; become widely scattered, 2020; take op¬ posite sides in seven years’ war, 2020; regain independent spirit when they es¬ cape from Iroquois control, 2020; a part of them join Pontiac in his war, 2021; join in defeating St. Clair, 2021; de¬ feated by “Mad Anthony” Wayne, 2021; friendly to English, 2025; thwarted in efforts to entrap Ft. Pitt, 2319; Dunmore receives treaty with, 2772; in Corn¬ stalk’s campaign, 2772; James Girty adopted by, 2794; Moravian settlements of, 2805; oppose the Prophet, 3957; con¬ firm treaty with United States, 3959, 4 ° 59 . Delfosse, Belgian minister to United States, member of the fishery commission, 5535, 5536 . Delft, “Familists” founded in, 847; Thomas Hooker preached in, 966. Delfthaven, Pilgrims sail from, 745, 764; picture, facing 764. Delight, British ship, 601; wrecked, 602. Democracy, Connecticut simplest form of, 982; Cotton’s opinion of, 998; Ports¬ mouth declares itself to be a, 1039; source of its power, 1611; Jefferson’s theory of, 3703, 3704. Democratic clubs, Washington’s censure of, 3547 , 3548; Jefferson in, 3549, 3550. Democratic party (formerly called Demo¬ cratic Republican party), formation of the, 3451-3453; opposed to war with England, 3495, 3496; on treaty making, 3569; against war with France, 3621- 3623; interpretation of the constitution, 3748; on the Louisiana purchase, 3750, 3751, 3754; opposition to the judiciary of 1803, 3774, 3775; Judge Chase assails, 37771 position on the 12th amendment, 3797; disapproves embargo, 3880; nom¬ inates Van Buren for vice-president, 4249; holds convention in Baltimore in 1835, 4302; loses. ground, 4306, 4307; holds convention in Baltimore in 1840, 4325, 4326; defeated in election in 1840, 4326, 4327; approves of Tyler’s course in bank question, 4348; nominates Polk, 4363; incorporates Oregon plank in plat¬ form of 1844, 4404; discontented over Whig successes, 4412; holds convention in Baltimore in 1848, 4426-4428; factional quarrel in New York, 4426; attitude to¬ ward slavery in 1848, 4428; defeated in 1848 campaign, 4431; united in 1852 by compromise of 1850, 4486-4489; fusion with Free-soilers in Ohio and Massa¬ chusetts, 4499; convention at Baltimore in 1852, 4503-4505; united in campaign of 1852, 4509; victorious in 1852, 4512; convention of 1856, 4560; controls senate in 36th congress, 4587; Charleston con¬ vention, 4592-4594; Charleston conven¬ tion adjourns to Baltimore, 4594; seced¬ ing delegates from Charleston convention meet at Richmond, Va., 4594; opposition to emancipation proclamation, 5057, 5601; disaffection in Indiana and Illinois, 5200; Democratic party national conven¬ tion at Chicago, Aug. 29, 1864, 5204, 5209, 5210; nominates McClellan for president, 5209; favors thirteenth amend¬ ment, 5368; National Union convention, 5370; congressional election of 1866, 5379; in election in Mississippi, 5399, 5400; vote on Johnson’s impeachment, 5406; convention at New York in 1868, 5414; reorganized in South Caro¬ lina, 5443, 5444, 5447, 5448; nominates Greeley for president in 1872, 5519, 5520; nominees and platform in 1876, 5544, 5545 5 secures amendment to army appropriation bill of 1872, 5559, 5560; convention in 1880, 5565; on protection, 5582; in power, 5591-5624; convention and platform in 1888, 5622-5624; con¬ vention and platform in 1892, 5646, 5647; convention and platform in 1896, 5688- 5690; convention and platform in 1900, 5770-5772; convention and platform in 1904, 5817, 5818; oppose San Domingo treaty (1905), 5824. Denison, Daniel, active in securing rights for Atherton company, 1454. Denison, William, governor of Ohio, ap¬ points McClellan major-general of Ohio militia, 4771. Denmark, a maritime nation, 115; invaded by barbarians, 202; king of, describes Vinland, 235; in Zeno stdry, 249; no col¬ onies in America, 575; king of, gives pension to Paul Jones, 2895; notified to close ports to English trade, 3867; sells two of the West Indies to United States, 5477, 5478, 548 i. Dennis, Robert, commissioner to Virginia, 722; sent to Maryland, 1092; lost at sea, 1094. 72 GENERAL INDEX. Dennison, William, opinion on negro suf¬ frage, 5347, 5348; resigns from cabinet, 537 I- De Noue, Jesuit, established mission in Quebec, i960. Denver, Col., first white visitor to, 3191. Denver, Janies W., governor of the terri¬ tory of Kansas, 4590. Denys, Nicholas, a trader, held Acadian lands on Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1957. “Dependent Parents and Disability Act,” pension bill passed in 1890, 5643. De Pestre, Col., at Burr trial, 3842. Depew, Chauncey M., candidate for presi¬ dent, 5623; oration at Washington cen¬ tennial celebration, 5627, 5628. De Peyster, Abraham, portrait, facing 2996; at King’s Mountain, 3003, 3005, 3006. Dermer, Thomas, leads expedition to New England, 737; adventures, 740-742; Squanto restored by, 775. Derne, Tripoli, Eaton besieges, 3773. Deseret, state of, organized by Mormons, 4447; name given by Mormons to their settlement in Utah, 4575. Desjardins secures a wife for Chas. de la Tour, 1944; captured by D’Aunay and released, 1944, 1945; sent the St. Clement to La Tour, 1945. De Soto, Hernando, see Soto, Hernando de. De Soto, U. S. steamer, 4845. D’Estouches, fleet under, 3068. Detroit, Mich., on site of old fort, 2005; Indians -near, offended by French, 2025; objective point of Rogers’ rangers in 1760, 2279; description of village, 2284, 2285; French-Indian population, 2284; surrendered to Maj. Rogers, 2285; Eng¬ lish built large fort at, 2287; strongly garrisoned, 2315; Clark investigates Brit¬ ish post at, 2780; Hamilton commander at, 2782; Clark’s desire to capture, 2782, 2787, 2793; Patrick Henry suggests cap¬ ture of, 2786; ceded to United States, 2787; colony at, 3146; strength in 1812, 3979; proposed as base for Canadian operations, 3981; Hull commands, 3981- 3985; British attack, 3985, 3986; sur¬ rendered, 3986; abandoned by Proctor (1813), 4031; vessels seized near, 5205; Kennedy, Confederate agent, arrested at, 5209. Detroit, British ship, 4028-4030. Detroit river, La Salle probably on, 1991; meaning of name, and description of, 2283; Indian ambush at, for Rogers, 2283. Deux Ponts, Count de, at Yorktown, 3082. “Devil’s Elbow,” in St. Simon’s Bay, Ga., 1907. Devonshire interested in Puritan emigra¬ tion, 864, 876, 879. Dew, Thomas, establishes colony in Caro- linas, 1717. Dewey, George, admiral, ordered to Ma¬ nila, 5719; negotiations with Aguinaldo, 5720; destroys Spanish fleet, 5721-5723; portrait, facing 5722; demands surrender of Manila, 5724; recommends the es¬ tablishment of a naval marine, 5860. DeWitt, Alexander, appeals to people for Missouri compromise, 4534. Dexter, Samuel, enters the senate, 3668. Deza, Diego de, friend of Columbus, 285. Diaz, Bartholomew, discovers Cape of Good Hope, 286, 321, 402, 403. Diaz, Porflrio, president of Mexico, sends condolences on McKinley’s death, 5789, . 5790 - Dickinson, Daniel Stevens, member of 29th congress, 4374; member of the “grand committee” in 1850, 4474; unsuccessful candidate for senator, 4499; on popular sovereignty, 4528. Dickinson, John, writes “Farmer’s Letters,” 2385; cited on taxation by parliament, 2386; approved by Franklin, 2386; in first continental congress, 2409; com¬ mands regiment, 2438; carries petition to the king, 2449; on committee of for¬ eign correspondence, 2474; does not vote on independence, 2499; effect of Howe’s proclamation on, 2529; at battle of Mon¬ mouth, 2734; chairman of Annapolis convention, 3251; sketch of, 3269. “Dictionary of Natural Biography,” mis¬ leading article in, on Sir William Ber¬ keley, note, 1623. Dieppe, France, home of Cousiti, 260; of Ribault, 479; Verrazano returns to, 504- 506; De Chastes governor of, 520; David Kirke from, 845. Dieskau, Baron John Erdman, general com¬ mander of French forces in Canada in 1755, 2090; prepares for western cam¬ paign, 2090, 2091; diverted to Crown Point, 2092; attacks Ft. Edward, 2094; prepared ambush at Ft. Edward, 2097; disappointed by Canadian troops, 2100; wounded and defeated, 2102; later life, 2103. Digges, Sir Dudley, patentee in Plymouth council, 744. Digges, Edward, governor of Virginia, 722. Digges-Hundred, Va., laid off by Dale, 672. Dijon, France, parliament of, 9. GENERAL INDEX. 73 Diligent, English brig, fight with the Prov¬ idence, 2S82. Dillion, Count, at Savannah, 2829. Dilworthtown, Pa., Howe at, 2622. Dingley bill on the tariff, 5680, 5747, 5748. Dinwiddie, Robert, governor of Virginia, jfis character, 1667, 1668; in connection with Washington, 1667; interested in Ohio company, 2010; ordered to build forts on Ohio, 2028; appealed to by Ohio company, 2030; sends Washington on mission to Ft. Duquesne, 2030; sends rough letter to St. Pierre by Washing¬ ton, 2034, 2035; claims lands on Ohio, 2034; altercation as to terms with gov¬ ernor of Canada, 2052; received Brad- dock, 2057; at Alexandria conference, 2057. Diogenes Laertius quotes Pythagoras on shape of earth, 94. Diplomacy born in Italy, 25, 26. Diplomatic service, U. S., need of reorgani¬ zation, 5840-5846. Disability act, congress renews the, 5749. “Discourse and View of Virginia,” by Sir William Berkeley, 1623. “Discourse of the Damned Art of Witch¬ craft,” by Perkins, 1328. Discoverer, British ship, under Pring, 620. Discovery, age of, conditions in Europe, 3- 26; causes, 201, 202. Discovery, British ship, under Hudson, 548. Discovery and exploration, importance of, 3, 12, 26; conditions in Europe antece¬ dent to, 3-26; Norsemen in, 201-242; legends of, 243-262. For England: John Cabot, 420-438; Sebastian Cabot, 439- 442. For France: Verrazano’s expedi¬ tion, 502-507; Cartier, 507-518; Roberval, 515-518; Chastes, 520-522; Champlain, 521-540; DeMonts, 423-528. For Hol¬ land: Usselinx, 541; Hudson, 544-549; C. J. May, 549; Block, 549-5511 Chris- tiaensen, 549, 551, 552. For Portugal: Da Gama, 401-406. For Spain: Colum¬ bus, 265-342; Vespucci, 343-369; Ojeda, 372, 373 , 376, 377 ; Guerra and Nino, 373; the Pinzons, 373, 374; Solis, 375, 376; Cabral, 377, 378, 405; the Corte- reals, 379-381; Balboa, 382-386; Davila, 385, 386Ponce de Leon, 387-393; Cor¬ dova, 393, 394; Pineda, 394, 395 ; Velas¬ quez, 395; Garay, 396; Ayllon, 396-399; Magellan, 406-420; Sebastian Cabot, 439- 442; Cortes in Mexico, 445-460; Nar¬ vaez’s expedition, 460-464; Soto, 464- 477; Ribault, 479-495; Laudonniere, 482- 486; Menendez, 488-500. Disease, army losses from, during civil war, 5325. Dissenters refuse to accept declaration of indulgence, 1222; denounced by Gov. Gooch, of Virginia, 1662; settle in Caro- linas, 1745; dissenting minister fined for a sermon by Gov. Colleton, 1783; re¬ mitted by proprietaries, 1783; persecuted by Gov. James Moore, of Carolinas, 1796; deprived of all civil rights in the Caro¬ linas, 1800; secure bare toleration, 1800, 1801; pay double taxes for support of churches, 1801, 1802; put down in Caro¬ linas in early 18th century, 1804, 1807, 1808; allowed some concessions in North Carolina in 1714, 1810; opposed to sla¬ very in South Carolina, 1837; English hatred of, 2917; in America, 2917, 3108. Distilling promoted by congress, ^104; re¬ port of D. A. Wells, 5194. District court, congress establishes, 3339. District of Columbia, opposition to slavery in, 4433-4435; Clay maintains that con¬ gress has power to control slavery in, 4456; introduction of bill to abolish slave trade in, 4474; bill providing for aboli¬ tion of slave trade passed, 4480; slavery abolished in, 4947; congress provides , government for, 5531, 5532. Dix, John Adams, leader of Barnburners, 4329; member of 29th congress, 4374; appointment as secretary of state under Pierce not sanctioned, 4519; loyalty of, 4633, 4634, 4681; secretary of the treasury, 4633-4644; on Crittenden compromise, 4644; portrait, facing 4652; facsimile of letter, facing 4652; instructions to W. H. Jones at New Orleans, 4653; arrests members of Maryland legislature, 5184; Stanton’s letter to, 5319; at National Union convention, 5376. Dix, Rev. Dr. Morgan, conducts Gen. Wheeler’s funeral services, 5867. Dixie, Fort, N. C., federals take, 4876. Dixon, Col., at battle of Camden, 2955. Dixon, James, votes against impeachment of Johnson, 5412. Dixon, Jeremiah, one of “seven pillars” of New Haven, 991; surveys boundary be¬ tween Maryland and Pennsylvania, 1205, 1206. Dixon, Nathan F., amendment to repeal Missouri compromise, 4532. Dixwell, John, one of judges of Charles I. , 1162. Doak, Rev. Samuel, founds Martin acad¬ emy, 3174. 74 GENERAL INDEX. Dobbin, James C., secretary of navy under Pierce, 4519. Dobbs, governor of North Carolina, at Alexandria conference, 2057. Dobbs Ferry, Howe at, 2526; mutiny place of Andre and Arnold, 2980. Dock creek, Hill’s house in Philadelphia near, 1215. Dodd, commander of Sons of Liberty in Indiana, 5204; secretes arms for Con¬ federates, 5204. Dodge, Augustus C., bill for organization of Nebraska, 4525. Dodge, Gen. G. M., surveys for the Rock Island railroad, 5491, 5492. Doegs, Indian tribe, said to have under¬ stood Welsh language, 1247; probably murdered colonist in Virginia, 1613. Dogs used for food by Soto, 472; by Roanoke settlers, 609. Dolbear, Amos E., dispute with Bell over invention of the telephone, 5531. D’Olbeau, missionary with Champlain, 535. Dole, Sanford B., provisional president of Hawaii, 5654, 5655; surrenders Hawaii and takes oath of allegiance to United States, 5763. Dollard, Adam, 1978-1983. Dolliver, J. P., candidate, for president, 5769 - Dolphin, U. S. cutter, note, 2871, 4696, 5658, 5659. Domagaya, Indian chief, 511-513. Dominica Islands named by Columbus, 323. Dominican friars, Vespucci’s uncle one of, 345; failures in America, 486, 487. Don Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish ship, 5722. Don Carlos IV., king of Spain, 3729, 3730. Donderberg mountain, Hudson passes, 546, 2655; Wayne stationed near, 2835. Donelson, Andrew Jackson, charge d’ af¬ faires in Texas, 4371; nominated for vice-president, 4558. Donelson, Col. John, founds Nashville, 3168. Donelson, Fort, Tenn., erected, 4813-4816; map of, facing 4814; attacked by Grant, 4817-4825; Grant demands “uncondi¬ tional surrender,” 4824; view of, facing 4824; surrendered, 4825. Dongan, Col. Thomas (later Earl of Lim¬ erick), governor of New York, inter¬ mediary for Penn and Five Nations, 1247; his good offices solicited by Con¬ necticut, 1439; sketch of, 1512; success¬ ful in Indian affairs, 1514; arranges Albany congress, 1522-1524; liberal measures of, 1524, 1525; complained of encroachments on New York, 1526; sus¬ pected by New Yorkers, 1531; justified penetration of James II., 1546. Don Juan de Austria, Spanish ship, 5722. Donnaconna, Indian chief, 512; kidnapped by Cartier, 514; dies in France, 516. Donnelly, Ignatius, People’s party nominee for vice-president, 5768. Donop, Count, Hessians commanded by, 2 4731 at Bordentown and Burlington, 2530; plan of assault on, 2539; instruc¬ tions of, note, 2539; at Warrens Tavern, 2623; attack on Ft. Mercer, 2669, 2670; mortal wounding of, 2670, 2671. Don Quixote, 382, 469. Doolittle, James R., at National Union con¬ vention, 5376; votes against impeach¬ ment of Johnson, 5412. Dorchester, Conn., first name of Windsor, 967, 968. Dorchester, Eng., home of Rev. John White, 861. Dorchester, Mass., founded, 879; prospers, 880; named, 882; on Winthrop’s map, facing 896; home of Mather, 913; in¬ habitants go to Connecticut, 960-962; Capt. John Mason from, 972. Dorchester Heights (South Boston), Gage to occupy, 2456; Howe neglects, 2479; Washington seizes, 2480, 2481; Brooklyn Heights compared to, 2512. Dorchester Neck, militia extends to, 2432. Dorr, Thomas W., portrait, facing 4356. Dorr rebellion caused partly by fixed repre¬ sentation, 1457; in Rhode Island, 1457. Dorsey, Stephen W., indictment against, 5586 . Dorsheimer, William, leader of the Liberal Republicans, 5518. Dort, Holland, helps to re-establish Dutch West India company, 553. Doubleday, Gen. Abner, at battle of Antie- tam, 5045, 5046. Dougherty, Col. H., U. S. army, 4720. Douglas, captain of the Bellona, threatens Norfolk, 3856, 3857. Douglas, Stephen A., member of 28th con¬ gress, 4360; member of senate, 4418- 4452; speaks in behalf of Clay’s com¬ promise, 4467; defends fugitive slave law in Chicago speech, 4489; unsuccessful candidate for Democratic nomination in 1852, 4503, 4504; favors seizure of Cuba, 4514; portrait, facing 4526; sketch of life, 4526; on popular sovereignty, 4528; second Nebraska bill, 4530; third Ne¬ braska bill, 4533; defends position on repeal of Missouri compromise, 4536- 4540; his position, 4541-4543; Kansas- GENERAL INDEX. Nebraska bill passed, 4543; hissed by- crowd in Chicago, 4547; meets Lincoln again, 4547, 4548; on the Dred Scott decision, 4569, 4570; “Freeport heresy/’ 45/0, 4580, 4581; opposed the Lecompton constitution of Kansas, 4574; senatorial campaign of, 4575, 4576; defense of slavery, 4577; debate with Lincoln at Freeport, 4579, 4580; returned to the senate, 4580, 4581; attitude in 36th con¬ gress, 4587; nominated for president by Democratic party, 4594; Chicago ad¬ dress in 1861, 4596, 4597; electoral and popular votes for, 4602, 4603; on Crit¬ tenden compromise, 4641, 4642; debate with Lincoln, 4666; Lincoln’s friend, 4667, note, 4682, 4683. Douglas Camp, Ill., companies from, take possession of Chicago Times office, 5188; plan to liberate prisoners at, 5205, 5207, 5208. Dove, British ship, 1069, 1070. Dover, Eng., Charles II. landed at, 1275; treaty signed at, between Great Britain and France, 1500; Moravians at, in 1733, '1867. Dover, N. H., settled by Hilton, 791; at¬ tacked by Indians, 1373; Quakers in, murdered or captured, 1373; Lovewell returns to, with Indian scalps, 1374. Dover Neck, 946. Downes, John, commander of the Nuhant, 4860. Downie, Capt. George, in command of the British fleet at Plattsburg, 4067. Downs, Solomon W., member of the “grand committee,” in 1850, 4474. Doyle, Sir John, sent against Marion, 3040. Draft act passed March 3, 1863, 5177; provisions of, 5178; Lincoln refuses sus¬ pension of, 5183. Draft riots in New York, 5179-5183; Gov. Seymour’s remarks, 5178; comments of newspapers, 5178; mob attacks colored orphan asylum, 5180; attack on Tribune office, 5182; murder of Col. H. T. O’Brien, 5182; riots in other cities, 5183. Dragon, U. S. tug, blown up by the Merri- mac, 4918. Dragonnades desolate Protestant France, 1706. Dragon’s Mouth passed through by Colum¬ bus, 330; by Ojeda, 363. Drake, a hostage in Montcalm’s camp in 1756, 2136. Drake, Lieut.-Col., with St. Clair, 3416. Drake, Sir Francis, 22; destroys St. Au¬ gustine, 500; expedition with Hawkins, 75 591; on the Pacific, 592; portrait, facing 592; discovers San Francisco Bay, 593- 595; takes possession for Elizabeth, 593, 594; map showing circumnavigation of the world, facing 594; applauded in Eng¬ land, 595; ravages Spaniards in Florida, 596, 626; takes part in defeat of armada, 596; in parliament, 596; rescues Roanoke colony, 596, 610; death, 596; Drake’s conquest, picture facing 596; takes Car¬ tagena, 1663. Drake, English sloop-of-war, Jones’ fight with, 2875, 2876. Drapers’ and mercers’ guilds (London), 439 - Drawbaugh, Daniel, claims invention of telephone, 5941, 5942. Drayton, Capt. Percival, commands the Hartford in Mobile Bay, 5246. Drayton, Gen. Thomas F., commands Con¬ federates at Port Royal, 4873. Dred Scott case, 4565; decision, 4566-4569; opinions of, 4566-4570. Dress of Indians, 325, 338, 380; of abo¬ rigines of Labrador, 380; homespun the prevailing material in Maryland in 18th century, 1708; in United States, at close of revolution, 3140-3142. Drewry’s Bluff, Va., view of, illus., 5246. Drinking in New York in colonial times, 1598; in North Carolina, 1817. Driver, British sloop, blockades New York, 37951 Jefferson closes U. S. ports to, 3814; defies proclamation of Jefferson, 3853 . Drogeo, mythical country, 251, 252. Dropetock, Iceland, 206. Droucour, French commandant at Louis- bourg in 1758, capitulates, 2185. Drugs, bill to prevent adulteration or wrong labeling of, 5861, 5862. Druid, English ship, destruction of, 2873. Drummond, Lieut.-Gen., reinforces Riall at Lundy’s Lane, 4062, 4063; defeated at Black Rock, and in his attack on Ft. Erie, 4064. Drummond, Wm., hanged in Bacon’s re¬ bellion, 1621; deputy governor of Albe¬ marle, 1724; superseded, 1726. Drury’s Bluff, Va., retreat of Butler from, 5246. Dry Tortugas, Grenfell sentenced to im¬ prisonment at, 5208. Dryden, John, commemorates annus mi- rabilis, 1279. Drylas, Capt., in Ticonderoga expedition, * 2445 . 7G GENERAL INDEX. Drysdale, Sir Hugh, governor of Virginia, succeeds Spotswood, 1661. Duane, James, on Indian question, 3159; district judge, 3341. Duane, William, portrait, facing 3550; at¬ tack of, 3673; prosecution of, 3677; ed¬ itor of the Aurora, 3817; at Burr trial, 3838. Duane, William J., appointed secretary of treasury, 4264; opposes removal of de¬ posits from bank, 4264, 4265; removed from treasury, 4265. Dublin, Ga., Col. Harnden at, 5309. Dublin, Ireland, Wm. Penn distinguishes himself in civil life in, 1188-1190. Duck river, position of Bragg’s forces near, 5153 - Du Coudray nominated major-general, 2554. Dudingston, Lieut., commander of Gaspee, attacks colonial rights in Rhode Island, 2399 . Dudley, Joseph, governor of Massachusetts Bay, 1308; portrait, facing 1308; of short stay, 1309, 1310; declared oppressive by Cotton Mather, 1320; imprisoned in Boston, 1321; double dealing of, 1351; Mather disappointed in, 1351; American in birth, 1351; royalist in feeling, 1352; in lasting controversy with colony, 1352, 1353; engaged in illicit trade, 1353; tricked by Indians as to peace meeting, 1355; planned to infringe on Connecti¬ cut, 1447; on commission for king’s province, 1470, 1471; seized in Rhode Island on news of revolution in Boston, 1475; found Rhode Island Qua¬ kers insubordinate, 1481; fails to coerce them, 1481; worked against colonies, 1481. Dudley, Paul, son of Gov. Joseph Dudley, attorney-general of Massachusetts Bay, royalist ideas of, note, 1352; bequests to Harvard,’ 1352. Dudley, Thomas, advocates removal to America, 873; manages estates of Earl of Lincoln, 874; helps to form church, 878; displeased with Winthrop,' 88i, 962; elected governor, 897; deputy-governor' 908. Duer, Col. William, land purchases of, 3198; portrait of, facing 3410; speculations of, 3421, 3520, 3521; plot to invade Louisi¬ ana, 3605. Duffield, Col. W. W., surrenders to Forrest at Murfreesboro, 5114. Duke, captain in Confederate army, 4705. Duke’s Land, province of New York, 1524. Duluth, half-breed Indian, text and note, 2582. Duluth, Minn., view of ship canal at, 5948. Dumas, French officer, at Braddock’s de¬ feat, 2074. Dummer, Jeremiah, publishes “Defense of the American Charters,” 1485. Dummer, William, lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts Bay colony, 1361. Dunbar, Capt., drives off Spaniards from Ft. William, Ga., in 1742, 1905. Dunbar, Col. Thomas, inefficient comman¬ der under Braddock, 2056; commands second detachment of Braddock’s army, 2067; makes disorderly retreat, 2080, 2082. Duncan, Gen. J. K., in command of Con¬ federate exterior defenses, 4900. Duncan, James, quarrel with Scott, 4400. Dunkers, paper-making by, 3121. Dunkirk, harbor of, 2846, 2872. Dunlap, Maj., at Prince’s Fort, 2931; at Wofford’s iron works, 2935; battle with McCall and Clarke, 3039; death of, 3039. Dunmore, Lord, in Virginia, 2438; ravages of, 2486, 2487, 2489; portrait of, facing 2486; creates slave regiment, 2487; at Norfolk, 2487-2489; part in Virginia land claims, 2765, 2766; Boone encouraged by, 2766; in Dunmore’s war, 2768, 2769, 2771; treaties with Indians, 2772, 2775; Llopkins seeks fleet of, 2864. Dunmore’s war, 2768-2771; Simon Girty’s service in, 2795. Dunning, John (Lord Ashburton), in Rock¬ ingham’s cabinet, 3089. Duplessis, heroism of, 2618, 2619. Duponceau, Peter, 3467. DuPont, Samuel F., rear-admiral, com¬ mands south Atlantic squadron, 4854; sends the Weehawken to the Savannah river, 4860; organizes expedition to Port Royal, 4872, 4873; attacks batteries at Charleston, 5165; relieved by Dahlgren, 5 i6 S- Du Portail, French engineer, 2733, 2913. Duquesne de Menneville, Marquis, governor of Canada in 1754, 2039. Duquesne, Fort, built, 2006, 2040-2042; English plan to attack, 2049, 2058-2060; Braddock defeated near, 2067-2082; pic¬ ture of, in 1830, facing 2080; capture undertaken by Pennsylvania, 2165, 2166; Pitt plans attack on, 2166; taken by Eng¬ lish, 2173, 2174; renamed for Pitt, 2174. Duquesnel, governor of Cape Briton Island, at Louisbourg, 1385; captures fort at GENERAL INDEX. 7-7 Canso, 1386; defeated at Placentia and Annapolis (Nova Scotia), 1387; at¬ tacked English merchantmen, 1387; died, 1388. Durand, William, Puritan leader in battle of Severn, 1106. Durant, Dr., places last spike in the Pacific railroad, 5493. Durant, George, establishes Durant’s Neck on Albemarle Sound, 1717. Durant’s Neck, N. C., one of oldest Caro¬ lina settlements, 1718. Duras, India merchant ship, French court grants Jones the, 2883. Durham, Bishop, palatine rights of, 1064. Durham Station, N. C., Johnston and Sher¬ man meet at, 5315, 5316. Durkie, Lieut., under Putnam in fight at Sound Bay in 1758, 2208. Dustin, Hannah, heroic escape of, 1348, 1 349 - Dutch Gap, Va., cut by Dale, 671; view near, facing 5246. Dutch in America. See Colonies in Amer¬ ica, Dutch; Discovery and exploration for Holland. Dutch Point, Conn., 954. Dutch West India company planned to in¬ jure Spain’s colonies, 541, 578; organi¬ zation, 542; charter granted, 553; consti¬ tution, 554; sends emigrants to New Am¬ sterdam, 555; appoints Peter Minuit governor of New Netherland, 557; pros¬ perous in trade, 560; policy in New Netherland, 561, 563-565; Van Renssel¬ aer, one of its incorporators, 567; vetoes joint company with Swedes, 578; loses claim to southern Connecticut, 959, 1013; employs Van Twiller as agent, 1120, 1121; advocates peace with Indians, 1129; Leisler enlisted for, 1533. Duties. See Tariff. Duvivier sent to France for aid for Louis- bourg, 1388; reversed his course on news of capture of Louisbourg, 1403. Duxbury, Mass., view from Captain’s Hill in, facing 828. Dwight, Theodore, on the election of 1800, 3699. Dwight, Rev. Timothy, the elder, president of Yale college, 1451; portrait, facing 3452; on New England’s position in a war with England, note, 3780. Dwina river, Russia, reached by Chancellor, 589 - Dyer, collector of New York, in collision with colonists, 1509, 1510; supported by Charles II. and returned to America, 1510. . Dyer, Mrs. Mary, Quaker enthusiast in Boston, 930, 931; struggle with magis¬ trates, 936-940; victim of persecution of Quakers, 1055. Dyer, William, clerk of Providence colony, 1032; prominent Quaker in Rhode Is¬ land, 1055. Eads, James B., has government contract for seven gunboats, 4846; plans to deepen channel at the mouth of the Mississippi river, 5539, 5540; designed jetties for Mississippi river, 5954, 5955. Eagle, U. S. ship, 4067. Earle, Mrs., starts panic in “Negro riot” in New York, 1575, 1577. Early, Gen. Jubal A., at Bull Run, 4758; at Cedar Mountain, 5013; at Antietam, 5044; ordered to seize York, 5085; driven from Shenandoah valley, 5212; reinforced by Lee, 5245; threatens Wash¬ ington, 5247; attacks Gen. Wallace at Frederick, 5248; retreats to Virginia, 5248; attacked and defeated by Sher¬ idan, 5249; retreats to Fisher’s Hill, 5249; battle of Fisher’s Hill, 5249, 5250; reaches Port Republic, 5250; battle of Cedar creek, 5251, 5252; retreats to New Market, 5252; battle of Waynesboro, 5 2 52 . Early, Peter, manages impeachment trial of Chase, note, 3788. Earthquake in New Engand, 988. East Bay, Fraser sails up, 2574. East Beverly, Mass., first cotton factory at, 3I25-. East Bridgeport, Mass., cotton manufacture at, 3125. East Bygd, scene of Eskimo massacre, 239. East Carroll Parish, La., breaking of the levee at, 5664. East Greenwich, R. I., settled in 1748, 1491. East Haven, Conn., Tryon sacks, 2834. East India company, tea tax devised to aid, 2403; must be reimbursed for tea, 2406. East Indies, westward course to, 34; un¬ certainty as to extent, 37; a sea route to, sought by explorers, 85, 400; claims in, by Isabella and Columbus, 293; dreamed of by Columbus, 295; Columbus thinks he has found, 305, 310, 311, 318, 325, 338, 371; Cortereal tries to find, 379; 78 GENERAL INDEX. Da Gama finds sea route to, 403-405; Magellan’s expedition, 407; the straits of Magellan a passage to, 412; Cabot does not find, 457; Spanish council of, 487; expedition of Verrazano, 502; of Cartier, 507, 509-511; of Hudson, 543, 544, 546, 548; Vassall brothers traders in, 867; see also India. East river named by Block, 550; De Vries sails through, 573; also Dermer, 741. Eastchurch, Thomas, misrepresented North Carolina in England in 1676, 1752, 1753. Eastern Islands, early Portuguese name for Philippines, 415. Eastham, Mass., settled by Plymouth colo¬ nists, 834. Easthampton, L. I., part of Connecticut colony, 957. Easton, Col. James, raises recruits for Ti- conderoga expedition, 2443. Easton, Nicholas, assistant in Portsmouth colony, 1037. Easton, William, endeavors to get patent for Newport, 1037. Easty, Mary, executed for witchcraft, 1335 * Eaton, J. H., advocates “tariff of abomina¬ tions” (1828), 4185. Eaton, John N., appointed secretary of war, 4216, 4217; resigns from cabinet, 4238; governor of Florida, 4239. Eaton, Rev. Samuel, objects to restricting franchise, 991; Branford granted to, 993. Eaton, Theophilus, member of Massachu¬ setts Bay company, 867, 874, 985; death, 926; sketch of, 985, 986; in New Haven, 987; one of “seven pillars,” 991; gov¬ ernor of New Haven colony, 992; in Indian troubles, 1039. Eaton, William, negotiations in Tripoli, 3772-3774; portrait, facing 3774; fac¬ simile letter to Hamet Caramanli, facing 3774; and Burr, 3825, 3833, 3838; fac¬ simile of letter to Commodore Preble, facing 3836. Ebenezer, Ga., Moravians thronged to, 1872; visited by Oglethorpe, 1882; silk culture at, 3123. Ebenezer creek, Ga., removal of pontoon bridges at, 5275. “Ecclesiastical History,” by Adam of Bre¬ men, 234; by Ordericus Vitalis, 236. Ecuyer, Capt., commander at Ft. Pitt, used first American steam engine, 2316; un¬ derstands Indian cunning, 2318; holds out till relief comes, 2320. Eden, governor of North Carolina, offers pardon to pirates, 1824; suspected of complicity with pirates, 1824, 1825. Eden, Richard, note, 422. Eden, Robert, governor of Maryland, 2438; loyalist, 2498. Eden, William (Lord Auckland), member of British peace commission, 2725; ne¬ gotiates with Monroe and Pinckney, 3847, 3848. Edes and Gill, printing-office of, headquar¬ ters of Boston agitators, 2404. Edgefield county, S. C., riots in, 5438, 5439, .5447, 5448; struggle over repre¬ sentatives from, 5449, 5450. Edinburgh, Scotland, troops raised, 2714; Jones foiled at, 2886. Edison, Thomas A., telephone invention, 5531 , . 5940 . Edisto river, S. C., Spanish outrages near, 1776. Edmunds, Senator, on the electoral com¬ mission, 5547. Edmundson, Wm., Quaker preacher in North Carolina, 1764. Edrisi, Arabian geographer, 243. Education, influence of Pocahontas in Vir¬ ginia, 685; Henricus university proposed in Virginia, 685, 686; begins in Pennsyl¬ vania, 1220; in Rhode Island in 18th century, 1479; in Virginia, 1655, 1656; free schools universal in New England before revolution, 2346; in southern col¬ onies, 2346, 2347; private schools in colonial times taught by European scholars, 2346; led by New England, 2346; in Hawaii, 5764; of Indians, 5910; increase in higher educational institu¬ tions, 5957-5959; of negro, 5959, 5960. Edward V., king of England, pensions S. Cabot, 442; sends out Willoughby and Chancellor, 589. Edward, Fort, on Hudson river, situation, 2094; Dieskau tries to take, 2094, 2095, 2105; exposed to capture, 2106; Wins¬ low’s provincial army a*, 2138-2140; left exposed to London, 2144; well garri¬ soned under Webb, 2150; clung to by Webb, 2151, 2154, 2157; reinforced by Johnson, 2154; refuge for Ft. William Henry survivors, 2156, 2157; threatened with destruction by Webb, 2157; refuge for rangers, 2206, 2209; St. Clair at, 2574; Schuyler at, 2576, 2577; Burgoyne at, 2608, 2659, 2660. Edwards, Jonathan, “Great Awakening” be¬ gan in church of, 1449, 1450; the grand¬ father of Aaron Burr, note, 3423. Edwards, Ninian, burns Indian towns, 4003; author of “A. B. plot” against Crawford, 4160. GENERAL INDEX. 79 Edwards, Pierrepont, 3817. Eel river, 3413. Eel river Indians, treaty with Gov. Harri¬ son, 3959. Eelkens, Jacob, exploring expedition of, 552; founds Albany, 553; is removed, 559; enters English service, 572; threatens Ft. Orange, 572, 573. Eendragt, Dutch ship, 567. Effingham, Lord, complained against by Virginians, 1785. Effingham, U. S. ship, 2880. Egremont, Earl of, English southern sec¬ retary in 1762, 2331. Egypt invaded, 45, 46; knowledge of geog¬ raphy, 88, 98-100; watercraft of, 106-109. Eight-hour law, congress restricts all gov¬ ernment labor, 5644, 5645. Elberon, Garfield died at, 5571. Elbert, Col., 2813. El Caney, Cuba, view of battlefield, facing 5728; attack on, 5729. Election by ballot, first in United States, 680. Electoral college proposed, 3293; modifica¬ tions in, 3434 3435. Electoral commission, congress creates, 5546 , 5547 ; members, 5547; work of, 5547 - 5549 - Electoral vote, counting of the first, 3328; of 1792, 3449; count of contested votes, 3673; of 1800, 3686, 3687. Electors, states appoint, 3324. Electricity, introduction of electric lighting, 5531; incandescent lamps, 5939; used in smelting iron and steel, 5939. El Ghtanam, Island of, Arabs on, 244. Eliot, Charles William, at centennial cele¬ bration of Washington’s inauguration, 5628. Eliot, John, reaches America, 892, 893; as¬ sists Hooker, 892, 966; helps make Bay State psalm-book, 913. Elisa, ship, Pickering’s impeachment based on decisions in the case of, 3778. Elizabeth, queen of England, grants land to Raleigh, 558; makes England peer of Spain, 587; inspires maritime adventure, 59 0 -596; Drake possesses California in queen’s name, 593, 594; knights him, 595; commissions him to prey on Span¬ ish commerce, 596; treatment of Cath¬ olics, 599, 600; Raleigh and Virginia, 605, 607, 610, 611; death, 617-625, 1060; Lord Delaware in privy council, 656; persecutes Puritans, 752; makes scape¬ goat of Davison, 753. Elizabeth Island, Gosnold tried to settle on, 619. Elizabeth river, Matthews’ raid along, 2832. Elizabethtown, N. J., Maxwell surprises, 2549; Washington at, 2762, 3330; Knyp- hausen drives Americans from, 2967. Elk Ridge, Md., location of, 5037. Elk river, Tenn., boundary of Claiborne’s Maryland, 1097; Rosecrans seizes rail¬ road bridge at, 5160. Elkins, S. B., secured passage of bill against rebates, 5849. Ella and Emma, Confederate blockade run¬ ner, captured, 4869. Ellerson Mills, Va., Union base, 4962, 4977, 4978 . Ellery, William, portrait, facing 2500. Ellett, Col. Charles, at battle of Memphis, 4841, 4842. Ellicott, Andrew, U. S. commissioner on southern boundary, 3607. Elliot, Matthew, aids Girty to incite the Indians, 2797; movement against the Moravians, 2805. Elliott, Andrew, estate confiscated, 3139. Elliott, Lieut. Jesse, on Lake Erie, 3996, 3997 - Ellis, John W., portrait, facing 4608. Ellis, Seth H., nominated by Union Reform party for president, 5767. Ellis, Fort, N. C., federals take, 4876. Ellmaker, Amos, nominated for vice-pres¬ ident, 4240. Ellsworth, Elmer E., portrait, facing 4740; captures Alexandria, 4740; assassination, burial, 4740, 4741; portrait, facing 4740. Ellsworth, Oliver, graduate of Princeton, 3130; member of the Philadelphia con¬ vention, 3267; sketch of, 3268; portrait of, facing 3284; on slavery, 3290; ap¬ pointed French commissioner, 3659. Elzey, Arnold, Confederate brigadier, at Bull Run, 4758. Emancipation of slaves accomplished by Pennsylvania Quakers, 1246; Lincoln urges compensated emancipation for the border states, 4949-4951; bill fails to pass congress, 4952. Emancipation proclamation, Lincoln reads it to cabinet, 4953; Seward’s suggestion on, 4953, 4954; Lincoln determined on, 49571 , effect of, 5057; made public, 5059; goes into effect, 5060; declared unconsti¬ tutional by Democrats, 5061; Lincoln’s reply, 5062-5064; effect on Confederacy, 5063; action of Confederate congress, 5063; sympathy in England, 5064, 5065. Emanuel, king of Portugal, invites Ves¬ pucci, 364; sends out explorers, 378- 381, 403; portrait, facing 404; treachery, 80 GENERAL INDEX. 408; owns chart showing Strait of Ma¬ gellan, note, 411. Emanuel college, Cambridge, Eng., 893, 966. Emanuel, ship, ruling in the case of, 3808. Embargo, American, 2484; congress au¬ thorizes, 3494; Jefferson urges, 3812, 3846, 3869, 3870; passes congress, 3870, 3871; evasion of, 3875, 3876; the second supplement to, 3877; enforced, 3878; cartoon on the, facing 3878; country re¬ bels against the, 3879, 3880; effect in Europe of the, 3881, 3882; congress considers repeal of the, 3884-3890; New England rejoices over repeal of, 3900; Napoleon on the, 3917-3934; of 1813, 4044, 4045; opposed by New England 4046; repealed (1814), 4047. Emerilon, French galley, 510. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, tribute to John Brown, 4586; on the unity of the North, 4681; favors women’s suffrage, 5928. Emigrant aid company organized to settle Kansas, 4550. Emmet collection, New York public li¬ brary has original warrant for sending stamps, 2368; has portrait of stamp agents, 2374; has portrait of Edmund Burke, 2380; has caricature of funeral of stamp act (Miss Americ Stamp), 2382. Emory, Gen. W. H., mentioned in im¬ peachment of Johnson, 5408, 5409. Emott, lawyer, fails to secure safe conduct for Kidd, 1556. Employes’ liability law, 5883. Empress of China, U. S. ship, first voyage, 3 J 2 °. Enciso supplanted by Balboa, 382; retali¬ ates, 385. Endicott, John, leader in Massachusetts Bay colony, 863, 864; sent to Naum- keag, 865, 866; local governor of Massa¬ chusetts Bay colony, 868; in sympathy with church organization, 869, 870; has court at Salem, 882, 883; independent of Winthrop, 900; mutilates English flag, 902; magistrate for life, 908; collision with Baptist ministers, 922; bigoted treatment of Quakers, 926-943; dies, 943; sent to punish Indians on Block Island, 971, 972; protests against Winthrop’s aid to the La Tours, 1948; considers La Tour’s request, 1950. Endicott, Adm. M. T., favors sea-level canal at Panama, 5829. Endicott, Wm. C., secretary of war, 5590. Endymion, British ship, 4089. Engineers’ regiment of the West, at New Madrid, 4830. England, see Britain (ancient) ; Great Brit¬ ain. English, Wm. H., nominated for vice-presi¬ dent, 5566. English in America, see Colonies in Amer¬ ica, English; Discovery and exploration, for England. Englishtown, N. J., Lafayette at, 2734. Enoree river, 2991, 3010. Enriquez, Beatriz, 286. Enterprise, U. S. ship, 3772, 3989. Epenow (Indian) kidnapped by Harlow, 734; escaped, 734; revenge, 741. Epervier, ship, illus., facing 3992. Episcopal church demands control of Penn¬ sylvania colony, 1225; services en¬ forced in Boston, 1314, 1315; in Rhode Island in 1739, 1488; minister of New York before revolution supported by general tax, 1597; only sect which held charter in New York before revolution, 1597; have one place of worship in South Carolina, 1795; colonial clergy want a bishop of America, 2362; con¬ dition at end of the revolution, 3107, 3111, 3142; position of clergy, 3108. Episcopius, theologian in Leyden, 756. Eppes, member of house 'of representa¬ tives, 3901; on non-intercourse bill, 3948; quarrel with Randolph, 3949. Epworth league, 5922. ‘‘Era of good feeling,” origin of phrase, 4101. Eratosthenes on shape and size of earth, 95 , 96. Eric, bishop of Greenland, 235, note, 411. Eric the Red, of Norway, establishes set¬ tlements in Iceland, 206, note, 207; visited by Bjarne, 209, 210. Ericsfiord, 220-227. Ericsson, Capt. John, plans the Monitor, 4910; portrait, facing 4916; unveiling of monument in memory of, 5657. Ericsson, Leif, expedition to new world, 150, 210-215; at Brattahlid, 219, 220; dear to Icelanders, 241; honor due, 261. Ericsson, Thorvald, expedition to Vinland, 216-218. Erie, Fort, Canada, Brock’s forces at, 3997; Drummond defeated at, 4064. Erie, Lake, not well known by French, 1986; in French chain of defenses, 2005; Bienville’s expedition on, 2010; Perry’s great victory on, 4028-4030. Erie, Pa., bloody Indian battle on site of, GENERAL INDEX. 81 1973; on site of Ft. Presqu’ Isle, 2005, 2279. Erie canal owed its inception to Clinton, 4161; opening and effect, 4196, 4197; ad¬ vantage to New York, 5950, 5951. Eries, Indian tribe, 159. Erlendsson, Hauk, Norwegian author, 237. Erskine, David Montague, efforts to main¬ tain peace between United States and England, 3851, 3852, 3886, 3898, 3899; on the non-intercourse act, 3890; on Eng¬ land’s change of policy, 3903; agreement with United States disavowed in Eng¬ land, 3904, 3905; Canning on, 3906; de¬ fense of, 3909, 3910. Erving reappointed minister to Spain, 4102. Esdras, Book of, 280. Eskimo, picture of Kayak, facing 106; im¬ plements, 142; meaning of name, 165; not connected with North American Indians, 165, 166; language, note, 195; called Skraellings, note, 218; Norse col¬ ony, 240. Eslaba, Gen. Sebastian, viceroy of New Granada, makes Cartagena impregnable, 1663. Esopus (Kingston) destroyed, 2657. Espanola, first name of Hayti, 312-314. Espinosa, officer under Magellan, 410; suc¬ ceeds him, 417; returns to Spain, 418. Espiritu Santo Bay named by De Soto (now Tampa Bay), 467. Espiritu Santo river, first name of Missis¬ sippi, 471 - Essequibo river, 372. Essex, Earl of, expedition against Cadiz, note, 843. Essex, Conn., shipbuilding at, 3119. Essex, U. S. warship, decision in case of, 3804, 3808-3810; captures the Alert, 3992; exploits under Porter, 4023, 4024; at¬ tacks Ft. Henry, 4814, 4815; in western flotilla, 4846-4898. Essex county, Eng., name repeated in, 876; Haynes from, 893, 965; Hooker a fa¬ vorite in, 966. Essex Junto, 3681. Estaing, Charles Henry d’, arrived off Del¬ aware Bay, 2752; in Rhode Island cam¬ paign, 2753-2759; portrait, facing 2754; naval battle prevented by storm, 2755, 2756; bitterness of Americans toward, 2757-2759; course approved by congress, 2759; sails for West Indies, 2760; islands of Sir Vincent and Grenada conquered by, 2827; movement against Savannah, 2827-2830; wounded, 2830; fleet of, re¬ turns to West Indies, 2831; returns to France, 2831; results of experience of, 2969; plan regarding Moorish pirates, 3446 . Estotiland, mythical island, 251, 252, 254. Estournelles, D’, commander of French ex¬ pedition against New England, kills him¬ self, 1407, 1408. Estremadura, Spain, birthplace of Cortes, 44 8 - Estridsen, king of Denmark, 235. Etherington, Capt., in command at Ft. Michillimacinac, 2311; treacherously captured, 2312. Etiquette, discussion over presidential, 3332- 3334 - Etruria, king of, 3729 - 373 B 3734 - Europe, pre-Columbian conditions, 201-204, 243-282; Columbus plans to expel Mos¬ lems, 292; famous storm in, 315; inter¬ ested in Oriental legends, 333; reads Vespucci’s letters, 347, 349-370; old and new transatlantic route, 618, 631; colo¬ nial theory of Europe, 3790, 3791. Eustis, George, secretary to Confederate envoy to England, 4926. Eustis, William, secretary of war, 3896; ap¬ proves plan for invasion of Canada, 3980; resigns his portfolio, 4024; reap¬ pointed minister to Holland, 4102. Eutaw Springs, battle at, 3074-3078; map of the plan of, facing 3074. Euxirie Sea known by Phoenicians, 98. Evans, Gen. George, at Bull Run, 4753; at Leesburg, 4778. Evans, John, deputy-governor of Pennsyl¬ vania, 1251; bad influence on William Penn, Jr., 1251; opposed Quakers, 1252; alarms people by trick, 1252, 1253. Evans, Oliver, inventions, 3120. Evans, Robley D., portrait, facing 5732. Evarts, William Maxwell, counsel for Johnson in impeachment, 5407; counsel for United States in the Geneva tribunal, 5507; negotiations with England on the * fishery award, 5537, 5538; secretary of state, 5551; at centennial celebration of Washington’s inauguration, 5628. Everard, Sir Charles, last proprietary gov¬ ernor of North Carolina, 1834. Evertsen, Admiral, captures New York in 1672, 1501, 1502. Everett, A. H., appointed minister to Spain, 4169; urges peace between Spain and Cuba and Porto Rico, 4173; super¬ seded as minister to Spain, 4220. Everett, Edward, active in 1840 campaign, 4326; secretary of state, 4512; on settle¬ ment of Cuban question, 4512, 4513; on 82 GENERAL INDEX. Crittenden compromise, 4644; supports Union cause, 4681; on the firing on Ft. Sumter, 4684; orator at Gettysburg, 5093. Ewell, Gen. Richard S., defeats Banks, 4798; at Dispatch Station, 4982; at Malvern Hill, 4989; commands under Lee on the peninsula, 5012; 'at Cedar Mountain, 5013; skirmish with Hooker, 5017; at battle of Centreville, 5018; wounded, 5018; at Harper’s Ferry, 5038; at Sharpsburg, 5043, 5044; in the Shenan¬ doah valley, 5084, 5085; orders Early to seize York, 5085; at battle of Gettys¬ burg, 5087; on Rapidan, 5232, 5233; captured in retreat to Appomattox, 5290; in evacuation of Richmond, 5304. Ewing, Gen., at Cleveland convention, 5377. Ewing, Gen. James, at Trenton, 2539, 2540. Ewing, Thomas, Sr., secretary of treasury under Harrison, 4333; report on national bank, 4342; resigns from Tyler’s cabinet, 4346; Johnson recommends as secretary of war, 5406. Examiner, Richmond, Va., newspaper on northern Democrats, note, 4682. Excise law, congress on, 3395-3397; riots caused by, 3503. Exclusion act passed by congress, 5584. Exeter, N. H., founded, 947; joined Mas¬ sachusetts, 948; rebellion at, 3243. “Exodus Order,” 5465. Experiment, British ship, at Sullivan Island, 2509. Exploration of America, see Discovery and exploration. Exports, New Netherland, 570. Expositions, international, see names of places where held. Express from New York to Philadelphia in 1766, 2348. Extradition law, origin of, 3435; interstate, 3436 , 3437 - Eyrbyggja Saga mentioned Vinland, 237. F. Fair Forest creek, S. C., British routed at, 2931. Fair Haven, N. Y., Grey burns, 2759. Fair Oaks, Va., battle of, 4966-4972, 5004; view of, facing 4968; illus. of battle near, facing 4968; abandoned, 4982. Fairbank, Calvin, rescues fugitive slaves, 4545 , 4546. Fairfax, Lieut. D. M., arrests Confederate envoys to England and France, 4927, 4928. Fairfax, Lord Thomas, 972. Fairfax, Va., Hooker at, 5024. Fairfield, Conn., 957; Tryon burns, 2834. Fairmount park, Philadelphia, John Penn’s country estate in, 1274. Fallen Timbers, battle of, 3527-3529. Falls Church, Va., military camp at, 5727. Falmouth, Eng., Goswold sailed from, 618; also Gates, 657. Falmouth, Ky., Col. Byrd arrives at, 2792. Falmouth (Portland), Me., burnt, 2474, 2861. “Familists,” a religious sect, 847, 848, 919, 921; in Rhode Island, 1035. “Family Compact” in 1761, between France and Spain, against England, 2330. Faneuil Hall, Boston, occupied by British soldiers in 1768, 2390; sympathizers with French revolution meet in, 3457. Farewell, Cape, 206. Farmer, Father, first mass in New York after revolution, 3116. Farmers’ alliance and industrial union meeting in 1900, 5765-5772. “Farmer’s Letters” by John Dickinson, on Townshend acts, 2386, 2438. Farmers’ national congress, 5927. Farmington, Conn., 957. Farms increase in value, 5965-5972. Farnum, Joseph, member of fourth con¬ gress, 3564. Faroe Islands visited in early times, 202- 205; trade in, 239; Frislanda, note, 256, 277 - Farragut, David G., admiral U. S. navy, portrait, facing 4862; blockade policy, 4864, 4867; at New Orleans, 4884, 4887, 4888, 4893, 4894, 4897; at Vicksburg, 4895-4897; at Port Hudson, 5150; battle of Mobile Bay, 5169-5173; lashed to the rigging, 5172; effect of victory on pub¬ lic sentiment, 5211, 5212; siege of Mobile, 5282, 5283; accompanies Johnson on electioneering tour, 5378; death, 5539. Farragut, U. S. ship, 4891. Farrand, Com. Ebenezer, commands at siege of Mobile, 5283. Farrar’s Island, Va., in Appomattox river, 671. “Father of Maryland,” name given to Lord Cecilius Baltimore, 1680. Fauchet, Claude, French minister to United States, 3477; fails to secure alliance of United States, 3538; dispute with Ran¬ dolph, 3558-3561; on whiskey riots, 3559; opinion of American character, 3559. GENERAL INDEX. 83 Faulkner, Capt., 3506. Fayette, Fort, 2833. Fayette county, Ky., 3154. Fayetteville, N. C., heart of southern Tory¬ ism, 2942; Cornwallis at, 3036; Sherman at, 5312 , 5313 - Fear, Cape, 504, 506; boundary of London and Plymouth company, 627. Federal Republican, Baltimore newspaper, opposes war of 1812, 3976; mobbing of the, 3977 , 3978. Federalist, The, facsimile pages, facing 3302; contributors, 3302. Federalist party, organization, 3300; meas¬ ures in first congress, 3394, 3395; senti¬ ments of, 3482-3484; opposed war with England, 3495, 3496; increased army ad¬ vocated by, 3496; on treaty-making, 3569; Jefferson on, 3595, 3599, 3688, 3716; war against France advocated, 3621; parti¬ san laws enacted by, 3625; on immigra¬ tion, 3627; Hamilton on the doctrine of, 3649; breach in the, 3674; campaigning of the, 3680-3682; judiciary controlled by the, 3686; end of, 3689, 3690; on the Louisiana purchase, 3754; control judi¬ ciary in 1803, 3774; rally in New Eng¬ land, 3779-3781, 3884; indorse Burr for governor of New York, 3783, 3784; loses leader in death of Hamilton, 3786; on the twelfth amendment, 3797; charges against Jefferson’s administration, 3883; on commercial restrictions, 3925; on war of 1812, 3971; “Blue-light Federalist,” 4042; see also Whigs, Republicans. Felix, pope, elected at Basle, 31. Fell, Wm., bought Fell’s Point, Baltimore, 1710. Fellows, Gen., at Saratoga, 2659, 2660. Fellowship, British man-of-war, 1186. Felons, importation into English colonies, 1684, 1685. Fendall, Josias, in Maryland, 1113-1117; convicted of treason, 1668, 1669, 1689; treated with clemency by Lord Balti¬ more, 1670, 1689; persecutes Quakers, 1683; banished, 1689. Fenian Brotherhood invade Canada, 5483, 5499-5503; portraits of leading members, facing 5502. Fenno’s Gazette, Federalist organ, 3453, 3454 - Fenwick, Col. George, sells Saybrook to Connecticut colony, 958; in Saybrook, 994-996. Ferdinand V., king of Castile, marries Isabella, 18, 19; character, 23, 24; ap¬ pealed to by Columbus, 284; portrait, facing 284; lends money to Isabella, 293; new world held in his name, 304, 308; receives Columbus, 317, 318, 340, 347, 368, 384; asks pope for grant, 321; favors Margarite, 324; grants free trade, 328; patron of Vespucci, 348; in connection with De Leon, 387, 390; frowns on slave trade, 397; informed of Cabot’s discover¬ ies, 424, 436. Ferdinand, king of Spain, explains non-rati¬ fication of Florida treaty, 4121. Ferdinand of Brunswick, 2719. Ferdinando, Simon, sent to America, 600, 611; denounced as a traitor, note, 612. Ferguson, Dr. Adam, secretary of British peace commission, 2726. Ferguson, Maj. Patrick, at Charleston, 2911; successful policy of, 2930; sketch of, note, 2930; march through Spartans- burg region, 2934, 2935; advance checked, 2938; Sumter pursued by, 2959; at battle of Musgrove Mill, 2991; camps at Gil¬ bert Town, 2997; effort to overwhelm, 2998-3000; battle of King’s Mountain fought by, 3001-3006; death of, 3006; with St. Clair, 3415. Fernandez, Garcia, befriends Columbus, 289, 290. Fernandina, Fla., pirates at, 4106; expedi¬ tion against, 4877-4879. Fernandina Island named by Columbus, 308. Fernow, Prof., on Dutch possession of the Hudson valley, note, 563. Ferrar, John, in London company, 702. Ferrar, Nicholas, acting head of London company, 700-702, note, 709; in parlia¬ ment, 707, 710. 3. Ferrara, Italy, council at, 31. Ferro Island, 299, 329. Ferryland, first name of Baltimore grant in Newfoundland, 1061; map of, facing 1061. Fessenden, William P., on legal tender act, 4945; appointed secretary of treasury by Lincoln, 5196; votes against impeach¬ ment of Johnson, 5412. Feudalism, effort to transplant to new world, 561, 562; planned by New Eng¬ land council, 792; Wollaston meant to establish, 820; in Maryland, 1076; in provincial Georgia, 1878, 1879; in Can¬ ada, 1988; disastrous to American col¬ onies, 1999. Few, Col. Benjamin, at battle of Long Cane, 3010. Few, William, delegate to the Philadelphia convention, 3270. 84 GENERAL INDEX. Fiat money, theory of, 2683. Fiedmont, Capt., French officer, against surrender of Quebec, 2270. Field, Cyrus W., portrait, facing 5484; inventor of Atlantic cable, 5485. Field, David Dudley, a leader of the Liberal Republicans, 5518. Field, James G., nominated for vice-pres¬ ident, 5647. Field, Stephen J., on the electoral commis- . sion, 5547. Fifth monarchy men, 1035. Figaro, character in Beaumarchais’ plays, . 2 553 - Fillmore, Millard, nominated for vice-pres¬ ident by Whigs in 1848, 4429; vice- president, 4442; president, 4477; signs fugitive slave bill, 4483; message to last session of 31st congress, 4496; special message with regard to calling out mili¬ tia in cases involving fugitive slave law, 4497; unsuccessful candidate for Whig nomination in 1852, 4505-4507; appoints Edward Everett, secretary of state, 4512; last message to congress, 4513, 4514; administration of, 4515, 4516; nominated for president, 4558; supports the Union cause, 4681; Richmond Examiner on, note, 4682; death of, 5525. Fillmore Whigs, 4498. Financial conditions in United States: In New York in 1678, 1505; state debts in 1778, 2723; panics in the West and South (1818, 1819), 4118; congress besought to end general distress, 4127; in 1821, 4132, 4133; in 1824, 4156; depression in the South in 1831, 4242; financial depres¬ sion resulting from attack on bank, 4267; affected by bank, 4270, 4271; under Jackson, 4297, 4298; effect of “specie circular,” 4299; panic in Van Buren’s administration, 4303-4305; coun¬ try begins to recover from panic, 4307; specie payments resumed, 4309; condi¬ tions in 1839, 4321; continued financial depression, 4351; state indebtedness and repudiation, 4351; panic of 1857, 4571, 4572; in 1861, 4943-4949; condition of re¬ constructed states, 5397; paper money as legal tender, 5560; gold becomes stand¬ ard of value, 5561; creation of monetary commission, 5561, 5562; panic in 1893, 5650; statistics of wealth in 1905, 5964, 5965; see also Treasury, U. S. Finch, Moses, insurgent leader, 3243. Finch, British ship, 4067. Findley, Charles, ex-secretary of state, ar¬ rested, 5754.' Findley, William, in house of representa¬ tives, 3423. Fingal, British ship, 4859. Finisterre, Cape, 46. Finley family, famous pioneers, 2016. Finnbogi, expedition to Vinland, 228-230. Finney, Fort, treaty of, 3189, 3379. Finns urged to go to New Sweden, 584. Fire-ships at Quebec in 1759, 2238-2243. Fish, Hamilton, senator from New York, 4499; succeeds Washburne as secretary of state, 5419; on purchase of Danish West Indies, 5482; on joint high com¬ mission, 5505, 5506; on war claims, 5508; secretary of state, 5521; objects to Del- fosse on fisheries commission, 5535. Fish creek (Schuylersville), Burgoyne at, 2637, 2659. Fishdam Ford, Sumter at, 3009. Fisher, Mary, Quaker preacher, 927, 928; facsimile of letter, facing 926; in Tur¬ key, 927. Fisher, Fort, N. C., situation and strength of, 5280; first expedition against, 5281; failure of first expedition, 5281; second expedition against, 5281; capture of, . 5282. Fisheries predicted in New America by Cabot, 427-432; French in America, 502, 518, 526; schemes for monopoly, 746, 749-751; Gorges endeavors to enforce monopoly, 793-795; at Turner’s Falls de¬ stroyed, 1298; excepted in privileges to Richelieu trading companies, 1934; fell to England after seven years’ war, 2328; in Newfoundland, 2848, 2849, 3096; mackerel fisheries, 3118; U. S. treaty with Great Britain conferring mutual rights in, 4548; dispute between United States and Great Britain on, 5533-5538, 5603, 5604, 5667, 5668; treaty of 1783 on, 5533; treaty of 1814 on, 5533; treaty of 1818 on, 5533, 5534; treaty of 1854 on, 5534, 5603; commission on, 5534- 5538, 5604; Cleveland’s message on the, 5594; trouble with Canada over, 5606; Alaska, 5685. Fisher’s Hill, Va., battle of, 5249, 5250. Fishing creek, losses at, note, 2957, 2959, 2960. Fishkill, N. Y., Putnam’s headquarters, 2656; Washington at, 2984. Fisk, Tames, Jr., cause of financial panic in New York, 5511, 5512. Fiske, Gen. Clinton B., nominated for pres¬ ident, 5623, 5624. Fiske, John, thinks Vinland was on Massa¬ chusetts Bay, note, 213; supports Zeno GENERAL INDEX. 85 narrative, note, 256; on Vespucci, 346; on La Noche Triste, note, 458; on John Smith’s stories, note, 646; on Connecti¬ cut constitution, 996. Fitch, Rev. James, pastor in Saybrook, 996. Fitch, John, facsimile of letter by, facing 3120; plan of steamboat by, facing 3120; experiments of, 3120, 3121, 3695. Fitcher at Merry-Mount, 821. Fite, Jacob, his building at Baltimore occu¬ pied by continental congress, 1712. Fitzherbert, Alleyne, 3093. Fitzpatrick, an English colonist in the Car- olinas, 1743. Fitzsimmons, Thomas, member of the Phil¬ adelphia convention, 3267 ; on tariff, 3343, 3344; on state debts, 3369. Five Forks, Va., battle of, 5287, 5288. “Five Habitable Zones,” book by Colum¬ bus, 278. Five Nations, Indian confederacy, semi- civilized, 155; dealings with Dutch, 1129, 1130; sell land to Penn, 1247; sell land to Susquehanna company, 1270; de¬ tached from French alliance, 1511; his¬ tory, 1514; make treaty with Gov. Don- gan, 1518; supremacy, 1521-1523; warned against Jesuits, 1527; make war on tribes unfriendly to them, 1528; wage war against French, 1530; show military genius, 1531; quieted by Frontenac’s di¬ plomacy, 1538; allied with English against Canada in 1690, 1544; renew English alliance during Sloughter’s term, 1549; becomes Six Nations, 1657; re¬ lated to Tuscaroras, 1811; held in check by French, 1986; see also Six Nations. Flag, U. S., first adopted by English col¬ onies, 2592; first American, in foreign waters, 2870; French admiral recognizes American, 2875; congress discusses American, 3499; its design agreed upon, 4106, 5920. Flag day, 5920. Flags, Confederate and Union battle flags returned to states, 5824. Flamborough Head, naval fight off, 2887. Flatbush, Cornwallis at, 2512. Flateyar Bok (Flat Island Book), 237. Flax, staple in Virginia in 18th century, 2349 - Fleet, Capt. Henry, Indian interpreter, 1071. Fleming, American officer killed at battle of Princeton, 2547, 2548. Fleming, Chas., promoter in New Sweden, 579 - 581 . Fleming, Thomas, at battle of Point Pleas¬ ant, 2773, 2774. Fletcher, Chaplain, 594. Fletcher, Benjamin, governor of New York, placed over Penn’s provinces, 1232-1238; asks Quakers for help in war, 1239; foiled in attempt to take command of Connecticut militia, 1442, 1443; char¬ acter, 1550; authorized to command mili¬ tia of Connecticut, the Jerseys and New York, 1550; tries to establish church of England in New York, 1551; warned not to trespass on Connecticut rights, 1551; appoints Markham deputy-gover¬ nor of Pennsylvania, 1552; believed to take tribute from pirates, 1553; intro¬ duces universal taxation to support Episcopal minister, 1597. Fletcher, Thomas, 814. Flintoph, Lieut. John, commander of Brit¬ ish schooner, 3853. Florence, council in, 31; Vespucci in, 344- 347, 362. Florence, Tenn., movements of Hood to¬ ward, 5266. Florentine Gazette, Mazzei letter published by, 3598 . Florida, Indian tribes in, 161; coasted by Vespucci, 352, 353, 356, 359; Ponce de Leon explores, 359, 386, 388-393; dis¬ covered on Easter Sunday, 380; ori¬ gin of name, 388; early explorers, 394, 397 , 398, 437 , 460, 462, 464; Soto in, 465, 467, 468; French colonists, 479, 480, 482, 489, 490; early Spanish colonists, 486-488, 497, 1059; first intercolonial war, 495, 558; De Gourgues surprises St. Matthew,. 498; Hawkins’ account of, 591; coast harried by Drake, 596; ef¬ fectively colonized by Spaniards in 16th century, 598; first permanent name of North American colony, 607; threat¬ ened by Carolinas, 1777; condition of Indians in, in early 18th century, 1797; Spanish lure negroes to, 1891, 1892; part claimed by English, 2002; ceded to England in 1763, 2335; limits of, aS English province, 2336; emigration to, in 1764, 2337; retroceded to Spain in 1783, 2337; ceded to United States in 1819, 2337; privateering from, during Amer¬ ican revolution, 2337; after treaty of Paris, 2364; Willing in, 2787; boundary of, 2787; Galvez reconquers, 2789; Brit¬ ish hold, 2811; Lee and Howe’s expedi¬ tion against, 2812, 2813; disposition of, in French-Spanish negotiations, 2846; Pollock plots attack on, 3151; Spain re¬ occupies, 3151, 3152; map of Spanish Florida, facing 3562; boundary of, 3563; 86 GENERAL INDEX. France fails to obtain from Spain, 3730; congress approves plan to buy, 3739 - 3741 ; United States asks Spain for, 3745 , 3754 ; Mobile act, 3765, 3766; Mon¬ roe negotiates for, 3767, 3768, 3804, 3805; congress’ action on, 3806, 3807; revolts and asks annexation to United States, 3940 , 394 b 3973 ; England protests against seizure of, 3954; Jackson in¬ vades, 4033, 4034, 4079; international complications concerning, 4107, 4111- 4113; ceded to United States by Spain, 4113, 4114, 4126, 4127, 4132; prelim¬ inaries for admission, 4366; delegates of, withdraw from Charleston conven¬ tion, 4593; secession of, 4608, 4649, 4660, 4674; federal operations along the coast of, 4879; convention for reconstruction, 5351; ratifies anti-slavery amendment, 5351; military control provided for, 5383; Pope assigned command of, 5388; rati¬ fies state constitution, 5399; ratifies four¬ teenth amendment, 5413; conditions in, during reconstruction, 5459-5461. Florida, Confederate ship, 4901-4909, 5509. Florida rangers, Tory refugees compose, 2812. Florin, name for Verrazano, 503; note, 504, 507 . Flower, Enoch, establishes first school in Philadelphia, 1220. Flowerdieu Hundred represented in Vir¬ ginia house of burgesses, 680. Floyd, Davis, witness against Burr, 3830; joins Burr’s expedition, 3834; indicted for treason, 3841. Floyd, John, delegate to convention on Kentucky independence, 2777. Floyd, John, on position of Missouri in 1820, 4131. Floyd, Gen. John B., in Indian campaign, 4038, 4057; secretary of war, 4564; sec¬ retary of war, 4628; official career, note, 4629; at Ft. Donelson, 4817, 4820, 4823; orders stores in Nashville distributed to the poor, 4825; denounced and relieved of command, 4826. Floyd, William, portrait of, facing 2500. Flushing, Underhill at, 1153; Anabaptists at, 1168. Flusser, Capt. C. W., killed at Plymouth, 5174 . “Flying Camp,” 2528; Washington loses, 2529. Folch, Don Vicente, Spanish governor of Florida, 3941. Folger, Charles J., secretary of the treas¬ ury, 5572 . Folly Island, S. C., attack upon, 5166. Folsom, Frances, Grover Cleveland mar¬ ries, 5592. Folsom, Nathaniel, brigadier-general of New Hampshire troops, 2436. Fonseca, Juan Rodriguez de, head of Span¬ ish bureau for West Indies, 319; enemy of Columbus, 327, 328, 332-336; tri¬ umphant, 340. •ntanarossa, Susanna, mother of Colum¬ bus, 268. Food adulteration, bill to prevent, 5861, 5862. Foot, Samuel A., offers resolution on sales of public lands, 4227.' Foote, Andrew H., rear-admiral, attacks Ft. Henry, 4814, 4815; wounded, 4820; attacks Ft. Donelson, 4820-4825; attacks Island No. 10, 4833, 4834, 4837; portrait, facing 4840; in command of western flotilla, 4847. Foote, Henry S., protests against Clay’s compromise resolutions in 1850, 4453; altercation with Benton in senate, 4473; proposes that the resolution of Clay and Bell be taken under advisement, 4473, 4474; organizes Union party in Missis¬ sippi and is elected governor, 4479; contest with Davis for governorship of Mississippi, 4498. Foraker, J. B., at the Republican conven¬ tion in 1896, 5687. Forbes, Gen. John, commands second expe¬ dition against Ft. Duquesne, 2166, 2178; illness impedes his progress, 2166, 2167, 2173; gives up campaign against Ft. Duquesne, 2173. Force bill asked for by Jackson, 4257; in¬ troduced and debated in congress, 4257- 4259; becomes a law, 4259. Ford at Hobkirk’s Hill, 3043, 3044. Ford’s Theatre, Washington, D. C., Lin¬ coln assassinated at, 5299, 5300; view of, facing 5300; facsimile of programme, facing 5300. Forefathers, origin of name, 803. Foreign contract labor bill, 5593. Foreign corps of artillery absorbed by so¬ ciety of the war of 1812, 5911. Foreign relations of United States, see Treaties, also names of other countries. Forestry, congress enacts bill on, 5815-5817. Forman, militia under, 2629. Forrest, Mrs., gentlewoman in Jamestown colony, 649. Forrest, Gen. Nathan B., escape from Ft. Donelson, 4823; at battle of Shiloh, 5105; at Murfreesboro, 5113, 5114; advances GENERAL INDEX. 87 to Lebanon, 5114, 5115; at McMinnville, 5115; in siege of Nashville, 5125; raids in Mississippi, 5143; in Kentucky and Tennessee, 5154; headquarters at Colum¬ bia, 5160; in northern Mississippi, 5254; defeats Gen. Smith at Okolona, 5255; raid through Kentucky and Tennessee, 5255; fails to seize Ft. Anderson, 5255; capture of Ft. Pillow, 5255, 5256; massa¬ cre of troops, 5256; pursued by Gen. Sturgis,'5256; in retreat of Hood, 5269; at Selma, 5284. Forsyth, John, U. S. minister to Spain, 4121; representative sent by the Con¬ federate states to Washington, 4661, 4672, 4673. Fort Hill, Boston, note, 879. Fort Hill, O., earthwork in, 133. Fort King, Fla., massacre at, 4312. Fort of the Holy Spirit built by S. Cabot, 44 1 - Fort Plain, N. Y., Whigs meet at, 3139. Fort Wayne, Ind., Ft. Miami located near, 2 3 io, 3383, 3530; Harrison concludes Indian treaty at, 3959; strength of, in 1812, 3979; Indians threaten, 3995- Forts, for names of forts see the distinctive part of the name. Fortune, Dutch ship, brings Dutch colo¬ nists to America, 549-551, 778, 779. Fortune Bay, fishery dispute of, 5604, 5605. “Forty Fort,” built in Wyoming by Con¬ necticut men, 1271; scene of famous con¬ flict, 1271; Butler demands surrender of, 2750, 2751 ; Forward, Walter, secretary of treasury under Tyler, 4347. Foster, Augustus J., British minister to the United States, 3938, 3951, 3953, 3954, 3970 . Foster, Gen. George B., arrests O’Neil, 5501, 5502 . Foster, Gen. J. G., in command at Savan¬ nah, 5310. Foster, S. S., favors woman’s suffrage, 5928. “Foul Weather Jack,” sailors name Admiral Byron, 2759. Fountain of youth said to be on island of Bimini, 387; Ponce de Leon’s search for, 387, 390, 392. Four Mile Point, N. Y., landing-place of Montcalm’s Oswego expedition, 2132. Fowler, Senator, votes against impeachment of Johnson, 5412. Fowler, William, magistrate of New Haven, 994 - Fox, Charles James, favors cause of Amer¬ ican colonies, 2484, 2495, 2717, 2719, 3084, 3086; George III. loathes, 3087; portrait of, facing 3088; appointed foreign sec¬ retary, 3089; Shelburne at odds with, 3090; parleying with the Dutch, 3090; coalition with North, 3097, 3098; policy towards United States, 3846; death, 3848. Fox, George, founder of Quaker sect, visits America and interests Penn, 923, 1185; portrait, facing 924; avoids debate with Roger Williams, 1465; in Maryland, 1673. Fox, Gustavus V., plan to reinforce Ft. Sumter, 4674; assistant secretary of the navy, 4883. Fox, John, edition of his “Book of Mar¬ tyrs” used for cartridge paper, 3121. Fox river explored by Jean Nicolet, 1959; ascended by Joliet and Marquette, 1992. Foxes, Indian tribe, overcome by Ojibways, 2282. France, Norsemen in, 205; aroused to im¬ portance of colonies, 501-503, 519; pros¬ trate before Charles V., 506; Richelieu’s influence in, 538; disasters in thirty years’ war, 539; claims the Penobscot, 833; Quakers’ aid in 1846, 1240-1242; in war of Austrian succession (King George’s war), 1385-1387; loses Louis- bourg, 1388, 1403; planned to conquer all English colonies, 1404-1409; war declared against, by England (1702), 1447; in treaty of Ryswick, 1552; drives Huguenots to America, 1686; at war with England in 1628, 1935; grants land to Charles de la Tour, 1941; inter¬ ested in Jesuit missions in Canada, 1967, 1968; American trade routes of, 1986; La Salle plants colony for, at mouth of Mississippi, 1996; quarrels with England over boundaries in America, 2002; severely defeated in seven years’ war, 2003; allied with Spain against England in colonial period, 2003; too much occu¬ pied with Europe to protect her interests in America, 2166; in treaty of Paris, 2302; last effort for her American col¬ onies, 2328; joins Spain in “Family Compact” against England, 2330; eager for peace in 1763, 2332-2334; assists America, 2552-2556, 2712, 2969, 2970; recognizes American independence, 2717; declares war against England, 2717; French alliance unpopular with Puritans, 2722; Spain’s attitude toward, 2844-2846, 2849; faithful to America, 2846; result of alliance with Americans, 2858; Franklin goes to, 2870; England’s ac¬ tion toward, regarding prizes captured 88 GENERAL INDEX. by American warship, 2870, 2871; Paul Jones in, 2877, 2883, 2895, 2896; French troops placed at Washington’s disposal, 2969, 2970; sea power of, 3063, 3066, 3068; rejoices over surrender of Corn¬ wallis, 3084; limits the United States, 3094; map of North America showing boundaries as proposed by, facing 3094; American revolution and, 3099, 3150; Morris, U. S. minister to, 3447, 3576; French revolution, cause and effect, 3455-346 i, 3557; desires alliance with United States, 3538, 3539; effect of Jay’s treaty on, 3556, 3576, 3580Monroe sent to, 3577-3580; complaints and intrigues of, 3581, 3582; Pinckney sent to, 3583; U. S. missions to, 3594, 3595, 3610, 3611, 3620-3622; X. Y. Z. plot of French directory, 3611; United States prepares for war against, 3622, 3623; Gerry in, 3654-3656; Logan’s mission to, 3656, 3657; Adams appoints new com¬ missioners to, 3659; treaty of Morfon- taine signed by, 3683; Spain cedes Loui¬ siana to, 3725-3728, 3751; reinstated in West Indies, 3732, 3734; Livingston, U. S. minister to, 3735, 3736, 3740, 3741; decides to sell Louisiana, 3741-3744, 3753; Florida negotiations of, 3753, 3804, 3805; U. S. commerce with, 3807, 3920- 3925, 3938, 3954, 3955, 397i; effect of the embargo in, 3881, 3882; U. S. re¬ lations with, 3916-3920, 3932, 3934, 3935; on Berlin and Milan decrees, 3972; fails to pay spoliation claims, 4271, 4272; payment insisted on by Jackson, 4272; offers to pay if Jackson apologizes, 4273; accepts mediation of Great Britain and pays part of award, 4273; proposes tripartite convention to discuss Cuban question, 4512, 4513; policy toward Unit¬ ed States during the civil war, 4901, 4924, 4940, 5679; interference in Mexico in 1863, 5 0 67, 5068, 5258; endorses U. S. plan of bimetalism, 5682; demands mon¬ ey indemnity for Boxer outrages, 5833. France Royal, name of Roberval’s camp, 5*8. Francis I., king of France, sends out Verrazano, 502, 503; a prisoner of Charles V., 506; approves of Cartier’s expedition, 507, 508, 516; sends out Roberval, 515. Francis, British commander, 2573, 2574. Francis, Cape, 480. Franciscans have seminary at Port Royal, N. S., 1943. Frankfort Diet confirms charter of South company, 577. Frankfort, Ky., Morgan’s plans concerning, 5112; alarm at, 5112; Gen. Heth at, 5122; provisional governor of Kentucky in¬ augurated at, 5122. Frankfort on the Main, Moravians in, 1866. Franklin, Benjamin, quoted as to Quakers, 1241; suggestion as to buying a fire- engine, 1241; in public life in Philadel¬ phia, 1268; colonial agent in London, 1268; opposed by John Penn, 1268; friend of James Alexander, note, 1569; declines to be colonel of militia, 1594; describes interview with Gov. George Clinton, 1594, 1595; appointed postmas¬ ter of Philadelphia, 1659; aids Braddock in his disastrous expedition, 2060-2065; commanded frontier troops against Ind¬ ians, 2083-2085; urges the keeping of Canada in 1763, 2334; publishes Hutch¬ inson letters, 2401; loses office as post¬ master-general, 2402; established New England Courant (1721), 2347; on stamp act, 2371; explains working of stamp act to house of commons, 2378; chairman of Pennsylvania committee of safety, 2438; member of continental congress, 2448; facsimile of letter to Wm. Stratan, facing 2464; plan for government re- jected, 2471; on foreign correspondence committee, 2474; on acts of congress of 1776, 2494; on committee to draw up declaration of independence, 2497; por¬ trait of, facing 2500, facing 3088, facing 3378; Howe negotiates with, 2511, 2517; as French commissioner, 2555, 2556, 2713; America’s debt to, 2556; theory of fiat money, 2683, 2684; reply on bill of Lord North, 2717; friend of Lord Shel¬ burne, 2722, 3094; comment on Phila¬ delphia situation, 2727; pamphlet on Ohio land grant, 2765; went to France, 2870; suggests American fleet in English waters, 2870; opinion of Pierre Landais, 2884, 2885; peace negotiated by, 3091, 3092; member of Ohio colony company, 3147; at Philadelphia convention, 3265, 3287, 3296-3298; sketch of, 3265; last public service of, 3378; death of, 3378; facsimile of letter of French assembly on death of, facing 3378; letter to Jay on the Mississippi river, 3723, 3724. Franklin, James, printed first newspaper in Rhode Island, 1488. Franklin, Gen. William B., brigade com¬ mander, 4748; at Bull Run, 4755-4757; GENERAL INDEX. 89 commands sixth provisional corps, 4692; at Malvern Hill, 4988; commands sixth corps under McClellan, 5031, 5032; at Buckeyestown, 5034; at battle of South Mountain, 5039, 5040; at battle of An- tietam, 5044; commands division under Burnside, 5070; opposes Burnside, 5075; relieved of command, 5076. Franklin, William, governor of New Jer¬ sey, assists father in defense of north¬ ern Pennsylvania, 2083; summons New Jersey assembly, 2437; colonization plan of, 3146. Franklin (state), organization, 3172, 3173; represented in congress, 3173; Washing¬ ton county desires union with, 3174; laws, 3174; dissolution, 3175, 3177. Franklin, Tenn., battle of, 5266; attempt of Hood to make a stand at, 5268. Franklin, U. S. warship, 2861-2863. Fraser, North Carolina settler, saved by friendly Indians, 1819, 1820. Fraser, Mrs., wife of North Carolina set¬ tler, saved by Sanute, 1819, 1820. Fraser, Gen. Simon, leads British regulars, 2570; at Ticonderoga, 2574; at Ben¬ nington, 2599; at Saratoga, 2639-2641, 2648, 2651, 2652; mortal wounding of, 2652; death and burial of, 2654. Frazier, pioneer, shelters Washington and Gist, 2038. Frear, Walter F., on Hawaiian commission, 5763 . Frederic III., emperor of Germany, 10, 23; portrait, facing 284. Frederic, Fort (Crown Point), illus., facing 2106. Frederica, Ga., Christianity at, 1871; laid out by Oglethorpe, 1882, 1883; Ogle¬ thorpe’s expedition returns to, 1901; in Spanish invasion in 1742, 1904, 1907- 1909, 1913; Col. Elbert captures British vessels at, 2813. Frederick the Great defeated at Kolin, 2355; refuses aid to England, 2472, 2473; Hessians refused passage, 2714; port of Dantzic opened to America by, 2715; Earl of Chatham assists, 2719; comment on the battle of Monmouth by, 2740, 2741; on right of search, 3063; armed neutrality joined by, 3066. Frederick, Md., Burgoyne’s army at, 2666; Lee goes into camp near, 5027; army of the Potomac near, 5034; Jackson at, 5037; Hooker marches to, 5085; member of Maryland legislature arrested at, 5184; Gen. Early arrives at, 5248; Gen. Lew Wallace advances toward, 5248. Fredericksburg, Va., Washington at, in 1753, 2031; McDowell at, 4798, 4964; McClel¬ lan’s army at, 5027; Burnside’s plans concerning, 5069; campaign of, begun, 5071; battle of Dec. 13, 1862, 5072-5076; view of Marie Heights, facing 5072; Union and Confederate losses, 5074, 5075 ; Fredericksburg, Confederate ironclad, 4901. Fredericktown, on the Susquehanna, pil¬ laged in war of 1812, 4040. “Free Ships Make Free Goods,” advocated by Frederick the Great, 3063; in treaty of 1792, 3563. Free-soil party, represented by Van Buren and C. F. Adams, 4329; Buffalo conven¬ tion in 1848, 4431; candidate receives no electoral votes, 4431; holds balance of power in 31st congress, 4448; fusion with Democratic party in Ohio and Mas¬ sachusetts, 4499 ; Pittsburg convention in 1852, 4507; third Nebraska bill, 4534; meeting in Kansas, 4553; leaders at¬ tacked by mob in Kansas, 4556. Free trade, see Tariff. Freeborn, U. S. steamer, 4855. Freedmen’s bureau, U. S., organized, 5357, 5358; object, 5358, 5359; work accom¬ plished, 5358-5360; congress passes bill to enlarge powers of, 5364, 5365; bill vetoed by president, 5365; amended bill vetoed by president, 5370; re-passed over veto by congress, 5371, 5460-5467. Freehold, N. J., Clinton at, 2733; Lee at, 2735 - Freeman, Lieut-Col., in command at New Orleans, 3832. Freeman’s farm, battle of, note, 2638, 2640. Freemasons, kidnapping of Morgan, 4212; rise of anti-Masonic party, 4212; prog¬ ress in Mexico, 4274, 4275. Frelinghuysen, 1 rederick T., on electoral commission, 5547; secretary of state, 5572 . Frelinghuysen, Theodore, nominated by Whig convention in Baltimore, 4362. Fremont, John C., in California, 4382; nom¬ inated for president, 4558; sketch of, 4559 > 456o; governor of California ter¬ ritory, 4715 j nominated for president, note, 4715; commands department of the West, 4715; emancipation proclamation of, 4717-4719, 4953; campaign in Missou¬ ri, 4723, 4724; removed from command, 4724, 4725; charges against, 4726-4728; 90 GENERAL INDEX. quarrel with F. P. Blair, 4727; defense of, 4729; at battle of, 4729; battle of Cross Keys, 4798; commands corps in army of Virginia, 5007; refuses to serve under Pope, 5008; succeeded by Sigel, 5008; nominated for president by rad¬ ical Republicans, 5195; withdraws from presidential contest, 5212. French, Gen. S. G., attack on Allatoona, 5266. French, Gen. W. H., in battle of Freder¬ icksburg, 5073. French and Indian war, duration of, 1378; Gov. Shirley prominent in, 1381; Con¬ necticut’s part in, 1452; affected colonies for a long time, 1476; costs England more than exploration, 1657, 1658; unites colonies, 1668, 2015; also called seven years’ war, 2001; causes and results, 2002-2054; surrender of Ft. Necessity, 2049-2051; Braddock’s campaign, 2055- 2080; expedition against Acadians, 2108- 2131; campaign against Louisbourg, 2176-2186; campaign against Ticonder- oga and Niagara, 2188-2230; campaign against Quebec, 2231-2276; bearing on war of independence, 2338. French in America, see Colonies in Amer¬ ica, French discovery and exploration for France. French river explored by Jean Nicolet, !958. Frenchtown, Ind., American defeat at, in 1813, 4016-4019. Freneau, Philip, portrait, facing 3452; edits National Gazette, 3454, 3455- Fresh Water river, 953. Freydis, wife of Thorvard, 225; intimidates Indians, 226; leads a colony, 228-230. Friends, see Quakers. Friends of the rights of man, society in Baltimore, 3456. Fries, John, leads Pennsylvania riot, 3666; conviction and sentence, 3666; Adams pardons, 3666. Friesland, Holland, 553. Frisians land in England, 203; influence in America, 240. Frislanda, mythical island, 249-253, note, 256, 277. Frobischer, Sir Martin, English navigator, 22; seeks northwest passage, 597. Frolic, British brig, fight with the Wasp, 3992; illus., facing 3992. Fromentin, Eligius, 4136. Frontenac, Count de, portrait, facing 1536; in command in Canada, 1536; sends three expeditions against English, 1539; attacks Iroquois, 1552, 1553; governor of New France, 1992; built Ft. Frontenac, 1994. Frontenac, Fort (now Kingston, Canada), established, 1994; French garrison at, 2089; starting-point of Montcalm’s Os¬ wego expedition, 2132; Bradstreet at¬ tacks and captures, 2210-2213; never re¬ built, 2213. Frothingham, Thomas, prosecution of, 3675. Fry, Col. Joshua, in command of Virginia expedition to Ohio, 2040-2042; dies, 2048. Fry, Speed S., at Mill Springs, 4810, 4811; kills Zollicoffer, 4811. Frye, William P., member of Paris peace commission, 2737. Fugill, Thomas, one of “seven pillars” of New Haven, 991; magistrate, 992. Fugitive slave law, origin of, 3435, 3436; congress passes in 1792, 3436; effect of, 3618; proposed revision in 1819, 4120, 4639, 4644; discussed by Seward, 4466; proposed in compromise of 1850, 4474; passed, 4480; history traced beginning with law of 1793, 4480-4484; North pro¬ tests against, 4483; effect, 4486, 4487; northern opposition, 4487-4489; under- ' ground railroad, 4489, 4490; rescue of negroes by northerners, 4490-4492; ref¬ erence to, in Fillmore’s message, quoted, 4496; denounced in Free-soil platform in 1852, 4507; declared invalid by free states, 4544; enforced in Ohio in 1859, 4582; repeal, 5189. Fuller, Capt., commissioner to Maryland, 1108-1110; leads Providence party in Maryland, 1114. Fulton, Robert, facsimile letter of, facing 3694; invents steamboat, 3756. Fundy, Bay of, copper mines reported near, 522; crossed by Champlain, 526; crossed by Catholics during the struggle with the La Tours, 1953; Messagouche river flows into, 2118; English fleet in, 2119. Funston, Gen. Frederick, captures Aguinal- do, 5743, 5744; preserves order in San Francisco after earthquake, 5876, 5877. Fur trade of French colonists, 518, 523, 526-528, 532; English and Dutch com¬ peted, 533; Dutch engaged in, 541, 550, 55 2 , 563-570; English engaged in, 727, 731, 734 , 845; controls Dutch policy to¬ wards Five Nations, 1129; in Pennsyl¬ vania province, 1260; in New York in 1678, 1505; in Georgia before revolution, 1920; monopoly is given to Richelieu’s trading companies, 1934; cause of strife in Acadia, 1936; of La Tour supported by the Micmacs, 1942, 1943; monopoly of, given to D’Aunay, 1955; privilege of, GENERAL INDEX. 91 denied to founders of Montreal, 1968; to be extended on account of French explorations, 1993; northern falls to England after seven years’ war, 2328; England’s policy toward, in 1763, 2765. Fusang, mythical country, 257-260. G. Gabarus, Bay of, harbor for Louisbourg, 1395, 2181, 2182. Gaboto, Giovanni, 421, note, 430. Gadsden, Christopher, resists stamp act, 2383; in first continental congress, 2409; on naval committee, 2861; in Charleston during its investment by the British, 2910-2912; Clinton tries to exchange An¬ dre for, 2987; his imprisonment, 2993. Gadsden treaty between United States and Mexico, 4548. Gage, Lyman J., in McKinley’s cabinet, 5695 , 5772 . Gage, Gen. Thomas, returned to England in I 777 > l 9 J 7 > officer under Braddock, later British commander-in-chief, 2056, 2057; at battle of Monongahela, 2069; keeps his men in solid formation, 2071; neg¬ lects cannon, 2074; can not control his troops, 2074, 2075; courageous, 2076; aided Braddock when wounded, 2077; fails to quarter soldiers on Bostonians in 1768, 2390; assumes that Boston will submit, 2406; becomes governor, 2407; portrait, facing 2408; fortifies Boston, 2410; army occupies Boston, 2415; ef¬ fect on New England, 2415; estimate of troops necessary to control the colo¬ nies, 2416; ordered to seize John Han¬ cock and Samuel Adams, 2417; declares action of Massachusetts treasonable, 2418; attempt to capture stores at Con¬ cord, 2421; attempt to capture Hancock and Adams, 2422; his timid policy, 2432; patriots confiscate his supplies, 2436; his policy opposed by New York loyalists, 2437; England criticises, 2441; reinforce¬ ments for, 2453; condition of his army, 2454; receives Connecticut deputation, 2455 - Gagmegue, a name of Mohawks, 1516. Gaines, Gen. Edmund P., in Indian troubles on Florida frontier, 4107-4110; portrait, facing 4110; investigates Indian affairs in Georgia, 4179; proceeds against Sem- inoles, 4313. Gaines, Fort, Ala., location, 5169; siege of, 5 T 70 - Gaines’ Mill, Va., location, 4962; McClellan at, 4964; battle at, 4978-4980; view of, facing 4984. Gainesborough, Eng., Separatists in, 753- 755 - Gainesville, Va., Pope at, 5016, 5017. Gainey, Micajah, attacked by Marion, 2937; leads Tories against Marion, 2992; Horry’s fight with,' 3027. Galena, U. S. monitor, 4910; flagship of Commodore Rogers, 4920. Galissoniere, Marquis of, governor of Can¬ ada, sends Bienville to Ohio country, note, 2010, note, 2011. Gall, Gen., at Saratoga, 2648. Gallatin, Albert, portraits, facing 3484, 3596; elected senator, 3485, 3486; sketch of, 3485, 3486; senate rejects, 3486; elected to the house, 3486; in the whiskey re¬ bellion, 3513-3515; member of fourth congress, 3565; opposes Jay’s treaty, 3.57 L 3572; in congress, 3596; on sedi¬ tion bill, 3632; appointed secretary of treasury, 3712; ability, 3713; on em¬ bargo, 3870, 3881; on the New England elections, 3884; on financial condition of the country in 1808, 3886; secretary of treasury in Madison’s cabinet, 3896; de¬ clines to be secretary of state, 3896; opposes expenditures for military and naval services, 3897; on financial condi¬ tion of the United States in 1809, 3906; on Jackson’s mission, 3909; opposed in senate, 3921; his treasury report in 1809, 3922; reputed author of Ma¬ con’s bill No. 1, 3925; report on manufactures, 3931; on renewal of charter of U. S. bank, 3931, 3943, 3944; offers to resign, 3950; on the condition of the treasury in 1812, 3968, 4008, 4009; appointed peace commissioner in war of 1812, 4012; senate refuses to confirm his appointment, 4015; declines treasury portfolio, 4045; appointed peace com¬ missioner in 1814, 4046; his work on peace commission, 4087, 4088; reappoint¬ ed minister to France, 4102; proposed for vice-president, 4159, 4160; appointed minister to Great Britain, 4176; meas¬ ures promoted by, 4192. Gallatin river, Lewis and Clark name the, 3757 - Gallipolis, O., founded, 3520, 3521. Galloway, Joseph, in first continental con¬ gress, 2409; introduced plan of union, 2410; submits to Howe’s proclamation, 2529. Gallup, John, avenged Oldham, 970, 971. Galphin, George, claim against Georgia, 4441, 4442. 92 GENERAL INDEX. Galphin, Fort, captured, 3049. Galveston, Tex., pirates at, 4106, 4107; occupied by federal troops, 4864, 4865; attacked by Confederates, 4865; block¬ ade resumed, 4867; recaptured, 4898; disastrous storm at, 5783, 5784. Galvez, Don Bernardo de, governor of Florida, west Florida captured by, 2787; supplied American armaments, 2788; intrigue with Willing, 2788; obtains control of British posts on Mississippi, 3I5B 3152. Gama, Vasco da, great explorer, 100; finds sea route to India, 333, 377, 405; Columbus hopes to surpass, 336, 337; birth and death, 401; hero of “Os Lus- iadas,” 401, 402; confers honor on Portugal, 402; inspired by Prince Henry and Diaz, 402; portrait, facing 402; his commission, 403; opens oriental trade, 406; made admiral, 406. Gambier, Lord, bombards Copenhagen, 3867. Gamble, Hamilton R., appointed governor of Missouri, 4714. Gamelin, Antoine, 3381. Gamlason, Thorhal, Norse explorer, prays for food, 222; leaves Vinland, * 222; pasquinade, 222, 223. Ganniagiwari, native name of Mohawks, 1516. “Ganowanian,” name suggested for Amer¬ ican races, 197. Gansevoort, Col. Peter, Ft. Stanwix com¬ manded by, 2587, 2595; defies St. Leger, 2594; at siege of Ft. Stanwix, 2596; ordered to Albany, 2842. Garay, Francisco de, governor of Jamaica, 391; tried to find water route to Pacific, 394; endeavored to found Amichel, 396. Garcia, Gen. Calixto, to cooperate with Shafter in Cuba, 5728; evaded by Span¬ iards at Santiago, 5730. Gardar discovers Iceland, 203. Gardenier, of New York, leader in congress, 3867; on the embargo, 3877, 3878; fed¬ eralist in politics, 3901; on Macon’s bill No. 1, 3927. Gardiner, Sir Christopher, adventures in Massachusetts Bay colony, 888; made trouble in England, 894. Gardiner, Lion, first lord of Gardiner’s Island, 959; expostulates with Endi- cott, 971, 972; opinion of provincial troops, 974-978. Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of Winchester, 888 . Gardiner’s Island, first owner of, 959. Gardner, Mrs., Quaker in Rhode Island, 1055. Gardner, Gen. Franklin, besieged in Port Hudson, 5149, 5 I 50; surrenders Port Hudson, 5150. Gardner, John L., urges strengthening of Ft. Moultrie, 4613. Gardner, Thomas, plantation overseer for Dorchester adventurers, 862. Gardner, Gen. W. M., defeated by Stone- man, 5270. Gardoqui, Don Diego, Spanish minister to United States, 3116; intrigues of, 3186, 3187. Garfield, James A., commissioned brigadier- general for his Kentucky campaign, 4808; on the electoral commission of 1877, 5547i nominated for president, 5565; sketch of the life of, note, 5565; presidential campaign and the Morey forgery, 5566, 5567; inauguration of, 5567; cabinet of, 5567; portrait, facing SS70; assassination and death, 5571; unveiling of his memorial statue fat Washington, 5615. Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 4501. Garland, Augustus H., in Cleveland’s cabinet, 5590. Garland, Hugh A., clerk of the house during organization contest of 1839, 4322, 4323. Garnett, Richard S., at Cheat river, 4742; McClellan attacks, 4743; death of, 4743. Garnett, Robert B., Confederate general, at battle of Cedar Mountain, 5013; commands division at Gettysburg, 5091. Gamier, Father, in charge of Jesuit mis¬ sion among Hurons, 1966; Indians prej¬ udiced against, 1966; tries to baptize Indians on the sly, 1967. Garretson, Freeborn, organized Methodist circuits, 3114. Garrison, William Lloyd, joins Benjamin Sunday at Baltimore, 4288; fined for libel and imprisoned, 4289; founds the Liberator, 4289; results of his work, 4289; threatened with lynching in Bos¬ ton, 4292; favors women’s suffrage, 5928. Gary, James A., in McKinley’s cabinet, 5695 - Gas, introduction of, 4198. Gaspee, schooner, burned by Rhode Island¬ ers, 2399, 2400. Gates, Horatio, under Braddock, 2057; char¬ acter, 2057; sketch of, 2450; candidate for commander-in-chief, 2451; at Ti- conderoga, 2522; feud with -Schuyler, note, 2522, 2561-2563; portrait, facing GENERAL INDEX. 93 2522; forces join Washington, 2535; expiration of army under, 2537; refuses to take part in Trenton attack, 2539; character, 2539, 2562, 2607, 2639; actions toward American officers, 2562; Ticon- deroga commanded by, 2563, 2570; con¬ gress backs, 2563; advice at Ticonder- oga by, 2570; succeeds Schuyler, 2578; displaces Schuyler, 2607; army under, 2635, 2636, 2647; reinforcements sent to, 2635; Schuyler assists, 2635; at Still¬ water, 2637; Saratoga, 2639, 2642, 2643 i Burgoyne’s name for, 2639; his quarrel with Arnold, 2644-2646; his inefficiency, 2645; Lincoln reinforces, 2647; his treat¬ ment of Sir Francis Clarke, note, 2649, 2650; of Arnold and Morgan, 2650, 2651; at second battle of Saratoga, 2653, 2654; follows Burgoyne and captures his entire force, 2658-2662; facsimile let¬ ter to congress of, facing 2662; criticism on, 2663; results of Burgoyne’s surren¬ der, 2664, 2666, 2667; his political vic¬ tory, 2667; Washington’s treatment of, 2667; plans to attack Ticonderoga, 2672; his popularity, 2695; his part in the Conway cabal, 2697-2703; his affair with Wilkinson, 2700; congress realizes char¬ acter of, 2703; retires from board of war, 2704; plans Hudson fortifications, 2704; Washington offers him command of expedition against Iroquois, 2839; his corps destroyed at Camden, 2901; march to South Carolina, 2936; placed in command of southern army, 2940, 2941; march to Camden, 2942-2944; at Camden, 2944-2950; Stevens reinforces, 2946; battle of Camden, 2951-2958; his retreat, 2957-2959; subsequent southern campaign, 3009; Greene supersedes him, 3912. Gates, Sir Thomas, grantee of London company, 629; viceroy of New Virginia company, 656; sails with “third supply,” 657; wrecked off the Bermudas, 658; arrives at Jamestown, 662; abandons Virginia, 662; last to leave, 663; rescued by Lord Delaware, 663; severe code of, 664; one of council, 665; one of creators of Virginia, 668; retaliates on Indians, 669; brings over second company, 671; employs Argali, 673; refuses Powhatan’s exchange for Pocahontas, 674; patentee in Plymouth council, 744. Gay Head, pyrites of, mistaken for gold, 734 - Gayoso, Spanish commander at Natchez, Wilkinson’s relations with, 3184; in¬ trigues of, 3536; his part in Spanish plot, 3607. Gazette of the United States (Fenno’s Ga¬ zette), Federalist organ, 3453. Geary, John W., governor of Kansas, 4557. 4570; attacked at Cedar Mountain, 5013; wounded, 5013. Gellison, Thorkell, mentions in Vinland, 236. General Lovel, Confederate ram, in naval duel, 4840; in battle of Memphis, 4841. General managers’ association of railroad companies, in strike of 1894, 5672. General Meigs, ship, Duke of Veragua views naval display on the, 5658. General Monk, British cruiser, 2899, 2900. General Price, Confederate ram,. 4840-4842. General Quitman, Confederate ship, 4886. General Slocum, steamer, burning of, 5808. General society of the war of 1812, 5912, 5913 - General trade union of New York city established, 5886. “General Historic,” by John Smith, notes, 709 , 739 - Genet, Madame (Cornelia Clinton), por¬ trait, facing 3466. Genet, Edmond Charles, his arrival in America and mission, 3462-3466; por¬ trait, facing 3466; government checks his intrigues, 3468, 3469; British min¬ ister protests against, 3468; opposed by U. S. government and reproved by France, 3470, 3471; carries his intrigues too far, 3472-3476; succeeded by Fau- chet, 3477; marries Cornelia Clinton, 3477 - Geneva, Switzerland, tribunal of arbitration meets in, 5508-5510. Genoa, sea-power, 112; war with Venice, 248, 269, 270; Columbus born in, 266, 267; El Mozo Colombo in, 269; Colum¬ bus seeks aid from, 273, 284; Columbian documents in, 292, and note; represented at Lisbon, 271; birthplace of Columbus and John Cabot, 420, 421, 424. Gentleman's Magazine publishes Morgan Jones’ letter, 248. Geography among the sciences, 88; imper¬ fect early knowledge, 89, 90; inherent difficulty of gaining facts, 00-92; ancient theories of shape of earth, 89, 93-95; pictures of old conceptions, facing 88; old theories of size, 96; developed by Phoenicians and Greeks, 98; revolution¬ ized at Alexandria, 99; reasons fcvr im¬ perfect knowledge of, 99-101, 103; value 94 GENERAL INDEX. of ancient maps, ioo; not understood by Alexander, 322; study of, at St. Die, 370 . George I., king of England, succeeds Queen Anne, 1358; appoints governors for Mas¬ sachusetts Bay colony, 1358; reserves Maine trees for navy, 1359; dies, 1360, 1361; did not help to suppress French trade, 1566; favors Gov. Montgomerie, 1568. George II., king of England, accession of, 1361; colonial appointments of, 1361, 1379, 1380, 1392; knights William Pep- perrell, 1392; knights Sir William John¬ son, 1590; gives charter and is namesake for Georgia, 1841; receives Georgia chiefs, 1868, 1869; petitioned to protect Georgia from Spaniards, 1895; grants land between Monongahela and Ka¬ nawha rivers to John Hanbury and his friends, 2009, 2010; portrait, facing 2054; gives baronetcy to Wiliam John¬ son, 2105; hates Pitt, but finally gives him office, 2143; death of, 2341. George III., king of England, against colo¬ nial independence, 1482; throws away gains of seven years’ war, 2003; kept with his mother by Pitt, 2143; sup¬ ported by Abercrombie in tyranny, 2213; has Townshend in cabinet, 2235; de¬ nounces seven years’ war, 2329; casts aside Pitt for Bute, 2330; oppressive to colonies early in reign, 2338-2344; youth influenced by mother and teachers, 2341; character and habits in middle life, 2342, 2343; portraits of, facing 2342; how and why a tyrant, 2343, 2344; makes Bute a secretary of state, 2356; petitioned by colonies as to stamp act, 2368, 2378; petitioned in 1768 by Massachusetts, 2388-2390; determines to subdue America in 1774, 2411; petition of the colonies to, 2471; his reply,- 2472; negotiates for troops, 2472; hires Hessians,. 2472; his proclamation, facsimile, facing 2472; America receives repR, 2474; effect of American success on, 2552; effect of French alliance on, 2713; signs concilia¬ tion bills, 2717; opposes Chatham, 2720; stubbornness, 2720, 3085; appeals to Lord North, 2721; disclaims authority of peace commission, 2725; satisfaction over massacre of Wyoming, 2747, 2748; effect of the surrender of Cornwallis on, 3084; consents to peace, 3087. George, Mrs., concerned in starting panic in “negro plot” in New York, 1575. George, Fort, built on Lake George, 2159; Abercrombie’s army concentrated at, in 1758, 2187; Abercrombie’s starting-point for attack on Ticonderoga, 2189; British advance checked at, 2573, 2636; in war of 1812, 3997, 4045, 4050, 4051, 4056. George, Fort, on Mohawk river, surrenders to Montcalm’s army, 2135, 2136. George, Lake, Champlain and Hudson al¬ most met at, 546; on route for expedition against Quebec in 1690, 1544; French defeated on, 2090, 2105; battle of Lake George, 2095, 2105; engraving of plan of battle, facing 2096; route of Gen. Amherst in 1759, 2219; rendezvous of the rangers in seven years’ war, 2278; Americans command, 2638. George Washington, U. S. ship, 3711. Georgetown, Pa., pillaged in war of 1812, 4040. Georgetown, S. C., Tarleton sent to, 2914; Tories garrison, 2921; McArthur at, 2721, 2935; Ardesoif at, 2936; Greene and Marion move against, 3027; British post at, 3038; Watson retreats to, 3040; Marion captures, 3047-3050; Washington welcomed by, 3329. Georgetown, Va., John Smith explores site, 648. Georgia, stone hatchets found in, 143, 144; included in Carolina county, grant of Charles II., 1722; territorial limits of, 1841; how named, 1841; province guard¬ ed from rapacity of incorporators, 1842; motto of, 1842; designed to relieve the poor, 1842; how governed for twenty- one years, 1848; rum first excluded from, 1848; date of settlement by Oglethorpe, 1850; contests rum question with South Carolina, 1877-1879; land tenure in, 1878; rum and slavery introduced into, 1879, 1919; land is given as bounty to Ogle¬ thorpe soldiers, 1887; Spanish invasion in 1742, 1904-1915^ grows slowly after Spanish invasion, 1918, 1919; land re¬ form in, 1919; becomes royal province, 1919; begins to compete with Carolinas, 1920; products and exports of, 1920; new Scotch immigration in, before revolution, 1921; church denominations in, 1921; life in 18th century, 1921-1923; claimed by Spain, 2002; population in 1755, 2009; Acadians sent to, 2128, 2129; sends colony beyond the Altamaha, 2141, 2142; held against Spaniards, 2142; increased in territory in 1763, 2336; entered by Gen. Prevost during rev- GENERAL INDEX. 95 elution, 2337; population in 1760, 2344; staples of, before revolution, 2349; agrees to indorse action of stamp act congress, 2377; responds favorably to Massachusetts in 1768, 2389; disap¬ proves non-importation association, 2411; patriots refuse clearance of ves¬ sels for, 2436; on news of, Lexington patriots take action, 2440, 2441; actions on independence by, 2491, 2495; colo¬ nial population in, 2764; position during revolutionary war, 2811; Florida ran¬ gers raid, 2812; Prevost raids, 2812, 2813; British secure control of, 2815, 2816; Lincoln’s movements in, 2817- 2819; condition at end of the year 1779, 2831; British outrages in, 2917; posi¬ tion on slavery, 3106; silk culture, 3123; land claims, 3154; cedes land to the Union, 3156; paper money, 3246; U. S. constitution ratified by, 3305, 3408; land grants, 3387; population in 1790, 3422; militia of, in Indian campaign of 1813, 4038; compact with United States about Indian lands, 4177; defied by the Cherokees, 4177, 4178; map of Ind¬ ian lands in, facing 4178; gold discov¬ ered, 4235; incorporates Cherokee lands in territory of the state, 4235; ignores summons of supreme court in Tassels case, 4236; refuses to obey supreme court in case of Worcester vs. Georgia, 4236; opposes South Carolina’s ordi¬ nance of nullification, 4255, 4256; contro¬ versy with Maine over abduction of slaves, 4314; suggests calling conven¬ tions if Wilmot proviso should pass, 4477, 4478; yields to compromise, but declares any effort to interfere with the rights of the South will be resisted, 4479, 4480; convention in, offers Web¬ ster nomination for president, 4510; reply of, to Gist’s letter on secession, 4608; Stephens opposes secession of, 4622, 4623; cause of secession of, 4623; secedes, 4624, 4649, 4658, 4659; votes for secession, 4658, 4659; map of north¬ eastern part, facing 5262; Sherman in, 5271-5280; railroads destroyed by, 5272, 5273; estimate of damage done by Sherman’s army, 5279; raided by Gen. Wilson, 5284; plans for reconstruction of, 5346; convention for reconstruction in, 5350, 5351; ratifies the thirteenth amendment, 5352; statement of H. V. Johnson, in convention, 5355; grants freedmen legal rights, 5355 ; military control provided for, 5383; Pope as¬ signed to command of, 5388; action of P°pe, 5391; measures to relieve finan¬ cial distress in, 5396; state constitution ratified, 5399; unseats negroes in legis¬ lature, 5401; ratifies fourteenth amend¬ ment, 5413; representatives from, de¬ nied admission to congress, 5417; new conditions added to the admission of, 5421; Gen. Terry becomes military commander of, 5422; changes in legis¬ lature, 54 2 2; fully restored as state of the Union, 5422; negro rule in, 5424. Georgia, Confederate ship, 4901. Georgian Bay, Champlain on, 536; ex¬ plored by Jean Nicolet, 1958. Gerard, French ambassador, with D’Es- taing’s fleet, 2752; urges congress to moderate territorial expansion, 2847. Germain, Lord George, opinion of Ameri¬ can success by, 2552; portrait, facing 2560; relations with Howe, 2561; on New England campaign, note, 2568; Flowe’s reinforcements refused by, 2609; dull incapacity of, 2669; secret orders of, 2726; American policy, 2726; ferocity, 2726; defends British peace manifesto, 2747; satisfaction over mas¬ sacre of Wyoming, 2747, 2748; orders Clinton to raid, 2760; plans southern campaign, 2807-2809; merits of 'plan, 2809, 2810; facsimile of proclamation to southern colonies, facing 2816; Vir¬ ginia ordered held by, 3071, 3072; praises American officers, 3072; retire¬ ment, 3086. German Flats, N. Y., destroyed by French and Indians in 1755, 2160. Germans in the United States settle at Germantown, 1245; opposed slavery, 1245; colonists introduced manufac¬ tures into Pennsylvania, 1260; “Pala¬ tines” in New York, 1562; settle in Shenandoah valley in early 18th cen¬ tury, 1658; settle in North Carolina, 1805; in Georgia in 18th century, 1881; as mercenaries in revolution, 2473; on Delaware river, 2530-2538; outrages and effect of, 2538; also see note, 2538; at Bennington, 2603; neutral, 2613; at battle of Ramsour’s Mill, 2926; in St. Louis opposed to slavery and secession, 4703; favor Fremont, 4725. Germantown, Pa., “Paxton Boys” in, 1242, 1268; first anti-slavery declaration made in, 1245; Washington at, 2611, 2622; Howe at, 2624; Washington encamp- 96 GENERAL INDEX. ment near, 2625; topography of, 2627; Lime-kiln road, 2627; Howe’s plan, 2628; Washington’s plan, 2628, 2629; plans of battle of, facing 2630; battle of, 2628-2632; Washington orders re¬ treat, 2632; losses at battle of, 2633; fruits of, 2633; proposed as national capital, 3355-3357- Germantown, Va., Hooker’s advance on, 5024. Germantown , U. S. sloop-of-war, 4696, 49 1 3 - Germany disparaged by Roman writers, 154; desolated by thirty years’ war, 581; Napoleon closes ports of, 3920; Samo¬ an affair, 5636-5639; reciprocity treaty with United States, 5645; parcel post convention with, 5752; demands money indemnity for Boxer outrages, 5833; aids United States in enforcing its immigration law, 5980. Gerry, Elbridge, portraits, facing 2500, facing 3594; on land grants, 3160; member of the Philadelphia convention, 3264, 3286; life sketch of, 3264; national bank favored by, 3400; appointed on French mission, 3595; Talleyrand treats with, 3615, 3630, 3655; in France, 3654; leaves France, 3656; his relations with Pickering and Jefferson, 3656; intro¬ duces John Henry to the president, 3969; nominated for vice-president, 3972 . Getty, Gen. G. W., wounded in battle of the wilderness, 5234. Gettysburg, Pa., view of cemetery at, frontispiece, volume XIII.; battle of, 5087-5092; plan of the battle, illus., fac¬ ing 5088; charge of Louisiana Tigers at, illus., facing 5090; losses at, 5092; devil’s den, illus., facing 5092; view of wheat- field, facing 5092; dedication of ceme¬ tery, 5093. Geysers in Greenland, 250, note, 256; in Ireland, 256. Ghent, treaty of, 4087-4089, 4094. Gnerardi, Bancroft, commands reviewing fleet at Hampton Roads in 1893, 5657. Giants, Isle of, Ojeda’s name for Curacoa, . 3(53 - Gibault, Father, aids George Rogers Clark, 2782; Clark secures Wabash towns through, 2782. Gibbon, Gen. John, in battle of South Mountain, 5041; in battle of Antietam, 5046. Gibbons, Capt., colonial officer in Massa¬ chusetts, fits out fleet for La Tour, 1947; gives lodging to D’Aunay’s envoys, 1955; does not allow foreign colors in the harbor, 1955. Gibbons, Ambrose, factor in Piscataqua settlements, 846; deputy from Charles¬ town, 892. Gibbs, Maj.-Gen., killed at battle of New Orleans, 4085. Gibraltar, disposition of, in French-Span- ish negotiations, 2846, 2849; siege of, 2852; relief of, 3094. Gibson, John, brother-in-law of Indian chief Logan, 2775. Gibson, Rev. Richard, ecclesiastical supe¬ rior in New Somersetshire, 948. Giddings, Joshua R., resolutions on Creole case, 4354; resigns from house, 4355; member of 31st congress, 4448; appeal to people for Missouri compromise, . 4534 ' Gift of God, British ship, 728, 730. Gila river, Spanish Jesuits at, 595. Gilbert, Bartholomew, expedition to Chesa¬ peake Bay, 620. Gilbert, Gen. C. C., in battle at Perryville, 5123, 5124; camp at Bowling Green, 5124. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, first organizer of English colonies in America, 597; char¬ acter, 597; governor of Munster, 597; gains charter for discovery, 597, 598; first English landed proprietor in America, 598; portrait, facing 598; de¬ feated by Spaniards, 599; bad character of his colonists, 600; his second expedi¬ tion, 601, 602; takes possession of New¬ foundland for England, 601, 615; finds silver, 602; heroic death, 603; Raleigh succeeds, 605; father of Raleigh Gilbert, 726. Gilbert, Sir John, 732. Gilbert, Matthew, one of “seven pillars” of New Haven, 991; magistrate, 992. Gilbert, Raleigh, petitioner for Plymouth company, 726; sails with Popham col¬ onists, 728; succeeds Popham, 731; heir to English estate, 732; patentee in Plymouth council, 744. Gilberttown, N. C., McDowell withdraws to, 2992; Ferguson camps at, 2997. Giles, of Virginia, accuses Adams, 4194. Giles, William B., national bank opposed by, 3400; Hamilton accused by, 3440; Randall attempts to bribe, 3567; por¬ trait, facing 3596; in congress, 3596; on impeachment, 3787; opposes the en- GENERAL INDEX. 97 forcement act, 3888; influence of, 3896; leads Republicans in nth congress, 3901; on Jackson’s circular, 3923; opposes U. S. bank, 3947; supports the army bill, 3967 - Gillam, Capt., New England trader, brings news of treaty of Ryswick, 1349; in collision with Thomas Miller, 1755, 1756 . Gillem, Gen. A. C., in Kentucky, 5121. Gilman, Nicholas, member of the Phila¬ delphia convention, 3268. Gilmer, Thomas W., adviser of Tyler, 4338; made secretary of the navy un¬ der Tyler, 4360; killed in Princeton disaster, 4360. Gilmore, J. R., confers with Davis con¬ cerning peace, 5200. Gilmore, Gen. Quincy A., report on Tybee Island and Ft. Pulaski, 4880; plans for capture of Charleston, 5165; captures cannon at Charleston, 5312. Gilmore, Fort, Va., attack on, 5246. Girard, Stephen, noble conduct during yellow-fever epidemic in Philadelphia, 3478; takes up government loan of 1813, 4 OI 3 - Girardeau, Cape, on Mississippi river, Grant sent to, 4719. Girth, Lieut.-Col. Daniel, Florida rangers under, 2812. Girty, James, Delawares adopt, 2794. Girty, Simon, life sketch of, 2794, 2795; leads Indian outrages, 2794, 2795; fe¬ rocity, 2795; in Dunmore’s war, 2795; sides with British, 2795, 2803; Indians at Sandusky organized by, 2795; feint against Limestone, Ky. (Maysville), 2795; at Ft. Henry, 3795; Pittsburg threatened by, 2797; British send to in¬ cite the Indians, 2797; on McKee and Eliot raid, 2797, 2798; Bryan Station besieged by, 2798; repulsed, 2799, 2800; Clark’s expedition against, 2804; at Fallen Timbers, 3528. Girty family, sketch of, 2794, 2795. Gist, Christopher, scout, makes exploring expedition for Ohio company in Ohio, 2016-2026; guide for George Washing¬ ton, 2027; reconnoitres around Ft. Necessity, 2044, 2048; his plantation entrenched in Ohio campaign, 2049. Gist, Col. Mordecai, at massacre of Paoli, 2623; Maryland brigade, 2953; at battle of Camden, 2957; on recruiting service, 3011. Gist, Gen. S. R., killed at Franklin, 5267. Gist, William H., governor of South Caro¬ lina, correspondence with governors of cotton states on secession, 4607-4609. * Gladwin, Col. Henry, British officer, com¬ mandant of Ft. Detroit, 2287; warned of Pontiac’s plot, 2289; warms Gen. Amherst, 2289; in dealings with Pontiac, 2291, 2296; makes grave mistake in liberating Pontiac, 2295; tries to treat with Pontiac, 2297; sends envoys with sad results, 2297; fails in warning relief fleet, 2299; tries to dissuade Dalzell from night attack on Pontiac, 2303. Glasgow, Eng., raises troops in revolution¬ ary war, 2714. Glasgow, Ky., Buell’s ?rmy at, 5124. Glasgow, British ship, in fight with Hop¬ kins’ fleet, 2864, 2865. Glass, manufacture of, during colonial times, 3121, 3122. Glen, governor of South Carolina, calls a meeting for renewing treaty with Chero- kees, 2108. Globe, newspaper, sold, 4370. Gloucester, Mass., settled by Dorchester adventurers, 862; Clinton’s troops at, 2730; English naval raids in harbor of, 2860; Lauzun and Weedon invest, 3082. Gloucester Point, Va., Confederate garri¬ sons at, 4795. Glover, woman hanged as a witch, 1329, 1330 . Glover, Gen. John, Essex county regiment of, 2515; Delaware river crossed by, 2540; at Saratoga, 2639, 2652, 2660; in Rhode Island campaign, 2754. Glover, Joshua, escapes to Canada, 4544. Glover, Wm., governor of one faction in North Carolina, 1808. Gnadenhiitten, O., destroyed by Indians, 2083, 2084; Franklin fortified, 2083-2085; settled by Moravian Indians, 2805. Gnupsson, Eric, bishop of Greenland, 235. Goat Island, in Louisbourg harbor, 1384. Goche, Dr. Barnabe, treasurer of council for New England, 789. Goddard, Wm, published first newspaper in Baltimore, 1711. Godfrey, Col., leads colonists in South Carolina against Spaniards, 1742, 1743. Godfrey, Edward, in Gorges’ council, 950; governor of province of Maine, 952. Godoy, Manuel, attempts to hold Louisiana for Spain, 3729, 3731. Godwin, Gen. A. C, killed at Fisher’s Hill, 5249 - 98 GENERAL INDEX. Godyn, Samuel, an early patroon, 565, 566, 569; settled Swan Valley, 566; his manor destroyed by Indians, 571. Goebel, William, killed in election contest, 5754 . Goffe, William, one of judges of Charles 1., 1162; regicide, protected in New England, 1276, 1277; flees to New Haven, 1418. Gold sought by Spaniards, 305, 307-311; none in San Salvador, 306; in Hayti, 326, 328, 336; rumors of, in Peru, 383, 386; on Gulf of Parita, 386; reported on gulf coast, 395; sought by Soto, 465, 47 L 472, 476; by Ribault, 479; pyrites mis¬ taken for, by Cartier, 517; Drake finds, in California, 594; on Penobscot, 600; in Carolinas, 606; in Virginia, note, 631, 638; London company’s order for, 650; sought in Maine, 735; discovered in Cal¬ ifornia, 4446, 4447; market cornered, 5511, 5512; yield of, in Colorado up to 1876, 5538; reserve in the treasury in 1893, 5649; becomes standard of value, 556 i, 5562; congress on standard of dollar, 5755, 5756; coinage of, 5977. Gold coast, Columbus visits, 278. Gold Democrats, national convention and platform in 1896, 5693, 5694; in 1900, 5771 .. Gold mining, use of placer dredge, 5938. • Golden Gate, San Francisco, probably en¬ tered by Drake, 593. Golden Hind, one of Gilbert’s ships, 601, 603. Golden Lion, ship, in battle of the Severn, 1106-1108. Golden Rocket, ship, the Sumter captures, 4904. Goldsboro, N. C., Sherman’s plans concern¬ ing, 53io; occupied by Sherman, 5314, 53 T 5 - Goldsborough, Louis M., admiral of fleet at Yorktown, 4793, 4794; commands north Atlantic squadron, 4854; Rear-Admiral Lee relieves, 4854; in expedition against Roanoke Island, 4875; portrait, facing 4876. Gomarus, Francis, Calvinist theologian, 756. Gomez, Francisco, in Spanish Virginia col¬ ony, 399. Gompers, Samuel, portrait, facing 5670; actions in railroad strike of 1893, 5671. Gondomar, minister of Spain to England, feared by James I., 655; tried to get Virginia for Spain, 690, 691, note, 697, 708. Gooch, Daniel W., on war committee, 4783. Gooch, William, governor of Virginia, de¬ clines command of colonial army in King George’s war, 1287; succeeds Gov. Drysdale, 1661; character, 1661; de¬ nounces Methodists, 1661, 1662; joins ex¬ pedition to Cartagena, 1663; retires to England, 1667. Good Hope, Cape of, discovered by B. Diaz, 286; rounded by Gama, 333, 403; Magel¬ lan’s fleet, 418; at first called “Cape of Storms,” 403; Drake sails around, 595. Good Hope, Fort, built by Dutch at Hart¬ ford, 1120; given up to English, 1124. Goodrich, Elizur, Jefferson removes, 3708. Goodwin, John, father of professed victim of witches, 1329-1331. Goodyear, Stephen, deputy-governor of New Haven jurisdiction, 994. Gookin, Col. Charles, lieutenant-governor of Pennsylvania, becomes insane, 1255, 1256. Gookin, Sir Vincent, grandfather of Col. Charles Gookin, 1255. Goose coast of Nova Zembla coasted by Hudson, 544. Gordon, Capt., of British ship Seashore, received the surrender of Alexandria in 1814, 4076. Gordon, Lieut., commander at Ft. Le Bceuf in 1763, burnt alive by Indians, 2315. Gordon, Gen. G. H., at battle of Cedar Mountain, 5013, 5014. Gordon, Gen. John B., in battle of Win¬ chester, 5252; captured at Franklin, 5267; captures Ft. Stedman, 5285, 5286; first general commander of society of the united Confederate veterans, 5921. Gordon, Patrick, governor of Pennsylvania, replaces Sir William Keith in Pennsyl¬ vania, 1264; tactful with Indians, 1265; dies, 1266. Gordon, William W., on Porto Rico mili¬ tary commission, 5736. Gordonsville, Va., plan to attack, 5007; Pope’s forces at, 5012. Gorgeana, city incorporated by Gorges, 950. Gorges, Lord Edward, member of Plym¬ outh council, 849, 850, 855; his grant in division of New England, 856. Gorges, Sir Ferdinand, receives Wey¬ mouth’s account, 622; prominent in Plymouth company, 627; father of New England colonization, 725; governor of Plymouth, 726; receives complaints about colonies, 730; quoted, notes,'731- 733; again sends a company, 736, 737; GENERAL INDEX. 99 sends Richard Vines to Saco, 739; has great colonizing plans, 742; patentee in Plymouth council, 744; defends it, 748- 750; grants land to Alexander, 749; ac¬ cused of illegal acts, 750; advocates set¬ tlement of Puritans, 760; energetic in devejoping New England, 790, 791, 793, 7971 patents and names Maine, 791; checked by parliament, 795, 796; in war with France, 820, 825; resumes colonial projects, 826, 827; opposed to Puritans and Warwick, 843, 844; divides Maine with Mason, 844; gains Laconia, 845; buys out company, 846; founds “Lygo- nia,” 847; takes out Agamenticus grant, 848; treasurer of council, 849; tries to abolish it, 851, 852; tries to abolish Mas¬ sachusetts Bay council and charter, 851, 853; blocks out provinces from New England, 854, 857; president of council, 855; his part of new division, 856; fails in plans, 857, 858; dealings with War¬ wick, note, 860; injured by Massachu¬ setts Bay patent, note, 865; possibly con¬ nected with Sir Christopher Gardiner, 888; impoverished, 948; friendly to Mas¬ sachusetts Bay colony, 949; made lord proprietor, 949; dies, 951; deprived of part of his province, 952; rights of in New England descend to grandson, 1306, 1307; his claim revived in 1675, 1435 . Gorges, John, sells Gorges’ patent, 796; sold land to Oldham, 865, 866. Gorges, Robert, son of Sir Ferdinand Gorges, reproves Weston, 789; repre¬ sents council for New England, 789, 793, 794 5 his colony checked, 795, 796; dies, note, 796; his patent, note, 865. Gorges, Thomas, arrives at Acomenticus, 950; takes part in English civil war, 95 1 - Gorges, Capt. William, son of Sir Ferdin¬ and Gorges, takes charge of Agamen¬ ticus, grant, 848. Gorham, Nathaniel, member of the Phila¬ delphia convention, 3264, 3265, 3285; sketch of, 3265. Gorsuch, Charles, occupies farm on site of Baltimore, 1709. Gorton, Samuel, fanatic disturber of Massa¬ chusetts Bay colony, 919, 921; sent away, 929; foments disputes in Provi¬ dence, 1025, 1027; facsimile of title-page of his pamphlet, 1026; signs Pocasset compact, 1035; troubles in Narragansett colonies, 1041-1046; tolerated by Wm. Arnold, 1053; mentioned in Rhode Island charter, 1456; signs petition to royal commissioners, 1460. Goshorn, Alfred T., director-general of centennial exposition, 5527. Gosnold, Bartholomew, conducts English expedition to Cuttyhunk, 618, 619; es¬ tablishes new ocean route, 618, note, 631; urges new expedition, 627; com¬ mands ship in Jamestown expedition, 630; member of Jamestown council, 632; disapproved spot selected for col¬ ony, 633; dies, 639. Gosport, Va., navy-yard established at, 2832. Gosport navy-yard, Va., its importance, 4696, 4697; Capt. McCauley commands, 4697; evacuation of, 4697, 4698; Con¬ federate salvage at, 4697; popular wrath over affair at, 4697, 4698; congressional action on, 4699. Goths destroyed Roman power, 202; in Italy, 257. Gottenberg, Sweden, Griffin returned to, 581; governor urged emigration, 584; Swedish colony sailed from, 597. Gould, Jay, causes monetary panic, 5511; his profits from the panic, 5511, 5512. Governor’s Island bought by Van Twiller, 1119; Prescott at, 2512, 2516; Howe’s fleet at, 2516. Gowanus Cove, L. I., 2512, 2513. Grabowski, Count, killed in attack on Ft. Montgomery, 2656. Gracchus, Marcus, describes explosive com¬ pound, 76. Gracias a Dias cape named by Columbus, 338 . Graffenried, Baron de, leads colony from the Palatinate to Neuse river, N. C., 1811; captured by Tuscaroras, 1812. Grafton, Duke of, in Rockingham ministry, 3089. Graham, John, collects information regard¬ ing the Burr conspiracy, 3834. Graham, William A., secretary of the navy, 4477. Grampus, Confederate gunboat, sinking of, 4838. Granada, Moors attacked in, 284, 288, 290; surrender, 291. Granby, Fort, British post near Camden, 3038; Sumter assails, 3039, 3047; sur¬ render of, 3048; Rawdon retreats to, 3054; Greene and Rawdon at, 3054, 3055 - 100 GENERAL INDEX. Grand army of the republic, organization of, 5325 , 59i6. Grand Cham, 424. Grand Gulf, Miss., battle of, 5145; Grant establishes base of supplies at, 5145; running the batteries at, illus., facing 5H6. Grand Junction, Miss., concentration of Grant’s forces at, 5141; Grant with¬ draws to, 5143. Grand Pre, Nova Scotia, Acadians gath¬ ered at, 2126. Grand river, Can., Cayugas go to, 1518. Grandbury, Gen. H. B., killed at Franklin, 5267. Graney Quarter creek, Armand rallies militia at, 2957. Granganimeo, Indian chief, hospitable to English, 606, 607. Grange, ship, 3469. Grange movement, 5925-5927. Granger, Francis E., postmaster-general under Harrison, 4333; resigns from Ty¬ ler’s cabinet, 4346. Granger, Gideon, appointed postmaster- general, 3172; postmaster-general in Madison’s cabinet, 3896; postmaster- general removed from office, 4046. Granger, Gen. Gordon, at New Madrid with Pope, 4830; lands troops at Mo¬ bile Bay, 5170; sent to Mobile, 5282; at Cleveland convention, 5377. “Granger” railroad legislation, 5848. Grant, Maj. James, in American revolu¬ tion, 2169; outwitted at Grant’s Hill in 1758, 2169-2171. Grant, Gen. James, at battle of Long Is¬ land, 2513; at battle of Germantown, 2628, 2631, 2632; action at Swedes Fort, 2729. Grant, Ulysses S., has sachem of Six Na¬ tions on staff, 1519; commands at Jef¬ ferson City, 4719; sent to Cairo, 4719; saves Paducah, 4719, 4720; moves on Columbus, Ky., 4720; at Belmont, 4721, 4722; reinforced by troops of the Pea Ridge campaign, 4737; gains permis¬ sion to attack Fts. Donelson and Hen¬ ry, 4813, 4814; assails and captures Ft. Henry, 4814, 4815; Halleck reprimands, 4815; moves against Ft. Donelson, 4817- 4824; suffering of troops under, at Ft. Donelson, 4818; terms of Buckner’s sur¬ render of Ft. Donelson to, 4824; ap¬ pointed major-general, 4826; assigned to military district of Tennessee, 4826; eft battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5096- 5106; succeeds Gen. Smith in command, 5098; establishes headquarters at Sa¬ vannah, 5098; reaches Shiloh, 5100; strength of forces at Shiloh. 5100; made second in command under Halleck, 5106; Price’s plans against, 5118, 5119; strength of forces at Corinth, 5119; message from Halleck concerning Price, 5129; watches movements of Van Dorn and Price, 5130; orders Rosecrans to Iuka, 5130; forces at battle of Iuka, 5130; orders Rosecrans to Corinth, 5132; works erect¬ ed at Corinth, 5134; recalls Rosecrans from pursuit of Van Dorn, 5137; protest of Rosecrans, 5137; in command of the army of the Mississippi and the army of the Tennessee, 5140; suggests plan to capture Vicksburg, 5141; concentrates forces at Grand Junction, 5141; cor¬ respondence with Plalleck about cam¬ paigns, 5141; arranges plan of operations with Sherman, 5142; forces of, arrive at Helena, 5142; withdraws troops to Grand Junction, 5143; plans for attack upon Vicksburg, 5143; occupies Grand Gulf, 5145: enters Jackson, 5146; battle of Champion Hills, 5146; at siege of Vicksburg, 5147-5149; report on siege of Vicksburg, 5148; makes terms of capitulation with Pemberton, 5149; oc¬ cupies Vicksburg, 5149; prisoners cap¬ tured at Vicksburg, 5149; assumes com¬ mand of all troops in the West, 5150; ordered to Chattanooga, 5150; given command of Mississippi division, 5154; instructions to Thomas, 5155; arrives at Chattanooga, 5155; battle of Mis¬ sionary Ridge, 5 I 55 - 5 IS 7 ; letter to Washburn, 5211; proposal of Lee for peace negotiations, 5228; asks Lincoln for instructions, 5228; Lincoln’s reply, 5228; instructions to Meade, 5230; be¬ comes lieutenant-general, 5231; plan of campaign in Georgia, 5232; moves to¬ ward Richmond, 5232; portrait, facing 5232; battle of the wilderness, 5233- 5235; losses in battle of the wilderness, 5234; advances toward Spottsylvania, 5235; battle of Spottsylvania, 5236- 5239; orders Sheridan to move toward Richmond, 5239; starts for Richmond, 5240; arrives at the Chickahominy, 5240; battle of Cold Harbor, 5240, 5241; losses, May 5-June 13, 1864, 5242; forces compared with Lee’s, 5242; plan of operation against Richmond, 5242; view of his headquarters at City Point, fac¬ ing 5242; siege of Petersburg, 5243; strengthens his works from Petersburg GENERAL INDEX. 101 to Richmond, 5245; operations in Vir¬ ginia, 5247, 5252; sends Sheridan to drive out Early, 5249; plans for cam¬ paign with combined forces, 5253, 5254; put in command of all the armies of the United States, 5259; plans for cam¬ paign against Hood, 5269; plans for capture of Ft. Fisher, 5280, 5281; re¬ lieves Butler from command, 5281; sends second expedition to Ft. Fisher, 5281, 5282; joined by Sheridan, 5285; plans for Richmond campaign, 5285- 5287; battle of Five Forks, 5287, 5288; battle of Petersburg, 5288; pursues Lee, 5289; correspondence with Lee, 5290, 5291; agrees to interview Lee, 5291; meeting wifh Lee, 5292-5294; submits terms of surrender, 5292; second inter¬ view with Lee, 5294, 5295; returns to City Point, 5296; arrives at Washing¬ ton, 5299; called to New York, 5299; interview with Lincoln and Sherman, 5315; conveys president’s orders to Sherman, 5320; accompanies Johnson on electioneering tour, 5378; appointed to act as secretary of war, 5402; disagree¬ ment with Johnson, 5403; nominated for presidency, 5413; elected president, 5414; ignores Johnson, 5416; special message to congress, 5417; selects cab¬ inet, 5418, 5419; recommends repeal of tenure of office act, 5420; issues proc¬ lamation to people of South Carolina, 5421; letter of instruction to Gen. Ruger sustaining Gov. Chamberlain, 5448, 5449; first administration, 5475-5516; favors treaty for purchase of Danish West India islands, 5481, 5482; sup¬ ports treaty of annexation to Santo Domingo, 5495; renews efforts to secure Santo Domingo, 5495, 5496; appoints commissioners to Santo Domingo, 5496; Sumner’s attack on, 5496; broil with Sumner, 5496; on war claims against England, 5504, 5505; Johnson attacks, 5511; Liberal Republicans oppose policy of, 5519; renominated for president, 5520; reelected president, 5521; second cabinet of, 5521, 5522; tour around the world, 5541, 5542; his campaign speech¬ es, 5566; congress places on retired list, 5591; death, 5621. Grantham, Lord, becomes member of Brit¬ ish cabinet, 3093. Grant’s Hill, Pa., scene of Maj. Grant’s defeat in 1758, 2170. Granville, Lord, palatine of Carolinas, tramples on dissenters’ rights, 1799, 1800; refuses to consider appeal of North Carolina dissenters, 1807;- dies in 1704, 1808; satisfied by treaty of Paris in 1763, 2335; represented Great Britain in war claims of 1871-2, 5508. Grasse, Comte de, great expedition of 1781 under, 3068; Washington and Rocham- beau to co-operate with, 3068, 3079; his portrait, facing 3068; attacked by Graves, 3079, 3080; returns to West Indies, 3083; captures St. Eustatius, 3085; battle with Rodney, 3091, 3092. Grave creek, W. Va., earthwork, 135. Graves, councillor of Massachusetts Bay colony, 869. Graves, Admiral Thomas, Arbuthnot re¬ inforced by, 2970; attacks De Grasse, 3079, 3080. Graves, William J., killed Representative Cilley, 4320. Gravesend, L. I., English at, throw off Dutch rule, 1159; landing-place of Howe’s troops, 2512. Gray, Elisha, his telephone patent, 5531, 5940 . Gray, George, member of Paris peace com¬ mission, 5737. Gray, Robert, discovers Columbia river, 4403 . Gray’s “Elegy” recited by Wolfe at Que¬ bec, 2258, 2259. Gray’s Ferry, preparations for Washing¬ ton’s reception at, illus., facing 3358. Grayson, William, on land division, 3164; elected senator, 3327. “Great Awakening,” revival of religion in New England, 1449-1451. Great Britain, wars of the roses, 13-15; favorably situated for navigation, 115; its historians perpetuate British heroes, 154; claims to new world, 438; ships at St. Peter’s Island in 1536, 515; dis¬ sensions of James I. with parliament, 690, 691, 742; its colonial policy, 702, 708, 747, 751, 789, 795, 796, 916, 917, 2419; struggle of Charles I. with par¬ liament, 715, 717, 857, 863; Cromwell’s strife with parliament, 952; “Barebones Parliament,” 1097; Penn opposed in, 1218; imports Pennsylvania tobacco, 1260; puts William III. in place of James II., 1318; urges Massachusetts to occupy territory disputed after treaty of Ryswick, 1349; takes ship timber from Maine, 1359; hears complaints of Massachusetts in 1723, 1360; joy in, over capture of Louisbourg, 1400, 1401; gains no lasting benefit from King 102 GENERAL INDEX. George’s war, 1410; policy towards colonies leads to the revolution, 1417; signs final peace with Holland, 1431; declares war against France (Queen Ann’s, 1702), 1447; makes war on Holland (1665-1669), 1463; trades with Rhode Island via Boston, 1483; loses chance of securing Canada in James II.’s reign, 1531; ignorant of colonial affairs, 1550; in treaty of Ryswick, 1552; at war with France (King George’s war), 1587; holds Cartagena, Central America, 1663; Cherokee chief educated in, in 18th century, 1838; Moravians flee to, 1866; declares war against Spain (in war of Austrian succession in 1739), 1895; at war with France in 1628, 1935; makes final conquest of Acadia in 1710, 1958; quarrels with French over boundaries in America, 2002; claims a part of Florida, 2002; opposed by France and Spain in colo¬ nial period, 2003; learned by loss of America how to secure her other colo¬ nies, 2053, 2054; has more at stake than colonies in seven years’ war, 2218, 2219; in treaty of Paris, 2302; has Spain as enemy by “Family Compact” in 1762, 2330; hesitates to grasp North America in 1763, 2334; attains great power at close of seven years’ war, 2340; gov¬ ernment opposes manufactures by American colonies, 2349; merchants alarmed by American trade in George II.’s reign, 2354; distrustful of Bute ministry, 2357, 2358; gains a reform through decision about Wilkes, 2359; misunderstands colonial view of taxa¬ tion, 2369; stamp act, 2374-2379; de¬ termined to control American trade, 2404; indignant over Boston “Tea Par¬ ty,” 2405, 2406; thinks ruin would fol¬ low loss of colonies, 2412; contempt for American colonies, 2415-2417, 2724; ef¬ fect of the news of Lexington on, 2441; hires Hessians to fight Americans, 2472, 2473; colonial policy of, 2501-2503, 2715- 2722, 2765; cost of revolutionary war to, 2674, 2714; prohibits paper money, 2684; effect of Franco-American alli¬ ance on, 2711-2713, 2717; great arma¬ ment of, 2810; relations with Spain, 2844-2853; British navy in revolution¬ ary war, 2864; humiliation at American naval victories, 2868, 2869, 2872-2880; British naval losses in revolution, 2900; European nations leagued against Great Britain during revolution, 2903, 3084, 3085; failure in revolution, 2990, 3062; her claim to right of search, 3063, 3064, 3539, 356o; effect of Cornwallis’ sur¬ render, 3084-3088; peace negotiations with the United States, 3090-3100; claims western forts, 3188, 3189; com¬ mercial relations with the United States, 3226-3232, 3445, 3491-3496; Nootka Sound quarrel, 3441, 3442; effect of French revolution, 3459, 3460, 3538; pol¬ icy toward the United States from 1783 to 1795 , 3537 ; Jay’s treaty, 3537 - 3547 , 3553-3558; Jefferson threatens alliance with, 3727; on rule of 1756, 3791-3793; on American commerce, 3792, 3808-3810; neutral rights demanded of, 3794; blockades New York, 3795; enforces right of search, 3795, 3796; congress passes the non-importation act against, 3813; Burr’s negotiations with, 3819; extends continental blockade, 3846, 3847; American claims against, in 1806, 3847- 3850; Napoleon issues Berlin decree against, 3848, 3849; blockades the Amer¬ ican coast, 3853; on Chesapeake affair, 3860, 3861, 3872, 3873; proclamation on right of impressment, 3862; on West India trade, 3863; Jefferson seeks to conciliate, 3873; Rose explains demands of, 3874; effect of the embargo in 1808, 3881, 3882; American trade opened with, 3899, 3900; fresh commercial diffi¬ culties with, in 1809, 3903, 3904; sends Jackson as envoy to United States, 3907, 3912-3915; Madison revokes intercourse with, 3910, 3911; Macon’s bill aimed against, 3925, 3928, 3935; Napoleon’s demand, 3934, 3935; Percival ministry blind to American situation, 3937; en¬ courages revolts in Spanish-American countries, 3939; relations with United States in 1811, 3939, 3947 - 3950 , 3965, 3966; atones for the Chesapeake affair, 3951; continues outrages on American commerce, 3952; demands a disavowal of act of Commodore Rogers, 3953; Napoleon on trade with, 3955; refuses to recall the orders in council, 3972; war of 1812 declared against, 3973; in war of 1812, 3973-4045; controls the great lakes, 3986; demands of, follow¬ ing war of 1812, 4087; relations with, in 1818, 4106, 4112; opens her colonial ports to our trade, 4141; position in regard'to recognizing the South Ameri¬ can republics, 4142-4147; position in - European politics, 4143; attempts to put a stop to the slave trade, 4155, 4156; GENERAL INDEX. 103 mediator between France and the United States in 1835, 4273; proposed tripartite convention to consider Cuban question, 4512, 4513; treaty with United States conferring mutual rights in fisheries (1854), 4548; policy toward United States during civil war, 4901, 4909, 4910, 4924, 4929-4943; treaty with United States on slave trade, 4947; sympathy with North in 1863, 5064; effect of southern successes in, 5083; Confed¬ eracy loses sympathy of, 5230; arbitra¬ tion with United States on war claim..', 5503 - 5505 1 fishery dispute, 5533 - 553 $, 5603, 5605, 5606; reciprocity treaty with United States, 5645; dispute over Alas¬ ka boundary, 5675; dispute with Vene¬ zuela over boundary, 5677, 5678; on bimetallism, 5683; neutral in Spanish- American war, 5719; parcel-post con¬ vention with the United States, 5753 *, on trans-isthmian canal, 5758-5761. Great Eastern, steamer, lays the Atlantic cable, 5485. Great Herminia, Cartier’s flagship, 510. Great Kanawha river, western boundary of Virginia by treaty of Ft. Stanwix, 2328. Great lakes, mounds near, 131, 136; Iro¬ quois extend to, note, 563; early mis¬ takes about, note, 845; boundary of French possessions, 2006; British con¬ trol in 1812, 3986; war vessels on, 5870, 5871; disaster on, 5882. Great Meadows, Pa., Washington in¬ trenches at, 2043; Washington retires to, a second time, 2049; Washington very, sick at, 2067; Braddock dies and buried at, 2079, 2080. Great Miami river crossed by Gist, 2021. Great Smoky Mountains, expedition of Stoneman through the, 5270. “Great Spirit” forbids fire-water to the Indians, 2291. Great Sun, chief of the Natchez Indians, captured by French, 1862. “Great White Arrow,” name for Gov Fletcher, 1550. Greble, Lieut. John T., death of, 4747. Greece, one of Mediterranean states, 105; forms of boats used in, 109; Norse¬ men in, 205; New Haven colony re¬ sembles city-states in, 993. Greek fire, 75-77. Greeks, as to sphericity of earth, 93, 95; rivals of Phoenicians in commerce and exploration, 98, 99; overthrown by Rome, 99; illus. of coasting vessel, fac¬ ing 106; describe their wars with bar¬ barians, 154; emigrants to New Smyrna, Fla., thence to St. Augustine, 2337. Greeley, Horace, active in Whig campaign of 1848, 4431; opinion of Lincoln’s Cooper Union speech, 4589; believes that opposition to Seward would not unite upon a candidate, 4598; portrait, facing 4638; on secession, 4638; on Crittenden compromise, note, 4641; “On to Richmond” cry of, 4741; his letter to Lincoln criticising the conduct of the war, 4954, 4955; Lincoln’s reply to, 4955 * 4956office of N. Y. Tribune at¬ tacked during draft riot, 5182; accuses members of congress of accepting bribes, 5193; criticism of Lincoln, 5197; letter to Lincoln concerning peace, 5198, 5199; communicates with Confederate agents, 5199; in his presidential cam¬ paign of 1872, 5517, 55I9-552I; death, 552i ; 55,39; on spoils system in civil service, 5569. Green, Capt, Confederate officer, reinforces Gov. Jackson, 4705. Green, Duff, member of Jackson’s “Kitchen Cabinet,” 4220; supports Calhoun, 4234; repudiated by Jackson, 4234. Green, Roger, leads a “lost colony” to Carolinas, 1716. Green, Samuel, ancestor of family of printers, 1709. Green, Thomas, successor of Gov. Calvert, 1084, 1086, 1089. Green, Thomas, printer, revives Maryland Gazette, 1709. Green Bay, Wis., explored by Jean Nico- let, 1958, 1959; starting-point of Joliet and Marquette, 1992; French forts on, 2005. Green Mountain Boys, in Wyoming valley, 1273. . Green river, Buckner destroys the locks on, 4806. Greenback Labor party, convention of 1884, 5590 - Greenback party, nominations in 1880, 5566; popular vote, 5567. Greenbacks, amount in circulation in 1893, 5649 - Green, Col. Christopher, Ft. Mercer aban¬ doned by, 2673; at Guilford, 3034. Greene, John, in Providence plantation, * note, 1026; contemporary of Roger Williams, 1472. Greene, Nathaniel, life sketch, 2433, 3012; in Rhode Island legislature, 2434; given chief command of Rhode Island army, 2434; appointed brigadier-general, 2452, 104 GENERAL INDEX. 2453; his model brigade, 2467; Wash¬ ington’s belief in, 2467; at Cobble Hill, 2481; Brooklyn Heights fortified by, 2512; Putnam succeeds, 2512; made major-general and given command of Ft. Lee, 2519; commands Jersey troops, 2519; attempts to hold Ft. Washing¬ ton, 2526, 2527; forced to surrender it, 2527; Ft. Lee abandoned, 2527; at Tren¬ ton, 2540; angered at being outranked by foreign officers, 2554; Gates intrigues against, 2562; at Brandywine, 2614, 2616, 2619; at Germantown, 2628, 2631, 2632; as quartermaster-general, 270 7, 2708; scandal involving, 2708; at battle of Monmouth, 2737-2739; in Rhode Is¬ land campaign, 2754; comment on battle at Savannah, 2829; map of his South Carolina and Georgia campaign, facing 2914; map of his route in Virginia and the Carolinas, facing 2938; Washington wants Greene to succeed Lincoln, 2940; his opinion regarding Gates’ formation at Camden, 2953; presides over Andre’s trial, 2986; South Carolina campaign of, 2990; Gates superseded by, 3012; portrait, facing 3012; Cornwallis’ esti¬ mate of, 3012; his military abilities, 3012, 3013; plan of winter campaign by, 3015; policy of, 3015, 3016; remark¬ able officers of, 3016; operation against Cornwallis, 3018; results of his’strategy, 3026; assumes command of Morgan’s troops, 3027; at Guilford, 3028; retreats, 3028-3030; Cornwallis and Tarleton ad¬ mire, 3030; at battle of Guilford Court House, 3032-3035; pursues Cornwallis, 3036; plans campaign in Virginia and Carolinas, 3037, 3038; returns to South Carolina, 3038; manoeuvres before Cam¬ den, 3042; at battle of Hobkirk’s Hill, 3042; causes of his failure at Hobkirk’s Hill, 3043; after Hobkirk’s Hill, 3045; plans to reduce forts, 3049; invests Ninety-Six, 3051; Rawdon pursues, 3053; retreats, 3053; moves against Stuart, 3073; at the battle of Eutaw Springs, 3074. Greene, Lieut. S. Dana, executive officer of the Monitor, 4912, 4921; statement re¬ garding the Monitor, 4921, 4922. Greenfield Hill, Pequot battle on, 979. Greenland, Indians in, 165; visited by Norsemen, 202, 204; position, 205; Norse settlements in, 206, 207, 209, 219, 220, 230-232, 234, 235; change in climate, 231; oil trade in, 239, 240, 242; “En- groueland” described, 249-251, 253; true position unknown in time of Columbus, note, 278; coasted by Hudson, 543. Greenland company, formed by the Dutch, 541 . Green’s farms, Conn., burning of, 2834. Green’s Harbor, Mass., set off as farms for Plymouth men, 829. Greensboro, N. C., Davis interviews John¬ ston and Beauregard at, 5308; treat¬ ment of Davis at, 5308; Sherman marches toward, 5315. Greensburg, Ky., Ward recruits troops in, 4805. Greenville, O., Prophet founds a village on site of, 3957. Greenville, treaty of, 3529, 3530, 3958; fac¬ simile of medal of, facing 3956. Greenwich, Conn., settled, 992, 993; has¬ tily appropriated by Connecticut colony, 1421. Greenwich, R. I., forcibly absorbed Hugue¬ not settlement, 1480. Greenwich Bay, boundary between Dutch and English territory, 1014. Greer, Lieut. J. A., assists in the arrest of Mason and Slidell, 4927, 4928. Gregory, Gen., at battle of Camden, 2955. Gregson, Thomas, magistrate of New Ha¬ ven jurisdiction, 994. Grenada Island, West Indies, kept by Eng¬ land by treaty of Paris in 1763, 2335; D’Estaing conquers, 2827. Grenfell, Col. Leger, arrested for conspir¬ acy, 5208; sentenced to imprisonment for life, 5208. Grenville, George, hanged in effigy in Bos¬ ton, note, 1390; deserts Pitt, 2356; co¬ lonial secretary in 1763, 2358; char¬ acter, 2358; favors taxing colonies, 2358; portrait, facing 2358; disliked by George III., 2360; succeeds Lord Bute, 2365; cautious in taxing colonies, and suggests stamp tax, 2366; easily secures stamp act, 2370. Grenville, George (the younger), urges the appointment of Chatham as British premier, 2719. Grenoble, parliament of, 9. Grenville, Sir Richard, Raleigh’s cousin, and representative in colony, 608; por¬ trait, facing 608; at Roanoke, 611; in Spanish war, 613, 616. Grenville, Thomas, Vergennes discusses peace with, 3091, 3092. Grenville, Lord William Wyndham, on England’s policy regarding American commerce, 3497; Jay’s discussion with, 3543 - GENERAL INDEX. 105 Gresham, Walter Q., candidate for presi¬ dent, 5623; in Cleveland’s second cabi¬ net, 5648; negotiates treaty of arbitra¬ tion, 5675, 5676. Grey, Sir Charles, at Paoli massacre, 2623; criticism on, note, 2624; at German¬ town, 2628, 2631; pursues Lafayette, 2729; burns New Bedford and Fair- haven, 2759; plunders Martha’s Vine¬ yard, 2759; butcheries of, 2760; ravages at Little Egg Harbor, 2760. Greyhound, Rhode Island privateer, 1481. Gridley, Jeremiah, distinguished Boston lawyer, father of Richard Gridley, note, 1402. Gridley, Gen. Richard, artillerist at Bunker Hill, 1402; sketch of, note, 1402; at Cambridge, 2433; plans fortifications at Bunker Hill, 2457. Grier, Robert C, opinion in Dred Scott case, 4566. Grierson, Col. B. H., cavalry raid in Mis¬ sissippi, 5145. Grierson, Ft., capture of, 3050. Grierson, Col., British officer, killed in Georgia, 3050. Griffin, an American officer, in Washing¬ ton’s plans at Trenton, 2539; valuable ruse of, 2542. Griffin, Gen. Charles, at Bull Run, 4753, 4755, 4757; at battle of Antietam, 5051, 5 ° 5 2 - Griffin, Cyrus, commissioner to the Creeks, 339 1 • Griffin, British ship, 965. Griffin, Swedish ship, 579-581. Griffith, Confederate general, in engage¬ ment at Allen’s farm, 4983; at Malvern Hill, 4988. Griggs, John W., in McKinley’s cabinet, 5695 , 5772 . Grijalva, Juan de, the discoverer of Yuca¬ tan, 396; Cortes follows, 449; remem¬ bered by Aztecs, 450. Grimes, J. W., votes against impeachment of Johnson, 5412. Griswold, Roger, member of fourth con¬ gress, 3565; L) r ons fights with, 3618; his plan concerning state legislature of, , 3781; letter to Oliver Wolcott on Burr, note, 3784. Griswold, Ft., massacre at, 3081. Griswoldville, Ga., destruction of railroad at, 5273 . Groseilliers, Jesuit explorer, perhaps sees Mississippi, 1959. Grosscup, Peter S., issues injunction against strikers, 5670. Grotius, code of, 173. Groton, Conn., Ft., Griswold defends, 3081. Groveton, Va., battle of, 5020, 5021. Grundy, Felix, in 12th congress, 3963; on special committee of foreign relations, 3964, 3965. Guacanagari, West Indian chief, 314. Guadaloupe, West Indies, discovered by Columbus, 323; restored to France, 3732 . Guadalupe-Hidalgo, treaty of, 4401; fac¬ simile of secret article in, facing 4420. Guam, Island of, first anchorage of Magel¬ lan in the Philippines, 414. Guanahani, Island of, discovered by Co¬ lumbus, 304; described, 306, 307, 323, 324; Ponce de Leon passed, 388. Guandape river, early name for James river, 398. Guanica, P. R., Americans drive Spaniards from, 5734. Guantanamo, Cuba, troops moved to, 5734; naval station at, 5806. Guasimas, Cuba, skirmish at, 5728. Guatemala promoted American congress at Panama, 4172; reciprocity treaty with, 5645. Guayama, P. R., engagement at, 5734. Gudrid, wife of Thori, 216; wife of Thor- stein, 219; wife of Karlsefne, 220; moth¬ er of Snorri, 225; descendants, 225, note, 230. Guercheville, Madame de, her settlement destroyed, 676; colony of, in Acadia, 1935 - Guerra, Cristobal, explorer, 373. Guerriere, British ship, at Sandy Hook, 3952; illus. of Constitution and, facing 3988; defeated in battle with the Con¬ stitution, 3990-3992. Guest, Commander, sent with a flag of truce to Ft. Jackson, 4891. Guiana, Dutch (Surinam), exchanged for New York by the treaty of Breda, in 1667, 1498. Guiana, South America, name America first applied to, 371; colonizing of, consid¬ ered by Pilgrims, 758, 763; Vassall brothers trade in, 867. Guicciardini born in Florence, 344. “Guide to the Holy Land” (Icelandic) mention Vinland, 237. Guilford, Conn., part of New Haven col¬ ony; 957; settled, 989; church estab¬ lished, 992; bought from Indians, 992; in jurisdiction of New Haven, 993; hastily appropriated by Connecticut col¬ ony, 1421, 1424. 106 GENERAL INDEX. Guilford Court-House, N. C., battle of, 3031-3035; plan of battle, map, facing 3032; English criticise Cornwallis’ re¬ treat from, 3036, 3037. Guinea, Africa, Columbus’ voyage to, 272, 274, 280; suggested for Swedish colony, 577; Hawkins raids, for slaves, 590. Guiteau, Garfield shot by, 5571. Gulf of Mexico traced by Pineda, 394; by Velasquez, 395. Gunby, American officer, movements of, at Hobkirk’s Hill, 3043, 3044; Greene’s bitterness toward, note, 3045. Gunnbjorne, discoverer of Greenland, note, 207. Gunpowder slowly evolved, 74; hints of, in Odyssey and Dion Cassius, 75; Greek fire, 76; early explosives, 76-78; in Ind¬ ia and China, 78; scientific production of, by Roger Bacon, 79; by Albertus Magnus, 79; by Berthold Schwarz and Date, 79; cannon in Florence, 79; at Crecy, 80; royal monopoly in, 81; ends age of chivalry, 81-84; ushers in age of discovery, 84; picture of early mus¬ ket, facing 84. Gunpowder plot exposed to William Park¬ er, 726; puts Romish church into dis¬ favor, 1060. Gurnet Point, near Plymouth, 770. Gurowski, Count, on McClellan’s snubs to Lincoln, 4782; on Lincoln, 5189. “Gustavus,” pseudonym of Benedict Ar¬ nold, 2977. Gustavus Adolphus II., king of Sweden, portrait, facing 575; gifted champion of Protestantism, 575, 576; patron of Swedish colonization, 576-578; death momentous, 577, 578, 895, 1060. Guthrie, James, secretary of treasury under Pierce, 4519. Guynn Island, Va., Dunmore at, 2489. Guzman, Nunez de, befriended Ponce de Leon, 390. Gwinnett, Button, portrait of, facing 2500. Gwynedd, Owen, prince of North Wales, 245- H. Plaarlem, N. Y., Dutch village in 1664, 1495- Habeas corpus, congress votes on suspen¬ sion of, 3836. Habersham, Joseph, postmaster-general, 3712. Hackensack, N. J., Putnam sent to, 2526; Clinton at, 2549. Hackensack river, Greene crosses, 2527. Hackensacks, Indian tribe, 1133. Hacker, Capt. Hoysted, commander of the brig Providence, 2882. Haddington, Viscount, patentee in Plym¬ outh council, 744. Haddonfield, N. J., Donop at, 2669. Haddrell’s Point, force at, 2506, 2507. Hadley, Mass., attacked by Indians, 1290, 1291. Hagerstown, Va., Lee’s plan concerning, 5032; Lee’s army moves to, 5036. Hague arbitration tribunal, dispute between United States and Mexico submitted to, 5805; Hay supports, 5832. Hague conference, Roosevelt on, 5838, 5839. Hahn, Michael, governor of Louisiana, 5335, 546i. . “Hail Columbia,” origin of, 3622. Hakluyt, Rev. Richard, narrative of Rober- val’s expedition, 517; expedition to Cape Cod, 620; charter member of London company, 629. Hale, Col., at battle of Hubbardton, 2573, 2574 . Hale, Mrs., accused by Paris children of witchcraft, 1341. Hale, Eugene, introduces bill for removal of legal and political disabilities, 5497. Hale, John P., member of senate, 4418; nominated for president by Liberty par¬ ty, 4425; presents plea for Free-soil cause, 4468; nominated for president by Free-soil party, 4507; on arbitrary ar¬ rests, 5185. Hale, Sir Matthew, judges witches in Eng¬ land, 1328. Hale, Capt. Nathan, hanged as spy by Howe, 2517; Andre compared with, note, 2987, 2988. Hales, Rev. Stephen, philanthropist, im¬ proves ventilation in English prisons, 1848; active member of Georgia board, 1848. Half-King, Indian chief, beseeches Wash¬ ington for aid, 2043, 2045; warns Wash¬ ington of ambuscade, 2043, 2044, 2048; helped to win victory in 1754, 2045-2048; accompanies Elliott against the Moravi¬ ans, 2806. Half Moon, N. Y., Schuyler at, 2598; Americans leave, 2608, 2637. Half Moon, Dutch ship, 544, 546, 547. Half-way covenant, reasons for, 1445; GENERAL INDEX. 10 \ adopted in Boston, 1446; opposed in New Haven, 1446; results of, 1446. Halifax, Earl of, cited as to English occu¬ pation of America, 2009; president of board of trade, 2121, 2122. Halifax, N. S., origin of name, how and when settled, 2113; regarded with hos¬ tility by Acadians, 2113-2115; grows rapidly, 2114; Loudon takes command at, 2148; starting-point for Louisbourg expedition in 1758, 2181; Wolfe’s army assembled at, in 1759, 2236; received armament of Louisbourg after seven years’ war, 2328; meeting of the fishery commission at, 5535; U. S. immigra¬ tion station at, 5980. Halifax, British sloop-of-war, 3854. Halkett, James, killed in Braddock’s de¬ feat, 2056, 2076. Halkett, Sir Peter, killed in Braddock’s de¬ feat, 2056, 2076; commanded first bri¬ gade in Braddock’s army, 2066. Hall, Lyman, portrait, facing 2500. Hall, Nathan H., postmaster-general, 4477. Halleck, Gen. Henry W., in command of department of Missouri, 4730, 4788; Buell incurs enmity of, note, 4807; in Cumberland and Tennessee river cam¬ paign, 4813; refuses Grant permission to attack Fts. Henry and Donelson, 4813, 4814, 4817; reprimands Grant, 4815; assigned to the department of the Mississippi, 4826, 4827; appointed gen¬ eral-in-chief of Union armies, 4998, 5010; instructions to McClellan, 4998- 5002; portrait, facing 5000; indecision of, 5015; reasons for relief of Pope, 5026; broken down, 5030; testimony against McClellan, 5039; orders Mc¬ Clellan to cross the Potomac, 5054; opinion of Burnside’s plans against Richmond, 5069; Burnside’s opposition to, 5075; misunderstanding with Hook¬ er, 5086; message to Meade, 5086; order to Grant concerning Tennessee cam¬ paign, 5096, 5097; takes command at the Landing, 5106; proposes to move upon Corinth, 5106; ignores Grant, 5106; new Tennessee campaign, 5109; strength of forces under, 5116; impos¬ sibility of plan of campaign for Buell, 5126; message to Grant, concerning Price, 5129; equipment of army of the West, 5133.; prepares to attack Corinth, 51331 works erected at Corinth, 5139; approves Grant’s plans, 5141; Sher¬ man’s report concerning Georgia, 5279; treatment of Sherman, 5320; apology of, to Sherman, 5321; Sherman’s an¬ swer, 5321, 5322. Hallet, William, anabaptist, 1168. Hallock, William, captured, 2866. Hallowell, controller of customs in Boston in 1765, 2374. Halsey, southern leader in congress in slavery controversy, 4316, 4317. Hambright, Col. Frederick, at King’s Mountain, 3003, 3004. Hamburg massacre in South Carolina, 5446, 5447. Hamilton, Capt., 3993. Hamilton, Marquess of (James Hamilton), patentee in Plymouth’s council, 744, 749; land grant claims transmitted to royal council, 1461; decided against, 1477. Hamilton, third Marquess of, member of council for New England, land assigned to, 855, 856; has assignment of Con¬ necticut land, 958. Hamilton, Alexander, under Washington’s command, 2540, 2621, 2672, 2673, 2697; favors raising negro regiments, 2823; at Camden, 2921; Arnold’s plot dis¬ covered by, 2985; at Yorktown, 3082; defends in suit of Rutgers vs. Wad- dington, 3139, 3140; national bank plan, 3206; urges army claims, 3210; dele¬ gate to the Philadelphia convention, 3272, 3281, 3282; sketch of, 3272-3274; portrait, facing 3284; on people vs. states, 3285; on freedom and power, 3285, 3286; opposes Adams, 3325, 3326, 3682; appointed secretary of treasury, 3338; on national finance, 3360, 3361, 3364, 3365; on state debts, 3367, 3377, 3500; excise law of, 3395, 3504, 3506; national bank report, 3397, 3398; re¬ port on manufactures, 3425, 3426; ad¬ vocates protection, 3425, 3427, 3428; cor¬ ruption charges brought against, by sec¬ ond congress, 3439-3441; opposes Wash¬ ington’s retirement, 3447; 3448; against Jefferson, 3450, 3480; Freneau’s Ga¬ zette, 3455; on relations with France, 3461, 3462; position in cabinet, 3481; urged as envoy to England, 3496; re¬ tires from cabinet, 3501, 3550; actions in whiskey rebellion, 3512, 3517-3519; stoned, 3556; Washington’s dependence on, 3561; leader of cabinet, 3585-3587, 3591; favors French mission, 3594;.Rey¬ nolds affair, 3600-3602; on sedition bill, 3631; advancement in army, 3635-3638; schemes to invade Spanish territory, 3639; opposes Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, 3649; campaigning for 108 GENERAL INDEX. Pinckney, 3680, 3682; opposes Burr, 3688; proposes seizure of Spanish terri¬ tory, 3737; duel with Burr, 3784, 3785; Burr kills, 3786. Hamilton, Col. Andrew, deputy-governor under Penn, 1249; first organized postal service, 1250; tries to conciliate two provinces, 1251; died in 1703, 1251. Hamilton, Andrew, lawyer of Philadel¬ phia, portrait, facing 1570; life sketch, 1571; his famous defense of Zenger, 1571, 1572. Hamilton, George, Earl of Orkney, titular governor of Virginia, draws great reve¬ nue, 1653; his deputies, 1654. Hamilton, Henry, British commander at Detroit, 2782; sketch of, 2782; efforts to check Clark’s progress, 2783; cap¬ tures Vincennes, 2783; facsimile of Clark’s terms of surrender, facing 2784; surrenders Vincennes, 2785, 2786; im¬ prisoned, 2786; assigns Cherokees to massacre in Kentucky and Ohio river settlements, 2789. Hamilton, James, recommends nullification in South Carolina, 4254. Hamilton, John, commands Tory infantry, 2816; Pickens assails, 2817, 2819. Hamilton, Paul, secretary of navy, 3896; resigns his portfolio, 4024. Hamilton, Gen. Schuyler, division com¬ mander under Pope at New Madrid, 4830; near Iuka, 5131; at Corinth, 5141. Hamilton, William, 3478. Hamilton, Fort, O., Butler at, 3414. Hamilton, Ont., Joliet at site of, 1991. Hamilton statehood bill, 5871-5875. Hamlin, Hannibal, nominated for vice- president by Republican party, 4600; vice-president, 4651. Hammond, George, English ambassador to United States, 3446, 3468, 3469, 3537; accused by Randolph, 3559, 3560. Hammond, Samuel, expedition to Florida, 347 6 - Hammond, Ind., railroad strike at, in 1895, 5670, 5672, 5673; Cleveland’s proclama¬ tion to rioters at, 5673. Hammond’s Store, fight at, 3017. Hampden, John, colonist of Plymouth, 785; parliamentary leader, receives Saybrook grant, 849, 859. Hampden and Sidney college in colonial times, 2347. Hampshire Grants, Vt., note, 2522, 2635. Hampton, Capt. Edward, Dunlap routed by, 2931. Hampton, Gen. Wade, Sr., at Eutaw Springs, 3076; member of fourth con¬ gress, 3565; selected to command in war of 1812, 3980; sent to Niagara frontier, 4052; his quarrel with Wilkin¬ son, 4052, 4053; unsuccessful advance on Montreal, 4055. Hampton, Gen. Wade, Jr., wounded, 4970; commands artillery in Stuart’s raid into Pennsylvania, 5052, 5053; in South Car¬ olina, 5313; Democratic candidate for governor of South Carolina, 5448-5451; portrait, facing 5450; gains the dis¬ puted office, 5451-5454. Hampton, Va., British outrages at (1813), 4042. Hampton Court conference, 754, 983. Hampton Institute, 5960. Hampton Roads, Dunmore at, 2486; Mer¬ rimack work at, 4915-4917; interna¬ tional marine celebration, 5657, 5822. Hampton Roads conference, 5226. Hamtranck, Maj., expedition of, 3385; with St. Clair, 3414; commander at Vin¬ cennes, 3522. Hanbury, John, has land grant from George II., 2010. Hancock, John, portrait, facing 2386; rea¬ sons for his political influence, 2387; sloop of, seized in 1768, 2389; ordered to be arrested, 2417; at Lexington, 2421- 2423; elected president of continental congress, 2449; desires to be command¬ er-in-chief, 2450; declared rebel, 2456; assented to burning of Boston, 2480; portrait, facing 2500; leads Massachu¬ setts troops, 2754; introduces amend¬ ments to the constitution, 3309; electoral vote for vice-president of, 3326; Wash¬ ington and, 3359. Hancock, Gen. Winfield S., at battle of Fredericksburg, 5073; portrait, facing 5086; at Gettysburg, 5092; commands corps under Grant, 5232; in battle of the wilderness, 5233; at battle of Spott- sylvania, 5235-5239; at battle of Cold Harbor, 5241; moves upon Richmond, 5245; supersedes Sheridan as com¬ mander of fifth military district, 5394; military career, 5511, note, 5565, 5566; nominated for president, 5565, 5567; death, note, 5566, 5621. Hancock, Md., Pope’s army near, 5053, 5054 - Hancock, U. S. frigate, 2878; captured by British,. 2898; built, 3118. Hand, Maj.-Gen., commands Virginia rifle¬ men, 2545, 3637. GENERAL INDEX. 109 Hanger, Maj., at the battle of Camden, 2956. Hanging Rock, S. C., Rawdon establishes post at, 2921; victory of Davie at, 2933, 2934; Tarleton pursues Americans to, 2957 - Hanham, Thomas, interest in Plymouth company, 726, 727. Hanks, John, originates Lincoln’s nick¬ name, the “rail-splitter,” 4595, 4596. Hanna, Mark, at McKinley’s death-bed, 5788; efforts to end coal miners’ strike, 5809; portrait, facing 5812. Hanover Court-House, Va., 4962; fight at, 4964, 4965; Stuart at, 4974. Hansford, Thomas, hanged in Bacon’s re¬ bellion, 1620, 1621. Hanson, Alexander C., assistant editor of the Federal Republican, 3977, 3978. Hanson, Gen. R. W., at siege of Nashville, 5125. Hapsburg, house of, ascendency in Ger¬ many, 10-13. Hardee, Gen. William J., Confederate com¬ mander, 4723, note, 4729, 4803; at battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5100; portrait, facing 5104; at Corinth, 5107; in com¬ mand of army of the Mississippi, 5119; evacuates Savannah, 5278; moves to¬ ward Charleston, 5278; at Columbia, 5311; evacuates Charleston, 5311; occu¬ pies Cheraw, 5311; retreats before Sher¬ man, 5312; reinforced, 5313; at Averys- boro, 5313; at Bentonville, 5313, 5314. Harden, Col. William, captures Ft. Bal¬ four, 3039. Hardin, Col. John, expedition of, 3383, 3384, 3412. Hardy, George, vice-president of American railway union, arrested and sentenced, 5673 , 5674 . Harlan, Maj., noted Indian fighter, 2800. Harlan, James, resigns office as secretary of the interior, 5371. Harlem Heights, Washington’s troops at, 2516, 2519; battle of, 2519; Howe threat¬ ens, 2526. Harlem river, 2437. Harlow, Edward, in council of Popham colony, 728, note, 730, 732. Harmar, Gen., St. Clair plans campaign with, 3381; expedition, 3383, 3385, 3410, 3413 . Harmar, Ft., Indian treaties confirmed at, 3379; garrison at, 3410. Harmony, Pa., built by Rappites, 4207, 4208. Harnden, Gen. Henry, in capture of Jef¬ ferson Davis, 5309. Harney, Gen. William S., commands de¬ partment of the West, 4707; denounces secession, 4708; Lyon succeeds, 4710. Harper, Robert Goodloe, in congress, 3565, 3596; portrait, facing 3596; defends Judge Chase, note, 3788; at the inau¬ guration of Madison, 3894. Flarper’s Ferry, Va., seized by the Confed¬ erates, 4689, 4695; map of surrounding country, facing 5034; strength of forces at, 5035; Lee’s plan to capture, 5035; view of ferry at, facing 5036; capture of, 5036-5039; occupied by federal troops, 5052; McClellan s army crosses into Virginia at, 5055. Harper’s Weekly, Charleston places ban on, 4616. Harriet Lane, U. S. frigate, in the Atlantic coast blockading squadron, 4853; in naval battle at Galveston, 4866. Harriman, Job, Social Democrat nominee for vice-president, 5766. Harris, Miss Clara W., attends Ford’s theatre with Mrs. Lincoln, 5299. Harris, William, accused of treason, 1052, 1053 - Harrisburg convention demands higher du¬ ties, 4183, 4184. Harrisburg, Pa., Lee’s plan to attack, 5032; Lincoln’s body borne through, 5302. Harrison, Benjamin, in continental con¬ gress, 2449; portrait, facing 2500; led states’ rights party, 3231; nominated for president, 5623; sketch of, t note, 5623; elected, 5624; cabinet, 5624; first mes¬ sage of, 5625, 5626; administration, 5625- 5648; portrait, facing 5626; at Wash¬ ington centennial, 5626-5628; on Ha¬ waiian affairs, 5635; on Samoan af¬ fairs, 5639; renominated for president, 5646; defeated, 5648. Harrison, Carter, mayor of Chicago, assas¬ sinated, 5663. Harrison, Robert Hanson, appointed on war boara, 2969; judgeship declined by, 3339 - Harrison, William Henry, elected to con¬ gress, 3641; secretary of northwest ter¬ ritory, 3641; land offices obtained by, 3674; first governor of Indiana, 3674; governor of Indiana, 3823, 3827, 3995; negotiations with the Indians, 3958- 3961; at battle of Tippecanoe, 3962; appointed to command of western army in war of 1812, 4002; orders Winches- 110 GENERAL INDEX. ter’s advance on Maumee Rapids, 4015; hears of Winchester’s defeat, 4017; abandons the attack on Malden, 4019; goes south for reinforcements, 4020; ordered to act on the defensive, 4025; at Seneca, 4026; forces under, 4030; advances against the British, 4031; su¬ perseded as minister to Colombia, 4220; nominated for president by Whigs, 4324; elected, 4327; inaugurated, 4328; por¬ trait, facing 4330; inauguration, 4332; cabinet, 4333; warning to department heads against abuse of official position, 4333; tomb of, illus., facing 4334; calls special session of congress, 4335; death, 4335 . Harrison, Fort, Ind., 3961, 3979, 3995. Harrison, Fort, Va., capture of, 5246. Harrison’s Landing, Va., 4962; McClellan at, 4991-4993; Lee at, 4993; Lincoln at, 4996. Harrissee, Henry, concerning Vespucci, notes, 346, 351, 354, 358. Harrod, James, delegate to convention on Kentucky independence, 2777. Harrodsburg, Ky., Clark at, 2780; Mor¬ gan at, 5112; Bragg retreats to, 5124. Hart, John, portrait, facing 2500. Hartford, Conn., Dutch fort at, 830, 1012, 1017; centre of colonization, 957; gen¬ eral court at, 972; Connecticut con¬ stitution formed at, 996-999; treaty, 1013, 1014; Dutch fort built at, 1120; taken by English, 1124; receives war¬ rant for arrest of regicides, 1418; con¬ nected with Hadley church, 1419; con¬ ventions at, 2857, 3202; Washington at,* 3359 - Hartford, U. S. ship, in New Orleans ex¬ pedition, 4884, 4888-4890; at Vicksburg, 4895; in battle of Mobile Bay, 5171- 5 X 73 - Hartford convention, 4090-4093; facsimile of report of, facing 4092. Hartley, David, sends Franklin a copy of conciliatory bills, 2716, 3099. Hartranft, Gen. John F., recaptures Ft. Stedman, 5286; candidate for president, 5543 - Hartsuff, Gen. G. S., wounded at Antietam, 5047 . Harvard, Rev. John, college named for, 912. Harvard university, Calaveras skull at, 146; founded, 912; Indians taught at, 1017; Joseph and Paul Dudley, grad¬ uates, 1351, 1352; receives bequest from Paul Dudley, note, 1352; library owns Abenaki dictionary, 1369; Jonathan Belcher, grauduate, 1378; showed un¬ orthodox tendencies, 1444, 1451; early history, 3126, 3127. Harvey, Capt. John, governor of Virginia, 678, 710-712; commissioner to Virginia, 705; arouses rebellion, 713, 714; de¬ posed and reinstated, 715, 1073; dies, 716; favors Baltimore’s colony, 1069. Harvey, John, governor ad interim of North Carolina, 1761. Haselrigg, Sir Arthur, one of founders of Saybrook colony,' 958. Hastings, Francis, see Rawdon, Lord. Haswell, Anthony, fined, 3675. Hatch, leader of usurping party in Mary¬ land, hi 7. Hatchie river, Miss., engagement at, 5136. Hatfield, Mass., sends force against Ind¬ ians, 1297. Hatherly, 'Timothy, one of guarantors of Plymouth debt, note, 818. Hatteras, Cape, Villafane at, 488. Hatteras Inlet, N. C., expedition to, 4871, 4872, 4875 . Hatteras, U. S. ship, sunk by the Alabama, 4867. Hatton, Gen., Confederate, killed in battle of Fair Oaks, 4970. “Hauksbok,” Saga of Eric the Red, 237. Havana (Cuba), commercial centre, 467; part of De Luna’s colony reaches, 487; French at, 493-495; sends reinforcements to Spaniards at St. Augustine in 1732, 1897, 1901; in power of Admiral Vernon, 1902, 1903; starting-point of Spanish expedition against Georgia, 1904; taken in 1762, mostly by New Englanders, 2331, 2332; execution of members of Lopez filibustering expedition at, 4495; view of Morro castle at, frontispiece; execution wall in Cabanos fort, illus., facing 5704; sinking of the Maine in the harbor of, 5704; blockaded by U. S. ships, 5717. Haverhill, Mass., devastated by Indians, 1348. Haverhill petition, 4355. Haverstraw, N. Y., intercepts St. Clair at, 2533 - Haverstraw Bay, Indian troubles at, 547. Haviland, Gen. William, joins Amherst and Murray at Montreal, 2276; cap¬ tured posts on the way, 2276. Havre, France, Huguenot colony sails from, 479 - Havre de Grace, Md., destroyed by British in war of 1812, 4039. GENERAL INDEX. Ill Hawaii, treaty of 1875 with the United States, 5628; revolution in, 5629-5632; provisional government in, 5632-5634; queen abdicates, 5633; treaty of 1892 with United States, 5634-5636; Blount sent as commissioner to, 5654, 5656; effort to restore the queen, 5655, 5656; republic established, 5656; takes oath of allegiance, 5762-5764; McKinley ap¬ points commissioners on legislation for, 5763; census of 1896 in, 5764; education in, 5764; U. S. imports of sugar from, 5858; area and population in 1905, 5963. Hawes at Hobkirk’s Hill, 3043. . Hawkins, Sir John, aids Laudonniere’s col¬ ony, 485; slave-trader, 590; portrait, facing 590; raids Spanish possessions, 590, 626; writes account of southern United States, 591; dies, 592; father of English naval supremacy, 592. Hawkins, Sir Richard, president of Plym¬ outh company, 736; voyage to New England, 737; patentee in council of Plymouth, 744. Hawkins, Thomas, commands fleet for La Tour, 1947; refuses to pursue D’Aunay, 1949- Hawkins, William, introduced slave trade, 590 - Hawley, Jerome, councillor in Lord Balti¬ more’s expedition, 1069. Hawley, Joseph, Northampton leader in general assembly in 1767 and 1768, 2387. Hawley, Gen. Joseph R., presides at Re¬ publican convention at Chicago, 54 r 31 president of centennial exposition, 5527. Hawley, William, governor of temporary colony in Carolinas, 1716. Hawthorne, Nathaniel, account of the Quaker guns at Manassas, note, 4787, 4788. Hay, Lord Charles, criticises Loudon, 2149. Hay, George, district attorney in the Burr trial, 3838. Hay, John, takes message of Lincoln to Greeley, 5199; portrait, facing 5760; secretary of state, 5772, 5821; circular on policy of United States toward China, 5775, 5776; letters to Li Hung Chang, 5777, 5778; demands on China, 578o> 578 i; illness and death, 5831, 5832; Lord Lansdowne’s tribute to, 5832; his record, 5832, 5833. Hay-Pauncefote treaty, 5759-5761; an ad¬ mirable substitute for old treaty, 5832. Hayes, Rutherford B., at battle of South Mountain, 5041; at battle of Antietam, 5044, 5046; on selection difficulties in South Carolina, 5451-5455; on Louisiana election, 5455, 5456; southern policy, 5456, 5457, 555i; nominated for presi¬ dent, 5543, 5544 ; sketch of, note, 5544; elected, 5549, 5550; inaugurated, 5551; cabinet, 5551; portrait, facing 5552; on civil service reform, 5554-5556; policy regarding the Indians, 5556, 5557; on silver coinage, 5562; changes during his administration, 5564; at centennial cele¬ bration of Washington’s inauguration, 5628. Haymarket riot, Chicago, 5602, 5603. Hayne, Col. Isaac, execution of, note, 3055. Hayne, Robert Y., portrait, facing 4228; speech on nullification, 4228-4231; gov¬ ernor of South Carolina urges allegi¬ ance to state, 4257. Haynes, John, founder of Connecticut, 893, 965; political leader, 997; first governor, 1001, 1002; dies, 1018; consults Massa¬ chusetts about Indians, 1039. Hays, Gen. Alexander, killed in battle of the wilderness, 5234. Hayti named Hispaniola by Columbus, 312; Columbus in, 326-331, 337, 3391 Ojeda at, 363, 372, 376; Balboa on, 382; De Leon helps colonize, 387; Diego Velas¬ quez at, 395; Cortes at, 449, 458; Nilla- fane at, 488; Hawkins sells slaves to, 590; congress discusses free trade with, 3902; aided by Spanish-American states, 4173; proposed colon\ r of slaves in, 4647; congress recognizes republic of, 4947; reciprocity treaty with United States, 5645 . Haytien, Cape, 324. Hazard, Ebenezer, as postmaster-general, 3338 - Hazard, Samuel, colonization scheme, 3146. Hazard, U. S. cruiser, 2882. Hazelwood, John, commander of American fleet, 2668. Plazen, Gen. W. B., in capture of Ft. Mc¬ Allister, 5277. Head of Elk, Md. (now Elkton), Howe’s troops land at, 2612; Washington at, 2612, 2907, 2939. ‘'Head of Iron,” nickname of Gen. John Forbes, 2166. “Heads of Complaint” transmitted to Penn from Pennsylvania general assembly, 1254 - Heald, Capt. Nathan, surrenders Ft. Dear¬ born, 3986. Heamans, Capt., at battle of the Severn, 1106, 1108. 112 GENERAL INDEX. Hearst, William R., Democrat minority- vote for, at St. Louis convention, 5817. Heath, Sir Robert, receives patent for Car¬ olina lands, 1716. Heath, Gen. William, at Concord, 2429; appointed brigadier-general, 2452; Peeks- kill occupied by, 2526; Lee’s orders to, 2 533 ; Washington halts brigade of, 2534, 2 543 ; at Peekskill, 2550; at West Point, 3073 - Heckewelder, Joseph, Moravian mission¬ ary, 2805. Heintzelman, Gen. Samuel P., division com¬ mander, 4747; at Bull Run, 4751; corps commander, 4784, 4962, 4963; at battle of Fair Oaks, 4967, 4968; ordered to move upon Centreville, 5019; at battle of Groveton, 5020; at second battle of Bull Run, 5022, 5023; at battle of Chan¬ tilly, 5025; commands corps under Banks, 5031. Helena, Miss., forces of Sherman and Grant arrive at, 5142. Helgi, expedition to Vinland, 228-230. Hell Gate, Block sails through, 550; Der¬ nier in peril at, 741; British line ex¬ tends to, 2515, 2516; illus. of, facing 4070. Helluland, 210, 220, 237. Helm, Peter, 3478. Hemp, staple in Virginia in 18th century. 2349-. Hen, Virginia citizen, killed in 1675 by an Indian, 1613. Henderson, Alexander, member of com¬ mercial convention, 3248, 3249. Henderson, J. B., presents bill to abolish slavery by constitutional amendment, 5340; votes against impeachment of Johnson, 5412. Henderson, James Pinckney, envoy from Texas, arrives in Washington, 4361. Henderson, Col. Richard, delegate to con¬ vention on Kentucky independence, 2777; first president of Kentucky, 2778; sketch of, 2778, 2779; at Eutaw Springs, 3075; Henderson colony headed by, 3148. Henderson, Ky., founded, 2779. Henderson company, history of, 3148, 3149. Hendrick, Indian chief, killed before battle of Lake George, 2096-2098. Hendricks, Thomas A., vice-president, 5590; death, 5592, 5621. Henfield, Gideon, 3469, 3470. Henlopen Cape, Del., called Paradise Point by Swedes, 579: claimed by both Dutch and English, 1677, 1678. Henrico, Academy of, near Richmond, Va., first college in Virginia, 685, 686, note, 1633. Henricus, Va., built by Dale, 671; land set apart in, for university, 685; obliterated, 694. Henrietta, Maria, queen of England, name¬ sake of Maryland, 1064; jewels pawned, 1080. Henry V., king of England, customs-house duties, 13; monopoly of gunpowder, 80. Henry VII., king of England, marries Elizabeth of York, 15; character and policy, 22, 23, 587; portrait, facing 284; sends Cabots to America, 379, 421-429, 434 - 437 , 439 - Henry VIII., king of England, centralizing tendency, 15; negotiates with Sebastian Cabot, 439, 442; dies, 442; in continental affairs, 587. Henry IV., king of France, forwards colo¬ nial expeditions, 502; commissions Mar¬ quis de la Roche, 519; De Chastes, 520; Champlain, 521; De Monts, 523, 621. Henry, Prince, of Portugal, portrait, fac¬ ing 270; patron of explorers, 271; in¬ fluenced Da Gama, 402. Henry, John, sketch of, 3969, 3970. Henry, Patrick, educated in Virginia, 1653; proposed resolutions against stamp act, 2372; makes famous speech, 2373; in first continental congress, 2410; member of continental congress, 2448; estimate of Washington, 2451; governor of Vir¬ ginia, 2780; suggests capture of Detroit, 2786, 2787; on religious freedom, 3108; refused to be a delegate to Philadelphia convention, 3259, 3260; Madison op¬ posed by, 3327; on land grants, 3387; appointed commissioner to France, 3659. Henry, Cape, sighted by Virginia colony, 631; named for Prince of Wales, 633. Henry, Fort, Tenn., erected, 4813, 4814; map of, facing 4814; Grant and Foote capture, 4814, 4815; Wallace in com¬ mand at, 4817. Henry, Fort, W. Va., built, 665; Girty at, 2795 , 2797; defense of, 2795-2797; Eliza¬ beth Zane’s heroism, 2796; McCullough’s leap at, 2797. Henry House Hill, Va., strategic point in second battle of Bull Run, 5023. Herbert, Hillary A., secretary of war, 5648. Herbert, Gen. Louis, Confederate, captured at battle of Pea Ridge, 4736. Heresy laws in Virginia, in 18th century, 1641, 1642. Herjulf, expedition and colony, 206, 207. GENERAL INDEX. 113 Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas, Johnson Hall surrendered to, 2485, 2486; battle of Oriskany, 2588-2591; death, 2593. Herkimer county (N. Y.), Indian outrages in, 2160. Hernnhut, Saxony, a Moravian village, 1865. Heron, Col., commandant in Georgia, en¬ dorsed Bosomworth’s claim, 1925; as¬ sists Malatche’s plans (1747), 1926. Herrera, Spanish historian, note, 369. Herrera, Jose Joaquin de, head of pro¬ visional government in Mexico, 4372; elected president, 4372. Herrick, Capt., captures Skene’s store¬ houses, 2445, 2447. Herring creek, skirmish at, 1105. Hesiod, ideas of earth’s shape, 93. Hesse, Cassel, Germany, sells soldiers to England, 2472, 2473. Hessians, feeling against, in England and America, 2473; at battle of Long Is¬ land, 2513; at battle of Trenton, 2540- 2542; New Jersey militia routs, 2549, 2550; desertion of, 2550, 2627; at Paoli, 2623; at Warren’s Tavern, 2623; at Saratoga, 2646, 2651-2653; Donop com¬ mands, 2669; at battle of Red Bank, 2670. Heth, Gen. Henry, advances near Coving¬ ton, 5122; retreats, and reports at Frankfort, 5122. Hewes, Joseph, portrait, facing 2500. Heves, Pieter, sent to settle Delaware, 566; buys land at Cape May, 566, 569; af¬ fair with Indians, note, 571. Heyward, Thomas, Jr., portrait, facing 2500. Hiatstown, Md., Stuart at, 5053. Hiawatha, pronunciation, note, 159. Hicks, Col. S. G., commands garrison at Ft. Anderson, 5255. Hicks, Thomas H., governor of Maryland, 4691, 4692. Hidalgo v Castillo, Miguel, leads revolt against Spanish rule in Mexico, 4273, 4274; executed, 4274. Higginson, Rev. Francis, teacher in Massa¬ chusetts Bay colony, 869; dies, 878; succeeded by Roger Williams, 900. Higginson, Stephen, on Louisiana purchase, . 375a High commission, court of, in Massachu¬ setts Bay colony, 890; injurious to New England colonies, 958; Hooker sum¬ moned before, 966. High Hills of Santee, Green leaves, 3073. Highlanders settle in Georgia, 1864; dis¬ approve of slavery and protest against it, 1877; second company of, settled in Georgia, 1881; defeated colony against Spaniards, 1881-1884; valiant soldiers of Oglethorpe, 1898, 1904; make brilliant manoeuvre at Frederica, 1908-1913; held aloof from English settlers, 1921; in second attack on Ft. Duquesne, 2167; defeated at Grant’s Hill, 2169-2171; recommended to Pitt by Wolfe, 2176, 2177; charge batteries at Louisbourg ( i 758), 2182, 2183; at Ticonderoga, 2197, 2198; march to Ft. Pitt, 2320, 2325; in Carolinas, 2489; at battle of Long Island, 2513; Brunswick maga¬ zine guarded by, 2530; North Carolina loyal to England, 2810, 2811; settlement of, 2904; at Cross creek, 2921. Hill, Col., pursues Ferguson, 2999; at King’s Mountain, 3505, 3506. Hill, Gen. Ambrose P., portrait, facing 4966; at Meadow Bridge, 4966; in seven days’ battle, 4978,_ 4979; attacks McCall, 4983, 4984; describes battle of Malvern Hill, 4991; in battle of Cedar Mountain, 5012, 5013; in battle of Chancellorsville, 5082; joins Ewell’s corps, 5085; in battle of Gettysburg, 5087; in battle of the wilderness, 5232, 5233; at Ft. Stedman, 5286. Hill, Gen. Daniel H., at Big Bethel, 4746; portrait, facing 4966; at Seven Pines, 4966-4968; in seven days’ battle, 4978, 4979; at Malvern Hill, 4989; at Boones- boro, 5036; at Harper’s Ferry, 5038; in battle of South Mountain, 5040, 5041; in battle of Antietam, 5043. Hill, Col. Edward, owns one of first houses in Philadelphia, 1215. Hill, Isaac, member of Jackson’s “Kitchen Cabinet,” 4219; attack on Portsmouth branch of bank of the United States, 4222; elected to senate, 4227. Hillabees, In,dian tribe, in uprising of 1813, . 4038. Hillsboro, N. C., Johnston encamped at, . 5315. Hillsborough, Lord, colonial secretary, op¬ poses action by colonies on Massachu¬ setts circular letter, 2388, 2389; gives up taxation for revenue, 2392; policy on American colonies, 2713, 2765. Hillsborough, N. C., Kalk at, 2939; Gates at, 2911 , 2958, 3009; continentals at, 2961; Morgan at, 3026. Hilton brothers settle Northam (now Dover), 791, note, 823, 946, 947. Llilton’s Point (now Dover Neck), 946. 114 GENERAL INDEX. Hindeman, Fort, Ark., capture of, 5144. Hindostan reached by Da Gama, 333. Hindus’ notion about shape of earth, 93; compared with American Indian, 181. Hines, Capt., Confederate agent, arrives in Chicago, 5205. Hingham, limit of Massachusetts settle¬ ment, 828, 952. Hinman, Capt. Elisha, commander of the Cabot, 2866. Hipparchus teaches sphericity of earth, 95. Hispaniola, see Hayti. History of New England, by John Win- throp, Sr., 921. History of the new world, by Munoz, note, . 146 . History of the world, by Raleigh, 617. Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, secretary of the interior, 5772, 5821. Hitt, Robert R., on Hawaiian commission, 5763- Hoar, Ebenezer R., attorney-general, 5419, 5521; on joint high commission, 5506, 552I- Hoar, George F., on electoral commission, 5547; opposed McKinley’s Philippine policy, 5746. Hobart, Garrett A., nominated for vice- president, 5688; sketch of, note, 5688. Hobbs, Deliverance, involved in witchcraft evidence, 1335. Hobkirk’s Hill, map of the plan of battle of, facing 3042; battle of, 3042-3045. Hoboken, N. Y., in patroonship of De Pauw, 568; disastrous fire at, 5782, 5783. Hobson, Capt, expeditions, 734, 737. Hobson, Richmond P., sinks Merrimac in Santiago harbor, 5725, 5726. Hochelaga, Indian settlement in Canada, 511-513; map, facing 512; Roberval gov¬ ernor of, 515; Cartier visits a second time, 516; Indian name of Montreal, 1968. Hocking tried to intercept fur trade of Plymouth, 832. Hodenosawnee, Indian name of Iroquois, 1515 - Hodgson, Robert, Quaker preacher, 1169, 1170. Hoei-Shin, Chinese author, 257-260. Hogg, Mrs., in “negro plot” disturbance, I574- Hoke, Gen. R. F., at capture of Newbern and Plymouth, 5173, 5174. Holborn, Admiral, commands fleet at Hali¬ fax in 1757, 2148. Holcroft, John, leader in whiskey rebellion, 3506, 3507- Holden, North Carolina colonist, takes ap¬ peal from colony to England, 1759. Holden, Christopher, Quaker preacher, 932, 933, 936. Holden, Randall, in Providence, note, 1026; in Portsmouth colony, 1037; contem¬ porary of Roger Williams, 1472. Holland, Lord, negotiates with Monroe and Pinckney, 3847. Holland invaded by Northmen, 203; Pil¬ grims leave for America, 537; dilatory in exploration, 541; aids Hudson, 544; Dutch West India company, 553, 554; ostensibly at peace with England, 558, 560; De Vries returns to, 571; Sweden friendly to, 577, 578; separatists remove to, 752, 753, 755; Hooker flees to, 893, 966; unwilling to go to war, 1124; silent in treaty of Stockholm as to American colonies, 1127; signs peace with Eng¬ land in 1674, 1431; makes war on Eng¬ land in 1665-1669, 1463; effect of war on New York, 1498; in treaty of Rys- wick, i55 2 l sends settlers to Carolina, 1745; Moravians flee to, 1866; George III. applies for troops, 2472; Paul Jones compelled to leave, 2895; treaty with, 3065; St. Eustatius restored to, 3085; results of the revolutionary war for, 3099; William Short minister to, 3447; Napoleon’s rule in, 3920, 3933; Ameri¬ can ships seized in, 3932. Hollender, Peter, governor of New Swe¬ den, 582, 583, 585. Hollins, George N., commands Confederate gunboats at New Madrid, 4829; attacks Union gunboats, 4839, 4840; portrait, facing 4840; at New Orleans, 4863, 4864, 4899- Holly Springs, Miss., Van Dorn’s forces near, 53:37, 5142; Grant’s advance on, 5141, 5142; Confederate forces retreat, 5142; captured by Van Dorn, 5143. Holmes, Commodore, over fleet at Halifax in 1757, 2148. Holmes, Ensign, commander at Ft. Miami, treacherously shot, 2310. Holmes, George, leader of Virginia colo¬ nists, 1121. Holmes, John, on the admission of Maine, 4123. Holmes, Rev. Obadiah, whipped in Boston, 923. Holmes, Gen. Theophilus H., Confederate commander at Malvern Hill, 4895. Holmes, William, defies Dutch, 830, 955, 956. GENERAL INDEX. 115 Holms, Sir Robert, sent to put down pi¬ rates, 1776. Holston, treaty of, 3531, 3640. Holt, Charles, fined, 3675. Holt, Joseph, secretary of war, 4629; loyal to the Union, 4633-4635; letter to Lin¬ coln on Fremont’s proclamation, 4718. Holy Alliance, England refused to join, 4143; proposed interference in Span- ish-American affairs, 4145, 4152, 4153; effect of, in United States, 4213, 4214. Holy Cross ? River of (now St. Charles river), 512, 516. ‘‘Holy Experiment” of William Penn, 1250. Holy Ground, sacred town of the Indians, 4039- Holy Wars, see Crusades. Holyman, Ezekiel, first minister in Rhode Island, 1023. Holyoke, Capt., saves Turner’s company, 1298. Homer, his idea of shape of earth, 93. Homestead, Pa., strike at, 5640. Homestead law, congress passes, 4947; ben¬ efits Indians, 5620; congress on, 5761; results of, 5966-5968. Honduras discovered by Columbus, 338; in Vespucci’s story, 351, 359; Pinzon and Solis at, 374; Nicuesa at, 376; disposi¬ tion of, in French-Spanish negotiation, 2846; reciprocity treaty with United States, 5645. Honeoye, Lake, Sullivan at, 2841. Hong Kong differs in time from Manila, 4 T 5- Honolulu, Hawaii, views of, facing 5634; U. S. minister reaches, 5655; Rear- Admiral Miller at, 5763. Hoochcamer, Hendrik, patroon on the Del¬ aware, 583. Hood, Gen. J. B., at second battle of Bull Run, 5023; in battle of Antietam, 5043, 5045; succeeds Johnston, 5262; reputa¬ tion as a soldier, 5262; attack upon Sherman’s forces, 5262; attack on army of the Tennessee, 5263; sends larger part of his cavalry toward Chattanooga, 5263; entirely cut off from his supplies, 5263; .retreats towards Macon, 5264; losses of, 5264; invades Tennessee, 5266; reaches Florence, 5266; at Franklin, 5266, 5267; at Nashville, 5267, 5268; retreats from Nashville, 5268; portrait, facing 5268; attempts to make a stand at Franklin, 5268; condition of forces of, 5268; retreats into Mississippi, 5269; relieved of his command, 5269 Hood, Sir Samuel, sent against De Grasse, 3079, 3080. Hooke, William, in Gorges’ council, 950. Hooker, Gen. Joseph, at Williamsburg, 4796; in peninsular campaign, 4963, 4964; at Malvern Hill, 4988; considered to replace McClellan, 5007; skirmish with Ewell, 5017; at Groveton, 5020; at sec¬ ond battle of Bull Run, 5022; concen¬ trates troops at Fairfax Court-House, 5024; ordered to Germantown, 5024; joined by McDowell, 5025; commands corps in Maryland campaign, 5031; corps of, at South Mountain, 5041; at battle of Antietam, 5044-5047; losses in Maryland campaign, 5052; commands under Burnside, 5070; at battle of Fred¬ ericksburg, 5073, 5074; gives account of attack on Marye’s Heights, 5074; de¬ nounces Burnside’s plans, 5075; removal demanded by Burnside, 5076; succeeds Burnside, 5076; ability and character, 5077; letter from Lincoln, 5077; plan of campaign, 5078, 5079; begins active operations against Lee, 5079; battle of Chancellorsville, 5080-5082; retreats, 5083; appoints Pleasanton to succeed Stoneman, 5084; reinforced, marches to Frederick, 5085; misunderstandings with Halleck, 5086; asks to be relieved from command, 5086; succeeded by Meade, 5086; portrait, facing 5154; at Nashville, 5155; ordered to advance to Chatta¬ nooga, 5155; in battle of Missionary Ridge, 5155, 5156; death, 5621. Hooker, Rev. Thomas, against Oldham and Lyford, 810; assisted by John Eliot, 892; flees to Massachusetts, 893, 894, 966; sketch of, 966; goes to Connecti¬ cut, 968; moderator of Newton synod, 986; leader of political party, 997-999; on popular government, 1002; complaint against Boston, 1003; death, 1018. Hooper, William, portrait, facing 2500; opinion of Washington, 2552. Hopetown, O., earthworks at, 134. Hopewell, treaty of, 3385. Hopkins, Gen., expedition against the Ind¬ ians in 1812, 4003. Hopkins, Edward, Connecticut magistrate, 1001, 1039; dies, 1018. Hopkins, Esek, Commodore, blockaded at Providence, 2531; commander-in-chief of American navy, 2863; secret cruise against Dunmore’s fleet, 2864; sacks New Providence magazine, 2864; fight with English ship Glasgow, 2864; dis¬ missed from service, 2865. 116 GENERAL INDEX. Hopkins, John B., cruise, 2881. Hopkins, Matthew, witchfinder in England, 1328. Hopkins, Oceanus, born on Mayflower, 766. Hopkins, Stephen, colonial delegate of Rhode Island, 1491; governor of Rhode Island, writes “Rights of Colonies,” 2368; chief justice of Rhode Island op¬ poses foreign trial for Gaspee offenders, 2400; portrait, facing 2500. Hopkinson, Francis, portrait, facing 2500; wrote the “Battle of the Kegs,” 2879. Hopkinson, Joseph, defends Judge Chase, note, 3788. Hopkinsville, Ky., fight at, 4805, 4806. Hore, of London, colonizing expedition, 588. Horizon, U. S. ship, decision in case of, 3864, 3866. Horn Point, Md., 1106. Hornet, U. S. sloop-of-war, 3989, 4020, 4021, 4089. Horry, Daniel, 2925. Horry, Lieut.-Col. Hugh, 2925; relinquished command to Marion, 2937; on the San¬ tee, 2992. Horry, Maj. Peter, 2925; with Marion 2937, 2942, 2992; fight with Gainey, 3027. Horse Shoe Bend (Tallapoosa river), Ind¬ ian defeat at, 4058; map of battle of, facing 4058. • Horses, Bay of, so called by Narvaez, 462. Horses unknown to Aztecs, 450; eaten by Spaniards, 462; change life of Indians, 466. Horsey, Col. Samuel, governor of South Carolina, 1833. Horsford, Prof., theory about Vinland, note, 213, 233. Horsham, Pa., country seat of Sir Wm. Keith, 1263. Horst, Myndertsen van, patroonship in New Sweden, 583. Hospital built at Henricus by Dale, 671. Hosset, Gillis, settler on Delaware Bay, 566; buys land on Cape May, 566, 569; trouble with Indians, note, 571. Hot Springs, Ark., reached by De Soto, 475 - Hotinonsionni, native name of Iroquois, 1515. Hottinguer, in X. Y. Z. plot, 3612, note, 36i3 ‘ Housatonic, U. S. warship, 4858. Housatonic river, limit of Dutch coast line, 551; Pequots near, 954; boundary line of, 958. House of Good Hope, Dutch fort, 955. Houston, George H., governor of Alabama, 5429- Houston, Samuel, in campaign against the Indians, 4037; commander-in-chief of Mexican army, 4278; early career, 4278, 4279; defeats Santa Anna, 4282, 4283; facsimile of his letter to Joseph Ere, facing 4358; asks United States to de¬ fend Texas, 4359; senator from Texas, 4376; member of 31st congress, 4452; unsuccessful candidate for Democratic nomination in 1852, 4504; mentioned in presidential nomination by Constitution¬ al Union party, 4595; McCulloch served under, 4733. Howard, Lord, governor of Virginia, ar¬ ranged the Albany congress, 1523; por¬ trait, facing 1630; succeeded Culpeper, 1631; supplanted by Nicholson, 1631, 1632; last governor of his type, 1635; opposes the printing-press, 1652. Howard, Frederick (Earl of Carlisle), member of British peace commission, 2725. Howard, Lieut-Col. John Eager, at Cow- pens, 3021, 3024; portrait, facing 3022; at Hobkirk’s Hill, 3044. Howard, Martin, Jr., colonial delegate of Rhode Island at Albany, 1491. Howard, Gen. Oliver O., brigade com¬ mander, 4748; Bull _ Run, 4755, 4758; in battle of Fredericksburg, 5073; in battle of Chancellorsville, 5080, 5081; at Gettysburg, 5087; attack of Hood on, 5264; in march to the sea, 5272; storms Ft. McAllister, 5277; Sherman consults with, 5317;. portrait, facing 5358; ap¬ pointed chief of freedmen’s bureau, 5358; in Indian campaign, 5540, 5541. Howard, William A., on committee to in¬ vestigate conditions in Kansas, 4535. Howard association work in yellow fever epidemic of 1853, 4521. Howe, Gen. George Augustus, brother of Richard Howe, 2187; expedition against Ticonderoga, 2187; noble character, 2187, 2188; led the attack on Ticonder¬ oga, 2190, 2192, 2193; killed, 2193, 2235; result of his loss, 2189, 2193. Howe, Richard, first Earl Howe, British admiral, brother of George Augustus and Sir William Howe, 2187. Howe, Richard, British rear-admiral, ar¬ rival of. 2510; efforts to negotiate, 2511, 2517; fleet at Long Island, 2516; Dela¬ ware river partly opened by, 2626, 2668; encounters French fleet, 2752, 2756, 2758, GENERAL INDEX. 117 2759; portrait, facing 2754; resigns and returns to England, 2759. Howe. Robert, burns Norfolk, 2488; expe¬ dition against Prevost, 2812, 2813; re¬ placed by Lincoln, 2814; routed by Campbell, 2815; at Verplanck’s Point, 2837. Howe, Samuel, G., commissioner to Santo Domingo, 5496. Howe, Timothy, postmaster-general, 5572. Howe, Sir William, policy in American revolution, 1917, 2235; brother of Rich¬ ard Howe, 2187; under Wolfe at Que¬ bec, 2235, 2259; ordered to America, 2419; at Bunker Hill, 2460, 2461; war policy, 2479; portrait, facing 2480; at Boston, 2481-2483; New York cam¬ paign, 2498, 2511-2515, 2517-2521, 2526, 2527; winter quarters on Delaware river, 2529-2531; in New York, 2544; fear of Washington, 2551; campaign plan of 1777, 2557, 2558, 2560; Germain’s orders to, 2561, note, 2568; magazine at Peekskill sacked by, 2566; second New Jersey campaign, 2609, 2610; aban¬ dons Burgovne, 2611; plan of Philadel¬ phia campaign, facing 2612; Philadelphia campaign, 2613-2615, 2622-2625; battle of Brandywine, 2616-2620, 2624; at¬ tempt to clear the Schuylkill, 2626-2628; battle of Germantown, 2628-2633; con¬ gress breaks faith with, 2665; precarious position at Philadelphia, 2668; abandons Hudson forts, 2669; asks leave to re¬ sign, 2672; reduces forts on Delaware, 2673; ignorant of condition of prison, 2710; Clinton replaces, 2725-2727; crit- cism on, 2726, 2727; resigns, 2727; sails for England, 2727; Meschianza given in honor of, 2727, 2728; foiled by La¬ fayette, 2729. , Howell, son of Gwynedd, 245. Howell, governor of New Jersey, com¬ mands troops in whiskey rebellion, 3517. Howell, David, 3131; on committee on land grants, 3160, 3161. Howick, Lord, succeeds Fox, 3848; issues order of council, 3850. Holland, John, one of guarantors of Plym¬ outh debt, note, 818; in Kennebec fray, 832. Hoyt, governor of Pennsylvania, in cele¬ bration of memory of William Penn, 5587. Hubbard, James, leader of English colo¬ nists on Long Island, 1156, 1159. Hubbard, Lurius F., captures entire com¬ pany of Confederates, 4731. Hubbardton, battle of, 2574. Huck, Christian, expedition against Whigs, 2929; death, 2929. Hudson, Henry, English navigator, 543; cast away by his men, 543, 549; employed by Muscovy company of England, 543, 544; undertakes third search for Hol¬ land, 544; discovers Hudson river and Manhattan Island, 545-547, 647; fourth voyage and discovery of Hudson’s Bay and Strait, 548; English claim through him, 573, 676. Hudson, U. S. warship, 5727. Hudson river, discovery, 545, 647; Dutch on, 550, 551, 562, 563, 567, 568, 573, 953, 1132, 1914; Argali tries to drive Dutch from, 557, 558; Pilgrims give up, 766, 767? 798-800; skirmishes on, 2511; Americans command, 2526; Clinton opens, 2654, 2656; Vaughan and Wal¬ lace in valley of, 2657; Rochambeau takes troops to, 3070; proposed canals from, 3930. Hudson’s Bay, 156; discovered by Hud- son, 548. Hudson’s Strait discovered by Hudson, 548. Huger, Benjamin, portrait, facing 4966; at Fair Oaks, 4966; at Malvern Hill, 4989. Huger, Gen. Isaac, defeated by Tarleton, 2911; with Greene, 3027. Hughes, Col., ordered to seize all water¬ craft, 2515. Hughes, John, archbishop of New York, supports the L T nion, 4923. Hughes, Thomas, on English attitude to¬ ward the United States, 4935, 4936. Hughson, John, in “negro plot” in New York, 1574. Huguenots, Coligny’s colonies, 479; under Laudonniere and Ribault, 479, 4.82, 486, 489, 490, 492-495, 590; benefit the Dutch on Manhattan Island, 538; like the Wal¬ loons, 555 J de Pauw descended from, 568; Kirke one of, 845; French policy towards, 868; in Greenwich, R. I., 1480; arrive in Virginia, 1634, 1635; distrust Catholic church even in America, 1686; in the Carolinas, 1713; driven from France to London and different parts of America, 1746; make desirable set¬ tlers, 1746, 1747; objected to tax on tobacco in North Carolina, 1756; do not object to slave trade in South Caro¬ lina, 1769; forbidden political rights in South Carolina, 1786, 1787; finally given franchise in Carolinas under Gov. Arch¬ dale, 1794; fight desperately against 118 GENERAL INDEX. French in war of Spanish succession, 1802, 1803; came to Ft. St. Jean to re¬ inforce La Tour, 1945; not allowed to emigrate from France, 1994, 2003. Huitzilopochtli, war-god of Aztecs, 452, 455. Hull, Capt. Edward, in command of Rhode Island navy, 1154, 1155. Hull, Isaac, U. S. navy, 3624; portrait, facing, 3988; commands the Constitu¬ tion, 3989; fights the Guerriere, 3990- 3992. Hull, Gen. William, compared to St. Clair, 2572; plans invasion of Canada, 3981; receives notice of declaration of war, 3982; at Detroit, 3982, 3984-3987; be¬ sieges Malden, 3983; Brock demands surrender of Detroit, 3985. Hull, Mass, (formerly Nantasket), 811, 879. Hiilsemann, J. G., Austrian charge d’ af¬ faires, controversy with Webster, 4492- 4494; in Koszta case, 4523. Hulston’s Ferry, Ashe’s position at, 2819. Humboldt locates Leif Ericsson’s settle¬ ment, 212. Humphrey, John, in Massachusetts, 864, note, 865, 873, 874, 894. Humphreys, Capt., commander of the Leop¬ ard, 3856. Humphreys, Gen. Andrew A., at Malvern Hill, 4987. Humphreys, Col. David, accompanies Washington, 3329; commissioner to the Creeks, 3391; appointed to treat with the Barbary states, 3446; minister to Portugal, 3447; portrait, facing 3452. Humphreys, David, sheep raiser, 3894. “Hundred Associates” for colonizing Can¬ ada unsuccessful, 1967; deeded land to founders of Montreal, 1968. Hungary revolts from Austria, 4492, 4493; sending of agent to, by Taylor, resented by Austria, 4493, 4494. Hunker’s influence in New York politics, 4426. Hunt, Gen. H. J., in battle of Gettysburg, 5090-5092. Hunt, Rev. Robert, first English minister in America, 634. Hunt, Thomas, kidnapped Indians, 735, 775. Hunt, Washington, elected governor of New York, 4498. Hunt, William H., secretary of the navy, 55 6 7 . Hunter, Gen. David, commands in Fre¬ mont’s campaign, 4723; succeeds Fre¬ mont, 4724; opinion of Fremont, 4728; division commander, 4747; at Bull Run, 4751, 4752; emancipation proclamation of, 4953; appointed in place of Sigel, 5247; defeats Breckenridge’s forces at Piedmont, 5247; retreats from Shenan¬ doah valley, 5247. Hunter, Gen. Robert, life sketch of, 1561, 1562; as governor of New York, 1562- 1564; captured on his way to assume governorship of Virginia, 1562, 1564; as governor of Jamaica, 1564. Hunter, Robert M. T., elected speaker of the house, 4323; speaks in favor of slavery, 4467, 4468; and Buchanan, 4628; speech against employment of slaves as soldiers, 5224; member of Hampton Roads conference, 5226; declaration of Lee to, 5 22 8; member of peace commit¬ tee of Confederate senate, 5229. Hunter, British ship, 4028, 4029. Huntington, C. P., head of Central Pacific railroad, 5491. Huntington, Samuel, portrait, facing 2500; president of continental congress, 2850; appointed brigadier-general, 3637. Huntington, L. I., part of Connecticut col¬ ony, 957. Hunton, Eppa, on electoral commission, 5547 - Hunt’s Bluff, American victory at, 2935. Huntsville, Ala, Mitchell enters, 5109. Huntsville, Confederate ram, sunk by Mau¬ ry, 5284- Hurlbut, Gen. S. A., in battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5098-5102; in army of the West, 5133; in Sherman’s movement to Meridian, 5254. Hurley, N. Y., settled by Gov. Lovelace, 1503. Huron country, population in early 17th century, 1964. Huron Lake, northern part well known to French in 1665, 1986; La Salle prob¬ ably on, 1991. Huron war checks exploration of Father Jogues, 1959. Hurons, Indian tribe, 159, 530, 535; in French expedition against Albany, 1539; in bad repute among early settlers of Canada, 1963, 1964; Jesuits establish mission among them, 1963-1967; hold Jesuits responsible for unfavorable con¬ ditions, 1965, 1966; attacked again by Iroquois (1643), 1969; power broken by Iroquois, 1970-1973; converted, remain faithful to Christianity, 1974, 1975; with Daulac at Long Saut, 1979; treacherous at Ft. Sandusky, 2309. Huss, John, picture, facing 30; martyrdom, 31 - GENERAL INDEX. 119 Hutchins, Waldo, leader of the Liberal Republicans, 5518; elected to congress, 55i8. Hutchinson cited by Williamson on La Tours, note, 1938. Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne, in Boston, 905, 910, 924; settlement of, in Rhode Is¬ land, 914, 931; death, 1019, 1136, 1137; Gov. Winthrop on, 1034; “Annie’s Hoeck” at New Rochelle, 1136, 1137. Hutchinson, Edward, in Massachusetts col¬ ony, 1032. Hutchinson, Thomas, governor of Massa¬ chusetts, becomes chief justice and up¬ holds writs of assistance, 2361; argues ably against taxation in 1764, 2368, 2369; cited as to stamp act, 2372; house pil¬ laged by stamp act mob, 2375; suc¬ ceeds Bernard, 2392; removes troops to Castle William, 2395, 2396; portrait, facing 2400; seriously injured by pub¬ lication of letters, 2401, 2402; might have been a valuable friend of the colo¬ nies, 2402; removal petitioned for, 2402; firmly opposes evasion of tax on tea, 2403, 2404; called to England, 2407. Hutchinson, William, settler of Ports¬ mouth, 1034; signer of Pocasset com¬ pact, 1035; honored at first Rhode Is¬ land election, 1037, 1038. “Hutchinson letters” make trouble in Mas¬ sachusetts, 2401. Hyde, Anne, mother of Queen Mary and Anne, 1558. Hyde, Edward, governor of Carolinas, en¬ counters opposition, 1808; calls on Gov. Spotswood, 1809; appeals to Virginia for help during Tuscarora outbreak, 1813; leads party against them, 1814; dies, 1815. Hyde, Edward, first Earl of Clarendon, see Clarendon. Hyde, Edward, Lord Cornbury, see Corn- bury. Hyder Ally, U. S. cruiser, capture of the General Monk, 2899, 2900. Hyder Ali, 3085. I. Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d’, at¬ tempts to form a settlement in Louisi¬ ana, 1998. Iberville river, boundary between French and English territory in 1763, 2334; part of Louisiana boundary, 3765, 3943. Icaria, mythical country, 253, note, 256. Iceland favorably situated for navigation, 115; settled by Norsemen, 202, 203; first settlement by whites in America, 204; continuous history, 204; civilization high, 205, 206; colonizes Greenland, 206; Eric the Red, Herjulf and Bjarne, note, 207; Bjarne’s discovery of America, 207- 209, note, 209; Thorhal fails to find, 223; Helgi and Finnbogi visit, 228, 230; Karlsefne plans to visit, 229, 230; “Royal Annals of Iceland,” 235; “Book of Iceland,” 236; Icelanders’ “Booklet,” 236; “Landrama-Bok,” 236; “Flatey Book,” 237; last voyage to America be¬ fore Columbus, 238; “Black Death” does not reach, 239; trade monopoly, 239; revival of migration, 241; pride in Leif Ericsson, 241; Vikings of, 241; no per¬ manent results from discovery, 242; visited by Columbus, 276, 277; perhaps visited by John Cabot, 422; provided fish for England, 427. Ichuse (Santa Rosa Bay, Fla.), 487. Idaho, Indians in, 163. Ihonatiria, chief town of the Huron Ind¬ ians, 1963. Illinois, Indian tribe, branch of Algon- quins, 162; Marquette’s mission to, 1993; village destroyed by Iroquois, 1995. Illinois (state), Tonty in, 1994; Indians defend against intrusion, 2317; French counseled peace, 2327; colonial immi¬ gration to, 2765; favorable for con¬ quest, 2780; map of, facing 2780; Clark’s expedition to, 2779-2786; de¬ scription of the country, 2780; coloniz¬ ing plans for, 3146; Clark governs, 3134, 3694; early government of, 3187, 3188; pioneer life in, 3694; authorized to form a state government, 4106; slavery for¬ bidden, 4206; Mormons driven from state, 4436; underground railroad, 4490; declares against Lincoln’s administra¬ tion, 5061; disaffection in, 5201; Sons of Liberty in, 5202; plot to liberate pris¬ oners at Camp Douglas, 5207; ratifies thirteenth amendment, 5213; prohibits boycotts, 5896. Illinois Central railroad, 4527. Illinois river, La Salle probably on, 1991; Joliet and Marquette on, 1992; La Salle on, en route for Mississippi expedition, 1996; reached by survivors of La Salle. 1997; headwaters of, regarded as limit of Canada in 1760, 2276. “Image of the World,” by Petrus Alliacus, 278, 279, 370. Imboden, Capt. J. D., at Bull Run, 4753. 120 GENERAL INDEX. Immigration, undesirable law against, in Rhode Island, 1480; immigrants in New York in 1685, 1526; in 1880, 5542; Roosevelt on, 5837; Chinese, 5899-5908; restriction of, 5978, 5979; Owen law, 5979; immigrant stations, 5980; num¬ bers of immigrants from all nations in United States, 5981, 5982; in New Eng¬ land, 5983; in the South, 5983, 5984. Immigration bureau, report for 1905, 5978- 5984 - Impressment of seamen, Great Britain en¬ forces, 3539; in Jay’s treaty, 3545; Great Britain’s position on, 3793-3796, 3861, 3862; Jefferson complains against, 3808; congress on, 3812; American sailors im¬ pressed, 3939; number of complaints registered regarding, 3988; Madison protests against, 4010; bill to prevent, 4011. Imprisonment, nature of, in 18th century, 1705. Incas of Peru, 383, 464. Indented servants in Virginia, their condi¬ tion, 1649. Independence, continental congress on, 2494-2499; Jefferson drafts declaration of, 2500; portraits of the signers, facing 2500; effect of the declaration, 2500, 2501; Spain and France’s wishes re¬ garding American, 2847-2849. Independence, Fort, Putnam at, 2655, 2656. Independent telephone associations of the United States, 3943. India, gunpowder known in, 74, 75, 78; sphericity of earth known in, 93; goal of early discoverers, 154; early dis¬ coverers mistake America for, 305, 306, 318; sea route to, 541, 543; France loses colonies in 1759-1775, 2340. Indian confederacy, Tecumthe and the Prophet, 3956, 3960; British support, 3959 - Indian Ocean, Bartholomew Diaz in, 286; Columbus seeks, 329, 330; Gama in, 404; Magellan’s ship crossed, 418; a pirate lair in 17th century, 1554. Indian Springs treaty, 4178. Indian Territory, Indians in, 162, 187; Hayes’ policy on, 5556; part opened for settlement, 5645, 5646; storms in, 5664; plan to unite with Oklahoma to make one state, 5871-5875; area (1905), 5963; population (1905), 5963- Indiana, French forts in, 2005; organized, 3674; Vincennes first capital of, 3674; Harrison first governor of, 3674; asks for slavery in 1803-4, 377 °; Harrison unpopular in, 3958; underground rail¬ road in, 4490; Republicans victorious in (i860), 4602; declares against Lin¬ coln’s administration, 5061; Morgan in, 5120; obstructive action of legislature in, 5201; Sons of Liberty in, 5202-5204; plot to rescue prisoners in, 5207. Indiana company absorbed by the Vandalia colony, 3148. Indianapolis, Ind., Lincoln’s speech at, 4665, 4666; Lincoln’s body borne through, 5302; Johnson not allowed to speak at, 5378; Fenians at, 5483; railroad strike at, 5553; first encampment of Grand Army, 5916. Indians of America, their boats, 107; ques¬ tion of origin, 122, 129-131; same stock as mound-builders, 132; do not make stone tools, 141; hold their own at pres¬ ent, 149, 197; little history, 150; described as Skraellings by Norsemen, 150, 151; lack of ambition, 150, 181, 184; language, 150, 192-197; as first seen by Columbus, 152, I 53 > 303-311; meaning of name, 154 , 155 , 305 ; hostile to Spaniards, 154, 339, 399; map of language stocks, facing 155; character, 155; how distributed, 155-166; spelling, note, 156; pronunci¬ ation, notes, 159, 162; pictures of types, facing 161, 163; of scalp-dance, facing 166; tastes and occupations, 166; mode of war, 167, 168, 170-174, 183, 536; relations with Europeans, 168, 169, 183; tribal feuds and confederacies, 169, 170, 185; weapons, 174-176; buildings, 176, 177; body-painting, 177; garments, 178, 187; social system, 178; polyandry, 179; tribal interests, 179; position of squaws, 180; love of solitude, 181; chiefs, 185, 186; medicine-men, 185, 190; present progress, 187; feasts, 187; picture-writ¬ ing, illus., facing 187; religion, 189, 190; laws and usages, 191, 192; ownership, 192; appearance, 197, 198; fight with Norsemen, 217, 218, 224, 227, 231; dis¬ placed by whites, 231; Welsh-speaking, 247; mythical traditions, 247. In con¬ nection with the Spanish: In Hayti, 327, 33L 339; enslaved, 333, 337, 356, 363, 364, 376 , 380, 39L 460; Vespucci’s accounts of, 356; de Solis killed by, 375, 441; tell Balboa about Peru, 382; befriended by Balboa, 386; revenge in¬ juries, 394; well treated by de Ayllon and king, 397; fight in manner of Fil¬ ipinos, 417; less civilized than Aztecs, 445 ; _ capture Narvaez’s men, 463; retaliate for Spanish cruelty, 467; story GENERAL INDEX. 121 of Ortiz, 467, 470; abused by Soto, 468- 472; bad traits, 470-478; queen captured, 471; cacique captured, 472, 473; slaugh¬ tered at Mobile, 473. In connection with the French: Huguenots wish to Christianize, 479; generous to French in Florida, 481; murder Father Luis Cancer, 486; hostile to De Luna, 487; invest Spaniards at St. Augustine, 496; in league with De Gourges, 498; va¬ rious types met by French explorers, 505, 509, Si 1, 512, 514, 516, 517, 528; unjustly treated by Cartier, 509, 514-516; information sometimes credible, 511, 512, 530; sometimes fabulous, 512, 522, 526; towns in Canada, 513, 526; first truth¬ fully described by Champlain, 528; en¬ counter firearms for first time, 531, 533; De Vignan’s experience among, 534; ap¬ preciate Champlain’s good faith, 535; enmity between northern tribes, 530- 537; Champlain’s happy influence over, 539, 540. In connection zvith Dutch: Greet Hudson, 545; alienated by Jacob Eelkens, 559; patroons buy lands from, 562, 565-567, 584; fur trade enforces peace with, 563; destroy Swaenendael, note, 571; prefer Swedes to Dutch, 582. In connection zvith the English: Accu¬ rate account of, by Sir John Hawkins, 591; very friendly to Drake in Califor¬ nia, 593-595; in Carolina, 606, 607; pil¬ laged by English, 608; become distrust¬ ful, 609; pictures of towns, facing 610, 614; of sports, facing 612; massacre first Roanoke colony, 612, 613; second one, 615; Hatteras Indians perhaps af¬ fected by white ancestry, 615; on Cape Cod, 620; in Virginia, 634-685, 692-696, 718, 719; stubborn in resisting whites, 695, 7 1 8, 7 T 9 - connection with New England: Dealings with Popham col¬ ony, 729, 730; Tisquantum, 740, 741; as seen from the Mayflower , 770; weak¬ ened in Massachusetts before arrival of Pilgrims, 774; adventures of Pilgrims with, 775-788; murder Oldham, 811; trade makes currency of wampum, 820, 918, 919; in Merry-Mount orgies, 822; justly treated by Puritans, 835; plot against colonies, 837; early relations with Massachusetts Bay colony, 879-888; sell land to Wheelwright, 947; feuds in Connecticut, 954; portrait of Niantic chief, 954; seek alliance with Massachu¬ setts Bay, 954; treatment of forest, 956; dangerous to proposed colonies, 963; swept away by epidemic in Connecticut, 968; in Pequot war, 969-981; treaty with New Haven settlers, 989; sell land to New Haven, Milford and Guilford, 992; intercourse, with, regulated, 1006, 1007; dealings of Connecticut with Narragan- setts and Mohegans, 1007-1012; attempts of Harvard college to educate, 1017, 1018; endanger Narragansett Bay colo¬ nies, 1038; intercourse with Lord Balti¬ more’s colony, 1070-1078; New England union against, 1128; allied with Dutch for commercial reasons, 1129; refugees come for aid to De Vries, 1132; protect¬ ed by Penn, 1198, 1199; sell to Penn, 1200; drove off Mason and Dixon, 1206; treaty with Penn, 1210-1213; why friendly to Penn, 1213; Penn tries to uplift, 1217; of New Jersey, missionary work among, by George Keith, 1237; in Pennsylvania, preached to by George Keith, 1237; sachems exchange visits with Penn, 1245; instructed by Quakers, 1246; new treaty with Penn, 1246, 1247; massacred by Paxton boys, 1267; Beth¬ lehem endangered, 1268; in King Phil¬ ip’s war, 1283-1302; Andros invalidated Indian titles to property, 1316, 1317; made barbarous attacks on Massachu¬ setts and New Hampshire, 1353, 1373; war on English in Nova Scotia, 1383; organized in French army to attack English colonies, 1404; sold in slavery after King Philip’s war, 1468; well treated in New York by Gov. Nicholls, 1496, 1497; in Virginia in 1675, 1611- 1613; in Bacon’s rebellion, Virginia, 1613, 1617; boys of, educated in Will¬ iam and Mary college, 1652; make last¬ ing treaty with Charles Calvert, 1678, 1679; make reparation for massacre, 1679; in Maryland, do not sincerely adopt Christianity, 1706; in Carolinas, rendered friendly by New Englanders’ missionary work, 1715; justice towards, enforced by temporary laws in South Carolina, 1741, 1742; regarded as ene¬ mies by Carolina settlers, 1749; war of, in South Carolina in 17th century, 1767, 1768; enslaved and sold to West Indies, 1768, 1836; almost exterminated, 1768, 1769, 1771; Gov. Archdale makes peace with, 1793 . 1794 i in Georgia, favor Scotch, 1864, 1881; their trade subject of contention between Georgia and South Carolina, 1879; assist Oglethorpe in Spanish invasion of Georgia, 1904, 1905, 1911, 1912; in Georgia, kept in good temper through Mary Musgrove, 122 GENERAL INDEX. 1924; majority on French side in 1755, 2008; on Great Miami river, unused to white men before Gist, 2021; rights as compared with those of civilization, 2028; equally hostile to French and Eng¬ lish at Ft. Duquesne, 2042; refuse to stand fire at Ft. Necessity, 2050; can not be controlled by French commander, 2051; can not endure cannon-fire, 2059, 2085; fighters undervalued by Braddock, 2060, 2061, 2064; in Dieskau’s army in 1755, 2092, 2097, 2098, 2100; in Johnson’s force in 1755, 2092; in Montcalm’s army, 2132, 2148, 2150, 2180, 2251; not useful in a siege, 2134; murdered prisoners, 2136; ravaged English frontiers in 1756, 2139; torture English at Lake George, 2150, 2155, 2157; atrocities at Ft. William Henry, 2156, 2157, 2230; destroy Ger¬ man Flats in 1758, 2160; torture English prisoners near Ticonderoga, 2180; leave raising crops to women, 2180; treatment of Putnam, 2202-2205; at Ft. Niagara, 2229; controlled by Johnson, 2230; atrocities at battle of Montmo¬ rency, 2246; lose faith in French, 2251; preferred French to English, 2281, 2286; torture of prisoners, 2300, 2304, 2309, 23 1 5-23 1 7, 2325. During Revolutionary War: Outrages under Burgoyne, 2579, 2580; England’s policy toward, 2585; at battle of Oriskany, 2590-2594; dis¬ appointed at Ft. Stanwix, 2596; at Ben¬ nington, 2603; at battle of Saratoga, 2639; Tory ferocity compared with, 2749; massacre of Wyoming, 2751; mas¬ sacre of Boone’s party, 2768; outrages during Dunmore’s war, 2769-2771; bat¬ tle of Point Pleasant, 2773, 2774; out¬ rages under Col. Byrd, 2792; specimen of literature, 2798; Sullivan’s expedition against the Iroquois, 2838-2843; congres¬ sional action on Indian lands, 3152; land disputes, 3189, 3386, 3379; treaties and land cessions, 3379, 3392; Harmar’s ex¬ peditions against the, 3381-3385, 3410; Wayne’s expedition, 3522-3530; English incite the Indians to war, 3523; battle of Fallen Timbers, 3527-3529; treaty of Greenville with, 3530; incited to war by Spanish, 3531; Spain’s treaty of Nogales with, 3531, 3532;. Michigan land grants, 3567; treaties with, in 1806, 3803; Na¬ poleon system affects the, 3956; con¬ federacy of Tecumthe and the Prophet, 3956 - 3959 ; treaty of Ft. Wa,yne, 3959; in war of 1812, 3982, 3983; massacre near Ft. Dearborn in 1812, 3986; side with the British, 3986; raid western settlements during war of 1812, 4002; massacre American prisoners at French- town in 1813, 4019; uprising of southern tribes in 1813, 4034-4039; number enlist¬ ed during the civil war, note, 4732; Hayes’ policy regarding the, 5556, 5557; number in the United States in 1880, 5556; amount of land belonging to, in 1880, 5556; Cleveland’s message on, 5596; change in policy toward, 5617; -general allotment act, 5617-5620; not af¬ fected by 14th amendment, 5618; the reservation system, 5618; congress on lands in severalty for, 5618, 5619; Dawes bill, 5619; land opened to settlers in 1890, 5619; homestead act extended to, 5620; government assistance given the, 5620; legal status of, 5620, 5621; court of Indian offenses established, 5620, 5621; at the Omaha exposition, 5700, 5701; policy of government toward, 5908-5910; education of, 5910; number of, in United States in 1905, 5964. Indigo, in Georgia, easily raised, 1920; a staple in Carolina and Georgia before revolution, 2349; culture of, 3124. “Industrial Armies,” 5674, 5675. Industrial conditions, revolution of, 4199; rise of ‘‘competitive system,” 4200; of the South, 4202, 4203; of the North, 4202, 4203; record of progress for 1905, 59 6l : Industrial railroads, 5851-5853. Ingersoll, Jared, member of the Philadel¬ phia convention, 3267. Ingersoll, Col. R. G., Forrest captures force of, 5143 - Ingham, Samuel D., appointed secretary of the treasury, 4216, 4217; correspondence regarding Portsmouth branch of bank of the United States, 4221, 4222; re¬ signs from cabinet, 4238, 4239. Ingle, Richard, in conflict with Baltimore’s government, 1079, 1081-1083, 1085. Inglis, Senator, in Charleston secession convention, 4617, 4618. Inglis, Charles, prominent loyalist, 3139. Ingoldsby, Capt., claims government of New York, after Leisler, 1546. Ingolf founds Icelandic colony, 203, 205. Ingraham, Confederate naval officer, block¬ ade proclamation, 4858-4859. Ingraham, Duncan Nathaniel, in Koszta case, 4523. Inheritance law, in Pennsylvania, 1217. Inness, Harry, in Burr conspiracy, 3828. GENERAL INDEX. 123 Innis, James, attorney-general, opinion re¬ garding extradition, 3436. Ino, U. S. ship. 4905. Inoculation introduced in Boston, 1357. Insurance companies, Roosevelt on cor¬ ruption in, 5836, 5837; investigation of, 5867-5870; grange fire insurance, 5926, 5927 . Insurgente, French frigate, Constellation captures, 3663. Interior, Department of, created by 30th congress, 4434. Internal improvements, development of, in 1810, 3930; Jefferson’s plans for, 4096; appropriation made for national road, 4096; Calhoun’s plan for, 4097; Mon¬ roe’s opinion as to constitutionality of, 4103, 4138; congress on, 4104; a popu¬ lar policy, 4138-4140; J. Q. Adams on, 4168, 4169, 4171; Jackson on, 4187, 4188; progress during Adams’ administration, 4195-4199; opposed by Jackson, 4234, 4235 -. International expositions, see names of places where held. Interstate commerce, actions of states re¬ garding, 3231, 3232; James Madison’s views on, 3231, 3232; Fisher Ames on protection, 3347; congress on the in¬ terstate commerce bill, 5598, 5612, 5613; commission established, 5612; evasions of the law, 5613, 5614; Roosevelt on, 5835 - Interstate commerce commission, its duties and powers in regard to railroad rates, 5846-5855, 5894, 5895. Interstate West Indian exposition at Charleston, 5807, 5808. Intrepid, U. S. ship, under Decatur and Somers, 3771, 3772. Inventions: Printing, 54; mariner’s com¬ pass, 63; astrolabe and sextant, 67; gun¬ powder, 73; first submarine boat, 3119; steamboat, 3120, 3121; illus., facing 3120; progress of, in 1800, 3695. Ionia, one of Mediterranean states, 105. Iowa, preliminaries for admission, 4366; admitted to the Union, ‘4412; women permitted to practice law, 5930. Iowa, U. S. warship, in battle of Santiago, 5732 . Ioways, Indian tribe, division of Sioux, 163. Ipswich, Mass., in Massachusetts Bay col¬ ony, 879; has oldest house in New England, 892; resettled, 893. “Ipswich letter,” protest to Gov. Winthrop on aid given to La Tour, 1948. Iredell, James, justice of the supreme court, 3339; on Fisher Ames’ speech, note, 3575. Ireland invaded by barbarians, 202; Norse¬ men wrecked on, 223; Madoc sails to, 245; formerly called Hibernia, 426, 428; Hudson’s men willing to winter in, 547; first potatoes planted in, 611; sends emi¬ grants to Penn’s colony, 1210, 1261; the Gookin family in, 1255; native country of Sir William Johnson, 1590; sends colonists to Shenandoah valley in early 18th century, 1658. Iris, ship, formerly Hancock, 2898. Irish in America, in New York, 1598; ob¬ ject to tax on tobacco in North Car¬ olina, 1756; become teachers in colonies, 2346; in the Carolinas during the revo¬ lutionary war, 2936; incensed at draft¬ ing of troops in 1863, 5179. Irish nationalists, Maj. Murphy’s statement regarding, 5502. Iron, first foundries in America, 684, 685; destroyed by Indians, 694; first iron furnace in Delaware, 1264; production of pig iron in colonies stimulated by navigation laws, 2353; scarcity of, dur¬ ing the revolutionary war, 2679; early manufacture of, 3125, 3126. Iroquois Indian confederation, location, 157 , i59-j6i; “Five Nations,” 157, 159; Six Nations, 159; pictures, facing 158, 160; in Canada, 530; picture of Cham¬ plain’s first battle with, facing 530; de¬ feated by firearms, 531-533; defeated Champlain, 535, 537; held the key to the continent, 563; keep peace with Dutch, 1129; become familiar with fire¬ arms, 1130; attack Algonquins, 1132; sell land of Susquehannas to Penn, 1247; used as tool in Walking purchase, 1259; general name of Five Nations, 1515; confederacy broken up at Onondaga, 1516, 1524; confederacy compared to our federation, 1520; bought up by Penn, 1521; in relations with Dutch, 1521, 1522; in relation with French, 1522; faithful to treaty with English, 1524; counseled by Dongan, 1528; not attacked by Frontenac, 1552, 1553; joined by remnant of Tuscaroras, 1816; renew attack on Hurons and French, 1969; make temporary peace with Montreal, 1970; make fierce war on Hurons, 1969- 1972; on Neutral Nation and Tobacco Nation, 1972; on Eries, 1972, 1973 j on Andastes, 1973; their inter-tribal jeal¬ ousy, 1974; outwitted by the Jesuits, 124 GENERAL INDEX; 1 975-1977; threaten to exterminate French colonists, 1977; thwarted by Dollard, 1977-1983; somewhat subdued by de Courcelle, 1986; “subdued by Tracy and Frontenac, 1994; their village de¬ stroyed, 1995; opposed by Algonquins’ league, 1995, 1996; form alliance with Miamis about 1720, 2012; debate on Bienville’s tablets, 2014; displeased by French port at Niagara, 2015; subjuga¬ ted the Delaware Indians, 2019, 2020; over-lords of Tanacharison, 2032, 2033; displeased by building of Ft. Oswego, 2092; demand destruction of Ft. Os¬ wego, 2137; waver in allegiance to En¬ glish, 2137, 2141; threaten their French allies, 2159; outwitted at Ft. Niagara, 2224; subdue the Wyandots, 2298; make important treaty with Virginia at Ft. Stanwix, 2327, 2328; allied to British in revolutionary war, 2466, 2585; in Bur- goyne’s expedition, 2571; Schuyler nego¬ tiates with, 2635; Gates reinforced by, 2647; Sullivan’s campaign against, 2838- 2842; civilization, 2841; dispersion of league, 2843. Iroquois, Lake of the, 845. Iroquois, U. S. ship, before Baton Rouge, 4895; encounters the Sumter, 4905. Iroquois Theatre, Chicago, burning of, 5808. Irrigation in public lands, 5966, 5967, 5970, 5971. Irving, Washington, on Madoc story, 246; on birth of Columbus, 265, 266; de¬ scribes Van Twiller fancifully, 1119; at Madison’s inaugural, 3895. Irwin, of North Carolina, in revolutionary war, 2933. Irwin, assistant adjutant-general, on charges against Gen. Stone, 4780. Irwinville, Ga., capture of Jefferson Davis near, 5309. Isabella, queen of Spain, marries Ferdi¬ nand the Catholic, 18; resulting expan¬ sion of Spain, 19; portrait, facing 284; dealings with Columbus, 284, 285, 288, 291-294; jewel story, 294; Columbus takes possession in her name, 304; island named in honor of, 310; authority of, used against Portuguese, 316; Columbus announces discovery to, 317, 318; eager to explore, 319, 321; recedes from Pope’s boundary line, 322; supports Columbus after second voyage, 328; grants free trade, 328; emancipating slaves, 333; resents outrages on Columbus, 338; dies, 340; informed about Cabot, 424, 436, 438. Isabella, city named and founded by Co¬ lumbus, 324; capital of colony trans¬ ferred from, 328. Isla de Cuba, Spanish ship, destruction of, 5722. Islam takes Jerusalem, 29; conquers Arabia, 46; cultivates science, 47, and learning, 49; Constantinople, 50; reac¬ tion in, against learning, 50. Island No. 10, defense at, 4827; Confed¬ erates decide to fortify, 4828; location, 4829; McCullum moves troops to, 4832; - Foote’s attack on, 4833, 4834; map of, facing 4834; Pope constructs a canal from New Madrid to, 4834, 4835; Pope constructs floating batteries to attack, 4835, 4836; surrender of, 4837, 4838. Island Queen, unarmed steamer, 5205. Isle aux Noix, in Sorel river, fortified by Montcalm, 2220, 2221; aimed at by Am¬ herst, 2221; captured by Haveland in 1760, 2275, 2276. Istan, brother of Powhatan, 692. Isthmian canal, see Nicaraguan canal; Pan¬ ama canal. Itajuba, Baron d’, on Geneva tribunal of arbitration, 5507. Italians brought over for Virginia glass¬ works, 684; emigrate to New Smyrna, Fla., and thence to St. Augustine, 2337. Italy broken up in 15th century, 15, 16, 50; rise of Medici and Sforza in, 16; reasons for non-support of Columbus in, 16, 17; crusaders go through, 44; printing practiced, 55, 61; mariner’s com¬ pass, 65; cannon, 79; ship-building, 112; advantage in maritime affairs, 115; Norsemen in, 205; Goths in, 257; Co¬ lumbus born in, 266; Florence intel¬ lectual centre of, 344; John Cabot born in, 420; foremost in discovery, 421; re¬ ceives accounts of his voyages, 423, 424; Italian monks with Cabot, 429; Napoleon closes ports of, 3920; Ameri¬ can ships seized near, 3932; aids United States in keeping out undesirable immi¬ grants, 5980. Itopatin, brother of Powhatan, 692. Iturbide, Augustine de, proclaims himself emperor of Mexico, 4274; overthrown, 4274. Ivitachma, chief of the Appalachians, sues for peace after Moore’s attack in 1701, 1798. Izard, Senator, opposes national bank, 3399- Izard, Maj.-Gen. George, appointed major- general, 4057; ordered to fortify Lake Champlain, 4065; neglects his opportu¬ nity at Chippewa, 4068, 4069. GENERAL INDEX. 125 J. Jacinto, Miss., Rosecrans at, 5130, 5131. Jackson, proprietor of the Marshall House at Alexandria, Va., kills Ellsworth, 4740. Jackson, Andrew, elected to congress, 3534, 3588; and Burr, 3821, 3823, 3827, 3841; letter to Claiborne, 3832, 3833; marches to seize the Floridas, 4033; is recalled by government, 4033, 4034; in campaign against the Indians, 4037, 4038, 4057- 4059; portrait, facing 4040; succeeds to command of southern military depart¬ ment, 4077; invades Florida, 4079; re¬ turns Pensacola to Spain, 4080; goes to New Orleans, 4080; his defense of New Orleans, 4080-4086; maintains mar¬ tial law in Louisiana, 4097; advises Monroe on cabinet appointments, 4102; in Florida during Seminole war, 4108- 4111; made the subject of debate in congress, 4121; becomes governor of Florida, 4135; clashes with Spanish officials, 4136; as a presidential candi¬ date, 4138; declines appointment as min¬ ister to Mexico, 4142; in presidential campaign of 1824, 4159, 4160, 4162-4165; bitterness of his followers at Adams’ election, 4167; nominated for presidency by legislature of Tennessee, 4170; re¬ signed seat in senate, 4170; advocates change in manner of electing president, 4170, 4171; on internal improvements, 4187, 4188; in presidential election of 1828, 4188-4191; inauguration, 4195; attitude towards Adams, 4195; por¬ trait, facing 4214; inaugural address, 4215; first cabinet, 4216, 4217; character¬ istics, 4217, 4218; “spoils system,” 4218, 4219; “Kitchen Cabinet,” 4219, 4220; diplomatic sendee, 4220; opposition to bank of the United States, 4220-4223; message, 21st congress, 4223-4225; theory of presidency, 4223, 4224; recommends rotation in office, 4224; attitude towards bank of United States, 4225; Union toast at Jefferson banquet, 4232, 4233; breach with Calhoun over Florida mat¬ ter, 4233, 4234; defense of Mrs. Eaton, 4237, 4238; reconstructs cabinet, 4237- 4239; third message to congress, 4240, 4241; appoints Van Buren minister to Great Britain, 4241; attitude toward re¬ charter of bank, 4245-4249; defends Van Buren, 4249; re-elected, 4250; orders Gen. Scott to Charleston to resist in¬ terference with duties, 4256; sends con¬ ciliatory message to congress, 4256; urges investigation of bank, 4256; issues nullification proclamation, 4256, 4257; asks for power to force payment of du¬ ties, 4257; signs compromise tariff and force bills, 4259; gains prestige from nullification incident, 4260; popular opin¬ ions concerning, 4261; second inaugural address, 4162; tour in the North, 4262, 4263; receives degree of LL. D. from Harvard, 4262, 4263; renews opposition to bank, 4263, 4264; reconstructs cab¬ inet in order to carry out his policy, 4264, 4265; orders removal of deposits, 4265; directors of bank reply to “paper read to the cabinet,” 4266; message at opening of 23d congress, 4268; answers Clay’s attack, 4268; censured by senate, 4269; protests against censure, 4269, 4270; angered by opposition, 4270; mes¬ sage to congress (1834), 4271; insists on payment of French spoliation claims, 4272; sends Henry M. Morht to inves¬ tigate situation in Texas, 4284, 4285; appoints S. T. Mason governor of Michi¬ gan Territory, 4294; opposes deposit act, 4298, 4299; issues “specie circular,” 4299; his policy attacked by congress, 4299; supports Van Buren for presi¬ dent, 4301, 4302; returns to Tennessee, 4302; supports Van Buren in advocacy of independent treasury, 4307. Jackson, Claiborne F., governor of Mis¬ souri, message to Lincoln, 4685; favors secession, 4703-4705; portrait, facing 4704; Camp Jackson named for, 4705; call for troops, 4711; flight, 4711. Jackson, Francis James, British envoy to the United States, 3906; his instructions, 3907, 3909; arrives in Washington, 3911, 3912; negotiations, 3912-3915; senate de¬ nounces circular letter of, 3923; cause of his dismissal, 3924, 3936. Jackson, Jacob, joins Burr’-s expedition, 3835. Jackson, James, portrait, facing 3350; on location of the capital, 3356, 3357; on state debts, 3369; on excise bill, 3396; national bank opposed by, 3400. Jackson, Gen. James S., at Perryville, 5123. Jackson, Richard, refuses position on peace commission, 2725. Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall), serves as colonel under Johnston, 4745; at Bull Run, 4754-4756; foils Rosecrans at Winchester, 4797; victory at Cross Keys, 4798; in the Shenandoah valley, 4964; prepares to attack McClellan, 49731 at Gaines’ Mills, 4979; repulsed at White Oak swamp, 4983; at Cedar 126 GENERAL INDEX. Mountain, 5012, 5013; severs Pope’s communications with Washington, 5015, 5016; discovered by Pope, 5016; joined by Lee, 5017; departure from Manas¬ sas, 5017; battle of Centreville, 5018; Pope’s plans against, 5019; at second battle of Bull Run, 5020-5023; in Mary¬ land campaign, 5032, 5035; McClellan’s plans against, 5036; capture of Harper’s Ferry, 5037, 5038; pursued by McClellan, 5039; at battle of Antietam, 5043, 5048; in Shenandoah valley, 5055; at Fred T ericksburg, 5073; at Chancellorsville, 5080, 5081; portrait, facing 5080; death of, 5081; brigade at Murfreesboro, 5152. Jackson, Miss., Grant at, 5134, 5146; Sher¬ man and Johnston at, 5149; Sherman destroys, 5255. Jackson, Confederate ship, 4885. Jackson, Fort, La., Louisiana seizes, 4649; defends New Orleans, 4881; description of, 4885; bombarded, 4886, 4887, 4891. Jackson Camp, Mo., 4705, 4706. Jackson Square, New Orleans, illus., frontispiece. Jacquelin, Marie, see La Tour, Madame de. Jacques, Rev. James F., confers with Davis concerning peace, 5200. Jamaica, L. I., church at, confiscated by Lord Cornburv, 1560. Jamaica, W. I., Columbus on, 339; Crom¬ well’s plans for, 944, 945; conquered by Admiral Penn and Gen. Venables, 1186; slaves transported to, 1599; ap¬ pealed to by Carolina expedition against St. Augustine, 1797; Admiral Vernon arrives at, in 1740, 1902, 1903. Jamay, missionary to Indians, 535. James I., king of England, Walloons nego¬ tiate with, 556; treaty with Spain, 626; grants charter to London and Plymouth company, 627; order to Jamestown col¬ ony, 650; portrait, facing 650; gives separate charter to London company, 655, 656; grants third charter to Vir¬ ginia colony, 667; patron of Indian edu¬ cation, 685; death, 686, 709, 710; dis¬ putes with London company, 688-691; tries to abolish popular government, 696, 697, 699-701, 703, 704; petitioned by Virginia assembly, 706-709; favors monopolies, 742; opposed to Puritans, 754, 805; assents to Plymouth charter, 827; presides over Flampton Court con¬ ference, 983, 984; favors Roman Catho¬ lics, 1060; denies parliament’s right to tax, 1197; gives vast grants in Canada to Sir Wm. Alexander, 1935. James II., king of England, his land claims in America as Duke of York, 1193, 1194, 1204, 1207, 1432; settles dispute between Penn and Lord Baltimore, 1209; desires to restore Catholics, 1222; friendly to Penn, 1223; his relations with the colo¬ nies, 1269, 1305, 1307, 1427, 1497; came to throne, 1308; tries to establish Roman Catholic church, 1318; abdicates, 1318, 1319; disposed to be harsh to New Eng¬ land, 1437; assails colonial charters, 1472; alienates supporters in England, 1473 ; petitioned by Narragansett set¬ tlers, 1474; lures immigrants to New York, 1494; professes Catholicism, 1500; governs New York, 1506, 1509, 1514; withdraws liberal measures he had signed as Duke of York, 1525; ascends English throne, 1525; forbids Dongan to act against French priests, 1527; re¬ calls Gov. Dongan, 1529; places his re¬ ligion before his duty to subjects, 1531; flees to France, 1532, 1648; anxious to deport Englishmen as slaves, 1647, 1648; openly a Catholic, 1686; appointees com¬ pared with those of William III., 1694; treats Lord Baltimore unjustly, 1694; abdicates, 1694, 1695; policy of Mary¬ land Catholics towards, 1695; pardons John Locke, 1761. James, Maj. John, defies English, 2936; at Witherspoon’s Ferry, 2937; fight with Wemyss, 2992. James, Rev. Thomas, 1022. James, Thomas L., enforces civil service rules in New York post-office, 5554; postmaster-general, 5567, retires from cabinet, 5572. James Bay, Hudson winters on, 548. James City, Va., represented in house of burgesses, 680; borough includes Will¬ iamsburg, 1632. James Island, Charleston, S. C., fortified in war of Spanish succession, 1802; in Moultrie’s attack on Prevost, 2825; St. Simon lands, 3079; attack on, in battle of Charleston, 5165, 5166. James river, palaeolithic implements found in, 144; settlement by De Ayllon, 398, 399; English on, 500; named for James I., 632; great massacre on, 694; boundary of James City, Va., 1632; Matthews’ raid along, 2833; Arnold’s raid on, 3030; view of, facing 4792; view of pontoon bridge across, facing 4792; fleet on, dur¬ ing the civil war, 4901, 4920, 5003; two armies of Grant unite on, 5231; Grant moves army to south side of, 5241; GENERAL INDEX. 127 troops withdrawn from north side, 5246; movements of Warren north of, 5246; Butler advances up, 5246; destruction of channel, 5252; canal of, destroyed, 5285. Jameson, Maj. John, at siege of Charleston, S. C., 2911; Andre sent to, 2983. Jamestown, S. C., settled and given up by Dutch settlers, 1744. Jamestown, Va., site once occupied by Spaniards, 398, 399; first slave ship sent to America lands at, 537; jealous of Swedes on Delaware, 580; Gosnold in, 618; communism in, 629, 655, 670; John Smith’s career in, 632-660; founded, 633, 634; unhealthy, 633, 639, 640, 654, 655; first Indian assault, 636; visited by Powhatan, 638; feuds among settlers, 641, 724; “first supply” reaches, 646; burned, 646; “second supply,” 649; first English child born in, 650; Gates brings “third supply,” 657; settlers sent from, 639, 671, 680; old patent exchanged for new, 662, 706; aban¬ doned, 662, 663; rescued by Lord Dela¬ ware, 663; public works in, under Dale, 668, 671; Pocahontas married in, 675; first legislative assembly in, 680, 681; wives sent to, 683; the great massacre, 693, 694; Opechankanough killed in, 719; addition from Popham colony, 733; refuge of Rowcroft, 740; of Der- mer, 741; rebuffs Lord Baltimore, 1062, 1067; centre of action in Bacon’s re¬ bellion, 1616-1618; English soldiers quar¬ tered in, 1625; given up as capital, 1632; starting-point of John Pory’s explora¬ tion, 1715; Thomas Miller tried in, 1751; first English settlement commemorated, 5822, 5883. Jamestown, Confederate steamer, 4916, 4917. Jamison, Union brigadier, at Seven Pines, 4968. Jan Joost, story of, note, 2596. Jan Mayen Islands, 277. Jansen, early Dutch printer in Philadelphia, 1221. Jansen, Capt. Pouwell, takes place of Van Vliet, 582. Japan, block-printing in, 55; early visited, 154; probably Fusang, 260; Columbus sails for, 298, 310; grants United States trading privileges, 4548; on annexation of Hawaii, 5763, 5764; war with Russia, and Portsmouth peace conference, 5833, 5834; recognized as a world power by United States, 5866; sends aid to San Francisco, 5879. Japanese in the United States in 1905, 5964. Jason, British ship, 3859. Jasper, Margaret, mother of Wm. Penn, 1186. Jasper, Serg. William, at Ft. Moultrie, 2508; death, 2829. Java, British frigate, fight with the Con¬ stitution, 3993, 3994, 4021. Jay, John, in first continental congress, 2409; member of continental congress, 2448; on secret committee of foreign correspondence, 2474; conspiracy com¬ mittee headed by, 2520; favors territorial limitations of United States, 2848; min¬ ister to Spain, 2850; favors paper mon¬ ey, 2854; graduate, of Columbia, 3130; contest over navigation of the Missis¬ sippi, 3180on monarchy, 3210; electoral vote for vice-president, 3326; performs duties of secretary of state, 3336; first chief justice, 3338; New York guber¬ natorial campaign, 3449, 3450; Genet and, 3473; portrait, facing 3496; envoy to England, 3497; treaty with England, 3542-3544; as a presidential candidate, 3585 . Jay,.Mrs. John, portrait, facing 3496. Jay treaty, negotiations for, 3542-3547; congress discusses, 3553-3555, 3568; op¬ position of the people, 3556; opposition in congress, 3571, 3572, 3575; Ames’ speech on, 3572, 3575; house ratifies, 3575 - Jean Bart, U. S. ship, 3359. Jeff Davis, Confederate brig, 4902. Jeff Thompson, Confederate ram, 4840- 4842. Jefferson, Thomas, owns records of London company, note, 709; on Connecticut constitution, 1002; cited on government, 1201; may have been affected by Hugue¬ not colony in Virginia, 1635; urged emancipation on Virginia, 1645; cited as to hospitality in his father’s time, 1651; educated in Virginia, 1653; friend of Dabney Carr, 2400; member of con¬ tinental congress, 2448; on committee of independence, 2497; drafted declara¬ tion of independence, 2499; portrait, facing 2500; friend of Clark, 2779; ap¬ proves plans for conquest of Illinois, 2780; approves plan to capture Detroit, 2793; on territorial possession, 2848; escapes Tarleton, 3070; opposed state church for Virginia, 3109; costume worn by, 3141; on committee of land grants, 3160, 3161; sent to France, 3164; on slavery in ordinance of 1787, 3195; on the Philadelphia convention, 3260; on 128 GENERAL INDEX. government, 3272; on state debts, 3374- 3376; on Nootka Sound dispute, 3442, 3443; efforts to secure Mississippi rights, 3443; opposed Washington’s desire to retire, 3447; electoral vote for vice-pres¬ ident, 3449; opposes Hamilton, 3450, 3480, 3481; Freneau’s paper and, 3454, 3455; on French revolution, 3461; vexed with Genet, 3471, 34745 engages Mi- chaux, 3475; desires to resign from cabi¬ net, 3481, 3501; report on American com¬ merce, 3488, 3489; excise opposed by, 3504; protest against England, 3540; Democratic clubs, 3549, 3550; on treaty¬ making, 3568; presidential candidate, 3584; vice-president, 3587, 3589; fac¬ simile of his letter to Adams, facing 3592; Mazzei letter, 3598, 3599; on alien and sedition laws, 3626, 3645, 3646; an American union, 3646; on right of nullification, 3647, 3648; letter to Pendleton, 3663; profits by mistakes of the federalists, 3674, 3675, 3680; elected president, 3686, 3688; portraits, facing 3688, 3690; sketch of, 3691, 3693, 3699, 3701, 3702, 3706, 3707; on* Re¬ publicanism, 3700; inauguration of, 3701- 3703; political creed, 3703, 3706; policy regarding appointments, 3707, 37o8; theory of tenure of office, 3710; cabinet, 3712, 3713; message to congress, 3714- 3716; congress acts on message, 3717; policy toward Spain, 3725; instructions to Livingston, 3726; threatens France with an English alliance, 3727; on the cession of Louisiana to France, 3737 5 purchase of Louisiana, 3746, 3747; 3754’ 3756, 3760, 3761; on the admission of new states, 3749, 3750; proposes Lewis and Clark expedition, 3756, 3757; policy of peace, 3769-3800, 3811, 3871, 3873; policy toward Tripoli, 3773 5 on impeachment, 3775~3777> 379° 5 re-elected president, 3798, 3799; second adminis¬ tration, 3801-3892; second inaugural ad¬ dress, 3802; changes in second cabinet, 3802, 3803; on the price for Florida, 3805, 3806; on England’s damage to American shipping, 3806, 3811, 3814, 3815; and Monroe, 3816, 3852, 3853; and Burr, 3824, 3828, 3832-3834, 3838, 3840, 3841, 3843; on American neutrality, 3847; on treaty of 1806 with England, 3850-3852; declares war with England, 3859, 3860; receives king’s proclamation, 3869; reply to England’s demands, 3873; on embargo, 3869, 3877, 3878,. 3880, 3884, 3885; federalist charges against admin¬ istration, 3883, 3888; end of his adminis¬ tration, 3891, 3892; returns to Monticello, 3891; on change in England’s policy, 3903; his plan for internal improve¬ ments, 4096; on the Monroe doctrine, 4147; facsimile letter to Monroe, facing 4147; advocates American isolation from European politics, 4155; death, 4176. Jefferson, Fort, O., 3414. Jefferson, Fort, on the Mississippi, location of, 2790, 31545 built, 2790, 2791: Lewis and Clark’s expedition starts from, 2791, 3414 . Jefferson City, Mo., general assembly meets in, 4703; Confederates at, 4711, 4712; Gen. Price threatens, 5257. Jefferson county, Ky., 3154. Jefferson river, Lewis and Clark name and explore, 3757. . Jeffreys, George, judge in James II.’s reign, I3°9 5 portrait, facing 1646; urges de¬ porting Englishmen as slaves, 1647, 1648; had sham trial of kidnappers in Bristol, England, 1649. Jeffreys, Col. Herbert, governor of Vir¬ ginia, judges leaders in Bacon’s rebel¬ lion, 1620; makes treaty with Indians, 1622; succeeded by Sir Henry Chicheley, 1626; dies, 1626. Jekyl Island, Ga., visited by Oglethorpe, 1883. Jenifer, Daniel, member of commercial con¬ vention, 3249; member of the Philadel¬ phia convention, 3269. Jenkins, Gen. A. G., forces in Pennsylvania, 5085. Jenkins, Gov. C. J., inaugural address, 5355; action of Pope against, 5391. Jenkins, John, governor ad interim of North Carolina, 1762. Jenkins, Gen. Micah, killed in battle of the wilderness, 5233. “Jenkin’s Ear, War of,” cause and origin of name, note, 1893. Jenkinson, Charles (afterward Lord Liver¬ pool), suggests stamp tax, 2366. Jennings, Edward, deputy-governor for Earl of Orkney in Virginia, 1654. Jerome of Prague, martyrdom of, 31. Jersey, East, sold to Wm. Penn, 1509. Jersey City in patroonship of De Pauw, 568. Jersey City, N. J., draft riots in, 5183. Jerseys, population of, in 1755, 2009. Jerusalem, crusaders at, 44. Jessup, Maj., captures Riall at Lundy’s Lane, 4063; his estimate of the Hart¬ ford convention, 4092. Jesuits in Menendez’s party, 488; first sys- GENERAL INDEX. 129 tematic effort for converting Indians, 497, 499; with Champlain, 535; of Mex¬ ico, 595; settlement at Mount Desert destroyed, 676; banished from England, 926, 938; influence powerful with Ind¬ ians, 1377; Dongan opposes, 1527; in Maryland not pleased by Lord Balti¬ more’s toleration, 1680, 1681; develop French power in America, 1934; in east¬ ern Canada, 1959; at Quebec in 1632, i960; relations with La Salle, 1990. Jesup, Thomas Sidney, defeats Seminoles, 4313. Jettersville, Va., Sheridan’s cavalry at, 5289. Joan of Arc, 6, 7. Jogues, Father, penetrates to outlet of Lake Superior, 1959; Jesuit missionary to To¬ bacco Nation, 1966; misrepresented by Indians, 1966; tortured to death by Iro¬ quois, 1970. John II., king of Portugal, 280; calls Junto, 281; dishonorable conduct to Colum¬ bus, 282, 283; portrait, facing 284; re¬ ceives Columbus, 316; death, 403. John, British ship, 1093. “John Brown’s Body,” sung by Sherman’s army, 5271. John’s Island, Prevost at, 2824, 2825; loca¬ tion, 2824; Clinton arrives at, 2906. Johnson, Puritan preacher in Holland, 756. Johnson, Andrew, on war committee, 4783; military governor of Tennessee, 4826; nominated for vice-president, 5195; ac¬ companies Lincoln to Richmond, 5298; sworn in as president, 5302; interview with Sherman, 5322; at grand review in Washington, 5323, 5324; proclaims end of rebellion, 5328; as military gov¬ ernor of Tennessee, 5338, 5339, 5342; biographical sketch of, 5341, 5342; por¬ trait, facing 5342; in favor with radical Republicans, 5343; proclamation of am¬ nesty and pardon, 5344; reconstruction policy, 5346, 5349, . 5352, 5353 I advice concerning repudiation of war debts by states, 5350, 5351; first annual message to congress, 5360, 5361; congress op¬ poses reconstruction policy of, 5361- 5363; vetoes bill enlarging powers of freedmen’s bureau, 5364, 5365; vetoes amended freedmen’s bureau bill, 5370; growing hostility to, 5371; impolite actions of, 5372; appealed to by mayor of New Orleans, 5374; reconstruction policy endorsed by National Union con¬ vention, 5376; denounced by Loyal Un¬ ionist convention, 5377; electioneering tour, 5378; loses many adherents, 5379; proclaims all insurrection ended, 5379; message to congress, December 3, 1866, 5379 , 5380; opinion on question of negro suffrage, 5381; vetoes bill granting suf¬ frage to negroes of the District of Co¬ lumbia, 5382; vetoes Stevens’ recon¬ struction bill and tenure of office bill, 5385; deprived of military powers, 5386, 5387; vetoes supplementary reconstruc¬ tion bill, 5387; veto of, ignored, 5387; military commanders apply to, for in¬ structions, 5389; instructions of, repudi¬ ated by congress, 5389; vetoes bill in¬ terpreting reconstruction acts, 5389- 539 1 1 protests against robbing executive of his rights, 5390; attitude of congress toward, 5391; congress determines to impeach, 5401; controversy with Stan¬ ton, 5401-5406; message to congress in December, 1867, 5402; indignant at Grant, 5403; humiliating position of, 5404; appoints Thomas secretary of war, 5404; recommends Thos. Ewing, Sr., as secretary of war, 5406; resolution for impeachment, 5405, 5406; summary of charges against, 5407, 5408; counsel of, presents answer to charges preferred, 5408, 5409; house denies sufficiency of answer of, 5410; trial of, 5411, 5412; impeachment fails, 5412; acquitted, 5412; nominates Schofield as secretary of war, 5413; announces ratifications of 14th amendment, 5413; last message to congress, 5414, 5415; issues proclama¬ tion of universal pardon, 5415; procla¬ mation of, called in question by the senate, 5415; retires, 5416; difficulties connected with position of, 5416, 5417; senator from Tennessee, 5511; death, 55ii. Johnson, Lady Arabella, Massachusetts Bay colonist, 867, 877; dies, 878. Johnson, Gen. B. R., wounded at Pittsburg Landing, 5102. Johnson, Cave, postmaster-general under Polk, 4369. Johnson, Gen. Edward, at battle of Spott- sylvania, 5237, 5238; capture of, 5268. Johnson, Francis, in Brownist colony, 616. Johnson, George, 616. Johnson, Col. Guy, secures pledge from the Iroquois, 2466. Johnson, Hale, Prohibition nominee for vice-president, 5685. Johnson, Herschel V., nominated for vice- president by Democratic party, 4594; 130 GENERAL INDEX. opposes secession of Georgia, 4658, 4659; at Georgia convention, 5350, 5355. Johnson, Isaac, one of Massachusetts colo¬ nists, 867, 874; dies, 878. Johnson, James, in battle near the Thames, Canada, 4032. Johnson, Sir John, co-operates with Carle- ton, 2475; barricades home, 2485, 2486; surrenders, 2486; Herkheimer intercept¬ ed by, 2558, 2589; commands “Royal Greens/’ 2584-2586; signed proclama¬ tion, 2594; British commander at Stony Point, 2837; ravages lower Mohawk valley, 2843. Johnson, Sir Nathaniel, accompanied Sud- well to America, 1785; becomes gov¬ ernor of South Carolina, 1786; forced church of England on Carolinas, 17991 defeats French in 1706, 1802-1804; his religious bigotry, 1806. Johnson, Gen. R. W., attacks Morgan, 5115. Johnson, Reverdy, member of 29th con¬ gress, 4374; connection with the Galphin scandal, 4441, 4442; on reconstruction committee, 5370; at National Union con¬ vention, 5376; minister to Great Britain, 5503, 5504. Johnson, Richard M., in congress, 3867, 3901; portrait, facing 3928; on the con¬ dition of the army and navy, 3929, 3930; reinforces Harrison, 4031; in battle at Thames, Canada, 4032; nominated for vice-president by Democratic party, 4302; renominated for vice-president, 4325. Johnson, Robert, collector of excise, 3506. Johnson, Robert, governor of Carolinas, 1822; commands expedition against pi¬ rates, 1823, 1824; in conflict over import duties, 1827-1830; royal governor of South Carolina in 1731, 1838; his admin¬ istration, 1839; death, 1839. Johnson, Samuel, of Rhode Island, presi¬ dent of King’s college, 1487. Johnson, Dr. Samuel, friend of Oglethorpe, 1918. Johnson, Thomas, member of commercial convention, 3249. Johnson, William, on the enforcement of the embargo, 3881. Johnson, Sir William, sketch of, 1590; settles in Mohawk valley, 1590; adopted by Six Nations, 1591; habits at Johnson Hall, 1591, 1592; leads savages against Crown Point, 1592; consulted on Bien¬ ville’s tablets, 2014; inactive during Indian ravages, 2139, 2140; in Brad- dock’s plan for campaign, 2085; meets Shirley at Albany, 2086; his success at Lake George due to Lyman, 2090; joins Lyman at Ft. Edward in 1755, 209 2; in attack on Ft. Edward, 2093-210X; wounded, 2101; incompetent to follow up victory, 2103, 2105; slights Lyman's heroism, 2105; builts Ft. Wm. Henry, 2105, 2106; leaves forts exposed, 2106; dismissed New England men, 2106; re¬ inforced Ft. Edward, 2154; seeks per¬ mission to fight French, 2154, 2155 j takes place of Prideaux in 1759, 2216, 228; commands Indians in Niagara expedition in 1759, 2223; totally defeats French at Ft. Niagara, 2228-2230; curbs Indian atrocities, 2230; receives sub¬ mission of Pontiac, 2307; makes treaty with Indians at Oswego in 1766, 2327; colonization plan, 3146; member of Ohio colony company, 3147. Johnson, William Samuel, president of Co¬ lumbia university, 3131; member of the Philadelphia convention, 3267; sketch of, 3267; portrait, facing 3284. Johnson, Fort, Charleston, S. C, fortified in war of Spanish succession, 1802; view of, facing 4676; view of battery at, fac¬ ing 5312. Johnston, Col. Albert Sidney, leads U. S. troops against Mormons, 4575; appoints Van Dorn, 4734-4737; commands Con¬ federate forces in the West, 4805; sketch of, note, 4805; orders Buckner to Bowl¬ ing Green, 4806; retreats to Tennessee, 4812, 4825, 4827, 4828; in Tennessee, 5095; summoned to Corinth from Mur¬ freesboro, 5095; assumes chief com¬ mand of army, 5095; joins Beauregard, 5096; portrait, facing 5096; plans to at¬ tack Grant, 5097. Johnston, Gen. Joseph E., Confederate forces under, 4744, 4747, 4749, 4750, 4966; reinforces Beauregard, 4748; at Bull Run, 4762, note, 4763; at Manassas, 4781, 4787; at Williamstown, 4796; determines to strike McClellan, 4966°. wounded at battle of Fair Oaks, 4969, 4970; at Malvern Hill, 4989; comment on McClellan, 5003, 5004; succeeds Pem¬ berton, 5146; at siege of Vicksburg, 5146; pursued by Sherman, 5149; re¬ treats to Meridian, 5149; reinforces Bragg,. 5162; plan of campaign against, 5232; in command at Dalton, 5253; suc¬ ceeds Bragg, 5259; portrait, facing 5260; at Kenesaw Mountain, 5260, 5261; re¬ treats to Atlanta, 5261; succeeded by Hood, 5262; interview of Davis with, GENERAL INDEX. 131 5308; succeeds Beauregard, 5312; in command of Confederate forces in the Carolinas, 5313; battle with Sherman at Bentonville, 5313, 5314; opens nego¬ tiations for surrender, 5315; conference with Sherman, 5316; effect of news of assassination of Lincoln on, 5316; sur¬ renders, 5317; army of, quickly scatters, 5318; Sherman reports surrender of, 5319; receives Sherman’s ultimatum, 5320 . Johnstone, George, member of British peace commission, 2725, 2726; tries to bribe Joseph Reed, 2745, 2746; dropped from British peace commission, 2746; fury against Americans, 2747. Johnstown, Pa., flood at, 5641. Joint high commission of 1871, on Ala¬ bama claims, 5506. Joinville, Jean de, describes Greek fire, 77. Joinville, Prince de, comment on battle of Fair Oaks, 4971. Joliet, Louis, looks for copper near Lake Superior, 1991; loses report of his ex¬ pedition, 1993. “Jonathan, Brother/' origin of phrase, note, 2435 - Jones, Confederate colonel, crosses Poto¬ mac, 5053. Jones, master of the Mayflower, 766. Jones, sheriff of Lawrence, Kan., 4556. Jones, Allen, at Providence, 3009. Jones, Anson, receives papers offering an¬ nexation to Texas, 4371. Jones, Catesby R., commander of the Mer- rimac, 4914. Jones, Charles C., 144. Jones, David, settled on site of Baltimore, 1075, 1709, 2581, 2582. Jones, Griffith, owned Blue Anchor tavern in Philadelphia, 1215. Jones, Capt. Jacob, commander of the Wasp, 3992. Jones, Col. John, 2931. Jones, John Paul, importance of achieve¬ ments, 2808, 2867, 2895, 2896; congress appoints, 2863; portrait, facing 2874; secures Bonhomme Richard, 2883; fac¬ simile of commission to, facing 2884; Landais quarrels with, 2885, 2886; fight with Sera pis, 2888, 2889; compelled to leave Holland, 2895; foreign honors given, 2895; career after leaving Amer¬ ican service, note, 2896; death of, note, 2896. Jones, Rev. Morgan, tells story of Welsh¬ speaking Indians, 2^7. Jones, Capt. Noble, subdued Mary Mus- grove and Bosomworth, 1927, 1928, 1931, 1932. Jones, Lieut. Roger, burns Harper’s Ferry, 4689. Jones, Thomas Ap Catesby, holds Monterey, 4359 . Jones, Sir William, attorney-general of England, 1195. Jones, William, secretary of the navy, 4024. Jones’ Ford, outpost at, 2615. Jonesboro, Ga., march of Sherman to, 5263. Jonesboro, Tenn., 3167; convention at, 3170, 3171; state of Franklin organized at, 3172. Jones’s Falls, in Baltimore, 1710. Jonestown, old name for “old town” of Baltimore, Md., 1710. Jopassus, Indian, friendly to Argali, 673. Joppa, Md., once the county town, 1711; also note, 1711. Joris, Adriaen, returns to New Amsterdam, 557 - Joris, David, founder of “Familists,” 847. Joseph, Indian chief, portrait, facing 5540, 554 1 - Joseph, William, foolish deputy of Lord Baltimore, 1697, 1698, 1700; surrenders government to Coode, 1700. Josselyn, Henry, in Gorges’ council, 950- 952 . Joucaire, commandant at Ft. Venango, tries to corrupt Washington’s guides, 2034; set Indian ambush for Washington and Gist, 2037. Juan Ponce Bay found by Ponce de Leon, 389- Juarez, B. P., Blair proposed an alliance with, 5225. Judd, Norman P., minister to Prussia, 4923 - Judiciary, changes after the revolution, 3105; establishment of the national, 3338; congress revises system, 3437; pensions and the, 3438; Adams recommends a change, 3685; Federalists control, 3686; Jefferson on, 3716; Breckenridge attacks, 3717, 3718; Morris defends, 3717; Bay¬ ard on, 3719, 3720; law repealed, 3720. Julian, George W., nominated for vice- president by Free-soil party, 4507; on war committee, 4783; in impeachment against Johnson, 5406; leader of the Liberal Republicans, 5517. Jumonville, N. Coulon de, at Ft. Neces¬ sity, 2046, 2047; his death and questions involved, 2046-2048, 2052. Junon, British frigate, in war of 1812, 4040. Jury trial secured for Massachusetts under 132 GENERAL INDEX. William III.’s charter, 1345; made uni¬ versal in New York, 1496; endangered by Gaspee affair, 2400; changed in Mas¬ sachusetts in 1774, 2406. Jutes land in England, 203, 257; in Amer¬ ica, 240, 241. K. Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, steamer in the Hoboken fire, 5782, 5783. Ivalakaua, David, king of Hawaii, revolts against Americans, 5629; death, 5630. Kalb, John, sketch of, 2555, note, 2938; with Washington, 2704; in South Caro¬ lina campaign, 2938-2940; Gates assumes command, 2941; portrait, facing 2942; at battle of Camden, 2949, 2953, .2956; mortally wounded, 2956. Kanawha, first name of West Virginia, 4695 - Kanawha river, Ohio company colonized on, 2027, 2030. Kane, George P., city marshal of Balti¬ more, 4687. Kansas, Indian tribe, 162. Kansas (state), prehistoric relics in lake- beds, 144; contest over slavery in, 4550; fraudulent election, 4551-4553; two state organizations, 4553; “Wakarusa War” in, 4553, 455J; asks admission as a state, 4555; discussion in congress over, 4555, 4556; mob attacks Free soilers, 4556; bill to admit, fails in senate, 4587; efforts to gain statehood and final suc¬ cess, 4590; movements of Gen. Price toward, 5257; Gen. Curtis commands Union forces in, 5257; unrestricted suf¬ frage rejected by popular vote, 5932. Karlsefne, Thorfinn, in New England, 150. Kaskaskia, Ill., French stockade at, 2005; Clark captures, 2781; Burr at, 3823. Kauulani, princess of Hawaii, 5635. Keane, Maj.-Gen., in battle of New Orleans, 4085; mortally wounded, 4086. Kearney, Gen. Philip, at Williamsburg, 4796; in peninsular campaign, 4.964; at Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, 4967, 4968, 4970; at Malvern Hill, 4988-4990, 4995; portrait, facing 5008; at Centreville, 5017, 5019; in battle of Groveton, 5020; killed at Chantilly, 5025. Kearny, Stephen W., takes Santa Fe, 4382. Kearsarge, U. S. ship, arrives at Gibraltar, 4905; fight with the Alabama, 4907-4909. Kecoughtan, site of colonial forts on Hamp¬ ton river, 665; represented in house of burgesses, 680. ‘‘Keepers of the Liberties of England,” offi¬ cial documents of Maryland issued in name of, 1094; refused by Maryland, 1096. Keith, George, Quaker, makes trouble in Penn’s colony, 1230, 1233, 1234; por¬ trait, facing 1232; sketch of, 1233; in New England, 1233, 1234; denounced slavery, 1234, 1235; disputes with Quaker opponents, 1235, 1236; fined, 1237; con¬ verted to church of England, 1237; bad effect of trial, 1237, 1238; missionary to Indians, 1237; dies, 1238. Keith, Sir William, publishes tracts in Phil¬ adelphia, 1221; notified by Quakers that they would not take oath, 1256; govern¬ or of Pennsylvania, 1262; portrait, fac¬ ing 1262; magnificent style of living, 1263; sides against Hannah Penn, 1263; courts Indians, 1263; replaced in office by Patrick Gordon, 1264; leads opposi¬ tion, 1264; flees to England, 1265; died, 1265; deceives Franklin, 1265. Keith, Lawrence M., on secession, 4618; member of Confederate provisional con¬ gress, 5217. Kekataugh, brother of Powhatan, 644. Kelleher, secretary of American railway union, 5673, 5674. Kellogg, William P., governor of Loui¬ siana, 5462. Kelly’s Ford, Va., movements near, 5079. Kemp, Richard, Harvey’s secretary of state, 714; reviled by Panton, 715; neu¬ tral in difficulty between Calvert and Claiborne, 1081. Kempthorn, Capt. Simon, brought Quakers to Boston, 928. Kendall, Amos, member of Jackson’s “Kitchen Cabinet,” 4219; brings Blair to Washington to edit the Globe, 4234; investigates state banks as possible gov¬ ernment depositories, 4264, 4265; 'as postmaster-general opposes circulation of Abolition matter through the mails, 4291. Kendall, George, member of Virginia coun¬ cil, 632; deposed, 641; shot, 642. Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., battles of, 5260, 5261. Kennebec, Territory of, under Sir Wm. Temple in 1666, 1430. Kennebec river ascended by Champlain, 525; Weymouth lays claim to, 622; ac¬ count of, 727; forts on, note, 733; boundary of Mason and Gorges’ patent, GENERAL INDEX. 133 791; “state county” on, 793; Plymouth colony trades on, 820; patent granted, 825, 952; fight on, 832; valley of, scene of Indian raids and retaliation by church, 1356; settlements on, 1362; se¬ cret expedition to, 1367. Kennedy, Robert C., employed by Thomp¬ son to burn New York city, 5209; es¬ capes, 5209; captured and hung, 5209. Kennon, Lieut. Beverly, commands the Governor Moore, 4889. Kent county, Del., included in patent of Godyn and Blommaert, 565. Kent Island, Chesapeake Bay, bought by Claiborne, 1067; Claiborne-Baltimore dispute over, 1072, 1073, 1080; Claiborne driven from, 1084; Providence founded 1 on, 1090; parliament takes no action on ownership of, 1095, 1096; Catholics on, no3. Kenton, Simon, portrait, facing 2766; joins Clark’s expedition against the Indians* 2804. Kentucky, Iroquois in, 160; explored by Gist, 2026; given to Virginia by treaty of Ft. Stanwix, 2328; colonial emigra¬ tion to, 2765, 2766; Boone in, 2767, 2768, 2776; Boonesborough first capital, 2776; first independent American re¬ public, 2777, 2778; first called Transyl¬ vania, 2778; Indian wars in, 2778, 2779, 2794, 2795; first counties, 3154; early history, 3166, 3167; population in 1784, 3167; organizes, 3178, 3179; map of, in 1793, facing 3178; asks for separation from Virginia, 3182-3186; statehood ob¬ tained, 3407; population in 1790, 3422; resolution on alien and sedition laws, 3646, 3650; constitution revised, 3667; population in 1800, 3693; Burr before grand jury in, 3030; contributions of troops in war of 1812, 4002; supports Bell in i860, 4602; decides upon neu¬ trality, 4685, 4800, 4801, 4804, 4805 ; for the Union, 4685, 4801, 4828; importance in civil war, 4702, 4718, 4719; effect of Fremont’s proclamation in, 4718; in¬ vasion of, 4719, 4804, 4806, 4808, 4869; Gov. Magoffin works for secession, 4799-4801; map of southern part, facing 4804; G. W. Morgan commands Con¬ federate forces in, 5110, 5111; move¬ ments in, Sin; J. H. Morgan’s raid through, 5111-5113; department of the Ohio created to resist Confederate inva¬ sion of, 5116; Confederate plans for re¬ conquest of, 5117-5120; Morgan’s cavalry raid in, 5119, 5121; effect of raid, 5120; invaded by Kirby Smith and Bragg, 5121-5125; Forrest in, 5143; Confed¬ erate raids in, 5154; citizens arrested for holding peace meetings, 5184; Sons of Liberty in, 5202; electoral votes cast for McClellan, 5212; raid of Forrest through, 5255; Goebel-Taylor election contest in, 5753~5755- Kentucky resolutions, northern states’ ac¬ tion on the, 3650-3654. Kentucky river valley, view of, facing 2766. Keowee, S. C., Cherokee town, 2914. Keppel, Augustus, Viscount, at Alexandria conference, 1755, 2057; first lord of the admiralty, 3089. Kernstown, Va., battle of, 4797. Kerry, Ireland, note, 256. Kershaw, Gen. J. B., captured at Sailor’s creek, 5290. Kettle creek, N. C., battle at, 2817, 2926. Key, member of congress from Maryland, 3867. Key, David M., postmaster-general, 5551. Key, Francis Scott, circumstances under which he composed the “Star-spangled Banner,” 4077. Key, Philip Barton, defends Judge Chase, note, 3788. Key West as a seaport, 5953. Keyes, Gen. Erasmus D., brigade com¬ mander, 4747; at Bull Run, 4754, 4755; corps commander, 4784, 4962; at Fair Oaks, 4969; at Malvern Hill, 4988; at Harrison’s Landing, 4992. Keystone State, U. S. ship, in civil war, „ 4854, 4858. Khan, Grand, ruler of Tartary, riches of, 274; Columbus searches for, 307, 310- 313, 324; Cabot thinks he has reached . the country of, 424, 43 L 433- Kickapoos, Indian tribe, 3959. Kidd, Capt. William, takes stock in pirate- quelling company, 1554; sketch of, 1554; in command of pirate-quelling expedi¬ tion, 1554; turns pirate, 1555, 1556; con¬ demned and executed, 1557. Kidnapping in England in James II.’s reign, 1648, 1649. Kieft, William, governor of New Nether- land, 580, 582, H2T; difficulty with New Haven colony, 583, 584, 1012; sketch of, 1121, 1122; city improve¬ ments, 1123, 1124; drives English from Long Island and Delaware country, 1125; altercation with Swedes, 1126, 1127; plans Pavonia massacre, 1128, 1137; disclaims it, 1137; calls council of eight, 1138; recalled to Holland. 1141; 134 GENERAL INDEX. tries to pacify Indians, 1141; inflicts injury on colony, 1142, 1143; death, 1143; negotiations with Five Nations, . 1522. Kilpatrick, Gen. Judson, in march to the sea, 5272; engagement with Hampton, . 5313 . Kineo, U. S. ship, 4891. King, Leicester, nominated for vice-pres¬ ident by Liberty party, 4425. King, Rufus, on slavery in northwest ter¬ ritory, 3163; on work of the Annapolis convention, 3256, 3258; member of Philadelphia convention, 3264; sketch of, 3264; elected senator, 3327; Genet and, 3473; scheme to invade Spanish territory, 3639; minister to England, 3639, 3713, 3726, 3767, 3791, 4169, 4170, 4176; opposes northern confederacy, 3784; Federalists’ choice for vice-pres¬ ident, 3799, 3884; enters the senate, 4013; calls for a repeal of the embargo act, 4046; Federalist candidate for pres¬ idency, 4098; on the Missouri-Maine bill, 4124; troops at battle of Centre- ville, 5018; at Manassas, 5019; ordered to Gainesville, 5020; at second battle of Bull Run, 5021, 5022. King, Thomas Butler, special agent to as¬ sist California in formation of state government, 4447; member of 31st con¬ gress, 4448. King, William R., member of the “grand committee,” in 1850, 4474; president of the senate, 4496, 4499; nominated for vice-president by Democrats, 4504; health fails, 4514; death, 4520. King George’s war (American phase of war of Austrian succession), war de¬ clared, 1385; Duquesnel captures Canso, 1386; futile attack by French on An¬ napolis, Nova Scotia, 1387; Louisbourg attacked and captured, 1388-1400; re¬ ligious element in the Louisbourg cam¬ paign, 1401; great French naval expedi¬ tion, 1404-T406; Anson and Warren de¬ feat French fleet, 1409; treaty of Aix- la-Chapelle restores peace, 1409, 1410. King Philip’s war in New England, 969, 1283, 1302; lasting results of, 1302; co¬ existent with dispute over Maine and New Hampshire, 1306; Connecticut on guard during, 1434; her loss in, 14341 in Rhode Island, 1466, 1468; an occa¬ sion for Andros to interfere with Con¬ necticut rights, 1507, 1508. King William’s war, effect on Massachu¬ setts, 1325, 1326; raids on northern set¬ tlements, 1348, 1349; terminated by treaty of Ryswick, 1349, 1352; outbreak of, 1536, 1537; Frontenac’s expedition against the English, 1537-1541; Phips invades Canada, 1542, 1543; Port Royal and St. Johns captured, 1543; Win- throp’s expedition against Montreal, 1544; Phips’ naval expedition fails, 1544, . ! 545 - Kingfisher, British ship, brings Andros to Boston, 1310. King’s Bridge, Washington at, 2519; Hes¬ sians at, 2526, 3329. King’s college, see Columbia. King’s Ferry, 2833, 2835. King’s Mountain, British at, in American revolution, 1840; battle of, photogravure frontispiece; Cornwallis’ defeat, 2988; portraits of leaders at, facing 2996; map of march to, and plan of battle, facing 3000; Ferguson at, 3001, 3002; number of troops, 3003; arrangement of American forces, 3004; losses, 3006, . 3007; effect, 3025. King’s province, early name for Rhode Island, 1308, 1460; organized under Dud- . ley, 1472. Kingsland territory granted, to Sir Will¬ iam Johnson, 1591. Kingston (N. H.) rebellion, 3243. Kingston, N. Y., destroyed, 2657; Wash¬ ington at, 2732. Kingston, Ontario, on site of Ft. Fronte- nac, 1994, 2210. Kinkaid act provided for “grazing home¬ stead” in Nebraska, 5968, 5969; evils .of, 5969.. Kiowa, Indian tribe, 163. Kirke, David, headed Canada company, 845; expedition to Acadia, 1935; con¬ quers Acadia, 1939; captures the elder La Tour, 1939; ungratefully treated by Charles La Tour, 1954. Kirke, Col. Percy, nearly inflicted on New England colonies, 1309; in Tangiers, 1512. Kirkland, Samuel, missionary to Indians, . 2 * 5 8 5 - . Kirkpatrick, Maj., 3508. Kirkwood, British commander at battle of # Guilford, 3033. Kirkwood, Samuel J., secretary of the interior, 5567. Kirtland, O., Mormon settlement at, 4435. Ivitching, Gen. J. H., killed at Winchester, . 5 2 5 2 . Kittery, Me., home of Sir William Pepper- GENERAL INDEX. 135 rell, 1391, 1392; sends men to Louis- bourg campaign, 1394. Kjalarness, landing-place of Thorvald, 217; of Thorfinn, 220. Klondike, gold discovered in, 5683; con¬ struction of railway to, 5684. Kloster-Zeven, 2662. “Knickerbocker’s History of New York,” by Irving, 246, 1119. Knights of labor order a strike in 1894, 5673; organization and character, 5887. Knights of the holy sepulchre, 888. Knights of the white camelia, origin and object, 5470-5472. Knowles, Adm. Sir Charles, used press- gang in Boston, 1411; forced to yield, 1411, 1414. Knowlton, Col. Thomas, at Bunker Hill, 2458; at battle of Harlem Heights, 2519; death, 2519. Know Nothing party, principles of, 4547. Knox, Gen. Henry, secures artillery, 2480; threatens to resign, 2554; at German¬ town, 2630; on army claims, 3211; por¬ trait, facing 3218; organized order of Cincinnati, 3219; secretary of war, 3338; plan for organization of militia, 3360; negotiations with Creeks, 3392; Adams appoints major-general, 3637; dispute over rank, 3638. Knox, Philander C, attorney-general, 5773. Knoxville, Tenn., founded, 3531; Gen. Crit¬ tendens headquarters, 4809; Morgan at, 5112; siege of, 5157, 5158; sufferings of Union soldiers at, 5158, 5159. Knyphausen, Baron Wilhelm von, Hessians commanded by, 2473; at King’s Bridge, 2526; at Brandywine, 2615, 2619, 2620, 2628; at Monmouth, 2733, 2734; New York in command of, 2905; invades New Jersey, 2967; Clinton wants Andre’s case referred to, 2987. Komura, Baron, portrait, facing 5834; rep¬ resents Japan at Portsmouth peace con¬ ference, 5834. Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, engineer, 2554; portrait, facing 2554; planned fortifica¬ tions at Bemis Heights, 2637; con¬ structed forts on Hudson, 2707; sent to assist Greene, 3013; at Cheraw, 3016. Kossuth, Louis, leads Hungarian revolt, 4492, 4493; congress empowers pres¬ ident to send ship to convey him to this country, 4498; visits United States, 4500-4503; portrait, facing 4500. Koszta, Martin, capture and release, 4523. Kraken, mythical sea monster, 30T. Kremer, George, attacks Clay anonymous¬ ly, 4163, 4164. Krieckebeeck, head of Dutch colony, 559. Kristni Saga mentioned Vinland, 236. Kuklux Klan, costumes and insignia of, illus., facing 5400; organization, 5401; actions of, 5401; portraits of members, facing 5402; Kuklux act passed by con¬ gress, 5421; origin and purpose, 5467- 5474 - Kuyter killed by Indians, 1158. Kyrle, Sir Richard, governor of South Carolina, 1772. L. Labor, Roosevelt’s message on the labor question, 5793. Labor, department of, established by con¬ gress, 5614, 5615; Carroll D. Wright, 5615; duties of the commissioner, 5892, 5893 - Labor and commerce, department of, see Commerce and labor, department of. Labor statistics, bureau of, 5614, 5615. Labor unions, congress passes bill incor¬ porating, 5598; Roosevelt on, 5835,_ 5836; establishment of general trade union of New York city, 5886; growth, 5886- 5889; opinion of John Mitchell, 5890- 5892; commission of labor, 5892, 5893; boycotts, 5893, 5894, 5896; injunctions against, 5896. , Labrador, natives of, note, 218; touched by Cousin, 260; by Johann Skolnus, 260; discovered by Cortereal, 379, 380; inhabitants, 380; map, facing 430; prob¬ ably discovered by Cabot, 432; Cartier takes possession of, for France, 506, 508; not on sea route to India, 548; climate and products known in 16th century, 598. Lacey, Col., revolutionary officer, 2999; note, 2999; at battle of King’s Moun¬ tain, 3004-3006. La Chine Manor, Can., granted to La Salle, 1990; Bienville’s expedition leaves, 2010. Lachine Rapids, St. Lawrence river, Cham¬ plain ascended to, 522. Lacock, senator from Pennsylvania, op¬ poses Dallas, 4045; censures Jackson’s conduct of Seminole war, 4112. Laconia territory around great lakes grant¬ ed to Mason and Gorges, 845; given up, 846. Laconia company formed from Canada company, 845; fails, 846-848. 136 GENERAL INDEX. La Corne de St. Luc, a Canadian com¬ mander under Burgoyne, 2580, note, 2583* Ladrones, Islas de los, first Asiatic group seen by Magellan, 414. Lady Davis, Confederate steamer, Davis issues letter of marque to, 4901. Lady Prevost, British ship, 4028. Laet, Jan van, early Dutch colonist, 566, 569 - Lafayette, Marquis de, sketch, 2554, 2555; wounded at Brandywine, 2618; Con¬ way cabal tries to secure influence of, 2702; offered command of Canadian expedition, 2702; portrait, facing 2704; with Washington, 2704; occupies Barren Hill, 2727; Howe’s effort to capture, 2729; at Monmouth, 2733; at English- town, 2734; at battle of Monmouth, 2735, 2736, 2739; challenge to Lord Car¬ lisle, 2746; facsimile, facing 2746; in Rhode Island campaign, 2754; refuses to sign protest against D’Estaing, 2757; D’Estaing appealed to by, 2758; in plan to seize Liverpool, 2885; urges France to assist America, 2969; on board which tried Andre, 2986; troops snub, 3056; in Virginia, 3068, 3069; engagements with Cornwallis, 3070-3072; Malvern Hill held by, 3072; Cornwallis blocked by,. 3080; portrait, facing 4165; visits United States as guest of the nation, 4165, 4166. Lafayette, Ind., near site of French fort, 2005. Lafayette, Fort, New York harbor, Stone sent to, note, 4780; Dr. Olds sent to, 5188; Kennedy hanged at, 5209. Lafitte, Jean, the pirate, assists Jackson to repel British, 4078. Lafitte, Pierre, the pirate, escapes from the authorities, 4078. Lahontan, Baron de, disparages imported wives for Canada, 1987. Lahontan, extinct lake in Nevada, 145. Lairds’ shipbuilding company builds ves¬ sels for Confederate navy, 4940, 4941. Lake of the Woods on boundary between the United States and Canada, 4089, 4112. Lalement, Charles, Jesuit priest, makes defi¬ nite impress on Canada, 1934; describes savage life in Canada, i960, 1961; tor¬ tured to death by Iroquois, 1971. La Loutre, French missionary, urged his flock to fight, 1387. Lamar, Lucius O. Q., in Cleveland’s cab¬ inet, 5590. Lambert, Maj.-Gen., British officer in war of 1812, at battle of New Orleans, 4085, 4086; captured Ft. Bowyer, 4087. Lamberton, George, tries to buy Delaware land for New Haven colony, 583. Lamont, Daniel S., in Cleveland’s second cabinet, 5648. La Montague, one of Stuyvesant’s council in New Amsterdam, 1157. Lanape, Dutch name for Delawares, 2019. La Navidad, Hayti, fort built by Colum¬ bus, 314, 324. Lancaster, Mass., exposed to Indian attack, 1287. Lancaster, Pa., Indians massacred at, 1267; congress adjourns to, 2621; Burgoyne’s army at, 2666; revolt of soldiers at, 3218; proposed for national capital, 3355. Land bank scheme in Massachusetts op¬ posed by Gov. Belcher, 1379, 1380. Land grant forfeiture bill, 5642. Land grants, congress on, 5598; to Pacific railroads, 5607. Landais, Capt. Pierre, commanded U. S. frigate Alliance, 2884, 2886, 2888, 2891, 2892; dismissed from French and Amer¬ ican service, 2894. Lander, Gen. Frederick W., succeeds Rose- crans, 4797. Landholding, effect when cheap and when dear, 1606; in Georgia, 1878; reformed in Georgia in 18th century, 1919; by feudal tenure in Canada in 17th cen¬ tury, 1988. “Landnama-Bok,” book on Iceland by Ari Thorgilsson, 236. Lands,'public, abuse of land grants, 713; distributed by Penn in Pennsylvania, 1197; the question of western lands in 1776-1779, 3152; position of the states on, 3 IS 31 states cede their lands to government, 3155; proposed land grants to soldiers in 1782 and 1783, 3158-3160; Washington on land grants, quoted, 3159; Indian claims to, 3385, 3392; land speculations in 1795, 3385-3392, 3535- 3567; sale of, in 1800, 3674; Clay’s bill to distribute proceeds from sale, 4244, 4245; bill passed providing for distribu¬ tion of surplus resulting from sale, 4297, 4298; congress passes bill reclaiming, 5642, 5643; early legislation concerning, 59b5, 5966; homestead bill, 5966; secre¬ tary of interior on frauds in, 5967, 5968; Kinkaid act, 5968, 5969; remedies for present evils, 5969, 5970; irrigation projects, 5970, 5971. ) GENERAL INDEX. 137 Lane, Henry S., presides over Republican convention of 1856, 4558. Lane, James H., resolutions at Free-soil convention, 4552; elected to the senate, 4555; indicted for treason, 4556. Lane, Joseph, unsuccessful candidate for Democratic nomination in 1852, 4503; nominated for vice-president by seced¬ ing Democrats, 4594. \ Lane, Sir Ralph, governor of Raleigh’s colony, 607, 608; meets with Indian hos¬ tilities, 609, 610; rescued by Drake, 610, note, 612; in Spanish war (1587), 613, 619. Lane, Fort, N. C., Federals take, in 1862, 4876. Langdon, John, Vermont assisted by, 2600; patriotism of, 2600; congress appoints on naval committee, 2861; member of the Philadelphia convention, 3268, 3328. Langlade, Charles de, commanded Indians in Burgoyne’s expedition, 2580. Language, picture-writing, illus., facing 187; advantage of flexible, 193; Indian, I 93 _I 97 ; of West Indian islands, 309. Lansdowne, Lord, his tribute to John Hay, 5832. Lansing, John, delegate to the Philadelphia convention, 3271. Laoag, Philippine Islands, Lawton and McArthur at, 5743. La Place, Pierre Simon de, uses Arab nota¬ tion, 47. Lapland, Willoughby’s expedition to, 589. La Rochelle, France, French expedition against America sailed from, 1403. La Salle, Jean, priest in Canada, brother of Robert La Salle, 1990. La Salle, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, born in Rouen, 1990; education, 1990; re¬ ceives grant of La Chine manor, 1990; course of explorations, 1991; obstacles encountered by, 1993, 1994; mortgaged property to enlarge Ft. Frontenac, 1994; built and lost the Griffin, 1994; built Ft. Crevecoeur, 1994; supply vessel for, wrecked on St. Lawrence, 1995; jour¬ neys on foot to Montreal, 1995; meets disasters, 1995; discovered mouth of Mississippi river and claims its valleys for France, 1996; wishes to found town at mouth of river, 1996; last expedition, 1996; murdered, 1996; his enemies killed in turn, 1997; Tonty tried to rescue, 1997; survivors of, reach Ft. St. Louis, 1997; his death concealed, 1998; follows Mississippi to its mouth, 2003, 2004; took possession of country between Alle- ghanies and Rockies, 2004. Las Vegas, Cuba, type of houses in, illus., facing 5792. Lathrop, Capt., leads retreat from North- field, 1292; worsted by Indians, 1293. La Tour, Madame de, an efficient help¬ meet, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1951-1953; cap¬ tured, 1953; dies, 1954. Latour, Maj., makes reconnaissance of British position at New Orleans, 4081. La Tour, Charles, son of Claude St. Es- tienne, character, 1937; takes control of Acadia, 1938; made baronet of Nova Scotia, 1940, 1941; his questionable story, 1940; secures grants in Acadia, 1841, 1842; carries on hostilities with D’Aunay, 1943, 1944; defeated and cap¬ tured by D’Aunay, 1944; disowned by home government, 1945; defied orders, 1945; winters on Noddle’s Island, 1954; retires to Indian life, 1954; comes into D’Aunay’s honors and rights, 1956; mar¬ ries D’Aunay’s widow, 1957; cheats her children, 1957; obtained grant from Cromwell, 1958; descendants in Acadia, 1958. La Tour, Claude St. Estienne de, comes to Acadia, 1936; family of, note, 1936-1938; his claims in Nova Scotia, note, 1938- 1940. La Tour, Fort, name given to Ft. Lomeron and afterwards to Ft. St. Jean, 1942. Latrobe, Benjamin, at Burr trial, 3838. Laud, William, archbishop of Canterbury, urges conformity to church of England in Virginia, 717, 718; member of colo¬ nial commission, 853, 863; portrait, fac¬ ing 854; hostile to Puritans, 854; thwart¬ ed in plans, 857; death, 858; made arch¬ bishop, 863, 895; his dealings with Hook¬ er, 966. Laudonniere, Rene de, sent to Florida by Coligny, 482; built Ft. Caroline, 483; suppressed piracy, 483, 484; aided by Sir John Hawkins, 485, 590; superseded by Ribault, 486; escaped from Menen- dez, 492. Laughing King, Virginia chief, 692, 694. Laurel Hill, W. Va,. McClellan routs Gar¬ nett at, 4742, 4743. Laurens, Henry, advises raising of negro regiments, 2823; sent to Holland, 2850; captured by English, 2850, 3065; facsim¬ ile of order committing him to London tower, facing 3064; released and sent to Holland, 3090. Laurens, Col. John, Lee’s duel with, note, 138 GENERAL INDEX. 2743; confers with D’Estaing, 2752; congress sends, to enlist negro regi¬ ments in Charleston campaign, 2823; the Alliance conveys to France, 2897; sent to Washington for reinforcements, 2907; troops snub, 3056; mortally wounded, 3083. Laussanne, council of, 31. Lauson, president of “Hundred Associ¬ ates,” deeds site of Montreal to Jesuits in 1642, 1968; governor of Canada, 1974. Laussat, French envoy, transfers Louisiana, 3751; opinion of Wilkinson, 3763; on Louisiana boundary, 3765. Lauzun-Biron, Due de, French officer un¬ der Rochambeau, 2970; at Yorktown, 3082; carries news of Cornwallis’ sur¬ render to France, 3084. Laval-Montmorencv, Francis Xavier, arch¬ bishop of Canada, 1983; first bishop of Quebec, upheld power of church against state, 1983-1985. Law, John, promoted “Mississippi Bub¬ ble,” 1999. Law, Jonathan, governor of Connecticut, 1002. Lawne’s plantation, Va., entitled to rep¬ resentation in house of burgesses, 680. Lawrence, Col., surrenders Ft. Bowyer, 4087. Lawrence, member of congress, favored national bank, 3400. Lawrence, Abbott, declares people are op¬ pressed by rulers, 4304. Lawrence, Amos, organizer of emigrant aid company, 4550. Lawrence, Charles, governor of Nova Scotia, supervises expulsion of Aca- dians, 2116; cruel in execution of or¬ der, 2117, 2123, 2129; addressed Earl of Halifax on Acadia, 2122; orders Aca- dians to assemble in churches, 2125. Lawrence, James, promoted to command the Chesapeake, 4021; his death, 4022, 4023; portrait, facing 4022. Lawrence, Maj. William, in command of Ft. Bowyer, 4079. Lawrence, Kan., founded, 4550; laws of Kansas burned at, 4590. Lazvrence, U. S. brig, Perry’s flagship, 4028- 4030. Lawrence county, S. C., struggle over rep¬ resentatives from, 5449, 5450. Lawrenceville, Pa., opposite Washington Island, 2038. Lawson, John, surveyor-general for the Carolinas, surveys lands along the Neuse river, 1811; tortured to death by Tuscaroras, 1812; describes condition of Carolinas in early 18th century, 1817, 1818. Lawton, Gen. Henry W., in skirmish at Guasima, 5728; assists in drawing terms of capitulation of Santiago, 5731; mili¬ tary operations in the Philippines, 5741- 57431 portrait, facing 5742; death, 5743. Lawton, Gen. R. R., losses at Antietam, 5046; wounded at Antietam, 5047. Laydon, John, first English bridegroom in America, 649, 650. Laydon, Virginia, daughter of first English pair married in America, 650. Lea, Lieut., wounded in attack on the Harriet Lane, 4866. Leander, British warship, makes impress¬ ments, 3796; British warship, Jefferson closes ports to, 3814; shot from, kills John Pierce in New York harbor, 3814, 3815; Miranda’s expedition sails in the, 3818. Lear, Tobias, consul at Algiers, 3773. Learned, revolutionary officer, at Sara¬ toga, 2649-2660. Leather, manufacture of, encouraged by Lord Baltimore, 1690. Leavenworth, Kan., founded, 4550. Lebanon, Ky., Morgan attacked at, 5111; Morgan destroys stores at, 5112; For¬ rest at, 5114, 5115. Lebanon, Mo., Curtis at, 4732. Le Bceuf, Fort, on the Alleghany river, in chain of French defenses, 2006; goal of expedition by Washington and Gist, 2027; Washington at, 2034, 2035, 2053; surrenders to Rogers’ rangers in 1760, 2279; taken by Pontiac, 2308, 2314. Le Borgne, agent of D’Aunay, takes pos¬ session of Port Royal, 1956; secures part of Acadia, 1957. Leckv, William E. H., cited as to Green¬ ville, 2358. Leclerc, Victor Emmanuel, sails for San Domingo, 3734; perfidy of, 3735; death, 3735- Lecompton, Kan., founded, 4550; proslavery convention at, 4570, 4571. Lecompton constitution, 4571; denounced by Douglas, 4576; Buchanan on, 4581. Ledyard, Col., revolutionary officer, de¬ fends Ft. Griswold, 3081. Lee, Arthur, London agent of Virginia, 2553; U. S. commissioner to France, 2555, 2713. Lee, Charles, son of Gen. John Lee, 2056; serves under Braddock, 2056; sketch of, 2450, 2451; candidate for commander-in- GENERAL INDEX. 139 chief of the continental army, 2450; ap¬ pointed major-general, 2452; treachery of, 2469, note, 2534; sent to Newport, 2485; ironclad oath of, 2485; hurries to Charleston, 2505; at Ft. Sullivan, 2506, 2507; Manhattan Island fortified by, 2511; intrigues against Washington, 2532, 2533; caricature portrait, facing 2532; captured by British, 2533, 2534; exchanged, note 2534, 2731; plans for Howe to capture Philadelphia, 2608, 2609; failure of his Philadelphia scheme, 2727; opposes following Clinton’s re¬ treat, 2731, 2732; disobedience and treachery at battle of Monmouth, 2733- 2738, 2740, note, 2740-2742; court-mar¬ tialed and suspended, 2742, 2743; subse¬ quent conduct and career, note, 2743; secret expedition against St. Augustine, 2812; at Petersburg has interview with Gates, 2941. Lee, Charles, of Virginia, enters Washing¬ ton’s cabinet, 3561; defends Judge Chase, note, 3788; assists in Burr trial, 3839. Lee, Gen. Fitzhugh, at Five Forks, 5287 - Lee, Francis Lightfoot, portrait, facing 2500. Lee, Gen. G. W. Custis, captured by Sher¬ idan at Sailor’s creek, 5290. Lee, Gen. Henry (“Light Horse Harry”), cavalry under, 2707; portrait, facing 2836; daring enterprise against Paulus Hook, 2838; sent to assist Greene, 3013; at Georgetown and at Nelson’s Ferry, 3027; harassed Cornwallis, 3030, 3031, 3038; at battle of Guilford, 3034; reinfor¬ ces Marion and invests Ft. Watson, 3040- 3042; captures Ft. Granby, 3047-3049; movements of, at Eutaw Springs, 3074, 3078; commands troops in whiskey riots, 3517; major-general of the pro¬ visional army in 1798, 3637; in Baltimore riots of 1812, 3977, 3978. Lee, Jesse, establishes Methodism in New England, 3114, 3 ^ 5 - Lee, John, cousin of R. E. Lee, note, 4701. Lee, Gen. John, father of Charles Lee, 2056, Lee, Col. Richard Henry, negotiates return of Berkeley to Virginia, 724; member of continental congress, 2448; his motion for independence, 2496; Wash¬ ington antagonized by, 2694; on ordi¬ nance of 1787, 3195; anti-Federal in pol¬ itics, 3259; his objections to the consti¬ tution in his “Letters of a Federal Farm¬ er,” 3314; elected senator, 3327, 33331 on senate judiciary committee, 3338. Lee, Robert E., son of Henry Lee, 2707; declines leadership of the Lopez expe¬ dition to Cuba, 4494; in command of Federal troops at Harper’s Ferry against John Brown, 4584; Scott recommends for national commander, 4700; character, 4700; interview with Francis P. Blair, 4700, note, 4701; offered command of northern army, 4700; resigns his com¬ mission in U. S. army, 4701; takes com¬ mand of Virginia troops, 4701; on his refusal to command federal forces, note, 4701, 4702; compared with Washington, note, 4702; attempts to control Cheat River valley and Baltimore & Ohio Ry., 4742; commissioned general-in-chief of the Confederate army, 4972; fortifies Richmond, 4972; plans to attack Mc¬ Clellan, 4972; opinion of McClellan, 4972, 4973; portraits, facing 4972; forces un¬ der, at Richmond, 4973; in command at Malvern Hill, 4989; pursues McClellan to Harrison’s Landing, 4993, 4994; re¬ turns to Richmond, 4994; losses of, in the seven days’ battle, 4994; letter to Halleck, 5012; plans against Pope, 5015, 5016; follows Jackson, 5017; strength of forces at White Plains, 5017; sends reenforcements to Jackson, 5022^ moves to Fairfax, 5024; enters Maryland, 5027; issues proclamation to people of Maryland, 5027; strength of army, 5032; his plan of campaign, 5032; opinion of McClellan, 5033; plans changed, 5035; lost orders, 5035; move¬ ment of army, 5035; informed of Mc¬ Clellan’s plans, 50371 changes plans, 5037; battle of Antietam, 5042-5050; re¬ treats across the Potomac, 5050; es¬ cape discovered, 5051; army encamped near Martinsburg and Bunker Hill, 5052; reorganizes army, 5052; battle of Fredericksburg, 5071-5075; battle of Chancellorsville, 5078-5083; reasons for invading Pennsylvania, 5083 ; reorganizes army, 5084; advances northward, 5085; reaches Chambersburg, 5085; marches towards Gettysburg, 5086; battle of Gettysburg, 5087-5092; retreats from Gettysburg, 5093; ordered to invade Maryland, 5117; suggests organization of negro regiments, 5224; reports bad condition of army, 5227; proposes military conventions with Grant, 5228; reply of Stanton to, 5228, 5229; move¬ ments of the army of the Potomac against, 5231; battle of the wilderness, 5032; battle of Spottsylvania, 5235-5239; starts for Richmond, 5240; battle of Cold Harbor, 5240, 5241; losses of. 140 GENERAL INDEX. compared with Grant’s, 5242; forces of, compared with Grant’s, 5242; with¬ draws a large force from Petersburg, 5245; makes demonstration on Wash¬ ington, 5248; plans of, 5285; Grant’s plans against, 5286; battle of Five Forks, 5287, 5288; evacuates Petersburg, 5288; retreats towards the Appomattox, 5288; telegraphs Davis, 5289; retreat cut off, 5289; Grant’s note to, 5290, 5291; correspondence with Grant, 529 1 i asks for interview with Grant, 5291; interview with Grant at Appomattox, 5292; sur¬ renders to Grant, 5293; Babcock’s ac¬ count of interview with Grant, 5293, 5294; second interview with Grant, 5294; por¬ traits of himself and his generals, fac¬ ing 5294; farewell address to his army, 5295; Sherman’s movements against Lee, 5314; death, 5538. Lee, Rear-Adm. S. Phillips, relieves Golds- borough, 4854; demands surrender of Vicksburg, 4895. Lee, Lieut.-Gen. Stephen D., on secession, note, 4623. Lee, Thomas, president of council of Vir¬ ginia, 1667; interested in Ohio company, 2010. Lee, Fort, N. J., Green commander at, 2519; valueless and evacuated, 2526, 2527. Lee, U. S. schooner, Massachusetts Bay patrolled by, 2862; captures two British transports, 2866. Leech Lake, Minn., reported by Pike to be the principal source of the Mississippi river, 3759. Leesburg, Va., crosses Potomac near, 5027. Leete, governor of New Flaven colony, does not oppose union with Connecticut, 1422. LeFebvre commands French fleet against Charleston in war of Spanish succes¬ sion, 1802-1804. Lefferts, Col. Marshall, commands the sev¬ enth New York regiment, 4690. Legal tender act of 1861, 4945, 4946; Sum¬ ner on the, 4945; Fessenden on the, 4945 . Legare, Hugh S., attorney-general under Tyler, 4348; death, 4358. Leib, Senator Michael, opposes Madison, 3896; opposes U. S. bank, 3947; opposes Dallas, 4045; loses senatorial seat, 4046. Leicter, Col., attacked by Forrest, 5113, 5 IT 4 - Leigh, Benjamin Watkins, commissioner from Virginia to South Carolina, 4259, 4260. Leisler, Jacob, helped by Connecticut, 1442; expedition against French, 1476; sketch of, 1533 ; seized government of New York, 1533; career there, 1534-1537; outwitted by Albany, 1539; his son-in-law caused failure of Winthrop’s Canada expedi¬ tion, 1544; refused to acknowledge In- goldsby, 1546; convicted and executed for treason, 1547, 1548; relieved from attainder, 1549. Le Jeune, Father, Jesuit priest, established mission in Quebec, i960; studies Indian dialect in Canada, 1961. Leland Stanford university, earthquake dis¬ aster, 5880, 5881. Le Loup, Winnebago chief, murdered Jen¬ nie McCrea, 2582. L’Embuscade, French frigate, brings Genet to America, 3465-3467; prizes of, 3469; fights with English ship Boston, 3472. Le Moyne, Father, tries to establish mis¬ sion among the Onondagas, 1974; thrill¬ ing experience of, 1974-1977. L’Enfant, Maj., plans federal capitol, 3684. Lenni Lenape, Dutch name for Delaware Indians, 1211, 2019. Lennox, Duke of, one of Plymouth coun¬ cil patentees, 744; signs patent of Plym¬ outh colony, 749, 855, 856. Le Noult, Fort, 2787. Lenud’s Ferry, Tarleton routs Americans at, 2913. Leo V., Byzantine emperor, uses hand¬ guns, 76. Leonard, J. F. R., nominated for president, 5767 . Leopard, British frigate, attacks the Chesa¬ peake, 3855; searches the Chesapeake, 3856. . Lepe, Diego de, explores South America, 375 - Lescarbot, Marc, his map of New France, facing 526. Leslie, Col., leads first raid on American stores at Salem, 2419. Leslie, Maj .-Gen. Alexander, Clinton sends to Virginia, 2971; plan and strategic importance of his campaign, 2971; marches to join Cornwallis, 3018; Ar¬ nold replaces, 3030; at battle of Guilford, 3033 - L’Estrade, Baron de, at siege of Yorktown, 3082. Letcher, John, governor of Virginia, re¬ fuses to comply with Lincoln’s proclama- GENERAL INDEX. 141 tion, 4684; message of Davis to, 4689; sends troops to West Virginia, 4694. “Letters of a Federal Farmer,” by R. H. Lee, 3314. Leupp, F. E., on Indian policy, 5908-5910. Levant, British ship, 4089. Leverett, Gov. Sir John, portrait, facing 1286; governor of Massachusetts Bay, 1287. Levering, Josiah E., candidate for president, 5685. Levett, Christopher, governor of New ^ Plymouth, 793, 794. Levis, Frangois G. due de, reinforces Mont¬ calm at Ticonderoga, 2192, 2195; sent to Montreal by Montcalm, 2253; suc¬ ceeds Montcalm, 2272; threatens to re¬ take Quebec, 2272, 2273; defeats English at, 2274; obliged to flee, 2275. Lewis creek, Del., Dutch plantation on, 566. Lewis, Gen. Andrew, career in French and Indian and revolutionary wars, 2171, 2172; routs Dunmore, 2489, 2771; life sketch, 2771; becomes brigadier-general of Virginia forces, 2771; Cornstalk’s campaign against, 2772, 2773; marched to Camp Charlotte, 2775. Lewis, Charles, killed at battle of Point Pleasant, 2773. Lewis, Francis, portrait, facing 2500. Lewis, Sir George, speech in parliament regarding recognition of the Confeder¬ acy, 4938 . Lewis, Meriwether, portrait, facing 3756; his western expedition, 3757-3759. Lewis, Morgan, elected governor of New York, 3785; given command of Sackett’s Harbor, 4052; unable to command his troops, 4054; in command at New York, 4060. Lewis, Col. William, in American defeat at Frenchtown, 4017, 4018. Lewis, William B., member of Jackson’s “Kitchen Cabinet,” 4219. Lewis and Clark expedition, 2791, 3756- 3759 -. Lewis river, source discovered, 3758. Lewiston, N. Y., Van Rensselaer plans to invade Canada from, 3997. Lexington, Ky., Col. Robert Patterson founder of, 2776, 3154; named after bat¬ tle of Lexington, 2777; Indians threaten, 2792; militia from, relieves Bryan’s Station, 2800; Burr at, 3821, 3823; Blen- nerhassett at, 3829; Clay’s speech at, 4416; remains of Clay carried to, for burial, 4508; captured by Confederates, under Price, 4711, 4723, 4726; Morgan’s attempt to capture, 5112; Kirby Smith occupies, 5122; Forrest at, 5143. Lexington, Mass., battle of, 2423-2425; British retreat at, 2429; outrages per¬ petrated at, 2429; loss at battle of, 2430; effect on New England, 2431; its effect on colonies, 2436. Lexington, U. S. ship, adventurous trip from West Indies, 2866; captured by the Alert, 2871; in attack on Ft. Henry, 4814; converted into a gunboat, 4846; at Pittsburg Landing, 5164. Leyden, Holland, Puritan colony in, 756, 757> 760, 762, 764; sends part of second expedition, 802; in connection with Plymouth, Mass., 804, 805, 818, 819. Liberal Republican party denounces mili¬ tary rule of Grant, 5517; national con¬ vention of, 5517; leaders, 5517, 55i8; platform, 5518; on tariff, 5518; Greeley and Brown nominated by, 5519. Liberia, map of, facing 4286; origin and development of, 4286, 4287; facsimile of currency of, facing 4288; congress rec¬ ognizes republic of, 4947. Liberty, Mo., arsenal seized by disunionists, 4704 . Liberty, ship, owned by John Hancock, seized in 1768, 2389; riot about, 2389, 2390. Liberty congress of the American league of anti-imperialists, Indianapolis meet- . ing, 577 L 5772 . Liberty party in campaign of 1844, 4364; holds convention in New York, 4425. Libraries in colonial period, 2347. Licking river, Ky., Girty’s ambush at the ford, 2801-2803; Kentuckians in panic at, 2803; Clark’s vengeance for slaughter of Kentuckians at, 2803, 2804. Licksville, Md., Gen. Couch at, 5034. Liege, France, Walloons from, 555. Life insurance, see Insurance. Life-saving service, congress reorganizes, . 556 o. Lighthouse Point, at Louisbourg, captured by Wolfe and Highlanders, 2183. Ligonier, Pa., English fort at, 2007; modern name’of Loyal Hanna, 2169; repels at¬ tack in Pontiac’s war, 2315, 2318; re¬ lieved by Basquet, 2321. Li Hung Chang in Boxer uprising, 57/7, 5778; portrait, facing 5778; asks for peace, 5779; appointed envoy to the United States, 5780. Liliuokalani, queen of Hawaii, succeeds Kalakaua, 5630; character and attitude toward the United States, 5630, 5631; 142 GENERAL INDEX. abdicates, 5633; congress provides with an annual allowance, 5635; delays rati¬ fication of treaty, 5635; Harrison’s mes¬ sage on her government, 5635; effort made to restore her to power, 5655, 5656; refuses Cleveland’s proposals, 5656. Limerick, Earl of, see Dongan, Thomas. Limestone, Ky. (Maysville), Simon Girty’s feint against, 2795. Lincoln, Countess of, connected with Gor¬ ges and Wincob, 760; and John Hum¬ phrey, 864. Lincoln, Earl of, on committee for plan¬ tations, 1417. Lincoln, Abraham, member of congress, 4418; introduces his “spot” resolutions, 4419; attitude towards Mexican war, 4420, 4421; frames bill providing for gradual emancipation of slaves in the District of Columbia, 4434; accepts nom¬ ination for senator, 4576; reply to Doug¬ las’ defense of slavery, 4577-4579; ques¬ tions and answers to Douglas at Free¬ port, 4579, 4580; defeated for senator, but gains national reputation, 4580; Cooper Union speech, 4588, 4589; origin of his nickname, the “rail-splitter,” 4595* 4596; nominated for president by Republican party, 4596-4600; his part in campaign, 4601; elected, 4602, 4603; portraits of himself and his cabinet, frontispiece; effect of his election in South Carolina, 4609, 4610; Gov. Pick¬ ens on the election of, 4616; A. H. Stephens on, 4622; his letter to Steph¬ ens, 4624; on slavery, 4624, 4646; select¬ ing cabinet, 4624; opposed to Crittenden compromise, 4646; favors constitutional amendment on slavery, 4657; his jour¬ ney to Washington in 1861, 4665; speech¬ es on the trip, 4665, 4666; at Phil¬ adelphia, on the attitude of the govern¬ ment, 4665; at Indianapolis, on the people’s share in the government, 4665, 4666; portrait, facing 4666; plot to as¬ sassinate in 1861, 4666; his career, 4666, 4667; his inauguration, 4667; Douglas loyal to, 4667; speech on the union of states, 4668; cabinet, 4669; faction fight over his cabinet appoint¬ ments, 4669, 4670; condition of the Union confronting him, 4670, 4671; Seward’s optimism compared to Lin¬ coln’s clear-sighted outlook, 4671, 4672; declines to receive Confederate commis¬ sioners, 4673; decides to strengthen Sumter, 4674; notifies Gov. Pickens, 4675 ; receives news of surrender of Ft. Sumter, 4679; war proclamations of, 4679, 4680; convenes extra session of congress, 4680; effect in the North of his war proclamation, 4680-4682; north¬ ern champions of the South turn and support the federal government, 4681, 4682; Baltimore Y. M. C. A. appeal to, 4688; his reply, 4688; public wrath against, on account of Gosport affair, 4699; senate censures, 4699; Scott rec¬ ommends Col. R. E. Lee to, 4700; wanted R. E. Lee to command Union army, note, 4701, 4702; his relations with Fremont, 4717, 4718, note, 4725, 4726; radical Unionists angry at, 4718; Holt’s letter to, on Fremont’s proclama¬ tion, 4718; disallows Fremont’s eman¬ cipation decree, 4718; to Browning on importance of Kentucky, 4719; on Fre¬ mont scandal, 4727, 4728; adverse to invading Virginia, 4740; after Bull Run, 4766; message to congress asking for war supplies, 4766, 4767; criticism of his war measures, 4770, 4771; public sustains, 4770, 4771; McClellan’s treat¬ ment of, 4776, 4782; in McClellan and Scott controversy, 4777, 4778; his atti¬ tude toward McClellan, 4782; forms army corps, 4784; wants to borrow McClellan’s army, 4784; asks advice of McDowell, 4784; yields to McClellan, 4786; relieves McClellan, 4788; letter of, answering protest of McClellan, 4789; forbids McClellan to utilize Wool’s forces, 4791; his relations with Gov. Magoffin, of Kentucky, 4800-4802; ap¬ points Andrew Johnson military gov¬ ernor of Tennessee, 4826; appoints Grant major-general, 4826; his blockade proclamation, 4848; approves Porter’s plans to capture New Orleans, 4883; on the Trent affair, 4929; instructions to Adams on the relations of Great Britain and the United States, 4939; congress gives control of telegraphs and railways, 4947; urges emancipation of slaves upon states, 4949, 4950; his plan of gradual emancipation, 4950, note, 4950; argument on compensated eman¬ cipation, 4950, 4951; opposition to his plan, 4952; asks congress to appropri¬ ate money for emancipation of slaves, 4952; charged with favoring slavery, 4953 ; on Hunter’s and Fremont’s proc¬ lamations, 4953; reads proclamation of emancipation to cabinet, 4953, 4954, 5059; orders draft for men, 4954; Greeley’s letter of criticism to, 4954, 4955; his reply to Greeley, 4955, 4956; determined to issue the emancipation proclamation, GENERAL INDEX. 143 4956; his answer to Chicago clergymen, 4956; common people rally and support, 4957; vow of, 4957; reply to McClellan’s plea for reinforcements, 4994, 4995; Mc¬ Clellan’s remarkable letters to, 4996-4998; goes to Harrison’s Landing, 4996; con¬ sults with governors as to advisability of issuing call for more volunteers, 5005; issues call for 300,000 men, 5006; fears Confederate advance upon North, 5028; reinstates McClellan, 5029; reasons for reinstatement, 5030; orders McClel¬ lan to cross Potomac, 5054; appoints Burnside successor to McClellan, 5056; arguments for and against emancipation proclamation, 5057; answer to Chicago clergymen, 5058; proclamation made public, 5058, 5059; reply to serenade, 5059; loses confidence of people, 5061; defends his position, 5061-5063; popular sympathy in England, 5064; approves issue of legal tender notes for pay of soldiers, 5067; communication to French government, 5068; opinion of Burnside’s plans against Richmond, 5069; tele¬ graphs Burnside not to make general movement, 5075; interview with Burn¬ side, 5075; blamed for reverses in the field, 5076; receives resolution from Republican senators, asking Seward’s dismissal, 5076; refuses to accept resig¬ nations of Seward and Chase, 5077; let¬ ter to Hooker, 5077, 5078; receives in¬ formation concerning Lee’s plans, 5084; appoints Meade to succeed Hooker, 5086; criticism of Meade’s congratula¬ tory order, 5093; expresses disappoint¬ ment at safe retreat of Lee, 5093; speech at dedication of Gettysburg cem¬ etery, 5093, 5094; appealed to for sus¬ pension of draft, 5183; sentences Vallan- digham to banishment, 5187; directs that Burnside’s order be rescinded, 5188; Count Gurowski’s statement concerning, 5189; orders release of political prison¬ ers, 5189; sanctions national currency and national banking system, 5192; unan¬ imously nominated for president at Baltimore convention, 5195; feeling of Chase toward, 5195; attitude toward Chase, 5196; appoints a day for humilia¬ tion and prayer, 5196; dissatisfaction with, 5196, 5198; Greeley’s statement against, 5197; retirement of, suggested, 5197; defeat of, predicted, 5197; Greeley forwards letter from Confederate agents, 5198; reply to Greeley, 5199; sends Hay with message to Greeley, 5199; rejects proposition of Confederate agents, 5200; disaffection in Indiana and Illinois, 5201; reelected president, 5212, 5213; approves F. P. Blair’s conference with Davis, 5225; at Hampton Roads conference, 5226; refuses Confederate peace propo¬ sition, 5226; terms of peace offered by, 5227; peace proposal of Lee referred to, 5228; reply to Lee, 5228; receives news of surrender of Atlanta, 5264; letter of thanks to Sherman for Savannah, 5278; second inauguration of, 5297; visits Grant at City Point, 5298; in Richmond, 5298; last public speech, 5298; his fear¬ lessness, 5299; his last day, 5299; attends Ford’s theatre, 5300; shot by Booth, 5300; death, 5301; funeral honors, 5302; uni¬ versal grief for, 5302; buried at Oak Ridge cemetery, Springfield, Ill., 5302; visit to Richmond, 5307; Sherman con¬ sults with, 5314, 5315; effect of assassina¬ tion upon country, 5319; statement of, concerning Stanton’s ability, 5323; last cabinet meeting of, 5329; views on re¬ construction, 5329; expression of good will toward Confederate leaders, 5330; idea regarding state government, 5330; message to congress, December, 1863, 5330; proclamation concerning recon¬ struction, 5333; criticism of Congress¬ men Wade and Davis on proclamation, 5333, 53341 refers to reconstruction in Louisiana, 5335; difference of opinion between Sumner and, 5336; statement concerning reconstruction, 5336, 5337; views on exclusion of electoral votes, 5338; signs thirteenth amendment, 5340; Johnson retains cabinet of, 5343; consults with Porter on naval base in Antilles, 5476; McClellan’s letter con¬ cerning his retreat, 5604. Lincoln, Benjamin, appointed major-gen¬ eral over Arnold, 2564; Cornwallis sur¬ prises, at Brunswick, 2566; reinforces Schuyler near Albany, 2579; commands at Manchester, 2600, 2661; in Gates- Arnold quarrel, 2645; Gates reinforced by, 2647; at Saratoga, 2653; Howe re¬ placed by, 2814; at Charleston, 2814; begins southern campaign, 2817; at Sa¬ vannah and Perrysburg, 2817; joins Ru¬ therford and Ashe, 2819; plans to re¬ cover Georgia, 2820, 2821; congress advises his retirement, 2824; plans to cut off Prevost, 2825; defeat at Stone Ferry, 2825; D’Estaing cooperates with, 2827, 2828; attacks Savannah, 2829; criticism on his loss of Savannah, 2830; 144 GENERAL INDEX. returns to Charleston, 2831; smallpox in army, 2831; surrenders, 2901; Clin¬ ton’s delay disastrous to, 2906; portrait, facing 2906; Washington reinforces, 2907; condition „of his army at Charles¬ ton, 2907, 2908; poor generalship, 2908- 2910; surrenders Charleston, 2913; suc¬ ceeded by Gates, 2940; assaults New York, 3072; at Yorktown, 3082; O’Hara surrenders Yorktown to, 3082; in Shay’s rebellion, 3240; electoral vote for vice- president in 1789, 3326; commissioner to the Creeks, 3391; appointed Indian commissioner, 3523. Lincoln, Levi, appointed attorney-general, 3712; resigns office of attorney-general, . 38 ° 3 - Lincoln, Robert T., accompanies Grant to Washington, 5299; in Garfield’s cabinet, . 55 67. Lincoln county, Ky., 3154. Lincolnshire, Eng., separatists in force in, . 753, 864, 868, 876. Lindsay, Maj., at battle of Long Cane, . 3 ° ia Linen made in Maryland, 1676; manu¬ facture of, encouraged by Lord Balti¬ more, 1690. Lingan, Gen., in the Baltimore riots of . 1812, 3977; death, 3978. Linnet, British ship, 4067, 4068. Lipans, Indian tribe, ferocity of, 164. Liquor traffic, congress appoints commis¬ sion to investigate, 5597. Lisbon, Portugal, in Arab power, 244; Co¬ lumbus in, 270, 283, 286, 316; Vespucci in, 364, 366; Cabral sails from, 377; Cortereal returns to, 380; Da Gama leaves, 404-406;. solicited for aid by Cabot, 436. Litchfield county, Conn., embraces Wyo¬ ming, Pa., 1272. Literature, early American, 3452, 3455. Little Belt, British corvette affair with, the president, 3952, 3953; armament of, 4028. Little Belt, Va., engagement at, 4746. Litle Big Horn river, massacre of Custer’s command at, 5515. “Little Cattle” island discovered by the Arabs, 244. “Little Corporal of Unknown Fields,” a nickname of McClellan, 4780. Little Democrat, ship, captured by the Embuscade, 3469, 3470. Little Falls, Minn., palaeolithic relics found near, 144. Little Harbor, first settlement in New Hampshire, 791; Neale and Gibbons at, 846. Little Herminia, one of Cartier’s ships, . 510 - 514 . Little James, British pinnace, 802-814. Little Meadows, Pa., Braddock sends stores to, 2066. Little Mingoes, Indian tribe, met by Gist, 2017. Little Osage river, Mo., defeat of Price . at, 5257. Little river, S. C., Patrick Ferguson at, 2930; fight at, 3017, 3039- Little Rock, Ark., Fremont proposes to seize, 4723; occupation of, by Steele, 5256; retreat of Steele to, 5257. Little Sarah, ship, renamed Little Demo¬ crat, 3469. Little Satilla river, Ga., 1883. Little Turtle, Miami Indian chief, 3413; plans attack against St. Clair, 3415- 3417; peace offered, 3536. Little Warrior, Indian, leads in massacre of whites, 4035; his band exterminated, . 4035 - Liltlehales, Col., commands Ft. Oswego, 2135; surrenders, 2136. Livermore, member of congress from New Hampshire, on state debts, 3368; leader in congress, 3901; challenges the elec¬ toral vote of Missouri, 4131. Liverpool, Lord, see Jenkinson, Charles. Liverpool, Eng., troops raised by, 2714; Paul Jones’ plan to seize, 2885. Livingston, Brockholst, in New York poli- . tics, 3677. Livingston, Edward, member of fourth congress, 3565; in congress, 3596; por¬ trait, facing 3596; appointed district at¬ torney, 3708; appointed secretary of state, 4239; aids Jackson in preparation of nullification proclamation, 4256, 4257. Livingston, Philip, member of continental congress, 2448; portrait, facing 2500. Livingston, Robert, takes stock in pirate- quelling company, 1554; recommended Kidd to Bellomont, 1554; portrait, fac¬ ing !554; in first continental congress, 2409. Livingston, Robert R., on committee to draw up declaration of independence, 2497; chancellor of New York, 3330; administered oath of office to Wash¬ ington, 3331; minister to France, 3713; Jefferson’s instructions to, concerning the acquisition of Louisiana, 3726, 3727; on French spoliation claims, 3735; his opin¬ ion of France, 3736; disparages Louisi¬ ana to Napoleon, 3740, 3741;. Talley- GENERAL INDEX. 145 rand’s proposition to, 3742; secures Louisiana from France, 3743, 3744; his prophecy, 3744, 3745; portrait, facing 3744; letter to Jefferson on France’s attitude regarding Louisiana, 3747; Tal¬ leyrand to, on Louisiana boundary, 3752; Marbois to, on cession of Floridas, 3753; on Louisiana boundary, 3754; chancellor of the state of New York, . 3 8 94 - Livingston, William, member of the Phila¬ delphia convention, 3268; befriends Al¬ exander Hamilton, 3273. Lloyd, Senator, of Maryland, introduces the sedition bill, 3630; on increase of the navy in 1811, 3967, 3968. Lloyd, David, attorney-general of Penn¬ sylvania, opposed Penn’s interests, 1253. Lloyd, Dr. Thomas, his connection with the Morgan-Jones story, 247, 248. Lloyd, Thomas, commissioner of state un¬ der Penn, 1226-1228; president of coun¬ cil, 1230; deputy-governor for Delaware colony, 1231; attacked by George Keith, 1234. Locke, father of Jbhn Locke, a parliament¬ ary leader, 1728. Locke, Col. Francis, at battle of Ramsour’s Mill, 2926, 2927. Locke, John, pardoned through William Penn, 1222; returns favor, 1224; worked out Shaftesbury’s ideas in the “grand model,” 1728, 1733; religious and political ideas, 1728, 1729; portrait, 1728; a theorist, 1730; was created land¬ grave in South Carolina, 1739; obliged to flee to Holland, 1760; reciprocal kindness with Penn, 1761. Lockwood, Mrs. B. A., secured bill allow¬ ing women to plead before the supreme court, 5930. Loco-Focos organize in New York, 4293, 4294 - Lodge, Henry Cabot, introduces consulate bill into congress, 5845. Loe, Thomas, Quaker preacher, converts William Penn to Quaker belief, 1187, 1189. Loeser, Lucien, brings tea-caddy full of gold to Washington, 4447. Logan, Col. Benjamin, marched to relieve Bryan’s Station, 2800, 2803; joins Clark’s expedition against the Indians, 2804; leads expedition against the Shawnees, 3189, 3190. Logan, George, his mission to France, 3656, 3657; Pickering censures, 3657; Adams credits his report, 3657; enters the senate, 3714. Logan, James, colonial secretary of Penn¬ sylvania, 1251; portrait, facing 1252; impeached by assembly, 1253; faithful to Penn interests, 1253. 1254, • 1266; varied treatment of, by Philadelphians, 1254, 1255; his library, 1255; disfavored by colonists, 1257; performs duties of governor in Pennsylvania province, 1266. Logan, John (Tahgahjute), Mingo chief, of Cayuga tribe, 1518; life sketch of, 2770; raids, 2771; at battle of Point Pleasant, 2775; eloquent speech of, note, 2775 , 2776. Logan, Gen. John A., in army of the West, 5133; at Kenesaw Mountain, 5261; member of house committee drawing up impeachment against Johnson, 5406; manager for conduct of prosecution against Johnson, 5407; nominated for vice-president, 5589; death, 5621. Logan, Mrs. John A., receives pension, 5614. Logan, Fort, Ky., 2792. Logan’s Cross Roads, near Mill Springs, Ky., Thomas at, 4809. Logstown, Pa., Gist ill received at, by Indians, 2017; Washington and Gist meet Tanacharison at, 2032, 2033. Lollards in eastern England, 876. Lombards, a Germanic tribe, destroy Roman power, 202. Lombards, a kind of gun with which Co¬ lumbus’ fleet was equipped, 297. Lomeron, Fort, built on Cape Sable for seal-catching, 1936, 1938; Charles La Tour commander at, 1942. London, Eng., visited by great plague and great fire, 1279; Capt. Kidd condemned and executed in, 1557; Carolina com¬ pany meets in, 1722; U. S. diplomatic service at, 5844. London company plants first permanent English colony in America, note, 611, 630-634, 1059, 1064; inception of, 616; chartered, 627; called “First Colony,” 627; limits and powers, 627-629; char¬ ter members, 629; chief men, 630; not unreasonable in looking for gold and passage to Pacific, note, 631; on gov¬ ernment of Virginia, 654, 655; bias* phemy against, a capital offense, 664; displaced by crown, 686, 687, 708, 1072; factions within, 687, 688; change policy, 687; family wrangle in, note, 688; com¬ pared with Plymouth company, 725; joined by part of Plymouth company, 733; called Virginia company, 743, 1062; 146 GENERAL INDEX. 733; called Virginia company, 743, 1062; disputes with Plymouth company and council, 746-751; first Lord Baltimore a member of, 1061. London Morning Post on Chesapeake and Leopard affair, 3861; on war with America, 3865. “London plague” on ships bound for the colonies, 657. London Saturday Review hostile to the United States, 4934, 4935. London Spectator comments on Lincoln’s second inaugural address, 5297. London Times, newspaper, 4671, 4678; comments on Monitor-Merrimac fight, 4910; hostile to United States, 4934, 4935 > 4937 - Long, Col., at Ticonderoga, 2573. Long, John D., in McKinley’s cabinet, 5695 j 5772; candidate for vice-president, 5769. Long Cane, battle of, 3010. Long House, nations of, see Iroquois Indians. Long Island, Hudson explores, 545; shores explored by Adriaen Block, 550; by Cornelis May, 551; Walloons settle on western end, 556, 557; proved to be an island by Dermer, 741; desired by Dutch, 953; towns on, included in Con¬ necticut and New Haven colonies, 957, 958; English settlement broken up, 1012; Indian tribes on, 1129, 1141; Quakers in, at time of Fox’s visit, 1185; became a part of New York, 1428; eastern towns on, wish to return to Connecticut jurisdiction, 1430, 1526; deputies pre¬ sented memorial to Duke of York, 1497; Loudon proposes fortified camp on, 2140; British on, 2507; fortifications on, 2512; battle of, 2513-2515; plan of the battle, illus., facing 2514; number of American troops engaged at, 2515; escape of Washington’s troops from, 2516; British occupy, 2516. Long King, Creek chief, makes speech to Oglethorpe, 1858. “Long Knives,” pioneers so called by Indians, 3189. Long Saut, scene of Daulac’s heroic con¬ flict with Iroquois, 1979-1983; spirit of, lacking at Ft. Oswego, 2134. Longstreet, Gen. James, at Bull Run, 4760; portrait, facing 4966; in seven days* battle, 4966-4968, 4978, 4979; attacks McCall, 4983, 4984; at second battle of Bull Run, 5019-5022; at battle of South Mountain, 5040, 5041; at Antietam, 5043; ordered to Culpeper, 5055; rein¬ forces Lee, 5084; at Winchester, 5084; joins Ewell’s corps, 5085; opinion of Lee’s plans at Gettysburg, 5088; at Get¬ tysburg, 5091; at Knoxville, 5157, 5158; takes position near Morristown, 5158; at Chickamauga, 5162, 5163; at Rich¬ mond, 5222; in battle of the wilderness, 5232, 5233; wounded by his own men, 5233; corps at Spottsylvania, 5235; cap¬ ture of a dispatch to Early from, 5251; corps of, at Ft. Stedman, 5286. Longworth, Nicholas, introduces diplomatic service bill into congress, 5845, 5846. Lookout Mountain, Tenn., situation of, 5155; position of armies at, 5155; bat¬ tle of, 5155, 5156; view of, facing 5156. Lopez, Narciso, expedition to Cuba in 1851, 4494-4496. L’Orient, France, Paul Jones sails from, 2885. Loring, commissioner, returns a fugitive slave to his owner, 4545. Lorraine, Duke Rene of, a patron of learn¬ ing, 370 . Los Angeles, Cal., aid sent San Francisco, 5878. . Losantiville, O., renamed Cincinnati by St. Clair, 3381. “Lost Lady,” drama by Sir William Ber¬ keley, 1623. Lost Mountain, Tenn., position of Johnston at, 5260; evacuation by Confederates, 5260. Lothrop, Maj. W. L., at New Madrid, 4830. Loudon, John Campbell, Earl of, commands in America in 1756, 2138; thwarts Win¬ slow’s plans, 2138, 2139; witticism about, by Franklin, note, 2138; cowardly, 2140; evil influence of, note, 2142; makes un¬ just aspersions on colonies at council of governors, 2146; requires a fresh army from New England, 2147; vacil¬ lates at Halifax, 2148-2150; responsible for disaster at Ft. William Henry, 2150; his misbehavior alienates colonies, 2160; in altercation with Boston about quartering soldiers, 2161, 2162; carries his point, 2162; recalled, 2162-2164. Louis XI., king of France, in conflict with feudal lords, 7, 10; with Charles the Bold, 7, 8; portrait, facing 8; extends and develops France, 9; analogies be¬ tween his reign and the wars of the roses, 14; character compared with Henry VIII. and German emperors, 22, 23 . Louis XII., king of France, issued no com¬ mission for explorations, 502. Louis XIII., king of France, applied to by Charles La Tour, 1938. GENERAL INDEX. 147 Louis XIV., king of France, Louisbourg named for, 1383; bought Charles II., in treaty of Dover, 1500; gives instruc¬ tion to Count de Frontenac, 1537; mot about his power, 1610; opposed by William III. of England, 1633; re¬ ceived James II. after abdication, 1694; allied with Philip V. of Spain, 1802; decides against Charles de La Tour, 1945; explains position of New England towards La Tour, 1950; puts La Tour in D’Aunay’s place in Acadia, 1956; cramps growth of Canada, 1985; sent out colonists, 1987; claims Mississippi valley through La Salle, 1996; lax in sending aid to Ft. St. Louis of Texas, 1998; renewed claim to Mississippi val¬ ley through De Bienville and D'Iber¬ ville, 1998; country between Alleghanies and Rockies claimed for, 2004, 2006. Louis XV., king of France, proposes peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1409; Bienville’s ex¬ pedition in reign of, note, 2011; freedom hated by, 2553. Louis XVI., king of France, comments on the revolutionary war, 3067. Louisbourg, N. S., siege of, 1381-1401; map of, 1382; greatest fortified post in new world, 1383, 1384; attack on, con¬ ceived by Shirley, 1389; organization of expedition against, 1391, 1392, 1394; garrison unprepared, 1395; great bat¬ tery captured, 1396, 1397; capitulated, 1399, 1587, 1589; rejoicings over capture of, 1400, 1401; restored to France, 1403; American garrison at, encouraged by Gov. Shirley, 1407; Connecticut men at capture of, 1452; expedition joined by Rhode Island, 1490; siege of, compared with Cartagena, 1664; taken by Sir Will¬ iam Pepperrell, 2056; French troops land at, in 1755, 2090; French captured at Beau-Sejour sent to, 2119; Col. John Bradstreet distinguished at the siege of, 2140; plan to retake, 2147; given up by Loudon, 2148, 2149; campaign against, 2177-2186; how fortified in 1758, 2181; bombarded by English, 2183, 2184; cari¬ cature of siege, facing 2184; annihilated, 2185; great triumph for England, 2186; compared with Ft. Frontenac, 2213; Wolfe’s prowess shown at siege of, 2214; Barre at, in 1758, 2235; fortifications of, blown up after seven years’ war, 2328. Louisiana, Indians in, 162; Natchez Indians driven to, in 1731, 1862; French settle¬ ments in, not connected, 1933; tem¬ porarily ruined by John Law, 1999; becomes a crown colony, 1999; trans¬ ferred to Spain in 1755, 2006; soldiers from, garrison French forts, 2028; re¬ tained by French in 1760, 2276; spared to France by treaty of Paris, in 1763, 2334, 2335; Spanish claims to, 3179, 3180; French effort to secure, 3474-3476; Clark plans to invade, 3475; map show¬ ing boundary, facing 3562; Spain fears invasion of, 3604-3606; the admission of, 3942, 3943; constitutional aspects of, 3942; Quincy on admission of, 3942, 3943; boundaries of, 3943; settlement of her Texas boundary, 4113, 4114; status of slavery in, 4114; supports negro col¬ ony in Africa, 4287; reply of, to Gist’s letter on secession, 4608; secedes, 4649; vote for secession of, 4660; Magoffin asks arms of, 4799; slaves in, declared free, 5060; constitutional convention in, 5334; abolishes slavery, 5335; new state government not recognized by congress, 5335, 5336; Lincoln’s endorsement of new state government, 5337; elections in, 5338; electoral votes not counted, 5338; second convention called in New Orleans, 5373; measures to prevent as¬ sembly, 5373; riot in streets and con¬ vention hall, 5374, 5375; reconstruction a failure in, 5375; military control pro¬ vided for, 5383; Sheridan assigned to, 5388; Sheridan removes Gov. Wells, 5391, 5392; ratifies fourteenth amend¬ ment, 5413; election of Gov. Packard, 5455; connection of Hayes with state elections in, 5455, 5456; condition dur¬ ing reconstruction, 5461-5463; Michael Hahn elected governor, 5461; H. C. Warmouth elected governor, 5461, 5462; two governments in, 5462; Kellogg and McEnery, 5462; political dissensions in, 5556; women’s rights in, 5931. Louisiana, Confederate ironclad, in river defense flotilla, 4885; strength of, 4886; constructed to defend New Orleans, 4 8 99 - ... Louisiana, U. S. ship, aids in defense of New Orleans, 4083. Louisiana purchase, 3723-3768; Jefferson’s part in the transaction, 3725, 3737. 37j6- 3749 . 376o, 3761; France secures Louisi¬ ana, 3729, 3730; Spain confirms transfer, 3731; France demands delivery of, 3734. 3735 '. Jefferson on cession of Louisiana to France, 3737; Livingston disparages Louisiana to Napoleon, 3740, 3741; Napoleon decides to sell it, 3741, 374 2 ; Talleyrand’s proposition to Livingston, 3742, 3743; Marbois’ terms of sale, 148 GENERAL INDEX. 3743 ; United States secures Louisiana, 3743 5 terms of the treaty of cession, 3744; prophecy of Livingston regarding, 3744, 3745; Napoleon on sale of Louisi¬ ana, 3744, 3745; facsimile of treaty of cession, facing 3744; Spain’s attitude toward the cession, 3745, 3746; Jef¬ ferson’s constitutional amendment re¬ garding, 3746-3749; Breckenridge on the effect of the treaty, 3749, 3750; con¬ gressional vote on the purchase, 3751; Spain transfers to France, 3751; France transfers to United States, 3751; cere¬ mony of transfer, 3752; Napoleon refuses to guarantee boundary of, 3752; discussion on boundaries, 3753, 3754) 3764; political results of, 3754, 3755; effect on state sovereignty, 3755; on slavery, 3755, 3756; problems arising from, 3760; Jefferson on administration of, 3760, 3761; on constitutional amend¬ ment regarding, 3761; territory pur¬ chased divided into two administrative districts, 3761; under government of Indian Territory, 3761; inhabitants re¬ fused franchise, 3762, 3763; Wilkinson governor of, 3763; Senator Plumer on the purchase, 3780; Burr declares the territory ripe for revolt, 3819. Louisville, Ky., probable limit of La Salle’s exploration of Ohio river, 1991; Gist at site of, 2026; Clark’s rendezvous op¬ posite, 2781; first store in, 3167; Wilkin¬ son at, 3167; Burr at, 3823; Union and Confederate recruiting in, 4804, 4805; federals strengthen, 4806; Buckner threatens, 4806; Confederate plans against, 5117, 5119, 5121; Buell leaves, 5123; railroad reopened at, 5126; Fenians at, 5483; bolting Democrats meet in, 5520; railroad strike at, 5553. Louisville , U. S. gunboat, in attack on Ft. Donelson, 4819, 4820; constructed by James B. Eads, 4846. Louisville & Nashville railroad, Morgan’s raid on, 5112, 5115. _ L’Ouverture, Toussaint, portrait, facing 3730; led revolution in San Domingo, 3732, 3733 ', compared to Napoleon, 3732; captured, 3733; death, 3734. Lovejoy, Elijah P., murder of, 4314, 4315. Lovejoy, Owen, actively opposes slavery, 4315 - Lovelace, Col. Francis, governor of New York, succeeded Nicholls, 1498; un¬ popular, 1499, 1500; loses New York to Dutch, 1501; served under Queen Anne, 1502; incapable as governor, 1507; dies, 1561. Lovell, James, opposes Washington, 2693, 2699. Lovell, Gen. Mansfield, evacuates New Or¬ leans, 4892, 4893; Duncan differs with, 4900. Lovell, Gen. Solomon, leads expedition against English at the Penobscot, 2882, 2883. Lovewell, Capt. John, noted Indian fighter, 1374; fights at Lake Winnipesaukee and Tamworth, 1374; killed, 1375. Lowell, Gen. C. R., at battle of Fisher’s Hill, 5249; mortally wounded at Win¬ chester, 5252. Lowell, James Russell, at centennial cele¬ bration of Washington’s inauguration, 5628. Lowndes, Rawlins, governor of South Carolina, 2818; opposes U. S. consti¬ tution, 3311. Lowndes, William J., in 12th congress, 3963; on financial measures of 1812, 4008. Loyal company secured large grant of western lands, 3145. Loyal Hanna, Pa. (now Ligonier), Maj. Grant at, 2169; a refuge for defeated Highlanders, 2171; French and Indians defeated at, 2172. “Loyal League,” organization and object of • the, 5463. Loyal legion, order of the, 5916. Loyalists in revolutionary war, see Tories. Lozier, Clements S., headed woman’s suf¬ frage political party, 5931. Lucas, Prof., criticises the Zeno story, note, 256. Lud, Walter, secretary of Duke Rene of Lorraine, 370. Ludlow, commander of the Chesapeake, death, 4022. Ludlow, Roger, deputy-governor of Massa¬ chusetts Bay colony, note, 864, 897, 1001; removed to Virginia and England, 1016. Ludwell, Col. Philip, appointed governor of united Carolinas, 1785; endeavors to give franchise to Huguenots, 1786, 1787; displeases the people by arresting pirates, 1787, 1788; loses favor with all, 1788. Ludwell, Thomas, appointed secretary of state by Berkeley, 1603; carries pro¬ test to England against Lord Howard, 1631. Luisa of Parma, queen of Spain, 3729. Lumber drivers strike in Chicago, 5828. •Luna, Tristan de, led Spanish colony to Florida, 487. GENERAL INDEX. . 149 Lundy, Benjamin, plots to add Texas to Union, 4277; early life 4288. Lundy’s Lane, battle of, 4062-4064. Lusiad, The, epic by Camoens, note, 403. Luther, Martin, catechism of, translated into Lenape language, 2019. Lutherans under Ribault attacked by Menendez, 490; persecuted by Stuyve- sant in New Amsterdam, 1167, 1168. Lutzen, Gustavus Adolphus killed at battle of, 577 . Luxembourg, France, Walloons came from, 555 - Luzerne, Anne Cesar de la, French am¬ bassador, 2847 i Washington visits, 2984. Luzerne county formed from Wyoming valley, Pa., 1273. Luzon, Philippine Islands, restoration of order in, 5747. Lyell, Prof., opinion about shell heaps, 128. Lyford, English minister, spy among the Pilgrims, 804; his rascality, 806; de¬ tected in slanderous action, 807, 808; tried, 808; his hypocrisy, 809, 810, 889; career, 810; deposed and expelled, 811; aided by John Billington, 834; defended by Rev. John White, 861; at Nantasket, 862. Lygonia tract named by Gorges, 847, 848; under Alexander Rigby, 951; merged in Massachusetts, 952. Lyman, Gen. Phineas, leader of the Con¬ necticut forces in 1755, 2090; his char¬ acter, 2093 5 slighted by Johnson, 2105. Lynch, a Virginia officer, at battle of Guil¬ ford Court-House, 3033. Lynch, Thomas, Jr., portrait of, facing 2500. Lynch, ship, cruise of, 2861, 2862. Lynchburg, Va., Hunter retreats from, 5247; Lee attempts to escape to, 5289. Lynch creek, S. C., McArthur at, 2935; Sumter and Davie at, 2938; Rawdon’s main army on, 2944; Wemyss’ outrages on, 2995. Lynn, Mass. (Saugus), in Massachusetts Bay colony, 879; scene of disturbance by John Clark, 922. Lynn Haven Bay, Dunmore disbands his fleet in, 2489; British frigates in, 3859. Lyon, Henry, undesirable colonist, 888. Lyon, Matthew, sketch of, 3596, 3597; in congress, 3617; fight with Griswold, 3617, 3618; contemporary caricature of his fracas, illus., facing 3618; first offender of the sedition law, 3642; con¬ victed and fined, 3643; later life, 3644; opposes Burr for president, 3687; his relations with Burr, 3820; on non-in¬ tercourse bill, 3950. Lyon, Capt. Nathaniel, saves Missouri for the Union, 4685; portrait, facing 4704; defends St. Louis, 4704; captures Camp Jackson, 4706; Gen. Harney upholds, 4708; succeeds Harney, 4710; interview with Jackson, 4710; refuses to compro¬ mise with secession, 4710; Jackson and Price have interview with, 4710, 4711; disperses Price’s troops at Boonville, 4711; importance of the achievement of, 4712; moves on Springfield, Mo., 4713; operations at battle of Wilson’s creek, 4713; death, 4713. Lyons, Lord Richard B. P., in the Trent affair, 4929; his ability, 4929; on slavery, 4935 '* remonstrates against building of Confederate war vessels within British dominions, 5230; reply of Confederate government to, 5230. Lysifiord, Greenland, Norsemen at, 219. Lytle, Gen. W. H., killed at Chickamauga, 5163. M. “Mac the Unready,” nickname for McClel¬ lan, 4780. McAlister, Gen. Robert, wounded in battle of the wilderness, 5234. McAlister, Fort, Ga., capture of, 5277. McArthur, British officer in revolutionary war, at Cheraw, S. C., 2921; failure to raise Tories, 2935. MacArthur, Gen. Arthur, arrival in the Philippines, 5724; moves against Aguin- aldo, 5741, 5742; portrait,. facing 5742; opposed Chinese immigration in Philip¬ pine Islands, 5906, 5907. McArthur, Duncan, at Detroit, 3984, 3986. Macaulay, Lord Thomas B., his opinion of Lord Bellomont, 1558. McBride, noted Indian fighter, in expedition to relieve Bryan’s Station, 2800. McCall, American officer in revolutionary war, at battle of Long Cane, 3010; joins Morgan, 3016, 3017; at the Cow- pens, 3021; attacks Dunlap, 3039; death of, 3049- McCall, Gen. Geo. A., at Gaines’ Mill, 4979; Longstreet and Hill attack, 4983, 4984; at Malvern Hill, 4988. McCauley, Charles S., commodore, com¬ mands Gosport navy-yards, 4696-4699. McClellan, Gen. George B., attacks Gar¬ nett, 4742, 4743; campaign in West Vir¬ ginia, 4743 ; commander-in-chief, 4766; portrait, facing 4770: sketch of, 4771, 4772, 4776; report of condition of the 150 GENERAL INDEX. army, 4772-4774, 4780, 4992, 4993 5 and Scott, 4777, 4778; letters of, 4781, 4782; and Lincoln, 4782, 4784, 4786, 4789, 479 °> 4794, 4994-4998, 5004; peninsular plan of, 4785, 4959-4961, 5002-5004; Confed¬ erate “Quaker guns” fool, 4787; Haw¬ thorne on, note, 4788; Richmond cam¬ paign, 4788, 4986; at Yorktown, 4791- 4794, 5002; compared to Buell and Hal- leck, note, 4807, 4826, 4827; report to war department, 4971, 4972; demands reinforcements, 4973, 4994 5 changes base, 4976, 4985, 4986; in seven days’ battle, 4977 , 4994 5 Magruder on, 4981, 4982; retreat, 4982, 4991, 499 2 > 4995 5 ordered to Acquia creek, 4998, 4999 5 Johnston on, 5003, 5004; retreat from Richmond, 5006; dispatch to Stanton, 5006; charges against, 5006; demand for removal of, 5006; succeeded by Pope, 5007; retreat to Harrison’s Land¬ ing, 5009; resents Pope’s appointment, 5010; succeeds Pope, 5026; interview with Lincoln, 5029; strange position of, 5029; opposition to reinstatement of, 5029; reasons for reappointment, 5030; interview with Halleck, 5 ° 3 ° 5 assumes command of combined armies, 5031; plans against Lee’s invasion, 5031; strength of combined armies under, 5031, 5032; Lee’s opinion of, 5033; campaign defensive, 5033; receives Lee’s lost or¬ ders, 5035 5 delay of, 50365 plans re¬ ported to Lee, 5036; Halleck’s complaint against, 5039; pursues Jackson, 5039; battle of Crampton’s Gap, 5040; battle of South Mountain, 50415 exaggerated estimate of opposing forces, 5042; plan of battle of Antietam, 5044; battle of Antietam, 5044-5051; criticised for con¬ duct of battle of Antietam, 50505 ordered to cross Potomac, 5054 5 ob¬ jects to order, 5054, 5055 5 advance into Virginia, 5055 5 plans for campaign, 5056; report of condition of army, 50565 ordered to report at Washington, 50565 succeeded by Burnside, 5056 5 opinion of emancipation proclamation, 5060; nominated for president by Democrats, 5209; accepts nomination, 5 2I °5 opinion of party platform, 5 2I °5 attitude of Fremont toward, 5 2I2 5 defeated, 5212; Lincoln’s majority over, 5213. McClelland, Robert, secretary of interior under Pierce, 4519. McCleod, a Highlander killed at battle of Moore’s creek, 2490. Macleod, Clan, numbers migrate to Amer¬ ica, 2489. McClernand, Gen. John A., moves toward Columbus, 4720; on war appropriation, 4767; attack on Ft. Henry, 4814, 4815; at Ft. Donelson, 4817; major-general, 4826; in battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5098, 5100, 5102, 5105; portrait, facing 5104; in army of the West, 5133; plans for opening of the Mississippi, 5142;. advance on Vicksburg, 5143; supersedes Sherman, 5144; captures Ft. Hinde- man, 5144; in siege of Vicksburg, 5146- 5148; at convention of administration party, 5377. McClure, Gen., American commander of Ft. George, 4056. McClure, Alexander K., leader of Liberal Republicans, 5518. McClurg, Dr. James, member of the Phila¬ delphia convention, 3264. McCook, Gen. A. D., commands division of department of the Ohio, 5116; forces attacked by Bragg, 5123, 5124; encamped at Bowling Green, 5124. McCook, Gen. E. M., cavalry raid in Georgia, 5263. McCormick company, strike in, 5600, 5601. McCowen, Gen. J. P., at Murfreesboro, 5152 . McCoy’s Ferry, Stuart crosses Potomac at, 5053 - McGrady, Gen., statements concerning Gates in his history of South Carolina, note, 2947, 2950; statement concerning Davie’s appointment, note, 3014. McCrary, George W., secretary of war, 5551 - McCrea, Jennie, murder of, 2580-2582. McCulloch, Gen. Ben, Price joins, 4711; at battle of Wilson creek, 4713; at Neosho, 4723; at battle of Pea Ridge, 473 2 > 4736 5 sketch of, 4733; death, 4736. McCulloch, Hugh, views on negro suf¬ frage, 5348. McCullock vs. Maryland, supreme court decision of, 4119. McCullough, Capt., desperate leap of, 2797. McCullum, Gen., Confederate, evacuates New Madrid, 4832. McDonald, Gen., interested in South Caro¬ lina company, 3388. MacDonald, Allan, captured in battle of Moore’s creek, 2490. MacDonald, Flora, at Kingsborough, N. C., 2489; her husband, 2490. McDonald, J. E., Democratic candidate for governor of Indiana, 5204; denounces schemes of Sons of Liberty, 5204. MacDonald, Sir John, British envoy on joint high commission, 5506. GENERAL INDEX. 151 MacDonald, Clan, numbers migrate to America, 2489. MacDonough, Thomas, commodore, pro¬ tects Plattsburg by his fleet, 4065; por¬ trait, facing 4066. McDougal, Lieut., imprisoned by Pontiac, 2297. McDougall, American revolutionary officer, 2121, 2543; at Germantown, 2628, 2631. McDowell, Charles, South Carolina patriot, in southern campaign of revolutionary war, 2926, 2931, 2934, 2938, 2991-2993; re¬ signs his command at King’s Mountain to his brother Joseph, 2998; at battle of the Cowpens, 3021. McDowell, Gen. Irwin, plan to attack Beau¬ regard, 4743, 4744, 4747; sketch of, note, 4743 i organizes army of the Potomac, 4747; at Bull Run, 4750-4752, 4755 , 4762- 4764; portrait, facing 4760; McClellan succeeds, 4771; corps commander, 4784; at Fredericksburg, 4798; McClellan blames, 4976; commands corps in army of Virginia, 5007; strength of forces un¬ der, 5008; ordered to Manassas, 5017; at Manassas, 5019; at second battle of Bull Run, 5020, 5021; ordered to Fair¬ fax Court-House, 5024; relieved from command, 5025, 5026; unpopular in army, 5 ° 3 °- McDowell, Joseph, portrait, facing 2996; organizes to repel Ferguson, 2998; at King’s Mountain, 3004. McDuffie, George, opposes protective tariff, 4242; bill equalizing duties not con¬ sidered by the house, 4243; presents petition of bank for re-charter, 4246; opposes force bill, 4259. Mace, Capt. Samuel, sent to America by Raleigh, 617. Macedonian, British ship, 3993. Macedonian, U. S. sailing vessel, 4843. McEnery, John, governor of Louisiana, 5462. McFarland, J. E., secretary to Confederate commissioners, 4926. McFarlane, revolutionary officer, leader in whiskey riot, 3509. McGary, noted Indian fighter, in expedi¬ tion to relieve Bryan’s Station, 2800-2802. McGee, W. J., finds palaeolithic relics, 145. McGillivray, Alexander, Creeks headed by, 3390 * 339 1 i tariff concessions to, in Ind¬ ian treaty, 3392, 3393. Macginnes, Capt., routs French at Lake George, 2104. McGowans Pass, Harlem Heights, illus., facing 4070. MacGuire, Matthew, Socialist nominee for vice-president, 5691. McHenry, James, member of the Philadel¬ phia convention, 3269; enters Washing¬ ton’s cabinet, 3561; in dispute concerning ranking of army officers, 3638; Adams demands his resignation, 3679; portrait, facing 3680; on Adams, 3681. McHenry, Fort, Baltimore, bombarded by the British, 4076, 4077. Machias, Me., attacked by French, 833; fur factory at, sacked by La Tour, 1943. Machiavelli, father of European diplomacy, 26; a native of Florence, 344. Mcllvaine, Charles P., bishop, favors Union, 4923 - Macintosh, Charles F., commands the Loui¬ siana, 4885. McIntosh, Gen. James M., at Pea Ridge, 4732 . McIntosh, Gen. Lachlan, portrait, 2812; withdraws from Perrysburg, 2821; at Savannah, 2830; favors evacuation of Charleston, 2910. McIntosh, William, in Creek Indian troubles, 4178, 4179; claimed jurisdiction of Creek lands, 4178; signed treaty with United States, 4178; killed by Creeks, 4179. McIntosh, Fort, treaty with Indians signed at, 3379- Mackall, Gen. William W., surrenders, 4837. Mackay, Capt., accompanies Washington to Williamsburg, 2052. McKay, Lieut., commanded Highlanders at Frederica in 1742, 1910, 1911. McKay, Lieut. James, commands Ft. Wat¬ son, 3041. McKean, U. S. naval officer, 4861. McKean, Thomas, in first continental con¬ gress, 2409; takes command of regiment, 2438; portrait, facing 2500; governor of Pennsylvania, 3667, 3677, 3817. McKee, Alex., aids Simon Girty to incite the Indians, 2797, 2798; at Fallen Tim¬ bers, 3528, 3529. McKee, John, commissioner to west Flor¬ ida, 3941, 3973- McKenzie, Col., destroys the Sioux village, SMS- . Mackenzie, W. S., leads revolution in Can¬ ada, 4310, 4311. “Mackerel Brigade, General of,” contemptu¬ ous title given to McClellan, 4780. Mackey, Capt., commands South Carolina company in Ohio expedition, 2049. Mackinac, Fort, illus., facing 3978; strength in 1812, 3979. 152 GENERAL INDEX. Mackinac Island, Tonty at, in search of news of La Salle, 1997. Mackinaw, Mich., on site of French fort, 2015, 2311. McKinley, John, governor of Delaware, captured by British, 2622. McKinley, William, presides at Minneapolis convention, 5646; nominated for presi¬ dent, 5688; sketch of, note, 5688; refuses to make a campaign, 5694; elected, 5694; cabinet, 5695; in intervention in Cuba, 5705, 57o6, 5709- 5714; message to con¬ gress (1898), 5711, 5712; proclamation announcing terms in Spanish war, 5716; call for volunteers, 5716; proclamation suspending hostilities in Spanish war, 5736; Aguinaldo sends envoy to confer with, 5741; plan for civil government in the Philippines, 5744-5747; message (1899), 5755, 5756; portrait, facing 5768; renomination for president, 5769, 5770; elected, 5772; second cabinet, 5772; at Pan-American exposition, 5786; assassin¬ ated, 5786, 5787; death of, 5787; Roose¬ velt succeeds, 5788; funeral, 5788, 5789; tributes paid to, by foreign nations, 5789, 5790; followed the spoils system in con¬ sular appointments, 5845. McKinstry, Justus, commands a division under Fremont, 4723. McLane, Louis, minister to Great Britain, 4220; appointed secretary of the treasury, 4239; instructions from Van Buren, 4241; reports in favor of bank, 4245; removed from treasury, 4264; succeeded by Ban¬ croft as minister to England, 4370. McLaws, Gen. Lafayette, moves into Pleas¬ ant valley, 5037; takes possession of Maryland Heights, 5037; Franklin’s movements against, 5040; position de¬ fended by Lee, 5042. Maclay, on senate judiciary committee, 3338. Maclay, William, on assumption of state debts, 3371. McLean, Col. Alexander, finished Mason and Dixon’s line, 1206. McLean, John, appointed postmaster-gener¬ al, 4141; reappointed by Adams, 4169; retained as postmaster-general by Adams, 4175; retained as postmaster-general by Jackson, 4216; made a member of the cabinet, 4216; appointed to the supreme court, 4216; refuses to be secretary of war under Tyler, 4348; unsuccessful can¬ didate for Whig nomination in 1848, 4429; candidate for president, 4558, 4559; on Dred Scott case, 4566. McLean, Wilmer, Lee’s surrender in house of, 5292. • McLean house, view of, facing 5290. McLeod, British officer, at the battle of Guilford, 3033. McMichael, Morton, plans centennial expo¬ sition, 5526. McMinnville, Tenn., Forrest at, 5114, 5115; Nelson at, 5115; Bragg’s forces at, 5160. McNab, Sir Alan Napier, defeats Canadian revolutionists at Navy Island, 4311. McNeil, Mrs., a friend of Jennie McCrea, 2581. McNeil, Capt. Hector, commanded U. S. ship Boston, 2875, 2878. Macomb, Gen. Alexander, defends Platts- burg against the British, 4066-4068; at inauguration of Harrison, 4332. Macon, Nathaniel, enters house of repre¬ sentatives, 3423; on slavery, 3619; on sedition bill, 3632; elected speaker of the house, 3714; on slave tax, 3769, 3770; on impeachment of judges, 3778; on en¬ forcement of the embargo, 3880; leader in congress, 3901; on the state of the army, 3929; on non-intercourse bill, 3950. Macon bill No. 1 fails to pass, 3925-3927; No. 2 passes, 3928; effect on England, 3935 - Macon, Ga., retreat of Hood toward, 5264; destruction of railroads between Millen and, 5272; Sherman threatens to at¬ tack, 5273. McPherson leads Highlanders to Ogeechee river, 1864. McPherson, Gen. J. B., at Grand Junction, 5141; at siege of Vicksburg, 5148; com¬ mands division under Sherman, 5254; in battle of Kenesaw Mountain, 5260. McQueen, Peter, leads the Creeks, 4036. McRae, Lieut.-Gov., assists in Burr trial, 3838. McRae, Fort, Fla., Florida seizes, 4649* 465°- McRae, Confederate steamer, 4885. Mactan, Philippine Islands, Magellan on, 414; battle on, 416; Magellan, Serrano and Barbosa killed on, 417; monument to Magellan at, illus., facing 418; his burial-place, 419, 420. McVeagh, Wayne, attorney-general, 5567; retires, 5572. Madagascar, not seen by Gama, 404; ren¬ dezvous of pirates in 17th century, 1555. Madeira Islands discovered, 244, 315, 402; Verrazano at, 504. Madison, English clergyman, 3108. Madison, Mrs. Dolly Payne, portrait, facing 3894; at Madison’s inauguration, 3894, GENERAL INDEX. 153 3895; her coolness at the time of the British capture of Washington, 4074. Madison, Janies, a schoolfellow of G. R. Clark, 2779; opposed establishment of state church in Virginia, 3109; graduate of Princeton college, 3130; on Spain’s colonizing scheme, 3186; views on inter¬ state commerce, 3231, 3232; member of commercial convention, 3248, 3249; his reasons for stronger government, 3257; facsimile of letter to Edmund Randolph on the Philadelphia convention, facing 3258; member of the Philadelphia con¬ vention, 3261; life sketch of, 3261, 3262; his work on the constitution, 3261, 3262; portrait, facing 3284; on national debt, 3326, 3327; candidate for senator, 3327; on revenue, 3343, 3353; on location of the capital, 3357; on state debts, 3369; on slavery, 3378; national bank opposed by, 3400; on constitutionality of protec¬ tion, 3425, 3426; on retaliatory duties, 3490, 3492; on Federalist policy, 3564; opposes Jay’s treaty, 3571, 3572; resolu¬ tion on post roads, 3576; on alien and sedition laws, 3646, 3647; appointed sec¬ retary of state, 3712; his ability, 3713; instructions on the navigation of the Mississippi river, 3740; explains Mobile act to Yrujo, 3765, 3766; case of Mar- bury vs., 3774, 3775; demands neutral rights of England, 3794; instructions on the purchase of Florida, 3807; Randolph opposes, 3816; on treaty of 1807 with England, 3851-3853; on embargo, 3870, 3871; reply to England’s demands, 3873, 3874, 3909; nominated for president, 3883; elected, 3884, 3893-3895; portrait, facing 3890; message, 3895, 3896, 3901; cabinet, 3896, 3897; proclamation on trade with England, 3899, 3900, 3910, 3911; blamed for Canning’s disavowal, 3906, 3910; and Jackson, 3912, 3913, 3915; second message of, 3921; and Monroe, 3921; proclamation on renewal of trade with France, 3938; asks con¬ gress for authority to accept cession of west Florida, 3941; removes Robert Smith, 3950, 3951; renominated for pres¬ ident, 3972; on war of 1812, 3972, 3973, 4006, 4007; re-elected in 1812, 4003, 4004; his annual message in 1812, 4004; pro¬ tests against the impressment of seamen, 4010; his second inauguration as presi¬ dent, 4011; annual message (1813), 4044.; recommends repeal of commercial re¬ strictions (1814), 4046, 4047; annual message (1815), 4094, 4096; vetoes Cal¬ houn’s plan for internal improvements, 4097; on the Monroe doctrine, 4148; facsimile of his letter to Van Buren, facing 4206; facsimile of his “Advice to My Country,” facing 4300; portrait at age of eighty-two, facing 4300; death, 4301 . Madison, Thomas, educated in Virginia, 1653. Madison U. S. sloop, 4049. Madison river, Lewis and Clark name, 3757. Madoc, mythical discovery of America, 245- 247. Madras, Gama arrived at coast of, 405. Madrid, treaty of, causes contested claims for land between Savannah and Alta- maha rivers, 1845. Madruga, Cuba, reconcentrado camp at, fac¬ ing 5712. Magaw, Col., commands at Ft. Washing¬ ton, 2527. Magazines in the early days of the United States, 3452, 3455 - Magdalen Islands, off Newfoundland, col¬ onized by Dutch, 616; one of, given to Richard Gridley by English govern¬ ment, note, 1402. Magdalena river, Narvaez built boats on, 462. Magellan, Ferdinand, great discoverer, 100; sails around the world, 384, 386, 396, 401; pronunciation of name, note, 401; portrait, facing 406; birth, 406; early voyages, 406, 407; leaves Portuguese ser¬ vice for Spanish, 407; friendship for Serrano, 407; faith in westward route to India, 407; his momentous voyage, 407-417; mutiny of men and treachery of Portugal, 408, 413, 417; in Bay of Rio Janeiro, 409; explores Rio de la Plata, 409; winters on Patagonian coast, 409, 411; his sufferings, 409, 413; takes pos¬ session for Charles V., 411; passes through Strait of Magellan, 411, 412; slandered by deserters, 412; stern per¬ sistence, 412; map of his course, facing 412; just missed Oceanica, 413; no storms on Pacific, 414; discovered Guam, 414; discovers other islands of Philip¬ pine group, 415; his death, 417; contin¬ uance of his plan by his men, 417, 419, 502; monument to, on Philippine Islands, illus., facing 418; honors to his sur¬ vivors, 419, 420; Drake thinks of follow¬ ing his course, 592. Magellan, Strait of, Magellan sights, 411; his name for, 411; perhaps first seen by De Plaro, note, 411; on early maps, note, 154 GENERAL INDEX. 411; Magellan’s voyage through, 412; limit of Dutch commercial monopoly, 553 - Magnus, squaw sachem of Narragansetts, 1299; defeated, 1300. Magnus, Albertus, on sea route to India, 278. Magoffin, Beriah, governor of Kentucky, message to Lincoln, 4684; wants Ken¬ tucky to secede, 4799; urges states to enforce truce, 4800; demands removal of Union camps from Kentucky, 4801, 4802. Magruder, Gen. John B., at Hampton, 4745; at Yorktown, 4791, 4795; proclamation at Galveston, 4867; at Gaines’ Mills, 4981; at Malvern Hill, 4989. Maguaga, Mich., battle at, 3984. Maham, Col., built a tower to overlook Ft. Watson, 3041. Maidenhead, N. J., skirmishing at, in rev¬ olutionary war, 2545. Mail, U. S., see Postal service. Main, steamship, in the Hoboken fire, 5783. Maine, Indian tribes in, 157; probably coasted by Verrazano, 506; coasted and mapped by Champlain, 524; coasted by Gosnold, 618; by Pring, 619, 620; in French claim, 621; Weymouth claims, 622; in assignment to “Virginia” com¬ pany, 627; Somers and Argali drift to coast of, 665; attempts at English col¬ onies, 725-750; has first chartered New England colony, note, 732; St. Croix river boundary of Alexander’s grant, 750; state, county, public land in, 793; patented and named by Mason and Gor¬ ges, 791; province of, so divided as to give New Hampshire to Mason, 844; many grants given in, 847; not in New England union, 914; how separated from Massachusetts, 946; under jurisdiction of Massachusetts, 947, 948; reconstitu¬ ted under Gorges, 949; given up by him, 951; taken by general court of Massa¬ chusetts, 951; Rigby and Cleves in, 951; annexed to Massachusetts Bay, 952; picture of old houses in, 952; taken under control of Massachusetts, 1280, 1362; disputes jurisdiction with Massa¬ chusetts, 1306; included in royal province under Phips, 1323; harassed in King William’s war, 1348, 1349; frontier towns in, attacked by Indians, 1356; best trees of, claimed by king, 1359; Abenakis now inhabit, 1362; Rasle settles in, 1363, 1364, 1368, 1369; militia commanded by Will¬ iam Pepperrell, 1390, 1391; English and Scotch settlements in early 17th century, 1939; desires separation from Massachu¬ setts, 3238; admitted to the Union, 4123- 4126; controversy with Georgia over abduction of slaves, 4314; boundary question, 4349; Republicans victorious in (i860), 4602. Maine, U. S. warship, sunk in the Havana harbor, 5704, 5705; investigation of the disaster, 5705; congress on, 5712; wreck of, illus., facing 5712. Mainz, printing-presses destroyed in, 60, 61. Maisonneuve, Sieur de, first governor of Montreal, 1968; declines to stay in Que¬ bec, 1968; escaped capture, 1969, 1970; authorizes Daulac to accept Hurons as reinforcement, 1979. Major, Minor, employed by Thompson to destroy Union steamboats on the Missis¬ sippi, 5208. Major, R. H., author of “Life of Prince Henry the Navigator,” 243; supports Zeno narrative, note, 256. Malabar, India, Portuguese in, 333, 402, 404. Malacca in plan of Columbus, 329, 338, 339; Vespucci at, 367; Magellan in, 406; Drake passes through straits of, 595. Malaga, Spain, Columbus at, 285. Malatche, Creek Indian chief, 1926, 1927, 1929-1932. Malays probably of same stock as American Indians, 123; attack Portuguese fleet, 406; a learned Malay interprets for Magellan, 415. Malden, Can., British at, 3959, 4016, 4017, 4019; battle at, 3982-3984. Maldonado, Francisco, ready to help Soto, 474 - “Malhado,” Island of, probably Galveston Island, 463. Malietoa, king of Samoa, makes treaty with Germany, 5636, 5637; asks for American protectorate, 5637; Germany declares war against, 5637, 5638; Great Britain and United States uphold, 5638; re¬ stored as king, 5639; portrait, facing 5640. Malinche, Aztec name for Cortes, 451. Malloney, Joseph F., Social Labor nominee for president, 5769. Mallory, Rollin C., chairman of committee on manufactures, 4184. Mallory, Stephen R., portrait, facing 4660; Confederate secretary of the navy, 4660; on negro suffrage, 5356. Malmedy, Col., at Eutaw Springs, 3075. Malta, Norsemen in, 205. Maltravers, Lord, member of council for New England, 850, 855; apparently re- GENERAL INDEX. 155 ceived Arundel's grant, 858; receives Carolina grant from Sir Robert Heath, 1716. Malvern , U. S. ship, 4869. Malvern Hill, Va., Lafayette at, 3072; view of, facing 4984; battle of, 4984-4993, 4995. Mamelukes, Egyptian cavalry corps, 45. Manahoak, Indian tribe, in Virginia, 160. Manassas, Va., Confederate army at, 4744, 4747, 4748, 4781; McDowell attacks, 4784- 4786; McClellan occupies, 4787, 4789, 4790 ; Jackson's brigade captures com¬ missary stores at, 5016; Pope’s army at, 5017-5019; map of battle, facing 5018. Manassas, Confederate ram, 4863, 4883, 4885, 4890, 4891, 4899- “Manathoes,” Manhattan Island, 1153. Manchac, La., James Willing at, 2788, 2789; Galvez recovers for Spain, 2789. Manchester, Earl of, on committee of plan¬ tations, 1417; favorable to Connecticut colony, 1419, 1420. remarks on the evacuation of Boston, 2483, 2484; on peace commission after revolutionary war, 3099. Manchester, Vt., Warner enlists troops at, 2574; Gen. Lincoln commands at, 2600; Stark’s troops at, 2601. Mandans, Indian tribe, picture, facing 161, 163; superiority, 246; interior of a Man- dan lodge, facing 247; Lewis and Clark Manchester, Duke of, quotations from his in country of, 3757. Mandeville, John, quoted concerning the astrolabe, 68; estimates size of earth, 97; speaks of circumnavigation of globe, 103; his book read by Columbus, 278; story by, 325 - Mangi described by Marco Polo, 305, 325. Mangon, Cuba, 325. Mangourit, French consul, 3465, 3475, 3476. Mangum, Willie P., member of the “grand committee” (1850), 4474. Manhattan, U. S. monitor, in battle of Mo¬ bile Bay, 5171. Manhattan Island, weakness of early Dutch colony on, 537; discovered by Hudson, 545, 5471 fi rst block-house on, 549; ship built at, 550; mingling of Dutch and French, 551; Walloon settlers, 556; bought from Indians, 557 - 5591 made cap¬ ital of New Netherland, 559; Delaware colony removes to, 559; not open to patroons, 563; privileges of patroons, 564; merchants, 568, 569; effect of Mus¬ covy company on, 589; claimed by Dutch and English, 953, 955; Kieft arouses Indian conflict on, 1130, 1136, 1139; Dutch population greatly reduced, 1142; fortifications of, 2511; Ft. Washington on, 2516; Howe lands on, 2518; Howe forces Washington out of, 2520, 2521. Manigault, Col. Edward, wounded at Franklin, 5267. Manila, Dewey ordered to destroy Spanish fleet in, 5719, 5721-5723; view of Spanish gunboats sunk by Dewey at, facing 5722; surrendered to Dewey, 5724, 5725; Mer¬ ritt's proclamation in, 5739; Filipinos evacuate, 5741, 5743; view of Santa Cruz church, facing 5792. Manioc, the cassava plant, note, 357. Manly, Capt. John, brilliant naval feats in Massachusetts Bay, 2862; commands U. S. frigate Hancock, 2878. Mann, Dudley, sent to Hungary to investi¬ gate status of affairs, 4493. Mann, Horace, member of 31st congress, 4448; warns South of effects of civil war, 4450. Manning, Daniel, secretary of the treas¬ ury, 5590 . Manning, Rev. James, a noted Baptist di¬ vine, 3116; the first president of Brown university, 3131. Manning, Col. John, surrenders New York, 1501, 1502. Manning’s Island, now Blackwell’s, 1502. Manomet (Sandwich), Mass., Standish balks Indians at, 782, 786. Manomet river, outpost of Plymouth col¬ ony on, 820. Mansfield, Lord, urges the appointment of Chatham to premiership, 2719. Mansfield, Gen. J. K. F., brigade com¬ mander, 4765; commands twelfth corps in Maryland campaign, 5032; corps at Antietam, 5044; killed at Antietam, 5047. Mantinenocs, Indian tribe, friendly to Un¬ derhill, 1155. Manufactures: In New England, 912; in Pennsylvania province, 1260; encour¬ aged in Maryland by Lord Baltimore, 1690; in New England before revolution, 2349; injured by stamp act, 2375, 2379; growth of colonial, 3117, 3118; Hamil¬ ton’s report on, 3425, 3426; in 1800, 3697; embargo helps, 3900; Madison on, 3901, 3921; Gallatin’s report on, 3931; growth in middle and eastern states, 4198, 4199. 4207. Manufactures, Bureau of, organized, 5973. Maracaibo, Venezuela, Ojeda at, 363, 376. Marblehead, Mass., made port of entry by port bill, 2406. Marbleheaders, Delaware river crossed by, 156 GENERAL INDEX. 2540; famous in Rhode Island campaign, 2 754 - Marbois, Frangois de Barbe, French envoy in sale of Louisiana, 3742, 3743, 3752; portrait, facing 3744. Marbury vs. Madison, supreme court de¬ cision in case of, 3774, 3775 - “March to the sea” by Sheridan’s army in civil war, 5271-5284. Marcolini, Francesco, edited Zeno letters, 254 , 255. Marcy, William L., secretary of war under Polk, 4369; leads Hunkers, 4426; secre¬ tary of war, 4426; unsuccessful candidate for Democratic nomination in 1852, 4503, 4504; secretary of state under Pierce, 4518; changes regulation court dress of minister, 4522; Koszta case, 4523; arranges the conference which re¬ sulted in the Ostend manifesto, 4549 ; rebukes signers of Ostend manifesto, 4550 . Mare Tenebrosum alarmed Spaniards, 301. Margaret, queen of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, unites crow*ns of Scandinavia, 239 - Margarita Islands, discovered by Columbus, 330; Ojeda visits, 363; Guerra and Nino on, 373. Margarite, Spanish officer, 324, 326. Margot, Gov. Don Jose, Jackson seizes Florida from, 4110. Maria, Infanta of Spain, 790. Maria Christina, Spanish ship, 5722. Maria Galante, Isle of, discovered by Co¬ lumbus, 323. Maria river, Lewis explores, 3758. Maria Theresa, of Austria, her accession to throne brings on war of Austrian suc¬ cession, 1385 ; urges peace in 1778-9, 2891. Maria Teresa, Spanish warship, 5732, 5733; destruction of, at Santiago, illus., facing 5736 . Mariames, Texas Indians, Spaniards cap¬ tives of, 463. Mariana tract on the Merrimac river taken by Mason, 790, 844, 856; given away by Warwick, 843, 860, 865. Marie, M., envoy sent by D’Aunay to make treaty with Massachusetts, 1950-1952, T 955 - . Marie Antoinette, queen of France, Mari¬ etta, O., named in honor of, 3198. Marietta, O., earthwork in, 136; founded, 3198, 3410, 3694; view of, in early times, facing 3410; portraits of its founders, 3410. Marietta, Tenn., location of, 5260; Johnston near, 5260. Marina, mistress of Cortes, 451. Marine hospital service aids immigration bureau, 5979. Marion, Gen. Francis, life sketch, 2923, 2924; portrait, facing 2924; called “Swamp Fox,” 2924; Cornwallis com¬ ments on, 2924; the organization of his brigade, 2936, 2937; fight with Gainey and Barfield, 2937; given command of insurgent militia, 2937; in southern cam¬ paign against Cornwallis, 2938, 3008, 3009, 3027, 3042, 3047, 3055, 3074, 3078; Kalb joined by, 2940; Gates’ treatment of, 2944, also note, 2944; on the Santee, 2992; Tories join, 2993; battle at Black Mingo creek, 2995; fight with Col. Tynes, 2995; ambushes Watson, 3040; captures Georgetown, 3050. Marion, Fort, Fla., Rodgers takes, 4878. Marion, Va., burning of the iron-works at, 5270. Mariposa, Cal., trees at, 259. Marjoribanks, Maj., fatally wounded at Eu- taw Springs, 3075, 3078. Markham, Clements R., concerning Ves¬ pucci, note, 346, 369. Markham, William, leads Penn’s first com¬ pany, 1199; Penn’s secretary, brought Quakers to America, 1208; leads the Delaware colony in rejecting Lloyd, 1231; deputy-governor for Delaware, 1232; lieutenant-governor of both prov¬ inces, 1232; called on for war contribu¬ tions, 1239. • Markland named by Leif Ericsson, 211; passed by Thorfinn, 220, 237; last voyage to, 238, 239. Marlborough, Duke of, Gov. Shute serves under, 1358; on committee of planta¬ tions, 1417. Marmaduke, Col., arrested at Camp Doug¬ las, 5208. Marmaduke, Gen. J. S., captured by Pleas¬ anton, 5257. Marque, letters of, congress issues, 2863, 2864. Marques de la Habana, Confederate steam¬ er, 4903. Marquette, Father Jacques, account of his explorations, 1992, 1993; portrait, facing T 992. Marriage laws, in 1704, in North Carolina, 1806. Marshall, Col. Charles, at Lee’s surrender, 5292. GENERAL INDEX. 157 Marshall, Gen. Humphrey, in the Burr con¬ spiracy, 3828; organizes Confederate force in Kentucky, 4808; in Virginia and Kentucky, 5118, 5119. Marshall, James, leader in the whiskey riots, 3509 , 35 io, 3513 - . Marshall, James, discovers gold in Cali¬ fornia, 4446. Marshall, John, chief-justice, graduate of William and Mary college, 3128; declines cabinet position, 3561; portrait, facing 3594; appointed on French mission, 3595; returns from France, 3624; Adams’ es¬ timate of, 3668; Wolcott’s opinion of, 3668; his reply to Adams, 3669; succeeds Pickering in Adams’ cabinet, 3679; ob¬ noxious to the Democrats, 3774; opinion on the constitution, 3776; grants writ of habeas corpus to Bollman and Swart- wout, 3836, 3837; presides over Burr trial, 3837-3840; his decision in Burr’s case arouses anger, 3843, 3844; portrait, facing 4298; death, 4299; character, 4299- 4301 . Marshall, Thomas, at Brandywine, 2618. Marshall house, Alexandria, Va., Ellsworth killed in, 4740; illus. of, facing 4740. Marshfield, Mass., set off from Plymouth, 829; Webster’s return to and his death, 4510, 4511. Martha’s Vineyard, Norsemen near, 221; perhaps touched by Verrazano, 505; vis¬ ited by Champlain and Poutrincourt, 527; by Cornells May, 551; gold sought on, by Plobson, 734; Dernier at, 741; Grey plunders, 2759. Martin, Col., employed by Thompson to burn New York city, 5208. Martin, Alexander, governor of North Carolina, 3173; delegate to the Phila¬ delphia convention, 3270. Martin, Alonzo, first to step in Pacific, 383. Martin, Christopher, superintends fitting out of Mayflower, 764. Martin, David H., nominated for vice-pres¬ ident, 5767. Martin, James, in railroad strike of 1894, 5 6 73 . Martin, John, member of first Virginia council, 632; defied by Ratcliffe and Archer, 643; leaves on account of ill¬ ness, 647; returns with Gates, 658; refused to be president of council, 658; barely escaped Indians, 659; at James¬ town, 663; forge-master, 665; voted to surrender London company’s franchises, 705; assistant, 710. Martin, Joseph, royalist governor of North Carolina, 2439; negotiates with High¬ landers in North Carolina for British cause, 2490; commands state militia, 31 77 - Martin, Luther, issues proclamation against Howe, 2612; graduate of Princeton col¬ lege, 3130; member of the Philadelphia convention, 3269; sketch of, 3269; on slave trade, 3289; opposed the constitu¬ tion, 3310; defends Judge Chase, note, 3788; conducts defense in Burr trial, 3839, 3842; portrait, facing 3840. Martin academy, in Franklin, now Tennes¬ see, founding of, 3174. Martindale in command of a Union battery at Gaines’ Mill, 4980. Martineau, Harriet, observations concern¬ ing southern views of slavery, 4443. Martinez, Fernando, friend of Toscanelli, 274 -_ Martinique captured by English in 1762, 2331; American naval captures sent to, 2874; restored to France, 3732. Martin’s Brandon, borough of Virginia, entitled to representation in house of burgesses, 680. Martin’s Hundred, borough of Virginia, en- entitled to representation in house of burgesses, 680. Martin Station, Ky., Indian outrages at, 2 793 - Martinsburg, W. Va., strength of forces at, 5035; Lee’s plan to capture, 5035; Jackson at, 5037; evacuated, 5037; Ewell’s corps at, 5084, 5085; railroad strike at, 5552. Martland, Lieut.-Col., battle at Stone Ferry fought by, 2825; Prevost reinforced by, 2828; Americans repulsed at Savannah by, 2830. Martyr, Peter, map by, note, 358, 359; illus., facing 360. Martyr Islands discovered by Ponce de Leon, 389. Mary II., queen of England (joint ruler with William III.), reception of their accession in the colonies, 1230, 1441, 1475 , 1536 , 1559 , 1696, 1697, 1702; her claim to the throne, 1318, 1319; en¬ throned and proclaimed, 1532, 1631; act of toleration issued by, 1705. Mary and John, British ship, takes expedi¬ tion to Popham colony, 728, 731. Mary of Burgundy, her marriage, 11; her grandson, 12. Maryland, Norsemen in, 217; Spanish mis¬ sion in, 499; John Smith enters, 648; included in grant to second Virginia 158 GENERAL INDEX. company, 656; Claiborne in, 692; Lord Baltimore’s claim in, strengthened by judgment against Virginia charter, 708; in contest with Virginia, 714, 720; Puri¬ tans flee to, 720; great powers of Lord Baltimore, 949, 1063-1066; religious tol¬ eration practiced in, 1065; not formally a Catholic state, 1068; pleasant beginning of colony, 1071; representative govern¬ ment introduced in, 1076, 1077; reorgan¬ ized as Protestant colony, 1084, 1086; con¬ stitution formed, 1090; people of, con¬ trol taxes, 1091; colony excludes Qua¬ kers and churchmen, 1101; Quakers in, at time of Fox’s visit, 1185; disputes boundary with Pennsylvania, 1204, 1205, 1209, 1210, 1218; population of, in 1750, 1261, 1262; Dutch New Yorkers settled in, 1500; Gazette established at Annapo¬ lis by William Parks, 1665; province glad to receive Philip Calvert as gov¬ ernor, 1669; population and prosperity of, during restoration, 1670, 1673 5 serv¬ ants in, 1670-1672; general assembly votes funds to Gov. Calvert in gratitude, 1675, 1691; ratifies treaty with Indians, 1678; passed first act of naturalization in American colonies, 1678; laws revised by Lord Baltimore, 1681, 1682; tempo¬ rizes about maintaining church of Eng¬ land in Charles II.’s time, 1688; Prot¬ estants placed in all offices in 1680, 1692; collection of customs given to Virginia with resulting controversy, 1693; au¬ thorities support house of Stuart in English revolution, 1696; accused of “Polish plot,” 1696; government of, taken from Lord Baltimore and Cath¬ olics, 1700; proprietary government ends, 1701; population at beginning of 18th century, 1707; founded by Catholics, 1713; population in 1755, 2009; colony jealous of Pennsylvania, 2015; Indian atrocities in 1763, 2317; population in 1760, 2344; ruled by England in 1750, 2345; in revolutionary war, 2438; in- instructs delegates, 2438; declares inde¬ pendence, 2492, 2496, 2498; heroism of Maryland troops at battle of Long Is¬ land, 2514; Maryland troops at Ft. Mer¬ cer, 2669; spread of colonial population, 2764; fleet equipped by, 2863; “new tenor” money, 2964; condition at close of the revolution,-3104; slavery in, 3106; religious institutions, 3109, 3110; in¬ corporation of church, 3110; land ques¬ tion, 3152; effect of paper money in, 3246; claimed jurisdiction over the Po¬ tomac river, 3248; on slave trade, 3290; ratifies constitution, 3310; on the as¬ sumption of state debts, 3376; popula¬ tion in 1790, 3422; on the Kentucky res¬ olutions, 3652; militia of, at battle of Bladensburg, 4073, 4074; favors coloniza¬ tion of negroes, 4287; secession move¬ ment in, 4691; decides for the Union, 4691, 4692; Lee invades, 5027; Lee’s proclamation to people of, 5027; re¬ ception of Confederate army in, 5028; map of, facing 5052; Hill and Long- street in, 5085; arrest of members of legislature, 5184; ratifies thirteenth amendment, 5213. Maryland Gazette, first newspaper printed in the colony, 1709. Maryland Heights, Md., captured by Mc- Laws, 5037; strength of garrison at, 5086; Meade given permission to with-, draw troops from, 5086. Maryland Journal and Baltimore Adver¬ tiser, 1711. Marye’s Heights, Va., storming of, 5073, 5074 -. Mascoutins, Indian tribe, tell Jean Nicolet of the Mississippi river, 1959. Mason, Charles, surveyed boundary be¬ tween Maryland and Pennsylvania, 1205, 1206. Mason, George, Clark’s plans approved by, 2780; opposed establishment of state church in Virginia, 3109; member of commercial convention, 3248, 3249; mem¬ ber of the Philadelphia convention, 3263; sketch of, 3263; portrait, facing 3284; on slave trade and slavery, 3290. Mason, James Murray, speaks against Clay’s compromise resolutions (1850), 4453; reads Calhoun’s last speech in senate (March, 1848), 4458; member of the “grand committee” (1850), 4474; his fugitive slave bill introduced and passed, 4483; Confederate envoy to Eng¬ land, 4926; seized and imprisoned, 4926- 4928; reception in London, 4933. Mason, Jeremiah, opposition to, as head of Portsmouth branch of bank of the United States, 4221-4223. Mason, Capt. John (1586-1635), father of Newfoundland, 750; his “Mariana” grant on the Merrimac, 790, 791, 826, 842; received and named New Hampshire, 844; second patent, 845; buys out La¬ conia company, 846; in new division of New England, 855, 856; vice-admiral of New England, 857; dies, 857, 946: note, 859, 860; injured by Massachusetts GENERAL INDEX. 159 Bay patent, 865, and note, 865, 948; (1600-1672) deputy-governor, sketch of, 972, 973 J commands expedition against Pequot fort, 972-978; pursues Indians, 979; advantage gained by, 980; impor¬ tant in Saybrook, 996; agents of, com¬ plained of Massachusetts, in England, 1306. Mason, John Y., attorney-general under Polk, 4369; secretary of navy under Polk, 4370; minister to France under Pierce, 4520; helps draw up Ostend man¬ ifesto, 4549. Mason, Stevens Thompson, governor of Michigan (territory), 4294, 4295; elect¬ ed governor of Michigan, 4295. Mason and Dixon’s line, when surveyed, 1205, 1206; extended to settle boundary between Pennsylvania and Virginia, 3 1 54 - Mason hall built by Thompson at Little Harbor, N. H., 791; Neale and Gibbons at, 846. Masons, see Freemasons. Massac, Fort, Ill., G. R. Clark at, 2781; Burr at, 3821, 3835. Massachusetts named for Indian tribe, 158, 796; Norsemen in, 210, 242; English Plymouth company established, 555pre¬ vious colony in, 615; Gosnold, 619; Pring, 620; Weymouth plans to settle in, 622; shares honors of early settlement with Maine, note, 732; advantage of its militant spirit, 759; depopulated of Indians when Pilgrims landed, 774; have squaw sachem, 777; outwitted by Standish, 782; hostile, 786; grows from Cape Ann plantation, 791, 792; Oldham, 812; checks disorder at Merry-Mount, 825; annexes Plymouth colony, 827, and note, also Hingham, 828; declines to join Plymouth against the Dutch, 829; boundary dispute, 830-833; first murder case in, 834; general assembly, its com¬ position and functions, 836, 837, 891, 897, 898, 904, 911; treatment of Quakers, 840, 923-940; patent of, signed by War¬ wick, 844; Gorges’ plans, 851, 853, 856; charter kept in spite of enemies, 853, 858, 894, 896; included in grant to Lord Edward Gorges, 856; supported by Warwick, 859; full title of company, 868; colonists of high grade, 874-878; grows rapidly, 875; English county names repeated in, 876; Congregation¬ alism in, 878; make alliance with Eng¬ lish, 887; Roger Williams in, 901, 902; great immigration to, in 1635, 904; Sir Harry Vane, governor, 905; Anne Hutchinson, 905-910, 1031; Ward’s “Body of Liberties,” 911; New England union, 915, 1015; policy with home gov¬ ernment, 916; proposed removal to Ja¬ maica, 945; absorbs emigrating force, 947; connection with Casco, 948; “Plough Patent,” 951, 952; extent in 1653, 952; chartered rights in 1633, 953; Puritan colonies go from, 956, 957; had fewer Indians than Connecticut, 957; interferes at Windsor, 960; migrations from, to Connecticut, 960-968; Haynes, Hooker, Stone and Cotton arrive in, 965; great migration under Hooker, 968; tries to avenge Stone and Norton, 969-978; treatment of Indians, 980; organizes gov¬ ernment for Connecticut, 981, 982; The- ophilus Eaton in, 986; claims Connecti¬ cut valley, 995; jealous of Connecticut colony, 1003 i angered by tax on Con¬ necticut river, 1016; Quakers drift back to, 1019; relations with Rhode Island, 1020-1046; Newport inclined to come under the jurisdiction of, 1047, 1048; population in 1750, 1261; coins money, 1304; illus. of pine-tree coinage used in, facing 1304; court authorized the people to control taxation, 1313; house of rep¬ resentatives in 1692, 1347; declares war against Abenakis, 1370; issues “Bills of Credit,” 1379; boundary disputes with Connecticut, 1495; correspondence with D’Aunay, 1954; makes peace with him, 1955; population in 1755, 2009; Acadians sent to, 2128, 2129; objects to levying troops for Loudon, 2161-2163; men in expedition against Frontenac, 2211; vote statue to Wolfe, 2271; population of Massachusetts in 1760, 2344; excited over writs of assistance, 2361, 2362; works for union of the colonies, 2368; “Sons of Liberty” organize in, 2375; instructs delegates to stamp act congress, 2376; quarrels with governor in 1766, 2384; censured by parliament in 1768, 2391; suffers from destruction of tea, 2405, 2409; town-meeting forbidden by parliament in 1774, 2406; encouraged by colonies, 2407; prevents enforcement of parliamentary instructions, 2409; under military control o'* Gage in 1774, 2410; general assembly ordered to convene at Salem, 2417; organizes into provincial congress, 2417; prepares for war, 2418; Stark’s volunteers enlist under, 2435; instructed by congress regarding charter, 2450; Bunker Hill troops of, 2453; rev- 160 GENERAL INDEX. olutionarv proclamation of, 2471; fur¬ nished troops for Rhode Island cam¬ paign, 2754; fitted out Lovell’s expedi¬ tion, 2882; condition at close of the revolution, 3104, 3105; on slavery, 3107; on land claims, 3153, 3164; on British commerce, 3229; condition in 1785 and 1786, 3235, 3236; Maine seeks separation from, 3238; riots in, during 1786, 3239; Shay’s rebellion, 3240, 3242; constitution ratified by, 3305-3309; bank at Boston, 3398; population in 1790, 3422; on state rights, 3651; on alien and sedition laws, 3651; Republican victory in, 3799; effects of the embargo in, 3879; opposes the “enforcement act,” 3887; senate of, ad¬ dress on the war of 1812, 3976; in Hartford convention, 4090, 4091; re¬ sponse to Lincoln’s proclamation, 4686. Massachusetts Bay company holds Robert Gorges’ sale invalid, note, 796; in con¬ nection with Plymouth patent, note, 827; formed, 864-868; Puritan in prin¬ ciples, 869, 870; nature of the company, 871; removal to America, 872, 873; administration of government, 881-888; charter endangered and saved, 894-896; introduces ballot to America, 1202; con¬ ciliates England after annus mirabilis, 1279, 1280; takes Maine and New Hamp¬ shire under control, 1280; prosperity of, 1280; attempts to keep charter, 1282; William Burnet governor, 1301, 1567; temporizes with English government, 1306; dispute with agents of Mason and Gorges over Maine and New Hamp¬ shire, 1306, 1307; purchases Maine, 1307; sends agents to England to apologize, 1307; fails to regain charter from Will¬ iam III., 1322; included in royal province under Phips, 1323; provisions of charter under William III., 1323, 1324; emigra¬ tion from, during witchcraft delusion, 1343; frontier towns of, attacked by Ind¬ ians, 1356; exasperated by royal claim in, 1359; attempts to establish Indian mis¬ sion, 1366; holds Abenaki chief for ran¬ som, 1367; religious observance of, 1394; organized army for expedition against Canada, 1405; displeases Charles II., 1461, 1462; prepared to resist James II., 1473; unfriendly relations with Jacob Leisler, 1535; population in 1750, 2344. Massasoit, chief of Wampanoags, 775; made treaty with English, 776; at Poka- noket, 777; denied plot against whites, 782; restored to health by Winslow, 785; makes treaty with New Plymouth, 1284. Masse, Jesuit missionary in Canada, 1934. Masters, a colonist at Watertown, 891, 892. Mastodon, prehistoric animal, 142, 146. Matacomet, Indian name of King Philip, note, 1284. Matagorda Bay, Tex., 1998. Matamoras, Mex., occupied by Taylor, 4381. Matanzas, Cuba, blockaded by the United States, 5717, 57 j 8. Matanzas Inlet, Ribault’s men at, 493,* 494. Matchedash Bay, Can., Jesuit mission on, 1966. Matchett, Charles II., nominated for pres¬ ident, 5691. Mateos, Juan Perez, mutineer with Colum¬ bus, 298. Mather, Rev. Cotton, his opinion of Brad¬ ford cited, 839; of treatment of Quakers, cited, 925; of Rev. Samuel Stone, cited, 956; in Massachusetts, 1325; teaches belief in witches, 1326, 1332; portrait, facing 1328; influence waned, 1350; organizes opposition to Gov. Joseph Dudley, 1351, 1353; sustains Dr. Boyls- ton in inoculation, 1357, 1358. Mather, Rev. Increase, president of Har¬ vard college, 1322; portrait, facing 1322; influences Phips, 1325; first D. D. of Harvard college, 1325; resists witch¬ craft delusion, 1337. Mather, Richard, helped make Bay State psalm-book, 913. Matoaka, real name of Pocahontas, note, 674. Matson’s Ford, Pa., Lafayette at, 2729. Mattapan, old name for Dorchester, Mass., 879- Mattawan river, Champlain at, 536. Matthew of Bristol, John Cabot’s ship, 431. Matthews, a London agent for the Virginia colony, 1113, 1115. Matthews, Col., American revolutionary officer at Germantown, 2632. Matthews, Gen., British officer in revolu¬ tionary war, raided Virginia, 2832. Matthews, George, commissioner of Flor¬ ida, 3941; institutes revolt in east Flor¬ ida, 3973. Matthews, Capt. Samuel, one of royal com¬ mission to Virginia, 705; helped to put down Harvey, 715; governor of Vir¬ ginia under Cromwell, 722; died, 723; cast off by Virginia assembly, 1602. Matthews, Samuel, leader of the National Republicans, 5517. Matthews, Stanley, on legalizing silver, 5562 . GENERAL INDEX. 161 Maumee Rapids, concentration of troops at, in 1812, 4002, 4015, 4016, 4019. . Maumee river, Indian council at the, 3523; Wayne’s battle near, 3526, 3529. Maurepas, Lake, part of boundary between French and English territory in 1763, 2334; boundary of Louisiana, 3943. Maurice, Prince of Holland, his name given to Hudson river, 547. Mauritius river, name given by Hudson to Hudson river, 547; Dutch West Indian company took possession of, 554. Maury, Gen. B. H., commands defenses of Mobile, 5282; sinks the Huntsville and the Tuscaloosa, 5284; surrenders Mo¬ bile, 5284. Mansur Wood, from Vinland, 229. Maverick, Rev., minister chosen in England for Massachusetts Bay colony, 879. Maverick, Samuel, on Noddle’s Island, 733, 797, 890; first white settler in Rhode Island, 880; in expedition against New Amsterdam, 1174. Maverick, Samuel, royal commissioner to New England, 1425, 1458; instructions to, 1426; La Tour finds shelter with, I 954 - Mavila (Mobile, Ala.), 473. Mayhood, British revolutionary officer, Americans routed by, 2547; Washington routs, 2548. Maximilian, emperor of Austria, marries Mary of Burgundy, 11, 12; grandfather of Charles I., 12. Maximilian, emperor of Mexico, portrait, facing 4590; view of his house at Quere- taro, Mex., facing 4590; head of French empire in Mexico, 5067. Maxwell, American revolutionary officer, Morristown Lleights commanded by, 2534, 2543; at Elizabethtown, 2549; on the Brandywine, 2614, 2615; at Chadd’s Ford, 2619; near Trenton, 2732; at bat¬ tle of Monmouth, 2735; drives Knyp- hausen out of New Jersey, 2967. Maxwell, Maj., British revolutionary officer, under Rawdon in southern cam¬ paign, 3047 - May, Cape, how named, 55 1 5 Heyes and Hosset at, 566. May, Charles Augustus, charges Mexican battery at Resaca de la Palma, 4380. May, Cornelis Jacobsen, Dutch explorer, 549; planted trading stations, 550; claims coast as far as Nahant for Holland, 551; New York harbor once bore his name, 551; coasted as far as Chesapeake Bay, 553; in command of first Dutch colony in America, 555, 556. May, River of (now the St. John’s river, Fla.), 480. May, Samuel J., aids in rescue of Jerry, a negro slave, 4492. Mayaguani, one of the Bahamas, 305. May-flower, the, hired for Pilgrims, 764; sets sail, 765, 766; passengers on, 766; voyage of, 766; in Provincetown harbor, 767; compact on, 767, 768; lands at Plymouth, 770, 771 ; returns to England, 7745 takes home news of arrival, 780; landfall of, note, 788, 800. Mayflower descendants, society of the, 5918. Maynard, Lieut., defeats Blackbeard, 1825; puts an end to piracy in Carolinas, 1826. Maypole, its origin and symbolism, 822, and note, 822; Endicott chops down the pole at Merry-Mount, 866. Maysville, Ky., Simon Girty’s feint against, 2795 - . . Mazzei, a Florentine vine-grower and friend of Jefferson, 3598, 3599. Mazzei letter written by Jefferson to Maz¬ zei and interpreted as treasonable, 3598, 3599 - Meacham, member of the peace commission to the Modoc Indians, 5514. Meade, of Virginia, views on slavery quoted, 4448, 4449. Meade, Cowles, letter to Jefferson on Burr’s conspiracy, 3835. _ „ Meade, Gen. George G., in second battle of Bull Run, 5023; in battle of Antietam, 5045; in battle of Fredericksburg, 5073; succeeds Hooker, 5086; crosses into Pennsylvania, 5086; portrait, facing 5086; battle of Gettysburg, 5087-5093; Lee plans against, at Gettysburg, 5090; congratulatory order to army, 5093; pursues Lee, 5093; in command of army of the Potomac, 5231; instructions of Grant to, 5231; in battle of the wilder¬ ness, 5232; at Petersburg, 5244; notified of Lee’s surrender, 5293; ordered into Sherman’s department, 5320; army en¬ camped near Washington, 5323; suc¬ ceeds Pope as military commander of third district, 5391; action in Georgia and Alabama, 5396; death, 5539, 5621. Meat inspection bill passed, 5883. Meat-packing investigation, 5856. Mecca, siege of, Greek fire used at, 76; J. Cabot in, 427. Mechanicstown, Pa., Pleasanton at, 5054. Mecklenburg county (N. C.) declaration. 162 GENERAL INDEX. of independence, 2439; patriotic centre at, 2958, also note, 2959. Medary, Samuel, governor of the territory of Kansas, 4590. Medford, Mass., in Massachusetts Bay col¬ ony, 879. Medical school, first in United States, 2347. Medici, Florentine family, power of, 16; portrait of Lorenzo, 17; add to fame of Florence, 344; employ Vespucci, 345, 347 , 348 , 355 , 364, 365. Medina-Celi, Duke of, befriended Colum¬ bus, 287, 293; thwarted by Isabella, 288. Mediterranean sea, Mohammedan author¬ ity around, 29; traversed by crusaders, 44; familiar to Egyptians, Greeks and Phoenicians, 98; Italian navigators of, 102, 112; ancient seafaring states around, 104; centre of historical interest, 105; Byron’s “Childe Harold” quoted, 105; Greeks the traders of, no; Columbus on, 269; field for buccaneers, 503, 507. Medora, Ind., palaeolithic relics found in, 143 - Meigs, Gen. Montgomery C., investigates charges against Fremont, 4727, 4728; re¬ port concerning disbanding of Union army, 5327, 5328. Meigs, Return Jonathan, at Sag Harbor, note, 2567; portrait, facing 3410; post¬ master-general, 4102; retires from posi¬ tion of postmaster-general, 4141. Meigs, Fort, established, 4019; besieged, 4020. Mejia, Tomas, at Matamoras, 4377; given Arista’s command, 4381. Melampus, British ship, 3854, 3856. Melville Sound, way through, traced by Sir John Franklin, 548. Memminger, Christopher G., Confederate secretary of treasury, 4660; portrait, facing 4660. Memphis, Tenn., Gen. Pillow fortifies, 4802; legislature meets at, 4825; naval battle of, 4841, 4842; Gen. Smith at, 5254, 5255; dash of Gen. Forrest through, 5256. Memphis, U. S. ship, 4858. Menard, French missionary, visits Lake Superior, 1959. Mendocino, Cape, Drake at, 593. Mendoza, archbishop of Toledo, favors Co¬ lumbus, 291. Mendoza, mutinous captain of Magellan, 410. Menendez, De Aviles Pedro, commissioned to chart Florida coast, 488; conducts ex¬ pedition with energy, 488, 489, 491-493, 498; named St. Augustine, 489; drives out the French, 489-495; returns to Spain, 497; loses and regains his Florida settlements, 498, 499; dies, 499, 500. Menotomy, Mass, (now Arlington), British troops at, 2423; Danvers company at, 2430. Mercedita, U. S. ship, 4858. Mercer, Col., British commander at Ft. Oswego, 2133, 2134; retreat of, 2134, 2135; killed, 2135. Mercer, Francis, member of the Philadel¬ phia convention, 3269. Mercer, Gen. Hugh, at Trenton, 2540; death of, 2547. Mercer, Fort, 2626; Howe and Clinton abandon, 2669; Donap assaults, 2669; battle of, 2670, 2671; Americans aban¬ don, 2673. Merchant marine commission proposes a naval militia, 5859. Mercury, British frigate at Quebec in 1758, 2184. Meredith, William Morris, connection with the Galphin scandal, 4441, 4442. Meridian, Miss., important railroad centre, 5254; meeting-place of Gens. Sherman and Smith, 5254, 5255; destruction of public property in, 5255. Merlin, British ship, lost in engagement near Red Bank, 2671. Merom, Ind., earthworks in, 135. Merrimac, Confederate ironclad, sunk at Gosport, 4697* 4698; raised and ironclad by rebels, 4698, 4913, 4914; renamed “Virginia,” 4914; destroys U. S. vessels at Hampton Roads, 4915-4917; fight with the Monitor, 4917-4921. Merrimac, U. S. collier, Hobson sinks in Santiago harbor, 5726. Merrimac river, John Smith explored New England coast to, 551; boundary of Mason’s grant, 790, 791, 844; in Massa¬ chusetts Bay charter, 865; Indian feud on, 887; Massachusetts claims as bound¬ ary, 947. Merritt, Gen. Wesley, attacks Early’s forces, 5249; military governor of the Philip¬ pines, 5724; proclamation to the Fili¬ pinos, 5739; negotiations with Aguin- aldo, 5740; portrait, facing 5742. Merry, Anthony, British minister to the United States, 3707, 3794; and Burr, 3819, 3822, 3824; recalled, 3825. Merry-Mount founded by Wollaston, 812; the lawless settlers, 820-825; bad effect on Indians, 822, 823; checked, 823-825; Morton in, 820, 825, 857, 882; endan¬ gered other settlements, 820, 825, re- GENERAL INDEX. 163 buked by Endicott, 866; Gibbons be¬ longed to, 892; new settlement at, broken off, 893. Mervine, naval commander of gulf block¬ ading squadron, 4861. Meschianza, an entertainment given to Howe, 2727; planned by John Andre, 2728; facsimile of a ticket for, facing 2728; condition at Valley Forge com¬ pared to, 2728. Mesopotamia, astronomy studied in, 91. Messagouche river, Ft. Beau Sejour on, 2118; passage forced across by English troops, 2119. Metacomet, Union gunboat, in battle of Mobile Bay, 5171, 5172; blown up, 5283. Metcalfe, Victor H., appointed secretary of commerce and labor, 5821; secretary department of commerce and labor, re¬ port on Chinese restriction law, 5907. Methodism in Virginia, 1661, 1662; estab¬ lished in southern states by Whitefield, 1874; in Georgia before revolution, 1921; in America during revolution, 3112, 3113. Metropotamia, proposed state of, 3162. Metz, Dr. C. L., finds palaeolithic remains, 142, 143. Mexican war, Taylor ordered to the Neu- ces, 4373; advances to Rio Grande, 4374, 4376; map of campaign in valley of Mexico, facing 4376; Taylor takes Point Isabel, 4377; war declared, 4378; Palo Alto, 4379; Resaca de la Palma, 4380; occupation of Matamoras, 4381; Mon¬ terey, 4385, 4386; Scott takes command, 4387; Buena Vista, 4388-4390; Vera Cruz, 4391, 4392; Cerro Gordo, 4392; Contreras, 4396; Cherubusco, 4396; peace negotiations broken off, 4398; Mo- lino del Rey, 4398; fall of Chapultepec, 4399; occupation of City of Mexico, 4400; Scott’s recall, 4400; treaty of Guadalupe Plidalgo, 4401; justification of war, 4401; Jackson’s forces concen¬ trated at Camargo, 4409; battle of Buena Vista, 4415; unpopular in North, 4416; attitude of Whigs, 4419-4421. Mexico (New Spain), stone work in, 126; Indians in, 164; natives of, connected with Mandans, 247; civilization, note, 256, 445, 453; Vespucci’s story, 352; products, note, 357; Cortes conquered, 394-396, 449, 459; religious customs, 446, 451, 452; calendar-stone, illus., facing 453; added to Spanish crown, 459; Ve¬ lasco made viceroy of, 487; trophies of, captured by Verrazano, 503; western coast of, traced by Drake, 592; Spaniards tardy in settling north of, 595; Burr’s plan for, 3821-3823, 3830; civil war in, 3940; promoted American congress at Panama, 4172; wavers between allegi¬ ance to Spain and desire for a republic, 4273; revolt against Spanish rule led by Hidalgo, 4273; revolt led by Morelos, 4274; Iturbide proclaims himself em¬ peror, 4274; Iturbide overthrown, 4274; Freemasons in Mexico, 4274, 4275; San¬ ta Anna elected president, 4275; encour¬ ages immigration into Texas, 4276; for¬ bids colonization of Mexican territory by citizens of adjoining nations, 4276, 4277; refuses offer of United States to purchase Texas and part of California, 4277; forbids importation of slaves, 4277; emancipates slaves, 4277; suspends enforcement of emancipation in Coa- huila and Texas, 4277; Texas organizes permanent government, 4278; sends troops to Texas, 4280; defeats Texans at the Alamo, 4280, 4281; defeats Texans at the Coleta river, 4282; defeated at the San Jacinto river, 4282, 4283; con¬ ditions in, prior to Mexican war, 4371- 4373 J special mission of United States fails, 4373; makes Gadsden treaty with the United States, 4548; disapproval of French occupation of, 5067, 5068; action of congress and president concerning, 5068; scheme to invade, 5225; dispute with United States over fund for the clergy, 5804, 5805; Hay refers dispute with to Hague tribunal, 5832. Mexico, City of (Tenochtitlan, Aztec name), as first seen by Spaniards, map, facing 446; captured by Spaniards, 453, 458, 459; name given, 459; view of Scott’s entrance into, during Mexican war, facing 4400; Aztec club founded, 5912. Mexico, Gulf of, shell heaps on, 129; stone works and earth mounds on, 147; on Toscanelli’s map, 275; coast of, in Ves¬ pucci’s story, 352, 359; Narvaez in, 460- 465; De Soto tried to reach, 477; his survivors at, 478; countries on, claimed by Spain for colonization, 486; connec¬ tion with Mississippi river assured by Joliet and Marquette, 1992; French ex¬ pedition ignorant of, 1996; mouth of Mississippi on, marked by La Salle, 2004; southern limit of French posses¬ sions, 2006. Mezy, Saffray de, governor of Canada, 985. Miami, Ind., on site of French fort, 2005, 2308, 2310. 164i GENERAL INDEX. Miami, Union steamer, in attack upon Plymouth, 5174. Miami Rapids, battle at, 3526, 3529; plan of the battle, facing 3526. Miami river (Great and Little), gravel beds on, 142. Miamis, Indian tribe, relations with French, 2012, 2015; in alliance with other tribes, 2017; compared with Iroquois, 2023; council between Gist and Miamis, 2023; friendly to English, 2024, 2025; decline to unite with English in seven years’ war, 2047; expedition against the, 3382, 34ii, 3957, 3959; confirm treaty with United States, 4059. Miamisburg (O.) earthwork, 135. Miantonomo, Indian chief, entertained by Gov. Winthrop, 886, 887, 1007; feared, 887, 1043; death, 978, 1010; last cam¬ paign, 1007, ion. Michaux, Andre, concerned in Genet’s Louisiana scheme, 3475. Michelangelo, native of Florence, 344. Michigan, land job scheme in, 3567; bound¬ ary dispute with Ohio, 4294-4296; or¬ ganizes a state government and is ad¬ mitted to Union, 4295, 4296; ratifies thirteenth amendment, 5213. Michigan, Lake, reached by Jean Nicolet, 1958; boundary of French possessions in America, 1986; La Salle on, 1991, 1994; explored by Joliet and Marquette, 1992; in claim of French defenses, 2005; Ft. Joseph on, 2309; tidal wave in, 5664. Michigan, U. S. steamer, on Lake Erie, 5205, 5484. Michigania, proposed state of, 3162. Michillimacinac (now Mackinaw, Mich.), La Salle and Tonty meet at, 1996; built by French, 2005; taken by Pontiac, 2308; captured, 2311, 2312; surrender in war of 1812, 3983. Micmacs, Indian tribe, help French fur trade in Nova Scotia, 1942, 1943; rescue New Englanders, 1954. Middle ages, end of, 5; union of church and state in, 20, 27; balance of power in, 37; awakening from, 43; inventions not protected by patents, 59; segrega¬ tion of cities, 61; navigation, 67; effect of discoveries, 72; sphericity of earth taught in, 95; ships of, 103; reversal of Roman traits in, in, 112; traditional westward voyages of, 243. Middle creek, Ky., battle at, 4808. Middle of the road Populists, 5768, 5772. Middlebrook Heights, N. J., Washington at, 2610, 2833. Middleburg, Holland, helps to establish Dutch West India company, 553; Brown- ists in, 752, 754. Middlesex, Earl of, lord treasurer, 700; opposed by Prince Charles, 707; and by Sandys and Ferrar, 708. Middlesex, Mass., riots at, 3239. Middlesex county, Eng., New England family lines trace back to, 876. Middleton, minister to Russia, asks Czar to mediate between Spain and Cuba and Porto Rico, 4173. Middleton, Arthur, governor of South Car¬ olina, 1833, 1839; portrait, facing 2500. Middletown, Conn., offshoot of Hartford, 957; soldiers’ pay convention meets at, 3 2 I 7 - Middletown Heights, N. J., Washington plans to prevent Clinton’s march to, 2734; Clinton arrives at, 2740. Midway, Ky., Morgan at, 5112. Mifflin, Thomas, moving spirit in revolu¬ tion, 2437; militia raised by, 2535; ap¬ pointed major-general, 2564; criticised Washington, 2625; quartermaster’s de¬ partment under, 2681; against Washing¬ ton, 2694-2696; in Conway cabal, 2695, 2696; Washington censures, 2701; mobbed at Philadelphia, 2856; reply to Washington, 3224, 3225; portrait, facing 3266; member of Philadelphia conven¬ tion, 3267; in whiskey rebellion, 3512, . 35 x 7 - Mifflin, Fort, near Philadelphia, 2626; Howe and Clinton abandon, 2669; British fleet repulsed at, 2671; Americans abandon, 2673. Milan, Duke of, Soncino’s letter to, 426. Milan decree, 3865, 3866, 3934, 3937, 3938, . 3947 , 3949 , 3955 , 3987. Milbourne; son-in-law of Jacob Leisler, sent to reduce Albany faction, 1536, 1539; arrested, 1547; convicted, 1547; execu¬ ted, 1548. Milburne, Rev. H., at opening exercises of the Columbian exposition, 5660. Miles, Gen. Dixon S., division commander at Bull Run, 4748, 4752; Johnston’s statement regarding, 4765; at Harper’s Ferry, 5035, 5038, 5039; wounded, 5038; incapacity of, 5038. Miles, Maj.-Gen. Nelson A., Indian cam¬ paigns, 5516, 5541; commanded militia at railroad strike in 1894, 5672; expedi¬ tion in Porto Rico, 5733, 5734; portrait, facing 5740. Miley, Lieut., assists in drawing terms for the surrender of Santiago, 5731. GENERAL INDEX. 165 Milford, Conn., part of New Haven colony, 957, 993; settled under Rev. Peter Prud- den, 989; church established, 992; ques¬ tion of church membership franchise, 994 . Milford, British frigate, Paul Jones es¬ capes from, 2867, 2868. Military and naval order of the United States, 5917. Militia in Virginia in 1700, 1636, 1637; or¬ ganization in South Carolina, 2831; Philadelphia convention on, 3295; or¬ ganized by congress in 1792, 3434- Mill Rock, illus. of, facing 4070. Mill Spring, Ky., battle of, 4809-4812. Milledgeville, Ga., union of Sherman’s forces at, 5273; Sherman’s army arrives at, 5274. Millen, Ga., destruction of railroads be¬ tween Macon and, 5273; arrival of Sher¬ man’s forces at, 5275. Millenary petition to James I., 983. Miller, Col. James, at Maguaga, 3984; at Lundy’s Lane, 4063. Miller, Joseph N., rear-admiral in Hawaii, 5763 . Miller, Lewis, organizer of Chautauqua so¬ ciety, 5923. Miller, Samuel F., on electoral commission, 5547; delivers oration at celebration of adoption of the constitution, 5617. Miller, Thomas, leader of insurrection in North Carolina, 1751, 1752; a dema¬ gogue, 1752, 1753; deputy-governor, 1754, 1755; deposed for bad govern¬ ment, 1754 - 1759 - Miller, William H. H., attorney-general, 5624. Miller, Fort, N. Y., Schuyler at, 2578; Burgoyne moves headquarters to, 2579, 2658. Mills, Col., British revolutionary officer, Americans capture force of, 2935, 2936. Mills, Robert Q., author of the Mills bill, 5611. Milroy, Robert FI., Jackson defeats, 4798; defeated at Winchester, 5084. Milton, John, a friend of Roger Williams, I0 49 - Milton, John, of Georgia, electoral vote for vice-president, 3326. Milton, Mass., paper mills at, 3121. Mims, Fort, Ala., Indian massacre at, 4036, 4 ° 37 - Minas Basin, N. S., principal settlement of French Acadians, 2114, 2116; in¬ habitants appeal to Gov. Lawrence, 2123; representatives of, imprisoned, 2124. Minerva, New York newspaper, 3609. Mingo creek, Pa., meeting of whiskey rioters at, 3509, 3510. Mingoes, Indian tribe, pledged amity with Penn, 1211; try to blockade Ohio river in 1763,'2317; thwarted in attempts to entrap Ft. Pitt, 2317, 2319; choose Lo¬ gan as chief, 2770; in Cornstalk’s cam¬ paign, 2772. Mining an object with London company, 631; expedition for, up the James ended by massacre, 666; the main object of Popham colony, 727; planned on Mar¬ tha’s Vineyard and Monhegan, 734, 735. Minion, British ship, adventure on voyage to America, 588. Minisink, Brant destroys, 2839. Minneapolis, Minn., Republican national convention at, 5646. Minnesota territorial government organ¬ ized, 4434. Minnesota, U. S. ship, 4843, 4853, 4917, 4918. Minnetarees, Indian tribe, 3758. Minor, Mrs., attempts to vote, 5930. Minorca, inhabitants of, emigrate to Flor¬ ida, 2337; surrenders to France, 2355; disposition of, in French-Spanish nego¬ tiations, 2846. Minquas, Indian tribe, sell land to Swedes, . 579 - Minquas creek, first Swedish settlement established on, 580. Mint established in Boston, 1303; limited, 1303; in New England objected to by Edmund Randolph, 1672; established in Maryland during restoration, 1672. Mint, U. S., congress establishes, 3432, 3433; description of first coinage, 3432-3434; first coins struck, illus., facing 3432; view of first mint, facing 3434. Minuit, Peter, governor of New Nether- land, 557; corresponds with Bradford about Dutch title, 558; buys Manhattan Island and transfers the settlers to New Amsterdam, 559; replaced by Van Twiller, 561, 571; his council ratified patroons in their estates, 566; at Cleves, 578; furthered plans of Swedish colony, 578-580; his death, 581. Minuit, Peter, enters service of Sweden, 1126; dies, 1126. “Minute Men,” why so named, 2417, 2418; check British at Salem, 2419; at Lex¬ ington, 2424; at Concord, 2424; char¬ acter of, 2434. “Minute Philosopher,” by Bishop Berkeley, . 1487- Miranda, Francisco, sketch of, 3474; in \ 166 GENERAL INDEX. scheme to invade Spanish-American ter¬ ritory, 3639; Spanish-American revolu¬ tionist, 3817, 3818, 3939- Miruelo, Diego, coasts Florida, 391. Mishawum, Mass, (now Charlestown), En- dicott’s company at, 866; beginning of settlement, 869; church formed at, 878. Missionary Ridge, Tenn., situation of, 5155; Bragg’s position on, 5155; view of, fac¬ ing 5156; battle of, 5156, 5157; Bragg fortifies, 5164. Missions, Jesuit missions in Canada, 1961, 1969; established for the Indians, 1963- 1967, 1992, 1993. Mississippi, Choctaws in, 1861; (state) partly included in west Florida in 1763, 2336; territorial government organized, 3640, 3641; Claiborne appointed govern¬ or, 3725; supports negro colony in Africa, 4287; calls state convention to consider northern aggression, 4478; del¬ egates denounce compromise bill in Nashville convention, 4478, 4479; appro¬ priates the Georgia platform, 4480; del¬ egates of, withdraw from Charleston convention, 4593; reply to Gist’s letter on secession, 4608; secedes, 4649, 4659; slaves declared free, 5060; length of fed¬ eral line in, 5117; Pemberton ordered to command in, 5138; Grierson’s raid through, 5145; Grant’s plans for detach¬ ment of, 5253, 5254; Sherman in, 5254, 5255; movements of Forrest in, 5256; retreat of Hood to, 5269; Johnson’s proclamation for reconstruction of, 5346; convention in, 5349; refuses to ratify thirteenth amendment, 5352; military control provided for, 5383; Ord assigned to as military commander, 5388; consti¬ tution rejected by people, 5399; election of Democrats, 5399, 5400; refuses to ratify fourteenth amendment, 5413; no state constitution adopted, 5417; restored to federal relations, 5418. Mississippi, Confederate ironclad, 4899. Mississippi, U. S. ship, 4548, 4884, 4888- 4 8 9 T ; Mississippi river, early dwellers on, 139; possible Indian federation west of, 170; delta ignored by Vespucci, 354, 355, 359; discovered by Pineda, 394; Soto on, 475, 476; Soto buried in waters of, 477; bounds the Iroquois on west, note, 563; Indians deported beyond, 608; French settlement on, 1933; heard of by French¬ men, 1959; probably reached by La Salle, 1991; explored by Joliet and Mar¬ quette, 1992; mouth of, discovered by La Salle in 1682, 1996; explored by survivors of La Salle, and by Tonty, 1997; explored by French, 2003, 2004; Pontiac retires to, 2307, 2308; as U. S. boundary, 2790; navigation of, during the revolutionary war, 2847, 2848; French-Spanish treaty regarding the control of the, 2847, 2849, 2850, 3151, 3152; Gov. Morris on, 2848; con¬ test over navigation of'the, 3179, 3180; De Warville on the navigation of the, 3187; Jefferson’s efforts to secure, 3443; Spain’s objection to navigation of, 3562-, 3563; treaty of 1792, regarding, 3563; Spain refuses to release the, 3602-3604; dispute over navigation on, 3723-3725, 373 E 3737 , 3740 , 4846; Pike explores the head waters of, 3759; federal plans to secure control, 4813, 4833; windings in, 4829; Confederate batteries on, 4835, 4885; Union blockade at delta, 4862, 4883, 4895; description of mouth of, 4862, 5539; map of lower part, facing 4884; cleared by Halleck, 5010; McCler- nand’s plans for opening of, 5142; open to navigation, 5149, 5150; effect of open¬ ing of, 5253; surrender of Confederate forces, east and west of, 5323; Eads’ jetties, 5539, 5540, 5954, 5955; floods of, 5664. Mississippi valley, mounds in, 132, 133; treatise entitled “Ancient Monuments in Mississippi Valley,” by Squier and Davis, 133; stone implements in, 141, 144; possibly visited by Madoc, 246; lit¬ tle known in Berkeley’s time, 1623; French desire to establish empire in, 1623; French forts in, 2002-2005; re¬ tained by French in 1760, 2276. Missouri, Soto in, 475; discussion over its admission, 4114, 4115, 4122; constitution of, 4129, 4130; admitted to Union, 4132; willing to join with other southern states to demand equal rights in terri¬ tory acquired from Mexico, 4477; sup¬ ports Douglas in i860, 4602; declares against secession, 4685; importance of, in civil war, 4702, 4703; arsenals seized, 4704; votes to secede, 4707, 4709; battle of Boonville, 4712; Gamble, governor of, 4714; Fremont’s statement of con¬ dition in, note, 4729, 4730; Confederates driven out of, 5139; Heron’s division sent to, 5150; Rosecrans sent to, 5155; Sons of Liberty in, 5202; Price invades, 5257; defeated by force? of Rosecrans, _ 5 2 57 - _ Missouri compromise, germ of, 4115; de- GENERAL INDEX. 167 bate on, 4122-4127; Soule proposes that southern limits of California be estab¬ lished at 36° 30', 4472; Clay’s opinion of, 4525; validity after compromise of 1850 questioned, 4525; second Nebraska bill, 4530; Dixon amendment to repeal, 4532; third Nebraska bill, 4533; Demo¬ crats appeal to people for, 4334-4536; repealed, 4561. Missouri river, neolithic implements near, 145; possibly visited by Madoc, 246; Lewis and Clark expedition up, 3757. Mitchell, John, president of the “United Mine Workers,” 5809-5815; portrait, fac¬ ing 5812; on labor unions, 5890-5892. Mitchell, John K., Confederate naval officer, 4885, 4900. Mitchell, Gen. O. M., raid into Alabama, 5109, 5110; battle at Stevenson, 5110; placed in command of troops between Nashville and Huntsville, 5110; advance upon Chattanooga, 5110; commands di¬ vision in army of the Ohio, 5116; in Alabama, 5117; at Perryville, 5124. Mobile, Ala., Indian attacks on, 162; scene of great battle between Indians and Soto, 473; James Willing at, 2788; Gal¬ vez captures, 2853; seizes arsenal at, 4649; blockade at, 4861; strength of, 5169; situation of, 5169; forts captured, 5173; advance upon, 5282; siege of, 5283, 5284; strength of defenses, 5283; surrender of, 5284; Pope as military commander at, 5391. Mobile act, 3764-3766. Mobile and Ohio railroad, Price command¬ ed to hold, 5118; Forrest partially de¬ stroys, 5143. Mobile Bay, battle of, 5169-5173; picture of battle, facing 5172; effect of victory, 5211. Mobile river and port ceded to England in 1763, 2334, 3765- Modocs, Indian tribe, war with, 5514. Mohammed IV., sultan of Turkey, Mary Fisher tries to convert, 927. Mohawk, origin of name, 1516. Mohawk castle, Sullivan orders Ganse- voort to destroy, 2842. Mohawk river, Five Nations on, 157; set¬ tlement on, destroyed by French and Indians, 2160. Mohawk valley settled, 1581, 1582; Sir Peter Warren bought land in, 1590; distressed by Ft. Niagara in revolution, . 2227; Rogers’ rangers fight in, 2279; fate of settlements in, 2485; St. Leger’s expedition through, 2586, 2589, 2596; Germans of, 2588; intended for route of Sullivan’s expedition, 2839; Brant and Johnson ravage, 2843. Mohawks, Indian tribe, one of Six Na¬ tions, 159; encounter firearms, 531, 533; possible results of French alliance with, note, 563; sell land to Van Rensselaer, 567; exterminate Pequots, 979; over¬ whelm the Algonquins in 1642, 1131; allies of Dutch, 1132; make treaty with Algonquins, 1142; enemies of Connecti¬ cut Indians, 1429 ; in Five Nations, 1515; side with English, 1516; territory of, 1516; enemies of the French, 1550, 1974, 1975 5 Gov. Fletcher lives among, 1550; make peace, 1974; carry Bienville’s tab¬ lets to Sir Wm. Johnson, 2014; part of Mohawks friendly to French, 2092, 2096, 2097; English alliance with, 2585; desert Brant, 2635; join Americans, 2635; raids of, 2839. Mohicans or Mohegans, Indian tribe, de¬ feated by whites, 158; join Dutch against Mohawks, 559; sell land to Van Renssel¬ aer, 567; seek English alliance, 829, 954 , 955 ; fight at Greenfield Hill, 979; in battle near Norwich, Conn., 1008; map of territory, facing 1012; partly friendly to English, 1293; befriend Con¬ necticut during King Philip’s war, 1434; take part in killing Canonchet, 1467. Moir, James, captain of British steamer Trent, 4927; account of Mason and Sli¬ dell affair, 4927-4934. Molang, partisan leader of French and Indians, in conflict with Putnam, 2201- 2209. Molasses, contest over tariff on, 3345, 3346. Molino del Rey, Mex., view of battle, fac¬ ing 4396; battle at, 4398. Moluccas (islands in Malay archipelago) sought by Ayllon, 398; by Magellan, 407, 417; his men at, 417, 418; Portugal and Spain dispute over, 441; Hudson sent t°, 543 - Mompesson, Sir Giles, impeached for ex¬ tortion, 748. Monacan, Indian confederacy in Virginia, 160. Monarch, Federal ram, in battle of Mem¬ phis, 4841, 4842. Monck’s Corner, American force at, 2911, 3038; Rawdon at, 3048. Monckton, Col., killed at battle of Mon¬ mouth, 2739. Monckton, Gen. Robert, associate com¬ mander of army in Nova Scotia, 2119; generous towards the conquered, 2120; 168 GENERAL INDEX, under Wolfe, at Quebec, 2234; friend of colonies in revolution, 2234; at Point Levi, 22431 loses French redoubt on Montmorency, 2244, 2247; disapproves storming Beauport, 2248; suggests at¬ tack above Quebec, 2249; wounded on Heights of Abraham, 2267; gains West Indies in 1762, 2331, 2332. Moncrieff, military engineer, works at Savannah built by, 2828. Money, see Currency, U. S. Mongolian race, American aborigines prob¬ ably descended from, 123. Monhegan Island, Me., Weymouth took possession of, 622; Popham colony land¬ ed on, 728; John Smith seeks copper o n . 7351 Dermer at, 740, 741; Wessa- gusset men removed to, 787; temporary settlement on, 791; sale of effects at, 813. Moniteur, Paris newspaper, published Jef¬ ferson’s letter to Mazzei, 3598. Monitor, U. S. ironclad, Ericsson builds, 4910, 4911; officers of, 4912; illus. of, facing 4916; fight with the Merrimac, 4917-4920; defeat of, 4921, 4922. Monk, George, Duke of Albemarle, at Stu¬ art restoration, 723; titular 900 of Vir¬ ginia, 1667; district of Carolinas at¬ tached to Virginia, 1724; general assem¬ bly of, democratic in the powers, 1726, 1727; invited debtors to settle in Albe¬ marle, 1727, 1728; Geo. Monk, Duke of, first palatine of Albemarle district, 1734; district, constitution of, now framed, 17341 so satisfactory as to be renewed, I 734 - Monmouth, Duke of, followers settle in Carolinas, 1745. Monmouth, battle of, 2733-2742; French and English plans of, facing 2734; Frederick the Great on, 2740, 2741; American and British losses at, 2742. Monmouth , U. S. ship, 5658. Monmouth’s rebellion, England needs Col. Kirke, 1309; sends English slaves to Virginia, 1647, 1643. Monocacy river, Md., Couch at, 5034; Mc¬ Clellan’s forces near, 5054. Monongahela, Pa., battle of, 2056, 2057. Monongahela river, junction of, with Alle¬ ghany, recommended by Washington for fort, 2032; Braddock’s defeat on, 2067, 2081; G. R. Clark at, 2779. Monopolies, usual course illustrated by pa- troons, 569; advocated and opposed in London company, 677, 687; one in to¬ bacco by Charles I., 714; vast one of Plymouth clique, 744; arouse popular fury, 747, 748, 851; in fisheries, 793, 795, 851. Monroe, Col., sacrificed by Webb at Ft. William Henry, 2153, 2154; refused to surrender, 2153; obliged to surrender, 2 I 55 - Monroe, Maj., in charge of forces at Point Isabel, 4377. Monroe, J. T., appeals to Johnson for aid, 5373 . Monroe, James, crosses Delaware river with Washington, 2540; graduate of William and. Mary college, 3128; on land grants, 3164; Senator Walker re¬ placed by, 3394; sketch of, 3394; opposed national bank, 3399; protested against appointment of Hamilton, 3496, 3497; envoy to France, 3501; minister to France, 3577-3581; Pickering reproves, 3581; Pinckney replaces, 3583; quarrel with Pickering over removal, 3600; at¬ tacks upon, 3600; in Hamilton-Reynolds affair, 3601; minister to France, 3739; secures Louisiana, 3743, 3745; succeeds King at London, 3767, 3791, 3794 , 3795 1 negotiates for west Florida, 3767, 3804, 3805; in case of brig Aurora, 3808, 3810; Jefferson’s relation toward, 3816, 3852, 3853; negotiates treaty with England, 3845-3849; presents American bill of claims against England, 3847; on Chesapeake affair, 3860-3862; returns to America, 3869; candidate for president, 3883; and Madison, 3921; sec¬ retary of state, 3951; negotiations with Foster, 3953, 3954; advises the removal of government archives when British threaten Washington, 4072; moves Stansbury’s troops, 4073; elected presi¬ dent, 4098; character and abilities, 4099; inaugural address, 4100; cabinet, 4101, 4102; portrait, facing 4102; annual mes¬ sage of 1817, 4103; his connection with Jackson’s actions in Florida, 4108, 4109, 4111; annual message of 1819, 4121; his opinion on the Florida treaty, 4121, 4127; re-elected president, 4128, 4131; appoints Jackson governor of Florida, 4135; second inaugural, 4135; on in¬ ternal improvements, 4138; on the recog¬ nition of the South American republics and the Monroe doctrine, 4147, 4149- 4154 ; his interest in other American re¬ publics, 4155; advocates protection, 4156; successful end of his administration, 4166; his internal improvement policy opposed by J. Q. Adams, 4169. Monroe, Fortress, Va., near site of Ft. Al- GENERAL INDEX. 169 gernoune, 660, 4745, 4746, 4791, 4870, 4871, 5002; Davis imprisoned at, 5310; view of, facing 5310; casemate in, where Jefferson Davis was confined, illus., fac¬ ing 5310. Monroe doctrine, its authorship and devel¬ opment into an established policy, 4147- 4154; Santo Domingo and the, 5495; Olney on, 5678, 5679; Roosevelt on, 5794, 5839 . Montagnais, Indian tribe, league with Champlain, 530, 531; defeated Iroquois by use of firearms, 531-533; hampered Champlain, 535; defeated, 536. Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 1357. Montague , British ship, 4021. Montana, Indians in, 163; admitted into the Union, 5622. Montauk, U. S. monitor, sinks the Nash¬ ville, 4906, 4907. Montcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis of, por¬ trait, facing 2130; comes to command French armies in America, 2131; ener¬ getic and capable, 2132, 2178-2180, 2219, 2332; baffled by Stark in attack on Ft. William Henry, 2144, 2145; at Ticon- deroga, 2150; intercepts despatch to Monroe, 2154; gives liberal terms oi sur¬ render, 2155; powerless to curb Indian atrocities, 2157; fortifies Ticonderoga, 2191, 2194, 2196; defeats British at Ti¬ conderoga, 2196, 2197; scoffs at Aber¬ crombie’s inertness, 2198; active after success at Ticonderoga, 2200; sends Putnam to Montreal, 2205; poorly equipped in 1759, 2219; evacuates Ticon¬ deroga in 1759, 2220; retreats to Crown Point, 2220; meets his equal in Wolfe, 2223, 2238; expected attack at Beauport, 2237; army of, compared with Wolfe’s army, 2237, 2238; fails to curb Canadian atrocities, 2241; at Quebec, 2243, 2248; charged with cruelty, 2247; outgeneraled by Wolfe, 2249, 2253, 2254, 2260; checked in attempt at Montmorency, 2251, 2252; very cautious about engaging Wolfe, 2252; on Heights of Abraham, 2262, 2263; wounded, 2264, 2266, 2268, 2269; character, 2268; early successes in Amer¬ ica, 2356. Monteagle, Lord, courtesy title of William Parker, 726. Monteano, Spanish commander of St. Au¬ gustine, 1899. Monterey, Cal., held by Com. Jones, 43591 captured, 4382. Monterey, Mex., siege of, 4385, 4386; cap¬ ture of, illus., facing 4386. Montezuma II., Aztec war chief, 448; por¬ trait, facing 448; Cortes sends envoys to, 449; held as captive by Cortes, 453- 457; his treasures diverted from Spain to France, 503. Montgomerie, John, governor of New York, 1568; sketch of, 1568. Montgomery, Gen. Richard, at Louisbourg, 2182; dies at Quebec, 2182, 2478; ap¬ pointed brigadier-general, 2453 5 succeeds Schuyler, 2475; St. John surrendered to, 2475; Montreal surrenders to, 2475; be¬ sieges Quebec, 2476-2478; meets Arnold, 2477; portrait, facing 2478. Montgomery, Sir Robert, tries to establish margraviate of Azilia, 1843, 1844. Montgomery, Ward & Company, employ¬ ees of, strike, 5827. Montgomery, Ala., Southern Confederacy organized at, 4653; first Confederate flag raised at, 4661; Wilson captures, 5284. Montgomery, Fort, Clinton captures, 2654- 2656; plan of capture, illus., facing 2654. Monticello, Kv., Morgan reaches, 5113. Montmagny, Charles de, governor of Can¬ ada, 1967. Montmorency river, boundary of French intrenchments, 2237; English defeated at, 2244-2247. Montmorin, French foreign minister in Nootka Sound dispute, 3442. Montojo, Admiral, portrait, facing 5722. Montour, Catherine, a French-Indian woman, her ferocity during massacre of Wyoming, 2751. Montreal, French colony at, harassed by Indians, 159; named by Cartier, 513; Indian name Hochelaga, 513; Champlain at, 522; limit of De Mont’s charter, 523; expedition against, 1442, 1544; founded by Jesuits, 1968, 1969; hampered by rivalry with Quebec, 1977; threat¬ ened by Iroquois, 1977; garrison com¬ manded by Daulac, 1978; La Salle jour¬ neys to, 1995, 1996; begs Dieskau for protection, 2091; stripped of men, 2092; Montcalm’s prisoners well treated at, 2136, 2137 Loudon ought to have at¬ tacked, 2140; famine-stricken in 1759, 2222; refuge of French after loss of Que¬ bec, 2272; last stand of French, 2275, 2276; Ethan Allen’s expedition against, 2475; capitulation of, 2476, 2477; Ameri¬ cans plan to attack, 3981, 4053, 4054; Canadian insurrection begins in, 4310; Fenians threaten, 5500; Ottawa and Georgian Bay canal, 5950. 170 QENERAL INDEX. Montressor, Capt. John, comments on cu¬ pidity of American officers, note, 2745. Monts, Pierre de Guast, Sieur de, lieuten¬ ant-governor of Arcadia, 523; his ex¬ pedition for commercial colony, 523-526, 621; returns to France, 526; map of his province, facing 526; contests claim with fur poachers, 527; his charter revoked, 528; meets Dutch ships, 541; his St. Croix settlements destroyed by Argali, 676. Montserrat Island, West Indies, discovered by Columbus, 323. Moody, Rev. Samuel, opposes witchcraft delusion, 1337; anecdote about, note, 1401. Moody, Wm. H., secretary of the navy, 5773 5 attorney-general, 5821. Moonanam, Indian name of Alexander, Massasoit’s son, note, 1284. Moore, Lieut.-Col., British revolutionary officer, at battle of Ramsour’s Mill, 2926, 2927. Moore, Col. James, battle of Moore’s creek fought by, 2490. Moore, James, Jr., commands Carolina ex¬ pedition against St. Augustine, 1796, 1797; against Appalachians, 1798, 1799; governor of Carolinas, 1799; leads South Carolina force against Tuscaroras in 1712, 1815, 1816; elected governor of South Carolina by insurgents in 1719. 1829; conflict with Johnson, 1831; places Yamacraws on Savannah river, 1845. Moore, James, Sr., governor of Carolina, 1796; persecutes dissenters and Catho¬ lics, 1796. Moore, Maurice, skillful Indian fighter, 1815. Moore, Thomas P., minister to Colombia, 4220. Moore, William, murdered by Capt. Kidd 1557 . Moore’s creek, battle of, 2489, 2490, 2504. effect of the battle, 2926. Moors’ ascendency and downfall in Spain, 17, 19, 29; around Mediterranean, 105; struggle with Spaniards, 284, 287; hostile to European trade, 404. Moosa, Fort, Ga., garrisoned by Oglethorpe, 1899, 1900. Moquis, Indian tribe, in western United States, 163. Morales, intendant of New Orleans, 3736. Morales, Juan, commander at Vera Cruz, 4391 - Moravians established Indian missions in Pennsylvania and adjoining regions. 1225; oppose slavery in early 18th cen¬ tury, 1837, 1877; early history of, 1865; persecuted by archbishop of Sakburg, 1866; emigrate to America, 1866, v868; found Ebenezer, Ga., 1868; second com¬ pany go to Georgia, 1871; in Georgia prosper without slavery, 1876, 1882; re¬ move from Georgia to Pennsylvania, 1880; influence of, 2770; work of, among the Indians, 2805; location of, 2805 ; Delawares join the, 2805; led by David Zeisberger and Joseph Heckewelder, 2805; Indian converts misunderstood and massacred, 2806; neutral during revolutionary war, 2811. More, Nicholas, chief justice in Penn’s col¬ ony, 1218; impeached by assembly, 1225; suspended by council, 1226; upheld by Penn, 1226. Morell, G. W., at seven days’ battle, 4977; at Malvern Hill, 4987. Moralos y Pavon, Jose Maria, leads revolt against Spanish rule in Mexico, 4274. Moreton, brother of Gov. Moreton, burned by Spaniards, 1777. Moreton, Joseph, governor of the Caro¬ linas, 1770; hated for putting down slave trade, 1771, 1772; reinstated, 1772. “Morey” forgery, 5566, 5567. Morfit, Henry M., sent by Jackson to in¬ vestigate situation in Texas, 4284, 4285. Morfontaine, treaty of, signed, 3683, 3684, 373 °. Morgan, Gen. Daniel, lives in Winchester, Va., 1666; begins career under Brad- dock, 2057; sketch of, 2470, 2471; with Arnold expedition, 2476; at Quebec, 2478; captured, 2478; exchanged, 2519; Gates’ action toward, 2562; at Saratoga, 2639, 2640; Gates removes corps of, 2644; opens second battle of Saratoga, 2649, 2650; at second battle of Saratoga, 2651, 2660; greatness of, 2651; Gates’ report on, 2654; his services unappre¬ ciated, 2667; credit given to, 2694; Clin¬ ton threatened by, 2732; in Dunmore’s war, 2771, 2772; recommended the ap¬ pointment of Gates, note, 2940; joins Gates’ southern army, 3011; under Greene, 3016; Tarleton sent against, 3017-3019; at Cowpens, 3019, 3020; plan of battle of the Cowpens, 3021; at battle of the Cowpens, 3022-3025; portrait, fac¬ ing 3022; Catawba river crossed by, 3026; Cornwallis pursues, 3026; Greene assumes command of his forces, 3027; leaves Greene’s army, 3028; commands GENERAL INDEX. 171 Virginia troops in whiskey rebellion, 3517 . Morgan, Gen. David, at defence of New Orleans, 4084, 4086. Morgan, Edwin Dennison, chairman of Re¬ publican national committee, 4597. Morgan, Gen. G. W., assumes command of forces in eastern Kentucky, 5110; skir¬ mishes with forces of Kirby Smith, Sin; takes possession of Pike Creek Gap, 5111; at Cumberland Gap, 5116. Morgan, Col. George, land grant secured by, 3186; relations with Burr, 3827, 3833. Morgan, Henry, pirate, portrait, facing 1772; knighted by Charles II., 1773. Morgan, Col. J. D., commands division un¬ der Pope, 4830. Morgan, Dr. John, director-general of hos¬ pitals, 2708. Morgan, Gen. John Hunt, raid into Ken¬ tucky, 5111; attacked at Lebanon, 5111; crosses Cumberland river, 5111; makes raid on Louisville and Nashville rail¬ road, 5112; moves to Chattanooga, 5112; at Knoxville, 5112; destroys stores at Lebanon, 5112; captures Midway, 5112; attacked at Paris, Ky., by Col. Smith, 5112; at Crab Orchard, 5113; reaches Monticello, 5113; report of his raid, 5113; escapes capture, 5115; in Ken¬ tucky, 5119; across the Ohio, 5119; captured at New Lisbon, 5120; sent to penitentiary at Columbus, O., 5120; es¬ capes from penitentiary, 5120; makes his way to Richmond, 5120; portrait, facing 5120; in eastern Tennessee, 5120; last raid through Kentucky, 5121; death, 5121. Morgan, Mrs. John Hunt, portrait, facing 5120. Morgan, John Pierpont, in coal miners’ strike, 5813. Morgan, John T., on Hawaiian commission, 5763 - . ... Morgan, Lewis H., on Indian social system, 178, 179; suggests “Ganowanian,” 196, T 97 - Morgan, Margaret, trial tests Pennsylvania slave law of 1826, 4482. Morgan, William, anti-Mason, last seen alive at Ft. Niagara, 2227 j attempts to publish book on Masonry, 4211, 4212; kidnapped, 4212; trial of kidnappers, 4212. Morgan, Fort, Ala., location of, 5169; de¬ fensive obstructions near, 5171; attack upon, 5 T 7 I- 5 I 73 - Mormons, founded by Joseph Smith, 4435; driven from Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, settle in Utah, 4435, 4436; unsuccessful attempts to organize as state, 4447; Bu¬ chanan on, 4573; found Kane, 4574, 4575 ; settle in Utah, 4575; Mountain Mead¬ ows massacre, 4575; .Brigham Young first governor of, 4575; Cumming suc¬ ceeds Young, 4575; their agitation for admission of Utah as a state, 5617; dedication of temple in Salt Lake city, 5666, 5667. Morning Light, U. S. sailing vessel, 4867. Morocco, expedition to, by Magellan, 407; operations against, 3771, 3772. Moros, Indian tribe, 5746. Morrell, Rev. William, sent over to sup¬ press Puritanism, 794; at Wessagusset, 796 , 948 . Morrill, Lot M., secretary of war, 5522. Morris, governor of Pennsylvania, at Alex¬ andria conference, 2057. Morris, Lieut., commander of the Cumber¬ land, 4915. Morris, Gouverneur, on U. S. territorial limitation, 2848; plans for national bank, 3207; forecasts monarchy, 3209, 3210; on army claims, 3210, 3211; member of the Philadelphia convention, 3266, life sketch, 3266, 3267; portrait, facing 3266; speech on slavery representation by, 3289; appointed French minister, 3447; his criticism of French society, 3455, 3456; French ask recall of, 3501; Mon¬ roe succeeds, 3501, 3577; enters the senate, 3668; defends the judiciary law, 3718, 3719; on Erie canal commission, 3931 . Morris, Lewis, chief justice of New York, helps establish New York Weekly Jour¬ nal, 1569; portrait, facing 2500. Morris, Robert, on declaration of inde¬ pendence, 2499; portrait, facing 2500, 2544; Washington appeals to, 2544; his estimate of Washington’s ability, 2552; his refusal to comply with laws on paper money, 2856; member of the Philadel¬ phia convention, 3265; life sketch, 3265, 3266; presented Washington’s name for presiding officer of Philadelphia con¬ vention, 3277; abused for his political opinions, 3376; failure of, 3609, 3610; facsimile letter of, facing 3610. Morris Island, S. C., view of, facing 4676; attack on, 5165. Morrison, Francis, governor pro tem. in Virginia, 1603; reviews colonial records under Berkeley, 1604; leader in Bacon’s rebellion, 1620. 172 GENERAL INDEX. Morristown, N. J., Washington’s headquar¬ ters at, 2549; Washington returns to, 2610; Sullivan halted at, 2611; Charles¬ ton relief army leaves, 2939. Morristown, Tenn., Longstreet takes posi¬ tion at, 5158. Morse, S. F. B., portrait, facing 4362; first use of telegraph, 4363; death, 5539. Morton, J. S., secretary of agriculture, 5648. Morton, John, portrait, facing 2500. Morton, Levi P., nominated for vice-pres¬ ident, 5623; portrait, facing 5626; can¬ didate for president, 5687. Morton, Nathaniel, nephew of Bradford, note, 798, 800. Morton, O. P., portrait, facing 4686; gov¬ ernor of Indiana, 4800, 4806; enemy of Buell, 5127; reports disaffection in Indi¬ ana and Illinois, 5197, 5201; contest with Indiana legislature, 5201; candidate for re-election, 5204; seizure of arms or¬ dered by, 5204; secures appointment of commissioners to Santo Domingo, 5495, 5496; candidate for president, 5543, 5544; on the electoral commission, 5547. Morton, Paul, secretary of the navy, 5821. Morton, Thomas, bad influence of, at Merry-Mount, note, 819-825, 882, 890; solicitor for Gorges against Massachu¬ setts Bay, 857, 894; employed by Cleeves, 951 - Mosaic law deeply fixed in New England ideas, 910; basis of code of Connecticut, 1004; of Portsmouth, R. I., 1032; in New Haven, 1429. Moscoso, Luis de, De Soto’s successor, 477 ;■ builds boats and floats down the Mississippi, 477, 478; reached Panuco, 478; map of his course, facing 472. Moscow reached by English navigator Chancellor, 589. Mosely, Capt., defends rear-guard at Worthfield, 1292; drives off Indians, I2 93 - Moseley, Edward, punished for criticising Gov. Eden, of North Carolina, 1824. Moses, T. J., Jr., governor of South Caro¬ lina, 5431; defeated for judge, 5438; care of state funds, 5440; illegal election of, 5441 , 5442. Moses’ Kill, N. Y., Schuyler retreats to, 2578 . Mosher, Confederate tug, 4890. Mosquito coast, Great Britain relinquishes claim to control of, 4591. Motley, John L., influence for the Union, 4923 . Mott, Lucretia, leader of women’s rights convention, 5927. Motte, Mrs. Rebecca, 3047. Motte, Fort, S. C., Sumter besieges, 30471 surrender of, 3047; Greene advances to, 3074 - Moultrie, Col. William, built Ft. Sullivan, 2505; portrait, facing 2506; his conten¬ tion with Lee, 2507; Prevost driven from Beaufort, S. C., by, 2818; in com¬ mand of the militia, 2819; at Black Swamp, 2820; his blunder, 2821; com¬ mands Charleston, 2822-2824; criticises Gen. Lincoln, 2824; his character, 2825. Moultrie, Fort, S. C.,. victory of, 2503, 2504; building and equipment of, 2505; American trops at, 2506; plan of, illus., facing 2506; position of British fleeet at, illus., facing 2506; losses at, 2509; con¬ gress sends frigates to, 2909; surrender of, 2910; Gardner urges strengthening of, 4613; Pickens orders seizure of, 4627; view of, facing 4676; attacked by Dupont, 5165. Mound builders, size and type, 123; ac¬ count of, 131-140; barbaric, 138, 140; bones, 146; utensils, 147. Mound City, U. S. ship, 4833, 4839, 4840, 4846. Mount Airy, near Germantown, revolution¬ ary engagement at, 2627, 2628. Mount Defiance, at Ticonderoga, capture of, 2638. Mount Desert, Me., devastated by Argali, 676... Mount Hope, Mass., seat of King Philip, 1284; abandoned by him, 1286; King Philip made last stand at, 1301, 1468. Mount Hope Bay, perhaps explored by Norse, 223, 229. Mount Sterling, Ky., Morgan driven from, 5121. Mount Vernon, Va., how named, 1665; Washingon liv^s at, between 1758 and 1775 , 2175 - Mount Wollaston, see Merry-Mount. Mountain Meadows, Utah, massacre at, 4575 - Moussart, a director in Dutch land syndi¬ cate, 569. Moustier, Comte de, French ambassador, 344 6 - Mowatt, Capt., British commander, at¬ tacked Gloucester, 2860; burned Fal¬ mouth, 2861. Mozambique, Africa, passed by remnant of Magellan’s fleet, 418. Mud Island, Ft. Mifflin on, 2669. GENERAL INDEX. 173 Mud Lick, battle of, 3039. Mugford, Capt. James, captures transport with powder, 2862, 2863. Muggleton, Lodowick, English fanatic, quoted, 1198. Muhlenberg, English clergyman, 3108. Muhlenberg, Frederick A., elected speaker of the house of representatives, 3328; in Hamilton-Reynolds affair, 3601, 3602. Muhlenberg, John, at Brandywine, 2619, 2620; at Germantown, 2631; at Stony Point, 2836; opposes Leslie, 3013. Mulcento, lane of, Columbus born on, 267. Mulligan, James A., captured at Lexington, 4726. Munoz, J. B., Spanish cosmographer, note, 346 , 349 , 350 . Munroe, Col. John., ordered to hold New Mexico intact against southern invaders, 4475 - Munsis, Indian tribe, in New Jersey. 160. Munster, Ireland, Sir Humphrey Gilbert governor of, 597. Murderkill creek, near Swedish settlement in Delaware, 579. Murfreesboro, Tenn., Johnston’s retreat to, 4825; Johnston’s movements near, 5095, 5096; Mitchell ordered to, 5109; federal garrison attacked by Forrest, 5113; strength of Buell’s army at, 5122; Bragg concentrates forces at, 5126; Bragg goes into camp at, 5151; location of, 5151; battle of, SI 52 - 5 I 54 ; Bragg retreats from, 5153; Thomas takes possession of, 5154; losses in battle, 5154; Rose- crans leaves, 5159. Murphy, Maj., portrait, facing 5502; state¬ ment regarding Fenian brotherhood of, 5502, 5503. Murray, Gen., under Wolfe at Quebec, 2234; governor of Canada, 2234; attacks French above Quebec, 2248; disapproves of storming Beauport, 2248; suggests attack above Quebec, 2249; moves to Point Levi, 2251; on Heights of Abra¬ ham, 2262; preserves Quebec, 2272-2276; joins Amherst at Montreal in 1760, 2276. Murray, Robert, Gen. Howe and his officers entertained by, 2518. Murray, William Vans, minister to France, 3658; facsimile of his passport, facing 3658; appointed commissioner to France, 3659. Murray Hill, New York city, British troops at, 2518. Muscaras Islands discovered by Columbus, 310 . Mussel Shoals, Ala., settled by Cox, 3387. Muscogees, Creek Indians, 161. Muscovy company of England twice sends out Hudson, 543, 544; organized, 589. Musgrave, Col., at battle of Germantown, 2628-2630, 2632. Musgrove, Mary, infuriated against En¬ glish, 1027-1029, 1931; wife of inter¬ preter between Oglethorpe and Creeks, 1855; Indian interpreter in employ of Oglethorpe, 1923, 1924; marries Rev. Thomas Bosomworth, 1924; claims to be an Indian princess, 1925-1927; makes a bargain with Malatche for lands, 1925, 1926; heads attack on Savannah, 1927. Musgrove’s Mill, battle at, 2991; note, 2999. Muskhogean, Indian stock in South, 161. Muskingum river, O., reached by Gist, 2017, 2018; Moravians settle on, 2805; Indian outrages on, 3410. Mutual Life Insurance Co., investigation of, 5868-5870.. Mydelton, Col., in revolutionary war, 3053. Mystic, Mass. (Medford), in Massachusetts Bay colony, 879; vessel built at, 894. Mystic river, Mass., explored by Winthrop, 879; cordon of militia extends to, 2432. N. Nahant, Mass., Block explores as far as, 550; limit of Gorges’ patent, 796. Nahant, U. S. ironclad, 4860. Nahua, Indian tribe, in Mexico, 447. Nanipacna, 487. Nansemond river, Virginia colonists on, 659 - Nantasket, now Hull, Mass., Oldham at, 811; Reverend Smith at, 819, 869; op¬ poses Merry-Mount, note, 823; included in Massachusetts Bay, 879; British fleet at, 2483. Nantasket Roads, fleet for Louisbourg ex¬ pedition gathers at, 1394; naval battle off, 2867. Nantes, revocation of the edict of, sends Huguenots to America, 1480; preluded by persecution, 1686; desolated Protest¬ ant France, 1706; drives Huguenots to America, 1746. Nanticokes, Indian tribe, 160. Nantucket, Mass., captured by French fleet, 1476. Napoleon I., taxes levied by, 2683; on treaty of Morfontaine, 3683, 3684; offer to Spain for Louisiana, 3728-3730, 3732, 3734; effort to secure San Domingo, 174 GENERAL INDEX. 3732, 3807; and Livingston, 3736, 3740; sells Louisiana to United States, 3741, 3742, 3752; in Florida negotiations, 3804, 3805; issues Berlin decree, 3848, 3849, 3947, 3948, 3955 ; issues Milan decree, 3865, 3866, 3947, 3948; signs peace of Tilsit, 3867; embargo and, 3876; issues Bayonne decree, 3881; re¬ lations with United States, 3916-3920, 3932-3935, 3948; portrait, facing 3916; conquers Austria, 3918; incorporates Holland, 3920; issues Rambouillet de¬ cree, 3933; England’s demands of, 3939; Sweden opposes, 3955; Russia opposes, 3955 , 3956; refuses to rescind Berlin and Milan decrees, 3964; Randolph on, 3966; defeated at Leipzig, 4045. Napoleon III., portrait, facing 4924; schemes of, 4924; negotiations with Sli¬ dell, 4940; United States declines medi¬ ation of, 4940. Narragansett Bay explored by Norse, 223; by Adriaen Block, 550; Indian tribes on, 775 , 781, 954; Williams intends to settle on, 904, 1020, 1028; rapid settlement of surrounding region, 912; Gorton settles- on, 1026; colonies on, learn to agree, 1029; Atherton company buys land on, 1056; boundary of King’s province, 1460; English naval raids in, 2860; French fleet blockaded in, 2901. Narragansett colonies united under charter, 1458. Narragansett, Fort, captured with great loss of Connecticut men, 1434; de¬ stroyed, 1466. Narragansett river, boundary of Saybrook grant, 849; boundary of Atherton com¬ pany land tract, 1454. Narragansetts, Indian tribe, 155; in Rhode Island, 158; agreement with Dermer, 741; hostile to English, 782, 837, 1007, ion; Miantonomo, chief of, 886; Anne Hutchinson goes to, 909; in Indian politics, 954; hostile to Pequots, 969; R. Williams with, 973, 1029; desire English alliance, 973, 977; absorb rem¬ nant of Pequots, 980; fight Mohegans, 1008-1012, 1056; submit to England, 1041; why resentful of English occupa¬ tion, 1283, I2 84; ready to side with King Philip in his war, 1294; great battle with, 1294-1296; their strength con¬ sumed, 1295; submitted to English crown, 1460; attack whites at South Kingston, 1466; defeated in great fight, 1466. Narrows, N. Y. harbor, passed through by Hudson, 545, 547; New York attempts to fortify, 1559. Narvaez, Panfilo de, contended with Cortes, ■ 396, 454, 455; a colonizer, 400; disasters of expedition, 460-464; death, 462, 465. Nash, Gen., at Germantown, 2632; death, 2633, 3168. Nash, Bennett H., translated Soncino’s let¬ ter, 429. Nashoba founded, 4210, 4211. Nashville, Tenn., founded, 3168; Jefferson’s proclamation reaches, 3834; protests against holding popular convention to discuss slavery question, 4478; Thomas ordered to, 4812; effect of the news of the surrender of Ft. Donelson in, 4825, 4826; Forrest’s raids on railroad near, 5115; Buell prepares to advance upon, 5124; siege of, 5125, 5126; siege raised, 5126; railroad reopened at, 5126; rail¬ road repaired at, 5128; Buell’s retreat to, 5129; supplies of Sherman, obtained from, 5265; Schofield advances toward, 5266; retreat of Schofield to, 5267; Schofield arrives at, 5267; Kuklux con¬ vention at, 5468; Fenians at, 5483. Nashville, Confederate steamer, 4906, 4907. Nashville convention called by Mississippi state convention, 4478; at first session minority denounces compromise bill, but majority expresses confidence in con¬ gress, 4478, 4479; at second session declares secession the right of the South, but proposes to preserve the Union, 4479 - Nassau, Bahama Islands, 4850, 4851. Nassau, Fort, reoccupied by the Dutch, 580, 582. Natchez, Indian tribe, 161; in Oglethorpe’s time, 1861, 1862; lose their separate ex¬ istence, 1862, 1863. Natchez, Miss., Willing in, 2788, 2789, 3151; view of, facing 3150; Burr at, 3823; surrendered, 4895. Natchitoches, La., 3830; Wilkinson at, 3831, 3832. National association of navy veterans, 5917 . National banks, see Banks, national. National board of arbitration, 5614. National board of trade defines the func¬ tions of the interstate commerce com¬ mission, 5847. National civic federation, coal miners ap¬ peal to, 5809. National export exposition, Philadelphia, 5750 , 5751 - GENERAL INDEX. 1 r-r l 0 National Gazette, anti-Federalist paper, 3454 National Intelligencer, Washington news¬ paper, 3910, 4075, 4163. National labor union organized, 5886, 5887. National party organized, 5686. National road, congress makes appropria¬ tion for, 3931, 4096; Monroe vetoes a bill for its improvement, 4139, 4140; near Columbus, O., illus., facing 4139; congress appropriates funds for its repair, 4141. National Silver party, platform, 5692, 5693; endorses Bryan, 5693. National society of colonial dames of America, 5917, 5918. National teamsters’ union backs Chicago strike, 5827; charges brought against' its president, 5828. National Union convention at Philadelphia, 5376 . National woman’s suffrage society, 5929. Native American party hold convention in Philadelphia, 4425; platform of 1856, 4458; lose power, 4561. Naturalization bill passed by congress, 5883. Naturalization laws, first in American col¬ onies, 1678; congress enacts, 3551, 3626- 3628; congress revises, 3720; for Ind¬ ians, 5617, 56 i 9 : Naugatuck, U. S. ironclad, 4920. Naumkeag (now Salem, Mass.) annoyed by Merry-Mount, note, 823; Dorchester adventurers removed to, 863; Endicott takes Conant’s place, 865; name changed, 866 . Naumkeag river, boundary of Mason’s grant, 790; on Gorges’ second grant, 856. Nausets, Indian tribe, on Cape Cod, 158^ carried to Spain, 735; hostile, 775. Nautilus, U. S. brig, 3989. Nauvoo, Ill., Mormons in, 4435, 4436. Navajos, Indian tribe, 164. Naval order of the United States, 5917. Navesink Highlands of New Jersey seen by Hudson, 545; Clinton at, 2733. Navigation, early progress in, 103-116; con¬ test over Mississippi, 3180, 3184. Navigation acts, British act of 1650, 917, 1281; substitute for, proposed, 1282; enforced in Virginia«by Charles II., 1603 ; effect on price of tobacco, 1608, 1609; in 1680, injured Virginia, 1628; of Eng¬ land interferes with North Carolina trade, 1752; purpose of, 2351; re-enacted at restoration, 2352; details, 2352, 2353; enumerated articles in, 2352, 2353; inju¬ rious to colonies, 2354, 2355; enforced by Charles Townshend, 2357; leads to En¬ glish wrangle over America, 2360, 2361 ; Adams’ effort to secure relaxation of, 323 °. Navigation acts, U. S., Macon’s bill, No. 1, 3925-3927; Napoleon takes advantage of, 3933' congress passes act of 1816-1817, 4098. Navy, U. S., measures taken to create, 2475; Arnold builds fleet, 2523; Paul Jones’ achievements in, 2808, 2867, 2896; in revolution, 2859-2900; continental congress votes to equip, 2861; conti¬ nental congress appoints a marine com¬ mittee, 2861; first officers, 2863; Esek Hopkins made commander-in-chief, 2863; heaviest relative loss in history of, 2865; foreign estimation of, 2874; con¬ tinental congress orders new vessels for, 2880; number of vessels in 1779, 2881, 2900; congress increases, 3499, 3576, 3596, 3624; office of secretary created, 3623; work of, in 1799-1800, 3663; con¬ gress reduces, 3717; Jefferson opposes, 3868; Madison’s policy for, 3901, 3921; condition in 1809, 3922; Randolph op¬ poses, 3929; congress on, in 1811-1812, 3967; in 1812, 3988, 3989, 3994, 3996, 4005; victories in 1813, 4020; condition in 1861, 4636, 4637, 4843-4845; appropria¬ tions of congress in 1861 for, 4770, 4910; demands of, in 1864, 5475, 5476; Cleveland on, 5595, 5596; Harrison on, 5625; naval display in New York harbor in 1893, 5657-5659; increased in 1898, 5716; a naval militia proposed, 5859; increased 1905, 5963. Navy Island, headquarters of Canadian revolutionists, 4310. Neale, Capt. Walter, governor of Laconia, 846; succeeded by Francis Williams, 946; tries to obtain commission for Laconia, 949. Nebraska, relics in lake beds, 144; Dodge bill for organization, 4525; second Ne¬ braska bill, 4530; third Nebraska bill, 4533 ; Kansas-Nebraska bill passed, 4543 ; formation of state government in, 5190; Kinkaid act provides for homesteads in, 5968, 5969. Nebraska act passed by congress, 4561. Necessity, Fort, Washington’s intrenchment at Great Meadows, Pa., 2044; first pris¬ oners of seven years’ war taken to, 2047; De Jumonville scouts near, 2048; pre¬ pares for defense, 2049; attacked by French, 2050; capitulated, 2051; Brad- dock dies and is buried near, 2080. 176 GENERAL INDEX. Neckar river, fugitives from, settle in North Carolina, 1811. Negley, Gen. J. S., ordered to advance against Adams, 5110; at Murfreesboro, 5152; brigade at Chickamauga, 5163. Negro, Cape, passed by Diaz, 402. “Negro Fort/’ on the Appalachicola, 4107. Negro plot of 1741 in New York, 1574- r 579 - Negro seamen act of South Carolina, 4203- 4206; Gov. Troup, of Georgia, on, 4204, 4205. Negro suffrage in Virginia, 1650; not pro¬ vided for in Lincoln’s reconstruction plan, 5331; Lincoln and Sumner differ on question of, 5336; Lincoln’s opinion on, 5336, 5337; question discussed by cabinet, 5347, 5348; opinions of Union generals, 5348; Johnson’s decision con¬ cerning, 5349; southern states enact laws concerning, 5353; Georgia’s action, 5356; limited suffrage favored, 5356, 53571 South rejects thirteenth amendment, 5368; opposition to suffrage in Loui¬ siana, 5373, 5375; in District of Colum¬ bia, 5383, 5384; effect of, in South, 5397, 5398, 5401. Negroes outnumber whites in South Caro¬ lina in 18th century, 1836; “Lord Dun- more’s Ethiopian Regiment,” 2487; Charlestown defenses strengthened by, 2506; congress votes regiment of, 2823; status of free, 4206, 4207; plans for colonization of, 4286, 4287; Lincoln sug¬ gests establishment of colonies for, 5061; fidelity of, 5063; befriend Union sol¬ diers, 5064; captured in Chambersburg, 5085; ability as soldiers, 5167; limita¬ tions imposed upon, 53541 opinions of southerners, 5355, 5356; Georgia. grants equal rights to, 5356; condition at close of war, 5357; legislation against, in reconstructed states, 5369; accepted as jurors, 5393, 53941 South angry over supremacy of, 5423, 5424, 5464, 5465; in Alabama after the civil war, 5427- 5429; in South Carolina, 5431 - 5435 , 5445 - 5448; make wrong use of power, 5436, 5437, 5462, 5463; race problem of 1906, 5885; discussion of the race question, 5885; education of, 5959, 5960; number of in United States in 1905, 5964; see also Slavery. Neil, death, 2548. Neilson, Fort, 2646. Nelson, Capt., brings supplies to Jamaica, 646. Nelson, Floratio, viscount, praises Decatur, 3772 - Nelson, Samuel, opinion in Dred Scott case, 4566; U. S. envoy on joint high com¬ mission, 5506. Nelson, Thomas, Jr., portrait, facing 2500. Nelson, Thomas R., counsel for Johnson in trial for impeachment, 5407. Nelson, Gen. William, establishes Camp Dick Robinson, 4801; forces Williams out of eastern Kentucky, 4807; at Pitts¬ burg Landing, 5105; retires to McMinn¬ ville, 51151 commands division in army of the Ohio, 5116; assigned to command in Kentucky, 5121. Nelson’s Ferry, S. C., Buford at, 2915; Cornwallis at, 3008; attack on, 3027; British post at, 3038. Nenemachanew, Indian chief, 692. Neolithic age, note, 128; Eskimo tools of, 142; specimens in Iowa, 145. Neponset river, Chickatawbut on, 887. Neptune, Confederate steamer, 4865, 4866. Neshaminy church founded, 3129. Nether Hundred, first name of Bermuda Hundred, 672. Netherlands, see Holland. Neuse river, N. C., lands on, surveyed by De Graffenried and Lawson, 1811, 1812; Tuscaroras defeated on, 1814; whites on, 1814. Neustria, France, subjugated by Norsemen, 2 ° 5 - “Neutral ground treaty” between United States and Spain, 3832. Neutral Nation (Attiwandaronks) preju¬ diced against Jesuits, 1966; exterminated by Iroquois, 1972. Neutrality laws, U. S., recognition of, de¬ manded by the United States, 3794, 3806; Stephen on, 3809, 3810; Jefferson on, note, 3811; senate on, 3812; act passed by congress (1816-1817), 4098; disre¬ gard of, 4105; passage of, 4106. Nevada, palaeolithics found in, 145; Indians in, 163; formation of state government in, 5190; population in 1880, 5542. Neville, U. S. revenue inspector, 3508. Neville, Judge, warns Jefferson against Burr, 3833. Nevon, De, French commander at Ft. Chartres, 2327. New Albion, name given by Drake to Pacific coast, 595, note, 736. New Amstel (now New Castle), fort built by Stuyvesant, 1150. New Amsterdam (New York), Walloons GENERAL INDEX. 177 become first settlers, 556; English claim to, 558; bought of Indians, 558; rein¬ forced by northern and southern col¬ onies, patroons buy land near, 562, 569; custom-house rules, 565; Van Rensselaer in, 567; a menace to New Sweden, 580- 582; New Haven expedition at, 1014; R. Williams sails from, 1028; named by Van Twiller, 1120; Virginians prisoners in, 1121; seal of, 1122; after Kieft’s mas¬ sacre at Pavonia, 1135, 1136, 1142; En¬ glish from Long Island flee to, 1139; great thanksgiving in, 1139; lasting Ind¬ ian treaty made in, 1141; Stuyvesant’s career in, 1145-1182; becomes New York, 1431; early wealth of, 1493; population in 1664, 1494; sends Dutchmen to Caro- linas, 1743; traders from, supply arms to Iroquois, 1969. New Bedford, Mass., burned, 2759. New Brunswick held by English in 1775 ? 2124. New Castle, Del., formerly New Amstel, 1150; transferred to Penn, 1204; Penn lands at, 1207; capital of Delaware, 1251; supreme court at, affronted by Gookin, 1255; Howe’s fleet off, 2626. New England, Indians in nth century in, 150; in 17th century, 157, 158; winters in, 212, 221, 224, 230, 231; coasted by Verrazano, 506; coast of, explored by Champlain, 525; emigration to, 537; named by John Smith, 551; competition for colonization of, 551; education sys¬ tematically developed in, 686; refuge for liberals, 689; Gorges the father of col¬ onization in, 725; John Smith’s “de¬ scription of,” 735, 736; early trade and fisheries, 743, 751; Pilgrims in, 763, 766, 774, 797-799, 861, 911; chosen by majori¬ ty of Pilgrims, 763; church-going in, note, 838; coast gradually becomes known, 847; Gorges’ plan for government and division, 851-858, 895, 948; Massachu¬ setts Bay colony, 866-879, 896; almanac for, 913; confederation of, 914, 915, 920, 930-933? 1015-1017, 1029, 1048, .1053; Cambridge platform, 918; currency in, 918, 919; Gorton in, 919; persecutes Jesuits, 926, 936; Quakers in, 927-944, 1053-1055; Cromwell’s plan for, 944, 945; colonization of Connecticut, 953- 1018; experiments in theocracy, 962, 1035; Pequot war, 971-981; high.char¬ acter of her clergy, 984-986; earthquakes in, 988; flourished during Puritan as¬ cendency in England, 997; highways in, 1006; disputes between colonies, 1014, 1017; war with Holland, 1016; Roger Williams’ successful mission to, 1028- 1030; colonies affected by protecting regicides, 1276; population in 1684, 1282; effort to place under royal governor- general, 1283; three great events in, at end of 17th century, 1283; inherent spirit of local self-government in, 1311; why opposed to royal governors, 1311, 1314; principles of its government analyzed and compared, 1317, 1318; regains equi¬ librium after witchcraft delusion, 1344; harassed in King William’s war, 1348; burdened by treaty of Ryswick, 1349; expedition against Acadia in 1710, 1356; aroused by French attacks on Canso and Annapolis, 1388; urgent for expe¬ dition on Louisbourg, 1389, 1390; Sir Wm. Pepperrell richest man of New England in his time, 1392; provinces rise to meet French invasion, 1406; friends of, on committee of plantations, 1417; carefully treated by Charles II., 1418; royal commissioners come to reg¬ ulate, 1425; controls its own militia, 1429; colonies hesitate to act with New York, 1430; swept by peculiar sickness of children, 1449; colonies dislike to ap¬ peal to Stuart, 1458; endangered by royal commissioners, 1459; colonial gov¬ ernments, differed in, 1477; population of colonies in 1768, 1504; Andros humil¬ iated in, 1512; temporarily deprived of freedom, 1513; determined to drive French from continent, 1543; gains in population by restoration, 1604; laws against Quakers compared with those of Virginia, 1641; not filled with felons by Popham, 1684; colonized by Puri¬ tans, 1713; Huguenot families in, 1746; more fortunate than Canada in causes of emigration, 1967; sends recruits to John¬ son in 1755, 2092; to be attacked by Dieskau, 2095; sends expedition against Nova Scotia and St. Lawrence, 2109'; called on by Loudon for four thousand men, 2147; eager to retake Louisbourg, 2147; special response to Pitt’s letter. 2165; undertakes expeditions against Montreal and Quebec in 1757, 2165; exhausted by seven years’ war, 2217, 2218; makes tremendous efforts in seven years’ war, 2217, 2218; troops take part in capture of West Indies, 2331, 2332; Puritanism vigorous in 1760, 2344; aflame over the news of Lexington, 2431; condition of militia of, 2434; requi¬ sition of militia made on, 2434; number 178 GENERAL INDEX. of troops at Bunker Hill, 2453; campaign in, 2479, 2483; discouraging effects of war on, 2723; Howe’s fleet ravages the coast, 2759; expansion of, 2763; Fed¬ eralists plan for, 3779-3782; effect of the declaration of war of 1812 in, 3976; feeling in, on protective tariff, 4036; discontent with federal government in 1814, 4090-4092, 4094; inflamed by high tariff, 4186, 4187. New England association of farmers, me¬ chanics and workingmen organized, 5886. New England protective union established, 5886. “New England spirit of persecution trans¬ mitted to Pennsylvania,” by George Keith, 1237. New England union loses its authority, 1424-1427; commissioners of, met to repel Dutch, 1430, 1431; holds last meet¬ ing, 1437; recommended by Charles II., to protect Atherton company, 1455; treaty between D’Aunay and Massachu¬ setts subject to, 1951, 1955. New England workingmen’s association es¬ tablished, 5886. New Feliciana, Fla., settled, 3940. New France, see Colonies in America, French. New Granada (now Colombia, South America), revolt in, 3939. New Hampshire, Indians in, 159; Weston shipwrecked on coast of, 788; Gorges controls eastern part, 791; first settle¬ ment in, 791; given to Mason, 844, 856; Quakers preach in, 937; Massachusetts absorbs, 947, 948; general court in, 993; population in 1750, 1261; taken under control of Massachusetts, 1280; royal commissioners coldly treated in, 1282; disputes jurisdiction with Massachusetts, 1306; separated from royal province un¬ der Phips, 1323; colonists escape witch delusion, 1343; harassed in King Will¬ iam’s war, 1348; part of territory dis¬ puted after treaty of Ryswick, 1349; frontier towns attacked by Indians, 1356; disputes boundary with Maine and Mas¬ sachusetts, 1379; contributes to expedi¬ tion against Canada, 1405; colonists for¬ tify houses against Indians, 1409; under Gov. Wm. Burnet, 1567; population in 1755, 2009; men rout French detachment at Lake George, 2104; despises British government, 2160; contributes generous¬ ly to campaign of 1759, 2218; agrees to endorse action of stamp act congress, 2377; fails to keep non-importation agreement, 2398; action on revolutionary war, 2435, 2436; legislature authorized to form new government, 2474; favors independence, 2497; assembly commis¬ sions Stark, 2600, 2601; after the revolu¬ tion, 3105; abolishes slavery, 3106; on British commerce, 3229; rebellion in, 3242, 3243; favors Philadelphia conven¬ tion, 3259; ratifies U. S. constitution, 3309, 33io, 3312; ^population in 1790, 3422; reply to Kentucky resolutions, 3650; represented in Hartford conven¬ tion, 4092. 4 New Hampshire grants, see Vermont. New Hanover colony, Spaniards claim, but Georgia takes possession of, 2142. New Harmony, Ind., established, 4203. New Haven, Conn., convention at, 2688, 2689; Tryon sacks, 2834. New Haven colony buys lands on Dela¬ ware Bay, 583, 1012-1014; driven out by Dutch, 584, 585, 995, 1014; Eaton governor of, 867, 926, 985; in New Eng¬ land union, 915; mild toward Quakers, 934, 944; centre of colonization in Con¬ necticut, 957; founded by John Daven¬ port, 984, 985; organization, 984-992; franchise in, 991-994; villages in juris¬ diction, 993, 994; Massachusetts jealous of, 1016; possible removal to Jamaica, 1017; Whalley and Goffe find refuge in, 1418, 1419; territory of, included in Connecticut by charter (1287), 1420; loses its liberty, 1421, 1422; divided in opinion as to union with Connecticut colony, 1422; Winthrop powerless to help, 1422, 1423; protests to New Eng¬ land commissioners, 1424; struggles to retain independence, 1424, 1425; declined to confer about its independence, 1425; yields, 1427, 1428; Yale college removed to, 1451. New Jersey, Norsemen near, 217; Quakers in, at time of Fox’s visit, 1185; David Brainerd preaches to Indians in, 1225; George Keith in, 1233; population in 1750, 1261; contributes to expedition against Canada, 1405; Andros attempts to possess, 1508, 1511; accused of en¬ croaching on New York, 1526; suffers from Gov. Lord Cornbury, 1559-1561; commerce transferred to New York be¬ fore revolution. 1596; troops at Ticon- deroga, 2196; “Sons of Liberty” organize in, 2375; instructs delegates to stamp act congress, 2377; responds favorably to Massachusetts in 1768, 2389; action on revolutionary war, 2437; Hessians GENERAL INDEX. 179 in, 2473, 2838, 2543, 2550; not anxious for independence, 2495-2497; Tories raid, 2520; Washington in, 2526, 2529, 2538, 2550; Cornwallis invades, 2527, 2528; Howe’s campaign in, 2527, 2528; Corn¬ wallis in, 2527, 2528; map of Howe and Cornwallis’ campaign in, facing 2528; “Skinners and Cowboys” in, note, 2538; British almost expelled from, 2549; ac¬ tion on “new tenor” money, 2964, 2965; Knyphausen invades, 2967; mutiny of troops, 3057; religious freedom in, 3110; on land question, 3153; on regulating commerce, 3204; sends delegates to Phil¬ adelphia convention, 3258; U. S. consti¬ tution ratified by, 3304; first election for congress in, 3326; population in 1790, 3422; frees her slaves, 3770; convention in, offers Webster nomination for pres¬ ident, 4510; Democratic plans for fusion in, unsuccessful, 4602; electoral vote in i860, 4602; declares against Lincoln’s ad¬ ministration, 5061. New Jersey Gazette, Washington assailed by, 2701. New Lights (Methodists), 1661. New Lisbon, O., capture of Morgan at, 5120. New London, Conn., offshoot of Hartford, 957; attacked by French fleet, 1476; Arnold sent against, 3080; shipbuilding at, 3119. New Madrid, Mo., De Soto near site of, 475; Spain fortifies, 3186; Americans and Spaniards meet at, 3536; Confeder¬ ates occupy, 4803, 4828-4830; Pope be¬ sieges, 4830, 4831; federals hold, 4832- 4834- New Market, Va., defeat of Sigel at, 5247; retreat of Early’s forces to, 5252. New Mexico, Indians in, 163, 164; earliest accounts by Europeans, 591; attempt to annex, 4359; organization of territory brings up slavery question, 4432, 4433; makes unsuccessful attempt to organize as state, 4447; Soule’s amendment con¬ cerning slavery in, 4473; granted terri¬ torial government with no restriction as to slavery, 4480; plans to unite with Arizona, 5871-5875. New Netherland named by Hudson, 545; occupied by Dutch, 550, 552, 554; May first governor, 557; next, Wm. Verhult, 557; Peter Minuit sent out to be gov¬ ernor of, 557, 558; Manhattan becomes the capital of, 559; Van Twiller next governor of, 561; English ministry lays claim to, 561; Godyn prominent in, 565; patroons take most valuable part of, 569; good export trade from, 570; fatal discord between patroons and colonial . authorities, 574; warned against attack¬ ing Connecticut, 894; Quakers land at, 931; Connecticut claimed by, 1013; seal of, 1122; Gov. Minuit leaves service of, 1126; ill-governed by Kieft, 1127; keeps peace with Five Nations, 1129; secures John Underhill to subdue Indians, 1138; to be subdued by English commissioners, 1278; English occupation of, affects the French, 1986. New Netherland, Dutch ship, 555. New Orleans, La., founded by French, 2004; kept by France in 1763, 2334; Willing in, 2788; Pollock in, 3151; in 1786, 3181; Wilkinson negotiates, 3184, 3185; U. S. deposit at, 3563; importance of, 3724, 4862, 4882; Livingston instructed to se¬ cure, 3729, 3739 5 congress approves plan to buy, 3739; United States asks Spain for, 3745; Spain transfers to France, 3751, 3752; Burr at, 3821; Wil¬ kinson in, 3832, 3833; Jackson’s defence of, 4080-4086; map of the British move¬ ments about, facing 4082; Jackson’s map of the battle of, facing 4084; claims land given to Lafayette, 4166; affected by panic, 4304; Spanish consulate at¬ tacked, 4495; rejoices over secession of South Carolina, 4622; Louisiana seizes mint, custom house and forts at, 4649; blockaded, 4861, 4862; Confederates for¬ tify, 4882, 4884; plans to capture, 4883, 4884, 4887, 4888; evacuated, 4892; view of city hall, facing 4892; mob at, 4893; Federals occupy, 4894; Banks at, 5258; constitutional convention, 5335; second convention called, 5373; measures to prevent assembly, 5373; massacre in Me¬ chanics’ Institute building, 5374, 5375; Sheridan removes mayor and city judges, 5392; free-state convention held at, 5461; society of the united Confed¬ erate veterans organized at, 5920. New Plymouth, Mass., name given to col¬ ony as whole, 779; trials in the third year, 801, 802; annexed to Massachu¬ setts Bay colony, 827; exiles from, go to Nantasket, 862; makes treaty with Mas- sasoit, 1284; included in royal province under Phips, 1323. New Providence, Bahama slands, Hopkins sacks magazines, 2864; again sacked, 2879, 2880. New Rochelle, N. Y., Anne Hutchinson killed at, 1136; Howe at, 2520. 180 GENERAL INDEX. New Smyrna, Fla., indigo and sugar-cane cultivated in, 2337. New Somersetshire, Me., 856; William Gorges deputy-governor, 948. New Spain, see Mexico. New Sweden, 572; founded and named, 576, 580, 586. New Sweden on Delaware Bay, 1126, 1127. New Wales, Wm. Penn wished to call Pennsylvania thus, 1193. New York (city) at first called Port May, 551; buildings erected on State street by Kieft, 1123; stockade at Wall street, 1140; incorporated as a city, 1497; popu¬ lation in 1678, 1503; metropolis of the western continent, 1512; Trinity church, N. Y., chartered by Gov. Fletcher, 1552; St. Paul’s, N. Y., Lord Bellomont buried in church-yard of, 1558; negro plot in, 1577; a commercial centre before revo¬ lution, 1596; controls commerce of Con¬ necticut and New Jersey, 1596; rendez¬ vous for provincial army for Loudon, 2147, 2149; French prisoners well treat¬ ed in 1759, 2230; historical relics in public library, 2054, 2284; a centre of trade before revolution, 2349; comes to collision with British garrison in 1770, 2392, 2394; fight on Golden Hill between Sons of Liberty and British soldiers, 2394; refuses to receive tea in 1773, 2403; fortifications around, 2512; Howe forces Washington out of, 2517; after the revolution, 3137, 3138; John street theatre, 3138; Fraunce’s tavern in, 3223; facing 3224, 3341; selected as meeting- place of congress, 3324; reception to Washington, 3330; celebration over French revolution successes, 3456, 3457; welcomes Genet, 3473; English ships blockade, 3795; workingman’s party founded, 4211; William Morgan affair, 4211, 4212; rise of anti-Masonic party, 4212; favors equal rights’ party, 4293;; affected by panic, 4304; visited by Polk and his cabinet, 4417; convention of Liberty party (1848), 4425; the Crystal Palace, first exposition in America, 4521; Lincoln’s Cooper Union speech, 4588, 4589; rallies for the Union, 4682, 4683; incitements to violence in, 5178; anti¬ draft riot in, 5179-5183; efforts to restore order, 5181; editors arrested in, 5184; seizure of arms in, 5204; plot to burn, 5208, 5209; effect of Lee’s surrender, 5297; Lincoln’s body borne through, 5302; Johnson at, 5378; Democratic con¬ vention in, 5414; celebration on comple¬ tion of the Pacific railroad, 5494; mon¬ etary panic of 1869 in, 5511; celebration of Washington centennial in, 5626; naval display at Washington centennial, illus., facing 5628; naval parade of 1893, fac¬ ing 5656; celebration of the discovery of the new world by Columbus in, 5657- 5659; consolidation into greater New York, 5695, 5696; rules governing ves¬ sels in the harbor during war with Spain, 5716, 5717; aided San Francisco, 5878; first labor unions organized in, 5886; society of war of 1812 founded at, 59J1; colonial wars society organized, 5913; immigrant station, 5980. New York (state), French settlers in, 555; not included in original English terri¬ tory, 575; annexes Long Island, 1125; Stuyvesant governor of, 1145; under same governor with Penn’s province, 1232; population in 1750, 1261; taken from Connecticut Territory, 1269, 1270; its customs duties avoided by Rhode Island smugglers, 1350; William Burnet colonial governor, 1361; contributes to expedition against Canada, 1405; New Haven unwilling to yield to, 1427; boundary extended by royal grant to Connecticut river, 1427; recaptured by Dutch, 1430, 1465; in hands of English permanently, 1431; Sir Edmund Andros, governor of, 1431; receives Rhode Is¬ land deputies, 1459; important to unity of American colonies, 1493; surrendered to Evertsen, 1501, 1502 ; restored to En¬ glish, 1503; population in 1678, 1504; patent obtained a second time by Duke of York, 1506; local self-government, 1513; divided into counties, 1514; re¬ ceives lands of Onondagas, 1517; re¬ ceives lands from Cayugas, 1518; de¬ lighted by accession of James II., 1525; official records taken to Boston, 1529; Frontenac ordered to capture, 1538; boundary disputes with Connecticut, 1551; general assembly on church of England bill, 1551; suffers from Gov. Lord Cornbury, 1559-1561; population increases during Queen Anne’s reign, 1564; excited over Andrew Hamilton’s defense of Zenger, 1572; increase in early 18th century, 1581; general assembly gains power during Gov. Clinton’s term, 1583-1587; official life in, 1 595; general account of, before revolu¬ tion, 1595-1600; population of province before revolution, 1596; government, 1599, 1600; council, 1599, 1600; courts, GENERAL INDEX. 181 1600; receives Huguenot families, 1746; exposed to French attack, 2007; population in 1755, 2009; despises British government, 2160; receives vast territory by treaty of Ft. Stanwix, 2328; population in 1760, 2344; Dutch customs in, 2345; protests against stamp act, 2368; “Sons of Liberty” organize in, 2375; quartering act, 2384; responds fa¬ vorably to Massachusetts in 1768, 2389; disapproves non-importing association, 2397, 2 398, 2411; encourages Massachu¬ setts in 1774, 2407; at the outbreak of the revolution, 2436, 2437; Tryon threat¬ ens, 2485, 2498, 2499; declaration ratified by convention in, 2492; on declaration of- independence, 2499, 2500; “Skinners and Cowboys” in, note, 2538; British plan to capture, 2557, 2558; issues paper money, 2684; struggle over Vermont, 2763, 2764; Indian warfare in, 2838-2840; Clinton in, 2905, 2906, 2919, 2969, 3070, 3072 ; action on “new tenor” money, 2964; British avacuate, 3223, 3084; conditions in, after the revolution, 3105; emanci¬ pates slaves, 3106, 3664, 3665; religious freedom in, 3110; shipbuilding in, 3120; land claim of, 3153; cedes western iands to the Union, 3155, 3156; opposes impost and revenue, 3216, 3217; puts duty on British goods, 3229; issues paper money, 3245; instructs delegates regarding Phil¬ adelphia convention, 3258; opposes union, 3271; U. S. constitution ratified by, 33i6, 3317; population in 1790, 3422; effect of Jay’s treaty in, 3556; fortifica¬ tions of harbor of, 3640; action on the Kentucky resolution, 3652; Burr candi¬ date for governor of, 3783; defeated, 3785; enforcing the embargo in, 3879; opposes the enforcement act, 3887; war of 1812 along the frontier, 3996; sup¬ ports negro colony in Africa, 4287; underground railroad, 44.90; political sit¬ uation in 1851, 4498, 4499; Democrats plan fusion in, 4602; declares against Lincoln’s administration, 5061; popula¬ tion in 1880, 5542; women permitted to vote in school elections, 5931; rejects unrestricted suffrage, 5932. New York, U. S. ship, 4696, 573 2 , 5733 - New York Equitable Insurance Company, investigation of, 5867-5870. New York Evening Post, 3876. New York Life Insurance Company, inves¬ tigation of, 5868-5870. New York Tribune, newspaper, publishes A. H. Stephens’ speech, 4623; on se¬ cession, 4638; on colonization plan for slaves, 4647; criticism of Lincoln, 4954- 4956; office attacked during draft riot, 5182. New York Weekly Gazette, first New York newspaper, 1569. New York World, circulation prohibited, 5187. Newark, N. J., Rev. Abraham Pierson and flock remove to, 1428; Washington at, 2528; British abandon, 2549. Newark, O., earthwork at, 134, 135. Newbern, N. C., settled by Swiss, 1805; receives news of the battle of Lexing¬ ton, 2439; cession act repealed, 3171, 3172; captured by Federals, 4876. Newburg, N. Y., Washington’s headquar¬ ters, 3208, 3212-3214. Newbury, Mass., 986. Newburyport, Mass., shipbuilding at, 3118; Washington’s reception at, 3359. Newcastle, Duke of (1736, 1753), received Clinton’s letter from New York, 1593; preferred by George III. to Pitt, 2330; nominal premier, 2331. Newfoundland, note, 256; Cortereal coasted, 380; Verrazano at, 506; Cartier explores the shores of, 515; Dutch in, 541, 553; Sir Humphrey Gilbert wished to colo¬ nize, 598, 602, 615; Brownists plan to settle on, 616; first selected by Lord Baltimore, 622; not included in London company and Plymouth company grants, 743; Capt. John Mason father of, 750; New England interest in fisheries, 2723; D’Estaing wanted to capture, 2753; dis¬ position of, in French-Spanish negotia¬ tions, 2846; discussion over fishing rights off the shores of, 4514; not satisfied with treaty on fisheries, 5603; in For¬ tune Bay dispute, 5604; complaints against Americans, 5962. Newgate prison, England, Wm. Penn in, 1191. Newichwanek, Me., 846. Newman, Robert, his barn used for or¬ ganization of New Haven government, 990; one of “seven pillars,” 991; magis¬ trate, 992. Newport, Sir Christopher, note, 534; rav¬ ages Spanish commerce, 626; command¬ er of Jamestown expedition, 630-632; explores James river, 634; feasted Ind¬ ian chief, 636; ability of, 639, 641-643; brings reinforcements, 646; vice-admiral of second Virginia company, 656; wrecked on the Bermudas, 658; reached 182 GENERAL INDEX. Jamestown, 662; admiral of Virginia, note, 665. Newport, Ky., Heth’s advance creates pan¬ ic in, 5122. Newport^, R. I., founded, 1034, 1036; re¬ united with Portsmouth, 1037; difficulty in forming union with Narragansett col¬ onies, 1047, 1050; government of, usurped by Coddington, 1453; meeting at, for reception of charter, 1455; has large proportion in general assembly, 1457 ; political centre during English revolution, 1475; attacked by French fleet, 1476; Bishop Berkeley’s house near, i486; Bishop Berkeley helps to found the Ridwood library, 1487; classical school at, 1487; population in 1748, 1491; compared with New York in colonial time, 1597; chief seat of slave trade, 2468; British at, 2485, 2755; Clinton occupies, 2531, 2753; Americans evacu¬ ate, 2531; De Ternay reaches, 2969, 2970; Clinton attacks French at, 2970; at the close of the revolution, 3119. Newport News, Va., 4746, 4915, 4959, 5002. News Letter, first periodical in America, published in Boston, 2347. Newspapers, first in Rhode Island, 1488; first in Virginia, 1665; first in Maryland, 1709; first in Baltimore, 1711; published in colonies in 1763, 2347; early United States, 3452-3435; Workingman’s Advo¬ cate, 4211; early style of, 4213. Newton, Isaac, engineer on the Monitor, 4912, 4921. Newtown, Conn., first name of Hartford, 967. Newtown, now Cambridge, Mass., laid out, 881; fortified, 891; general court goes to, 907, 908; Hutchisonians not in favor, 90 7; friendly with other settlements, 911; college founded at, 912; name changed, 913; first printing-press in America at, 913; sends colonies to Con¬ necticut, 960, 968. Newtown, now Elmira, N. Y., battle of, 2840. Nez Perce, Indian tribe, 5540, 5541. Niagara, Fort, established by the French, 1518; at beginning of seven years’ war, 2005; reached by Bienville’s expedition, 2010; strengthened by French, 2015; in plan of Braddock’s campaign, 2058, 2085; Shirley’s expedition against, given up, 2087-2089; French communication with, threatened in 1755, 2090; described, 2223-2227; awful tales and legends about, 2226, 2227; invested by Prideaux, 2227; captured by Johnson in 1759, 2230, 2248; sends relief to Ft. Detroit, 2300, 2301; maintains intercourse with Detroit in Pontiac’s war, 2300, 2302, 2306; Brant and Butler’s headquarters, 2749; strong¬ hold of Tory-Indian forays, 2839; Sen¬ ecas and Cayugas seek refuge at, 2842; American forces at, 3995; surrendered by Americans, 4044; attack on, planned by Americans, 4049-4051; captured by the British, 4056; illustration of, facing 4056. Niagara, U. S. brig, 4028-4030, 4853. Niagara Falls, La Salle first European at, 1991; Rogers’ rangers at, 2279; bill for its preservation passed by congress, 5883; utilization of water power, 5938. Niagara river crossed by French expedi¬ tions, 1991; La Salle builds the Griffin on, 1994. Niantics, Indian tribe, subject to Pequots, 954; portrait of sachem, facing 954; take part in killing Canonchet, 1467. Nicaragua, reciprocity treaty with, 5645. Nicaraguan canal, congress on construction . of, 5758-5760,. 5795 , 5796. Nicholas, John, in congress, 3596. Nicholas, Wilson Cary, on Kentucky reso¬ lutions, 3646; in the senate, 3668, 3714; to Jefferson on- the constitution, 3748; leader in congress, 3867; resolution on repeal of the embargo, 3889. Nicholls, Maj. Edward, took possession of Pensacola, 4078. Nicholls, Sir Richard, governor of New York, in command of English expedi¬ tion to take New Amsterdam, 1174, 1179; English commissioner to Massa¬ chusetts, 1278, 1279; royal commissioner to New England, 1425, 1426, 1458; asks aid against New France from Connecti¬ cut, 1429; first English royal governor of New York, 1493; valuable services, 1493, 1494, 1499; does not please all Dutch inhabitants of New York, 1743. Nicholson, Alfred Osborn Pope, Cass letter on popular sovereignty to, 4527. Nicholson, Sir Francis, commands expedi¬ tion against Acadia, 1356; governed New York under Andros, 1529; urges consolidation of American colonies, 1530; made governor of Virginia by William III., 1530; supported James II., 1532-1534; unpopular in New York, 1 533 j alarmed inhabitants by preparing defenses of New York ,1534; abandoned his office, 1535; lieutenant-governor of Virginia and Maryland, 1631; develops GENERAL INDEX. 183 the colony’s resources, 1632; removes capital to Williamsburg, 1632; tries to form colonial confederacy against French, 1633; joint founder of William and Mary college, 1633, 1634; trans¬ ferred to Maryland, 1634; belongs to departing type, 1635; proposed to re¬ store appointment of livings to gov¬ ernors, 1643; succeeds Andros as gov¬ ernor of Maryland, 1702; royal governor ad interim of Carolinas, 1831, 1832; pro¬ motes education and religion, 1832; peace with Indians, 1832, 1833; captures Acadia for England, 1958. Nicholson, Capt. James, the Trumbull com¬ manded by, 2897, 2898. Nicholson, Joseph H., on Pickering im¬ peachment, 3776, 3778; manages im¬ peachment trial of Chase, 3777, 3778. Nicholson, Capt. Samuel, commander of the Deane, 2900. Nickajack river, Ga., intrenchments of Johnston behind, 5261. Nicknames, religious, forbidden by general assembly of Maryland, 1682. Nicola, Louis, letter to Washington, 3209. Nicolay, John G., comment on McGellan, . 4772 . Nicolet, Jean, sent by Champlain to ex¬ plore western Canada, 1958; hears of the Mississippi, 1959. Nicolson, Samuel T., nominee for vice- president, 5767. Nicuesa, Diego de, 376. Nina, Columbia caravel, 260, 296 and note, 297; illus., facing 296, 303; return voy¬ age, 314, 315, 317, 373; reproduction of Columbus caravel, 5657. Ninety Six, S. C., Cornwallis sends force to, 2914; Balfour at, 2921; Cruger at, 2944; British retreat to, 2991; Toryism of, 2994; Green at, 3016, 3049, 3051, 3053; British post at, 3038; Cruger abandons, 3047; Rawdon evacuates, 3054. Nino, Alonzo, sends slaves to Spain, 333; expedition of, 345; takes home cargo of pearls, 373. Niphon, U. S. ship, captures the Ella and Emma, 4869. Nipissing, Lake, Champlain entered, 536; explored by Jean Nicolet, 1958. Nipmucks, Indian tribe, 158; used as pre¬ text by Narragansetts, 887; King Philip escapes to, 1286, 1466; ambuscade among, 1288. Nipsic, American warship, wrecked at Apia, 5639 - Nixon, John, at Saratoga, 2639; narrow es¬ cape of brigade of, 2660. Nixon, William P., 5662. “No Cross, No Crown,” by William Penn, 1190. “No Quarter,” origin of, note, 2670. Noble, John W., secretary of the interior. 5624. Noddle’s Island, East Boston, note, 733; Maverick on, 797; La Tour winters on, 1954 . Nogales, treaty of, 3531. “Nolachucky Jack,” nickname for John Servier, 2997. Nome, Alaska, gold discovered at, 5683; development of, 5683, 5684. Nonconformists do not object to slave trade in South Carolina, 1769. Non-importation agreement, origin, 2379; gains strength, 2387; weakened by love of gain, 2397; breakers of, denounced, 2398; act, 3812; England aroused over, 3846; suspended, 3851; proposed sus¬ pension of, 3898. Non-intercourse act, congress passes, 3890; announced to France, 3918; not effective, 3922; expires, 3925, 3928; Napoleon on, 3932, 39341 revival of, with England, 3948 - 3950 . Non-partisan women’s Christian temperance union, 5923. Nook’s Hill, Mass., intrenchments at, 2482. Nootka Sound, view in 1792, facing 3440; English and Spain dispute over, 3441, 3442 . Norfolk. Eng., a centre of Puritanism, 876; sends settlers to Southold, L. I., 992. Norfolk, Va., incorporated in 1736, 1666; Dunmore at, 2487-2489; Howe ordered to capture, 2487; destroyed, 2489; Vir¬ ginia tobacco exported through, 2832; burned, 2832; Leslie occupies, 3013; sends memorial to congress, 3494; roused over Leopard and Chesapeake affair, 3856; British threaten, 3857; prepares for war, 3858, 3859; attacked by British in 1813, 4040, 4041; Gosport navy-yard at, 4696; blockaded, 4854. Norfolk county, Va., Dunmore ravages, 2487. Normandy settled by Norsemen, 205. Normans in America, 240. Norman’s Kill, N. Y., Brant devastates, 2843. Norridgewock, Me., settled by Rasle, 1363; grew rapidly, 1368; burned by English, 1369; second expedition against ,1371. 184 GENERAL INDEX. Norridgewocks, Indian tribe, 157. Norris, Isaac, rich Philadelphia Quaker cited as to war contributions, 1256. Norris, Moses, Jr., approves popular sov¬ ereignty, 4539. Norsemen, early use of the compass, 64; their craft, 106; colonizing movements, 202, 205; superstitions of, 203; in south¬ ern Europe and Africa, 205; expeditions to America, 206-242; character, 207, 232, 233, 241, 242; method of dividing day, 212; facsimile of specimen of language, facing 234. North, Lord, tries to coerce colonies by “letters of instruction,” 2396; proposes Boston port bill, 2406; conciliatory pro¬ posal, 2419, 2420; portrait, facing 2420; proposed American embargo, 2484, 2510; England’s entire policy reversed by, 2715, 2718; America’s contempt for ,2718; actions of, regarding conditions of America, 2719; George III. appeals to, 2721; position of, 2722; effect of peace commission of, 2725, 2743, 2744; effect of the surrender of Cornwallis on, 3084; acts of, regarding peace, 3086; resigna¬ tion of, 3087; coalition of Fox and, 3097, 3098. North, William, appointed adjutant-gener¬ al, 3637 - North America, see Aboriginal races- of America; America, Pre-Columbian; Dis¬ covery and exploration; Colonies in America. North Beach, Fla., Ponce de Leon anchored at, 388. North bridge at Concord, 2426. North Briton, Wilkes’ paper, libels ministry, 2359 - North Carolina, Sioux and Iroquois in, 160; Rev. Jones chaplain in, 247; included in grant to second Virginia company, 656; Pequots retreat to, 979; in 18th century, 1642, 1807; first general assembly, 1724; insurrection in, about tobacco tax, 1754- 1758; organized government in, 1762, 1763; primitive life in, 1763, 1764; no place of worship at close of 17th cen¬ tury, 1795; church of England estab¬ lished in, 1804; religious feuds in, 1805; throws off government of South Caro¬ lina, 1805; population in 1694, 1805; in early 18th century, 1805, 1836; condi¬ tions in, previous to 1722, 1805, 1806; religious conditions, 1806; dissension in, 1808; general assembly of, forbids any one to depart without permit, 1815; in danger of-depopulation, 1815; drink¬ ing in, 1817; Gabriel Johnson governor of, 1835; aids Oglethorpe in expedition against St. Augustine, 1898; population in I 755> 2009; diversity in inhabitants before revolution, 2345; protest against stamp act, 2368; does not send delegates to stamp act congress, 2377; disturbed by “regulators” and Gov. Tryon, 2391; re¬ ceives news of battle of Lexington, 2439; elects delegates to continental congress, 2439; Loyalists in, 2440, 2618; favors in¬ dependence, 2495; militia raised by, 2818; British outrages in, 2915-2917; uprising of patriots, 2931; map of Cornwallis’ and Greene’s route in, facing 2938; slave law in, 3106, 3290, 3619, 3620; religious freedom, 3110; cedes lands to the Union, 3156, 3169; repeals cession act, 3171; difficulties with Tennessee and the state of Franklin, 3171-3175, 3177; issues paper money, 3246; appoints delegates to Phil¬ adelphia convention, 3258; ratifies U. S. constitution, 3318, 3405, 3406; condemned assumption of state debts, 3376; popula¬ tion in 1790, 3422; reply to Gist’s letter on secession, 4607; secedes, 4684; de¬ sertion in regiments from, 5228; de¬ mands for peace in, 5228; dissatisfaction in, 5229; raids of Stoneman, 5270; Davis retreats to, 5308; operations of Sherman in, 5310; Johnston commands, 53 I 3 - 53 U; Confederate forces in, 5313; Johnson’s life in, 5314; constitutional convention, 5346, 5350; ratifies the thirteenth amend¬ ment, 5352; negro refugees in, 5357; success of free labor in, 5360; military control provided for, 5383; Sickles ap¬ pointed military commander, 5387; con¬ flict between military and civil au.’uori- ties, 5395, 5396; constitution ratified, 5399; ratifies fourteenth amendment, 5413; negro supremacy prevented in, 5424; gives property rights to married women, 5929. North Castle, N. Y., Washington’s troops near, 2521; Col. Jameson commandant at, 2983. North Dakota admitted into the Union, 5622. . North Kingston, R. I., Indians under Mag¬ nus defeated at, 1299, 1300. North Pole, Hudson searched for, 543. North river, Hudson river so called by H. Hudson, 545. North Set, maritime habits of dwellers near, 115. Northam, N. H. (now Dover), 791; set¬ tled, 947, 948. . GENERAL INDEX. 185 Northampton, Mass., English stronghold in King Philip’s war, 1298; “Great Awak¬ ening” began in, 1449, 1450; mobs pre¬ vent court from sitting at, 3238. Northcote, Sir Stafford, British envoy on joint high commission, 5506. Northern confederacy planned by Feder¬ alists in 1804, 3779-3784. Northern states, Calhoun declares that bal¬ ance between North and South has been destroyed, 4458, 4459; protests against fugitive slave law, 4483; condition of, in i860, 4604; “Worship of the North” a southern war caricature, facing 4610; resources of, 4663; effect of Lincoln’s war proclamation in, 4680-4682; response to Lincoln’s proclamation, 4686. Northland, name given by Gosnold to coast of Maine, 618. Northwest passage to Asia, Dutch try to find, 541; among Drake’s ideas, 592; later English expeditions for, 597; Wey¬ mouth searches for, 621; Sir Thomas Smith a patron of rearch for, 630. Northwest territory, Cayugas settled in, 1518; division and government, 3161- 3165; plan of division, facing 3162; Ind¬ ian troubles, 3187, 3188; ordinance of 1787, 3192-3198, 3357; first officers ap¬ pointed for governing, 3197; organized, 3641; division into states, 3674. Norton, Massachusetts representative in London, 1277. Norton, a Quaker, 841. Norton, a trader, murdered by Pequots, 969. Norton, Gen. Charles B., plans centennial exposition, 1876, 5526. Norton, E. J., votes against impeachment of Johnson, 5412. Norton, Francis, attorney of Wm. Mason’s property, 946. Norton, John, teacher of Boston church, 926, 927; opposed Quakers, 934, 937 - Norton, John, joins in “Ipswich letter” to Gov. Winthrop, 1948. Norton, Lieut.-Col. Walter, shared the Aga- menticus grant, 848. Norumbega, note, 213, 233, note, 618; Cham¬ plain expects to find, 524; Ferdinando sent to, 600; John W. Walter finds silver in, 600; name clings to Maine, 618; Weymouth sent to, 621; also Harlow and Hobson, 734. Norwalk, Conn., burned, 2834. Norway, advantage in maritime affairs, 115; invaded by barbarians, 202; in Zeno story, 249; coasted by Hudson, 544; gives way to Maine in supplying ship timber, 1359. Norwich, Conn., centre of Connecticut col¬ onization, 957. Norwich, Eng., Brownists originate in, 752. Nott, Edward, governor of Virginia under Earl of Orkney, 1654. Nottaways, Indian tribe, 157. Nottinghamshire, Eng., separatists in, 753. .Nova Scotia perhaps seen by Norsemen, 150; probably by Verrazano, 506; De Monts and Champlain in, 524; boundary line of “Virginia Company” passes through middle of, 627, 743; reduced by Canada company, 845; granted to Earl of Stirling, 855; included in royal prov¬ ince under Phips, 1323; name given to Acadia in 1713, 1356; limits settled, 1381; given to English by treaty of Utrecht, 1381; population in 1744, 1386; Canso settled in, 1386; Shirley wishes to protect, 1405; abandoned by French, 1409; granted to Sir William Alexander, I935> 1938; seal-catching in, 1936; popu¬ lation in 1755, 2009; divided between French and English in population, 2009; French fleet lands forces at, in 1755, 2059, 2060; fortified by French, 2118; given up by France in 1763, 2334; Cape Breton annexed to in 1763, 2337; Gou- verneur Morris on, 2848; not satisfied with treaty on fisheries, 5603. Noyes, Rev., a Salem minister who per¬ secuted witches, 1342. Ntahanada, Indian chief with Capt. Han- ham, 727. Nullification debated by Webster and Hayne, 4228-4231; ordinance adopted by South Carolina convention, 4254, 4255; South Carolina’s action opposed by Georgia, 4255, 4256; ordinance of nulli¬ fication suspended in South Carolina, 4259; ordinance rescinded, 4259, 4260. Nurse, Rebecca, accused of witchcraft by Parris, 1332, 1333, 1335. o. Oakes, Rev. Thomas, intercedes for Massa¬ chusetts charter, 1322. Oakland, Cal., strike at, 5671. Oberlin, O., strong anti-slavery centre, 4582. O’Brien, Col. H. T., murdered in. New York draft riot, 5182. Ocampo, Garcia del, sails with Ojeda, 376. Oceanica. boats used in, 107; Magellan does not touch, 413. 186 GENERAL INDEX. Ocean, ancient ideas of, 89, 90; Homer’s idea of, 93. Oconee river, 3390, 3392. O’Connor, Charles, nominated for presi¬ dent, 5520. Oconostota, Cherokee chief, 2779. Ocracoke Inlet, Amidas and Barlowe in, 605. Octarora, U. S. ship, 4897, 5171. Odell, Moses F., on war committee, 4783. Odell house, Rochambeau’s headquarters, illus., facing 2980. Odiorne’s Point, first settlement in New Hampshire, 791. Odyssey refers to explosive compound, 75; boats described in, 107. O’Fallon, Dr. James, colonization schemes, 3388 . Ogden, Peter, Burr’s messenger to Wilkin¬ son, 3826; arrested, 3833; released, 3837. Ogdensburg, N. Y., captured by Gen. Am¬ herst in 1760, 2276; British attack, 3996. Ogeechee river, Highlanders settled on, 1864; boundary of land ceded by Indians to Oglethorpe, 1891. Oglesby, Richard J., 4720, 5133; at Ft. Don- elson, 4821. Oglethorpe, James Edward, governor of Georgia, 663; reports story of Spanish Popish plot, 1579, 1580; founder of Georgia, 1842, 1843, 1845-1851; account of career and character, 1846, 1847, 1909, 1914, 1915; anecdote of, note, 1846; portrait, facing 1846; aided by English public sympathy, 1847-1849; founds Sa¬ vannah, 1849, 1850; enjoys primitive life in Georgia, 1851; reports favorable prog¬ ress, 1853; relation with the Indians, 1855, 1859, 1861; establishes useful in¬ dustries in Georgia, 1863; hospitable to Moravians, 1867, 1868, 1876, 1882, 1884; his noble character, 1868; takes Indian chiefs to England, 1868, 1870; wishes to Christianize Indians, 1870, 1871; ad¬ mires character of Greeks, 1870; pres¬ ence of, important to Georgia, 1875; makes first English effort to put down slavery, 1875; unable to keep rum and slavery out of Georgia, 1879, 1880, 1888; prepares for war with Spain, 1886; made brigadier-general, 1887; authorized to raise a regiment in England, 1887; greeted on return to Savannah, 1887; in Indian council, 1888, 1889; gains alliance of Indians against Spaniards, 1890; puts down slave insurrection, 1891, 1892; in expedition against St. Augus¬ tine, 1895-1897, 1899, 1901; captured by Diego and Moosa, 1897; horrified by Chickasaw barbarity, 1900; abandoned by Carolinians and Chickasaws, 1900; blamed unjustly by South Carolina, 1901; prepares to meet Spanish invasion of Georgia, 1904; destroys Spanish ships in 1742, 1906, 1907; meets Span¬ iards on land, 1908, 1909; promoted, 1916; account of his last years, 1916, 1918; American revolution, 1917; called on John Adams, 1917; remarkable pow¬ ers, 1918; death, 1918; friend of Dr. Johnson, 1918; would have put down Musgrove’s claim, 1923, 1925; had Bos- omworth as chaplain, 1924; on silk culture, 3123. O’Hara, Gen. Charles, at battle of Guilford, 3033; wounded, 3034; Yorktown sur¬ rendered by, 3082. Ohio, mounds in, 132, 136, 142; Iroquois extend to, note, 563; Indian missions in, 1225; Western Reserve of Connecticut, 1273; history of the Ohio colony, 3145- 3148; history of the Ohio company, 3166, 3193; map showing lands of Ohio company, facing 3198; population in 1800, 3693, 3694; organized and admitted into the Union, 3720, 3721; urges recog¬ nition of independence of Texas, 4284; favors colonization of negroes, 4287; boundary dispute with Michigan, 4294- 4296; underground railroad, 4490 ; polit¬ ical situation in 1851, 4499; Republicans victorious in i860, 4602; declares against Lincoln’s administration, 5061; Mor¬ gan’s raid into, 5120; Morgan impris¬ oned in, 5120; ninth corps sent to, 5150; arrest and trial of Vallandigham, 5186, 5187; legislature denounces Burnside’s order concerning freedom of the press, 5188; Sons of Liberty in, 5202. Ohio centennial and northwest territory exposition at Toledo, 5750. Ohio company, beginning of, 2009, 2010; intends to check Pennsylvania’s growth. 2015; builds fort on Ohio river, 2019. 2040; chooses land on the Kanawha river, 2027. Ohio Falls (Louisville, Ky.), Dunmore pur¬ chases land from Indians at, 2765. Ohio Gazette, Burr writes to, 3827; Blen- nerhassett replies in, 3829. Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company fails, 4572.. Ohio river discovered by La Salle, 1990, 1991, 2005; Bienville claims for France all lands on, 2011, 2034; explored by Gist, 2017, 2026; Ohio company chooses GENERAL INDEX. 187 land on, 2027; English forts on, 2028, 2325; formed by confluence of Alle¬ ghany and Monongahela rivers, 2032; Ft. Duquesne on, 2041, 2042; closed to white settlers by British government, 2365; travel on, 3694; views of, frontis¬ piece, and facing 4334. Ohio valley, French forts in, 2002, 2004- 2006; in plan of Braddock’s campaign, 2058; might have been possessed by English, 2059; controlled in 1755 by Oswego Fort, 2090, 2091. Oil industry, 5946. Ojeda, Alonso de, accompanies Columbus, 321; later voyages, 349, 376, 377; Ves¬ pucci with, note, 351, 352, 356; illus. of discovery of Venezuela, facing 362; captures Caonabo, 372; explores Pearl coast, 372, 373; plants settlement at Darien, 377, 382, 399. Ojibways, see Algonquins. Okechobee river, scene of Seminole defeat, 43 ! 3 - . Oklahoma, derivation of name, 161; opened for settlement, 5645, 5646; population in 1892, 5646; destructive storms in, 5664; plan to unite with Indian Territory as one state, 5871-5875. Okolona, Miss., Smith and Forrest at, 5 2 55 . “Old Ironsides ” name for U. S. ship Con¬ stitution, 4690. Old Point Comfort, Va., Fortress Monroe at, 4745 - Old Testament as foundation of public law, 910. Old Wilderness tavern, Va., headquarters of Grant and Meade in battle of wilder¬ ness, 5232. Oldham, John, purchaser of Robert Gorges’ patent, note, 796; treachery toward Puri¬ tans, 806-811, 834; partly reformed, 811, 812; colonist at Watertown, 812, 891, 892;; takes patent on Saco river, 847; at Nantasket, 862; grant of, included in Massachusetts Bay patent, 865; con¬ tests Massachusetts Bay title, 890; re¬ ports favorably on Connecticut, 955; murdered by Indians, 970, 971. Olds, Dr. E. B., arrest of, 5188. Oliver, Andrew, stamp commissioner for Boston, note, 1390, 2374; letters to Whatley disclosed by Franklin, note, 1390, 2401, 2402; portrait, facing 2374. Oliver, Mordecai, on committee to investi¬ gate conditions in Kansas, 4555. Oliver Cromwell, U. S. man-of-war, 3119. Olives, culture of, hoped for by Oglethorpe, 1852. _ Olliwochica, see Prophet. Olmstead case, 3897. Olney, Richard, attorney-general, 5648; on Venezuelan boundary dispute, 5677-5679. Olympia, U. S. ship, 5722. Omaha, Neb., People’s party convention at, 5647; exposition at, 5697, 5700-5703; view of exposition at, facing 5702. Omahas, Indian tribe, 162. Omnibus bill, see Compromise of 1850. “On to Richmond,” cry of the northern press, 4741. Onas, Indian name for William Penn, note, 1266. Oneida lake, battle near, between Cham¬ plain and Indians, 536; Ft. Stanwix near, 2210. Oneida, U. S. ship, 3996, 4049, 4890, 4895. Oneidas, Indian tribe, in Six Nations, 159; in Five Nations, 1515; account of, 1516, 1517; friendly to Americans in revolu¬ tionary war, 1516, 1524; waver in 1756 in allegiance to English, 2137; side with Americans, 2585, 2595; refuse aid to Sullivan, 2842; fate of, 2843. O’Neil, John, president of Fenian brother¬ hood, 5483, 5484; leads invasions into Canada, 5499, 5500; arrest and convic¬ tion of, 5502; portrait, facing 5502. Ongue-Honwe, name for Iroquois, 1515. Onis, Don Luis de, protests against Ameri¬ can interference in Spanish possessions, 4107. Onondaga, N. Y., last council of Iroquois confederacy held at, '1516; capital of Five Nations, 1517. Onondagas, Indian tribe, 1515-1517; ask Jesuits to establish a mission among them, 1974, 1975, 1977; waver in 1756 in allegiance with English, 2137; England’s alliance with, 2585; join the Americans, 2634; losses of, 2839, 2843. Ontanon, Fort, Ind., captured by Pontiac, 2005, 2308, 2311. Ontario, Fort, N. Y., built by Shirley, 2088. Ontario, Lake, Champlain heard of, 530; reached, 536, 537; Jesuits of the Onon¬ daga mission flee to, 1977; in French chain of defenses, 2005 i Ft. Oswego on, 2007; crossed by Bienville’s expedition, 2010; nearly abandoned by French in 1759, 2230; naval force allowed on, 5870. Opdyke, George, mayor of New York city, endeavors to end draft riot, 5181. 188 GENERAL INDEX. Opechankanough, Powhatan’s brother, 643; captures John Smith, 643, 644; captured by English, 652, 653; revenge on whites, 653, 692, 695, 718, 719, 823, 1079; Pott tries to poison, 696. Ophir, Columbus thinks San Domingo to be, 328. Oquendo, Spanish warship, 5732, 5733; destruction of, at Santiago, illus., facing 5736 . Orange, Prince of, see William III., king of England. Orange culture tried in Carolinas, 1744. Orange, Fort, 569; Eelkens at, 572, 573. . Orange and Alexandria railroad, Jackson ordered to destroy, 5015. Orangeburg, S. C., 3038; Sumter at, 3047; Rawdon at, 3054. Orarian, name for Eskimo, 165. Ord, Gen. E. O. C., at Iuka, 5131; at Boli¬ var, 5134; at Davis’ Mills, 5136; ap¬ pointed military commander of Missis¬ sippi and Arkansas, 5388; measure of. to relieve distress, 5396. Order of American knights, 5201. Order of the loyal legion, 5916. Order of military merit, Paul Jones made knight of, by king of France, 2895. Orders in council, decree issued by the king of Great Britain regulating com¬ merce, 3864-3866, 3898-3900, 3902, 3903, 3905, 3908, 3913, 3934, 3938, 3987- Ordinance of 1784, 3162. Ordinance of 1787, history of, 3192-3198; facsimile of part of, with Nathan Dane’s anti-slavery addition, facing 3194; con¬ gress confirms, 3357. Oregon, Indians in, 163; coast of, traced by Drake, 592; joint occupation of, 4112; Polk’s advice concerning annex- tion, 4374; claims of Great Britain, Russia, and the United States, 4403; boundary dispute bteween Great Britain and the United States 4403-4408; agita¬ tion in favor of settlement of, 4404-4405, territorial goverment organized, 4423; contest over electoral vote, 5547-5549. Oregon, U. S. warship, 5725; in battle of Santiago, 5732, 5733. O’Reilly, Alexander, governor of Louisiana, 3 I 5 I - Orinoco river discovered by Columbus, 330; Ojeda at, 363, 374; Raleigh sent to find silver on, 617. Oriskany, N. Y. illus. of battlefield, facing 2586; battle of, 2589-2593. Orleans, Island of, discovered, by Cartier, 511; Wolfe’s army on, 2237. Orleans, Territory of, organized, 3761, 3762; Claiborne appointed governor of, 3763; congress grants franchise to, 3764; admitted to the Union as state of Louisiana, 3942, 3943. Orm, father of Ingolf, 203. Ormond, Duke of, viceroy at Dublin, 1189. Orono, Indian chief, 1362. Orr, Maj., attacks the Chickamaugas, 3533. Orr, Hugh, cotton manufacturer, 3125. Orr, James L., speaker of the house in 1857, 4573; South Carolina commission¬ er, 4631; member of committee of Con¬ federate congress to interview Davis concerning peace negotiations, 5229. Ortiz, Juan, Soto’s interpreter, 467, 468; captured by Indians, 467; rescued by Uztia’s daughter, 468; brings news of Maldonado, 474; dies, 476. “Os Lusiadas,” epic poem of Camoens, 401. Osage, Union gunboat, sunk by torpedo in siege of Mobile, 5283. Osages, Indian tribe, 162, illus., facing 159. Osborn, T. W., commissioner of freedmen’s bureau, 5460. Osborne, Sir Danver, governor of New York, kills himself, 1593. Osborne’s Hill, British occupy, 2617, 2618. Osceola, leader of Seminole Indians, 4312, 4313- Ossabow Island, Ga., deeded to Bosom- worth by Malatche, 1926. Ossipee Lake, N. H., Capt. Lovewell at, 1375- Ossossane, Huron town, Jesuit mission es¬ tablished at, 1964. Ostend manifesto recommends sale of Cuba to the United States, 4549, 4550. Osterhaus, Col. Peter J., at battle of Pea Ridge 4735, 4736. Oswald, Richard, sent to France, 3090, 3091. Oswego, N. Y., trading-post at, 1565; re¬ tained by English, 1565, 1566; garrison at, doubled for King George’s war, 1587; English fort at, 2007, 2087; threatened by French, 2089; invested by Montcalm, 2132-2134, 2137; illus. of, in 1756, facing 2132; destroyed by French, 2137, 2211; restored by Eng¬ lish, 2137, 2211; secured by Gen. Amherst in 1760, 2275; meeting-place of chief with Sir William Johnson, 2307; grand council and treaty at in 1766, 2327; St. Leger at, 2586; attacked by Sir James Yeo, 4061. Oswego river, Bradstreet’s victory on, 2141. Otis, Maj.-Gen. Elwell S., military com¬ mander in the Philippines, 5739; moves GENERAL INDEX. 189 against Aguinaldo, 5741, 5742; portrait, facing 5742. Otis, Harrison Gray, portrait, facing 3596; in congress, 3596. Otis, James, Jr., advocate-general of Mas¬ sachusetts, 2361; argues against writs of assistance, 2361, 2362; elected to gen¬ eral assembly, 2362; facsimile of signa¬ ture, facing 2362; publishes pamphlet on colonial rights, 2368; Franklin approves, 2386. Otis, James, Sr., considers writs of assist¬ ance illegal, 2361. Otsego lake, Clinton at, 2840. Ottawa, Ill., near site of La Salle’s Ft. Crecoeur, 1994. Ottawa river, 534; explored, note, 535 - 537 ; Jean Nicolet explores, 1958; Iroquois winter on, in 1660, 1977, 1978; Daulac at falls of, 1978. Ottawas, Indian tribe, met by Gist, 2017; represent French at Miami council at Piqua, 2024, 2026; do not sue for peace in 1763, 2307; treacherous at Ft. San¬ dusky, 2309; Burgoyne expedition join¬ ed by, 2571, 2579. ' Otter creek, 2600, 2601. Otter Island, 2826. Otumba valley, Cortes victorious in, 458. Ovando, Nicholas de, replaced Columbus, 336, 337; refused to help Columbus, 339 , 340 . Ovid believes in sphericity of earth, 95. Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernandez de, Spanish his¬ torian, 468. O'Wasco, U. S. ship, 4866. Owen, Robert, early life, 4208, 4209; buys New Harmony, 4208, 4209. Owen law on immigration, 5979. Oxenstiern, Axel, chancellor of Sweden, portrait, facing 576; supports Swedish colonization, 577-579. Oxenstiern, Gabriel, 579. Oxford university, Eng., chair in, made from the Pelican, 596; Sir William Berkeley at, 717; Roger Ludlow at, 874; Sir Harry Vane at, 905; John Davenport at, 985; William Penn studies at, 1187; Col. Fry a graduate of, 2040. Oyster Bay, L. I., 1012; Kidd in, 1556. Oyster Point, early name of Charleston, N. C., 1736. Ozema river San Domingo founded on, 328. P. Pacific Ocean, 101; boats of islanders, 107; type of coast-dwellers, 123, 131, 139; historical connection with Europe, 201; discovered by Balboa, 375, 383, 385; circumnavigated by Magellan, 375, 412; Bojados on, 386, efforts to find all water passages to, 391, 631, 635; merits its name, 414; archipelago in, 415; Drake plans to cross, 592; Lewis and Clark reach, 3758. Pacific railroad, 4524; congress makes pro¬ vision for, 4947; completion of in 1868, 5489, 5492-5494; building of, 5489-5492; congress authorizes investigation, 5607, 5608. Packard, governor of Louisiana, 5455. Packing-houses, investigation of, 5856; of Chicago, 5936. Pacolet river, McDowell on, 2931; Fer¬ guson at, 2934; Morgan’s movements around, 3016; Tarleton at, 3018. Padron Real, chart by Vespucci, 369. Paducah, Ky., Grant occupies, 4719, 4720; attacked by Forrest, 5255. Pago-Pago, Samoa, American coaling sta¬ tion, 5753. Paine, John K., composer of “Columbian March,” 5660. Paine, Lewis, see Powell, Louis Paine. Paine, Robert Treat, in Philadelphia, 2437, portrait, facing 2492; sketch of, 2493, 2494, 2538; portrait, facing 2500. Paine, Thomas, on steamboats, 3120; on confederation in his pamphlet “Common Sense,” 3199; in Paris, 3711, 3712. Paint creek, O., earthwork in, 136. Pakenham, Sir Edward, succeeds to com¬ mand of British troops, 4077; attacks New Orleans, 4082-4085; killed, 4085. Pakenham, Sir Richard, negotiates . with the United States concerning Oregon, 4405-4408. Palaeolithic age, 128; relics, 139, 140; dis¬ pute concerning, 140, 142; Trenton grav¬ els, 142; in Ohio, 142; illus. of relics, facing 142; in Indiana, 143; in Georgia, 144; in Minnesota, 144; in Nevada and other places, 145; in Greenland, 236; stone tools noted in Labrador, 380. “Palatines” (Germans) brought to New York by Gov. Hunter, 1562. Palfrey, concerning exemption of Plym¬ outh from dues, note, 826; deputy from Salem, 892. Palisades, on Hudson, fortified, 2511. Pallas, U. S. ship, 2883; fight with the Countess of Scarborough, 2888, 2889. Palmer, James S., rear-admiral, demands surrender of Baton Rouge, 4895; com- 190 GENERAL INDEX. mands the Iroquois, 4905; at St. Thomas, 5479 - Palmer, Gen. John M., division commander under Pope, 4830; in army of the West, 5133; portrait, facing 5692; candidate for president, 5693. Palmer, Sir Roundell, England’s chief coun¬ sel in Geneva tribunal of arbitration, 5507 . Palmer, Gen. W. J., pursues Hood, 5269; captures supply train, 5269. Palmer’s Island bought by Claiborne, 1073, 1074. Palmerston, Henry John Temple, viscount, portrait, facing 4924; prime minister of England, policy toward the United States during the civil war, 4936-4938. Palmetto State, Confederate ram, attempt to break blockade at Charleston, 4858. Palms, Cape of, Columbus coasted by, 311. Palms, river of, 396; boundary of Nar¬ vaez’s province, 460; of De Soto’s, 465- 478. Palo Alto, Tex., battle of, 4379. Palos, Spain Pinzon at, 260, 294, 318, 373; Columbus at, 295, 297, 317. Pamaonke river (now York), 636; valley of, under Opechankanough, 643; John Smith on, 652, Dale sails up, 674. Pamlico river, settlers on, slaughtered and tortured by Tuscaroras, 1813; scene of Blackbeard’s defeat, 1825. Pamlico Sound, Indians on, 161. Pamunkey river, branch of York river, note, 636. Pamunkies, Indian tribe, 696. Panama, Columbus passed, 339; Drake at, 592; Admiral Vernon gives up attack on, 1903. Panama, American congress at, 4172-4175. Panama, view of railroad depot at, facing 5798; U. S. treaty with, 5798-5802; Taft sent to, 5799. Panama canal, Champlain conceived idea of, 521; congress on, 5759, 5796-5802; Clayton-Bulwer treaty on, 5760; Hay- Pauncefote treaty on, 5761, 5762; view of, facing 5798; methods of construction, 5801, 5802; view of old Spanish fort near entrance to, frontispiece; finding of the commission of engineers, 5828-5831; final action by congress, 5883. Pan-American congress, Washington, D. C., 5621. Pan-American exposition, Buffalo, ap¬ proved by congress, 5749, 5750; descrip¬ tion, 5785, 5786; views of, facing 5786; McKinley assassinated at, 5787. Pango Pango, Samoa, United States secures a coaling station at, 5636. Panics, monetary, see Financial conditions, U. S. Panmure, Fort, Spanish capture, 2853. Panton, Rev. Anthony, outlawed by Har¬ vey, 715, 716. Panuco, Mex., reached by remnant of Soto’s expedition, 478. Panuco river, limit of Pineda’s voyage, 394; boundary of Amichel, 395; reached by De Garay, 396. Paoli tavern, disaster at, 2623, 2624. Paper introduced for printing, 58; manu¬ facture during colonial times, 3121. Paper money, see Currency, U. S. Papineau, Louis Joseph, leads revolution in Canada, 4311. Para, S. A., pearl reefs, 503. Paradise Point, Swedes’ name for Cape Henlopen, 579. Parana river, S. Cabot on, 441. Parcel post conventions, 5752, 5753. Paredes y Arrillaya Mariano, leader of revolution, 4371; in power, 4373. Parent’s creek, Detroit, scene of Dalzell’s defeat, 2303, 2304. Paria, Gulf of, passed by Columbus, 329, 351; Ojeda lands near, 363. Paris, treaty of, ended seven years’ war, 2301, 2302; ratified, 2334. Paris, Napoleon at, 3918; U. S. commis¬ sioners on bimetalism in, 5682; meeting of Spanish-American war peace commis¬ sioners in, 5737. Paris, Ky., Smith attacks Morgan at, 5112. Parish, David, takes up government loan of 1813, 4013. Parita, Gulf of, discovered by Bo j ados, 386. Parker, Bishop, 3108. Parker, Alton B., nominated for president by Democrats, 5817; telegram to the convention, 5818, 5819. Parker, Ely S., Seneca Indian, in civil war, 1519, 1520; commissioner of Indian af¬ fairs under Grant, 1520. Parker, Hyde, commander of British fleet, 2814. Parker, Isaac, reply of, 3493. Parker, Capt. John, at Lexington, 2424. Parker, Sir Peter, cooperates with Clinton at Cape Fear, 2490, 2492; at Sullivan Is¬ land, 2507. Parker, Theodore, on popular government; 3692. Parker, Wharton, people’s party nominee for president, 5768. GENERAL INDEX. 191 Parker, William, petitioned for Plymouth company, 726. Parkinson’s Ferry, Pa., convention at, 3510, 3513 , 3517 . Parkman, Francis, on the La Tours, note, 1937, 1938; cited as to Hurons, 1965. Parks, Gen. John G., succeeds Burnside as commander of ninth corps, 5245. Parks, William, prints first newspaper in Virginia, 1665; establishes Maryland Ga¬ zette, 1709. Parmenides teaches that earth is round, 94. Parris, Col., takes part of people against proprietaries in South Carolina, 1827- 1830. Parris, Samuel, pastor in Salem, 1330; his daughter makes accusations of witch¬ craft, 1331, 1341; prosecutes witches with ardor, 1332; procures the conviction of his enemies, 1336, 1337; protected friends, 1339; loses control of the situa¬ tion, 1341; driven out of Salem, 1342. Parsons, Eli, in Shay’s rebellion, 3240. Parsons, Samuel Holden, commander of a Connecticut regiment, 2435; in Ticon- deroga expedition, 2443; character, note, 2443; appointed judge of northwest ter¬ ritory, 3197. Parsons, Gen. Theophilus, portrait, facing 3192; colonizing scheme, 3193, 3194. Parsons, William Barclay, on Panama canal commission of engineers, 5828. Paschal II.; Pope appoints E. Gumpesson bishop of Vinland, 235. Pasgualigo, Lorenzo, letter about Cabot, 424, 425 . Paspahegh, Indian tribe, 636, 643, 644, 666. Pasquotank Inlet, N. C., scene of Gilman’s attempt to smuggle tobacco 1755; re¬ monstrates against tax on tobacco 1757. Pass a 1 ’ Outre, name of mouth of Missis¬ sippi river, 4862. Passaic river, Washington retreats across, 2528. Passamaquoddy Bay, country around, an¬ nexed by Great Britain in 1756, 2120; disputed ownership of islands in, 4089, 4112. Passamaquoddy river, boundary line of United States, 3641. Pastancy, Indian village on Potomac, 673. Pastorius, Franz, leads large colony to Penn, 1198. Patagonia, giants in, 124, 411; winter quar¬ ters of Magellan, 409, 411. Patapsco river, reached by John Smith, 648. Patawomeks, Indian tribe, 673. Pate, Dr., attends Nathaniel Bacon in last illness, note, 1618. Patent medicines, bill to control the com¬ merce in, 5861, 5862. Patent office, U. S., congress meets in (1815), 4093; report of commissioner for 1905, 5973, 5974- Paterson, William, tries to found Scotch colony on isthmus of Darien, 1881; grad¬ uate of Princeton college, 3130; member of the Philadelphia convention, 3268, 3280; portrait, facing 3284; on senate judiciary committee 3338. Pathfinder, name given Fremont, note, 4715. Patrick, military commander in Massachu¬ setts Bay colony, 882. Patrick Henry, Confederate steamer, at¬ tacks the Congress 4916; attacks the Minnesota, 4917; scuttled, 5305. Patriot Genet, French privateer, 3465, 3469. Patriotic organizations, 5910-5921. Patroonships, history of, 562-571, 583. Patterson, Daniel T., destroys the piratical settlement at Barataria, 4078; commands the Carolina in the defense of New Orleans, 4082; votes against impeach¬ ment of Johnson, 5412. Patterson, John J., senator from South Carolina, 5432, 5433. Patterson, Col. Robert, at Saratoga, 2639, 2652, 2660; Lexington, Ky., founded by, 2776 , 3154 - Patterson, Gen. Robert, at Martinsburg, 4747; retreats before Johnston, 4749. Pattison killed by the Indians, note, 731. Patuxets, Indian tribe, 735, 775. Paugus, Indian chief, legend of his death, 1375 - Paul I., Czar of Russia, assassinated, 3731. Paulding, Hiram, rear-admiral, sent to Gos¬ port navy-yards, 4697; senate censures, 4699; plans of, for new vessels, 4910. Paulding, John, Andre captured by, 2983. Paully, Ensign, in command at Ft. San¬ dusky, 2309; escaped death by marriage, ^309. Paulus Hook (Jersey City), British hold, 2549; Lee captures, 2838; British regain, 2838. Pauncefote, Sir Julian, on treaty of arbi¬ tration, 5675-5677; portrait, facing 5760. Pauw, Cornelius de, historian, 568. Pauw, Michael de, director of New Nether- land, 568; patroonship of, 568, 569. Pavia, University of, Columbus at, 270. Pavonia named by De Pauw, 568; mas¬ sacre, 1135. 192 GENERAL INDEX. Pawcatuck river, struggle for land on, 1057; boundary between Rhode Island and Connecticut, 1454; boundary of King’s province, 1460; Canonchet captured on, 1467. Pawnee, U. S. frigate, 4697, 4855; senate censures commander of, 4699. Pawnees, Indian tribe, 162. Pawtucket, R. I., cotton mill at, 3125. Pawtuxet, R. I., early settlement in Rhode Island, 1019; annexed by Massachu¬ setts Bay colony, 1026, 1027, 1042; quar¬ reled with Providence over territory, 1469; Gaspce burned near, 2399. Paxton, Pa., home of “Paxton Boys,” 2325. “Paxton Boys,” Pennslyvania outlaws, 1242; attempt to capture Philadelphia, 1242, 1267; intimidate colonists, 1267, 1268; organize to punish Indians in 1763, 1267, 1268, 2325. Payne, Henry B., on the electoral commis¬ sion, 5547. Payne, Henry C., postmaster-general, 5773. Payne, Sereno E., introduces Philippine tariff bill, 5858. Pea Ridge, Ark., battle of, 4732-4738; plans of the battle, facing 4734. Peace commission, British, 2722; effect of, 2724, 2725; members, 2725, 2739; refusal of Washington to meddle with, 2744; congress refuses to treat with, 2744, 2745; comments of noted patriots on, 2745; bribery undertaken by, 2745, 2746; farewell manifesto, 2746; congress’ coun¬ ter proclamation, 2746; leaves for Eng¬ land, 2746. Peace conference at the Hague, Roosevelt on, 5838, 5839. Peacock, British sloop-of-war, captured by the Hornet, 4021. Peacock, U. S. sloop-of-war, illus., facing 3992; in war of 1812, 4089. Peak’s museum, Philadelphia, gas first used in, 4198. Pearce, Gen. N. B., at Wilson’s creek, 4713. Pearl coast, northern coast of South Amer¬ ica, Columbus on, 330; Ojeda sailed along, 363, 382. Pearl harbor, Plawaii coaling station for the United States, 5630. Pearls found in South America, 330; on Savannah river, 471; in mussels in Con- nasauga river, 472; searched for on Cape Cod, 739. Pearls, Gulf of, Guerra and Nino in, 373. Pearson, Thomas, named Chester, Pa., 1208. Pechell, Capt., attacks Craney Island (1813), 4041. Pedee river, Villafane marched to, 488, 2935; Irish settlement near, 2936; Mar¬ ion’s operations around the, 2938; Gates’ army crosses the, 2943; Wemyss’ out¬ rages on, 2995; Marion’s movements around, 3008. Pedrarias Cape, Davila, governor of New Andalusia, 385; persecution of Balboa, 385, 386; in Darien, 464. Peekskill, N. Y., Heath occupies, 2526; Howe sacks magazines at, 2566; Clin¬ ton’s feint on, 2655; abandonment of, 2656. Pegram, Col. William J., at Rich Mountain pass, 4742. Peirce, John, takes out patent for Plymouth colony, 749, 762, 797, 825. Peirce, William, master of the Charity, 807; helped to settle Cape Ann trouble, 812; arrives in the Griffin, 965. Peirsey, Abraham, member of the commis¬ sion to Virginia, 705. Pekin, China, latitude compared with other places, note, 280; Boxer rebellion in, 5774 , 5779 - Pelham, Lord, requests advancement of Pitt, 2143. Pelican, Drake’s ship, 593; circumnavigates the globe, 595; Drake knighted on, by Elizabeth, 595; chair made of, 596. Pelican, British ship, captures the Argus in war of 1812, 4023. Pelisipia, proposed state of, 3162. Pemberton, Gen. J. C., ordered to Missis¬ sippi to take command, 5138; at Vicks¬ burg, 5142, 5146-5149; Grant’s plans against, 5143; sends expedition against Grierson, 5145; succeeded by Johnston, 5146; forces routed by Stoneman, 5270. Pembroke, William Herbert, third earl of, patentee of Plymouth council, 744. Pena, Manual de la, arranges terms of peace, 4400. Pendleton, Edmund, in first continental congress, 2409; presided over Virginia convention of 1788, 3315. Pendleton, George H., selected by Demo¬ crats as presidential candidate, 5414. Penguin, British sloop-of-war, captured by the Constitution, 4089. Peninsular campaign, civil war, U. S., map of, facing 4782; McClellan conducts, 4789-5004; geography of, 4959-4963; bat¬ tles of Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, 4968-4971, 4977; McClellan’s retreat, 4982; Malvern Hill, 4988, 4989; review of, 5003, 5004. Penn, Hannah (Callowhill), widow of GENERAL INDEX. 193 William Penn, receives rich legacy, 1257, 1258; her sons, 1258; character, 1259; opposes paper money in Pennsyl¬ vania, 1263; property endangered by Sir William Keith, 1264; dies, 1266. Penn, John, (called the “American”), son of William, born in Philadelphia, 1244, 1258; worthy successor of his father, 1259; in treaty of Ft. Stanwix, 1259; dies, 1259. Penn, John, grandson of William, governor of Pennsylvania, 1260; dealt with “Pax¬ ton Boys,” 1267 ; negotiated treaty of Ft. Stanwix,. 1268; last of proprietary founders, 1273; his experience during revolution, 1273, 1274; portrait, facing 25 °°- Penn, Richard, son of William, 1258; not actively connected with province, 1260; petition refused by King, 2471, 2472. Penn, Thomas, younger son of William, 1258; tricked Indians in “Walking Pur chase,” 1259; in treaty of Ft. Stanwix, 1256, 1260; dies, 1260. Penn, William, success with Indians, 160; compared with Charles Calvert, Lord Baltimore, 1118; interested in America by Fox, 1185; his family and education 1185-1188; becomes a Quaker, 1187, 1188; defies church of England, 1188, 1193; preaches Quakerism, 1188, 1191; in naval warfare on North Sea, 1189; writes theological works, 1190; impris¬ oned for Quakerism, 1190, 1191; a favor¬ ite at court, 1191; marries, 1191; his signature and seal, facsimile, facing 1194; becomes proprietary of Pennsyl¬ vania, 1194; his letter to the old colo¬ nists, quoted, 1194, 1195; draws charter of Pennsylvania, 1195; vast powers of, 1195-1197; tries to win colonists, 1197; encourages settlers, 1197, 1198; refuses to sell monopoly of Indian trade, 1198; makes his first settlement, 1200; pub¬ lished “Frame of Government,” 1201; changed ballott for viva voce vote, 1202; had no gallows, 1204; gains free passage through Delaware, 1204; arms on bound¬ ary stones, 1205; picture of boundary stone, facing 1206; farewell conversation with Charles, 1206; first voyage to America, 1207, 1208; visits Lord Balti¬ more, 1209, 1691, 1692; receives' lower counties, 1209, 1210; treaty of with Ind¬ ians, 1210-1213, 2019; mixed nationali¬ ties in colony of, 1210; landing-place of, 1215; council reduced in number, 1216; opposed in England, 1218; transfers powers to agents, 1218; his farewell let¬ ter, quoted, 1218, 1219; presides at trial of witch, 1219, 1220; relations with Bradford and Claypoole, 1221; inter¬ cedes with King James for Quakers, 1221, 1222; secured pardon for Locke, 1222, 1761; accused of complicity with Jesuits, 1222; rebuffed by William of Orange, 1223; accused of treason, 1223; rights taken away and restored, 1224; returned to America, 1224; upheld Moore, 1226; reproaches colony, 1227, 1228; appoints Blackwell deputy, 1228; does not proclaim William and Mary, 1230; corresponds with James, 1231; needed in province, 1233; esteems Keith, 1238; deprived of power, 1238; restored, 1239; portrait, facing 1242; visits prov¬ ince second time, 1243; builds Penns- bury manor, 1244; makes new treaty with Indians,. 1246; buys up over lords of neighboring tribes, 1247; gives new charter to province, 1248; strives to keep lands, 1249; appoints advisory council, 1249; sails for England, 1250; financial embarrassment of, 1250; mort¬ gages proprietary interests, 1250; suffers paralysis, 1250; portrait, facing 1250; arrives in America, 1251; his character, 1251, 1252; refuses to surrender quit- rents, 1253, 1254; appointed Gookin lieutenant-governor, 1255; his final pro¬ test to the Pennsylvania assembly, 1257; dies, 1257; his sons, 1258-1260; his will contested, 1258; Connecticut’s dispute with his heirs over Wyoming, 1269-1271, 1274; protects Rhode Island, 1481; bought east Jersey, 1509; opposed by Fletcher, 1551; warns Fletcher to “tread softly” in Pennsylvania, 1552; celebra¬ tion in Philadelphia (1882) in memory of, 5587 . Penn, William, Jr., eldest son of William Penn, arrives in America, 1251; his character, 1251, 1252; contests his father’s will, 1258. Penn, Sir William, British admiral, father of William Penn, his career, 1186; por¬ trait, facing 1186; displeased by son’s Quakerism, 1188, 1190; is reconciled. 1191; creditor of crown, 1192. Pennacooks, Indian tribe, 158. “Pennamite Wars,” over Wyoming district, 1249, 1271. Pennington, William, speaks of the house. 4587 . “Pennsbury Manor,” Penn’s country seat, 1244. Pennsylvania in Lord Baltimore’s grant, 1063; why peopled by Dutch and Ger- 194 GENERAL INDEX. mans, 1191; granted to Penn for debt to his father, 1192; value of, then and now, 1192; how named, 1193; boundary under Penn, 1193, 1194; disputes about, with Duke of York and Lord Baltimore, 1193, 1194; charter as drawn by Penn, 1195, 1196; general assembly under Penn, 1202, 1205; little crime in, during Penn’s time, 1204; first meeting of general as¬ sembly, 1208, 1209; local industries in, 1210; market of, in West Indies, 1210; David Brainerd preaches to Indians in, 1224; general assembly gains privilege of initiating laws, 1238; rapid growth in Penn’s time, 1243, 1256; opposes Penn’s bills about negroes and Indians, 1246; passes act for gradual emancipa¬ tion of slaves, 1246; quarrels with Del¬ aware, 1248; demands quit-rents of Penn, 1253; mourns Penn, 1257; exports of, 1260; population in 1750, 1261, 1262; rapid growth, 1262; legislature recog¬ nizes private rights in Wyoming, 1273; transfers Penn’s property to state, 1274; contributed to expedition against Can¬ ada, 1405; Dutch New Yorkers settled in, 1500; involved in Iroquois hostilities, 1523; accused of encroaching on New York, 1526; sends troops against French- Indian invasion in 1690, 1542; militia of, embraced in Fletcher’s commission, 1551; sends colonists to Shenandoah valley, 1658; a refuge for Moravians, 1880, 1886; exposed to French attack in 1785, 2007; jealous of Virginia and Maryland, 2015; assembly votes money for defense in seven years’ war, 2082, 2083; Acadians sent to, 2128, 2129; undertakes to capture Ft. Duquesne, 2165; alarmed by Indian atrocities in 1763, 2316; prompt in self-defense, 2317; refused to fight under British officers, 2317; population in 1760, 2344; Quakers control about 1750, 2345; general in¬ telligence in, before revolution, 2346; protests against stamp act, 2368; “Sons of Liberty” organized in,- 2375; instructs delegates to stamp act congress, 2377; at beginning of revolution, 2437, 2438, 2492; assembly, 2494, 2495, 2700, 2701; opposed independence, 2496; spread of colonial population in, 2764; Dunmore’s land claims in, • 2765, 2766; mutiny of troops, 3056; at close of revolution, 3104; emancipation of slaves by, 3106; soldiers demand pay, 3218; puts duty 011 British goods, 3229; effect of paper money in, 3246; sends delegates to Phil¬ adelphia convention, 3258; U. S. con¬ stitution ratified by, 3303, 3304, 3317, 3318; on assumption of state debts, 3372; new constitution, 3409, 3410; population in 1790, 3422; facsimile of “Hold-up” notice in, facing 3508; whiskey riots in, 3503, 3520; action on the Kentucky resolutions, 3652; Fries riot, 3665; Gov. McKean makes political changes, 3677; local politics in 1806 in, 3817; action in the Olmstead case, 3897; urges recogni¬ tion of independence of Texas, 4284; supports group of transported negroes in Africa, 4287; case of Prigg vs. Penn¬ sylvania, 4482; Republican cause in, strengthened by tariff plank, 4601; fu¬ sion plans of Democrats defeated in, 4602; Republicans victorious in i860, 4602; governor calls out state militia, 5028; Lee’s plans concerning, 5032, 5033; map of, facing 5052; Stuart invades, 5053> 5054; citizens taken prisoners by Confederate army, 5054; declares against Lincoln’s administration, 5061; strength of Confederate army in, 5085; Meade crosses into, 5086; battle of Gettysburg, 5087-5093; political situation in 1864, S l 97 , 5 J 98; Early’s raid, 5248; anthracite coal miners strike, 5809-5815; discovery of petroleum oil fields in, 5946. Pennsylvania, U. S. brig, 4696; illus. of its burning, facing 4696. Pennsylvania Magazine, edited by Thos. Paine, 2493. Pennsylvania society for the promotion of manufactures and mechanic arts, con¬ vention at Harrisburg in 1827, 4183, 4184. Penobscot, Me., D’Aunay captures factory at, 1943, 1950. Penobscot expedition against Rasle, 1370- 1372. Penobscot river, probably the “Norumbega” of Walsingham, 600; limit of John Smith’s map, 735; claimed by the French, 833; naval battle near, 2880; Gen. Lowell at, 2882. Penobscots, Indian tribe, 157. Pensacola, Fla., taken by Spaniards in 1781, 2337; seized by Jackson, 4079, 4110; returned to Spain, 4080, 4111; navy-yard seized, 4649; blockaded, 4854; evacuated, 4894; Bragg summoned to Corinth from, 5095; orders of Sherman to fleets at, 5272. Pensacola Bay, on Cantino map, 358, note, 375; reached by Mirelo, 391; boundary of Amichel, 395; De Velasco tries to settle, 487; reinforcements for, 2808; England retains, 2853. GENERAL INDEX. 195 Pensacola, U. S. ship, in New Orleans ex¬ pedition, 4884, 4888, 4890. Pensions, congress acts on, 3437, 3438; Cleveland on, 5597, 5598, 5609, 5610; congress legislation on, 5643; report of commissioner of, for 1905, 5974. People’s alliance submits plans for peace during anthracite coal strike of 1902, 5812. People’s party, convention and platform (1892), 5647; fusion wing of, 5768, 5769; demand government ownership of rail¬ roads, 5846. Peoria, Ill., Joliet and Marquette feasted at, by Indians, 1992. Pepperrell, Sir William, the Washington of New England, 1391; commands Louis- bourg expedition, 1391; sketch of, 1391, 1393; portrait, facing 1392; captures Louisbourg, 1399-1401; made lieutenant- general, 1402; knighted, 1402; contends for share of prize money for his sol¬ diers, 1403; associated in command with Gen. Braddock, 2056. Pepys, Samuel, notes the habits of Carr, the royal commissioner, 1459. Pequot river, early name of Thames river, . Conn., Mason expedition passed mouth of, 974; supplies left at, 977. Pequots, Indian tribe, in Connecticut, 158; Mohegans tried to ally English against, 829, 887; Uncas rebelled against, 954, 955; account of war with English 969- 981; effect of their destruction, 1008; befriended Connecticut during King Philip’s war, 1434; take part in killing Canonchet, 1467. Perceval, Spencer, prime minister of Eng¬ land, American policy, 3935 - 3937 - Percy, Lord, at Lexington, 2427; at Dor¬ chester Heights, 2481, 2482; at battle of Long Island, 2513; at Newport, R. I., 2531; before Harlem Heights, 2526. Percy, Capt. George, one of original James¬ town settlers, 651; trouble with Indians, 659; councillor, 660; portrait, facing 664; deputy-governor, 667. Percy, Capt. N. H., attacks Ft. Bowyer, 4079. Percy, William, patriot clergyman, 3108. Perdido river, Florida, 3152; eastern bound¬ ary for Louisiana, 3754, 3764, 3941. Perestrelo, father-in-law of Columbus, 271. Perez, Juan, befriends Columbus, 289, 290, 3i7. Perkiomen creek, Washington encamped near, 2625. Pernambuco, S. A., Pinzon at, 374, 375. Perote held by Quitman, 4394. Perquimans river, N. C., Durant settled near, 1718. Perry, C. H., 2898. Perry, Matthew, Calbraith, Commodore, blockades Gulf of Mexico, 4392; con¬ cludes treaty between the United States and Japan, 4548. Perry, Oliver Llazard, creates a lake fleet, 4026, 4027; achieves a great victory on Lake Erie, 4028; portrait, facing 4028; facsimile of his report to navy depart¬ ment, facing 4030; harasses British retreat from Alexandria, 4076. Perry, U. S. brig-of-war, 4902. Perryville, Ky., Buell and Bragg meet, 5123; battle of, 5123, 5124. Personal liberty laws enacted by state legis¬ latures, 4545; proposition to repeal, 4639; Republicans on, 4644. Peru, stone works in, 128, 147; silver mines discovered in, 377; storied riches of, 383, 386, 469; Pizzaro’s conquest, 464; De Soto’s, 464; Drake’s career on coast, 592; promoted American congress at Panama, 4172. Peter, Rev. Hugh, minister in Rotterdam and Boston, 904, 905; portrait, facing 904. “Peter Porcupine,” nickname of Dr. Priest¬ ley, 3551 . Peters, Richard, member of board of war, 2699. Petersburg, Va., founded by Col. William Byrd, 1666; Charleston relief army arrives at, 2939; Methodist revival at, 3115; strategic point in Richmond campaign, 5242; siege of, 5243; attack on, 5243, 5244; views around, facing 5244; Lee withdraws large force from, 5245; Lee’s plans concerning, 5285; Gordon at, 5286; Grant’s plans of attack, 5287; assault upon, 5288. Petrel, Confederate ship, 4901, 4903. Pettigrew, Gen. James J., wounded, 4970; at Gettysburg, 5091. Pettit, John, approves popular sovereignty, 4539 - Pfister, Francis, at Bennington, 2603; mor¬ tally wounded, 2605. Phelps, Samuel Shethar, member of the “grand committee” (1850), 4474. Phelps, William, magistrate in Connecticut, 967, 1001. Phi Beta Kappa fraternity organized, 3x28. Philadelphia in grant to Arundel and Sur¬ rey, 856; in Baltimore’s grant, 1063: site not included in Penn’s original tract, 1193; Chester now suburb off 1208; South street, southern limit of 196 GENERAL INDEX. Philadelphia, 1214; description of orig¬ inal settlement, 1214, 1215; Wicocoa, Indian name of, 1214; Blue Anchor tavern, 1215; democratic features of government, 1216; sumptuary laws in, 1217; women tried for witchcraft in, 1219-1221; first school in, 1220; Brad¬ ford’s printing-press in, 1220, 1221; first books in, 1221; “Friends’ School” in, 1230; George Keith in, 1230-1237; victims of Indians taken through, 1242; prosperity at time of Penn’s second visit, 1243, 1244; in 1699, 1243, 1244; early wharfs, 1244; Penn's house in, 1244; Vine street, Sassafras street, Mul¬ berry street, Walnut street, mentioned by Penn, 1244; Arch street, origin of name, 1244; receives new charter from Penn, 1250; disinherits Logan library, 1255; prepares to defend itself in war with French, 1294; early mail service, 1659; first lines of stage coaches and sailing vessels, 1711; continental con¬ gress removed from, in 1776, 17 I2 1 French traders sent to, in 1753, 2029; starting-point of Bouquet’s march, 2320; first medical school in United States at, 2347; centre of trade before revolution, 2349; supports non-importation agree¬ ment, 2398; will not receive tea in 1773, 2403; encourages Massachusetts in 1774, 2407; first continental congress meets in, 2409; receives news of Lexington, 2437; Putnam fortifies, 2529; congress leaves, 2530, 2621; Arnold put in command at, 2567, 2730, 2972; Lee’s plan to capture, 2608; Howe’s campaign against, 2609, 2610, 2613, 2622, 2624, 2626, 2668, 2726, 2727; Washington marches through, 2613, 3079; Washington orders Hamil¬ ton to make requisition on, 2621; Corn¬ wallis enters, 2624; Tory and Quaker rejoicing at, 2624, 2625; Clinton at, 2711, 2727, 2730; Germain orders aban¬ donment of, 2726; plight of loyalists in, 2729, 2730; return of congress to, 2730, 3376, 3393; D’Estaing fleet arrives at, 2752; riot on account of paper money in, 2855; U. S. frigate Randolph sails from, 2877; Paul Jones arrives at, 2896; Charleston relief army arrives at, 2939; Phillips commands at, 3068; colonial ship-building at, 3120; early history, 3140; soldiers threaten congress at, 3218; rejoicing over adoption of the constitution in, 3319; Washington en¬ tertained by, 3329; French alliance anniversary celebrated in, 3458; Genet arrives in, 3467; yellow fever in, 3477- 3479, 3609; effect of Jay’s treaty in, 3556; Marshall’s reception at, 3624; Burr at, 3819; visited by Polk and his cabinet, 4417; convention of native Americans in 1848, 4425; Whig conven¬ tion of 1848, 4429; underground rail¬ road depots near, 4490; preparations for defense, 5028; Lee’s plan concerning, 5033; Lincoln’s body borne through, 5302; National Union convention, 5376; convention of Loyal Unionists, 5376; celebration, completion of the Pacific railroad at, 5494; centennial exposition of 1876, 5526-5530, 5616, 5617; exposi¬ tion at, views of, facing 5530; celebra¬ tion in memory of William Penn in, 5587; export exposition at, 5750; gen¬ eral society of war of 1812 organized, 5912; immigrant station, 5980. Philadelphia, Confederate steamer, England violates neutrality in escape of the, 4937 - Philadelphia, U. S. flagship, in naval dis¬ play in New York (1893), 5657. Philadelphia, U. S. ship, captured by Tripo¬ li, 3771; destroyed by Decatur, 3771, 3772 . Philadelphia Columbian Observer , news¬ paper, 4163. Philadelphia convention assembles, 3277; Washington president of the, 3277; William Jackson, secretary, 3277; Vir¬ ginia resolution and others, 3277, 3278; struggle over compromises, 3285-3287; discussion on slavery, 3290, 3291; on commerce, 3291; on the executive, 3291- 3293; on judiciary, 3293, 3294; on su¬ preme court, 3204; old vs. new states, 3294; on franchise, 3294; senate vs. house, 3294; on fugitive slaves and militia, 3294; question of amendments, 3295, 3296; Franklin’s appeal, 3296; Washington’s speech, 3297, 3298; the work of, 3251, 3299, .3300, 3320. Philip II., king of Spain, made king of Naples and Sicily by Charles V., 486; undertakes to colonize Florida, 487, 488; plans armada, 500. Philip III., king of Spain, protests against Virginia colony, 626. Philip V., king of Spain, allied with France against English colonies, 1802; agrees to convention with England in 1733, 1894; claims right of search, 1894; does not pay indemnity, 1895. Philip, King, Indian chief, 151; sachem of Wampanoag Indians, 1284; baptized at Plymouth, note, 1284; portrait, facing 1284; treacherous at treaty, 1288.; GENERAL INDEX. 197 founds Indian league, 1289; transfers war to Rhode Island, 1298, 1299; forced to disguise himself,-1300; killed at Mt. Hope, 1301, 1302. Philip, John W., portrait, facing 5732. Philippine Islands, Magellan killed on, 406, 415; insurrection in, 5719-5721; Span¬ ish troops in, 5721, 5723; Gen. Merritt, military governor, 5724; 5739; MacAr- thur reaches, 5724; Otis in, 5739; Aguin- aldo’s proclamation, 5740; U. S. policy in, 5741, 5746; Lawton’s military opera¬ tions in, 5741-5743; plan for establish¬ ment of civil government in, 5744, 5745; hostilities after close of war, 5746, 5747; Roosevelt’s message on, 5793, 5794; Chi¬ nese in, 5795; legislation concerning,, 5821, 5822; tariff and U. S. trade with, 5856-5859; objections to Chinese immi¬ gration in, 5906, 5907. Philips, Richard, mentioned in Acadian memorial, 2116. Philipse, Col., concerned in “Negro Plot” in New York, 1576. Phillips, Wendell, led Boston Abolitionists, 4315; protested against fugitive slave law, 4488; portrait, facing 5184; speech in New York, 5185; favored women’s suffrage, 5928. Phillips, Gen. William, British artillery with Burgoyne headed by, 2570; at Saratoga, 2639, 2641, 2648, 2658; com¬ mands at Philadelphia, 3068; in Vir¬ ginia, 3069; death, 3069; Arnold suc¬ ceeds, 3069. Phillips, William A., commanded brigade of Indians in civil war, 4733. Philo Parsons, merchant vessel, Beal seizes, 5205; headed for Sandusky Bay, 5205; Beal tried for seizure of, 5206. Phipps’ farm, now Lechmere Point, East Cambridge, Mass., 2423. Phips, Sir William, governor of New Eng¬ land, 1322; in Boston, 1323; career, 1324, 1325; had special court for witch¬ craft cases, 1335; wife accused of witch¬ craft, 1341; orders release of witch prisoners, 1341; protested against annual salaries, 1346; called to England, 1347; dies, 1347; his relations with Elisha Cooke, 1350; his expedition against Quebec, 1442, 1544, 1545; his militia commands, 1477; his Acadia expedition, 1543 , I 958 - Phoebe, British ship, 4024; captures the Essex. Phoenicia, pioneer in navigation, 98; one of Mediterranean states, 105; in ship¬ building, 109, hi. Phoenix, British ship, 646-648. Piankeshaws, Indian tribe, council of, 2023- 2026. Pichon, secretary of French legation at The Hague, 3658. Pickens, Col. Andrew, sketch of, 2816, 2817; troops from Ninety-six raised by, 2817, 3049; Hamilton assailed by, 2817; at Kettle creek, 2817, 2819; South Carolina patriot, 2926; joins Morgan, 3016, 3017; at the Cowpens, 3021, 3023; portrait, facing 3022; at Eutaw Springs, 3074, 3078. Pickens, Francis N., portrait, facing 4608; governor of South Carolina, 4616; on secession, 4616, 4617; orders to Maj. Anderson, 4627, 4628. Pickens, Fort, Florida, saved from seces¬ sionists, 4650. Pickering, John, district judge in New Hampshire, impeached, 3776, 3778, 3779. Pickering, Timothy, member of board of war, 2696; appointed Indian commis¬ sioner, 3523; enters Washington’s Cab¬ inet, 3561; Monroe and, 3581, 3600; anger at Pinckney’s treatment by France, 3594; in plot to invade Loui¬ siana, 3607, 3608, 3639; wants Hamilton to have second place in the army, 3635, 3636; George and, 3656; Logan cen¬ sured by, 3657; resigns from Adams’ cabinet, 3679; member of congress, 3769, 3781; portrait, facing 3680; on the posi¬ tion of Federalism, note, 3781, 3782; on election of Burr for governor of New York, 3783; on war with Great Britain, 3873; on the embargo, 3876. Pickett, Gen. G. E., charge at Gettysburg, 5091, 5092. Picture-writing, Indian, illus., facing 187. Piedmont, Italy, silk weavers from, brought to Georgia, 1852. Piedmont, Va., defeat of Breckenridge at, , 5247 . Pierce, Franklin, made brigadier-general, 4395 ; nominated for president by Dem¬ ocrats, 4504; early life, 4509, 4510; elected president, 4512; portrait, facing 4516; inauguration, 4517; cabinet, 4518; message to congress, 4524; approves re¬ peal of Missouri compromise, 4533; signs Kansas-Nebraska bill, 4543; op¬ posed the free-state movement in Kan¬ sas, 4554; last annual message to con¬ gress, 4561; record as president, 4561, . 4562 . Pierce, John, killed by shot from British ship Leander, 3814; public funeral, 3814; facsimile announcement of the funeral 198 GENERAL INDEX. procession for, facing 3814; England aroused over the killing of, 3847. Pierpont, Gov. F. H., guaranteed support of U. S. government, 5347. Pierrepont, Edwards, attorney-general, 5522 . Pierse, Thomas, in house of burgesses, 681. Pierson, Rev. Abraham, minister of South¬ ampton, 993. Pigafetta with Magellan, note, 411. Pigot, Gen. Robert, at Newport, 2755, 2756; at battle of Butts Hill, 2758. Pike, Gen Albert, commands Indian divi¬ sion at Pea Ridge, 4733. Pike, James S., describes legislature of South Carolina in 1873, 5433 - 5435 - Pike, Zebulon M., explorations of, 3759, 3760; begins the attack on York, 4049; death of, 4050. Pike creek gap, Ga., Union forces occupy, . Siii- Pilgrims, connection with early Brownist colony, 615; sail from Delfthaven, 745; in Holland, 757, 758; Gorges befriends, 759; gain a patent, 760; leaders of, 762; depart from England, 765, 766; voyage, 766-770; compact, 768; landing of, 770, 798-800; found Plymouth, 771, 772; character, 772 - 774 , 7 &b 787-789, 796 ; dealings with Indians, 774 - 777 , 781, 782, 784-788, 886; their danger from Lyford and Oldham, 804-812; buy up share of the adventurers, 816-818; illus. of relics and signatures, facing 838; befriended by Wincob, 864; Massachusetts Bay col¬ ony in peculiar position towards, 869. Pillow, Gideon J., made major-general, 4395 ; at Contreras, 4396; fall of Chapul- tepec, 4399; quarrel with Scott, 4400; defeated at Belmont, 4721; advance on Cairo, note, 4729, 4803; fortifies Mem¬ phis, 4802; occupies New Madrid, 4803; at Columbus, Ky., 4803, 4804; at Ft. Donelson, 4817, 4820-4823; in Nashville, 4825; denounced and relieved of com¬ mand, 4826. Pillow, Fort, Tenn., garrison of, 4838; naval duel near, 4839; evacuated, 4840; Federals take possession of, 4840, 4841; attack on, 5255; captured by Forrest, 5256; massacre of garrison, 5256. Pimas, Indian tribe, in Arizona and New Mexico, 164. Pinckney, Gen. Charles, plans defenses for South Carolina, 2439; delegate to the Philadelphia convention, 3270, 3271; sketch of, 3270; on slave trade, 3289; enters the senate, 3669; appointed min¬ ister to Spain, 3713; U. S. minister to Spain, 3713, 3737; on Louisiana pur¬ chase, 3745; negotiations for Florida, . 3804, 3805. Pinckney, Gen. Charles Cotesworth, min¬ ister to France, 3583, 3594, 3595; por¬ trait, facing 3594; part in X, Y, Z, plot, 3612, 3616; Adams appoints major-gen¬ eral, 3637, 3638; candidate for president, 3678, 3687; Federalists’ choice for pres¬ ident, 3799, 3884; on the embargo, 3881, 3882; toast offered by, 4187. Pinckney, Thomas, minister to England, 3447; minister to Madrid, 3535; nego¬ tiating treaty by, 3535; negotiates Span¬ ish treaty, 3561, 3562; candidate for vice-president, 3585; campaigning for, 3680; on England’s policy, 3903; negoti¬ ations with Wellesley, 3936-3938; asks recall of orders in council, 3937; asks for passports, 3938. Pindall, representative from Virginia, de¬ mands stringent fugitive slave law, 4120. Pine Mountain, Ga., Spears ordered to, 5111; Johnston fortifies, 5260; abandoned by Confederates, 5260. Pineda, Alonzo Alvarez de, notices the Mississippi, 359, 394; explores the Gulf coast, 394. Pinkney, William, negotiates treaty with England, 3845-3849; presents American bill of claims to England, 3847; resigns ministry to Russia, 4102; on the Mis- souri-Maine bill, 4124. Pinta, Columbian caravel, 296, 373; picture, facing 296; first to see new world, 302, 303; Pinzon goes off with, 312-315, 317, 318; reproduction of Columbus’ caravel, . 5657 . Pinzon, Martin Alonzo, with Columbus, 290, 293; captain of Pinta, 296; deserted, 312-314; returns, 317, 318; death, 318, . 373 - Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, captain of Nina, 260, 296, 373; expedition of, note, 358, 360, 374, note, 375- Piqua, O., Miami town reached by Gist, 2022. Piqualenees, Indian tribe, meet Gist with pipe of peace, 2022. Piracy in Rhode Island before revolution, 1478, 1479; a recognized business in 17th century, 1553; welcomed and up¬ held by South Carolina, 1772-1776, 1787, 1788, 1822; Charleston a port of entry for, 1772, 1774; put down by James II., 1775; campaign against, 1822-1826; in 1817, 4105; on American coast, 4078, 4106, 4107. GENERAL INDEX. 199 Piscataqua (Little Harbor, N. H.) en¬ croached on Plymouth trade, 820; alarmed by Merry-Mount, note, 823; not in New England union, 914. Piscataqua river, Verrazano lands near, 506; first settlement in New Hampshire on, 791, 794; considered hopeful for fur trade, 844; dividing line between grants of Mason and Gorges, 856; dividing line between lands of Gorges and Rigby, 952. Piscataways, Indian tribe, rise against Vir¬ ginians, 1613. Pitcairn, Maj. John, at Lexington, 2423 2424; mortally wounded, 2472. Pitt, William, first earl of Chatham, sug¬ gests honor to Gen. Pepperrell, 1402; great ability, 2143, 2272; early career, 2143; his relations with George II., 2143; his era very brilliant, 2143, 2144; makes sweeping changes in En¬ glish administration of government, 2163, 2164; his confidence in himself, 2164; portrait, facing 2164; influence on Anglo- Saxon extension, 2175; Pittsburg named for, 2175; authorizes two regiments of Highlanders for America, 2176; gives Wolfe command of expedition against Quebec, 2186; his position strengthened by capture of Louisbourg, 2186; shocked by Abercrombie’s failure, 2199; plans grand campaign in Canada, 2214-2217; his relations with Wolfe, 2233, 2249, 2250, 2272; wishes to acquire Louisiana in 1763, thwarted by George III., 2329; cast aside for the weak Bute, 2330; urges keeping Canada in 1763, 2333, 2334; denounces treaty of Paris, 2335, 2336; less necessary to England in peace than in war, 2341; resigns, 2356; forced into office by national disaster, 2356; brings victory to England, 2356; unable to stop colonial trade with French dur¬ ing war, 2357; champion of American colonies, 2381; cited, 2381; directs new ministry in 1766, 2383; becomes Earl of Chatham, 2383; policy thwarted in later years, 2383; American policy, 2411, 2717- 2721; death, 2721. Pitt, William, the younger, champions American cause, 3086, 3227; death in 1806, 3811. Pitt, Fort, Pa., named for William Pitt, 2174; repels attack in Pontiac’s war, 2315; fortified against Pontiac, 2316; at¬ tacked by Indians, 2317-2320; Willing at, 2788, 3421. Pittsburg, Pa., English and French come to hostilities near, in 1753, 2029; named for William Pitt, 2175; annexed to Vir¬ ginia by Dunmore, 2766; Girty threat¬ ens, 2797; glass manufactured at, 3122; St. Clair at, 3413; view in 1790, facing 3422; alarm over whiskey riots, 3510, 3512, 3518; land office at, 3674; Burr at, 3820; Free-soil convention, 4507; con¬ vention of army veterans at, 5377; strike of railroad employes in 1877, 5552, 5553; Prohibition party convention at, 5685; sends aid to San Francisco, 5878; union veteran legion organized at, 5915; leads in iron and steel products, 5936; builds canal from junction of Alleghany and Monongahela rivers to Lake Erie, 5951. Pittsburg, U. S. ironclad, 4819, 4833, 4836, 4846. Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., selected as point for assembling Union army, 5096; loca¬ tion, description of, 5097, 5098; strength of Union forces at, 5098; preliminary fighting at, 5098, 5099; battle of, 5100- 5106; Halleck arrives at, 5106. Pittsylvania, proposed colony, 3146. Pizarro, Francisco, in command at San Sebastian, 376; conquers Peru, 464, 469. Placentia, Newfoundland, attacked by French, 1387. “Plant Cutters” in Virginia, 1629, 1631, 1632, 1650, 1651. “Plantation Covenant” in New Haven, 988, 989.. Plantations, committee of, demands estab- . lishment for church of England in Mary¬ land, 1688. Plassey, battle of, ruins French dominion in India, 2340. Plato, conception of the earth, 94. Platt, Thomas C., senator from New York, 5570 . Plattsburg, American army at in war of 1812, 4002; Hampton encamped at, 4052, 4055; Izard collects his troops at, 4065. Pleasant Hill, La., retreat of Banks to, 5258. Pleasant Valley, Md., McLaws occupies, 5037 . Pleasanton, Gen. Alfred, covers retreat of McClellan’s army, 5002; at Turner’s Gap, 5040; ordered to pursue Stuart, 5053; succeeds Stoneman, 5084; pursues Price, 5257. Plessis, missionary with Champlain, 535. Pliny believes in sphericity of earth, 95. Plough, ship of the “Familists,” 848. “Plough Patent,” patent of “Familists,” 847; bought by Alexander Rigby, 951. Plumer, William, describes Jefferson, 3706; on ratification of Louisiana purchase treaty, 3780. 200 GENERAL INDEX. Plummer, Gen. J. B., at New Madrid, 4830; at Point Pleasant, 4831, 4832. Plymouth, Eng., Puritans sailed from, 537; Sir John Hawkins in, 590, 591; excited over Armada, 613; Weymouth arrives at, 622; colonizing schemes in, 627; Gorges governor of, 726; Popham col¬ ony sailed from, 728; Mayflower and Spccdivell put back to, 765; farewell service at, for Massachusetts Bay colo¬ nists, 879. Plymouth, N. C., attacked by Gen. Hoke, 5173, 5174; captured, 5174; recaptured by Union forces, 5176. Plymouth, U. S. sloop-of-war, 4696, 4913. Plymouth colony, Mass., William Bradford governor, 538, 558; individual energy gains success, 585; patent for, signed, 749; Pilgrims land at, 769-771; Indian troubles, 774, 775, 781, 786, 835, 973, 980, 1007; accomplishes much during first year, 776, 777; civil government developed in, 777, 836, 837; named, 779; first title-deed in, 781; sickness in, 774, 7; 8, 779; Weston makes trouble at, 778- 780, 783-787; fortified, 782; menaced by Peirce’s greed, 797; location, 798- 800; trouble from Oldham, 806-812, 891; trouble with Lyford, 804-811, 889, 891; trouble at Cape Ann, 812; business ar¬ rangements with Adventurers, 812-8T9; first minister at, 819, note, 820; enlarged by Allerton’s efforts, 820, 953; experi¬ ence with Merry-Mount, 820-825; new patent, 825-827; reason why it was out¬ stripped, 828-834; injured by success of Puritans in England, 833; first mur¬ der in, 834; acquires Bradford’s rights, 835; legal capital, 836; facsimile of leaf from Bradford’s history of, fac¬ ing 836; in New England confederation, 837, 838; death of founders, 839; policy toward Quakers, 840-842, 926, 931, 934, 936; Gorges includes it in his own grant, 856; takes part in establishment of Massachusetts Bay colony, 869; slow in growth, 875; Roger* Williams in, 900, 901; helps to found Harvard college, 912; relation to Anne Hutchinson’s set¬ tlement, 914, 920; in New England union, 915; Winslow and Bradford pro¬ pose moving to Connecticut, 954, 955, 963; sends Holmes to Windsor, 955, 956, 960; troubled by Roger Williams, 1020; ready to annex Narragansett Bay colo¬ nies, 1027, 1047, 1048; at beginning of King Philip’s war, 1286; sends rescue party to Bloody Brook, 1293. Plymouth company chartered, 627; powers, limits, etc., 628-631; separates from Lon¬ don company, 655, 656; early efforts to establish colonies, 725-751; name changed, 746. Plymouth council, 744, 751. Plymouth Rock, landing on, 770-772. Pocahontas, traditional story of, 645; cap¬ tured by Argali as hostage, 673, 674; adopts Christianity, 674; marries John Rolfe, 674, 675; goes to New England, 676; founder of home education in Vir¬ ginia, 685. Pocasset, see Portsmouth, R. I. Pocock, Admiral, besieges Havana in 1762, 233L 2332. Pocono Mountains, Pa., 2752. Pocotaligo river, W. Va., 3039. Pogge, British schooner, 3853. Poictiers, British ship, captures the Wasp , 3992 . Poinsett, Joel R., appointed minister to Mexico, 4169; recalled, 4220; minister to Mexico, secures charter for Masonic lodge, 4275; secretary of war, 4303. Point Aux Trembles, Quebec, Lewis ar¬ rives at, 2273; Arnold withdraws to, 2477. Point Comfort, Va., named, 633; in second Virginia charter, 656; Ft. Algernoune built at, 660; sends expedition to Mary¬ land, 1071; Virginians sent back to, 1121. Point Gaspe reached by Cartier, 509. Point Isabel, Taylor sends stores to, 4374; occupies town, 4377. Point Judith, R. I., Howe’s fleet off, 2756. Point Levi, Quebec, Wolfe’s attempts at, 2239, 2240; priests lead attack on Wolfe’s battery, 2240; Montcalm attacks, 2243; essential to Wolfe’s safety, 2252; start¬ ing-point of Wolfe’s men from fleet, 2257 - Point Pleasant, Va., Maj. Andrew Lewis victorious at, 2171; battle of, 2772-2775. Point St. George, Cal., Drake’s experience near, 593. Pokagon, Simon, at world’s fair in Chicago (1893), 5661. Pokanoket, Massasoit’s residence, 777, 785. Pokanokets, Indian tribe, in Massachu¬ setts, 158; desert King Philip, 1301. Polk, James K., portrait, facing 4366; in¬ auguration, 4367; early life, 4368; char¬ acteristics as politician, 4368; cabinet, 4369; offers Calhoun mission to England, 4370; transfer of the Globe, 4370; plans for administration, 4371; orders Taylor to Mexico, 4373, 4374; message to 29th congress, 4374, 4375; war message, 4378; desires peace, 4384; fears popularity of GENERAL INDEX. 201 Taylor, 4387; effect of his inaugural, 4405; message to 29th congress, 4406; signs bill terminating joint occupancy of Oregon, 4407; advocates reduction of tariff, 4408; special message requesting money with which to further peace ne¬ gotiations with Mexico, 4410; decrease of popularity shown in state elections of 1846, 4411; visits New England, 4417; messages to 30th congress, 4418, 4419, 4432; loses support of Silas Wright and Martin Van Buren, 4426; death of, 4437; his personality, 4437, 4438. Polk, Gen. Leonidas, invades Kentucky, 4719-4721; at Belmont, 4721-4723; plan to dominate the Mississippi river, 4803; fortifies Columbus, Ky., 4803, 4804; evac¬ uates Columbus, 4827; summoned to Cor¬ inth from Mississippi, 5095; attends Beauregard’s council at Corinth, 5107; made second in command of Bragg’s army, 5119; advises retreat from Mur¬ freesboro, 5153; position at Shelbyville, 5159; killed at Lost Mountain, 5260. Polk, Col. William, resignation of, 3014. Pollard, Anne, first to land on Copp’s Hill, 880. Pollard, E. A., description of evacuation of Richmond, 5303 - 5305 - Pollock, Oliver, in New Orleans, 3151. Polo, Marco, tradition claimed that he in¬ troduced gunpowder, 65; implies breadth of Asia, 261; read by Columbus, 278; accounts of West Indies, 305, 313, 326; seven thousand spice islands, 325; sails through Indian ocean, 330. Polygamy, tenet of the Mormon church in 1852, 4575; manifesto on, by president of Mormon church, 5667. Polynesians, same stock as North American Indians, 123. Polypotamia, proposed state of, 3162. Pomeroy, Gen. Seth, in Louisbourg expe dition, 1394; at Bunker Hill, 1394; re¬ paired guns taken from French at Louis¬ bourg, 1397; takes command of Williams’ regiment at Lake George, 2102; ap¬ pointed general, 2418; at Cambridge, 2433; appointed brigadier-general, 2452; at Bunker Hill, 2462. Pomham, Indian chief in Rhode Island, 1042; submits to Massachusetts Bay col¬ ony, 1043; dispute over his lands, 1458; sells land to Gorton, 1460. Pompton, N. J., troops mutiny at, 3057. Ponce de Leon, Juan, empowered to ex-. plore Florida, 359; discovers and ex¬ plores Florida, 386, 390, 397; with Co¬ lumbus, 387, 392; governor of Porto Rico, 387; searches for fountain of youth, 387, 388; explores Bahamas, 390; royal patent, 390; experiences delays and difficulties, 391, 392; death, 393; let¬ ter to Charles V., 393; last combat, 393; arrangement of domain, 395; his part in settlement of new world, 399, 400. Ponce, P. R., Americans occupy, 5734. Pond, Col. Preston, forces in battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5103. Ponderson, John, one of “seven pillars” of New Haven, 991. Pontchartrain, Lake, part of boundary be¬ tween French and English territory in 1763* 2 334; boundary of Louisiana, 3943. Pontgrave sails under De Chauvin’s patent, 520; captain under Champlain, 521; un¬ der De Monts, 524; in charge of colony at Port Royal, 526, 529. Pontiac, Indian chief, forms league against English, 1518; joined by Miamis, 2013; his confederacy, 2281, 2282; character and history, 2281-2283 i probably con¬ tributes to Braddock’s defeat, 2282; dis¬ perses ambush laid for Rogers, 2283; foresees results of English dominion, 2285; plans destruction of English, 2286, 2287; undertakes reduction of Ft. De¬ troit, 2287; arouses vengeance in Indian council, 2290, 2291; perfects details for seizure of Ft. Detroit, 2291, 2292; be¬ trayed, 2293; checkmated at fort, 2293; resorts to open war, 2295, 2296; begins siege of Ft. Detroit, 2296, 2297; his deal¬ ings with Canadians, 2299; outwitted by crews on English schooners, 2300, 2302, 2306; ignorant of power of England, 2302; prepares ambush for Dalzell, 2303; tries to conciliate whites, 2305; forbids Ottawas to make peace, 2307; finally submits, 2307; manner of death, 2308; burial-place, 2308; makes last effort of savagery, 2308; captures English posts and controls from Alleghanies to Missis¬ sippi river, 2308, 2315; yields to treaty with Johnson, 2327. Pontiac’s war, Quaker action in, 1241; pur¬ pose of, 2173; plans for, 2286; plot at Detroit foiled, 2292-2294; wqr declared, 2296; Detroit attacked, 2298; Rogers’ rangers at Bloody Run, 2302-2306; breaking up of the league, 2307; capture of English forts, 2308-2315; minor at¬ tacks, 2315; attack on Ft. Pitt, 2316- 2320; Bouquet’s march, 2320-2322; bat¬ tle of Bushy Run, 2321-2325; peace treaty of 1776, 2327; a protest against civilization, 2328; entailed taxation on colonies, 2365. 202 GENERAL INDEX. Poor, Enoch, at Saratoga, 2639, 2640. Poor Richard’s Almanac, 2683, 2883. Pope, John, senator from Kentucky, 3946. Pope, Gen. John, commands in Fremont’s campaign, 4723; in command in central Missouri, 4730-4732; at New Madrid, 4830, 4831, 4833, 4834; constructs float¬ ing batteries, 4835, 4836; report on operations against Island No. 10, 4837; at Ft. Pillow, 4838; succeeds McClellan, 5007; averse to leaving army of the West, 5007; reports to Stanton, 5007; portrait, facing 5008; difficulties of posi¬ tion of, 5008; takes command of army of Virginia, 5008; plans to combine Union armies, 5009; appointment criticised, 5010; principles of campaign, 5010, 5011; effect of orders, 5011; begins campaign, 5012; threatens Gordonsville, 5012; or¬ ders Banks corps to Cedar Mountain, 5012; retreat to Rappahannock, 5014; telegrams to Halleck, 5014; army joined by Porter’s corps, 5014; complains of Halleck’s inactivity, 5015; Lee’s cam¬ paign against, 5015, 5016; arrival at Bristol Station, 5017; learns of Jackson’s whereabouts, 5017; orders concentration of army at Manassas, 5017; strength of forces at White Plains, 5017; arrives at Manassas, 5017; plans to crush Jackson, 5019; battle of Groveton, 5020; second battle of Bull Run, 5021-5024; reaches Centreville, 5024; battle of Chantilly, 5025; ordered to northwest, 5025; re¬ sults of campaign, 5025; McClellan suc¬ ceeds, 5026; reasons for his failure, 5026, 5027; at Corinth, 5106-5108; recalled from Ft. Pillow, 5133; in army of the West, 5133; ordered to resume his former command, 5139; military com¬ mander of Georgia, Florida and Ala¬ bama, 5388; action in Georgia, 5391; succeeded by Meade, 5391; orders of, 5394 - 5397 ; Popham, Sir Francis, takes Sir John’s place, 732; disappointed in American in¬ vestments, 733; in council of Plymouth, 744 - Popham, George, nephew of Sir John Pop- ham, 726; president of Popham colony, 728-730; dies, 731. Popham, Sir John, heads interests of Plym¬ outh company, 627, 725, 726; portrait, facing 726; dies, 728; his policy of col¬ onizing Maine with felons, 1684. “Popish plot” feared in New York, 1579, 1581; suspected in Maryland, 1696, 1697. Poplar Spring church, Va., capture of Con¬ federate works at, 5246. Popular sovereignty, Dickinson on, 4528; Douglas on, 4528; Cass on, 4527, 4539; approved by Toombs, Pettit and Norris, 4539 - Population', U. S., in 1783, 3134; increase in, 3693, 3694; of United States in 1870, 5498; in 1905, 5963, 5964. Populists, national convention of 1896, 5691, 5692. Porcupine, U. S. schooner, 4028. Porpoise, Cape, 847; annexed to Massachu¬ setts Bay, 952. Port Brest, Labrador, reached by Cartier, 508. Port Hudson, La., map of fortifications at, facing 5142; strength of forces at, 5142; siege of, 5149, 5150; surrender of, 5150. Port May, early name for New York city, 55 1 - Port Republic, Va., reinforcement of Early at, 5250. Port Royal, see Annapolis, N. S. Port Royal, S. C., settled by Ribault, 480; claimed by Spaniards, 488; relinquished by Sayle expedition, 1734, 1735; efforts to settle, 1738, 1745; expedition to, 4872, 4873; captured, 4874, 4877; Sherman’s base of supplies, 5277. Port Royal, U. S. ironclad, 4920. Port Royal Sound, 497. Port San Julian, Magellan’s harbor, 409. Porter, Gen. Andrew, brigade commander, 4747 ; at Bull Run, 4753 - 4755 - . Porter, David D., admiral, portrait, facing 4022; his cruise in the Essex, 4023; portrait, facing 4862; on the capture of New Orleans, 4881, 4883, 4884; and Farragut, 4887; shells Ft. Jackson, 4891; at Vicksburg, 4895; attacks Ft. Fisher, 5281; Lincoln accompanies, to Richmond, 5298; in Richmond, 5307; monograph on St. Thomas, 5476, 5477. Porter, Gen. Fitz John, Burnside succeeds, 4774; commands the fifth provisional corps, 4962; ordered to Hanover Court- House, 4965; at Gaines’ Mill, 4979, 4981; at Malvern Hill, 4987-4990; portrait, facing 5008; march from Falmouth, 5014; shows contempt for Pope, 5017; ordered to Centreville, 5019; ordered to Gainesville, 5020; attacks Jackson, 5020; at second battle of Bull Run, 5021, 5022; troops forced to retreat, 5022; court- martialed, 5026; exonerated and re¬ stored to rank, 5026; in charge of fifth corps, 5031; ordered to join McClellan, 5032; at battle of Antietam, 5051; state¬ ment concerning Sheridan, 5288; dis- 203 GENERAL INDEX. missed from the army, 5584; restored to army, 5598. Porter, John, assistant in Portsmouth, 1038. Porter, Peter B., on Erie canal commission, 3931; on special committee of foreign relations, 3964; his duel with Smyth, 4001; in command of militia under Brown, 4061; defeated on the Niagara, 4062; reinforces Scott at Lundy’s Lane, 4063; harasses British retreat from Alexandria, 4076; appointed secretary of war, 4192. Porterfield, Col. G. A., defeats Virginia militia, 4694; defeated, 4741, 4742. Porterfield, Lieut.-Col. William, reinforces Gates, 2943, 2944, 3011; at battle of Cam¬ den, 2948, 2951, 2953. Portland, Duke of, see Bentinck, W. H. C. Portland, Me., harbor missed by Cham¬ plain, 525; Hevett in, 794; founded, 848; burnt, 2474; Christian endeavor society founded, 5921. > Portland, Ore., aided San Francisco, 5878. Porto Rico discovered by Columbus, 323; Ponce de Leon governor of, 387, 388, 392; Americans occupy, 5734; U. S. commissioners to, 5735, 5736; Spaniards evacuate, 5736; congress on bill for es¬ tablishment of civil government in, 5756- 5758; U. S. imports of sugar from, 5858; conditions in 1906, 5862; its con¬ dition prior to American occupancy, 5862, 5863; discontent in, 5864; bill to extend U. S. citizenship to the Porto Ricans, 5865, 5866. Porto Santo, Columbus spends honeymoon in, 271, 272. Porto Seguro, Brazil, point first seen by Cabral, 378. Portsmouth, Eng., Argali sails from, 657. Portsmouth, Me., John Paul Jones sails from, 2874; ship-building at, 3119; Washington’s reception at, 3359. Portsmouth, N. H., harbor missed by- Champlain, 525; factory at, 846; treaty of, in 1685, 1303; rejoicings over adop¬ tion of the constitution in, 3319; peace conference at, in 1905, 5834. Portsmouth, R. I., government formed .at, 1030; differs from Providence in prin¬ ciple, 1032, 1048; divisions in, 1034-1036; union with Newport, 1037; declared it¬ self a colony, 1049. Portsmouth, Va., Matthews burns, 2832; exportation of tobacco through, 2832; Arnold at, 3030; Cornwallis evacuates, 3072. Portugal, a Mediterranean state, 105; ad¬ vantage in maritime affairs, 115; held by Arabs, 244; Alfonso V. addresses Co lumbus, 274; at war with Castile, 276; interested in exploration, 280, 379; loses new world, 284; dealings of John II. with Columbus, 282-284, 286, 298, 315, 316; rivalry with Spain, 321, 333; dis¬ pute over papal bull, 322, 441; gains Brazil, 322; outmatches Spain in sea route, 333; Cabral gains land in South America for, 378; native land of Da Gama, 401, 402; of Magellan, 406; dis¬ honorable conduct of sovereigns, 408; De Haro discovers strait of Magellan, note, 411; at war with Spain, 500; in power of Spain, 625; joins armed neu¬ trality, 3066; David Humphreys U. S. minister to, 3447; ports closed to Eng¬ land, 3867. Portuguese in America, see Discovery and exploration: for Portugal. Pory, John, facsimile of letter written by, facing 680; in commission to Virginia, 705; sends copies of assembly’s reply to James I., 707; explores Carolinas and writes account, 1715, 1716. Posidonius, of Rhodes, calculated size of earth, 96. Postal service, U. S., first post-office estab¬ lished in English colonies, 1249; Spots- wood as postmaster-general, 1659; be¬ tween Philadelphia and Williamsburg in early 18th century, 1659; Franklin as postmaster-general, 2060; congress con¬ tinues continental service, 3338; second congress on, 3431, 3432; in 1800, 3696; reduction of postal rates, 4497, 4498; post-office scandal, 5825, 5826; report of postmaster-general for 1905, 59751 merit system inj 5975, 5976. Postmaster-general made a member of the cabinet, 4216. Potatoes taken from Virginia to England, 611. Potonjac canal company, 5848. Potomac river explored by John Smith, 648; a boundary of Baltimore’s grant, 1063; boundary of Culpeper’s estate, 1626; his colony on, 1070; Dunmore sails up the, 2489; Maryland and Vir¬ ginia’s jurisdiction over the, 3248; loca¬ tion of the capital on the, 3356; Mc¬ Clellan’s description of the defenses along, note, 4772; Confederates erect shore batteries along, 4854; Confeder¬ ates abandon works along, 4855; Lee crosses, into Maryland, 5027; Jackson and Walker cross, 5037; location of Maryland Heights and Harper’s Ferry, 5037; battles near, 5042, 5043; Lee cross¬ es into Virginia, 5050; Union troops cross, 5051, 5052; Confederates cross 204 GENERAL INDEX. into Pennsylvania, 5053; fords guarded by Union troops, 5053, 5054; Ewell’s corps crosses into Maryland, 5085; Hookers army crosses, 5085; Lee’s re¬ treat across, 5093; Early crosses into Maryland, 5248. Potomacs, Indian tribe, 695. Pott, John, comes to Virginia, 692; tries to poison Indians, 696; in government of Virginia, 710-712; convicted of cattle¬ stealing, 712. Pottawattomies, Indian tribe, Sulpitians have mission among, 1991; ruled by Pontiac, 2281; fierce warriors, 2282; sue for peace at Detroit, 2301; continue hos¬ tilities, 2302, 2304; treacherous at Ft. St. Joseph, 2309, 2310, 3959. Potter, representative, opposes repeal of non-importation act, 4010. Poultry, income from, in 1905, 5972. Poulsen, Vladimir, invents telegraphone, 5944 - Pound Gap, Ky., 4807, 4808. Poutrincourt, Biencourt, built Ft. Lomeron, 1936, 1938. Powell, senator from Kentucky, 4643. Powell, Louis Payne, stabs Seward, 5301; wounds Seward’s son, 5301; arrested and hung, 5302. Powell, Capt. Nathaniel, last autocratic gov¬ ernor of Virginia, 679. Powell’s valley, massacre in, 2768. Power, Thomas, in Spanish intrigues, 3536? 3603. Powers, Caleb, arrested and conviction of, 5754 , 5755 - Powers, John L., arrested, 5754. Powhatan, Indian chief, not real name, 160, 632; massacres remnant of Roanoke col¬ ony, 615; his residence, 635, 636; in peace party, 637, 638; involved in Indian politics, 644, 645; in Pocahontas’s story, 645, 673-675; trades with Newport, 647; crowned, 650, note, 651; supplies corn, 652; incites Indian hostilities, 669; dies, 692. Powhatan, Kan., tornado nearly destroys, 5664. Powhatan, U. S. ship, 4854, 4858, 4883. Powhatan river, 632. Powhatans, Indian tribe, sell land to Eng¬ lish, note, 660. Pownall, Thomas, member of the Ohio col¬ ony, 3147. Preble, Edward, on cruiser Protector, 2882; portrait, facing 3770; expedition against Tripoli, 377 T 3772 - Preble, W. P., minister to the Netherlands, 4220. Preble, U. S. ship, 4067, 4862. “Pre-Columbian Discovery of America by the Northmen,” by De Costa, note, 209. Prence, Thomas, one of guarantors of Plymouth debt, note, 818; governor of Plymouth, 836, 839. Prendergast, Commodore, establishes the Atlantic coast blockade, 4853. Prentiss, Gen. B. M., forces at Pittsburg Landing, 5098-5100; in charge of sixth division at Pittsburg Landing, 5098. Presbyterian church in Maryland, 1088; in New York, 1505, 1560, 1561, 1596; at Port Royal, S. C., 1745, 1746; in Charleston at end of 17th century, 1795; in Georgia before the revolution, 1921; opposes a bishop of America, 2363, 2364. Prescott, Gen. Richard, commander at Newport, R. I., 2531, 2753; Lee ex¬ changed for, 2731, note, 2734, 2754; character, 2753, 2754; Gen. Pigot re¬ places, 2755. Prescott, Dr. Samuel, warns Concord, 2423. Prescott, William, served under Winslow, 2 433 ; commander at Bunker Hill, 2457, 2459 - President, title and etiquette of, 3332-3334; effort to change method of his election, 4171; congress increases salary, 5510. President J U. S. war ship, 3952, 3953, 3988, 4089. Presidential mansion, illus. of the first, fac¬ ing 3334 - Presidential succession, 3435; act of 1885, 5592 , 5593 - Presqu’ Isle, Lake Erie, bloody battle at, between Eries and Iroquois, 1973; fort on site of city of Erie, 2005; Bienville’s expedition on, 2010; Rogers’ rangers at, 2279; fort taken by Pontiac, 2308, 2312- 2314. Presqu’ Isle, Pa., fortified, 3525. Press gang forbidden in colonies by act of Queen Anne, 1411, 1413. Preston, Capt., commissioner to Maryland, 1100; leader of Puritans in Maryland. 1105. Preston, Capt., in “Boston massacre,” 2395. Preston, Gen. William, estimate of deser¬ tions in Confederate army, 5219. Preston, William C., opposes discussion of slavery by congress, 4317; takes active part in 1840 campaign, 4326. Prevert, Sieur, captain under Champlain, 521. Prevost, Gen. Augustine, east Florida held by, 2726, 2811-2814; invades Georgia, 2813, 2816, 2817; facsimile of proclama- GENERAL INDEX. 205 tion issued by, facing 2816; at Beaufort, S. C., 2818, 2825, 2827; at Charleston, 2821, 2823, 2824; at John’s Island, 2824, 2825; replies to D’Estaing, 2827, 2828; booty secured in raid of, 2917, 2918. Prevost, Sir George, on smuggling during war of 1812, 4043; attempts to capture Sackett’s Harbor, 4051; attacks Platts- burg, 4065-4068. Price, Capt., aids in expedition against St. Augustine, 1898. Price, Maj., at battle of Fallen Timbers, 3527 - Price, Gen. Sterling, joins secessionists, 4706, 4707; interview with Lyon, 4710, 4711; at Wilson’s creek, 4713, 4724; Fremont’s campaign against, 4723, 4724; at Osceola, 4730, 4731; evacuates Spring- field, 4732; sketch of, 4733; attends Beauregard’s council, 5107; commands district of the Tennessee, 5118; at Tu¬ pelo, 5119; strength of force of, 5119; advances to Iuka, 5129; Halleck’s plans against, 5129; Grant’s plans against, 5130-5132; battle of Iuka, 5132; with¬ draws to Baldwyn, 5132; in Arkansas, 5257; drives back Steele, 5257; raids Missouri, 5257; defeated by Pleasanton, 5257; escapes into Arkansas, 5257. Prideaux, Dean Humphrey, author of a Bible history, 1214. Prideaux, Gen. John, commands Niagara expedition in 1759, 2215, 2216, 2223; killed, 2227; succeeded by Johnson and Gage, 2228; to have cooperated with Wolfe, 2247. Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 4481, 4482. Prince, Gen. H. U., in battle of Cedar Mountain, 5013; captured, 5013. Prince, Thomas, arbitrator for English in treaty of Hartford, 1013. Prince’s Fort, Maj. Dunlap at, 2931. Princess Anne county, Va., Dunmore rav¬ ages,' 2487. Princeton, N. J., map of campaign around, facing 2528; Washington at, 2529, 2547, 2548; Putnam at, 2549, 2550; congress moves to, 3159, 3218. Princeton university in colonial times, 2347; defends non-importation agreement, 2398; early history, 3129; famous grad¬ uate, 3130. Princeton disaster, 4360. Pring, Martin, adventures on Cape Cod, 619, 620, 727. Printing, by block, 54-56; practiced by Chinese, 55; practiced in southern Europe, 55, 61; specimens of block, fac¬ ing 56; invention of movable types, 57; claimants to honor of invention, 57-61; coincident with Columbian epoch, 57; spoliation of presses in Mainz, 60; cause and effect, 62, 63; first printing-press in America, 913; first press in Philadelphia, 1220; first books published in Philadel¬ phia, 1221; Bradford’s press in New York, 1552; put down by Virginia royal¬ ists, 1625, 1631, 1652, 1653; none in Carolinas previous to 1722, 1805; in the American colonies, 2341; stimulated by discussion before revolution, 2348. Printz, Johan, governor of New Sweden, 585. Prior, R. A., member of provisional con¬ gress, 5217. Prisoners of war, British treatment of, during revolution, 2709, 2710; facsimile letter of Washington to Howe on ex¬ change of, facing 2710; exchange of American and British, 2897. Pritchard, Gen. B. D., pursues and captures Jefferson Davis, 5309. Private car mileage, 5849, 5850. Privateers prey on Spanish ships, 503, 507; work of American, 2859, 2870, 2879, 2880, 2882, 2900; continental congress authorizes, 2863, 2864; facsimile of com¬ mission issued by congress to, facing 2864; French, 3467, 3469; Confederate, 4901-4903, 49io; England on, 4935; United States on, 5718. Privy council of Great Britain, Lord Dela¬ ware member of, 656; disapproves self- government for colonies, 699, 705, 706; investigation of London company, 700- 705; defied by Virginia assembly, 706, 707; James I. makes promises for, 708; Charles I. appoints a commission from, for Virginia, 710; suggestion of free government made to, 711; gives patent for new council for Plymouth, 745; dealings with monopolists in the two companies, 747, 748, 750; hesitate to grant charter to Plymouth colony, 827; Massachusetts charter attacked before, 853; complaints about Massachusetts Bay colony before, 894, 895; allowed the planting of Roman Catholic state in America, 1068; dealings with Clai¬ borne, 1072, 1074. Procter, Gen. Henry A., reinforces Malden, 3983; at Maguaga, 3984; defeats the Americans at Frenchtown in 1813, 4017- 4019; besieges Ft. Meigs, 4020; invades the United States and attacks Ft. Stephenson, 4025, 4026; defeats Procter, 4026; retreats before the American 206 GENERAL INDEX. forces, 4031; is defeated at Thames, Can., 4032. Procter, Redfield, secretary of war, 5624. Proctor, Elizabeth, accused of witchcraft, 1333 , 1334 . Proctor, Thomas, on the Brandywine, 2614; Products of Pennsylvania province, 1260; of Rhode Island in 18th century, 1483; semi-tropical in Carolinas, 1744, 1748; of Georgia before revolution, 1920; na¬ tive products of Ohio seen by Gist, 2022; indigenous of Detroit region, 2283-2285; staples of English colonies before revolution, 2349, 2351; “free list” in navigation acts, 2352, 2353. Prohibition party, convention and platform, 1888, 5623, 5624; convention and plat¬ form (1892), 5647, 5648; convention and platform (1896), 5685, 5686. Promontory Point, Utah, view of cere¬ monies attending completion of Pacific railroad at, facing 5492. Prophet, Indian medicine man, sketch of, 3956, 3957; treaty of Ft. Wayne in¬ creases his following, 3959, 3960. Prospect Hill (Somerville, Mass.), British at, 2430; Putnam fortifies, 2466. “Prospect of the Arts and Sciences in America,” by Bishop Berkeley, 1487. Protector, U. S. cruiser, 2882. Protection, see Tariff. Protestant association, formed in Mary¬ land by John Coode, 1699, 1700. Protestantism, political effect of, 590; re¬ inforced by English colonies in Amer¬ ica, 625; strong in American colonies, 1059, 1060. Protestants in Virginia befriend Leonard Calvert, 1083; hated by Catholic French, 1365; missions useless among Abenakis, 1377; widely separated from Catholics in English colonies, 1596; leagued against Louis, 1633; dread the return of Catholic power, 1686; in Maryland, 1695, 1705, 1706; in Carolinas, 1744, 1745, 1795; their missions compared with those of Catholics, 1797, 1798; in con¬ flict with Catholics in 18th century, 2029; encouraged to settle in Acadia, 2112, 2113; their civilization* in Canada menaced, 2276. Protestants, French, see Huguenots. Providence, Md., first name of Annapolis, 1090; renamed Annapolis, 1707. Providence, N. C., Davie at, 2996. Providence, R. I., not in New England union, 914; settled by Roger Williams, 1019, 1028, 1031; Baptist church estab¬ lished at, 1022, 1023; Blackstone at, 1022, 1023; division of lands in, 1023, 1024; first constitution of, 1024; arbitration in, 1024, 1025; Gorton in, 1027; differ¬ ence between it and Portsmouth, 1032; in union of Rhode Island colonies, 1047- 1050; its proportion in general assembly in 1663, 1457; two sets of officers elected, 1463; partly burned during King Philip’s war, 1467; quarreled with Pawtuxet over territory, 1469; with Warwick over jurisdiction, 1469; dislikes submission to Andros, 1474; internal discord in, 1669; terminus of first stage coach route in United States, 2348; encourages Mas¬ sachusetts in 1774, 2407; news of the battle of Lexington reaches, 2434; Esek Hopkins blockaded at, 2534; paper money in, 2685, 3244; Brown university at, 3131; letter of merchants to Phil¬ adelphia convention, 3259. Providence, U. S. brig, 2867, 2869; Capt. jRathbourne commands, 2880, 2882, 2896. Province Island, Howe plants batteries on, 2673. Providence plantations, meeting of freemen of, 1455 - Providence river (Narragansett river) claimed as boundary of Connecticut, 1454 - Provincetown, Mass., Mayflower drops an¬ chor in, 767. Provincial congress convenes at Salem, Mass., 2417; elects Joseph Warren, pres¬ ident, 2417; passes act organizing the militia, 2417, 2418; dissolves, 2418; re¬ assembles at Concord, 2434. Provoost, Bishop, 3108; portrait, facing 3110; consecration of, 3112, 3332. Prudden, Rev. Peter, first pastor at Mil¬ ford, Conn., 989. Prussia, Moravians flee to, 1866; George applies to, for aid, 2472, 2682. Ptolemy, astronomer, teaches the earth to be round, 95; speaks of Faroe Islands, 204; relied on by Columbus, 277, 279. Public lands, see Lands, public. Public schools in North and South, 5986. Publication, first, in America, 913. Puebla, Ruy, Gonzalez de, Spanish minister to England, writes about Cabot, 424, 436; held by Worth, 4394. Pulaski, Count, Casimer, portrait, facing 2554; sketch of, 2555; at Germantown, 2632; cavalry under, 2707; resignation of, 2707; independent force organized under, 2707; Grey’s attack on le¬ gion, 2760; in skirmish with Prevost, 2822; at Savannah, 2830; mortally GENERAL INDEX. 207 wounded, 2830; legion destroyed by Fer¬ guson, note, 2930. Pulaski, Fort, Georgia seizes, 4649; cap¬ tured, 4857; construction of, 4879, 4880; surrender of, 4881. Pulaska, Tenn., starting-point of Morgan’s Kentucky raid, 5111; Kuklux Klan started in, 5467. Pulitzer, Joseph, leader of the Liberal Re¬ publicans, 5517. Pullman strike, Chicago (1894), 5668-5672. Purcell, Flenry, English clergyman, 3108. Purdy, Col., defeated by the British, 4055. Purdy, Tenn., road leading to, 5098; strength of Confederate forces at, 5099. Pure food bill, passage of, 5861, 5862, 5883. Puritans embark for America, 537, 758- 765; foster education, 686; in Virginia, 717, 718, 721; go to Maryland, 721; protected by Cromwell, 722, 723; Sir John Popham prominent among, 725; persecuted by Elizabeth, 752; some be¬ come separatists, 752, 869, 876; in Hol¬ land, 752, 756-758, 760; settlement at Plymouth, 766-789, 799, 803; Lyford’s treachery toward, 806-808; try to secure minister for Plymouth, 819, note, 820; dislike for Merry-Mount, note, 822, 823- 825; favored by Warwick, 843; opposed by Gorges, 844; in Massachusetts, 861, 877, 889, 891; Charles I. changing policy towards emigration, 863, 868, note, 875, 958; in better classes, 874, 875; in Con¬ necticut, 899; joined by Anne Hutchin¬ son and Sir Harry Vane, 905; treatment of Quakers, 925; type in popular litera¬ ture, 927; send out colonies from Massa¬ chusetts Bay, 957; John Davenport iden¬ tified with, 985; ascendency in England strengthens New England, 997; unjustly blamed, 1004; nonconformists, 1088; un¬ mindful of favors in Maryland, 1088; win in battle of the Severn, 1108-1110; trade with the Dutch, 1120; dread Stuy- vesant, 1144; compared with Quakers in Pennsylvania, 1237; in conflict with An¬ dros, 1314; strong in appeal to con¬ science, 1315; assert principles of freedom, 1317; compared to Greeks, 1317; especially affected by witchcraft delusion, 1329, 1344; in Massachusetts opposed Gov. Joseph Dudley, 1352; op¬ posed by Clarendon, 1421; entrenched at Yale college, 1451; fear Catholic power on throne, 1500; flee to America after restoration, 1604; in Maryland, 1674, 1683; flee to New England, 1713; in South Carolina, 1738, 1765-1767, 1769; object to tax on tobacco in North Caro¬ lina, 1756; in New England in 1760, 2344 . Purrysburg, Ga., Lincoln’s move on, 2819; McIntosh withdraws from, 2821. Putnam, Col. Ii. S., assault upon Ft. Wag¬ ner, 5168; killed, 5169. Putnam, Capt. Israel, in battle in the woods, 1758; too intrepid at Lake George, 2098; shows courage during in¬ vestment of Ft. William Henry, 2151, 2152, 2154; visits ruins of Ft. William Henry, 2159; tries to save Gen. Howe, 2192; present when Howe fell, 2193; with rangers after Ticonderoga, 2200; captured by Indians, 2202; tortured, and nearly burned alive, 2202-2205; portrait, facing 2202; adventures in 1758, 2210; fights his first naval battle on the Sorel, 2221; captured ships, 2221; remarkable ride to Cambridge, 2432; appointed officer of Connecticut troops, 2435; ap¬ pointed major-general, 2452; at Bunker Hill, 2462; at Prospect Hill, 2466; at Cobble Hill, 2480, 2481; places obstruc¬ tions in North and East rivers, 2511; as¬ sumes command at Brooklyn Heights, 2512; New York defended by, 2516, 2518; Ft. Washington occupied by, 2519; sent to Hackensack, N. J., 2526; fortifies Philadelphia, 2529, 2550; Princeton oc¬ cupied by, 2549, 2550; militia under, 2650, Fiskill, 2656; court-martialed, note, 2656; Gates sends reinforcements to, 2672; criticism of, 2694; petition for land grants, 3159. Putnam, Rufus, colonizing schemes, 3193; founded Marietta, 3198, 3410; portrait, facing 3410; on Indian affairs, 3521; treaty with Wabash Indians secured by, 3522 . Putnam’s rock, on Lake Champlain, scene of Putnam’s ambush for Molang, 2206- 2210. Pyle, Col., at battle of Guilford, 3031. Pyles’ Ford, Pennsylvania militia guard, 2614. Pym, John, imprisoned by James I., 691; one of grantees in Warwick’s patent, 849. Pynchon, William, founder of Springfield, Mass., 867; portrait, facing 866; Massa¬ chusetts commissioner for Connecticut, 967. Pyquag, early name of Wethersfield, Conn., 959 - Pythagoras teaches spherical shape of earth, 94 - Pytheas of Marseilles, navigator, 204. 208 GENERAL INDEX. Q. Quaker guns, in civil war, 4787. Quaker Hill, R. I., Sullivan at, 2755. Quakers in Plymouth, 837, 839, 840, 842; in Massachusetts Bay colony, 899, 925, 944; origin of name, 923; very aggres¬ sive at first, 924; in Maryland, 1088, 1116, 1673, 1683; in various colonies in 18th century, 1185; settle under Penn, 1198, 1199; object to ballot, 1202; ac¬ company Penn, 1207; come to Penn¬ sylvania, 1210; relations with the Ind¬ ians, 1210-1213; persecuted in England, 1218; Penn secures relief for, 1222, 1223; oppose Moravians, 1225; government under Penn, 1226-1229; George Keith, Quaker preacher, 1230, 1233-1238; pa¬ triotism, 1240-1243; “fighting Quaker,” favorite character in literature, 1243; John Penn remained a, 1244; in Penn¬ sylvania in early colonial times, 1252, 1261, 1405; refuse to take official oath, 1256; of Dover, N. H., true to their principles, 1373, 1374; relieved from tax¬ ation for state church in New England, 1447; in Rhode Island, 1464, 1465, 1488; lose power gradually, 1478; rage against Dualey, 1481; persecuted in Virginia, 1641; settle in Shenandoah valley in early 18th century, 1658; in North Caro¬ lina, 1764, 1765, 1794, 1805; have one place of worship in Charleston, S. C., 1795; allowed to give affirmation instead of oath, 1810; ministers in South Carolina oppose slavery, 1837; of Penn¬ sylvania made peace with Braddock through Franklin, 2060; irritate British officers in 1763, 2317; in Pennsylvania object to putting down Indian outrages, 2325; control Pennsylvania in 1750, 2345; during American revolution, 2437, 2438, 2492, 2613, 2624, 2625, 2811, 2856; description of their service at close of revolution, 3142; petition to congress against slavery, 3377, 3378, 3618; liberate their slaves, 3619; petition congress to prevent kidnapping of free negroes, 4 IT 9 - Quapaws, Indian tribe, 162. Quarles, Gen. W. A., wounded at Franklin, 5267. Quarrel Point, Ga., in Oglethorpe’s plan of attack on St. Augustine, 1899. Quarry, Col., governor of South Carolina, sympathizes with pirates, 1772. Quartering act, New York province refuses to comply with terms of, 2384. Quay, Matthew S., candidate for president, 5688. Quebec, Can. (city), Cartier settled near site of, 512, 514, 577; Roberval’s colony near, 518; founded by Champlain, 529, 530, 532, 536, 538; French colony de¬ feated by English, 538, 539; reduced by Canada company, 845; hampered by rivalry with Montreal, 1977; threatened by Iroquois, 1977, 1980; French troops landed at, in 1755, 2090; Dieskau’s ex¬ pedition starts from, 2090; sends reapers to Montreal in 1755, 2092; French head¬ quarters in 1755, 1766, 2131, 2132; fam¬ ine stricken in 1758, 2179; Wolfe and Montgomery meet death at, 2182; expe¬ dition against, in command of Wolfe, 2187, 2236, 2249, 2269, 2270; captured by British, 2215, 2223, 2231, 2272; called the Gibraltar of America, 2231; monu¬ ments to Wolfe and Montcalm at, 2271; Schuyler’s expedition to, 2475; Mont¬ gomery at, 2476-2478; Arnold at, 2476, 2477; map of Arnold’s march against, facing 2476; English garrison at, 2477; Americans driven out of, 2478; British transports at, 2861; U. S. immigrant station at, 5980. Quebec, Can. (province), remnants of Abenaki tribe in, 1362; attack against, planned by Sir William Phips, 1442; endangered by Five Nations, 1531; at¬ tacked by colonists (1690), 1544; evac¬ uated by English, 1632; tossed between French and English, 1935; mission of Notre Dame des Anges, built in, i960; receives some of fugitive Hurons, 1972; final attempt on, by French, 2273, 2275; England wins (1759), 2340; to include lake region in Townshend’s scheme, 2357; English province after treaty of Paris, 2364. Queen Anne’s war (American phase of war of Spanish succession), Deerfield massacre of 1704, 1353; Nicholson’s cap¬ ture of Acadia in 1710, 1356; war closed by treaty of Utrecht in 1713, 1356, 1381, note, 2011, 2110, 2111; Moore’s expe¬ dition against the Spanish in Florida, 1796-1799; Spanish attack on Charleston in 1706, 1802-1804. Queen Charlotte, British ship, 4028-4030. Queen Esther, Indian, also called Catherine Montour, 2751. Queen of France, U. S. ship, 2881, 2896. Queen of the West, Federal ram, in battle of Memphis, 4841, 4842. Queens college, see Rutgers college. GENERAL INDEX. 209 Queenstown, province of Quebec, expedi¬ tion at, 1991. Queenstown Heights, Can., Brock’s forces at, 3997; movements in the battle at, 3998, 3999; surrender at, 3999; Dear¬ born’s opinion on defeat at, 3999. Quesada, mutinous captain with Magellan, 410. Quezzi, Italy, home of Columbus’ mother, 268. Quibbletown, N. J., Washington at, 2609. Quiguate, Indian town found by Soto, 476. Quinby Bridge, S. C., fight at, 3055. _ Quincy, Edmund, becomes an Abolitionist, 43 U- Quincy, Josiah, acts as counsel for soldiers after Boston massacre, 2396; description of a presidential levee by, 3334; leader in congress, 3803, 3867, 3901; prefers war to an embargo, 3886; charges Jef¬ ferson’s administration with deceit, 3888; on the admission of Louisiana, 3942; on army bill of 1812, 4005; on war of 1812, 4006; on financial measures of 1812, 4009. Quincy, Mass., Merry-Mount in, 812. Quinnipiack, Indian name of New Haven, 987; sold by Indians, 992. Quintanilla, Alonzo de, favors Columbus, 288, 291. Quinto, Italy, birthplace of Columbus, 267. Quitman, John A., holds perote, 4394; made major-general, 4395; fall of Cha- pultepec, 4390; City of Mexico, 4400. R. Rabida, De la, Franciscan convent, 289. Racehorse, British brig, 2866. Radford, Confederate commander, 4760, 4915 . Radisson explores region of great lakes, x 959^ Rafn, Karl Christian, researches of, note, 209; idea of Norse route, 217; gives date to Thorfinn’s visit, 219. Railroad, underground, for fugitive slaves, 4489, 4490 , 4545 : Railroads begun in United States, 4196, 4197; relation to national improvements, 4197; view of ceremonies attending com¬ pletion of Pacific railroad, facing 5492; number of miles in 1871, 5499; strike of 1877, 5552, 5553; southwestern strike, 5599 ; Chicago strike, 5599 , 5600; strike of 1894, 5668-5674; regulation of rates, 5835; Roosevelt suggests shorter hours for employees, 5836; bill regulating rates passed by congress, 5846-5855, 5883; “Granger” railroad legislation, 5848; “industrial railroads,” 5851-5853; provi¬ sion for arbitration, 5894, 5895; growth in South, 5952, 5953; condition in 1905, 5965; prosecutions against, for rebating, 5973 - Raines bill passed by New York legisla-'" ture, 5696. Raleigh, Sir Walter, Elizabeth’s grant to, recognized by Dutch, 558; half-brother of Sii Humphrey Gilbert, 598; plans colony to baffle Catholic party, 599; upholds Gilbert at court, 600; portrait, facing 602; his extraordinary endow¬ ments, 603; takes up Gilbert’s • work, 604; commissioned to plant colony, 604; forbidden to go in person, 605; intro¬ duced potatoes, corn, and tobacco to England, 611; absorbed by conflict with Spanish armada, 613; renews endeavors to establish colony, 616, 617; imprison¬ ment and death, 617; his plan carried on by Gosnold, 618, 619; related by marriage to Sir Thomas Bale, 668; compared with Gorges, 725; uncle of Raleigh, Gilbert, 726; colony at Roanoke, r 7 r 5 - Raleigh, city of, Raleigh’s settlement on Roanoke Island, 611; incorporators merged in London company, 616. Raleigh, N. C., Sherman’s plans concerning, 5315; Sherman’s fears concerning, 5316, 5317; Grant’s action at, 5320; conflict between military and civil authorities at, 5395 , 5396 . Raleigh, Confederate gunboat, 4915. Raleigh, The, one of Gilbert’s ships, 601. Raleigh, U. S. ship, Capt. Thompson com¬ mands, 2873; captured, 2880, 2881; built at Portsmouth, Me., 3119. Raleigh tavern at Williamsburg, Va., illus., facing 3128. Rail, Col., at Trenton, N. J., 2530; char¬ acter of, 2530; Washington’s plan to capture, 2539. Ramapo Clove, near Haverstraw, N. Y., Washington at, 2600. Rambouillet decree issued by Napoleon, 3933 - . . . • Ramirez, Juan, inherited rights from De Ay lion, 399. Ramsay’s Mills, Cornwallis at, 3036. Ramseur, Gen. Stephen, killed at Winches¬ ter, 5252. Ramsey, French commandant of Quebec in 1759, 2269. 2270. Ramsour’s Mill, battle of, 2926, 2927; Cornwallis at, 3026. I 210 GENERAL INDEX. Ramusio published a translation of Ver- razano’s story, note, 504; reports him a prey to cannibals, 507. Randall attempts to bribe congress, 3567. Randall, A. W., succeeds Dennison as post¬ master-general, 5371; accompanies John¬ son on electioneering tour, 5378. Randall, Samuel J., introduces bill to re¬ store political rights, 5557. Randolph, Beverly, governor of Virginia, graduate of William and Mary college, 3128; member of commercial conven¬ tion, 3248, 3249; governor of Virginia on extradition, 3435, 3436; appointed Indian commissioner, 3523. Randolph, Edmund Jennings, graduate of William and Mary college, 3128; mem¬ ber of commercial convention, 3248, 3249; facsimile of his letter to James Madison on the Philadelphia conven¬ tion, facing 3258; member of the Phila¬ delphia convention, 3261; life sketch, 3261; Virginia resolution presented to Philadelphia convention by, 3277-3279; portrait, facing 3284; attorney-general, 3340; opinions regarding extradition, 3436; his connection with Genet, 3473; secretary of state, 3501; assists in Burr trial, 3839. Randolph, Edward, sent to Massachusetts to control revenues, 1281, 1282; incensed by Boston, 1303, 1304; appointed censor in Massachusetts Bay, 1313; imprisoned in Boston, 1321; royal commissioner to Massachusetts, 1436, 1437; against Rhode Island and Connecticut, 1437, 1438, 1470, I 47 B 1478. Randolph, Henry, clerk of Virginia assem¬ bly, 1603, 1604. Randolph, Isham, on Panama canal com¬ mission of engineers, 5829. Randolph, John, of Roanoke, descended from Pocahontas, note, 675, 3671; on Jay’s treaty, 3558; scandal involving, 3558> 3559; explanation of Fauchet’s charges, 3560; resigns from cabinet, 3560; his vindication, 3560, ' 3561; his theory of co-equal power of treaty-mak¬ ing, 3568; enters congress, 3668; por¬ trait, facing 3670; sketch of, 3671; his speech upon the army, 3671, 3672; on Louisiana boundary, 3764, 3765; opposes Yazoo claims, 377 o, 3786; opposes Madison, 3770, 3816, 3883; on Pickering impeachment, 3776; assumes prosecution of Chase, 3778, 3788, 3789; reply to Jefferson on price for the Floridas, 3805, 3806; blocks action of the house, 3806; on the pamphlet “Examination,” 3811; opposes non-importation, 3813; downfall, 3815, 3816; suspects Wilkin¬ son, 3841; on the embargo, 3880, 3889; supports Monroe, 3883; attacks U. S. army, 3901, 3929; on the condition of congress, 3932; on non-intercourse bill, 3948; quarrel with Eppes, 3949, 3950; appointed on special committee of for¬ eign relations, 3964; opposes war of 1812, 3965, 3966, 4007; on army bill of 1812, 4005; objects to protective tariff, 4096; compared to Clay in his methods, 4103, 4104; moves to reconsider vote on Missouri bill, 4126; on position of Mis¬ souri in 1820, 4131; opposes Adams’ administration, 4171; duel with Clay, 4175; minister to Russia, 4220. Randolph, Peyton, owned records of Lon¬ don company, note, 709; presides over adjourned Virginia assembly, 2393; president of first Continental Congress, 2409, 2448; graduate of William and Mary college, 3128. Randolphs of Roanoke, note, 675; killed by Indians, 694. Randolph, U. S. frigate, Capt. Nicholas Biddle commands, 2877, 2878. Ranger, U. S. sloop, John Paul Jones, commander, 2874; its condition and achievements, 2874-2876, 2881; fight with the Drake, 2876; its loss, 2896; built at Portsmouth, Me., 3119. Ransom, T. E. G., at Ft. Donelson, 4821. Ranters, fanatic sect in England, 927. Rantoul, Robert, senator from Massachu¬ setts, 4499. Raphael, a native of Florence, 344. Rapidan river, Jackson’s retreat to, 5014; encampment of Lee on banks of, 5231, 5232; fighting on, 5233; condition of country in vicinity, 5234; army of the Potomac crosses, 5246. Rapp, George, 4207. Rappahannock river, Spaniards on, 499; John Smith on, 644, 649; explored by Argali, 673; boundary of Culpeper’s estate, 1626; Johnston’s position on, 4787; Jackson crosses, 5015; Burnside plans to cross, 5069; position of Fred¬ ericksburg, 5071; Union forces cross, 5072; withdraw to north bank, 5075; Sedewick’s movements near, 5082. Rappites built Harmony in Pennsylvania, 4207, 4208; built New Harmony in Indi¬ ana, 4208; sell to Owen, 4208. Raritan, U. S. ship, 4696. Raritans, Indian tribe, made treaty with Van Twiller, 1120; unjustly attacked by Kieft, 1130. GENERAL INDEX. 211 Rascon, owner of Columbus’ ship the Pinta, 298. Rasle, Sebastian, Jesuit missionary to the Abenakis, 1363, 1364; his influence dreaded, 1365; secretly corresponds with Vaudreuil, 1367, 1369; English try to secure, 1369-1371; makes Abenaki dic¬ tionary, 1369; death, 1372, 1373, 1376. Ratcliffe, John, commander of one ship in Jamestown expedition, 630; member of local council, 632; opposed by some members, note, 641; made president, 642; favors Archer, 643; disabled, 647; Smith’s story about, 648; term expired, 649; returned with “Third Supply,” 658; builds Ft. Algernoune, 660; killed, 661. Ratcliffe, Philip, undesirable colonist, 888; complains in England, 894. •Ratford, Jenkin, British deserter, 3854; death, 3856. Rathbone, Maj. H. R., at Ford’s theatre, 5299; wounded by Booth, 5300. Rathbourne, Capt. John P., commanded the Providence, 2880. Rattlesnake dens, 2189. Rawdon, Lord, attacks Ft. Montgomery, 2656; Clinton joined by, 2908; later career, note, 2908; portrait, facing 2910; withdraws to Camden, 2921; his Cam¬ den outrage, 2932; soldiers desert, 2933; sails for Carolina, 2939; prepares to meet Gates, 2944, 2946; battle of Cam¬ den, 2954, 2956; Cornwallis leaves com¬ mand to, 2996; at batfle of Hobkirk’s Hill, 3040, 3042, 3043; perilous position of, 3046; retreats to Charleston, 3047; Sumter harasses march of, 3048; at Monck’s Corner, 3048; Greene pursued by,. 3053 ; at Ft. Granby, 3054, 3055; retirement and capture of, 3055. Rawlins, John A., succeeds Schofield as’ secretary of war, 5419. Raymond, Henry J., reports political con¬ ditions in New York, 5197; at National Union convention, 5376. Raynor, Thurston, magistrate of New Haven jurisdiction, 994. Raystown, Pa., old name of Bedford, 2167, 2169. Razilly, Claude de, knight of Malta, re¬ occupied Port Royal, 1941; dies, 1941; his heirs sell land to D’Aunay, 1942. Read, George, portrait, facing 2500; mem¬ ber of the Philadelphia convention, 3269; sketch of, 3269. Read, James, a smith at Jamestown, 642. Read, Col. James, leads New Hampshire troops, 2436. Reading, Pa., magazine at, 2623; proposed for national capital, 3355. Reagan, John H., Confederate postmaster- general, 4660; portrait, facing 4660. Reapportionment of congressional repre¬ sentation, bill of 1790, 3428-3430. Rebecca, baptismal name of Pocahontas, 674 . Reciprocity omitted from treaty of 1780, 3099; efforts to attain, 3227; U. S. trea¬ ties of, 5645; Roosevelt on, 5793. Reconstruction following the civil war, discussed in Lincoln’s last cabinet meet¬ ing, 5329; Lincoln’s ideas, 5329, 5330; reconstruction bill passed July 4, 1864; 5331 - 5333 ; disapproved by Lincoln, 5333 ; Lincoln’s proclamation, 5333; pro¬ test of Congressmen Wade and Davis, 5333 * 5334 ; Lincoln’s message to con¬ gress, 5334; Ashley’s bill defeated, 5334; Trumbull reports joint resolution on Louisiana reconstruction, 5335, 5336; Sumner’s idea of, 5336; Lincoln’s view of Louisiana reconstruction, 5336-5338; affairs in Tennessee, 5338, 5339; John¬ son’s proclamation of amnesty and par¬ don, 5344-5346; proclamations for recon¬ struction of various states, 5346; negro suffrage discussed, 5348; constitutional conventions in seceded states, 5349- 5352; action concerning negroes in South, 5353 - 5357 ; Johnson’s message to congress, December, 1865, 5360, 5361; opposition in congress, 5361; recon¬ structed states denied representation, 5362; debate in congress upon admis¬ sion of states, 5363, 5364; fourteenth amendment passed, 5367, 5368; rejected by all reconstructed states except Ten¬ nessee, 5368; majority and minority re¬ ports of reconstruction committee of congress, 5369, 5370; trouble in Louisi¬ ana, 5372-5375; Johnson restates posi¬ tion, 5379-5381; Stevens’ reconstruction bill, 5383, 5384; passes congress, 5384; vetoed by Johnson, 5385, 5386; repassed by congress, 5386; supplementary recon¬ struction bill passed, 5387; vetoed and repassed, 5387; military commanders assigned to southern districts, 5387, 5388; congressional interpretation of re¬ construction acts, 5389; bill passed by congress, 5389; president’s reasons for vetoing, 5389, 5390; clashes of authority in various southern states, 5391, 5392; Stanbery’s interpretation of reconstruc¬ tion acts, 5392, 5393; provisions and regulations made by military governors, 212 GENERAL INDEX. 5395-5399; constitutions ratified by re¬ constructed states, 5399, 5400; ratify fourteenth amendment, 5400; constitu¬ tions approved by congress, 5400; con¬ gressmen admitted, 5400; difficulties of the reconstructed governments, 5401; Johnson’s opinion of the policy of con¬ gress, 5415, 5416; Johnson urges repeal of unjust measures, 5415; four states unrecognized by congress, 5417; Georgia denied admission to the senate, 5417; Virginia admitted, 5417, 5418; Mississip¬ pi and Texas admitted, 5418; difficulties in Georgia, 5421, 5422; Georgia ad¬ mitted, 5422; era of reconstruction ter¬ minated, 5422; conditions resulting from the reconstruction act, 5423; the South during reconstruction, 5429-5474, 5498; what was accomplished by, 5462. Recovery, Fort, 3530. Red Bank, N. J., Fort Mercer at, 2626; battle of, 2670, 2671; Cornwallis sent against, 2673. Red Cloud, Indian chief, 197. Red Head, Onondaga chief, advocates alli¬ ance with English, 2211. Red Jacket, Indian chief, 1519; at Maumee Indian council, 3523. Red river. Pike explores, 3759, 3760; Banks’ expedition up, 5258. Red Shoes, Indian chief, proposes treaty between Choctaws and Oglethorpe, 1861. Red Sticks, Indian tribe, massacre by, 4037; besiege Talladega, 4038; attack Floyd, 4057; defeated at Horse Shoe Bend, 4058, 4059; organized into military com¬ panies by the British, 4078; their village raided by Jackson, 4109. Red Stone creek, in plan of Washington’s Ohio expedition, 2043. Reed, Harrison H., elected governor of Florida, 5460, 5461. Reed, Joseph, Lee intrigues with, against Washington, 2532, 2693; Washington reinforced by, 2534; in Trenton plan 2539, 2540; British peace commission endeavor to bribe, 2746; an enemy of Arnold, 2975. Reed, S. B., places last tie on Pacific rail¬ road, 5493. Reed, Thomas B., candidate for president, 5687. Reeder, Andrew, first governor of Kansas, 4551; territorial delegate to congress from Kansas, 4553; his election ignored by congress, 4555; elected to the senate, 4555; indicted for treason, 4556; unsuc¬ cessful candidate for Republican nom¬ ination for vice-president in i860, 4600. Reeve, Tapping, indicted for libel, 3817. Regular army and navy union, 5916. ‘‘Regulators” in North Carolina, 2391. Rehoboth, Mass., settled by Plymouth men, 834; devastated in King Philip’s war, 1287. Reid, Jacob, candidate for judge in South Carolina, 5437. Reid, Whitelaw, nominated for vice-presi¬ dent, 5646. Reinier, King, sends Columbus to Tunis, 269. Relief, U. S. steamer, 4636. Religion in middle ages, 27; connection of Christianity with spirit of discovery, 28; of Aztecs, 447, 448, 450, 452; motive of Coligny’s colonies, 479, 488, 490; Roman Catholic mission in Maryland, 499; religious animosity prevents France from colonizing successfully, 501, 502; basis of colonies in New England, 910. Religious conditions of various sects at the close of the revolution, 3107-3117, 3142 . Religious organizations, 5921-5923. Remmel, Valentine, Social-Labor nominee for president, 5767. Renappi, a name for Delaware Indians, 2019. Rene, duke of Lorraine, established a lit¬ erary center, 370. Reno, Gen. J. S., assists Pope, 5019; at second battle of Bull Run, 5021-5023; ordered to Chantilly, 5025; commands ninth corps under McClellan, 5032; killed at South Mountain, 5041; cam¬ paign against the Indians, 5515. Renshaw, U. S. army, expedition against Galveston, 4865-4867; death, 4867. Rensselaer, Van, see Van Rensselaer. Rensselaer county included in patroonship of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, 567. Reprisal, U. S. ship, prizes captured by, 2 555; achievements of, 2870, 2871. Republican, French privatger, 3465. Republican party organized, 4546-4561; na¬ tional convention and platform of 1856, 4557-456o; controls house in 36th con¬ gress, 4587; gains strength, 4587, 4588; convention at Chicago, 4596-4600; strengthened in Pennsylvania by tariff plank, 4601; on fugitive slave law, 4644; members in congress attribute reverses to Lincoln, 5076; caucus of senators, 5076; discrimination against Democratic sections by war department officials, 5179; protests of press against arbitrary arrests, 5185; action on Burnside’s or¬ der, 5188; convention of radicals at GENERAL INDEX. 213 Cleveland, 5194, 5195; nominates Fre¬ mont for president, 5194; Baltimore convention nominates Lincoln and Johnson, 5195; platform of, 5195; radi¬ cal candidates withdraw, 5212; re-elec¬ tion of Lincoln, 5212; radicals favor Johnson, 5343; secures passage of thir¬ teenth amendment, 5362; opinion con¬ cerning admission of states, 5363; dis¬ trusts Johnson, 5372; majority of con¬ gress in 1866, 5379; members in con¬ gress fear Johnson’s power of dismissal, 5384; Republican state officers and con¬ gressmen elected in South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, and Florida, 5399; house vote on impeachment of John¬ son a party vote, 5406; Republican sen¬ ators voting against impeachment, 5412; Chicago convention, 5413; platform, 5413; nominates Grant and Colfax, 5413, 5414; election of Grant and Colfax, 5414; in South Carolina, 5444, 5445, 5458, 5459; in Florida, 5460, 5461; split in 1872, 5517; convention in 1872, 5520; convention in 1876, 5544; convention in 1880, 5564; convention* in 1884, 5589; convention in 1888, 5622, 5623; conven¬ tion in 1892, 5646; convention in 1896, 5686-5688; convention in 1900, 5769- 5772; convention of 1904, 5819, 5820; see also Federalists; Whigs; Liberal Republican party. Resaca, Ga., Johnson retreats to, 5260. Resaca de la Palma, Texas, battle of, 4380. Restoration in England, effect on Virginia, 1601, 1603, 1604, 1639; importation of felons to America resumed at, 1684, 1685. _ Resumption act, congress passes, 5561. Revenge, U. S. cutter, achievements of, 2872, 2873, 3869. Revenue, see Tariff, Taxation. Revere, Paul, at Concord, 2421; his signal plan, 2422; his famous “midnight ride,” 2423. Revolution, American, Quakers in, 1242; wipes out Penn claims, 1258; throws Pennsylvania paper money into disuse, 1263; caused Pennsylvania land to be¬ long to people, 1272; Maryland Gazette important in, 1709; Oglethorpe sympa¬ thizes with, 1917; may be said to have begun in seven years’ war, 2015; teaches England how to keep other colonies, 2054; Ft. Niagara a British stronghold during, 2226, 2227; American revolution also an English one, 2339; cause of, 2339; opinion in England contemporary with American revolution, note, 2340; arguments concerning, stimulate print¬ ing-press, 2348; its principles and re¬ sults, 2350; special active causes, 2351- 2 355-_ Revolutionary war, provincial congress, 2420; Lexington and Concord, 2420- 2430; preparations of the separate colo¬ nies, 2434-2441; Ticonderoga, 2443-2446, 2567-2575, 2638; continental congress, 2448-2450; Washington chosen com¬ mander-in-chief, 2450-2452; Bunker Hill, 2453, 2456-2464; organization of the American army, 2465-2470; Canadian campaign, 2475-2479; British evacuate Boston, 2479-2484; Dunmore ravages the southern coast, 2486-2489; battle of Moore’s creek and its. effect, 2490-2504; declaration of independence, 2496-2500; Ft. Moultrie, 2507-2509; battle of Long Island, 2513-2516; Harlem Heights, 2519; battle of White Plains, 2521; Arnold on Lake Champlain, 2522-2525; battle of Trenton, 2539-2543; battle of Princeton, 2547, 2548; foreign officers, 2554, 2555, 2705-2707; battle of Oris- kany, 2588-2593; battle of Bennington, 2599-2607; battle of Brandywine, 2614- 2621; massacre of Paoli, 2623, 2624; British in Philadelphia, 2624, 2625, 2729, 2730; battle of Germantown, 2627-2633; first battle of Saratoga, 2639-2644; sec¬ ond battle of Saratoga, 2648-2654; Bur- goyne’s surrender, 2660-2667; Ft. Mercer and engagements in the Delaware, 2669- 2674; conditions of the army, 2675, 2683, 2691, 2693, 2707, 3056, 3057; financial conditions during the war, 2682, 2691, 2853, 2858, 2962, 2966, 3057, 3058; Wash- inton and the Conway cabal, 2693-2704; Great Britain’s war policy in 1778, 2711- 2726; alliance with France, 2713, 2969- 2971; battle of Monmouth, 2734-2742; massacre of Wyoming, 2747-2752; mas¬ sacre of Cherry valley, 2760-2762; the West during the war, 2763-2806; British campaigns in the South, 2807-2832, 2905- 2961; Stony Point, 2835-2838; Paulus Hook, 2838; Sullivan’s Iroquois cam¬ paign, 2839-2844; French-Spanish alli¬ ance against Great Britain, 2844-2853; condition of the United States in 1779- 80, 2853, 2901-2903, 2967-2969; work of the American navy, 2859-2900; Clinton’s Charleston expedition, 2905-2914; bat¬ tle of Ramsour’s Mill, 2926, 2927; battle of Camden, 2951-2957; Arnold’s treach¬ ery, 2978-2988; battle of Musgrove’s Mill, 2991; battle of King’s Mountain, 3001-3007; battle of the Cowpens, 3018- 214 GENERAL INDEX. 3025; battle of Guilford Court-House, 3032-3035; battle of Hobkirk’s Hill, 3042-3045; Lafayette in Virginia, 3069; battle of Eutaw Springs, 3074-3078; siege of Yorktown, 3081-3083; the sur¬ render of Cornwallis, 3082-3084; peace negotiations and treaty, 3091-3100; naval battle of Rodney and De Grasse, 3091, 3092; condition of the United States at close of the war, 3103-3144. Reynolds, Dr., most learned man in James I/s time, 983, 984. Reynolds, Gen. J. R, commands under Pope, 5019; at Groveton, 5020; at second battle of Bull Run, 5022; mortally wounded at Gettysburg, 5087. Reynolds-PIamilton affair, 3600-3602. Rhea, John, president of republic of west Florida, 3940; congressman from Ten¬ nessee, 4108. Rhett, Robert Barnwell, leads southern delegation in slavery controversy in con¬ gress, 4316, 4317; in contest at organiza¬ tion of 26th congress, 4323; on secession, 4618. Rhett, Capt. William, commands Charles¬ ton ships in French attack, 1802, 1803; captures Bonnet, the pirate, 1823. Rhine river, fugitives from, settle in North Carolina, 1811. Rhode Island, Narragansetts in, 158; Norse¬ men in, 216, 217; explored, but not named by Adriaen Block, 550; connec¬ tion of, with Warwick’s patent, 849; Blackstone first white settler in, note, 880; Roger Williams in, 904, 1019; Anne Hutchinson’s settlement in, 914; Gorton in, 920, 921; Baptists in, 922; Quakers use it as a rendezvous, 930, 931; barred from New England union, 1029; govern¬ ment of colony organized, 1030-1032; general court instituted, 1033; land laws in, 1040, 1041, 1057; R. Williams gained patent for Narragansett colonies, 1046; settlements united, 1047; Quakers tol¬ erated, 1053-1055; discontinued use of wampum, 1057; land holdings in, 1059; religious toleration later than in Mary¬ land, 1068; Quakers in, 1185; population in 1750, 1261; acquiesced in royal usurpa¬ tion, 1282; Andros governor of, 1318; boundary on Connecticut side arbitrated, 1420; “Great Awakening” spread to, 1450; opposed plan of Albany congress, 1452, 1491; not disturbed by restoration, 1453; charter, provisions of, 1456-1458; involved in boundary disputes, 1457; sends deputation to New York, 1459; to govern King’s province in 1665, 1460; excluded from New England union, 1461; as described by royal commission¬ ers, 1461, 1462; general court of 1669, 1464; not involved in war with Dutch, 1466; devastated in King Philip’s war, 1467; population compared with Connec¬ ticut, 1470; population in 1679, 1470; refuses to recognize surveying commis¬ sion of 1683, 1471; does not give up document of its charter, 1473, 1475, 1476; house of deputies separates from council, 1477; gains in public spirit, 1478; general assembly, 1478-1480, 1488; visited by Earl of Bellomont, 1479; condition of, unsatisfactory, 1479, 1480; population in 1702, 1480; in 1708, 1483, 1485; settles boundary dispute with Connecticut, 1481; alarmed in war of Spanish succession, 1482; repels French fleet in 1703, 1482; tariff laws in early 18th century, 1484; government in 1713, 1484; census in 1730, 1487; first news¬ paper, 1488; contributes to war of Span¬ ish succession, 1489; takes part in Louis- bourg expedition, 1490; population in 1748, 1491; disorders in during 18th cen¬ tury, 1481, 1492; Capt. Kidd goes to, 1556; not an attractive model of free community in early 18th-century, 1642; population in 1755, 2009; objects to sugar act of 1733, 2354; protests against stamp act, 2368; prints Hopkins’ pam¬ phlet, 2368; postpones indemnity for stamp act riots, 2384; fails to keep non¬ importation agreement, 2398; supported by other colonies in Gaspee affair, 2400; assembly takes action on revolutionary war, 2434, 2435, 2495; Bunker Hill troops of, 2453; Lee sent to Newport, 2485; number submit to Howe’s proclamation, 2531; map showing campaign in, facing 2753, 2754; Rhode Island campaign, 2753, 2754; condition at close of revolution, 3104; on slavery, 3106; opposes custom duty, 3205; on British commerce, 3229; paper money, 3244; on the Philadelphia convention, 3259; constitution ratified by, 3405, 3406; population in 1790, 3422; on Kentucky resolutions, 3651; repre¬ sented in the Hartford convention, 4091, 4092; Dorr rebellion, 4356; draft in, 5178; ratifies thirteenth amendment, 5213. Rhode Island, U. S. ship, saves the crew of the Monitor, 4922. Riall, Sir Phineas, defeated at Chippewa and Lundy’s Lane, 4062, 4063. Ribault, Jean, in command of Coligny’s ex¬ pedition, 479; sets up a column for France on St. John’s river, 480; builds GENERAL INDEX. 215 Ft. Charles, 481; second expedition to America, 482-485; magnanimity to Lau- donniere, 486, 590; in conflict with Span¬ iards, 489, 490; his fleet wrecked, 491; slain by Spaniards, 494, 495. Rice, culture of, introduced in Carolinas, 1790; cultivation of, increases slave la¬ bor, 1836; cultivated in Georgia before revolution, 1920; staple before revolu¬ tion, 2349. Richard, ship, sent out by Plymouth com- pany, 727. Richard, American sloop, 3814. Richards, Daniel, organizes “Loyal League” in Florida, 5460. Richardson, Gen. Israel B., brigade com-, mander, 4747; at Bull Run, 4752, 4762; at Centreville, 4760; at Malvern Hill, 4988. Richardson, Capt. John S., at battle of Bull Run, 4753. Richardson, Gen. Richard, Tarleton’s out¬ rages against, 3008, 3009. Richardson, William A., defends Kansas- Nebraska bill, 4543. Richardson, Fort, Miss., captured by Con¬ federates, 5135; retaken, 5135. Richebourg, Caude Philippe de, leader of Huguenot company in Virginia, 1634. Richelieu, Jean Du Plessis, Cardinal, strengthened colony in Canada, 538, 539; establishes trading companies in Canada, r 934 - Richelieu river on route of expedition against Canada in 1690, 1544; Iroquois starting-point for assault on Quebec, 1980. Richmond, duke of, his American policy, 2717; his relations with Chatham, 2719- 2721; appointed in Rockingham cabinet, 3089. Richmond, Can., Fenians propose to cap- _ ture, 5499, 5500. Richmond, Ky., Morgan at, 5 ir 3 - Richmond, Va., English on site of, 635; founded by Col. Wm. Byrd, 1666; in¬ corporated, 1666; became capital, 1666; Arnold burns, 3030; Lafayette in, 3069; Burr at, 3836, 3837, 3839; seceding dele¬ gates from Charleston convention of Democratic party meet at, 4594 ; gov¬ ernment property from Harper’s Ferry removed to, 4695; McClellan prepares for campaign against, 4788; note, 4791; Confederate forces at, 479 b 497 b 49731 Jackson returns to, 4798; Rogers’ ex¬ pedition against, 4920, 4921; map of surrounding country, facing 4960; panic in, 5003; McClellan’s retreat from, 5006; Pope’s proposed march to, 5009; Mc¬ Clellan advances toward, 5055, 5056; Lee intercepts advance, 5055; martial law in, 5066; Burnside plans attack on, 5069; Stoneman ordered to cut Lee’s line of communication with, 5079; Lee con-' siders advisability of retreat to, 5083 ; peace conference at, 5200; conditions in y 5221, 5223; riots in, 5222; Christmas dinner given at, 5223; Francis P. Blair, Sr., interviews Davis at, 5225; return of peace commissioners to, 5227; pub¬ lic meeting at, 5227; Butler advances against, 5231; Sheridan’s raids near, 5236, 5239, 5 2 4o; Grant and Lee advance toward, 5240; Grant’s plan of operations against, 5242; Lee enters, 5242; Han¬ cock attacks from the north, 5245; Gen. Butler takes outer defenses, 5246; oper¬ ations against, 5285; Lee telegraphs Davis to evacuate, 5289; Lincoln visits, 5298, 5307; evacuation of, 5303, 5305; public property in, 5305; ruins of, in 1865, facing 5306; occupied by Gen. Weitzel, 5306; martial law proclaimed at, 5306; Confederate government offi¬ cials flee from, 5307; Lee’s plans to re¬ gain, 5314; news of evacuation reaches Sherman, 5315; Halleck in command at, 5320; Sherman passes through, 5321, 5322; body of Jefferson Davis removed to, 5666; aid sent San Francisco, 5878. Richmond, Confederate ironclad, 4901; blown up in James river, 5304. Richmond, U. S. ship, 4862, 4863, 4888, . 4 8 95 . Richmond Examiner, newspaper, note, 4635. Richmond Whig, newspaper, note 4641. Ricketts, Gen. James B., Bull Run, 4753- 4755 ; wounded, 4757; at Cedar Moun¬ tain, 5014; at Manassas, 5019; in battle of Antietam, 5045. Ridgefield, Conn., Arnold and Tryon fight at, 2566. Riedesel, Baron, Hessian troops command¬ ed by, 2473; at Ticonderoga, 2573, 2574; Bennington raid proposed by, 2601; his advice to Burgoyne before Saratoga, 2647; at Saratoga, 2648, 2652; retreat of, 2658; kindly treated by Schuyler, 2664, 2665. Riedesel, Madame, account of Burgoyne’s campaign by, 2570, 2635, note, 2636; suf¬ ferings of, 2661. Rienzi, Miss., Rosecrans ordered to, 5130. Rigand, Philippe de, governor-general of French colonies, 1362, 1363. Rigby, Alexander, buys “Plough Patent,” 951; died, 952. 216 GENERAL INDEX. Right of search under international law, 3063; France on, 3063, 3064; Frederick the Great on, 3063; Catherine of Russia on, 3063; English enforces, 3539; Jeffer¬ son on, 3858; English press on, 3861. Riley, Gen. Bennett, assumes charge of civil affairs in California, 4447. Ringmann, Prof., in court of duke of Lor¬ raine, 370. Rio Bravo river claimed as western bound¬ ary of Louisiana by Jefferson, 3754. Rio de Janeiro, Bay of, Pinzon and Solis on, 375; Magellan in, 409. Rio de la Plata discovered by Solis and De Lepe, 375; explored by Magellan, 409. Rio Grande river, stonework antiquities found south of, 147; Pike at the, 3760. Ripley, Eleazar W., reinforces Scott at Lundy’s Lane, 4063; returns to Chip¬ pewa, 4065. Ripley, Joseph, on Panama canal commis¬ sion of engineers, 5829. Ripley, Miss., Rosecrans pursues Van Dorn to, 5137 . Rising Sun tavern, at Germantown, Pa., 2628. Risingh, governor of New Sweden, cap¬ tured New Amstel, 1151. Ritchie, Thomas, editor of Daily Union, 4371 - Rittenhouse, David, his connection with Genet, 3467. River Queen, steamer, Lincoln on board of, . 5315 - Rives, John Cook, editor of Globe, 4370. Rives, William C., minister to France, 4220. Roads in colonial period, 1006, 2348. Roanoke, U. S. frigate, 4843, 4913, 4917. Roanoke Island, N. C., colony at, rescued by Drake, 596, 610; Simon Ferdinando in, 600; Barlowe visits chief on, 607; colony established, 608; Lane thinks place unsuitable, 609; Grenville’s men on, 612; first English child born on, 612; extinction of colony, 614, 615, 631; later settlement on, 1715; Burnside’s expedi¬ tion against, in 1861, 4874-4876; capture of, illus., facing 4876. Roanoke river, settlements on, ravaged by Tuscaroras, 1813; Gist on, 2026; Albe¬ marle on, 5174. Roanoke Sound, battle in, 4876. Roberts, Jonathan, proposes the prohibi¬ tion of slavery in Missouri, 4124. Robertson, Lieut.-Gen., tries to save Andre, 2987. Robertson, Senator, Chamberlain’s letter on the Hamburg massacre to, 5446, 5447. Robertson, James, in Dunmore’s war, 2772, 2773; commands troops against Indians, 3390 . Robertson, William, collector of customs for New York, 5570. Roberval, Seigneur de, commissioned to establish colony in Canada, 515; asso¬ ciated with Cartier, 516-518. Robeson, Geo. M., appointed secretary of navy, 54 19, 5522. Robin, Abbe, early Boston described by, 3142. Robinette, Fort, Miss., attack upon, 5135, 5 J 3 6 - Robinson, clerk of Pennsylvania provincial court, 1225. Robinson, Gen., aided in attack on Platts- burg, 4066. Robinson, president of Virginia council, takes place of governor, 1667. Robinson, Beverly, house of, illus., facing 2980; headquarters of Arnold, 2980; his efforts to save Andre, 2987. Robinson, Charles, elected governor of Kan-, sas by Free-soil party, 4552; indicted for treason, 4556. Robinson, Capt. Isaiah, commands the Sachem and Andrea Doria, 2866. Robinson, J. M., lieutenant-governor of Texas, 4278. Robinson, John, great separatist leader, character, 754, 804, 805; built up cplony in Leyden, 756; his writing, 757; his farewell letter, 764, 765; advised the compact, 767; opinion on destruction of Wituwamat, 787, 788; death, 816. Robinson, William, persecuted as Quaker, 936, 938; facsimile of his letters to Fox, facing 936. Rochambeau, Count de, arrives in Ameri¬ ca, 2970; Clinton attempts to capture, 2970; portrait, facing 2970; his head¬ quarters, illus., facing 2980; Clinton wants Andre’s case referred to, 2987; Washington and De Grasse cooperate with, 3068, 3073; at Wethersfield, Conn., 3070; movements after Yorktown, 3083; succeeds Leclere, 3735. Rochdale Hundred, Va., laid off by Dale, 672. Roche Du Bout, Wayne at, 3526. Rocheblave, French commander of Kas- kaskia, 2781. Rock creek, Pa., Slocum at, 5088. Rock Castle creek, Ky., Daniel Boone at, 2767. Rockingham, Marquis of, at head of old Whig ministry (1765), 2360; resigns, 2383; his American policy, 2717; on British peace manifesto, 2747; ministry GENERAL INDEX. 217 of, 3088, 3089; portrait, facing 3088; death, 3093. Rocky Mount, S. C., Turnbull at, 2921; Tories attempt to organize at, 2929; Sumter attacks, 2933; British garrison, 2944. Rocky Mountains, western boundary of French territorial claim, 2004, 2006. Rodes, Gen. R. E., killed in battle of Fish¬ er’s Hill, 5249. Rodgers, John, Jr., Adm., portrait, facing 4840; organizes inland navy, 4846; com¬ mands the Weehawkin, 4860; fight with the Atlanta, 4860; fleet of, 4920; com¬ mands flotilla on James river, 4989. Rodgers, John, Sr., Com., commands the General Monk in fight with the Hyder Ally, 2899, 2900; rank in U. S. navy, 3624; commander of the President, 3952, 3953 ; wounded, 3989; harasses British retreat from Alexandria, 4076. Rodman, Gen. I. P., in battle of Antietam, 5047, 5048; killed, 5048. Rodney, Admiral, character, note, 2870; arrives in New York, 2971; attacks and pillages St. Eustatius, 3065, 3066; re¬ turns to England, 3079; battle with De Grasse, 3091, 3092. Rodney, Caesar, in first continental con¬ gress, 2409; his influence on colony’s vote, 2499; portrait, facing 2500; man¬ ager in Chase impeachment trial, note, 3788; attorney-general, 3803, 3896; as¬ sists in Burr trial, 3838; appointed min¬ ister to Argentine republic, 4142. Rodondo, Don Antonio de, commanded Spanish expedition against Georgia in 1742, 1904; disgraced by his government for defeat, 1915. Roe, Sir Thomas, patentee in Plymouth council, 744; mouthpiece of Virginia company, 746. Roebling, John A., designs and builds Brooklyn bridge, 5588. Roebling, W. A., builds Brooklyn bridge, 5588 . Rogers, minister brought to Plymouth by Allerton, 819. Rogers, L. W., director American railway union, indictment, arrest and sentence of, 5673 , 5674 - Rogers, Capt. Woodes, drives pirates from Bahamas, 1822. Rogers, Col. W. P., at Corinth, 5136; killed in attack upon Ft. Robinette, 5136. Rogers, Maj. Robert, at Ticonderoga, 2188, 2192, 2193, 2200-2202; commander of “Rogers’ rangers,” 2192, 2277; concib'ates Indians on Lake Erie, 2279, 2280, 2283; accompanies Dalzell’s party against Pon¬ tiac, 2303, 2305. Rogers’ rangers at Ticonderoga, 2188, 2192, 2193; in conflict with Moland, 2201- 2210; in seven years’ war, origin of, 2217; as marines under Putnam, 2221; account of, 2277, 2278. Roldan, Francisco, revolts from Columbus, 331; put down, 334, 337; drowned, 338. Rolfe, John, marries Pocahontas, note, 645, note, 650, 674; colonial secretary, 656, note, 675; raised first tobacco crop in Virginia, 670; sends letter to Powhatan, 675 ; goes to England, note, 675, 676. Rolla, Mo., Curtis leaves, 5731. Rollins, Gen. John A., secretary of war, 5522; death, 5522. Roman, A. B., Confederate commissioner, 4661. Roman, Cape, touched by Villafane, 488. Roman law in New England, 910, 911. Romans learn shipbuilding, hi; maritime ability compared with that of other na¬ tions, in, 112; overwhelmed by barba¬ rians, 202, 203. Romayne, Dr., in plot to invade Louisiana, 3605. Rome, Ga., Soto encamped near site of, 472. Rome, Italy, crusaders in, 44; intercourse with Constantinople, 53; printing-press in, 61; spherical shape of earth known in, 95; a maritime power, 105; warships of, in; inhabitants of, differ from Ital¬ ians, in; memorial services for McKin - ley in, 5790. Romney, British sloop-of-war, 2389, 2390. Roosevelt, Theodore, secures taxation of public franchises in New York, 5697; “Rough Riders” commanded by, 5728; nominated for vice-president, 5769, 5770; succeeds McKinley, 5788; statement re¬ garding policy of, 5788; first official message to congress, 5791; on anarchy, 5791, 5792; on trusts, 5792; on labor question, 5793; on over-capitalization, 5793 ; on tariff, 5793; on Cuba and the Philippines, 5793, 5794; on Monroe doc¬ trine, 57941 investigation of coal strike in 1902, 5810-5815; nominated for pres¬ ident, 5819; sketch of, note, 5819, 5820; election of, 5820; his second cabinet, 5821; portrait, facing 5821; position on the post-office scandal, 5825; on Panama canal, 5831; effects peace between Rus¬ sia and Japan, 5833, 5834; annual mes¬ sage (1905), 5838-5840; opposes spoils system in consular appointments, 5845; on railroad rates, 5847, 5853, 5854; Y 218 GENERAL INDEX. opinion of 59th congress, 5883, 5884; on Chinese immigration question, 5905. “Roosevelt’s Quack,” negro burned in panic of “Negro Plot,” 1578, 1579. Root, Elihu, secretary of war, 5772; suc¬ ceeds Hay as secretary of state, 5821, 5833; on treaty of 1818, 5962, 5963. Root, Joseph M., speaks against slavery and disunion in house, 4449, 4450. Rose, George Henry, British envoy to America, 3869; negotiations in Chesa¬ peake controversy, 3871-3874; leaves Washington, 3875. Rose, Sir John, consults Grant on war claims, 5505. Rose, British ship, 1308; in Boston har¬ bor, 1319, 1321. Rosecrans, Gen. William, attacks Pegram, 4742; succeeds McClellan, 4771; in the Shenandoah valley, 4797; enters Corinth, 5108; succeeds Buel as commander of department of the Ohio, 5126; reorgan¬ izes, 5128; portrait, facing 5128; con¬ centrates forces at Nashville, 5128; or¬ dered to Jacinto and Rienzi, 5130; ordered to attack Iuka, 5130; marches upon Iuka, 5131; ignores Grant’s order, 5131; battle with Price, 5132; ordered to Corinth, by Grant, 5132; in army of the West, 5133; strength of forces under, 5134; plans to resist attack at Corinth, 5134; in battle of Corinth, 5135; pursues Van Dorn to Ripley, 5136, 5137; recalled by Grant, 5137; reply to Grant, 5137; order to his troops, 5138; battle of Mur¬ freesboro, 5151-5153; strength of forces before battle, 5154; losses, 5154; re¬ lieved of command of army of the Cumberland, 5154; sent to Missouri, 5155; Burnside to reinforce, 5157, or¬ dered to drive Johnston into Georgia, 5159; plan of campaign, 5160; object of campaign, 5161; plan of advance of, 5161; reaches Chattanooga, 5161; battle of Chickamauga, 5162-5164; losses, 5164; at Chattanooga, 5164; food supply cut off, 5164; at St. Louis, 5202; in Mis¬ souri, 5257. Ross, Col., at Ft. Donelson, 4822. Ross, E. G., votes against impeachment of Johnson, 5412. Ross, George, portrait, facing 2500. Ross, James, Gallatin succeeded by, 3486. Ross,* Maj.-Gen. Robert, sails for Chesa¬ peake Bay, 4070; at battle of Bladens- burg, 4073; enters Washington, 4075; advances on Baltimore, 4076; death, 4077. .. _ Rossiter, citizen of Guilford, 1424. Roswell, Sir Henry, one of first Massa¬ chusetts association, 864. Rotterdam, Holland, aids Moravians, 1867. Rouen, parliament of, 9; colony from, 520. Rouen, Archbishop of, supports Sulpitians in Montreal, 1983. Rouse, John, punished as Quaker, 841, 933. Rousseau, Confederate commodore, organ¬ izes fleet at New Orleans, 4899, 4900. Rousseau, Gen. Lovell H., sends troops to defend Louisville, 4806; at Murfrees¬ boro, 5152; at Cleveland convention, 5377 - Rowland, Thomas F., monitor built in pri¬ vate yard of, 4910. Rowlandson, Mrs., captured by Indians, 1296. Rowley, Mass., cloth-making at, 3124. Roxbury, Mass., part of Massachusetts Bay colony, 879; Anne Hutchinson at, 909; opposed tax for Newtown, 962. Roxbury Heights, Mass., fortifications of, 2456. Royal Americans, in second attack on Ft. Duquesne, 2167; in Niagara expedition in 1759, 2223, 2247, 2262. “Royal Greens,” Johnson organizes, 2486; in St. Leger expedition, 2584, 2586; Wyoming invaded by, 2750. Ruddell’s Station, Ky. (Ruddell’s Mills), Indians under Col. Byrd destroy, 2792. Rugely’s Mill, S. C., British detachment at, 2944. Ruger, Gen. Thomas H., Grant’s instruc¬ tions to, on South Carolina election, 5448-5451. Ruggles, Gen. Daniel, brigade at Pittsburg Landing, 5103. Ruggles, Timothy, chairman of stamp act convention, 2377; loyalist leader, 2417. Ruiz, Sancho, pilot of Columbus, 315. Rule of 1756, 379 L 3810, 3898, 3899, 3908. “Rules for the Trial of Witchcraft,” by Sir Matthew Hale, 1328. Rum, prohibition of, in Georgia contested, 1877; introduced in Georgia, 1919, 1920; contest over tariff on, 3344, 3345. Rumsey, James, invented a steamboat, 3121, 3695 - Runyon, Gen. Theodore, division command¬ er, 4748; Johnston’s statement regarding division of, note, 4765. Rush, Dr. Benjamin, portrait, facing 2500; intrigues against Washington, 2532, 2693, 2701; appointed surgeon-general, 2708. Rush, Richard, declines treasury portfolio, 4045; minister to Great Britain, 4102; negotiates with Canning in regard to GENERAL INDEX. 219 the recognition of the South American republics, 4144-4147; appointed secretary of treasury, 4169; nominated vice-presi¬ dent, 4190; on naval force on great lakes, 5870. Rusk, Jeremiah, secretary of agriculture, 5624. Russell, Gen. D. A., killed in battle of Fisher’s Hill, 5249. Russell, Lord John, provokes revolt in Can¬ ada, 4310; on Trent affair, 4929-4932; on slavery, 4935; policy during civil war, 4938 , 4940 , 494 L 4943 5 attempt to ignore Confederate states, 5230; offensive at¬ titude, 5503. Russell, Jonathan, senate refuses to con¬ firm his appointment as minister to Sweden, 4015; appointed on peace com¬ mission (1813), 4045; attacked Adams* conduct at Ghent, 4163. Russellville, Ky., Secession convention at, 4808, 4809. Russia opened to Europe, 589; George ap¬ plies to, for troops in American revo¬ lution, 2472; opposes continental system of Napoleon, 3955; offers to mediate between the United States and Great Britain in war of 1812, 4011, 4012; claims American territory, 4148, 4149; ratifies agreement with United States in regard to northwestern coast of America, 4165; friendship for the Union, 4924; on for¬ eign intervention in the civil war, 4940; demands indemnity for Boxer outrages, 5833 - Russo-Japanese war, its outbreak and the conference which closed it, 5833, 5834. Rutgers, Elizabeth, her lawsuit against Waddington, 3139. Rutgers college, New Brunswick, N. J., early history of, 3132. Rutherford, Gen., commanded North Caro¬ lina militia, 2818, 2819; opposed Raw- don’s march, 2947; at the Pedee river, 2942; wounded and captured, 2955. Rutledge, Edward, motion in congress on independence of, 2497; portrait, facing 2500; on Ft. Sullivan, 2506; president of the provincial congress, 2506; powder furnished by, 2509; on committee to consult with Howe, 2517. Rutledge, John, governor of South Caro¬ lina, 2818; militia enrolled, 2820; on surrender of Charleston, S. C., 2824; correspondence with D’Estaing, 2827; dictatorial power given, 2906; Lincoln sends him out of Charleston, 2910; corn- emission officers, note, 2999; assists Greene, 3015; delegate to the Philadel¬ phia convention, 3270; sketch of, 3270; electoral vote for vice-president of, 3326; justice of the supreme court, 3339, 357o; as chief justice, 3570. Rutledge, Timothy, in first continental con¬ gress, 2409. Ruysch’s world map, note, 411. Ruyter, Michel Ade, Dutch admiral, 1144, 1497. Ryswick, treaty of, news reaches Massa¬ chusetts, 1349; enables England to man¬ age colonies, 1477; influences Frontenac’s plans, 1552; restores Acadia to France, 1958; on claims of France in America, note, 2011. S. Saale, North German Lloyd’s steamship in the Hoboken fire, 5783. Sabbath Day Point, Lake George so named by Gen. - Abercrombie, 2190. Sabine City, Tex. (Sabine Pass), federal post in civil war, 4864, 4867, 4898. Sabine Cross-Roads, La., battle of, 5258. Sabine Peninsula, Me., site of Popham col¬ ony, 729. Sabine river, Wilkinson defends line of the, 3831; Spanish limits at the, 3832; boundary of Louisiana, 3943; Crocker raids, 4865. Sable Cape, fur trade begins on, 1936; the La Tours at, 1936-1938, 1940, 1941. Sable Island, near Nova Scotia, Marquis de la Roche on, 519; Sir Humphrey Gilbert coasts, 602. Sachem, American ship, 2866. Sackett, W. Augustus, speaks against sla¬ very and disunion in house, 4449, 4450. Sackett’s Harbor, American base in war of 1812, 3995, 3996, 4026, 4049, 4050, 4052, 4053; view of, facing 4048; British de¬ feat at, 4051. Saco (city), Me., owes settlement to Richard Vines, 739; also Richard Bony- thon, 950; Gorges’ council holds first meeting at, 948; annexed to Massachu¬ setts Bay, 952. Saco Bay, Me., noted by Champlain, 525. Sacos, Indian tribe, in Maine, swept away . by plague, note, 733. Sacramento, Cal., strike at, 5671. Sag Harbor, N. Y., Meigs destroys British magazine at, 2567. Saga, in Iceland, 206; describes adventures of Bjarne, 208, 209; of Lief Ericsson, 212-216; of Thorvald Ericsson, 216-218; of Thorstein Ericsson, 218-220; of Thor- 220 GENERAL INDEX. finn Karlsefne, 219-227, note, 229, 237, 242; Madoc story, 246. Sagadahoc river. Mo., fort at, 729, note, 733 , 734 5 legend of Indians at, note, 731; boundary of “State County,” 793; “Fam- ilists” fail to settle on, 848; dividing line between grants of Gorges and Lord Alexander, 856. Saguenay river, Canada, found by Cartier, 511; Champlain explored, 521, 529. Sahcajahweah, the bird woman, with Lewis and Clark expedition, 3758; services of, 3758 , 3759 - Sailor’s Creek, Va., Sheridan captures Ewell’s corps at, 5290. St. Albans, Vt., Young’s raid in, 5206; Canadian government refunds money to, 5207- St. Andrews, Ga., visited by Oglethorpe; 1883; fort at, built by Oglethorpe, 1884; invaded by Spanish in 1742, 1906. St. Augustine, Fla., founded, 168, 490; named by Vespucci, 355; Solis at, 375; Ponce de Leon takes possession of, 388, 389; Spanish occupy, 49 b 493 , 495 , 497 ; destroyed by Drake, 500; Spaniards re¬ tired from Jamestown to, 657; Spaniards at, made peace with Gov. Archdale, * 793 ; attacked by Carolina colonists, 1796, 1797; tabby used in, 1883; notified of Oglethorpe’s boundary, 1884; attacked by Oglethorpe, 1897-1899; landing-place of Spanish expedition in 1742, 1904; Spaniards returned to, after invasion of Georgia, 1915; Provost’s headquarters at, 2811; Charles Lee’s expedition against, 2812; Gadsden sent to, 2993; Matthews captures, in 1812, 3973; Com¬ modore Rogers at, 4878; submits to the United States, 4878. St. Botolph’s church, Boston, Eng., illus., facing 876; John Cotton, ex-rector of, 8 93 • Saint-Castin, Jean Vincent de l’Abadie, Baron, sketch of, 1368. Saint-Castin, Joseph, Baron, 1368. St. Catherine’s Bay, Cartier at, 508. St. Catherine’s Island, Ga., deeded to the Bosomworths by Malatche, 1926, 1932. St. Charles river, Cartier on, 511; Jesuit mission established on, i960; boundary of French intrenchments, 2237; French fleet in, 2243. St. Christopher, West Indies, Swedes at, 581. St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, at Trenton, 2540; appointed major-general, 2564; super¬ sedes Gates, 2564; at Ticonderoga, 2568-2572; reaches Castleton, 2573; at Ft. Edward, 2574; criticisms on, note. 2575, note, 2576, note, 2577; congress recalls, 2578, 2908; troops snub, 3056; governor of the northwest territory, 3197, 3380, 3381; his Indian expedition and its defeat, 3381, 3411, 3413, 3422; Washington’s anger at, 3418; Wayne succeeds, 3420; announces end of Ind¬ ian war, 3530. St. Clair, Sir John, wounded at Braddock’s defeat, 2076. St. Clair -Lake, French established on, 2284. St. Clement, French ship, 1945-1951. St. Clement’s Island, Md., Lord Balti¬ more’s expedition landed on, 1070. St. Cloud, Fort, at Nashville, Tenn., view of, facing 4824. St. Croix Island selected for colony of de Monts, 524, 621; devastated by Argali, 676. St. Croix river. New Brunswick, boundary of Sir William Alexander’s territory, 750; the true, 3641. St. Die, Duke of Lorraine’s court at, 361; accepts Vespucci’s letters, 370. St. Eustatius, West Indies, Admiral Rod¬ ney captures and pillages, 3065; Hol¬ land recovers, 3085. St. Francis river, Soto found, 475. St. George Fort, Fla., built and abandoned by Oglethorpe, 1884. St. George Island, Popham’s colony at, 728. St. Helena, S. C., attempts to settle, 1738. St. Helena Bay, Fla., Spanish settlement at, 497. St. Helena Island, S. C., attacked by Span¬ iards, 1742. St. Ignace, Jesuit Huron mission town, destroyed by Iroquois, 1971. St. Jean, Fort, also called Ft. La Tour, 1942; D’Aunay attempts to take, 1945; Mme. de La Tour arrives at, 1952; captured by D’Aunay, 1953; gained by La Tour from widow of D’Aunay, T 957 - St. John, island of, West Indies, proposed purchase of, by United States, 5477, 5478; English view of transaction, 5478. St. John river, N. S., Claude de La Tour has grant on, 1938; first Jesuit mission among Hurons on, 1963, 1964; fort on, captured by English, 2120. St. John’s, landing of Sir Humphrey Gil¬ bert, 601; silver found at, 602. St. John’s, Quebec, captured and sackarf by Arnold, 2447, 2448; British reoccupy, GENERAL INDEX. 221 2475; Montgomery besieges and cap¬ tures, 2475; Fenians propose to capture, 5499; O’Neill at, 5500, 5502. St. John’s Island, in Gulf of St. Lawrence, see Prince Edward Island. St. Johns river, Fla., discovered by Cor- dillo, 397; sought by de Ayllon, 397; perhaps reached by Cabot, 437; visited by Ribault, 480; called river of May, 480; settled on by Laudonniere, 482; Menendez attacks French at mouth of, 489; de Gourgues enters, 498; San Pedro built on, 499; boundary of Caro¬ lina grant of Charles II., 1722; claimed as boundary by Oglethorpe, 1884; limit of English sovereignty over Creek lands in 1859, 1891; Federal gunboats patrol, 4879 . St. Joseph Fort, Mich., captured by the Indians, 2308, 2309. St. Joseph, Mich., on site of French fort, 2005. St. Joseph, Jesuit mission among Hurons, destroyed by Iroquois, 1970. St. Joseph, Sisterhood of, established at Montreal by Sulpitians, 1977. St. Lawrence, Gulf of, probably explored by Cabot, 433; explored by Champlain, 522; boundary of Acadia, 523; omitted from charters by London and Plymouth companies, 743; lands on given up to France in 1763, 2334. St. Lawrence, U. S. frigate, sinks the Petrel, 4903; attempts to attack the Merrimac, 4917. St. Lawrence church, London, John Dav¬ enport, rector of, 985. St. Lawrence river, Champlain on, 500; thought to be northwest passage, 510; explored by Cartier, 511-513; Roberval on, 518; Champlain on, 521, 522; fur traders wish to dominate, 526; colony on, by Champlain, 529, 532, 533, 1059; tribes on, ask aid, 530, 535; Richelieu interested in colony on, 538; French claims on, respected by English, 627; reputed to be the route to the South sea, 649; Plymouth company plans to take in, 744; boundary of Laconia grant, 845 ; boundary of Abenaki coun¬ try, 1361; Indian commerce on, 1522; real centre of French settlements, 1933; vast tract on, given to Sir Alexander, 1935; boundary of D’Aunay’s grant, 1955; boundary of French possessions in America, 1986; in chain of French defenses, 2005; Bienville’s expedition on, 2010; closed to the French in 1758, 2177, 2178; route of attack on Canada in 1759, 2214; fierce tides of, 2257; impassable in winter, 2272, 2273; lands on, given up by France in 1763, 2334; operations on, in war of 1812, 3995; proposed tolls over water-ways con¬ necting, 5644. St. Lazarus, name given to the Philippine Islands by Magellan, 415. St. Legers, Col. Barry, sketch of, note, 2584; expedition against Ft. Stanwix, 2584, 2598; portrait, facing 2586; at battle of Oriskany, 2588-2594. St. Louis, Ala., Appalachian remnant goes to, 1799. St. Louis, Can., Jesuit mission destroyed by Iroquois, 1971. St. Louis, Mo., established by French in 1764, 2005 ; Southern hotel marks Pon¬ tiac’s burial-place, 2308; Pontiac killed near, 2308; G. R. Clark’s expedition to, 2780-2782; Sinclair’s expedition attacks, 2791; Lewis and Clark return to, 3759; Pike at, 3759; Burr and Wilkinson at, 3823; Germans in, opposed to slavery and secession, 4703; Lyon defends, 4704; its condition in 1861, 4708; excite¬ ment in, over Fremont’s removal, 4725; Gen. Price threatens, 5257; John¬ son makes speech in, 5378; Democratic convention at, 5544; railroad strike of 1877 at, 5553; railroad strike in east St. Louis, 5599; Democratic national convention of 1888, 5622; national Dem¬ ocratic convention of 1904, 5817. St. Louis, Fort, Can., beginning of Quebec, 529; Champlain refuses to surrender to English, 538. St. Louis, Fort, Ill., established by La. Salle, 1996; reached by La Salle’s sur¬ vivors, 1997, 1998. St. Louis, Fort, Tex., destroyed by Ind¬ ians, 1998. St. Louis, U. S. gunboat, in attack on Ft. Henry, 4814; in attack on Ft. Donel- son, 4819, 4820; at Island No. 10, 4833; at Pensacola, 4843. St. Malo, Brittany, birthplace of Cartier, 507; he sails from, 508, 510; returns to, 510, 515; colony of De Monts returns to, 528. St. Mark, flag of Venice, raised in North America, 425. St. Mark’s, Fla., objective point of Moore’s expedition against Appalachians, 1798; seized by Jackson, 4109. St. Mark’s Bay, Fla., probably reached by Narvaez, 462. 9 99 / ) / J Z J GENERAL INDEX. St. Mary’s Island, Azores, Columbus at, 3 U- St. Mary of the Onondagas, Jesuit mission, 1975 - St. Mary’s, Md., capital of oLrd Balti¬ more’s province, 1075; Ingle flees from, 1083; capital transferred to Providence, Md., 1090; British government sends instructions to, 1904; headquarters of Catholic party, 1103; given up as cap¬ ital, 1707. St. Mary’s Falls canal, proposed suspen¬ sion of Canadian vessels through, 5644. St. Mary’s river, Md., Baltimore’s expedi¬ tion on, 1070, 1072; connected with Savannah river, 1883; final boundary of Georgia, 1884, 2142, 2336; Spanish fleet in (1742), 1905; Nicolet explores its rapids, 1958; Florida boundary at, 3563 . St. Paul Island, in Pacific, seen by Magel¬ lan, 413. St. Peter’s Island, N. S., an early meeting- place for ships, 515. St. Petersburg, Russia, McKinley memor¬ ial services at, 5790. St. Philip, Port Royal Sound, stockade built by Menendez, 496, 497; aban¬ doned, 500. St. Philip, Fort, guards New Orleans, 4881; location and description, 4885; Bailey attacks, 4888, 4890. St. Pierre, French leader in New France, 169; French commandant in Ft. Le Boeuf receives message from Gov. Din- widdie, 2030, 2034, 2035, 2038. St. Simon, Marquis de, landing and opera¬ tions of, 3079. St. Simon’s Bay, fight between Spaniards and Oglethorpe in, 1906, 1907. St. Simon’s Island, Ga., fortified by Ogle¬ thorpe, 1882; Spaniards invade, 1905, 1907. St. Stephen’s, London, John Davenport’s church, 985. St. Thomas, West Indies, view of, facing 5476; Porter recommends as a naval base, 5476; proposition to purchase, 5477; Denmark’s demands regarding, 5477, 5478; English views of transaction* 5478; tariff and the purchase of, 5479; earthquake in, 5479; change of senti¬ ment regarding the purchase, 5480; vote to be annexed to United States, 5480; Denmark ratifies treaty for pur¬ chase of, 5481; attitude of European powers on treaty concerning, 5481; Grant favors treaty, 5481; Sumner opposes, 5482. St. Vincent, West Indies, D’Estaing con¬ quers, 2827. Sainte Marie, Falls of, French formally claim northwest during great meeting at, 1990. Sainte Marie of the Hurons, Jesuit mis¬ sion, 1966; spared from Iroquois de¬ struction, 1971; given up, 1972. Salamanca, university of Spain, sphericity of earth taught at, 95; Ferdinand and Isabella at, 285. Salary grab, congress on the, 5511. Salcedo, Spanish governor, on closure of Mississippi to American commerce, 3737 - Salem, Mass., site in Mason’s grant, 790; •note, 823; origin of name, 866; church at, 878, 879; Endicot at, 882; deals with R. Williams, 900-904; helps found Har¬ vard college, 912; the Southwicks in, 932; Quakers preach in, 937; capitalists in, in early times, 1283; witchcraft delusion in, 1330; merchants of, petition for Louisbourg expedition, 1390; made port of entry by Port bill, 2406; assem¬ bly meets in, in 1774, 2407; general court ordered to convene at, 2417; pro¬ vincial congress organized at, 2417; British attempt to capture cannon at, 2419; marine industry of, 3118; mer¬ chants of, protest against “Essex” deci¬ sion, 3809. Salem, O., Moravian settlement of Dela¬ ware Indians, 2805. Saline , U. S. sailing vessel, 4803. Salinero, Giulio, prophesies greatness of Columbus, 288. Salisbury, Earl of, a leader of London company, 627. Salisbury, Lord, on bimetalism, 5683. Salisbury, N. C., Buford retreats to, 2915; Cornwallis at, 3028; frigate Alliance , built at, 3118; captured by Stoneman, 5270. Salmon Falls, N. H., French and Indian massacre in, 1542. Salmon river, discovery of source, 3758. Salmoneus, king of Elis, perhaps had gun¬ powder, 75. Salt, debate over tariff on, 3346. Salt Lake, Utah, convention of Mormons at, 5617. Salt Lake city, dedication of the Mormon temple at, 5666. Salt river, chart of, facing 4426. GENERAL INDEX. 223 Saltcatchers (now Salkatachie, N. C.), Yemassees defeated at, 1820. Saltonstall,. Capt. Dudley, position in navy, 2863; in expedition against British at Penobscot, 2882. Saltonstall, Gurdon, governor of Connecti¬ cut, 1002. Saltonstall, Sir Richard, one of Warwick patentees, 849, 867, 874; portrait, facing 864; no favoritism towards, 883, 886; house of, 892; answers charges against colony, 894; one of founders of Say- brook, 958; sends party to settle Wind¬ sor, 960. Saltonstall, Richard, justice in special court for witchcraft cases, 1335; resigns, 1337; joins in “Ipswich letter” to Gov. Win- throp, 1948. Saltville, Va., salt-works burned by Stone- man, 5270. Saluda river, S. C., Ninety-six on, 2914; Sumter on, 3047. Salvador, Central America, reciprocity treaty with, 5645. Samana or Atwood’s Key, Bahama Islands, 305 . Samana Bay, Santo Domingo, European efforts to secure, 5495; Grant’s mes¬ sage on, 5495. Samar, one of Philippine Islands, sighted by Magellan, 414. Samoa, complications with Germany over, 5636-5638; U. S. treaty with, 5636; Ger¬ many secures treaty with, 5636; civil war in, 5636; Germany tries to secure possession of, 5637; establishment of protectorate over, 5637; Germany’s ef¬ forts to control, 5637-5639; disastrous hurricane at, 5639; commission settles difficulties by partitioning the islands, 5753 . Samoset, Indian friend of Pilgrims, 775. Sampson, William T., admiral, commands north Atlantic squadron in 1898, 5717; approves Hobson’s plan, 5726; portrait, facing 5732; destroys Cervera’s fleet, 5732, 5733; on Cuban military commis¬ sion, 5736. Samson, British ship, lost on northern voy¬ age, 588. San Antonio, Magellan’s deserting ship, 412. Sandacourt, Jean de, in court of Duke of Lorraine, 370. Sanders, leader of Weston’s colony, 785. San Domingo, West Indies, founded, 328; mutiny at, 334, note, 338; sends help to Darien, 377; Menendez sends ship thither, 491; slave trade in, 497; Ad¬ miral Penn defeated at, 1186; Natchez Indians sent to, 1862; Napoleon’s effort to secure, 3732; L’Ouverture revolution in, 3732 , 3733 , 3735 , 3807; Leclerc in, 3732, 3733 ; French reconquer, 3733; French troops in, decimated by yellow fever, 3734; congressional bill against trade with, 3807; its proposed annexa¬ tion to the United States, 5494-5496; Grant favors proposition, 5494-5496; congress opposes treaty with, 5495, 5496; Cleveland on the treaty with, 5594; reci¬ procity treaty with, in 1891, 5645; treaty negotiated with, in 1905, 5824, 5825. Sandusky, O., Cayugas at, 1518; Senecas at, 1519; on the site of old fort, 2005; English traders detained at, 2011; French at, gain control of Wyandots, 2018; French at, informed of decision of Miami council, 2026; vessels seized by John Y. Beal near, 5205. Sandusky, Fort, O., taken by Pontiac, 2308, 2309; Col. Bradstreet frightened from, 2326. Sandusky river, Moravians ordered by El¬ liott to move to the head of, 2806. Sandwich, Can., Hull captures, 3982; Hull evacuates, 3984; Brock at, 3985. Sandwich, Mass., settled by Plymouth men, 829. “Sandy Foundation Shaken,” in work by Wm. Penn, 1190. Sandy Hook, Maj^ explored, 551; Howe’s fleet at, 2740; D’Estaing anchors off, 2752. Sandys, Sir Edwin, one of drafters of third Virginia charter, 667; draws up form of government, 678, 679; embroiled with Sir Thomas Smith, 688; portrait, facing 688; aims for democratic gov¬ ernment, 689; imprisoned, 690, 749; his brother goes out to colony, 691; at va¬ riance with James I,, 697, 702, 707; compared with Gorges, 726; protests to privy council, 745. Sandys, George, treasurer of Virginia, 691; assistant, 710. San Francisco captured, 4382; destroyed by earthquake and fire, 5875-5877; effect of earthquake in, illus., facing 5876; aid sent, 5877-5879; safety of shipping facilities, 5879, 5880; “Sons of the American Revolution” organized, 5913, 5914; immigrant station, 5980. San Francisco, Bay of, probably occupied by Drake, 593, and note, 593. San Ildefonso, treaty of, 3730; treaty of Morfontaine contradicts, 3730. 224 GENERAL INDEX. Sanitary commission in McClellan’s army at Harrison’s Landing, 4993. San Jacinto, U. S. cruiser, in Trent affair, 4925 - San Jose, Cal., losses by earthquake, 5881, 5882. San Juan, Cuba, view of, facing 5728. San Juan, P. R., Americans occupy, 5734; view of, facing 5736. San Juan Hill, Cuba, attack on, 5729. San Juan River, Nicaragua, note, 631. San Lucar, Spanish port, Columbus at, 329, 340; Ovando at, 336; Magellan sails from, 407; remnant of expedition re¬ turns to, 419; Sebastian Cabot sails from, 441; Narvaez sails from, 460; excited over Soto’s expedition, 466. San Martins, West Indies, discovered by Columbus, 323. San Mates, Fla. (formerly Ft. Caroline), Spanish at, 493 , 495 - 497 , 499- San Miguel, Spanish settlement on the present side of Jamestown, Va., 398, 399. San Miguel, Mex., De Vaca at, 463. San Miguel, Gulf of, named by Balboa, 383; settlements on, 385. San Pablo Island, barren island seen by Magellan, 413. San Pedro, fort on St. Johns river, Fla., 499. San Pelayo, flagship of Menendez, 489. San Pietro Island, Sardinia, Columbus at, 269. San Salvador, Bahama Islands, discovered by Columbus, 305. San Sebastian, Columbia, settled by Ojeda, 376, 382. San Sebastian, Spain, France confiscates American vessel at, 3919, 3920. Sans-Culottes, French privateer, 3465. Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, elected president of Mexico, 4275; leads Mexi¬ can army against Texas, 4280-4282; de¬ feated and taken prisoner, 4282, 4283; exile of, 4371; returns to Mexico, 4384; siege of Monterey, 4385; at Buena Vis¬ ta, 4389; Cerro Gordo, 4393; peace ne¬ gotiations with Trist, 4394; Contreras and Cherubusco, 4396; evacuation of City of Mexico, 4400; correspondence with Scott called for by the house, 4419. Santa Argo (Cape Verde Islands), rem¬ nant of Magellan’s expedition at, 419. Santa Cruz, Spanish name of Brazil, 378. Santa Cruz Islands, West Indies, discov¬ ered by Columbus, 323; Luna’s men winter at, 487; proposition of United States to purchase, 5477; Denmark’s demands regarding, 5477. Santa Fe, N. M., founded later than St. Augustine, 490; taken by Gen. Kearny, 4382. , Santa Fe, Spain, Columbus at, 292, 294. Santa Maria, Columbian caravel, 296, 303; picture, facing 296; reproduction of Co¬ lumbus’ caravel, 5657. Santa Maria de la Concepcion, West Ind¬ ies, found by Columbus, 308. Santangel, Luis de, favors Columbus, 291; lends him money, 293. Santarem, Viscount de, keeper of Portu¬ guese archives, 364. Santa Rosa Bay (Ichuse), Spanish colony near, 487. Santee river, S. C., Villafane goes to, 488; revolutionary campaign around, 2913, 2990, 2992, 3008, 3038, 3042; Irish settle¬ ment near, 2936. Santiago (city), Cuba, Hobson’s attempt to blockade harbor channel, 5725, 5726; plan to attack, 5728; number of Spanish troops in, 5728; Shafter demands sur¬ render of, 5729; Toral refuses to sur¬ render, 5729, 5730; bombardment of, 5730; Toral offers to evacuate, 5730; surrender of, 5731; naval battle at, 5731- 57331 view of naval battle at, in 1898, facing 5736. Santiago de Cuba, province of, condition at the close of the war, 5737; reestab¬ lishing order in, 5737, 5738. Santiago de Cuba, U. S. vessel, 4845. Santo Domingo, see San Domingo. Sanute, Yemassee chief, 1819, 1820. Saometo Island, West Indies' discovered by Columbus, 309. Sapello Island, Ga., deeded to Bosomworth by Malatche, 1926. Saratoga, N. Y., massacre at, in 1746, 1590; first battle, 2638-2644; plan of the bat¬ tles, facing 2638; English and American intrenchments at, 2646, 2647; second bat¬ tle, 2648-2654; Burgoyne’s surrender, 2664. Saratoga, proposed state of, 3162. Saratoga, U. S. ship, cruise and fate, 2897; in battle of Plattsburg, 4067, 4068. Sardinia, Columbus in, 269. Sargasso sea, Arab expedition to, 244; alarmed Spaniards, 300. Sargeant, John, nominated for vice-pres¬ ident, 4239; obtains Tyler’s opinion on bank bill, 4345; presents new bank bill to house, 4345. GENERAL INDEX. 225 Sargent, F. P., commissioner-general, re¬ port on immigrants arriving in 1905, 5982, 5983. Sargent, Winthrop, appointed secretary of the northwest territory, 3197; governor of Mississippi, 3641. Sassacus, Pequot chief, killed, 979. Sassacus, Union ram, in attack upon Plym¬ outh, 5174- Satouriona, Florida chieftain, 482; French planned to entrap, 484. Saturiba, chieftain in Florida, in league with De Gourgues, 498. Saugatuck river, Conn., Arnold and Tryon at, 2566. Saugus, Mass. (Lynn), in Massachusetts Bay colony, 879; Tarratine Indians at, 887. Saunders, Admiral, transports Wolfe’s army to Quebec in 1759, 2236; accom¬ panies Wolfe on examination of French defenses, 2242. Saunders, W. M., started the “Loyal League,” 5460. Saunder’s Creek, S. C., in revolutionary campaign, 2946, 2948, 2951. Savage, British ship, captured in revolu¬ tion, 2899. Savage’s Station, Va., location, 4961; Mc¬ Clellan’s headquarters, 4982; battle at, 4983 - Savannah, Ga., site of, selected by Ogle¬ thorpe, 1849; built, 1850, 1851, 1853; fort at, 1852; division of labor at, 1852, 1853; sickness at, 1853; in 1733 has common garden, 1853, 1854; grows rap¬ idly, 1863; Moravians entertained in, 1867; scene of the Bosomworths’ at¬ tempt for power, 1927, 1932; occupied by Gen. Prevost during revolution, 2337; map of campaign around, facing 2812; Clinton’s objective in southern cam¬ paign, 2813; Prevost occupies, 2813, 2816, 2827; French and Americans be¬ siege, 2827-2830; plan of the siege, illus., facing 2828; British garrison, 2920; evacuated by British, 3083; blockade at, 4855; blockade running at, 4857, 4858; attempt to break blockade at, 4859; the Atlanta at, 4860; federals threaten, 4877, 4878; effect of the news of sur¬ render of Ft. Pulaski on, 4481; map of Sherman’s march to, facing 5272; orders of Sherman to fleets at, 5272; roads near, barricaded, 5275; Sherman occu¬ pies, 5276; capture of Ft. McAllister, 5277; Sherman demands surrender of, 5278; evacuated by Hardee, 5278; Sher¬ man enters, 5278; Foster in command at, 5310. Savannah, Tenn., location of, 5097 - Savannah, Confederate privateer, 4901, 4902. Savannah river, shell-heaps on, 129; reached by Soto, 471; charter boundary of Georgia, 1841; used as line of defence for South Carolina, 1845, 1854; lands on, ceded to Oglethorpe by Indians, 1891 ‘, in revolutionary campaigns, 2814, 2818, 2819, 2914. Saxe, Marshal, noted French general, Dies- kau serves under, 2090. Saxons in America, 240; in England, 257. Say and Sele, Lord, employed Hocking to steal fur trade, 832; one of grantees in Warwick patent, 849; buys land bn Cocheco river, 946; one of founders of Saybrook, 958; portrait, facing 958; on committee of Plantations, 1417; favor¬ able to Connecticut colony, 1419, 1420. Saybrook, Conn., extent of grant, 849; cir¬ cumstances of founding, 958; history of, 959; John Winthrop, Jr., governor, 969; opposed to Pequot war, 971; occupied by John Winthrop the younger, 1120; first site of Yale college, 1444; Saybrook platform adopted at, 1448; Yale college removed from, 1451; Capt. Bull meets Andros at, 1507. Saybrook platform established for church discipline, 1448. Sayle, Col. William, commands expedition in 1670 for Port Royal, 1734, 1735; made governor of South Carolina, 1734; dies, 1735; brings “grand frame” for govern¬ ment of South Carolina, 1750. Scammell, Alexander, appointed adjutant- general, 2708. Schenk, Gen. Robert C., in army of the Potomac, 4747; at Bull Run, 4755; de¬ feated by Jackson near Stanton, 4798; on joint high commission, 5506; on U. S. war claims, 5508; reply of Fish to, 5508 . Schenectady, N. Y., colonial post, 1504; attacked b}r French and Indians, 1537, 1539-1542; Gov. Fletcher at, 1550; limit of French attack, on Iroquois, 1986; Shirley at, 2086; Oneida Indians at, 2843- Schley, Adm. Winfield S., portrait fac¬ ing 573 2 i in temporary command of fleet at battle of Santiago, 5732; on Porto Rico military commission, 5736. Schlosser, Ensign, commander at Ft. St. Joseph, 1763; captured, 2310. 226 GENERAL INDEX. Schmitz, mayor of San Francisco at time of earthquake, 5876. Schoepf, Gen., at Fishing Creek, 4810. Schofield, Gen. J. M., ordered to drive Longstreet* from East Tennessee, 5253; arrives at Franklin, 5266; battle of Franklin, 5266, 5267; losses at Frank¬ lin, 5267; retreats to Nashville, 5267; in battle of Nashville, 5268; transferred to the coast, 5270; Sherman’s army left in command of, 5315; views on negro suffrage, 5348; assigned to Vir¬ ginia as military commander, 53871 ac_ tions in Virginia, 5391; measure to re¬ lieve distress, 5396; nominated as secre¬ tary of war, 5413; remains temporarily under Grant, 5419; Grant’s cabinet, 5521, 5522; at Washington centennial inaugural celebration, 5628. Schoharie valley, Brant devastates, 2843. Schonbriinn, O., a Moravian village of Del- . aware Indians, 2805. Schoner, Martin, showed Straits of Ma¬ gellan on globes in 1515» note, 411. Schurz, Carl, supports Lincoln, 4601; lead¬ er of the Liberal Republicans, 55171 secretary of the interior, 555 1 1 enforces civil service rules, 5554. Schuyler, Peter, first mayor of Albany, 1542; portrait, facing 1548; influential with Indians, 1549; expedition against Montreal, 1549, 1550; obliged to sur¬ render Ft. George, 2135, 2136. Schuyler, Philip, appointed major-general, 2452; Quebec expedition of, 2475; sup¬ presses Johnston, 2485; northern depart¬ ment commanded by, 2522; feud with Gates, 2522, 2562; portrait, facing 2522; Washington reinforced, 2525; resigna¬ tion of, 2561; congress refuses resigna¬ tion, 2562; reinstatement of, 2563; Ar¬ nold esteems, 2565; at Ticonderoga, of, 2569, 2970; incessant labor of, 2575; Burgoyne obstructed by, 2576, 2577; Ft. Edward evacuated by, 2577; retreats to Moses Kill, 2577; congress recalls, 2578; retreats to Ft. Miller, 2578; retreats to Stillwater, 2578; Washington reinforces, 2579; relieves Ft. Stanwix, 2595; Stark’s relations with, 2601; Gates succeeds, 2607; Gates assisted by, 2635; British burn his home, 2659; kindly treatment to Reidesels and Burgoyne by, 2664, 2665; unappreciated services of, 2667; elected senator, 3327. Schityler, Fort, see Ft. Stanwix. Schuylkill river, boundary of New Sweden, 579; English occupied land on, 584; boundary of Philadelphia, 1213; Wash¬ ington at, 2622, 2624; Howe’s march along, 2624; at Germantown, 2627. Schwarz, Berthold, discovers gunpowder, 79 - Science, advances in, at end of 19th cen¬ tury, 5937 - 5946 . Scioto company affected by ordinance of .1787, 3194. Scioto river, O., mound near, 135; Dela¬ wares live near, 2018; mouth of, passed by Gist, 2021. Scituate, Mass., settled by Plymouth men, 828, 830; mackerel fishery of, 3118. Scalopis, Count Frederick, on Geneva tri¬ bunal of arbitration, 5507. Scorpion, U. S. schooner, 4028. Scotch in America, in Pennsylvania object to bribing Indians, 1267; traits of, in early New York, 1597; in Shenandoah valley in early 18th century, 1658; set¬ tlers on banks of Yadkin in North Caro¬ lina, 2016; reformers become teachers in the colonies, 2346; in South Caro¬ lina during the revolution, 2489, 2927; Scotch-Irish in South Carolina during revolution, 2916. See also Highlanders. Scott, Catherine, sister of Hutchinson, 1055 . Scott, Gen. Charles, at Germantown, 2631; at battle of Monmouth, 2735, 2736; ex¬ pedition against the Indians, 3411-3413. Scott, Edward, granduncle of Sir Walter Scott, 1487. Scott, John, active in gaining rights for Atherton company, 1454. Scott, R. K., governor of South Carolina, corrupt administration of, 5431. Scott, Gen. T. M., wounded at Franklin, 5267. Scott, Sir Walter grandnephew of Ed¬ ward Scott in Rhode Island, 1487. .Scott, Sir William, decision in Essex case, 3804. Scott, Gen. Winfield, at battle of Queens¬ town Heights, 3998; in command at Buffalo, 4060; portrait, facing 4062; wins battle of the Chippewa, 4062; wins battle of Lundy’s Lane, 4062-4065; his connection with Jackson, 4108; pursues Black Hawk, 4252, 4253; sent by Jack- son to Charleston to resist interfer¬ ence with duties, 4256; sent by Van Buren to Canadian frontier, 4311; pro¬ ceeds against Seminoles, 4313; candi¬ date for Whig nomination in 1839, 4324; characterization of, 4383; in command of American forces, 4387; at Vera Cruz, 439L 4392; Gerro Gordo, 4392; quarrel GENERAL INDEX. 227 with Trist, 43941 Contreras and Cheru- busco, 4396; reasons for delay, 4397; breaks off peace negotiations, 4398; at¬ tacks Molino del Rey, 4398; fall of Chapultepec, 4399; takes City of Mex¬ ico, 4400; his entrance into City of Mexico, illus., facing 4400; quarrels with officers, 4400; returns to Washing¬ ton, 4400; correspondence with Santa Anna and Taylor called for by the house, 4419; unsuccessful candidate for Whig nomination in 1848, 4429; por¬ trait, facing 4504; nominated for pres¬ ident by Whigs, 4505-4507; not sup¬ ported by his party, 4509; defeated, 4512; advises Buchanan to strengthen coast forts, 5612, 4613, 4648; on the feasibility of occupying Ft. Sumter, 4674; recommended Lee for general-in¬ chief, 4700, 4701; McClellan’s treatment of, 4776, 4777; McClellan succeeds, 4778; Confederates fear his plan of Missis¬ sippi invasion, 4802. Scrivener, Matthew, member of Jamestown council, 646-648. Sea Adventure, flagship of “Third Supply” for Virginia, 657. Seabury, Samuel, portrait, facing 3110; bishop of Connecticut, 3111, 3112. Seahorse, British ship, 4076. Seal fishery, dispute of England and United States over the, 5667, 5668. ' Search, right of, see Right of search. Sebastian, Judge, in Spanish plot, 3536. Sebastian, Benjamin, in the Burr conspir¬ acy, 3828. Secession threatened in slavery discussion in 36th congress, 4587; Buchanan’s at¬ titude towards, 4603, 4604; letter of Gist regarding, 4607; answer to Gist’s letters on, 4607, 4608; southern states organizing for, 4608, 4609; enthusiasm over, in South Carolina, 4610-4612; re¬ lation of slavery to, 4611; Buchanan on, 4614, 4615; Gov. Pickens on, 4617; Charleston convention, 4617; movement for, of slow growth, 4617, 4618; South Carolina ordinance of, 4618-4620; Steph¬ en D. Lee on, note, 4623; plan to pre¬ vent, 4637-4639; Horace Greeley on, 4638; Thurlow Weed on, 4639; Stephen A. Douglas’ speech on, 4641, 4642; Jef¬ ferson Davis on, 4645; southern con¬ gressmen resolve on, 4645, 4646; states secede, 4649; spread of, 4650, 4651; Georgia’s vote for, 4658; Alabama’s vote on, 4658; Stephens’ speech against, 4659; North Carolina and Tennessee secede, 4684; Missouri declares against, 4685; Arkansas secedes, 4685. Second Broad river, Cornwallis at, 3026. Seconoco, Indian chief, sells land to Will¬ iam Arnold, 1042; submits to Massa¬ chusetts Bay colony, 1043. Seddon, James A., Confederate secretary of war, report on arming negroes, 5224. Sedgwick, Gen. John, at Fair Oaks, 4968, 4969; at Allen’s farm, 4983; at Malvern Hill, 4988; portrait, facing 5000; forces near.Frederickburg, 5078; manoeuvres to deceive Lee, 5 ° 79 ; at Chancellorsville, 5082; corps under command of, 5232; in battle of the wilderness, 5233; at Spottsylvania, 5236; killed at Spottsyl- vania, 5236. Sedgewick, Maj.-Gen. Robert, captures Acadia for the British in 1654, r 957 - Sedgwick, Theodore, Hamilton’s letter on disunion to, 3785. Sedition bill of 1798, its objects and pro¬ visions, 3623-3634; cause of, 3642; Mat¬ thew Lyon first offender against, 3642- 3644; Jefferson on, 3645, 3646; opposi¬ tion to, 3646-3653; supported by con¬ gressional committee, 3662; attempt to repeal, 3672. Seekers, sect in Rhode Island, 1035. Seekonk, R. I., settled by people from Massachusetts, 911; Roger Williams in, 1020, 1046. Segovia, Spain, Columbus at, 340. Segura, Father, sent to plant settlement in Maryland, 499. Selden, John, one of drafters of third Vir¬ ginia charter, 667; feared by James I., and arrested, 690. Select vestries act of 1779, 3110. Selishes, Indian stock, in British North America, 165. Selkirk, Earl of, Paul Jones attempts to kidnap, 2876. Selma, Ala., captured by Wilson, 5284. Seminary Ridge, Pa., Buford’s cavalry takes possession of, 5087; attacked by Hill, 5087. Seminole war in 1817-1818, 4107-4112, 4311- 4313 - Seminoles, Indian tribe, in Florida, 161; in the civil war, note, 4732, 4733. Semmes, Capt. Raphael, commands the Sumter, 4903-4905; portrait, facing 4906; commands the Alabama, 49°7; career of, 4907-49091 fight with the Kearsarge, 4907-4909. Senauki, Indian woman taken to England by Oglethorpe, 1868. \ 228 GENERAL INDEX. Seneca, his idea of width of ocean, 102, 280. Seneca castle, chief seat of Seneca Ind¬ ians, 2841; Sullivan destroys, 2842. Seneca Chief, steamer, 4196. Seneca lake, Sullivan ravages sides of, 2841. Senecas, Indian tribe, one of the Six Na¬ tions, 159; in Five Nations, 1515;.adopt remnant of Onondagas, 1517; joined by Cayugas, 1518; friendly to United States during war of 1812, 1519; rise against Virginians, 1613; chief of, killed at Long Saut, 1980; visited by La Salle and Sulpitians, 1990, 1991; made treaty with Miamis, 2013; wavers in 1756 in allegiance to Englisk, 2137; commit at¬ rocities at Ft. Le Boeuf, 2315; driven off from Ft. Niagara, 2315; English alli¬ ance, 2585; in massacre of Wyoming, 2750; outrages at massacre of Cherry valley, 2761; Sullivan ravages country of, 2840, 2841; civilization of, 2841; fate of the, 2842, 2843; Philadelphia visited by, 3522; confirm treaty with United States, 4059. Senegal, West Africa, discovered by Prince Plenry of Portugal, 402. Separatists petition to settle in Newfound¬ land, 615; origin in England, 752, 753, 864; driven to Holland, 754-757; ad¬ venturers hostile to, 805, 812; vitality of the movement, 869; non-separatists in Massachusetts Bay colony, 870; Mas¬ sachusetts Bay colony a centre, 870, 876; misrepresented by Roger Williams, 901. Serapis, British ship, battle of the Bon- homme Richard under Paul Jones with, 2887-2894. Sergeant, John, commissioner to American congress at Panama, 4172, 4174. Serrano, Francisco, friend of Magellan, 407; owes life to Magellan, 408; se¬ cretly ordered to kill Magellan, 408; murdered on the Moluccas, 418. Serurier, French minister to the United States, 3949; relations with Monroe, 3954; introduces Count Crillen, 3970. Seven Cities, island of, a fabled island of the Atlantic ocean, 434, 436. “Seven Days,” battles of the, 4977-4998; results of the battles, 4994. “Seven Pillars,” governors of the New Haven colony, 991. Seven Pines, Va., battle of, 4967-4970. Seven years’ war, see French and Indian war. Severn river, Md., province founded on, 1090; Protestants had headquarters on, 1103; battle on, 1106, mo. Sevier, Ambrose Hundley, carries treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to Mexican gov¬ ernment, 4421. Sevier, John, in Dunmore’s war, 2771; at battle of Point Pleasant, 2773; South Carolina patriot, 2926; portrait, facing 2996; sketch of, 2997; at King’s Mount¬ ain, 3004; president of Jonesboro con¬ vention, 3170; governor of state of Frankland, 3172; his relations with Tip- ton, 3175, 3177; land scheme of, 3388; commands troops in southwest, 3389; attacks the , Cherokees, 3533; appointed governor of Tennessee, 3534; appointed brigadier-general, 3637; member of the 12th congress, 3963. Seville, Columbus passes, 289; Fonseca, archdeacon of, 319; Columbus sick at, 340, 368; Vespucci at, 345, 364, 369; Magellan in, 407; the Cabots in, 436, 439 - Sewall, May Wright, conducts department of women’s progress at Chicago expo¬ sition congresses, 5662. Sewall, Samuel, judge of special court for witchcraft cases, 1335; portrait, facing 1336; publicly repents his mistake, 1338, 1342. Sewall, Samuel, arrested for inquiring con¬ cerning case of Sims, negro slave, 4491. Sewall’s Point, Va., the Merrimac at, 4917. Seward, Frederick W., stabbed by Powell, 53 01 - Seward, William, H., active in Whig cam¬ paign of 1848, 4431; member of senate, 4442; speech in senate, March, 1848, 4466, 4467; on repeal of Missouri com- . promise, 4539; leader in Republican par¬ ty? 4559; “irrepressible conflict” speech at Rochester, N. Y., 4580, 4581; plea for peace and union, 4589, 4590; un¬ successful candidate for Republican nomination for president in i860, 4596, 4598, 4599; opinion of Buchanan’s mes¬ sage to second session of 36th congress, 4603, 4604; on Buchanan’s message, 4615; presents petitions for Crittenden compromise, note, 4641; his compromise proposition, 4645; appointed secretary of state, 4669; in cabinet contest of 1861, 4670; Cameron supported by, 4670; opin¬ ion on secession, 4671; Lincoln’s reply to his proposal to acquiesce in seces¬ sion, 4671, 4672; declines to receive Con¬ federate commissioners, 4672, 4673; on GENERAL INDEX. 229 the Trent affair, 4929-4932; portrait, facing 4952; on the proclamation of emancipation, 4953, 4954; consults with governors about recruiting, 5005; re¬ ports to Lincoln, 5006; opposes appoint¬ ment of McClellan, 5030; considered clog on administration, 5076; dismissal requested by Republican senators, 5076; resigns, 5077; recalled by Lincoln, 5077; member of Hampton Roads conference, 5226; fall from carriage, 5298; Powell’s attempt to assassinate, 5301; approves ’ Johnson’s policy, 5378; opposes Stevens’ reconstruction bill and tenure of office bill, 5385; on naval base in Antilles, 5476; trip to the West Indies, 54771 endorses Porter’s views regarding St. Thomas, 5477; on ratification of treaty with Denmark, 5481; death, 5539. Sewell, Arthur, nominated for vice-presi¬ dent, 5690; Populists endorse, 5692. Seymour, Horatio, defeated for governor of New York, 4498; addresses a mass¬ meeting in New York city, 5178; takes - measures to suppress riot, 5181 ;• acts as chairman of Democratic convention, 5209; nominated for presidency, 5414; death, 5621. Seymour, Rev. Richard, chaplain of Pop- ham colony, 729. Seymour, Gen. Truman, at second battle of Bull Run, 5023; assigned command of assault upon Ft. Wagner, 5 167; wounded in assault, 5169. Sforza, Ludovico, Soncino’s letter to, 426. Shabbakonk creek, near Trenton, N. J., 2545 - Shackamaxon, Penn’s treaty with the Ind¬ ians made at, 1210. Shafter, Gen. William R., Garcia to co¬ operate with, 5728; demands surrender of Santiago, 5729; receives news of Cer- vera’s fleet, 5729; Toral surrenders to, 5730 , 5731 - Shaftesbury, Earl of, 1722; political ideas of the “grand model,” 1728; supports North Carolina colonists in struggle with Miller, 1759; flees to Holland, 1760. Shakespeare, William, adapted the name . “Caliban” from Caribbees, 323; friend of Earl of Southampton, 618; “The Tempest” suggested to, by William Strachey’s narrative, 658. Shannon, Wilson, governor of Kansas, 4553 * 4354 ; replaced by Geary, 4557 - Shannon, British frigate, captures the Ches¬ apeake, 4021, 4022. Shark Island seen by Magellan, 413. Sharkey, W. L., president of Nashville con¬ vention, 4478. Sharp, commandant at Albany, replaced by Tallmadge in 1689, 1539. Sharpe, governor of Maryland at Alexan¬ dria conference, 2057. Sharpless, Edward, pilloried for betraying information to England, 707. Sharpsburg, Md., location of, 5042; Jack- son arrives at, 5044. Shattuck, Job, leads riot in Massachusetts in 1786, 3239. Shaw, Maj., defeats ex-Gov. Moses in South Carolina election, 5438. Shaw, Leslie M., secretary of treasury, 5772, 5821. , Shaw, Col. R. G., in second attack on Ft. Wagner, 5167, 5168; killed in the as¬ sault, 5168. Shawmut, former name of Boston, 727. Shawnees, Indian tribe, buy Seneca lands, 1519; Spanish Yemassees a branch of, 1818; adopted remnant of Tuscaroras, 1821; on Ohio river, friendly to Gist, 2021; took side of French in Seven years’ war, 2021; favorable to English, 2025; defeated at Point Pleasant, 2171; in Dunmore’s war, 2769, 2772, 2775; mes¬ sage of White Eyes to, 2798; their out¬ breaks on western frontier, 3189, 3532; confirm treaty with United States, 4059. Shawneetown, on the Ohio, frontier post, 3691. Shawomet, R. I., Gorton’s tract of land, 921, 1043, 1044- Shay’s rebellion in Massachusetts, 3240- 3242; effect of, 3256. Shea, Cornelius P., prolonged Chicago strike, 5828. Sheaffe, Sir Roger H., commanded British at Queenstown Heights, 3999. Sheffield, Lord, on navigation act, 3099. Sheffield, Edmund, first Earl of Mulgrave, patentee of Plymouth council, 744, 749; sells Cape Ann region, 794, 862. Shelburne, Lord, president of English board of trade, 2365, 2366; secretary of state under Pitt, 2383; urges the premiership of Chatham, 2720; friend¬ ship for Americans, 2721, 2722; state¬ ment on British peace manifesto, 2747; George III. urges him to form cabinet, 3087; portrait, facing 3088; in Rocking¬ ham’s cabinet, 3089; his character, 3089, 3090; his ministry, 3093; Franklin on his sincerity, 3094; Americans’ debt to, 3095; resignation, 3098. 230 GENERAL INDEX. Shelby,. Gov., Spanish-American filibuster¬ ing expedition prompted by, 3476, 3477- Shelby, Evan, in Dunmore war, 2771; ex¬ pedition against the Cherokees, 2790. Shelby, Isaac, South Carolina patriot, 2926; at Cherokee Ford, 2934; checks Fer¬ guson, 2938; at battle of Musgrove’s Mill, 2991, 2997; portrait, facing 2996; at King’s Mountain, 3004-3006; rein¬ forces Harrison in war of 1812, 4030; in battle at Thames, Canada, 4032; de¬ clines portfolio of war department, 4102. Shelbyville, Tenn., Bragg’s forces at, 5160; driven out by Rosecrans, 5160. Sheldon, Col., Andre taken to headquar¬ ters of, 2984. Shellabarger, Samuel, resolution of, 5363. Shenandoah, Confederate ship, 4901. Shenandoah claims Geneva tribunal award in, 5509 - Shenandoah valley, map of, facing 5250; for civil war campaigns in, see names of battles. Shepherd, Gen., in Massachusetts riots in 1786, 3239. Shepherd, Alexander R., governor of the District of Columbia, first, 5532. Shepherdstown Ford, Md., Lee’s retreat over, 5043. Shepley, Gen. G. F., appointed military governor of Richmond, 5306. Sheridan, Gen. Philip H., at Perryville, 5124; in army of the West, 5133; at Murfreesboro, 5152; in battle of Mis¬ sionary Ridge, 5156, 5157; pursues Bragg, 5157; drives Early from Shen¬ andoah valley, 5212; in battle of wilder¬ ness, 5232; expedition toward Rich¬ mond, 5235, 5239, 5240; attacks defenses of Richmond, 5240; captures Cold Har¬ bor, 5240; commands troops in Shenan¬ doah valley, 5249; pursues Early, 5249; battle of Fisher’s Hill, 5249, 5250; de¬ vastates Shenandoah valley, 5250; sum¬ moned to Washington, 5251; battle of Cedar creek, 525.1, 5252; portrait, facing 5252; raid through central Virginia, 5252; moves from Winchester to Char¬ lottesville, 5285; joins Grant, 5285; forces in Richmond campaign, 5286; ordered to destroy railroads, 5287; com¬ mands assault upon Confederate lines at Petersburg, 5287, 5288; cuts off Lee’s retreat, 5289; captures wagon train,j 5289; pursues Lee’s forces, 5290; makes important captures, 5 2 9°> 5 2 9 T '> ordered into Sherman’s department, 5320; state¬ ment concerning negro suffrage, 5357; report concerning New Orleans massa¬ cre, 5375; appointed military commander of Louisiana and Texas, 5388; removes Gov. Wells, of Louisiana, 5391; removes officials in New Orleans, 5392; upheld by congress, 5392; orders that negroes be accepted as jurors, 5394; order re¬ voked by Hancock, 5394; Johnson de¬ nounces military administration of, 5511; congress passes bill restoring army grade in favor of, 5614. Sheridan, Mrs. Philip H., congress rejects pension bill in favor of, 5614. Sheridan, Richard B., opposes American treaty of peace in 1783, 3098. Sheridan, Roger, appointed on committee of independence, 2497; portrait, facing 2500, 3284; member of the Philadelphia convention, 3267; life sketch of, 3267; on slave trade, 3289, 3351; on national debt, 3366; on state debts, 3368; na¬ tional bank favored by, 3400; enters the senate, 3423. Sherley, James, one of the guarantors of Plymouth debt, note, 818, note, 827, 831; suspects Gorges, 853. Sherman, John, on committee to investi¬ gate affairs in Kansas, 4555; secretary of the treasury under Hayes, 5551; be¬ comes vice-president, 5592; candidate for president, 5623; in McKinley cabi¬ net, 5695. Sherman, Roger, in continental congress, 2409. Sherman, Gen. Thomas W., commander of military expedition against Port Royal in 1861, 4872, 4873, 4879. Sherman, Gen. William T., brigade com¬ mander in army of the Potomac in 1861, 4747; Bull Run, 4754-4757; comment on battle of Bull Run, note, 4763; suc¬ ceeds Anderson in command of the de¬ partment of the Cumberland, 4806; life sketch of, note, 4806; succeeds Grant in command of the district of Cairo, 4826; opinion of Plooker, 5077; division marches to the Tennessee river, 5096; in battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5098- 5100, 5102, 5105; pursues Confederate forces, 5105; attacked by Forrest and forced to retreat, 5105; in army of the Wset, 5133; ordered to move toward Memphis, 5139; ordered to meet Grant at Columbus, 5142; arrives at Helena, 5142; advance on Vicksburg, 5T43; at¬ tack defeated, 5144; defeats Confeder¬ ates at Jackson, 5146; takes possession of Hinds’ Bluff, 5146; at siege of Vicks- GENERAL INDEX. 231 burg, 5148; pursues Johnson, 5149; reaches Chattanooga, 5155; at Mission¬ ary Ridge, 5155, 5156; advances to Knoxville, 5158; returns to Chatta¬ nooga, 5158; ordered to mo^e against Johnson, 5232; prepares for his march through Georgia, 5254; ordered to de¬ stroy lines to Meridian, 5254; leaves Vicksburg, 5255; destroys Jackson and Meridian, 5255; returns to Vicksburg, 5255; assigned to the command of di¬ vision of the Mississippi, 5259; prepara¬ tions for campaign, 5259; instructions of, to his officers, 5259; march from Chattanooga to Dalton, 5260; battle of Kenesaw and Lost Mountain, 5260, 5261; attacked by Hood, 5262; plans to seize Atlanta, 5263; cuts off Atlanta’s food supplies, 5263; march to Jonesboro, 5263; enters Atlanta, 5264; Georgia in control of, 5264; losses from Chatta¬ nooga to Atlanta, 5264; makes Atlanta a military garrison, 5264; protest of municipal authorities against order for removal of inhabitants, 5265; reply to municipal authorities of Atlanta, 5265, 5266; fortifies Allatoona, 5266; march to the sea, 5271-5284; leaves Atlanta, 5271; orders public property to be de¬ stroyed, 5271; plans to separate Caroli- nas from gulf states, 5272; orders to fleets on the coast, 5272; map of his march to Savannah, facing 5272; divi¬ sion of forces of, 5272; destroys rail¬ roads in Georgia, 5273; arrives at Mil- ledgeville, 5274; invests Savannah, 5276; portrait, facing 5276; captures Ft. Mc¬ Allister, 5277; demands surrender of Sa¬ vannah, 5278; map of his final campaign, facing 5278; enters city, 5278; message to Lincoln, 5278; Lincoln’s reply, 5278; end of march to the sea, 5279; field order of, 5279; damage to Georgia, 5279; leaves Savannah, 5310; enters Colum¬ bia, 5311; relieves citizens of Columbia, 5311; leaves Columbia, 5311; occupies Charleston, 5312; arrives at Cheraw, 5312; advances to Fayetteville, 5312; battle of Bentonville, 5313; reaches Goldsboro, 5314; plans against Lee, 5314; consults with Lincoln and Grant, 5314 , 5315 ; returns to Goldsboro, 5315; interview with Johnston, 5316, 5317; offers terms to Johnson, 5317; holds council with generals, 5317; terms of agreement with Beauregard signed by, 5318; reports of Johnston’s surrender, 5319; action criticised by Stanton, 5319; Stanton’s charges against, 5319; leading newspapers denounce, 5319; Stanton’s orders against, 5320; Halleck’s order against, 5320; Grant conveys order of president to, 5320; ultimatum to John¬ ston, 5320; writes to Stanton, 5320; anger against Stanton and Halleck, 5321; note to Halleck, 5321; interview with Johnson and Grant, 5322; attitude toward Stanton, 5322; army at Alexan¬ dria, 5323; army reviewed in Washing¬ ton, 5323; views on negro suffrage, 5348 ; opinion of Johnson, 5379; at cen¬ tennial celebration of Washington’s in¬ auguration, 5628. Sherman act, congress passes, 5646; Dem¬ ocratic platform on, 5647; effect of the, 5649 . Shetland Isles invaded by barbarians, 202; easy passage to, 205; perhaps “East- land,” note, 256. Shields, Gen. James, at Cerro Gordo, 4393; at battle of Kernstown, 4797; Jackson defeats at Cross Keys, 4798. Shiloh, Tenn., map of battle, facing 5096; battle of, 5100-5106. Shinghais, Indian chief, 2032. Ship company organized by Swedish mer¬ chants, 576. Ship Island, in Gulf of Mexico, Union troops occupy, 4864; department of the west gulf squadron, 4864. Shipbuilding, primitive craft, 103, 104, 106; canoes, 107; keel-boat, 108; Egyptian two-masted galleys, 108; sails added 108, 109; Phoenician biremes, 109; pic¬ tures of medkevarl boats, facing 106, no; Greek boats have metal beaks, no; of 14th and 15th centuries, 114; Narvaez compelled to engage in, 462; Soto also, 475; his survivors also, 477; first Eng¬ lish vessel built in North America, 729; first in New England, 913; flourish- in Rhode Island, 1480; important col¬ onial interest, 2349; in colonial times, 3118, 3119; on Lake Bennett, illus., fac¬ ing 5682; improvements in, 5938. Shippack creek, near Germantown, Pa., Washington camped near, 2625. Shippen, Edward, chief justice of supreme court of Pennsylvania, 3677. Shippen, Margaret, married Benedict Ar¬ nold, 2974. Shippen, Dr. William, appointed director- general of hospitals, 2708. Shirley, William, governor of Massachu¬ setts, 1380; portrait, facing 1380; com¬ missioner in boundary dispute, 1381; 232 GENERAL INDEX. reduces Louisbourg, 1389, 1400, 1407, 1589; urges England to send reinforce¬ ments, 1404; during press-gang riots, 1412, 1413; associated with Braddock, 2056, 2085, 2086; at Alexandria confer¬ ence, 2057; built strong forts at Oswego, 2087, 2088; increases his armament, 2088, 2089; builds fleet on lake, 2090; at Os¬ wego, 2091; levies troops to use on Lake Champlain, 2138; appoints Brad- street commissary general, 2140; ap¬ pealed to in dispute over billeting, in 1757, 2161, 2162; proposes union of the colonies under parliamentary control, 2355 - Shirley Hundred, Va., laid off by Dale, 672. Shoals, isles of, included in patent of La¬ conia, 846. Shoreham, opposite Ticonderoga, Allen marches to, 2444. Shoshoneans, Indian stock, in western United States, 163. Shreveport, La., Steele advances toward, 5256; object of Red river expedition, 5258; Confederate depot of supplies, S258. Shute, Lieut.-Col. Samuel, royal govern¬ or of Massachusetts Bay colony, 1358; in controversy with citizens, 1359, 1360; excused from service, 1361. Siberia, proposed colonization of slaves in, 4647. Siboney, Cuba, Sampson confers with Shat¬ ter at, 5732; Gen. Miles at, 5733 - Sicily, northmen in, 205; Philip, king of, 487. Sickles, Gen. Daniel E., on Confederates at Fair Oaks, 4970; at Chancellorsville, S079, 5980; assigned military commander of North Carolina, 5387, 5388; orders that negroes be accepted as jurors, 5394; humane regulations of, 5394. 5395 5 con¬ flict between civil and military authori¬ ties in North Carolina, 5396; relieved of his command, 5396. Sidney, Algernon, friend of William Penn, 1195; cited on government, 1201. Sidney, Henry, assists in drawing up Penn¬ sylvania charter, 1195. Sidon, one of Mediterranean states, 105; left few records, 109. Sieyes, Emanuel, portrait, facing 3612. Siegel, Gen. Franz, cuts off McCulloch’s reinforcements in Arkansas, 4711; com¬ mands in Fremont’s campaign, 4723; Curtis supersedes, 4731; commands di¬ vision under Curtis, 4731; evades cap¬ ture by Van Oorn, 4734; battle cf Pea Ridge, 4736; his comment on battle of Pea Ridge, 4737, 4738; portrait, facing 5008; succeeds Fremont’ 5008; strength of corps, 5008; at Cedar Mountain, 5014; criticised by Pope, 5014; at Ma¬ nassas, 5019, 5020; attacks Jackson at Groveton, 5020; at second battle of Bull Run, 5022, 5023; commands Eleventh Corps, 5031; succeeded by Howard, 5078; ordered to seize Stevenson, 5109; in Shenandoah valley, 5247marches to¬ ward New Market, 5247; defeated by Breckenridge, 5247; defeated by Early, . 5 2 48 . Silk, manufacture of, planned in Carolinas, 1744; culture of, hoped for by Ogle¬ thorpe, 1852; raw silk in Georgia before revolution, 1920; culture during colo¬ nial period, 3122, 3123. Sill, Gen. J., at Stevenson, 5110. Silliman, American revolutionary officer, pursues Tryon through Connecticut, 2566. Silver given to French colonists, 482; Cher¬ okee region explored for, 496; Drake finds, in California, 594; near the No- rumbega, 600; found at St. John’s, 602; worn in the Carolinas, 606; Raleigh tries to find, 617; abundant in Old De¬ troit, 2285; historical resume of its coin¬ age value, 5561, 5562; house passes the Blared bill on free coinage of, 5563; pres¬ ident vetoes Bland bill on, 5563 5 rea ~ sons for veto, 5563; congress passes bill for free coinage of, 5564; Cleve¬ land message on coinage of, 5595; con¬ gress orders purchase of bullion, 5643; Sherman act on, 5646; effect of the Sherman act on, 5649; depreciation of, ^649; Cleveland special message regard¬ ing coinage of, 5650, 5651; congress repeals the Sherman act on, 5651; re¬ storing the coinage of, 5681; Republi¬ can platform of 1896 on, 5687; Demo¬ cratic platform of 1896 on, 5689; coin¬ age of, 5978. Silver certificates, congress orders issue of, 5043 , 5044 . Silver-grey Whigs, 4498.. Silver Republican party in 1896, 5687; na¬ tional convention party in 1900, 577U principles of, 5771; indorses Democratic nominees, 571. “Silver Water,” Mohawk name of Lake George, 2145. Simcoe, Col. John G., commanded “Queen’s Rangers,” 2628; raided Virginia, 3070; built fort at Maumee, 3525. GENERAL INDEX. 233 Simcoe, Ontario, Champlain wintered at, . 537 - Sinaloa, Mex., De Vaca at, 463. Sinclair, Lieut.-Gov., British Indian ex¬ pedition fitted out by, 2791. Sines, Portugal, Da Gama’s birthplace, 401. Singletary, Amos, on the powers of con¬ gress under the constitution, 3307. Singetary, John, arrested for breach of neutrality laws, 3469. Sinnekaas, Dutch name of Senecas, 1518. Sioux, Indian tribe, follow fishing op¬ portunities, 157, 163; in South Carolina, 160; picture, illus., 162; in Missouri valley, 157, 162; in Colorado, 163; on the James river, 635; join French in war on Iroquois, 2013, 2018; war with, 5515; Gens. Crook and Terry sent against the, 5515; battle on the Little Big Horn river, 5515; massacre of Custer and command, 5515; driven into Canada, 5515; government support of, 5618. Sitting Bull, Indian chief, Crook and Terry sent against, 5515; escapes into Canada, 55 i 6 . “Six Companies” send Chinese laborers to United States, 5900. Six Nations, origin, 159; conquests, 159, 160; huts, 176; in time of Pontiac, 1519; banded together, 1567; ceded territory to England, 1567; promised fealty to English in King George’s war, 1587; negotiate treaty about Shenandoah val¬ ley, 1658; favorable to English in 1754, 2025; displeased by Shirley in 1755, 2093; not sincere friends of either French or English, 2707; send men to Bradstreet’s expedition against Fronte- nac, 2211; English alliance with, 2585; division of, 2585, 2586; Dunmore renews treaty with, 2772; distrust U. S. gov¬ ernment, 3522; see also Five Nations. Skelton, Rev. Samuel, pastor of Massa¬ chusetts Bay colony, 869. Skene, Maj. Philip, British agent, 2445; sketch of, note, 2445; munition taken from storehouses of, 2447; joins Bur- goyne, 2599; confiscation of his estates, 3 T 39 - . Skenesborough (Whitehall), residence of Maj. Skene, 2445; Americans embark for, 2572; retreat of Americans from, 2573; British occupy, 2573, 2574, 2576; Tories join Burgoyne at, 2599; Bur- goyne evacuates, 2637. “Skinners,” name of ostensible patriots during revolution, 2538. Skitwarroes, Indian with Raleigh Gilbert, 728. Skolnus, Johann, exploration of, 260. Skraellings, found in North America, 150, 151, 218; in conflict with Norsemen, 224, 227; in “Icelanders Booklet,” 236. Slade, William, opposes slavery, 4316, 4317. Slander punished by ducking in colonial times, 1651. Slater, Samuel, portrait, facing 3124; father of cotton manufacturing in America, 3125. Slaughter, Thomas, delegate to convention on Kentucky independence, 2777. Slavery revived and approvel by church in . Columbian epoch, 38; difference of opinion on slave-trade in Spain, 332, 333; emancipation of slaves by Isabella, 333; in Vespucci’s story, 356, 363, 364; Ojeda engaged in slave trade, 376; Cor- tereal enslaves the Indians, 380; De Ayllon frees the slaves brought him by Cordillo, 397; Sebastian Cabot engaged in slave trade, 441; Indians enslaved by Narvaez, 460; by Soto, 466, 468-470, 472; Ortiz enslaved by Indians, 468; De Gourgues commissioner to engage in the African slave-trade, 497; Dutch West India company engages in slave trade, 565; Hawkins, an English slave trader, 590, 591; negroes sold in Vir¬ ginia in 1619, 682; all colonies enslave captives during war, 1078; Scotch sol¬ diers sold as, 1003; in Pennsylvania de¬ nounced by George Keith, 1234; first anti-slavery declaration, 1245; Penn’s at¬ titude towards, 1245; Quakers persist¬ ent against, 1246; ends among American Quakers, 1246; opposed in Rhode Is¬ land, 1482, 1483; in New York before the revolution, 1596, 1599; injures Vir¬ ginia, 1644; imposed by English gov¬ ernor, 1644; conditions of, in early 18th century, 1644-1646, 1837; causes for in Carolinas, 1749, 1750; Oglethorpe tries to put it down, 1875; forced on Georgia, 1876, 1877; forced on Virginia and South Carolina, 2362, 2363; objected to by first continental congress, 2411; in South Carolina during revolutionary war, 2811, 2820, 2918; restrictions on in dif¬ ferent states, 3106; prohibited in north¬ west territory, 3162; Rufus King on, 3163; in the ordinance of 1787, 3195, 3196; contests over in the Philadelphia convention, 3283, 3288, 3289, 3295; George Mason on slave-trade, 3290; 234 GENERAL INDEX. Ellsworth on, 3290; congressional de¬ bates on, in 1789, 335E 3352, 3378; Quakers petition congress against, 3377 , 3618; number of negroes in the United States in 1790, 422; Americans sold as slaves by the Moorish pirates, 3445, 3446; illus. of a Guinea slave-ship, fac¬ ing 3500; congress on foreign slave trade, 3500; New York emancipates her slaves, 3664, 3665; Henry Clay on, 3667; Philadelphia freedmen petition against, 3670; congress discountenances such pe¬ titions, 3671; effect of the cotton-gin, 3695; viewed with disfavor by slave owners, 3698; its effect on men, 3698, 3699; result of the Louisiana purchase on, 3755, 3756; in Orleans territory, 3762, 3764; eighth congress on, 3769; South Carolina on, 3769, 3770; New Jersey acts on, 3770; Indiana and Illi¬ nois territory petitions for, 3770; nth congress discusses, 3902; struggle over the admission of Missouri, 41141 efforts to restrict slave trade, 4120; more strin¬ gent fugitive slave law demanded in 1819, 4120; discussion on admission of Missouri, 4122, 4123; Great Britain at¬ tempts to stop slave trade, 4155, 4156; handicap to South, 4202, 4203; negro seaman act of South Carolina, 4203- 4206; Gov. Troup, of Georgia, on, 4204, 4205; abolition of, by New York, 4206; plays important part in Texas question, 4285; anti-slavery petitions presented to congress, 4296, 4297; agitation in 25th congress, 4315, 43*7, 43*91 condemned by Van Buren in farewell message, 4328; discussions in 27th congress, 43531 “Cre¬ ole” case, 43541 Adams secures repeal of rules against slavery petitions, 4365; enters into Texas question, 4366; acqui¬ sition of slave territory opposed by Clay in his Lexington speech, 4416; upheld by Calhoun, 44171 status of, in territories debated in congress, 4423-4425; Demo¬ cratic platform of 1848 takes negative stand, 4428; Free-soil platform of 1848 opposes, 4430, 4431; discussed in sec¬ ond session of 30th congress, 4432-4435; beginning of active pro-slavery senti¬ ments in South, 4443-4446; Clay’s speech in senate, 4454-4457; Calhoun’s speech in senate, 4458-4462; Webster’s speech in senate, 4462-4466; Seward’s speech in senate, 4466, 4467; discussed by Soule in senate, 4470-4473; attempt to fasten slavery upon Kansas, 4587; Lincoln’s attitude towards, as expressed in his Cooper Union speech, 4588, 4589; dis¬ cussion of, becomes universal, 4591, 4592; > leads to breach in Democratic party, 4592-4594; opposed by Republi¬ can platform in i860, 4597, 4598; im¬ portant factor in secession, 4611; Buch¬ anan on northern agitation against, 4614; Lincoln on, 4624, 4646, 4668; Critten¬ den compromise on, 4640; Republicans on, 4644; plan for gradual emancipation in 1861, 4646, 4647; Jefferson Davis on, 4655, 4656; congress offers constitutional amendment on, 4657; Southern Confed¬ eracy on, 4661, 4662; A. H. Stephens on, 4662; Jefferson quoted on, 4662; Fremont attempts to emancipate slaves of Missouri, 4717, 4718, 4953; But¬ ler’s decision on slaves as contra¬ band, 4745, 4746; congress confiscation act on slaves, 4767, 4768; southern con¬ gressmen act in interest of, 4768; effect of the institution, 4925; England’s atti¬ tude toward, 4935, 4936; treaty with England on slave trade, 4947; congress abolishes, in territories and District of Columbia, 4947; Lincoln on compensated emancipation, 4949-4951; opposition to the plan, 4952; Hunter’s unwarranted attempt to emancipate slaves in seceded states, 4953; Lincoln charged with favor¬ ing, 4953; Lincoln and his cabinet on emancipation, 4953, 4954, 4956-4958; Lin¬ coln’s reply to Greeley on, 4955, 4956; abolished by the emancipation procla¬ mation, 5060; Lincoln’s opinion of, 5061- 5063; thirteenth amendment adopted, 5213; reconstructed states abolish, 5332; bill concerning abolition of, 5332; bill objected to by Lincoln, 5333; abolished by Louisiana, 5335; by Tennessee, 5339; by South Carolina, 5349; by Alabama, 5350; by Georgia, 5350; by Florida, 535 1 ; by Texas, 5352; thirteenth amend¬ ment ratified by southern states, 5353; false ideas of slaves regarding freedom, 5354 - Slemmer, Lieut. Adam, saves Ft. Pickens to the Union in 1861, 4650. Slidell, John, envoy to Mexico, 4373; re¬ ports Cuba bill, 4581; Confederate en¬ voy to England and France, 4926; cap¬ tured and imprisoned by Wilkes, 4926- 4928; released by U. S. government, 4932, 4933.1 reception in London to, 4933; his negotiations with France, 4940; in¬ terview with the emperor of France, 4940 . GENERAL INDEX. 235 Sloat, John D., takes seaports of Califor¬ nia, 4382; succeeded by Stockton, 4383. Slocum, Gen. Henry W., at battle of Gaines’ Mill, 4980; at Malvern Hill, 4988; in Hooker’s Virginia campaign, 5078; at Gettysburg, 5088; in Sher¬ man’s march to the sea, 5272; arrives at Milledgeville, 5274; consults with Sherman, 5317. Slocum, steamer, see General Slocum. Slaughter, Col. John, succeeds Leisler as governor of New York, 1546-1548; dies, 1549 . Smack’s Island, near Albany, N. Y., the limit of Van Rensselaer’s patroonship, S67. Smallpox, Pocahontas died of, note, 675; Indian villages swept by, 740; in Phips’ expedition against Canada, 1545; in rev¬ olutionary army, 2478, 2831, 2907, 3049. Smallwood, William, at Brooklyn Heights, 2514; at Paoli, 2623, 2624; at German¬ town, 2631; at battle of Camden, 2954, 2956; at Providence, 3009; in command of North Carolina militia, 3011. Smibert, George, artist with Bishop Berke¬ ley, 1487. Smith, Gen. A. J., reinforces Thomas, 5267; at Nashville, 5268; sent to New Orleans, 5269. Smith, Adam, a friend of Lord Shelburne, 2722. Smith, Gen. C. F., selects Pittsburg Land¬ ing as assembly point for army, 5096; at Pittsburg Landing, 5098; death, 5098. Smith, Caleb B., appointed secretary of interior, 4669. Smith, Charles Emory, in McKinley’s cab¬ inet, 5772. Smith, Gen. Charles F., at Paducah, 5720; march from Paducah to Columbus, 4720; in Ft. Donelson campaign, 4817, 4822, 4823; appointed major-general, 4826. Smith, Lieut.-Col., Francis, British officer at battle of Lexington, 2423-2425; at’ Concord, 2426, 2427. Smith, Gerritt, aids in rescue of Jerry, a negro slave, 4492; appeal to people for Missouri compromise, 4534. Smith, Col. Green Clay, attacks Morgan at Paris, Ky., 5112. Smith, Gen. Gustavus, before battle of Fair Oaks, 4966; succeeds to Johnston’s command, 4969. Smith, Henry, governor of Texas, 4278. Smith, Hiram, killed by a mob, 4436. Smith, Hoke, in Cleveland’s second cabi¬ net, 5648. Smith, Israel, indicted for treason, 3841. Smith, James, portrait, facing 2500. Smith, John (of Virginian history), be¬ lieves in northern water route to India, 544; gives name to New England, 551, 736; finds no trace of Roanoke colony, 615; adventure in Rappahannock coun¬ try, 621; one of Virginia council, 632; character, 632; portrait, facing 632; colonial treasurer, 639; famous expe¬ dition up the Chickahominy, 642-646; writes “The True Relation,” note, 643, 646; sails up York river, 647; re¬ ports route to South sea, 647; tries to find it by Potomac, 648; by Susquehan¬ na, 649; president of council, 649; 651; autocrat, 652; his stories untrustworthy, 652-654, 660, 709, 730, 731, 738, 740; colony suffers under, 659, 660; returns to England, 660; leaves legacy of Ind¬ ian hatred, 675; position towards com¬ pany in England, 705; publishes his “General Historie,” note, 709; second chance to found colony, 734, 735; makes map of New England coast, 735, 736; assumes title of “Admiral,” 737; last expedition, 739; dies, 739. Smith, John, senator from Ohio, his letter to Burr, 3829; indicted for treason, 3841. Smith, Jonathan, on the constitution of the United States, 3308. Smith, Joseph, founds Mormons, 4435; killed by a mob, 4436. Smith, Joshua, in a treasonable plot of Ar¬ nold, 2981. Smith, Gen. Kirbjr, at battle of Bull Run, 4758; prepares to attack Sill, 5110; at Cumberland Gap, 5110; at Pike Creek Gap, 511; orders given by Bragg, 5118; portrait, facing 5120; threatens Cumber¬ land Gap, 5121; occupies Lexington, 5122; at Frankfort, 5122; returns to Chattanooga, 5124; supplies captured in Kentucky by, 5125; Price reinforced by troops from army of, 5257; surrenders to Canby, 5323. Smith, Melancthon, approves plans for armored vessels, 4910. Smith, Col. Morgan L., at Ft. Donelson, 4822. Smith, Nathan, Massachusetts rioters led by, 3239. • Smith, Rev. Ralph, at Nantasket, 819, 869; assisted by Roger Williams, 900. Smith, Robert, appointed secretary of navy, 3712; secretary of state in Madison’s cabinet, 3896; negotiates with Jackson, 3912; Jackson’s rupture with, 3914, 3915; 236 GENERAL INDEX. incompetence of, 3921; Madison re¬ moves, 3950, 3951. Smith, S. W., representative from Mich¬ igan, 59th congress, on war vessels in great lakes, 5870. Smith, Samuel, commands Ft. Mifflin, 2669; commanded Maryland troops in whiskey rebellion, 3517; in congress, 3517; por¬ trait, facing 3596; opposes the embargo in 1809, 3388; influence of, 3896; opposes U. S. bank, 3947. Smith, Sydney, on taxation act, 4948. Smith, Sir Thomas, (great London mer¬ chant), chief incorporator of city of Raleigh, note, 611; in company of Lon¬ don merchants, 616; business manager of London company, 630; portrait, fac¬ ing 630; treasurer of New Virginia company, 656; Argali a relative, 657; opposed by Rich, 677; favors monoply, 687; loses ground, 688; royal candidate for treasurer, 689; advocates variety of crops, 697; consulted about govern¬ ment of Virginia, 710. Smith, Thomas, governor of Carolina^, 1789; advises abandonment of “grancj frame,” 1789; introduces culture of rice, 1790; advises against governing by deputy, 1791. Smith, Gen. William F., at Cold Harbor, 5241 - Smith, Gen. W. Sooy, ordered to pursue Forrest, 5254; raid of, 5254; plan of Sherman to meet, 5255; defeated by Forrest, 5255; retreats to Memphis, 5255 - Smith, William E., in the Miranda expedi¬ tion, 3818. Smith, William S., chief justice, estates confiscated, 3139; on American com¬ merce, 3491, 3494; attempts to bribe, 3567; appointed brigadier-general, 3637. Smith & Buchanan, Baltimore firm, great failure of, 4119. Smithfield, N. C., Confederates retreat to¬ ward, 5313, 5314. Smith’s Hundred, Va., entitled to represen¬ tation in house of burgesses, 680. Smith’s Island, N. C., blockade running at, 4855 . Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge: Squier and Davis’ “Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley” is vol. 1 of this series, 133; Morgan’s treatise on Indian social system is vol. 17 of the series, 178, 179. Smuggling in Rhode Island, 1350; thrives in colonies, 1691; increases during seven years’ war, 2357; on the frontier in 1808, 3876. Smyth, Gen. Alexander, American officer at Buffalo in 1812, 3995, 399 7; at Queenstown Heights, 3999; career, 4000; campaign of, 4000; in attack on Black Rock, 4000, 4001; demoralization of the army under, 4001; dismissed from thearmy, 4001. Smyth, Henry, Massachusetts commission¬ er for Connecticut, 967. Smyth, John, separatist pastor, 753; re¬ moved to Amsterdam, 754; dissents from others, 756. Snake river, Lewis and Clark at the, 3758. Snead, Col. Thomas L., his comment on battle of Boonville, 4712. Snorrason, Thorbrand, Norseman killed by Indians, 226, 237. Snow Island, rendezvous of Marion at, 2995; Doyle captures, 3040. Snowland, name of Iceland, 203. Social Democratic party in 1900, 5765; candidates and platform, 5765-5767. Socialism, Robert Owen’s views, 4208- 4210; Frances Wright’s experiment at Nashoba, 4210, 4211; workingman’s party at New York, 4211; American labor union, 5889. Socialist Labor party, national convention in 1892, 5648; nominee for president, 5648; national convention in 1896, 5690; platform, 5690, 5691; nominees, 5691; national convention of 1900, 5769; nom¬ inees, 5769; vote in 1900, 5772. Society for the propagation of Christian knowledge helps Moravians, 1866. Society for propagation of the gospel, patron of Indian education, 1017; sup¬ plies ministers for South Carolina, 1795, 1801; protests against persecution of dissenters in Carolinas, 1800; appealed to for better missionaries in Carolinas, 1832; in northern colonies, 3111. “Society of Our Lady of Montreal” formed for missionary work among Indians, 1967; found Montreal as religious in¬ stitution, 1968. Society of the Cincinnati, 5911. Society of the colonial dames of America, 59 1 8- ^ . Society of the daughters of the American revolution, 5919. Society of the daughters of the revolution, 5919 - GENERAL INDEX. 237 Society of the Mayflower descendants, 59 ! 8 - Society of the united Confederate veterans, 5920, 5921. Society of the war of 1812, 5911, 5912. Soderini, Piero, friend of Vespucci, 347; Vespucci’s correspondence with, 364, 365, 370 . Solar motor, 5945. Soldier’s Rest, Morgan’s home at, 2771. Solebay, British frigate, 2867. Soley, Prof., U. S. N., on lack of harmony in Confederate government, 4899, 4900. Solis, Juan Dias de, expedition to* Hon¬ duras, note, 358, 374; compared to Ves¬ pucci, 369; chief pilot of Spain and dis¬ coverer of the La Plata, 375, 439. Solomon, king of Hungary, perhaps used cannon, 76. Somers, Earl of, patentee of Plymouth council, 744. Somers, Sir George, grantee in London company, 629; admiral of second Vir¬ ginia colony, 656; wrecked on the Ber¬ mudas, 657, 658; arrived at Jamestown, 662; died in the Bermudas, 665. Somers, Lieut. Richard, disastrous exploit at Tripoli, 3772. Somers , U. S. schooner, 4028. Somers Islands (The Bermudas), 699. Somerset, Ky., Morgan at, 5113. Somersetshire, Eng., sent recruits to Mas¬ sachusetts Bay, 876, 879. Soncino, Raimondo de, on Cabot’s voyage, 425. “Sons of Liberty” organized, put down sale of stamps, 2375; infuriated by British garrison, 2393, 2394; society of, formed, 5201, 5202; Vallandigham chosen su¬ preme grand commander, 5202; pur¬ pose of organization, 5202; Thompson’s dealings with, 5203; general rising planned, 5203; arms seized, 5204; arrest¬ ed and tried in Indiana, 5205; plot to release prisoners at Camp Douglas, 5207, 5208; arrest of members of, 5208. Sons of the American revolution, 5913, 5914 - Sons of the revolution, 5913, 5915; Massa¬ chusetts society of, 5915; Pennsylvania society of, 5915. Sons of veterans, 5915, 5916. Soo canal, 5950, 5951. Sorie, Capt. Jacques de, dishonorably killed prisoners, 493. Sothel, Seth, governor of North Carolina, a prisoner in Africa, 1761; returned to rule disgracefully and be deposed, 1762; punished by colonists, 1763; usurps gov¬ ernment in South Carolina, 1783, 1784; forced to flee, 1785; dies, 1785. Soto, Hernando de, great explorer, 400; life and travels, 464, 465; portrait, facing 464; his expedition to America, 465; his character, 466, 467; in Florida, 467; cruelty to Indians, 468-476; disappointed at not finding gold, 471, 472, 476; found the Mississippi, 475; wintered on the Washita, 475; buried in the Mississippi, 477; his expedition a failure, 478, 486. Soule, Pierre, favors extension of slavery into territories acquired from Mexico, 4468; opposes Clay’s compromise, 4469- 4473; minister to Spain under Pierce, 4520; helps draw up Ostend manifesto, 4549 - South Amboy, N. J., British hold in rev¬ olution, 2549. South America, stone works in, 126; Chi¬ nese ships drifted to, 259, 260; Caribs came from, 323; explorations, discov¬ ered by Columbus, 329, 405; Orinoco river, 330; Vespucci claimed to have coasted, 352, 359, 360, 370; name Amer¬ ica suggested, 371; Ojeda’s voyages to, 37 2 > 375-377; Pinzon’s expedition to, 373 - 375 ; Solis in, 374, 375; Cabral takes possession of, 377, 378; explored by others, 381; Magellan coasts, 386, 396; rounds southern cape, 406, 415; marvel¬ ous Spanish conquests in, 464; Mi¬ randa’s expedition against Spanish states of, 3817, 3818. South American republics, sympathy for, in the United States, 4104, 4105, 4172, 4173; relations of United States with, 4106, 4140; Great Britain hesitates to recognize them, 4142; British-American negotiations concerning, 4143-4147; par¬ cel post convention with, 5752. South Anna river, Va., Porter destroys bridges over, 4965, 4966. South Bay, Lake Champlain, 2095, 2200, 2205. South Berwick, Me., early factory at, 846. South Carolina, Sioux and Iroquois in, 160; first French colony in, 480; aban¬ doned, 482; described by Amidas and Barlowe, 605, 606; included in Carolina company in grant of Charles V., 1722; always separate from North Carolina, 1750; religious disputes in, 1765-1767; debt of, 1797, 1826; general assembly, 1826-1833; attempted to check slave 238 GENERAL INDEX. trade, 1838; contests rum question with Georgia, 1877-1879; included in Ogle¬ thorpe’s military jurisdiction, 1887; Spaniards stir up slave insurrection in, 1891-1893; votes aid to Oglethorpe in expedition against St. Augustine, 1898; refuses aid to Oglethorpe in Spanish invasion of Georgia, 1901; part of, claimed by Spain, 2002; renews treaty with Indians, 2108; Acadians sent to, 2128, 2129; attacked by Indians from Florida during revolution, 2337; obliged to retain slave trade, 2363; protests against stamp act, 2368; sends delegates to stamp act congress, 2377; government under the provincial congress, 2439, 2440, 2474, 2491, 2495, 2499, 2818; slavery during revolution, 2811; Rutledge gov¬ ernor of, 2818; militia, 2820; on declaration of independence, 2823; Prevost’s army pillages, 2825, 2826; state militia law, 2831; establishes a fleet, 2863; southern campaign of the British in, 2905; Rutledge made dictator, 2906; British outrages in, 2914-2919, 2932, 2933; Clinton’s policy and its results, 2919, 2920; Cornwallis in, 2920, 2921; civil war in, during revolution, 2921, 2922; famous revolutionary lead¬ ers, 2923-2926; Scotch in, 2927; charac¬ ter of the Tories, 2927, 2928; map show¬ ing route of Greene and Cornwallis, facing 2938; government after the revo¬ lution, 3105; slavery in 1783-1787, 3106; disestablishment of the church, 3110'; cedes land to the United States, 3156; paper money, 3246; on Philadelphia convention, 3259; ratifies the U. S. con¬ stitution, 3311; adopts new state con¬ stitution in 1790, 3408; popplation in 1790, 3422; reopens slave trade, 3769; protests against tariff, 4191; manifesto prepared by Calhoun, 4192; negro sea¬ man act, 4203-4206; reply of, 4204-4206; opposes protective tariff, 4242, 4243; calls state convention and adopts ordi¬ nance of nullification, 4254, 4255; ordi¬ nance of nullification suspended and later rescinded, 4259, 4260; appoints commit¬ tee of safety to organize South against northern aggression, 4478; delegates de¬ nounce compromise bill in Nashville convention, 4478, 4479; appropriates the Georgia platform, 4480; not represented in senate in second session of 36th congress, 4603; first steps toward seces¬ sion, 4607,-4610; effect of Lincoln’s elec¬ tion in, 4609, 4610; political tenets of, 4611, 4612; preparations for resistance of, 4615; Pickens elected governor, 4616; secession resolutions, 4617; ordi¬ nance of secession passed, 4618-4620; appeals to southern states to form con¬ federacy, 4621, 4622; dealings with Gen¬ eral Anderson, 4627; letter of commis¬ sioners to Buchanan, 4630; Buchanan’s reply to, 4631, 4632; prepares for war, 4637; blockades Pensacola, 4854; slaves declared free, 5060; desertions in regi¬ ments from, 5228; Sherman’s march through, 5280; Sherman’s plans con¬ cerning, 5310; Hardee’s movements in, 53 1 1; Johnston commands Confederate forces in, 5313; proclamation for recon¬ struction of, 5346; constitutional conven¬ tion, 5349; ratifies thirteenth amend¬ ment, 5352; military control provided for, 5383; Sickles assigned as military commander, 5388; provisions for relief, 5394 , 5395 ; Canby reduces taxes, 5397; convention ratifies constitution, 5399; ratifies fourteenth amendment, 5413; Grant issues proclamation concerning Kuklux Klan, 5421; military force sent to, 5421; Blaine on conditions in, dur¬ ing reconstruction, note, 5425, 5426; Democratic protest against constitution of 1868, 5430, 5431; against negro con¬ trol, 5430, 5431; character of the first legislature in, 5431; extravagance of house of representatives in, 5431, 5432; amount of debt increased under negro rule, 5432; career of Senator Patterson, 5433 ; public institutions, 5433; Pike’s description of the negro legislature in 1873, 5433^ 5434; efforts at reform, 5435; D. H. Chamberlain elected governor, 5435 legislature of 1874,. 5435; admin¬ istration of Chamberlain, 5436-5451; struggle over Whipper, 5437; defeat of Moses, 5438; election of Shaw, 5438; colored militia forced to disband, 5439; Democrats fear Chamberlain, 5444; Re¬ publican state convention in 1876, 5444, 5445; strike of negroes in Colleton county, 5445, 5446; election frauds, 5447, 5448; Grant’s instructions to Ruger, 5448, 5449; conflict in the legislature over Chamberlain and Hampton, 5448- 5451; Hayes on elections, 5451-5454; congress acts on affairs in, 5454; Cham¬ berlain resigns, 5454; troops withdrawn from, 5454, 5455; Chamberlain on evils GENERAL INDEX. 239 and reforms in, 5457, 5458; carpet-bag administrations in, 5457-5460. South company succeeds the Australia company, 577; outgrown by New Swe¬ den, 585. South Dakota, admission into the Union, 5622. South Kingston, R. I., Narragansett strong¬ hold in, 1294; held by whites, 1299. South Mountain, Md., battle of, 5039-5041; losses at, 5041. South river, early name of Delaware river, 575 - South sea found by Balboa, 383, 385; chan¬ nel to, sought by De Ayllon, 398; Aus¬ tralian company organized to trade in, 576; outlet to, desired, 631, and note; England excited about route to, 647; reported route via Potomac, 648; by the St. Lawrence, 649. Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, Earl of, financed Gosnold’s expedition, 618; sent Weymouth’s expedition to America, 621; did not object to Catholic colony, 622; prominent in London company, 627; connected with Wingfield, 630; led the auditor’s party in London company, 688; portrait, facing 690; in committee on answer to James I., 699; his manage¬ ment contrasted with that of Sir Thomas Smith, 699; debarred from London company’s meetings, 702; kept the records of the company, note, 709; died, note, 709; patentee in Plymouth council, 744; headed Virginia company, 746; on committee of plantations, 1417. Southampton, Eng., Mayflower fitted out at, 764; Puritans sail from, 765. Southampton, L. I., part of Connecticut colony, 957; sends settlers to Branford, 993; founded by English, 1125. Southard, Samuel L., appointed secretary of the navy, 4141; approves Adams’ stand on the Monroe doctrine, 4263; reap¬ pointed by Adams, 4169. Southcote, Thomas, one of Massachusetts association, 864. Southerland, Lieut., commands Highland¬ ers in 1742 at Frederica, 1910, 1911. Southern men in Mexican war, 4378. Southern states, grievances of, 4173; ground for complaint on tariff, 4182, 4186, 4187; sympathy with Mexican war, 4443, 4444; pro-slavery feelings become more pronounced, 4445; Calhoun de¬ clares North has gained ascendency over, 4458, 4459; attempt to organize against the president’s opposition to extension of slavery, 4477, 4478; does not favor fugitive slave law as passed, 4483; conservative and loyal elements accept compromise of 1850, 4486; aroused over fate of Cuban filibusters, 4495, 4496; condition of, in i860, 4604; secession of, 4604-4624, 4649-4654, 4657- 4660; incendiary press in 1861, 4651; Confederacy organized, 4653-4655, 4660- 4662; conditions in, during civil war, 4677, 4678; illiteracy Jn, 5985, 5986. Southertown, R. I., claimed by Massachu¬ setts Bay, 1057. Southfield, Union gunboat, sunk by the .Albemarle, 5174. Southgate, James H., candidate for vice- president, 5686. Southold, L. I., part of New Haven colony, 958; settled by company from Norfolk, Eng., 992; annexed by Connecticut col¬ ony, 1421; Dutch and English commis¬ sioners met at, 1431. Southwest Pass, La., Mississippi river en¬ trance, 4862; gulf squadron passes through the, 4862, 4863; the federal fleet at entrance of, 4884; deposits of the Mis¬ sissippi river at, 5955. Southwest territory organized by congress, 3389 . Southwick, Cassandra, charged with har¬ boring Quakers and banished, 932, 936. Southwick, Lawrence, implicated with Quakers, 932; died, 936. Sovereign, James R., grand master of the Knights of labor, 5672. Spaight, Richard Dobbs, member of the Philadelphia convention, 3270. Spain, unification, 17, 18; subject to Arabs, 17, 46, 243; map of, 18; relations with Portugal, 18, 19; union of church and state, 20; origin of inquisition, 20; jealous of France, 26; junta zealous for church, 40; injures America, 41; coasted by Phoenicians, 98; advantage in mari¬ time affairs, 115; dealings with Indians, 152-154, 168, 169, 183; gains new world, 283; gives Columbus his first commis¬ sion, 291-294; Spain’s treatment of Co¬ lumbus, 3J7-320, 329, 332 - 337 , 340 , 34 U rivalry with Portugal, 321; Pope’s line of demarcation from Portugal, 321, 322; Jews expelled from, 328; trade privileges in new world, 328; Spanish treatment of Indians, 332, 468-470, 473 , 475 , 476; Spanish successors of Columbus, 381- 400; threatens war on English colonies, 240 GENERAL INDEX. 1206; claims right of search on English vessels, 1489, 1894; in treaty of Ryswick, 1552; engaged in piratical enterprises, 1 773 i claims universal sovereignty in America, 1773; allied with France dur¬ ing war of Spanish succession, 1802; hostile to American colonies, 1885, 1888; her persistence in new world causes war of Austrian succession, 1893, 1894; allied with France against English in colonial period, 2003; partly defeated in seven years’ war, 2003; acquires Loui¬ siana in 1755, 2006; joins France in “Family Compact against England,” de¬ clares war in 1762, 2330; cedes Florida to England in 1763, 2335; exchanges Florida for Cuba in 1763, 2336; cedes Florida to United States, 2337; Genet and Spanish America, 3474-3477; rela¬ tions with the United States, 3534-3536, 3562, 3605-3607; as affected by Jay’s treaty, 3556; Pinckney negotiates treaty of T 795 » 3561-3563; Spanish intrigues in the West, 3602-3604; American filibus¬ tering in Louisiana, 3605-3607, 3639, 3640; opens port of New Orleans to American commerce in 1795, 3724, 3725; Jefferson’s letter to Claiborne on our relations with Spain, 3725; transfers Louisiana to France, 3725, 3726, 3728- 3730, 3735; closes Mississippi river to American commerce, 3736, 3737; re¬ stores right of deposit, 3740; receives news of sale of Louisiana to United States, 3745; protest of, 3746; on Loui¬ siana boundaries, 3753; her claim on the Floridas, 3754, 3765; the Mobile act, 3765, 3766; the Spanish claims conven¬ tion of 1804, 3766; negotiations over West Florida, 3804, 3805; Wilkinson in¬ trigues with Spanish officials, 3831, 3832; neutral ground treaty, 3832; United States threatens colonies of, 3903; Na¬ poleon closes ports of, 3920; American ships seized in, 3932; revolt in Spanish- American colonies, 3939, 3940; feeling toward, in United States, 4104; respon¬ sible for piracy on American coast, 4107; protests against Jackson’s invasion of Florida, 4111; United States answers, 4111, 4112; cedes Florida to the United States, 4113; finally ratifies the Florida treaty, 4132; threatened with loss of Cuba and Porto Rico, 4173; negotiations of Webster with, over New Orleans incident, 4495, 4496; Cleveland on treaty with, 5594; reciprocity treaty with, 5645; in naval display at New York, 5657, 5658; congress asks for local govern¬ ment in Cuba, 5681, 5682; the insurrec¬ tion in Cuba, 5704, 5705; McKinley’s message on Cuban affairs, 5706; media¬ tion refused by, 5706; McKinley’s nego¬ tiations regarding Cuba with, 5709, 5710; joint resolution of congress demands the relinquishment of Cuba, 5714; war with United States, 5714, 5715; peace treaty with, 5749; see also Spanish- American war. Spanish in America, see Colonies in Amer¬ ica, Spanish; Discovery and exploration, for Spain. Spanish-American treaty of 1899, facsimile of last page, facing 5738. Spanish-American war, 5711-5745; declared, 5715; preparations for, 5715-5718; coast defenses, 5716, 5717; Dewey’s victory in the Philippines, 5719-5724; location of Cervera’s fleet, 5725; Hobson’s exploit of sinking the Merrimac, 5725, 5726; active land operations around Santiago, 5727-5732; destruction of Cervera’s fleet, 5732, 5733; number of deaths and wounded in, 5734; number of Spaniards surrendering in the, 5735; Spain sues for peace, 5735; Spanish-American war, joint military commission appointed, 5735; work of the commission, 5736; peace commissioners, 5 737; organiza¬ tions to cherish memories and associa¬ tions of, 5920. Spanish succession, war of, prevented Eng¬ land from taking over Penn’s provinces, 1250; starts privateering in Rhode Is¬ land, 1481; burdens Rhode Island with paper money, 1483; affects C^tolinas, 1801; leaves Acadia a permanent pos¬ session of England, 1958. Spanish Fort, Ala., attacked by Canby, 5283. Spartanburg county, S. C., Ferguson in, 2934 - Spears, Gen. G. G., sent to Pine Mountain, 5111; withdraws, 5111. Specht commanded the Hessians at battle of Saratoga, 2653. Specie circular, 4299; one cause of panic of i 837 , 4303 . Specie payments, suspension of, in 1861- 62, 4945; congress on, 5524, 5525. Speculation in the United States, 4116. Speed, James, views on negro suffrage, 5348; resigns, 5371; denounces Johnson’s reconstruction work, 5377. Speedwell, Pring’s ship, 620. GENERAL INDEX. 241 Spelman, Sir Henry, sold to the Indians by John Smith, note, 660; defended ad¬ ventures against Pierce, 797; adviser of Gorges, 849, 860. Spencer, John C, secretary of war under Tyler, 4348. Spencer, Joseph, colonel of Connecticut troops, 2435; appointed brigadier-gen¬ eral, 2453; expedition to recapture New¬ port, R. I., 2753. Spiring, Peter, commissioner to interest Holland in South company, 578; con¬ tributed towards it, 579. Spitalfields, Eng., riots at, in 1765, 2360. Spitzbergen Islands in the Arctic ocean touched by Hudson, 543. Spoils system under Jackson, 4218, 4219; evils of, 5567-5570; Republican clash over, 5570; contest of Conkling and Blaine over, 5570. Spotswood, Alexander, explores the Alle- ghanies, 1623, 1657; encourages educa¬ tion in Virginia, 1653, 1656; royal gov¬ ernor of Virginia, 1654-1661; instituted writ of habeas corpus, 1654; refused supplies for French war of assembly, 1655; quarrels about church living, 1658; makes treaty with Six Nations, 1658; postmaster-general, 1659 ; appoints B. Franklin postmaster of Philadelphia, 1659; introduced culture of vine into Virginia, 1659; appointed to command troops against Cartagena, 1659; endeav¬ ors to pacify disputing parties in North Carolina, 1809, 1810; intercedes with Tuscaroras for whites, 1813; sends May¬ nard to attack Blackbeard, 1825; crosses the Blue Ridge, 3145. Spottsylvania, Va., occupied by Longstreet, 5235; position of Union army at, 5236; battle of, 5236-5239. Sprigg, U. S. representative, opposes war with France, 3620, 3621, 3623. Springett, Sir William, father-in-law of William Penn, 1191. Springfield, Ill., Fincoln buried at, 5302. Springfield, Mass., founded by William Pynchon, 867; objected to tax on the river, 995; manufacture of arms estab¬ lished at, 2536; convention to regulate prices at, 2687; Clinton burns, 2967; mob at, 3239; Shay’s rebellion, 3241. Springfield, Mo., battle of Wilson creek fought near, 4713; Maj. Zagonyi at, 4723; Curtis reaches, 4732; Price evac¬ uates, 4732. Spurgeon, Rev. C. H., prayer for success of emancipation .proclamation, 5064. Squanto, Indian interpreter, helpful to Pil¬ grims, 775, 777, 781, 782; rescued by Standish, 776. Squier, E. G., joint author of “Ancient Monuments of Mississippi Valley,” 132. Squires, Capt., attempted to burn Hampton Roads, 2486. Squirrel, De Vries’ yacht, 574; one of Gilbert’s ships, 601, 603. Stadaconna, Indian town where Quebec now stands, 512. Staempfli, Jacob, on Geneva tribunal of arbitration, 5507. Stafford Heights, Va., occupied by Sumner, 5071. Stage coach, first line of, between Balti¬ more and Philadelphia, 1711; first in English colonies, 2348; travel by, 3137, 3138; illus. of, facing 3138. Stagg, commissioner for Maryland in 17th century, 1092; lost at sea, 1094. Stamford, Conn., part of New Haven col¬ ony, 958, 993; founded by Wethersfield, 992; near dividing-line between Dutch and English territories, 1014; Underhill defeats Indians at, 1139; annexed by Connecticut colony, 1421. Stamp act opposed by Gov. John Penn, 1273; becomes a law, 2370, 2371, 2374; details of, 2371; actively resisted in the colonies, 2374-2376, 2384, 2392, 2393; re¬ pealed, 2379, 2382. Stamp act congress meets in 1765, 2376; instructions to delegates, 2376, 2377; colonies represented in, 2376, 2377; frames declaration of rights and peti¬ tions, 2377, 2378. Stanberry, Henry, succeeds Speed as at¬ torney-general, 5371; opinion on recon¬ struction acts, 5392, 5393; notified of Thomas’ arrest, 5405; member of John¬ son’s counsel in impeachment trial, 5407. Standard oil company, investigation of, by department of commerce and labor, 5973 - “Standing Laws of Carolina,” by seceding parliament of South Carolina, 1780. Standish, Miles, Puritan leader, in Holland, 757; brief account of, 762; in Massa¬ chusetts in 1620, 773; protects settlers from Indians, 776; balks Indian leagues, 782; puts down Wituwamat, 786; res¬ cues Weston’s men, 787; opposed by Ly- ford, 807; attacked by Oldham, 808; 242 GENERAL INDEX. ready to defend claim on Cape Ann, 812; conducts negotiations in London, 815, 816; one of eight guarantors of Plym¬ outh colony debt, note, 818; suppresses Morton at Merry-Mount, 824; checked in expedition against French, 833; defied by Billington, 834; autograph, facing 838; dies, 839. Stanford, Leland, governor of California, in the Central Pacific Ry. Co., 5491; at ceremonies attending the completion of the Pacific railroad, 5493 , 5494 - Stanley, Lord, English minister, 5503; pol¬ icy of, 5504. Stanley, Gen. David S., at New Madrid, 4830; enters Murfreesboro, 5153, 5154. Stansbury, L. S. officer, in battle of Bladensburg in 1814, 4073. Stanton, Edwin M., adds strength to Bu¬ chanans cabinet, 4633, 4634; position on Kansas, 4681; attitude to Lincoln, 4681; on McClellan, 4789; as secretary of war, telegram to the state governors, 4964; receives dispatch from McClellan, 5006; overrules Pope’s objections to succeed McClellan, 5007; opposes McClellan’s re¬ instatement, 5029; Burnside’s opposi¬ tion to, 5075; reports Lincoln’s instruc¬ tions to Grant, 5228; suggests bodyguard for Lincoln, 5299; wires news of Lin¬ coln’s assassination to Sherman, 5316; criticises Sherman, 5319; actions against Sherman, 5320; receives message from Sherman, 5320; Sherman’s attitude to¬ ward, 5321, 5322; characteristics of, 5322; Lincoln’s opinion of, 5323; views on negro suffrage, 5347, 5348; hostility to Johnson, 5371; makes no reply to Baird’s telegram, 5373; relations with Johnson strained, 5401; suspended by Johnson, 5402; congress reinstates, 5403 ; dismissed by Johnson, 5404; refuses to obey order, 5404; receives copy of senate resolution, 5405; procures Thomas’ arrest, 5405; refuses to give up office to Thomas, 5406; case against Thomas dropped, 5406; dismissal a charge in Johnson’s impeachment, 5407; Johnson’s answer to charge, 5408, 5409; resigns, 5413; death, 5538. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, leader of women’s rights’ convention, 5927; president of national woman’s suffrage society, 5929; speaks before congressional committee, 5929 . Stanton, Frederick P., governor of Kansas, 4 S 7 i. Stanwix, Brig.-Gen. John, builds Ft. Stan- wix in 1758, 2210; sends troops against Frontenac, 2211; at Oneida in 1759, 2216. Stanwix Fort, N. Y., treaties with the Ind¬ ians made at, 1259, 1268; scene of treaty about boundary of Virginia, 2328; plan of, facing 2586; description of, 2587; invested by St. Leger, 2587, 2588, 2595, 2596; first American flag hoisted over, 2594; siege raised, 2596; Indian treaty signed at, in 1784, 3379. Star chamber, court of, injury to New England colonies, 958. Star of the West, U. S. steamer, expedition to Ft. Sumter, 4649. Star route fraud, exposure of, 5585, 5586. “Star-spangled Banner, The,” circumstances which led to composition of, 4077. Stark, John, repulses Montcalm at Ft. William Henry, 2145; in conference with Gen. George Howe, about Ticon- deroga, 2188, 2189; officer in Rogers’ rangers, 2192, 2277; at Cambridge, 2433; appointed colonel, 2436; at Bunker Hill, 2458; at Trenton, 2540; pledged his pri¬ vate fortune as war fund, 2544; resigna¬ tion, 2565; his ability, 2600; portrait, facing 2602; Baum barred by, 2602; tactics of, 2603; famous saying “Molly Stark sleeps a widow,” note, 2603; Baum charged by, 2604; made brigadier-gen¬ eral, 2607; unappreciated services of, 2667. Stark, Gen. W. E., brigade at battle of An- tietam, 5044; killed at Antietam, 5047. Starr, Col. Owen, in the Fenian invasion of Canada, 5483; portrait, facing 5502. “Starving-time” in Virginia, 661, note, 661. State, department of, organized by con¬ gress, 3335, 3336; progress in 1905, 5962, 5963 - State constitutions, adoption of new, in South, 5399. Staten Island, lands on, allotted to Wal¬ loons, 557; brewery built on, by Kieft, 1123; war on, between Indians and Dutch, 1130; peace easily secured on, 1142; Howe at, 2492, 2493; Howe’s base at, 2511; Howe returns to, 2610. States rights, commercial treaties pre¬ vented by, 3228; action of the states’ right party, 3237; discussion on, 3647, 3654; effect of the Louisiana purchase on state sovereignty, 3754; expression of, in 1814, 4090; South Carolina on, in i860, 4621; southern congressmen act in GENERAL INDEX. 243 interest of, 4768; Johnson a supporter of, 5342 . Statue of liberty in New York harbor, un¬ veiling of, 5615. Staunton, Va., settled, 1666; Jackson de¬ feated Milroy and Schenk at, 4798; Hunter advances towards, 5247; Early at, 5249; Forbert sent to, 5250; Sheridan at, 5285. Steam engine, first in America at Ft. Pitt, 2316. Steamboats, early patents, 3120, 3121, 3695; Oliver Evans, 3120; Henry’s, 3120; John Fitch’s, 3120, 3695; illus. of Fitch’s boat, facing 3120; James Rumsey’s, 3121, 3695; the Clermont's first trip, 3695. Steamboat inspection service established, 45 °°-. Steamship lines, proposition to create new lines, 5859, 5860. Stearns, Frederick P., on Panama canal commission of engineers, 5829. Stedman, Fort, Va., taken by Confederates, 5286; retaken by Gen. Hartranft, 5286. Steedman, Gen. J. B.,' reinforces Thomas, 5267; in battle of Nashville, 5267. Steel, tariff on, 3346. Steele, Gen., in Arkansas, 5256; occupies Little Rock, 5256; march toward Shreve¬ port, 5256; demonstrations of Price against, 5257; retreat to Little Rock, 5257 . Steele, John, Massachusetts commissioner for Connecticut, 967. Steele, Richard, friend of Bishop Berkeley, i486. Steenstrup, Prof., on Zeno story, 256. Stegge, Thomas, Cromwell’s commissioner to Virginia, 722. Stephen, Capt. Adam, in battle of German¬ town, 2041; in command at Will’s Creek, 2052; at Princeton, N. J., 2529; at Trenton, 2540; appointed major-gen¬ eral, 2564; on the Brandywine, 2615, 2617, 2618; at Germantown, 2628, 2631; court-martial and dismissal, 2631, 2632. Stephens, Alexander H., member of 28th congress, 4360; declares aggression suf¬ ficient cause for dissolution of Union, 4449; draws up manifesto urging adher¬ ence to compromise of 1850, 4497; op¬ poses secession, 4622, 4623; effect of speech, 4623; Lincoln’s letter to, 4624; elected vice-president of the Confeder¬ acy, 4654; portrait, facing 4656; effort to prevent secession, 4658, 4659; on con¬ stitution of Southern Confederacy, 4662; his faith in Confederate success, 4662, 4663; member of Hampton Roads con¬ ference, 5226; suggested as candidate for senate, 5353; Johnson’s criticism of can¬ didacy of, 5353; statement concerning legal rights of negroes, 5355, 5356; de¬ nied seat in congress, 5362. Stephens, James, on fraudulent neutrality, 3809, 3810. Stephens, Col. W. H., brigade in battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5103. Stephens, William, president of Georgia trustees, 1924; trouble with the Bosom- worths, 1927, 1929-1931. Stephenson, Fort, on the Sandusky, 4025. Steuben, Baron von, portrait, facing 2704; inspector-general of American army, 2705, 2706; life sketch, 2705; at battle of Monmouth, 2739, 2740; on board to try Andre, 2986; sent to help Greene, 3013, 3026, 3027; with Lafayette in Vir¬ ginia, 3069. Stevens, E. A., chief engineer of Panama canal, favors a lock-canal, 5829. Stevens, Edward, at Brandywine, 2620; in Carolina campaign, 2940, 2942, 2946; urges battle at Camden, 2951, 2952, 2954. Stevens, Gen. I., in battle of Chantilly, 5025; leads charge, 5025; killed, 5025. Stevens, John, urges superiority of railways, 4197 ■ Stevens, John L., minister to Hawaii, rec¬ ognizes the provincial government, 5632; report on conditions in Hawaii, 5632, 5633; establishes protectorate over Ha¬ waii, 5634; Bount succeeds, 5655. Stevens, Samuel, governor of Albemarle, 1726; dies, 1752. Stevens, Thaddeus, presents reconstruction resolution, 5361; opens debate upon ad¬ mission of states, 5362; presents recon¬ struction bill to house, 5383; member of house committee to draw up articles of impeachment against Johnson, 5406; manager of conduct of prosecution, 5407. Stevenson, Adlai E., becomes vice-presi¬ dent, 5647, 5648,. 5768 , 5770 . Stevenson, Ala., Sigel ordered to seize, 5109; battle at, 5110. Stevenson, Andrew, chosen speaker of the house, 4184; reelected speaker of the house, 4223 ; chosen speaker of the house, 4267, 4268; presides at Democratic con¬ vention in 1848, 4426. Stevenson, Marmaduke, Quaker, defied Massachusetts authorities, 936; hanged, 937 , 938 . 244 GENERAL INDEX. Stewart, Lieut.-Col., British officer at battle of Guilford, 3033; death, 3034. Stewart, Gen. A. P., commands brigade at Pittsburg Landing, 5103. Stewart, A. T., selected by Johnson as secretary of the treasury, 5418; declines, 5419; in Grant’s cabinet, 5521. Stewart, Charles, in U. S. navy, 3624; por¬ trait, facing 4088. Stewart, Walter, at Brandywine, 2620. Stiles, Rev. Ezra, president of Yale college, 1451 . Stillman, Dr. Samuel, Baptist clergyman, 3116. Stillwater, N. Y., Americans at, 2608; Schuyler arrives at, 2678. Stimers, A. C., chief engineer of the Mon¬ itor, 4912. Stires, Rev. Ernest, conducts Gen. Wheel¬ er’s funeral services, 5867. Stirling, - Earl of, see Alexander, Sir Will¬ iam. Stirling, Lord, see Alexander, Gen. Will¬ iam. Stith, William, owned records of London company, note, 709. Stobo, colonial officer, held as hostage after surrender of Ft. Necessity, 2051. Stockholm visited by Usselinx, 576; ar¬ rangements made at, for Swedish col¬ ony, 579; treaty of, silent as to conflict¬ ing claims in America, 1127. Stockton, Richard, portrait, facing 2500. Stockton, Robert F., successor of Sloat, 4383. Stoddard, Benjamin, secretary of the navy, 3623. Stodder, acting-master on the Monitor, 4912. Stone, English trader, murder of, 913, 969, 970. Stone, Gen. Chas. P., charges against, note, 4779, 4780; arrested, 4780; McClellan supports, note, 4780; later career of, note, 4780. Stone, Lucy, vice-president of American woman’s suffrage society, 5929. Stone, Rev. Samuel, comes to Massachu¬ setts with Hooker and Cotton, 893, 894; of great ability, 965; in Pequot war, 974. Stone, Thomas, in continental congress, 1110; portrait, facing 2500; member of commercial convention, 3249. Stone, William, governor of Maryland, 1086; draws some Puritans to colony, 1088, 1089; loyal to Lord Baltimore, 1095; opposes commissioners, 1099; re¬ signs, 1100; reproached by Lord Balti¬ more, 1103; turns against Puritans, 1104; worsted in conflict with them, 1105, mo. Stoneman, Gen. George, at Williamsburg, 4796; in Maryland, 5054; ordered to cut off Lee’s supplies, 5079; Hooker dis¬ satisfied with, 5084; succeeded by Pleas¬ anton, 5084; sent to destroy railroads, 5263; captured by Confederates, 5263; raids in Virginia, 5270; raid in West Virginia and North Carolina, 5270; captures Salisbury, 5270; defeats Gardner and Pemberton, 5270; impor¬ tant captures, 5270. Stonewall Jackson, Confederate ship, fight with the Varuna, 4889. Stone’s river, Tenn., battle at, 5113, 5114; description of, 5151. Stonington, Conn., petitions for admission to Connecticut, 1463. Stone Ferry, S. C, battle of, 2825. Stony creek, O., Senecas at, 1519. Stony Point, N. Y., stormed by Wayne, 2807, 2833-2837; Clinton reoccupies and abandons, 2837, 2838; Andre and Arnold meet near, 2981. Stormont, Lord, British ambassador, de¬ mands vessels captured by French and Americans during revolution, 2555, 2556, 2870, 2872. Storms in the year 1893, 5663. Storms, Cape of, early name of Cape of Good Hope, 403. Storrs, member of congress, proposes an amendment to the Missouri bill, 4125. Story, deputy register, 1765; house attacked by Boston mob, 2374. Stoughton, Israel, at Greenfield Hill, 979. Stoughton, William, chief judge of witch¬ craft cases, 1335; unrepentant, 1338; portrait, facing 1338; deputy-governor of Massachusetts, 1347, 1348; dies, 1351. Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher, effect of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” 4514, 4515. Stowell, Lord, on contraband traffic, 4851. Strabo calculated size of earth, 96; his idea of width of ocean, 103; his re¬ markable prophecy, 280. Strachey, Henry, secretary of British peace commission, 2726, 3094. Strachey, William, narrative of wreck sug¬ gested “The Tempest” to Shakespeare, note, 658; in council under Delaware, 665, note, 728, note, 730, note, 731. Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, op¬ posed to London company, 709; com- GENERAL INDEX. 245 pared to Berkeley, 717, 723; his trial, 867. Strahl, Gen. 0 . F., killed at Franklin, 5267. Strasburg, Va., Shields at, 4797. Stratford, Conn., offshoot of Hartford, 957. Strawberry Bank, N. H., (now Ports¬ mouth), factories built at, 846; govern¬ ment organized, 946; absorbed by Mas¬ sachusetts, 948. Strawbridge, S. W., last tie on Pacific railroad placed by, 5493. Stream Island, Norse land on, 221. Street, Rev. Nicholas, joins Davenport in defense of New Haven, 1425. Strikes, causes of, in 1885, 5599; in the southwest, 5599; at east St. Louis, 5599; at Chicago, 5600, 5601; the Pullman, 5668-5671; railroads in 1894, 5669-5672; the great anthracite coal miners’, 5809- 5815; Chicago teamsters’ (1905), 5827; Chicago lumber drivers’, 5828; anthra¬ cite coal miners’, 5828. Stringham, Silas, commands Atlantic blockading squadron in 1861, 4853; com¬ mands naval forces at Fortress Monroe, 4 8 7 I - Strong, Justice, on the electoral commis¬ sion, 5547. Strong, Caleb, governor of Massachusetts, member of the Philadelphia convention, 3265; on senate judiciary committee, 3338; in Massachusetts politics, 3677; convenes legislature to initiate Hartford convention movement, 4090. Strong, Gen. G. C., in second attack on Ft. Wagner, 5168; mortally wounded in the attack, 5169. Strother, Fort, on the Coosa river, estab¬ lishment of, 4038; Jackson retreats to, 4 ° 57 . Stuart, Col., British officer, in South Caro¬ lina during revolution, 3073, 3074, 3078, 3083. Stuart, representative from Nevada, dis¬ ability resolution of, 5749. Stuart, A. H., secretary of the interior, 4477 - Stuart, Alexander, commander of Ft. Will¬ iam in 1742, 1905. Stuart, Arabella, plot to enthrone, 617. Stuart, David, on the assumption of state debts, 3372. Stuart, Gen. David, position of brigade at Pittsburg Landing, 5101. Stuart, Gen. James E. B., commands fed¬ eral troops at Harper’s Ferry, 1859, 4584; serves as colonel under Johnston, 4745 ; pursues federals at Bull Run, 4760; map of his raid, facing 4974; por¬ trait, facing 4974; brilliant qualities of, 4974; the raid around Richmond of, 4974, 4975; in battle of Antietam, 5044; raid into Pennsylvania, 5052-5054; es¬ capes from Pleasanton, 5054; in battle of Chancellorsville, 5080, 5082; captured by Hancock at Spottsylvania, 5237; posi¬ tion of cavalry of, 5240; battle with Sheridan, 5240; killed, 5240. Stuart, James Francis Edward, the. old , pretender, causes the English revolution, 1695. Stuart, John, British Indian agent, 2505. Stuart, John, makes treaty of Ft. Stanwix between England and Cherokees, 2328. Stuart, Col. Walter, on claims of continen¬ tal army, 3211. Studley, Daniel, in Brownist colony, 616. Studley, Thomas, treasurer of Jamestown colony, 639. Stump, Herman, on immigration, 5879, 5980. Sturgis, Gen. S. D., at Antietam, 5048; pursues Forrest, 5246. Stuyvesant, Peter, governor of New Neth- erland, 1013, 1014, 1141; previous career, 1141, 1144; portrait, facing 1142; char¬ acter, 1145, 1146, 1167, 1176; inaugurated, 1146; official acts, 1146; makes treaty about disputed English settlements, 1147, 1148, 1150; denies intentions to massacre English, 1149; fortified New Amstel, 1150, 1151; rules Swedish set¬ tlements, 1152, 1160; lenient towards Capt. Underhill, 1153; difficulty with English on Long Island, 1156; difficulty in collecting war tax, 1156, 1157; takes part against regicides, 1162; fails to make alliance with Massachusetts and Connecticut, 1165, 1166; obliged to sur¬ render New Netherland, 1166, 1x73-1177, 1182; persecuted Quakers and Luther¬ ans, 1167-1172; later life in New York, 1494, 1495; policy toward Indians, 1496, I 497 - Subig Bay, P. I., Spanish fleet leaves, 5721; Lawton and McArthur march to, 5743. Submarine boat, David Bushnell, inventor, 2878; construction, 2878, 2879, 3119. Sub-treasury act, special session of congress to repeal, 4335; repealed, 4341. Sudbury, Mass., attacked by Indians, 1299. Sudley Spring, Va., movements about, 5018; Sigel at, 5020. 246 GENERAL INDEX. Sudley’s Ford, ill p>l an °I battle of Bull Run, 4751. Suffolk county, Eng., Puritan colonists from, 876. Suffolk county, Va., Matthews burns every house in, 2832. Suffrage in New Haven, Conn., 991-994; after the revolution, 3105; disfranchise¬ ment of free negroes and of Indians in Virginia, 1650. Sugar, immense quantities imported, 5857, 5858 . Sugar act of 1733 protested against by Rhode Island, 2354. Sugar Creek, Ark., fight at, 4732. Sugar Loaf Hill, N. Y., key to northern forts, 2569, 2570; named Mt. Defiance, 2572. Sullivan, Gen. J. C., ordered to pursue Confederates after battle of Corinth, 5136. Sullivan, J. V., founder of Young Men’s Christian Association, 5924, 5925. Sullivan, James, of Massachusetts, on the embargo, 3879, 3880. Sullivan, Gen. John, made brigadier-general, 2 453; at Brooklyn Heights, 2513; in battle of Long Island, 2515; sent to Philadelphia by Llowe, 2517; exchanged, 2519; commands Lee’s troops, 2533; at Trenton, 2540; opposes the appointment of foreign officers, 2554; at Morristown, N. J., 2611; raids Staten Island, 2611; at Brandywine, 2615-2617; at German¬ town, 2628-2632; his relations with Washington, 2695-2701, 2754; at New¬ port, 2755; at Butt’s Hill, 2758; collects troops in Wyoming Valley, 2839; rav¬ ages Iroquois lands, 2840, 2842. Sullivan Fort, location, 2505; Lee’s com¬ ments on, 2506; plan of, illus., facing 2506; Clinton’s intended assault of, 2507; losses at, 2508. Sullivan Island, Charleston, S. C., signal fires on, in war of Spanish succession, 1802; location of, 2505; Ft. Sullivan on, 2505; American troops at, 2506; plan of, illus., facing 2506; position of British fleet at, illus., facing 2506; Clinton’s assault of, 2507, 2508; blockade running at, 4857; in defense of Charleston, 5165, 5168. Sulpitians, at Montreal, 1977; forced to submit to Laval, 1983, 1984; try to con¬ vert Indians, 1990, 1991. Sukian, one of the Philippine islands visited by Magellan, 414. Sumner, Charles, senator from Massachu¬ setts, 4499; appeal to people for Missouri compromise, 4534, 4539; assaulted by Preston Brooks, 4554; letter to, from John Bright in the Trent affair, 4933; on the legal tender act, 4945; opposes Lincoln’s plan of reconstruction, 5335, 5336; differences of opinion between Lincoln and, 5336; cause of action urged upon Johnson by, 5349; opposes treaty for purchase of St. Thomas, 5482; on the purchase of Alaska, 5489; opposes Grant's Santo Domingo policy, 5496; Grant attacked in the senate by, 5496; deposed from chairmanship of com¬ mittee, 5497; Wilson supports, 5497; later career in the senate, 5497; death, 5525, 5526, 5539; eulogies in congress on, 5526. Sumner, Gen. Edwin V., orders Free-soil legislature disbanded, 4556; appointed corps commander, 4784; in peninsular campaign, 4962, 4968, 4983; at battle of Fair Oaks, 4968; in Maryland campaign, 5031, 5032; in battle of Antietam, 5044, 5045; commands postponement of oper¬ ation at Antietam, 5048; losses in corps of, 5049, 5052; reaches Falmouth, 5071; occupies Stafford Heights, 5071; in bat¬ tle of Fredericksburg, 5072, 5074; storms Marye’s Heights, 5073; removal de¬ manded by Burnside, 5076; relieved of command, 5076. Sumner, Jethro, retreats before Cornwallis, 2996; at Providence, 3009. Sumter, Gen. Thomas, suspected of Tory¬ ism, note, 2923; Cornwallis esteems, 2924; life sketch of, 2924, 2925; por¬ trait, facing 2924; Henry Lee’s com¬ ment on, 2925; U. S. senator, 2925; minister to Brazil, 2925; his at¬ tack on Rocky Mount, 2933; at Cher¬ okee Ford, 2934; urges Gates to ad¬ vance, 2941, 2942, 2947; seizes Wateree passes, 2947; convoy captured by, 2948; Davie warns, note, 2959; at Fishing creek, 2959, 2960; at Fishdam Ford, 3009; Wemyss attacks, 3009, 3010; fight at Blackstock, 3010; assails Ft. Granby, 3039; assails Ft. Watson, 3039; assails Orangeburg, 3047; Rawdon’s march harassed by, 3048. Sumter, Fort, Charleston, S. C., Buchanan urged to strengthen, 4613; view of, fac¬ ing 4614; Jefferson Davis on, 4656; Lin¬ coln decides to strengthen, 4674; Scott’s opinion on, 4674; Captain Fox’s plan to GENERAL INDEX. 247 reinforce, 4674; Davis’ cabinet in, 4675; surrender demanded by Confederates, 4675; Anderson refuses to surrender, 4675, 4676; bombardment of, 4676; gar¬ rison at, 4676, 4677; surrender, 4677; Charleston celebrates its fall, 4677; effect of its fall in the South, 4678; effect in the North of its bombard¬ ment, 4681; Everett’s characterization of the attack on, 4684; attack upon, 5166; returns fire, 5168; national flag hoisted over, 5312; view of interior, fac¬ ing 5312. Sumter, Confederate ram, in naval duel, 4840; at New Orleans, 4899; description of, 4903; Raphael Semmes commands the, 4903; career of, 4904, 4906. Sunbury, Ga., provost sends party to seize, 2813, 2816; Lachlan McIntosh com¬ mander at, 2813. Sunday traveling forbidden in New York, 1496; forbidden in Virginia, 1644. Sunset Islands, early Spanish name for Philippines, 415. Superior, Lake, outlet of, reached by Father Joques, 1959; well known (1665) to Frenchmen, 1986; copper mines on, famous among Indians, 1991. Supply, U. S. storeship, 4843. Supreme court established, 3338, 3339; pow¬ ers of, 3340; second session, 3341; charges in, 3685, 3720; relations to political parties in 1803, 3774; Jeffer¬ son’s relations to, 3775; decision in Dred Scott case, 4566, 4567; congress in¬ creases salary of chief justice, 5510; decisions on railway rates in 1886 and 1897, 5848, 5849; portrait group (1906), facing 5850. Surene, France, Dieskau dies at, 2103. Surgery, modern miracles in, 5946. Surprise, U. S. cutter, possibly known also as the Dolphin, note, 2871; commanded by G. Connyngham, 2872. Surratt, Mrs. M. E., in conspiracy to as¬ sassinate Lincoln, 5300; hung, 5302. Susquehanna company of Connecticut, how formed, 1270; first settlement, 1271; builds Forty Fort, 1272. Susquehanna river, Susquehannock Ind¬ ians on, 160; Connecticut settlements near, 1272; Andastes attacked on, 1973; Franklin’s military service on, 2083; Paxton settlement on, 2325; Sullivan’s expedition on, 2839, 2840; James Clin¬ ton’s expedition down the, 2840; site on suggested as a location for the capital, 3356 , 3357 - Susquehannas, Indian tribe, good will of, secured by Penn, 1247. Susquehannocks, Indian tribe, the, de¬ stroyed, 159; sold land to Claiborne, 1096, 1097; wrongly attacked by whites in Virginia, 1613. Sussex county included in patent of Godyn and Blommaert, 565. Sutter, John, 4446. Swaanendael, manor of De Vries on Dela¬ ware Bay, 566; destroyed by Indians, 57 L 572 . . Swaine, William, one of Massachusetts commissioners for Connecticut, 967. Swallow, Silas P., nominated for president, 5767 . Swallow, one of Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ships, 601, 602. Swallow, Bristol ship, brought Quaker evangelists to Massachusetts, 927; de¬ ported them, 928, 929. Swan, ship, brought Weston’s men to Plymouth, 783. Swannikins, Indian name for Dutch, 1135. Swanzey, Mass., King Philip’s war begins at, 1286. Swartwout, Samuel, Burr’s messenger to Wilkinson, 3826, 3831; arrested, 3833; granted writ of habeas corpus, 3836; Wilkinson challenged, 3841. Sweden invaded by barbarians, 202; por¬ trait of Gustavus Adolphus, king of, facing 574; colonization of America by, 5 75 > 586; silent as to American colonies in treaty of Stockholm, 1127; in alliance with Charles II. by peace of Breda, 1500; Napoleon destroys liberty in, 3933; protects neutral commerce, 3955; opposes Napoleon, 3955. Swedes Ford, Lafayette evades the British near, 2729. Swedes in America, see colonies in Amer¬ ica, Swedish. Sweeny, Gen. Thomas W., cuts off McCul¬ loch’s reinforcements, 4711; at Pittsburg Landing, 5098. Sweet, Gen. B. J., commands Camp Doug¬ las at Chicago, 5208; captures leaders of plot to liberate rebel prisoners, 5208. Swift, Benjamin, agrees to Calhoun’s pro¬ posal to postpone consideration of Ver¬ mont resolutions, 4316. Swift, Jonathan, friend of Bishop Berkeley, i486; friend of Gen. Hunter, governor 248 GENERAL INDEX. of New York, 1561; is proposed as bishop of America, 2363. Swift Run Gap, Jackson at, 4797. Swiss settled in New Berne, N. C., 1805. Sycamore Shoals on the Wautauga, Camp¬ bell and McDowell camp at, 2998. Sykes, Gen. George, at Bull Run, 4753; at beginning of the seven days’ battle, 4977; at Gaines’ Mill, 4979; at Malvern Hill, 4987; in second battle of Bull Run, 5023; driven back across the Potomac, 5052. Sylvania, name proposed for Penn’s do¬ main, 1193; proposed state of, 3162. Symmes, John Cleves, comments on St. Clair’s troops, 3414. Symonds, American revolutionary officer, reinforced Stark at Bennington, 2603. Syracuse, N. Y., rescue of Jerry, a negro slave, 4492. Syren, U. S. ship, 3772, 3989. T. Tabasco, Mex., Cortes lands at, 449, 451- Tabby, artificial stone used by colonists, note, 1883. Tacubayu congress, proposed, but not held, 4174 , 4175 . Tadoussac, Quebec, Champlain at, 521, 522. Taft, Alphonso, attorney-general, 5522. Taft, William H., on the Chinese question in the Philippines, 5795; sent to Panama, 5799; appointed secretary of war, 5821; recommends lock canal at Panama, 5829. Tahan, a mythical place in the Fusang story, 257, 259. Tahgahjute, Logan’s Indian name, 2770. Taignoagny, an Indian taken to France by Cartier, 511, 513. Tailer, lieutenant-governor of Massachu¬ setts Bay colony, 1358. Tailer, Col., Penn and Lord Baltimore meet at house of, 1209. Taku, China, U. S. troops land at, 5774. Talavera, Fernando de, his relations with Columbus, 285, 290. Talcott, Maj., defeats Indians at North Kingston, 1299, 1300; defeats Indians near Housatonic river, 1468. Talcott, Joseph, governor of Connecticut, 1002. Taliaferro, Gen. W. B., in battle of Cen- treville, 5018; wounded, 5018; in battle of Antietam, 5043. Talishatchee, Indian town, destruction of, 4038. Tallahatchee river, Miss., Confederate forces retreat behind, 5142. Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de, plot of, 3611-3616, 3655; portrait, facing 3612; his passport to Vans Murray, facsimile, facing 3658; his relations with John Adams, 3659; denied transfer of Louisiana, 3726, 3728, 3729, 3734, 3735; and Livingston, 3735, 3736, 3742; 3743, 3752; on Louisiana boundary, 3766, 3767; on West Florida, 3768, 3805; on San Domingo trade, 3807. Tallmadge, Capt., goes to relieve Albany in 1689, 1539; escaped from massacre of Schenectady, 1541. Tallmadge, Maj. Benjamin, detains Andre 2983; escorts him to Tappan, note, 2987. Tallmadge, James, proposes the prohibition of slavery in Missouri, 4114. Talon, Jean Baptiste, intendant of Canada, 1985; plans exploration of the West, 1986; portrait, facing 1986; Canada in¬ debted to, 1987; critical in selecting wives for Canadian colonists, 1987, 1988; makes formal claim to Northwest, 1989; gives permission to La Salle to visit Seneca, 1990; recalled to France, 1992. Tamanend, Indian sachem, portrait, facing 1210; treaty of, 1211. Tamasese, Germany proclaims, king of Samoa, 5637. Tammany, sons of St., entertain Creek Indians, 3391, 3392. Tampa, Fla., Gen. Wheeler in command of military camp at, 5727. Tampico, Mex., Vespucci near, 352, 353. Tanacharison, Indian chief, called Half- King, acts as guide to Washington, 2032, 2033. Taney, Roger B., chief justice, appointed attorney-general, 4239; appointed secre¬ tary of treasury, 4265; appointment re¬ jected by senate, 4267; opinion in Dred Scott case, 4566-4568; administers the oath to Lincoln, 4669. Taneytown, Md., Meade’s headquarters, 5086. Tapp, Edmund, magistrate in New Haven jurisdiction, 994. Tappan, N. Y., Andre tried and executed at, 2986, 2987. Tappan Zee, Hudson River, De Vries’ settlement on, 1132. GENERAL INDEX. 249 Tar used for paying taxes in New Hamp¬ shire, 1360; staple in North Carolina be¬ fore revolution, 2349. Tar river, N. C., Indians on, 160. Tariff for colonies under restoration, 1280; why objected to by England, 1281; duties levied on the English colonies in 1767, 2384; on tea, 2384; recommenda¬ tion of congress of, 1778, 3204; question of impost in 1783-86, 3216, 3217; action of states on protective duties, 3229; congressional debates on, 3343, 3354; Madison on the, 3343, 3354; results of the first act, 3424; Hamilton advocates protection, 3425-3427; discussions re¬ garding the tariff, 3426-3428; protection established, 4096; Clay’s “American System” adopted in 1824, 4156-4158; views of, 4181-4187; growth of free trade, 4183; “tariff of abominations” of 1828, 4185; relation to party lines, 4187, 4188; policy under Jackson’s administra¬ tion, 4224, 4241-4244; protective tariff opposed by South Carolina, 4242, 4243; McDuffie’s bill equalizing duties not con¬ sidered by house, 4243; Clay’s resolution favoring reduction of duties passed, 4243; higher tariff law passed in 1832, 4244; Clay’s compromise bill, 4258, 4259; Verplanck tariff bill, 4259; Tyler’s opin¬ ion in message to special session of con¬ gress, 4341; provisional revenue bill vetoed by Tyler in 1842, 4351; act passed in 1842, 4352; discussion in 29th congress, 4408, 4409; bill passed withdrawing pro¬ tection, 4409; leading issue in Arthur’s campaign, 5573, 5574, 5577-5582; free trade vs. protection, 5574-5579; theory of extreme protectionists, 5579-5581; impost duties in 1882, 5584; congress on (1885), 5591; Cleveland on, 5594; reforms in the, 5611, 5612; political par¬ ties on, in 1888-89, 5624; Democratic platform on the, 5647; congress modifies the, 5653; Roosevelt on, 5793, 5837; on imports from Philippine Islands, 5857. Tarleton, Gen. Bannastre, defeated by Dan¬ iel Morgan, 2057; portrait, facing 2910; outrages at Charleston, 2911; Lenud’s Ferry, 2913; Buford’s command mas¬ sacred by, 2915, 2916; at Camden, S. C., 2921; Americans rout Legion of, 2934; outrages of, 2937; at Camden, 2951, 2954-2957; fight at Fishing Creek, 2959, 2960; stricken with malaria, 2992; ex¬ pected at King’s Mountain, 3007; move¬ ment against Marion, 3008, 3009; sent against Sumter, 3009, 3010; fight at Blackstocks, 3010; retreats to Winns- borough, 3010; sent against Morgan, 3017-3019; at the Cowpens, 3019-3025; his comments on battle of the Cowpens, note, 3020; criticisms on, note, 3025; Virginia raid of, 3070. “Tarleton’s Quarter,” 2911, 2916. Tarratines, Indian tribe, make raid into Massachusets, 887. Tarrytown, N. Y., Clinton at, 2655; Andre halted near, 2983. Tartar, sloop-of-war, joined Louisbourg expedition, 1490. Tartary sought by Columbus, 307. Tastaluza, Indian town in Alabama, found by De Soto, 472. Tate, William, filibustering expedition of, 3476 . Tatnall, Com. Josiah, commands Confed¬ erate fleet at Port Royal, 4874; orders the Virginian burnt, 4919, 4920. Taunton, Mass., early settled by Plymouth men, 829; devastated in King Philip’s war, 1287. Taverns in 1800, 3696, 3697. Tawasentha valley, New Netherlands, Dutch settle in, 556. Taxation in France under Charles VII., note, 9; creates representation, 892; in Penn’s charter, 1196, 1197; without rep¬ resentation, becomes a watchword, 1282; by Sir Edmund Andros, in New Eng¬ land, 1313; caused discord in Rhode Island, 1469; without representation, opposed in New York, 1509, 1510, 1563; heavy in New England during seven years’ war, 2217, 2218; for seven years’ war, repugnant to colonies, 2338; not the only reason for revolution, 2339; in Eng¬ land in 1759, 2341; of colonies dropped by Pitt, 2356; as viewed in England in 1760-1766, 2364-2367; parliamentary, op¬ posed by colonies, 2367; Patrick Plenry on, 2373; stamp act congress on rights of, 2377; of colonies discussed in par¬ liament, 2380-2382; for revenue of col¬ onies, a failure in 1769, 2392; congress on, 3565, 3566; during war of 1812, 4010, 4014; congressional act on internal (1862), 4948, 4949; duties levied, 5573, 5574, 5584; congress passes direct taxi bill, 5607; income tax declared unco™ stitutional, 5612; of public franchi^B in New York, 5697; passage of Dingley bill, 5748. M Taylor, George, portrait, facing 25 250 GENERAL INDEX. Taylor, John, on alien and sedition laws, 3646. Taylor, John W., proposed restriction of slavery north of 36° 30', 4115; proposes an amendment to the Missouri bill, 4125; succeeds Clay as speaker, 4130; loses speakership, 4137; chosen speaker of the house, 4171. Taylor, Peter, servant of Blennerhassett, 3829, 3830. Taylor, Gen. Richard, at Shreveport, 5258; battle of Pleasant Hill, 5258; at Selma, 5284; surrenders to Canby, 5323. Taylor, William S., contest over his election as governor of Kentucky, 5754 , _ 5755 - Taylor, Zachary, defeats Indians in Black Hawk war, 4253, 4254; defeats Sem- inoles, 4313; sent to Texas, 4373; ad¬ vances to Rio Grande, 4374; Point Isa¬ bel, 4377; at Palo Alto, 4379; Resaca de la Palma, 4380; takes Matamoras, 4381; characteristics, 4383; siege of Monterey, 4385, 4386; Scott takes command in Mexico, 4387; Buena Vista, 4389; con¬ centrates forces at Camargo, 4409; be¬ comes popular hero as result of battle of Buena Vista, 4415; correspondence with Scott called for by the house, 4419; nominated for president by native Amer¬ icans, 4425; nominated for president by Whigs, 4428, 4429; elected, 4431; por¬ trait, facing 4438; inaugurated, 4439; in¬ fluenced by Fillmore and Seward, 4442; opposed to Wilmot proviso, and advises moderation, 4451; opposes disunion, 4475; illness and death, 4476. Taylor family, patriotic family of the Caro- linas, 2925. Tea taxed by Lord North, 2402, 2403; its importation a test point between colo¬ nies and home government, 2403; the Boston “tea party,” 2404, 2405; results of the “tea party,” 2405-2409. Teamsters’ strike in Chicago, 5827. Teaser, Confederate steamer, 4916. Tecumseh, Indian chief, see Tecumthe. Tecumseh, Union ironclad, in battle of Mo¬ bile Bay, 5171; sunk by a torpedo, 5171. Tecumthe, Indian chief, his genius, 170; be¬ longed to Yemassees, 1821; portrait, facing 3956; sketch of, 3956, 3957; forms Indian confederacy, 3958, 3959; treaty i of Ft. Wayne increases following of, ^ 3959 , 3960; Harrison meets, at Vincennes, ^^959-396i ; power unbroken by battle of Bfippecanoe, 3962; at Maguaga, 3984; Stacks Detroit, 3985; death of, 4032; his influence on the Indians of the South, 4034, 4035. Tehuantepec, proposed canal of, 5759. Telegraphone, 5943 - 5945 * Telephone, introduction of the, 5530, 5531; inventors of, 5531; controversy of, 5531; controversy over invention of, 5531, 5940-5943. Telfair, Edward, his electoral vote for vice-president, 3326. Teller, Henry M., senator from Colorado, 5687. Temperance in early Georgia, 1849. Temple, Sir John, on American commerce, 3234 . Temple, Sir Thomas, his joke on the pine- tree coinage, 1305; receives grant of Acadia from Cromwell, 1957, 1958. Temple, Sir William, royal commissioner of territory of Kennebec, 1429, 1430. Teneriffe, one of the Canary Islands, Co¬ lumbus near, 299. Tennant, Gilbert, revivalist preacher, 1449. Tennant, William, founded the Neshaminy church, 3129. Tennessee, Indians in, 156, 160; Soto in, 472; founded by fugutives from North Carolina, 2391; early history, 3167-3171; territory established, 3531; admitted to the Union, 3534; population in 1800, 3694; troops of, in Indian campaign of 1813, 4038; militia in Indian campaign, 4057; favors colonization of negroes, 4287; supports Bell in i860, 4602; se¬ cedes, 4684; map of northern part, facing 4804; Union recruits from, 4805; Lin¬ coln appoints Andrew Johnson military governor of, 4826; in Union hands, 4828; campaign in, organized, 5096; Hal- leck’s plan for driving Confederates out of, 5109; Mitchell’s expedition against Chattanooga, 5111; John H. Morgan in, 5112; included in department of the Ohio, 5116; under federal control, 5117; Confederate plans to recover, 5117; Buell sent to, 5117; Confederate forces in, 5118, 5119; Morgan escapes to, 5121; Bragg retreats into, 5124; Halleck’s plan of campaign for Buell, 5126; Buell’s services in, 5127; Confedeates driven out of middle and western part of, 5139; sufferings of Union army in, 5158; Rose- crans takes possession of middle part of, 5160; Schofield ordered to drive Longstreet from, 5253; Forrest’s raid through, 5255; Hood’s campaign in, 5266-5269; Stoneman in, 5270; president GENERAL INDEX. 251 proclaims war at an end in, 5328; elec¬ tions in, 5338; congress refuses to count electoral votes of, 5338; constitutional convention, 5338; new constitution, 5339; clauses of new constitution, 5339; gov¬ ernor and legislature elected, 5339; mil¬ itary regime in, ended, 5340; Johnson as military governor in, ended, 5340; legislature ratifies thirteenth amendment, 5341; Johnson’s life in, 5341; ratifies fourteenth amendment, 5368; centennial and international exposition in, 5697. Tennessee, Confederate ironclad, 4842, 4900, 4901, 5171, 5173 - Tennessee river, pigmy skeletons near, 123; mounds on, 132; Col. Evan Shelby’s expedition on, 2790; proposed canal from Tombigbee to, 3930; Union forces meet at, 5096; Adams retreats across, 5110; Halleck fortifies position on, 5133; Sherman crosses, 5155; view of Mocca¬ sin Bend, facing 5158; Bragg erects de¬ fenses on, near Chattanooga, 5»i6o, 5161; Bragg holds possession of, 5164; Hoo 4 retreats across, 5269. Tenochtitlan, Mex., Aztec capital, 446; map, facing 446; founded, 447; description of, 448, 451, 452; Cortes takes possession of, 450-456; is driven from, 456-458; its final overthrow, 459; becomes City of Mexico, 459. Tensan, settlements near Mobile, James Willing at, 2789. Tensas, Indian tribe, account of, 1862. Tenskwatawa, Indian chief, portrait, facing 3956 . Tenterden, Lord, England’s agent before the Geneva tribunal of arbitration, 5507. Tenure of office act submitted to con¬ gress, 5384; passed by congress, 5385; provisions of, 5402; vetoed by Johnson, 538 s, 5386; veto overridden, 5386; John¬ son charged with violating, 5407; John¬ son’s reply to charge, 5408; strong point in Johnson’s trial, 5412; Johnson urges repeal of, 5415; Grant’s objections to, 5418; repealed, 5419, 5420. Terceira, one of Azores, Cortereal governor of, 381. Tercentennial commission, 5822. Ternant, Jean de, French ambassador, 3446. Ternay, Chevalier de, arrives in America, 2969, 2970. Terrapin war and embargo, facsimile of cartoon of, facing 3878. Terrarossa, Italy, home of Columbus at, 267. Terrill, Gen. W. R., at Perryville, 5123; mortally wounded, 5123. Territories, see names of territories. Terry, Gen. Alfred H., commands troops on Tybee Island, 4880; in attack on James Island, 5166; commands second Ft. Fisher expedition, 5281, 5282; cap¬ ture of Ft. Fisher, 5282; made military commander of Georgia, 5422; removes members of state legislature, 5422; sent against the Sioux, 5515. Texas, Indians in, 163, 164; note, 353; rivers of, 353, 359; Narvaez’s survivors captives in, 463; La Salle shipwrecked on coast of, 1996, 1997; negotiations for purchase of, 3804, 3805; Wilkinson proposes seizure of, 3830; surrendered to Spain by treaty in 1819, 4113, 4114; filibustering expedition against, 4121; settlement of, 4274; sets up state gov¬ ernment, 4275; immigration encouraged by Mexican federal republic, 4276; map of, before secession from Mexico, facing 4276; immigration restricted, 4276, 4277; United States unsuccessful in attempts to purchase, 4277; refuses to emancipate slaves, 4277; committee of safety at San Felipe begins movement toward separa¬ tion from Mexico, 4277, 4278; perma¬ nent government organized, 4278; dec¬ larations of independence published at Goliad, 4278; land speculation in, 4279, 4280; hostilities with Mexico begin, 4279, 4280; defeat of Texans at the Alamo, 4280, 4281; defeat of Col. Fannin at the Coleta river, 4282; wins independ¬ ence, 4282, 4283; Texas convention, 4283, 4284; frames constitution, 4284; provisional recognition of independence by the United States, 4284; United States investigates situation, 4284, 4285; slavery plays important part in Texas question, 4285; revolution justified, 4285, 4286; opposition to annexation of, 4318; admission opposed by Webster, 4357: revival of movement to annex, 4358*. annexation treaty, 4361; “Texas coming in,” a political cartoon, facing 43(34; annexed, 4365; papers offering annexa¬ tion sent, 4371; seeks recognition of in¬ dependence from England and France, 4372; proposed treaty with Mexico, 4372, accepts offer of annexation from United States, 4372; admitted as a state, 4376; southern sympathy for Texan independ¬ ence, 4443-4445; delegates denounce 252 GENERAL INDEX. compromise bill in Nashville convention, 4478, 4479; bill passed offering Texas $10,000,000 for land claim from New Mexico, 4480; delegates of, withdraw from Charleston convention, 4593; vote in, for secession, 4609, 4660; slaves de¬ clared free, 5060; thirteenth corps sent to, 5150; source of Confederate sup¬ plies, 5253; last battle of war, 5323; peace proclaimed in, 5328; constitution¬ al convention, 5352; measures passed by convention, 5352; ' Johnson pro¬ claims insurrection ended except in, 53791 military control provided for, 5383; Sheridan assigned military com¬ mand of, 5388; political conditions in, 5400; refuses to ratify fourteenth amend¬ ment, 5413; denied recognition by con¬ gress, 5417; restored to federal relations, 5418; negro rule in, 5424; readmission of, 5498; storms in, 5664. Texas, U. S. warship, in battle of Santiago, 5732 , 5733 - Texel, island in the North sea, Hudson sails from, 544; Swedish colonists em¬ bark for America at, 582. Tezcatlipoca, chief evil spirit of Aztecs, 448. Tezcuco, Aztec pueblo, 446; chief of, ar¬ rested by Cortes, 454; allied with Cortes, 458 . Tezcuco, Lake of, Mex., 448. Thacher, George, champions right of peti¬ tion in congress, 3671. Thacher, Oxenbridge, on writs of assist¬ ance, 2361. Thales teaches that earth is round, 94. Thames, Can., decisive victory by Ameri¬ cans at (1813), 4031-4033. Thames river, Conn., Pequots near, 158; a centre of colonization, 957; King Philip escaped to, 1286; Arnold ravages the country near, 3080, 3081. Thanksgiving, day of, instituted, 778. Thatch, Edward, pirate, his career and downfall, 1822-1826; portrait, facing 1822. Tha-yen-dan-e-gea, Mohawk leader, 1516. Thayer, Eli, organizer of emigrant aid com¬ pany, 4550 . Theatre, first in Baltimore, 1711. Theocracy destroyed in Massachusetts Bay colony by William III.’s charter, 1324. Theodora, Confederate steamer, 4926. Thicketty creek, S. C., Morgan’s move¬ ments around, 3016, 3019. Thicketty Fort, S. C., capture of, 2934. Thirty years’ war, Sweden in, 576, 577; hampered colonization, 577, 708, 825; effect on colonies, 895; causes resent¬ ment against Catholics, 1082; Moravians persecuted during, 1865. Thlinkeets, Indian tribe, in British North America, 165. Thoburn, Col. Joseph, killed at Cedar creek, 5252. Thomas, Dr., murdered by Indians, 5514. Thomas, Sir George, governor of Pennsyl¬ vania, 1266, 1267. Thomas, Gen. George H., commands Camp Dick Robinson, 4807; sketch of, note, 4807; death, note, 4807, 5539; attacked by Zollicoffer, 4809, 4810; at Logan’s Cross roads, 4809; at Mill Springs, 4810, 4811; ordered to Nashville, 4812; trans¬ ferred from Buell to Grant, 5106; in army of the Ohio, 5116; in army of the West, 5133; in battle of Murfreesboro, 5153; takes possession of Murfreesboro, 5153, 5154; portrait, facing 5154; suc¬ ceeds Rosecrans, 5155; instructed to hold . Chattanooga, 5155; at Chattanooga, 5155; ordered against Johnston, 5253; Sherman’s confidence in the ability of, 5264; reinforced at Nashville by Steed- man and A. J. Smith, 5267; ordered to attack Hood, 5267; battle of Nash¬ ville, 5267, 5268; portrait, facing 5268; Stanton’s orders to, 5320. Thomas, Jesse B., proposes important amendments to the Missouri bill, 4124, 4 I2 5 - Thomas, John, at Cambridge, 2433; appoint¬ ed brigadier-general, 2452; death of, 2478; at Dorchester Heights, 2481, 2482. Thomas, Gen. Lorenzo, report of investi¬ gation of charges against Fremont, 4728; pursues Hood, 5269; appointed by Johnson in place of Stanton, 5404; ordered to take charge of war office, 5405; receives copy of resolution from senate, 5405; arrested, 5405; interview with Johnson, 5405; demands office from Stanton, 5406; case dropped by Stanton, 5406; appointment mentioned in im¬ peachment of Johnson, 5407, 5408; John¬ son’s answer to charge, 5409. Thomas, Philip F., resigned from head of treasury department, 4633. Thomas, Theodore, at opening exercises of the Columbian exposition, 5660. Thompson, Alexander Ramsay, murdered by Indians at Ft. King, 4312. Thompson, Mrs. David, annoyed by Merry- Mount, note, 823. GENERAL INDEX. 253 Thompson, George, result of his abolition speeches, 4292. Thompson, Jacob, secretary of the interior, 4564; secretary of the interior, 4648; sent as Confederate commissioner to Canada, 5203; dealings with Sons of Liberty, 5203; furnishes money for peace meetings, 5204; orders to seize vessels, 5205; character of schemes of, 5208, 5209; bill to restore political rights to, 5557 * Thompson, Gen. Jeff. M., number of troops under, note, 4729; at New Madrid, 4831; Confederate secretary of the treasury, 5425 . Thompson, Richard W., secretary of the navy, 5551- Thompson, Smith, appointed to supreme bench, 4141. Thompson, Capt. Thomas, commands U. S. ship Raleigh, 2873. Thompson, Fort, location, 4829; federals take, 4832, 4876. Thompson’s Island, Boston, in Massachu¬ setts Bay colony, 823, 879. Thomson, Charles, announced to Washing¬ ton his election to the presidency, 3328, 3329 . Thomson, David, founds first settlement in New Hampshire, 791, 794, 797, 813; abandoned it, 846. Thor, Norse superstition concerning his effigy, 203; Thorhal’s prayer to, 222. Thordharson, Jon, wrote “Flateyar Book,” 237 . Thorfinnson, Snorri, first of Aryan race born in America, 225; his descendants, note, 225, 237. Thorgibson, Ari, Iceland historian, 236. Thori, Norse explorer, with Leif Ericsson, 215, 216. Thornton, his outline of the capitol and protests against its alteration, facsimile, facing 3684. Thornton, Maj., in attack on New Orleans, 4084, 4085; routs Morgan’s troops, 4086; attack by Mexicans, 4378. Thornton, Sir Edward, proposed joint high commission, 5505, 5506; umpire in dis¬ pute between Mexico and United States, 5805. Thornton, Matthew, portrait, facing 2500. Thornton Station, Mass., Winthrop Elm at, note, 921. Thoroughfare Gap, Va., view of battlefield near, facing 5014; Jackson ordered to pass through, 5015; Jackson’s march through, 5016; Union forces at, 5019. Thorpe, George, proposed rector of possi¬ ble college in Virginia, 686; killed, 686, 694; kind to Indians, 693. Thorstein the Swarthy, Norse explorer, 219, 220. Thorwaldsen, Albert Bertel, descendant of Snorri Thorfinnson, 225. Three islands in the Ohio near Maysville, G. R. Clark at, 2780. Three Rivers, Can., threatened by Iroquois, 1977 . Thule, tradition of, 115, 204, 277. Thurkill, Lancelot, connected with J. Ca¬ bot’s second voyage, 435. Thurlow, Edward, lord chancellor of Great Britain, 3089. Thurman, Allen G., on electoral commis¬ sion, 5547; nominated for vice-president, 5622. Thurston, English clergyman, 3108. Thurston, Buckner, senator from Kentucky, 3926 . Thurston, Thomas, Quaker in collision with Maryland government, 1116, 1683. Tiburones, Islas de Los, seen by Magellan, . 4I 3 - Ticonderoga, N. Y., expedition against, 2442-2444; captured by Ethan Allen, 2446; Carleton proposes to recover, 2475; St. Clair at, 2568, 2569; Burgoyne invests, 2571, 2572; Americans evacuate, 2572, 2573; Trumbull’s plans of, facing 2572; Brown besieges, 2638; Gates as¬ sists in losing, 2667; his expedition to, 2672; British abandon, 2672. Ticonderoga, Fort, held by French in 1756, 2106; strengthened by French, 2107; Montcalm inspects, 2132, 2138; Loudon loses chance to take, 2138, 2139; ren¬ dezvous of Montcalm, 2144, 2146; Lou¬ don threatened, 2148; Montcalm with¬ draws to, 2158, 2159; approaches to, de¬ scribed by Stark, 2188, 2189; meaning of, 2190; French and English skirmish near, 2193; Putnam delivered to Mont¬ calm at, 2205; capture of, assigned to Gen. Amherst in 1759, 2215; Gen. Geo. Plowe killed at, 2235; abandoned by French in 1759, 2248. Ticonderoga, U. S. ship,' 4067. Tidal waves in Lake Michigan, 5664; at mouth of Mississippi river, 5665; on At¬ lantic coast, 5665. Tien-Tsin, China, battle of, 5774 - Tiffin, Edward, first governor of Ohio, 3721. Tiger, Adriaen Block’s ship, 550. 254 GENERAL INDEX. Tigress, U. S. schooner, 4028. Tilden, Samuel J., at National Union con¬ vention, 5376; nominated for president, 5544, 5545; sketch of, 5545; death, 5621. Tilghman, Geo. Lloyd, at Ft. Henry, 4814, 4815. . Tilgham, William, chief justice of Penn¬ sylvania, 3817. Tilley, John, overseer of fisheries for Glou¬ cester adventurers, 862. Tillotson, archbishop of Canterbury, be¬ friends Penn, 1224. Tilton, Theodore, leader of Liberal Re¬ publicans, 5518. Timber creek, Swedes challenged at, 580. Time, difference in, between Hong Kong and Manila, 415; old-style manner of reckoning, note, 627; new standard, adoption of, 5588, 5589. _ Timuquanan, Indian tribe, in Florida, 161. Tinicum Island, fort in New Sweden, 581. Tioga valley, Sullivan ravages the, 2842. Tionontates, Indian tribe, destroyed by Six Nations, 159. Tippecanoe, battle of, 3962; illus. of battle¬ field, facing 3962. Tippecanoe creek, Prophet removes to, 3957 - Tipton, Col. John, senator of North Caro¬ lina, 3175. Tiptonville, Tenn., Union troops at, 4830; Confederates retreat to, 4837. Tisquantum, Indian, carried to Spain, 735; persuades Dernier to go to New Eng¬ land, 740; returned to his tribe, 741. Title deed, first in New England, 781. Titles of nobility under Locke’s “Grand Model,” 1731. Tituba, slave of Samuel Parris, 1331, I 33 2 - Tiverton, R. I., Wampanoags at, 1285; Phil¬ ip flees from, 1286. Tlacopan, Aztec pueblo, 446. Tlascala, Aztec pueblo, aids Cortes, 451, 458. Tlatocan, Aztec council, forced to support Cortes, 447, 454; convened by Monte¬ zuma’s brother, 456. Tobacco discovered by Columbus, 311; brought from Virginia to England, 610, 611; vast profits from, 670, 684; Yeard- ley promotes culture of, 677; subject for quarrels in company, 677, 687; legal tender, 681, 716; fee for wives, 683; monopoly of Charles I. in, 711, 7x4; part of crop burned to raise the price, 716, 717; the leading staple of Maryland, 1076; fines paid in, 1115; exported from Pennsylvania province, 1260; of New York in 1678, 1504; in Virginia at res¬ toration, 1607, 1608; result of lowered price of, 1608, 1609; disastrous glut of, in Virginia, 1628, 1629; value of, in Virginia in 18th century, 1639; medium of exchange in Maryland, 1672, 1677; legislation about, in that province, 1676, 1677; recommended as circulating me¬ dium by proprietaries of Carolinas, 1748; tax on, aroused insurrection in North Carolina, 1755; tribute to church of England in Maryland paid in, 1704; flourishes in Maryland in 18th century, 1707; medium of exchange, 1708; raised in Georgia before revolution, 1920; grows near Detroit river, 2283; a staple in Virginia in 18th century, 2349; pro¬ duction of, 2832. Tobacco nation, mission established among, by Jesuits, 1966; exterminated by Iro¬ quois, 1972. Todd, Brig.-Gen., at Fallen Timbers, 3527. Todd, Reverend, offers prayer at Pacific railroad ceremonies, 5493. Todd, David, offered position of secretary of treasury, 5196; declines, 5196. Todd, Col. John, in command of Kentucky troops, 2794; relieves Bryant’s Station, 2800; Indians ambush, 2801. Todd, Levi, noted Indian fighter, 2800. Toledo exposition, 5750. Toledo war, 4294-4296. Toleration, religious, first enforced by law by Lord Cecilius Baltimore, 1680, 1682; disapproved of by all parties in colonial Maryland, 1685-1687, 1704-1706; act of the Baltimores, 1687; arguments for, 1687, 1688. Toleration law in Maryland, 1086, 1087. Tolson, Lieut., coward, in Spanish invasion in 1742, 1905, 1906. “Tom the Tinker,” pseudonym adopted by malcontents in whiskey riots, 3506. Tomo-chichi, Indian chief of Yamacraws, 1854; speech to Oglethorpe, 1854, 1855; portrait, facing 1854; speech at treaty, 1858; taken to England by Oglethorpe, 1868; speech to George II., 1869; rejects Christianity, 1871; advises Oglethorpe to go to Indian council, 1888. Tompkins, Daniel D., governer of New York, 3995; elected vice president in 1816, 4098; reelected vice president, 4129, 4 J 3 1 * Tonica Bluffs, Indians at, 162. Tonnage duties, 3347, 3348. Tonty, Henri de, companion of La Salle, 1994; left at Crevecoeur, 1995; mu- GENERAL INDEX. 255 tiny of his men, 1995; at Michilimacinac, 1996; in command of Ft. St. Louis on Illinois river, 1996; rescued remnants of La Salle’s party, 1997; tries to succor Ft. St. Louis, 1998. Tooanakowki, son of Indian chief, taken to England, 1868. Toombs, Robert, views on slavery restric¬ tion quoted, 4449; on popular sove¬ reignty, 4539; portrait facing 4660; Con¬ federate secretary of state, 4660; op¬ posed attack on Ft. Sumter, 4675; in battle of Antietam, 5044; member of Confederate provisional congress, 5217; bill to restore political rights to, 5557- Topeka, Kan., founded, 4550. Toral, Gen., Spanish commander of San¬ tiago, refuses to surrender, 5729, 5730; surrenders Santiago, 5730, 5731. Torbert, Gen., R. T. A., in Shenandoah campaign, 5250. Tories in Virginia, 1661; in England sup¬ port George III., 2341; in America threatened by patriots, 2392; form coun¬ ter associations to resist revolution, 2417; in New York, 2436, 2437, 2485, 2517; in Carolinas, 2440, 2816, 2904, 2918 2922, 2926, 2927, 2930, 2991-2993, 3054; in Boston, 2455, 2482, 2483; their property confiscated, 2483, 2520, 2550, 2689, 2972, 2973, 3139; in Rhode Island, 2485; Scotch enrolled in southern col¬ onies, 2487, 2490; at battle of Long Island, 2513; terrorized into submission, 2520; their treatment of American pris¬ oners, 2520; name “cowboys” given to 2538; at Trenton, 2540, 2541; Wash¬ ington’s treatment of 2550; in Southern colonies, 2557, 2810-2812, 2816; do' not support Burgoyne, 2571; in Mohawk valley, 2588, 2592; British attitude to¬ ward, 2624, 2625; total number enrolled in British army, 2724, 2962; in Phil¬ adelphia, 2729, 2730; congress arrests, but pardons, 2730, 2731; outrages in Cherry valley and Wyoming valley, 2748, 2749, 2762; in Florida, 2811, 2812; Arnold influenced by, 2973, 2975; at King’s Mountain, 3003; their claims in treaty of 1782, 3096; their condition at close of revolution, 3138, 3139. Tornadoes in 1893, 5663. Toronto, St. Albans’ raiders tried at, 5207. Torres, Alonso, sent slaves to Spain, 333. Tortugas, West Indies, discovered by Co¬ lumbus, 313; by Ponce de Leon, 389. Toscanelli, Paola, astronomer, 274; bis probable chart, illus., facing 274; makes sailing chart of route to India, 275; his correspondence with Columbus, 275, 276; portrait, facing 278; computes earth’s circumference, 279; map follow¬ ed by Columbus, 311, 325; lived in Florence, 344; inspirer of navigators, 421. Totten, Gen. Joseph G., at Queenstown Heights, 3998; on situation of Ft. Pu¬ laski, 4880. Toucey, Isaac, attorney-general, 4421; sec¬ retary of the navy, 4564. Town Brook, Plymouth, 770; illus., fac¬ ing 770. Town Creek, N. C., settlement by New Englanders, 1718, 1719. Town meeting introduced in New England, 777; extended to representation sys¬ tem, 836; in Providence and in Ports¬ mouth for organization of Rhode Island, 1030. Towns, organization of, their government in Connecticut 981, 982, 1004; early form of, in Rhode Island, 1021. Townshend, Charles, president of board of trade, 2356; proposes harsh measures towards colonies, 2356, 2357; urges op¬ pression of American colonies, 2383, 2384; taxes articles of commerce, 2384, 2385; dies, 2385. Townshend, Gen. George, under Wolfe at Quebec, 2234; succeeds him, 2234; dis¬ loyal to Wolfe, 2234; member of George III.’s cabinet, 2235; vindictive towards Americans and Irish, 2235; disapproves storming Beauport, 2248; suggests at¬ tack above Quebec, 2249; moves to Point Levi, 2251; sent to check Mont¬ calm on Heights of Abraham, 2262; leaves Murray at Quebec and returns to England, 2272. Townshend, Thomas, home secretary of Great Britian under Shelburne, 3093. Townshend act offends Rhode Island, 2398, 2399 - Tracy, Marquis de, sent as viceroy of New France, 1985; successful against Iro¬ quois, 1986; partly subdues Iroquois, 1994. Tracy, senator from Connecticut, on Loui¬ siana purchase, 3750. Tracy, Benjamin F., secretary of the navy, 5624. Tracy, Uriah, U. S. senator, graduate of Yale, 3129. Trade, see Commerce, U. S. 256 GENERAL INDEX. Trade guilds, fifty-six of London enrolled in new company for Virginia, 655, 656, 689; each had a vote, 656. Trade-mark, bill to regulate use, 5822-5824. Trade unions, see Labor unions. “Tragical Relation, The,” by assembly of Virginia, 706. Trans-Mississippi exposition at Omaha, 5697-5703. Transylvania, early name of Kentucky, 2778. Transylvania company, the present state of Kentucky bought by, 2778, 2779. Travel in colonial days, 3137, 3138; in 1800, 3696. Treason, the doctrine of constructive, 3845; congress on, 4947. Treasury, U. S., financial system during revolutionary war, 2682, 2683; weak¬ ness of system of revenue under ar¬ ticles of confederation, 3201, 3202, 3204, 3205; continental congress on, 3216, 3217; congress organizes, 3337, 3338; congress on, 3343, 3354, 3396, 3397; Ham¬ ilton’s report on the national finances, 3361, 3364, 3395; Hamilton’s plan of liquidation of the national debt, 3500; con¬ dition in 1809, 3922; condition during war of 1812, 4004, 4005, 4009, 4010, 4013, 4014; financial straits in 1814, 4048; its de¬ plorable condition, 4094; condition in 1817, 4103; condition in 1821, 4132; im¬ proved condition of, 4140; Samuel D. Ingham, secretary of treasury, 4216; Louis McLane, secretary of treasury, 4239,4264; William J. Duane, secretary of treasury, 4264, 4265; Roger B. Taney ap¬ pointed secretary of treasury, 4265; bill passed providing for distribution of sur¬ plus, 4298; deposit act attacked by Jack- son, 4298, 4299; sub-treasury bill advoca¬ ted by Van Buren defeated in congress, 43°5 43065 payment of fourth install¬ ment of surplus postponed, 4306; legis¬ lation in special session of 25th con¬ gress, 4306; independent treasury bill, 4308; independent treasury bill becomes a law, 4320, 4321; issues note to relieve government distress in 1859, 4582; in 1861-62, 4943-4949; condition in i860, 4944; gold at a premium, 5190; issue of government scrip, 5190; national bank¬ ing system advocated, 5190; balance in January, 1863, 5192; national currency provided, 5192; amount of national debt July, 1864, 5192; pays expenses incurred by military, commanders, 5396; Demo¬ cratic party splits on “greenback” move¬ ment, 5414; gold reserve in 1893, 5649; condition in 1905, 5976. Treat, Maj., reinforces Mosely at Bloody Brook 1293. Treat, Robert, governor of Connecticut, ad¬ dressed by Andros about Connecticut charter, 1439; in encounter between Gov. Flether and Capt. Wadsworth, 1551. Treaties, colonial: Between New England and Dutch (Hartford in 1650), 1013; with Indians: by Dutch in 1617, 553; by Virginia colony, 638, 719; Massa- soit with New Plymouth in 1621, 776, 1284; at Ft. Stanwix in 1768, 1259, 2327, 2328; at Casco in 1678, 1302; at Ports¬ mouth in 1685, 1303; by Massachusetts in 1725, 1377; by Dongan in 1684, 1518; by Oglethorpe in 1733, 1859. Treaties, U. S.: Congress seeks for Euro¬ pean treaties during revolution, 2555; with Chili: commercial treaty, 4273; with China: in 1844, 4366; renewed, 4591; Burlingame treaty in 1868, 5582, 5583; restricting immigration in 1893, 5652, 5653, 5901-5908; with Colombia: on Isthmian canal, 5797-5799; with Cuba: on commercial relations in 1892, 5805, 5806; with Denmark: on purchase of West Indian islands, 5477-5482; with France: cession of Louisiana at Mor- fontaine in 1800, 3683, 3684, 3744-3752; on French spoliation claims in 1831, 4272; with Germany: on Samoan ques¬ tion in 1900, 5638, 5639, 5753; on reci¬ procity, 5645; parcel post convention, 5752; with Great Britain at Paris in 1783, 2337, 3095 - 3099 ; Jay’s treaty in 1795 , 3537 - 3547 , 3553 - 3558 , 357 L 3572 , 3575; in in 1806, 3849, 3850; at Ghent in 1814, 4087-4089, 4094; Ashburton treaty, 4403, 4404; Oregon treaty, 4405- 4408; Clayton-Bulwer treaty discussed in congress, 4514; on fisheries, 4548; on slave trade in 1862, 4947; at Washington on arbitration in 1871, 5506; on arbitration in 1895, 5675, 5676; Hay- Pauncefote treaty, 5759-5761; interpre¬ tation of the fisheries treaty of 1818, 5962, 5963; with Guatemala: on reci¬ procity, 5645; with Hawaii: 5634, 5635; with the Indians: of Ft. Stanwix in 1784, 3379 5 of Ft. McIntosh in 1785, 3379; of Ft. Harmar in 1789, 3379 5 of Grenville in 1795, 3529, 3530; of No¬ gales in 1790, 3531; in 1806, 3803; in 1805 and 1807, 3958; at Ft. Wayne in 1809-1810, 3959 , 4178 , 4180; Payne’s GENERAL INDEX. 257 Landing in 1832, 4312; Ft. Gibson in 1833, 4312; with Japan: gaining trading privileges, 4548; with Mexico: 4401; treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 4421; Gadsden treaty, 4548; with Morocco: commercial treaty, 4273; with Russia: on Oregon, 4165, 4405; commercial treaty, 4273; on Oregon, 4405; with Sal¬ vador, C. A.: on reciprocity, 5645; with Samoa, 5636; with San Domingo, reci¬ procity treaty in 1891, 5645; in 1905, 5824, 5825; with Spain: in 1795, 3562, 3563; the neutral ground treaty of 1806, 3832; Florida treaty in 1819, 4113, 4114, 4126, 4127, 4132; commercial treaty, 4273; on reciprocity, 5645; peace treaty of 1898, 5735-5737; with Turkey: com¬ mercial treaty, 4273; with Venezuela: commercial treaty, 4273. Treaties between European nations: Be¬ tween Spain and Portugal in 1494, 378; between Magellan and king of Cebu, 416; between Spain and Holland about 1606, 542; between England and Spain in 1605, 625, 626; between Great Britain and France (St. Germain in 1632), 833, 1935 1 between Sweden and Holland (Stockholm in 1650), 1127; between Great Britain and France (Ryswick in 1697), 1349, 1552, 1958 , 2011; between Great Britain, Holland, etc., and France (Utrecht in 1713), 1356, 1381, note, 2011, 2110, 2111; between Great Britain and France (Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748), 1403, 1409, 2011; between Great Britain and France (Dover in 1670),, 1500; be¬ tween Great Britain and France (“Neu¬ trality treaty for America” in 1686), 1528; between Great Britain and Spain (Madrid in 1667), 1845; between Great Britain and Holland, France and Den¬ mark (at Breda in 1667), 1957; between Great Britain and France (treaty of Paris in 1763), 2332-2336, 2364; between Great Britain and France, etc. (at Amiens in 1802), 3732, 3791. Treaty elm, Penn’s, 1210, 1211; illus. of, facing 1212. Treaty-making power of congress, Ran¬ dolph and Jefferson on, 3568. Trees, native of Ohio, as found by Gist, 2022. Trent, Capt, organizes Virginia company for Ohio campaign in 1754, 2039, 2040. Trent, British mail steamer, detained by the San Jacinto, 4925-4934. Trenton, N. J., palaeolithic implements found in, 141, 142; provincial congress meets at, 2437; map of campaign around, facing 2528; Washington to cross Dela¬ ware above, 2539; plan of surprise on, 2539; battle of, 2541, 2542; second battle of, 2545; public honors to Washington by, 3329, 3330; capital proposed at, 3355; Lincoln at, 4666. Trenton, U. S. warship, wrecked at Apia, 5639- Trenton Falls, N. Y., boundary of Swedes’ land, 582. Trevett vs. Weedon, test case on Rhode Island paper money, 3244-3246. Triana, Roderigo de, first saw land in Co¬ lumbus’ expedition, 302. Trigg, Col. Stephen, Bryan’s Station re¬ lieved by, 2800. Trimble, Gen. I. R., in battle of Antietam, 5044; losses at Antietam, 5046. Trimountain (Boston, Mass.), origin of name, note, 879. Trinidad, West Indies, discovered by Co¬ lumbus, 329, 330; passed by Pinzon, 374; Miranda expedition dissolved at, 3818. Trinidad, one of Magellan’s ships, 417, 418. Trinitie, ship, adventures on voyage to America, 588. Trinity, denial of, punished by death in Maryland, 1682; blaspheming against, punished by North Carolina, 1806. Trinity river, Tex., La Salle murdered near, 1996. Tripoli, Africa, hostilities with, 3711; U. S. expedition against, 3771-3774. Trist, Nicholas P., confidential agent to Mexico, 4394; peace negotiations broken off, 4398; treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 4401; signs treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 44 21 - Tromp, Martin van, Dutch admiral, 1016; sails through English channel, 1144; portrait, facing 1144. Trott, chief justice of South Carolina, 1826, 1827. Troup, G. McL, governor of Georgia, in difficulty with Creek Indians, 4178-4180; on slavery, 4204, 4205. Trowbridge, John, on wireless telegraphy, 5940 . Troy, N. Y., site of, passed by Hudson, 546; draft riots in, 5183. Truman, Maj. Thomas, commands provin¬ cial force in Indian rising in 1675, 1613, 1614. Trumbull, candidate for president, 5519. Trumbull, Col. John, at Ticonderoga, 2569, 2570, 2572; portrait, facing 3452. 258 GENERAL INDEX. Trumbull, Jonathan, governor of Connecti¬ cut, 2435; the original “Brother Jona¬ than,” 2435; on Howe’s commission, 2510. Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr., governor of Con¬ necticut, 3887, 3888. Trumbull, Joseph, commissary department under, 2681, 2682; member of board of war, 2699. Trumbull, Lyman, introduces resolution concerning political prisoners, in sen¬ ate, 5185; reports joint resolution rec¬ ognizing Louisiana state government, 5335; votes against impeachment of Johnson, 5412, 5413. Trumbull, U. S. ship, Capt. James Nichol¬ son commands, 2897, 2898. Trusts in French fur trade in 1612, 533; congress attacks the, 5642, 5653, 5654; Roosevelt on, 5792; cause and growth of, 5897 - 5899 - Truxton, Burr and, 3825, 3828. Truxton medal, facing 3662. Tryon, William, governor of North Caro¬ lina, puts down “regulators,” 2391; made governor of New York, 2465; character, 2465; Tories encouraged by, 2485; savage actions, 2498; Loyalists commanded by, 2517; Danbury de¬ stroyed by, 2566; rout of, 2567; Arnold pursues, 2566; losses of his expedition, 2567; with Vaughn-Wallace raid, 2657; Washington receives copy of peace pro¬ posals from, note, 2744; ravages Con¬ necticut coast, 2834. Tsai Lien, Prince, deprived of rank, 5782. Tsay Ying, deprived of rank, 5782. Tuan, Prince, deprived of rank and offices, 5782 . Tuckebachee, compact made here by Creek Indians, 4178. Tucker, Capt. Samuel, of Massachusetts, commanded U. S. ship Boston, 2881. Tucker, Samuel, of New Jersey, took oath of allegiance to Great Britain, 2528. Tudor, house of, in war of the roses, 14; first voyage under, 15; first Henry Tudor, 22, 23. Tullahoma, Tenn., Bragg retreats to, 5160. Tunis/Africa, Columbus at, 269. Tupelo, Miss., Bragg’s retreat to, 5117, 5118; Price with army of the West at, 5119; Hood relieved of his command at, 5269. Tupper, Gen. Benjamin, colonizing schemes of, 3193 . Turchin, Gen. J. B., enters Huntsville, 5109; ordered to take Decatur and Tuscumbia, 5109. Turgot, Baron, on French-American alli¬ ance, 2845. Turkey in middle ages, 45, 49; its pirates infest the seas, 269, 814, 815; Mary Fisher tries to convert, 927; joins armed neutrality, 3066. Turnbull, British revolutionary officer, in southern campaign, 2921, 2929, 2944, 2959 - Turner, Capt., leads force against Indians at Deerfield, 1297; killed, 1297, 1298. Turner, Nat., his insurrection, 4289, 4290. Turner, Capt. Nathaniel, bought land on Delaware Bay for Plymouth colony, 583; one of first magistrates of New Haven, 992. Turner’s Falls, Mass., scene of victory over Indians, 1297. Turner’s Pass, Md., location of, 5036; battle of, 5 ° 40 , 504 1 ; guarded by Hill and Longstreet, 5040; Stuart passes through, 5053 -. Turpentine, staple in North Carolina be¬ fore revolution, 2349. Turreau, French minister to the United States, 3902, 3917. Turtle, first submarine boat, 2879. Turtle’s Heart, Delaware chief, tries to delude Ft. Pitt, 2319. Tuscaloosa, Confederate ram, sunk by Maury, 5284. Tuscarora, U. S. ship, 4905. Tuscarora, John, nickname for Col. John Barnwell, 1814. Tuscaroras, Indian tribe, in North Caro¬ lina, 157, 161; absorbed by Five Nations, 159; capture Rev. Morgan Jones, 247; declare for Americans in revolution, 1516, 2585; adopted remnant of Onon- dagas, 1517; join Five Nations, 1567; organize conspiracy against whites, 1811- 1816. Tuscumbia, Ala., Turchin ordered to take possession of, 5109; Rosecrans’ move¬ ments near, 5131, 5132. Tuskegee Institute, 5959, 5960. Tutelos, Indian tribe, division of Sioux, 163. Tutuila, Samoan island, becomes property of the United States, 5753. Tuyle, Baron, his position in regard to Russian claims on American territory, 4148-4151, 4153 - Twiggs, Gen .David, note, 4629. GENERAL INDEX. 259 Twightwees, Indian tribe, retaliate on French for seizure of English traders, 2029. Twiller, Wouter Van, governor of New Netherland, arrived in America, 1119; Irving's sketch not true to life, 1119; active in office, 1119, 1120; buys Gover¬ nor’s and Blackwell’s Islands, 1119, 1120; names New Amsterdam, 1120; tries to extend Dutch power, 1120; makes treaty with Raritans, 1120; drives off Virginians, 1120, 1121; recalled, II2X. Twine, John, clerk of the first Virginia assembly, 681. Two Friends, U. S. ship, note 3811. Tybee Island, Ga., lighthouse on, begun by OgUthcrpe, 1863; federals establish post at, 4877, 4880, 4881. Tyler, Comfort, flight of, 3835; indicted for treason, 3841. Tyler, Gen. Daniel, commands first division of the army of Potomac, 4747; at Bull Run, 4751, 4752, 4755; at Malvern Hill, 4988. Tyler, John, graduate of William and Mary college, 3128; nominated for vice-presi¬ dent by Whigs, 4324, 4325; succeeds Harrison, 4335; public service, 4336; portrait, facing 4336; inaugural address, 43371 low estimate of, by Whig party, 4339 ; J- Q- Adams’ opinion of, 4339; policy opposed to Whig program, 4340; quarrel with Clay, 4340; message to special session of congress, 4340; ap¬ proves Ewing’s report on national bank, 4342; vetoes bill to recharter bank, 4343 ; vetoes second bill to recharter bank, 4345, 4347 5 part °f cabinet resigns, 4346; appoints new members of cabinet, 4347; repudiated by Whig party, 4348; Maine boundary, 4349; urges partial repeal of compromise act of 1833, 4351; vetoes provisional revenue bill (1842), 4351; at Bunker Hill monument dedica¬ tion, 4358; plans for second term, 4358; Princeton disaster, 4360; Texas treaty, 4361; heads Virginia delegates, 4657. Tyler, U. S. gunboat, 4814, 4846; in battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5104. Tynes, Col., British revolutionary officer, Marion disperses his command, 2995. Tynte, governor of South Carolina, 1809. Tyre, one of Mediterranean states, 105; leaves few records, 109. Tyrker, the German, discovers the vine in Norse legend, 213-215. u. Ullibahali, Indian town found by Soto, 472. Ulysses, legendary king of Ithaca, 324. Uncas, Mohegan chief, seeks English alli¬ ance, 954; profits by Pequot war, 978; fights at Greenfield Hill, 979; captives given to, 980; in conflict with Mianto- nomo, 1009, 1010; signature of, illus., facing 1010; promise of Narragansetts to, ion. Underground railroad, 4489, 4490, 4545. Underhill, John, military commander in Massachusets Bay colony, 882; sent to arrest R. Williams, 904; takes Burdett’s place at Northam, 947; reinforces Say- brook, 973, 974; at taking of Pequot fort, 976; organizes army for New Nether¬ lands, 1138; victory at Stamford, 1139. Union Pacific railroad built, 5491. Union party prevails in the South, 4479, 4480. Union reform party, nominees in 1900, 5767 . Union Springs, Ala., negro riots in, 5465. Union veteran legion, 5915. Uniontown, Pa., grave of Braddock near, 2080. United Christian party, convention and platform of 1900, 5767; vote in 1900, 5772 . United Confederate veterans, society of the, 5920, 5921. United daughters of the Confederacy, S 9 21 - United mine workers of America, strike in 1902 of the, 5809-5815; character of, 5889. United States, U. S. frigate, 3624, 3988, 3992 , 3993 , 4040, 4696. United States Gazette on the Kentucky resolutions, 3652. Universal Asylum, American magazine, 3453 -. . Universities, see Colleges and universities. Unmasking of Virginia by Capt. Nathaniel Butler, 700. Unrest, Adriaen Block’s ship, 550. Upland, Pa., renamed Chester, 1208; Penn’s first choice of capital, 1213. Upper Hundred, Va., laid off by Dale, 672. Uppsi, Eric, bishop of Greenland, 235. Upshur, Abel P., adviser of Tyler, 4338; succeeds Webster in Tyler’s cabinet, 4359 ; killed in Princeton disaster, 4360. 260 GENERAL INDEX. Uraba, Gulf of, Spanish settlement on, 376 . Urbana, O., Hull’s forces at, 3981. Ursuline sisters, Burr greeted by, 3821. Ury, John, schoolmaster in New York, hanged for being in “Popish plot,” 1580, 1581. Usher, J. P., views on negro suffrage, 5348 . Usselinx, William, founder of Delaware, urges a Dutch West India company, 541; his idea adopted, 542; induced Gustavus Adolphus to favor Australia company, 576; was made its president, 577; minister at The Hague, 578; asks Plolland to join Sweden in the company, 578; portrait, facing 578. Utah, Indians in, 163, 164; settlement of Mormons in, 4435, 4436; Soule’s amend¬ ment concerning slavery in, 4473; bill passed providing for establishment of territorial government without the inter¬ diction of slavery, 4480; settled by the Mormons, 4575; seeks admission as a state, 5617; constitution of, 5617; entire enfranchisement given women, 5929. Utes, Indian tribe, in western United States, 163. Utica, N. Y., seceders from Democratic party hold convention and nominate Van Buren, 4430. Utrecht, treaty of, cedes Acadia to England, 1356, 1362, 2110, 2111; authority for Oglethorpe’s southern boundary, 1884; French claim in, to New France, 2011. Uzita, Indian chief in Florida, 467; his daughter rescued Ortiz, 468. v. Vaccination unknown until 1792, 1357. Valcour Island, 2524. Valencia, Mexican general at Contreras, 4396 . Valladolid, Spain, Columbus died in, 266, 340 . Vallandigham, Clement L., candidate for governor of Ohio, 5186; speech at Mount Vernon, 5186; arrested, and sentenced to confinement in military prison at Cincinnati, 5 X 86; banished, 5187; in Canada, 5187; not welcomed at the South, 5187; chosen supreme grand commander of “Sons of Liberty,” 5 202 *> portrait, facing 5202; refuses Thomp¬ son’s aid, 5203; resolutions of, adopted by Democratic convention, 5209; at National Union convention, 5376. Valldea, U. S. warship, wrecked at Apia, 5639 - Valley Forge, Pa., Washington winters at, 2674; suffering of troops at, 2674, 2679, 2680; army arrives at, 2700; Von Steu¬ ben at, 2705; force at, 2727; effect of discipline at, 2738. Valparaiso, Spain, King John II. at, 316. Vanbraam, Capt. Jacob, interpreter for Washington on Ohio expedition, 2031; retained as hostage after surrender of Ft. Necessity, 2051; accused of treach¬ ery, 2052, 2053. Van Brunt, Capt., commander of the Min¬ nesota, 4917, 4918. Van Buren, John, associated with his father in New York politics, 4329. Van Buren, Martin, in presidential cam¬ paign of 1824, 4161; his plans defeated by Clinton, 4170; in collision with Pres¬ ident Adams, 4174; advocates “Tariff of Abominations” in 1828, 4185; appoint¬ ed secretary of state, 4216, 4217; re¬ signs, 4238; appointed minister to Great Britain, 4241; instructions to McLane, 4241; nomination rejected by senate, 4241; nominated for vice-president, 4249; elected, 4250; revolt against, in New York, 4293'; nominated for pres¬ ident, and elected, 4302.; inaugurated, 4302; portrait, facing 4302; appoints Joel Poinsett, secretary of war, 4303; appoints Lewis Cass, minister to France, 4303; calls special session of congress to deal with panic, 4305; message to 25th congress, 4305-4319; insists on in¬ dependent treasury in message to 25th congress, 4307; signs independent treas¬ ury bill, 4321; message to 26th congress, 4322; renominated by Democratic party, 4325; his campaign and defeat, 4326, 4327; farewell message to congress, 4327, 4328; retires to Kinderhook, 4328; purchases Lindenwald, 4329; defeated for presidential nomination in 1844, 4329; manages Barnburner faction of New York Democracy, 4329; estima¬ tion of, 4329; position on Texas an¬ nexation, 4362; loses nomination, 4363; leads opposition to administration in 1847, 4416; nominated for president by New Yorkers who seceded from Balti¬ more convention, 4430; nominated for president by Free-soil party in 1848, 4430, 443U defeated, 4431. Vandalia, colony of, 3148. GENERAL INDEX. 261 Vanderdussen, Col., commands regiment in expedition against St. Augustine, 1898, 1899. Van Dorn, Earl, Confederate general, sketch of, 4734; at battle of Pea Ridge, 4735 - 4737 ; retreats to Corinth, 4737; summoned to Corinth from Arkansas, 5095; reinforces Beauregard at Corinth, 5106; attends Beauregard’s council, 5107; ordered to defend Vicksburg, 5118; proposes campaign in Tennessee and Kentucky, 5129; Grant’s plans against, 5130.; at Chewalla, 5134; moves toward Corinth, 5134; battle of Corinth, 5134-5136; retreats from Corinth, 5136; battle at Davis’ Mills, 5136; pushes through Ripley to Holly Springs, 5137; succeeded by Pemberton, 5138; asks for court of inquiry, 5138; exonerated from charge of neglect of duty, 5138; com¬ mands division under Pemberton, 5138; commands division under Bragg, 5138; death of, 5138; near Holly Springs, 5142; strength of forces of, 5142; cap¬ tures Holly Springs, 5143. Vane, famous pirate in Carolinas, 1823. Van Ness, Judge, carries message from Burr to Hamilton, 3785. Van Ness, Cornelius P., minister to Spain, 4220. Van Ness, P., sells Lindenwald to Van Buren, 4329. Van Rensselaer, Col., American officer at Ticonderoga, 2573. Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen, powerful patroon of New Netherland, 566-568; connected with Van Twiller, 572; patroon, 1119. Van Rensselaer, Col. Solomon, at battle of Queenstown Heights, 3998; wounded, 3998 . Van Rensselaer, Gen. Stephen, descendant of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, 568; com¬ mands forces at Niagara, 3995; quarrels with Smyth, 3997; at Queenstown Heights, 3999; portrait of, facing 4052. Van Schaick, Gozen, destroyed the Onon¬ daga villages, 2839. Van Tienhoven, abettor of Pavonia mas¬ sacre, 1132; held office in New Nether¬ land, 1158. Van Tromp, see Tromp. Van Twiller, Wouter, governor of New Netherland, 561; objectionable to De Vries, 561, 572, 574; on the Dutch claim to New Amsterdam, 955. Van Werckhoven in Stuyvesant’s council, H 57 - Van Winkle, P. G., votes against impeach¬ ment of Johnson, 5412. Vane, Sir Henry, in Massachusetts, 904, 905, 908; portrait, facing 904; in Long Parliament, 917; applied to for patent for Newport, 1037; reproved Narragan- sett colonies, 1049, 1050. Varnhagen, Baron F. de, concerning Ves¬ pucci, note, 346, note, 369. Varnum, James M., judge of northwest territory, 3197. Vanina, U. S. ship, 4889, 4890. Vasquez de Ayllon, Lucas, engaged in slave trade, 396, 397; discovered St. John’s river, 397; explores Chesapeake Bay, 398; settle San Miguel, 398; dies, 398; bequeaths rights to Ramirez, 399. Vassall, Samuel, member of Massachusetts Bay company, 867, 874. Vassall, William, member of Massachusetts Bay company, 867, 874. Vaudreuil, Marquis de, governor-general of the French colonies, 1362; in em¬ barrassing position from correspondence with Rasle, 1369, 1376, 1377; jealous of Montcalm and refuses prompt aid, 2261; at fall of Quebec, 2270. Vaughan, Gen., ravages along the Hud¬ son valley, 2657; captures St. Eustatius, 3065, 3066. Vaughn, Robert, commander of Kent Is¬ land, 1084. Vaughn, Col., William, his daring exploit at capture of Louisbourg, 1396, 1397. Vaughn, Sir William, sells land to Lord Baltimore, 1061. Vealtown, N. J., Lee reaches, 2533. Velasco, Luis de, fails to settle Pensacola, 487, 488. Velasquez, Diego, governor of Cuba, 392, 395; sends expedition to Mexico, 395, 449, 454, 458. Velocity, U. S. sailing vessel, 4867. Venable in Hamilton-Reynolds affair, 3601, 3602. Venables, Gen., leads English army against West Indies, 1186. Venango, Fort, in chain of French de¬ fenses, 2006; Washington and Gist re¬ ceived at, with treachery, 2034, 2036, 2037; surrenders to Rogers’ rangers in 1760, 2279; taken by Pontiac, 2308, 2314, 2315 . Venezuela named by Ojeda, 363; revolt in 1810, 3939; dispute with Great Bri¬ tain over boundary, 5677-5679; dispute settled by arbitration, 5678-5680; Hay urges submission of claims against, to Hague tribunal, 5832. 262 GENERAL INDEX. Vengeance, U. S. ship in Paul Jones’ fleet, 2883. Venice, one of Mediterranean states, 105; sea-power, 112; Zeno sails from, 248- 250; war with Genoa, 269, 270; solicited by Columbus, 284; law of naturaliza¬ tion in, 421, 424, 425; archives testify of John Cabot, 423, 424; flag of, raised in new world, 433; Sebastian Cabot secretly negotiates with, 440. Venn, Col. John, member of Massachu¬ setts Bay colony, 867. Vera Cruz, Mex., founded by Cortes, 449, 450; conflict between Spaniards and Mexicans, 453; Narvaez. overwhelmed at, 455; De Luna’s expedition sails from, 487; Villafane’s fleet from, 488; battle of, 4391, 4392. Veragua, Duke of, special envoy from Spain at naval display in New York, 5658, 5659- Varagua, Colombia, Columbus at, 339. Vergara, Juan de, sails with Ojeda, 376. Vergennes, Charles G., Count de, Amer¬ ica assisted by, 2553, 3067; reply to British ambassador, 2555, 2556; Von Steuben titled by, 2705; D’Estaing’s manifesto not approved by, 2759; ad¬ vised of condition of American revolu¬ tion, 2969; portrait, facing 3088; dis¬ cusses peace, 3091; Greenville and, 3092; U. S. debt to Vergennes, 3095; effort to limit the United States, 3094; map of North America, showing boundaries as proposed by, facing 3094; policy of, 3150 . Vergor, de, commander at Beau Sejour, 2118; surprised and defeated by Eng¬ lish, 2119. Verhult, William, governor of New Neth¬ erland, 557. Verin, Joshua, on liberty of conscience, 1021. Vermont, Indians in, 158; first settlement in, established by Dummer, 1361; con¬ troversy over, note, 2562; early history, 2562, 2763, 2764; council of safety, 2599; admission into the Union asked by, 2599; Langdon finances defense of, 2600; foundations laid for, 2763; struggle for, 2764; proposed annexation to Canada of, 3067; disturbance's in, 3243; national constitution ratified by, 3407; becomes a state, 3407; population in 1790, 3422; reply to Kentucky resolutions, 3650; the embargo in, 3878, 3879; represented in Hartford convention, 4092; protest against annexation of Texas and slavery in District of Columbia, 4315-4317; raid of Confederate soldiers at St. Albans, 5206. Vermont Gazette, 3675. Vernier, Maj., Pulaski legion commanded by, 2911. Vernon, Edward, English admiral, expedi¬ tion to West Indies, 1489; commands fleet against Cartagena in 1740, 1663, 1664, 1902-1904; Mt. Vernon named for, 1665; in West Indies in war of Austrian succession, 1895, 1896, 1902, 1903. Verplanck’s Point, N. Y., Ft. Fayette at, 2833; view of, facing 2836; Gen. Howe’s attack on, 2837. Verrazano, Giovanni da, sails for East Indies, 154; born in Florence, 344, 502; leader of first French expedition to America, 502-504; portrait, facing 502; called Juan Florin, 503; his account of voyage, 504; discussion of his authen¬ ticity, note, 504, 506, note, 524; coasts New England and Newfoundland, 505, 506, 549; undertook a second voyage, 506; discrepancy between French and Spanish accounts of his end, 507; basis of French claim, 621. Verrazano, Hieronimo, made map of Giovanni’s voyage, 504. Vespucci, Amerigo, discussion of his claims, 343; birthplace, 344; portrait, facing 344; early life, 345; his account of voyages/ 346-348; reasons for dis¬ crediting it, 348-351; real first voyage, 352, 363; alleged course, 352-356, 357, note, 358, 394; with Ojeda, 352, 363, 364; fabrications or blunders, 356, 357, and note, 363-365, 367; does not discov¬ er Florida, 359, 387; his book “Four Voyages,” 362, note, 504; name not in archives, 364; alleged third voyage, 364- 366, 368; erroneously credited with dis¬ covery ■ of South America, 367; secures letters from Columbus, 368; in favor at Spanish court, 368, 369; chief pilot, 369; death, 370, 371; how his name was given to new continent, 371; succeeded by De Solis, 375; great pretender of age of discovery, 421, 438, 441, 444. Vespucci, Giovanni, nephew of Amerigo, 345 ; Vesuvius, 299. Veto power of William III. in Massachu¬ setts, 1323. Vicente, Capt., rises against Menendez, 495, 496. Vice-president, congress increases salarv, 55 io. GENERAL INDEX. 263 Vicksburg, Miss., plan to capture, 4883; Farragut at, 4895-4897; Van Dorn or¬ dered to defend, 5118; Grant’s plan to capture, 5141; Pemberton in command at, 5142; strength of Confederate forces at, 5142; map of fortifications, facing- 5142; advance upon, 5143; plan of at¬ tack, 5143; Sherman attacks, 5144; re¬ treats after defeat, 5144; new plans for attack, 5144; siege of, 5146-5149; run¬ ning the batteries at, illus., facing 5146; Confederates driven into, 5146; sur¬ rounded by Union forces, 5146; sur¬ render of, 5149; Sherman leaves, 5255; returns to, 5255; care of rebel families in, by Union troops, 5265. Vicksburg Daily Citizen, facsimile of issue of July 2, 1863, facing 5150. Victor, Gen., instructions as to occupation of Florida, 3753. Victoria, queen of England, friend of the United States during civil war, 4925; proclamation of neutrality, 4933, 49341 sends first message over Atlantic cable, . 5485 - Victoria, Spanish ship, 417-420. Vienna, Austro-Hungary, yields to Napo¬ leon, 3918; McKinley memorial services in, 5791. Vigilant, French warship, captured at Louisbourg, 1398. Vignau, Nicholas de, tells of open route to Indies, 533, 534. Vikings, illus. of exhumed galleys, fac¬ ing 112; ships exhumed, 113; exploits in Vinland, 225, 226; character, 232, 241, 242. Vilas, William F., postmaster-general, 5590. Villafane explored Florida for Spain, 488. Villejo, de, pitied Columbus, 335. Villere, Maj., captured by the British, 4081; his subsequent escape, 4081. Villiers, de, brother of De Jumonyille, in command of attack on Ft. Necessity, 2050, 2051. Vincennes, Ind., French stockade at, 2005; Clark investigates, 2780, 2782, 2785 3189; Hamilton at, 2785; Shawnees resist set¬ tlers at, 3189; Indian treaty at, 3522; capital of Indiana, 3674; Burr at, 3823; Harrison and Tecumthe meet at, 3959, . 396o. Vincennes, U. S. ship, 4862-4864. Vincent, Gen., retreats from Ft. George, 4050. Vincent, of Beauvais, speculated on route to India, 278. Vincent, Rev. J. R., organizer of Chau- tuaqua society, 5923. Vine culture introduced to Virginia by Spotswood, 1659; culture encouraged in Carolinas, 1744, 1748. Vines, Richard, on the Saco, 739; founded Biddeford, 739, 791, 847; in Maine, 948. . 950-952. Vining, senator from Delaware, on loca¬ tion of the capital, 3356. t Vinland settled by Leif Ericsson, 215, 219, 220, 223, 228; later history, 233, 234; historical proofs, 234, 238, 241, note, 411; facsimile of references about, facing 234; perhaps heard of by Columbus, note, 278. Virgil thought the earth to be round, 95. Virginia, Indians in, 155, 160, 642-719, 823; Morgan Jones chaplain in, 247; ex¬ change of interpreters tried in, note, 534; English colonize, 544; boundary of Dutch claim, 551; Walloons asked to go to, 556; Argali in, 557, 657, 676; does not wish Swedes to settle in, 580; Drake rescues Roanoke colony, 596; first charter, 627, 655, 656; royal council of, 628; threatened by Spaniards, 657; wrangling and disasters in, 658; aban¬ donment of, ordered, 662; rescued by Lord Delaware, 663-665; Dale in, 669, 676, 801; population in early years, 681, 682; first negro slaves, 682; education in, 686; dreadful death-rate in, 698; Butler’s “Unmasking of,” 699, 700; un¬ harmed by revocation of charter, 709; North compared with South Virginia, 725, note, 728; Weston in, 787; Francis West governor, 795; grows slowly, 875; dislikes civil war in England, 916; Quakers in, 925, 926, 930; Sir George Calvert asks for patent in, 1061; does not approve of Calvert settlement, 1066- 1068; assists Calvert with supplies, 1070, 1071; contests with Calverts the pos¬ session of Kent Island, 1070-1074; sup¬ ports Claiborne’s counter-claim to Ma¬ ryland soil, 1074, 1080; full of relig¬ ious intolerance in 17th century, 1088; denounced as rebellious by parliament, in 1650, 1092; petitions parliament for Kent Island, 1095; dispute with Lord Baltimore, 1096, 1115; Quakers in, at time of Fox’s visit, 1185; contributes to expedition against Canada in 1746, 1405; Dutch New Yorkers settled in, 1500; involved in Iroquois hostilities, 1523; spurns proposal of consolidating American colonies, 1530; sends troops against French-Indian invasion in 1690, 1542; Gen. Robert Hunter appointed 264 GENERAL INDEX. governor, 1562; hastens to placate Charles II., after restoration, 1601- 1603; gained inhabitants during pro¬ tectorate, 1604; population at restora¬ tion, 1604, 1607; natural beauty of, 1605; under Berkeley, 1607, 1610-1612, 1617; given away by Charles II., 1609, 1610; declares war against Indians, 1612; Nathaniel Bacon in, 1616, 1617; educa¬ tion in colonial times, note, 1622, note, 1633; government changed to proprie¬ tary, 1626; becomes royal colony a second time, 1630; oppressed by royal governors, 1630, 1631; commerce in 1700, 1636; population in 1700, 1636; militia in 1700, 1636, 1637; small colo¬ nial navy, 1637, 1638; government in early 18th century, 1638; how divided in early 18th century, 1639; care of poor in, 1639, 1640; laws against Quak¬ ers and dissenters, 1640, 1641; laws con¬ cerning slaves in early 18th century, 1646; Englishmen sent as slaves to, 1647; sets them free, 1648; slaves in, from Monmouth’s rebellion, 1648; in¬ dented servants in, 1649; has no inns in colonial days, 1651; has no printing- press until 1735, 1653; no booksellers in, 1653; as it appears to Gov. Spots- wood in 1710, 1656; increase of popu¬ lation during 18th century, 1660; prog¬ ress during 18th century, 1666; re-peo¬ pled by fugitives from Puritans, 1713; dealings with Carolinas, 1717, 1758, 1759, 1813; aid Oglethorpe in expe¬ dition against St. Augustine, 1898; D’Aunay’s grant extends to, 19551 pop¬ ulation in 1755, 2009; directed to grant land to John Hanbury, 2009; jealous of Maryland and Pennsylvania, 2015; plans a treaty with Miamis, 2024; ap¬ plied to by Braddock for transporta¬ tion, 2060, 2061; riflemen save remnant of Braddock’s force, 2078, 2079; sends recruits for Loudon’s army, 2147; Vir¬ ginia alarmed by Indian atrocities in 1763, 2316, 2317; population in 1760, 2344; occupations in, before revolution, 2345; staples of, before revolution, 2349; protests against slave trade in 1761, 2363; protests against stamp act, 2368; leads in resisting stamp act, 2373; does not send delegates to stamp act congress, 2377; responds favorably to Massachusetts in 1768, 2389; joins non¬ importation agreement, 2391, 2392; at beginning of revolutionary war, 2438, 2439; effect of the battle of Lexington, 24.38; new government formed by, 2474; independence declared, 2492, 2495; spread of colonial population in, 2764; Dunmore’s actions regarding land claims in, 2766; Transylvania company and, 2779; Kentucky organized by, 2794; condition of, during revolutionary war, 2832; Mathews’ raid in, 2832, 28331 fleet equipped by, 28631 map of, Corn¬ wallis’ and Greene’s route in part of, facing 2938; paper money in, 2954, 3246; forbade slavery, 3106, 3290, 3359; relig¬ ious liberalizing in, 3108; opposition of establishment of state church in, 3108, 3109; land claims, 3153, 3154, 3156, 3164; Washington county wishes separation from, 3173; county of Illinois consti¬ tuted by, 3188; jurisdiction over the Potomac river claimed by, 3248; Phila¬ delphia convention approved by, 3257, 3278, 3280; U. S. constitution ratified by, 3312-3316; electors selected by, 3324; first senator sent by, 3327; on assumption of state debts, 3376, 3377; population in 1790, 3422; coast raided in war of 1812, 4039; position of her legislature in 1798, compared to that of Hartford convention, 4093; requests that South Carolina rescind nullifica¬ tion ordinance, 4259, 4260; state legis¬ lature protests against Wilmot proviso and abolition of slave trade in District of Columbia, 4445; suggests calling con¬ ventions if Wilmot proviso should pass, 4477, 4478; supports Bell in i860, 4602; peace convention in, 4656, 4657; refuses to comply with Lincoln’s proclamation, 4684; sends assistance to Baltimore, 4689; secedes, 4692, 4693; Confederate forces in 1861 in, 4695, 4696; federals invade, 4740; map of, facing 5052; army of the Potomac crosses into, 5055; slaves declared free, 5060; senators vote for bill to employ slaves as soldiers, 5225; fortifications in, 5234; Early retreats to, 5248; destruction of Confederate line of supplies, 5252; raids of Stoneman, 5270; Booth captured in, 5301, 5302; Sherman’s plans to keep Lee in, 5314; loyal state government recognized by Lincoln, 5347; negro refugees in, 5357; military control provided for, 5383; Schofield assigned as military com¬ mander of, 5387; measures of Schofield, 5391; efforts to relieve distress, 5396; political conditions, 5400; refuse to rati¬ fy fourteenth amendment, 5413; denied recognition by congress, 5417; Grant’s GENERAL INDEX. 265 proclamation commanding state consti¬ tution to be submitted to popular vote, 5417; constitution ratified, 5417; sena¬ tors and representatives present them¬ selves for admission to congress, 5417, 5418; restored to federal relations, 5418; negro rule in, 5424. Virginia, English ship, first one built in North America, 729, 733. Virginia central railroad destroyed by Sheridan, 5252. Virginia company, name used, 743; con¬ nected with Plymouth Council, 744; Carver and Cushman asked for patent, 758-760; issued patent to Peirce for Puritans, 762; question of control of Hudson river, note, 798, 800; headed by Warwick, 843, 844; used as pretext by Gorges, 855; abolished by James I., 1197; see also London company. “Virginia dynasty,” 4102. Virginias, U. S. ship, 5703; building where the massacre of crew took place, illus., facing 5704. Vitalis, Ordericus, wrote an “Ecclesiastical History,” 236. Vives, Gen., Spanish commissioner for Florida treaty, 4127. Vixen, U. S. brig, 3989. Vizcaya, Spanish warship, 5732, 5733. Vliet, Cornelis van, treacherous captain of the Kalmar Key, 582. Volney, Constantin F. C. B., Count de, Jefferson’s letter to, 3801. Volusia county, Fla., indigo and sugar¬ cane introduced in, 2337. Von Heister, Hessians commanded by, 2473; at battle of Long Island, 2513, 25 T 4 - Vosges, St. Die in, 370. Vries, Capt. David Petersen de, in New Amsterdam, 561; disapproves Van Twil- ler, 561, 573, 574, 1121;' connected with first settlement in Delaware, 566; his plantation destroyed by Indians, 571; dispossessed by Lord Baltimore, 5 7 2 > defies laws of Manhattan, 573, 574; Raritans destroy settlement of, 1130; portrait, 1132; his account of Pavonia massacre, 1132-1135; tries to pacify Ind¬ ians, 1135. Vulture, sloop-of-war, 2981, 2982; Arnold escapes to the, 2985. w. Wabash, U. S. frigate, 4843, 4854, 4872. Wabash Indians, efforts to secure peace with, 3380, 3381; expedition against the, 3382, 3411-3413; treaty with, 3522, 3523. Wabash river valley protected by French forts, 2005; headwaters regarded as limit of Canada in 1760, 2276. Wabasha, Indian chief, 2791. Wachusett, U. S. steamer, 4909. Wachusetts, Indian tribe, join Indian league, 1296; attack Lancaster, Mass., 1296. Wade, Benjamin F., senator from Ohio, 4499; on McClellan’s inaction, 4782; on war committee, 4783; portrait, fac¬ ing 5332; issues protest against Lincoln’s proclamation, 5333; attitude toward Johnson, 5343; on Santo Domingo com¬ mission, 5496. Wade, Edward, appeal to people for Mis¬ souri compromise, 4534, 4539. Wade, Maj.-Gen. James F., on Cuban mil¬ itary commission, 5736. Wadsworth, Capt., killed in Indian am¬ buscade, 1299; hid Connecticut charter in charter oak, 1440; opposes Fletcher in command of militia, 1443. Wadsworth, Gen. J. S., killed in battle of the wilderness, 5233. Wadsworth, Jeremiah, commissary-gener¬ al, 2708. Wagner, Jacob, editor of the Federal Re¬ publican, 3976; mob assaults, 3977. Wagner, Fort, S. C., second assault on, 5167-5169; assault fails, 5168; fall of, 5169. Wahquimicut, Indian chief, seeks English alliance, 954. Wahub, Capt., British commander, 2996. Wahunsenacawh, supreme chief of Pow¬ hatan tribe, 635. Wainwright, Capt. Richard, wounded, 4866. Waite, Morrison R., U. S. counsel in the Geneva tribunal of arbitration, 5507; chief justice, 5621. “Wakarusa War” in Kansas, 4553, 4554 - Wakefield, Ala., Burr captured near, 3836. Waldeck, Germany, sells soldiers to Eng¬ land, 2472. Waldegrave, Lord, cited as to character of George III., 2342. Waldo, Capt. Richard, councillor in James¬ town, 649. Waldseemuller, Martin, suggested naming new continent America, 370. Wales, story of Madoc, 245, 246. Walford, Thomas, blacksmith at Charles¬ town, 797, 866; banished, note, 880, 888. Walke, Henry, rear-admiral, commands 266 GENERAL INDEX. gunboats in Columbus expedition, 4720; at Ft. Donelson, 4818; runs the batter¬ ies at Island No. 10, 4836. Walker, Gen. J. G., sent to capture Har¬ per’s Ferry, 5035; crosses Potomac, 5037; occupies London Heights, 5038; in battle of Antietam, 5044. Walker, John, found silver near the Nor- umbega, 600. Walker, LeRoy Pope, Confederate secre¬ tary of war, 4660; portrait, facing 4660. Walker, Robert J., secretary of treasury under Polk, 4369; secretary of treas¬ ury, discusses tariff, 4408; succeeds Geary as governor of Kansas, 4570; loses favor in Washington, 4571; re¬ signs, 4571; instructions from Buchanan, 4573 - Walker, William, expedition against lower California, 4548; becomes president of Nicaragua, 4549; deposed, 4549. Walker, Fort, defends Port Royal harbor, 4873- “Walking Purchase” trick on Pennsylvania Indians, 1259; arouses the Delawares to resist whites, 2020. Wallabout Bay named from Walloon set¬ tlers, 556. Wallace, Sir James, ravages Hudson val¬ ley, 2657. Wallace, Gen. Lew, left in charge of Ft. Henry, 4817; at Ft. Donelson, 4818, 4821, 4822; appointed major-general, 4826; at Crump’s Landing, 5098; re¬ ports number of Confederate troops, 5099; misunderstands orders, 5101; in battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5102, 5104; portrait, facing 5104; moves toward Frederick, 5248; attacked by Early, 5248; retreats to Baltimore, 5248. Wallace, Gen. William H. L., in battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5098, 5101; killed in battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5101. Wallingford, Lieut., with Paul Jones, 2875, 2876. Walloomsac river, Stark’s troops encamped on, 2602. Walloons, name for Dutch emigrants, 555; settlements in America, 556, 557. Walpole, Horace, mistaken about Ogle¬ thorpe, 1846. Walpole, Sir Robert, favors peace, 1887; temporizes with Spain, 1894, 1895. Walpole, Thomas, member of Ohio colony company, 3147. Walsingham, Sir Francis, sends expedition to the Norumbega, 600. Walvis, Dutch ship, 566. Wampanoags, Indian tribe, in Massachu¬ setts, 158; nearest large tribe to Plym¬ outh, 775; make treaty with English, 776; less powerful than Narragansetts, 781; make treaty with Plymouth men, 1284; become hostile, 1285; besieged at Tiverton, 1286. Wampum, how used, 918; discarded as cur¬ rency in Massachusetts, 1303. Wanamaker, John, postmaster-general, 5624. Wanton, Joseph, governor of Rhode Island, 2435. Wanton, William, governor of Rhode Island, 1488. War department, congress organizes, 3338; Gen. Knox appointed secretary, 3338; report for 1905, 5963; see also Army, U. S. “War in Disguise,” written by James Stephen, 3809. War of 1812, causes leading to, 3529, 3540, 3807-3810, 3974, 3975; West and South welcome, 3972; North opposes, 3972; Madison recommends, 3972; congress declares, 3973; Baltimore riots, 3976- 3878; strength of army, 3978, 3979, 3996; defenses in the northwest, 3979; Cana¬ dian defenses, 3979, 3984; speeches on, in house of representatives, 4006, 4007; Russia offers to mediate between com¬ batants, 4011, 4012 ; condition and move¬ ments of the western army in winter of 1812-1813, 4015; Winchester’s defeat, 4016-4019; Ft. Meigs besieged, 4020; change in character of, 4024; Croghan’s defense of Ft. Stephenson, 4026; Perry’s Victory on Lake Erie, 4028-4030; Brit¬ ish retreat, 4031; decisive American vic¬ tory at Thames, Can., 4032; territory gained by, 4034; raids along the Vir¬ ginia coast, 4039; a strict blockade es¬ tablished, 4040; high prices of food stuffs under British blockade, 4042; increase of manufactures, 4043; smug¬ gling, 4043; Great Britain offers peace negotiations, 4044; peace commissioners nominated, 4045; plans to take York and Niagara, 4049; York captured, 4049, 4050; Niagara frontier falls into Amer¬ ican hands, 4050; unsuccessful advance of Americans on Montreal, 4053-4055; Niagara frontier recaptured by the Brit¬ ish, 4056; Scott wins battle of the Chip¬ pewa, and of Lundy’s Lane, 4062, 4063; Drummond defeated at Black Rock and Ft. Erie, 4064; Izard ordered to fortify Lake Champlain, 4065; American sue- GENERAL INDEX. 267 cess at Plattsburg, 4065-4068; blockade of Atlantic coast, 4069; erection of coast defenses, 4070; battle of Bladens- burg, 4073; capture and burning of Washington, 4075; work of peace com¬ mission, 4087; terms of treaty of peace, 4088, 4089; reception of treaty of peace, 4089; U. S. claim for damages, 5503- 55o6, 5508; society of the, 5911, 5912. Waraskoyack, Indian village, 666. Ward, Ensign, overwhelmed at Ohio Fork by French force, 2041. Ward, Andrew, Massachusetts commis¬ sioner for Connecticut, 967. Ward, Gen. Artemas, 2418, 2434, 2 45 2 > 2 4531 at Cambridge, 2433; resigned, 2532; enters house of representatives, 34 2 3 - Ward, Elijah, member of house commit¬ tee to draw up articles of Johnson’s impeachment, 5406. Ward, James H., commands Potomac flo¬ tilla, 4854, 4855; death, 4855. Ward, John E., presides over Democratic convention of 1856, 4560. Ward, Rev. Nathaniel, makes constitution for Massachusetts Bay colony, 910, 911. Ward, W. T., recruits a brigade, 4805. Ward’s plantation entitled to representa¬ tion in house of burgesses, 680. Wardwell, Samuel, hanged for witchcraft, 1339 - Warham, Rev., minister of Massachusetts Bay colony, 879. Warmouth, Henry C., governor of Loui¬ siana, 5461, 5462. Warner, commissioner of pensions, report of bureau for 1905, 5974. Warner, Seth, at Ticonderoga, 2443, 2447, 2 573; at Crown Point, 2447; at battle of Hubbardton, 2574; Stark joined by, 2602; at Bennington, 2606. “Warraghiaghy,” Indian name of Sir Will¬ iam Johnson, 1591. Warren, Commodore, in West Indies, 1388; joins expedition against Louisbourg, 1391, 1395; captures the Vigilant, 1398; promoted admiral, 1400; defeated French fleet off Cape Finisterre, 1409, 1490. Warren, Gen. Gouverneur K., at Hanover Court-House, 4965, 4966; in second bat¬ tle of Bull Run, 5023; commands corps under Grant, 5232; in battle of the wilderness, 5233; commander of forces at Spottsylvania, 5235; in battle of Spottsylvania, 5236; near Petersburg, . 5245; destroys Weldon railroad, 5245, 5246. Warren, Adm. Sir John Borlase, commands a British fleet in war of 1812, 4039, 4041. Warren, Joseph, portrait, facing 2416; pres¬ ident of provincial congress, 2417; noti¬ fied of Gage’s plan, 2422; at Concord, 2429, 2434; writes letter to Montreal, 2442; at Bunker Hill, 2458; appointed major-general, 2458; death, 2462. Warren, Sir Peter, offered American estate to William Johnson, 1590; founded Warrensburgh, 1591. Warren, Fort, Mason and Slidell confined in, 4925, 4928. Warren, U. S. ship, 2881, 2882. Warren’s Tavern, Pa., Howe and Wash¬ ington at, 2622, 2623. Warrensburg, N. Y., settlement of Sir Pe¬ ter Warren, 1591. Warships, types of, in 1861, illus., facing 4846. Warville, de, see Brissot, J. P., surnamed De Warville. Warwick, Robert Rich, Earl of, gives pat¬ ent to Connecticut, 677, 844, 849; in league with Argali, 679, 702; credits John Smith with naming New England, note, 736; patentee in Plymouth coun¬ cil, 744; signs patent for Plymouth col¬ ony, 749; clashes with Gorges, note, 827, 843, 844, 850, 855; president of council for New England, 842, 848, note, 859, 860; portrait, facing 842; fa¬ vors Puritans, 843; gives Massachusetts Bay patent, 844; also “Plough patent,” 847; asks for grant for Massachusetts association, 864, note, 865, 866. Warwick, Pa., Washington at, 2623. Warwick, R. I., founded, 1027; named for earl, 1045; Gorton at, 1046; in Rhode Island union, 1047; opposed Codding- ton, 1049, 1050; proportion of, in gen¬ eral assembly, 1457; illus. of old house at, facing 1462; its “impertinent file” of letters, note, 1463; objects to paying share of Clark’s expenses, 1463; burned during King Philip’s war, 1467, 1468; disputed jurisdiction with Providence, I46 ?- Warwick, British ship, 846. Warwick Neck, land on, sold by Indian, Pomham, 1460. Warwick river, 4794. Washburn, Cadwalader, opinion of politi¬ cal situation in Illinois, 5197. Washburne, Elihu B., reports on charges against Fremont, 4728, 4729; selected as secretary of state, 5418; resigns, 5419; succeeded by Fish, 5419; on the 268 GENERAL INDEX. appropriations for the Pacific railroad, 5491; secretary of state, 5521; minister to France, 5521. Washington, Augustine, interested in Ohio company, 2010. Washington, Booker T., founder of Tus- lcegee institute, 5960. Washington, Eliza, marries Alex. Spots- wood, 1657. Washington, George, inaugurated on anni¬ versary of Columbus’ commission, note, 294; great-grandson of Col. John Wash¬ ington, 1614; educated in Virginia, 1653; niece marries Gov. Spotswood, 1657; disgusted by Dinwiddie, 1667, 1668; sug¬ gests that Tuscarora chiefs be com¬ missioned as continental officers, 1816; his brothers interested in Ohio com¬ pany, 2010; makes expedition with Gist to Ft. LeBoeuf, 2027; account of his Ohio expedition, 2030-2039; his youth, 2030; adjutant-general of Virginia, 2030; rare mind of, 2030; earliest por¬ trait of, facing 2030; a man of the peo¬ ple, 2031; recommends fort at junction of Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, 2032, 2036, 2039; his journal cited, 2034; hardships on return journey with Gist, 2036-2038; nearly drowned in Alle¬ gheny, 2037; on Washington Island, 2038; commands Virginia battalion for Ohio campaign, 2039, 2040; at Will’s creek, 2041; goes to relief of Half- King, 2043; attacks Jumonville’s am¬ buscade, 2045-2047; unjustly denounced by French, 2047, 2048; captures first prisoners in seven years’ war, 2047, 2051; succeeds Fry in command, 2048; excuses De Villiers for Indian outrage at Will’s creek, 2051; does not speak French, 2052; misrepresented as to Ft. Necessity agreement, 2052; appreciated by Braddock, 2055, 2065; resigns from colonial service, but accepts Braddock’s offer, 2057, 2058; cited on Braddock, 2064, 2066; sincerely interested in mili¬ tary life, 2065; urges caution on Brad¬ dock, 2066, 2075; ill at Great Meadows, 2067; commands regiment in second at¬ tack on Ft. Duquesne, 2167; believed to have a charmed life, 2076-2078; his own account of preservation at Braddock’s defeat, 2077; meets old Indian foe, 2077; helps rescue Braddock from Indians, 2079; read burial service over Braddock, 2080; asks to march against Ft. Du¬ quesne, 2173; take possession of it, 2174, 2178; in first continental congress, 2410; member of continental congress, 2448; sketch of, 2451; commander-in¬ chief, 2451, 2452; Patrick Henry’s state¬ ment of, 2451; Adams’ eulogy on, 2452; headquarters at Cambridge, 2466; num¬ ber of troops under, 2466, 2468, 2510, 2531; problems of, 2470; requests con¬ gress to increase army, 2470; consents to Arnold’s expedition, 2476; skillful strategy of, 2479, 2481, 2482; enters Bos¬ ton, 2483; reads Paine’s “Common Sense” to army, 2494; scheme to kidnap, 2498; orders declaration of independence read to army, 2500; at Brooklyn Heights, 2513; retreat after battle of Long Island, 2515, 2516; forces Howe from New York, 2517; sends Nathan Hale to spy on British, 2517; panic of troops at Manhattan commanded by, 2518; at King’s Bridge, 2519; threatened with dissolution of army, 2519, 2520; withdraws Manhattan troops, 2520, 2521; at battle of White Plains, 2521, 2527; Schuyler reinforces, 2525; guards New Jersey, 2526, 2528, 2529; New Jersey retreat of, 2529, 2530; crosses the Dela¬ ware, 2529; congress gives dictatorial power to, 2530, 2531; hindrances to, 2531; Lee’s disloyalty toward, 2532, 2533; increases pay of artillery, 2534; Philadelphia militia joins, 2534; halts Heath’s brigade, 2534; generosity to Gen. Lee, note, 2534; forces under, 2535- 2 537; proposes new army system, 2536; congress extends dictatorship of, 2537; plan for breaking British lines, 2538; plans Trenton surprise, 2539; returns to Trenton, 2543; pledges private for¬ tune, 2544; appeals to Robert Morris for aid, 2544; second battle of Trenton, 2546; outgenerals Cornwallis, 2547; bat¬ tle of Princeton, 2547, 2548; march to Brunswick, 2548, 2549; Morristown headquarters of, 2549; Jerseys roused by, 2550; military genius of, 2551; American honors, 2552; Europe’s opin¬ ion of, 2552; “The American Fabius,” 2552; Lafayette offers sword to, 2554, 2555; Gates’ action toward, 2562, 2563; letter to congress, 2567; esteem for Arnold, 2568; estimate of Ticonder- oga, 2568; on the fall of Ticouder- oga, note, 2575; asked to choose Schuy¬ ler’s successor, 2578; reinforces Schuy¬ ler, 2579; leaves Morristown, 2609; Howe’s feint against, 2609; returns to Morristown, 2610; idea of Howe’s plans, 2610; regains Middlebrook, 2610; GENERAL INDEX. 269 starts for the Delaware, 2611; advance to Germantown, 2611; plans against Clinton, 2612; marches through Phila¬ delphia, 2613; at Wilmington, 2613; at battle of Brandywine, 2614, 2616, 2617, 2619, 2621; at Germantown, 2622, 2625, 2628-2630, 2633; at Warren’s tavern, 2622, 2623; at Warwick, 2623; at Paoli, 2623; John Adams criticises, 2625; pro¬ tested against congress’ treatment of Burgoyne, 2666; generosity toward Gates, 2667; at Whitemarsh, 2667; movements around Philadelphia, 2668; map of operations in lower Delaware river, facing 2670; Gates and congress hamper, 2672; at Valley Forge, 2674, 2679, 2680; criticises Thomas Mifflin, 2681; uses his power of impressment, 2682; theory on fiat money, 2684; forces patriots to accept paper money, 2685; John Adams prejudiced against, 2693; Samuel Adams against, 2693 5 James Lovell against, 2693; Pennsylvania lead¬ ers against, 2694; opposition to, 2694, 2695; “Conway Cabal,” 2696-2698, 2703, 2704; board of war against, 2696, 2699, 2700; Stirling warns, 2697; Gates con¬ trasted to, 2700; Pennsylvania assem¬ bly protest to, 2700; reply, 2701; New Jersey Gazette assails, 2701; “Father of his Country,” 2703, 2704; reorganization of. army under, 2707, 2708; facsimile of letter to Howe, facing 2710; orders Lafayette to Barren Hill, 2728; Clinton threatened by, 2731, 2732; holds counsel of war, 2732, 2733; at battle of Mon¬ mouth, 2733, 2737-2740; gives Lafayette command at Monmouth, 2733; and Lee, 2733-2735, 2738, note, 2741, 2742, note, 2743, 2744; Tryon sends copies of peace proposals to, note, 2744; comment on peace proposal, 2745; plans to recover Rhode Island, 2752-2754; at White Plains, 2752, 2753; Beaumarchais’ sup¬ plies for army, 2762; Hamilton’s release ordered by, 2786; South Carolina cam¬ paign, 2822, 2823; at Stony Point, 2835, 2837; ordered by congress to punish the Iroquois, 2839; fleet fitted out by, 2862; Clinton’s force contrasted with, 2905, 2907, 2939; condition of army in 1780, 2961, 2962, 2965, 2967, 2968; French arrive to assist, 2969; Rochambeau sub¬ ordinate to, 2970; court-martial for Arnold appointed by, 2977; foils Ar¬ nold’s plot, 2984; comments on Greene, 3013; mutiny of troops ended by, 3057; French help, 3068-3070; at Yorktown, 3073, 3081-3083; visit at Mt. Vernon, 3081; Cornwallis surrenders to, 3082; on land grants, 3159; Nicola suggests kingship for, 3209; Newburg address counteracted by, 3213, 3214; on the union of the states, 3222, 3223; farewell ad¬ dress to army, 3223; farewell dinner to, 3223, 3224; resigns commission, 3224, 3225; ovations to, 3224; public thanks to, 3225; arrives at Mt. Vernon, 3225; delegates to Alexandria convention vis¬ it, 3249; president of the Philadelphia convention, 3260, 3261; on the govern¬ ment, 3272; on the work of the Philadel¬ phia convention, 3276, 3277; letter to Massachusetts, 3308; portrait, facing 3324; elected first president, 3324, 3325; officially notified of his election, 3328; journey to New York, 3329; public hon¬ ors at Trenton, 3329; New York hon¬ ors, 333o; inauguration of, 3331, 3332; discussion over official title, 3332, 3333; on official etiquette, 3333, 3334; descrip¬ tion of presidential levee of, 3334, 3335; salary, 3342; presidential tour, 3358, 3359; Hancock and, 3359; second mes¬ sage of, 3359; appoints commissioner to the Creeks, 3391; message of, 3393, 3394; on national bank, 3402; anger at St. Clair, 3418; vetoes reapportionment bill, 3429; desires to retire, 3447; second term of, 3447, 34491 Freneau’s paper at¬ tacks, 3454; French revolution and, 3460, 3461; proclamation of neutrality, 3462; Genet and, 3473, 34741 , views of, to cabinets, 3480; Democratic assaults on administration of, 3481; appoints Jay envoy to England, 3497; second admin¬ istration of, 3451, 3502; actions in whis¬ key rebellion, 3512, 3517-3519; Wayne instructed by, 3526; on Jay’s treaty, 35571 cabinet members of, 3561; message to fourth congress, 3565; refuses Jay treaty to house, 3570, 3571; third term refused by, 3584; farewell address, 3584; last message of, 3588; close of last ad¬ ministration of, 3589; retires to Mt. Vernon, 3590; appointed lieutenant-gen¬ eral, 3635; command of U, S. army oc¬ cupied by, 3636; insists upon appoint¬ ment of Hamilton, 3638; letter to Pat¬ rick Henry, 3664; illus. of birthplace, facing 3668; illus. of tomb, facing 3668; death, 3669; Napoleon’s tribute to, 3670; British tribute to, 3670; advocates American isolation from European pol¬ itics, 4155; wisdom in making appoint¬ ments, 5486, 5487; monument to, at 270 GENERAL INDEX. Washington, D. C., facing 5586; cen¬ tennial celebration of his inauguration, 5626-5628; celebration at New York in centennial of his inauguration, illus., facing 5628; first president of Potomac canal company, 5948. Washington, Col. John, joint commander of provincial army against Indians, 1613; denounced by Gov. Berkeley, 1614. Washington, Lawrence, in Cartagena ex¬ pedition, 1665; named Mt. Vernon, 1665; interested in Ohio company, 2010. Washington, Col. Lewis, held as hostage by John Brown, 4584. Washington, Gen. William A., Woodford joined by, 2907, 2911; portrait, fac¬ ing, 2942; under Gates, 2944; cavalry disbanded, 3011; at Cowpens, 3017; at Hobkirk’s Hill, 3043-3045; wounded and captured, 3077; appointed general, 3637. Washington, D. C., latitude near, that of Tokio and Athens, note, 280; early view, frontispiece; built, 3684, 3685; its unprotected condition during war of 1812, 4039; threatened and captured by British, 4070, 4071; map of the country about, facing 4072; de¬ struction of, by British, 4093; rebuild¬ ing of capitol, 4099; attempt to capture, note, 4635; at beginning of the civil war, 4651-4653; peace convention at, 4656, 4657; panic in, 4688, 4964; Con¬ federates surround, 4739, 4747, note, 4765; Jackson ordered to sever Pope’s communications with, 5015, 5016; Mc¬ Clellan’s command of defenses of, 5030; Banks commands defenses of, 5031; Confederate plans against, 5117; pro¬ tected by Grant, 5231; threatened by Early, 5248; Early arrives at outer for¬ tifications of, 5248; view of Ford’s theatre, facing 5300; confusion in, after Lincoln’s assassination, 5319; great re¬ view in, 5323, 5324; review of troops in 1865, illus., facing 5324; troops mustered out at, 5327; condition in 1871, 5532; a mecca for office-seekers, 5569; Gar¬ field shot in, 5571; McKinley’s funeral ceremonies in, 5788, 5789; society of the daughters of the American revolution organized in, 5919. Washington (state), admission into the Union, 5622. Washington, Fort, N. Y., Lee erects, 2511; Washington’s lines extend to, 2519; Putnam commands, 2519; Howe threat¬ ens, 2526, 2527; description of, 2527. Washington, Fort, 0 ., St. Clair at, 3381, 3414, 3417; view of, facing 3382; Har- mar retreats to, 3384, 3385, 3413; Wayne at, 3524. Washington, treaty of, 5506. Washington county, Va., desires separa¬ tion from Virginia, 3173, 3174. Washington Island, Washington and Gist pass dreadful night on, 2038. Washington monument, Washington, D. C., completed and dedicated, 5586. Washington National Intelligencer on Erskine, 3910; British destroy presses of, 4075; publishes Clay’s defense, 4163. Washita river, Soto wintered near, 475. Wasp, U. S. ship, work during revolu¬ tion, 2866; U. S. warship, 3989; fight with the Frolic, 3992; illus. of, facing 3992 . Watauga, treaty of, 3148. Water Witch, U. S. steamer, in the block¬ ade at New Orleans, 4862; armament of, 4863. Wateree, proposed state of, 3162. Wateree river, N. C., 2914, 2946-2948, 3038, 3047, 3162. Waterford, N. Y., end of Hudson’s ex¬ ploration of Hudson river, 546. Waterloo, Can., Fenians at, 5483. Watertown, Conn., first name of Wethers¬ field, 967. Watertown, Mass., John Oldham at,. 812; included in Massachusetts Bay colony, 879; named, 882; protest against oli¬ garchy, 891, 892, 896; emigrants from, 959, 960, 993; religious dissensions, 962. Watkin’s Point, on boundary of Maryland, 1063. Watson, British officer, 3039-3041, 3046. Watson, George, portrait, facing 2500. Watson, P. H., assistant secretary of war, 4793 - Watson, Fort, S. C., British post at, 3038; Sumter assails, 3039; surrender of, 3041. Watson’s Landing, Carondelet attacks bat¬ teries at, 4837. Watt, English ship, 2897. Watts, Maj. Stephen, St. Leger accom¬ panied by, 2586; at battle of Oriskany, 2590; wounded, 2590. Waugh, Dorothy, Quakeress, 1168. Waxhaws, S. C., 2915, 2921, 2929, 2996, 3039 - Wayne, Gen. Anthony, at battle of Ger¬ mantown, 2041; at the Brandywine, 2614, 2619, 2620; at Warren’s tavern, 2622; at Paoli, 2623, 2624; at German¬ town, 2628, 2629, 2632, 2633 i Washing- GENERAL INDEX. 271 ton criticised by, 2694, 2695; at Mon¬ mouth, 2733, 2735, 2736, 2739; storms Stony Point, 2835-2837; portrait, facing 2836; mutiny of troops, 3056; in Vir¬ ginia, 3069; at Green Springs farm, 3071; St. Clair succeeded by, 3420; en¬ ters house of representatives, 3423; com¬ mand in the West, 3522; Washington’s estimate of, 3522; at Ft. Washington, 3524; force under, 3524-3526; battle of Fallen Timbers, 3525, 3529; Washing¬ ton’s instructions to, 3526; Indian towns destroyed by, 3529. Wayne, James M., opinion in Dred Scott case, 4566. Waynesboro, Va., Torbert sent to, 5250; Early meets Sheridan at, 5252. Wear, Col. William, drives Pike and Cooper out of Indian Territory, note, 4733- Weas, Indian tribe, meets Gist in Miami council, 2023-2026; Harrison meets the, 3959- Weather Bureau report (1904), 5987, 5988. Weaver, Gen. James B., nominee for pres¬ ident, 5566, 5647. Webb, Gen., heads relief force for Ft. Os¬ wego in 1756, 2135; flees to Albany, 2137, 2139, 2140; evil influence of, note, 2142; causes loss of Ft. William Henry, 2146, 2150-2159; compared with Gen. Amherst, 2223. Webb, Gen. Alexander S., on inaction of the army of the Potomac, note, 4781. Webb, James Watson, criticised by Cilley, 4320. Webber, acting master on the Monitor, 4912. Webster, Daniel, in congress in 1813, 4014; advocates repeal of embargo of 1814, 4047; opposes Clay’s “American sys¬ tem,” 4158; voted for the protective tariff bill of 1828, 4185; portraits, facing 4228, 4510; reply to Hayne, 4228-4231; opposes Van Buren’s appointment as minister to Great Britain, 4241; attitude in panic of 1837, 4304, 4305; contends with Clay for leadership of Whig party, 4308; takes active part in 1840 cam¬ paign, 4326; secretary of state under Harrison, 4333; reasons for keeping in Tyler’s cabinet, 4349; Maine bound¬ ary, 4349; attitude in Creole case, 4354; retires from cabinet, 4359; attitude on Oregon boundary question, 4407; un¬ successful candidate for Whig nomina¬ tion in 1848, 4429; unwilling to accept Free-soil nomination in 1848, 4431; sup¬ ports Taylor in 1848 campaign, 4431; debate with Calhoun over extension of constitution to territories, 4432, 4433; speech in senate, March 7, 1848, 4462- 4466; member of the “Grand Com¬ mittee,” 4474; advocates fugitive slave law, 4482; uses his influence to make compromise of 1850 popular in North, 4485, 4486; controversy with Hiilse- mann, 4492-4494; negotiations with Spain over New Orleans incident, 4495, 4496; unsuccessful candidate for Whig nomination in 1852, 4505-4507; refuses to support Scott, 4509; efforts to put him in field on independent ticket, 4510; reception in Boston, 4510; death, 4511; eulogized by Fillmore in message to congress, 4513. Webster, Gen. J. D., in battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5103, 5104. Webster, Lieut.-Col. James, at siege of Charleston, note, 2911; at battle of Cam¬ den, 2951-2956; at Guilford, 3032, 3033; death, 3033. Webster, John, magistrate of Connecticut, 1001. Webster, Noah, graduate of Yale, 3129. Webster, Gen. S. H., killed at Gettysburg, 5023. Weed, Thurlow, leader of New York Whigs, 4324; active in Whig campaign of 1848, 4431; portrait, facing 4638; compromise scheme of, 4639; supports Cameron, 4670; supports the Union cause, 4681. Weeden, U. S. army officer, at Malvern Hill, 4988. Weeden, George, at Brandywine, 2619, 2620; opposes Leslie, 3013; at York- town, 3082. Weehawken, N. J., Burr and Hamilton duel at, 3786. Weehawken, U. S. ironclad, fight with the Atlanta, 4860, 4901. Weinman, Sir Ferdinand, member of Vir¬ ginia council, 665. Weissenburg, Catherine, wife of Sir Wm. Johnson, 1592. Weitzel, Gen. Godfrey, in attack on Ft. Fisher, 5281; commands Union works north of James river, 5305; occupies Richmond, 5306. Welcome, ship, brought Penn to America, 1207. Welde, Thomas, translates Hebrew Psalms, 9i3. Weldon railroad, capture of, 5245, 5246. Welles, Gideon, secretary of navy, 4669; 272 GENERAL INDEX. approves Porter’s plan to capture New Orleans, 4883; describes discussion of Lincoln and cabinet on the emancipa¬ tion proclamation, 4957. Welles, T. M., accompanies Johnson on electioneering tour, 5378. Wellesley, Lord, minister of foreign af¬ fairs, 3935; Pinkney’s negotiations with, 3936, 3937; asks to recall orders in coun¬ cil, 3937 , 3938 . Wellington, Duke of, his opinion of British recruits, note, 2177. Wells, Col., commands American reinforce¬ ments at Frenchtown, 4017. Wells, excise collector in Pennsylvania, 3506 - Wells, governor of Louisiana, removed by Sheridan, 5391, 5392. Wells, C. H., views on negro suffrage, 5348 - Wells, David A., report concerning whis¬ key tax, 5194. Wells, Thomas, magistrate of Connecticut, 1001. Welsh language among Indians, 247. Wemyss, Maj. James, raid in South Caro¬ lina, 2935, 2995; Sumter attacks, 3009. Wentworth, John, governor of New Hamp¬ shire, 2435. Werowocomoco, place of Powhatan, 636; John Smith trades at, 647; English re¬ taliate on Indians at, 695. Wesley, Charles, goes to America, 1871. Wesley, John, firmly believed in witch¬ craft, 1327; comes to Georgia, 1871; portrait, facing 1872; impressed by Mo¬ ravian unselfishness, 1872; preached with varying results, 1872-1874; influ¬ enced by woman emigrant, 1873; did not favor independence of colonies, 3112; Thomas Coke ordained by, 3313. Wesleyan movement, contemporary with “Great Awakening,” 1449. Wessagusset, Mass, (later Weymouth), set¬ tled, 784, 785; defended by Standish, 786, 822; given up by Weston men, 787, 880; Morrell in, 796, 948; annoyed by Merry-Mount, note, 823. West, A. M., nominated for vice-presi¬ dent, 5590 -. West, Benjamin, owed much to Smibert, 1487 - West, Francis, councillor at Jamestown, 649, 658; heads a new settlement, 659, 660; in council for New England, 793; made admiral of New England, 794; governor of Virginia, 795. West, Capt. John, governor of Virginia, 711, 715; orders election of burgesses, 712; dealings with Claiborne, 1073. West, Joseph, governor of Carolinas, in¬ duces prosperity, 1739-1741; manages affairs wisely, 1765, 1766; character of, 1767; urges reforms, 1769, 1770; popu¬ lar for disobeying orders about slave trade, 1769, 1770, 1772; deposed, 1770. West, Richard, London lawyer, cited 011 disfranchisement of negroes, 1650. West, Thomas, see Delaware, Lord. West Bygd, scene of Eskimo massacre, 239. West Chester, Pa., Washington at, 2622. West Florida, see Florida. West Indies discovered by Columbus, 5, 39, 307; effect of discovery on religious propagandism, 39, 41; language and manners in, 309, 323, 357; resources, 313; Spanish government of, 319; re¬ volt of natives, 327; slaves returned to, 333 5 Columbus’ chart of, 372; expedi¬ tions from, 396, 467; Del Cano sails to, 420; English try to control, 442; fauna of, according to Champlain, facing 522; included in early transatlantic routes, 618, 631; royalist in sympathy in 1649, 1085; denounced as rebellious by parliament, 1092; trades with Brit¬ ish colonies, 1260, 1304, 1483; English fleet in, provisioned by Massachusetts Bay colony, 1280; Indians enslaved in, 1302; starting-point for Louisbourg ex¬ pedition, 1388, 1391, 1395; French re¬ inforcement from, for attack on New England in 1746, 1406, 1408; trade with Rhode Island, 1483; Rhode Island con¬ tributes to Admiral Vernon’s expedi¬ tion to, 1489; trade with Rip Van Dam, 1568; pirates established in, 1772; Thomas Cary goes to, 1810; begin to trade with Georgia before revolution, 1920; subdued in part by England in 1762, 2331, 2332; given back to France and Spain, 2332, 2334, 2335; given up by England in 1763, 2332; colonies in, jealous of each other’s trade, 2354; stamp act in, 2376; commerce with, im¬ portant to colonies, 2378; New England trade in, 2723; D’Estaing sails for, 2760, 2831; Clinton sends troops to, 2760; American vessels damage trade of, 2865; destruction of England’s trade in, 2874; Jay’s treaty on, 3546, 3554; American commercial relations with British West' Indies, 3863, 4176, 4237; parcel post convention with the United States, 5752. West Indies company controls French Can¬ ada, 1985. GENERAL INDEX. 07*4 u i O West Point, N. Y., Hudson sails past, 546; Heath at, 2526, 3073; Kosciuszko’s sug¬ gestions on, 2707; congress orders works constructed at, 2833; Washing¬ ton guards, 2834; Arnold attempts to betray, 2984; Andre taken to, 2986; Greene commands,. 3012; military acad¬ emy established, 3971. West River, Md., meeting-place of William Penn and Lord Baltimore, 1209. West Virginia, Iroquois in, 160; almost a wilderness previous to 1749, 2009.; opposes secession, 4693; secedes from Virginia, 4694, 4695; becomes a state, 4694, 4695; F. H. Pierpont first gover¬ nor of, 4695; McClellan in, 4741; rati¬ fies thirteenth amendment, 5213; Crook in, 5247; Stoneman raids, 5270. Westbrook, Col. Thomas, leads party to capture Rasle, 1369; commands Penob¬ scot expedition, 1370; destroys Old Town, 1370, 1371. Westerly, R. I., cause of contention be¬ tween Connecticut and Rhode Island, 1480. Western Islands, Spanish name for Philip¬ pines, 415. Western Reserve, compensation to Connec¬ ticut for Wyoming, 1273; history of, 3156 , 3157 , 3674 . Western states, colonial colonization, 2764, 2765. West Union Telegraph Company, 5940, 5941 . Western World, newspaper, Daviess found¬ ed, 3829; exposes Burr and associates, 3829. Westfield, Mass., outlying settlement, 1287. Westfield, U. S. ship, in battle at Galveston, 4866. Westminster Abbey, Wolfe’s monument in, 2271. Westmoreland, name given to Wyoming, Pa., 1272. Westoes, Indian tribe, nearly destroyed the Serenas in Carolinas, 1743. Weston, Francis, caused riot in Providence, 1025. Weston, Thomas, London merchant, pro¬ posed joint stock company to Puritans, 761-763, 765, 779; secured patent through Peirce, 762; hires the Mayflower, 764; procures patent for Plymouth colony, 780; sells out, 783; returns to England, 789, note, 805. Westover, Va., country-seat of Col. Byrd, 2167. “Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way,” by Berkeley, 1487. Westwood, William, Massachusetts com¬ missioner for Connecticut, 967. Wethersfield, Conn., one of earliest settle¬ ments in Connecticut, 957; named, 967; Indian troubles, 972; emigrants from, 992, 993; adopted Connecticut constitu¬ tion, 999; connection with Hadley church, 1419; Washington at, 3070. Weyler, Don V., portrait, facing 5706. Weymouth, Lord, in the France-Spain ne¬ gotiations, 2850, 2851. Weymouth, George, heads expedition to Maine, 621; sets up claim on Kennebec river, 622; his reports of America arouse enthusiasm, 626. Whalley, Col. Edward, regicide, protected in New England, 1276, 1277; flees to New Flaven, 1418. Whatley, Grenville’s private secretary, Hutchinson’s letters to, published, 2401. Wheeler, Capt., killed in ambuscade at Brookfield, 1288. Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, raid in West Ten¬ nessee, 5119, 5126; raids in Kentucky and Tennessee, 5154; in Mississippi, 5313; assists in drawing up terms for the surrender of Santiago, 5731; death and burial of, 5866, 5867. Wheeler, William A., nominated for vice- president, 5544. Wheeling, W. Va., secession convention meets at, 4694; repudiates Virginia con¬ vention, 4694; government formed at, 4695 - Wheeling creek, W. Va., McCullough’s leap into, 2797. Wheelock, Rev. Eleazar, founded Dart¬ mouth college, 3132. Wheelwright, Rev. John, brother-in-law of Anne Hutchinson, 905; career of, as a Hutchinsonian, 906, 908, 914; founds Exeter, 947; goes to Maine, 948. Whig party angered by Van Buren’s prop¬ osition for an independent treasury, 4306; Clay and Webster contend for leadership, 4308; holds convention at Harrisburg, 4323-4325; victorious in 1840 election, 4327; factions in, 4334; low estimate of Tyler, 4339; Tyler’s plans opposed to party, 4340; repeals sub-treasury act, 4341; plan for nation¬ al bank, 4342; difficulties with Tyler over bank, 4343-4345; repudiates Tyler, 4348; opposes Tyler’s veto of provision¬ al revenue bill, 4352; nominates Clay, 274 GENERAL INDEX. 4353, 4362; convention in Baltimore, 4363; reaps fruit of Democratic policy, 4412; additional victories (1847), 4416; controls house in 30th congress, 4418; attacks Polk’s administration, 4419; at¬ titude towards Mexican war, 4419, 4420; Philadelphia convention in 1848, 4429, 4430; victorious in 1848 campaign, 4431; loses ground in 1851, 4499; convention in Baltimore in 1852, 4505-4507; weak¬ ened by Clay’s death and Webster’s de¬ fection, 4509; demoralization of, caused by compromise of 1850, 4512. Whigs, British, divided in 1760, 2341; the¬ ory of, in 1774, 2412; favor independence of the colonies, 2716, 2717. Whipper, W. J., tries to obtain an office in South Carolina, 5437, 5441, 5442. Whipple, Capt. Abraham, commander of the Columbus, 2866; congress sends frig¬ ate to Charleston under, 2909. Whipple, William, portrait, facing 2500. Whiskey made in Virginia in 1620, 684, 685. Whiskey rebellion of Pennsylvania, causes and results, 3503, 3504, 3520; cabinet discusses, 3512; Fauchet on, 3559. Whiskey tax, increase of, 5193, 5194; con¬ test in congress, 5193; results of in¬ creased tax, 5194. Whitby, Capt. Henry, arrest of, 3814. Whitcomb, Simon, one of Massachusetts association, 864. White, assemblyman in Penn’s time, im¬ prisoned, 1229. White, Father, in Lord Baltimore’s expe¬ dition, note, 1069; cited on Lord Balti¬ more, 1680. White, Andrew D., on Santo Domingo commission, 5496. White, Anthony, Woodford joined by, 2907; Gates’ treatment of cavalry under, 2944; at battle of Camden, 2955; ap¬ pointed brigadier-general, 3637. White, Hugh L., opposes Van Buren for president, 4301. White, Rev. John, defends Lyford and Oldham, 810; “Patriarch of Dorchester,” 861; promotes Dorchester adventurers, 861-863; his efforts lead to Massachu¬ setts association, 864, 867; writes parting address for emigrants, 877; takes part in farewell to second party, 879. White, John, in Raleigh’s first colony, 610; governor of city of Raleigh, 611; goes home for reinforcements, 612; returns to find Roanoke abandoned, 613; baffled in search, 614; dies brokenhearted, 614. White, John, Puritan lawyer, 872. White, Gen. Julius, at Martinsburg, 5035; retreats to Harper’s Ferry, 5037; suc¬ ceeds Miles, 5038; surrenders, 5038. White, Peregrine, born on Mayflower, 766; illus. of apple-tree planted by, facing 838. White, William, bishop, 3108, 3112; por¬ trait, facing 3110. White Bird, Indian chief, escape of, 5541. White Brotherhood, secret society, 5474. White Camelia, facsimile of pages from constitution and ritual of, facing 5462. White Eyes, Delaware chief, friend of the whites, 2798. • White Haven, Eng., Paul Jones’ exploits at, 2875, 2876. White House, Union base at, 4961, 4962. White League, secret society, 5474. White Marsh, Pa., Washington at, 2667. White Mountains, condition of the forests in, 5816. White oak swamp, 4961, 4982; Jackson re¬ pulsed at, 4983. White Plains, Md., Jackson passes through, 5016; strength of Lee’s and Jackson’s forces at, 5017. White Plains, N. Y., battle of, 2521; Wash¬ ington moves army to, 2752, 2753. White Thunder, Indian chief, joins Wash¬ ington and Gist, 2033. Whitefield, Rev. Geo., gives motto to Sir William Pepperrell, 1393; comes to New England, 1450; welcomed in Virginia, denounced by George Gooch, 1661, 1662; established Methodist church in southern states, 1874; founds orphan asylum at Savannah, 1874; portrait, facing 1874; becomes converted to slavery, 1880, 1881. Whitehall, Lake Champlain, Dieskau halts at, ^ 2095. White’s Ford, Lee crosses Potomac at, 5027. Whitfield, Rev. Henry, first pastor of Guil¬ ford, Conn., 989. Whitgift, archbishop of England, at Hamp¬ ton Court conference, 983. Whiting, Col., of Connecticut, at battle of Lake George, 2099. Whiting, Gen. W. H. C., surrenders Ft. Fisher, 5282. Whitney, Anne, sculptor, note, 213. Whitney, Eli, portrait, facing 3124; invents cottton-gin, 3695. Whitney, William C., secretary of the navy, 5590 . Whitson, mayor of Bristol, Eng., 620. Whitworth, Lord, Napoleon and, 3741. GENERAL INDEX. 275 Wichitas, Indian tribe, in South, 162. VVickendam, Anabaptist preacher, 1168. Wickes, John, signer of Pocasset compact, . 1035 - Wickes, Capt. Lambert, commander of U. S. brig Reprisal, 2870, 2871. Wickford petitions for admission to Con¬ necticut colony, 1464. Wickham, John, assists in Burr trial, 3839. Wickliffe, Charles A., postmaster-general under Tyler, 4348. Wicocoa, Indian name of Philadelphia, 1214. Wicomico, Md., John Smith reached, 648. Wigfall, Louis T., senator, 4649; member of Confederate provisional congress, 5217 - Wiggin, Thomas, agent at Dover for Lords Say and Sele and Brook, 947. Wight, Isle of, note, 1069; Joseph Dudley deputy-governor of, 1351. Wilcox, Gen. Orlando B., brigade com¬ mander, 4748; at Bull Run, 4755, 4758. Wilderness, Va., battle of, 5232-5234. Wilford, Thomas, hanged in Bacon’s re¬ bellion, 1621. Wilkes, Capt. Charles, commands the San Jacinto, 4926; account of the Trent af¬ fair, 4026-4934. Wilkes, John, favored by George III., 2343; editor of North Briton, character and career, 2359, 2360. Wilkesbarre, Pa., founded by Connecticut, 1271. Wilkins, William, made secretary of war under Tyler, 4360. Wilkinson, Capt. commands the blockade runner, R. E. Lee, 4868. Wilkinson, Capt. Henry, governor ad in¬ terim of North Carolina, 1762. Wilkinson, Gen. James, aide of Gen. Gates, 2654; statement on Gates-Conway let¬ ter, 2697; resignation, 2700; denounces Gates, 2700; reveals Conway cabal plot, 2703; in Louisville, 3167; efforts to se¬ cure navigation of Mississippi, 3183; ne¬ gotiations with Spain, 3184, 3185; and O’Fallon, 3388; Indian expedition of, 3412, 3414, 3418; with Wayne’s expedi¬ tion, 3522; at Fallen Timbers, 3527; Carondelet negotiates with, 3536; in Spanish plots, 3603, 3604; governor of Louisiana, 3752, 3763; in Burr conspir¬ acy, 3820,. 3823, 3826, 3828, 3830-3832, 3839; Daviess denounces, 3828; negotia¬ tions with Spain, 3832; declares martial law, 3833; Jefferson relies on, 3836, 3837, 3841; under suspicion, 3841; Yrujo’s opinion of, 3844; selected to command in war of 1812, 3980; seizes west Florida, and receives the surrender of Ft. Charlotte, 4034; portrait, facing 4052; sent to Niagara frontier, 4052; his quarrel with Hampton, 4052, 4053; unable to command his troops, 4054; his failure at La Colle and his subsequent career, 4060. “Will and Doom” written by Gershom Bul- keley, 1447. Willard, Francis E., suffrage petition re¬ fused by Illinois legislature, 5930, 5931. Willard, John, executed for witchcraft, 1339. Willard, Rev. Samuel, opposes witchcraft delusion, 1337. Willard, Maj. Simon, relieves frontier towns, 1289. Willett, Col. Marinus, at Ft. Stanwix, 2587; at Oriskany, 2591, 2592; messenger to Schuyler, 2595; negotiations with the Creeks, 3391. Willett, Thomas, arbitrator for Dutch in treaty of Hartford, 1013. William III., king of England (prince of Orange), deprives Penn of rights, 1223, 1224, 1232, 1238; effect of his death on Penn’s charter, 1250; his accession to the throne, 1318, 1319; recommends con¬ solidation to the American colonies, 1530; charged Bellomont to suppress piracy, 1553; promoted pirate-quelling company, 1557; death of, 1559; commis¬ sions Lord Cornbury as governor of New York, 1559; god-father of Gov. Burnet of New York, 1564; at head of Protestant league, 1633; reign of, marks new era, 1635; well served by the Earl of Orkney, 1653 1 his colonial appoint¬ ments compared with those of James II., 1694; recognizes fidelity of Andros, 1701; argues with James II. as to con¬ solidation of colonies, 1779; allows pro¬ vincial courts to issue writs of assist¬ ance, 2361. William, British ship, 572, 573. William, prize ship, taken by the United States, 3470. William and Mary college, Williamsburg, Va., founded, named, note, 1633; first , class graduated from, 1635; Indian boys partially educated in, 1652; exists in colonial times, 2347; early history, 3127; famous graduates, 3128. William Henry, Fort, built by Johnson, 2105; exposed to capture, 2106; Wins¬ low’s provincial army at, 2138-2140; 276 GENERAL INDEX. left exposed by Loudon, 2144; attacked by Montcalm, 2144, 2145; preserved by Lieut. Stark, 2145; captured by Mont¬ calm, 2146, 2150-2157; lost by Webb’s timidity, 2150-2157; no traces left, 2159, 2160; effect of massacre on colonies, 2165. Williams, Commodore, U. S. navy, de¬ nounces the arrest of Mason and Sli¬ dell, 4928. Williams, Gen. A. S., commands at Baton Rouge, 4898. Williams, Abigail, niece of Samuel Parris, 1331; starts witchcraft excitement in Salem, 1332, 1333. _ Williams, Col. Ephraim, commands recon- noitering party against Dieskau at Lake George, 2096; bequeaths endowment for free school at Williamstown, 2096; killed, 2096-2099. Williams, Francis, governor of Laconia, 946 - Williams, George H., manager of conduct of prosecution of Johnson, 5407; on joint high commission, 5506; attorney- general, 5522. Williams, J. M. S., organizer of emigrant aid company, 4550. Williams, Col. J. S., in Kentucky, 4807. Williams, James, South Carolina patriot, 2926; at battle of Musgrove’s Mill, 2991. Williams, John F., cruiser Hazard com¬ manded by, 2882; Protector commanded by, 2992. Williams, Col. Otho H., remonstrates with Gates, 2942; portrait, 2942; information given Gates by, 2948, 2949, also note, 2949; at King’s Mountain, 3003-3005; at Eutaw Springs, 3075, 3076. Williams, Roger, character, 899, 1019; in Massachusetts, 899, 904; in Rhode Island, 909, 1020, 1023; negotiates treaty between English and Narragansetts, 1008; ordained, 1022; gains patent for Providence, 1028; meets Milton, 1049; also Vane, 1049; letter to town of Provi¬ dence, 1051; quarrels with William Harris, 1052, 1053; case of, compared with .Pennsylvania Quakers, 1237; men¬ tioned in Rhode Island charter, 1456; ready for debate with Fox, 1465; death, summary of his life, 1472. Williams, William, portrait, facing 2500. Williams, Fort, Ga., defended against Span¬ iards in 1742, 1905, 1906. Williams, Fort, Miss., in defense of Cor¬ inth, 5135. Williams, Fort, S. C., 3039. Williamsburg made the capital of Virginia, 1632clergy carouse at, 1644; White- field invited to preach at, 1662; Wash¬ ington at, 2031, 2038, 2052, 2065; George Rogers Clark sent to, 2779; Henry Hamilton sent to, 2786; congress sends Virginia continentals to, 2907; Lafayette occupies, 3080; Confederates retreat to, 4797; battle at, 4797; McClellan at, .5o°3- Williamsburg Gazette, first newspaper in Virginia, 1665. Williamsport, W. Va., Jackson at, 5037; White retreats from, 5037. Williamson cited by Parkman on the La Tours, note, 1938. Williamson, Hugh, member of Philadelphia convention, 3270. Williamson’s plantation, S. C., battle at, 2929. Willing, Capt. James, in west Florida, 2787; expedition of, 2787, 2789, 3151; sketch of, 2788; arrangement with Galvez, 2788; descends on Natchez, 2788; raids of, 2789; captured, 2789. Willis, Albert S., minister to Hawaii, 5655. Willis, Kan., nearly destroyed by a tornado, 5664. Willoughby, Eng., birthplace of John Smith, note, 632. Will’s creek, Md., Washington and his force conducted to, 2051, 2052; Brad- dock detained at, 2059, 2060, 2064, 2065; meeting-place of Dunbar and colonial envoys, 2082; Washington at, in second expedition against Ft. Duquesne, 2167, 2168. Wilmington, Del., on site of Ft. Christina, 580; site of, included in original grant to Maryland, 1063; Howe’s raid on, 2622; Armand’s Legion joins Kalb at, 2940; Cornwallis retreats to, 3036, 3037; society of colonial dames of America, organized in, 5918. Wilmington, N. C., blockade running at, 4853, 4855, 4856; Sherman’s plans to attack, 5280; evacuated, 5282. Wilmington, U. S. warship, in bombard¬ ment of Cardenas, 5727. Wilmot, David, introduces Wilmot proviso, 4410; member of 31st congress, 444S; member of Republican convention at Chicago (i860), 4597. GENERAL INDEX. 277 Wilmot proviso introduced in house, 4410; again introduced and defeated, 4412; opposed by Calhoun, 4413-4415; intro¬ duced and passed in connection with territorial organization of Oregon, 4423; shatters hopes of pro-slavery sympa¬ thizers, 4444; southern states protest against, 4445 ; opposed by Taylor, 4451; declared unnecessary by Clay, 4455; opposed by Webster, 4464; discussed by Seward, 4466, 4467; Douglas’ connec¬ tion with, 4527. Wilson, Henry, criticism of Webster’s 7th of March speech, 4466; presides over Free-soil convention in 1852, 4507; on Crittenden compromise, note, 4641; pro¬ tests against action of senate in deposing Sumner, 5497; nomination and election as vice-president, 5520, 5521; death, . 5538 . Wilson, J. F., member of house committee drawing up impeachment of Johnson, 5406; manager of conduct of prosecution, 5407 . Wilson, Gen. J. H., pursues Hood, 5268; commands cavalry expedition, 5270; commands cavalry expedition in Ala¬ bama, 5284; captures Selma, 5284; march upon Montgomery, 5284; captures Co¬ lumbus, Ga., 5284; success of raid, 5284; Stanton’s dispatch to, 5320. Wilson, James, “the signer,” commands Pennsylvania regiment, 2438; portrait, facing 2500; Quakers defended by, 2856; mobbed at Philadelphia, 2856; member of Philadelphia convention, 3266; sketch of, 3266; justice of the supreme court, 3339 - Wilson, James, secretary of agriculture, . 5695 , 5772 , 5821. Wilson, Rev. John, pastor at Mishawum, Mass., 878; pulpit supplied by John Eliot, 893; Anne Hutchinson in church of, 905-907; opposed Hutchinsonians, 908, 910; opposed Baptists, 922; stern, 927; against Quakers, 934, 937, 939; portrait, facing 938. Wilson bill, 5611, 5653. Whlson’s creek, battle of, 4713; Mus., facing 4716; Price at, 4724. Wiltse, Capt. C., commands the Boston, 5631; in Hawaii, 5632, 5634. Winchell, N. H., finds palaeolithic relics in Minnesota, 144. Winchester, Gen. James, selected to com¬ mand in war of 1812, 3980; temporarily replaces Harrison in war of 1812, 4002; advances to Maumee Rapids, 4015; his defeat at Frenchtown, 4016-4019. Winchester, Va., early history of, 1666; sends company for Ohio expedition in 1754, 2039; Washington joins Braddock at, 2065; Burgoyne’s army moved Ho, 2666; Johnston’s army at, 4747; Jackson foils Rosecrans at, 4797; Banks drives Jackson from, 4797; Milroy attacked at, 5085; Sheridan and Early at, 5212; Sher¬ idan’s march to, 5250; Union troops flee from Cedar creek to, 5251; Sheridan at, 5251. Wincob, John, chaplain to the Puritan countess of Lincoln, 760, 800, 864. Winder, Gen. C. S., moves from Mechan- icsville, 5012; killed at Cedar Mountain, .5 0I 3 - Winder, Gen. J. H., in battle of Antietam, 5043 - Winder, Gen. William H., his unsuccessful attempt to harass the British retreat, 4050; commands military district of Po¬ tomac, 4070; his ineffectual defense of Washington, 4072-4076. Windom, William, secretary of the treasury, 5567, 5624; retires from the cabinet, 5572. Windsor, Conn., earliest English trading- post in Connecticut, 956, 957; settlers at, 960; named, 968; sends men to Pequot war, 972; adopts Connecticut constitution, 999; settled by English, 1120. Windsor, Vt., O’Neil in prison at, 5502. Windward Islands, American vessels de¬ tained at, 3540. Wine making in the Carolinas, 1744, 1748, 3122; made from American grapes, 1851, 1852. Wingate on senate judiciary committee, . 3338 . Wingfield, Capt. Edward-Maria, charter member of London company, 629; mem¬ ber of local council, 632; elected presi¬ dent of council, 634; escapes death, 637; deposed, 641, 658; his “Discourse of Virginia,” note, 643; goes to England, 647- Winichahanat, now Dover, N. H., 791. Winnebago, Union monitor, in battle of Mobile Bay, 5171. Winnebago Island reached by Joliet and Marquette, 1992. Winnebagos, Indian tribe, division of Sioux, 163; hold a feast for Jean Nicolet, 1938. Winnisimmet (now Chelsea, Mass.) an¬ noyed by Merry-Mount, note, 823; in- 278 GENERAL INDEX. eluded in Massachusetts Bay colon}', 879; ferry from, 885. YVinnsborough, S. C., Cornwallis retreats to, 3008; Tarleton retreats to, 3010; Greene retreats to, 3053. Winooski river, Vt., Baker at, 2447. Winslow, Edward, Puritan leader in Hol¬ land, 757; description of, 762; restores Massasoit to health, 785; agent in purchase of Cape Ann region, 795; goes to England for supplies, 803; proves villainy of Lyford, 810; portrait, facing 810; traded with Indians, 813; one of guarantors of public debt, note, 818; advocated removal of colony to Connec¬ ticut, 829, 953; governor of Plymouth, 836; dies, 839; visits Connecticut valley, 954; represents Massachusetts Bay col¬ ony in Gorton affair, 1045. Winslow, Gen. John, commands New Eng¬ land troops in expedition against Nova Scotia, 2110, 2119; lenient toward de¬ feated Acadians, 2120; delivered Law¬ rence’s order to the Acadians, 2126, 2127; speech to Acadians, 2126, 2127; prevented by Loudon from taking Can¬ ada, 2138, 2139. Winslow, Capt. John A., commands the Kearsarge, 4907; fight with the Alabama, 4907-4909. Winslow, Josiah, governor of Plymouth, commander in King Philip’s war, 1287; commands army in Narragansett battle, 1294, 1296; leads expedition against Crown Point, note, 1402. Winslow, U. S. warship, 5727. Winston, Maj. Joseph, portrait, facing 2996; major at King’s Mountain, 3004. Winthrop, Fitz John, commanded Connec¬ ticut troops at Albany, 1442; portrait, facing 1442; governor of Connecticut, 1443; commands expedition against Can¬ ada in 1690, 1544; blamed by Leisler, thanked by Connecticut, 1545. Winthrop, John, Jr., governor of Connec¬ ticut, 959; leader of political party, 997; Hooker’s reply to, 998; friend of Roger Williams, 1020; account of disturbance in Rhode Island, 1034, 1035; buys land on Narragansett Bay, 1056; long term, 1002; takes possession at Saybrook, 1120; governor of Connecticut, 1287; secured Connecticut charter from Charles II., 1417, 1419; character, 1419- 1421; promises independence to New I-Iaven colony, 1425; dies, 1434; lasting influence of, on Connecticut, 1434, 1435; portrait, facing 1434; member of Ather¬ ton company, 1454, 1455; agrees with Clark on Narragansett lands, 1464; wards off Andros’ plan against Con¬ necticut, 1507. Winthrop, John, Sr., governor of Massa¬ chusetts Bay colony, 585, 873; sends ministers to Virginia, 718; advises Plymouth as to capital punishment, 834; decides to remove company to America, 873, 877; portrait, facing 874; writes “Model of Christian Charity,” 877; helps to form church, 878; explores Mystic river, 879; disagrees with Dudley, 881, 962; entertains Miantonomo, 886; deal¬ ings with Indians, 887; with Gardiner, 888; re-elected, 890, 892; deals with Watertown, 892; his map of Massachu¬ setts, facing 896; his generosity to col¬ ony, 898; Endicott independent of, 900; opposed Anne Hutchinson, 906, 910; signs petition for Wheelwright, 907; friendly to other settlements, 911; dies, 921, 926; his elm, 921; succeeded by Endicott, 922; writes “Plistory of New England,” 921; attempt to remove, by introduction of the ballot, 1202; bears news of English revolution to Boston, 1319; governor of Massachusetts, 1946; refuses official aid to La Tour, but al¬ lows private assistance, 1946, 1947; cen¬ sured for aiding La Tours, 1948; “Isp- wich letter” to, 1948; supported by magistrates and clergy, 1948; his oppo¬ nents justified by attack on Port Royal, 1949; settled treaty with D’Aunay by gift, 1955 . Winthrop, Robert C., speaker of the house, 4418; unsuccessful candidate for speaker in 1849, 4448; at National Union con¬ vention, 5376; address at dedication of Washington monument, 5586. Winthrop, Theodore, account of the march to Washington, 4691; death, 4747. Winthrop, Wait, justice in special court for witchcraft cases, 1335. Wireless telegraphy, 5939, 5940. Wirt, William, counsel for Callender, 3676; assists in Burr trial, 3838, 3842; por¬ trait, facing 3840; appointed attorney- general, 4102; approves Adams’ stand on the Monroe doctrine, 4153; reappointed by Adams, 4169; opinion on negro sea¬ man act, 4204; nominated for president, 4240. Wisconsin, symbolical mounds in, 137, 138; admitted into the Union, 4423; declares GENERAL INDEX. 279 against Lincoln’s administration, 5061; prohibits boycotts, 5896. Wisconsin river explored by Joliet and Marquette, 1992. Wise, Henry A., leads southern delegation in slavery controversy in congress, 4316, 4317; offended by statements of Cilley, 4320; active in 1840 campaign, 4326; adviser of Tyler, 4338; outlines plans of Tyler’s friends, 4339; tribute to John Brown, 4586; commands Confederate defenses at Roanoke Island, 4875; at Malvern Hill, 4985. Wise, Rev. John, preaches against taxation without representation, 1315; imprisoned, I 3 I 5 - Wissahickon, U. S. ship, 4891. Wissahickon creek, Pa., 2627. Wiswall, Rev. Icabod, of Plymouth, inter¬ ceded for Massachusetts charter, 1322. Witchcraft in England and New England, 1005; in Massachusetts, 1283; belief in, widespread, 1326, 1327; lasts longer in Great Britain than in America, 1327; be¬ lieved by John Wesley, 1327, 1331, 1338; summary of harm done in Salem by, 1342. Witherhead, Mary, Quakeress, 1168, 1169. Withers, Gen. J. M., in battle of Pittsburg Landing, 5153; at Murfreesboro, 5153. Witherspoon, John, portrait, facing 2500; president of Princeton college, 3130. Witte, Baron de, represents Russia at Portsmouth peace conference, 5834; por¬ trait, facing 5834. Wituwamat, Indian chief, tries to form league against English, 782; defeated by Standish, 786. Wococken, Island of, Amidas and Barlowe tried to establish colony on, 605; de¬ scription of, 606, 607; revisited, 608. Wofford’s iron works, S. C., Dunlap de¬ feated at, 2935. Wolcott, Henry, of Connecticut, dies, 1018. Wolcott, Oliver portrait, facing 2500; grad¬ uate of Yale, 3129; action on French mission, 3594; opinion of John Marshall by, 3668; appointed to Federal bench, 3680; portrait, facing 3680; criticism of Adams, 3681; describes city of Washing¬ ton, 3684; on separation of New Eng¬ land, 3780. Wolcott, Roger, lieutenant-governor-gen¬ eral of Connecticut, second in command in Louisbourg expedition, 1391. Wolfe, Gen. James, pedigree, 2176; Euro¬ pean service, 2176; comes to America, 2176; suggests Highlanders for America, 2176, 2177; showed his genius in Louis¬ bourg siege in 1758, 2178, 2182; at Lighthouse Point, 2183; captures Que¬ bec, 2184, 2186, 2199, 2214, 2248-2250; England’s hero after capture of Louis¬ bourg, 2186; Montcalm’s equal at Que¬ bec, 2223, 2254-2257; heroic character, 2232, 2233, 2256-2259, 2265, 2267, 2271; deeply impressed by Pitt, 2333; keeps strict discipline, 2239; remonstrates with Montcalm about Canadian atrocities, 2241; at Montmorency river, 2241, 2242, 2244-2247; examines French defenses, and discovers path up Heights of Abra¬ ham, 2242; makes various efforts at Quebec, 2243, 2244; careless of his own life, 2246; praises ‘‘Royal Americans” at Quebec, 2247; alarms Pitt by letter, 2248; immortal by Quebec, 2249; de¬ cides to attack French above Quebec, 2249; concentrates at Point Levi, 2251, 2252; scales the Heights of Abraham, 2255, 2256; describes St. Lawrence tide, 2257; on Heights of Abraham, 2262, 2263, 2265; last moments, 2267, 2268; lamented by England, 2271; monuments to, 2271. Wolfe’s Cove, Can., landing-place at cap¬ ture of Quebec, 2254-2259; Americans retire to, 2478. Wollaston, Capt., founds Merry-Mount, 812, 820; sells out his men, 821. Wolves formidable in Maryland in 1715, 1708. Women brought over to Albemarle district for wives, 1734; in Canada, raised crops during famine in 1758, 2179; employment and opportunities, 4201, 4102; illiteracy among, 5985. Women emigrants in Soto’s expedition, 466. Women’s Christian temperance union, 5663, 5922, 5923. Women’s suffrage conventions, 5927, 5928, 5931; state legislation on, 5929-5932; na¬ tional opposition, 5932. “Wonder of the Invisible World,” by Cot¬ ton Mather, 1328. Wonderstrands, name of Cape Cod, 220. Wood, Judge, issues injunction against strikers, 5670. Wood, Fernando, offers amendment to bill increasing whiskey tax, 5193; at Na¬ tional Union convention, 5376. Wood, John, editor of the Western World, 3829. Wood, Col. John Taylor, commands at Ft. 280 GENERAL INDEX. Darling, 4920; statement regarding Rogers’ operations of, 4920, 4921. Wood, Gen. Leonard, governor-general of Cuba, 5738; report on progress in Cuba, 5738 , 5739 - Wood, Nathaniel, joins in “Ipswich letter” to Gov. Winthrop, 1948. Wood, Gen. S. J., commands division of army of the Ohio, 5116. Wood, Gen. T. J., in battle of Missionary Ridge, 5156, 5157; losses at Missionary Ridge, 5157. Wood creek, N. Y., Americans at, 2573; obstructions at, 2576. Woodbury, one of Dorchester adventurers, 863, 865. Woodbury, Levi, correspondence regarding Portsmouth branch of bank of the United States, 4221, 4222; appointed sec¬ retary of the navy, 4239; unsuccessful candidate for Democratic nomination in, 1848, 4427. Woodford, Stewart L., made military gov¬ ernor of Charleston, 5312; U. S. min¬ ister to Spain, 5715. Woodford, Capt. William, rescues Hamp¬ ton Roads, 2486; at Norfolk, 2486-2488. Woodruff, Timothy L., candidate for vice- president, 3770. Woodsmen in Canada, a distinct class, 1989 Woodstock, Va., Early retreats to, 5250. Wool, Gen. John E., at battle of Queens¬ town, 3998; portrait, facing 4382; joins Taylor, 4388; McClellan wants to utilize forces of, 4791; succeeds Butler, 4870; action in New York draft riot, 5181; at convention of administration party, 5377 - Woolen manufacture encouraged by Lord Baltimore, 1690. Woolford, Lieut.-Col., commands North Carolina militia, 2947. Woolley, John G., nominated for vice-pres¬ ident, 5767. Wooster, David, officer of Connecticut reg¬ iment, 2435; appointed brigadier-general, 2453; Tryon pursued by, 2566; mortally wounded, 2566. Worcester, Mass., munitions ordered stored at, 2418; mob forces court to adjourn at, 3238, 3 2 39 ; riots in, 3240; first Na¬ tional women’s rights convention in, 5928 . Worden, Adm. J. L., sinks the Nashville, 4906, 4907; commands the Monitor, 4912, 4921; portrait, facing 4916. Workingmen, condition of, 4200; working¬ man’s party in New York city, 4211; organize in New York, 5886. World’s fairs, see name of exposition or cities where held. Worley, pirate, captured by Gov. Johnson, 1823. Worth, William Jenkins, engaged in Sem¬ inole war, 4313; sent to open negotia¬ tions with Mejia, 4377; at Monterey, 4385, 4386; in command of Vera Cruz, 4392; holds Puebla, 4394; at Molino del Rey, 4399; City of Mexico, 4400; quarrel with Scott, 4400; unsuccessful candidate for Democratic nomination in 1848, 4427. Worthington, Thomas, appointed state agent of Ohio, 3721. Wren, Sir Christopher, designs buildings for William and Mary college, note, 1633. Wright, Carroll D., commissioner of labor, 5615; Roosevelt directs to investigate coal miners’ strike, 5810; message sent to Mitchell by, 5813. Wright, Frances, founds Nashoba, 4210, 4211. Wright, Prof. George F., on palaeolithic rel¬ ics, 142. Wright, Gen. H. G., succeeds Sedgwick in command of sixth corps, 5236; in battle of Spottsylvania, 5236; in battle of Cold Harbor, 3241; in battle of Cedar creek, 5251; ordered by Halleck to advance into Sherman’s department, 5320. Wright, Sir James, governor of Georgia, 2491; reinstated at the head of Georgia government, 2820. Wright, Silas, introduces independent treas¬ ury bill, 4308; leads Barnburners, 4329, 4426; declines nomination for vice-pres¬ ident, 4363. Wrights Ferry suggested for the capital, 3356 . Wriothesley, Henry, see Southampton, Earl of. Writs of assistance, effort to enforce in Massachusetts, arouses opposition, 2361, 2362. Wroth, Ensign, his dealings with Acadians, 2112. Wu Ting Fang, Chinese minister to United States, 5776, 5777; portrait, facing 5778. Wurtemberg, Prince of, outwitted by Ogle¬ thorpe, note, 1846. Wyandots, Indian tribe, threatened by Bienville, 2012; met by Gist, 2017, 2023; driven by Sioux to French protection, 2018; became firm allies of English, 2018, 2025; driven into Pontiac’s con- GENERAL INDEX. 281 spiracy, 2297, 2298, 2302-2304; “tobacco Indians,” account of those on Detroit river, 2298, 2300, 2301; Burgoyne joined by, 2579; unite with Tecumthe, 3959; confirm treaty with United States, 4059. Wyandotte, Kan., Kansas constitutional convention meets at, 4590. Wyatt, Sir Francis, governor of Virginia, 691; assured of peace by Indians, 693; reappointed, 696, 699, 710, 716; retains popular government, 711. Wye river, Can., Sainte M.arie of the Hurons’ mission, 1966. Wyllys, George, magistrate on first Con¬ necticut election, 1001. Wyllys, Samuel, in Ticonderoga expedition, 2 443 - Wyllys estate in Hartford, Conn., “charter oak” on, 1440. Wynne, Capt. Peter, councillor of James¬ town, 649; died, 651; accused of treach¬ ery by Smith, 652; commission lost, 658. Wynne, Robert J., postmaster-general, 5821. Wyoming (state), Indians in, 163; entire enfranchisement given women, 5929, 5930 . Wyoming valley, Pa., contention over, 1249, 2748; settled by Connecticut, 1268-1272; massacre in, in 1272, 2747, 2749-2752; Sullivan’s expedition in, 2838, 2839. Wythe, George, portrait, facing 2500; mem¬ ber of the Philadelphia convention, 3264; sketch of, 3264; employs Clay as a clerk, 3964-. ' Wytheville, Va., lead mine at, 2678; Averill destroys works near, 5247; burning of the lead works at, 5270. x. Xacation, Mex., sought by Moscoso, 477. Xochimilco, lake in Mexico, 447. Xocotlan, Mex., human sacrifices made at, 45i. Xuarez, Father Juan, chief priest of Nar¬ vaez’s expedition, 460, 462. X. Y. Z. plot, 3611, 3616; dispatches reach congress, 3621; effect of, 3622; corre¬ spondence of published, 3624; results, 3654 . Y. Yadkin river, Christopher Gist lived on, 2016; migration from, to middle west, 2027; Boone at, 2768; Morgan escapes across, 3028. Yale, Gov. Elihu, makes bequest to Yale college, 1451. Yale university founded, 1444; removed to New Haven, 1451; receives bequest from Elihu Yale, 1451; great presidents of, 1451; great force in politics and reli¬ gion, 1451; Samuel Johnson tutor at, 1487; exists in colonial times, 2347; early history, 3128, 3129; famous grad¬ uates of, 3129. Yamacraws, Indian tribe, settled by -Gov. Moore on the Savannah river, 1845, 1854; make friendly visit to Oglethorpe, 1854, 1855. Yancey, William L., offers resolution ad¬ vocating non-interference with slavery, 4428; Confederate commissioner to Europe, 4658, 4661; attacked in Con¬ federate senate, 5218; death from in¬ juries, 5218. Yarmouth, Mass., 829. Yarmouth, British ship, 2877. Yates, Richard, portrait, facing 4686. Yates, Robert, delegate to the Philadelphia convention, 3271; sketch of, 3271; on the constitution, 3272. Yazoo claims, Randolph opposes, 3770, 3786; settled in 1814, 4049. Yazoo company, land grants to, 3387-3389, 3535 -. Yazoo river, Miss., Soto wintered near, 474; Grant’s plan to capture boats on, 5141; Sherman lands troops near mouth of, 5143; Sherman retreats to mouth of, 5 H 4 . Yeamans, Sir John, governor of colony in North Carolina, 1721; warned not to interfere with Carteret colony, 1725; was created a landgrave in South Caro¬ lina, 1739; made governor, 1739, 1740; enriched himself, 1740; dies in B’arba- does, 1740; blamed for financial deficit of Carolinas, 1747. Yeardley, George, deputy governor of Vir¬ ginia, 676-678; first governor under rep¬ resentation system, 679; issued writs for first U. S. election by ballot, 680; his term a landmark, 681, 691; puts up first American windmill, 684; remains in Vir¬ ginia, 691, 692, 699; assistant to Wyatt, 710; governor under Charles I., 711; keeps government by the people, 711. Yellow Creek (Wellsville, O.), Indian mas¬ sacre at, 2769, 2770. Yellow fever attacks English at Cartagena, 282 GENERAL INDEX. 1664; first appearance in Cuba, 2332; in Philadelphia, 3477 " 3479 > 3609; in San Domingo, 3734; epidemic in South, 1853, 4521; epidemic of 1878, 5553, 5554- Yellowstone river, Clark explores, 3758- Yemassee, Indian tribe, 161; declare war against South Carolina, 1818; defeated at Saltcatchers, 1820; allied with Creeks, 1820; with Shawnees, 1821; Tecumthe descended from, 1821; pacified by Gov. Nicholson, 1833. Yeo, Sir James, transports the British troops to Sackett’s Harbor, 4051; attacks Oswego, 4061. Yih, Prince, degradation of, 5782. Yonge, Francis, pleads cause of South Car¬ olina in England, 1826. York, Duke of, see James II., king of Eng¬ land. York, Pa., congress adjourns to, 2621; Von Steuben arrives at, 2705; capital pro¬ posed at, 3355 ; raided by Early, 5085. York (Toronto), Americans plan to attack, 4049; capture of, 4049, 4050; illus. of, facing 4080. York river, boundary between Indians and Virginians, 719; boundary of James City, 1632; blocked by De Grasse, 3079. Yorke, Sir Joseph, orders Paul Jones to leave Holland, 2895. Yorktown, Va., Burgoyne’s surrender com¬ pared with, 2667; convention of the states at, 2686; Cornwallis at, 3070, 3072; Washington’s march to, 3073; map of the plan of operations against, facing 3080; surrender of, 3080-3082; facsimile of letter conveying first English news of, facing 3084; McClellan besieges, 4791, 4792, 4794, 5002, 5003; weakness of Con¬ federates at, 4794, 4795- YoSemite, U. S. cruiser, 5783. Youghiogheny river, Gist chooses planta¬ tion on, 2027; French at, on way to Ft. Necessity, 2043; Washington’s force at, 2049; Braddock’s defeat near, 2067-2081. Young, Lieut. B. H., raids New England towns near Canadian border, 5206; raids St. Albans, 5206; arrested by Canadian authorities, 5207. Young, Brigham, leader of Mormons, 4436; rebellion of, 4573; first territorial gov¬ ernor of Utah, 4575 - Young, Capt. Janies, U. S. ship Saratoga commanded by, 2897. Young, John, on celebration of Chicago day at world’s fair, 5661. Young, Sir John, one of Massachusetts association, 864. Young Men’s Christian Association of Bal¬ timore, 4688; organization of, 5924, 5925. “Young Napoleon,” name given McClellan, 4773 - Young’s creek, fight at, 4754, 4756. Yrujo,. Marquis de Casa, in plot to invade Louisiana, 3606, 3609; portrait, facing 3606; Cobbett lampoons, 3608, 3609; Spanish minister to the United States, on sale of Louisiana, 3745; and Madison on Mobile act, 3760, 3766; and Burr, 3823-3825, 3834, 3844, 3845. ' Yrujo, Mme. de (Sally McKean), portrait, facing 3606. Yucatan, 275; errors about, 353, 356, 357, 359; Pinzon -and De Solis go to, 375; Grijalva discovers, 396; Soto in, 464. Yule, Sir Henry, “Book of Marco Polo,” 65 - . Yumas, Indian tribe, in Arizona and South California, 164. z. Zaballos, chieftain of Santo Domingo, 498. Zagonyi, Maj., captures Springfield, 4723. Zamal, see Samar. Zane, Ebenezer, at Ft. Henry, 2796. Zeisberger, David, Moravian missionary, 2805. Zenger, John Peter, prints Weekly Journdl in New York, 1570; famous defense of, by Andrew Hamilton, 1570-1572. Zeno, Antonio, joins his brother in “Fris- landa,” 249; expeditions under King Zichmni, 250-254. Zeno, Nicolo, “the Chevalier,” expedition to “Frislanda,” 248-250, 254. Zeno, Nicolo, the younger, publishes his ancestors’ letters and maps, 254-256. Zichmni, mythical king of Portland, 248, 250, 253; explanation of name, note, 256. Zinzendorf, Count, protects Moravians, 1865. Zollicofifer, Gen. Felix K., inavdes Ken¬ tucky, 4804, 4809; at Mill Springs, 4809- 4811; death, 4811. Zouave, U. S. tug, 4915. Zouch, Baron, patentee in Plymouth coun¬ cil, 744. C V . ) V*